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ASTRONOMY 


NASA  SP-4006 


\STRONAUTICS  AND 
AERONAUTICS,   1965 


CHRONOLOGY  ON 
SCIENCE,  TECHNOLOGY, 
AND  POLICY 


NATIONAL  AERONAUTICS  AND  SPACE  ADMINISTRATION 


y 


NASA  SP-4006 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND 
AERONAUTICS,    1965 

Chronology  on   Science,  Technology,  and  Policy 


NASA  Historical  Staff, 
Office  of  Policy  Analysis 


^y^^^^MTo-^/       Scientific  and  Technical  Information  Division  19  6  6 

NATIONAL   AERONAUTICS   AND   SPACE   ADMINISTRATION 


Washington,  D.C. 


For  Sale  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents, 

U.S.  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.C.  20402 

Price  $2.25  (paper  cover) 

Library  of  Congress  Catalog  Card  Number  66-60096 


Foreword 

The  year  1965  recounted  by  this  volume  was  an  outstanding  one  in  the 
U.S.  space  program.  In  his  space  report  to  Congress,  President  Johnson 
called  it  "the  most  successful  year  in  our  history."  It  was  one  filled  with 
noteworthy  milestones  deriving  from  less  noticed  decisions,  actions,  and 
labors  of  previous  years.  In  the  same  way,  milestones  of  the  future  are  to 
be  seen  in  their  formative  stages  in  this  chronology  for  1965. 

Man  received  his  first  close-up  view  of  our  neighboring  planet  Mars 
when  on  July  14,  mariner  iv  relayed  to  earth  its  photographs  of  lunar-like 
craters  on  the  Martian  surface.  The  conclusion  of  the  Ranger  program  was 
witnessed  by  millions  of  Americans  who  watched  on  live  television  as  the 
cameras  of  ranger  ix  approached  the  moon  on  March  24.  alouette  ii 
was  orbited  by  NASA  for  Canada  in  November  and  FR-1  for  France  in 
December. 

The  orbiting  of  ten  Gemini  astronauts  in  a  series  of  five  spectacular  flights 
during  the  year  ended  a  22-month  gap  since  the  last  Mercury  flight,  faith 
7.  The  man-rated  version  of  the  Air  Force  Titan  II  reliably  launched  aU 
Gemini  flights.  Astronauts  Grissom  and  Young  in  March,  as  well  as  McDi- 
vitt  and  White  in  June,  the  latter  marking  his  "space  walk"  outside  the 
GEMINI  IV  spacecraft.  The  eight-day  mission  of  Astronauts  Cooper  and 
Conrad  in  GEMINI  V  demonstrated  that  trained  space  pilots  were  physically 
capable  of  a  lunar  mission.  Orbital  rendezvous  techniques  were  thoroughly 
demonstrated  by  the  flights  of  gemini  vii  and  vi.  Astronauts  Borman  and 
Lovell  in  gemini  vii  took  another  long  step  in  astronautics  with  their  four- 
teen-day mission  in  December  of  206  revolutions.  Throughout  the  Gemini 
operation,  the  team  effort  involved  closest  cooperation  of  all  of  NASA  and  the 
military  services,  contractors,  and  the  scientific  community. 

Milestones  in  the  lunar-landing  Apollo  program  were  not  as  well  publi- 
cized as  Gemini  but  marked  significant  progress.  The  Project  Fire  success 
in  atmospheric  entry  of  a  test  vehicle  at  speeds  simulating  a  return  from 
the  moon  provided  a  geometric  jump  in  reentry  physics.  The  first  full- 
duration  test  of  the  gigantic  Saturn  V  first  stage  of  7.5  million  pounds  of 
thrust  on  August  5  was  a  significant  milestone  in  an  engine  program  begun 
in  1958.  As  the  Saturn  I  concluded  its  operational  life  with  ten  straight 
successes  with  the  orbiting  of  Apollo  boilerplate  capsules  and  three  Pegasus 
micrometeoroid  satellites,  the  Saturn  IB  was  being  erected  on  the  launch 
pad  to  begin  its  flight  tests  in  1966. 

Spectacular  scientific  and  manned  spaceflight  events  of  1965  could  not 
overshadow  the  practical  utility  to  man  on  earth  of  communications  and 
meteorological  satellites,  tiros  x,  placed  in  orbit  for  the  Weather  Bu- 
reau, maintained  service  to  worldwide  needs  for  weather  data,  while 
tiros  IX  provided  the  first  complete  picture  of  the  cloud-cover  over  the 
entire  earth  on  February  13.     nasa  launched  early  bird  I  for  the  Com- 

III 


IV  FOREWORD 

munications  Satellite  Corporation  in  April.  During  the  same  month,  NASA 
turned  operational  control  of  syncom  hi  over  to  the  Department  of  Defense 
for  service  in  important  Far  East  communications. 

A  chronology  is  not  an  adequate  substitute  for  a  documented  narrative 
history.  But  in  this  chronology,  spliced  alongside  the  U.S.  space  events  of 
1965,  one  can  note  the  less  publicized  decisions,  actions,  and  discussions 
concerned  with  the  shaping  of  the  future.  About  90  percent  of  NASA's 
$5,175  billion  went  to  contractors  for  work  done  by  almost  400,000  people 
in  the  factories  and  laboratories  of  some  20,000  prime  contractors  and 
subcontractors.  In  the  university  program  about  10.000  scholars  at  100 
universities  in  all  fifty  states  were  working  on  space-related  topics. 

In  addition  to  NASA-related  events  the  chronology  gives  some  of  the  im- 
pact on  the  American  scene  of  the  space  effort,  including  critical  comment 
testing  in  democratic  fashion  the  pace  and  scale  of  space  efforts.  Actions, 
deliberations,  and  comment  as  part  of  international  cooperation  and  com- 
petition are  likewise  represented  in  these  pages.  Hopefully  this  volume 
will  serve  the  serious  student  of  today  as  he  seeks  knowledge  of  past  events 
so  as  to  better  understand  the  future. 

The  late  Hugh  L.  Dryden  once  wrote: 

Free  peoples  everywhere  must  retain  a  reliable  perspective  from  which  to  dis- 
cern better  the  future  scientific,  social,  economic,  political,  and  strategic  con- 
sequences of  dynamic  advances  now  underway.  The  manner  of  the  impact 
of  technology  upon  society  in  the  future  will  partly  result  from  the  broadest 
possible  appreciation  of  its  full  significance. 

His  passing  on  December  2  of  this  eighth  year  of  the  Space  Age  was  noted 
throughout  the  world.  He  leaves  lasting  contributions  to  the  development 
of  space  technology  and  of  a  sound  philosophy  of  astronautics.  This  vol- 
ume helps  to  document  12  months  marking  what  Dr.  Dryden  called  "the 
opening  of  a  brilliant  new  stage  in  man's  evolution."  It  should  assist  its 
readers  in  gaining  helpful  perspective  upon  man's  challenging  venture  into 
space. 

James  E.  Webb 

Administrator 

National  Aeronautics  and 

Space  Administration 


Contents 


PAGE 

FOREWORD   III 

Admimstrator  James  E.  Webb 

PREFACE   VII 

JANUARY  1 

FEBRUARY     48 

MARCH 100 

APRIL 162 

MAY   213 

JUNE 264 

JULY 307 

AUGUST 363 

SEPTEMBER 410 

OCTOBER 458 

NOVEMBER    500 

DECEMBER    533 

APPENDIX   A:     satellites,   space    probes,   and   manned   space 

FLIGHTS,  1965 575 

APPENDIX  B:   major  nasa  launchings,  1965 605 

APPENDIX  C:    summary  chronology  of  manned  space  flights, 

1961-1965    609 

APPENDIX  D:   abbreviations  of  references 619 

INDEX    623 

V 


Preface 


This  chronology  is  designed  to  collect  in  preliminary  form  pertinent  in- 
formation on  aeronautical  and  space  affairs.  Future  historical  research 
and  narratives  will  of  course  deepen  the  process  of  documentation  and 
enrich  perspective  on  the  high  velocity  of  contemporary  science  and  tech- 
nology, as  well  as  their  impact  and  implications.  The  volume  was  pre- 
pared from  open  public  sources  to  provide  a  reference  for  future  historians 
and  other  analysts,  scholars,  students,  and  writers.  Its  detailed  index  was 
intended  to  provide  ready  access  to  most  specialized  needs. 

The  entire  NASA  Historical  Staff  in  Headquarters  participated  in  source 
collection,  review,  and  publication.  The  Science  and  Technology  Division 
of  the  Library  of  Congress  was  responsible  for  drafting  of  the  text  proper, 
in  the  persons  of  Miss  Lynn  Catoe,  Mrs.  Anne  Horton,  and  Miss  Shirley 
Medley.  The  index  was  prepared  by  Arthur  G.  Renstrom,  also  of  the  Li- 
brary of  Congress.  General  editor  of  the  entire  Astronautics  and  Aeronau- 
tics, 1965  project  was  Dr.  Frank  W.  Anderson,  Jr.,  Deputy  NASA  Historian; 
Mrs.  Helen  T.  Wells  was  technical  editor.  Lloyd  Robbins  and  Creston 
Whiting  (atss-t)  provided  timely  translations  of  Russian  materials.  His- 
torians and  historical  monitors  throughout  NASA  contributed  useful  inputs: 
validation  was  the  constant  concern  of  many  busy  persons  throughout  NASA. 

Appendix  A,  "Satellites,  Space  Probes,  and  Manned  Space  Flights- 19'65," 
and  Appendix  B,  "Major  NASA  Launchings,  1965,"  were  prepared  by  Dr. 
Anderson.  Appendix  C,  "Summary  Chronology  of  Manned  Space  Flights, 
1961-1965,"  was  prepared  by  William  D.  Putnam,  Assistant  NASA  Historian 
for  Manned  Space  Flight.  Mrs.  Weils  prepared  Appendix  D,  "Abbrevia- 
tions of  References." 

This  preliminary  chronicle  is  but  a  first  step  in  the  historical  process  of 
documenting  the  dynamic  and  complex  events  of  space  exploration  and 
exploitation.  Comments,  additions,  and  criticism  are  welcomed  at  any 
time. 

Eugene  M.  Emme 
NASA  Historian  (EPH) 
Office  of  Policy  Analysis 

VII 


1 


January    1965 


January  1:  Operation  of  syncom  ii  and  syncom  ill  communications  satel- 
lites was  transferred  to  DOD  by  NASA,  which  had  completed  its  R&D  ex- 
periments. Telemetry  and  command  stations  and  range  and  range- 
rate  equipment  operated  by  NASA  for  the  Syncom  program  would  be 
transferred  to  dod  along  with  the  satellites.  DOD  had  furnished  the 
communications  ground  stations  used  to  relay  transmissions  via  the 
two  Syncoms  for  the  past  two  years  and  would  provide  NASA  with  cer- 
tain telemetry  and  ranging  data  of  continuing  scientific  and  engineer- 
ing interest,  syncom  ill  was  to  prove  useful  in  dod's  Vietnam  com- 
munications.     (NASA  Release  65-5) 

•  About  500  employees  of  the  Manned  Spacecraft  Center's  Florida  Opera- 

tions were  transferred  to  the  Kennedy  Space  Center,  effective  today, 
under  a  realignment  announced  Dec.  24.  1964,  by  NASA  Hq.  Elements 
of  the  manned  space  flight  organization  were  regrouped  to  meet  the 
requirements  imposed  by  concurrent  Gemini  and  Apollo  launch  sched- 
ules,     (msc  Roundup,  1/6/65,  1) 

•  Two  hrs.  and  20  min.  of  radio  signals  from  Jupiter  were  received  around 

midnight  New  Year's  Eve  as  predicted  by  George  A.  Dulk  of  the  Univ. 
of  Colorado.  The  signals  were  received  at  the  Altitude  Observatory  of 
the  National  Center  for  Atmospheric  Research  at  Boulder,  which  had 
kept  its  radiotelescope  operating  for  the  event.  (Osmundsen,  NYT, 
1/2/65,  1) 
January  2:  NASA  had  compromised  the  scientific  value  of  the  interplanetary 
research  program  by  spending  too  little  on  the  Deep  Space  Net  com- 
munications system,  according  to  Frank  Drake,  prof,  at  Cornell  Univ., 
in  Saturday  Revieiv  article.  Drake  noted  that  mariner  iv  would  only 
be  able  to  relay  22  photos  of  Mars  back  to  earth  and  that  these  would 
be  of  lesser  quality — all  because  of  communications  limitations:  ".  .  . 
one  concludes  that  the  space  program  could  well  use  an  array  con- 
taining a  hundred  or  more  85-ft.  antennas.  One  array  might  cost 
S40.000,000,  still  only  a  few  per  cent  of  what  will  almost  certainly  be 
spent  on  planetary  exploration  in  the  next  ten  years."      iSR,  1/2/65) 

•  Soviet  cosmonaut  Col.  Vladimir  Komarov.  who  commanded  the  three- 

man  spacecraft  voskhod  I  on  its  orbital  flight,  told  a  Havana  news- 
paper: "I  believe  I  will  take  part  in  a  similar  trip — if  not  to  the  moon, 
then  to  another  place."  Komarov  was  a  member  of  the  Soviet  delega- 
tion in  Havana  for  celebration  of  the  sixth  anniversary  of  Fidel  Castro  s 
revolution.  {New  Orleans  Times-Picayune,  1/3/65;  AP,  Hartford 
Courant,  1/3/65) 


2  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

January  2:  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories,  Inc.,  received  the  first  patent  for 
a  satellite  communication  system  with  its  own  orbit  pattern.  The  satel- 
lite would  linger  for  a  considerable  period  over  each  of  two  widely 
separated  areas;  while  hovering  virtually  stationary,  it  could  relay 
television  and  radio  programs  within  its  range,  and  also  store  programs 
from  one  area  to  play  later  on  the  other  side  of  the  globe.  (Jones, 
NYT,  1/2/65;  Chic.  Trib.,  1/3/65) 

•  U.K.  was  said  to  be  considering  the  possibility  of  a  licensing  agreement 

with  the  U.S.  that  would  enable  British  manufacturers  to  make  parts  of 
late-model  aircraft  produced  in  the  U.S.  American  planes  under  con- 
sideration were:  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp's  f4c  (Phantom  ii)  carrier- 
based  attack  aircraft;  F-111  low-level  strike  aircraft  made  by  General 
Dynamics  Corp.  and  Grumman;  and  c-141  and  Orion,  both  made  by 
Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  ( Farnsworth,  NYT,  1/3/65,  13 ) 
January  3:  mariner  iv  changed  the  rate  of  sending  scientific  data  from  33^/3 
to  81/^  bits  of  information  per  second  by  an  automatic  switching  op- 
eration. This  was  the  first  command  initiated  by  the  spacecraft  itself 
since  it  performed  its  mid-course  maneuver  Dec.  5.  mariner  iv  had 
traveled  nearly  63  million  miles  in  its  325-million-mile  flight  to  Mars; 
the  straight-line  distance  between  earth  and  the  spacecraft  was  6,156,- 
704  miles.  Systems  were  operating  normally  after  36  days  in  space. 
(NASA  Release  65-4) 

•  More  than   50   million   Europeans — including   viewers   behind   the   Iron 

Curtain — had  received  same-day  transmission  of  the  Tokyo  Olympic 
Games  via  U.S.  satellites  syncom  hi  and  relay  I  last  October,  nasa 
announced.      (  nasa  Release  65-2 ) 

•  Japan's  Ministry  of  Telecommunications  said  signals  from  what  they  had 

thought  a  new  Soviet  satellite  turned  out  to  be  Italian-U.S.  san  marco 
I.  launched  Dec.  15,  1964.  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  1/2/65;  AP,  Wash. 
Sun.  Star,  1/3/65) 

•  Dr.    Albert   J.    Kelley,    Deputy    Director   of   NASA    Electronics    Research 

Center,  said  in  an  article  in  Boston  Sunday  Globe:  "The  need  for 
increased  electronics  research  to  develop  devices  which  will  meet  the 
demands  and  rigors  of  long  space  flights  wiU  affect  our  industrial 
outlook  and  economy  in  many  ways.  By  requiring  a  'new  look'  at 
electronics,  NASA,  led  by  ERC,  will  provide  a  research  emphasis  such  as 
we  have  not  had  since  World  War  II  when  the  golden  age  of  electronics 
started. 

"We  have  been  in  the  'rocket  phase'  and  are  now  entering  the  'elec- 
tronic phase'  of  space  flight  development,  a  phase  which  will  affect  us 
dramatically  over  many  years."      (Boston  Sun.  Globe,  1/3/65) 

•  British  designers  had  perfected  a  miniature  rocket  costing  only  $2,240 

per  copy,  it  was  reported.  Nine  ft.  in  length  with  a  7l/i>-in,  diameter, 
the  rocket  would  use  solid  fuel  and  reach  a  speed  of  3,500  mph. 
sending  the  casing  containing  scientific  instruments  to  maximum 
altitude  of  80  mi.  plus.      ( AP,  Kansas  City  Times,  1/4/65) 

•  Scientists  concluded  that  explosions   and   resultant  earth-craters  created 

by  giant  meteorites  bore  a  striking  similarity  to  the  effect  produced  by 
the  larger  nuclear  weapons;  hence  a  meteorite  fall  might  be  mistaken 
for  a  nuclear  explosion.  Opinions  varied  as  to  the  size  of  the  body 
that  could  couge  a  crater  as  large  as  the  Meteor  Crater  of  Arizona — 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  3 

anywhere  from  30.000  tons  to  2.6  million  tons,  with  an  explosive  force 
of  20  million  tons  of  TNT.  Both  the  size  of  the  meteorite  and  its 
velocity  on  impact  would  be  factors  in  producing  a  crater.  ( Sullivan, 
NYT,  i  3  65,  6E ) 
January  3:  Semyon  A.  Kosberg,  61,  one  of  the  Soviet  Union's  leading  de- 
signers of  airplane  engines,  was  killed  in  an  automobile  accident.  He 
had  been  given  the  title  "Hero  of  Socialist  Labor"  and  had  won  a  Lenin 
prize  for  his  designs.      {NYT,  L'5/65,  12) 

•  Writing    in    Pravda,    I.    Akulinichev,    Dr.    of    Medical    Sciences,    said: 

".  .  .  Of  course,  the  question  of  lunar  laboratories  is  now  only 
at  the  level  of  scientific  planning.  ...  To  bring  this  possibility  closer 
to  our  times,  it  is  necessary  to  accomplish  manned  flights  to  the  region 
of  the  Moon.  Further,  we  need  to  solve  reliably  the  question  of  meth- 
ods to  use  for  a  successful  lunar  landing  of  a  spacecraft  and  the  return 
of  the  cosmonauts  to  Earth.  In  my  view,  the  first  lunar  laboratories 
will  initially  study  the  possibilities  of  the  prolonged  sojourn  of  man  on 
the  Moon.  Scientists  will  investigate  ways  of  using  the  lunar  condi- 
tions for  assisting  the  normal  life  activity  of  people.  .  .  .  Finally,  the 
scientists  will  study  the  conditions  of  orientation  on  the  Moon  and  the 
possibilities  of  the  navigation  of  interplanetary  spacecraft." 

In  the  same  issue  of  Pravda,  Soviet  Academician  B.  Konstantinov 
wrote:  "In  this  New  Year's  article,  I  wish  to  dwell  on  the  possibility  of 
international  cooperation  in  the  use  of  solar  energy.  .  .  .  What  ap- 
pears most  attractive  is  the  conversion  of  solar  energy  into  electrici- 
ty. In  the  foreseeable  future,  man  may  solve  this  problem;  along  with 
this,  it  is  conceivable  that  the  problems  of  controlling  the  weather  and 
climate  will  also  be  solved."  ( Pravda,  1/3/65,  4,  ATSS-T  Trans.) 
January  4:  Gemini  GT-3  spacecraft  arrived  at  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center 
for  final  flight  preparations  before  the  nation's  first  two-man  flight  this 
spring.      ( KSC  Release  3-65 ) 

•  According  to  Dr.  Harold  B.  Finger,  Manager  of  aec-NASA  Space  Nuclear 

Propulsion  Office  (snpo),  nasa  would  not  spend  any  further  funds  on 
Project  Orion  (nuclear-pulse  propulsion  project).  The  decision  was 
based  on  the  fact  that  such  a  system  could  not  be  used  while  the  nuclear 
test  ban  treaty  was  in  effect.  In  addition,  NASA  felt  there  were  more 
urgent  projects  on  which  to  spend  the  money.      (M&R,  1/4/65,  9) 

•  Dr.  Barry  Commoner,  professor  of  plant  physiology  at  Washington  Univ. 

in  St.  Louis  and  chairman  of  the  aaas  Committee  on  Science  in  the 
Promotion  of  Human  Welfare,  told  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Tech- 
nology that  the  question  of  the  probability  of  finding  life  on  Mars  had 
not  been  "fully  and  fairly  aired,"  and  that  an  "overbalance  of  the 
positive  viewpoint  has  been  presented  to  Congress  and  the  public  by 
NASA  officials."  Dr.  Commoner  said  that  if  asked  his  views  on 
Voyager  as  a  tax-paying  citizen,  his  feeling  would  be  that  "the  value  of 
pursuing  a  program  to  find  life  on  Mars  at  this  time  is  not  worth  the 
$1.25  billion  to  be  invested  because  the  problem  of  finding  life  there 
has  not  been  adequately  explored."  He  had  made  similar  charges  in  a 
speech  at  the  aaas  meeting  last  December  in  Montreal. 

Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space 
Science  and  Applications,  was  reported  by  Aviation  Week  and  Space 
Technology  as  listing  six  major  points  in  defending  NASA's  position 


4  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

regarding  Mars  exploration:  (1)  Numerous  competent  scientists  had 
said  there  was  little  liquid  water  on  Mars  and  that  the  planet  had 
a  dry,  dusty  surface  with  high  ultraviolet  radiation.  Changing  pat- 
terns on  the  planet  indicated  some  form  of  seasonal  change,  how- 
ever. (2)  With  the  evidence  at  hand,  it  was  not  possible  to  say  there 
was  life  on  Mars,  only  that  life  might  be  there.  (3)  If  there  were  life 
on  Mars  it  might  be  similar  to  basic  life  forms  on  earth.  (4)  The  only 
reasonable  approach  we  could  take  to  the  exploration  of  Mars  would 
be  to  make  sure  we  looked  for  life  before  the  planet  was  contaminated 
from  earth.  If  life  was  not  found  on  Mars,  it  still  would  be  valuable 
to  determine  how  far  the  planet's  chemical  processes  had  progressed 
toward  life  formation.  (5)  The  Voyager  program  had  not  been  sold 
to  Congress  on  the  basis  that  there  was  life  on  Mars.  It  has  been 
pointed  out  during  budget  hearings  that  there  might  not  be  life  on  the 
planet  but  nobody  could  responsibly  take  the  position  that  there 
wasn't.  Therefore,  the  early  emphasis  of  Project  Voyager  was  on 
bioscience.  (6)  The  Mars  exploration  was  part  of  an  overall  program 
to  explore  the  solar  system,  including  the  moon,  comets,  and  other 
planets.  Mars  happened  to  be  the  planet  NASA  was  focusing  its  at- 
tention on  because  it  would  be  in  the  optimum  launch  position  through 
the  mid-1970's.  (Av.  Wk,  1/4/65,  18) 
January  4:  Dr.  Gerard  P.  Kuiper,  director  of  the  Lunar  and  Planetary 
Laboratory  of  the  Univ.  of  Arizona  and  principal  scientific  investiga- 
tor on  the  Ranger  project,  replied  to  Robert  C.  Co  wen's  article,  "Was 
the  Ranger  Worth  the  Cost?",  which  appeared  in  the  Christian  Science 
Monitor  Nov.  18.  Mr.  Cowen  had  raised  four  principal  questions:  (1) 
Was  the  recent  ranger  vii  mission  scientifically  justifiable?  (2)  Was 
it  well  planned  and  executed?  (3)  Were  the  results  up  to  expecta- 
tions? (4)  Where  do  we  go  from  here?  Dr.  Kuiper  said  in  letter  to 
CSM:  "Ranger  was  the  U.S.  pioneering  program  of  deep-space  research 
and  accomplished  much  more  than  getting  the  4,300  lunar  photographs. 
It  established  the  worth  and  feasibility  of  the  'parking  orbit'  and  other 
concepts  of  space  ballistics,  power  supply,  and  communication,  as  well 
as  preparation  for  Mars  and  Venus  probes.  .  .  .  The  cost  of  the  4,300 
lunar  records  is  therefore  not  the  full  $270  million  (which  moreover 
includes  Rangers  viii  and  ix,  not  yet  flown)  but,  say,  S50-$100  mil- 
lion. No  ground-based  effort,  even  with  the  300-400-inch  telescope 
costing  over  $100  million,  would,  even  in  the  absence  of  our  disturbing 
atmosphere,  have  yielded  100th  of  the  magnification  (resolution)  ob- 
tained in  Ranger  vii.  I  definitely  know  of  no  better  and  cheaper  way 
to  get  high-resolution  photographs.  .  .  ." 

In  a  reply  to  Dr.  Kuiper,  Mr.  Cowen  quoted  from  a  letter  by  Dr. 
Andrew  T.  Young  of  Harvard  College  Observatory  and  published  in 
Science:  ".  .  .  It  is  clear  that  there  are  some  things  that  can  only  be 
learned  above  the  atmosphere,  and  it  is  important  that  we  have  a 
program  directed  at  learning  them.  .  .  .  [But]  many  things  that  can 
be  learned  from  above  the  atmosphere  can  also  be  learned,  much  more 
cheaply,  by  ground-based  techniques.  For  example,  some  of  the  most 
convincing  evidence  for  life  on  Mars  is  based  on  a  few  hours  of  twi- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  5 

light  observations  with  the  200-inch  telescope.  .  .  .  But  the  200-inch 
telescope  has  been  available  for  planetary  research  only  a  few  times, 
generally  during  daylight  or  twilight.  .  .  .  Rocket-borne  research  in- 
volves many  costly  failures,  but  a  duplicate  200-inch  telescope  could 
easilv  be  built  and  staffed  for  the  $28  million  that  Ranger  7  alone 
cost.\  .  ."  (C5M,  1/4/65) 
January  4:  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever  (usaf)  announced  the  activation  of 
the  Contract  Management  Div..  Air  Force  Systems  Command  (afsc), 
under  the  command  of  Col.  Fred  L.  Rennels,  Jr.  (usaf).  Located  at 
Los  Angeles  Air  Force  Station,  the  new  division  would  be  responsible 
for  DOD  contract  management  activities  in  those  plants  assigned  to  the 
Air  Force  under  the  DOD  National  Plant  Cognizance  program,  (afsc 
Release  6L64) 

•  USAF    announced    that    Electro-Optical    Systems,    Inc.,    was    receiving    a 

$1,056,700  final  increment  to  an  existing  contract  for  production  of 
ion  thrustor  systems  for  orbital  flight,      (dod  Release  917-65) 

•  Col.  John  H.  Glenn,  Jr.,  former  NASA  astronaut  and  first  American  to 

orbit  the  earth,  retired  from  the  Marine  Corps  after  22  yrs.  in  the 
service.  Glenn  said  he  would  spend  much  of  his  time  as  a  consultant 
to  NASA.  He  would  also  be  a  director  of  Royal  Crown  Cola  Co.  (dod 
Release  912-64;  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  1/4/65;  Wash.  Post,  1/5/65;  Bait. 
Sun,  1/5/65;  Chic.  Trih.,  1/5/65) 
January  5:  NASA  announced  plans  to  negotiate  with  Lockheed  Missile  and 
Space  Co.  to  modify  five  Agena  D  second-stage  launch  vehicles  for  use 
in  Lunar  Orbiter  missions.  Modifications  under  the  incentive  con- 
tract would  include  vehicle  engineering  support;  systems  testing;  over- 
all system  integration  functions;  shroud,  adapter  and  interface  co- 
ordination; and  design  fabrication  of  ground  equipment.  The  Lunar 
Orbiter  program  would  secure  topography  data  of  the  moon's  surface 
to  extend  scientific  knowledge  and  to  help  select  and  confirm  landing 
sites  for  the  Apollo  manned  moon  landings,      (nasa  Release  65-6) 

•  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  had  received  an  estimated  1,351  appli- 

cations or  letters  of  interest  relating  to  the  scientist-astronaut  program. 
The  deadline  for  filing  applications  had  been  Dec.  31,  1964.  {Houston 
Post,  1/5/65) 

•  J.   Stalony-Dobrazanski   of  the  Northrop   Corp.   reported   at  aiaa  meet- 

ing in  New  York  that  spaceships  could  be  kept  cool  automatically 
during  reentry  by  a  new  guidance  system.  Network  of  supersensitive 
thermometers  imbedded  in  the  outer  skin  of  the  spacecraft  would 
monitor  the  temperature,  then  computer  would  order  correction  in  vehi- 
cle's trajectory  or  orientation  if  friction  of  the  atmosphere  raised  skin 
temperature  above  a  certain  point.      (Wash.  Daily  News,  1/26/65) 

•  Western  Electric  Company  had  received  a  $90,644,200  modification  to 

an  existing  cost-plus-incentive-fee  contract  for  research  and  develop- 
ment of  Nike-X  missile  system,  dod  announced,      (dod  Release  3-65) 

•  Federal  Aviation  Agency  (faa)  announced  completion  of  the  new  Federal 

Aviation  Regulations  (fars) — a  simplification  of  rules  governing  the 
Nation's  pilots,  airlines,  and  airplane  manufacturers.  Number  of  regu- 
lations was  reduced  from  125  to  55.      (faa  Release  65-2) 


6  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

January  5:  In  a  television  interview,  Israeli  Premier  Levi  Eshkol  urged 
West  Germans  to  end  the  activity  of  German  rocket  experts  in  the 
United  Arab  Republic,  said  that  these  experts  were  helping  the  Arabs 
to  prepare  a  war  against  Israel.  The  West  German  government  had 
officially  deplored  the  participation  of  German  scientists  and  military 
experts  in  Arab  rocket  projects,  but  had  not  interfered  on  the  grounds 
that  the  group  was  composed  of  private  citizens  who,  according  to  the 
German  Constitution,  could  work  where  they  pleased.  German  rocket 
expert  Prof.  Wolfgang  Pilz,  leader  of  Germans  working  for  the  U.A.R., 
spoke  in  an  interview  of  the  pressure  brought  to  bear  by  the  Israeli 
Government,  particularly  the  terrorist  tactics  of  Israeli  secret  agents 
which  made  it  necessary  for  Germans  to  be  accompanied  by  body 
guards  at  all  times.      (NYT,  1/7/65,  5;  Buchalla,  NYT,  1/8/65,  1) 

January  6:  NASA  Nike- Apache  sounding  rocket  reached  a  peak  altitude  of 
91.1  mi.  from  Wallops  Island,  Va.  Purpose  was  to  simultaneously 
measure  the  altitude  of  sodium  airglow  with  sodium  vapor  and  inter- 
ference filters  and  determine  atmospheric  density  with  a  26-in.,  metal- 
lized, inflated  mylar  sphere,      (nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  F-111a  was  flown  successfully  for  the  second  time  from  Carswell  afb, 

Tex.  Flight  data:  maximum  altitude,  27,000  ft.;  maximum  speed,  400 
knots  (460  mph)  ;  flight  time,  1  hr.  and  2  min.  General  Dynamics  test 
pilots  Richard  L.  Johnson  and  Val  E.  Prahl  conducted  stability  and 
control  tests  at  10,000  and  20,000  ft.,  operating  the  wing  sweep  mecha- 
nism from  16°  takeoff  position  to  26°  position,  then  43°,  back  to  40° 
to  make  sure  the  system  worked,  and  finally  to  full-swept  72.5° 
position.  This  was  the  first  time  that  wing  position  was  varied  in  the 
flight  of  a  military  aircraft.  The  major  test  objective  of  the  flight  was 
accomplished — 10  min.  of  flight  with  wings  fuUy  aft.  Flight  plans 
calling  for  an  evaluation  of  stability  at  30,000  ft.  were  called  off  be- 
cause fuel  flow  and  temperature  in  one  of  the  two  jet  engines  appeared 
to  be  outside  normal  limits,  but  this  involved  no  reduction  in  flight 
time.  General  Dynamics  reportedly  would  receive  a  bonus  amounting 
to  more  than  $800,000  for  completing  this  milestone  flight  24  days 
ahead  of  schedule.  (Thomis,  Chic.  Trib.,  1/7/65;  Witkin,  NYT, 
1/7/65,  1;  Av.  JVk.,  1/11/65,  19) 

•  Air  Force  Secretary  Eugene  M.  Zuckert  placed  further  restrictions  on 

simulated  bombing  missions  of  B-58  Hustlers  over  Chicago:  the  super- 
sonic bombers  would  fly  at  higher  altitudes  (48,000-49,000  ft.  instead 
of  41,000-44,000-ft.  range  originafly  programed)  to  reduce  impacts 
of  sonic  booms;  flights  would  be  canceled  during  bad  weather.  It  had 
been  announced  earlier  that  the  number  of  training  missions  per  day 
would  be  reduced  from  a  maximum  of  four  to  two.  {Chic.  Trib., 
1/7/65) 

•  Federal  Aviation  Agency  Administrator  Najeeb  E.  Halaby  proposed  that 

a  10-day  international  aerospace  and  science  exposition  be  held  at  the 
Dulles  International  Airport  in  June  1966.  Purpose  of  the  exposition 
would  be  to  stimulate  aerospace  exports.      {NYT,  1/8/65,  10) 

•  Indonesian  Air  Vice  Admiral  Budiardjo,  deputy  air  force  chief  for  logis- 

tics, claimed  that  Indonesia  had  begun  surveys  for  space  flights  and 
would  be  able  to  launch  its  first  astronaut  by  1968.  (ap,  Wash.  Post., 
1/7/65,  A13) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  7 

January  7 :  mariner  iv  was  70  million  mi.  on  its  325-million-mi.  flight  to 
Mars  after  40  days  in  space.  All  systems  were  operating  normally 
(AP,  ?h\\.Eve.  Bull,  1/7/65) 

•  Dr.  William  A.  Lee  of  nasa  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  announced  new- 

launch  schedule  for  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V:  1966,  three  unmanned 
and  one  manned  launches  of  Saturn  IB;  1967,  two  unmanned  Saturn 
V  launches,  one  manned  Saturn  IB,  Lem  test  with  Saturn  IB,  one 
manned  flight  with  complete  Apollo  spacecraft,  using  Saturn  IB,  and 
one  manned  flight  using  either  Saturn  IB  or  Saturn  V,  whichever  was 
farthest  along  in  development:  1968,  a  dress  rehearsal  for  the  lunar 
mission  in  earth  orbit  for  one  week  with  astronauts  partici- 
pating. "Then  the  moon."  said  Dr.  Lee.  "We  have  a  fighting  chance 
to  make  it  by  1970  and  also  stay  within  the  $20  billion  price  tag  set 
for  the  mission  bv  former  President  Kennedy."  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
1/7/65) 

•  NASA    Administrator    James    E.    Webb    swore    in    R.    Walter    Riehlman, 

former  Republican  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  from  New 
York's  34th  District  (Syracuse)  as  a  consultant  on  policy 
matters.      ( NASA  Release  65-9 ) 

•  ComSatCorp  asked  nine  foreign  companies  to  propose  studies  of  launch 

vehicles  for  medium  altitude  communications  satellites  in  addition  to 
the  16  American  companies  approached  a  month  ago.  The  deadline 
for  submitting  proposals  was  extended  from  Jan.  11  to  Feb.  1.  (Com- 
SatCorp) 

•  AEC  report  said  that  nuclear  fuel  aboard  a  spacecraft  which  failed  to 

go  into  orbit  last  April  21  had  burned  up  harmlessly  at  high  altitude. 
This  was  a  reply  to  Russian  and  other  critics  who  had  accused  the 
U.S.  of  causing  radiation  hazards  by  putting  atomic  generators  aboard 
spacecraft.  The  generator  involved  was  a  Snap-9A  aboard  a  Navy 
navigation  satellite  launched  from  Vandenberg  afb,  Calif.  (UPI,  Phil. 
Eve.  Bull,  1/8/65) 

•  Sen.   Leverett  Sahonstall    (R. — Mass.)    introduced  in  the   Senate   a  bill 

designed  to  set  aside  March  16  of  every  year  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Robert  H.  Goddard,  "the  father  of  modern  rocketry."  The  bill  was 
referred  to  the  Committee  on  the  Judiciary.      (CR,  1/7/65,  283) 

•  Vice  Adm.  H.  G.  Rickover    (USN)    spoke  before  the  Publishers'  Lunch 

Club  of  New  York.  In  his  speech  Admiral  Rickover  said:  "How  to 
resolve  the  antithesis  between  technology  and  individual  liberty;  how 
to  insure  that  technology  will  be  beneficial,  not  harmful,  to  man,  to 
society,  and  to  our  democratic  institutions — this,  I  would  say,  is  a 
public  question.  I  raise  it  here  because  I  believe  the  members  of 
this  audience  are  particularly  well  qualified  to  explore  this 
problem.  In  your  business  the  conflict  between  technology  and  liberty 
— so  prevalent  everywhere  else  in  our  society — is  muted,  if  not  absent 
altogether. 

"Improvements  in  the  mechanics  of  producing  and  selHng  books 
have  not  diminished  the  importance  of  the  author.  Your  success  stiU 
depends  on  him.  He  cannot  be  rendered  obsolete  by 
automation.  The  human  factor  therefore  continues  to  outweigh  the 
technical.  As  in  the  past,  your  main  function  is  to  discover  talent  and 
help  bring  it  to  fruition.     You  know  that  liberty  enhances  creativity, 


8  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

that  men  with  a  special  competence  must  be  allowed  to  follow  their 
own  judgment.   .   .   . 

"How  to  make  technology  most  useful  to  ourselves  and  our  society, 
yet  prevent  it  from  controlling  our  lives — that  is  the  problem.  The 
problem  is  aggravated  by  the  bureau-cratization  of  American  life,  itself 
largely  a  result  of  technology."  (Text,  CR,  1/29/65,  1522-24) 
January  7:  USAF  announced  that  AFSC  Space  Systems  Div.  had  awarded  a 
$1,783,500  increment  to  an  existing  contract  for  procurement  of  stand- 
ard launch  vehicle  boosters  to  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.,  Inc.  (dod  Re- 
lease 8-65) 

•  Britain  would  go   ahead  with  the  $880-million   U.K. -France  project  to 

build  the  Concorde  supersonic  airliner,  according  to  the  London  Daily 
Express.  Two  Concorde  prototypes,  and  possibly  as  many  as  six, 
would  be  built  with  work  shared  by  the  British  Aircraft  Corp.  and 
France's  Sud  Aviation.  There  had  been  no  official  French  response 
to  British  Labor  government's  proposal  that  the  Concorde  project  be 
cut  back,  but  French  government  as  well  as  British  union  leaders  were 
said  to  be  hostile  to  the  proposed  "review."  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
1/7/65;  Av.  Wk.,  1/11/65,  32) 

•  Julius  E.   Kuczma,   executive  secretary  of  the   U.S.   Labor-Management 

Government  Commission,  said  his  group  had  decided  to  hold  a  hearing 
and  take  any  steps  necessary  to  resolve  the  labor  dispute  that  had 
halted  construction  work  at  Cape  Kennedy  last  month.  (UPI,  Orl. 
Sen.,  1/8/65) 
January  8:  faa  announced  that  contracts  for  industry  study  in  the  super- 
sonic transport  program  had  been  extended  an  additional  two  months. 
(AP,  Bah.  Sun,  1/9/65) 

•  Dr.  Richard  Shorthill  of  Boeing  Scientific  Research  Laboratories  report- 

ed that  from  400  to  800  "hot  spots"  were  observed  on  the  moon  dur- 
ing the  eclipse  of  December  18,  1964.  The  lunar  face  had  been 
scanned  at  infrared  wavelengths  from  the  Helwan  Observatory  near 
Cairo,  Egypt.  Recent  impacts  from  meteors,  which  would  create 
rocky  craters  slower  to  cool  after  the  sunlight  was  obscured,  might 
account  for  the  "hot  spots."  It  was  already  known  that  prominent 
craters  from  which  rays  radiated  in  all  directions,  such  as  Tycho,  were 
slow  to  cool,  compared  to  the  normal  surface,  which  was  thought  to  be 
carpeted  with  dust.  While  the  total  number  of  slow-cooling  locations 
would  remain  uncertain  until  the  tape-recorded  results  had  been  plot- 
ted by  computer.  Dr.  Shorthill  felt  that  if  the  technique  produced  an 
inventory  of  young  craters,  it  would  help  in  spotting  new  ones  when 
they  occurred  and  in  estimating  the  rate  at  which  the  moon  and  the 
earth  were  bombarded  by  debris  from  space.  (Sullivan,  NYT, 
1/9/65) 

•  Application  for  patents  on  a  recoverable  single-stage  spacecraft  booster 

was  filed  with  the  U.S.  Patent  Office  by  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight 
Center.  Invented  by  Philip  Bono,  a  space  engineer  at  Douglas  Missile 
and  Space  Systems  Div.,  the  booster  was  called  Rombus  (Reusable 
Orbital  Module — Booster  and  Utility  Shuttle)  and  would  have  the  ca- 
pability of  placing  approximately  1  million  lb.  in  circular  orbit  175  mi. 
high   and   could   be   reused   20   times.     Rombus   would   have   its   own 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  9 

propulsion  for  orbiting,  deorbiting,  and  landing  retrothrust,  would  em- 
ploy eight  strap-on,  jettisonable  liquid  hydrogen  fuel  tanks.  The  vehi- 
cle resulted  from  a  NASA-funded  study  but  was  not  presently  being 
developed.  (Marshall  Star,  1/13/65,  1-2;  Seattle  Post-Intelligence, 
1/8/65) 
January  9:  At  Vatican  City,  Pope  Paul  vi  saw  a  movie  made  up  of  photos 
taken  by  ranger  vii  as  it  neared  the  moon.  NASA  Associate  Ad- 
ministrator Robert  Seamans,  Jr.,  in  Europe  on  other  business,  and 
NASA  European  representative,  Gilbert  W.  Ousley,  were  received  by  the 
Pope,  showed  him  the  movie,  and  answered  his  questions.  {N.Y.  Her- 
ald Trib.,  1/11/65;  AP,  Bait.  Sun.,  1/11/65) 

•  Dr.  Eric  Ogden,  Chief  of  the  Environmental  Biology  Division  at  NASA 

Ames  Research  Center,  was  recipient  of  a  Research  Committee  Citation 
presented  by  the  American  Heart  Association  in  New  York.  His  work 
for  the  Heart  Association  had  been  primarily  in  planning  and  evaluat- 
ing heart  research  projects,      (arc  Release  65-1) 

•  Tass  announced  that  the  Soviet  Union  would  launch  new  types  of  space 

rockets  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  from  Jan.  11  until  Mar.  1  to  gather 
experimental  data,  and  had  asked  other  governments  using  sea  or  air 
routes  in  the  Pacific  to  make  arrangements  for  ships  and  aircraft 
not  to  enter  the  impact  area  between  noon  and  midnight  during  the 
launching  period.  The  carrier  rockets  would  be  fired  to  a  point 
within  a  radius  of  74  mi.  from  a  center  with  coordinates  of  1.58° 
north  latitude  and  164.17°  west  longitude.  (Reuters,  NYT,  1/10/65; 
Tass,  Izvestia,  1/12/65,  4,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  Working  on  the  assumption  that  a  leveling  off  of  defense  expenditures  in 

the  Federal  budget  would  be  accompanied  by  diversion  of  some  defense 
funds  for  other  public  needs,  California  was  taking  steps  to  find  new 
customers  for  its  aerospace  industries.  37  per  cent  of  California's 
manufacturing  industry  was  concentrated  in  ordnance,  aircraft,  elec- 
trical, and  instrument  production,  all  of  which,  according  to  Gov. 
Edmund  G.  Brown,  would  be  vulnerable  to  cutbacks  and  phaseouts 
in  the  Government's  space  and  defense  programs.  The  state  was  pre- 
pared to  finance  study  contracts  in  four  major  problem  areas:  waste 
management,  data  collection,  care  of  the  mentally  and  criminally  ill, 
and  transportation  systems.  Aerojet-General  Corp.  had  already  signed 
a  six-month.  $100,000  contract  to  develop  long-range  state  plans  to 
manage  all  kinds  of  waste,  including  air  and  water  pollution.  (Davies, 
NYT,  1/10/65,  12) 

•  Univ.  of  Louisville  would  be  the  first  engineering  school  in  the  U.S.  to 

have  installed  an  electric  system  linking  its  computers  with  all  labora- 
tories and  classrooms  in  its  Speed  Scientific  School.  Students  work- 
ing on  experiments  would  signal  measurements  directly  to  a  computer 
for  immediate  calculation  and  correlation.  Experiments  could  be 
shown  on  closed  circuit  TV.  Eventually  the  computers  would  be  pro- 
gramed to  direct  experiments  by  automatically  changing  temperatures, 
mixtures,  pressure  rates,  or  liquid  flows.  [NYT,  1/10/65,  44) 
January  10:  NASA  signed  a  one-year  S70,000  contract  with  Flight  Safety 
Foundation  to  report  and  evaluate  research  and  development  projects 
and  events  related  to  rough  air  in  the  atmosphere.  The  study  would 
be  conducted  from  FSF  Offices  in  New  York  City,  Phoenix,  Ariz.,  and 
Los  Angeles,      (nasa  Release  65-10) 


10  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

January  10:  In  an  article  entitled  "The  Pentagon,  the  'Madmen,'  and  the 
Moon,"  Maj.  Gen.  of  the  Soviet  Air  Force  B.  Teplinskiy  said:  "Sober 
voices  in  the  United  States  call  for  collaboration  with  the  U.S.S.R.  in 
space  research.  The  Saturday  Evening  Post  said:  'When  we  reach  the 
moon  and  the  stars,  we  shall  find  the  solutions  to  the  most  profound 
secrets  of  the  universe.  How  much  more  easily  accessible  all  this 
would  be  if  we  would  fly  there  together.' 

"It  is  known  throughout  the  entire  world  that  the  lag  in  this  respect 
does  not  depend  on  the  Soviet  Union.  It  is  the  spiteful  policy  of  those 
U.S.  circles,  which  do  not  hide  their  military  space  plans,  which  consti- 
tute the  obstacle.  These  plans  are  widely  trumpeted  by  the  press, 
television,  and  radio.  Such  a  position  is  not  accidental.  On  the  one 
hand  it  allegedly  pursues  the  aim  of  enhancing  U.S.  prestige  while  it 
actually  is  aimed  at  blowing  up  the  psychosis  around  the  space  arma- 
ments race  and  at  trying  to  provoke  the  Soviet  Union  into  retalatory 
measures  or  to  intimidate  it  by  the  alleged  U.S.  possibilities.  A  naive 
scheme."      (Krasnaya  Zvezda,  1/10/65,  3) 

•  Data  from  solrad.  the  Naval  Research  Laboratory's  satellite  monitoring 

the  sun's  x-ray  behavior  during  the  1964^65  International  Years  of 
the  Quiet  Sun  (iQSYj,  indicated  that  the  sun  was  at  its  quietest  during 
May,  June,  and  July,  1964.  Information  from  solrad  also  suggested 
that  the  x-ray  region  of  the  corona,  instead  of  being  a  homogeneous 
region  of  a  million  miles  or  so,  was  a  series  of  small  cells  that  flared 
up  to  emit  hard  x-rays  and  then  decayed  rapidly.  What  was  seen  on 
earth  was  the  net  effect  of  many  knots  of  very  hot,  flashing  gas 
giving  the  appearance  of  a  homogeneous  region.  ( Simons.  Wash.  Post, 
1/11/65;  Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  1/11/65;  M&R,  1/18/65) 

•  Eight  NASA  astronauts  began  geology  field  training  in  Hawaii,  where  they 

visited  lava  fields  of  Mauna  Loa  and  Kilauea,  active  volcanoes,  as  well 
as  upper  elevations  of  dormant  Mauna  Kea.  Geologists  believed  that 
these  shield  volcanoes  contained  features  similar  to  those  of  the  lunar 
surface. 

Study  emphasis  was  on  mechanics  of  lava  flow,  fissure  eruption, 
deep  lava  lakes;  examples  of  hot  and  cold  basaltic  flows;  physical 
composition  of  lava  rock;  and  topographic  forms  of  shield 
volcanoes.  Underfoot  textures  theorized  as  being  typical  of  lunar  ter- 
rain ranged  from  the  glassy  form  of  "pahoehoe"  lava,  through  the 
crusty  snow  effect  of  "aa"  lava,  to  the  sinking  feeling  of  loose  cinders 
and  pumice. 

The  study  was  conducted  by  Dr.  Ted  Foss,  head  of  the  Geology  and 
Geochemistry  Section  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.  Astronauts 
were  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  Clifton  C.  Williams,  David  R.  Scott,  Edwin 
E.  Aldrin,  Jr.,  Alan  L.  Bean,  Donn  F.  Eisele,  Roger  Chaffee,  and  Ri- 
chard Gordon.  ( UPi,  Houston  Chron.,  1/11/65;  Bryan,  Houston 
Post,  1/14/65) 

•  U.S.  Chamber  of  Commerce  released  a  report  entitled  "Criteria  for  Fed- 

eral Support  of  Research  and  Development,"  which  proposed  the 
establishment  of  a  forum  for  debating  scientific  and  technical  issues 
(such  as  space  exploration  and  desalting  of  the  oceans)  before  they 
became  national  policy.  The  council,  to  be  composed  of  representa- 
tives of  industry,  labor,  the  Government,  and  the  academic  industry, 
would  investigate  the  inherent  worth  of  proposed  programs  and  their 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  H 

value  to  society  to  increase  public  understanding  of  issues  that  were 
usually  decided  by  the  Government  alone  and  debated  afterward. 
(Clark,  NYT,  1  11/65.  46) 
January  11:  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  said  before  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Sciences  that  '"scientists  should  not  set  themselves  up  to  judge  the 
overall  value"  of  the  national  space  program.  Past  advice  from  scien- 
tists had  not  always  been  sound  advice,  he  noted.  ".  .  .  Organized 
science  has  not  always  been  outstanding  for  its  courage,  its  vision,  or 
its  optimism  regarding  goals  for  human  efforts.  Elements  of  con- 
servatism, parochialism,  and  even  reactionary  thinking  do  appear 
among  scientists  just  as  they  do  among  many  other  groups  in  our 
society." 

Dr.  Welsh  was  also  critical  of  the  practice  of  criticizing  the  space 
program  "by  narrowly  comparing"  the  dollars  spent  for  space  with 
what  those  same  dollars  might  accomplish  "if  devoted  to  other  endeav- 
ors, scientific  or  otherwise."  He  said  that  often  such  dollars  were  not 
transferable;  that  space  dollars  might  change  the  general  climate  to 
one  favoring  broader  aid  to  the  whole  spectrum  of  science;  and  that 
since  space  expenditures  sought  broader  goals  than  those  of  science, 
"the  comparison  may  well  be  invalid  on  the  face  of  it." 

He  continued:  "The  visionaries,  whether  primarily  scientists  or  poli- 
cy makers,  must  be  given  the  opportunity  to  point  out  the  many 
benefits  which  can  flow  from  the  manned  and  unmanned  uses  of 
aerospace.  But,  given  such  opportunity,  they  should  use  it  effectively 
and  affirmatively.  Regardless  of  their  motivations,  the  pessimists  who 
cry  out  against  aerospace  research  and  technological  endeavors  have 
clearly  set  themselves  against  progress.  The  United  States  can  no 
longer  relax  and  rest  on  its  past  industrial  laurels.  The  race  for  sur- 
vival, literally  and  philosophically,  is  on.  Of  course,  we  would  all  like 
to  believe  in  the  solely  non-aggressive  uses  of  aerospace  by  all  coun- 
tries which  have  the  needed  technology.  However,  the  realities  of  life 
dictate  adequate  preparation  to  preserve  our  national  and  Free  World 
security.  We  should  follow  the  axiom  that  a  pound  of  prevention  is 
worth  mega-tons  of  cure." 

Howard  Simons  commented  in  the  W ashington  Post  that  these  re- 
marks were  probably  precipitated  by  a  report  from  a  committee  of  the 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  which  had 
charged  that  social,  economic,  military,  and  political  pressures  were 
distorting  the  traditional  values  and  effectiveness  of  science.  The  re- 
port was  highly  critical  of  Project  Apollo:  "The  Apollo  program,  in  its 
present  form,  does  not  appear  to  be  based  on  the  orderly,  systematic 
extension  of  basic  scientific  investigation."  (Text,  CR,  1/28/65, 
A364-65;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  1/12/65) 
•  NASA  announced  that  Launch  Complex  16  at  Cape  Kennedy  would  be 
modified  to  convert  the  former  Titan  missile  facility  into  static  test 
stands  for  the  Apollo  manned  lunar  spacecraft.  Construction  bids 
were  expected  to  be  opened  by  Army  Corps  of  Engineers,  late  this 
month.  The  modified  test  facility  would  replace  an  Apollo  static  test 
stand  originally  planned  for  the  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center's  Merritt 
Island  facihty.     Officials  estimated  that  the  modification  of  Complex 


12  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

16  would  represent  a  cost  reduction  of  about  72  per  cent  under  the 
original  S7  million  construction  estimate  for  test  stands  on  Merritt 
Island.      (KSC  Release  7-65) 

January  11:  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  scientist  Windsor  L.  Sherman 
proposed  conversion  of  Project  Mercury  spacecraft  into  unmanned, 
recoverable  orbiting  telescope  platforms.  Equipment  would  include  a 
76-cm.  Cassegrainian  telescope,  a  camera  recording  system,  and  an 
attitude  control  system.  The  system  would  weigh  approximately 
4,700  lb.  and  would  be  aimed  for  a  300-mi.  orbit.  The  observatory 
would  remain  in  orbit  100-200  days,  exposing  four  frames  of  film  on 
each  orbit  for  a  total  of  6,000  frames.  After  all  film  was  exposed,  the 
system  would  be  braked  out  of  orbit  and  would  descend  into  the 
Bermuda  recovery  area  of  the  Eastern  Test  Range,  using  the  same  re- 
covery techniques  developed  for  the  manned  Mercury  landings.  In 
addition  to  its  capacity  to  perform  a  variety  of  such  astronomical  ob- 
servations as  high  resolution  photography,  photometry,  and  spectros- 
copy, Sherman  said,  the  recoverable  observatory  would  permit  reuse 
of  capsule,  optical,  and  control  systems.  It  would  allow  study  of 
space  effects  on  equipment,  and  the  system  could  serve  as  a  test  bed 
for  advanced  orbiting  telescopes.      (Av.  Wk.,  1/11/65,  23) 

•  Dr.  John  J.  Brennan,  Jr.,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  for  the  Preserva- 
tion of  Cambridge  Industries,  said  he  would  take  to  Washington  the 
committee's  fight  to  keep  the  NASA  Electronic  Research  Center  out  of 
Cambridge.  Dr.  Brennan  said  the  City  of  Cambridge's  claim  that  the 
renewal  project  would  cost  the  Federal  government  $15  million  was 
way  off.  He  said  costs  would  be  between  $40  million  and  $50 
million.  In  a  letter  to  the  House  and  Senate  Appropriations  Commit- 
tees and  the  House  and  Senate  space  committees,  Brennan  stated:  "We 
are  taking  every  proper  course  of  action,  legal  and  otherwise,  to  stop 
this  senseless  destruction.  .  .  .We  do  not  believe  that  the  overall  de- 
struction will  bear  judicial  scrutiny." 

Paul  Frank,  director  of  the  Cambridge  Urban  Redevelopment  Au- 
thority, said  Brennan's  figures  were  inaccurate  and  that  the  $40-$50 
million  figure  was  wrong.  He  claimed  the  overall  cost  would  bring  it 
down  to  $14,500,000.  Of  this  figure,  the  Federal  government  cost 
would  be  $9,600,000  with  the  remaining  $4,900,000  paid  by  the  City 
of  Cambridge,  he  asserted.      [Boston  Globe,  1/11/65) 

During  the  week  of  January  11:  Titan  III  program  director  Brig.  Gen. 
Joseph  S.  Bleymaier  (usaf)  said  at  a  meeting  of  the  New  York  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  that  the  launch  of  the  Titan  Iii-A,  on  Dec.  10,  1964, 
may  have  gained  the  most  accurate  orbit  ever  achieved  in  the  U.S. 
space  program.  The  vehicle  achieved  an  orbit  with  102-n.  mi.  apo- 
gee and  a  99-n.  mi.  perigee  against  a  planned  100-n.  mi.  nominal 
orbital  altitude.  Deviation  from  a  true  circle  was  0.00075  against  a 
predicted  value  of  0.00050.  Time  for  a  single  orbit  was  88.2  min., 
within  0.04  min.  of  the  time  predicted.      [M&R,  1/18/65.  10) 

January  11:  U.S.S.R.  orbited  cosmos  lii  earth  satellite.  Orbital  data: 
apogee,  304  km.  (188.9  mi.);  perigee,  205  km.  (127.4  mi.);  period 
89.5  min.;  inclination  to  the  equator,  65°.  The  satellite  carried 
scientific  equipment  "for  the  further  investigation  of  outer  space 
in   accordance  with   the  program  announced  by  Tass  on   the   16th   of 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  13 

March,  1962."  (Tass.  Komsomolskaya  Pravda,  1/12/65,  1,  atss-t 
Trans. ) 
January  11:  North  American  Air  Defense  Command  (norad)  tracked  a 
new  Russian  satellite  ( COSMOS  Lii )  for  several  hours  before  Moscow 
announced  the  launching.  As  of  this  date,  norad's  space  detection  and 
tracking  system  was  observing  488  man-made  objects  in  space,  of 
which  29  were  actual  payload  satellites  and  the  rest  debris  from  pre- 
vious launchings.      (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  1   12/65) 

•  Arthur  D.  Little,  Inc..  released  a  54-page  study  entitled  "Strategies  for 

Survival  in  the  Aerospace  Industry,"  which  predicted  that  in  the  next 
five  years  the  production  portion  of  the  defense  budget  would  decline 
about  30  per  cent  and  research  and  development  would  decline  about 
15  per  cent.  The  report  recommended  that  "in  view  of  a  declining 
market  and  fewer  opportunities  within  the  market,  the  aerospace  in- 
dustry's principal  objective  within  the  next  few  years  should  be  to 
achieve  stability,  rather  than  to  search  for  growth  opportuni- 
ties."     (  Duggan,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  1/12/65  I 

•  In  January,   Dr.   Donald   F.   Hornig  began  his  second   year  as  science 

adviser  to  President  Johnson  and  director  of  the  White  House  Office  of 
Science  and  Technology.  In  interview  he  mentioned  that  his  job  was 
created  to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  the  kind  of  official  surprise  that 
greeted  Russia's  launching  of  the  sputnik  I  on  Oct.  4,  1957.  Hornig 
said  the  policy  questions  that  he  encountered  were  not  ones  of  "right 
or  wrong,  but  wise  or  less  wise."      (Av.  Wk.,  1/11/65,  16) 

•  U.S.  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce  named  Capt.  Joseph  H.  Engle  (USAF) 

one  of  the  ten  outstanding  young  men  of  1964.  Captain  Engle,  the 
youngest  of  the  x-15  pilots,  had  logged  nine  flights  in  the  x-15. 
Awardees  would  be  honored  at  an  awards  congress  Jan.  15-16  in  Santa 
Monica,  Calif,  (ap,  Des  Moines  Register,  1/12/65) 
January  12:  Kiwi-TNT  (Transient  Nuclear  Test)  was  successfully  completed 
at  Jackass  Flats,  Nev.  This  was  a  safety  test  to  verify  predictions  of 
behavior  of  graphite  nuclear  reactor  during  a  maximum  power 
excursion.  Using  data  from  the  test  scientists  would  establish  safety 
standards,  particularly  for  launching  nuclear-powered  rockets.  Nu- 
clear energy  released  in  the  test  was  well  within  the  designated  maxi- 
mum of  nuclear  test  ban  treaty  of  1963.  Preliminary  test  results  indi- 
cated: (1)  from  l/)-mi.  to  50-mi.  downwind  from  the  test  site, 
radiation  did  not  approach  accepted  danger  levels;  (2)  lethal  radia- 
tion was  confined  to  200-to-300-ft.  radius  of  the  site,  and  beyond  500- 
to-600-ft.  radius  "a  person  would  probably  have  survived  unhurt  un- 
less struck  by  a  piece  of  debris";  (3)  pre-test  predictions  of  the 
reactor's  behavior  were  accurate;  and  (4)  cleaning  up  radioactivity  at 
the  site  was  easier  than  expected.  Kiwi  ground-test  version  of  a  nu- 
clear-reactor rocket  engine  was  a  nasa-aec  project.  (UPI,  Wash. 
Post,  1/13/65;  NYT,  1/13/65;  ap,  Bait.  Sun,  1/13/65;  JAMA, 
2/8/65,  27-29;  Rover  Chron.,  n.d.) 

•  USN    announced    the    Transit    navigational    satellite    system    was    opera- 

tional and  had  been  in  use  since  July  1964.  The  three  gravity-gra- 
dient-stabilized satellites,  weighing  between  110  and  160  lbs.  each, 
were  launched  on  Thor-Able-Star  boosters  into  near-circular  600-mi. 
polar  orbits  from  Pt.  Mugu,  Calif.  Operational  lifetime  of  the  satel- 
lites was  expected  to  be  about  two  years.     The  satellites  emitted  radio 


14  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

signals  which  ships  used  to  determine  their  positions,  and  could  pro- 
vide ships  with  navigational  fixes — accurate  to  0.1  mi. — about  every 
90  min.  The  shipboard  computer  operated  automatically,  beginning 
when  the  satellite  approached,  receiving  the  data,  computing  the  ship's 
position,  and  typing  the  results  for  the  navigator.  A  number  of  fleet 
units  were  reported  to  be  using  the  system.  Capt.  F.  H.  Price,  Jr. 
(usn),  who  tested  the  system  from  the  nuclear-powered  cruiser  U.S.S. 
Long  Beach,  called  the  system  "the  most  reliable  means  of  providing 
navigation&l  information"  and  said  it  met  the  requirement  of  an  "ac- 
curate, dependable,  worldwide,  all-weather,  24-hour-a-day  capabili- 
ty." This  was  the  first  continuous  use  of  space  technology  in  direct 
support  of  the  fleet.  It  was  predicted,  but  not  officially  confirmed, 
that  the  Polaris  missile-firing  submarines  would  adopt  the  navigational 
satellite  system.  NASA  was  studying  commercial  applications  of  a 
navigational  satellite  system  and  considering  the  possibility  of  de- 
veloping its  own  system  if  it  proved  economically  feasible.  (DOD  Re- 
lease 16-65;  AP,  Chic.  Trib.,  1/13/65;  Watson,  Bait.  Sun,  1/13/65; 
M&R,  1/18/65,  14) 
January  12:  S.  Walter  Hixon,  Jr.,  Supervisory  Employee  Development 
Officer  at  the  NASA  Langley  Research  Center,  was  selected  for  his  edu- 
cational activities  as  the  Federal  Civil  Service  Employee  of  the  Year  in 
the  Hampton  Roads  area.  Hixon  had  conducted  four  major  programs 
at  Langley  including  graduate  study,  advanced  in-house  training,  a 
cooperative  college  education  plan,  and  an  apprenticeship  training 
system.      (LaRC  Release) 

•  France's  newest  satellite  tracking  station,  located  outside  Pretoria,  South 

Africa,  was  nearing  completion  and  would  probably  be  operational  by 
July  1965.  The  $840,000  station  would  be  used  to  track  France's  first 
satellite,  scheduled  to  be  orbited  around  the  earth  in  1965,  (ap,  Bait. 
Sun,  1/13/65) 

•  The  first  95-passenger  DC-9  jet  liner  rolled  off  the  Douglas  Aircraft  Co. 

assembly  line.  A  short-haul,  twin-engine  jet,  the  DC-9  would  be  able 
to  land  on  most  conventional  airstrips  and  would,  therefore,  serve  98 
per  cent  of  the  Nation's  civil  airports.  58  planes  had  been  ordered 
and  options  were  taken  on  60  more,  but  development  costs  would  not 
be  met  until  the  200  mark  was  reached.  Flight  tests  would  begin  in 
March  1965  or  sooner,  and  airlines  operating  the  new  jet  expected  to 
start  passenger  service  early  in  1966.      (UPi,  NYT,  1/12/65,  72) 

•  DOD  announced  Peter  Kiewit  Sons  Company  had  received  a  $9,495,000 

contract  for  modification  of  Titan  ii  launch  facilities  in  the  vicinity  of 
Davis-Monthan  afb,  Ariz.;  Little  Rock  afb.  Ark.;  McConnell  afb,  Kan.; 
and  at  Vandenberg  afb,  Calif.  The  Army  Corps  of  Engineers  awarded 
the  contract.      (DOD  Release  18-65) 

•  A  Canadian  company,  Jarry   Hydraulics,   Ltd.,   designed   and   built  the 

variable-wing  sweep  device  for  the  USAf's  f-111  fighter  bomber.  The 
actuator,  consisting  of  a  unit  in  the  fuselage  which  controlled  two 
booms,  could  withstand  more  than  500,000  lbs.  tension  and  could  set 
the  wings  within  .015  of  an  inch  of  the  position  selected  by  the  pilot, 
at  a  rate  of  200°  per  minute.      (Toronto  Globe  and  Mail,  1/12/65) 

•  DOD  would  be  using  1,274  computers  by  the  end  of  FY  1965,  compared  to 

the  815  computers  which  were  in  use  when  Robert  S.  McNamara  first 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  15 

became  Secretary  of  Defense,  nasa  would  be  using  224  computers  in 
various  branches  of  its  operations.  (Fay,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  1/12/65) 
January  13:  x-15  No.  3  flown  by  NASA  pilot  Milton  0.  Thompson  to  maxi- 
mum altitude  of  99.400  ft.  and  maximum  speed  of  3,712  mph  (mach 
5.48 ) .  Purpose  of  the  flight  was  to  collect  air  flow  data  and  record 
measurements  of  skin  friction  on  the  aircraft's  surface,  (nasa  x-15 
Proj.  Off.;  FRC  Release;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  NASA  launched   a  two  part  994b.   sounding   rocket  payload  from   NASA 

Wallops  Station  which  reached  an  altitude  of  614  mi.  but  did  not 
separate  in  flight  as  planned.  Launched  on  a  four-stage  Javelin  (Argo 
D-4)  and  designed  as  "mother-daughter"  experiment,  the  payload  was 
to  separate  into  two  sections  at  about  170-mi.  altitude  with  radio  signals 
to  be  sent  from  daughter  to  mother  as  they  continued  to  rise  separately. 
The  technique  was  devised  to  provide  more  accurate  profiles  of  elec- 
tron density  in  the  upper  atmosphere.  Telemetry  data  would  be 
analyzed  to  determine  why  the  sections  did  not  separate.  (Wallops 
Release  65-3;  NASA  Rpt.  SRL) 

•  NASA   successfully   launched  an   Aerobee   150a  sounding  rocket  to  peak 

altitude  of  110  mi.  from  Wallops  Island,  Va.,  with  instrumented  pay- 
load  to  measure  the  ultraviolet  and  visible  light  emitted  from  the  earth's 
atmosphere  between  37  mi.  and  125  mi.  An  Attitude  Control  System 
(ACs)  was  also  flown.  Good  spectral  data  were  collected,  (nasa 
Rpt.  srl) 

•  Reported  that  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  had  ruled  against  a 

protest  by  a  group  of  nasa  astronauts  of  the  NASA  decision  to  limit  the 
first  manned  Gemini  flight  to  three  orbits.  The  astronauts  had  re- 
quested that  the  GT-3  flight  should  be  "open-end,"  leaving  it  to  the 
astronauts  as  to  whether  they  should  go  for  three  or  even  30  orbits. 
(Macomber,  Copley  News  Service.  San  Diego   Union,   1/13/65) 

•  XC-142A  V/Stol,  flown  by  Ling-Temco-Vought  test  pilots  John  Konrad 

and  Stuart  Madison,  made  a  flawless  first  transition  flight.  The  trans- 
port aircraft  took  off  like  a  helicopter,  adjusted  its  wings  for  conven- 
tional flight,  and  then  circled  the  field,  reversed  the  process,  and  made 
a  vertical  landing.  The  xc-142a's  first  transition  flight  came  only 
six  flights  after  its  initial  hover  flight  on  Dec.  29,  1964.  It  was  the 
Nation's  first  V/Stol  built  for  operational  evaluaticri  rather  ^han 
research,      (ap,  CSM,  1/13/65) 

•  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  scientists  Harry  W.  Carlson  and  Francis 

E.  McLean  said  that  for  the  first  time  there  was  hope  for  a  significant 
reduction  in  the  sonic  booms  expected  from  proposed  supersonic  air- 
liners. A  plane  flying  faster  than  the  speed  of  sound  compresses  the 
air  around  it  into  shock  waves  trailing  from  the  nose,  wings,  engine 
inlets,  tail,  and  any  other  protuberances.  Near  the  plane  there  would 
be  separate  waves,  producing  "near  field  effects."  Traced  on  a  graph 
to  show  changes  in  pressure,  the  waves  would  make  a  jagged  line 
resembling  the  letter  "N."  As  the  waves  traveled  toward  the  ground, 
they  would  coalesce  into  two  powerful  waves — one  appearing  to  trail 
from  the  nose  and  one  from  the  tail — producing  "far-field  effects" 
also  shaped  as  a  letter  "N"  in  terms  of  pressure  patterns.  The  sharp 
peaks  of  this  N-shaped  wave  were  suspected  of  causing  most  of  the 


16  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

annoyance  and  structural  damage  possible  from  sonic  booms.  Carlson 
and  McLean  discovered  that  planes  the  length  and  shape  of  super- 
sonic airliner  designs  would  not  fly  far  enough  away  from  the  earth 
for  their  far-field  effects  to  be  felt  on  the  ground,  leaving  only  the 
less  bothersome  near-field  effect  to  be  taken  into  account. 

It  was  hoped  that  this  new  finding  would  mean  that  designs  current- 
ly submitted  to  the  Government  in  the  design  competition  for  super- 
sonic transport,  or  minor  refinements  of  them,  would  fit  within  Gov- 
ernment-imposed sonic  boom  limitations  and  that  still  further 
improvement  through  design  changes  would  bring  further  decreases  in 
the  boom. 

Dr.  Floyd  L.  Thompson,  LaRC  Director,  called  what  had  been 
learned  "significant  new  knowledge"  and  said  it  could,  under  the  best 
of  circumstances,  "have  great  significance."  He  pointed  out  that  the 
best  of  circumstances  were  seldom  found  in  designing  an  airplane — 
particularly  the  supersonic  transport,  which  he  said  was  "at  least  as 
sophisticated  technically  as  the  Apollo."  (Clark,  ATT",  1/14/65,  1, 
12) 

January  13:  DOD  announced  that  during  the  next  six  months  150  iCBMs 
scheduled  for  deactivation  (27  Atlas  E,  69  Atlas  F,  and  54  Titan  I  mis- 
siles) would  be  put  into  storage  at  Norton  afb,  Calif.  Some  of  these 
missiles  would  be  used  eventually  as  spacecraft  boosters,  others  would 
be  employed  in  the  Nike-X  program.  They  would  be  replaced  by  the 
more  advanced  Minuteman  icbms,  of  which  a  total  of  1,000  were 
authorized  by  Congress.  It  had  cost  almost  $1  million  a  year  to  keep 
each  of  the  older  icbms  combat-ready,  as  compared  to  $100,000  a  year 
for  each  Minuteman.      ( Sehlstedt,  Bait.  Sun,  1/14/65;  A&A,  1/65,  92) 

•  Dr.  John  C.  Evvard,  Deputy  Associate  Director  for  Research  at  NASA 
Lewis  Research  Center,  discussed  possible  propulsion  systems  for  fu- 
ture space-flight  beyond  the  moon  before  the  Conference  on  Civilian 
and  Military  Uses  of  Aerospace  sponsored  by  the  New  York  Academy 
of  Sciences.  He  cited  a  manned  Mars  project  as  a  prime  example  of  a 
mission  that  could  be  performed  by  a  number  of  different  propulsion 
concepts.  For  example,  manned  trips  by  chemical  rockets  would  be 
weight-restricted,  but  chemical  rocket  systems  would  have  the  advan- 
tage of  having  been  extensively  flight-tested  on  many  other 
missions.  Although  the  reactor  for  planned  nuclear  propulsion  sys- 
tems had  only  been  ground  tested,  evaluations  of  complete  nuclear 
rocket  engine  systems  were  expected  within  the  next  few  years.  Elec- 
tric propulsion  systems  for  manned  spaceflight  were  even  further  in  the 
future  and  might  not  be  ready  by  1980;  but  by  then  the  mission 
capability  of  the  nuclear  rocket  would  have  been  so  thoroughly  demon- 
strated that  it  would  be  more  attractive  than  chemical  engines  for 
those  missions  requiring  increased  propulsion  capability.  Even  fur- 
ther into  the  future  were  nuclear  systems  such  as  the  gaseous-core- 
cavity  reactor  which  would  yield  higher  performance.  (LRC  Release 
65-5) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  17 

January  14:  mariner  iv  had  functioned  in  space  for  more  than  1,100  hr. 
on  its  6.000-hr.  flight  to  Mars,  and  had  flown  81.3  miUion  mi.,  leaving 
some  245  miUion  mi.  to  be  travefled  before  the  spacecraft  would  en- 
counter Mars  next  July.  The  earth-MARiNER  distance  was  8,342,946 
mi,  at  9  a.m.  est  with  the  spacecraft  travelling  9,276  mph  relative  to 
the  earth  and  69,462  mph  relative  to  the  sun.  (nasa  Release  65-12, 
1/14/65) 

•  Vincent  R.  Lalli  of  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  described  to  the  11th  Na- 

tional Symposium  on  Reliability  and  Quality  Control  in  Miami  Beach 
the  R&QA  procedure  applied  at  Lewis  to  engine  subsystems  of  the  Sert-I 
(Space  Electric  Rocket  Test)  spacecraft  to  establish  reliability  stand- 
ards for  equipment  never  flown  in  space  before.  He  said  an  experi- 
mental assembly  of  components,  or  "electrical  breadboard,"  was  built 
for  electrical  stress  measurements;  once  the  analysis  of  stresses  during 
operation  was  complete,  safety  factor  could  be  defined.  "Stress"  did 
not  refer  to  mechanical  stress  but  to  all  physical  factors — fatigue,  cor- 
rosion, current,  temperature,  etc. — that  could  degrade  or  destroy  equip- 
ment. 

Lalli  pointed  out:  "The  real  uniqueness  of  this  process  is  revealed  in 
the  stress  analysis  area  where  the  role  of  the  reliability  engineer  is 
extended  beyond  the  analytical  approach  into  obtaining  transient  ex- 
perimental stress  data."      (LRC  Release  65-4) 

•  Houston  Chronicle  reported  that  preliminary  funds  for  the  unmanned 

exploration  of  Mars  would  be  included  in  the  NASA  FY  1966  budget. 
On  Oct.  30,  1964,  the  Space  Science  Board  of  NAS  had  recommended 
to  NASA  that  Mars  be  the  next  goal  because  it  was  the  likeliest  of  the 
planets  to  be  inhabited  by  living  things  and  would  therefore  be  of 
greater  scientific  importance  than  the  moon  or  proposed  manning 
orbiting  laboratories.      (Mackaye,  Houston  Chron.,  1/14/65) 

•  The  Enrico  Fermi  Medal  was  conferred  on  Vice  Adm.  Hyman  G.  Rick- 

over  (usn)  by  President  Johnson.  Adm.  Rickover,  the  first  nonsden- 
tist  to  receive  the  award,  was  cited  for  "engineering  and  administrative 
leadership  in  the  development  of  safe  and  reliable  nuclear  power  and 
its  successful  application  to  our  national  security  and  economic 
needs."  He  was  also  credited  with  almost  single-handedly  convincing 
Congress  and  DOD  to  start  the  nuclear  submarine  program.  (UPI, 
NYT,  1/14/65,  14) 

•  In  London,  10,000  British  aircraft  workers  marched  to  protest  the  ru- 

mored intention  of  the  Labor  Government  to  curtail  production  of 
British  military  planes.  Defense  Minister  Denis  Healey  reportedly 
recommended  that  development  and  production  of  the  TSR-2  (tactical- 
strike-reconnaissance)  aircraft  be  canceled  and  that  Britain  buy 
F-lll's  from  U.S.,  thus  cutting  defense  costs.  Two  other  projects 
subject  to  cancellation  were  the  P-1154  vertical-takeoff  fighter  and  a 
short-takeoff  fighter,  both  at  a  less  advanced  stage  of  development 
than  the  TSR-2.  Leaders  of  the  British  aircraft  industry,  which  em- 
ployed slightly  more  than  one  per  cent  of  the  nation's  work  force,  said 
such  a  cutback  would  cause  widespread  unemployment  in  the 
industry.  (Lewis,  NYT,  1/13/65,  9;  Lewis,  NYT,  1/15/65;  Farns- 
worth,  NYT,  1/16/65) 


18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

January  15:  usaf  launched  a  Thor-Agena  D  booster  with  an  unidentified 
satellite  toward  polar  orbit  from  Vandenberg  afb.  (upi,  Denver  Post, 
1/17/65) 

•  USAF  successfully  launched  a  four-stage  Athena  reentry  research  vehicle 

from  Green  River,  Utah.  Impact  occurred  within  a  predetermined 
target  area  in  the  White  Sands  Missile  Range,  N.  Mex.  {M&R,  1/25/ 
65,  8) 

•  The  U.S.S.R.  filed  a  brief  report  with  the  International  Aviation  Federa- 

tion on  the  flight  of  VOSKHOD  I  (Oct.  12-13,  1964)  for  confirmation  of 
the  flight  achievements  as  absolute  world  records,  and  of  world  records 
in  the  orbital  flight  class  in  multiseat  spacecraft:  duration  of  flight,  24 
hrs.,  17  min.,  0.3  sec;  flight  distance,  416,195,878  mi.  (669,784,027 
km.)  ;  flight  height,  254  mi.  (408  km.)  ;  and  maximum  weight  raised 
to  the  flight  height,  11,729  lbs.  (5,320  kg.).  (Pravda,  1/15/65,  6; 
Krasnaya  Zvezda,  1/15/65,  4,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  Top  fuel  experts  of  the  Coordinating  Research  Council  of  New  York  re- 

ported that  adoption  of  a  single  type  of  jet  fuel  by  the  entire  airline 
industry  "would  not  significantly  improve  the  over-aU  excellent  safety 
record  of  commercial  aviation."  The  study  on  fuel  safety  was  re- 
quested by  Federal  Aviation  Agency  Administrator  Najeeb  E.  Ha- 
laby  following  the  fatal  in-flight  explosion  that  occurred  in  a  jet  air- 
liner December  8,  1963,  near  Elkton,  Md.  The  aircraft  was  carrying 
a  mixture  of  JP-4  and  kerosene  when  it  exploded  in  a  lightning  storm, 
giving  rise  to  the  question  of  the  relative  safety  of  the  two  fuels  includ- 
ing the  effects  of  mixing  the  two.  Consensus  of  the  group  was  that 
the  airlines  should  continue  their  policy  of  being  individually  respon- 
sible for  selecting  fuels  and  for  safety  practices  associated  with  han- 
dling such  fuels.  Another  conclusion  was  that  aircraft  safety  depend- 
ed less  upon  the  particular  type  of  fuel  used  than  upon  equipment 
design  and  proper  fueling  techniques,      (faa  Release  65-9) 

•  aec  entered  into  33  mo.  contracts  with  Combustion  Engineering,  Windsor, 

Conn.,  and  Atomics  International,  Canoga  Park,  Calif.,  for  joint  re- 
search and  development  work  on  the  heavy  water-moderated,  organic- 
cooled  reactor  concept.  This  concept  could  lead  to  construction  of 
large  central  station  power  plants  and  applications  to  large-scale  water 
desalting  operations,      (aec  Release  H-12) 

•  U.S.  recorded  seismic  signals  from  an  underground  event  in  the  Soviet 

nuclear  testing  area  in  the  Semipalatinsk  region.  The  event  was  re- 
portedly 75  times  stronger  than  previous  explosions  registered  from 
the  same  area,  (aec  Release  H-13;  ap,  New  Orleans  Times-Picayune, 
1/17/65) 
January  16:  NASA  announced  it  would  request  preliminary  design  proposals 
from  private  industry  for  the  unmanned  Voyager  spacecraft  that  would 
land  scientific  instruments  on  Mars  in  1971.  From  these  proposals, 
several  contractors  would  be  chosen  to  perform  a  3-mo.  program  de- 
sign definition.  Previous  NASA  studies  had  indicated  the  system  might 
consist  of  a  spacecraft  "bus"  or  main  body,  a  propulsion  and  braking 
system,  and  a  landing  capsule,      (nasa  Release  65-15) 

•  Addressing  the  Houston  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Gen.  Bernard  A. 

Schriever  (usaf)  emphasized  the  importance  of  technology  in  main- 
taining national  security:   "Recent  events  show  a  number  of  applica- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  19 

tions  of  technology  designed  to  increase  our  national  security.  These 
include  the  first  flights  of  the  supersonic  XB-70  aircraft,  the  YF-12a 
long-range  interceptor,  the  F-111  supersonic  fighter,  the  Titan  IIIA 
space  booster,  and  the  Minuteman  ii  missile.  .  .  . 

"Research  not  only  supports  today's  weapon  systems  but  also  pro- 
vides the  advanced  technology  from  which  new  systems  will 
emerge.  .  .  . 

"To  name  some  specifics,  a  new  high-strength,  lightweight  material 
— formed  from  boron  fibers  and  a  plastic  binder — would  make  possi- 
ble great  weight  savings  in  aircraft  and  space  vehicle  structures  with 
no  sacrifice  of  either  strength  or  stiffness.  We  have  already  produced 
laboratory  samples  of  this  boron  composite.  It  is  potentially  as  strong 
as  the  high-strength  steels,  structurally  rigid,  and  as  light  as 
magnesium.  It  may  have  higher  temperature  capabilities  than  alumi- 
num and  magnesium,  should  be  easy  to  fabricate,  and  should  have  a 
high  resistance  to  corrosion. 

"Another  advance  in  the  materials  area  is  the  use  of  oxide-dispersed 
metals  in  aircraft  engines  tO'  provide  strength  at  high  temperatures. 
This  development  will  make  possible  a  substantial  increase  in  the  op- 
erating temperature  of  turbojet  engines,  which  in  turn  will  make  for 
greater  operating  efficiency  and  improved  thrust-to-weight  ratios." 
(Text,  AFSC  Release) 
January  17:  Robert  L.  Sohn,  scientist  at  Space  Technology  Laboratories, 
proposed  to  use  the  gravity  field  of  Venus  as  a  brake  for  manned 
spacecraft  returning  from  Mars. 

"We  don't  expect  to  have  boosters  powerful  enough  to  launch  space- 
craft of  the  1970s  that  can  carry  extra  propulsion  to  brake  reentry 
speeds.  .  .  .  The  landing  corridor  will  be  so  narrow  that  a  small  frac- 
tional error  in  navigation  would  send  the  spacecraft  into  an  eternal 
orbit  around  the  sun."  He  said  traveling  near  Venus  on  the  return 
journey  from  Mars  would  slow  a  spacecraft  as  it  passed  through  the 
Venutian  gravity  field.  Then,  with  some  midcourse  maneuvering  and 
navigation,  the  astronaut  could  return  to  earth  and  reenter  earth's 
atmosphere  with  greater  margin  of  error.  (Macomber,  San  Diego 
Union,  1/17/65) 
•  Dr.  I.  M.  Levitt,  Director  of  the  Fels  Planetarium,  said  in  the  Philadel- 
phia Inquirer:  "As  of  this  moment,  the  Soviets  have  tentatively  deter- 
mined that  the  maximum  'safe'  period  of  weightlessness  is  24 
hr.  They  hold  that  after  this  period,  'irreversible  physiological 
changes  begin  to  occur  in  the  human  system  which,  if  not  corrected, 
will  eventually  lead  to  death'.  .  .  . 

"The  Soviets  have  also  discovered  a  correlation  between  high  accel- 
erations and  weightlessness.  They  believe  that  when  an  astronaut  is 
subjected  to  high  accelerations  on  launch  he  tends  to  overestimate  or 
to  overcompensate  for  his  movements.  Once  the  astronaut  is  weight- 
less, then  a  radical  reversal  takes  place  in  which  the  astronaut  under- 
compensates  and  may  suffer  disorientation.  .  .  . 

"The  Soviets  appear  to  have  concluded  that  flight  crews  of  the  fu- 
ture will  be  selected  as  medical  teams,  and  they  will  further  be  selected 
on  the  basis  of  biological  and  bacteriological  compatibility.  The  crew 
will  be  concerned  with  developing  means   for  forecasting  their   own 


20  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

health  during  the  entire  trip  so  as  to  preserve  it."  (Phil.  Inq., 
1/17/65) 

January  17:  Tass  reported  that  a  Soviet  archeologist  had  discovered  a  Neo- 
lithic drawing  in  a  cliff  gallery  in  Soviet  Central  Asia  resembling  a 
cosmonaut.  The  figure  carried  "something  resembling  an  airtight  hel- 
met with  antennae  on  its  head"  and  "some  sort  of  contraption  for 
flight"  on  its  back.      (Reuters,  JVash.  Post,  1/18/65;  NYT,  1/23/65) 

January  18:  USAF  launched  an  unidentified  satellite  on  a  Thor-Altair 
booster  from  Vandenberg  AFB,  Calif.  Altair  was  normally  the  solid- 
fuel  fourth  stage  of  the  Scout  booster.      (AP,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  1/19/65) 

•  In  an  editorial  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology,  Editor  Robert 

Hotz  said:  "This  is  a  year  in  which  we  will  hear  much  about  the 
growing  pains  of  Apollo.  It  would  be  most  amazing  if  we 
didn't.  For  Apollo  is  now  in  the  midst  of  that  difficult  period  when 
the  problems  of  creating  this  incredibly  intricate  and  complex  techni- 
cal system  are  being  hammered  the  hardest  toward  solutions.  It  is 
also  the  period  when  the  effectiveness  of  the  management  structure  in 
welding  all  of  the  complex  subsystems  into  a  successfully  functioning 
overall  system  within  the  time  and  money  boundaries  already  estab- 
lished becomes  most  vital."      (Av.  Wk.,  1/18/65,  17) 

•  In  his  defense  message  to  Congress,  President  Johnson  cited  major  new 

developments  in  strategic  weapon  systems  slated  to  begin  this  year: 

"A  new  missile  system,  the  Poseidon  [new  name  for  Polaris  b-3],  to 
increase  the  striking  power  of  our  missile-carrying  nuclear  submarines. 
The  Poseidon  missile  will  have  double  the  payload  of  the  highly  success- 
ful Polaris  A-3.  The  increased  accuracy  and  flexibility  of  the  Poseidon 
will  permit  its  use  effectively  against  a  broader  range  of  penetration  of 
enemy  defenses. 

"A  new  Short  Range  Attack  Missile  (sram)  that  can,  if  needed,  be 
deployed  operationally  with  the  B-52  or  other  bombers.  This  aerody- 
namic missile — a  vast  improvement  over  existing  systems — would  per- 
mit the  bomber  to  attack  a  far  larger  number  of  targets  and  to  do  so 
from  beyond  the  range  of  their  local  defenses. 

"A  series  of  remarkable  new  payloads  for  strategic  missiles.  These 
include:  penetration  aids,  to  assure  that  the  missile  reaches  its  target 
through  any  defense;  guidance  and  re-entry  vehicle  designs,  to  in- 
crease many-fold  the  effectiveness  of  our  missiles  against  various  kinds 
of  targets;  and  methods  of  reporting  the  arrival  of  our  missiles  on 
target,  up  to  and  even  including  the  time  of  explosion." 

In  addition,  he  said  that  development  of  the  C-5A  ( formerly  the 
ex)  cargo  transport  and  procurement  of  the  Air  Force  F-111  fighter- 
bomber  and  new  A-7  Navy  attack  aircraft  would  begin. 

Finally,  regarding  the  role  of  science  and  technology  in  the  Nation's 
security,  the  President  said: 

"We  are  currently  investing  more  than  $6  billion  per  year  for  mili- 
tary research  and  development.  .  .  .  About  $2  billion  a  year  of  this 
program  is  invested  in  innovations  in  technology  and  in  experimental 
programs.  Thus,  we  provide  full  play  for  the  ingenuity  and  inven- 
tiveness of  the  best  scientific  and  technical  talent  in  our  Nation  and  the 
Free  World. 

"American  science,  industry,  and  technology  are  foremost  in  the 
world.     Their    resources    represent    a    prime    asset    to    our    national 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  21 

security."  (Text.  Wash.  Post,  1/19/65;  ap,  NYT,  1/19/65,  16;  Nor- 
ris,  Wash.  Post,  1/22/65) 
January  18:  The  new  Sram  (short-range  attack  missile),  cited  by  President 
Johnson  in  his  defense  message  to  Congress,  would  be  expected  to 
travel  150  mi.  from  the  launching  plane  to  its  target.  The  Sram 
would  be  designed  for  launching  initially  from  a  B-52,  but  later  from 
smaller  aircraft  such  as  the  F-4c  or  the  F-111.  It  would  be  launched 
toward  the  rear  after  the  aircraft  had  passed  its  target,  would  climb  to 
100,000-ft.  altitude,  powered  by  its  own  solid-propellant  motor,  then 
plunge  vertically  toward  its  target  having  allowed  the  launch  plane 
time  to  escape  its  nuclear  warhead  detonation.  (Watson,  Bait.  Sun, 
1/19/65;  Miles,  Wash.  Post,  1/20/65) 

•  Alfred  Gessow,  Chief  of  Fluid  Physics  Research,  NASA,  discussed  before 

the  Compressed  Gas  Association  in  New  York  City  the  problems  of 
spacecraft  deceleration  and  heating  involved  in  return  through  the 
earth's  atmosphere.  He  explained  why  the  blunt  shape  solved  de- 
celeration and  much  of  the  heat  problem  in  returning  Mercury 
spacecraft  from  orbit  through  the  atmosphere  to  earth.  Looking 
beyond  the  satellite  return  speed  (Mercury  and  Gemini)  and  lunar 
return  speed  (Apollo),  return  from  interplanetary  flight  poses  the 
problem  of  much  higher  spacecraft  speed  (and  thus  heating).  Re- 
search indicates  "that  the  more  pointed  shape,  although  it  doesn't  show 
up  too  well  at  the  lower  re-entry  speeds,  is  better  than  the  blunt  nose  at 
the  higher  speeds  because  the  bow  shock  is  weaker,  thus  producing 
lower  radiant  heating  losses.  Thus,  in  a  very  short  time  scale,  but 
taking  a  big  leap  forward  in  the  velocity-temperature  scale,  we  find 
ourselves  going  into  another  phase  of  the  blunt  vs.  pointed  nose  cycle. 

".  .  .  The  switching  between  slender  and  blunt  shapes  is  not  new  in 
the  race  for  higher  speeds  at  all  times  of  history.  Going  through 
history,  compact  rocks  were  replaced  by  slender  arrows;  the  concept  of 
powder  guns  created  round  cannonballs;  the  rocket  age  produced 
slender  forms  again,  which  ironically,  finally  got  blunt  noses.  It  is 
interesting  to  see  how  long  it  took  to  make  such  changes  empirically 
and  how  rapidly  these  variations  have  been  made  by  following 
scientific  principles.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

•  Japan  expected  to  orbit  a  satellite  within  the  next  three  years,  New  York 

Times  reported.  Although  Japan's  progress  in  the  missile  field  had 
been  slowed  by  the  limited  annual  budget  allocations  of  the  Defense 
Forces,  scientific  advances,  particularly  in  the  field  of  electronics,  plus 
stimulus  to  Japanese  industry  provided  by  the  Korean  War,  had 
brought  marked  advances  in  rocketry  and  missiles.      (NYT,  1/18/65) 

•  The  Communist  New  China  News  Agency   (ncna)    said  in  a  broadcast 

that  Indonesia  had  successfully  launched  a  two-stage  scientific  rocket 
Jan.  5  from  somewhere  in  West  Java.  The  rocket  was  reportedly 
made  by  the  Indonesian  air  force.  There  were  no  other 
details.  (UPI,  Miami  Her.,  1/18/65) 
January  19:  An  unmanned  instrument-packed  Gemini  spacecraft  (gt-2) 
was  launched  from  Cape  Kennedy  on  Titan  ii  launch  vehicle  in  subor- 
bital shot  preliminary  to  U.S.'s  first  two-man  venture.  Aboard  was  an 
automatic  sequencer  which  issued  orders  at  precise  times  en  route  to 
fire  the  rocket's  second  stage,  to  separate  the  spacecraft  from  the  rock- 


22  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

et,  to  jettison  the  spacecraft's  storage  section,  to  cartwheel  the  space- 
craft into  a  reentry  attitude,  and  to  open  the  spacecraft's  parachutes. 

The  rocket  reached  a  maximum  altitude  of  98.9  mi.  and  a  speed  of 
16,708.9  mph  before  impacting  2,127.1  mi.  downrange.  The  Gemini 
spacecraft  descended  by  parachute  into  the  Atlantic  16  mi.  short  of  the 
planned  impact  point  and  52  mi.  from  the  carrier  U.S.S.  Lake  Cham- 
plain  which  recovered  the  capsule  an  hour  and  45  min.  after  launch. 
The  capsule  was  reported  in  excellent  condition. 

Major  experiments  for  which  the  test  was  intended  were  apparently 
complete  successes:  a  test  of  the  heat  shield;  a  test  of  the  retrorocket 
system;  and  a  test  of  the  sequencing  system. 

Despite  its  successes,  the  test  had  some  difficulties:  a  fuel  cell  that 
would  be  the  primary  electrical  system  in  the  spacecraft  during  long- 
duration  manned  flights  failed  to  operate  before  launching  because  of 
a  stuck  valve;  the  temperature  was  found  to  be  too  high  in  the  cooling 
system  of  the  spacecraft.  (NASA  Release  64-296;  MSC  Roundup, 
1/3/65,  1;  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  1/19/65;  Houston  Chron.,  1/19/65;  UPI, 
Rossiter,  Wash.  Post,  1/20/65;  ap.  Bait.  Sun,  1/20/65) 
January  19:  Dr.  Burton  I.  Edelson,  staff  member  of  the  National  Aero- 
nautics and  Space  Council,  spoke  on  communications  satellites  at  the 
AIAA  meeting  in  Las  Cruces,  N.Mex.  He  said:  "There  is  a  general  grow- 
ing interdependence  of  politics,  economics,  and  technology,  and  in  no 
area  do  these  forces  interact  more  noticeably,  than  in  international 
communications.  When  we  try  to  predict  the  course  that  communica- 
tions satellites  systems  will  follow  in  the  years  to  come  we  must  con- 
sider not  only  decibels  and  megacycles,  rocket  thrusts  and  orbital  ele- 
ments, but  the  competitive  economic  pressure  of  transoceanic  cables 
and  the  political  aspirations  of  developing  nations.   .   .   . 

"Finally,  I  believe  the  words  of  Arthur  Clarke,  the  visionary  who 
first  conceived  of  the  communications  satellite,  will  be  fulfilled:  'Com- 
sats  will  end  ages  of  isolation  making  us  all  members  of  a  single 
family,  teaching  us  to  read  and  speak,  however  imperfectly,  a  single 
language.  Thanks  to  some  electronic  gear  twenty  thousand  miles 
above  the  equator,  ours  will  be  the  last  century  of  the 
savage.' "  (Text) 
January  20:  President  Lyndon  B.  Johnson  was  inaugurated.  In  his  Inau- 
gural Address,  he  said : 

"For  every  generation,  there  is  a  destiny.  For  some,  history 
decides.     For  this  generation,  the  choice  must  be  our  own. 

"Even  now,  a  rocket  moves  toward  Mars.  It  reminds  us  that  the 
world  will  not  be  the  same  for  our  children,  or  even  for  ourselves  in  a 
short  span  of  years.  The  next  man  to  stand  here  will  look  out  on  a 
scene  different  from  our  own. 

"Ours  is  a  time  of  change — rapid  and  fantastic  change — baring  the 
secrets  of  nature — multiplying  the  nations — placing  in  uncertain  hands 
new  weapons  for  mastery  and  destruction — shaking  old  values  and 
uprooting  old  ways.   .   .   . 

"Change  has  brought  new  meaning  to  that  old  mission.  We  can 
never  again  stand  aside,  prideful  in  isolation.  Dangers  and  troubles 
we  once  called  'foreign'  now  live  among  us.  If  American  lives  must 
end,  and  American  treasure  be  spilled,  in  countries  we  barely  know, 
that  is  the  price  that  change  has  demanded  of  conviction. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  23 

"Think  of  our  world  as  it  looks  from  that  rocket  heading  toward 
Mars. 

"It  is  like  a  child's  globe,  hanging  in  space,  the  continents  stuck  to 
its  side  like  colored  maps.  We  are  all  fellow  passengers  on  a  dot  of 
earth.  And  each  of  us,  in  the  span  of  time,  has  only  a  moment  among 
his  companions. 

"How  incredible  it  is  that  in  this  fragile  existence  we  should  hate 
and  destroy  one  another.  There  are  possibilities  enough  for  all  who 
will  abandon  mastery  over  others  to  pursue  mastery  over 
nature.  There  is  world  enough  for  all  to  seek  their  happiness  in  their 
own  way. 

"Our  own  course  is  clear.  We  aspire  to  nothing  that  belongs  to 
others.  We  seek  no  dominion  over  our  fellow  man,  but  man's  domin- 
ion over  tyranny  and  misery.  .  .  ."  (Text) 
January  20:  Dr.  Robert  J  astro  w,  Director  of  NASA's  Goddard  Institute  for 
Space  Studies,  said  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Franklin  Institute  in 
Philadelphia:  "Beyond  military  and  political  advantages  of  getting  to 
the  moon  are  possibilities  we  cannot  conceive."  The  moon,  he  said 
could  prove  to  be  "the  Rosetta  stone  of  the  universe.  Its  lifeless  sur- 
face could  s;ive  us  the  clue  to  the  process  of  life."  (Phil.  Eve.  Bull., 
1/21/65) 

•  Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co.  conducted  successful  static  firings  of 

the  Agena  target  vehicle  for  Project  Gemini.  The  firing  tests,  which 
included  simulated  maneuvers  to  be  made  by  Agena  during  rendezvous 
with  the  Gemini  spacecraft,  included  five  separate  firings  of  the  main 
engine  and  of  the  secondary  propulsion  system.  The  tests  lasted  some 
12  hrs.  and  were  termed  by  Lockheed  "complete  captive  flight."  All 
systems  of  the  actual  flight  Agena  were  tested,  including  command 
from  earth  transmitters,  programmed  commands  within  the  Agena, 
telemetry,  and  docking  simulation.  Previous  Gemini  Agena  firings 
had  tested  the  vehicle's  engines  only.      [Huntsville  Times,  1/22/65) 

•  Dr.  M.  P.  Lansberg  of  the  National  Aeromedical  Center,   Soesterberg, 

The  Netherlands,  told  scientists  attending  the  symposium  on  the  inner 
ear  at  the  Naval  School  of  Aviation  Medicine  at  Pensacola  Air  Station 
that  one  role  of  space  flight  would  be  the  exploration  of  the  function- 
ing of  the  vestibular  organ.  "This  might  well  be  the  most  important 
and  fascinating  side  of  space  flight,"  said  Dr.  Lansberg.  "Not  what  it 
will  reveal  to  us  of  distant  worlds,  but  what  it  wiU  unveil  to  us  about 
ourselves." 

Dr.  Lansberg  also  warned  against  expecting  too  much  from  experi- 
ments conducted  here  on  earth  in  trying  to  determine  how  much  grav- 
ity-producing spinning  man  could  stand.  In  recommending  rates  of 
speed  to  space  engineers,  he  said  "we  should  be  conserva- 
tive."     {Harris,  Pensacola  Journal,  1/21/65) 

•  In  an  article  in  The  Huntsville  Times,  Richard  Lewis  said:  "If  Project 

Apollo  continues  at  its  present  pace,  the  United  States  will  be  able  to 
attempt  the  landing  of  astronauts  on  the  moon  in  1968.  .  .  . 

"This  impression  of  the  status  of  ApoUo  .  .  .  was  gained  by  this 
reporter  in  tours  of  both  industrial  and  test  centers  for  the  mammoth 
project.  .  .  . 

"The  story  at  these  centers  is  this:  no  new  breakthroughs  in  elec- 
tronics, mechanics,  metaUurgy,  propulsion  or  guidance  and  navigation 


24  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

are  required  for  the  program.  All  major  problems  are  settled.  They 
have  been  solved  or  'worked  around.'  .  .  . 

"So  well  does  Apollo  appear  to  be  running  that  there  is  a  strong 
probability  it  will  overtake  the  later  flights  of  Project  Gemini,  the 
two-man  spacecraft  program."  (Lewis,  Chicago  Sun-Times,  Hunts- 
ville  Times,  1/20/65) 
January  20:  It  was  reported  that  Lockheed  Propulsion  Co.  had  successfully 
test-fired  a  new  solid-propellant  rocket  motor  at  the  proving  ground  in 
Redlands,  Calif.  The  lightweight  "pulse  motor"  measured  10  ft.  in 
length,  2  ft.  in  dia.,  and  contained  40  solid-propellant  wafers,  each  of 
which  could  develop  more  than  1,000  lbs.  of  thrust.  This  was  possi- 
bly the  rocket  motor  that  would  power  the  Sram  (short-range  attack 
missile)  mentioned  by  President  Johnson  in  his  defense  message  to 
Congress  [See  Jan.  18,  1965].  (Miles,  Wash.  Post,  1/20/65;  SBD, 
1/18/65,  74) 

•  USAF  successfully  launched  its  first  Minuteman  icbm  of  1965  from  Van- 

denberg  afb,  Calif.  The  missile  was  sent  on  a  5,000-mi.  course  to- 
ward a  target  in  the  Pacific.  (UPI,  L.A.  Herald  Examiner,  1/21/65) 
January  21:  mariner  iv  completed  nearly  one-quarter  of  its  iy2-Tno. 
journey  to  Mars  and  was  more  than  10  million  mi.  from  earth.  The 
craft  was  traveling  10,680  mph  relative  to  the  earth;  velocity  relative 
to  the  sun  was  68,255  mph;  total  distance  traveled  was  over  93  million 
mi.  After  54  days  in  space,  all  systems  were  functioning  normally 
except  the  solar  plasma  probe  which  ceased  returning  intelligible  data 
one  week  after  launch,      (nasa  Release  65-17) 

•  Laser  beam  was  bounced  off  nasa's  explorer  xxii  ionosphere  satellite 

and  photographed  by  Air  Force  Cambridge  Research  Laboratories 
scientists  Robert  Iliff  and  Theodore  Wittanen.  This  was  first  such 
photo  and  was  important  verification  of  feasibility  of  use  of  laser  for 
both  satellite  tracking  and  geodetic  purposes.  When  such  laser  reflec- 
tions off  satellites  were  photographed  against  a  star  background '  from 
two  ground  stations  of  known  locations  and  other  ground  stations  in 
the  field,  triangulation  of  the  simultaneous  photos  would  locate  the 
position  of  field  stations  with  an  accuracy  hitherto  not  possible  by 
other  means.  This  success  with  Largos  (Laser  Activated  Reflecting 
Geodetic  Optical  Satellite)  also  set  a  distance  record  for  photo  or 
photoelectric  detection  of  reflected  laser  signals;  slant  range  to  satellite 
was  950  mi.      (afcrl  Release  2-65-2) 

•  USAF   launched    a    100-lb.    arv    (Aerospace    Research    Vehicle)    satellite 

pickaback  aboard  an  Atlas  icbm  from  Vandenberg  afb,  Calif.  The 
satellite,  carrying  instrumentation  to  sample  radiation  and  microme- 
teoroids,  was  the  first  to  be  sent  toward  westward  orbit  around  the 
earth.  Satellite  Situation  Report  for  January  31,  1965,  did  not  indi- 
cate that  the  satellite  had  achieved  orbit,  (ap,  Wash.  Post,  1/22/65; 
M&R,  2/1/65,  9;  SSR,  1/31/65,  13) 

•  Sen.  Margaret  Chase   Smith    (R-Me.),   ranking  member  of  the   Senate 

Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  Committee,  told  nana  in  an  inter- 
view that  the  United  States  was  giving  more  to  the  Soviets  than  it 
got  in  a  lopsided  exchange  of  space  data.  She  said  that  for  several 
months  weather  information  derived  from  "conventional"  sources  in 
the  Soviet  Union  had  been  sent  through  a  communications  link  be- 
tween Moscow  and  Suitland,  Md.     "The  weather  information   is  not 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  25 

that  derived  from  a  satellite  as  provided  for  by  the  agreement,"  she 
asserted. 

"Up  to  the  present  time,  based  on  the  information  I  have  available, 
the  Soviets  are  realizing  more  from  the  1962  Geneva  Agreement  than 
we  are." 

Senator  Smith  added  that  measuring  the  results  of  the  Geneva 
Agreement  strictly  on  scientific  knowledge  gained  "is  not  a  broad 
enough  yardstick.  Any  real  plusses,  it  seems  to  me,  must  be  measured 
in  the  light  of  what  we  seek  to  accomplish,  namely,  the  mastering  of 
space  for  the  benefit  of  all  mankind.  The  fact  that  the  Geneva  Agree- 
ment ever  came  into  existence  shows  an  awareness  of  the  magnitude  of 
the  task  confronting  man  if  he  expects  to  operate  successfully  in 
space."  (Glaser,  nana,  Indianapolis  Star,  1/21/65) 
January  21 :  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  received  an  honorary  doc- 
torate from  Wayne  State  Univ.,  Detroit,  Mich.  During  a  speech 
there  he  said : 

"Our  goal  is  100  per  cent  assurance  of  [space  booster] 
success.  This  is  difficult  to  achieve,  but  until  we  are  certain  in  our 
own  minds  that  we  can  count  on  success  we  do  not  go  [on]  with  a 
manned  shot.  My  directive  on  this  is  very  clear.  It  came  first  from 
President  Kennedy  and  has  been  restated  by  President  Johnson.  It  is 
'Go  when  ready  and  don't  go  until  ready.'  "      (Text) 

•  As  part  of  the  ceremonies  dedicating  the  Capt.  Theodore  C.   Freeman 

Memorial  Library  of  Astronautics  at  the  Houston  Baptist  College, 
Faith  L.  Freeman,  lO-yr.-old  daughter  of  the  late  astronaut,  was 
awarded  a  scholarship  to  the  college.  {Houston  Post,  1/22/65;  MSC 
Roundup,  2/3/65,  8) 

•  Federal  Aviation  Agency  announced  that  Alitalia  had  reserved  three  ad- 

ditional delivery  positions  for  the  U.S.  supersonic  transport  plane, 
bringing  the  Italian  carrier's  total  to  six.  The  new  total  of  reserved 
positions  for  the  SST  was  96;  the  number  of  airlines  holding  positions 
was  2 1 .      ( FAA  Release  65-12 ) 

•  The    newspaper    La    Mariana    said    "flying    saucers"    had    appeared    in 

Uruguay.  Several  readers  had  reported  saucers  zigging  and  zagging 
at  great  speed,  and  said  they  "could  only  be  manned  space 
ships."  (UPi,  Wash.  Daily  News,  1/22/65) 
January  22:  NASA's  TIROS  ix  successfully  injected  into  a  polar  orbit  by  a 
three-stage  Delta  rocket  launched  from  Cape  Kennedy.  The  spacecraft 
was  to  have  gone  into  a  circular  orbit  about  460  mi.  above  the  earth 
but  the  second  stage  of  Delta  burned  11  sec.  too  long  and  pushed 
TIROS  IX  into  an  elliptical  orbit  with  apogee  1,602  mi.,  perigee  426 
mi.,  inclination  81.6°,  and  period  119  min.  First  NASA  attempt  to 
place  a  satellite  in  near-polar  sun-synchronous  orbit  from  Cape  Ken- 
nedy involved  three  dog-leg  maneuvers.  In  a  sun-synchronous  orbit 
the  precession  (westward  drift)  of  the  satellite  would  be  about  1° 
daily,  the  same  rate  and  direction  as  the  earth  moves  around  the  sun. 

A  hat-box  shaped  structure,  tiros  ix  was  an  18-sided  polygon,  22- 
in.  high,  42-in.  in  dia.,  weighing  305  lbs.,  with  one  of  its  flat  sides  facing 
earth  when  initially  injected  into  orbit.  Ground  signals  to  the  control 
system  tipped  the  craft  up  90°  so  that  it  assurned  the  appearance  of  a 
fat  wheel  rolling  on  a  track  around  the  earth.  Two  cameras  were 
placed  on  the  perimeter  opposite  each  other  so  that  as  the  wheel  rolled 


26 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


January  22:  tiros  ix  photograph  of  ice-covered  U.S.  Great  Lakes  area. 

at  10  rpm,  each  camera,  in  turn,  would  roll  into  position  and  snap  a 
picture,  triggered  by  an  infrared  horizon  sensor. 

The  combination  of  tiros  ix's  polar  orbit  (83.4°)  and  rolling 
wheel  was  expected  to  provide  100%  photographic  coverage  of  the 
earth's  cloud  cover  during  daylight  hours. 

Primary  purpose  of  the  tiros  IX  launching  was  to  test  the  new 
cartwheel  concept  as  a  forerunner  of  a  joint  NASA-Weather  Bureau 
Tiros  Operational  System  (TOs)  of  weather  satellites.  (NASA  Release 
65-7;  Goddard  News,  1/25/65;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  1/22/65;  upi. 
Wash.  Daily  News,  1/22/65;  ap.  Bait.  Sun,  1/23/65;  Appel,  NYT, 
1/23/65,  9;  Hixson,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  1/23/65) 
January  22:  A  $5,178,000  contract  was  awarded  to  a  joint  venture  of 
Blount  Brothers  Corp.,  Montgomery,  Ala.,  and  Chicago  Bridge  and 
Iron  Co.,  Oak  Park,  111.,  for  a  large  space  chamber  to  be  built  at  NASA 
Lewis  Research  Center's  Plum  Brook  Station.  Facility  would  be  used 
for  evaluation  and  developmental  testing  of  complete  spacecraft,  as 
well  as  nuclear  electric  power  generation  and  propulsion  systems.  It 
would  be  one  of  the  world's  largest  space  environment  chambers 
(cylindrical  chamber  100  ft.  in  diameter  and  122  ft.  to  the  top  of  its 
hemispherical  dome).      {Lewis  News,  1/22/65,  1) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  27 

January  22:  On  the  Les  Crane  Show  (abc-tv),  Dr.  Charles  S.  Sheldon  of 
the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council  staff  said  in  his  opening 
debate  statement:  ".  .  .  what  is  the  space  program? 

"It  is  a  program  in  general  science  which  seeks  answers  to  the  most 
fundamental  processes  of  nature,  and  will  support  a  great  jump  for- 
ward in  our  mastery  of  these  forces  for  human  betterment. 

"The  space  program  is  one  of  practical  applications.  .  .  . 

"The  space  program  is  one  of  exploration,  opening  the  whole  solar 
system  to  the  coming  generation.  .  .  . 

"Space  science  is  neither  good  nor  evil.  It  is  what  men  choose  to 
do  with  such  knowledge.  This  country's  intent  is  to  develop  space  for 
the  benefit  of  all  mankind,  and  space  offers  us  new  opportunities  for 
international  cooperation.  Our  hope  is  space  can  become  a  substitute 
for  war  by  diverting  man's  restless  energies  into  a  supreme  challenge 
of  a  constructive  nature."      (Text) 

•  Maj.  Gen.  Samuel  C.  Phillips,  Apollo  program  director  in  NASA's  Office 

of  Manned  Space  Flight,  said  that  1965  would  be  a  year  of  "heavy 
ground  testing"  in  NASA's  lunar  program.  Among  the  major  events  he 
anticipated  were  completion  of  testing  of  the  Apollo  spacecraft  for  the 
first  manned  flight;  qualification  of  all  elements  of  the  Saturn  IB 
launch  vehicle  and  delivery  of  first  flight  stages  to  Cape  Kennedy;  and 
initial  testing  of  Saturn  V  elements.  (  naa  S&ID  Skywriter,  1/22/65,  4) 
January  23:  Atlas- Agena  D  launch  vehicle  with  unidentified  satellite  pay- 
load  was  launched  by  USAF  from  Western  Test  Range.  {U.S.  Aeron.  & 
Space  Act.,  1965,  132) 

•  Secretary   of   Defense  Robert  S.   McNamara  announced  proposals  were 

being  requested  from  industry  for  design  studies  to  assist  in  develop- 
ing cost  and  technical  information  required  to  proceed  with  develop- 
ment of  the  manned  orbiting  laboratory  (Mol).  Three  contractors 
would  be  selected.  Decision  whether  to  proceed  with  full-scale  devel- 
opment of  Mol  would  be  made  upon  completion  of  the  design  studies. 
( DOD  Release  42-65 ) 
January  24:  French  scientists  bounced  laser  beams  off  NASA  satellite  ex- 
plorer XXII  three  times,  according  to  French  Ministry  of  Scientific 
Research  on  Feb.  3.  Laser  beams  were  reflected  from  glass  prisms  on 
the  satellite.      (AP, /VF^,  2/4/65,  3) 

•  Eldridge  H.  Derring,  Executive  Assistant  to  the  Associate  Director  and 

head  of  the  Research  Staff  Office,  LaRC,  died  after  an  illness  of  several 
months.  {Langley  Researcher,  1/29/65,  8) 
January  25:  President  Johnson  sent  FY  1966  Budget  Request  to  Congress, 
recommending  a  total  space  budget  of  S7.114  billion.  Of  this  sum, 
NASA  would  receive  $5.26  billion,  DOD  $1,6  billion,  AEC  $236  million, 
Weather  Bureau  $33  million,  and  National  Science  Foundation  $3  mil- 
lion. 

The  NASA  request  provided  for  initiation  of  a  major  new  project — 
Project  Voyager,  budgeted  at  $43  million — and  intensive  study  of 
Apollo-X,  with  funding  of  $50  million.  Hardware  development  funds 
were  requested  for  the  Advanced  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory  ($25.1 
million),  and  the  Radio  Astronomy  Explorer  Satellite.  Advanced  re- 
search was  reduced  by  cancellation  of  development  of  the  260-in.-dia. 
soHd-fuel  rocket  motor,  the  M-1  liquid-hydrogen  engine  (1.2-million- 
Ib. -thrust) ,  and  Snap-8  nuclear  electric  power  unit. 


28  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  labeled 
the  budget  an  austere  one,  but  said  the  chances  of  landing  a  man  on 
the  moon  by  1970  were  still  good.  In  discussing  the  new  programs, 
Dr.  Seamans  said  the  requested  $43  million  for  Voyager  would  be 
spent  on  project  definition  of  the  spacecraft  bus  and  landing  capsule  to 
explore  Mars  in  the  next  decade.  This  funding  would  also  enable 
NASA  to  make  a  Martian  fly-by  in  1969  to  test  the  spacecraft  and 
launch  vehicle  prior  to  the  1971  and  1973  missions. 

Major  portions  of  the  DOD  space  budget  were  alloted  for  the  follow- 
ing: (1)  pre-program  definition  phase  of  the  Manned  Orbiting  Labo- 
ratory (Mol)  ;  (2)  accelerated  research  on  reentry  and  recovery  of 
spacecraft;  (3)  continued  development  of  the  Titan  ill  space  booster; 
(4)  development  of  the  Defense  Communications  Satellite  System. 

Two  thirds  of  AEc's  budget  request  was  earmarked  for  development 
of  nuclear  rocket  propulsion  and  nuclear  power  sources  for  space 
applications.  The  nuclear  propulsion  program.  Project  Rover,  was  al- 
loted $84. 1  million;  the  nuclear  power  source  program,  Snap,  $70.5 
million;  and  advanced  projects  applicable  to  space,  $12  million.  The 
Pluto  reactor  program  was  not  included  in  the  budget  request. 

The  Weather  Bureau  would  start  its  investment  in  an  advanced 
weather  satellite  system  in  FY  66  with  a  $500,000  request  for  sensors 
and  subsystem  studies  in  conjunction  with  NASA  studies.  Funds  for 
three  Tiros  Operational  System  (Tos)  satellites  and  four  Delta  launch 
vehicles  to  be  delivered  in  two  years,  $21.6  million,  were  included  in 
the  budget  request.  Most  of  the  rest  was  requested  for  the  National 
Weather  Satellite  Center  (nwsc)  and  would  be  spent  to  convert  the 
present  Tiros  command  and  data  acquisition  facilities  to  full-time, 
operational  centers  run  solely  by  the  Weather  Bureau. 

President  Johnson  asked  Congress  for  $650  million  as  a  White 
House  contingency  fund  to  meet  the  possible  need  to  accelerate  super- 
sonic transport  development.  (Text,  M&R,  2/1/65,  10-17;  Text, 
NYT,  1/26/65,  26-28;  Av.  Wk.,  2/1/65,  16-17;  nasa  Budget  Briefing 
FY  1966) 
January  25:  President's  message  sending  budget  for  Fiscal  Year  1966  in- 
cluded the  following  remarks:  "Space  research  and  technology:  This 
Nation  has  embarked  on  a  bold  program  of  space  exploration  and 
research  which  holds  promise  of  rich  rewards  in  many  fields  of  Ameri- 
can life.  Our  boldness  is  clearly  indicated  by  the  broad  scope  of  our 
program  and  by  our  intent  to  send  men  to  the  moon  within  this  dec- 
ade. 

"The  costs  are  high — as  we  knew  they  would  be  when  we  launched 
this  effort.  We  have  seen  a  rise  in  annual  expenditures  for  the  space 
program  from  less  than  one-half  billion  dollars  in  1960  to  over  $4 
billion  in  1964. 

"Expenditures  are  continuing  to  increase.  However,  we  have  built 
up  momentum  and  are  concentrating  on  our  highest  priority 
goals.  Therefore,  we  will  no  longer  need  to  increase  space  out-lays  by 
huge  sums  each  year  in  order  to  meet  our  present  objectives. 

"This  budget  proposes  that  expenditures  increase  by  $22  million  in 
1966  over  1965.  This  is  the  smallest  annual  increase  since 
1959.  The  new  obligational  authority  requested  is  about  the  same  as 
enacted  for  1965."     (nasa  lar  iv/16) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  29 

January  25:  nasa  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  and  DOD  Secretary  Robert 
S.  McNamara  announced  nasa-dod  agreement  on  the  Manned  Orbiting 
Laboratory  (Moll,  released  in  conjunction  with  FY  1966  budget: 
".  .  .  Planning  for  the  Defense  manned  orbiting  laboratory  program 
will  also  consider,  in  cooperation  with  NASA,  broader  objectives  of  sci- 
entific and  general  technological  significance. 

"To  determine  the  essential  characteristics  of  the  vehicle  that  will  be 
required,  the  DOD  will  continue  intensive  studies  and  design  of  experi- 
ments and  systems  aimed  at  the  primary  military  objectives. 

"Cooperative  studies,  by  NASA  and  Defense,  will  identify  and  define 
scientific  and  general  technological  experiments  which  might  be  car- 
ried out,  with  NASA  participation,  in  conjunction  with  the  military 
program. 

"dod.  with  assistance  from  NASA,  will  compare  configurations  of 
Apollo  which  may  be  suitable  for  military  experiments  with  the  Gemi- 
ni B-MOL  configuration  to  determine  the  complete  system  that  can  meet 
the  primary  military  objectives  in  a  more  efficient,  less  costly,  or  more 
timely  fashion. 

"On  the  basis  of  these  studies,  a  decision  will  be  made  whether  to 
proceed  with  full-scale  development  by  Defense  of  a  manned  orbiting 
laboratory  system  and  what  the  specific  developments  and  vehicle 
configurations  are  to  be.  The  Defense  budget  includes  $150  million 
in  FY  1966  for  the  program.  .   .  . 

"Depending  upon  the  manned  orbiting  laboratory  decision,  upon  the 
progress  in  the  Gemini  and  Apollo  programs,  and  upon  the  results  of 
NASA  studies,  a  decision  will  be  made  whether  to  proceed  with 
modifications  to  the  Apollo  system  and  the  nature  and  timing  of  neces- 
sary specific  developments.  The  NASA  1966  budget  includes  about  $50 
million  for  proceeding  with  design  and  pacing  developments.  .  .  ." 
(NASA  Budget  Briefing  FY  1966) 
•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  Dr.  Robert  Seamans  said  during  FY 
1966  budget  briefing:  ".  .  .  it  is  conceivable  .  .  .  that  the  lunar 
landing  would  occur  in  early  1970  ...  we  feel  actually  greatly  en- 
couraged at  the  progress  that  has  been  made  freezing  the  design,  and 
we  feel  very  reassured  at  the  test  results  we  are  achieving  on  our 
propulsion  systems  and  with  our  stages.  So  that  we  really  feel  that 
there  is  more  chance  that  we  can  get  off  the  flight  on  an  earlier  mis- 
sion than  I  would  have  said  a  year  ago." 

Dr.  Seamans  said  Apollo  gave  the  nation  a  capability  for  a  wide 
variety  of  scientific  and  technological  flights  in  earth  orbit,  in  orbit 
around  the  moon,  and  also  for  an  extended  lunar  stay  time.  He  com- 
mented that  the  objectives  of  the  current  extended  Apollo  (Apollo-X) 
design  and  feasibility  studies  were  to  extend  the  time  of  the  lunar 
mission  out  to  the  order  of  two  weeks.  He  also  said  that  Apollo-X 
circumlunar  flights,  in  polar  orbit  about  the  moon  and  taking  pho- 
tographs of  the  entire  lunar  surface,  on  missions  that  could  involve 
staytimes  on  the  moon  of  up  to  one  or  two  weeks,  all  would  have  great 
possibility  and  would  offer  great  interest  scientifically.  In  comment- 
ing on  an  earlier  agreement  (1963)  with  the  Pentagon  for  developing 
of  a  manned  orbiting  laboratory.  Dr.  Seamans  said:  "At  the  time  of 


30  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

that  agreement,  we  were  really  thinking  of  something  that  we  now 
realize  is  further  out  in  time,  namely,  a  more  permanent  space  station 
that  could  stay  in  orbit  for  a  year's  time  and  could  be  resupplied,  and 
would  permit  the  crew  to  be  ferried  into  orbit  and  bring  them 
back.  The  study  really  related  to  that  kind  of  possibility  which  we 
now  realize  is  much  further  out  in  time  ...  we  may  end  up  with 
what  is  called  the  MOL,  and  we  may  also  find  that  there  are  important 
uses  for  the  Apollo  system  beyond  the  present  manned  lunar  landing 
program." 

He  said  NASA  studies  of  improving  both  the  Saturn  IB  and  the  Sat- 
urn V  launch  vehicles  indicated  that  "these  two  launch  vehicles  can 
take  care  of  our  needs  for  an  extended  period  of  time."  ( NASA  Budget 
Briefing  FY  1966) 
January  25:  nasa  announced  two  Radio  Astronomy  Explorer  satellites 
(rae-a  and  rae-b)  would  be  designed  to  investigate  low-frequency 
(long  wavelength)  emissions  from  our  galaxy,  its  planets,  and  the 
stars.  These  emissions  are  mostly  intercepted  by  the  ionosphere  so 
that  little  can  be  learned  about  them  from  ground-based  receivers. 
This  would  be  the  first  attempt  to  map  the  galaxy  for  low-frequency 
emissions.  The  280-lb.  spacecraft  would  be  launched  by  Thrust- 
Augmented  Delta  into  circular  orbits  at  altitudes  of  about  3,700  mi. 
and  would  measure  the  intensity  of  the  signals,  their  frequency,  times 
of  emission  and,  within  limitations,  define  the  regions  of  space  in 
which  they  originated.  Proposed  designs  called  for  the  development 
of  two  750-ft.,  V-shaped  antennas  that  would  be  mounted  opposite 
each  other,  forming  a  giant  X.  They  would  be  anchored  to  the  basic 
spacecraft,  a  cylinder  of  about  40-by-40  in.,  capped  by  two  truncated 
cones.  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  would  design,  integrate, 
and  test  the  two  spacecraft.  First  launch  was  not  expected  before 
1967.      (NASA  Release  65-20) 

•  AEC  announced  that  the  Snap-lOA  nuclear  generator  designed  for  space- 

craft had  produced  electricity  for  the  first  time  in  a  ground  test  at 
Canoga  Park,  Calif.,  by  its  builder.  Atomics  International.  The 
system  would  ultimately  provide  power  for  spaceship  propulsion  sys- 
tems such  as  the  ion  engine,  (aec  Release  H-18;  Wash.  Post, 
1/26/65) 

•  Univ.  of  Miami,  Coral  Gables,  Fla.,  bestowed  an  honorary  dectorate  upon 

NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb.  Mr.  Webb  said  in  a  speech  there: 
".  .  .  space  science  and  technology  are  not  remote  and  esoteric  pur- 
suits but  rather  are  deeply  woven  into  the  fabric  of  our  society.  The 
space  scientist  does  not  practice  a  new  art.  He  is  an  astronomer,  a 
physicist,  a  chemist,  a  geologist,  rooted  in  our  university  system  of 
vigorous  effort  to  expand  our  knowledge  of  the  universe  in  which  we 
live.  The  space  technologist  is  an  engineer  of  materials,  structures, 
fuels,  power  sources,  electronics,  rooted  in  our  industrial  and  govern- 
ment laboratory  systems.  Both,  however,  are  directing  their  interests 
and  talents  to  the  newest  and  most  exciting  frontiers — where  the  most 
rapid  progress  is  made  and  the  breakthroughs  scored.  The  knowledge 
they  gain  feeds  back  into  our  scientific  and  technical  communities  and 
into  our  industrial  laboratories.  .  .  .  Thus,  the  talents,  the  skills, 
and  the  funds  for  space  exploration  are  all  drawn  broadly  from  our 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  31 

society  and  continue  to  feed  back  into  it,  in  the  forefront  of  scientific 
and  technical  progress — the  unique  hallmark  of  the  American 
way."  (Text) 
January  25:  ComSatCorp  filed  with  the  FCC  its  intent  to  contract  for  24 
satellites  that  could  be  used  by  ComSatCorp  to  provide  a  global  com- 
munications service  for  DOD.  The  satellites  would  be  made  available 
for  three  launchings  which  DOD  had  slated  for  the  early  part  of  1966 
on  either  a  Titan  iiic  or  Atlas-Agena  D  launch  vehicle.  DOD  would 
pay  only  for  service  rendered  following  successful  launch,  with  Com 
SatCorp  assuming  the  risk  if  the  satellites  did  not  work  satisfactorily 
in  orbit.  This  proposal  was  separate  from  the  program  managed  by 
ComSatCorp  to  develop  an  international  commercial  communications 
satellite  system.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  USAF  was  reported  to  be  considering  the  use  of  surplus  Wing  1  Minute- 

man  ICBMS  as  Guidance  Error  Analysis  Vehicles  (Geav).  Accord- 
ing to  Air  Force  Central  Inertial  Guidance  Test  Facility  (cigtf), 
surplus  Minuteman  boosters  could  be  the  cheapest  means  to  evaluate 
future  inertial  guidance  systems  in  a  true  missile  environment.  ETR 
was  selected  for  Geav  because  no  other  range  could  measure  missile 
velocity  in  three  axes  to  the  required  accuracy.  The  Minuteman  guid- 
ance system  itself  would  be  reprogramed  and  located  in  a  recoverable 
payload  for  reasons  of  economy.      {M&R,  1/25/65,  34) 

•  Dr.  A.  J.  Drummond  of  Eppley  Laboratory,  Newport,  R.I.,  told  Missiles 

and  Rockets  that  a  number  of  Russian  cosmonauts  were  said  to  have 
died  in  booster  failures  at  launch.  Dr.  Drummond  got  his  informa- 
tion through  unofficial  sources  while  attending  a  technical  meeting  in 
Leningrad  last  year.  He  also  said  there  were  no  large  solar-simulation 
testing  facilities  in  the  Soviet  Union  and  that  Soviet  spacecraft  used 
crude  bulk  insulation  for  thermal  control  instead  of  emission-absorp- 
tion coatings.  ( M&R.  1/25/65,  7 ) 
January  26:  USN  fired  a  Hydra-Iris  sea-launched  sounding  rocket,  to  184- 
mi.  altitude  carrying  a  100-lb.  payload.  The  rocket  was  launched 
from  a  point  about  1,400  mi.  east  of  Montevideo,  Uruguay.  Mission 
was  to  measure  radiation  intensity  within  the  inner  Van  Allen  radia- 
tion belt.      (M&/?,  2/8/65,  8) 

•  The  first  j-2  liquid-hydrogen  rocket  engine  built  to  flight  configuration 

was  delivered  to  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.,  Sacramento,  for  installation  and 
testing  in  the  Saturn  S-IVB  battleship  stage.  The  200,000-lb.-thrust 
engine  had  been  recently  accepted  by  NASA  from  Rocketdyne  Div., 
North  American  Aviation,  Inc.      {Marshall  Star,  1/27/65,  1,  6) 

•  Dr.  John  D.  Nicolaides,  Chairman  of  Notre  Dame's  Aerospace  Engineer- 

ing Dept.,  formerly  Special  Assistant  to  the  NASA  Associate  Administra- 
tor for  Space  Science  and  Applications,  told  National  Space  Club  at  a 
Washington,  D.C.,  luncheon  that  we  must  realize  we  were  "not  yet  first 
in  the  race  for  space  supremacy.  .  .  .  The  [Soviet]  lead  in  both 
numbers  and  weights  of  unmanned  launchings  continues  to 
increase.  They  are  publishing  just  as  many  scientific  papers  as  we  are 
and  they  are  just  as  good."  Nicolaides  added  that  he  was  not  includ- 
ing their  work  in  life  sciences  "which  is  well  ahead  of  ours  by  virtue 
of  the  simple  fact  that  they  have  been  experimenting  in  space." 

Dr.   Nicolaides  said  he  was   alarmed   by  the  U.S.S.R.'s   "extensive 
planetary  program."     They  started  early  and  continued  a  truly  mas- 


32  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

sive  effort  compared  to  ours,  he  said.  "They  are  launching  their 
heavy  spacecraft  at  each  opportunity  to  both  Mars  and  Venus,  while 
we  have  abandoned  Venus  completely  and  are  only  studying  scientific 
measurement  on  Mars  in  1971.  .  .  ."  (NSC  Newsletter,  2/65) 
January  26:  usaf  selected  Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.  and  Lockheed  Propul- 
sion Co.  to  develop  and  test  new  156-in.-dia.  solid-propellant  motors 
during  1965.  Lockheed  would  develop  two  of  the  three  motors.  The 
first  would  be  a  flight-weight  motor  with  thrust  in  excess  of  three 
million  pounds.  The  second  motor  would  be  in  the  one-million- 
pound-thrust  class  and  would  incorporate  a  submerged  nozzle.  Both 
motors  would  use  advanced  liquid  injection  thrust  vector  control  to 
explore  methods  of  guiding  huge  motors  of  this  size.  Thiokol's  Wa- 
satch Div.  of  Brigham  City,  Utah,  would  develop  the  third 
motor.  This  flight-weight  motor  would  have  a  thrust  of  over  320,000 
lb.,  and  incorporate  a  deeply  submerged  nozzle  permitting  the  total 
motor  length  to  be  under  21  ft.      (dod  Release  52-65) 

•  At  the  AIAA  Aerospace   Sciences   Meeting   and   Honors   Convocation   in 

New  York,  awards  were  made  to  men  who  had  made  valuable  con- 
tributions to  development  of  the  aerospace  industry: 

Dr.  Eugene  N.  Parker,  associate  professor  at  the  Enrico  Fermi  Insti- 
tute of  Nuclear  Studies,  Univ.  of  Chicago,  received  the  Space  Science 
Award  "for  distinguished  individual  research  on  the  causes  and  prop- 
erties of  the  solar  wind." 

Arthur  E.  Raymond,  responsible  for  the  design  of  the  Douglas  DC 
series  of  commercial  transports  received  the  Sylvanus  Albert  Reed 
Award.  He  was  honored  for  "numerous  and  distinguished  con- 
tributions to  the  aeronautical  sciences  and  the  development  of  aircraft 
during  the  last  30  years." 

Igor  I.  Sikorsky  and  Michael  Gluhareff  were  given  the  1964'  Elmer 
A.  Sperry  Award.  Mr.  Sikorsky  was  cited  as  a  helicopter  pioneer  for 
"the  concept  and  development  of  a  new  form  of  aerial  transportation 
capable  of  carrying  and  placing  large  external  loads  over  any 
terrain."  Mr.  Gluhareff  was  honored  for  his  engineering  con- 
tributions in  the  development  of  the  multipurpose  helicopter. 

Dr.  Wallace  D.  Hayes,  professor  of  aerospace  engineering  at  Prince- 
ton University,  received  aiaa's  fourth  annual  Research  Award  for  his 
leading  role  in  the  development  of  supersonic  and  hypersonic  flow 
theory. 

Sir  Frank  Whittle,  British  engineer,  was  named  first  recipient  of  the 
Goddard  Award  for  his  "imagination,  skill,  persistence,  and  courage  in 
pioneering  the  gas  turbine  as  a  jet  propulsion  aircraft  engine,  thus 
revolutionizing  military  and  commercial  aviation  for  all  time." 

Harry  F.  Guggenheim,  who  had  supported  aerospace  endeavors,  re- 
ceived a  special  commendation  for  his  "contributions,  encouragement, 
and  personal  participation  in  the  development  of  aviation  and  rock- 
etry." {NYT,  1/21/65,  53M;  NYT,  1/27/65,  58;  NYT,  1/9/65,  50; 
Av.  Wk.,  1/25/65;  Av.  Wk.,  1/11/65,  13;  Langley  Researcher 
1/29/65) 

•  An  article  by  Omer  Anderson  on  U.A.R.  rocket  program  was  inserted 

in  the  Congressional  Record  by  Rep.  Silvio  Conte  (R-Mass.).  Based 
on  interviews  with  German  scientists  just  back  from  Egypt  and  with 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  33 

West  German  defense  ministry  officials  who  debriefed  them  after  their 
return,  the  article  said:  "Egypt's  missile  program  is  considerably 
further  advanced  than  is  generally  realized  in  the  West. 

"Some  of  these  scientists  who  have  returned  to  West  Germany  say 
that  Nasser  will  have  the  missiles  to  devastate  wide  areas  of  Israel  by 
late  1967  and  that  he  will  have  rockets  with  a  1-ton  payload  by  the  end 
of  1965. 

"West  German  defense  ministry  experts  who  have  questioned  the 
returning  rocket  scientists  regard  their  assessment  of  Nasser's  rocket 
potential  as  entirely  realistic  and  possibly  too  conservative. 

"The  scientists  say  Nasser  has  accelerated  greatly  his  rocket  pro- 
gram since  the  first  test  firing  of  four  missiles  on  July  22, 
1962."  (CR,  1/26/65,  1160) 
January  26:  Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge  Space  Technology  Laboratories 
chosen  as  the  winner  in  a  two-year  design  competition  to  produce  the 
rocket  engine  for  Apollo  Lunar  Excursion  Module  (Lem).  The  liquid- 
propellant  engine  was  designed  to  vary  its  power  output  between  a  low 
of  1,000  lb.  thrust  and  a  high  of  10,000  lb.      (NYT,  1/29/65) 

•  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  began  a  two-day  seminar 

with  a  panel  discussion  on  science  and  technology,  with  specific  refer- 
ence to  aeronautics.  Speaker  of  the  House  John  W.  McCormack 
opened  the  seminar. 

Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  began  execu- 
tive hearings  on  the  subject  of  launch  vehicles.      ( NASA  LAR  iv/l7) 

•  In  U.S.  launch  vehicles  hearings  before  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronauti- 

cal and  Space  Sciences,  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  discussed 
recent  study  by  the  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics  Coordinating  Board's 
Launch  Vehicles  Panel: 

"In  considering  the  merits  of  canceling  certain  vehicles  in  order  to 
provide  quantity  production  of  the  remaining  vehicles,  the  Launch  Ve- 
hicle Panel  of  the  aacb  evaluated  several  alternatives  against  a  fore- 
cast of  dod's  and  nasa's  needs  over  the  next  10  years.  This  space- 
mission  forecast  served  as  a  basis  for  determining  the  number  of  launch 
vehicles  required  and  the  cost  of  producing  the  various  combinations 
of  these  launch  vehicles. 

"The  result  of  the  study  is  particularly  interesting  in  that  it  shows  a 
cost  difference  of  less  than  1  per  cent  among  the  alternative 
options.  This  difference  is  less  than  the  accuracy  of  the  data  used  in 
the  analysis.  The  results  indicate  that  any  economies  that  might  be 
realized  by  increased  quantity  production  of  boosters  would  be  lost 
through  cost  of  adapting  specific  mission  spacecraft  to  a  new  vehicle 
where  the  costs  of  such  work  have  already  been  incurred.  .  .  . 

"The  major  advantages  of  the  recent  comprehensive  study  .  .  .  ,  as 
distinct  from  previous  reviews,  were  the  development  of  much  im- 
proved methods  for  estimating  the  costs  of  launch  vehicles  considering 
the  effects  of  quantity  production,  variety  of  vehicles,  and  inplant 
workload;  the  use  of  an  inclusive  or  overall  forecast  as  a  basis  for 
determination  of  both  DOD  and  nasa  space  missions  against  which  total 
launch  vehicles  costs  could  be  calculated;  and  the  value  of  the  results 
of  the  study  to  NASA  to  confirm  our  judgment  on  the  use  of  the  SATURN 
I-B  for  the  APOLLO  and  voyager  missions. 


34  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

".  .  .  we  are  making  extensive  use  of  DOD-developed  launch  vehicles 
and  will  continue  to  do  so  for  some  time  to  come.  However,  a  wider 
variety  of  first-stage  boosters  and  upper  stages  is  required  by  NASA 
space  missions  than  by  those  of  the  DOD.  We  have  requirements  for 
a  wider  range  of  variety  of  size,  payload.  and  velocity  for  our  missions. 
We  have  been  carefully  investigating  our  future  vehicle  needs;  opti- 
mum vehicle  configurations:  and  the  most  promising  advanced  propul- 
sion methods  to  be  sure  that  our  program  will  provide  the  options  that 
the  country  will  need  in  making  decisions  to  undertake  future  missions. 

".  .  .  we  are  utilizing  the  channels  and  procedures  established  by 
the  DOD— NASA  launch  vehicle  agreement  and  by  the  AACB  to  coordinate 
the  needs  and  activities  of  NASA  and  the  DOD  to  assure  the  most  effective 
national  launch  vehicle  program.  However,  we  are  presenting  to  the 
Congress,  in  our  budgets  each  year,  the  specific  booster  needs  we  have 
over  and  above  those  which  can  be  met  by  DOD-developed  sys- 
tems. .  .  ."  (Hearings  .  .  .  National  Space  Launch  Vehicles,  6-19) 
January  26:  USN  began  tests  of  two  new  air-cushion  vehicles  variously 
called  hydro-skimmers,  hovercraft,  or  ground  effects  machines.  The 
craft  were  lifted  a  few  feet  above  the  surface  by  cushions  of  air  trapped 
beneath  their  hulls  and  were  driven  at  speeds  up  to  50  knots  by  air- 
craft propellers.  The  vehicles  would  be  tested  during  the  next  three 
to  six  months  to  determine  their  potential  usefulness  and  operational 
suitability  for  naval  operations.      (Baldwin,  NYT,  1/31/65,  88) 

•  Federal  Aviation  Agency  (faa)  Administrator  Najeeb  E.  Halaby  told  the 

House  Science  and  Astronautics  Committee  that  designs  of  U.S.  manu- 
facturers for  the  proposed  supersonic  airliner  "demonstrated  clearly 
the  feasibility"  of  building  a  plane  that  would  prove  as  profitable,  if 
not  more  so,  over  transcontinental  or  greater  ranges  as  current  jet 
airliners.  Presidential  Committee  to  evaluate  Sst  program  would  be- 
gin its  extensive  critical  review  late  next  month.  (Clark,  NYT,  1/27/ 
65,  19) 

•  Sen.  A.  S.  Monroney  (D-Okla.)   suggested  in  a  speech  before  the  Aero 

Club  of  Washington  that  the  experimental  RS-70  bomber  be  used  as 
a  test  plane  for  U.S.  supersonic  transport  program.  Monroney  was 
interested  in  more  extensive  use  of  the  RS-70  for  civil  airliner  studies 
than  had  been  made  by  NASA.  He  said  use  of  the  RS-70  could  produce 
savings  in  both  development  and  construction  costs  of  the  proposed 
airliner.      (Sehlstedt,  Bah.  Sun,  1/27/65) 

•  William   C.   Foster,   Director  of  U.S.   Arms   Control   and   Disarmament 

Agency,  said  in  testimony  before  House  Foreign  Affairs  Committee 
that  radioactive  leakage  from  Soviet  underground  nuclear  test  Jan.  15 
was  apparently  accidental.  The  radioactive  fallout  apparently  did  not 
violate  the  intent  of  the  1963  nuclear  test-ban  treaty.  (FonF,  1965, 
61) 

•  The  British  Defense  Ministry  announced  that  its  fleet  of  Valiant  bombers 

would  be  scrapped  because  of  weakened  structure  caused  by  metal 
fatigue.  Valiant  was  the  first  of  the  three  "V"  types  of  jet  bombers 
built  by  U.K.  following  World  War  ii.  They  had  been  in  service  nine 
years  and  only  about  half  the  original  force  remained  in  service  as 
reconnaissance  or  tankers.  This  would  not  affect  Britain's  con- 
tribution to  NATO  or  its  proposal  for  an  Atlantic  nuclear  force.  {NYT, 
1/27/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  35 

January  26:  Richard  E.  Horner,  former  Associate  Administrator  of  NASA 
(1959-60),  was  installed  as  1965  president  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics.      {Av.  Wk.,  2/8/65,  13) 

January  27 :  President  Johnson  sent  to  the  House  and  Senate  his  message 
transmitting  annual  report  on  the  U.S.  space  activities.  In  his  letter, 
President  Johnson  said:  "The  advances  of  1964  were  gratifying  and 
heartening  omens  of  the  gains  and  good  to  come  from  our  determined 
national  undertaking  in  exploring  the  frontiers  of  space.  While  this 
great  enterprise  is  still  young,  we  began  during  the  year  past  to  realize 
its  potential  in  our  life  on  earth.  As  this  report  notes,  practical  uses 
of  the  benefits  of  space  technology  were  almost  commonplace  around 
the  globe — warning  us  of  gathering  storms,  guiding  our  ships  at  sea, 
assisting  our  mapmakers  and  serving,  most  valuably  of  all,  to  bring 
the  peoples  of  many  nations  closer  together  in  joint  peaceful  endeav- 
ors. 

"Substantial  strides  have  been  made  in  a  very  brief  span  of  time — 
and  more  are  to  come.  We  expect  to  explore  the  moon,  not  just  visit 
it  or  photograph  it.  We  plan  to  explore  and  chart  planets  as 
well.  We  shall  expand  our  earth  laboratories  into  space  laboratories 
and  extend  our  national  strength  into  the  space  dimension." 

A  hypersonic  aircraft — one  that  could  fly  the  Atlantic  in  less  than  an 
hour — had  reached  the  stage  where  models  were  being  constructed  for 
wind  tunnel  tests.  President  Johnson's  report  disclosed:  "Two  struc- 
tural models  embodying  design  concepts  applicable  to  the  fuselage  of  a 
hydrogen-fueled  hypersonic  aircraft  were  being  constructed  for  testing 
at  1,500-2,500°  F — temperatures  likely  to  be  encountered  in  hyperson- 
ic flight.  Equipment  was  developed  for  inducing  angular  oscillations 
in  the  test  section  flow  of  a  large  transonic  wind  tunnel  and  will  be 
used  to  obtain  the  dynamic  response  of  wind  tunnel  models."  {CR, 
1/27/65,  1366;  V.S.  News,  2/2/65) 

•  NASA  launched  a  Nike-Cajun  with  acoustic  grenade  experiment  at  Point 

Barrow,  Alaska,  to  obtain  upper  atmospheric  meterological  data  within 
the  Arctic  Circle.  12  grenades  were  ejected  and  detonated  at  intervals 
from  about  25  to  56  mi.  altitude  as  the  rocket  ascended.  By  recording 
the  sounds  on  five  sensitive  microphones  on  the  ground,  scientists 
could  obtain  wind  direction  and  velocity,  atmospheric  temperature, 
density,  and  pressure  data.  This  was  the  first  of  a  series  of  such  ex- 
periments to  gather  upper  atmospheric  data  within  the  Arctic  Circle. 
Point  Barrow  was  1,100  mi.  from  the  North  Pole  and  300  mi.  within 
the  Arctic  Circle,  at  71°  north  latitude.  (Wallops  Release  65-4;  AP, 
NYT,  1/29/65) 

•  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  requested  G.  T.  Schjeldahl  Co.  to  submit  a 

bid  for  construction  of  six  inflatable  100-ft.,  130-lb.  spherical  satellites 
to  be  used  in  the  national  geodetic  satellite  program.  They  would  be 
nearly  identical  to  echo  i  and  would  be  named  Pageos  (Passive 
Geodetic  Satellite  ( . 

Pageos  would  be  launched  in  1966  into  a  near-polar  orbit  at  an 
altitude  of  about  2,300  mi.  Ground  camera  stations  would  simultane- 
ously photograph  it  against  a  star  background  to  gather  precise  data 
for  locating  any  point  on  Earth. 


36  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

The  other  two  types  of  spacecraft  to  be  used  in  the  geodetic  satellite 
program  would  be  the  350-lb.  Geos  and  the  120-lb.  Beacon  Explorer- 
B.  (NASA  Release  65-22;  Beacon  Explorer-B  Press  Kit) 
January  27 :  nasa  Ames  Research  Center  discussed  for  the  press  the  major 
significant  advances  in  aeronautics  and  space-oriented  research  ac- 
complished by  the  Center  during  1964.  Accomplishments  cited  were: 
(1)  establishing  feasibility  of  manned  control  of  large  boosters;  (2) 
problem  definition  for  hypersonic  transport;  (3)  design  of  new  take- 
off and  landing  aid  to  precisely  locate  aircraft  position  on  the  runway ; 
(4)  design  of  probe  vehicle  to  define  Mars  atmosphere;  (5)  improve- 
ment of  M-2  maneuverable  atmosphere  entry  craft;  (6)  discovery  that 
Mars  contamination  problem  is  probably  not  severe;  (7)  development 
of  system  for  measuring  stress  in  humans;  (8)  demonstration  of  need 
for  special  training  for  jet  transport  pilots  to  combat  severe  air  turbu- 
lence; (9)  discovery  in  meteorite  of  an  extraterrestrial  mineral  un- 
known on  earth;  (10)  feasibility  demonstration  of  moon  and  planet 
mission  navigation  by  hand-held  sextant;  (11)  formulation  of 
certification  requirements  for  supersonic  transport  take-off;  (12)  de- 
sign of  ducted-fan  to  provide  efficient  airflow  for  flight  from  hover  to 
high  subsonic  speeds;  (13)  formation  of  organic  material  under  Mar- 
tian conditions;  (14)  development  of  a  new  magnetic  field  chamber; 
(15)  derivation  of  formula  for  simple  calculation  of  convective  (fric- 
tion) heating  of  spacecraft  in  planet  atmospheres;  (16)  tests  of  radia- 
tive heating  in  simulated  planet  atmospheres;  (17)  improvement  of 
techniques  for  prediction  of  heat  shield  performance;  (18)  develop- 
ment of  a  low-power,  high-performance  magnetometer;  (19)  measure- 
ments of  solar  wind  on  imp-b  and  OGO  ii;  (20)  feasibility  demon- 
stration of  new  pod  for  vertical-lift  engines  for  Vtol  aircraft  at  flight 
speeds  up  to  170  mph.      (arc  Release) 

•  Experiments  at  NASA  Ames  Research  Center  by  Dr.  John  Young  and  Dr. 

Cyril  Ponnamperuma  indicated  that  Mars  may  lie  under  a  steady  rain 
of  edible  sugars  produced  photochemically  in  the  Martian  atmosphere. 
It  was  speculated  that  the  sugars  and  other  compounds  might  drift  to 
the  Martian  surface,  seep  into  the  soil,  and  form  underground  reser- 
voirs of  nutrients. 

Results  of  tests  for  survival  of  50  strains  of  earth  bacteria  in  simu- 
lated Martian  atmosphere  indicated  that  the  strains  of  bacteria  which 
form  hard  spores  and  are  thus  most  likely  to  survive  space  flight  are 
most  sensitive  to  the  freeze-thaw  extremes  of  temperature  that  prevail 
on  Mars.  Thus,  while  the  bacteria  might  survive  on  Mars  in  spore 
form,  they  would  not  grow  there  and  would  not  contaminate  the 
planet.     Other  bacteria  would  die  en  route.      {S.F.  Chron.,  1/28/65) 

•  In  U.S.  launch  vehicles  hearings  before  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronau- 

tical and  Space  Sciences,  Dr.  Alexander  Flax,  Assistant  Secretary  of 
the  Air  Force  (r&d),  said: 

"In  general,  the  joint  dod-nasa  study  [by  the  aacb]  has  shown 
that  no  drastic  revisions  to  the  national  launch  vehicle  family  are 
required  to  meet  the  mission  demands  that  we  can  project  for  the 
immediate  future  and  that  further  no  drastic  revisions  can  be  justified 
on  purely  economic  grounds.  In  addition,  it  is  clear  that  the  exten- 
sive effort  on  the  part  of  both  the  dod  and  the  nasa  in  improving, 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  37 

launch  vehicle  system  reliability  has  been  paying  off,  and  that  we  can 
expect  a  continuing  trend  in  this  regard.  However,  it  is  important 
to  also  recognize  some  of  the  natural  limitations  inherent  in  any  long- 
range  projection  of  requirements  such  as  we  have  had  to  make  for  this 
study  period.  There  are  a  number  of  areas  in  which  unforeseen  in- 
creased mission  capability  demands  could  react  on  our  launch  vehicle 
performance  requirements.  We  must,  therefore,  continually  maintain 
effective  exploratory  and  advanced  development  programs  which  will 
provide  us  with  the  technology  to  meet  such  demands  in  the  fu- 
ture. .  .  ."  {Hearings  .  .  .  National  Space  Launch  Vehicles,  87) 
January  27:  William  M.  Allen,  president  at  the  Boeing  Co.,  addressed  Na- 
tional Defense  Transportation  Association  in  Washington,  D.C.:  "Our 
first  Boeing  study  of  a  supersonic  transport  was  made  in  1952.  Pre- 
liminary design  effort  was  started  more  seriously  in  1956  and  1957. 
Then  in  1958  the  SST  became  a  major  engineering  project  and  it  has 
continued  in  that  status  ever  since,  involving  many  of  our  top  engi- 
neers. 

"From  the  start  of  our  effort  to  the  present,  design  determinations 
have  come  in  an  orderly  and  unhurried  progression,  as  a  result  of  the 
integration  of  mountains  of  test  data,  much  of  it  worked  out  in  close 
conjunction  with  NASA  laboratories  which,  incidentally,  deserve  the 
sincere  thanks  of  the  American  people  for  their  pioneering  work  in 
this  field. 

"In  the  process  we  explored  290  configurations,  and  completed  wind 
tunnel  testing  on  56  different  high-speed  wings.  .  .  ."  (CR,  1/28/65, 
1454-56) 

•  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever  (USAF),  Commander  of  the  Air  Force  Systems 

Command,  described  to  members  of  the  Charlotte,  N.C.,  Chamber  of 
Commerce  the  development  of  the  U.S.  ballistic  missile  program:  "In 
the  ballistic  missile  program,  of  course,  we  were  not  concerned  with 
the  missile  alone— complicatd  as  it  was- — but  also  had  the  problem 
of  constructing  the  facilities  to  test  the  missiles;  building  the  ground 
support  equipment;  and  training  crews  to  install,  service,  and  launch 
the  missiles.  This  was  a  $17  billion  program,  and  was  larger  in  scope 
than  the  Manhattan  Project  which  produced  the  atomic  bomb  during 
World  War  ii. 

"To  give  you  some  idea  of  the  size  of  the  task,  imagine  that  Henry 
Ford  in  the  early  days  had  not  only  had  the  problem  of  designing  and 
building  his  automobiles,  but  at  the  same  time  had  to  construct  all  the 
highways  and  bridges,  build  all  the  service  stations  and  garages,  and 
plan  and  conduct  driver  training  programs.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

•  R.  E.  Clarson,  Inc.,  St.  Petersburg,  Florida,  was  awarded  a  S2,179,000 

NASA  contract  for  miscellaneous  additions  and  changes  at  Launch  Com- 
plex 34  for  the  Saturn  IB.  Work  would  be  done  at  Cape  Kennedy, 
Florida.  The  contract  was  awarded  by  the  Army  Corps  of  Engineers. 
(dod  Release  53-65) 

•  National  Science  Foundation  announced  that  an  ocean  area  100  mi.  nne 

of  Maui  Island  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  had  been  tentatively  selected 
as  the  site  for  the  attempt  to  drill  a  six-mi. -deep  hole  into  the  ocean 
bottom  to  penetrate  beyond  the  earth's  crust.     The  operation  would  be 


38  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

called  Project  Mohole  and  would  be  an  attempt  to  gain  knowledge  of 
the  earth's  origin  and  structure,  the  formation  of  minerals,  and  the 
causes  of  earthquakes.  Drilling  was  expected  to  begin  in 
1968.  (Clark,  NYT,  1/28/65,  50;  ap,  Wash.  Post,  1/28/65) 
January  27 :  Stellar  objects  dubbed  "interlopers"  had  been  discovered  by 
the  Mt.  Wilson-Palomar  Observatories  in  California.  Dr.  Allan  R. 
Sandage  of  Mt.  Wilson  said  an  effort  would  be  made  to  determine 
whether  the  new  objects  were  a  form  of  quasar.  He  said  an  alternative 
possibility  was  that  the  objects  were  a  rare  form  of  star  system  in 
which  two  stars  lay  so  close  to  each  other  that  the  presence  of  one 
caused  explosions  on  the  surface  of  the  other.  The  resulting  strongly 
ultraviolet  light  would  superficially  resemble  that  of  quasars.  Dr. 
Sandage  reported  that  so  far  about  45  quasars  had  been  identified. 
The  "interlopers,"  so  called  because  of  their  close  resemblance  to 
quasars,  had  been  found  at  the  rate  of  two  to  a  square  degree  of  sky 
in  the  Umited  region  studied.  So  far,  they  totaled  four.  (Sullivan, 
ISYT,  1/27/65,  31) 

•  J.  Gordon  Vaeth  of  the  U.S.  Weather  Bureau's  National  Weather  Satellite 

Center  told  the  American  Meteorological  Society  that  the  Weather 
Bureau  was  developing  a  system  in  which  buoys  moored  in  the  ocean 
would  broadcast  weather  data  to  communications  satellites  that  would 
rebroadcast  it  almost  instantaneously  to  almost  any  point  on  earth. 

Mr.  Vaeth  said  the  initial  optimum  number  of  buoys  would  be  300, 
spaced  about  600  mi.  apart  in  major  ocean  regions.  They  would  be 
moored  at  known,  fixed  points  and  would  send  data  on  sea  and  air 
temperature,  wind  direction  and  velocity,  and  barometric  pressure. 
Relays  from  the  satellites  would  be  by  very-high-frequency  radio  and 
would  be  picked  up  on  the  ground  by  inexpensive  receiving  stations, 
aircraft,  or  ships  at  sea.  . 

Mr.  Vaeth  saw  the  buoy  network  as  an  ideal  vehicle  for  internation- 
al cooperation  in  meteorology.      (Schmeck,  NYT,  1/28/65,  50) 

•  France   announced   it   would   build   a   launching   site   for   spacecraft    in 

French  Guiana,  on  the  northeast  coast  of  South  America,  to  be  ready 
Jan.  1,  1968.      (Reuters,  Wash.  Post,  1/28/65) 

•  USAF  said  in  its  Project  Blue  Book  that  no  Ufo  "has  ever  given  any 

indication  of  a  threat  to  our  national  security"  or  displayed  "tech- 
nological developments  or  principals  beyond  the  range  of  present  day 
scientific  knowledge."  Report  covered  8,908  sightings  during  past  18 
yrs,  including  532  during  1964.  (Noyes,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  1/27/65, 
28) 

•  A  new  theory  for  the  behavior  of  matter,  called  su-6,  was  presented  in 

New  York  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Physical  Society  by 
Dr.  Abraham  Pais  of  the  Rockefeller  Institute.  The  concept,  based  on 
a  branch  of  mathematics  known  as  symmetry  group  theory,  supported 
views  that  all  matter  might  be  composed  of  basic  building  blocks,  or 
"quarks,"  that  could  be  either  real  fragments  or  mathematical  entities 
smaller  than  the  electron.  It  grouped  the  100+  known  fragments  of 
matter  into  groups  and  then  predicted  behavior.  A  modification 
makes  the  theory  also  compatible  with  Einstein's  relativity 
theory.      (Sullivan,  NYT,  1/28/65,  1,  10) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  39 

January  28:  mariner  iv,  launched  two  months  ago,  was  11,873,789  mi. 
from  earth  and  moving  toward  Mars  at  a  speed  of  12,291  mph  relative 
to  the  earth  at  9  a.m.  est.  Velocity  relative  to  the  sun  was  67,086 
mph.      (NASA  Release  65-21) 

•  The  first  major  Saturn  V  flight  component,  a  33-ft.-dia.,  60,000-lb.  corru- 

gated tail  section  which  would  support  the  booster's  five  1.5-million-lb.- 
thrust  engines,  arrived  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  from 
NASA  Michoud  Operations,  near  New  Orleans.     The  section  was  one  of 
five  major  structural  units  comprising  Saturn  V's  first  stage.      {Mar- 
shall Star,  1/27/65,  1) 

•  USAF   announced   a   four-stage   Blue   Scout  Jr.   rocket  combination  with 

a  scientific  payload  had  failed  after  launch  from  Cape  Kennedy.  The 
second  stage  developed  trouble  about  100  sec.  after  launching,  causing 
the  range  safety  officer  to  send  destruct  signal.  The  stage  broke  apart 
on  its  own.  The  third  stage,  meanwhile,  separated  from  the  second 
stage,  ignited,  and  followed  approximately  its  preplanned  path.  The 
fourth  stage  failed  to  ignite;  it  and  the  payload  plummeted  harmlessly 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean  southwest  of  Ascension  Island.  The  probe 
was  to  have  sent  its  instrumented  payload  24,500  mi.  into  space  to 
study  earth's  magnetic  field.  (NYT,  1/29/65;  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space 
Act.,  1965,  132) 

•  Construction    work   at   Cape   Kennedy   halted    as    3,700   building   trade 

workers  stayed  off  the  job  in  a  two-year-old  contract  dispute  with 
NASA.  The  present  dispute  was  between  building  trades  unions  and 
the  Marion  Power  Shovel  Co.,  a  NASA  contractor,  over  pay  scales. 
Work  on  44  projects  involving  contracts  totaling  $192  million  had 
been  brought  to  a  standstill.  The  biggest  project  affected  was  the 
52-story  Saturn  V  moon  rocket  assembly  building  that  was  to  be  ready 
for  the  first  of  these  rockets  within  two  years.  (UPI,  A^FT",  1/29/65, 
6;  AP,  Houston  Post,  1/29/65) 

•  President  Johnson,  on  the  advice  of  Defense  Secretary  McNamara,  and 

contrary  to  the  opinion  of  the  Joint  Chiefs  of  Staff,  had  decided  to 
postpone  the  production  order  for  the  Nike-X  missile  defense  system, 
Neal  Stanford  of  the  Christian  Science  Monitor  asserted.  $2  billion 
had  already  been  spent  on  the  R&D  phase  of  the  Nike-X  and  an  addi- 
tional S20  billion  would  be  required  to  produce  and  deploy  it.  The 
FY  1966  budget  provided  approximately  S400  million  for  continued 
research  and  development  on  the  Nike-X  system  pending  the  decision 
on  whether  to  put  Nike-X  into  production.  (Stanford,  CSM, 
1/28/65) 

•  Army  XV-9a  experimental  pressure  jet  helicopter,  which  was  first  flown 

on  November  5,  1964,  gave  its  first  public  demonstration  in  Culver 
City,  Calif.  It  was  designed  and  developed  under  a  U.S.  Army  Trans- 
portation Research  Command  contract  with  the  Hughes  Tool  Company 
to  evaluate  the  hot-cycle  pressure  jet  system  which  would  eliminate  the 
requirement  for  heavy  gear  boxes,  complex  mechanical  drive  compo- 
nents, and  an  antitorque  tail  rotor.  Aircraft  based  on  this  concept 
could  carry  payloads  greater  than  the  empty  weight  of  the  aircraft 
itself.      (DOD  Release  55-65)  •       • 

January  29:  AEC  said  in  its  Annual  Report  to  Congress  that  the  United 
States  now  had  four  Vela  satellites  in  distant  orbits  to  detect  nuclear 


40  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

explosions  in  space.  Two  more  would  be  launched  this  year.  U.S. 
facilities  in  the  Pacific  had  been  brought  to  a  state  of  instant  readiness 
to  resume  atmospheric  testing  should  the  Soviet  Union  violate  the  lim- 
ited nuclear  test  ban  treaty,  (aec  Annual  Report,  76-77) 
January  29:  Speaking  on  the  Senate  floor.  Sen.  Richard  B.  Russell  (  D-Ga. ) 
said:  "I  am  greatly  disturbed  that  funds  for  the  continuation  of  the 
large  solid  rocket  engine  program  have  been  eliminated  from  the  1966 
budget  for  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration. 

"...  I  am  concerned  about  the  effect  that  the  proposed  termination 
of  this  program  will  have  over  our  long-range  space  effort  and  upon 
the  security  of  the  country.  For  it  will  cut  off,  at  a  particularly  inap- 
propriate time,  a  crucial  research  and  development  program  that  al- 
ready has  shown  significant  potential  for  fulfilling  future  space  booster 
needs — -for  both  defense  and  nondefense  purposes.  This  is  particu- 
larly true  for  launching  large  payloads  and  missions  into  deep  space 
that  are  contemplated  in  the  not-so-distant  future. 

"The  booster  technology  and  capability  that  we  are  developing 
under  the  large  solid  rocket  engine  program  could  become  a  vital 
factor  in  preventing  the  Russians  from  achieving  a  position  of  domi- 
nance in  space.  .  .  . 

"Indeed,  the  decision  to  terminate  this  program  appears  to  be  a 
direct  contradiction  of  Mr.  Webb's  own  views,  as  expressed  as  recently 
as  Tuesday  of  this  week  to  the  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space 
Sciences.  He  said  unequivocally  that  space  missions  contemplated  for 
the  next  decade  and  beyond  will  require  'new  launch  vehicles  and  new 
space  vehicle  developments.'  He  said  our  experience  with  the  Apollo 
moon  program  has  shown  that  'a  policy  of  support  for  the  development 
of  carefully  selected  advanced  propulsion  systems  must  be  followed  if 
we  are  to  assure  they  will  be  available  when  needed.' 

"It  is  highly  inconsistent — to  say  the  least — to  speak  boldly  of  ex- 
ploring the  moon,  reaching  and  charting  the  planets,  establishing 
manned  stations  in  space,  and  extending  our  national  strength  into  the 
space  dimensions,  while  at  the  same  time  killing  off  one  of  the  most 
promising  programs  for  the  achievement  of  these  very  goals.  .  .  ." 
(CR,  1/29/65,  1535) 

•  NASA  approved  a  contract  with  the  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.  converting 

the  $712-million  Gemini  spacecraft  contract  from  a  cost-plus-fixed-fee 
to  a  cost-plus-incentive-fee.  This  was  the  largest  incentive  contract 
that  NASA  had  negotiated;  it  provided  profit  incentives  for  outstanding 
performance,  control  of  costs,  and  timely  delivery  as  well  as  potential 
profit  reductions  when  performance,  cost,  and  schedule  requirements 
were  not  met.      (  nasa  Release  65-26) 

•  The   National   Commission   on   Technology,   Automation   and    Economic 

Progress,  established  by  law  in  1964  to  find  out  what  technological 
change  was  doing  to  the  economic  and  social  fabric  of  the  country 
and  how  to  obtain  its  maximum  benefits  with  the  least  possible  harm, 
met  for  the  first  time  with  Vice  President  Hubert  Humphrey.  The 
Commission  would  meet  again  Feb.  18-19  to  determine  the  areas  to  be 
explored  intensively  and  possibly  to  select  outside  personnel  to  help 
with  basic  research  in  these  studies.      {NYT,  1/30/65,  6) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  41 

January  29:  c-141a  was  certified  as  a  commercial  cargo  jet.  faa  Ad- 
ministrator, Najeeb  E.  Halaby.  said  the  Lockheed  fanjet  could  "help 
give  civil  freight  transportation  the  kind  of  mobility  that  brings  suc- 
cess to  the  armed  forces."  The  plane  could  operate  at  550  mph,  and 
needed  only  a  6.000-ft.  runway.  The  certification  climaxed  an  unusual 
program  in  which  the  FAA,  USAF,  and  industry  had  jointly  developed, 
produced,  and  tested  the  new  craft.      Up,  NYT,  1/31/65,  27) 

•  U.S.    Army    formally    accepted    the    first   two   XV-5a   V/Stol    (Vertical/ 

Short  Take-Off  and  Landing  I  lift-fan  research  aircraft  at  Edwards 
AFB  where  they  were  being  readied  for  a  six-month  Army  flight  evalua- 
tion. Test  pilots  from  NASA,  USAF,  USN,  and  the  faa  would  assist  in 
the  evaluation,  (dod  Release  59-65) 
January  30:  cosmos  liii.  an  unmanned  satellite  containing  scientific 
equipment  for  outer  space  research,  was  orbited  by  the  Soviet 
Union.  Preliminary  orbital  data:  period,  98.7  min.;  apogee,  741  mi. 
(1.192  km.);  perigee,  141  mi.  (227  km.);  incHnation,  48.8°.  Equip- 
ment on  board  was  operating  normally.  (Tass,  Pravda,  1/31/65,  4, 
ATSS-T  Trans. ) 

•  Funeral  services  for  Sir  Winston  Churchill  were  televised  live  and  by 

delayed  transmission  from  London  via  telstar  ii  communications 
satellite.  Churchill  died  on  Jan.  24.  Earlier  in  the  week,  pictures  of 
Sir  Winston's  body  lying  in  state  in  Westminster  Hall  had  also  been 
transmitted  live  via  telstar  ii.      (nbc;  cbs;  Wash.  Post,  1/27/65) 

•  NASA   Ames   Research   Center   was   conducting  tests   on   a   Douglas   f5d 

aircraft  with  a  specially  designed  planform  wing  that  might  minimize 
landing  speeds  for  the  proposed  supersonic  transport.  A  tornado-like 
flow,  called  "vortex  airflow,"  and  resulting  from  the  sharp  difference 
between  the  low  pressure  on  the  top  of  the  wing  and  the  high  pressure 
on  the  underside,  was  generated  along  the  leading  edges  of  the  "S"- 
shaped  wing.  Engineers  said  use  of  the  sharply  angled  wings  with 
tornado  effect  on  top  had  these  advantages:  (1)  the  tornadoes  affected 
air  flow  over  the  entire  aircraft  and  eliminated  turbulence  that  would 
make  other  aircraft  directionally  unstable  when  coming  in  nose  high 
for  a  landing ;  ( 2 1  the  tornadoes  made  it  almost  impossible  for  the 
wings  to  lose  their  lift  completely.  Also,  it  was  felt  this  wing  shape 
took  maximum  advantage  of  the  cushioning  effect  produced  in  com- 
pressing air  between  the  underside  of  the  wings  and  the  ground  which 
would  make  it  necessary  to  level  off  sharply  at  the  last  moment  before 
touching  down. 

Existence  of  this  tornado-like  flow  along  the  leading  edges  of  the 
wing  encouraged  the  belief  that  a  supersonic  airliner  might  be  built 
without  resorting  to  variable-sweep  wings. 

In  current  design  competition  for  supersonic  transport  under  Gov- 
ernment auspices,  the  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  had  taken  the  first 
approach.  The  Boeing  Co.  had  a  design  with  movable  wings,  (arc 
Release  65-3;  Witkin,  NYT,  1/30/65) 

•  An  article  published  in  The  New  Scientist  reported  that  experts  at  the 

Royal  Radar  Establishment  at  Malvern,  England,  beheved  that  the 
U.S.  communications  satellite  echo  ii — launched  Jan.  25,  1964,  and 
still  in  orbit — had  been  pierced  by  its  own  launching  canister  shortly 
after  injection  into  orbit. 


42  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

According  to  The  Neiv  Scientist,  the  shape  of  ECHO  ii  after  launch- 
ing was  flabby  and  elongated  rather  than  the  perfect  sphere  wanted  for 
some  of  its  communication  experiments. 

Analysis  of  Malvern's  radar  tracks  on  echo  II  revealed  writhing 
echoes  that,  according  to  their  theory,  arose  when  the  very  short  radar 
pulses  entered  a  hole  and  rebounded  from  the  aluminum-coated  interi- 
or of  the  balloon.  The  Malvern  team  thought  the  balloon  had  a  punc- 
ture about  18  in.  long  and  27  in.  wide  in  one  side. 

NASA  spokesmen  said  they  did  not  believe  echo  ii  had  been  punc- 
tured by  either  its  launching  canister  or  its  launching  vehicle  and  that 
sightings  from  more  than  a  dozen  radar  stations  had  contradicted  the 
Malvern  theory.  They  added  that  echo  ii's  ability  to  reflect  radio 
signals  had  not  been  seriously  impaired  and  many  messages  had  been 
bounced  off  in  the  last  year.  (Hillaby,  NYT,  1/31/65,  29) 
January  30:  Soviet  Union  launched  a  "new  type"  space  booster  that 
spanned  more  than  8,000  mi.  of  the  Pacific,  according  to  Tass.  The 
firing  was  said  to  have  been  so  successful  that  a  second  planned  shot 
was  canceled.      {M&R,  1/8/65,  8) 

•  Dr.  Joseph  Charyk,  president  of  Communications  Satellite  Corporation, 

speaking  in  Kaanapali,  Hawaii,  said  the  geographic  location  of  Hawaii 
ensured  that  the  impact  of  Early  Bird  comsat  would  be  "more  pro- 
found there  than  in  any  of  the  other  states  of  the  union."  Hawaii,  he 
noted,  would  not  have  to  wait,  as  it  does  now,  to  see  mainland  televi- 
sion programs.  Dr.  Charyk  envisioned  a  full  global  communications 
system  by  1967.  He  predicted  Hawaii  would  become  a  center  for 
communications  traffic  of  all  types.      {NYT,  1/31/65,  13) 

January  30:  Columnist  James  J.  Haggerty,  Jr.,  said:  "It  is  all  but  incredi- 
ble that  after  seven  years  of  space  research  no  manned  military  project 
has  reached  the  hardware  stage.  .  .  ."  (Haggerty,  J /Armed  Forces, 
1/30/65,  9) 

January  31:  Seventh  anniversary  of  the  first  U.S.  satellite,  explorer 
I.  In  defiance  of  the  original  predicted  lifespan  that  should  have 
ended  some  two  years  ago,  the  satellite  continued  to  pass  overhead 
every  104  min.,  with  perigee  of  214  mi.  and  apogee  of  983  mi.  Tra- 
jectory plotters  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  believed 
EXPLORER  I  would  plunge  into  the  atmosphere  and  burn  in  1968.  It 
had  slowed  down  since  launch  but  had  logged  904  million  mi.  around 
the  earth.      ( Marshall  Star,  1/27/65,  1,  6) 

•  Japan  launched  Lambda  iii-2,  the  largest  rocket  that  country  had  yet 

developed.  The  62-ft.,  three-stage  rocket  attained  an  altitude  of  620 
mi.  and  impacted  northwest  of  the  Mariana  Islands,  some  1,130  mi. 
from  the  launch  site  at  Tokyo  University's  space  center  on 
Kyushu.     (M&R,  2/8/65,  8) 

•  In  an  interview  on  the  eve  of  his  retirement  as  Air  Force  Chief  of  Staff, 

Gen.  Curtis  E.  LeMay  discussed  the  role  of  the  military  in  space: 
"Developing  military  capabilities  in  space  is  a  task  that  I  think  we 
ought  to  accept  as  an  unavoidable  requirement.  It  is  the  only  way 
that  we  can  establish  control  over  corridors  of  access  to  our  country 
that  would  otherwise  be  open  to  exploitation  by  aggressor  forces.  .  .  . 

"I  am  confident  that  man  will  prove  useful  in  this  medium.  Just  as 
he  has  adapted  aircraft  to  tasks  no  one  could  foresee  in  1903,  he  will 
undoubtedly  discover  uses  for  space  systems  over  the  years  ahead  that 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  43 

go  far  beyond  the  observation  and  inspection  functions  we  envision  at 
this  time."      (ap,  Haugland,  Bait.  Sun,  2/1/65) 
January  31 :  Tass  had  reported  that  Soviet  astronomers  beHeved  the  upper 
layer  of  the  moon's  surface  was  saturated  with  meteoric  matter  dis- 
tinguished chemically  and  in  mineral  content  from  deeper  layers. 

"Highly  accurate  and  reliable"  observation  had  been  made  by  a 
Gorky  University  team  headed  by  Vsevolod  S.  Troitsky,  the  Soviet 
Union's  leading  authority  on  radio  emanations  of  the  moon.  (Sha- 
bad.  Louisville  Courier-Journal,  1/31/65) 

•  Two  U.S.  physicists,  Prof.  Robert  V.  Pound  of  Harvard  and  Assistant 

Professor  Glen  A.  Rebka,  Jr.,  of  Yale,  were  awarded  the 
Eddington  Medal  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of  London  for 
gravitational  red  shift  experiments  reported  in  1960  that  confirmed 
Einstein's  principle  of  equivalence,  one  of  the  basic  assumptions  of  the 
general  relativity  theory.      {NYT,  2/1/65,  12) 

•  Smithsonian  Institution  disclosed  architectural  plans  for  a  national  air 

and  space  museum  to  be  built  in  Washington,  D.  C.,  opposite  the 
National  Gallery  of  Art.  Designed  by  Gyo  Obata,  a  St.  Louis  archi- 
tect, the  building  would  be  modern  in  concept  with  an  internal  design 
that  would  provide  a  sweeping  vista  of  exhibit  areas.  Smithsonian 
officials  hoped  to  receive  Congressional  authorization  to  build  the  mu- 
seum at  a  cost  of  $42  million.  (NYT,  1/31/65) 
During  January:  Reviewing  Apollo  program  progress.  Dr.  Joseph  Shea, 
Manager  of  the  Apollo  Spacecraft  Program  Office  at  NASA  Manned 
Spacecraft  Center,  said  that  NASA  had  characterized  the  program  as  a 
series  of  phases.  He  explained  that  1963  and  1964  were  years  of 
detailed  designs  and  initial  developmental  testing;  1964  and  1965 
were  years  of  extensive  ground  tests  and  qualifications  for  flight;  from 
1966  on,  ground  tests  would  be  supplemental  to  extensive  flight  tests, 
initially  on  the  Saturn  IB  and  later  on  the  Saturn  V.  From  his  visits 
to  almost  all  of  the  major  Apollo  hardware  contractors,  Dr.  Shea  said 
he  could  report  that  all  of  the  subsystems  associated  with  the  command 
and  service  modules  "are  well  along  in  their  ground  test  programs. 

"Almost  all  elements  are  on  schedule  and  the  test  results  indicate 
that  the  designs  will  meet  our  program  objectives.  By  early  this  year, 
all  subsystem  hardware  will  be  undergoing  the  rigorous  qualification 
tests  which  we  require  before  certifying  such  hardware  ready  for 
flight.  ...  By  the  end  of  1965.  there  will  be  three  Apollo  spacecraft 
in  continuous  ground  testing.  1964  was,  in  retrospect,  a  year  where 
milestone  by  milestone,  we  have  achieved  Apollo  objectives."  (naa 
S&ID  Skywriter,  1/15/65,  1,  4;  Witkin,  NYT,  1/24/65,  60) 

•  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  Director  of  the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory, 

said  in  an  article  in  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics  for  January: 

".  .  .  With  Ranger  7,  the  prime  factor  was  the  expectation  that  the 
Apollo  mission  would  choose  a  landing  area  on  one  of  the  smooth 
'maria.'  So  it  was  of  great  value  to  this  program  to  find  out  as  much 
as  possible  about  the  mare  topography.  In  particular,  it  was  neces- 
sary to  know  if  these  areas  were  really  lava  flows  and,  if  so,  how  much 
was  exposed  lava  and  how  densely  the  small  craters  were  scattered 
over  the  surface. 

"Ranger  gave  some  of  the  answers.  In  some  areas,  at  least,  small 
craters   were   indeed   strewn   very   thickly.     Probably    such   areas   lie 


44  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

along  the  rays  which  radiate  from  some  of  the  more  recent  large 
craters.  Between  these  ray  regions  the  surface  of  the  mare  appears  to 
be  quite  smooth.  No  large  rocks  or  fissures  are  apparent,  although 
the  general  roughness  may  be  comparable  to  some  terrestrial  lava 
fields  where  the  lava  is  of  the  'pahoehoe.'  or  fluid  variety.  However, 
the  absence  of  any  significant  number  of  features  showing  edges  with  a 
small  radius  of  curvature,  and  the  presence  of  small  craters  which  have 
been  filled  with  debris,  point  to  erosion  as  a  significant  modifier  of  the 
primeval  lunar  surface.  This  erosion  could  arise  from  meteoric  bom- 
bardment and  the  effects  of  solar  radiations.  Estimates  of  the  depth 
of  surface  which  has  been  eroded  away  range  from  5  to  50 
ft.  .  .  ."  (A&A,  1/65,  18-20) 
During  January:  gao  charged  that  mismanagement  of  the  Nimbus  meteor- 
ological satellite  project  resulted  in  unnecessary  costs  of  $1.2 
million.  The  report  claimed  that  Nimbus'  project  manager  at  NASA 
Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  "did  not  effectively  carry  out  his  respon- 
sibility" for  flight  planning  when  it  became  evident  that  the  spacecraft 
had  become  overweight  and  that  he  allowed  the  contractor  to  continue 
working  toward  the  original  design  goal  "even  though  it  was  clear  [the 
effort]  would  be  futile"  because  of  booster  limitations. 

Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space 
Science  and  Applications,  rebutted  the  GAO  allegations:  "The  costs 
which  were  incurred  on  the  Nimbus  project  during  the  5Vl>  months 
between  May  1961  and  November  20,  1961,  were  for  the  development 
of  the  fully  redundant  Nimbus  system  to  satisfy  the  requirements 
of  the  Plan  for  a  National  Operational  Meteorological  Satellite  Sys- 
tem. .  .  .  Our  effort  to  achieve  the  redundant  system  in  the  first 
Nimbus  flight  was  continued  as  long  as  possible.  ...  we  did  not  want 
to  take  the  step  of  dropping  the  redundant  system,  even  for  the  first 
flight,  until  we  were  sure  we  had  to."  (gao  Nimbus  Rpt.,  1/65;  M&R, 
2/8/65,  9) 
•  Writing  in  the  January  1965  issue  of  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  Dr. 
Harold  B.  Finger,  Manager  of  aec-nasa  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion 
Office  (sNPo),  summed  up  the  various  components  of  the  advanced 
nuclear  propulsion  program  and  emphasized  the  importance  of  the 
solid-core  nuclear  rocket  within  the  field:  "Solid-core  nuclear  rockets 
are  the  best  understood  and  most  nearly  developed  of  the  many  ad- 
vanced nuclear-propulsion  concepts  being  investigated  in  this 
country.  They  offer  the  most  assured  and  earliest  possible  means  for 
very  substantial  improvements  and  advances  in  space-flight  propulsion 
capability.  Furthermore,  because  solid-core  nuclear  rockets  rely  heav- 
ily on  technology  and  techniques  of  chemical  rocket  engines  and  al- 
though much  extension  of  these  techniques  is  required,  no  fundamen- 
tally new  engineering  approaches  are  required  to  develop  this  new- 
breed  of  substantially  improved  rocketry  for  actual  flight  use.  Solid- 
core  nuclear  rockets  can  be  relied  on  for  our  future  space  missions. 

"Progress  has  been  made  in  electric  propulsion,  particularly  in  the 
thruster  area,  and  important  research  data  and  technology  are  also 
beginning  to  be  provided  in  the  difficult  area  of  nuclear-reactor  electric 
generating  systems  required  for  prime  electric  propulsion. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  45 

"Beyond  these  systems,  other  advanced  nuclear  propulsion  concepts 
are  not  yet  well-enough  understood  to  justify  undertaking  significant 
development  efforts."  {A&A.  1/65,  30-35) 
During  January:  Nine  areas  of  scientific  experiments  for  the  first  manned 
Apollo  lunar  landing  mission  had  been  summarized  and  experimenters 
were  defining  them  for  NASA.  Space  sciences  project  group  expected 
to  publish  the  complete  report  by  Mar.  1,  to  be  followed  by  requests 
for  proposals  from  industry  on  designing  and  producing  instrument 
packages.  A  major  effort  was  under  way  by  a  NASA  task  force  making 
a  time-motion  study  of  how  best  to  use  the  limited  lunar  stay-time  of 
2  hr.  minimum  for  the  first  flight.      {Av.  Wk.,  2/1/65,  13) 

•  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  announced  it  would  negotiate  with  Ra- 

diation, Inc.,  of  Melbourne,  Florida,  for  a  contract  to  develop  a  new 
weather  measuring  system  to  be  tested  aboard  the  Nimbus  B  meteoro- 
logical satellite.  The  new  equipment.  Interrogation  Recording  and  Lo- 
cation System  (IRLS),  would  tie  together  weather  observations  made 
on  the  ground  and  in  space  as  well  as  oceanographic  measurements. 
(GSFC  Release  G-1-65) 

•  In  an  article  in  the  Indianapolis  Star  discussing  Soviet  medical  practices 

observed  during  his  visit  to  Russia  at  the  invitation  of  the  Soviet 
Academy  of  Science.  Dr.  John  M.  Keshishian,  associate  in  surgery  on 
the  George  Washington  University  School  of  Medicine  faculty,  said: 
"It  is  not  generally  known  that  just  before  Voskhod  was  ordered  into 
reentry,  the  pulse  rate  of  one  cosmonaut  dropped  to  40. 

"When  your  pulse  rate  drops  below  40  heartbeats  a  minute,  you're 
in  trouble. 

"The  Russians  haven't  said  anything  about  this  .  .  .  but  it  could  be 
another  one  of  the  problems  their  space  medicine  is  encountering  for 
which  there  seems  to  be  no  ready  solutions. 

"For  example,  some  Russian  cosmonauts  have  suffered  severe,  hallu- 
cinations, both  in  flight  and  afterwards.  Others  have  suffered  equally 
severe  and,  thus  far,  inexplicable  vertigo  during  which  they  can't  be 
certain  whether  the  floor's  coming  up  to  meet  them  or  vice  versa,  or 
whether  they're  spinning,  or  the  room  is.  And  Russian  physicians 
have  found  that  ,  .  .  space  flight  environment — possibly  weightless- 
ness— draws  calcium  from  the  blood  and  expels  it  in  the 
urine."  (World  Book  Encyclopedia  Science  Service,  Inc.,  Keshishian, 
Indianapolis  Star ) 

•  In    an    article    in    Foreign    Affairs    entitled    "Slowdown    in    the    Penta- 

gon," Hanson  W.  Baldwin  said:  "The  sprawling  bureaucracy  of 
big  government;  the  control  of  major  military  or  paramilitary  projects 
by  agencies  over  which  the  Defense  Department  has  no  direct  authori- 
ty, including  the  Atomic  Energy  Commission,  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Administration,  the  Central  Intelligence  Agency,  the  Bureau 
of  the  Budget:  congressional  legislation  and  executive  regulation — so- 
cial, political  and  economic;  the  tremendous  size  and  complexity  of  the 
Armed  Forces;  overcentralization  and  overregulation  in  the  Pentagon; 
too  much  service  rivalry  and  not  anough  service  competition — all  these 
and  other  factors  have  become  builtin  roadblocks  in  defense  develop- 
ment and  contracting. 


46  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"The  creation  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administra- 
tion has  provided  another  type  of  problem.  NASA  stemmed  from  the 
same  kind  of  political  philosophy  that  nurtured  the  aec.  Atom  bombs 
were  too  powerful  to  allow  the  generals  to  play  with  them;  ergo,  a 
civihan  agency  must  control  nuclear  power — and  it  must  be  channeled 
away  from  nasty  military  purposes.  The  same  scientific-political  pres- 
sure groups  that  advocated  this  concept  helped  (with  President  Eisen- 
hower's approval)  to  establish  NASA,  again  on  the  theory  that  space 
efforts  must  be  controlled  by  civilians  and  that  space  must  not  be  used 
for  military  purposes.  .  .  . 

"But  in  the  case  of  NASA,  the  problem  has  been  compounded.  For 
while  the  aec  is  essentially  a  research  and  production  agency,  NASA  is 
an  operating  agency  as  well.  From  a  small  highly  efficient  aeronau- 
tical research  agency,  it  has  now  expanded  into  a  gargantuan  multibil- 
lion-dollar  empire,  with  tentacles  all  over  the  country,  managing  the 
biggest  program  on  which  the  United  States  has  ever  embarked — to 
place  a  man  on  the  moon. 

"In  its  early  years,  NASA  was  sluggishly  if  at  all  responsive  to  mili- 
tary needs,  and  the  Pentagon  itself  was  inhibited  from  any  effective 
space  developments  (though,  curiously,  the  only  effective  space 
boosters  available  were  miUtary  ballistic  missiles).  Gradually  the 
liaison,  due  to  Dr.  [Edward  C]  Welsh  and  others,  has  been  greatly 
improved.  Numerous  military  officers,  active  and  retired,  now  hold 
some  of  the  most  important  positions  in  NASA,  and  in  addition  the 
Armed  Forces  have  furnished  most  of  the  astronauts  and  by  far  the 
most  important  part  of  the  facilities  and  services  used  by  the 
agency.  The  two-headed  control  still  offers  difficulties,  but  today  the 
main  stumbling  blocks  to  the  rapid  development  of  military  space 
projects  are  Secretary  McNamara  and  his  Director  of  Defense  Re- 
search and  Engineering,  Dr.  Harold  Brown,  who  in  his  new  political 
role  in  the  Pentagon  has  become  a  remarkably  unadventurous  scientist. 

"Often  the  President's  Scientific  Adviser,  whose  contacts  with  Penta- 
gon and  other  Government  scientists  cut  squarely  across  organizational 
lines,  has  also  acted  as  roadblock  to  new  developments.  He  exercises 
tremendous  power  without  either  specific  responsibility  or  specific  au- 
thority; therefore,  his  intervention  often  not  only  delays  but 
confuses.  The  Adviser's  great  power  stems  largely  from  his  White 
House  status;  unfortunately  around  him  has  grown  up  a  small  but 
important  office  manned  by  men  more  impressive  as  bureaucrats  than 
as  scientists,  who  represent,  in  effect,  another  echelon  of 
delay.  .  .  ."  {Foreign  Affairs,  1/65;  CR,  2/4/65,  2007) 
During  January:  Committee  assignments  for  both  parties  were  made  in 
both  Houses  of  Congress.  New  members  on  the  Senate  Committee  on 
Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences:  Walter  F.  Mondale  (D-Minn.),  Jo- 
seph Tydings  ( D-Md. ) ,  Len  B.  Jordan  (R-Ida.),  and  George  D.  Aiken 
(R-Vt.). 

New  members  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics: 
Roy  A.  Taylor  (D-N.C),  George  E.  Brown,  Jr.  (D-Calif.),  Walter  H. 
Moeller  (D-Ohio),  William  R.  Anderson  (D-Tenn.),  Brock  Adams 
(D-Wash.),  Lester  L.  Wolff  (D-N.Y.),  Weston  E.  Vivian  (D-Mich.), 
Gale  Schisler  (D-Ill.),  and  Barber  B.  Conable,  Jr.  (R-N.Y.). 
(Comm.  Off.) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  47 

During  January:  Marvin  L.  White,  afcrl's  Space  Physics  Laboratory, 
predicted  the  sun  was  encircled  by  "rings"  of  electric  current  totaling 
nearly  200  billion  amps.  Although  total  current  was  high,  White 
postulated  that  the  current  density  was  low  because  the  current  was 
spread  over  a  large  area;  he  predicted  current  density  to  be  about 
three  trillionths  of  an  ampere  per  square  centimeter,  the  same  order 
of  magnitude  as  in  the  earth's  atmosphere.  White's  calculations  were 
based  on  particle  flux  data  from  mariner  ii.  (oar  Research  Review, 
1/65,  1-2) 

With  launch  of  two  balloons  to  87,000-ft.  altitudes  from  Chico,  Calif., 
AFCRL  began  one-year  series  of  high-altitude  balloon  flights  to  measure 
moisture  in  the  stratosphere.  Series  would  consist  of  vertical  sound- 
ings— 25  in  all,  at  the  rate  of  two  per  month — in  which  all  data  would 
be  obtained  in  recoverable  instrumented  payload  parachuted  to  earth 
when  balloon  descended  to  30,000  ft.,  and  horizontal  soundings — five 
11 -day  flights  at  float  altitudes  averaging  75,000  ft. — in  which  data 
gathered  over  thousands  of  miles  would  be  telemetered  every  two 
hours  to  ground  stations,      (oar  Research  Review,  5/65,  15-16) 

In  an  article  on  detecting  extraterrestrial  life,  William  R.  Corliss  in  In- 
ternational Science  and  Technology  described  some  of  the  plans  for 
collecting  data  on  possible  life-forms  elsewhere  and  some  of  the  factors 
making  the  search  for  extraterrestrial  life  so  challenging.  He  noted 
the  complications  for  Martian  life-detection  if  retrorockets  were  neces- 
sary to  brake  the  landing  of  a  scientific  package:  "First,  of  course, 
they  add  weight  to  the  landing  package,  right  where  it  hurts  the  most. 
Also,  their  control  adds  complexity  and  increases  the  chance  of  failure. 
Finally  and  perhaps  most  importantly,  they  would  make  the  problem 
of  life-detection  more  difficult  and  any  results  more  ambiguous;  the 
rocket  exhaust  would  tend  both  to  fuse  the  surface  of  the  landing  area 
(maybe  even  killing  any  existing  organisms),  and  to  add  combustion 
contaminants  of  its  own  in  the  most  crucial  area — around  the  lander." 
He  listed  the  variety  of  experimental  instruments  proposed  for  detecting 
extraterrestrial  life  (or  clues  of  life)  and  explained  why  the  dependa- 
bility of  these  instruments — based  on  different  physical  and  chemical 
principles — varied  widely.      [Int.  Sci.  &  Tech.,  1/65,  28-34) 


February    1965 

February  1 :  The  second  meeting  of  the  French-Anglo-United  States  Super- 
sonic Transport  (fausst)  group  was  held  in  Washington  to  discuss 
airworthiness  objectives  in  connection  with  commercial  supersonic 
transports  (  SST  ) .  Agenda  items  included  a  discussion  of  atmospheric 
problems,  structures,  and  sonic  boom  as  related  to  sST  flight,  (faa 
Release  T-65-4) 

•  Gen.  Curtis  E.  LeMay.  retiring  Air  Force  Chief  of  Staff,  received  a  fourth 

Distinguished  Service  Medal  from  President  Johnson  at  the  White 
House.  Later,  during  formal  retirement  ceremonies  at  Andrews  AFB, 
a  letter  from  the  President  was  read:  "All  the  world  can  be  grateful 
to  you  for  your  courage,  tenacity  and  exacting  standards  of  profes- 
sionalism." Gen.  LeMay  was  succeeded  by  Gen.  John  Paul  McConnell. 
(Loftus,  NYT,  2/2/65,  13;  NYT,  2/2/65,  13) 

•  Sealed  brushless  DC  motor,  originally  developed  to  power  instrumentation 

on  unmanned  spacecraft,  was  selected  for  use  in  the  Apollo  two-man 
Lunar  Excursion  Module  (Lem)  and  the  Gemini  two-man  spacecraft. 
The  new  motor  utilized  photo-optical  detectors  and  transistorized 
switching  elements  which  duplicated  the  functions  of  conventional 
brushes  and  commutator  without  physical  contact  of  the  rotating 
parts.  Environmental  tests  had  shown  the  brushless  motor  had  a 
predicted  operational  life  of  one  year.  A  barrier  to  DC  motors  had 
been  the  short  life  of  conventional  brushes  in  the  space  vacuum  be- 
cause of  the  lack  of  lubricating  moisture  necessary  to  prevent  ex- 
cessive friction.  Motor  was  developed  by  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight 
Center  under  contract  with  Sperry  Farragut.    (CSFC  Release  G-2-65) 

•  NASA  Flight  Research  Center  issued  requests  for  proposals  for  two  pre- 

liminary feasibility  studies  of  a  manned  lifting  reentry  vehicle  to  16 
industrial  firms.  Primary  objective  of  the  proposed  studies  would  be 
to  determine  problem  areas  and  their  influence  on  design  and  to  pro- 
vide accurate  estimates  of  the  weight,  cost,  and  developmental  sched- 
ule involved  with  such  a  research  craft,      (frc  Release  5-65) 

•  NASA  awarded  S8.3  million  contract  to  Pacific  Crane  and  Rigging  Co.  for 

installation  of  ground  support  equipment  at  Kennedy  Space  Center's 
Apollo-Saturn  V  Launch  Complex  39  on  Merritt  Island.  The  contract 
called  for  purchase,  fabrication,  assembly,  installation,  cleaning,  and 
testing  of  electrical,  mechanical,  pneumatic,  and  hydraulic  systems, 
valves  and  control  modules,  pipe  assemblies,  and  support  hardware. 
(Ksc  Release  17-65) 

•  Transfer  of  usn's  Pacific  Missile  Range  and  instrumentation  facilities  at 

Point  Arguello,  Calif.,  to  usaf  operational  control  became  effective. 
The  Navy  also  turned  over  its  Point  Pillar  tracking  stations  in  Cali- 
fornia  and   mid-Pacific  stations   at   Canton   Island,   Eniwetok,   and  at 

48 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  49 

South  Point  and  Kokee  Park,  Hawaii.  Missile  impact  location  sta- 
tions (MILS)  at  Wake  and  Midway  were  still  under  Navy  control. 
For  operation  of  its  Pacific  Missile  Range,  Navy  retained  tracking 
stations  at  Barking  Sands  missile  tracking  facility,  Kauai,  Hawaii, 
and  was  a  tenant  at  Johnston  Island.  Other  pmr  stations  included 
those  at  St.  Nicolas  and  San  Clemente  Islands  on  the  Sea  Test  Range. 
(Zylstra,  M&R,  3/8  65,  33-34) 
February  1:  Astronaut  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.  (USN),  said  he  probably 
would  be  assigned  as  command  pilot  to  the  sixth  Gemini  flight,  which 
would  be  the  first  U.S.  attempt  to  meet  and  join  two  vehicles  in  space. 
(AP,  Bait.  Sun,  2  2/65) 

•  USAF  successfully  launched  an  Athena  test  missile  from  Green  River,  Utah, 

to  White  Sands  Missile  Range.  N.Mex.      Up,  Wash.  Post,  2/3/65) 

•  Construction  unions'  strike,  that  had  shut  down  all  NASA  construction  at 

Merritt  Island  and  Cape  Kennedy  since  Jan.  28,  ended  when  the 
President's  Missile  Sites  Labor  Commission  set  a  date  for  hearing  the 
grievances  of  the  unions  involved.  It  had  been  the  fifth  walkout  within 
a  year.      ( UPI,  Chic.  Trib.,  2/2/65;  Wash.  Post,  2/2/65) 

•  FAA  predicted  continued  aviation  growth  over  the  next  five  years:  U.S. 

airline  revenue  passenger  miles  would  increase  30  billion  over  the  54 
billion  flown  in  FY  1964;  general  aviation,  measured  in  estimated  hours 
of  flying,  would  increase  by  four  million  hours  over  the  estimated  15.5 
million  flown  in  FY  1964;  general  aviation  fleet  would  number  105,000 
aircraft  by  1970,  compared  to  85,088  aircraft  as  of  Jan.  1,  1964. 
( FAA  Release  T-65-3  ) 
February  2:  Capt.  Joseph  H.  Engle  (USAF)  flew  x-15  No.  3  to  98,200  ft. 
altitude  and  a  maximum  speed  of  3,886  mph  (mach  5.7)  in  a  test  to 
determine  how  ablative  material  reacted  to  intense  heat.  (NASA  x-15 
Proj.  Off.;   UPI,  Wash.  Post,  2/3/65;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  NASA  announced  it  would  negotiate  a  two-phase  contract  with  Aerojet 

General  Corp.  for  design  and  development  of  a  liquid-hydrogen,  re- 
generatively  cooled  exhaust  nozzle  for  the  Phoebus  nuclear  rocket  re- 
actor test  program.  First  phase  of  the  contract  would  include  a  four- 
month  preliminary  design  study  of  nozzle  concepts  and  an  evaluation 
of  fabrication  and  testing  methods.  This  phase  would  be  negotiated 
on  a  cost-plus-fixed-fee  basis  at  an  estimated  value  of  $400,000.  Using 
results  of  Phase  I,  the  contractor  would  design,  develop,  test,  and  de- 
liver three  nozzles  to  the  Nuclear  Rocket  Development  Station  at 
Jackass  Flats,  Nev.  Phase  ii  would  be  awarded  as  an  incentive  con- 
tract with  an  estimated  value  of  SIO  million. 

Phoebus,  a  5,000-megawatt  reactor,  would  be  tested  as  part  of  the 
program  to  develop  nuclear  propulsion  devices  for  space  missions. 
(NASA  Release  65-28) 

•  Discussing  the  missions  and  plans  of  nasa's  new  Electronics  Research 

Center,  Dr.  Winston  E.  Kock,  erc  Director,  told  the  Harvard  Engi- 
neers Club  in  Cambridge:  "I  believe  that  the  recent  strengthening 
of  research  in  nasa  can  act  to  overcome  any  such  braking  of  scientific 
enthusiasm  which  the  recent  changes  in  our  defense  program  .  .  .  may 
have  instigated.  I  have  seen  at  first  hand  true  research  enthusiasm  at 
two  NASA  Research  Centers,  Lew  is  in  Cleveland,  and  Ames  in  California, 
and,  at  Cambridge's  new  NASA  Research  Center,  the  response  we  have 
had   from   inventive,   research-minded   individuals,   expressing   an   in- 


50  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

terest  in  association  with  the  Center  has  been  phenomenal.  I  have 
always  believed  in  the  saying  'necessity  is  the  mother  of  invention,' 
and  I  feel  certain  that  it  was  the  necessities  of  World  War  II  that 
brought  into  bloom  radar,  the  jet  aircraft,  nuclear  power,  the  V-2 
rocket  (which  led  to  our  present  missile  and  space  rockets),  and  many 
other  developments  which  have  proved  to  be  of  vital  importance  to 
our  way  of  life.  So,  I  feel  that  a  counterbalance  to  today's  reduced 
necessities  of  the  broad,  new  opening  field  of  space  research  .  .  .  will 
help  to  keep  our  nation's  research  talent  active  and  enthusiastic,  and 
maintain  it  in  the  strong  virility  it  has  exhibited  since  the  start  of 
World  War  II."      (Text) 

•  February  2:  Charles  W.  Harper,  Director  of  NASA  Hq.  Aeronautics  Div., 

discussed  aeronautical  research  at  a  luncheon  of  the  Aviation/Space 
Writers  Association.  He  said:  "...  aviation  has  a  tremendous  po- 
tential in  the  short-haul  'aerial  bus.'  Both  VTOL  (vertical  take-off  and 
landing)  and  stol  (short  take-off  and  landing)  are  being  considered 
for  this  job.  .  .  .  On  the  basis  of  our  current  knowledge  I  would  con- 
clude the  VTOL  commercial  transport  offers  tremendous  potential  but 
requires  additional  research  .  .  .  before  it  is  ready  for  detailed  feasi- 
bility study  as  a  commercial  transport.  On  the  other  hand  the  stol 
machine  is  ready  for  a  careful  examination  since  the  major  problems 
seem  to  be  in  hand. 

"A  20  to  50  passenger  stol  machine  should,  or  could,  have  a  top 
speed  of  300  to  400  knots,  a  steep  approach  with  a  touch  down  at  45 
knots  and  an  operational  field  length  of  some  1200  to  1500  feet.  All- 
weather  operation  is  required  and,  with  the  aid  of  space  technology 
advances,  this  appears  quite  possible.  We  think  we  can  display  elec- 
tronically to  the  pilot  the  important  features  of  the  airport  so  that  he 
can  approach  it  and  land  using  the  same  information  that  he  does  in 
clear  weather. 

"We  see  two  large  markets  for  vehicles  of  this  type.  In  a  smaller 
simple  version,  perhaps  bearing  a  little  sacrifice  in  performance,  an  air 
transport  well  suited  for  use  in  underdeveloped  areas.  Rugged,  easy 
to  fly  and  simple  to  maintain,  it  could  enable  these  countries  to  jump 
from  jungle  or  desert  trails  to  modern  transport  system  without  build- 
ing enormously  expensive  railways  and  highways.  This  would  be  a 
good  market  for  U.S.  industry.  In  a  larger  sophisticated  version  it 
could  be  the  vehicle  to  make  the  present  short  haul  feeder  Hnes  self 
sufficient,  not  depending  on  connecting  traffic  from  the  trunk  lines. 
This  too  would  be  a  desirable  situation  for  American  industry.  NASA 
plans  to  pursue  both  of  these  potentials  actively  until  the  air  industry 
has  enough  confidence  in  success  to  proceed  on  its  own.   .   .   ."      (Text) 

•  Alfred  J.  Eggers,  Jr.,  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced 

Research  and  Technology,  addressed  the  Science  Teachers'  Associa- 
tion of  Santa  Clara  County,  Calif.,  at  NASA  Ames  Research  Center. 
He  said:  "The  question  then  is,  what  has  man  done  in  space  to  date? 
According  to  the  eminent  archaeologist,  V.  Gordon  Childe,  whatever 
man  has  done  in  the  relatively  short  evolutionary  history  documented 
by  his  fossil  remains,  he  has  done  without  significantly  improving 
his  inherited  equipment  by  bodily  changes  detectable  in  his  skeleton. 
Moreover,  this  equipment  is  inadequately  adapted  for  survival  in  any 
particular  environment,  and  indeed  it  is  inferior  to  that  of  most  ani- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  51 

mals  for  coping  with  any  special  set  of  conditions.  Yet  in  spite 
of  his  physical  inferiority,  man  has  been  able  to  adjust  himself 
to  a  greater  range  of  environment  than  any  other  creature,  to 
multiply  much  faster  than  any  near  relative  amongst  the  higher  mam- 
mals, and  indeed  to  beat  them  all  at  their  special  tricks.  Thus  he 
learned  to  control  fire,  and  he  developed  the  skills  to  make  clothes  and 
houses,  with  the  result  that  he  lives  and  thrives  from  pole  to  pole  on 
earth,  and  already  he  is  concerned  with  a  population  explosion.  He 
has  developed  trains  and  cars  that  can  outstrip  the  fleetest  cheetah, 
and  he  has  developed  the  airplane  so  that  he  can  mount  higher  than 
the  eagle.  Moreover,  he  developed  telescopes  to  see  further  than  the 
hawk,  and  firearms  to  lay  low  the  elephant  or  any  other  animal,  includ- 
ing himself.  But  whatever  their  use,  the  important  point  is  that  fire, 
clothes,  houses,  trains,  airplanes,  telescopes,  and  guns  are  not  part  of 
man's  body.  He  can  set  them  aside  at  will.  They  are  not  inherited 
in  the  biological  sense,  but  rather  the  skill  needed  for  their  conception, 
production,  and  use  is  part  of  our  intellectual  heritage,  the  result  of  a 
tradition  built  up  over  many  generations  and  transmitted  not  in  the 
blood  but  through  speech  and  writing. 

"The  true  stepping  stones  to  the  moon  are  ourselves  and  our  fore- 
fathers. The  stepping  stones  beyond  are  our  children,  and  much  of 
what  they  will  be  and  where  they  will  lead  the  human  race,  is  up  to 
you  and  your  kind.  U  you  succeed  in  your  work,  you  will  have  made 
an  invaluable  contribution  to  the  betterment  of  man's  ability  to  make 
himself,  to  master  himself,  and  finally  to  understand  himself  in  his  en- 
vironment. Indeed,  if  you  are  especially  successful,  you  may,  in  the 
words  of  V.  R.  Potter,  'develop  a  new  breed  of  scholars,  men  who 
combine  a  knowledge  of  new  science  and  old  wisdom,  men  who  have 
the  courage  of  the  men  of  the  Renaissance  who  thought  truth  was 
absolute  and  attainable,'  and  who  may  yet  be  right.  I  submit  we  can 
do  no  less  than  find  out."      (Text) 

February  2:  Philco  Corp.,  opposing  the  bid  by  the  Communications  Satellite 
Corporation  to  supply  dod  with  communications  satellite  service,  asked 
the  FCC  to  prevent  ComSatCorp  from  signing  a  "sole  source"  contract 
with  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  Philco,  which  was  already  preparing  a 
satellite  system  for  dod  under  a  contract  awarded  in  July  1963,  said 
ComSatCorp's  proposed  contract  "is  in  violation  of  the  letter  and  spirit 
of  the  FCC  rules  and  regulations  which  require  competition  in  ComSat- 
Corp procurement."  Since  ComSatCorp  apparently  had  been  negotiat- 
ing the  matter  for  some  time,  "its  present  statement  that  stringent  time 
requirements  impel  waiver  of  the  Fcc's  rules  and  regulations  is  in- 
supportable," Philco  said. 

Under  ComSatCorp's  plan,  dod  would  be  supplied  24  satellites  built 
by  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  and  would  pay  for  service  only  if  the  satellites 
worked.  ComSatCorp  would  absorb  the  costs  if  they  did  not.  dod 
had  made  no  decision  for  or  against  the  offer.  (Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
2/2/65;  upi,  NYT,  2/3/65,  54) 

•  Sen.  Warren  G.  Magnuson  (D-Wash.)  introduced  in  the  Senate  a  bill 
to  provide  for  a  national  oceanographic  program  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  National  Oceanographic  Council.  Senator  Magnuson 
said  the  National  Oceanographic  Council  would  have  "certain  key  re- 
sponsibilities and  functions  ...  in  the  oceanographic  field    [which] 


52  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

would  be  similar  to  those  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Coun- 
cil in  the  space  program.   .   .   ." 

He  noted  that  "a  number  of  departments  and  agencies  have  separate 
missions  in  the  aeronautics  and  space  program,"  and  that  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council  "takes  precedence  over"  the  operating 
agencies  to  coordinate  the  national  aeronautics  and  space  program. 
Similarly,  6  departments  and  22  agencies  "are  engaged  or  have  a  direct 
interest  in  the  seas.  .  .  ."  (CR,  2/2/65,  1754-57) 
February  2:  R.  E.  Clarson.  Inc.,  of  St.  Petersburg,  Fla.,  was  awarded  a 
$2,179,000  contract  for  alterations  to  Launch  Complex  34,  Cape  Ken- 
nedy, to  accommodate  the  Saturn  IB  rocket.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers 
made  the  award,      (ap,  Miami  Her.,  2/3/65) 

•  Editorializing  in  the  Washington  Evening  Star  about  "lean  years"  begin- 

ning for  the  aerospace  industry,  William  Hines  said:  ".  .  .  Since  the 
'50s,  aerospace  companies  have  become  accustomed  to  a  diet  of  caviar, 
filet  and  champagne.  The  government  has  poured  something  like 
100  billion  into  rockets,  missiles  and  spacecraft  since  the  Soviet  Union's 
Sputnik  went  up  in  October,  1957.  The  torrent  of  funds  is  now  being 
reduced,  if  not  precisely  to  a  trickle,  certainly  to  a  more  moderate 
flow.  .  .  . 

"The  aerospace  crisis  is  serious  enough  that  the  management-con- 
sultant firm  of  Arthur  D.  Little,  Inc.,  has  just  published  a  study, 
'Strategies  for  Survival  in  the  Aerospace  Industry.'  It  makes  the  fol- 
lowing revealing  point: 

"  'The  period  1954—1963  was  one  of  remarkably  steady  growth  in 
the  funding  of  military  and  space  systems.  In  fact,  it  was  so  steady 
that  many  participants  perhaps  forgot  that  there  were  concrete,  finite 
objectives  to  be  achieved  with  these  funds.'.  .  ."  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  2/2/65) 

•  Prime    Minister    Harold    Wilson    announced    plans    to    buy    American 

military  aircraft  to  replace  British  aircraft,  an  action  he  said  would 
save  more  than  $840  million  over  a  10-yr.  period.  The  two  U.K. 
projects  being  dropped  were  the  P-1154  vertical  take-off  supersonic 
strike  aircraft  and  the  HS-681  short  take-off  military  transport.  Both 
were  made  by  the  Hawker  Siddeley  group.  American  Phantom  li's, 
made  by  McDonnell  Aircraft,  would  be  ordered  to  replace  the  P-1154. 
Phantoms  were  already  on  order  to  replace  the  Royal  Navy's  Sea 
Vixens.  Lockheed's  c-130's  would  replace  the  HS-681.  The  Ameri- 
can planes  would  be  equipped  with  British  engines.  On  the  question 
of  the  TSR-2,  which  the  U.K.  was  considering  replacing  with  General 
Dynamics'  F-111,  Mr.  Wilson  said  there  was  not  enough  information 
yet  to  make  a  final  decision.  (Farnsworth,  A'FT',  2/3/65,  9;  Clymer. 
Bait.  Sun,  2/3/65) 

•  Soviet  news  agency  Tass  announced  that  firing  of  a  new  type  of  multi- 

stage rocket  booster  on  Jan.  31  had  been  so  successful  that  further 
tests  in  the  Pacific  series  had  been  canceled.  The  rocket  had  travelled 
more  than  8,000  mi.  in  the  Pacific  southwest  of  Hawaii,  (upi.  Wash. 
Daily  News,  2/2/65;  UPi,  Wash.  Post,  2/3/65) 

•  A   brightly   illuminated   object   in   the   sky   near   Langley   AFB,   Va.,   was 

widely  reported  as  a  Ufo  but  identified  by  USAF  as  a  weather  balloon 
with  the  sun  reflecting  off  its  surface.  (Newport  News  Daily  Press, 
2/3/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  53 

February  3:  oso  ii  (Oso  B2 ) ,  NASA's  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory,  was  suc- 
cessfully launched  into  orbit  from  Cape  Kennedy  by  a  three-stage  Delta 
rocket.  Preliminary  orbital  elements:  apogee,  393  mi.;  perigee,  343 
mi.;  period,  97  min.;  inclination,  33°.  The  545-lb.  spacecraft  included 
parts  salvaged  from  the  Oso  B,  damaged  last  April  prior  to  launch, 
and  components  of  a  spacecraft  built  for  prototype  testing. 

The  second  of  eight  spacecraft  planned  by  NASA  for  direct  observa- 
tion of  the  sun,  oso  ii  carried  eight  scientific  experiments  and  had  two 
main  sections:  the  wheel  (lower)  section  provided  stability  by  gyro- 
scopic spinning  and  housed  the  telemetry,  command,  batteries,  control 
electronics  and  gas  spin-control  arms,  and  five  experiment  packages; 
the  sail  (upper)  section  was  oriented  toward  the  sun  and  contained 
solar  cells  and  solar-pointing  experiments.  For  the  first  time,  the  in- 
struments, controlled  by  ground  command,  would  scan  the  entire  solar 
surface.     Each  scan  required  four  minutes. 


February  3:    NASA's  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory,  oso  n,  was  launched  from  Cape  Ken- 
nedy, Fla. 

OSO  II  experiments  were  intended  to  map  the  frequency  and  energy 
of  solar  emissions  and  represented  a  joint  Government-university-in- 
dustry effort.  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  managed  the  prbject. 
(NASA  Press  Kit  Release  65-14;  NASA  Release  65-32;  Goddard  News, 
2/8/65,  1-2) 
•  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  was  launched  from  Wallops  Island,  Va.,  to 
altitude  of  87.7  mi.  (141.1  km.)  with  experiments  to  measure  the  neu- 
tron intensity  above  the  earth's  atmosphere,  the  flux  of  solar  x-rays,  and 
Lyman-alpha  radiation;  and  to  determine  ionospheric  electron  densi- 
ties.    All  instruments  functioned  as  predicted.      (NASA  Rpt.  srl) 


54  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

February  3:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said  during  a  panel  discus- 
sion at  the  Military  Electronics  Convention  in  Los  Angeles:  "I  think  I 
can  report  that  our  ten-year  aeronautical  and  space  effort  [beginning  in 
1961]  has  been  well  organized,  it  has  stabilized  at  the  51/4  billion  level, 
and  has  retained  a  well-worked-out  balance  among  its  various  compo- 
nents. At  the  end  of  this  ten-year  period,  we  will  have  received  back 
from  our  operating  spacecraft  the  basic  measurements  of  the  space  en- 
vironment which  will  give  us  a  much  better  scientific  understanding  of 
this  environment  and  our  engineers  will  have  proved  out  the  develop- 
mental concepts  and  engineering  designs  for  effective  operations  of  all 
kinds  in  space.  Further,  we  will  have  a  launch  capability  of  six  Saturn 
ib's  and  six  Saturn  V's  per  year,  meaning  that  we  could  put  almost  two 
million  pounds  into  orbit  per  year,  if  required.  We  will  have  logged 
more  than  five  thousand  hours  of  astronaut  spaceflight  time  and 
learned  a  great  deal  about  the  relationship  between  man,  equipment, 
the  task  assigned,  and  performance  in  the  space  environment.  .  .  ." 
(Text) 

•  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  reported  it  had  saved  $12  miUion  toward 

a  135  milHon  cost  reduction  goal  for  FY  1965.  Major  portion  of  this 
saving  was  made  possible  by  a  suggestion  from  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth, 
MSC  Director,  that  instead  of  spending  the  budgeted  $7,873,000  for  a 
static  test  stand  for  the  Apollo  spacecraft  at  Cape  Kennedy,  the  reserve 
Titan  Launch  Complex  16  be  modified  for  static  test  use.  Cost  of 
modifying  the  Titan  launch  complex  would  be  $3,982,900,  with  a  net 
saving  of  $3,890,100.      (msc  Roundup,  2/3/65,  8) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  was  readying  its  first  Saturn  V  S-ic 

stage,  designated  s-ic-T,  for  static  firing  late  this  spring,  NASA  re- 
ported. The  S-IC-T,  a  static  test  stage,  would  be  hot-fired  on  a  cap- 
tive test  stand  in  MSFc's  West  Test  Area  and  would  be  ground  tested 
repeatedly  over  a  period  of  many  months  to  prove  out  the  propulsion 
system,      (nasa  Release  65-27) 

•  FCC   vetoed   a   proposed   Communications   Satellite   Corp.   contract  with 

Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  for  the  design  of  satellites  to  be  used  by 
DOD.  In  a  letter  to  ComSatCorp,  the  FCC  took  note  of  a  protest 
by  Philco  Corp.  (see  Feb.  2),  that  it  was  as  qualified  as  Hughes  to 
bid  on  the  proposed  contract  and  said  ComSatCorp  must  award  the 
contract  only  after  competitive  bidding.  ComSatCorp  had  asked  the 
FCC  to  approve  the  proposed  contract,  waiving  requirements  for  com- 
petitive bidding,      (fcc  Public  Notice-C  ) 

•  usaf  "ripple-launched"  two   Minutemen   icbm's  from   Vandenberg  afb. 

Both  were  launched  from  silos,  the  second  within  minutes  of  the  first. 
{M&R,  2/15/65,  12) 
February  4:  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rocket  with  grenade  payload  to  obtain 
temperature,  wind,  density,  and  pressure  data  was  launched  from 
Wallops  Island,  Va.  to  altitude  73.5  mi.  (118.2  km.).  Twelve  grenades 
were  to  have  exploded  during  rocket  ascent,  but  two  did  not  explode. 
All  other  instruments  performed  as  anticipated.  A  similar  experiment 
was  launched  from  Point  Barrow  successfully.      (NASA  Rpt.  SRL) 

•  USAF's  XC-142A  V/Stol,  designed  and  built  by  Ling-Temco-Vought.  made 

its  first  public  flight  at  Grand  Prairie,  Tex.  piloted  by  John  Konrad. 
Designed  to  take  off  and  land  vertically,  the  experimental  aircraft  had 
a  wing  that  could  be  moved  in  flight  from  the  normal  horizontal  posi- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  55 

tion  to  a  vertical  position,  enabling  it  to  hover,  fly  backwards,  side- 
ways, and  rotate  360°  in  either  direction  over  the  same  spot.  It  could 
fly  forward  as  slowly  as  25  mph  without  stalling  and  could  be  flown 
at  maximum  speed  of  425  mph;  cruising  speed  was  250  mph.  Five  of 
the  airplanes  would  be  delivered  to  Edwards  AFB  for  further  tests. 
{Wash.  Post,  2  5  65:  Clark,  Houston  Post,  2 /'5/65;  A&A,  4/65,  8) 
February  4:  Scientists  at  Boeing  Co.,  Seattle,  had  devised  a  "trampoline" 
bed  designed  to  exercise  the  blood  vessels  in  a  weightless  environment, 
it  was  reported.  Compared  in  effect  to  a  cocktail  shaker,  the  device,  by 
its  to-and-fro  motion,  would  send  the  blood  surging  from  the  head  to 
the  feet  and  back  again.  Some  scientists  had  feared  that  days  of  inac- 
tivity in  a  weightless  environment  without  exercising  the  blood  vessels 
could  result  in  death  to  an  astronaut.  (AP,  Newport  News  Daily  Press, 
2  '4  65;  AP.  Huntsville  Times,  2  4  65;  Orl.  Sen.,  2/4/'65) 

•  USAF  presented  a  Lockheed  Agena-B  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Wash- 

ington, D.C.,  for  permanent  display  in  the  National  Air  Museum.  The 
Agena  had  performed  as  an  orbital  injection  vehicle,  space  satellite 
(first  to  achieve  circular  and  polar  orbits),  and  as  an  intermediate 
stage  booster  for  deep  space  probes.  (  Smithsonian  Release ) 
February  5:  mariner  iv  was  performing  normally  after  nearly  10  weeks  in 
space,  NASA  announced.  At  9  a.m.  est  the  Mars  probe  was  14,421,246 
mi.  from  earth  and  had  traveled  more  than  117  million  mi.  in  its  sun- 
circling  orbit.  It  was  moving  at  a  velocity  of  14,478  mph  relative  to 
earth  and  65,670  mph  relative  to  the  sun.  Instruments  aboard  MARINER 
IV  Mars  probe  detected  a  solar  flare  and  the  spacecraft  telemetered  data 
to  a  tracking  station  at  Johannesburg,  South  Africa,  for  relay  to  the 
Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory.  (NASA  Release  65-30;  L.A.  Times,  Wash. 
Post,  2/6  65) 

•  First  major  piece  of  flight-type  hardware  for  the  Apollo  program.  Service 

Module  001,  successfully  underwent  a  10-sec.  shakedown  static  test 
firing  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center's  White  Sands  Operations. 
Service  Module  001  was  unlike  previous  boilerplate  models  in  that 
it  was  constructed  primarily  of  aluminum  alloy  and  had  an  outside  skin 
of  honeycomb  bonded  between  two  aluminum  sheets.  Made  by  Aerojet- 
General,  the  service  propulsion  system  engine  had  22,000  lbs.  of  thrust. 
It  would  slow  down  the  Apollo  for  entry  into  lunar  orbit  and  speed 
up  the  spacecraft  for  escape  from  lunar  orbit  and  the  return  to  earth. 
(MSC  Roundup,  2/17/65,  8;  naa  S&ID  Skywriter,  2/12/65,  1,  3) 

•  NASA   Administrator   James   E.   Webb,   at   Nebraska   Wesleyan   Univ.   to 

receive  an  honorary  doctorate,  said  in  a  speech:  "...  while  our 
national  policy  is  to  maximize  the  peaceful  uses  of  outer  space  .  .  .  and 
to  avoid  the  extension  of  weapons,  we  have  no  choice  but  to  acquire  a 
broadly-based  total  capability  in  space;  a  capability  that  can  enable 
us  to  insure  the  protection  of  our  national  security  interests  while  we 
actively  seek  cooperative  peaceful  development.  .  .  . 

"The  Roman  mastery  of  land  and  sea  communications,  the  English 
mastery  of  the  seas,  the  American  mastery  of  the  air  and  of  nuclear 
energy  were  each  accompanied  by  greatly  enhanced  prestige  and 
followed  by  vast  increases  in  power  and  position,  new  knowledge,  the 
establishment  of  strategic  international  economic  advantages,  the  wide 
use  of  new  resources,  great  advances  in  military  capability,  and  a 
quickening    of    national    pride    and    vigor.     Portentous    realignments 


56  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

among  nations  were  inevitable.  These  are  the  advantages  the  Russians 
now  seek  from  their  enormous  investments  in  space.  These  are  the 
advantages  we  cannot  permit  them  to  acquire  and  use  against  the 
non-Communist  world. 

"In  these  lessons  of  history  lies  the  real  challenge  of  space.  The 
portents  for  our  own  time  are  clear  enough  in  the  early  lead  of  the 
Soviet  Union  with  the  first  Sputnik,  Vostok,  and  Voskhod.  The  spurt 
in  Soviet  prestige  brought  a  new  assurance  and  weight  in  the  interna- 
tional political  arena,  a  new  pride  and  confidence  in  Soviet  national 
purpose.  We  have  reacted  quickly  and  with  ever-increasing  success, 
but  the  challenge  of  the  mastery  of  space  remains  to  be  accomplished 
for  us  as  a  nation  and  for  you  as  a  member  of  the  new  generation. 
We  are  meeting  this  challenge,  and  in  doing  so  enhancing  the  broadest 
values  for  our  society  and  our  world. 

"Our  power  to  survive  as  a  great  and  vigorous  Society  is  in  the 
process  of  being  proven  again  through  our  space  efforts.  Your  own 
involvement  in  the  actions  and  consequences  will  be  far  greater  than 
you  or  I  can  fully  appreciate  today.  .  .  ."  (Text;  NYT,  2/5/65) 
February  5:  NASA  announced  it  had  approved  a  Rice  Univ.  proposal  for  a 
satellite  to  measure  radiation  and  radiation  loss  in  the  Van  Allen  belts, 
aurorae  and  airglow,  bombardment  of  the  upper  atmosphere  by  ener- 
getic particles  from  space,  and  galactic  and  solar  cosmic  rays.  The 
125-lb.  scientific  satellite,  to  be  known  as  Owl,  would  be  designed, 
developed,  and  built  by  a  Rice  group  headed  by  Dr.  Brian  J.  O'Brien, 
and  would  be  injected  into  a  near-circular  orbit  at  about  400  mi. 
altitude  by  Scout  launch  vehicle.  After  achieving  orbit,  the  satellite 
would  be  oriented  by  a  large  permanent  bar  magnet  so  that  one  axis 
would  be  continuously  aligned  with  the  earth's  magnetic  lines  of  force. 
The  Rice  project  would  be  part  of  the  NASA  University  Explorers  Pro- 
gram. Spacecraft  and  experiments  would  be  tested  at  NASA  facilities 
under  the  direction  of  NASA's  Wallops  Station,  which  also  was  assigned 
project  management  of  Owl.      (nasa  Release  65-29) 

•  First  S-II-S  ground  test  stage  in  the  Saturn  s-ll  program  was  completed 

by  North  American  Aviation  at  Seal  Beach.  The  stage  would  be  used 
for  structural  tests  simulating  critical  thrust  and  pressure  loads  antici- 
pated during  Saturn  V/ Apollo  flight  missions.  This  stage  would  not  be 
fired — it  would  have  no  engine,      (naa  S&ID  Skywriter,  2/5^65,  1) 

•  A  new  alloy  known  as  NASA  Modified  TaZ-8  had  been  developed  by  NASA 

Lewis  Research  Center  scientists  John  C.  Freche  and  William  J.  Waters 
for  use  in  modified  X-15  nose  sensors.  The  new  material,  which  con- 
tained tantalum  and  zirconium,  was  necessary  because  the  increased 
speed  of  the  modified  aircraft  (x-15  No.  2) — up  to  5.000  mph — 
would  cause  greater  dynamic  heating.      (Lewis  News,  2/5/65,  1) 

•  Menu  released  by  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  in  a  request  for  bids 

from  industrial  firms  interested  in  furnishing  the  Apollo  astronauts  with 
food  for  the  journey  to  the  moon  included  bacon  and  eggs,  frosted 
flakes,  toast,  fruit  juice,  and  a  strawberry  cereal  bar.  Food  allowance 
of  8  lbs.  would  be  dehydrated  to  reduce  its  weight.  Astronauts  would 
add  water  to  the  food  from  their  drinking  water  supply.  (Schefter, 
Houston  Chron.,  2/5/65) 

•  National  Science  Foundation  announced  that  a  new  radio  technique  might 

make  it  possible  to  study  Antarctica's  ice  depth.     The  technique  in- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  57 

volved  sending  radio  waves  down  through  the  ice  and  measuring  the 
time  it  took  them  to  bounce  back  from  the  underlying  ground.  This 
would  provide  a  measure  of  ice  depth.  The  equipment  was  checked 
out  at  the  South  Pole  where  earlier  seismic  soundings  had  shown  the 
ice  to  be  9J00  ft.  deep,  (upi,  NYT,  2/7/65,  77) 
February  5:  Deactivation  of  129  obsolete  intercontinental  ballistic  missile 
launch  sites  was  underway.  The  Thor,  Atlas,  and  Titan  I  missiles  had 
been  superseded  by  more  modern  weapons,  including  Titan  ii.  Minute- 
man,  and  Polaris.  Nearly  $2  billion  of  property  in  12  states  was 
involved.  Government  agencies  had  been  advised  that  equipment  Avas 
available  as  military  surplus.      (Hill,  NYT,  2/7/65,  64) 

•  A  tentative  plan  of  the  Center  for  European  Nuclear  Research  (cern)  to 

build  a  300-billion-electron-volt  particle  accelerator  in  Bavaria  was 
being  opposed  by  residents  of  Munich,  it  was  reported,  cern  had  stated 
that  no  final  decision  had  been  reached.  (NYT,  2/7/65,  24) 
February  6:  Tabulations  prepared  by  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center 
showed  that  more  than  1,000  man-made  objects — satelHtes,  spacecraft, 
capsules,  and  assorted  bits  and  pieces  of  them — had  been  placed  in 
orbit  since  Oct.  4,  1957.  Of  these  objects  243  were  satellites  launched 
by  the  United  States  or  its  allies  and  94  were  Soviet-launched  satellites. 
103  U.S. -sponsored  satellites  and  16  Soviet  satellites  were  still  in  orbit. 
Of  those  no  longer  in  orbit,  140  were  U.S.  and  78  Soviet.  Many 
satellites  had  separated  into  two  or  more  space  objects  or  had  broken 
apart  accidentally  or  by  design  to  produce  space  junk.  GSFC  records 
identified  469  hunks  of  junk  of  U.S.  origin  and  182  of  Soviet  as  having 
orbited  the  earth  at  one  time  or  another.  Of  these,  372  U.S.  and  16 
Soviet  objects  were  still  in  orbit,      (ap,  NYT,  2/7/65,  80) 

•  Among  1965  recipients  of  the  Arthur  S.  Flemming  Award  to  outstanding 

young  men  in  Federal  Government  were:  Leonard  Jaffe,  Director  of 
NASA  Communication  and  Navigation  Programs,  for  his  work  in  com- 
munication satellite  projects;  Dr.  Robert  Jastrow,  for  his  work  in 
nuclear  theory  at  the  Goddard  Institute  for  Space  Studies  in  New  York; 
Dr.  Joseph  F.  Shea,  Manager  of  the  Apollo  Spacecraft  Program  Office 
at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center,  for  his  work  in  U.S.  manned  lunar 
landing  program;  and  Wesley  L.  Hjornevik,  Assistant  Director  for 
Administration  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center,  for  his  work  in 
construction  of  space  environment  simulator.  [Wash.  Post,  2/7/65; 
NASA  Notice) 

•  Dr.    Frank    J.    Low,    research    associate    in    the    Lunar    and    Planetary 

Laboratory  at  the  Univ.  of  Arizona,  discovered  three  halved  stars 
with  halos  around  them  which  may  be  clues  to  stellar  evolution.  He 
said  he  believed  these  were  stars  throwing  out  material  that  would 
become  building  blocks  of  future  stars.  He  identified  the  stars  as 
Betelgeuse,  Aldebaran,  and  Mu  Cephei.      (ap,  Phil.  Eve.  Bui,  2/6/65) 

•  Over   300   Government-   and   space   industries-employed   engineers   were 

studying  for  master's  and  doctor's  degrees  utilizing  closed  circuit 
television  with  two-way  communication  in  a  program  at  the  Univ.  of 
Florida's  College  of  Engineering.  The  system  had  been  activated  in 
September  1964.  TV  classrooms  were  at  Orlando,  Daytona  Beach,  Cape 
Kennedv.  Melbourne.  Patrick  afb,  and  NASA  Merritt  Island.  {NYT, 
2/7/65,' 80) 

•  Marshal  Nikolai   L  Krylov,   Soviet  commander   of  the   strategic   rocket 

forces,  said  in  Krasnaya  Zvezda:     "Representatives  of  the  aggressive 


58  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

imperialist  circles  often  brag  about  their  rocket-nuclear  weapons.  In 
answer  to  this  we  can  state  with  assurance  that  in  respect  to  the  quality 
and  quantity  of  rocket-nuclear  weapons,  we  not  only  do  not  lag  behind 
those  who  threaten  us  with  war,  but  far  surpass  them."  {Krasnaya 
Zvezda,  2/6/65,  2,  atss-t  Trans.) 
February  7:  faa  Administrator  Najeeb  E.  Halaby,  questioned  about  the 
supersonic  transport  in  New  Orleans,  cited  the  following  advantages: 
the  220-plus  passenger  Sst  in  one  year  would  carry  as  many  passengers 
as  does  the  Queen  Elizabeth  with  a  crew  of  1.500;  the  Sst  would  effect 
obvious  economies  by  decreasing  air  transportation  time  to  a  third  of 
present  levels;  the  program  would  provide  approximately  15,000  skilled 
jobs  a  year  that  would  otherwise  not  be  filled;  the  Sst  project  would 
advance  the  technology  of  titanium  as  much  as  World  War  II  aircraft 
production  advanced  that  of  aluminum.      {Wash.  Post,  2/8/65) 

•  A  full-scale  aluminum  model  of  a   1.400-lb.  telescoping  space  structure 

had  been  fabricated  to  verify  design  theory  and  manufacturing 
techniques,  AFSC  announced.  Built  by  Martin-Denver,  the  15-by-8-ft. 
expandable  structure  could  be  launched  into  space  in  a  compact  package 
and  then,  like  a  telescope,  opened  to  full  size  after  reaching  orbit. 
Several  of  the  expandable  structures  stacked  on  a  booster's  upper  stage 
could  be  sent  into  space  and  expanded  to  form  a  rotating  space  station. 
(afsc  Release  4.64) 
February  8:  NASA  conducted  high-altitude  grenade  experiments  almost 
simultaneously  from  launch  sites  in  Alaska,  Canada,  and  at  Wallops 
Island,  using  a  two-stage  Nike-Cajun  in  each  case.  Grenades  were 
ejected  and  detonated  at  intervals  from  about  25-  to  56-mi.  altitude. 
This  was  the  third  and  final  set  in  the  current  series  to  obtain  upper- 
atmosphere  wind,  temperature,  density,  and  pressure  data  at  the  three 
widely-separated  geographic  locations.  The  series  marked  the  first 
time  that  such  measurements  had  been  made  with  sounding  rockets 
within  the  Arctic  Circle.      (NASA  Release  65-8) 

•  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  announced  selection  of  Maj.  L.  Gordon 

Cooper  (usaf)  and  Lt.  Cdr.  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.  (usn),  to  make  the 
seven-day  Gemini  V  space  flight.  Gemini  v  would  be  the  third  manned 
Gemini  space  flight  and  would  be  made  in  1965.  Backup  crewmen 
were  two  civilians,  Neil  A.  Armstrong  and  Elliot  M.  See,  Jr.  (msc 
Roundup,  2/17/65,  1;  ap.  Wash.  Post,  2/8/65;  ap,  Bait.  Sun,  2/8/65; 
Witkin,  NYT,  2/9/65) 

•  Among  the   11   scientists   and   engineers   presented   the   National   Medal 

of  Science  by  President  Johnson  at  a  White  House  ceremony  were 
Dr.  Charles  S.  Draper,  professor  of  aeronautics  and  astronautics  at 
MIT,  and  Dr.  Harold  C.  Urey,  professor  of  astronomy  at  Univ.  of  Calif, 
and  consultant  on  NASA  Space  Science  Steering  Committee.  (Wash. 
Post,  2/9/65,  9;  CR,  2/10/65,  A590) 

•  18  additional  countries  were  applying  for  ownership  in  the  $200-million 

international  consortium  to  operate  a  global  communications  satellite 
system,  it  was  reported.  Eighteen  nations  and  Vatican  City  had 
originally  participated  in  forming  the  consortium  in  July  1964.  U.S.'s 
ComSatCorp  acquired  61%  ownership  and  would  serve  as  manager  for 
the  consortium. 

The  new  nations  applying  for  ownership  participation  were  Monaco, 
South   Africa,   New   Zealand,    Syria,   Kuwait,    Libya,   Yemen,    Brazil, 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  59 

Morocco,  United  Arab  Republic,  Sudan,  Iraq,  Lebanon,  Tunisia, 
Argentina,  Jordan.  Indonesia,  and  Ceylon.  {Av.  Wk.,  2/8/65,  25) 
February  8:  The  world's  first  nuclear-powered  weather  station,  designated 
Navy  Oceanographic  and  Meteorological  Automatic  Device  (Nomad), 
began  its  second  year  of  successful  operation  300  mi.  out  of  New 
Orleans  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Developed  by  the  Navy,  the  unattended 
station  was  powered  by  the  AEC  generator,  Snap-7D.  {NYT,  2/14/65, 
90) 
•  A  Polaris  A-3  launched  from  the  nuclear  submarine  Sam  Rayburn  re- 
presented the  16th  consecutive  success  for  that  missile.  The  Rayburn 
was  submerged  off  the  coast  of  Cape  Kennedy.  (M&R,  2/15/65,  12) 
During  the  week  of  February  8:  In  an  interview,  C.  R.  Smith,  chairman  of 
American  Airlines,  backed  the  Boeing  Co.'s  entry,  one  of  two  basic 
designs  under  study,  in  the  Government's  design  competition  for  a 
supersonic  transport  aircraft:  "I  think  the  SST  will  have  to  have 
variable-sweep  wings." 

In  variable  sweep,  the  angle  at  which  the  wings  meet  the  fuselage 
could  be  changed  for  efficiency  at  different  speeds.  At  slow  speed,  the 
wings  would  be  outstretched  for  greater  lift;  at  high  speed,  they  would 
be  swept  back  sharply  to  reduce  airflow  drag.  This  principle  was  used 
on  the  F-111.  (NYT,  2/14/65,  90) 
February  8-10:  American  Astronautical  Society  presented  a  Symposium  on 
Unmanned  Exploration  of  the  Solar  System  in  Denver,  Colo.  Speak- 
ing about  the  Biosatellite  Program,  Dale  W.  Jenkins,  nasa  Office  of 
Space  Science  and  Applications  said: 

"...  The  Biosatellite  Program  is  a  second-generation  series  of 
carefully  planned  and  selected  experiments,  including  some  highly 
sophisticated  experiments  which  have  required  several  years  of  baseline 
study  and  development.  These  orbiting  recoverable  Biosatellites 
provide  an  opportunity  to  test  critically  major  biological  hypotheses  in 
the  areas  of  genetics,  evolution,  and  physiology.  The  Biosatellite 
studies  will  help  delineate  hazards  to  astronauts  and  assist  in  deter- 
mining and  defining  effects  on  degradation  of  human  performance. 
Prolonged  manned  flights  may  involve,  for  example,  physiological 
changes  such  as  decalcification  of  bones  (particularly  the  vertebrae), 
loss  of  muscle  tone  and  physical  capability,  and  certain  cardiovascular 
changes.  Also,  the  effect  of  continued  sensory  deprivation  on  behavior 
and  performance  is  unknown. 

"Twenty  experiments  have  been  selected  for  flight  to  study  the 
effects  of  weightlessness  and  decreased  gravity  during  3-  to  30-day 
orbital  periods.  The  experiments  include  a  wide  variety  of  plants 
and  animals  from  single-cell  organisms  to  higher  plants  and  animals. 
The  effects  of  weightlessness  will  be  studied  on  the  primate,  especially 
the  central  nervous,  the  cardiovascular,  and  the  skeletal  systems  during 
orbits  of  30  days'  duration. 

"Experiments  have  been  selected  to  study  the  effects  of  weightless- 
ness combined  with  a  known  source  of  radiation  to  determine  if  there 
are  any  antagonistic  or  synergistic  genetic  or  somatic  effects  on  various 
organisms. 

"Experiments  are  included  to  study  the  effects  of  the  unique  environ- 
ment of  the  Earth-orbiting  satellite  and  removal  from  the  Earth's  rota- 


60  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

tion  in  relation  to  biological  rhythms  of  plants  and  animals.  .  .  ." 
(Text) 

Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space 
Science  and  Applications,  outlining  progress  made  toward  the  objective 
of  solar  system  exploration,  said:  "...  It  would  appear  .  .  .  that 
enough  experience  and  know-how  has  been  accumulated  to  make  the 
move  to  a  five-ton  Voyager  spacecraft  on  the  Saturn  IB  Centaur  launch 
vehicle  a  reasonable  next  step  in  the  unmanned  exploration  of  the  solar 
system.  There  is  no  question  but  that  the  size  and  weight  of  Voyager, 
plus  the  increased  demands  that  will  be  placed  upon  it,  will  make  the 
development  of  the  Voyager  a  complex  and  difficult  undertaking. 
But  certainly,  the  Orbiting  Geophysical  Observatory  and  Mariner 
have  shown  us  that  we  can  deal  successfully  with  complexity.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  increased  weight  and  size  may  afford  considerable 
relief  from  the  need  to  tailor  every  last  function  to  a  gnat's  eyebrow 
in  order  to  achieve  the  intended  mission,  as  has  been  the  case 
hitherto.   .  .  ." 

Dr.  Newell  said  that  reliability  was  probably  the  most  difficult 
problem  for  deep-space  long-duration  missions  and  that  "...  the 
development  of  adequate  spacecraft  systems  will  not  be  the  problem. 
The  most  serious  threat  to  long  life  operation  will  lie  in  the  potential 
random  failure  of  one  or  more  [spacecraft]  components." 

He  added  that  this  would  probably  be  an  ever-decreasing  problem  as 
we  gained  experience  with  launch  vehicles  and  that  ".  .  .  launch 
vehicle  reliability  is  far  less  a  difficult  program  than  that  of  long  space- 
craft lifetime  for  very  deep-space  missions." 

In  conclusion.  Dr.  Newell  said:  "...  Nevertheless,  the  time 
has  arrived  when  many  thoughtful  people  urge  a  vigorous  program  of 
solar  system  exploration.  The  President  has  in  his  Fiscal  Year  1966 
budget  request  included  funds  to  support  initial  conceptual  and  design 
studies  of  a  Voyager  spacecraft.  Funds  are  also  included  for  the 
development  of  a  launch  vehicle  consisting  of  the  Saturn  IB  plus 
the  Centaur.  Final  decision  as  to  whether  to  move  ahead  with  the 
development  of  the  Voyager  spacecraft  would  come  a  little  over  a  year 
from  now."      (Text) 

Missiles  and  Rockets  reported  that  scientists  at  the  Symposium  had 
differing  opinions  on  Mars  goals.  Gilbert  V.  Levin  of  Hazleton  Labora- 
tories opposed  the  1971  scheduled  landing  of  the  Voyager:  ".  .  . 
although  we  insist  that  Mars  should  not  be  contaminated  by  ter- 
restrial life  before  we  search  for  Martian  life,  we  fail  to  recognize  that 
this  is  tantamount  to  saying  that  the  U.S.  must  get  there  first,  because 
the  U.S.  appears  to  be  the  only  nation  willing  and  able  to  sterilize  its 
spacecraft. 

"I'm  all  for  Voyager,  but  an  initial  step  in  the  Voyager  program 
should  be  some  early  landers  at  the  earliest  opportunities.  We  should 
go  ahead  and  devote  efforts  to  develop  a  program  to  land  on  Mars  in 
1969." 

Temple  Neumann.  Automated  Biological  Laboratory  program  engi- 
neer with  Philco's  Aeronutronic  Div.,  agreed  with  Levin:  "If  the 
planetary  biological  exploration  task  is  to  be  performed  in  a  sound 
scientific  manner,  the  U.S.  must  do  it — first." 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  61 

Lawrence  B.  Hall,  NASA  Special  Assistant  for  Planetary  Quarantine, 
re-emphasized  "the  disastrous  eflfects  that  an  unsterilized  spacecraft 
could  have  on  Mars.  ...  If  a  single  micro-organism  should  land  on 
Mars  and  have  a  replication  time  of  30  days,  it  could  grow  to  the 
bacterial  population  of  Earth  in  eight  years.  This  could  not  only 
compete  with  Martian  life  but  could  result  in  drastic  changes  in  the 
geochemical  and  atmospheric  characteristics  of  the  planet." 

J  PL's  Gerald  A.  Soffen  said  that  "since  the  decision  between  Mariner 
landers  and  Voyager  missions  has  not  been  made  yet.  scientific  experi- 
menters have  to  think  in  terms  both  of  small  payloads  and  large  ones. 
Numerous  small  missions  would  provide  a  good  opportunity  to  perform 
experiments  in  different  locations  and  during  different  planetary  sea- 
sons." 

Bruce  C.  Murray,  of  Cal  Tech,  said:  ".  .  .  finding  the  right  loca- 
tion, getting  there,  and  interpreting  the  biological  experiment  results 
in  a  way  that  would  indicate  definitively  whether  life  was  or  was  not 
present  would  call  for  at  least  100  times  more  photography  than  was 
currently  assumed. 

"...  atmospheric  effects,  color,  seasonal  changes,  and  the  large 
number  of  locations  of  interest  will  make  Martian  pictures  10-50  times 
more  difficult  to  interpret  than  lunar  pictures." 

Robert  L.  Sohn.  trw  Space  Technology  Laboratories,  stressed  value 
of  earth-return  missions  and  recommended  serious  consideration  of 
round-trip  missions  and  multi-plan  round  trips  using  DSIF  as  guide.  He 
suggested  that  an  800-lb.  spacecraft  could  make  a  fly-by  of  Mars,  using 
the  Venus  swing-by  technique  and  return  to  earth  to  enable  recovery 
of  a  50-lb.  capsule.  Use  of  swing-by  techniques  for  round  trips  reduces 
earth  launch  velocities  to  those  of  the  favorable  years  and  also  reduces 
earth  reentry  velocities.  Additional  advantages  were  closer  passage 
with  Mars  at  encounter  and  the  opportunity  to  gather  data  on  two 
planets. 

EHe  A.  Shneour,  of  Stanford  University,  said  he  ".  .  .  could  not 
say  whether  it  was  possible  to  draw  up  a  set  of  experiments  that  would 
definitively  search  for  life."  He  maintained,  however,  that  "discovery 
of  any  form  of  extraterrestrial  life  will  be  tantamount  to  a  basic 
determination  of  the  nature  of  all  life  on  that  planet."  (M&R,  2/22/ 
65,  39.  41) 
February  9:  Joint  Congressional  Atomic  Energy  Committee,  in  hearing  on 
AEC's  FY  1966  authorization,  asked  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb 
why  NASA  was  dropping  funds  for  the  Snap-8  spacecraft  nuclear 
auxiliary  power  project.  In  the  joint  nasa-aec  project,  AEC  was  work- 
ing on  the  reactor  and  NASA  was  working  on  the  power  conversion 
machinery.  Snap-o  was  one  of  three  projects  that  had  been  deleted 
from  the  NASA  FY  1966  budget  request.  Mr.  Webb  said:  "...  in 
the  over-all  budgeting  ...  the  President  has  a  hard  problem  of 
adjusting  resources  to  the  needs  of  the  Government.  In  this  case,  it 
was  decided  that  these  systems,  these  three  systems,  could  not  be 
financed  within  the  resources  available  for  allocation  to  NASA  and 
therefore  they  were  eliminated  in  the  final  decision  relating  to  the 
President's  budget,  but  not  on  our  recommendation.   .   .   . 

"Because  we  are  on  the  verge  of  significant  technical  milestones 
with  our  power  conversion  equipment,  we  believe  we  should  phase  out 


62  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

the  program  in  an  orderly  way  and  provide  the  maximum  amount  of 
experience  and  data  for  future  use. 

"Therefore,  we  plan  to  continue  current  testing  of  components  com- 
bined in  the  test  loop  to  achieve  at  least  1,000  hours  of  operating  time 
on  each  of  the  major  components,  by  reprogramming  our  remaining 
fiscal  year  1965  funds  into  these  specific  task  areas. 

".  .  .  we  expect  to  present  to  you  and  the  committees,  if  you  will 
permit  us  to  do  so.  an  orderly  plan  for  using  the  resources  we  now 
have.  This  gives  the  Congressional  Committees  an  opportunity  to 
look  at  and  plan  and  decide  whether  it  does  really  fit  what  they 
believe  is  in  the  national  interest  rather  than  to  take  a  sudden 
action.  .  .  ." 

Sen.  Clinton  P.  Anderson  (  D-N.Mex. ) ,  Chairman  of  the  Senate  Aero- 
nautical and  Space  Sciences  Committee,  expressed  his  belief  "that  it 
is  too  bad  that  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget  trimmed  you  down  on  this 
work.  I  wish  you  had  gone  ahead  with  it  through  the  test  period,  we 
would  have  learned  some  very  significant  things.  I  disassociate  it 
from  the  other  two  [canceled  projects]  but  Snap-8  should  have  gone  on 
priority."  (Transcript) 
February  9:  Six  of  eight  oso  ii  experiments  had  been  turned  on  and  gave 
"excellent"  data,  NASA  reported.  The  two  experiments  not  yet  operat- 
ing were  the  ultraviolet  scanning  spectrometer  provided  by  Harvard 
Univ.  and  the  ultraviolet  spectrophotometer  provided  by  NASA  Goddard 
Space  Flight  Center.  Both  had  been  turned  on  but  were  turned  off  to 
prevent  damage  to  themselves  or  to  the  satellite  when  irregularities 
in  the  data  received  were  noted.  All  other  functions  of  the  satellite — 
such  as  solar  power  supply,  telemetry  system,  tape  recorder,  tempera- 
ture control,  and  command  system — were  normal,  (nasa  Release 
65-37) 

•  At  a  press  conference  during  the  Symposium  on  Unmanned  Exploration 

of  the  Solar  System,  presented  in  Denver,  Colo.,  by  the  American 
Astronautical  Society,  Univ.  of  California  chemist  Harold  C.  Urey  said 
that  he  hoped  the  moon  was  "interesting  enough  to  make  the  $20 
billion  exploration  program  'worthwhile.'  "  He  added,  "H  it  turns 
out  that  the  moon  escaped  from  the  earth,  it  will  be  just  another 
incident  and  I  will  be  disappointed.  H.  however,  it  was  captured  by  the 
earth  it  will  be  an  outstanding  link  in  history." 

Urey  backed  the  U.S.  program  designed  to  land  men  on  the  moon 
by  1970  and  said  he  did  not  consider  the  cost  excessive.  {Denver  Post, 
2/10/65) 

•  During  a  luncheon  speech  at  the  Symposium  on  Unmanned  Exploration 

of  the  Solar  System,  presented  in  Denver.  Colo.,  by  the  American 
Astronautical  Society,  Maj.  Gen.  Don  R.  Ostrander.  Commander  of 
USAF  Office  of  Aerospace  Research,  formerly  NASA  Director  of  Launch 
Vehicle  Programs,  said  it  was  now  generally  agreed  that  the  near-earth 
space  area  "looks  more  promising  from  the  standpoint  of  potential 
military  applications"  than  lunar  bases.  Mars  flights,  and  other  projects 
suggested  earlier.  USAF  was  seeking  refinement  of  its  knowledge  in 
astronomy,  geophysics,  geodesy,  and  other  areas.  More  pressing,  he 
said,  was  to  study  the  space  environment  as  related  to  weapon  systems 
and  orbiting  satellites.      (Partner,  Denver  Post,  2/29/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  63 

February  9:  In  a  report  presented  at  the  55th  national  meeting  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers  in  Houston,  NASA  Lewis  Re- 
search Center  engineer  E.  W.  Ott  said  that  moisture  in  an  astronaut's 
breath  could  escape  into  his  space  capsule,  accumulate  and  float  at 
zero  gravity,  and  short  out  electrical  systems  it  might  come  into  con- 
tact with.  He  said  something  like  this  was  believed  to  have  happened 
when  Astronaut  Gordon  Cooper  had  had  to  bring  his  space  capsule 
in  under  manual  control  in  May  1963.  "There  is  good  evidence  that 
water  found  its  way  into  automatic  control  equipment  and  caused 
malfunctioning."      (Justice,  Houston  Post,  2/10/65) 

•  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  engineer  John  H.  Kimzey  told  a  meeting 

of  American  Institute  of  Chemical  Engineers  that  fires  during  simulated 
spaceflight  had  the  puzzling  habit  of  burning  fiercely  initially,  dying 
out  so  the  flame  disappeared,  but  flaring  to  life  when  force  of  gravity 
took  over.  Kimzey  speculated  that  in  weightless  conditions,  carbon 
monoxide,  carbon  dioxide,  and  water  vapor  created  by  the  fire  might 
surround  the  flame  and  cut  off  both  oxygen  and  fuel.  Motion  pictures 
of  the  "dead"  fires  had  shown  no  indication  of  either  light  or  infrared 
heat  energy  coming  from  fire  locations.  (Burkett,  Houston  Chron., 
2/10/65) 

•  DOD  announced  that  U.S.  would  sell  United  Kingdom:  (1)  F-4  (Phantom 

II )  fighter /close-support  aircraft  and  (2)  C-130E  combat  assault 
transport  aircraft.  It  had  also  been  agreed  that  the  two  countries 
would  expand  existing  program  of  cooperation  in  defense  research 
and  development.  Serious  consideration  would  be  given  to  joint  de- 
velopment of  advanced  life  engine  for  vertical-  and  short-takeoff  air- 
craft,     (dod  Release  80-65) 

•  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.  Missile  and  Space  Systems  Div.  reported  that  tests 

conducted  for  usaf  had  indicated  that  a  spin  in  a  centrifuge  might 
recondition  astronauts  living  for  weeks  or  months  in  a  state  of  weight- 
lessness. Previous  research  had  indicated  that  long  stays  in  the  weight- 
less state  could  have  a  debilitating  effect  on  the  body  and  cause  the 
heart  and  circulatory  system  to  lose  their  tone,  (nyt  News  Service, 
St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch,  2/9/65 ) 

•  A  usaf  Strategic  Air  Command  crew  successfully  launched  a  Minuteman 

ICBM  from  Vandenberg  afb.  {M&R,  2/15/65,  12) 
February  10:  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  announced  four  women  were 
among  the  appHcants  being  considered  for  the  new  scientist-astronaut 
program.  They  would  receive  the  same  consideration  as  the  male 
applicants.  In  the  past,  because  of  the  requirement  that  applicants 
have  either  a  test  pilot  rating  or  at  least  1,000  hrs.  in  jet  aircraft,  women 
were  not  seriously  considered.  MSC  had  forwarded  the  names  of  just 
over  400  applicants  to  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  which  would 
make  recommendations  on  selection  of  10-15  scientist-astronauts. 
(Maloney,  Houston  Post,  2/11/65) 

•  At  an  AEC  FY  1966  authorization  hearing.  Rep.  Melvin  Price    (D-Ill.), 

acting  chairman  of  the  Joint  Congressional  Committee  on  Atomic 
Energy,  attacked  "wasteful,  irresponsible  vacillation"  in  developing 
nuclear  power  systems  for  use  in  space.  He  cited  the  Snap-50  project 
which  "in  1962  had  a  development  objective  through  flight  test.  About 
a  year  ago,  the  flight  test  objective  was  dropped  for  a  complete  flight 
system  ground  test.     This  year,  we  have  had  another  change  in  ob- 


64  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

jective,  dropping  the  complete  system  ground  test  and  cutting  back 
to  component  test  objectives.  It  thus  appears  we  are  moving  rapidly 
backward  in  this  program.   .   .   ." 

Rep.  Price  said  millions  of  dollars  were  being  spent  to  develop  these 
power  sources  for  dod  and  NASA  but  that  the  projects  were  often  stopped 
short  of  flight  testing  because  of  lack  of  funds.  He  mentioned  "several 
specific  construction  items  which  were  not  approved  by  the  Budget 
.  .  .  [because]  there  was  no  indication  of  a  user  for  the  finished 
product.  .  .  . 

"The  concern  of  the  Committee  is  that  this  seems  to  be  a  pattern 
that  happens  on  so  many  of  these  projects.  Usually  when  it  starts, 
you  put  several  more  millions  in  for  a  few  years  and  then  finally  cut 
it  off  completely.  .  .  .  We  are  just  worried  about  this  pattern.  If 
we  thought  it  was  going  to  end  with  the  same  result,  it  might  be  wise 
to  cut  it  off  earlier  rather  than  later.  ...  I  have  a  pretty  deep  feeling 
we  are  back  on  this  requirements  merry-go-round."  (Transcript) 
February  10:  Detection  of  the  existence  of  life  on  Mars  could  be  accom- 
plished by  a  manned  Mars-orbit  mission  without  the  necessity  of  a  Mars 
landing,  according  to  two  NASA  Ames  Research  Center  officials  in  a 
Copley  News  Service  interview.  Alvin  Seiff.  Chief  of  Ames'  Vehicle 
Environment  Div.,  and  David  E.  Reese,  Jr.,  Assistant  Chief  of  that  di- 
vision, said  life  on  Mars  could  be  detected  from  as  far  away  as  "several 
hundred  thousand  feet"  from  the  planet's  surface.  "We  think  we  could 
get  good  accuracy  during  even  hypersonic  flight  around  Mars.  .  .  .  We 
don't  need  to  land  men  on  Mars  to  find  out  what  goes  on  there.  We 
can  find  out  about  its  atmosphere  and  whether  life  exists  there  through 
the  use  of  a  variety  of  instruments  we  now  have  at  hand,"  Seiff  said. 
Seiff  and  Reese  were  in  Denver  attending  AAS  Symposium  on  Un- 
manned Exploration  of  the  Solar  System.  (Macomber,  CNS,  San  Diego 
Union,  2/10/65) 

•  Hughes   Space   Systems    Div.    at   El   Segundo,    Calif.,    signed    a   contract 

with  NASA  to  propose  designs  of  a  beacon  that  could  be  placed 
on  the  moon  as  a  guide  for  safe  landing  for  moonbound  Apollo 
astronauts.  The  beacon  would  be  landed  on  the  moon  with  a  Surveyor 
spacecraft,  (upi,  Phil.  Eve.  Bui,  2/10/65) 
February  11:  MARINER  IV  received  12  commands  from  JPL  to  check  out 
spacecraft  equipment  that  would  be  used  if  the  spacecraft  was  still 
operating  normally  when  it  reached  Mars  next  July  14.  These  com- 
mands dropped  a  lens  cover  off  the  television  camera,  turned  on  a 
scanning  platform  that  carried  the  camera  and  two  Mars  sensors, 
turned  on  portions  of  television  system  and  checked  out  the  capability 
of  MARINER  IV  to  perform  the  encounter  sequence.  It  was  not  planned 
to  take  television  pictures  during  this  sequence.  The  lens  cover  was 
dropped  at  this  time  rather  than  at  planet  encounter  to  shake  loose 
any  possible  dust  particles  that  might  interfere  with  the  Canopus 
sensor,  a  light  sensing  device  that  locked  on  the  star  Canopus  to  pre- 
vent the  spacecraft  from  rolling,      (nasa  Release  65-43) 

•  USAF    Titan    Iii-A    rocket    was    launched    from    Cape    Kennedy,    hurled 

its  third  stage  (transtage)  and  two  satellites  into  orbit  in  a  ma- 
neuverability test  involving  three  different  orbits.  Primary  goal  of 
the  mission  was  triple  ignition  of  the  transtage's  engine.  First  firing, 
about  five  minutes  after  launch,  injected  the  7,000-lb.  rocket-payload 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  65 

assembly  into  near-earth  orbit  of  12o-mi.  apogee  and  108-mi.  perigee. 
After  traveling  once  around  the  earth,  during  which  the  rocket  per- 
formed a  deliberate  somersault,  the  transtage  ignited  again,  burned  37 
sec,  and  shifted  the  rocket  into  an  elliptical  orbit  of  1,766-mi.  apogee 
and  116-mi.  perigee.  During  one  and  one  half  orbits  around  the  earth, 
the  rocket  performed  a  second  deliberate  somersault;  a  third  firing  put 
it  in  circular  orbit  with  parameters  of  apogee,  1.737  mi.;  perigee,  1,721 
mi.:  period.  145.6  min.;  and  inclination,  32.15°. 

Titan  iii-a's  transtage  then  ejected  a  69-lb.  experimental  com- 
munications satellite  ( LES  I),  and  ejected  a  1.000-lb.  metal  chunk  to 
demonstrate  its  ability  to  launch  more  than  one  payload. 

LES  I  was  to  have  fired  a  solid-propellant  motor  to  move  to  an 
elliptical  orbit  with  an  apogee  of  11.500  mi.  and  perigee  of  1,725  mi., 
but  the  motor  failed  to  fire.  LES  I  continued  to  orbit  near  the  tran- 
stage and  the  metal  chunk.  LEs  I  (Lincoln  Experimental  Satellite)  had 
been  built  by  Mix's  Lincoln  Laboratory  to  test  advanced  components, 
materials,  and  techniques  which  might  apply  to  future  communica- 
tions satellites.  Radio  signals  were  to  be  exchanged  between  LES  I  and 
ground  stations.  (UPL  NYT,  2/12/65;  ap,  Houston  Post,  2/12/65;  AP, 
Bait.  Sun,  2  12  65:  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  133) 
February  11:  Flight  testing  of  the  parachute  landing  system  for  two-man 
Gemini  spacecraft  was  completed.  The  test  simulated  an  emergency 
in  which  a  stabilizing  drogue  chute  failed  to  deploy  from  the  capsule. 
Dropped  from  a  plane  at  17.000  ft.,  the  unmanned,  two-ton  capsule 
landed  safely  after  a  pilot  chute  and  the  main  84-ft.-dia.  chute  deployed 
on  schedule.  This  was  the  tenth  straight  successful  test,  (ap,  Houston 
Post,  2/12/65) 

•  NASA  announced  that  it  would  negotiate  with  Space  Technology  Labora- 

tories and  Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.  for  six-month,  fixed-price  contracts 
of  approximately  $1.5  million  for  definition  of  a  program  to  develop 
and  produce  a  100-lb. -thrust  rocket  engine.  The  multipurpose  engine, 
designated  C-1,  would  be  designed  for  spacecraft  attitude  control  and 
maneuvering  systems  and  also  for  launch  vehicle  ullage  and  attitude 
control  systems.  It  would  be  powered  by  the  hypergolic,  storable 
liquid  propellants  monomethylhydrazine  (mmh)  and  nitrogen  tetroxide. 
(NASA  Release  65-41) 

•  FAA   released   the   first   two    volumes    of    a    comprehensive    five-part    re- 

port on  the  sonic  boom  public-reaction  study  conducted  in  Oklahoma 
City  in  1964.  Their  main  conclusion:  weather  had  a  greater  effect 
in  determining  the  strength  of  booms  than  suspected,  but  the  effect 
was  within  a  corrective  capability. 

The  first  volume,  "Sonic  Boom  Exposures  During  FAA  Community- 
Response  Studies  Over  a  Six-Month  Period  in  the  Oklahoma  City  Area," 
prepared  by  nasa  Langley  Research  Center,  said  measurements  taken 
directly  under  the  flight  path  of  the  supersonic  fighters  showed  that 
about  80%  of  the  booms  were  lower  in  intensity  than  scientists  ex- 
pected.    About  20%  equalled  or  exceeded  the  anticipated  levels. 

"Meteorological  Aspects  of  the  Sonic  Boom,"  prepared  by  the  Boeing 
Co.,  revealed  that:  weather  had  a  greater  effect  on  booms  generated 
by  planes  flying  less  than  mach  1.3  than  those  produced  by  aircraft 
exceeding  mach  1.3;   overpressures  were  increased  by  headwinds  but 


66  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

decreased  by  tailwinds  and  crosswinds,  with  variations  as  much  as 
20/^,  particularly  in  the  mach  1.3  range;  under  some  atmospheric 
conditions,  including  such  factors  as  wind,  temperature,  and  even  the 
time  of  day,  sonic  booms  may  vary  from  a  complete  cut-off  with  no 
boom  heard  to  heavy  overpressures  concentrated  over  a  small  area 
or  spread  almost  unlimited  over  a  wide  lateral  area;  turbulence  had 
the  effect  of  distorting  booms  and  increasing  or  decreasing  intensity 
and  distribution.  (  faa  Release  65-15;  UPI,  Minn.  Trib.,  2/12/65) 
February  11:  In  a  luncheon  address  to  the  National  Security  Industrial 
Association  in  Washington,  D.C.,  Lt.  Gen.  W.  A.  Davis  (usaf),  Vice 
Cdr.  of  Air  Force  Systems  Command,  discussed  afsc  accomplishments 
in  1964:  ".  .  .  Important  strides  were  also  made  in  the  area  of  space. 
We  carried  out  intensive  studies  on  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory 
(mol).  Last  month  the  Secretary  of  Defense  announced  that  pro- 
posals are  being  requested  from  industry  for  design  studies  to  assist  in 
developing  the  cost  and  technical  information  needed  to  proceed  with 
full  scale  development  of  the  mol.  Titan  ill,  the  Standard  Launch  Ve- 
hicle 5A,  completed  two  highly  successful  test  launches.  Systems  Com- 
mand also  provided  support  to  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space 
Administration.  This  included  the  use  of  the  Atlas-Agena  combination 
to  launch  Ranger  7  on  its  successful  photographic  mission  to  the  moon 
and  Mariner  4  on  its  way  to  Mars.  We  also  conducted  the  first  launch 
of  the  man-rated  Titan  II.      It  was  very  successful. 

"There  are  a  number  of  tasks  ahead  of  us  in  space.  One  of  our 
most  promising  present  programs  is  the  Titan  ill  space  launching  sys- 
tem. The  Titan  iii  will  be  used  to  launch  the  24  satellites  for  the  in- 
terim Defense  Satellite  Communications  System.  It  will  also  be  used 
to  launch  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  (mol),  which  is  designed  to 
determine  man's  capability  to  perform  military  functions  in  space. 
The  MOL  will  have  an  important  bearing  on  our  future  space  capa- 
bilities."     (afsc  Release) 

•  In  an  isolation  test  in  caves  330  ft.  below  ground  near  the  French  Riviera, 

two  volunteers  were  reported  to  be  "steadily  losing  time."  Antoine 
Senni  was  about  three  weeks  behind  the  actual  date,  observing  New 
Year's  Day  on  Jan.  20;  Josiane  Laures  thought  the  date  was  Jan.  4, 
when  it  was  actually  Jan.  20.  Scientists  were  conducting  an  experi- 
ment on  man's  ability  to  function  in  an  environment  where  there  was 
no  day  or  night.      (Reuters,  NYT,  2/11/65,  54) 

•  Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co.  had  been  awarded  $8,052,000  cost-plus- 

incentive  contract  for  Agena  D  launch  services  at  Eastern  and  Western 
Test  Ranges  during  calendar  year  1965,  dod  announced,  (dod  Release 
87-65) 

•  Maj.  Gen.  George  P.  Sampson  (usa),  recently  retired  as  Deputy  Director 

of  the  Defense  Communications  Agency,  was  appointed  Director  of 
Operations  for  ComSatCorp.      (ComSatCorp) 

•  Moscovsky  Komsomolets  reported  that  the  wife  of  Valery  Bykovsky,  Rus- 

sian cosmonaut,  was  expecting  a  second  baby.  (Reuters,  Chic.  Trib., 
2/12/65) 
February  12:  Escape  system  for  the  two-man  Gemini  spacecraft  was  suc- 
cessfully tested  by  NASA  at  the  U.S.  Naval  Ordnance  Test  Station,  China 
Lake,  Calif.  Simulating  a  pad  abort  condition,  the  test  vehicle  was 
mounted  atop  a  150-ft.  tower  equal  in  height  to  the  Titan  ii  launch 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  67 

vehicle;  the  side-by-side  ejection  seats  were  thrust  out  and  away  from 
the  test  vehicle  to  an  altitude  of  about  350  ft.  The  mannequins 
landed  by  parachutes  approximately  850  ft.  downrange.  The  Gemini 
escape  system  was  designed  and  built  for  NASA  by  Weber  Aircraft  Co. 
(MSC  Roundup,  2/17/65,  2) 
February  12:  After  almost  7  years,  vanguard  i  appeared  to  be  silenced.  Its 
radio  signals  had  weakened  to  a  point  where  NASA  tracking  engineers 
thought  the  satellite  might  never  be  heard  from  again,  according  to 
NASA  announcement.  The  six-inch,  3.25-lb.  sphere  was  the  second  U.S. 
satellite,  launched  by  USN  as  part  of  the  International  Geophysical  Year 
program.  For  more  than  six  years,  it  had  transmitted  radio  signals 
from  space  with  power  from  only  six  solar  cells.  Officially  known  in- 
ternationally as  1958  Beta  ii,  vanguard  i  was  circling  the  globe  every 
134  min.  and  had  an  apogee  of  2,442  mi.  and  a  perigee  of  402  mi. 
( NASA  Release  65—15 ) 

•  USAF  scientists  at  Hanscom  Field,  Mass.,  said  they  had  hit  explorer  XXII 

with  a  ground-based  laser  gun  and  had  photographed  the  spot  of 
reflected  light  and  recorded  it  photoelectrically  in  relation  to  sur- 
rounding stars.  (AP,  L.A.  Herald-Examiner,  2/13/65) 
February  13:  USAF  Athena  missile  was  fired  from  the  Army's  launch  com- 
plex at  Green  River,  Utah,  to  impact  at  White  Sands  Missile  Range;  a 
second  firing  was  postponed  because  of  technical  difficulties,  (ap, 
St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch,  2/14/65,  13A) 

•  California  Institute  of  Technology  received  a  Sl,645,000  grant  from  the 

National  Science  Foundation  to  build  the  first  of  eight  130-ft.-dia. 
dish  antennas  to  be  trained  on  distant,  recently  discovered  sources 
of  radio  energy,  quasi-stellar  radio  sources,  called  "quasars" — the 
most  distant  objects  yet  discovered.  ( AP,  Wash.  Post,  2/14/65;  Sci. 
Serv.,  NYT,  2/24/65,  5) 
February  14:  Dr.  Fred  Whipple,  director  of  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical 
Observatory,  Cambridge,  had  suggested  landing  on  a  comet.  Dr. 
Whipple  also  speculated  that  if  a  space  vehicle  were  sent  near  a  comet 
scientists  could  use  a  low-velocity  probe  that  could  be  put  into  an  orbit 
in  the  comet's  vicinity  for  a  week  or  more  to  study  the  velocities  of 
gas  and  dust  particles  boiled  off  the  comet  by  solar  radiation.  The 
probe  would  also  be  able  to  take  core  samples  of  the  comet  to  give 
direct  measurement  of  one  of  the  oldest  physical  processes  in  the 
solar  system.  Dr.  Whipple  said.      {NYT,  2/14/65,  50) 

•  JPL  scientists  had  sent  notices  to  professional  and  amateur  astronomers 

asking  them  to  keep  the  strip  of  Mars  over  which  MARINER  IV  would 
fly  next  July  14  under  surveillance  from  now  on,  with  special  em- 
phasis on  photography  in  March. 

"We  don't  know  what  we  may  learn  through  this  procedure,"  a  JPL 
spokesman  said,  "but  we  want  all  the  information  we  can  get.  Sup- 
pose, for  example,  mariner  photographs  what  looks  like  a  dust  storm. 
We'll  have  a  better  chance  of  determining  that  fact  if  we  have  pictures 
of  the  same  phenomenon  taken  through  earth  telescopes,  even  though 
it's  a  different  storm  months  earlier."  (ap,  Seattle  Post-Intelligencer, 
2/15/65) 

•  The  Royal  Astronomical  Society  of  London  had  awarded  gold  medal  to 

Gerald  Maurice  Clemence,  senior  research  associate  and  lecturer  in 
the  department  of  astronomy  at  Yale  Univ.,  for  his  "application   of 


68  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

celestial  mechanics  to  the  motions  in  the  solar  system"  and  for  his 
"fundamental  contributions  to  the  study  of  time  and  the  system  of  astro- 
nomical constants."  {NYT,  2  15  65,  17) 
February  15:  NASA  announced  it  had  asked  astronomers  and  scientists  in 
38  countries  to  help  analyze  and  interpret  the  closeup  photographs  of 
the  moon  taken  by  ranger  vii  in  July  1964.  The  scientists  would  first 
receive  a  set  of  199  high-quality  pictures  taken  by  RANGER  vil's  "A" 
camera;  photographs  taken  by  other  cameras  would  be  sent  later. 

NASA  had  also  sent  RANGER  vil  photographs  to  the  European  Space 
Research  Organization,  the  European  Launcher  Development  Organi- 
zation, the  International  Committee  on  Space  Research,  and  the  Lnited 
Nations.      ( upi,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  2  15/65) 

•  Christopher  C.  Kraft,  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  director  of  flight 

operations,  said  the  three-orbit  Gemini  GT-3  flight  with  astronauts 
Virgil  I.  Grissom  (USAF)  and  John  W.  Young  ( USN )  would  be 
much  safer  than  Project  Mercury  orbital  space  flights.  The  astronauts 
would  not  depend  solely  on  the  braking  rockets  to  bring  them  back 
to  earth.  They  would  make  maneuvers  during  the  first  and  third 
orbits  to  bring  the  spacecraft  back  through  the  atmosphere  even  if 
retrofiring  braking  rockets  failed.  Toward  the  end  of  the  third  orbit, 
near  Hawaii,  Grissom  would  fire  the  rockets  for  about  two  minutes, 
sending  the  Gemini  spacecraft  into  a  54-mi.  orbit  which  would  be  a 
reentry  path.  Over  Los  Angeles,  the  main  braking  rockets  would  be 
fired  to  drive  the  spacecraft  down  to  a  landing  about  70  mi.  east  of 
Grand  Turk  Island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Kraft  said  if  the  braking 
rockets  did  not  fire,  the  GT-3  craft  would  land  about  1.000  mi.  due 
west  of  Ascension  Island.      {Galveston  News-Tribune,  2 '16/65) 

•  NASA  announced  it  had  determined  the  areas  of  Mars  to  be  photographed 

by  MARINER  iv's'  TV  camera  during  the  July  14  fly-by.  Recording  of 
the  first  picture  would  occur  when  the  spacecraft  was  approximately 
8,400  miles  above  the  Martian  surface,  mariner's  camera  would 
be  pointing  at  the  northern  Martian  desert,  Amazonis.  The  camera 
would  then  sweep  southeast  below  the  Martian  equator  covering  the 
Mare  Sirenum,  the  southern  desert  Phaethontis,  Aonius  Sinus,  and  into 
the  terminator  or  shadow  line.  The  spacecraft  would  be  about  6.300 
mi.  above  Mars  for  the  final  picture.      (NASA  Release  65-42) 

•  First  successful  flight  test  of  a  miniature  mass  spectrometer  specifically 

for  biomedical  and  environmental  use  was  made  at  NASA's  Flight  Re- 
search Center.  The  system  weighed  46  lbs.,  measured  10  x  10  x  20  in. 
with  vacuum  system,  and  could  monitor  and  chemically  analyze  sam- 
ples of  gases  that  might  be  encountered  in  either  the  cockpit  environ- 
ment of  the  spacecraft  or  in  the  pilot's  respiratory  system.  It  could 
detect  buildup  of  harmful  gas  or  absence  of  necessary  life  support  gas. 
The  mass  spectrometer  was  built  by  the  Consolidated  Systems  Corpo- 
ration, Monrovia.  California.      (  FRC  Release  6-65  ) 

•  NASA  established  an  Office  of  Industry  Affairs  at  the  Pentagon  by  arrange- 

ment with  the  Assistant  Secretary  of  Defense  (Installations  and  Logis- 
tics), to  coordinate  dod-nasa  mutual  interest  procurement  and  con- 
tract management  matters,  including  quality  assurance.  Clyde 
Bothmer,  who  formerly  directed  management  operations  in  NASA's 
Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  became  Director.  (NASA  Release  65- 
55;  NASA  Ann.  65-35) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  69 

February  15:  Clarence  A.  Svvertson  had  been  named  Director  of  NASA's 
new  Mission  Analysis  Division  of  the  Hq.  Office  of  Advanced  Research 
and  Technology.  NASA  announced.  He  would  be  responsible  for  study 
of  future  missions  for  research  and  technology  programs.  The  Mission 
Analysis  Division,  to  be  located  at  NASA  Ames  Research  Center,  would 
be  staffed  bv  outstanding  scientists  drawn  from  all  NASA  Centers  and 
would  be  organized  along  aeronautical  and  space  mission  lines.  (NASA 
Release  65-46;  NASA  Ann.  65-34) 

•  President  Johnson  sent  to  Congress  his  annual  reports  on  the  National 

Science  Foundation,  the  ComSatCorp.  and  U.S.  participation  in  the 
International  Atomic  Energy  Agency.  In  message  accompanying  the 
NSF  report.  President  Johnson  said:  "Close  and  understanding  accord 
between  science  and  public  affairs  is  an  imperative  for  free  societies 
today."  Science  would  be  looked  to  for  use  in  technology  and  in- 
dustry, health  programs,  exploration,  and,  "most  especially  for  the 
guidance  that  will  permit  us  to  proceed  with  greater  security  and 
greater  confidence  toward  our  goals  of  peace  and  justice  in  a  free 
world."' 

In  a  message  accompanying  the  report  on  the  ComSatCorp,  the 
President  said  the  goal  of  the  U.S.  was  "to  provide  orbital  messengers, 
not  onlv  of  word,  speech  and  pictures,  but  of  thought  and  hope"  for 
the  world. 

"The  past  year  has  seen  important  advances  in  the  program  to  de- 
velop a  global  communications  satellite  system.  The  first  launch  of 
a  commercial  satellite  is  to  take  place  in  the  early  months  of  this  year. 

"Through  the  initiative  of  the  United  States  an  international  joint 
venture  has  been  established.  Under  the  law  I  have  designated  the 
Communications  Satellite  Corp.  as  the  U.S.  participant.  The  corpo- 
ration is  to  be  the  manager  on  behalf  of  all  participants. 

"The  corporation  has  now  been  financed,  has  constituted  its  first 
board  of  directors  to  replace  the  original  incorporators  and  has  moved 
forward  with  its  program.  All  agencies  of  the  Government  with  re- 
sponsibilities under  the  act  have  made  important  and  faithful  con- 
tributions with  the  svmpathetic  assistance  of  the  congressional  com- 
mittees concerned. 

"The  new  and  extraordinary  satellite  telecommunications  medium 
bringing  peoples  around  the  globe  into  closer  relationship  is  nearer 
to  fulfillment,  heralding  a  new  day  in  world  communications." 

In  its  second  annual  report  ComSatCorp  noted  that  it  had  ended 
1964  with  about  S190  million  in  short-term  holdings  and  more  than 
L37.000  shareholders.  It  reported  it  had  agreements  with  18  countries 
to  join  in  a  single  global  system  with  ComSatCorp  as  manager  and  said 
that  a  satellite  was  being  readied  for  launching  in  March. 

The  report  on  the  Nation's  participation  in  the  International  Atomic 
Energy  Agency  was  accompanied  by  a  covering  letter  which  said  1963 
"will  possibly  be  marked  in  I.A.E.A.  history  as  the  year  in  which  a 
firm  foundation  was  laid  for  its  system  of  safeguards  against  the  di- 
version of  materials  to  military  use."  (Text,  CR,  2/15/65,  2605;  NYT, 
2a6/65.  1;  AP,  NYT,  2/17/65,  64) 

•  NASA  and  U.S.  Army  Materiel  Command  adopted  an  agreement  for  joint 

participation   in   low-speed   and   Vtol   aeronautical   research.     The   re- 


70  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

search  program  was  centered  at  NASA  Ames  Research  Center.  (NMI 
1052.7) 
February  15:  NASA  had  selected  the  Bendix  Field  Engineering  Corp., 
Owings  Mills,  Md.,  to  negotiate  a  cost-plus-award-fee  contract  for  con- 
tinued operation,  maintenance,  and  support  services  of  the  NASA 
Manned  Space  Flight  Network  of  tracking  stations.  Contract  was 
valued  at  about  $36  million  over  two  years,      (nasa  Release  65-48) 

•  In  National  Science  Foundation's  annual  report  to  the  President  and  the 

Congress,  nsf  Director  Leland  Haworth  said  the  Foundation  was  "at- 
tempting to  formulate  an  approach  ...  to  interfield  priority  assess- 
ment which  would  take  into  account  the  probable  contributions  of 
NSF-supported  basic  research  to  the  solution  of  a  variety  of  national 
problems.  Thus,  for  example,  it  is  possible  that  a  whole  cluster  of 
basic  research  activities  might  justifiably  be  supported  in  several  fields 
of  the  behavioral  and  environmental  sciences,  all  of  which  would  in 
one  way  or  another  shed  light  on  what  is  now  called  the  'transporta- 
tion-urbanization' problem.   .   .   ." 

Discovery  of  what  may  be  the  first  real  baby  star — one  apparently 
much  smaller  than  the  moon — was  described  in  the  NSF  report.  NSF 
credited  the  find  to  Dr.  Willem  J.  Luyten,  a  University  of  Minnesota 
astronomer  doing  research  aided  by  an  NSF  grant.  Having  roughly 
one-thousandth  the  diameter  of  the  sun,  the  new-found  dwarf  ap- 
parently contained  300  tons  of  material  per  cubic  inch  of  volume, 
more  than  100  million  times  the  density  of  water.  There  was  no 
question  about  the  discovery  of  the  star,  the  report  said.  The  only 
possible  question  was  whether  the  distance  to  it  had  been  figured 
accurately,  because  that  would  have  a  bearing  on  computing  its  actual 
size.      (Carey,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  2/16/65;  Science,  2/25/65) 

•  Lt.    Gen.    Frank    A.    Bogart    (usaf,    Ret.)    was    appointed    Director    of 

Manned  Space  Flight  Management  Operations.  Since  joining  NASA 
on  December  1,  1964,  General  Bogart  had  served  as  Special  Assistant 
to  the  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  (nasa  An- 
nouncement 65-30) 

•  Dr.  Eugene  Konecci  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council  staff 

reported  to  the  Medical  Society  of  the  State  of  New  York  at  its  annual 
convention  that  the  semicircular  canals  of  the  inner  ear  had  been  dem- 
onstrated to  play  a  key  role  in  motion  sickness  that  astronauts  might 
experience  in  a  rotating,  orbiting  spacecraft.  Capt.  Ashton  Graybiel 
at  the  USN  School  of  Aviation  Medicine,  Pensacola,  expressed  optimism 
that  astronauts  could  be  taught  to  overcome  the  effects  of  motion  sick- 
ness. One  way,  he  said,  was  to  precondition  selected  persons  by  teach- 
ing them  how  to  avoid  movements  that  would  invariably  upset  them. 
Another  promising  development,  Dr.  Graybiel  said,  was  drug  research. 
(Simons,  Wash.  Post,  2/16/65) 

•  Dr.  Karl  G.  Harr,  Jr.,  President  of  Aerospace  Industries  of  America,  Inc., 

addressed  the  Economic  Club  of  Detroit: 

".  .  .  the  aerospace  industry  of  today  does  indeed  represent  a  truly 
unique  phenomenon  in  industrial  history  in  almost  all  of  its  as- 
pects. ...  it  is  that  industry  which  places  at  the  disposal  of  the  na- 
tion— both  its  public  and  its  private  sectors — the  capacity  to  manage 
the  research,  development  and  production  of  the  most  technologically 
advanced  product  that  is  possible — for  whatever  purpose  desired. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  71 

".  .  .  it  is  essential  that  we  all  understand  the  principal  factors — 
historical,  present  and  future — that  have  produced  and  will  continue 
to  produce  this  uniqueness. 

"First,  the  genesis  and  evolution  of  what  is  today's  aerospace  in- 
dustry is  a  direct  product  of  the  nation's  post-World  War  II  history 
and  is  inextricably  linked  thereto.  .  .  .  World  War  II  unleashed  for 
the  world,  but  particularly  for  the  United  States,  two  revolutions 
which  have  been  gaining  momentum  ever  since.  The  first  of  these 
was  a  form  of  economic  revolution  which  saw  the  economy  of  the 
United  States  surge  into  new  dimensions.  The  second  was  a  scientific/ 
technological  revolution  which  saw  all  that  had  gone  before  in  man's 
scientific  history  fade  into  a  pale  background.  .  .  . 

"World  War  II  itself  provided  an  extreme  example  of  the  explosive 
expansibility  of  the  industrial  base  of  the  United  States.  This  ex- 
panded industrial  base  remained  after  the  war  to  serve  as  a  founda- 
tion for  a  general  economic  upsurge. 

".  .  .  the  aerospace  industry  has  become  and  remains,  in  a  very 
real  sense,  an  instrument  of  national  policy,  not  only  in  terms  of  the 
hardware  directly  provided  the  government,  but  also  as  it  underpins 
the  economic/technological  advances  in  the  private  sector  of  our 
economy.  ..." 

Discussing  the  future  of  the  industry,  Harr  noted  that  "the  size  and 
viability  of  this  industry  is  not  tied  to  defense  and  space  programs, 
important  as  these  have  been  and  will  continue  to  be  in  shaping  its 
destiny.  It  is  tied,  rather,  to  the  total  technological  progress  of  the 
nation,  meaning  the  application  of  advanced  technology  to  whatever 
purposes  may  be  desired.  Programs  now  well  underway  in  such 
diverse  fields  as  air  freight,  urban  transportation,  desalination, 
oceanographv,  2000-mph  aircraft  and  hundreds  of  others  serve  to 
illustrate  this  fact.  .  .  ."  (Text) 
February  15:  In  an  editorial  headed  "Space  Racing  After  Seven  Years,"  the 
Miami  Herald  said:  "Fast  starters  don't  always  win.  The  match 
race  in  space  between  the  United  States  and  the  Soviet  Union  is  shaping 
up  satisfactorily,  from  our  viewpoint.  The  start  was  easy  to  identify, 
but  the  finish  line  is  nowhere  in  sight."  {Miami  Her.,  2/15/65) 
•  Among  Weather  Bureau  employees  honored  at  the  17th  Annual  Dept.  of 
Commerce  Awards  Program  were:  Dr.  Sigmund  Fritz,  for  outstand- 
ing contributions  to  meteorological  research  in  the  fields  of  solar 
radiation,  ozone,  and  meteorological  satellites,  for  highly  distinguished 
authorship,  and  for  exceptional  leadership  as  Director  of  the  Weather 
Bureau's  Meteorological  Satellite  Laboratory;  Louis  P.  Harrison,  for 
highly  distinguished  authorship  and  outstanding  contributions  to  the 
fields  of  barometry  and  psychrometry;  David  S.  Johnson  and  Dr.  S. 
Fred  Singer,  a  joint  award  in  recognition  of  unusual  ingenuity,  leader- 
ship, and  guidance  in  the  development  and  implementation  of  a  Na- 
tional Operational  Meteorological  Satellite  System:  Jay  S.  Winston, 
for  valuable  contributions  to  meteorology  in  the  areas  of  general 
circulation  studies,  the  interpretation  of  weather  satellite  data,  and  the 
heat  budget  of  the  earth-atmosphere  svstem.  (Commerce  Dept.  Release 
WB  65-1) 
February  16:  Saturn  I  (sA-9)  two-stage  launch  vehicle,  launched  by  NASA 
from  Cape  Kennedy,  orbited  a  33,000-lb.  multiple  payload,  of  which 


72  ASTROiNAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

3,200  lbs.  was  the  pegasus  i  meteoroid  detection  satellite.  Orbital 
data:  apogee.  715  km.  (162  mi. )  ;  perigee,  496  km.  (308  mi. )  ;  period, 
97  min.;  and  inclination.  31.7°.  This  was  the  eighth  successful  test 
in  eight  flights  for  Saturn  I;  PEGASUS  i  was  the  first  active  payload 
launched  in  the  Saturn  tests. 

At  launch,  an  Apollo  command  and  service  module  boilerplate 
(BP-16)  and  launch  escape  system  ( Les )  tower  were  atop  Saturn  I, 
with  PEGASUS  I  folded  inside  the  service  module.  After  first-stage 
separation  and  second-stage  ignition,  Les  was  jettisoned.  When  second 
stage  ( s-iv )  attained  orbit,  the  10.000-lb.  Apollo  boilerplate  command 
and  service  modules  were  jettisoned  into  a  separate  orbit.  Then  a 
motor-driven  device  extended  winglike  panels  on  the  Pegasus  satellite 
to  a  span  of  96  ft.  Each  wing  consisted  of  seven  frames  hinged 
together  and  made  up  of  208  panels.  PEGASUS  i  remained  attached  to 
Saturn  I's  second  stage  as  planned.  A  television  camera,  mounted  on 
the  interior  of  the  service  module  adapter,  provided  pictures  of  the 
satellite  deploying  in  space. 

PEGASUS  I  exposed  more  than  2.300  sq.  ft.  of  instrumented  surface, 
with  thicknesses  varying  up  to  16/1000  in.  As  meteoroid  particles 
collided  with  the  surface  of  the  panels,  they  would  be  registered  elec- 
tronically and  reported  to  earth.  Exposure  of  the  large  panel  area 
over  a  long  period  would  give  designers  of  manned  and  unmanned 
spacecraft  a  good  sample  of  meteoroid  data. 

PEGASUS  I  would  be  visible  from  the  earth  without  the  aid  of  telescope 
on  clear  nights.  (NASA  Release  65-38;  Marshall  Star,  2/24/65,  1.  5; 
AP,  Houston  Chron.,  2/16/65;  Clark,  NYT,  2/17/65;  AP,  Benedict, 
Wash.  Post,  2/17/65;  Hoffman.  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  2/17/65:  Sehlstedt. 
Bait.  Sun,  2/17/65;  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  133-134) 
February  16:  On  the  floor  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  Congressman 
George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.)  commented  upon  the  successful  Saturn  I 
launch:  "...  this  morning  the  United  States  took  another  giant 
stride  in  the  exploration  of  space.  At  9:37  a.m.  a  Saturn  rocket  .  .  . 
with  its  1,500,000  pounds  of  thrust,  lifted  off  the  launch  pad  at  Cape 
Kennedy,  Fla.,  on  a  mission  to  place  in  orbit  around  the  earth  the 
Pegasus  satellite. 

"This  was  the  eighth  launch  of  the  Saturn  rocket  out  of  eight 
attempts,  a  truly  outstanding  scientific  and  engineering  accomplishment 
of  the  men  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  and 
of  the  many  contractors  who  worked  so  long  and  hard  to  make  this 
event  a  success. 

"I  may  say  that  the  gratifying  success  of  the  Saturn  booster  has  been 
matched  in  other  programs  as  well. 

"I  need  only  point  to  the  Tiros  weather  satellite. 

"Nine  have  been  launched  out  of  nine  attempts. 

"I  think  we  have  every  right  to  be  proud  of  our  space  team  on  this 
day  of  outstanding  achievement,"  (NASA  LAR  iv/30-32;  CR,  2/16/65, 
2630) 
•  North  American  Aviation's  xb-70a  made  its  fifth  flight  from  Palmdale, 
Calif.  Maximum  speed  was  mach  1.6;  maximum  altitude  1.^.000  ft.: 
duration  of  flight,  1  hr.  10  min.  During  the  flight  the  wingtips  were 
folded  to  25°  and  then  to  the  full-down  position  of  65°.  It  was  the 
first  time  this  total  deflection  had  been  attempted.     Flutter  and  stability 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  73 

characteristics,  the  inlet  control  system,  and  the  air  inlet  bypass  door 
system  were  investigated  during  the  flight.  Although  the  emergency 
landing  parachute  system  did  not  function  during  landing  at  Edwards 
AFB,  the  aircraft  completed  a  normal  landing  with  normal  braking. 
The  drag  chute  had  deployed,  but  the  three-chute  pack  did  not  deploy. 
(Av.  Wk.,  2/22/65,  22;  \5Vi,NYT,  2/17/65,  74) 
February  16:  nasa's  Flight  Research  Center  engineers  had  made  direct  com- 
parison of  the  noise  levels  generated  by  the  XB-70  and  a  707-120B  com- 
mercial jet  transport  under  the  same  atmospheric  conditions.  NASA  made 
the  measurements  as  part  of  its  general  study  of  runway  noise  conditions 
for  use  in  the  design  of  a  supersonic  transport.      ( FRC  Release  8-65) 

•  NASA  awarded  a  $8,879,832  fixed-price  contract  to  the  Univac  Division  of 

Sperry  Rand  Corp.,  for  digital  data  processors  to  be  used  in  Project 
Apollo.  The  contract  also  called  for  computer  programing  assistance 
in  modifying  present  computer  programs  or  developing  new  ones  for 
Project  Apollo  requirements,      (nasa  Release  65-50) 

•  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  received  an  honorary 

Doctor  of  Science  degree  from  the  Swiss  Federal  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology in  Zurich.  The  presentation  was  made  by  the  Swiss  ambassa- 
dor. Dr.  Alfred  Zehnder,  at  the  Embassy  residence  in  Washington, 
D.C.      ( NASA  Release  65-47 ) 

•  Dr.  Charles  S.  Sheldon  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council 

staff  told  iSiiT  students:  'The  Russians  are  pretty  cautious  about 
disclosing  much  about  their  launch  vehicles,  but  we  know  pretty  well 
what  vehicles  they're  using."  Dr.  Sheldon  noted  that  ZOND  ii,  the 
Soviet  Mars  probe,  would  pass  near  the  planet  perhaps  one  month  after 
MARINER  IV.  The  U.S.  Mars  probe  was  due  to  come  within  5,400  mi. 
of  the  planet  on  July  14.      (Boston  Globe,  2/17/65) 

•  FAA  Administrator  Najeeb  Halaby,  British  Aviation  Minister  Roy  Jenkins. 

and  French  Aviation  Minister  Marc  Jacquet  met  in  London  and  agreed 
to  work  for  joint  establishment  of  operating  conditions  for  supersonic 
jet  transports.  The  British  and  French  ministers  arranged  for  the 
next  stage  in  the  development  of  their  joint  Concorde  supersonic  trans- 
port, which  the  British  Labor  government  reportedly  had  wanted  to 
cancel.  The  ministers  also  discussed  a  new  Anglo-French  project  for  a 
subsonic  transport,  an  "air  bus"  that  could  take  200  to  300  passengers 
on  short  interurban  hops.      {Wash.  Post,  2/17/65) 

•  Progress  in  developing  the  laser  for  communications  use  was  evidenced 

by  U.S.  Army  report  that  it  had  transmitted  all  seven  of  New  York's 
standard  television  channels  simultaneously  on  a  laser.  Although  the 
seven  TV  channels  had  been  transmitted  over  a  distance  only  the  width 
of  a  room,  the  Army  said  they  could  have  been  received  at  a  range  of 
several  miles.  Research  described  had  been  carried  out  at  the  Army 
Electronics  Command's  laboratories  in  Fort  Monmouth,  N.J.  The 
Army  was  interested  in  laser  communications  because  the  narrow 
beams  could  be  transmitted  between  specific  points,  making  enemy 
interception  difficult.  (Sullivan,  NYT,  2/17/65,  19) 
February  17:  nasa's  ranger  viii  spacecraft,  equipped  with  six  television 
cameras  to  photograph  part  of  the  moon's  surface,  was  successfully 
launched  from  Cape  Kennedy  by  an  Atlas-Agena  B.  Seven  minutes 
after  lift-off,  the  spacecraft  and  the  Agena  stage  went  into  a  parking 
orbit  some   115  mi.   above  Africa;    the  Agena  engines  were  cut  off. 


74  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

For  the  next  14  min.,  the  combination  coasted  at  17,500  mph.  Second 
burn  of  the  Agena  lasted  90  sec,  increased  the  velocity  to  24,476  mph, 
and  freed  the  80o.8-lb.  ranger  viii  from  the  major  pull  of  the  earth's 
gravity.  Several  minutes  after  injection,  ranger  viii  was  separated 
from  Agena,  which  entered  an  elliptical  orbit.  About  an  hour  after 
launch,  RANGER  VIII  received  and  obeyed  the  command  to  deploy  the 
solar  panels  that  would  convert  solar  energy  to  electrical  power  for  its 
equipment.  About  ShU  hrs.  after  launch,  ranger  viii  completed  its 
orientation  maneuvering,  achieved  attitude  stabilization,  and  pointed  a 
high-powered  antenna  toward  earth. 

The  projected  impact  area  was  the  Sea  of  Tranquility,  a  dark  area 
relatively  free  of  crater  rays,  near  the  shadow  line  on  the  three-quarter 
moon.  Lower-angle  lighting  was  expected  to  give  more  contrast  and 
better  definition  of  detail  than  was  in  the  photographs  made  by  ranger 

VII. 

A  small  rocket  aboard  the  craft  would  be  fired  later  to  correct  a 
moon-miss  error  on  either  side  of  the  target;  tracking  calculations 
showed  that  the  path  of  the  vehicle  would  miss  the  edge  of  the  moon 
by  only  1.136  mi.,  well  within  the  correction  capability,  (nasa  Re- 
lease 65-25;  AP,  Benedict,  Wash.  Post,  2/18  '65;  UPI,  Chic.  Trih.,  2/ 
18/65;  AP,  Houston  Post,  2/18/65;  Appel,  NYT,  2/18/65,  1) 
February  17:  x-15  No.  2  was  flown  by  Maj.  Robert  Rushworth  (usaf)  to 
95,100  ft.  altitude  at  a  maximum  speed  of  3,511  mph  (mach  5.27)  to 
obtain  data  for  several  research  programs.  (NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off.; 
X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  NASA  and  DOD  announced  a  memorandum  of  agreement  to  establish  a  Delta 

launch  capability  at  the  Western  Test  Range  (w^tr).  Costs  would  be 
shared,  based  on  the  estimated  use  of  the  vehicle  by  each  agency. 
Existing  usaf  Thor-Able-Star  launch  sites  would  be  adapted  for  D^lta 
use  wherever  practicable.  Launch  pads  and  blockhouses  would  be  used 
on  a  shared  basis,  with  each  agency  responsible  for  its  own  missions. 
NASA  would  exercise  launch  vehicle  control  over  all  WTR  Delta  launches. 
NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  and  USAF  Space  Systems  Division 
would  be  responsible  for  carrying  out  the  agreement. 

NASA  would  be  responsible  for  developing  an  improved  Delta  launch 
vehicle  to  meet  both  agencies'  mission  requirements  for  use  at  both 
WTR  and  ETR.  DOD  was  planning  to  phase  out  the  Thor-Able-Star  and 
use  the  improved  Delta  for  payloads  carried  by  this  vehicle  class. 
(NASA  Release  65-51) 

•  Hearings   on   NASA  budget   authorization   for   FY    1966  began   before  the 

House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics.  Of  the  $5,260  billion 
requested  for  FY  1966,  $4,576  billion  was  for  research  and  develop- 
ment; $74.7  million  was  for  construction  of  facilities;  and  $609.4 
million  was  for  administrative  operations. 

Administrator  James  E.  Webb  testified:  "This  budget  .  .  .  supports 
an  on-going  successful  research  and  development  effort  and  the  use 
of  this  knowledge  to  develop  and  test  operating  systems  designed  to  give 
us  what  we  need  to  know  for  national  security,  for  applications  in 
meteorology,  communications,  and  other  working  satellite  systems,  and 
from  which  to  make  any  decisions  which  may  be  called  for  in  the  future. 

"An  important  fact  that  underlies  the  President's  1966  budget 
decisions  is  that  the  program  is  now  operating  at  a  level  of  5V4  billion 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  75 

dollars  instead  of  at  the  optimum  level  of  S-^  billion  originally  recom- 
mended by  President  Kennedy  or  the  'fighting  chance'  level  recom- 
mended last  year  by  President  Johnson.  This  means  that  we  cannot 
accomplish  the  15  Saturn  V-Apollo  flights  now  included  in  the  program 
within  the  period  of  this  decade.  If  all  15  flights  are  required  to 
succeed  in  the  lunar  landing,  then  this  will  not  be  done  before  1970. 
However,  our  overall  major  milestones  are  being  met  and  we  still  have 
a  reasonable  opportunity  for  success  on  a  flight  earlier  than  the  15th 
and  thus  within  this  decade.  In  effect  we  will  be  launching  toward 
the  moon  on  earlier  flights  than  we  thought  a  year  ago  would  be 
possible,  but  we  simply  cannot  predict  which  flight  will  be  the  first 
either  to  orbit  the  moon  or  to  land  there. 

"What  we  can  say  is  this:  the  systems  of  equipment  for  the  utiliza- 
tion of  men  for  flights  of  all  kinds  out  as  far  as  the  moon  are  now 
rapidly  proceeding  toward  tests  that  will  work  out  any  imperfections: 
and  our  fast-developing  knowledge  of  both  the  space  environment  and 
the  capabilities  of  this  equipment  gives  us  more  confidence  than  we  had 
a  year  ago  that  we  are  on  the  right  track  and  proceeding  on  a  reason- 
able basis  for  the  development  of  machines  of  this  size  and  power.  .  .   . 

"In  preparation  of  this  budget,  the  President  has  faced  two  important 
facts.  The  first  of  these  is  that  the  central  core  of  NASA  activities  as 
planned  in  1961  is  proceeding  with  excellent  results.  .   .  . 

"The  second  major  fact  faced  by  the  President  was  the  necessity  for 
a  continued  emphasis  on  supporting  research  and  development.  .   .  . 

"Bearing  these  two  facts  in  mind,  this  budget  and  this  request  for 
authorization  call  for  an  operating  level  which  is  approximately  the 
same  as  that  approved  by  Congress  for  fiscal  years  1964  and  1965. 
This  means  that  the  work  planned  in  1961  for  accomplishment  in  this 
decade  must  be  spread  out  over  a  longer  period,  and  the  cost  for  the 
total  will  be  increased.  .   .   . 

"The  essential  funds  to  give  us  some  opportunity  to  make  the  lunar 
landing  wdthin  this  decade  are  included,  as  are  funds  for  studies  toward 
further  use  of  the  Saturn  launch  vehicles  and  the  Appollo-LEM  manned 
space  flight  systems  in  the  period  following  the  lunar  landing.  By 
1969,  we  will  have  the  capability  ro  launch  6  Saturn-ie's  and  6  Saturn 
V's  per  year.  In  the  unmanned  area,  we  have  begun  planning  for  a 
Voyager-Mars  mission  in  1971  with  the  possibility  of  a  test  flight  in 
1969:  funds  are  included  in  the  budget  for  expansion  of  this  design 
effort  during  fiscal  year  1966.  Development  and  hardware  procure- 
ment could  then  be  initiated  in  fiscal  year  1967  if  appropriate.  .  .  ." 
(Testimony:  1966  NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  5-14) 
February  17:  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden.  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  testified 
before  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  on  NASA's 
activities  in  the  field  of  international  cooperation:  "Nineteen  sixty- 
four  was  a  year  in  which  other  nations  emerged  clearly  as  friendly 
competitors  and  valuable  collaborators  in  space  science  and  engineer- 
ing and  demonstrated  by  emulation  their  endorsement  of  our  view  that 
energetic  efforts  in  these  fields  are  essential  contributors  to  the  better- 
ment of  human  society.  I  am  thinking  of  such  things  as  the  energetic 
space  programs  of  France,  the  demonstrated  competence  of  Canada 
and  Italy,  the  entry  of  the  British  aircraft  industry  into  spacecraft 
engineering,  the  formal  establishment  of  the  European  Space  Research 


76  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Organization  (ESRO)  and  the  European  Launcher  Development  Or- 
ganization ( ELDO  ) ,  and  finally  of  the  successful  first  test  flight  of  a 
large  new  booster  by  ELDO.  .   .  . 

"A  year  ago  I  reported  our  plans  for  including  foreign  experiments 
on  NASA  satellites  under  arrangements  by  which  foreign  experiments, 
selected  in  open  competition  with  domestic  proposals,  are  sponsored 
and  financed  by  the  experimenter's  national  space  authority.  One  such 
experiment  flew  in  1964 — a  British  ion  mass  spectrometer  on  explorer 
XX,  the  U.S.  fixed-frequency  topside  sounder.  Six  additional  experi- 
ments were  selected  for  flight,  bringing  the  total  to  thirteen,  with  ten 
more  under  active  consideration.  We  now  have  opened  virtually  all 
categories  of  NASA  spacecraft,  including  Gemini  and  Apollo,  to  foreign 
participation  on  this  cooperative  basis.  Indeed,  we  are  now  inviting 
foreign  biomedic  experts  to  a  working  conference  in  Houston,  next 
April,  to  learn  directly  of  the  opportunities  and  constraints  which  apply 
to  this  program.   .  .  . 

"A  noteworthy  development  was  the  fact  that  ESRO  became  the  first 
foreign  space  agency  to  seek  a  ground  station  on  American  territory. 
After  conducting  a  site  survey  and  finding  a  suitable  location  near 
Fairbanks.  Alaska.  ESRO  has  formally  requested  the  Department  of 
State  to  begin  negotiations  for  an  agreement.  The  ESRO  station  is 
projected  as  an  element  in  a  network  of  tracking  and  data  acquisition 
facilities.  .  .  .  France  is  establishing  a  North/South  fence  from 
France  through  the  Canary  Islands,  Algeria,  Upper  Volta,  Congo 
Brazzaville,  and  South  Africa,  with  an  injection-monitoring  station  in 
Lebanon.  This  chain  will  also  serve  ESRO,  which  expects  to  have 
additional  stations  at  Spitsbergen,  Brussels,  and  in  Australia  and  the 
South  Atlantic.  Both  the  ESRO  and  French  networks  will  be  entirely 
compatible  with  nasa's,  to  maximize  possibilities  for  mutual  assistance. 
This  is  to  our  advantage,  and  we  encourage  it.  .  .   . 

"Let  me  bring  you  up  to  date  on  the  status  of  our  cooperation  with 
the  Soviet  Union.  You  will  recall  that  we  have  a  series  of  agreements 
with  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences  providing  for  three  coordinated 
projects — in  meteorology,  in  surveying  the  geomagnetic  field,  and  use 
of  ECHO  II  for  communications  tests.  The  project  involving  the  ob- 
servation and  use  of  ECHO  II  is  completed.  The  Soviet  side  observed 
the  critical  inflation  phase  of  the  satellite  optically  and  forwarded 
the  data  to  us;  although  not  including  radar  data,  which  would  have 
been  most  desirable.  Communications  via  echo  II  between  the  U.K. 
and  the  U.S.S.R.  were  carried  out  in  only  one  direction  instead  of  two, 
at  less  interesting  frequencies  than  we  would  have  liked,  and  with  some 
technical  limitations  at  the  ground  terminals  used.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Soviets  provided  very  complete  recordings  and  other  data  of  their 
reception  of  the  transmissions."  (Testimony;  NASA  Auth.  Hearings, 
15-37 ) 
February  17:  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  NASA  Associate  Administrator, 
told  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics:  "I  feel  that 
our  record  over  the  past  calendar  vear  is  evidence  of  the  success  we  have 
had  in  building  a  team  that  is  dedicated  to  efi"ective  management.  The 
space  flight  record  for  1964  is  impressive  by  several  standards:  num- 
ber of  flights,  percent  of  success,  and  variety  of  missions.  The  graph 
(spaceflight  mission  record)    shows  that,  in  terms  of  percentage,  our 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  77 

1964  success  record  is  nearly  the  same  as  the  high  achieved  in  1963; 
83  percent  compared  with  85  percent  in  1963.  However,  we  more  than 
doubled  the  number  of  successful  missions  from  1963  to  1964,  from  11 
to  25.  .  .  . 

"Other  significant  measures  of  the  pace  and  rate  of  change  in  our 
space  program  have  been  our  performance  in  terms  of  spacecraft  opera- 
tions and  data  return.  These  performance  indicators  are  at  the  heart 
of  a  successful  space  program. 

"For  example,  in  1964  an  average  of  54  experiments  were  function- 
ing in  space  throughout  the  year;  this  is  an  improvement  of  over  35 
percent  from  1963.  when  we  averaged  40  working  experiments. 

"The  volume  of  information  brought  back  from  space,  measured 
in  millions  of  data  points  per  day,  shows  a  tenfold  increase  over 
previous  years:  in  1964  we  were  collecting  about  57  million  bits  of 
information  each  day  from  our  flight  missions.  .  .  ." 

Dr.  Seamans  listed  NASA  management  accomplishments  during  the 
past  year  "to  find  new  techniques  and  new  methods  to  carry  out  our 
jobs."  Among  them:  establishment  of  Mission  Analysis  Div.  from  the 
Hq.  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology  at  Ames  Research 
Center;  conducting  the  joint  DOD-NASA  Launch  Vehicle  Cost  Study; 
growth  of  incentive  contract  program  ("over  $1  billion  are  under 
active  incentive  contracts")  ;  and  application  of  phased  project  plan- 
ning. 

"The  budget  presented  here  has  already  undergone  critical  review 
by  NASA's  management,  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget,  and  the  President. 
It  does  not  provide  any  contingency  funds  for  the  approved  missions; 
it  is  predicated  on  a  cost  reduction  program  that  will  require  us  to 
operate  more  efficiently;  it  represents  a  carefully  pared  program 
priority  list.     In  summary: 

"First,  NASA  is  dedicated  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  present  ap- 
proved missions  and  projects  in  terms  of  cost,  schedule,  and  technical 
performance. 

"Second,  new  effort  is  needed  to  maintain  a  position  of  leadership 
in  aeronautics  and  space.  This  includes  the  definition  of  a  new  pro- 
gram for  exploration  of  the  planets  commencing  with  Mars  in  1971; 
the  research  and  design  necessary  for  effective  extension  of  present 
Apollo  and  Saturn  capabilities  for  manned  flight;  integration  of  the 
Centaur  stage  with  the  Saturn  launch  vehicle  for  planetary  and  other 
unmanned  payloads;  initiation  of  an  advanced  solar  observatory 
satellite;  and  utilization  of  a  prototype  XB-70  aircraft  for  aeronautical 
research. 

"Third,  an  aggressive  research  and  advanced  development  effort  must 
be  maintained  in  many  fields,  including  chemical  and  nuclear 
propulsion,  to  assure  the  nation  meaningful  options  and  alternatives  in 
the  selection  of  future  aeronautical  and  space  goals  and  the  ability  to 
react  decisively  to  external  pressures  and  opportunities.  .  .  ." 
(Testimony;  NASA  Auth.  Hearin(i,s,  37-51) 
February  17:  Experimental  solar  still  stations  were  being  tested  by  Dr. 
Everett  D.  Howe,  director  of  the  Univ.  of  California  at  Berkeley's  Sea 
Water  Conversion  Laboratory,  it  was  reported.  The  small  stills  were 
located  on  islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  where  climate  was  favorable  for 
testing  solar  distillation.  The  stills,  made  of  light  plastic  and  concrete 
or  of  metal  and  glass,  produced  two  to  five  gallons  of  pure  water  a  day. 


78  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Knowledge  gained  from  the  operation  might  eventually  help  the 
thousands  of  persons  in  nonindustrial  countries  where  water  was  in 
short  supply  and  fuel  and  energy  for  such  things  as  distillation  of 
water  was  scarce.  {NYT,  2/17/65,  28) 
February  17:  A  new  extraterrestrial  mineral,  previously  unknown  in  nature 
and  christened  sinoite  ( silicon  oxynitride,  SioN^O ) ,  had  been  discov- 
ered, NASA  Ames  Research  Center  announced.  Discovered  in  a  mete- 
orite which  had  fallen  near  the  village  of  Jajh  deh  Kot  Lalu  in  Pakistan 
in  1926,  the  mineral  was  grey  in  color  and  occurred  in  rough  rectangu- 
lar crystals.  Scientists  who  made  the  discovery  were  Dr.  Klaus  Keil  of 
NASA  Ames  Research  Center;  C.  A.  Anderson,  Hasler  Research  Center, 
Goleta,  Calif.;  and  Dr.  B.  H.  Mason,  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York.  The  meteorite  had  been  made  available  for  study 
by  New  York's  Museum  of  Natural  History,      (arc  Release  65-5) 

•  Joan  Merriam  Smith,  who  flew  solo  around  the  world  last  year,  was  killed 

when  a  private  plane  she  was  piloting  crashed  in  the  mountains  45  mi. 
from  Los  Angeles.      ( UPi,  NYT,  2  18  65,  42) 

•  The  largest  balloon  ever  constructed  completed  a  successful  26-hr.  flight 

over  western  U.S.  Launched  at  Chico,  Calif.,  by  afcrl,  the  450-ft.- 
long  polyethylene  balloon  lifted  a  450-lb.  instrumented  payload  to  a 
record  142.000-ft.  altitude.  At  float  altitude,  the  balloon  became  oblate, 
or  pumpkin-shaped,  with  dimensions  of  330-ft.  diameter  and  270-ft. 
height.  Payload  consisted  of  instruments  to  measure  atmospheric 
temperature,  density,  and  pressures;  telemetry  equipment;  and  a  com- 
mand receiver  for  control  of  the  flight.  It  was  parachuted  to  earth 
and  recovered  near  Logandale,  Nev.      (oAR  Release  2-65-6) 

•  Soviet    Marshal    Vasily    Sokolovsky    said    during    a    Moscow    press    con- 

ference held  in  connection  with  the  47th  anniversary  of  the  Red 
Army  that  the  U.S.S.R.  was  armed  with  intercontinental  and  global 
rockets  whose  nuclear  warheads  were  equal  to  100  million  tons 
of  TNT.  He  claimed  strategic  rocket  troops  now  formed  the  back- 
bone of  the  Soviet  armed  forces  so  that  the  effectiveness  of  the  Soviet 
air  force  had  been  sharply  increased  by  supersonic  planes  equipped 
with  nuclear-tipped,  long-range  rockets.  He  said  the  Soviet  navy  was 
now  built  around  atomic  submarines  of  virtually  unlimited  range  that 
were  equipped  with  powerful  missiles.  New  Soviet  antiaircraft  defenses 
were  capable  of  reaching  targets  flying  at  any  speed  at  any  altitude. 
He  claimed  that  the  Soviet  Union  had  undertaken  several  measures 
toward  the  relaxation  of  international  tension,  among  them  a  reduc- 
tion of  S555  million  in  military  spending  for  the  current  year. 
(Sovietskaya  Moldaviya,  2/18/65.  1,  atss-t  Trans.;  ap.  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  2/17/65;   Wash.  Post,  2/18/65) 

•  The  JodreH  Bank  Observatory,  British  tracking  station,  was  visited  by 

a  group  of  six  Soviet  scientists  led  by  M.  V.  Keldysh,  president  of  the 
Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences,  (ap,  Boston  Globe,  2/17/65) 
February  18:  ranger  viii  lunar  probe  successfully  executed  a  midcourse 
maneuver  that  corrected  the  path  established  at  launch  and  aimed  it 
for  impact  on  the  moon  in  the  Sea  of  Tranquillity,  an  area  centered 
2.6°  north  of  the  lunar  equator  and  24.8°  west  of  the  moon's  north- 
south  line.  Signal  for  the  maneuver  was  radioed  from  earth  to 
activate  commands  previously  stored  in  the  spacecraft's  computer.  At 
that  time,  the  808-lb.  photo  probe  was  99.281  mi.  from  earth,  traveling 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1%5  79 

toward  the  moon  at  4.100  mph.  First  command  ordered  the  space- 
craft to  roll  11.6°:  the  second  ordered  the  pitch  maneuver  of  151.7°; 
the  third  commanded  the  motor  to  burn  for  59  sec.  Then,  after  the 
spacecraft  was  ordered  to  break  its  attitude  stabilization  locks  on  the 
sun  and  earth,  a  "go"  command  was  transmitted  and  ranger  Viii 
executed  the  maneuver  in  about  27  min.  The  correction  completed, 
the  spacecraft  reacquired  its  stabilization  locks  and  continued  on  its 
course.  One  measure  of  the  accuracy  of  the  maneuver  was  the  current 
expected  impact  time  on  the  moon:  Feb.  20  at  4:57:30  a.m.  plus  or 
minus  60  sec.     The  original  planned  time  was  4:57:30  a.m. 

The  photo  probe's  initial  course  would  have  missed  the  trailing  edge 
of  the  moon  bv  1.136  mi.  (NASA  Transcript:  L.A.  Times,  Miles,  Wash. 
Post,  2  19  '65:  Appel.  NYT,  2  19/65;  upi.  Phil.  Eve.  Bull,  2/18/65; 
AP,  Chic.  Trib..  2  19  65;  Av.  JVk..  2  22  '65,  34) 
February  18:  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller.  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for 
Manned  Space  Flight,  reviewing  overall  manned  space  flight  objectives 
and  reporting  on  the  Gemini  and  Apollo  programs  in  testimony  before 
the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics,  said: 

"Chronologically,  the  first  objective  of  manned  space  flight  is  to 
establish  man's  capabilities  in  space.  Next  is  the  establishment  of  a 
national  competence  for  manned  space  flight,  including  the  industrial 
base,  trained  personnel,  ground  facilities,  flight  hardware,  and  opera- 
tional experience.  Next,  we  use  this  capability  for  further  space  ex- 
plorations and  for  other  purposes.  Finally,  accomplishment  of  all 
these  objectives  brings  about  United  States  leadership  in  space. 

".  .  .  In  1964.  we  concentrated  our  efforts  on  Gemini  ground  tests 
and  accomplished  the  first  flight  test.  Filling  the  pipeline  with  hard- 
ware and  carrying  out  development  testing  of  subsystems  were  the 
major  Apollo  activities.  Now  in  1965,  we  have  entered  a  year  that 
will  be  devoted  to  Gemini  flight  test  operations  and  the  conduct  of 
Apollo  svstem  development  tests. 

"Looking  at  the  remainder  of  the  decade,  1966  will  be  the  year  when 
we  learn  new  space  flight  techniques  in  the  Gemini  Program,  and 
conduct  unmanned  earth-orbital  flight  tests  of  the  Apollo/Saturn  IB 
space  vehicle.  In  1967,  Gemini  will  be  available  as  an  operational 
system  and  we  will  carry  out  manned  earth-orbital  flights  of  the  Apollo 
Saturn  V  space  vehicle.  Manned  flights  of  the  Apollo /Saturn  V  space 
vehicle  are  scheduled  for  1968,  leading  to  the  beginning  of  manned 
lunar  missions  before  the  end  of  the  decade. 

"...  I  want  to  emphasize  again  that  Apollo  is  an  orderly  pro- 
gram. The  buildup  of  the  Apollo  effort  has  proceeded  over  more 
than  three  and  a  half  years  to  its  full  strength.  It  is  not  a  crash  pro- 
gram. 

"The  duration  of  Apollo,  as  we  reported  to  the  Congress  last  year, 
is  one  of  the  longer  United  States  research  and  development  programs, 
resulting  in  a  schedule  that  permits  rapid,  orderly  progress.  The 
Apollo  priority  is  high  but  not  overriding.  Parallel  and  backup  de- 
velopment efforts  are  limited.  Flio:ht  testing  is  being  carried  out  on  a 
logical  basis,  and  only  after  all  possible  tests  are  conducted  on  the 
ground. 


80  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"Efficient  use  of  available  resources  is  a  major  consideration  in  the 
conduct  of  the  Apollo  program,  whereas  a  crash  program  follows  the 
most  expeditious  course  regardless  of  cost. 

"Finally,  crash  programs  typically  have  goals  beyond  the  existing 
state  of  technology  and  pursue  these  goals  under  the  pressure  of  having 
to  achieve  a  technological  breakthrough.  Apollo,  on  the  other  hand, 
harnesses  current  technology  in  the  development  of  launch  vehicles, 
spacecraft  and  facilities  to  permit  effective  space  exploration.  The 
greatest  challenges  in  Apollo,  in  fact,  are  in  the  integration  of  those 
systems  and  the  men  who  must  fly  them  as  well  as  the  provision  of 
ground  operational  support,  and  the  overall  management  of  this  enter- 
prise." 

Dr.  Mueller  said  that  data  received  and  analysis  continued  in  1964 
regarding  radiation  and  the  lunar  surface  indicated  that  these  matters 
were  of  less  importance  than  had  been  previously  deduced:  ".  .  . 
First,  the  chance  of  a  significant  solar  event  occurring  during  a  mission 
is  very  low.  Second,  if  the  worst  solar  flare  previously  observed  had 
occurred  during  an  Apollo  mission,  the  maximum  dose  that  could  have 
been  received  at  the  bloodforming  organs  by  astronauts  in  the  command 
module  would  have  been  about  10  per  cent  of  the  allowable  safe  dose, 
rather  than  15  per  cent  as  estimated  last  year. 

"Regarding  the  lunar  surface,  the  data  from  ranger  vii  have  been 
very  helpful.  The  large  area  photography  has  indicated  the  probability 
that  there  are  many  areas  of  the  moon's  surface  where  the  design  of  the 
lunar  excursion  module  is  adequate  with  respect  to  surface  slope  and 
roughness.  .  .  ."  (Testimony;  I\'ASA  Auth.  Hearins^s,  53-134) 
February  18:  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  announced  it  would  negotiate 
with  Ling-Temco-Vought,  Inc.,  an  $8  million  incentive  contract  to 
provide  complete  system  management  for  the  Scout  launch  vehicle. 
The  contract  would  continue  support  services  and  materials  LTV  had 
provided  under  several  contracts.  It  would  include  systems  engineer- 
ing, logistic  support,  operational  support,  test  program  support,  pay- 
load  coordination,  preflight  planning,  data  reduction  and  analysis, 
standardization  and  configuration  control,  reliability  and  quality  as- 
surance, vehicle  modification,  checkout,  and  delivery,  (nasa  Release 
65-54) 

•  NASA  awarded  a  $10,940,000  contract  to  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.,  Inc.,  for 

mission  integration  and  launch  services  of  Delta  launch  vehicles  at 
Cape  Kennedy.  The  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract  covered  the  calendar 
year  1965.      (nasa  Release  65-52) 

•  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  retro-motors  developed  100,000  lbs.  of  thrust 

in  test  of  the  solid-propellant  motors  at  USAF  Arnold  Engineering  De- 
velopment Center  for  NASA.      (  aedc) 

•  ComSatCorp  met  with  representatives  of  aerospace  companies  it  had  in- 

vited to  discuss  specifications  for  24  communications  satellites  for  a  pro- 
posed DOD  satellite  system.  Previously  ComSatCorp  had  indicated  it 
would  contract  with  the  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  to  build  the  satellites. 
But  when  the  Philco  Corp.  protested  to  the  FCC,  the  FCC  required  Com- 
SatCorp to  give  Philco  and  other  competitors  a  chance  to  show  their 
capabilities.      (ComSatCorp;  Weekley,  Wash.  Post,  2/17/65) 

•  U.S.S.R.    formally   protested  to   Norway   plans  of  the   European   Space 

Research    Organization    to    establish    a    satellite    tracking    station    in 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  81 

Spitsbergen.  The  U.S.S.R.  said  such  a  ground  station  for  tracking 
space  satellites  could  be  used  for  "military  purposes"  in  violation  of  the 
1920  Spitsbergen  treaty.  Norway  later  rejected  the  Soviet  charge. 
{NYT,  2/20  65,  2) 

February  18:  ComSatCorp  filed  with  FCC  a  notice  of  a  proposed  $300,000 
contract  with  AT&T  for  research  data  and  consultant  services  on  ground 
stations  for  the  global  communications  satellite  network.  FCC  was 
notified  that  ComSatCorp  had  analyzed  and  evaluated  other  proposals 
and  had  held  subsequent  discussions  with  those  making  proposals. 
(ComSatCorp) 

•  The  U.S.  was  pressing  the  U.S.S.R.  for  clarification  of  its  view  that  it 
did  not  violate  the  nuclear  test  ban  treaty  with  an  underground  ex- 
plosion that  released  radioactivity.  The  large  underground  test  took 
place  Jan.  15  in  the  Semipalatinsk  region  of  Soviet  Central  Asia.  Four 
days  later  the  U.S.  announced  that  it  had  detected  radioactive  debris 
from  the  explosion  over  the  Sea  of  Japan.      [NYT,  2/19/65,  17) 

February  19:  In  testimony  before  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and 
Astronautics,  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for 
Space  Science  and  Applications,  summarized  significant  mission  re- 
sults: "U.S.  scientific  satellites  achieved  the  following  firsts:  discovery 
of  the  radiation  belt,  determination  of  the  earth's  irregular  geoid, 
ionospheric  topside  sounding  (with  Canada),  solar  spectroscopy,  x- 
ray  and  ultraviolet  satellite  astronomy,  polar  orbits,  and  highly  ec- 
centric orbits  to  map  the  earth's  magnetosphere.  Our  deep  space 
probes  achieved  the  first  successful  direct  monitoring  of  the  inter- 
planetary environment,  the  first  lunar  surface  detail,  and  the  first 
successful  flight  to  Venus.  We  may  soon  achieve  the  first  successful 
flight  to  Mars,  if  mariner  iv  completes  its  mission.  In  launch  vehicle 
development,  this  program  has  yielded  the  first  rocket  stage  using  the 
high  energy  propellant  combination  of  hydrogen  and  oxygen.  It  has 
also  yielded  the  first  and  only  all  solid  propellant  space  booster.  U.S. 
meteorological  satellites  have  yielded  the  following  firsts:  daylight 
cloud  photography,  night  cloud  observations  including  surface  and 
cloud  top  temperatures,  world  cloud  coverage,  global  heat  balance  and 
stratospheric  temperature  measurements,  and  direct  cloud  picture  trans- 
mission to  local  users.  Our  communication  satellites  have  been  first 
in  the  following  achievements:  erection  of  large  structures  in  space  and 
their  use  as  passive  reflectors  of  radio  signals;  active  repeating  of 
radio  signals  at  various  altitudes  and  orbits  of  interest  to  system 
designers;  transoceanic  and  intercontinental  relay  of  teletype,  facsimile, 
voice,  data,  and  television;  and  achievement  of  the  first  true  geostation- 
ary orbit. 

"The  specific  record  of  1964  space  missions  of  the  Space  Science 
and  Applications  Program  ...  is  particularly  informative  because 
most  major  program  areas  achieved  at  least  one  highly  significant  suc- 
cess in  1964.  Of  the  10  scientific  satellite  missions  attempted,  7 
achieved  full  success  and  2  partial  success." 

Dr.  NeweU  observed  that  syncom  hi  communications  satellite  had 
been  placed  in  a  "virtually  perfect  circular  equatorial  orbit,"  then 
maneuvered  "to  within  about  1  mile  of  its  station  over  the  western 
Pacific   where  it  successfully  performed  all   its  planned   experiments. 


82  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

.  .  .  The  Syncom  maneuver  was  comparable  to  the  feat  of  Ranger 
VII  in  flying  to  within  6  miles  of  its  target  on  the  Moon. 

"Having  completed  our  experiments  with  Syncoms  II  and  ill.  we  are 
turning  them  over  to  the  Department  of  Defense.  ...  If  required, 
full-time  communications  could  be  provided  between  the  United  States 
and  southeast  Asia  by  Syncom  iii.  .  .  ."  (Testimony;  NASA  Auth. 
Hearings,  136-62) 
February  19:  NASA  selected  Philco  Corp.'s  Aeronutronic  Div.  for  negotia- 
tions leading  to  a  nine-month,  SI  million  contract  for  research,  de- 
velopment, and  preliminary  design  of  a  lunar  penetrometer  system  ap- 
plicable to  the  Apollo  program.  The  penetrometer,  an  instrumented 
package  capable  of  assessing  the  hardness,  penetrability,  and  bearing 
strength  of  a  surface  upon  which  it  is  ejected,  could  furnish  lunar 
surface  information  to  an  orbiting  Apollo  spacecraft  for  scientific  as- 
sessment of  remote  sites  inaccessible  to  manned  spacecraft  or  unmanned 
earth-launch  probes.  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  would  negotiate 
and  manager  the  contract.      (NASA  Release  65-59;  LaRC  Release) 

•  NASA  approved  inclusion  of  three  x-ray  and  gamma  ray  telescopes  on  the 

first  Oao  (Orbiting  Astronomical  Observatory)  and  rescheduled  the 
Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory's  celescope  experiment  for  the 
third  Oao.  The  three  x-ray  and  gamma  ray  telescopes,  already  fabri- 
cated, contained  experiments  for  surveying  the  sky  proposed  by:  MIT, 
to  detect  high-energy  gamma  rays  that  did  not  originate  from  earth; 
Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Div.,  to  seek  new  sources  of  low-energy 
(soft)  x-rays  and  to  study  those  recently  developed;  and  NASA  Goddard 
Space  Flight  Center,  to  detect  low-energy  gamma  rays.  The  celescope 
experiment  was  designed  to  map  the  stars  and  nebulae  through  ob- 
servations in  the  ultraviolet  region  of  the  spectrum  but  had  encountered 
development  problems. 

Unaffected  by  the  change  and  proceeding  on  schedule  for  a  1965 
launch  was  the  Univ.  of  Wisconsin's  photometer-telescope  system  to 
measure  the  energy  distribution  and  emission  intensities  of  stars. 
(NASA  Release  65-49) 

•  NASA's  MARINER  IV,  en  route  to  Mars,  passed  the  20-million-mile  mark  in 

its  distance  from  earth.  The  spacecraft  was  functioning  normally  and 
was  transmitting  data  on  scientific  measurements  taken  in  interplane- 
tary space.      (NASA  Release  65-58) 

•  Twenty   Llrv   Program  personnel  at  nasa  Flight  Research  Center  were 

honored  at  an  informal  ceremony.  Six  emplovees  received  plaques 
for  special  and  outstanding  contributions  to  the  Lunar  Landing  Re- 
search Vehicle  project.      (  frc  X-Press,  2/19/65,  1) 

•  Col.  John  H.  Glenn,  Jr.  (USMC  Ret.),  speaking  at  a  National  Space  Club 

luncheon,  said:  "Looking  back  over  the  3  years  since  the  flight  of 
Friendship  7,  I  am  impressed  most  of  all  by  the  tremendous  progress 
the  United  States  has  made  in  space  science  and  technology. 

"I  am  proud  of  the  determination  the  American  people  have  shown 
to  become  the  world's  leading  spacefaring  nation.   .   .   . 

"Three  years  ago.  Mercury  spacecraft  were  limited  in  weight  to 
about  3,000  pounds.  Today,  the  Saturn  I  booster  is  operational  and 
can  put  22,500  pounds  into  Earth  orbit,  or  seven  times  the  weight  of 
Mercury.  Saturn  I-R,  which  will  begin  flying  next  year,  will  be  able 
to  orbit  a  payload  equal  to  11  Mercury  spacecraft,     Saturn  V,  which 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  83 

will  fly  in  1967.  will  be  able  to  orbit  a  payload  equal  to  more  than 
80  Mercuries.  That's  some  jump — but  it  is  no  more  than  typical  of 
the  great  gains  we  are  making  in  national  space  capabilities. 

"The  accuracy  requirements  for  all  these  missions  are  almost  in- 
comprehensible and  are  one  of  the  least  understood  parts  of  the  space 
program.  A  good  case  in  point  was  the  launch  of  Friendship  7  3  years 
ago.  The  speed  at  insertion  into  orbit  was  over  25,000  feet  per  second 
or  5  miles  per  second,  and  the  booster  and  spacecraft  were  accelerating 
at  approximately  240  feet  per  second  at  a  steadily  increasing  rate.  At 
booster  cutoff,  each  error  of  1.4  feet  per  second  resulted  in  a  difference 
of  approximately  1  mile  in  apogee  on  the  far  side  of  the  Earth.  When 
you  consider  that  before  the  onboard  signal  for  cutoff  was  received, 
information  had  to  be  obtained  by  radar  at  the  Cape,  transmitted  by 
landline  to  Goddard.  run  through  the  computers,  returned  by  landline 
to  the  Cape,  checked  against  Cape  data  and  then  transmitted  350  miles 
down  range  to  the  spacecraft,  still  allowing  time  for  onboard  delays 
in  operation  of  relays,  valves,  and  thrust  termination,  it  looks  like  an 
almost  impossibly  accurate  requirement. 

"Those  accuracies,  however,  are  rather  crude  compared  with  some 
now  being  obtained  on  the  deep  space  probes. 

"Now  we  have  Mariner  IV  which  at  6  o'clock  tonight  will  be 
20.194,023  miles  out  from  Earth  on  an  extremely  difficult  and  signifi- 
cant mission.  As  you  know,  there  was  a  checkout  of  equipment  aboard 
the  spacecraft  last  week  that  indicates  the  chances  are  still  good  that 
we  will  get  revealing  pictures  of  Mars  next  July,  when  Mariner  IV  will 
be  134  million  miles  from  Earth,  so  far  it  will  take  12Vo  seconds  to  get 
a  radio  signal  back. 

"To  wax  philosophical  for  a  moment,  we  might  liken  our  space  pro- 
gram to  one  of  Plato's  allegories.  He  told  of  prisoners  chained  in  a 
cave  for  so  long  they  had  lost  touch  with  reality  and  felt  that  their 
whole  existence  was  wrapped  up  in  the  shadows  they  could  see  on  the 
wall  ahead  of  them.  He  goes  on  to  say  that  if  one  escaped  to  the  out- 
side world  and  returned  to  tell  the  others  of  what  really  lay  outside 
the  dark  cave,  they  would  probably  think  him  completely  crazy. 

"Even  though  we  have  seen  such  tremendous  break-throughs  in  sci- 
entific knowledge  in  recent  years,  our  knowledge  has  necessarily  been 
limited  to  such  a  cave,  for  practically  all  we  know  has  been  limited  to 
this  one  tiny  speck  of  earth  in  a  much  larger  environment.  But  that 
is  in  the  process  of  becoming  changed  and  with  a  rapidity  no  one  can 
forecast."  (Text,  CR,  2/22/65,  A751-53) 
February  19:  Sen.  A.  S.  (Mike)  Monroney  (D-Okla.)  said  in  an  interview 
that  if  commercial  airlines  would  voluntarily  join  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment in  subsidizing  helicopter  lines,  these  services  might  be  saved. 
Commercial  helicopter  lines  operating  in  New  York,  Chicago,  Los 
Angeles,  and  San  Francisco  had  received  Federal  subsidies  since  1947, 
but  President  Johnson  proposed  in  his  budget  message  that  they  be 
cut  off  after  Dec.  31. 

Sen.  Monroney  said:  "Congress  isn't  going  to  appropriate  any  more 
money.  We  haven't  a  chance  of  selling  them  or  continuing  the  subsidy 
without  added  help  from  the  airlines."  His  plan  involved  artificially 
lowering  helicopter  fares  so  that  a  greater  portion  of  the  flying  public 
would  use  them.     This  higher  load  factor,  combined  with  the  use  of 


84  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

larger,  more  economical  aircraft  and  hoped-for  improvements  in  heli- 
copter technology  might  lead  to  self-sustaining  helicopter  service  in  a 
few  years,  the  Senator  said.  (NYT,  2/19/65,  69) 
February  19:  On  the  floor  of  the  Senate,  Sen.  John  Stennis  (D-Miss.) 
argued  for  development  of  an  advanced  manned  strategic  aircraft, 
pointing  out  that  "for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  American  strategic 
air  power,  there  is  no  follow-on  manned  bomber  under  development." 
He  cited  Gen.  Curtis  E.  LeMay  who  testified  last  year:  "I  am  afraid 
the  B-52  is  going  to  fall  apart  on  us  before  we  can  get  a  replacement 
for  it.  There  is  a  serious  danger  this  may  happen."  (CR,  2/19/65, 
3176) 

•  AFSC  announced  that  an  airborne  jet  engine  analyzing  system,  designated 

to  improve  flight  safety  and  operational  readiness  of  USAF  tactical  air- 
craft, would  be  flight-tested  for  one  year  at  Nellis  afb,  Nev.,  and  Davis- 
Monthan  afb,  Ariz.  The  jet  engine  analyzer  system  would  be  used  to 
monitor,  analyze,  and  assess  engine  performance  of  turbojets;  to  assist 
in  predicting  required  maintenance;  and  to  indicate  engine  failures 
before  they  occurred,      (afsc  Release  57.64) 

•  AFSC  Aeronautical  Systems  Div.  had  awarded  to  North  American  Avia- 

tion, Inc.,  an  $8,150,000  increment  to  previously  awarded  contract  for 
the  XB-70  aircraft,  dod  announced,      (dod  Release  100-65) 

•  Boeing  Co.   announced   it  had   ordered   its   737   model   into   production 

and  that  it  had  already  received  an  order  for  21  of  the  short- 
range  jets  from  Lufthansa  German  Airlines.  The  737  would  be  a  twin- 
engine  jetliner  designed  for  short-haul  routes,  (upi,  NYT,  2/20/65, 
52) 
February  20:  ranger  viii  lunar  photography  probe  struck  its  target  on  the 
moon  at  4:57:36.8  est,  after  radioing  to  earth  about  7,000  close-up 
pictures  of  the  lunar  surface  during  the  last  23  min.  of  flight.  The 
point  of  impact  was  2.59°  north  latitude.  24.77°  east  longitude,  in  the 
Sea  of  Tranquillity,  an  area  slightly  east-northeast  of  the  center  of  a 
full  moon.  The  spacecraft  impacted  at  slightly  less  than  6.000  mph. 
Total  distance  of  travel  along  its  trajectory  from  lift-off  had  been 
calculated  as  248,766  mi.  Accuracy  of  the  shot  was  reflected  in  the 
fact  that  impact  had  been  planned  for  4:57:30,  and  at  3°  north  lati- 
tude and  24°  east  longitude. 

ranger  viii  had  been  programed  to  execute  a  "terminal  sequence" 
just  before  impact  to  point  the  six  TV  cameras  more  in  the  direction 
of  flight;  this  sequence  was  omitted  to  allow  the  cameras  to  cover  a 
larger  area  than  planned  and  to  provide  greater  continuity  with  the 
pictures  transmitted  by  ranger  vil  last  July  31.  A  second  change  in 
the  flight  was  to  turn  on  cameras  23  min.  before  impact  instead  of  13 
min.  and  40  sec.  as  planned.  The  new  time  had  been  chosen  so  that 
initial  pictures  would  be  about  equal  to  earth-based  resolution  and 
then  continue  into  impact. 

Two  small  anomalies:  one  part  of  the  spacecraft  had  registered  a 
higher  temperature  than  had  been  anticipated  and  more  telemetry  data 
had  been  lost  during  midcourse  maneuver  than  had  been  expected. 
RANGER  viii  had  been  launched  Feb.  17  from  Cape  Kennedy.  (NASA 
Transcript:  Appel.  NYT,  2/21/65,  1,  65) 

•  Dr.  Gerard  P.  Kuiper  of  the  Univ.  of  Arizona,  heading  the  panel  for 

scientific    evaluation    of    RANGER    viii    photographs,    said    at    a    press 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  85 

conference  that  one  of  the  most  important  results  of  this  flight  had 
been  the  discovery  that  the  Sea  of  Clouds  and  the  Sea  of  Tran- 
quillity were  similar  in  structure.  He  noted  several  "odd  depressed 
regions"  and  said  that  they  could  be  areas  where  collapse  had  occurred, 
which  might  suggest  the  presence  of  lava  fields.  He  believed  the  lunar 
surface  was  composed  of  verv  light,  frothy  material  such  as  would  be 
formed  when  rock  was  melted  and  allowed  to  resolidify  within  a  high 
vacuum,  like  that  on  the  moon.  The  material  envisioned  by  Dr.  Kuiper 
might  be  considered  similar  to  certain  volcanic  rocks  found  on  earth: 
while  it  would  probably  be  hghter  than  water,  it  could  still  have  sub- 
stantial strength.  This  theory  was  based  on  laboratory  attempts  several 
years  ago  to  simulate  conditions  existing  when  the  moon  was  formed. 

Ewen  A.  Whitaker  of  the  Univ.  of  Arizona  said  he  felt  the  lunar 
material,  which  he  thought  had  a  consistency  of  crunchy  snow,  would 
support  a  manned  spacecraft.  He  said  color  lines  and  sharp  bound- 
aries tended  to  show  that  the  surface  was  some  sort  of  frothy,  lava-like 
material  and  definitely  not  dust. 

Another  member  of  the  Panel,  Dr.  Harold  C.  Urey,  of  the  Univ.  of 
California,  noted  dimples  on  the  moon's  surface  and  said  their  curved 
walls  indicated  material  must  have  been  thrown  out  of  their  centers 
when  comparatively  soft  terrain  was  gouged  by  heavy  masses  of  rock. 
He  thought  he  saw  spots  in  the  center  of  some  dimples  into  which  soft 
material  might  be  draining  and  estimated  the  depth  of  some  dimples 
at  50  to  60  ft.  Dr.  Urey  also  suggested  the  surface  material  might 
have  the  consistency  of  crunchy  snow.  (NASA  Transcript;  Appel,  NYT, 
2  21  65;  Miles,  L.  A.  Times,  2/21  65;  ap,  Indianapolis  Star,  2/22/65) 
February  20:  No  evidence  of  lunar  origin  had  been  found  in  rock  samples 
from  western  Iowa  tested  at  nasa  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  said 
Donald  E.  Perry,  GSFC  Information  Officer:  "We  had  not  .  .  .  found 
anything  in  Iowa  which  could  be  identified  as  meteoritic  or  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  tektite." 

NASA  had  requested  a  six-county  area  of  western  Iowa  to  submit 
rocks  for  analysis  since  GSFC  astronomer.  Dr.  Walter  O'Keefe,  had  had 
the  theory  that  tektites  came  from  the  moon.  Western  Iowa  had  been 
chosen  as  a  likely  spot  for  the  search  for  tektite  fragments  because  of 
its  heavy  deposits  of  loose  soil  and  near  absence  of  natural  rock  forma- 
tions.     (Barton.  Omaha  Sunday  World  Herald,  2/21/65) 

•  Sir  John  Eccles,  professor  of  physiology  at  Australian  National  Univer- 

sity, cautioned  Australia  and  New  Zealand  against  overconcentration 
of  scientific  energy  on  space.  At  a  scientific  congress  in  New  Zealand, 
he  warned:  ".  .  .  we  are  spending  too  much  of  our  resources,  especially 
our  intellectual  resources,  on  the  exploration  of  space  when  we  have 
the  much  more  important  problem  of  life,  and  of  man  and  his  brain." 
{NYT,  2/21/65,  9) 

•  The  Soviet  Union  was  considering  sending  weather  observers  into  outer 

space  in  manned  meteorological  satellites.  Prof.  K.  I.  Kondratief,  Univ. 
of  Leningrad,  said  at  a  meeting  in  Geneva  of  the  World  Meteorologi- 
cal Organization's  Scientific  Advisory  Committee.  {NYT,  2/21/65,  24) 
February  21 :  Vice  President  Hubert  Humphrey,  Chairman  of  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  said  in  remarks  taped  for  the  NBC-TV 
program,  "The  Sunday  Show,"  that  the  U.S.  would  extend  its  national 
strength  into  the  space  dimension.     "We  expect  to  explore  the  moon, 


86  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

not  just  to  photograph  it  or  visit  it,"  he  said.  "We  plan  to  explore 
and  chart  the  planets  as  well.  We  shall  expand  our  earth  laboratories 
into  space  laboratories." 

Mr.  Humphrey  praised  the  Nation's  space  effort,  saying  that  such 
activities  had  encouraged  economic  development,  stimulated  new  prod- 
ucts and  processes,  and  furthered  the  cause  of  peace.  This  was 
Mr.  Humphrey's  first  public  statement  on  the  space  program  as  Vice 
President.      (  nbc-tv  ) 

February  21 :  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  liv,  cosmos  lv,  and  cosmos  lvi 
on  one  rocket  booster.  All  three  satellites  were  moving  in  close  initial 
orbits:  apogee,  1,856  km.  1 1.141  mi.)  ;  perigee,  279.7  km.  (170  mi.)  ; 
period,  106.2  min.;  inclination,  56°4'.  Equipment  aboard  "for  the 
further  investigation  of  outer  space"  was  functioning  normally.  ( Tass. 
Pravda,  2/22  '65,  atss-t  Trans.;  NYT,  2/22/65,  12) 

February  22:  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey  spent  six  hours  visiting 
Cape  Kennedy  launching  pads,  talking  to  space  experts,  and  looking 
over  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center's  Merritt  Island  Launch  Area  ( MILA ) . 
"I'm  sure  the  American  people  can  feel  this  program  is  in  good  hands," 
he  said  before  returning  to  Washington.  At  one  point,  Humphrey 
rode  to  the  top  of  the  100-ft.  launching  vehicle  to  be  used  in  next 
month's  manned  orbital  flight  and  exclaimed:  "Man,  oh  man,  what  a 
fantastic  job!"      (nasa  Release  65-57;  ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  2/23/65) 

•  COSMOS  LVii  earth  satellite  was  launched  by  the  U.S.S.R.     Orbital  data: 

apogee,  512  km.  (318  mi.)  :  perigee.  175  km.  (109  mi.)  ;  period,  91.1 
min.;  inclination,  64°46'.  Tass  said  the  satellite  carried  scientific  ap- 
paratus "intended  for  the  further  investigation  of  outer  space."  Equip- 
ment was  functioning  normally.  (Tass,  Pravda,  2/23/65,  atss-t 
Trans.) 

•  DOD  Secretary  Robert  S.  McNamara  told  the  House  Armed  Services  Com- 

mittee that  deferral  of  the  decision  on  Nike-X  production  from  FY 
1966  to  FY  1967  "should  not  delay  an  initial  operational  capability  by 
many  months  beyond  what  we  would  expect  to  achieve  if  we  were  to 
start  production  in  Fiscal  1966."  He  said  this  was  primarily  because 
of  the  development,  test,  and  evaluation  work  already  under  way.  He 
added  that  the  FY  1966  requests  included  S400  million  for  the  continued 
development  of  Nike-X  "on  an  urgent  basis."  Of  this,  SIO  million 
had  been  programed  for  preliminary  production  engineering.  Mc- 
Namara confirmed  "...  a  broadening  of  the  objectives  of  Air  Force's 
Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  (mol)  program,  including:  1)  develop- 
ment of  technology  contributing  to  both  manned  and  unmanned  space 
operation;  2)  development  of  manned  capability  to  assemble  and  serv- 
ice large  orbiting  structures;  and  3)  other  manned  military  space  ex- 
perimentation. In  addition,  MOL  will  be  used  to  investigate  servicing 
and  assembly  of  non-military  structures  .  .  .  and  will  progress  to  study 
man's  biological  responses  during  periods  in  orbit  of  as  long  as  30 
days."      (Av.  Wk.,  2/22/65,  26;  M&R,  2/22/65,  18) 

•  U.S.S.R.    had    kept    the    U.S.    under    relatively    continuous    surveillance 

with  photo  reconnaissance  satellites  launched  as  part  of  the  Cosmos 
program,  said  Edward  H.  Kolcum  in  an  article  in  Aviation  Week 
and  Space  Technology.  In  1964  14  such  satellites  were  launched, 
he  asserted.  The  article  continued:  "Soviet  photo  reconnaissance  pay- 
load  is  believed  to  be  an  unmanned  version  of  the  Vostok  spacecraft, 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  87 

which  successfully  carried  cosmonauts  into  orbit  six  times.  The  un- 
manned camera  mission  uses  the  same  launch  facilities  and  same  re- 
covery techniques  developed  from  Russian  manned  satellites.  The 
recoverable  section  is  the  pressurized  cabin,  which  weighs  about  5,000 
lb.  when  it  is  ejected  from  the  main  spacecraft  for  a  parachute  descent 
on  land.   .   .   . 

"Six  of  these  payloads  were  recovered  after  eight  days;  two  after 
seven  days,  one  after  six  days  and  another  after  five  days.  One  came 
down  after  24  hr.  in  orbit;  one  remained  up  five  weeks,  another  eight 
and  a  half  weeks,  and  another,  launched  Aug.  29,  is  still  in  orbit.  De- 
partures from  the  norm  are  believed  to  indicate  retrofire  malfunctions 
or  failures.  Most  recent  Soviet  reconnaissance  satellite  was  Cosmos 
52,  launched  Jan.  11  and  recovered  Jan.  19.  .  .  ." 

He  stated  that  11  of  the  14  reconnaissance  satellites  orbited  in  1964 
were  orbited  at  65°  inclination.  The  remaining  three  orbited  at  51° 
inclination — "an  inclination  that  also  permits  the  payload  to  sweep 
over  the  entire  continental  United  States."  The  other  Cosmos  satel- 
lites, orbited  at  49°  inclination,  had  remained  in  orbit  until  they  de- 
cayed naturally.  They  were  "believed  to  be  scientific  applications  and 
military  development  payloads."  {Av.  Wk.,  2/22/65,  22) 
February  22:  TSR-2,  Britain's  tactical  and  reconnaissance  bomber,  broke 
the  sound  barrier  for  the  first  time.  The  aircraft  was  flown  to  more 
than  1,400  mph  over  the  Irish  Sea,  to  a  landing  at  Wharton.  This 
was  the  14th  test  flight  of  TSR-2  by  its  manufacturer,  British  Aircraft 
Corp.     (Reuters,  NYT,  2/23/65,  53) 

•  Martin  Co.  had  delivered  the  first  pair  of  prototype  nuclear  generators  for 

use  in  space  to  NASA,  it  was  reported.  The  units  contained  no  radio- 
active fuel  and  would  be  heated  electrically  for  their  qualification  tests. 
Each  generator  was  designed  to  deliver  30  watts  of  direct  current  to 
the  weather  satellite  Nimbus  B,  first  NASA  satellite  to  use  a  nuclear 
power  source,      (ap,  NYT,  2/23/65,  21) 

•  John  F.  Mason  outlined  in  Electronics  the  dramatic  changes  underway 

in  U.S.  tracking  and  communications  stations  around  the  world. 
"Before  the  end  of  the  year,  85%  of  the  telemetry  gear  on  the 
Atlantic  missile  range  will  be  replaced.  Everywhere,  new  communica- 
tions equipment  is  going  in,  new  pulse  radars  are  being  installed  and 
continuous-wave  radar  networks  are  being  expanded.  Slowly,  the 
separate  ranges  are  becoming  an  integrated  global  network.  .  .  . 

"Besides  the  work  going  on  at  the  ranges,  research  and  develop- 
ment effort  for  programs  of  the  future  continues  at  an  active  pace  at 
the  various  government  and  industry  centers  throughout  the  United 
States. 

"The  reason  for  this  general  overhaul  of  the  missile  ranges  is  to 
support  Apollo,  the  manned  lunar  mission,  and  approximately  70  other 
ambitious  missile  and  space  programs  already  under  way.  .  .  ." 
(Electronics,  2/22/65,  94^105) 

•  Esso  Research  and  Engineering  Co.  announced  development  of  a  fuel  cell 

that  could  convert  methanol,  a  petroleum  derivative,  into  electricity. 
The  most  immediate  practical  uses  of  the  cell  would  be  military,  the 
company  said.      (NYT,  2/23/65,  48) 

•  Leonid   Seliakov,   a   deputy   to   the   Soviet   aircraft   designer   Andrei   N. 

Tupolev,   said   fundamental   breakthroughs   would    be   made    in    civil 


88  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

aircraft  between  1970  and  1975.  Seliakov  was  quoted  in  Vechernaya 
Moskva  as  saying:  "Airliners  will  be  designed  for  flight  speeds  up 
to  2,500  kilometers  (1,550  miles)  an  hour.  I  am  sure  that  in  10 
years  from  now,  Muscovites  will  be  able  to  fly  to  Khabarovsk  in  three 
instead  of  eight  hours."  Khabarovsk  is  about  4,000  miles  from 
Moscow.  (AP,  NYT,  2/23/65,  53 ) 
February  23:  usaf  1,175-lb.  Project  Asset  reentry  glider,  last  in  a  test  series 
of  six,  was  launched  from  Cape  Kennedy  by  a  Thor-Delta  rocket  booster 
on  a  13,300  mph  suborbital  flight;  the  spacecraft  then  was  lost  at  sea. 
The  experiment  was  to  test  materials  for  future  lifting  body  reentry  de- 
signs; it  consisted  of  2,000  tiny  heat-sensitive  spots  in  ten  different 
colors  designed  to  change  hue  as  the  ghder  came  back  through  the 
atmosphere  from  an  altitude  of  40  mi.  usaf  said  that  most  of  the 
information  sought  had  been  radioed  to  the  ground  during  the  30  min. 
flight,  but  that  visual  examination  of  the  glider  was  necessary  for  data 
on  heat  distribution. 

Officials  presumed  the  glider  sank  into  the  sea,  although  intermittent 
radio  signals  received  had  indicated  it  had  been  at  least  partially 
afloat  for  some  hours.  Planes  and  ships  were  combing  an  area  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  about  2,750  mi.  southeast  of  Cape  Kennedy  for  the  miss- 
ing craft.  (AP,  Wash.  Post,  2/24/65;  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965, 
134) 

•  Addressing  the  U.S.  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  NASA  Administrator 

James  E.  Webb  said:  "I  would  like  to  acknowledge  the  debt  that  NASA 
owes  to  the  armed  forces  for  early  and  continuing  work  that  has  con- 
tributed to  some  of  our  most  successful  space  projects.  As  you  know, 
NASA  works  closely  with  the  Air  Force  in  the  development  of  launch 
vehicles  and  in  the  general  technology  of  space  flight.  .  .   . 

"As  an  example — among  many — of  cooperative  nasa-dod  activities: 
on  January  1,  NASA  transferred  control  of  its  operating  SYNCOM  II  and 
SYNCOM  III  communications  satellites  to  the  Department  of  De- 
fense. .  .  . 

"When  the  great  dod  missile  site  construction  program — which  ran 
at  one  time  to  $2.8  billion  a  year — subsided,  the  Corps  of  Engineers 
brought  its  tremendous  engineering  capability  to  the  construction  of 
NASA  facilities.  As  the  Corps  moved  toward  completion  of  its  work 
for  NASA,  its  abilities  will  have  been  enhanced  by  the  experience  of 
building  these  great  new  national  resources.  The  Corps,  with  new 
skills,  will  be  able  to  move  to  new  national  requirements  with  assurance 
that  it  has  performed  extraordinarily  well  in  engineering  fields  never 
before  attempted. 

"Today  there  are  detailed  to  NASA  254  active  duty  military  person- 
nel. Five  of  our  astronauts  are  graduates  of  this  great  Academy. 
Nothing  could  be  more  fitting.  For  the  debt  modern  American  science 
and  technology  owes  to  West  Point  is  too  large  to  be  repaid.  It  can 
visibly  be  traced  back  to  Sylvanus  Thayer  who  not  only  is  the  father 
of  this  Academy  but  who  had  a  tremendous  influence  for  half  a  century 
in  the  field  of  technical  and  scientific  education  throughout  the  United 
States."      (Text) 

•  Statement    of    Edmond    C.    Fiuckley,    NASA    Director    of    Tracking    and 

Data  Acquisition,  was  presented  by  Gerald  M.  Truszynski,  NASA 
Deputy  Director  of  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition,  in  testimony  before 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  89 

the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics:  ''Since  1958,  NASA 
has  provided  tracking  and  data  acquisition  support  by  means  of  the 
NASA  Satellite  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition  Network  for  approx- 
imately 50  DOD  earth  satellites.  During  1965  we  expect  to  provide 
continuing  telemetry  support  for  as  many  as  10  DOD  earth  satellites,  and 
limited  tracking  support  for  several  more.  Also,  our  station  at 
Carnarvon,  Australia,  being  in  an  excellent  geographical  relation 
to  the  launch  facilities  at  Cape  Kennedy,  will  be  used  to  support 
a  number  of  DOD  spacecraft,  as  well  as  NASA  spacecraft,  where  data  and 
flight  control  after  one-half  orbit  is  required.  For  example,  the  DOD 
TITAN  III  launch  vehicle  development  program  is  vitally  dependent  on 
support  by  this  station.  We  anticipate  support  of  approximately  15 
TITAN  III  operations  per  year  for  the  next  two  years. 

"In  a  similar  fashion,  the  tracking  and  data  acquisition  support 
which  the  DOD  provides  for  NASA  is  extensive.  At  Cape  Kennedy,  for 
example,  DOD  has  supported  the  launch  phase  of  each  NASA  space  flight 
mission.  The  extensive  support  provided  by  DOD  for  the  Mercury  pro- 
gram is  well  known.  The  Gemini  program  requires  continuation  of 
this  DOD  support." 

Referring  in  his  testimony  to  current  trends  affecting  planning  for 
support  networks.  Mr.  Buckley  said:  ".  .  .  equally  significant  require- 
ment, is  the  increase  in  the  number  of  spacecraft  which  will  have  high- 
ly elliptical  or  synchronous  orbits.  Spacecraft  in  highly  elliptical 
orbits  must  be  supported  by  a  particular  ground  station,  much  in  the 
same  way  as  done  for  deep  space  missions,  i.e..  a  particular  station  is 
required  to  provide  as  much  as  8-10  hours  per  day  of  its  available 
time  for  support  of  one  satellite.  Spacecraft  in  synchronous  orbits 
require  support  of  a  particular  station  for  24  hours  per  day.  As  a 
result,  tracking  and  data  acquisition  links  are  being  committed  to 
longer  support  periods  which  means  not  only  that  more  equipment  is 
required,  but  additional  personnel,  ground  communications,  and  other 
operations  expenditures  are  needed  to  meet  this  upcoming  satellite 
support  workload."  (Testimonv;  1966  NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  187- 
212) 
Fehnmry  23:  On  the  floor  of  the  House.  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.), 
Chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics,  com- 
mented on  the  successful  RANGER  viii  spacecraft  as  "yet  another  major 
American  space  achievement.  For  the  second  time  in  less  than  a  year 
a  Ranger  spacecraft  has  successfully  taken  closeup  pictures  of  the  lunar 
surface  and  returned  them  to  earth  from  a  distance  of  a  quarter  of  a 
million  miles.  .  .  ."  (nasa  lar  iv/33-35) 
•  Rep.  John  R.  Schmidhauser  (D-Iowa)  commented  upon  and  inserted  in 
the  Congressional  Record  an  article  which  appeared  in  the  Davenport 
Times-Democrat  about  the  Davenport  Alcoa  plant  and  the  construction 
of  Pegasus  satellites.  It  said:  "A  unique  arrangement  of  special 
equipment  that  senses  infrared  energy — thus  indicating  which  part  of 
the  satellite  is  facing  earth — enables  scientists  to  determine  the  direction 
each  meteoroid  is  traveling  when  it  strikes  Pegasus.  Such  information 
will  tell  spacecraft  designers  the  extent  of  possible  damage  from  hits, 
enabling  them  to  build  manned  craft  which  will  be  relatively  un- 
affected by  meteoroids."     (CR,  2/23/65,  A77374) 


90  ASTRONAUTICS  A-\U  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

February  23:  Scientists  at  Mix's  new  Center  for  Sensory  Aids  Evaluation 
and  Development  were  screening  and  testing  new  items  that  could  po- 
tentially help  the  blind  and  deaf-blind,  it  was  reported.  Scheduled  for 
early  testing  was  an  inertial  navigation  system  that  could  sense  move- 
ment off  a  straight  line.  It  was  about  the  size  of  a  cigaret  package  and 
would  be  held  flat  between  the  thumb  and  index  finger.  If  a  blind 
person  holding  this  battery-operated  device  in  his  right  hand  veered 
off  course  to  the  left,  a  projection  would  hit  him  in  the  thumb;  if  he 
veered  off  to  the  right  he  would  be  hit  in  the  index  finger.  The  sys- 
tem of  gyroscopes  and  accelerometers  that  would  operate  this  instru- 
ment was  also  found  in  missile  and  spacecraft  guidance  systems.  ( Sci. 
Serv., /Vyr,  2  23  65,  31) 

February  24:  Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff,  NASA  Associate  Administrator 
for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  told  the  House  Conunittee  on 
Science  and  Astronautics  that  "although  space  research,  development, 
and  operations  have  absorbed  much  of  our  resources  within  the  past 
few  years,  the  NASA  has  been  and  will  continue  to  be  dedicated  to  a 
strong  program  of  aeronautical  research  keyed  to  the  Nation's  needs." 
He  testified:  ".  .  .  The  [aeronautics]  program  embraces  the  entire 
spectrum  of  flight  from  lowspeed  private  and  v/sTOL  aircraft  to  hy- 
personic vehicles.  I  have  already  described  .  .  .  our  part  in  the 
evolution  of  the  XV-5a  and  F-111  aircraft,  in  the  evaluation  of 
supersonic  transport  proposals,  and  in  the  solution  of  jet  transport 
rough  air  problems.  Looking  ahead  to  FY  1966,  we  are  requesting 
$42.2  million  in  Research  and  Development  for  aeronautics.  This 
figure  can  be  separated  into  two  categories:  one  funds  a  broad  and 
continuing  effort  in  the  scientific  disciplines  underlying  advances  in 
all  areas  of  air  transportation,  civil  and  military;  the  other  funds  a 
more  concentrated  attack  on  specific  advances  in  air  transportation 
whose  potential  is  identified  by  research  in  the  various  scientific 
disciplines.  .  .  . 

"Throughout  the  aeronautics  program  budget,  provision  has  been 
made  to  support  the  direct  requests  of  the  Department  of  Defense  and 
the  Federal  Aviation  Agency.  It  can  be  pointed  out  that  although 
the  Research  and  Development  request  in  FY  1966  for  aeronautics  is 
$42.2  million,  we  expect  to  spend  a  total  sum  of  $106.2  million  in  this 
field.  The  difference  is  accounted  for  by  Administrative  Operations 
and  Construction  of  Facilities  funds  as  well  as  supporting  research  and 
technology  directly  applicable  to  aeronautics  in  fields  such  as  elec- 
tronics, human  factors,  basic  research,  and  others.  Approximately 
1600  direct  personnel  will  be  engaged  in  aeronautical  research  in  FY 
1966.  .  .  ."      (Testimony;  NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  213-269) 

•  In  testimony  before  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics, 
George  Friedl,  Jr.,  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  In- 
dustry Affairs,  said:  "NASA  spends  about  93  percent  of  its  dollars 
on  contracts  with  industry,  universities  and  private  research  or- 
ganizations. These  procurements  during  fiscal  year  1964  amounted 
to  $4.6  billion.  Approximately  96  percent  of  this  amount  or  $4.4 
billion  was  awarded  bv  our  field  installations  in  accordance  with  pro- 
gram and  project  research  and  development  requirements.  NASA  con- 
tracts support  our  in-house  research   and  development  activities  and 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  91 

establish  our  coupling  with  industry  and  the  private  scientific  com- 
munity. .  .   ." 

Reporting  on  contract  administration,  Mr.  Friedl  testified:  "The 
cost  reimbursement  contract  has  been  the  basic  instrument  for  procuring 
research  and  development  because  the  Government  has  had  to  risk  the 
uncertainties  and  assume  the  high  cost  involved.  No  other  type  of  con- 
tract provides  the  Government  and  the  contractor  the  latitude  and 
flexibility  needed  to  relate  scientific  and  technical  requirements, 
schedules  and  use  of  resources  to  mission  objectives.  By  adding  in- 
centive provisions  pertaining  to  time,  quality  and  cost  to  this  type  of 
contract,  it  is  our  intention  to  offset  some  of  its  deficiencies  and 
strengthen  the  purpose  of  the  Government-contractor  relationship. 

"NASA  has  made  a  concerted  effort  to  introduce  suitable  incentive 
arrangements  in  our  cost  reimbursement  type  contracts  whenever 
practicable.  In  each  case,  the  objective  is  to  encourage  the  contractor 
to  manage  better  and  improve  his  performance;  adhere  to  schedules; 
and  hold  down  costs. 

"As  a  consequence  of  our  incentive  contracting  drive,  there  has 
been  a  marked  increase  in  this  activity  in  the  past  4V2  years.  In  fiscal 
year  1961  we  had  one  contract  worth  about  $100,000.  By  December 
31,  1964,  we  had  awarded  75  contracts  with  a  target  value  of  over 
S751  million,  7  of  these  have  been  completed  leaving  68  contracts 
totalling  over  S724  million  currently  being  administered.  .   .  . 

"In  view  of  the  undesirable  features  of  letter  contracts,  NASA  Head- 
quarters began  a  concerted  effort,  early  in  1963,  to  curtail  the  issuance 
of  new  letter  contracts  and  to  assure  the  timely  definitization  of  all 
outstanding  letter  contracts.  Headquarters  issued  instructions  to  all 
centers  directing  program  and  project  managers  to  plan  ahead  and 
allow  adequate  lead  time  for  the  initial  negotiation  of  definitive  con- 
tracts. ...  At  the  end  of  January  only  3  letter  contracts  having  a 
total  value  of  S4  million  were  outstanding.  We  expect  that  these  con- 
tracts will  be  definitized  in  March  1965." 

Mr.  Friedl  said  that  NASA  had  "structured  a  sound  practicable  man- 
agerial technique  to  direct  the  planning,  approval  and  execution 
of  .  .  .  future  programs.  We  believe  that  adoption  of  what  we  have 
termed  'phased  project  planning'  will  materially  assist  us  in  achieving 
this  goal. 

"Phased  project  planning  represents  an  orderly  sequential  progres- 
sion in  the  execution  of  NASA  major  projects.  It  provides  for  formulat- 
ing proposed  work  goals  and  missions,  and  allows  for  decisions,  re- 
appraisal points  for  management  consideration  to  advance  or  replan 
such  proposals,  as  well  as  the  resources  to  implement  them. 

"Specifically,  phased  project  planning  provides  for  four  distinct 
phases  as  follows: 

"Phase  A  Conceptual/Feasibility  Phase  .  .  . 

"Phase  B  Preliminary  Definition  Phase  .  .  . 

"Phase  C  Final  Definition  .   .   . 
and     Phase     D    Development  Operation.   .   .   ."      (Testimony:     NASA 
Auth.  Hearings,  269-88) 
February  24:  Canada's  National  Defence  Research  Council  said  it  would 
negotiate  an  agreement  with  NASA  for  Canadian  operation  of  the  rocket 
launching;  ran^fe  at  Churchill,  Manitoba.     The  announcement  said  such 


92  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

an  agreement  would  open  the  way  for  -a  new  partnership  between  the 
two  countries  in  research.  {NYT,  2/26/65,  13) 
February  24:  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center  announced  it  had  awarded  three 
contracts  for  equipment  used  on  launch  complexes  at  both  Cape  Ken- 
nedy and  Merritt  Island  Launch  Area  {  mila  ) .  American  Machine  and 
Foundry  Co.  received  $1,198,923  for  umbilical  devices  that  would  pro- 
vide fuel,  liquid  oxygen,  and  air  conditioning  to  the  fin  section  of 
Saturn  V's  first  stage.  $745,601.15  was  awarded  Kaiser  Aluminum 
and  Chemical  Sales  for  the  fabrication  of  bulk  electrical  cable  for 
Complex  39.  Spaco  Inc.  received  $596,356  to  fabricate  interconnect 
cables  for  joining  terminal  boards  in  the  umbilical  towers  of  Com- 
plexes 34,  37,  and  39.      (ksc  Release  35-65) 

•  NASA    Marshall    Space    Flight    Center    awarded    a    $8,774,000    research 

and  development  contract  modification  to  North  American  Avia- 
tion's Rocketdyne  Div.  for  continued  uprating  of  the  H-1  rocket 
engine  from  188,000  to  200.000  lbs.  Uprated  engines  would  be  used 
in  clusters  of  eight  to  provide  a  total  thrust  of  1.6  million  lbs.  in  first 
stage  of  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle.  Modification  brought  H-1  contract 
total  to  $20,648,500.      (Marshall  Star,  2/24/65,  6) 

•  NASA   had   contracted   with   Collins   Radio   Co.,   Dallas    (Tex.)    Div.,   to 

procure  Unified  S-Band  Telemetry  Systems  for  three  85-ft.  -diameter 
antennas  in  support  of  Project  Apollo.  Under  the  fixed-price  type  con- 
tract worth  $2,740,000,  Collins  would  install  the  three  systems  at 
antennas  to  be  built  at  Goldstone,  Calif.;  Canberra,  Australia;  and 
Madrid,  Spain,      (nasa  Release  65-63) 

•  usaf  abandoned  the  search  in  the  Atlantic  for  the  Project  Asset  glider 

launched  Feb.  23.  The  6-ft.  spacecraft,  which  had  just  completed  an 
otherwise  successful  2,700-mi.  experimental  flight  at  13,300  mph,  was 
never  sighted  visually  after  impact  in  the  Atlantic.  The  only  guide 
was  a  weakening  signal  from  its  radio  beacon  that  faded  out  yesterday 
afternoon.  Although  the  glider  had  radioed  valuable  data,  engineers 
had  wanted  to  examine  the  skin  of  the  spacecraft  to  determine  the 
ability  of  its  exotic  metals  and  superalloys  to  withstand  prolonged  heat 
of  reentry.      (Wash.  Post,  2/25/65;  ap.  Bait.  Sun,  2/25/65) 

•  The  number  of  women  earning  more  than  $10,000  annually  in  scientific 

government  jobs  had  increased  dramatically  from  1959  because  of 
interest  in  space  programs,  Mrs.  Catherine  Dryden  Hock,  NASA  systems 
engineer,  informed  the  New  York  Section  of  Society  of  Women  Engi- 
neers. Between  1959  and  1963,  number  of  women  in  Government 
grades  of  GS-12  and  above  in  computer  fields  rose  790*/^  ;  in  mathe- 
matics and  mathematical  statistics,  137%  :  and  in  physical  sciences, 
1229r.  NASA's  engineering  force  was  3%  women.  (NASA  Release 
65-60) 
February  25:  President  Johnson  visited  NASA  Headquarters,  accompanied 
by  Vice  President  Humphrey,  for  a  briefing  on  the  mariner  iv  project 
and  to  congratulate  and  express  appreciation  to  NASA  officials  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Mariner  and  Ranger  project  team.  The  President  recalled 
that  he  had  sponsored  legislation  in  1958  that  had  created  NASA:  "I 
think  it  is  really  incredible  that  we  have  come  so  far.  It  was  only 
seven  years  ago  this  month  that  we  were  deliberating  and  debating  and 
still  seeking  to  come  to  grips  with  the  realities  of  the  .space  age."  Mr. 
Johnson  told  NASA  officials  that  the  ])eople  of  America  and  the  whole 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


93 


February  25:    President  Lyndon  B.  Johnson  is  briefed  on  the  Mariner  mission  at  NASA 
Headquarters.    Left  to  right,  James  E.  Webb,  nasa  Administrator,  President  Johnson, 
Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey,  and  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  nasa  Deputy  Admin- 
istrator. 


world  were  "deep  in  your  debt."  (NASA  Announcement  65-43;  Simons, 
Wash.  Post,  2  26  65:  Sehlstedt.  Bait.  Sun.  2/26  65:  Young,  Chic. 
Trih.,  2/26/65;  Mohr,  NYT,  2/26/65,  10) 
February  25:  usaf  launched  Thor-Agena  D  launch  vehicle  from  Western 
Test  Ranse  with  unidentified  satellite  pavload.  (  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space 
Act.,  1965,  135) 

•  ComSatCorp  announced  decision  of  DOD  that  continuation  of  its  present 

program  to  secure  satellite  services,  presumably  with  Ford  Motor  Co.'s 
Philco  Corp.  Div.,  was  superior  to  that  proposed  by  ComSatCorp.  The 
satellites  involved  would  make  up  "initial"  DOD  system;  ComSatCorp 
might  bid  to  supply  advanced  satellites.  ComSatCorp  hoped  its 
separate  commercial  system  would  be  afforded  some  DOD  nonsecret 
traffic.  Some  military  men  had  argued  that,  since  the  Government 
would  build  its  own  system  for  secret  communications,  it  should  also 
use  these  facilities  for  nonsecret  transmissions.  This  had  caused  Com- 
SatCorp to  raise  the  question  of  the  degree  to  which  the  Government 
should  enter  the  communications  business  in  competition  with  private 
enterprise.  President  Johnson  had  established  policy  in  a  report  to 
Congress,  "...  a  system  tailored  for  the  military's  exclusive  use,  does 
not  alter  the  policy  under  which  .  .  .  the  Government  will  use  the 
commercial  satellite  system  for  the  transmission  of  the  bulk  of  its 
traffic  between  the  United  States  and  various  overseas  areas."  {WSJ, 
2/25/65) 

•  NASA  had  granted  an  exclusive  patent  license,  the  second  it  ever  issued, 

to  Exactel  Instrument  Co.  for  a  "line-following  servo-system."  The 
device,  which  "remembers"  a  given  graph  curve,  could  measure  one 
characteristic  of  a  physical  situation  and  read  out  resulting  charac- 
teristics in  specific  quantities.  President  of  Exactel,  Eugene  A.  Glassey 
had  invented  the  servo-system  while  an  employee  at  NASA  Ames  Re- 


94  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

search  Center.  Issuance  of  the  exclusive  license  on  a  Government- 
owned  patent  to  a  private  individual  was  part  of  NASA's  continuing 
effort  to  make  aeronautical  and  space  inventions  available  for  com- 
mercial development  as  rapidly  as  possible.  The  only  previous  ex- 
clusive licensing  was  to  Union  Carbide  in  1963  for  a  nickel-based  alloy 
invented  by  a  NASA  scientist,  (arc  Release  65-6) 
February  25:  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center  awarded  a  Sll  million  cost-plus- 
award-fee  supplement  to  the  Chrysler  Corp.  for  support  services  on 
the  Saturn  I  and  Saturn  IB  space  programs.  Chrysler  would  provide 
prelaunch,  launch,  and  post-launch  services  at  Complexes  34  and  37 
through  June  30,  1968.      ( KSC  Release  43-650) 

•  dod's  Hibex,  the  high  acceleration  experimental  booster,  was  successfully 

tested  at  White  Sands  Missile  Range,  N.Mex.      {M&R,  3/8/65,  11) 

•  Douglas  DC-9,  a  twin-jet  airliner,  made  its  maiden  flight.     The  short-to- 

medium-range  transport,  expected  to  benefit  smaller  airports,  flew  from 
Long  Beach,  Calif.,  to  Edwards  afb  in  two  hours  and  13  min.  The 
plane  had  a  wing  span  of  87  ft.  and  used  about  3,500  ft.  of  the  run- 
way in  taking  off.  Its  cabin  could  accommodate  up  to  90  passengers. 
The  DC-9  was  expected  to  go  into  passenger  service  early  next  year. 
Orders  or  options  for  121  of  the  planes  had  been  received  by  Douglas, 
of  which  24  were  placed  by  Eastern  Air  Lines.  (UPI,  NYT,  2/26/65, 
58;  2/26/65,  37) 

•  Dr.  C.  Stark  Draper,  head  of  the  Dept.  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics 

at  MIT,  and  Theodore  C.  Achilles,  a  former  ambassador  to  Peru  and 
presently  vice  chairman  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  Atlantic 
Council  of  the  U.S.,  were  sworn  in  as  consultants  to  NASA.  Dr.  Draper 
would  be  a  technical  consultant  on  a  part-time  basis;  AchiUes  would 
be  available  for  consultation  on  NASA's  university  program,  (nasa 
Release  65-66) 
February  26:  PEGASUS  I  satellite,  launched  by  NASA  Feb.  16,  was  function- 
ing normally  and  recording  information  to  ground  stations  on  the  size 
and  frequency  of  meteoroid  "strikes"  or  impacts  on  all  three  sensor 
panel  groups.  Scientists  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  said  the 
number  of  penetrations  of  the  panels  was  not  greatly  different  from  the 
expected  level.  PEGASUS  I  had  a  wing-like  structure  96  ft.  long  and 
14  ft.  in  width,  offering  more  than  2.300  square  ft.  of  area  instrumented 
to  detect  collisions  with  meteoritic  particles.  The  basic  information 
on  the  penetrating  power  and  frequency  of  meteoroids  was  needed  for 
the  design  of  future  spacecraft.  In  addition,  data  on  temperature, 
power  levels,  and  the  intensity  of  radiation  were  being  received.  The 
latter  were  also  as  predicted,      (msfc  Release  65-45) 

•  COSMOS  LViii  satellite,  containing  "scientific  equipment,"  was  orbited  by 

the  U.S.S.R.  Initial  orbital  data:  apogee,  659  km.  (409  mi.)  ;  perigee, 
581  km.  (360  mi.);  period,  96.8  min.;  inclination,  65°.  Equipment 
was  said  to  be  functioning  normally.  (Krasnaya  Zvezda,  2/27/65,  1, 
ATSS-T  Trans.) 

•  X-15  No.  1  was  flown  by  pilot  John  McKay  (nasa)  to  153,600-ft.  altitude 

at  a  maximum  speed  of  3,750  mph  (mach  5.40).  Purpose  was  to 
check  out  landing  gear  revised  recently,  give  pilot  experience  at  higher 
altitude,  and  get  apparatus  data,  (nasa  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight 
Log) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  95 

February  26:  Dr.  Frank  K.  Edmonson,  chairman  of  the  Astronomy  Dept. 
at  the  Univ.  of  Indiana,  said  ranger  viii  photographs  had  suggested  that 
the  moon  miglit  have  features  in  common  with  the  Karst  limestone 
formation  in  southern  Indiana  and  that  a  request  for  aerial  photographs 
of  the  Karst  region  had  been  made,  ranger  viii's  pictures  showed  that 
the  Sea  of  Tranquillity  on  the  moon  was  pocked  and  mottled  by  innum- 
erable depressions.  Surface  of  the  Karst  limestone  layers  was  similarly 
pocked  with  sink  holes.  Dr.  Gerard  Kuiper,  chief  experimenter  for 
the  RANGER  VIII  project,  and  Dr.  Harold  C.  Urey  of  the  Univ.  of  Cali- 
fornia at  La  Jolla  proposed  that  these  "dimples"  were  produced  by 
drainage  of  material  through  holes  in  their  bottoms.  (NYT,  2/26/65, 
10) 

•  Col.  John  H.  Glenn,  Jr.,  was  sworn  in  as  a  consultant  to  NASA  by  Admini- 

strator James  E.  Webb.  His  duties  would  include  taking  part  in  con- 
ferences, making  speeches  in  the  U.S.  and  abroad,  and  checking  on 
projects  under  way.      (nasa  Release  65-67) 

•  Joseph   Campbell,   Comptroller   General,   reported   to   Congress  that  the 

decision  of  NASA's  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  to  lease  rather  than 
buy  two  electric  substations  from  the  Potomac  Electric  Power  Co.  had 
resulted  in  $174,000  of  unnecessary  costs  thus  far.  Campbell  ex- 
plained, "We  believe  that  the  Center  failed  to  make  this  determination 
because  of  the  Administration's  failure  to  provide  guidelines  to  its 
employees,  setting  forth  pertinent  factors  necessary  for  consideration 
in  making  decisions  whether  to  lease  or  purchase  property."  He  added, 
however,  that  NASA  had  agreed  with  gao  findings  and  would  purchase 
substations  as  provided  for  in  contract.  The  matter  was  nevertheless 
reported  to  Congress  because  it  "further  illustrates  that  significant  un- 
necessary costs  can  be  and  are  being  incurred,"  when  agencies  do  not 
make  complete  lease-versus-purchase  studies.      (Wash.  Post,  2/28/65) 

•  Use  of  ComSatCorp's  Early  Bird  communications  satellite  was  subject  of 

a  London  meeting  between  U.S.  and  European  participants  in  the 
program.  A  general  understanding  was  reached  that  once  commercial 
service  started,  television  networks  could  use  the  satellite  system  outside 
peak  transatlantic  telephone  hours.  The  peak  traffic  hours  were 
generally  considered  from  about  9  a.m.  to  3  p.m.  est.  Exceptions 
could  be  made  if  major  news  stories  broke  in  Europe  during  this 
period.      (Farnsworth.  NYT,  2/27/65,  51) 

•  Report  of  experiments  by  the  European  Organization  for  Nuclear  Re- 

search indicated  there  was  no  fifth  force  in  nature  as  had  been  pro- 
posed, independently,  by  two  groups  of  American  physicists  to  explain 
some  unexpected  experimental  results.  The  four  forces  in  nature  were 
gravity,  electromasnetism,  and  weak  and  strong  nuclear  forces, 
meuters,  NYT,  2/28/65,  69) 
February  27:  Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.  successfully  static-fired  its  156-in.- 
dia.,  lOO-ft.-long  solid  propellant  rocket  motor — the  largest  yet  fired — ■ 
for  64  sec.  The  900,000-lb.  motor  developed  over  three  million  lbs.  of 
thrust,  consumed  over  800.000  lbs.  of  propellant,  and  generated  tem- 
peratures up  to  6,000°F.  The  solid  propellant  was  encased  in  a  half- 
inch-thick  steel  and  nickel  casing  which  apparently  escaped  damage. 
Also  left  intact  was  the  10-ton,  20-ft.-tall  nozzle  which  rested  on  top  of 
the  12-stories-deep  testing  pit.  The  motor  was  fired  below  ground 
level.     Primary   objective   of  the  test  was  to   validate   design   of  the 


96  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

nozzle  for  use  later  on  the  260-in.  motor.  A  secondary  mission  was  to 
check  out  the  propellant  processing  system  which  would  be  used  in  the 
larger  motor.  The  test  was  part  of  the  large-solid  demonstration 
program  currently  managed  by  NASA's  Lewis  Research  Center.  (Shipp. 
Atlanta  J /Const.^ 2  28 '65^  M&R.  3  8  65,  16) 

February  27:  NASA  announced  it  had  approved  a  grant  of  8100.000  for 
establishment  of  a  Technical  Utilization  Program  at  the  Univ.  of 
Minnesota.  Along  with  funds  to  be  provided  by  private  business 
concerns,  the  NASA  grant  would  support  the  development  and  experi- 
mental testing  of  new  ways  in  which  developments  in  space  science 
and  technology  could  be  rapidly  transferred  to  and  assimilated  by 
business  and  industry.  North  Star  Research  and  Development  In- 
stitute would  participate  in  part  of  the  program.  ( NASA  Release 
65-69) 

February  28:  The  first  industry-produced  Saturn  I  first  stage  (s-i-8) 
arrived  at  Cape  Kennedy  aboard  the  NASA  barge  Promise  after  a  six- 
day  trip  from  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  The  stage,  which 
was  80  ft.  long  and  21.5  ft.  in  diameter,  had  been  built  by  the  Chrysler 
Corp.      (msfc  Release  65-46;  ap,  NYT,  3/1/65,  12) 

•  Louis  Walter,  gsfc  geochemist,  told  ap  reporter  his  research  with  tektites 

indicated  lunar  surface  may  be  sand-like.  The  key  to  this  conclusion 
lay  in  Walter's  discovery  of  the  presence  of  coesite  in  tektites.  believed 
to  be  particles  of  the  moon  sent  into  space  when  meteorites  impact  the 
lunar  surface.  Coesite,  also  found  around  the  world  at  known  meteorite 
craters  and  sites  believed  to  have  sustained  meteoritic  impacts,  is  a 
form  of  silicon  dioxide — a  major  constituent  of  sand — produced  under 
high  pressure.  "If  we  accept  the  lunar  origin  of  tektites.  this  would 
prove  or  indicate  that  the  parent  material  on  the  moon  is  something 
like  the  welded  tuft  that  we  find  in  Yellowstone  Park.  Iceland,  New 
Zealand,  and  elsewhere,"  according  to  Walter.  Welded  tuft  was  said 
to  have  some  of  the  qualities  of  beach  sand,      (ap,  Chic.  Trib.,  3/1/65) 

•  Three    Univ.     of    California     ( Berkeley )     scientists    concluded     on     the 

basis  of  their  laboratory  studies  that  Dr.  William  M.  Sinton's 
spectroscopic  evidence  of  organic  matter  on  Mars  was  not  valid.  Dr. 
Sinton  of  Lowell  Observatory  had  made  spectroscopic  studies  of  Mars 
in  1959  that  suggested  infrared  radiation  from  dark  portions  of  Mars 
was  comparable  to  that  produced  by  some  terrestrial  plant  life.  The 
California  chemists — James  S.  Shirk.  William  A.  Haseltine.  and  George 
C.  Pimentel — concluded  Dr.  Sinton  had  detected  vaporized  "deuterated 
water"  ( H_.0  plus  heavy  hydrogen — deuterium  (  rather  than  plant- 
produced  molecules.      fuPi,  S.F.  Chron.,  2/28/65) 

•  NATO  officials  were  examining  preliminary  bids  for  a  $310  million  NATO 

Air  Defense  Ground  Environment  (Nadge)  system  that  would  be  used 
to  protect  continental  Europe  from  enemy  aircraft.  Nadge  was  ex- 
pected to  be  an  improved  version  of  the  Sage  system  that  had  been 
used  to  defend  the  United  States.  At  last  December's  NATO  ministerial 
meeting,  it  was  agreed  that  each  country  be  guaranteed  Nadge  sub- 
contracts equal  to  the  amount  the  country  was  contributing  to  the 
program.  The  cost  sharing  formula  for  Nadge  was  based  on  the  con- 
tributive  capacity  of  the  member  countries;  the  advantage  accruing  to 
the  user  country:  and  the  economic  benefit  to  the  countries  in  which 
the  installations  would  be  placed.     Under  this  formula  the  U.S.  was 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  97 

expected  to  contribute  30.85%  of  the  cost  of  the  program.  (Smith, 
A^yr,  2  28  65,  12F) 

February  28:  Prospecting  for  high-grade  silver  could  be  done,  according  to 
Thor  H.  Kiilsgaard.  Chief  of  the  Resources  Research  Branch  of  the 
U.S.  Geological  Survey,  by  using  an  infrared  system  mounted  on  air- 
craft. He  explained  that  deposits  of  silver  in  the  earth  were  associated 
with  hot  water  and  that  areas  of  heat  flow  could  be  detected  by  the 
infrared  devices.  If  the  heat  zones  conformed  with  mineral  zones  or 
faults,  silver  might  be  present.   (Sci.  Serv.,  NYT,  2/ 28  65,  64) 

During  February:  The  prime  and  backup  crews  for  the  upcoming  GT-3 
three-orbital  mission  underwent  parachute  and  egress  training  exer- 
cises. Parachute  training,  with  the  astronauts  in  space  suits,  was  con- 
ducted in  Galveston  Bay.  Tex.  Egress  training  from  a  submerged 
Gemini  boilerplate  spacecraft  was  conducted  in  a  large  tank  at  Elling- 
ton. AFB.        ( Msc  Roundup.  2  17/65,  2) 

•  Atlantic  Research  Corp.  announced  the  Frangible  Areas  meteorological 

sounding  rocket,  developed  for  USAF,  had  successfully  passed  flight  tests 
at  the  Western  Test  Range.      {M&R,  3/8/65,  11) 

•  New   York  Times  continued  its  editorial  opposition  to  the  national  ob- 

jective for  Project  Apollo  of  landing  a  man  on  the  moon  in  this  decade. 
On  Feb.  19,  an  editorial  drew  from  the  two  successful  major  launch- 
ings  of  the  week  (  ranger  viii  and  saturn  i  sa-9  )  the  lesson  that  the 
kinds  of  experiments  on  these  flights  ( lunar  photography  of  RANGER 
VIII  and  PEGASUS  i  micrometeoroid  detection  satellite  on  Saturn  I) 
proved  there  were  many  unmeasured  perils  in  space  and  that  "In  the 
face  of  these  uncertainties,  the  American  space  program  ought  to  retain 
maximum  flexibility  of  timing,  rather  than  try  at  all  costs  to  achieve 
the  artificial  goal  of  a  manned  lunar  landing  by  1970." 

On  Feb.  22,  following  the  successful  conclusion  of  the  RANGER  viil 
lunar  photography  mission,  another  editorial  praised  the  accomplish- 
ment, then  noted  that  the  Ranger  series  was  not  providing  all  of  the 
answers  to  lunar  questions  critical  to  the  Apollo  program,  and  con- 
cluded: "The  two  successful  Ranger  shots,  however,  make  clear  that 
much  valuable  information  can  be  gathered  about  the  earth's  natural 
satellite  by  relatively  cheap  instrument-carrying  rockets  that  do  not  risk 
human  lives.  This  demonstration,  and  the  continuing  uncertainties 
about  matters  essential  for  a  safe  manned  round  trip  to  the  moon, 
strengthen  still  more  the  case  for  making  progress  slowly,  without  any 
arbitrary  deadline,  on  Project  Apollo."  (NYT,  2/19/65,  34;  2/22/65, 
20) 

•  A  warning   that   "In   looking   for   life   on   Mars   we   could   establish   for 

ourselves  the  reputation  of  being  the  greatest  Simple  Simons  of  all 
time"  came  from  Dr.  Philip  H.  Abelson  in  an  editorial  in  Science. 
Dr.  Abelson  was  editor  of  the  magazine  and  director  of  the 
Carnegie  Institution's  Geophysical  Laboratory.  He  said  he  did 
not  believe  that  life,  particularly  life  resembling  that  on  earth,  would 
be  found  on  Mars  and  proposed  "a  few  inexpensive  experiments"  on 
earth  to  save  years,  billions  of  dollars,  and  the  possibility  of  "con- 
siderable eventual  disappointment"  if  the  search  for  life  on  Mars  should 
prove  fruitless. 

Attempts  to  sterilize  spacecraft  to  prevent  them  from  carrying  earth 
organisms  to  Mars  might  add  "many  years  and  billions  of  dollars"  to 


98  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

the  cost,  the  editorial  said.  It  suggested,  instead,  careful  selection  of 
experiments  to  be  sent  to  Mars  and  "relatively  inexpensive  studies  here 
on  earth"  to  determine  whether  sterilization  were  really  necessary. 
(Clark,  NYT,  2/13/65;  Wash.  Post,  2/13/65) 
During  February:  Dr.  Leo  Steg.  manager  of  General  Electric  Co.'s  Space 
Sciences  Laboratory,  Missile  and  Space  Div.,  was  named  Engineer  of 
the  Year — 1964.  He  was  cited  for  outstanding  contributions  to  the 
advancement  of  space  science  and  the  engineering  profession.  The 
award  was  presented  by  an  amalgamation  of  41  societies  during  the 
1965  National  Engineers'  Week  in  Philadelphia.  (Av.  Wk.,  2/1/65, 
13) 

•  NASA's  contributions  to  the  technology  of  inorganic  coatings  were  de- 

scribed in  a  new  technology  survey  (NASA  SP-5014)  published  by  the 
NASA  Technology  Utilization  Division.  They  were  thermophototropic 
coatings;  thermal  control  coatings  for  space  vehicles;  solid  lubrication 
coatings;  thermal  insulation  coatings;  methods  of  applying  coatings  to 
substrates;  measurement  of  coating  optical  properties;  and  refractory 
metal  oxidation  resistant  coatings,  (nasa  Release  65-39,  65-44,  and 
65-61) 

•  GAO    saved    the    military    services    a    total    of    S254.7    million,    AEC    S3 

million,  and  NASA  S727.000  last  year.  This  information  was  re- 
leased in  a  251-page  document  released  by  GAO  in  addition  to  the 
GAO  Administrator's  Annual  Report  to  Congress.      {M&R,  2/15/65,  9) 

•  Nikita  Khrushchev,  in  his  first  known  public  appearance  in  Moscow  since 

his  removal  from  power  in  October  1964,  visited  the  cosmonauts' 
monument  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  Reuters  reported.  A  militiaman 
on  duty  at  the  monument  said:  "Yes,  it's  quite  true.  Nikita 
Sergeyevich  visited  the  monument  and  spent  about  30  minutes."  After 
the  Soviet  Union's  three-man  orbital  mission,  voskhod  I,  last  October, 
Khrushchev  had  been  scheduled  to  welcome  the  cosmonauts  to  Moscow 
and  to  dedicate  the  monument,  but  his  sudden  retirement  intervened. 
(Reuters,  Waller,  Wash.  Post,  2/22/65,  1) 

•  France's  Emeraude  rocket,  first  stage  of  the  Diamant  booster,  was  success- 

fully launched  from  Hammaguir  Range,  Algeria,  after  three  failures. 
Its  liquid-fueled  engine  provided  62.000-lbs.  thrust  for  88  sec.  Twelve 
Emeraude  launchings  were  originally  scheduled.  Second  and  third 
stages  of  the  Diamant  launch  vehicle,  both  solid  fueled,  had  already 
been  successfully  tested.  No  attempt  had  been  made  to  launch  the 
three  stages  linked  together.  (Av.  Wk.,  3/22/65,  18;  M&R,  3/22/65, 
9) 

•  William    Cohen,    Chief    of    Solid    Propulsion    Experimental    Motors    in 

NASA's  OART,  discussed  the  great  strides  in  large  solid-propellant  rocket 
motors  taken  in  the  past  few  years,  in  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics 
article.  Among  the  new  technologies  he  mentioned  were  maraging 
steels,  ablative  nozzles,  vector  control,  and  the  cast-cure-test  facility. 
Looking  toward  the  future,  Cohen  said  among  the  advanced  concepts 
associated  with  large  solids  showing  promise  of  success  were  reusable 
motor  cases,  insulation,  and  nozzle  component;  and  failure-warning 
systems.      {A&A,  2/65,  42-16) 

•  Cost    and    performance    comparability    of    large    solid-propellant    rocket 

motors  was  topic  of  article  by  G.W.G.  Van  Winkle,  Boeing 
Co.,  in  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics.     The  information  was  based  on 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  99 

research  obtained  in  study  made  by  Boeing  for  MSFC.  In  the 
same  issue,  Dr.  Walter  G.  Berl  of  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Applied 
Physic  Laboratory  discussed  combustion  instability  in  solid-propellant 
rocket  motors.  Four  types  of  instability  were  listed,  and  the  status 
of  solutions  to  these  problems  was  discussed.  Dr.  Berl  concluded 
that  it  was  "too  much  to  expect  that  the  always  latent  instability 
problem  has  been  banished  from  the  new  propellants  of  the  future. 
It  is  more  likely  that  the  most  obvious  troubles  can  be  eliminated, 
partly  through  analysis,  partly  through  recognition  and  exploitation  of 
past  trends.  .  .  ."      [A&A,  2/65,  48-61) 

During  February:  In  a  report  titled  "Federal  Funds  for  Research,  Develop- 
ment, and  other  Scientific  Activities,"  National  Science  Foundation  said 
DOD  obligations  for  R&D  increased  each  year  from  $2.3  billion  in  1956 
to  an  estimated  S7.5  billion  in  1964.  Although  survey  predicted  a 
small  decrease  to  $7.2  billion  for  1965,  the  10-yr.  period  showed  a 
200%  gain.  Support  to  applied  research  accounted  for  about  22%  of 
1965  R&D  Defense  funds,  with  2  or  3%  used  for  basic  research;  about 
75%  went  for  development.  Profit-making  organizations  had  done 
most  of  dod's  R&D  during  the  10  yrs.,  increasing  from  about  50%  in 
1956  to  65%  in  1965.  The  report  added:  "On  the  other  hand,  the  re- 
lative share  of  Defense  research  and  development  performed  intramu- 
rally  decreased  each  year  from  about  40%  in  1956  to  21%  in  1963, 
but  an  increase  to  25%  was  expected  in  1965.  .  .  ."  (nsf  Rpt.  65-13) 

•  Experimental  model  isotopic  thruster  was  tested  at  AEC  Mound  Labora- 
tory, using  heat  from  radioactive  decay  of  polonium  210.  Mound 
Laboratory  was  continuing  development  of  polonium  210  fuel  forms 
and  fuel  encapsulating  techniques  for  specific  space  applications.  The 
isotopic  small  rocket  engine,  or  thruster,  concept  envisions  use  of  a 
radioisotope  to  heat  hydrogen,  which  is  expelled  through  a  nozzle  to 
produce  low  thrust.      {Atomic  Energy  Programs,  1965,  149) 


March   1965 


March  1:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  sent  a  letter  to  the  House 
and  Senate  space  committees  outlining  major  reprograming  of  funds 
planned  by  NASA  during  the  remainder  of  FY  1965.  Webb  said  $13 
million  had  been  allocated  to  large  solid  rockets  in  FY  1965  and  noth- 
ing in  the  following  year  "due  to  the  President's  decision  not  to  in- 
clude funds  in  the  NASA  '66  budget."  Close-out  costs  for  the  large 
solids  would  amount  to  S8.5  million  in  addition  to  the  S13  million 
already  earmarked  "and  would  yield  no  technical  confirmation  of  the 
planned  objectives."  By  adding  another  S5.3  million,  "bringing  the  FY 
'65  funding  to  $26.8  million."  NASA  would  "carry  the  Phase  I  program 
through  to  completion."  Phase  I  called  for  the  manufacture  and 
firing  of  two  "half-length"  rockets  78  ft.  long  and  260  in.  in 
diameter.  Additional  close-out  funds  were  also  granted  to  the  other 
programs  not  included  in  the  FY  '66  budget:  $2.15  million  for  Snap-o; 
$3  million  for  the  M-1  engine.  (Text;  NASA  Auth.  Hearings  [Part 
4],  279-88) 

•  First  Saturn  V  booster  (s-ic-T)   had  been  moved  to  static  test  stand  at 

NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  to  prove  out  its  propulsion 
system.  The  280,000-lb.  stage,  developed  jointly  by  MSFC  and  Boeing 
Co.,  had  two  tanks  with  total  capacity  of  4,400,000  lbs.  of  liquid  oxy- 
gen and  kerosene,  and  five  F-1  engines,  each  weighing  ten  tons,  which 
provided  total  thrust  of  7.5  million  lbs.  (  msfc  Release  65^7;  Mar- 
shall Star,  3/3/65,  1,  6) 

•  Louis  Walter,  geochemist  at  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  reported 

that  of  the  400  specimens  received  from  "Operation  Moon  Harvest" 
none  analyzed  was  a  meteor  or  other  non-earth  fragment.  It  had  been 
theorized  that  because  of  the  low  gravity  of  the  moon,  meteoroids 
striking  the  moon  might  dislodge  fragments  which  would  be  attracted 
by  earth's  gravity,  and  that  analysis  of  the  fragments  would  provide 
important  clues  to  composition  of  the  moon.  {Des  Moines  Register, 
3/2/65) 

•  Dr.  Mose  L.   Harvey,  Director  of  the  Univ.   of  Miami  Center  for  Ad- 

vanced International  Studies  and  history  professor,  was  sworn  in  by 
NASA  as  part-time  consultant  in  international  affairs.  Dr.  Harvey  also 
was  a  consultant  to  U.S.  State  Department's  Policy  Planning 
Council.      (NASA  Release  65-71) 

•  JPl's  Dr.  Robert  Nathan  had  developed  computer  system  that  was  dou- 

bling resolution  of  Ranger  lunar  photographs.  Picture  data  were  tak- 
en directly  from  magnetic  tape  and  digitized  for  insertion  into  an  IBM 
7094,  thereby  bypassing  kinescope  response  that  had  contributed  to 
distortion  of  published  Ranger  pictures.  Calibration  data  obtained 
before  Ranger  flight  were  used  to  remove  noise  and  distortion  which 

100 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  101 

brought  "a  dramatic  increase  in  resolution."  Craters  became  visible 
that  were  not  seen  in  original  pictures.  [M&R,  3/1/65,  8) 
March  1:  ComSatCorp  announced  delay  of  Early  Bird  synchronous  satellite 
launch,  previously  targeted  for  end  of  March,  because  of  decision  to 
replace  defective  transistors  and  retest  replacements.  (ComSatCorp 
Release) 

•  David    Sarnoff.    Chairman    of    RCA.    accepting    National    Commander's 

Award  for  Distinguished  Service,  said  at  the  American  Legion's  fifth 
annual  Washington  conference:  "The  same  sense  of  mission  that  ignit- 
ed our  young  nation's  Westward  expansion  a  century  ago  should  now 
be  brought  to  bear  in  support  of  the  President's  space  objectives.  .  .  . 

"Leadership  in  space  and  in  the  communications  art  which  is  the 
key  to  mastery  in  space,  translates  itself  today  into  political,  military, 
economic  and  social  leadership  among  the  nations  of  the 
world.  Technological  leadership  resembles  a  magnet  which  attracts 
other  forces.  When  it  is  weakened,  these  forces  are  drawn  into  other 
orbits." 

President  Johnson  sent  a  message  endorsing  the  award  and  praising 
Mr.  Sarnoff's  achievements  "on  behalf  of  a  grateful  nation."  {NYT, 
3/2/65) 

•  Editorializing  in   Missiles   and  Rockets,   William   Coughlin   suggested   a 

"useful  mission"  for  which  ranger  ix  might  be  adapted:  "Our  un- 
solicited proposal  to  NASA  is  that  Ranger  be  employed  to  return  to 
Earth  photographs  of  Earth  from  space.  Satellites  have  told  us  the 
Earth  is  'pear-shaped'  rather  than  round  and  that  it  draws  a  perhaps 
invisible  but  comet-like  tail  after  it  through  space.  Photographs  of 
the  entire  Earth  globe  as  seen  from  space  would  have  high  scientific 
value.  As  a  propaganda  triumph,  it  would  be  unequalled.  .  .  ." 
M&R,  3/1/65,  46) 

•  President    Johnson,    addressing    40    winners    of    annual    Westinghouse 

science  talent  search,  said  science  and  politics  should  strive  to  "serve 
humanity."  He  added  that  this  country  was  "very  anxious  to  produce 
all  the  scientists  that  we  can,"  and  expressed  hope  that  scientists  would 
learn  about  government  and  politics.  Larry  Dean  Howard  of  Canoga 
Park,  Calif.,  won  first  prize  for  having  developed  a  method  of  ac- 
curately defining  the  orbits  of  earth  satellites  through  the  use  of 
differential  calculus.  Prize  was  a  $7,500  Westinghouse  scholarship. 
(AP,  NYT,  3/1/65;  Loftus,  NYT,  3/2/65,  14) 

•  USAF  conducted  first  inland  Minuteman  ICBM  flight  test,  launching  the 

missile  from  a  silo  near  Newell,  N.  Dak.      {M&R,  3/8/65) 
March  1-3:  The  aiaa  Unmanned  Spacecraft  Meeting  was  held  in  Los  An- 
geles. 

Maj.  Gen.  0.  J.  Ritland,  afsc's  Deputy  Commander  for  Space,  said 
in  address  that  focus  on  manned  space  events  often  caused  us  to  lose 
sight  of  the  numerous  space  missions  adequately  performed  by  un- 
manned spacecraft.  Although  much  of  unmanned  spacecraft  activity 
had  directly  supported  manned  missions,  "unmanned  space  technology 
has  benefitted  only  indirectly  from  manned  space  effort."  He  predict- 
ed that  future  manned  missions  might  reverse  this  relationship  and 
cited  the  objectives  of  the  USAF  Mol  program  as  an  effort  to  strength- 
en and  expand  technology  for  all  space  programs.  Mol  program 
would  develop  technology  to  improve  manned  space  capability;  dem- 


102  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

onstrate  servicing  by  man  of  large  structures  in  space;  conduct  basic 
scientific  and  general  technological  manned  experimentation;  deter- 
mine biological  response  of  man  in  space  for  extended  periods.  Gen- 
eral Ritland  said:  "With  a  laboratory  in  space,  astronaut-scientists  or 
engineers  can  assemble,  test,  and  observe  the  operation  of  many  sub- 
systems or  components  in  the  actual  space  environment.  They  can 
observe  equipment  failures  on  the  spot  and  will  be  able  to  make  neces- 
sary replacements  or  repairs.  I  have  spent  many  hours  .  .  .  looking 
over  space  flight  data — attempting  to  determine  exactly  what  failed 
and  why  it  failed.  The  time  is  near  when  we  can  overcome  many  of 
these  frustrations  and  uncertainties  by  use  of  the  astronaut  to  answer 
such  questions  or  to  relay  data  to  the  ground  for  detailed  analy- 
sis."     (afsc  Release) 

Discussing  future  requirements  for  military  satellite  communications 
systems,  Samuel  P.  Brown,  Technical  Director,  U.S.  Army  Satellite 
Communications  Agency,  said:  "The  feasibility  of  gaining  significant 
improvements  in  this  area  appears  very  good  based  on  the  lessons 
learned  from  the  syncom  spin  stabilized  satellite  and  the  approaches 
planned  for  the  dod's  Initial  Defense  Communications  Satellite  Project 
and  NASA's  Applications  Technology  Satellite  Program.  From  these 
and  other  programs  is  expected  to  evolve  techniques  for  spacecraft 
stabilization  which  will  permit  the  increase  of  satellite  antenna  gains 
by  an  order  of  magnitude."      (Text) 

NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Sciences  and  Appli- 
cations Edgar  M.  Cortright  said  the  reason  for  a  civilian  and  a  mili- 
tary space  program  lay  in  fundamental  differences  in  the  respective 
roles  of  NASA  and  DOD:  "nasa's  role  is  to  explore  and  exploit  space  for 
peaceful  purposes.  The  dod's  role  is  to, stay  prepared  to  defend  the 
United  States  and  its  allies,  operating  in  any  medium  that  furthers  this 
end.  The  present  space  program  with  its  great  breadth  would  never 
have  evolved  under  the  dod,  which  must  necessarily  devote  its  full 
attention  to  its  awesome  military  responsibilities.  .  .  . 

"Fortunately,  the  two  space  programs  are  mutually  supporting  and 
blend  together  quite  well.  They  use  common  equipment  .  .  .  and 
draw  on  the  same  scientific  and  industrial  base  .  .  .  numerous 
projects  are  of  great  mutual  interest.  Top  management  in  both  agen- 
cies devotes  substantial  effort  to  insure  close  cooperation  and  to  mini- 
mize duplication."      (Text) 

JPl's  Dan  Schneiderman,  project  manager  for  NASA's  Mariner  pro- 
gram, told  AIAA  delegates  that  data  from  MARINER  iv's  solar  plasma 
probe,  which  ceased  normal  functioning  ten  days  after  the  Nov.  28, 
1964,  launching,  had  become  understandable  to  scientists  through  anal- 
ysis of  a  component  failure  in  the  plasma  probe.  Telemetry  from  a 
second  instrument  indicated  that  a  portion  of  the  ionization  chamber 
experiment,  which  measured  radiation  in  space,  was  not  operating 
properly.  Schneiderman  said  the  new  failure  was  in  the  Geiger- 
Mueller  tube.  Schneiderman  estimated  that  based  on  nitrogen  con- 
sumption to  date,  there  was  enough  gas  available  to  keep  MARINER 
IV  stablized  for  about  six  years.  He  said  there  had  been  no  loss  of 
lock  with  Canopus  since  a  special  command  was  transmitted  to  the 
probe  Dec.  17,  1964.      (nasa  Release  65-73) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  103 

March  1-3:  The  first  NASA  University  Program  Review  Conference  in  Kan- 
sas City,  Mo.,  assembled  over  400  university  representatives  interested 
in  learning  how  their  institutions  could  qualify  for  NASA  grants  for 
space-related  research  or  expand  present  programs.  Dr.  Thomas  L.  K. 
Smull,  Director  of  the  NAS4  Office  of  Grants  and  Research  Contracts, 
reported  that  200  universities  were  participating  in  the  program,  that 
some  of  the  grants  were  for  specific  projects,  some  in  university  sus- 
taining programs,  and  others  for  the  support  of  predoctoral 
candidates.  He  said  that  while  NASA  was  "mission  oriented,"  its  job 
was  not  limited  to  putting  a  man  on  the  moon:  "Its  objective  is  the 
expansion  of  human  knowledge  of  phenomena  in  the  atmosphere  and 
space.  One  problem  is  how  the  academic  community  can  communi- 
cate with  NASA."      ( McCoy,  Kansas  City  Star,  3/1/65) 

In  a  luncheon  address.  Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff,  NASA  Associate 
Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  urged  educa- 
tors not  to  strangle  "the  holy  curiosity  of  inquiry."  He  said  the  suc- 
cess of  the  U.S.  space  program  depended  largely  on  "formation  of 
ideas  by  individuals  working  as  individuals  in  universities."      (Text) 

Sen.  Stuart  Symington  (D-Mo.)  told  the  Conference  that  the  U.S. 
must  "widen  the  scope  of  man's  imagination,  trample  rough-shod  over 
intellectually  inhibiting  barriers  and  stimulate  to  their  fullest  potential 
the  mental  powers  of  young  and  reasonably  young  Americans  if  the 
United  States  were  to  achieve  and  maintain  preeminence  in 
space."  Symington  emphasized  the  need  for  communication  of  new 
knowledge.      (Kansas  City  Times,  3/3/65) 

Dr.  Willard  F.  Libby,  Director  of  Univ.  of  California's  Institute  of 
Geophysics  and  Planetary  Physics,  reviewed  activities  supported  by 
NASA  multidisciplinary  grant:  "In  the  three  years  UCLA  has  adminis- 
tered [the  .  .  .  NASA  grant,  we  have  aided  in  bringing  thirty-seven 
visiting  scientists  to  this  campus  for  short  periods  of  time.  This  grant 
has  supported  fourteen  visiting  researchers  for  periods  of  up  to  one 
year.  Through  the  use  of  these  funds  and  program  enrichment  funds 
from  the  NASA  Predoctoral  Traineeship  grant,  we  have  aided  in  bring- 
ing seven  new  faculty  members  to  this  campus  to  augment  the  existing 
faculty  in  space-related  fields.  .  .  .  Finally,  we  have  made  over  fifty 
sub-grants  to  faculty  for  new  starts  on  space-related  research  in  var- 
ious areas — Biology  and  Medicine,  Physical  Sciences,  Engineering, 
and  Business  Administration."      (Text) 

•  More  than  250  scholars  and  theologians  met  in  New  York  to  discuss 
means  of  attaining  world  peace  and  "to  lay  groundwork  for  a 
theology  for  the  dawning  age  of  cybernation."  Moral  and  tech- 
nological implications  of  Pope  John  XXlll's  encyclical  Pacem  in  Ter- 
ris  were  studied.  Meeting  was  sponsored  by  Center  for  the  Study  of 
Democratic  Institutions  and  the  Fellowship  of  Reconciliation.  (NYT, 
3/2/65,28;  /VFr,  3/3/65.  24) 

March  2:  Two  seconds  after  lift-off.  NASA's  Atlas-Centaur  5,  carrying  a 
dummy  Surveyor  spacecraft,  exploded  and  burned  on  Launch  Pad 
36-B  at  Cape  Kennedv.  Failure  occurred  when  two  of  the  three  Atlas 
engines  shut  off  simultaneously  due  to  closing  of  a  fuel-line 
valve.  The  150-ton.  108-ft.  rocket  rose  three  ft.  from  the  pad,  then  fell 
back  to  the  ground  and  exploded.     Although  burning  propellant  cov- 


104  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

ered  most  of  the  launch  complex,  no  injuries  to  personnel  were 
reported.     Damage  to  the  launching  pad  was  estimated  at  S5  million. 

Objectives  of  the  Atlas-Centaur  test  had  been  to  test  the  ability  of  its 
guidance  system  and  hydrogen-powered  second  stage  to  send  a  payload 
the  size  of  the  2.150-lb.  Surveyor  on  a  precise  path  to  the  moon  and  to 
evaluate  how  well  the  mock-up  Surveyor  spacecraft  would  withstand 
the  stresses  of  launching.  (AP.  Phil.  Eve.  Bull,  3/2/65;  UPI,  Chic. 
Trib.,  3/2/65;  ap,  NYT,  3/3/65;  Av.  Wk.,  3/8/65) 
March  2:  NASA  invited  international  scientific  community  to  propose  re- 
search experiments  and  design  studies  for  upcoming  missions,  primarily 
those  scheduled  between  1967  and  1970.  and  to  propose  space  investi- 
gations not  presently  scheduled.  In  addition,  they  were  invited  to  sug- 
gest experiments  ( 1 )  involving  the  design  and  construction  of  entire 
spacecraft  and  (2)  involving  special  characteristics  or  requirements 
calling  for  the  development  of  a  new  Explorer  spacecraft  or  for  sched- 
uling of  additional  missions  for  Explorers  already  developed.  Pro- 
posals would  be  evaluated  on  scientific  merit,  technological  feasibility, 
competence  and  experience  of  investigator,  assurance  of  institutional 
support,  and  scientific  adequacy  of  apparatus  suggested.  Proposal 
deadline:   Jan.   1,   1966.      (nasa  Release  65-70) 

•  In  a  letter  of  explanation  to  Congress,  NASA  discussed  priorities  in  the 

FY  1966  budget:  ".  .  .  As  the  President  pointed  out  when  he  sub- 
mitted the  budget  to  the  Congress,  'It  is  a  budget  of  priorities.  It 
provides  for  what  we  must  do,  but  not  for  all  we  would  like  to  do.'  In 
assessing  priorities  and  the  most  urgent  national  needs,  the  260-inch 
solid  propellant  rocket  program,  the  M-1  liquid  hydrogen-oxygen 
rocket  engine  capable  of  providing  lYo  million  pounds  of  thrust,  and 
the  SNAP-o  nuclear  electric  power  generating  system  to  provide  35 
kilowatts  of  electrical  power  in  space  could  not  be  supported  in  the 
Fiscal  Year  1966  budget. 

".  .  .  [nasa]  is,  therefore,  preparing  plans  for  reprogramming  Fis- 
cal Year  1965  funds  so  as  to  logically  phase  out  these  program  activi- 
ties in  such  a  way  as  to  obtain  as  much  technical  information  as  is 
possible  for  future  use.  .  .  .  Every  effort  is  being  made  to  achieve 
the  greatest  possible  benefit  from  the  funds  already  invested."      (Text) 

•  Prof.     Thomas     Gold,     Cornell     Univ.     astronomer,     discussing     RANGER 

VIII  photographs  in  an  interview  with  John  Lear,  World  Book  Ency- 
clopedia Science  Service,  Inc.,  suggested  that  long,  narrow  rills  and 
irregular  depressions  could  be  caused  by  moon's  surface  collapsing 
into  crevasses  opened  by  the  movement  of  a  glacier  hidden  beneath 
lunar  dust.  He  attributed  gently  rounded  shapes  to  a  shifting  of  small 
particles  by  electrical  forces  which,  on  earth,  were  inhibited  by 
atmosphere.  Concerning  the  manned  expedition.  Gold  indicated: 
"The  presence  of  ice  oceans  could  give  rise  to  many  problems.  But 
once  these  were  solved,  the  ice  itself  could  be  mined  and  used  to  make 
hydrogen  for  fuel  for  rockets  returning  to  Earth."  Referring  to  the 
electrically-charged  particles:  "Many  particles  would  be  dislodged  me- 
chanically by  the  landing  of  a  spacecraft  or  the  footstep  of  a 
man.  Once  loose,  the  dust  would  jump  in  response  to  electrical  attrac- 
tion or  repulsion.  If  particles  landed  on  the  astronaut's  visor,  brush- 
ing wouldn't  remove  them  but  would  instead  intensify  the  electrical 
charges  affecting  their  behavior."     Dr.  Gold  recommended  more  re- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  105 

search  on  possible  control  of  these  electrical  forces.  (Lear,  Houston 
Chron.,  3/2/65;  Ind.  Star,  3/7/65;  wbe  Sci.  Serv.) 
March  2:  A  $1,366,511  contract  for  construction  of  a  high  temperature  heat 
load  testing  facility  at  NASA  Flight  Research  Center  was  awarded  to 
Santa  Fe  Engineers,  Inc.  The  facility  would  be  capable  of  producing 
temperatures  up  to  3.000 °F  on  small  isolated  areas  of  aircraft;  larger 
areas  could  be  heated  up  to  about  600°.  Contract  was  awarded  by 
Army  Corps  of  Engineers,  which  was  administering  it  for  NASA,  (frc 
Release  9-65) 

•  A  Sl,260.000  contract  to  build  an  addition  to  Central  Computer  Facility 

at  SHdell,  La.,  had  been  awarded  by  NASA  Marshall  Space  FHght 
Center  to  Quinn  Construction  Co..  New  Orleans,  La.  The  computer 
facility  was  used  to  support  the  Michoud  Operations  in  New  Orleans 
and  tiie  Mississippi  Test  Operations,  Hancock  County,  Miss,  (msfc 
Release  65^8) 

•  In  a  Christian  Science  Monitor  editorial,  Leonard  Schwartz  posed  the 

problem  of  ''how  the  capability  represented  by  manned  orbiting  space 
stations  can  be  used  to  enhance  national  security  and  promote 
peaceful-scientific  uses  of  outer  space."  Schwartz  suggested  formation 
of  an  inspection  agency — International  Space  Patrol — to  neutralize 
military  potential  represented  by  manned  space  stations  and  to  ensure 
usage  of  outer  space  for  peaceful  purposes  only.  He  pointed  out  that 
Vice  President  Humphrey,  one  of  the  first  proponents  of  an  arms  con- 
trol agency  and  an  international  space  agency,  was  now  Chairman  of 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  on  which  sat  the  Secretaries 
of  Defense  and  State  and  administrators  of  AEC  and  NASA.  This  posi- 
tion provided  him  with  "an  appropriate  vantage  to  supervise  their 
arms  control  capabilities  in  order  to  reach  a  national  decision  which 
would  reconcile  control  with  security  and  scientific  use  of  outer 
space."  (CSM,  3/2/65,  4) 
March  2-3:  In  testimony  before  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  As- 
tronautics' Subcommittee  on  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  Ed- 
mond  C.  Buckley.  Director  of  NASA's  Office  of  Tracking  and  Data  Ac- 
quisition, said  that  during  1965,  data  processing  facilities  would 
handle  70.000.000  data  points  per  day  and  that  there  would  be  an 
increase  to  200.000.000  data  points  per  day  in  1966.  He  continued: 
"In  fiscal  year  1966.  effort  under  this  category  will  be  directed  toward 
developing  and  evaluating  techniques  for  building  up  the  existing  te- 
lemetry data  reduction  capability  to  match  the  increasing  require- 
ments. In  order  to  reduce  this  tremendous  amount  of  data  in  an 
efficient  and  reliable  manner,  new  techniques  must  be  evaluated  for 
obtaining  this  additional  capability. 

"The  heart  of  this  prototype  system  is  the  Satellite  Telemetry  Auto- 
matic Reduction  System  (Stars).  The  development  program  for  this 
system  was  initiated  in  prior  years  and  is  planned  to  continue  through 
fiscal  year  1968.  The  Stars  equipment  presently  includes  automatic 
editing,  decommutation,  and  calibration  of  the  telemetry  data.  Func- 
tions in  addition  to  these  will  be  included  in  the  prototype  equipment 
as  the  developmental  subsystems  become  available.  .  .  ."  (Testi- 
mony; NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  1-87) 


106  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

March  3:  nasa's  pegasus  i  meteoroid-detecting  satellite  recorded  19  wing 
punctures  in  its  3  to  4  million  mi.  travels.  Earth-transmitted  electron- 
ic signals  might  have  been  the  cause  of  several  recorded  hits,  but  some 
were  definitely  meteoroid  particles.  PEGASUS  I  orbited  the  earth  every 
97  min.      (ap.  NYT,  3/4/65,  50;  ap,  Wash.  Post,  3/4/65) 

•  NASA,  at  dod's  request,  had  halted  syncom   ii's  westward   drift  at  68° 

east  longitude  over  the  Indian  Ocean.  Under  the  direction  of  project 
managers  at  nasa's  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  the  command  signals 
had  been  sent  from  the  Syncom  station  in  Salisbury,  Australia,  begin- 
ning Feb.  20  and  ending  Feb.  24.  No  future  major  locational  correc- 
tions were  anticipated;  SYNCOM  ii  should  remain  in  same  general  area 
indefinitely,      (nasa  Release  65-72) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said  at  a  press  conference  held  in 

conjunction  with  the  NASA  University  Program  Review  Conference  in 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  that  the  space  research  program  would  cost  $35 
billion  over  a  ten-year  period.  At  the  end  of  that  time,  NASA  expected 
to  have  accomplished  (1)  12  to  15  flights  of  the  Saturn  V,  (2)  5,000 
hrs.  of  astronaut  flight  time,  and  (3)  the  capability  of  lifting  240,000 
lbs.  from  the  earth  and  orbiting  90,000  lbs.  {Kansas  City  Times, 
3/3/65) 

•  Gen,  Bernard  A.  Schriever    (usaf),  addressing  American  Management 

Assn.  conference  in  New  York  City,  announced  recent  approval  and 
initation  of  usaf  Spacecraft  Technology  and  Advanced  Reentry  Tests 
program  (Start),  "a  four-fold  research  spacecraft  program  to  develop 
unmanned  test  vehicles  capable  of  maneuvering  to  a  precision  re- 
covery site  after  reentering  from  orbit."  In  a  Baltimore  Sun  editorial, 
Albert  Sehlstedt,  Jr.,  said  that  the  Martin  Co.  had  designed  for  this 
program  a  new,  wingless  V-shaped  plane,  maneuverable  in  atmosphere 
because  its  shape  would  provide  aerodynamic  lift.  The  program 
would:  (1)  launch  the  sv-5  by  Atlas  booster,  (2)  continue  Asset 
experiments  to  test  vehicles  entering  atmosphere  at  very  high  speeds, 
(3)  study  effects  of  vehicles  passing  through  atmosphere  at  slower 
speeds,  and  (4)  relate  to  allied  studies  that  had  not  yet  led  to  specific 
designs  for  identifiable  reentry  vehicles.  (Text;  AFSC  Release  31.65; 
Sehlstedt,  Bait.  5an,  3/4/65) 

•  Rep.  J.  Edward  Roush   (D-Ind.),  addressing  the  House,  cited  the  1965 

National  Science  Foundation  Report  to  the  House  Subcommittee  on 
Science,  Research  and  Development  of  the  House  Committee  on 
Science  and  Astronautics,  which  pointed  out  the  heavy  concentration 
of  Government  research  contracts  in  New  York,  California,  and 
Massachusetts.  "One-half  of  the  50  states  have  96.78  percent  of  all 
the  funds  listed  for  the  various  States.  The  remaining  3.22  percent  is 
shared  by  the  other  25  states,"  the  report  continued.  Roush  main- 
tained that  more  equitable  distribution  of  Federal  funds  would  alle- 
viate economic  depression  in  many  areas.  {CR,  3/3/65,  3895) 
March  4:  nasa's  oso  ii  satellite,  which  completed  its  first  month  in  orbit 
at  11:36  a.m.  est,  had  circled  earth  419  times  and  daily  returned  about 
7  mi.  of  tape-recorded  data,  NASA  reported.  Designed  to  provide  de- 
tailed information  on  solar  x-rays,  gamma  rays,  and  ultraviolet  rays, 
oso  II  was  functioning  normally  except  for  failure  of  the  Harvard 
College  Observatory  ultraviolet  scanning  spectrometer  and  for  sporadic 
return  of  data  from  the  spectroheliograph  portion  of  Naval  Research 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  107 

Laboratory  coronagraph.  Earlier  problems  with  data  transmissions 
from  GSFC  ultraviolet  spectrometer  had  been  resolved.  (NASA  Release 
65-74) 
March  4:  NASA's  OGO  I  had  received  ground-administered  "shock  treat- 
ments" to  correct  faulty  inverter.  Continued  malfunctioning  of  in- 
verter, which  supplied  power  for  rotation  of  solar  panels  to  maintain 
proper  angle  to  the  sun,  would  have  shortened  OGO  I's  lifetime  for  lack 
of  electric  power.  All  other  systems  were  functioning  normally  ex- 
cept attitude  control.  OGO  I  was  still  spin-stabilized  in  orbit;  ap- 
parently horizon  scanners  were  obscured  by  experiment  boom  only 
partially  deployed.  19  of  the  20  scientific  experiments  were  returning 
usable  scientific  data.      (NASA  Release  65-75) 

•  U.S. -Mexican  agreement  for  operation  of  NASA  tracking  station  at  Guay- 

mas.  Mexico,  had  been  extended  to  1970,  NASA  announced.  The  sta- 
tion would  be  used  to  track  Project  Gemini  and  Project  Apollo.  The 
two  Governments  also  agreed  to  cooperate  on  meteorological  sounding 
programs,      (nasa  Release  65-76) 

•  Milton  B.  Ames,  Jr.,  Director  of  nasa  Space  Vehicle  Research  and  Tech- 

nical Div..  told  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics' 
Subcommittee  on  Space  Sciences  and  Applications  that  lightweight, 
flexible  plastic  baffles  had  proved  more  efficient  for  controUing  fuel 
"sloshing"  in  launch  vehicle's  propellant  tanks  than  heavy  metal 
baffles.  He  said  plastic  baffles  could  also  serve  to  prevent  leakage  of 
propellant  gas  used  in  fuel-pumping  during  w'eightlessness.  (Text; 
NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  133-50) 

•  Dr.  Maurice  Goldhaber.  Director  of  AEc's  Brookhaven  (N.Y.)  Laborato- 

ry, testifying  before  a  subcommittee  of  the  Joint  Senate-House  Atomic 
Energy  Committee,  announced  discovery  of  the  "antideuteron,"  largest 
particle  of  antimatter  yet  known  to  be  produced  on  earth.  Antimatter 
consisted  of  various  subatomic  particles  which  could  annihilate  their 
particular  opposite  number  if  they  struck  them.  Goldhaber  later  told 
newsmen  that  scientists  had  reported  observing  occasional  particles  of 
antimatter  running  earthward  from  outer  space.  "It  could  be  that 
somewhere  else  in  the  universe  there  is  an  'anticosmos'  that  occasional- 
ly leaks  particles  to  the  earth."  (ap,  Louisville  Courier-Journal, 
3/4/65) 

•  Basing  his  judgment  on  successful  Feb.  27  firing  of  Thiokol's   156-in. 

solid  propellant  rocket  motor,  Harold  W.  Ritchey,  President  of  Thiokol 
Chemical  Corp.,  predicted  U.S.  could  produce  within  30  months  a  flya- 
ble  rocket  capable  of  generating  7  million  lbs.  of  thrust.  Brig.  Gen. 
Joseph  J.  Bleymaier  (USAF),  Deputy  Commander  (Manned  Systems) 
of  USAF  Space  Systems  Div.,  commented:  ".  .  .  this  firing  provides  us 
with  final  proof  that  we  can  configure  an  all-sohd  space  booster  of 
tremendous  capability  when  the  requirement  presents  itself."  (Appel, 
NYT,  3/5/65) 

•  Senate  passed  House-passed  bill  designating  March  16  of  each  year  as  Dr. 

Robert  Hutchings  Goddard  Day.      iCR,  3/4/65,  4009,  4010) 

•  Firefly,  a  new  life  detection  instrument  containing  an  extract  of  common 

firefly's  lamp,  had  been  developed  by  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight 
Center  to  help  determine  how  far  out  and  how  much  life  existed  in 
earth's  atmosphere.  This  information  would  be  essential  to  prevent 
contamination    of    sterilized    probes    enroute    through    earth's    atmo- 


108  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

sphere.  Firefly,  containing  luciferin.  luciferase,  and  oxygen,  would 
glow  whenever  it  encountered  adenosine  triphosphate,  a  chemical  es- 
sential to  all  life  known  on  earth.  Report  of  any  encounter  with  live 
microorganisms  would  be  immediate,  precluding  need  for  recovering 
detector,  (gsfc  Release  G-5-65) 
March  4:  Columbia.  Harvard,  and  Yale  Universities'  medical  libraries, 
aided  by  a  National  Science  Foundation  grant,  were  linked  by  a  net- 
work of  computers  and  telephone  lines,  thereby  giving  students  instant 
access  to  medical  literature  in  all  collections.  Frederick  G.  Kilgour, 
Yale  medical  librarian,  foresaw  elimination  of  duplicate  material  when 
telecommunication  and  photographic  reproducing  devices  were  added 
to  the  network.  Pages  from  a  book  in  one  city  could  be  furnished 
to  student  in  another  city  and  even  reproduced  for  him  to  check  out. 

(Phillips,  yvyr,  3/5/65,  i) 

March  5:  NASA's  mariner  iv  spacecraft,  at  8:02  a.m.,  est,  automatically 
switched  from  its  omnidirectional  antenna  to  fixed  narrow  beam  anten- 
na to  communicate  with  earth,  thereby  becoming  radio-ready  for  the 
remaining  130  days  of  its  Mars  flight.  JPL  received  report  from 
tracking  station  at  Canberra,  Australia,  of  a  prompt  increase  in  signal 
strength,      (nasa  Release  65-78) 

•  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  White  Sands,  N.  Mex., 

went  to  a  peak  altitude  of  188.5  km.  (117  mi.).  Primary  experimen- 
tal objective  was  to  study  the  group  of  stars  of  Orion  in  the 
ultraviolet.  Because  of  a  failure  with  the  attitude  control  system  the 
experiment  had  no  chance  to  operate.  Experiment  instrumentation 
was  provided  by  Princeton  Univ.  Observatory,      (nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  In   summary  of  activities   of  the  NASA   Office  of  Lunar   and   Planetary 

Programs  in  testimony  before  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and 
Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Space  Sciences  and  Applications,  Dr. 
Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and 
Applications,  said:  "The  Ranger  pictures  represent  our  major  scientific 
achievement  in  1964.  In  addition  to  their  direct  value  as  new  infor- 
mation, the  subtle  significance  of  these  pictures  toward  increasing  the 
value  of  other  astronomical  data  is  perhaps  worthy  of  mention,  as  it 
may  not  be  recognized  generally.  It  is  interesting  to  note  how  the 
information  presented  in  the  high  resolution  Ranger  pictures  has  sent 
scientists  scurrying  back  to  the  files  of  photographic  plates  taken  years 
before  to  discover  features  which  have  remained  unnoticed  throughout 
the  years.  Some  new  interpretations  of  long  recognized  features  have 
also  been  made  possible  by  the  close-up  look  obtained  by 
Ranger."      (Testimony;   NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  56-111) 

•  At  a  House  Science  and  Astronautics  Committee  budget  hearing  at  NASA 

Manned  Spacecraft  Center,  Rep.  Olin  Teague  (D-Tex.)  said  he 
thought  U.S.  had  about  a  50-50  chance  of  landing  a  man  on  the  moon 
by  1970  "if  we  get  the  money  for  our  space  team."  Teague  felt  that 
America  was  ahead  of  Russia  in  development  of  scientific  programs  in 
space,  but  Russia  was  ahead  in  development  of  large  boosters.  Rep. 
Robert  Casey  (D-Tex.)  stressed  that  the  program  would  be  considered 
a  success  even  if  1970  schedules  were  not  met.  Rep.  George  Miller 
(D-Calif.),  Chairman  of  House  Science  and  Astronautics  Committee, 
said  that  in  50  to  100  years,  "people  won't  care  if  we  made  it  in  this 
decade,  if  the  program  itself  is  successful."     Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth, 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  109 

MSC  Director,  said  that  the  Apollo  and  Gemini  spacecraft  would  not  be 
limited  to  manned  space  program  but  also  would  be  useful  in  other 
scientific  programs.  Teague  expressed  his  disappointment  at  the  mili- 
tary's failure  to  make  greater  use  of  NASA-developed  spacecraft  and 
boosters.  He  predicted  that  both  Gemini  and  Apollo  would  be  used 
some  day  as  weapon  carriers.  (Maloney,  Houston  Post,  3/6/65) 
March  5:  NASA  had  awarded  one-year,  cost-plus-incentive-award  fee  con- 
tracts to  nine  firms  for  engineering,  fabrication,  and  institutional  sup- 
port services  to  six  laboratories  and  three  offices  of  Marshall  Space 
Flight  Center.  Cost  of  work  was  estimated  at  $58.5  million  for  one 
year  and  was  primarily  in  support  of  the  Saturn/Apollo  launch  vehicle 
program.  The  firms  were  Sperry  Rand  Corp.,  Brown  Engineering 
Corp.,  Vitro  Corp.,  Hayes  International  Corp.,  Northrop  Corp.,  Spaco, 
Rust  Engineering  Co.,  RCA  Service  Co.,  and  Management  Services, 
Inc.      (NASA  Release  65-77;  msfc  Release) 

•  USAF  launched  a  Titan  I  ICBM  from  Vandenberg  afb,  Calif.,  as  one  of  a 

series  of  tests  to  determine  compatibility  of  the  missile  with  various 
payloads.     (ap,  NYT,  3/6/65,  9;  M&R,  3/15/65,  11) 

•  General  Dynamics  Corp.'s  F-111  fighter  jet  broke  the  sound  barrier  for 

the  first  time  in  a  1  hr.  32  min.  flight  test.  Afterward,  in  quick-stop 
braking  test,  both  tires  in  main  landing  gear  blew  out.  (ap,  NYT, 
3/6 /65';  11) 

•  Dr.  Clyde  W.  Tombaugh  of  the  New  Mexico  State  Univ.  Research  Center 

was  quoted  in  an  editorial  in  the  Kansas  City  Times  as  saying  that  the 
"canals"  seen  on  Mars  through  telescopes  were  fractures  of  the  planet's 
crust.  He  said:  "The  origin  may  be  due  to  asteroids  impacting  on  the 
surface,  much  as  what  happens  when  a  stone  hits  the  windshield  of  a 
car.  I  think  I  have  the  right  answer.  .  .  ."  (McCoy,  Kansas  City 
Times,  3/5/65) 

•  West  Germany  was  waging  vigorous  campaign  by  letter,  circular,  and 

word-of-mouth  to  persuade  German  technicians  to  leave  their  jobs  in 
Egyptian  aircraft  and  rocket  industry.  The  campaign  could  be  result 
of  recent  arrests  in  Cairo  of  several  West  German  citizens  on  espio- 
nage charges.      { Olson,  NYT,  3/6/65,  7 ) 

•  Fred  P.  Strother,  in  charge  of  requirements  for  Boy  Scout  merit  badges, 

announced  that  details  of  a  space  exploration  merit  badge  were  being 
worked  out  with  nasa.     ( NYT,  3/6/65,  27 ) 

March  6:  John  W.  Findlay,  Deputy  Director  at  the  National  Radio  As- 
tronomy Observatory.  Green  Bank,  W.  Va.,  had  been  named  Director 
of  Arecibo  Ionospheric  Observatory  in  Puerto  Rico  for  a  one-year 
term  beginning  in  the  fall.  He  would  succeed  William  E. 
Gordon.     (A^yr,  3/7/65,  75) 

March  7:  cosmos  lix  satellite,  containing  "scientific  apparatus,"  was  or- 
bited by  the  U.S.S.R.  Initial  orbital  data:  apogee,  339  km.  (210.9 
mi.);  perigee,  209  km.  (129.6  mi.);  period,  89.7  min.;  inclination, 
65°.  Equipment  was  said  to  be  functioning  normally.  (Krasnaya 
Zvezda,  3/9/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.  I 

•  Commercial  aviation's  first  nonstop  crossing  of  the  Pacific  was  made  by 

Qantas  Airlines  Boeing  707:  San  Francisco  to  Sydney  in  14  hrs..  33 
min.      (Wash.  Daily  News,  3/8/65) 

•  DMS,  Inc.,  aerospace  market  intelligence  operation  that  published  annual 

analysis  of  DOD  and  NASA  budget  requests  submitted  to  Congress,  fore- 


110  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

cast  a  S106.57  billion  market  for  the  aerospace  industry  from 
1966-1970,  an  increase  of  13/f  for  the  five-year  period,  dms  pre- 
ferred this  "generally  favorable  market  climate,"  to  the  "glorified  ma- 
jor growth  period  of  fiscal  1962-1964,  when  Government  spending 
skyrocketed,  inevitably  producing  an  influx  of  hopeful  though  unusual- 
ly ill-equipped  competitors,  followed  by  over-capacity  as  the  market 
tapered  off.  and  finally  a  retrenchment  still  under  way."  (NYT, 
3/7/65) 
March  7:  A  "Dictionary  of  Scientific  Biography"  containing  essays  on 
careers  of  scientists  and  mathematicians  would  be  published  by 
Scribner  with  a  National  Science  Foundation  grant  of  more  than 
S250,000.  Dr.  Charles  C.  Gillispie,  Princeton  professor  of  History  of 
Science,  had  been  named  Editor-in-Chief.  (NYT,  3/7/65,  Book  Re- 
view Sec,  8) 

•  Professor  Fred  Hoyle,  British  astronomer,  might  accept  U.S.  position  if 

U.K.  Department  of  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research  determined  not 
to  build  new  Institute  of  Theoretical  Astronomy  which  would  house  an 
American  computer  essential  to  his  work.  Hoyle  complained  last  year 
that  he  had  been  prevented  from  using  the  only  American-built  com- 
puter in  Britain  that  would  do  his  work  properly.  (Feron,  ISYT, 
3/8/65,  9;  Wash.  Post,  3/9/65) 

Week  of  March  7:  Drop  tests  at  North  American  Aviation's  Downey, 
Calif.,  plant  demonstrated  that  substructure  of  Apollo  spacecraft  could 
withstand  maximum  Apollo  water-landing  conditions.  A  series  of  18 
more  drop  tests  was  planned.      (M&R,  3/15/65,  7) 

March  8:  In  first  Pacific  Ocean  sounding  rocket  experiment  from  NASA's 
Mobile  Range  Facility,  two  two-stage  Nike-Apaches  were  launched 
from  USNS  Croalan  about  one  mile  north  of  the  equator  at  84°  west 
longitude.  Conducted  by  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  the  mis- 
sion of  first  rocket  was  to  measure  ionospheric  currents  and  magnetic 
fields  in  "equatorial  electrojet,"  a  system  of  electrical  current  circulat- 
ing in  ionosphere  in  the  region  of  magnetic  equator  which  could  be 
responsible  for  intensifying  equatorial  magnetic  field  at  about  local 
noon.  Second  Nike-Apache,  conducting  an  experiment  for  Univ.  of 
Michigan,  was  launched  about  2  hrs.  later  carrying  Pitot-static  probe 
to  measure  pressure,  temperature,  and  density  in  the  region  of  20  to  75 
mi.  altitude.  (NASA  Release  65-82;  Wallops  Release  65-12;  NASA 
Rpts.  srl) 

•  The    countdown    rehearsal    for    the    Gemini     (GT-3)     flight,    conducted 

at  Cape  Kennedy,  was  delayed  two  hours  because  of  (1)  a  propel- 
lant  leak  in  Titan  ii  rocket,  (2)  crossed  wires  in  ground  support 
equipment,  (3)  failure  of  some  of  the  batteries  to  reach  peak  power 
immediately,  and  (4)  faulty  reading  in  control  center.  Project  Gemi- 
ni officials  said  none  of  these  problems  had  been  serious,  but  the  com- 
bination would  have  caused  a  postponement  on  launch  day.  {NYT, 
3/9/65;  /V.y.  Her.  Trib.,  3/9/65;  Bait.  Sun,  3/9/65) 

•  In   testimony   before  the   Senate  Committee   on    Aeronautical   and   Space 

Sciences,  on  "the  status,  management,  and  prospects  of  the  aeronauti- 
cal and  space  program,"  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said: 
"The  progress  during  this  period  in  the  space  program  has  been  made 
possible  by  the  cooperative  efforts  of  many  organizations  and 
people.     Ninety-four  per  cent  of  our  work   during   Fiscal   Year   1964 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  HI 

was  conducted  by  American  industry  and  involved  a  total  of  about 
380,000  people  in  industry,  universities,  research  institutes,  and  gov- 
ernment installations.  Almost  250.000  separate  procurement  transac- 
tions were  initiated  during  this  time. 

".  .  .  the  past  year  saw  the  continued  strengthening  of  the  coordi- 
nation and  the  mutual  support  between  NASA  and  the  DOD  in  space  and 
aeronautics.  The  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics  Coordinating  Board 
has  continued  to  be  an  effective  medium  for  formal  coordi- 
nation. During  1964  NASA  and  the  DOD  developed  procedures  for  the 
coordination  of  the  space  science  programs;  a  national  program  in 
satellite  geodesy  was  established  by  the  DOD,  NASA,  and  the  Department 
of  Commerce:  a  standardized  basis  for  reporting  space  and  aeronau- 
tical sciences  research  and  technology  information  has  been  adopted;  a 
joint  NASA-DOD  study  was  conducted  to  determine  the  launch  vehicles 
needed  to  meet  projected  requirements  during  the  next  decade;  a  joint 
study  was  conducted  of  the  current  and  planned  lifting  reentry  vehicle 
research  and  development  programs;  the  needs  of  NASA,  the  Air  Force, 
and  the  Federal  Aviation  Agency  were  incorporated  into  an  expanded 
flight  research  program  utilizing  the  XB-70  aircraft  to  confirm  theoret- 
ical and  wind  tunnel  data  on  supersonic  flight  vehicles. 

"AH  of  this.  Mr.  Chairman,  of  course,  is  under  an  umbrella  of  poli- 
cy followed  closely  by  the  [National  Aeronautics  and]  Space  Coun- 
cil. ..." 

Commenting  on  the  Soviet  space  program,  Webb  said:  "Our  rapid 
rate  of  advance  and  the  success  we  have  achieved  already  has,  we 
believe,  denied  the  USSR  many  of  the  benefits  and  many  of  the  options 
which  the  Soviets  expected  their  space  program  to  provide  as  a  part  of 
their  forward  thrust  toward  world  domination.  However,  there  is 
every  evidence,  on  the  basis  of  their  activity  during  the  past  three 
years,  that  the  Russians  intend  to  maintain  a  vigorous  effort  in  space, 
and.  in  fact,  that  their  activities  may  be  further  increased.  During 
1963  and  1964  more  Soviet  spacecraft  were  put  in  earth  orbit  or  deep 
space  than  in  the  six  previous  years  combined.  The  number  placed  in 
orbit  last  year  was  double  that  of  the  year  before.  .  .  ."  (Testimony; 
NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  13-50) 
March  8:  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dry  den  reported  on  the 
status  of  NASA  cooperation  with  the  Soviet  Union  in  testimony  before 
the  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences:  "Let  me 
review  where  we  stand.  Of  three  projects  agreed  to  in  1962,  the  only 
one  completed  is  that  which  involved  communications  tests  with  Echo 
II.  .  .  . 

"The  second  project — joint  mapping  of  the  geomagnetic  field — is  at 
the  stage  of  exchanging  ground-based  magnetic  observations  ...  we 
are  now  acquiring  data  that  was  not  previously  available  in  the  United 
States.  .  .  . 

"In  the  third  project — for  the  coordination  of  meteorological  satel- 
lite launchings  and  the  establishment  of  a  link  for  exchange  of  data — 
our  prime  purpose  was  and  remains  a  sharing  of  the  cost  of  providing 
weather  satellite  service  and  the  exchange  of  satellite  data.  ...  we 
are  .  .  .  exchanging  conventional  data  over  the  link,  which  ...  is 
financed  on  a  50-50  basis.  I  look  forward  for  a  meeting  soon  with 
Academician  Blagonravov  which  will  afford  opportunity  to  review  this 


112  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

exchange  and  the  prospects  of  satellite  data  exchange.  ...  a  recent 
check  shows  the  U.S.  sending  surface  data  for  more  stations  than  it 
receives  but  receiving  upper  air  data  for  more  stations  than  it 
sends.  In  sum,  the  present  exchange  is  considered  by  the  Weather 
Bureau  to  improve  the  quality  of  forecasts  by  our  national  weather 
services  since  it  makes  more  data  available  in  time  for  such  forecasts 
than  was  the  case  prior  to  establishment  of  the  link."  (Testimony; 
NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  50-76) 
March  8:  NASA  Associate  Administrator  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  dis- 
cussing the  management  of  NASA's  aeronautics  and  space  effort  before 
the  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences,  said: 
".  .  .  our  performance  in  terms  of  data  returned  is  perhaps  the  most 
succinct  evidence  of  success.  The  volume  of  information  brought 
back  from  space  in  1964  averaged  57  million  data  points  per  day  in 
comparison  with  a  previous  high  of  some  6  million  data  points  per 
day.  This  indicates  not  only  more  advanced  instrumentation  but  also 
more  reliable  functioning  of  flight  experiments.  We  averaged  54 
working  experiments  throughout  1964,  which  represents  an  improve- 
ment of  35%  over  the  1963  average. 

"We  have  achieved  significant  results  in  ground  based  experimenta- 
tion, testing,  aeronautical  flights,  and  sounding  rocket 
launchings.  Work  conducted  in  our  wind  tunnels  continues  to  refine 
aircraft  configurations  for  vertical  takeoff  and  landing,  supersonic 
transportation,  and  hypersonic  flight.  We  are  continuing  to  experi- 
ment with  materials,  fuels,  turbines,  injectors,  and  nozzles  in  order  to 
improve  the  efficiency  of  air-breathing  and  rocket  propulsion 
systems.  The  3  successful  power  tests  of  the  Kiwi  reactor  demon- 
strated the  applicability  of  nuclear  energy  to  rocket  propulsion.  In 
1964  we  conducted  27  more  flights  of  the  X-15  aircraft,  19  of  them 
over  Mach  5,  amassing  data  important  to  supersonic  and  hypersonic 
flight.  In  addition,  we  launched  131  successful  sounding  rockets  from 
stations  around  the  world  to  test  new  instrumentation  and  to  obtain 
important  scientific  data  in  geophysics,  astronomy,  and  meteorolo- 
gy. In  the  areas  of  manned  space  flight,  the  Apollo  escape  system  has 
been  successfully  tested,  and  a  boilerplate  spacecraft  checked  out  and 
flown  on  the  Saturn  I.  A  mock-up  of  the  lunar  excursion  module  has 
been  approved.  The  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  'battleship'  upper 
stages  have  been  successfully  fired.  The  F-1  engine  has  passed  its 
flight  rating  test.  This  record  was  established  by  the  hard  work  and 
careful  attention  to  detail  of  the  government-industry-university  team 
charged  with  aeronautic  and  space  exploration.  This  total  team,  num- 
bering 380,000  people,  is  managed  by  the  relatively  small  hard  core 
NASA  organization  of  less  than  34.000."  (Testimony;  NASA  Auth. 
Hearings,  76-114) 

•  Gemini  astronaut  parachute  system  was  successfully  tested  in  drops  from 

a  c-130  at  15,000  ft.  altitude  by  USN  Chief  Warrant  Officer  Mitch 
Kanowski  and  usaf  Maj.  Dan  Fulgham  over  the  Naval  Air  Facility  El 
Centro.  Parachutes  deployed  at  9,000  ft.  as  they  would  on  actual 
Gemini  missions.  Additional  tests  would  be  made  in  drops  from  alti- 
tudes up  to  35,000  ft.      ( Miles.  L.A.  Times,  3/9/65) 

•  U.S.S.R.'s    ZOND    II    would    pass    within    9(J0   mi.    of   Mars    on    Aug.    6, 

according  to  Soviet  space  scientist  Prof.  Mstislav  Keldysh.     This  an- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  113 

nouncement  was  relayed  by  Dr.  Charles  S.  Sheldon  of  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  who  quoted  Keldysh  as  saying  ZOND 
II  weighed  about  2.000  lbs.  Dr.  Sheldon  speculated  that  the  probe's 
considerable  weight — four  times  more  than  MARINER  iv — could  mean 
'"it  mav  be  doing  something  more  than  a  simple  fly-by"  of 
Mars.  '(UPI,  Denver,  Post  3  10  65:  UPi,  A'iT,  3/11  65,  42) 
March  8:  According  to  Missiles  and  Rockets,  Dr.  Joseph  Shea,  director  of 
Apollo  spacecraft  program  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center,  said 
Apollo  spacecraft  was  having  no  weight  problems.  He  explained  that 
the  current  weight  of  89,000  lbs.  was  under  90,000  lbs.  goal  and  there 
was  room  for  additional  growth  since  Saturn  V  booster  had  increased 
estimated  payload  capability  to  95.000  lbs.  Weight  of  Lem  was  in- 
creasing in  early  development  stage,  but  new  evaluation  stemming  from 
NASA  decision  to  make  it  as  safe  in  terms  of  redundancy  as  command 
and  service  modules,  could  raise  weight  from  29,500  lbs.  to  32,000 
lbs.  Shea  commented  that  a  stable  baffled  injector  had  been  selected 
for  service  module's  propulsion  system  and  it  was  currently  undergo- 
ing qualification  test  series.  Recent  tests  of  heatshield  in  reentry  tests 
with  Scout  (Aug.  18,  1964 »  achieved  high  total  heat  of  250  Btu's  per 
square  foot — about  80 /V  of  the  heat  expected  to  be  encountered  during 
return  from  moon.      iM&R,  3  8/65,  14) 

•  NASA  had  decided  to  replace  Lem's  fuel-cell  power  subsystem  with  a  more 

conventional  battery  system.  Missiles  and  Rockets  reported.  Motiva- 
tion was  concern  for  reliability.  Decision  would  not  affect  use  of  fuel 
cell  in  the  Apollo  command  module.      (M&R,  3/8/65,   14) 

•  In  a  letter-to-the-editor  in  Missiles  and  Rockets,  Thomas  M.  Morse  said 

that  since  there  were  no  indications  that  the  Russians  were  building  a 
bigger  booster  for  their  lunar  program,  they  might  be  planning  to  use 
a  libration  orbit  to  reach  the  moon.  He  described  the  libration  orbit 
as  an  almost  stable  earth  orbit  in  which  a  spacecraft  would  always  be 
on  a  direct  line  between  earth  and  moon,  about  33,000  mi.  from  the 
moon.  Advantages  offered  over  the  U.S. -planned  lunar  orbit  included 
easier  rendezvous:  pre-parking  of  unmanned  freight,  shielding,  and 
modules:  unlimited  rendezvous  and  liftoff  windows;  continuous  line- 
of-sight  communications  between  earth,  rendezvous  craft,  and  lunar 
landing  crew;  better  radiation  protection;  improved  safety  factor;  re- 
duced cost.     iM&R,  3/8/65,  6) 

•  California's  Gov.   Edmund  G.   Brown,  in  his  second  Annual  Economic 

Report  to  the  legislature,  warned  that  new  cutbacks  in  defense  and  aero- 
space spending  could  dilute  "the  reservoir  of  scientific  brainpower  and 
skilled  manpower  that  has  made  California  the  leader  in  the  space 
age."  Brown  said  that  200,000  new  jobs  a  year  would  have  to  be 
created  and  that  the  state  had  already  contracted  with  aerospace  firms 
for  studies  that  might  provide  solutions  "in  transferring  manpower 
from  defense  and  aerospace  production  to  other  areas.''  (ap,  L.A. 
Herald-Examiner,  3  8/65  I 

•  France  announced  successful  launching  in  the  Sahara  of  the  Emeraude 

stage  of  the  Diamant  booster.   (M&R,  3/15/65,  11) 
March  8-9:  President  Johnson's  proposal  to  cut  Federal  subsidies  to  heU- 
copter  carriers  in  New  York,  Los  Angeles,  and  Chicago  by  Dec,  31, 
was  opposed  by  the  cab,  who  suggested  continuation  of  Federal  subsi- 


114  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

dies  on  declining  basis  until  1970.  Sen.  A.  S.  Mike  Monroney 
iD-Okla.),  Chairman  of  the  Senate  Aviation  Subcommittee  investigat- 
ing ways  to  keep  helicopter  lines  alive,  suggested  increased  support 
from  major  airlines  as  possible  alternative  to  Federal  aid.  Stuart  G. 
Tipton,  President  of  Air  Transport  Association  which  represented  al- 
most every  scheduled  U.S.  airline,  testified  that  helicopter  lines  re- 
ceived about  SI  million  a  year  in  indirect  support  and  that  "as  a 
matter  of  principle,  this  is  as  far  as  the  airlines  should  go  or  be 
expected  to  go."  He  added  that  experience  and  advances  in  helicop- 
ters and  poor-weather  landing  equipment  were  about  to  make  helicop- 
ters potentially  profitable  in  all  large  cities.  Withdrawal  of  Federal 
support  now  would  be  disastrous.  (Clark.  NYT,  3 '9/65;  Clark.  NYT, 
3/10/65,  69) 

March  8-12:  "Efficiency  and  Perfection  through  People"  was  objective  of 
AFSc's  Internal  Zero  Defects  Program  which  encouraged  people  to  "set 
their  own  immediate  goals  and  devise  measurement  techniques."  Re- 
sults of  the  program  would  be  analyzed  and  recognition  awards  would 
be  given  to  individuals  making  significant  achievements.  ( AFSC  Re- 
lease 19.65;  CR,  A1315-A1318) 

March  9:  Thor-Agena  D  launched  from  Vandenberg  afb  orbited  eight  mili- 
tary satellites,  the  most  in  any  single  launch  to  date.  Two  satellites 
would  measure  solar  radiation  (greb  vi  and  solrad)  ;  two  would  test 
stabilization  methods  for  future  spacecraft  (ggse  ii  and  GGSE  ill)  ; 
one  would  be  used  in  geodesy  (SECOR  ill)  ;  two  would  help  calibrate 
satellite  tracking  networks  (surcal  satellites)  ;  and  one  would  transmit 
radio  broadcasts  for  ham  operators  (oscar  hi  ) . 

OSCAR  III  would  transmit  signals  from  25  amateur  radio  channels 
over  a  4.000-mi.  radius  and  was  being  tracked  by  ham  radio  operators 
at  Foothill  Jr.  College,  Calif.  Amateur  tracking  stations  in  30  foreign 
countries  were  informally  participating  in  the  project.  (  U.S.  Aeron.  & 
Space  Act.,  1965,  135-36;  gsfc  SSR,  4/15/65;  Clark.  NYT,  5/19/65; 
Wash.  Post,  5/20/65,  A12;  ap,  Omaha  Eve.  World-Herald,  3/10/65) 

•  Gemini  astronaut  parachute  system  for  use  in  launch  emergency  failed 

to  function  properly  during  test  at  El  Centro,  Calif.  When  the  jumper 
stepped  from  a  c-130  aircraft  at  23,000-ft.  altitude,  a  "ballute"  (com- 
bination balloon  and  parachute )  device  for  stabilizing  the  fall  failed 
to  deploy;  the  chute  was  opened  manually  at  12.000  ft.  (UPI, 
Minneapolis  Trih.,  3/10/65) 

•  In  testimony  on  NASA  lunar  and  planetary  programs  before  the  House 

Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Space 
Sciences  and  Applications,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  Dr.  Homer  E. 
Newell  said:  "The  Surveyor  program  to  date  has  accomplished  a 
number  of  significant  advanced  developments  that  have  found  or  will 
find  their  way  into  other  programs. 

"The  closed  loop  automatic  landing  system  has  other  potential  space 
and  terrestrial  applications. 

"The  planar-array  high  gain  antenna  has  several  significant  advan- 
tages over  the  usual  parabolic  dish. 

"The  doppler  and  altimeter  radars  represent  a  significant  advance  in 
technology  and  have  been  adopted  by  the  Apollo  Lunar  Excursion 
Module. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  115 

"The  throttlable  high  performance  vernier  engines,  which  have  an 
almost  unlimited  operating  lifetime,  represent  another  significant  step 
forward. 

"The  high  performance  spherical  main  retro  rocket  has  appreciably 
advanced  the  state  of  the  art.  Several  launch  vehicle  programs  are 
interested  in  this  motor  as  a  high-energy  upper  stage. 

"The  Surveyor  landing  gear  design  represents  a  new  high  in 
efficiency  of  impact  energy  absorption. 

"Many  of  the  miniaturized  geophysical  instruments  developed  for 
Surveyor  mav  have  terrestrial  applications."  (Testimony;  NASA 
Auth.  Hearings,  243ff) 
March  9:  World's  longest  antenna  had  been  stretched  on  the  top  of  the 
Antarctic  icecap  to  study  radio  conditions  in  space  beyond  the  earth, 
the  National  Science  Foundation  reported.  The  antenna  was  a  21-mi., 
plastic-coated,  %-in.  copper  cable  that  radiated  low  frequency  waves 
that  traveled  far  out  into  space  along  a  line  of  force  in  the  earth's 
magnetic  field.  The  waves  followed  the  line  of  force  as  it  curved  back 
toward  the  earth  in  the  opposite  hemisphere,      (upi,  ISYT,  3/10/65) 

•  Rep.  Westen  E.  Vivian  (D-Mich.)  told  the  House  Committee  on  Science 

and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Space  Science  and  Applications 
that  he  intended  to  request  adoption  of  a  policy  to  award  one  half  of 
all  NASA  Phase  lA  contracts  to  companies  in  areas  presently  receiving 
less  than  one  half  of  NASA  business.  Chairman  Joseph  E.  Karth  CD- 
Minn.  )  said  that  although  fiscal  expedience  demanded  that  procure- 
ment contracts  go  to  industralized  areas,  geographic  distribution  should 
be  seriously  considered  in  the  allocation  of  research  and  development 
funds.  He  said  the  Subcommittee  would  consider  Vivian's  proposal. 
(Transcript,  3/9/65) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  hosted  group  of  61  Navy,  Air  Force, 

and  civilian  personnel  from  Navy  Field  Office  for  Manned  Orbiting 
Laboratory  at  Los  Angeles.  The  group  received  briefings  on  Apollo 
and  Saturn  programs  and  saw  facilities  at  Marshall.  They  had  previ- 
ously visited  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  and  were  scheduled 
to  tour  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center.      ( MSFC  Release  65-52) 

•  A  job  classification  dispute  at  the  Chrysler  facility  of  the  Michoud  Sat- 

urn plant  in  New  Orleans  caused  over  200  United  Auto  Workers 
(UAW)  to  walk  off  the  job.  Chrysler  was  responsible  for  developing 
first  stage  of  Saturn  IB  rocket  for  NASA.      (UPi,  Wash.  Post,  3/10/65) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  awarded  $1,059,000  contract  to  Ae- 

tron,  a  division  of  Aerojet-General  Corp.,  for  installation  of  equipment 
on  a  Saturn  V  second-stage  test  stand  at  Mississippi  Test  Operations. 
Equipment  would  include  consoles  to  check  out  systems  on  the  flight 
stages  being  tested  as  well  as  in  the  area's  test  control  center.  (MSFC 
Release  65-53 ) 

•  Prompted  by   results  of  the  experiments  of  Dr.   Frank   A.   Brown,  Jr., 

Northwestern  Univ.  biology  professor,  NASA  and  Northwestern  Univ. 
scientists  were  studying  a  plan  to  orbit  a  potato  around  the  sun  in  an 
attempt  to  prove  whether  man  could  survive  in  long  trips  in 
space.  Dr.  Brown  had  concluded  that  rhythmic  patterns  of  wakeful- 
ness and  sleep,  glandular  activity,  cellular  respiration,  and  all  other 
biological  cycles  of  most  live  organisms  were  timed  by  biological 
clocks   outside  the   organism,   not  inside.     The   three   primary   forces 


116  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

were  day-night  changes  and  temperature,  atmospheric,  and  pressure 
fluctuations. 

For  ten  years,  Brown  had  kept  potato  tubers  under  constant  pressure 
and  temperature  and  in  constantly  dim  light,  yet  they  continued  to 
fluctuate  at  same  rate  and  time  as  potatoes  planted  in  IlUnois  and 
they  detected  atmospheric  pressure  changes.  Brown  concluded  that 
"something  is  getting  thru  to  the  isolated  potatoes  to  tell  them  what  the 
weather  is  outside.  It  could  be  the  earth's  magnetic  or  electric  fields 
or  radiation,  since  they  all  observe  a  24-hour  pattern  geared  to  the 
rising  and  setting  sun,  but  we  are  not  sure. 

".  .  .  biological  clocks  are  necessary  to  keep  a  living  system  a  coor- 
dinate, Hving,  functioning  whole.  If  the  clocks  are  stopped,  the  orga- 
nism may  go  beserk  and  die."  If  the  orbiting  potato  were  to  die 
within  90  days,  it  would  indicate  that  a  24-hour  rhythm  was 
vital.  (Kotulak,  Chic.  Trib.,  3/9/65) 
March  10:  A  dummy  model  of  the  Gemini  spacecraft,  dropped  from  11,000 
ft.  altitude  by  a  c-119  aircraft,  parachuted  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  was  recovered  by  three  usaf  pararescue  men.  This  was  a  practice 
mission  in  case  Astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom  (USAF)  and  John  W. 
Young  (usn)  had  to  abort  their  GT-3  flight  during  the  launching 
phase.      (AP,  Or/.  Se/r^.,  3/11/65) 

•  Reviewing  nasa's  activities  in  manned  space  flight  in  the  last  year.  Dr. 

George  E.  Mueller,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space 
Flight,  testified  before  the  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and 
Space  Sciences:  "It  is  a  pleasure  to  report  that  .  .  .  there  has  been 
substantial  progress  in  the  development  and  testing  of  flight  vehicles 
and  earth-based  facilities,  in  the  nearly  complete  marshalling  of  the 
government-industry  manned  space  flight  team,  and  in  the  consoli- 
dation of  firm  program-wide  management. 

"During  the  past  year,  the  Gemini  Program  has  advanced  to  the 
point  that  we  are  ready  for  manned  flight  operations.  The  Apollo 
Program  is  entering  a  year  of  comprehensive  development  testing  of 
major  systems  prior  to  the  'all-up'  unmanned  earth-orbital  flights, 
which  will  begin  in  1966.  And  our  study  of  advanced  manned  mis- 
sions has  established  that  it  is  feasible  to  return  dividends  from  the 
current  investment  by  applying  the  wide  range  of  Apollo  capabilities 
to  a  number  of  other  potential  missions."  (Testimony;  NASA  Auth. 
Hearings,  143ff) 

•  Harold  B.  Finger,  Director  of  NASA  Nuclear  Systems  and  Space  Power 

and  Manager  of  the  AEC-NASA  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office,  dis- 
cussed NASA's  electric  thrustor  program  in  testimony  before  the  House 
Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Advanced 
Research  and  Technology:  "We  conducted  the  first  successful  flight 
test  of  an  electric  rocket  engine  in  July,  using  the  SERT  I  spacecraft. 
This  flight  demonstrated  that  ion  beam  neutralization  will  take  place 
satisfactorily  in  space  and.  therefore,  eliminated  the  only  uncertainty 
regarding  the  basic  feasibility  of  successful  space  operation.  A  second 
major  accomplishment  was  the  design,  fabrication,  and  test  of  a  30 
kilowatt  thrustor.  This  thrustor  is  10  times  larger  than  previous  ion 
engines,  and  demonstrates  that  we  are  successfully  developing  the 
engineering  relations  required  to  build  the  mega-watt  size  thrustors 
needed  for  spacecraft  prime  propulsion." 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  117 

Discussing  nuclear  propulsion  programs,  he  said:  "1964  was  a  year 
of  significant  progress  in  the  Nuclear  Rocket  Program.  It  was 
marked  by  the  successful  completion  of  the  kiwi  series  of  reactor 
development  experiments  and  the  successful  initiation  of  the  nerva 
reactor  testing.  These  reactor  experiments,  coupled  with  work  in 
other  portions  of  our  Nuclear  Rocket  Program,  provide  assurance  that 
the  graphite  core  nuclear  rocket  can  be  available  to  fulfill  its  role  as 
the  next  major  space  propulsion  system. 

"Of  particular  significance  in  1964  was  the  successful  demonstration 
of  the  adequacy  of  the  reactor  structural  design,  the  elimination  of 
reactor  structural  vibrations,  full  power  reactor  operation  for  over  ten 
minutes  at  an  altitude  equivalent  specific  impulse  of  about  750  sec- 
onds, a  rapid  automatic  startup,  the  ability  to  restart  the  rocket  reac- 
tor, the  determination  of  the  effect  of  a  maximum  reactor  power  excur- 
sion, and  the  neutronic  investigation  of  two  rocket  reactors  located 
side-by-side  as  would  be  necessary  in  clustered  engine  configura- 
tions. .  .  . 

"During  this  year  emphasis  will  be  placed  upon  extending  our  reac- 
tor technology  to  higher  temperature,  longer  duration,  and  higher 
power  while  we  proceed  as  rapidly  as  possible  to  close  coupled  nuclear 
rocket  engine  system  testing.  We  face  this  task  of  developing  nuclear 
rocket  technology  including  component,  subsystem,  and  engine  system 
work,  with  a  confidence  that  is  based  on  the  solid  accomplishments  in 
our  reactor  development  program  and  with  the  knowledge  that  the 
technology  we  are  developing  will  provide  the  propulsion  capability 
that  will  ultimately  be  required  for  extensive  space 
exploration."  (Testimony;  NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  243-300) 
March  10:  According  to  usaf  Cambridge  Research  Laboratories  study,  a 
continuous  barrage  of  meteoroids  was  causing  moon  to  lose  up  to 
6,000  tons  a  day  and  earth  to  gain  10,000  lbs.  a  day.  Because  of  its 
strong  gravity,  earth  absorbed  about  four  times  as  many  impacts  as 
moon.      (  OAR  Release  3-65-3;  Chic.  Trib.,  3/11/65) 

•  NASA  announced  award  of  S3.713.400  contract  to  Raytheon  Co.  to  pro- 

vide digital  systems  for  Project  Apollo.  Options  for  additional  dis- 
plays and  consoles,  if  exercised,  could  add  .$400,000  to  basic 
price.  The  equipment  was  for  use  at  NASA  control  centers  and  critical 
tracking  stations  to  give  instantaneous  display  of  information  received 
by  encoded  radio  signals  during  Apollo  flight  permitting  immediate 
decisions  concerning  welfare  of  the  astronauts  and  conduct  of  the 
mission.      ( NASA  Release  65-79 ) 

•  Sen.  Claiborne  Pell  (D-R.I.)   introduced  in  the  Senate  S.  1483,  a  bill  to 

provide  for  a  National  Foundation  on  the  Arts  and  the  Humanities. 
(C/?,  4/26/65,  8122) 

•  Roy  W.  Jenkins,  British  Aviation  Minister,  presented  a  plan  to  House  of 

Commons  to  give  grants  of  up  to  £100  ($280)  each  to  householders 
plagued  by  noise  of  jetliners  to  soundproof  their  homes.  It  was  esti- 
mated that  about  40%  of  200.000  householders  affected  would  accept 
the  grant,  bringing  the  total  cost  to  S7  million.  An  Airport  Authority 
would  be  established  to  underwrite  the  cost  of  the  grants.  Householders 
complained  that  money  was  insufficient  for  adequate  sound-proofing. 
(NYT,  4/11/65,  57) 


118  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

March  10:  Dr.  W.  Randolph  Lovelace  ii.  nasa's  Director  of  Space  Medicine, 
said  NASA  physicians  screening  future  astronauts  were  eliminating  peo- 
ple with  heart  and  spine  defects  so  slight  they  would  be  insignificant 
on  earth.  "We  are  interested  in  finding  minute  defects  between  the 
left  and  right  heart,"  he  explained.  "If  you  lose  pressure  and  you 
have  this  defect,  thousands  of  little  air  bubbles  may  find  their  way  up 
to  the  brain.  If  there  is  no  defect,  they  are  removed  from  the 
lungs.  We  are  also  looking  for  congenital  defects  of  the 
spine.  When  someone  experiences  the  acceleration  astronauts  do, 
however,  a  small  defect  may  be  magnified  in  effect."  (Kass,  Houston 
Post,  3/11/65) 

March  10-11:  Stuart  G.  Tipton,  President  of  the  Air  Transport  Associa- 
tion, testified  before  Senate  Aviation  Subcommittee  that  "more  joint 
fares,  perhaps  more  guaranteed  flights,  certainly  more  sales  cam- 
paigns" by  larger  airlines  might  be  initiated  to  help  helicopter  lines 
which  were  facing  end  of  Federal  subsidies.  Tipton  stipulated,  how- 
ever, that  cab's  five-year  declining  subsidy  proposal  still  would  be 
essential.  Earlier  in  the  week,  he  had  testified  that  airlines  would  not 
increase  their  aid. 

Senators  and  Representatives  from  all  three  states  that  had  helicop- 
ter service  testified  in  support  of  subsidies.  Sen.  Robert  F.  Kennedy 
(D-N.Y.)  said:  "I  think  that,  really,  if  we  don't  do  it  now  [continue 
subsidy]  it  won't  be  done  and  that  will  affect  not  just  New  York  and 
the  other  two  cities  but  the  entire  country."  Opposition  came  from 
Sen.  William  Proxmire  (D-Wis.)  who  argued  for  a  "user  tax  on  the 
people  who  use  helicopters  .  .  ."  (Clark,  NYT,  3/11/65,  55;  Clark, 
A^yr,  3/12/65,  66 ) 

March  11:  nasa  announced  that  mariner  iv,  scheduled  to  reach  the  vicin- 
ity of  Mars  July  14,  had  traveled  over  168  million  mi. — more  than  half 
way.      (NASA  Release  65-80) 

•  USAF  launched  Thor-Able-Star  booster  from  Western  Test  Range,  placing 

in  orbit  an  unidentified  satellite  and  U.S.  Army's  SECOR  II  geodetic 
satellite.  SECOR  ii  "failed  to  deploy  properly  from  its  piggyback 
container."   [V.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  136;  M&R,  4/5/65,  12) 

•  Dr.  C.  0.  Bostrom  and  Dr.  D.  J.  Williams  of  the  Space  Research  Div.  of 

Johns  Hopkins'  Applied  Physics  Laboratory  said  danger  of  radiation 
damage  to  satellites  from  the  artificial  radiation  belt  created  in  July 
1962,  following  the  nuclear  detonation  over  Johnston  Island,  was  "now 
significantly  less  severe."  Results  of  measurements  by  instruments 
aboard  Navy  research  satellite  1963  38C  showed  that  the  number  of 
high-energy  electrons  in  the  artificial  radiation  belt  decreased  by  50% 
in  from  three  months  to  one  year  in  different  parts  of  the  belt.  The 
decrease  in  intensity  as  time  passed  would  continue  until  natural  levels 
of  intensity  were  reached.  Dr.  Bostrom  said,  ".  .  .  the  observed  time 
decay  does  show  that  the  satellite  radiation  damage  problems  have 
been  reduced  by  a  factor  of  ten  from  what  they  were  two  years  ago." 
(Bait.  Sun,  3/11/65) 

•  Despite    U.S.    Federal    Court's    issuance    of    two    temporary    restraining 

orders,  building  trade  employees  halted  construction  on  Saturn  IB 
Launch  Complex  34  at  Cape  Kennedy,  for  second  straight  day.  Dis- 
pute  involved    general   contractor's    use   of   non-union    subcontractor. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  119 

NASA  claimed  work  on  Launch  Complex  34  was  "critical"  to  the  na- 
tion's space  effort.  {Cocoa  Tribune,  3/11/65) 
March  11:  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center  had  extended  for  the  second  year 
two  of  the  major  contracts  under  which  the  NASA  Merritt  Island  Launch 
Area  was  being  operated.  Extensions  were  negotiated  with  Trans- 
World  Airlines,  for  base  support  services,  and  Ling-Temco-Vought,  in- 
formation services.      (KSC  Release  58-65) 

•  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  speaking  in  Minneapo- 

lis, Minn.,  before  the  Twin  Cities  Section  of  aiaa,  said:  "We  believe 
that  activities  in  the  exploration  of  space,  a  modern  social  need  recog- 
nizable from  the  passage  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Act 
and  the  appropriation  of  large  sums  of  money  by  the  Congress,  pro- 
vide the  essential  environment  to  accelerate  greatly  the  growth  of  theo- 
retical and  experimental  science  in  many  areas.  It  is  true  that  this 
accelerated  growth  in  science  and  technology  is  essential  to  the  on-go- 
ing development  of  space  capability,  but  of  deeper  significance  is  the 
complex  dynamic  interaction  between  science,  technology,  and  space 
exploration,  which  is  essential  to  the  growth  of  science,  technology, 
and  space  exploration.  In  this  case,  as  in  the  cases  previously  cited, 
to  use  an  analogy  from  bacteriology,  there  has  to  be  a  nutrient  solu- 
tion (money  and  employment  opportunities)  to  feed  the  scientific  and 
technological  effort,  and  as  soon  as  this  environment  is  provided,  many 
latent  efforts  in  science  and  technology  begin  to  assert  themselves  and 
move  forward. 

"I  believe  that  this  interpretation  of  certain  aspects  of  the  space 
program  is  more  significant  and  meaningful  than  the  current  concepts 
of  technology  utilization  and  technological  spinoff  as  incidental  or  ser- 
endipitous benefits  of  space  exploration."      (Text) 

•  Gerald  L.  Smith.  NASA  Ames  Research  Center,  had  been  awarded  $1,000 

special  service  award  for  his  computer  analysis  which  resulted  in  de- 
cision to  give  ground-based  navigation  a  primary  role  during  Apollo 
lunar  missions.  Smith  explained  that,  although  radar  tracking  from 
earth  and  visual  tracking  onboard  spacecraft  were  almost  equally  re- 
liable, earth-based  system  could  be  maintained  more  easily  and  was 
not  restricted  by  weight  and  size  considerations.      (ARC  Release  65-8) 

•  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  awarded  its  Rumford  Prize  to 

Dr.  William  D.  McElroy  for  his  analysis  and  isolation  of  chemicals 
that  cause  bioluminescence  in  the  firefly  and  other  organisms.  He 
identified  luciferin,  lucif erase,  and  adenosine-5-triphosphate  (atp). 
From  his  research  he  concluded  that  bioluminescence  had  evolved 
"as  an  accidental  consequence  of  chemical  reactions"  in  the  organisms 
as  they  adapted  to  changing  conditions  in  the  environment.  Dr.  Mc- 
Elroy was  head  of  the  McCollum-Pratt  Institute  of  Johns  Hopkins 
Univ.  and  a  member  of  the  President's  Science  Advisory  Committee. 
iSR,  4/3/65,  45-47) 

•  Victor    D.    Lebedev,    U.S.S.R.    Council    of   the    National    Economy,    an- 

nounced plan  to  convert  119  major  industrial  plants  to  electronic  com- 
puter system  of  production  management  within  two  years.  Aimed  at 
ensuring  fast  access  to  detailed  operating  information,  the  systems 
would     be     introduced     in     heavy     industry     and     consumer-goods 


120  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

production.  For  the  future:  computers  serving  individual  plants  or 
groups  of  plants  w  ould  process  detailed  data  and  transmit  generalized 
information  to  central  agencies  to  aid  in  planning  economy.  ( Sha- 
bad,  NYT,  3/12/65,  8 ) 
March  12:  cosmos  lx  satellite,  containing  "scientific  apparatus,"  was  or- 
bited by  the  U.S.S.R.  Initial  orbital  data:  apogee,  287  km.  (177.9 
mi.);  perigee,  201  km.  (124.6  mi.);  period,  89.1  min.;  inclination 
64°  42'.  Equipment  was  said  to  be  functioning  normally.  (Tass, 
Komsomolskaya  Pravda,  3/13/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans) 

•  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  White  Sands,  N.  Mex., 

went  to  a  peak  altitude  of  155.5  km.  ( 96.6  mi. )  The  primary  experi- 
mental objective  was  to  obtain  ultraviolet  spectra  of  Mars  and  Orion 
by  the  use  of  four  spectrographs,  provided  by  NASA  Goddard  Space 
Flight  Center.  Because  of  an  attitude  control  system  failure  no  ex- 
perimental results  were  obtained.      (NASA  Rpt.  SRL) 

•  USAF  launched  Atlas-Agena  D  booster  with  unidentified  satellite  payloads 

from  Western  Test  Range.      {U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  136) 

•  Month-long  experiment  for  NASA  to  test  man's  ability  to  withstand  rota- 

tional stress  ended  at  U.S.  Navy  School  of  Aviation  Medicine.  Capt. 
Ashton  Graybiel,  Research  Director,  expressed  satisfaction  with  results 
of  the  test  which  confined  four  U.S.  Navy  men  in  a  windowless,  circu- 
lar room,  equipped  with  all  necessary  living  accommodations.  The 
room  began  rotating  at  2  rpm's  and  in  16  days  built  up  to  10  rpm's, 
stopping  three  times  daily  for  meals.  This  pattern  of  speed  build-up 
had  no  adverse  affect  on  the  men  and  produced  no  nausea  or 
significant  discomfort.  This  test,  one  of  a  series  conducted  by  Naval 
School  of  Aviation  Medicine,  was  to  check  new  procedure  for  condi- 
tioning men  for  space  flight.  Since  long  space  voyages  could  require 
rotating  spacecraft  to  create  artificial  gravity,  scientists  wanted  to  de- 
termine spinning  rate  man  could  endure  without  discomfort.  (NASA 
Release  65-84 )   ' 

•  Launching  pad   damage   caused   by   the   Mar.   2   explosion   of   an   Atlas- 

Centaur  rocket  at  Cape  Kennedy  amounted  to  S2  million  and  would  take 
three  to  four  months  to  repair,  NASA  reported.  To  avoid  delay  in  the 
Atlas-Centaur  launching  scheduled  for  mid-summer,  NASA  was  speeding 
completion  of  a  new  launching  pad  that  was  90%  completed  and  that 
could  be  ready  in  two  months.      (  UPI,  St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch,  3  14/65) 

•  DOD   announced   new   type   of  defense  contract  for   c-5a,   700-passenger 

supertransport  and  cargo  plane:  competitors  must  bid  not  only  for 
initial  development  contracts,  but  for  production  and  "lifetime"  sup- 
port of  proposed  aircraft.  Lifetime  support,  estimated  to  be  at  least 
10  yrs.,  would  cover  spare  parts  and  ground  maintenance  equipment. 
The  plane,  expected  to  be  biggest  jet  transport  ever  built,  would  have 
a  gross  take-off  weight  of  725.000  lbs.  and  a  payload  capacity  of 
250,000  lbs. 

Boeing,  Douglas,  and  Lockheed  were  competitors  for  airframe  con- 
tract; General  Electric  and  Pratt  &  Whitney  were  competitors  for  en- 
gine contract.  Contracts  would  be  awarded  this  summer.  $2.5  bil- 
Hon  was  estimated  cost  for  a  58-plane  program,  (dod  Release 
915-64) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  121 

March  12:  AFSC  announced  award  of  five  letter  contracts  totaling  $3.8  mil- 
lion for  conceptual  phase  of  Mark  ll  Avionics  System  being  considered 
for  use  on  f-111a  aircraft.  General  Dynamics.  Hughes  Aircraft  Co., 
Sperrv  Gvroscope  Co..  Westinghouse  Electric  Corp.,  and  Autonetics 
Div.  of  North  American  Aviation,  Inc..  would  perform  analyses  leading 
to  system  design  recommendations  integrating  many  subsystems. 
( AFSC  Release  30-65 ) 

•  A  23-year  old  French  nurse,  after  three  months  in  a  240-ft.  deep  cave  in 

Grasse,  France,  emerged  thinking  it  was  Feb.  25.  Josie  Laures  had 
had  no  clock  and  a  white  mouse  had  been  her  sole  companion  in  this 
experiment  to  test  effects  of  solitude.  She  was  flown  immediately  to 
Paris  for  three  weeks  of  medical  examinations.  ( AP,  A'lT,  3/13/65, 
6) 
March  13:  President  Johnson  signed  a  bill  and  proclamation  declaring 
March  16  "Robert  H.  Goddard  Day."'  Dr.  Robert  Hutchings  Goddard 
of  Clark  Universitv  had  launched  world's  first  liquid-fuel  rocket  at 
Auburn.  Mass..  on  March  16.  1926.      ( Text,  A'lT.  3   15  65,  8) 

•  USNS  Croatan,  which  had  left  Balboa.  Panama  Canal  Zone,  on  Mar.  6. 

arrived  at  Lima.  Peru.  During  the  interval,  ten  two-stage  sounding 
rockets  had  been  launched  from  the  deck  of  the  ship,  carrying  upper 
atmosphere  and  ionosphere  experiments  for  the  Univ.  of  Michigan,  the 
Univ.  of  New  Hampshire,  and  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight 
Center.  Three  single-stage  Areas  meteorological  rockets,  two  of  which 
carried  experiments  to  measure  ozone  in  the  atmosphere,  were  also 
launched.      (  nasa  Release  65-13  ) 

•  Seventy  paintings  and  drawings  rendered  by  15  contemporary  American 

artists  at  rocket  and  satellite  launching  stations  were  exhibited  at  the 
National  Gallery.  Washington.  D.C.  According  to  the  National  Gallery, 
the  purpose  of  the  NASA-sponsored  art  programs  was  to  "record  the 
strange  new  world  which  space  technology  is  creating"  and  "to  probe 
for  the  inner  meaning  and  emotional  impact  of  events  of  fateful  signifi- 
cance to  mankind.'"  Accompanying  the  exhibit  was  a  film  "The  World 
Was  There"  which  contrasted  secrecy  of  some  nations'  space  programs 
with  the  openness  of  the  American  effort.  ( National  Gallery  Release, 
3/14/65) 

•  In   New    York   Times    Richard   Witkin   said   F-111   variable-sweep-wing 

plane,  intended  as  the  mainstay  of  U.S.  fighter  forces  before  1970,  had 
developed  problems  with  engines  and  with  the  inlets  that  feed  air  to 
the  engines.  Officials  maintained  that  problems  were  normal  in  any 
development,  but  conceded  that  fewer  difficulties  had  been  anticipated 
because  of  record  number  of  wind  tunnel  tests.  The  two  prototypes 
tested,  one  of  which  was  supersonic,  had  continuously  run  into  two 
main  difficulties:  (1)  air  flow  through  compressors  of  engines  had 
become  disturbed,  causing  erratic  power  output;  and  (2)  combustion 
in  afterburner  section  had  been  suddenly  stopping.  Otherwise, 
officials  contended  that  flight  tests,  including  tucking  wings  far  back 
for  high-speed  runs,  had  been  going  better  than  anticipated.  (Witkin, 
NYT,  3/14/65,  58;  Chic.  Trib.,  3/15/65) 

•  An  article  in  The  Economist  questioned  the  political  wisdom  of  the  State 

Dept.'s  ban  on  exchange  of  communications  satellite  information  be- 
tween Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  and  the  British  Aircraft  Co.;  it  suggested 
that  unfavorable  repercussions  to  Anglo-American  relations  could  re- 


122  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

suit:  "The  reason  had  little  to  do  with  military  security.  The  State 
Dept.  appeared  to  think  that  American  industry  has  a  valuable  monop- 
oly in  commercial  satellites  which  should  be  exploited  for  maximum 
profit,  which  means  keeping  the  know-how  in  America.  .  .  .  The  first 
commercial  satellite  of  Comsat  happens  to  be  the  Hughes-built  Early 
Bird  due  to  be  launched  in  the  first  half  of  April.  Comsat  is 
obliged  ...  to  distribute  its  orders  among  member  countries  on  a 
basis  proportional  to  the  shares  they  hold.  .  .  .  Britain  is  the  largest 
shareholder  after  the  United  States.  So  the  less  satellite  know-how 
there  is,  particularly  in  Britain,  the  more  work  goes  to  the  United 
States  .  .  .  this  ...  is  precisely  what  some  people  have  been  declar- 
ing the  Americans  would  do  whenever  they  found  themselves  in  a 
position  of  technical  superiority.  .  .  ."  {Economist,  3/13/65) 
March  13:  Two  Russian  airmen  had  set  a  world  altitude  record  by  flying 
m1-4  helicopter  with  a  load  of  nearly  two  tons  to  20,894  ft.,  Tass  re- 
ported.     (Reuters,  N.Y.  News,  3/14/65) 

•  Israel,  to  reassure  U.S.  of  her  peaceful  intentions  for  use  of  atomic  en- 

ergy, had  permitted  two  AEC  commissioners  to  inspect  Dimona  reactor, 
a  natural  uranium,  heavy-water-moderated  type,  capable  of  producing 
enough  plutonium  for  several  relatively  small  atomic  weapons.  Israel 
had  imposed  strict  secrecy  on  the  inspections,  one  a  year  ago  and  a 
second  last  month.  U.S.  tentatively  concluded  that  Dimona  was  not 
being  used  to  produce  plutonium  for  atomic  weapons  but  suggested  that 
reactor  be  placed  under  inspection  by  International  Atomic  Energy 
Agency.  Israel  refused,  explaining:  (1)  she  should  not  be  forced  to 
place  her  national  development  under  agency  inspection  until  interna- 
tional inspection  had  been  accepted  by  all  nations,  and  (2)  the  Agency 
had  discriminated  against  her  in  favor  of  Arab  states  in  membership  of 
its  board  and  location  of  research  centers. 

Many  American  and  British  specialists  feared  that  Israel  could  be 
"keeping  the  option  open"  to  develop  atomic  deterrent  against  Arab 
nations.  (Finney,  A^YI,  3/14/65,  1) 
March  14:  Writing  about  the  visit  of  President  Johnson  and  Vice  President 
Humphrey  to  NASA  Hq.  for  a  briefing  on  NASA  programs  on  Feb.  25, 
Lt.  Gen.  Ira  C.  Eaker  ( USAF,  Ret.)  said  in  an  article  for  the  San  Diego 
Union:  "I  was  particularly  pleased  at  the  deserved  tribute  the  President 
paid  Jim  Webb  and  Hugh  Dryden.  I  have  known  them  both  since 
1937.  They  are  extremely  modest  men.  They  avoid  personal 
publicity.  They  are  not  jealous  of  subordinates,  but  prefer  that  the 
publicity  and  credit  for  NASA  successes  carry  the  pictures  and  headline 
the  names  of  those  members  of  the  NASA  team  most  directly 
responsible.  For  this  reason  they  can  attract  and  hold  able  peo- 
ple.  .   .   . 

"While  we  are  giving  out  the  space  medals,  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that 
without  the  vision  and  tenacity  of  Lyndon  Johnson,  the  first  man  on 
the  moon  could  not  be  an  American. 

"To  have  man's  most  dramatic  and  significant  adventure  become  the 
achievement  of  a  slave  state  instead  of  a  free  society  would  be 
intolerable."      (Eaker,  CNS,  San  Diep,o  Union,  3/14/65) 

•  Soviet  scientists  announced  development  of  compact,  light-weight  nuclear 

power  system,  similar  to  U.S.  Snap  program,  to  meet  relatively  low 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  123 

power  requirements  of  up  to  several  hundred  watts  by  using  heat  from 
decay  of  radioisotopes  as  energy  source  for  generation  of  electrici- 
ty. Tass  described  system  as  a  power-generating  package  weighing 
150  kg.  (330  lbs.)  with  a  capacity  of  up  to  200  watts  and  a  lifetime 
of  10  yrs.  Known  as  Beta,  the  installation  was  designed  to  ensure 
continuous  operation  of  automatic  weather  stations  in  remote  areas. 
{NYT,  3/15/65,  5) 

March  14:  U.S.S.R.  reported  that  number  of  Soviet  science  teachers  and 
scientific  researchers  had  doubled  between  1958  and  1963.  At  the  end 
of  1963,  565,958  workers  were  engaged  in  scientific  research  and 
teaching,  compared  to  284,038  at  end  of  1958.  Most  of  this  increase 
was  in  persons  having  only  basic  undergraduate  scientific  and  techni- 
cal training,  with  women  increasing  more  rapidly  than  men.  Engi- 
neering sciences  accounted  for  more  than  half  the  total  of  all  Soviet 
scientific  workers;  physicians  and  mathematicians  comprised  sec- 
ond largest  group;  persons  in  medicine  and  pharmacy,  the  third. 
(Schwartz,  NYT,  3/14/65,  18) 

March  15:  U.S.S.R.  launched  into  orbit  three  earth  satellites^ — cosmos  lxi, 
COSMOS  LXii,  and  COSMOS  LXIII — with  a  single  booster  rocket.  Tass 
said  three  satellites  were  orbiting  in  close  initial  orbits:  apogee,  1,837 
km.  (1,141  mi.);  perigee,  273  km.  (170  mi.);  period,  106  min.;  in- 
clination, 56°.  It  was  reported  that  the  scientific  apparatus  onboard 
was  functioning  normally.  [Krasnaya  Zvezda,  3/17/65,  1,  ATSS-t 
Trans.) 

•  The   S-iB-1,   Chrysler-built   first  stage   of  NASA's   Saturn   IB,   arrived   at 

NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  from  Michoud  Operations  in  New 
Orleans  for  static-firing  tests.  The  stage  was  21  ft.  in  diameter,  80  ft. 
in  length,  and  weighed  90,000  lbs.  For  Saturn  IB  program,  its  eight 
engines  had  been  uprated  to  200,000  lbs.  thrust  each  and  weight  had 
been  reduced  by  some  16,000  lbs.  It  would  be  returned  to  Michoud 
Operations  in  about  six  weeks  for  post-firing  checks.  Saturn  IB  vehi- 
cles would  be  used  for  earth-orbital  missions  of  Apollo  spacecraft. 
(msfc  Release  65-60) 

•  NASA  and  DOD  had  approved  first  phase  of  a  General  Dynamics  proposal 

for  30% -uprated  Atlas  SLV  x3  booster.  This  phase  covered  only  reha- 
bility  improvement  by  introduction  of  new  components.  Order  to 
proceed  on  actual  uprating  was  expected  this  month.  {M&R,  3/15/65, 
7) 

•  The  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  reviewed  the  master 

planning  standards  of  ten  major  NASA  centers  and  concluded  that,  con- 
sidering the  permanence  of  the  space  program,  ".  .  .  the  installations 
and  facilities  required  by  NASA  to  implement  the  program  should  be 
planned  ...  on  a  long-range  basis,  in  recognition  of  permanen- 
cy." In  addition,  they  suggested  that  NASA:  (1)  develop  "consistency 
of  planning  policy,"  (2)  invest  in  master  plans  to  prevent  situations 
similar  to  "confused  and  congested  layouts  of  Lewis  and  Wallops," 
(3)  invest  in  facility  planning,  and  (4)  avoid  procrastination  and 
expediency.  The  Committee  concluded  that  "nasa  has  achieved  sub- 
stantial success  in  master  planning  at  many  of  its  installations  .  .  ." 
but  that  attempts  should  be  made  to  succeed  at  all  NASA 
installations.      (  House  Report  No.  167,  3/15/65) 


124  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

March  15:  A  Benedictine  nun,  Sister  M.  Margaret  Bealmear.  said  she  had 
declined  an  invitation  to  apply  for  astronaut  training  and  that  she  as- 
sumed the  letter  from  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  had  been  a 
mistake.  Sister  Bealmear,  a  candidate  for  a  doctorate  in  biology  from 
the  Univ.  of  Notre  Dame,  said  she  had  received  the  invitation  in  Decem- 
ber 1964.  Invitations  had  been  extended  by  NASA  to  select  names 
appearing  on  a  list  provided  by  the  National  Academy  ©f  Sciences. 
<AP.  ATr,  3  16/65.  5;  msc  Historian) 

•  Dr.  John  T.  F.  Kuo,  associate  professor  at  Columbia  Univ.  Henry  Krumb 

School  of  Mines,  was  studying  the  earth's  gravity  from  each  of  the 
Empire  State  Building's  102  floors.  Kuo  was  using  a  gravimeter  sen- 
sitive to  weight  differences  of  one-billionth  of  a  pound  to  measure 
gravitational  acceleration  on  each  floor.  He  felt  that  extrapolations 
from  his  figures  might  help  in  the  "design  of  instrument  measuring  the 
gravitational  acceleration  on  space  vehicles  as  they  hurtle  through  the 
universe."      (NYT.  3/15/65,  29 ) 

•  Dr.    Thomas    F.    Bates,    professor    of   mineralogy    and    director    of   the 

Science  and  Engineering  Institute  at  Pennsylvania  State  Univ.,  had 
been  named  science  advisor  to  Interior  Secretary  Stewart  L.  Udall,  it 
was  announced.  He  would  succeed  Dr.  John  C.  Calhoun,  Jr.,  who  was 
returning  to  his  post  at  Texas  A&M.      (  UPI,  NYT,  3/16  ^65,  4) 

•  Despite  boasts  of  increased  Government  volume  by  Westinghouse  Elec- 

tric Corp.  and  Sylvania  Electric  Products,  Inc.,  most  major  companies 
complained  of  decline  in  defense.  Government,  and  aerospace 
contracts.  The  Electronic  Industries  Association  offered  solutions  to 
the  problem:  (1 )  look  for  new  fields  and  products,  (2)  work  harder  to 
find    Government   contracts,    or    (3)    continue    complaining.      (Smith. 

yvyr,  3/15/65) 

•  "Project  Stormy  Spring,"  a  meteorological  study  by  the  Air  Force  Cam- 

bridge Research  Laboratories  to  develop  more  precise  forecasting  tech- 
niques for  specific  local  areas,  began,  afcrl  scientists  would  investigate 
mesoscale  structures  and  weather  system  dynamics  in  New  England, 
particularly  within  a  mesoscale.  A  varying  distance  measure,  a  meso- 
scale in  New  England  in  March  was  an  area  about  100  mi.  sq.  Major 
storm  systems  would  be  observed  and  analyzed  for  continuous  periods 
of  24  to  36  hrs.  each.  A  weather  satellite,  U-2,  and  c-130  aircraft 
would  provide  cloud  photographs.  The  U-2  would  also  measure  ozone 
distributions,  temperature,  wind,  and  radiometric  data;  the  C-130 
would  contribute  cloud  physics,  temperature,  and  wind  data.  Perma- 
nent and  mobile  radiosonde  sites  60  mi.  apart  would  comprise  one 
aspect  of  the  data-gathering  network;  special  surface  linkage  of  25  sites 
spaced  20  mi.  apart  would  gather  wind,  temperature,  pressure,  humid- 
ity, and  precipitation  data.  The  study  would  continue  through  April 
30.      (usAF  OAR  Release  3-65-5 1 

•  Aviation  Week  reported  theory  of  many  U.S.  officials  that  COSMOS  LVII, 

launched  by  U.S.S.R.  on  Feb.  22,  1965,  had  strayed  from  its  pro- 
gramed flight  path  and  been  deliberately  destroyed  the  day  after  it  was 
launched.  The  alleged  reason  was  to  prevent  COSMOS  LVII  from  fall- 
ing into  foreign  hands.  U.S.  officials  were  said  to  have  assumed  that 
COSMOS  LVII  was  a  trial  run  for  VOSKIIOD  ii  flight  because  of  similar 
orbits:  voskhod  ii  had  30!;  mi.   (196.7  km.)   apogee,  108  mi.   (174.4 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  125 

km.  I  perigee,  65°  inclination:  COSMOS  LVii  had  317  mi.  (511.3  km.) 
apogee.  107  mi.  (172.6  km.)  perigee,  and  65°  inclination. 

According  to  XASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center's  Satellite  Situation 
Report,  51  pieces  of  cosmos  lvii  were  in  orbit  Feb.  28,  1965;  39  pieces 
on  ]\Iarch  15.  1965.  The  Report  also  listed  COSMOS  L,  launched  by 
U.S.S.R.  October  28.  1964.  in  88  pieces.  ( GFSC  SSR.  3  15/65,  33,  37; 
Av.  Wk.A  12  65.34) 
March  15:  B.  F.  Goodrich  Corp.  had  been  selected  by  Hamilton  Standard  to 
replace  International  Latex  Corp.  as  subcontractor  for  garment  portion 
of  the  Apollo  spacesuit.  Change  followed  problems  with  certain  por- 
tions of  garment.      i.M&R.  3   15  65.  7) 

•  Astronaut  R.  Walter  Cunningham  suffered  a  simple  compression  fracture 

of  a  neck  vertebra  during  exercise  unrelated  to  astronaut 
training.  Cunningham  would  be  grounded  during  the  three  months 
he  would  wear  a  neck  brace  but  would  continue  other  phases  of  astro- 
naut training.      (  \p.  Wash.  Eve.  Star.  3/17/65 ) 

•  Opening  the  annual  meeting  of  the  National  Research  Council,  Harvey 

Brooks,  professor  of  applied  physics  at  Harvard  Univ.,  discussed  recent 
trends  in  Federal  support  of  research  and  development.  Of  the  $14.5 
billion  R&D  budget  for  FY  1966.  he  observed,  nearly  half  was  for  space 
activities — expended  principally  through  DOD  and  NASA.  Scientific 
satellite  programs  accounted  for  36 //  of  all  basic  research  expenditures. 
He  noted  the  steady  trend  toward  greater  diversity  in  sources  of  Federal 
support  for  academic  research.  One  indication  is  the  fact  that  in  1954 
DOD  accounted  for  709^  of  academic  research  but  in  FY  1966  for  only 
27'7f.      (NAs-NRC  Neiis  Report,  3  65.  1) 

•  Theory  held  by  Soviet  astrophysicists  Vitaly  Ginzburg  and  Leonid  Ozer- 

noi  that  intergalactic  space  is  hot  was  reported  by  Tass.  Scientists 
generally  believed  the  hydrogen  gas  in  intergalactic  space  to  be  cold 
(— 273°C).  Ginzburg  and  Ozernoi  considered  it  "incomprehensible" 
that  the  gas  could  be  cold  yet  neutral — no  emissions  in  the  21-cm. 
wavelength  had  been  detected  from  the  intergalactic  hydrogen.  They 
theorized  that  the  gas  was  heated  by  galactic  explosions  and  likewise 
ionized  by  them,  making  impossible  any  21-cm.-wavelength  emissions. 
(Tass,  3/15  65 ) 

•  Lance  battlefield  missile  was  successfully  test  fired  at  the  White  Sands 

Missile  Range.  Built  for  the  Army  by  Ling-Temco-Vought,  Inc.,  the 
Lance  was  said  to  combine  guided  missile  accuracy  and  range  with  the 
low  cost  and  high  reliability  potential  of  a  free  rocket.  It  would  com- 
plement division  artillery  and  expand  the  capability  for  nuclear  and 
non-nuclear  fire.  ( AP,  NYT,  3  18/65,  57 ) 
March  16:  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Space 
Science  and  Applications,  told  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and 
Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Space  Science  and  Applications  that 
NASA  had  an  obligation  to  make  information  gained  from  space  ex- 
ploration available  to  the  public.  He  continued:  "To  help  achieve  this, 
a  National  Space  Science  Data  Center  was  established  at  GSFC  in  April 
1964.  .  .  . 

"The  Data  Center  is  responsible  for  the  collection,  organization,  in- 
dexing, storage,  retrieval,  and  dissemination  of  all  scientific  data  re- 
sulting from  experiments  in  space  and  the  upper  atmosphere.     Since 


126  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

its  establishment  the  Data  Center  has  begun:  (1)  to  maintain  a  con- 
tinuing inventory  of  data  from  sounding  rockets  and  spacecraft;  (2) 
to  acquire  data  generated  by  spacecraft  previously  launched;  (3)  to 
collect  selected  ground  correlative  data;  and  (4)  to  produce  the  an- 
nouncement publications  which  support  its  functions. 

"In  anticipation  of  the  need  for  this  facility,  NASA  has  established  a 
line  item  in  the  Physics  and  Astronomy  budget,  Data  Analysis,  of 
three  million  dollars  in  FY  1966.  Of  this,  600  thousand  dollars  is  for 
the  operation  of  the  Data  Center  and  2.4  million  dollars  is  for  analysis 
of  data  from  a  flight  experiment  under  the  flight  project.  After  the 
initial  results  have  been  published  by  the  Principal  Investigator  and 
the  data  are  placed  in  the  data  center,  the  additional  analyses  of  these 
data  will  be  funded  from  Data  Analysis  funds  on  the  basis  of  propos- 
als from  competent  scientists  throughout  the  Nation  .  .  .  This  approach 
is  expected  to  .  .  .  encourage  them  to  use  all  of  the  available  informa- 
tion in  their  theoretical  research." 

Dr.  Newell  discussed  nasa's  orbiting  observatory  program:  "The 
primary  reason  for  .  .  .  solar  studies  is  to  meet  the  overall  NASA  ob- 
jective to  expand  human  knowledge  of  space  phenomena.  .  .  . 

"oso-c  [Orbiting  Solar  Observatory-C]  is  the  next  spacecraft  to  be 
launched  and  it  is  undergoing  final  testing  at  this  time.  On  30  May  a 
solar  eclipse  of  unusually  long  duration  will  occur.  Every  effort  is 
being  made  to  launch  oso-c  prior  to  this  event  so  that  two  oso's, 
with  complementary  payloads,  can  be  operating  and  transmitting 
unique  data  on  the  solar  radiation  at  the  time  of  the  eclipse." 

He  said  that  the  Orbiting  Geophysical  Observatory  (Ogo)  program 
would  make  a  major  contribution  to  our  understanding  of  earth-sun- 
environment  relationships  and  that  although  OGO  I  had  not  functioned 
as  planned  "it  has  proven  that  the  basic  spacecraft  design  is  adequate 
and  that  large  numbers  of  experiments  can  be  integrated  and  operated 
from  a  single  satellite.  Furthermore,  should  OGO  I  continue  to  trans- 
mit data  for  a  reasonable  period,  it  is  expected  that  the  results  will 
contribute  substantially  to  studies  of  the  Earth-Sun  relationships. 

"Investigation  of  the  OGO  I  failure  indicated  there  was  no  common 
cause  for  failure,  but  as  a  result  of  the  investigation,  design  modifica- 
tions and  additional  tests  are  planned  for  future  OGO  spacecraft.  The 
modifications  include:  (1)  relocation  of  the  horizon  scanner  and  cer- 
tain boom  appendages  to  assure  a  clear  field  of  view  for  the  horizon 
scanners;  (2)  the  use  of  a  new  type  development  spring  and  the  addi- 
tion of  separate  appendage  'kick-off'  springs;  and  (3)  the  relocation  of 
the  omnidirectional  antenna."  (Testimony;  NASA  Auth.  Hearings, 
461-580 1 
March  16:  The  communications  blackout  problem  was  discussed  by  Dr. 
Hermann  H.  Kurzweg,  nasa  Director  of  Research,  Office  of  Advanced 
Research  and  Technology,  in  testimony  before  the  House  Committee 
on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Advanced  Research 
and  Technology :  "One  of  the  phenomena  that  occurs  in  gases  at  high 
temperatures  is  ionization,  that  is,  electrons  are  torn  away  by  the  high- 
speed collisions  of  the  gas  atoms  and  molecules.  .  .  .  The  free  elec- 
trons, produced  by  the  high  temperatures  in  the  shock  layer  around  a 
reentry  vehicle,  interfere  with  and  block  the  propagation  of  radio 
signals.  .  .  .     This     effect     produces     the     communications-blackout 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  127 

problem.  To  understand  what  is  going  on  and  to  eliminate,  or  at  least 
minimize  this  communication  difficulty,  one  must  be  able  to  calculate 
the  distribution  of  free  electrons  about  the  body  in  order  to  predict 
when  the  plasma  sheath  will  become  opaque  for  certain  radio 
frequencies.  This  calculation  cannot  be  made  until  the  flow  field 
(temperature,  density,  pressure  and  velocity)  about  the  body  is 
known.  A  significant  part  of  the  fluid  physics  program  is  concerned 
with  the  investigations  of  flow  fields.  The  results  of  these  studies  also 
give  us  better  information  on  the  heat  transfer  to  reentry  bodies. 

"As  a  possible  remedv  for  the  communications  blackout,  we  are 
studying  the  characteristics  of  various  gases,  called  electrophylic  gases, 
which  have  the  unique  property  of  capturing  free  electrons.  Such  a 
gas,  which  effectively  reduces  the  electron  concentration  when  injected 
into  the  flow,  might  solve  the  problem.  .  .  .  This  work  is  tied  closely 
with  the  work  on  radio  attenuation  going  on  at  the  Langley  Research 
Center  and  the  technique  is  being  adapted  to  test  a  variety  of  fluids 
suggested  by  the  work  at  Langley."  (Testimony;  1966  NASA  Auth. 
Hearings,  447-62 ) 
March  16:  First  observance  of  Robert  H.  Goddard  Day.  On  the  floor  of 
the  Senate,  Sen.  Stuart  Symington  (D-Mo.)  spoke  of  Dr.  Goddard's 
achievements  as  summarized  bv  G.  Edward  Pendray  in  Technology  and 
Culture  ( Fall  1963  )  : 

"Dr.  Goddard — 

"Was  the  first  to  develop  a  rocket  motor  using  liquid  propellants 
(liquid  oxygen  and  gasoline)  during  the  years  1920-25. 

"Was  first  to  design,  construct,  and  launch  successfully  a  liquid-fuel 
rocket — the  event  we  mark  today. 

"First  developed  a  gyrostabilization  apparatus  for  rockets  in  1932. 

"First  used  deflector  vanes  in  the  blast  of  a  rocket  motor  as  a  means 
of  stabilizing  and  guiding  rockets,  also  in  1932. 

"Obtained  the  first  U.S.  patent  on  the  idea  of  multistage  rockets,  in 
1914. 

"First  explored  mathematically  the  practicality  of  using  rocket 
power  to  reach  high  altitude  and  escape  velocity,  in  1912. 

"Was  first  to  publish  in  the  United  States  a  basic  mathematical 
theory  underlying  rocket  propulsion  and  rocket  flight,  in  1919. 

"First  proved  experimentally  that  a  rocket  would  provide  thrust  in  a 
vacuum,  in  1915. 

"Developed  and  demonstrated  the  basic  idea  of  the  bazooka  near  the 
end  of  World  War  1,  although  his  plans  lay  unused  until  finally  put  to 
use  in  World  War  ii. 

"First  developed  self-cooling  rocket  motors,  variable  thrust  rocket 
motors,  practical  rocket  landing  devices,  pumps  suitable  for  liquid 
rocket  fuels. 

"Forecast  jet-driven  airplanes,  and  travel  in  space."  iCR,  3/16/65, 
5051-52) 
•  In  commemoration  of  Goddard  Day.  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  NASA  Deputy 
Administrator  and  other  Washington  officials  telephoned  greetings  via 
RELAY  II  to  Dr.  Goddard's  widow^  in  Worcester.  Mass.  The  call  had 
been  arranged  by  Vice  President  Humphrey,  Chairman  of  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council.  Other  events  commemorating  God- 
dard Day:  At  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  a  film  on  Dr.  God- 


128  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

dard's  life  and  work  was  premiered;  at  nasa  Manned  Space  Flight 
Center.  Astronaut  Scott  Carpenter  spoke  to  several  hundred  science 
students  about  Dr.  Goddard  and  rocketry;  at  NASA  Marshall  Space 
Flight  Center,  special  recognition  was  shown,  and  at  Smithsonian  Air 
and  Space  Museum  an  original  Goddard  rocket  was  displayed.  ( NASA 
Release  65-87  I 
March  16:  At  the  dedication  of  a  new  laboratory  at  Worcester  Pol\technic 
Institute  in  memory  of  rocketry  pioneer  Dr.  Robert  H.  Goddard.  AFSC 
Commander  General  Bernard  A.  Schriever  said  that  Dr.  Goddard's 
writings  still  provided  guidance  to  1965  rocket  men.  General  Schriever 
said  the  nation  had  made  significant  strides  since  Goddard  conducted 
his  first  successful  rocket  launch  39  years  ago.  "His  booster  and  its 
payload  reached  an  altitude  of  41  feet  and  traveled  184  feet  before  it 
impacted  after  a  flight  lasting  about  2yo  seconds.  By  contrast,  the 
first  two-man  Gemini  orbital  space  shot  scheduled  for  later  this  month 
will  reach  several  hundred  miles  into  space  for  three  orbits.   .   .   . 

"The  Air  Force  Titan  ii  booster  and  the  Gemini  capsule  stand  al- 
most 110  feet — over  twice  the  altitude  achieved  by  Dr.  Goddard's  his- 
toric rocket." 

Mrs.  Esther  G.  Goddard,  Dr.  Goddard's  widow,  attended  the 
ceremonies,      (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  3/17/65) 

•  A  low-temperature,  primary,  non-rechargeable  battery  had  been  success- 

fully tested  over  a  range  from  — 100°  C  to  68°  C.  NASA  Lewis  Research 
Center  engineers  reported.  Designed  by  the  Livingston  Electronic  Co.. 
the  battery  delivered  constant  power  and,  when  fully  developed,  could 
be  used  on  Mars  where  the  nighttime  temperatures  were  — 100°  C  and 
the  average  daytime  temperature  —30°  C.      (  lrc  Release  65-20) 

•  North  American  and  European  television  broadcasters  met  at  ComSat- 

Corp  headquarters  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  announced  outline  of  in- 
augural broadcast  between  the  two  continents  to  demonstrate  possibili- 
ties of  Early  Bird  communications  satellite  for  television  use.  Plans 
called  for  major  part  of  telecast  to  be  live  transmissions  of  events  in 
various  countries.  It  would  include  live  broadcasts  from  participating 
ground  stations  in  Europe  and  North  America,  a  short  documentary 
history  of  past  events  carried  on  satellite  television,  and  a  brief  explana- 
tion of  how  Early  Bird  worked  and  what  it  would  mean  to  communica- 
tions in  the  future.      ( ComSatCorp  Release  ) 

•  Sen.  Ralph  Yarborough   (D-Tex.)    said  on  the  floor  of  the  Senate  that 

results  of  Government-sponsored  research  should  be  "freely  available 
to  the  American  public"  and  that  he  "viewed  with  .  .  .  skepticism  any 
proposal  to  create  a  private  monopoly"  over  this  information.  [CR, 
3/16/65,5051) 

•  A  NASA-sponsored,  34-day  spacecraft  atmosphere  test  began  as  six  Navy 

and  Marine  Corps  fliers  entered  a  space  capsule  at  the  Naval  Air  Engi- 
neering Center's  Bioastronautics  Test  Facility  in  Philadelphia.  The 
fliers  would  wear  a  full  pressure  space  suit  during  three  weeks  of  the 
period,  eat  a  dehydrated  menu,  and  breathe  lOO/r  oxygen  while  ex- 
posed to  a  simulated  altitude  of  27,000  ft.  Investigators  would  con- 
duct periodic  tests  to  determine  the  overall  effects,  physiological  and 
psychological,  upon  each  of  the  men.      (  ap,  Bait.  Sun,  3/17/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  129 

March  16:  Dr.  Robert  Gilruth.  Director  of  nasa  Manned  Spacecraft  Center, 
told  a  press  conference  that  "there  is  a  question  whether  astronauts  can 
stand  long  confinement,  let  alone  weightlessness."  Dr.  Gilruth  was  in 
Los  Angeles  to  accept  the  1964  Spirit  of  St.  Louis  Medal  from  the  ASME 
at  the  Aviation  and  Space  Conference.  (Miles.  L.  A.  Times,  3/17/65; 
NAA  S&ID  Skyicriler,  .3  19  65.  1 ) 

•  Abraham  Hyatt,  a  former  NASA  Director  of  Plans  and  Program  Evalua- 

tion, delivered  the  9th  Minta  Martin  lecture  at  the  Conference  on  Aero- 
space Engineering  at  the  Univ.  of  Maryland.  He  said  that  while  much 
had  been  learned  about  the  space  environment  since  1958.  we  still  had 
only  meager  knowledge  of  the  processes  that  operated  on  the  sun;  the 
sun-earth  relationship:  the  sources  of  energy  of  the  observed  physical 
phenomena  in  space:  the  planets;  and  of  many  other  properties  of 
space.  For  a  better  understanding  of  the  origin  and  space  environ- 
ment of  the  solar  system,  the  origin  and  characteristics  of  the  universe, 
or  the  possibiUty  of  life  on  other  planets,  measurements  and  experi- 
ments in  space  would  be  necessary  for  a  long  time  to  come,  he  said. 
(Program  Notes) 

•  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun.  Director  of  nasa  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  at 

Huntsville.  Ala.,  received  an  honorary  doctorate  of  laws  from  lona 
College.      (A/yr,  3  17  65,  38) 

•  Dr.  Athelstan  Spilhaus.  dean  of  Minnesota  Univ.'s  Institute  of  Technolo- 

gy and  past  chairman  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  urged  the 
Senate  Commerce  Committee  to  establish  sea-grant  colleges  that  could 
exploit  ocean  resources.  He  said  that  land-grant  colleges  had  done  a 
magnificent  job  in  furthering  agriculture  and  the  mechanical  arts  and 
that  sea-grant  colleges  could  do  the  same  in  the  field  of 
oceanography.  Dr.  Spilhaus  also  spoke  in  support  of  a  bill  to  provide 
for  expanded  research  in  the  oceans  and  Great  Lakes  by  creation  of  a 
national  oceanography  council.      (  AP.  NYT,  3/17/65,  52) 

•  Yevgeny  Artemyev.  vice  chairman  of  the  Soviet  Union's  State  Committee 

of  Inventions,  announced  Moscow's  intention  to  ratify  the  82-yr.-old 
Paris  Convention  for  the  Protection  of  Industrial  Property.  The 
agreement  required  that  each  member  state  grant  the  citizens  of  other 
member  countries  in  the  matter  of  patents,  trademarks,  and  other  in- 
dustrial property  rights  the  same  treatment  it  accorded  its  own 
nationals.  The  Soviet  Union  would  be  the  68th  country  to  adhere  to 
the  convention.  (NYT,  3/11/65) 
March  17:  mariner  iv's  ion  chamber  experiment  failed  completely,  Jet 
Propulsion  Laboratory  officials  reported.  Count-rate  of  the  Geiger- 
Mueller  tube  portion  of  the  experiment  had  become  abnormal  in 
February.  The  experiment  had  been  designed  to  measure  proton  and 
electron  radiation.  Otherwise  the  spacecraft  was  operating  normally; 
all  other  high-energy  radiation  detectors  aboard  were  continuing  their 
interplanetary  measurements.  In  its  110th  day  of  flight,  MARINER  IV 
was  traveling  27,743  mph  relative  to  earth  and  was  35,000,004  mi. 
from  earth.  It  had  traveled  more  than  178,000,000  mi.  (nasa  Re- 
lease 65-90 ) 

•  First  Saturn  IB  booster,  the  s-iB-1,  was  placed  into  a  static  test  stand  at 

NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  for  scheduled  static  firings.  Built 
by  Chrysler  Corp.,  the  1.6  million-lb. -thrust,  90,000-lb.  booster  con- 
tained eight  engines,  was  21   ft.  in  dia.  and  80  ft.  long.     The  stage 


130  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

would  be  shipped  to  NASA  Michoud  Operations  for  post-firins; 
checks.  (Marshall  Star,  3/17/65,  1,  2) 
March  17:  Discussing  the  need  for  sustaining  engineering  funds  for  Cen- 
taur starting  in  FY  1966,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space 
Science  and  AppUcations  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell  testified  before  the 
House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics,  Subcommittee  on  Space 
Sciences  and  Applications:  "A  preliminary  study  and  design  phase  is 
being  initiated  by  NASA  this  Fiscal  Year  [for  adaptation  of  the  Centaur 
to  the  Saturn  ib].  The  primary  mission  for  this  vehicle  is  the 
Voyager.  Initial  studies  indicate  this  vehicle  is  capable  of  launching 
a  payload  to  Mars  in  excess  of  8000  pounds  during  all  of  the  opportu- 
nities in  the  1970's.  Generally,  the  modifications  necessary  to  create 
this  stage  combination  are  not  particularly  difficult.  They  do  repre- 
sent a  large  engineering  effort,  but  there  is  nothing  apparent  at  this 
time  which  indicates  that  new  technologies  will  be  required.  The  Cen- 
taur will  be  mounted,  along  with  the  Voyager,  inside  a  fairing  the  size 
of  the  Saturn  (260-inch  diameter).  By  constructing  this  size  fairing 
the  technical  problems  associated  with  adaptation  of  the  Centaur  to  this 
new  booster  are  significantly  reduced  and  the  diameter  required  for  all 
of  the  Voyager  missions  is  obtained." 

Dr.  Newell  described  NASA's  sustaining  university  program  as  an 
effort  "to  broaden  the  national  research  base  in  areas  of  importance  to 
the  national  space  effort  and  increase  our  capability  to  replenish  con- 
tinually the  reservoir  of  basic  knowledge.   .   .   . 

"In  response  to  the  continuing  manpower  requirements,  NASA  con- 
ducts a  predoctoral  training  program,  under  which  grants  are  made  to 
universities  to  select  and  train  outstanding  students  in  space-related 
fields.  Specialized  training  for  selected  students  offers  them  identifica- 
tion with  the  national  space  effort,  and  involves  them  directly  in  the 
new  programs  of  the  space  age.  .  .  . 

"At  the  present  time,  about  1,957  students  are  in  training  at  131 
institutions.  The  disciplines  represented  by  these  1,957  students  are 
distributed  as  follows:  physical  sciences,  51  percent;  engineering,  37 
percent;  life  sciences,  8  percent;  behavioral  sciences,  4  percent  ...  In 
September  1965,  about  1,275  new  students  will  begin  their  three  years 
of  study  and  research  as  NASA  predoctoral  trainees.  At  that  time,  142 
institutions,  located  in  every  state  in  the  union,  will  be  participating. 
With  the  proposed  budget  of  $25  million  for  fiscal  year  1966,  about 
1,300  new  students  would  enter  the  program.  Consequently,  the  NASA 
goal  of  an  output  of  1,000  Ph.D.'s  per  year  will  not  be  reached  before 
fiscal  year  1968  or  fiscal  year  1969  ...  Of  the  students  participating 
to  date,  40  trainees  have  received  their  Ph.D.  degrees.  .  .  ."  (Testi- 
mony; NASA  A  nth.  Hearings,  634-35) 

•  Astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom  and  John  W.  Young  gave  the  official  name 

"Gemini  3"  and  the  nickname  "Molly  Brown"  to  the  spacecraft  they 
would  ride  into  orbit  Mar.  23.  (msc  Historian;  ap,  Miami  Her., 
3/17/65) 

•  First   six   ships   of   a   20-vessel   fleet   that   would   participate   in    recovery 

of  the  Gemini  GT-3  spacecraft  following  the  two-man  orbital  flight 
scheduled  for  Mar.  23  left  Cape  Kennedy.  Ships  would  be  positioned 
from  the  mid-Atlantic  to  the  Canary  Islands.     [Wash.  Post,  3/17/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  131 

March  17:  A  strike  was  under  way  at  the  S256-million  Mississippi  Test  Op- 
erations under  construction  in  Gainesville,  NASA  announced.  The  dis- 
pute apparently  concerned  NASA's  contracting  policies.  (AP,  5/.  Louis 
Post-Dispatch,  3/18/65) 

•  DOD  attracted  more  than  1.000  industrial  representatives  to  its  "regional 

unclassified  briefing"  in  New  York.  It  outlined  the  nation's  military 
needs  for  the  next  decade  and  offered  guidance  in  planning  defense 
contracts.  This  was  one  of  five  meetings  DOD  had  called  throughout 
the  country  to  provide  industry,  business,  and  labor  with  an  idea  of 
the  military  research,  development,  and  production  requirements. 
(Wilcke,  NYT,  3/17/65,  65) 

•  FAA  granted  an  air  worthiness  certificate  for  an  automatic  landing  system 

developed  jointly  by  the  Boeing  Co.  and  the  Bendix  Corp.  It  was  the 
first  system  in  the  world  to  be  so  certified  by  FAA  for  operation  in  the 
U.S.  and  would  enable  users  to  apply  to  FAA  for  "Category  ii"  certifica- 
tion under  which  a  pilot  could  land  with  only  100  ft.  downward  visibil- 
ity and  1,300  ft.,  or  a  quarter  mile,  forward  visibility.  Most  airliners 
must  land  under  "Category  I"  conditions  under  which  the  pilot  must  be 
able  to  see  the  last  200  ft.  to  the  ground  and  must  have  at  least  a  half 
mile  forward  visibility  before  he  could  land.  First  Boeing  707  or  720 
jetliners  equipped  to  land  by  computer  would  be  available  about  Jan. 
1966.     (Appel,  NYT,  3/18/65,  1,  14) 

•  FAA  Administrator  Najeeb  E.  Halaby  announced  that  four  Government 

agencies  had  joined  forces  to  establish  a  national  data  bank  for  intera- 
gency exchange  of  information  on  civil  manpower  resources.  The 
agencies  were  Dept.  of  Labor,  Dept.  of  Health,  Education,  and  Wel- 
fare, Civil  Aeronautics  Board,  and  Federal  Aviation  Agency.  Halaby 
said  availability  of  such  a  bank  would  make  it  possible  to  obtain  more 
information  on  status  of  aviation  manpower  than  faa  maintained. 
( FAA  Release  65-20 ) 

•  Speaking  on  safety   in   the   Space   Age,   John   L.   Sloop,   NASA   Assistant 

Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  told 
the  22nd  Annual  Greater  Akron  Safety  Conference  that  "for  the  past 
ten  years,  the  naca  and  NASA  have  had  a  frequency  rate  (injuries  per 
million  man  hours  work)  ranging  from  3.2  to  2.1.  The  national  in- 
dustrial frequency  average,  I  am  told,  is  6.12  for  1963  and  the  average 
for  all  of  Federal  government  is  7.9."      (Text) 

•  Dr.  Robert  H.  Goddard  was  posthumously  awarded  the  Daniel  Guggen- 

heim Medal  by  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers.  Mrs. 
Goddard  accepted  the  medal.      ( Av.  Wk.,  3/22/65,  13 ) 

•  Brig.  Gen.  Charles  A.  Lindbergh    (usafr)    was  elected  to  the  Board  of 

Pan  American  World  Airways.  During  his  36-year  association  with 
the  airline,  he  had  helped  develop  several  aircraft  from  the  Fokker  and 
Sikorsky  to  the  Boeing  and  Douglas  jets.  Recently  he  had  worked  on 
the  supersonic  transport  and  the  fanjet  Falcon.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  naca  from  1931  to  1939.  (NYT,  3/18/65,  47) 
March  18:  U.S.S.R.'s  VOSKHOD  ii,  manned  by  pilot  Col.  Pavel  Belyayev 
and  co-pilot  Lt.  Col.  Aleksey  Leonov,  was  launched  from  Baikonur 
Cosmodrome  in  Kazakhstan,  Tass  reported.  The  spacecraft  set  an  al- 
titude record,  reaching  an  apogee  of  495  km.  (309  mi.) — higher  than 
any  manned  spacecraft  had  flown.  Other  orbital  data:  perigee,  173 
km.  (108  mi.)  ;  inclination,  65°;  period,  91  min. 


132  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

During  the  second  orbit,  Lt.  Col.  Leonov,  clad  in  a  spacesuit  with 
"autonomous  life  support  system."  stepped  into  space,  moved  about 
five  meters  from  the  spacecraft  I  tethered  by  a  cable ) ,  and  successfully 
carried  out  prescribed  studies  and  observations:  he  examined  the  outer 
surface  of  the  spacecraft:  turned  on  a  film  camera:  carried  out  visual 
observations  of  the  earth  and  outer  space:  took  horizontal,  vertical, 
and  somersaulting  positions:  and  returned  safely  to  the  spacecraft. 
Tass  said:  "Outside  the  ship  and  after  returning,  Leonov  feels  well." 
He  spent  about  20  min.  in  conditions  of  outer  space,  including  10  min. 
free-floating  in  space.  Entire  procedure  was  carried  out  under  control 
of  Col.  Belyayev.  with  whom  continuous  communication  was  main- 
tained. A  television  camera  fixed  to  the  side  of  VOSKHOD  ii  relayed 
pictures  of  the  maneuver  to  Soviet  ground  stations. 

Biotelemetric  data  indicated  that  both  cosmonauts  had  satisfactorily 
withstood  the  orbiting  and  the  transition  to  weightlessness:  the  pulse 
rate  of  Belyayev  and  Leonov  was  70-72  beats  a  minute  and  the  respi- 
ration rate  18-20  a  minute.  All  spacecraft  systems  were  functioning 
normally.  Tass  said  voskhod  ii  would  complete  at  least  13  orbits  of 
the  earth.  (Tass,  ap,  NYT,  3/19/65;  Komsomohkaya  Pravda,  3/19/ 
65.  1,  ATSS-T  Trans.:  Haseltine.  Wash.  Post,  3/19/65) 
March  18:  Atlas  launch  vehicle  sustainer  engine  system  had  been  success- 
fully fired  for  the  first  time  using  flox,  a  combination  of  liquid  fluorine 
and  liquid  oxygen,  as  the  oxidizer.  This  was  the  first  time  a  complete 
engine  system  had  been  fired  using  this  high-energy  oxidizer.  Ap- 
proximately 20  firings  would  be  conducted  in  the  series  using  the 
standard  concentration  of  309^  liquid  fluorine  to  70%  liquid 
oxygen.  Conditions  involving  thrust  level,  oxidant  fuel  ratio,  and 
other  engine  variables  would  be  run  to  establish  engine  performance 
limitations.  The  tests  were  being  conducted  under  LRC  contract,  by 
North  American  Aviation's  Rocketdyne  Div.,  Canoga  Park,  Calif. 
(LRC  Release  65-21) 

•  NASA  launched   a  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  with   a   63-lb.   payload 

from  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  to  peak  altitude  of  98  mi.  The  experiment 
was  conducted  for  the  Graduate  Research  Center  of  the  Southwest, 
Dallas,  Tex.,  and  was  designed  to  measure  ion  composition  and  neutral 
composition  of  the  upper  atmosphere  as  functions  of  altitude.  Impact 
occurred  89  mi.  downrange  in  Atlantic  Ocean;  no  recovery  was 
attempted.      (Wallops  Release  65-14) 

•  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  was  successfully  launched  from  White 

Sands,  N.  Mex.,  to  a  peak  altitude  of  154.5  km.  (96  mi.).  The  pri- 
mary experimental  objective  was  to  obtain  ultraviolet  spectra  of  Mars 
and  Orion  by  the  use  of  four  spectrographs.  GSFC  provided  the  pay- 
load  instrumentation.      (NASA  Rpt.  SRL) 

•  USAF  launched  Thor-Altair  booster  from  Western  Test  Range  with  uni- 

dentified satellite  payload.      {U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  136) 

•  NASA  bioscience  programs  were  discussed  in  testimony  before  the  House 

Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Space  Sci- 
ences and  Applications  by  NASA  Associate  Administrator  Dr.  Homer  E. 
Newell:  "Results  recently  submitted  by  the  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  from 
flights  up  to  five  days  in  length  indicate  that  long  term  space  flight  may 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  133 

have  several  important  and  serious  physiological  and  behavior  effects 
upon  the  performance  and  well  being  of  man  that  need  to  be  investi- 
gated further.  There  were  changes  in  the  circulation  system,  in  the 
biochemical  characteristics  of  the  blood  and  urine,  and  in  the  electro- 
encephalogram indices,  all  pointing  to  a  need  for  more  detailed  investi- 
gations. The  results  from  the  Biosatellite  studies  will  have  broad 
application  to  long  term,  manned  space  flight,  including  manned  space 
stations  and  lunar  and  planetary  bases. 

"Prolonged  manned  flights  may  involve  changes  similar  to  those 
observed  after  10  days  of  strict  bed  rest  on  the  ground.  These  are 
moderate  losses  of  bone  minerals  such  as  calcium,  particularly  in  the 
vertebrae:  loss  of  muscle  tone  and  physical  capability;  certain  cardio- 
vascular changes;  and  metabolism  in  general.  The  effect  of  continued 
sensory  deprivation  on  behavior  and  performance  is  unknown. 

"Biosatellite  experiments  are  of  both  scientific  and  practical  impor- 
tance and  extremely  profitable  to  investigate.  We  do  not  presently 
have  sound  theoretical  bases  for  making  precise  quantitative  (and  in 
some  cases  qualitative)  predictions  of  what  we  expect  to  happen.  It 
is.  therefore,  important  to  carry  out  Biosatellite  studies  of  suitable 
duration  to  critically  demonstrate  and  test  the  effects  of  weightlessness 
on  living  organisms." 

Outlining  approaches  to  the  search  for  extra-terrestrial  life  in  NASA's 
bioscience  programs.  Dr.  Newell  testified:  "(a)  An  attempt  is  being 
made  to  synthesize  models  of  primitive  single-celled  organisms  in  the 
laboratory.  .  .  . 

"(b)  The  physical  environments  of  the  planets  are  being  studied 
and  characterized  by  instruments  from  the  Earth,  from  high  altitude 
balloons  and  from  planetary  fly-bys.  .  .   . 

"(c)  Living  Earth  organisms  are  being  grown  under  simulated 
planetary  environmental  conditions.   .   .   . 

"(d)  Plans  are  being  made  for  both  unmanned  and  manned  direct 
exploration  of  planets.  .  .  ."  (Testimony;  1966  NASA  Auth.  Hear- 
ings, 806-41 1 
March  18:  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden  told  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  American  Astronautical  Society  in  Washington,  D.C., 
that  NASA  planned  to  select  10  to  20  scientists  to  begin  astronaut  flight 
training  this  summer  from  over  900  applicants.  Dr.  Dryden  said  the 
Mercury  astronauts  had  demonstrated  man's  ability  as  a  sensor  and 
manipulator,  and  to  some  extent  as  an  evaluator,  in  orbit.  "Early 
Gemini  and  Apollo  flights  will  further  examine  these  capabilities  so 
that,  in* the  future,  man's  full  potential  can  be  exploited."  (ap,  NYT, 
3/19/65) 

•  In  an  article  in  the  San  Diego  Evening,  Tribune  deploring  the  strikes  and 

labor  unrest  at  Cape  Kennedy  and  Merritt  Island,  Victor  Riesel  said: 
"Well  over  SlOO  million  had  loeen  lost  in  strikes. 

"NASA  officials  report  To  walkouts  between  Dec.  1,  1962,  and  Feb. 
15,  1965.  Total  work  loss  has  been  63,784  man  days.  This  means 
there  has  been  an  average  of  more  than  five  vital  strikes  a  month.  At 
least  35  of  them  have  been  illegal  and  have  cost  49,596  man 
days."      (Riesel,  San  Diego  Eve.  Trib.,  3/18/65) 

•  Tokyo    Univ.    Aeronautical    Institute    announced    successful    firing    of    a 

three-stajie    Lambda    research    rocket    from    Uchinoura    in    southern 


134  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Japan.  The  rocket  reached  an  altitude  of  680  mi.  and  landed  in  the 
Pacific  northwest  of  the  Marianas.  (  Reuters.  NYT,  3/19/65) 
March  18:  Among  the  aerospace  pioneers  selected  for  San  Diego's  new  In- 
ternational Aerospace  Hall  of  Fame  were  Scott  Crossfield,  Charles  A, 
Lindbergh.  Gen.  James  H.  Doolittle,  Astronauts  John  Glenn  and  Alan 
Shepard,  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun.  Orville  and  Wilbur  Wright,  Robert 
H.  Goddard,  Jacqueline  Cochran,  and  Amelia  Earhart.  Representa- 
tives of  287  organizations  from  throughout  the  world  were  on  the 
nominating  committee.  Oil  paintings  of  the  honorees  were  unveiled 
at  a  dinner  given  in  conjunction  with  San  Diego's  Space  Fair  65  ob- 
servance.     (NAA  S&ID  Skywriter,  3/19/65,  1) 

•  Catholic  Univ.  was  the  first  school  in  the  Nation  to  offer  undergraduate 

study  in  space  science,  said  Dr.  C.  C.  Chang,  head  of  the  Dept.  of 
Space  Science  and  Applied  Physics  established  two  years  ago.  In  ad- 
dition to  space  science,  the  department  offered  specialization  in  aero- 
space engineering,  applied  physics,  and  fluid  mechanics  and  heat 
transfer.  ^  (Hoffman,  Wash.  Post,  3/18/65) 

•  Soviet   VOSKHOD    II    Cosmonauts    Pavel    Belyayev    and    Aleksey    Leonov 

talked  with  Cuban  Defense  Minister  Raul  Castro,  who  was  in  Moscow, 
and  told  him  they  had  seen  his  island  from  space,  Tass  reported.  "It 
was  very  beautiful,  and  her  green  colors  were  lovely,"  they  said,  (ap, 
3/18/65) 

•  Rep.  J.  Edward  Roush   (D-Ind. ).  speaking  on  the  floor  of  the  House, 

compared  the  states  in  distribution  of  Federal  research  and  develop- 
ment funds  per  scientist  employed:  "Of  the  seven  states  of  Ohio,  In- 
diana, Illinois,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  and  Wisconsin  only  Illinois 
exceeds  the  national  average  of  approximately  $25,000  in  research  and 
development  funds  per  scientist  employed  in  educational  institutions  in 
this  area.  Even  then  this  one  state  exceeds  the  average  distribution 
by  only  $4,600.  The  shares  of  other  states  range  from  a  high  of 
$15,000  per  scientist  in  Michigan  down  to  only  $9,000  in  my  own  state 
of  Indiana.  In  between  these  we  find  Minnesota,  $13,000;  Ohio. 
$11,000;  and  Wisconsin,  $10,900. 

"Leading  the  national  list  is  New  Mexico  with  $163,000  per  scientist 
followed  by  Nevada  with  $109,000  and  California  with  $63,000  per 
scientist.  At  the  very  bottom  of  the  list  is  Maine  with  only  $4,000  per 
scientist. 

".  .  .  this  matter  of  the  uneven  geographic  distribution  of  Federal 
research  and  development  funds  is  involving  our  national  interest." 
{CR,  3/18/65,  5186) 

•  A    spacesuit    that    would    enable    man    to    leave    his    spacecraft    was 

discussed  by  Soviet  doctor  Vladimir  Krichagin  in  a  commentary  for 
Tass  written  before  the  VOSKHOD  ii  flight:  "It  is  in  fact  a  miniature 
hermetic  cabin  which  consists  of  a  metal  helmet  with  a  transparent 
visor,  a  multi-layer  hermetic  suit,  gloves,  and  specially  designed 
footwear.  The  spacesuit  has  its  own  power  circuitry  feeding  com- 
munications, and  a  system  of  pickups  of  physiological 
functions  ...  It  is  impossible  to  create  atmospheric  pressure  within 
the  suit  because  it  would  then  inflate  as  a  football  .  .  .  and  the  man 
would  turn  into  a  statue  unable  to  bend  his  legs  and  arms  .  .  .  the  air 
pressure  inside  the  spacesuit  should  be  at  least  0.4  atmo- 
spheres ...   It  was  established  that  prolonged   (over  one  hour)   respi- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  135 

ration  in  pure  oxygen  literally  washes  nitrogen  out  of  the  tissues  of  the 
body  and  then  the  pressure  can  be  safely  reduced.  It  was  .  .  .  possi- 
ble to  free  a  man  in  the  spacesuit  from  .  .  .  the  immoblizing  effect 
of  an  'inflated  football'.   .   .   . 

"There  must  be  a  steady  supply  of  pure  oxygen  for  the  cosmonaut  in 
spacesuit  .  .  .  his  body  has  to  'breathe'  and  .  .  .  give  off  up  to  300 
kilo-calories  [every  hour]. 

".  .  .  the  spacesuit  has  a  special  airconditioning  system  through 
which  room  temperature  air  is  pumped  into  the  spacesuit.  This  air 
carries  away  excess  heat  of  the  organism  and  skin-exuded  moisture. 

"To  protect  man  in  space  from  .  .  .  heat  .  .  .  and  cold  .  .  ..  the 
spacesuit  is  covered  by  thermal  insulation  layer  and  coated  with  a  light 
color  that  deflects  heat  rays  ...  In  these  spacesuits  of  the  ventilation 
type  .   .   .   used  air  is  injected  into  the  environment. 

"[In]  spacesuits  of  the  .  .  .  regenerating  type  .  .  .  the  available 
air  and  hvdrogen  supply  circulates  from  the  spacesuit  to  a  generating 
device  and  back.  This  device  on  the  suit's  surface  removes  carbon 
dioxide  and  excess  moisture  from  the  'spent'  air  .  .  .  replenishes  oxy- 
gen supply  and  cools  off  gases  to  a  preset  temperature. 

"This  spacesuit  may  be  used  for  prolonged  work  in  space  and  for 
landing  on  the  lunar  surface."  ( UPI.  Rosenfeld.  Wash.  Post,  3/19/65, 
1,  2;  fanner.  NYT,  3/20 -65.  1,  3) 
March  18:  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Col.  Pavel  Popovich,  who  orbited  the  earth 
48  times  in  August  1962,  said  during  a  televised  news  conference  in 
Moscow:  "In  the  future,  we  shall  be  able  to  discard  the  cord  connect- 
ing the  cosmonaut  with  his  craft.  A  small  rocket  engine  will  help  the 
man  to  return  to  his  ship." 

Vasily  Seleznev.  Soviet  doctor  of  technology,  told  the  news  confer- 
ence he  thought  the  significance  for  further  space  research  of  Leonov's 
leaving  his  craft  was  that  "in  [the]  future  cosmonauts  will  take  part  in 
assembling  spaceships.  There  may  also  arise  the  need  for  repairing 
the  craft  and.  what  is  most  important,  there  is  the  prospect  of  travel  to 
other  planets."  Seleznev  said  the  Russians  hoped  to  reach  the  moon 
in  the  not  too  distant  future.  ( Rosenfeld,  Wash.  Post,  3/19/65,  1,  2 ) 
•  Vice  Adm.  Hyman  G.  Rickover  (USn)  urged  Congress  to  approve  the 
construction  of  a  new  type  of  nuclear  reactor  that  he  said  was  vital  to 
the  welfare  of  the  United  States  and  perhaps  the  whole  world.  Adm. 
Rickover  said  the  reactor — which  he  himself  conceived — was  called  a 
"seed-blanket"  reactor,  would  employ  thorium  as  the  major  fuel  and 
would  produce  more  fuel  than  it  consumed.  It  would  run  about  nine 
years  on  one  fuel  charge.  Reactors  of  this  type — costing  more  than 
S263  million  for  the  initial  one — could  extend  the  fuel  resources  of  the 
United  States  by  several  hundred  years  and  also  produce  electricity 
economically,  he  said. 

Dr.  Glenn  T.  Seaborg,  chairman  of  the  Atomic  Energy  Commission, 
testified  that  AEC  had  signed  a  memorandum  of  understanding  with  the 
state  of  California  for  the  development  and  construction  of  the  pro- 
posed $263  million  prototype,  and  that  whereas  present  "lightwater" 
reactors  tapped  only  1  to  2  per  cent  of  the  energy  available  in  either 
uranium  or  thorium,  the  proposed  reactor  "will  demonstrate  technology 
which  is  expected  to  provide  means  for  ultimately  making  available 
for  power  production   about  50  per  cent  of  the  potential  energy  in 


136  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

thorium — which  represents  an  energy  source  many  times  larger  than 
that  of  the  known  fossil-fuel  [coal  and  oil]  reserves."  Admiral  Rick- 
over  said  the  proposed  power  device  would  have  more  than  twice  the 
electrical-generating  capacity  of  any  United  States  central  power  sta- 
tion.     (AP,  NYT,  3/19/65,  12) 

March  18-19:  Scientific  research  papers  were  presented  by  high  school 
students  at  regional  Youth  Science  Congress  contests  conducted  by 
National  Science  Teachers  Association  in  cooperation  with  NASA.  Re- 
gional winners  would  compete  at  the  National  Youth  Science  Congress 
to  be  held  in  Washington,  D.C.,  later  this  year.  ( LaRC  Release;  GSFC 
Release  G-7-65 ) 

March  19:  After  26  hrs.  of  flight.  Col.  Pavel  I.  Belyayev  landed  voskhod 
II  manually  near  Perm,  Russia.  Tass  announced.  The  two-man  space- 
craft had  completed  17  orbits  of  the  earth,  one  more  orbit  than 
planned,  and  had  traveled  447,000  mi.  This  was  the  first  time  landing 
of  a  Soviet  spacecraft  had  been  described  as  manual.  Impact  of 
VOSKHOD  II  on  the  ground,  later  revealed  as  snow  bank,  was  described 
as  "soft."      (Tanner,  NYT,  3/20/65,  1,  3:  Shabad,  mT,  3/21/65,  3) 

•  NASA  plan  for  use  of  SYNCOM  ll  in  the  communications  link  between  the 

Gemini  3  spacecraft  and  Cape  Kennedy  was  successfully  tested  in  a 
GT-3  mission  simulation.  Telemetry  signals  and  voice  messages 
would  come  from  the  spacecraft  to  a  surface  ship,  the  USNS  Coastal 
Sentry,  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  The  Coastal  Sentry  would  transmit  the 
signals  to  the  Syncom  surface  station,  USNS  Kin^sport,  which  would 
then  be  a  few  miles  away.  From  there  the  signals  would  be  transmit- 
ted to  SYNCOM  II,  22,300  mi.  above  the  Indian  Ocean,  down  to  a 
ground  station  at  Clark  afb  in  the  Philippines,  and  by  cable  to  a 
Nascom  (nasa  Communications  Network)  station  near  Honolulu. 
From  Honolulu  the  transmission  would  go  by  cable  to  the  U.S.  and  then 
by  landline  to  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  and  on  down  to  Cape 
Kennedy. 

Simultaneously  the  signals  would  be  transmitted  from  the  Coastal 
Sentry  via  high  frequency  radio  to  a  Nascom  station  near  Perth, 
Australia.  Cable  would  carry  it  to  the  Nascom  station  at 
Honolulu.  There,  the  better  reception  of  the  two  transmissions  would 
be  sent  to  the  Cape.      ( NASA  Release  65-93) 

•  NASA  launched  a  scientific  payload  for  the  Univ.  of  Michigan  from  Wal- 

lops Station  using  a  two-stage  Nike-Tomahawk.  The  122-lb.  payload, 
consisting  primarily  of  a  thermosphere  probe  in  the  form  of  a  32-in. 
ejectable  cylinder,  was  boosted  to  a  peak  altitude  of  315  km.  (196 
mi.).  Purpose  of  the  experiment,  a  joint  project  of  the  Univ.  of 
Michigan  and  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  was  to  measure  density 
and  temperature  of  electrons  and  neutral  particles  at  75-200  mi.  alti- 
tude and  to  test  a  solar  aspect  sensor.  This  was  the  first  firing  of 
Nike-Tomahawk  configuration  from  Wallops  Island.  (NASA  Rpt.  SRL; 
Wallops  Release  65-16 ) 

•  President    Lyndon    B.    Johnson    sent    a    message    of    congratulations    to 

Australian  Prime  Minister  Sir  Robert  Menzies,  on  the  occasion  of  the 
dedication  of  a  new  NASA  lunar  and  planetary  spacecraft  tracking  sta- 
tion at  Tidbinbilla  near  Canberra.  Australia.  The  station  would  be 
operated  entirely  by  Australians,  as  are  the  two  other  NASA  facilities  in 
Australia,      (nasa  Release  65-89) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  137 

March  19:  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey.  Chairman  of  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  made  his  first  address  on  the  U.S. 
space  program  at  the  Goddard  Memorial  Dinner  sponsored  by  the 
National  Space  Club  in  Washington,  D.C.  He  said:  "I  intend  to  be 
an  advocate  of  a  dynamic  space  program — a  program  which  will 
succeed  in  reaching  to  goals  we  have  set — and  one  which  will  see  new 
goals — one  that  can  see  beyond  the  moon  and  into  fields  where  we  can 
only  speculate  about  the  knowledge  awaiting  us." 

The  Vice  President  spoke  briefly  about  the  Soviet  Union's  voskhod 
II  flight:  "It  is  well  for  us  from  time  to  time  to  take  stock — to  take  a 
careful  look — in  order  to  see  how  we  are  making  out  in  comparison 
with  our  main  competitor.  The  facts  are  that  we  do  have  very  strong 
competition  and  hence  we  have  another  big  reason  for  a  major  space 
effort — namely,  prudence.  Our  national  security  alone  would  suggest 
reason  enough  for  us  to  strive  for  absolute  leadership  in  space  explora- 
tion." 

Humphrey  pointed  out  that  the  Soviets  remained  ahead  in  propul- 
sion for  their  rockets,  while  the  U.S.  continued  to  lead  "in  the  directly 
useful  fields  of  weather  reporting,  navigation,  and  communications." 
He  continued:  "The  Soviets  clearly  have  an  advantage  in  studying  the 
effects  of  space  environment  on  human  beings.  .  .  .  We  can  salute 
the  Russian  achievements  .  .  .  but  we  would  be  foolish  if  we  did  not 
understand  the  military  implications  of  Soviet  space  science  as  well 
as  our  own. 

"Each  Russian  shock  has  produced  action  here.  But  a  mature  na- 
tion should  not  need  shock  treatment.  We  are  a  peaceful 
nation  .  .  .  but  we  would  ignore  the  real  interests  of  the  free  world  if 
we  diminished  our  miHtary  efforts  in  sp-ace." 

In  the  principal  presentation,  the  widow  of  the  scientist  presented 
the  Robert  H.  Goddard  Memorial  Trophy  to  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering, 
Director  of  the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  and  leader  of  the  RANGER 
VII  team  that  obtained  the  first  close-up  pictures  of  the  moon's  sur- 
face. 

The  National  Space  Club  Press  Award  for  "an  outstanding  role  in 
adding  significantly  to  public  understanding  and  appreciation  of  as- 
tronautics" went  to  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology;  Nelson  P. 
Jackson  Aerospace  Award  for  "an  outstanding  contribution  to  the  mis- 
sile, aircraft,  and  space  field"  was  presented  to  Florida  Research  and 
Development  Center,  Pratt  &  Whitney  Aircraft  Div.  of  United  Air- 
craft; Robert  H.  Goddard  Historical  Essay  Award  was  made  to  John 
Tascher,  Case  Institute  of  Technology,  for  U.S.  Rocket  Society  Number 
Two:  the  Story  of  the  Cleveland  Rocket  Society;  Robert  H.  Goddard 
Scholarship  (Sl,500  to  the  university  of  the  recipient's  choice)  for 
"the  purpose  of  stimulating  the  interest  of  talented  students  in  space 
research  and  exploration"  was  awarded  Willard  M.  Cronyn,  a  graduate 
student  in  Maryland  Univ.'s  Dept.  of  Physics  and  Astronomy.  (Text; 
Program;  Carmody.  Wash.  Post,  3  20/ 65  ) 
•  "Present-day  Americans  are  thinking,  working,  and  risking  to  find  ways, 
first  to  explore,  and  then  to  use,  the  new  environment  of  outer  space," 
said  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  in  an  address  to  the  New 
Mexico  Chapter  of  the  American  Institute  of  Industrial  Engineers  in 


138  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Albuquerque.  He  continued:  ".  .  .  the  exploration  of  space  has 
brought  a  new  force  into  the  affairs  and  life  of  this  Nation.  Once 
more  the  American  people  confront  a  new  environment — harsher, 
more  demanding,  more  inspiring  than  any  man  has  ever  tried  to  enter 
before.  .  .  .  We  cannot  yet  foresee  all  the  consequences  of  man's 
entry  into  space.  But  the  record  of  history  is  clear,  that  the  mastery 
by  one  nation  of  a  new  environment,  or  of  a  major  new  technology, 
or  the  combination  of  the  two  as  we  now  see  in  space,  has  always  in 
the  past  had  the  most  profound  effects  on  all  nations  and  on  all  the 
peoples  of  the  earth."  (Text) 
March  19:  In  an  interview  with  Izvestia,  one  of  the  two  directors  of  the 
Soviet  space  program,  the  "chief  designer,"  whose  identity  had  never 
been  revealed,  said  the  voskhod  ii  program  had  called  for  Lt.  Col. 
Leonov  to  spend  "10  minutes  outside  the  cabin"  but  that  he  could  have 
stayed  much  longer.  He  said  the  weight  and  space  saved  by  having 
two  men  aboard  voskhod  ii  instead  of  three  men,  as  on  voskhod  I, 
had  been  used  to  install  a  decompression  chamber  and  related  equip- 
ment. The  designer  said  Leonov's  spacesuit  was  equipped  with  "dup- 
licate systems"  to  ensure  a  high  degree  of  reliability  and  that  a  bellows 
had  been  installed  to  allow  bending  of  the  torso,  arms,  and  legs. 
Izvestia  said  in  another  article  that  Leonov's  spacesuit  consisted  of 
five  layers:  a  heat  reflecting  layer  outside;  material  for  strength;  air- 
tight material;  heat  insulating  material;  and  an  inside  layer  contain- 
ing a  ventilation  system. 

The  "chief  theoretician,"  joint  director  of  the  Soviet  space  program, 
told  Izvestia  that  Col.  Leonov's  venture  into  space  had  shown  that 
future  astronauts  might  find  it  easier  to  work  in  space  than  on 
earth.  He  said  that  "we  shall  yet  live  to  see  the  day  when  orbiting 
platforms  appear  in  space — resembling  scientific  research  institutes  in 
the  earth's  upper  atmosphere."  The  theoretician  was  also  quoted  as 
saying  that  Leonov's  principal  assignment  had  been  to  determine 
man's  reaction  to  "weightlessness  in  free  space."  He  told  Tass:  "We 
obtained  in  practice  what  we  had  visualized  theoretically  before." 
(Tanner,  NYT,  3/20/65,  1,  3) 

•  President  Johnson  sent  congratulations  on  the  Mar.  18  voskhod  II  space 

achievement  to  Anastas  Mikoyan,  Chairman  of  the  Praesidium  of  the 
Soviet  Union.  The  message  said:  "All  of  us  have  been  deeply  im- 
pressed by  Lt.  Col.  Aleksei  Leonov's  feat  in  becoming  the  first  man  to 
leave  a  space  ship  in  outer  space  and  return  safely.  I  take 
pleasure  ...  in  offering  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  the  United  States 
sincere  congratulations  and  best  wishes  to  the  cosmonauts  and  the 
scientists  and  all  the  others  responsible  for  this  outstanding  accomp- 
lishment."    ( NYT,  3/20/65,  3  ) 

•  Pope  Paul  VI,  speaking  to  the  "workers  of  the  world"  on  St.  Joseph's 

Day,  expressed  the  hope  that  the  "great  and  marvelous"  Soviet  space 
achievement  would  "serve  to  render  men  better,  more  united  and  intent 
to  serve  ideals  of  peace  and  common  good."      (NYT,  3/20/65,  3) 

•  Charles  A.  Wilson,  an  expert  in  management  and  development  of  space 

and  other  advanced  systems,  had  been  named  Project  Manager  for 
NASA's  Project  Biosatellite  at  the  Ames  Research  Center.  He  succeed- 
ed Carlton  Bioletti,  who  had  retired.      (  ARC  Release  65-9) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  139 

March  19:  NASA  signed  a  five-year  S235-niillion  incentive  contract  with  the 
AC  Spark  Plug  Div.  of  General  Motors  Corp.  for  manufacture,  testing, 
and  deliverv  of  primarv  navigation  and  guidance  systems  for  Apollo's 
three-man  command  module  and  the  two-man  lunar  excursion  module 
(  Lem  ) .  The  svstems  were  beins;  desisned  by  MIT.  (  MSC  Roundup, 
3  19  65.  8) 
March  20:  President  Johnson,  asked  during  a  press  conference,  "where 
does  our  space  program  stand  in  relation  to  the  Soviets'  in  the  wake  of 
their  latest  feat?"  replied:  "The  Soviet  accomplishment  and  our  own 
scheduled  efforts  demonstrate.  I  think  dramatically  and  convincingly, 
the  important  role  that  man  himself  will  play  in  the  exploration  of  the 
space  frontier.  The  continuing  efforts  of  both  our  program  and  the 
Russian  program  will  steadily  produce  capability  and  new  space 
activity.  This  capability,  in  my  judgment,  will  help  each  nation 
achieve  broader  confidence  to  do  what  they  consider  they  ought  to  do 
in  space. 

"I  have  felt  since  the  days  when  I  introduced  the  Space  Act  and  sat 
studying  Sputnik  1  and  Sputnik  2  that  it  was  really  a  mistake  to 
regard  space  exploration  as  a  contest  which  can  be  tallied  on  any  box 
score. 

"Judgments  can  be  made  only  by  considering  all  the  objectives  of 
the  two  national  programs,  and  they  will  vary  and  they  will 
differ.  Our  own  program  is  very  broadly  based.  We  believe  very 
confidently  in  the  United  States  that  we  will  produce  contributions  that 
we  need  at  the  time  we  need  them.  For  that  reason,  I  gave  Mr.  Webb 
and  his  group  every  dollar  in  the  Budget  that  they  asked  for  a  manned 
space  flight. 

"Now  the  progress  of  our  program  is  very  satisfactory  to  me  in 
every  respect.  We  are  committed  to  peaceful  purposes  for  the  benefit 
of  all  mankind.  We  stressed  that  in  our  hearings  and  our  legislation 
when  we  passed  the  bill,  and  while  the  Soviet  is  ahead  of  us  in  some 
aspects  of  space.  U.S.  leadership  is  clear  and  decisive  and  we  are 
ahead  of  them  in  other  realms  on  which  we  have  particularly 
concentrated."      (Transcript;  Wash.  Post,  3/21/65) 

•  NASA     Aerobee     300A     sounding     rocket     was     successfully     launched 

from  Wallops  Station.  Va..  to  a  peak  altitude  of  326.2  km.  (203.6 
mi.).  Primary  objective  was  the  nighttime  measurement  of  the  den- 
sity and  temperature  of  neutral  N^  using  an  omegatron  mass  spectrom- 
eter, and  the  simultaneous  measurement  of  electron  temperature  and 
density  using  a  small  cylindrical  electrostatic  probe.  A  secondary  ob- 
jective was  the  testing  of  a  lunar  optical  sensor  especially  developed 
for  thermosphere  probe  application.  Univ.  of  Michigan  provided  the 
experiment  instrumentation.      (NASA  Rpt.  SRl) 

•  VOSKHOD  ii's  two-man  crew.  Col.  Pavel  Belyayev  and  Lt.   Col.  Aleksey 

Leonov,  rested  under  medical  supervision  at  an  undisclosed  place  in 
the  northern  Ural  mountains,  Tass  reported. 

Soviet  space  flight  headquarters  at  Baikonur  Cosmodrome  in  Ka- 
zakhstan reported  that  VOSKHOD  ll's  antennas  had  burned  away  as  the 
spacecraft  reentered  the  earth's  atmosphere.  The  descent  had  been 
tracked  by  radar  units. 

Lt.  Col.  Andrian  G.  Nikolayev,  Soviet  Cosmonaut,  said  the  order  to 
use  manual  controls  in   landing  voskhod   ii  was  given  by  a  Soviet 


140  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

ground  station.  Izvestia  reported.  It  was  not  known  whether  the  man- 
ual landing  was  part  of  the  original  program  or  was  made  necessary 
by  a  malfunction  of  the  automatic  controls.  (Shabad.  ISYT,  3/21/65, 
3) 

March  20:  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Andrian  Nikolayev  said  in  the  press  that  "all 
these  operations — the  orientation  of  Voskhod  2  and  switching  on  of  the 
braking  engine — were  performed  by  my  colleague  cosmonauts  by 
hand,  without  the  help  of  automation.  They  performed  this  task 
brilliantly.  They  carried  out  this  landing  excellently."  He  did  not 
say  if  they  had  landed  in  their  target  landing  area.  (Bait.  Sun, 
3/20/65) 

March  21:  NASA's  RANGER  IX,  equipped  with  six  television  cameras,  was 
successfully  launched  toward  the  moon  from  Cape  Kennedy  by  an 
Atlas-Agena  B.  After  the  Agena  had  carried  the  oOO-lb.  ranger  IX 
into  115-mi. -altitude  parking  orbit  with  17,500  mph  orbital  speed, 
the  Agena  engines  were  cut  off.  Second  burn  of  the  Agena  lasted 
about  90  sec,  increasing  the  velocity  to  about  24,525  mph  and  freeing 
RANGER  IX  from  the  major  pull  of  the  earth's  gravity,  ranger  ix 
then  continued  on  its  2Vo-day,  245.000-mi.  trip  to  the  moon.  About 
70  min.  after  launch,  nasa  announced  the  spacecraft  had  been  com- 
manded to  deploy  its  solar  panels  that  would  convert  solar  energy  to 
electrical  power  for  its  equipment. 

Projected  target  was  the  crater  Alphonsus,  about  12°  south  of  the 
moon's  equator,  where  gaseous  emissions  had  been  reported.  On  the 
day  of  impact,  Alphonsus  would  be  illuminated  by  slanting  sunlight, 
producing  long  shadows  and  bringing  out  subtle  surface  features. 
The  terminator — dividing  line  between  the  dark  and  sunlit  portions 
of  the  moon — would  be  only  11°   from  Alphonsus. 

Five  hours  after  lift-off,  NASA  announced  that  RANGER  ix's  course 
was  so  accurate  it  would  hit  the  moon  only  400  mi.  north  of  the  crater 
target;  an  inflight  maneuver  would  be  executed  later  to  correct  this 
small  course  error.  (NASA  Release  65-25;  Wash.  Post,  3/22/65;  Sehl- 
stedt,  Bait.  Sun,  3/22/65;  Sullivan,  NYT,  3/22/65;  WSJ,  3/22/65) 

•  Leonid  I.  Brezhnev,  Soviet  Communist  Party  First  Secretary,  talked  by 

telephone  to  Cosmonauts  Pavel  Belyayev  and  Aleksey  Leonov  and 
promised  them  a  fitting  reception  when  they  arrived  in  Moscow.  He 
thanked  them  for  the  successful  fulfillment  of  their  mission.  They 
said  they  felt  well.  Congratulations  on  the  vosKHOD  II  flight  were 
sent  to  Brezhnev  by  Mao  Tze-tung  and  other  Chinese  leaders.  Peking 
Radio  reported.  (Loory,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  3/22/65;  AP,  N.Y.  Her. 
Trih.,  3/22/65 ) 

•  Soviet  Cosmonauts  Col.  Pavel  I.  Belyayev  and  Lt.  Col.  Aleksey  Leonov 

appeared  in  public  for  the  first  time  since  they  landed  VOSKHOD  II  in 
the  Perm  region  Mar.  19.  They  were  en  route  to  Baikonur  Cosmo- 
drome in  Kazakhstan  where  they  were  expected  to  undergo  detailed 
medical  checkups  and  debriefings  by  scientists  and  technicians  before 
being  welcomed  in  Moscow  in  Red  Square.  (Shabad.  NYT,  3/22/65. 
1,3) 

•  At  a  news  conference  reported  by  Soviet  press.  Col.  Pavel  Belyayev  and 

Lt.  Col.   Aleksey  Leonov,  the  two-man  crew  of  the  Soviet  spacecraft 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  141 

VOSKHOD  II,  said  they  had  sighted  an  artificial  satellite  during  their 
Mar.  18  flight:  '*We  shouted  with  surprise  when  we  saw  it  slowly 
rotating  about  800  meters  [900  yards]  from  our  ship."  Neither  the 
satellite  nor  the  orbit  in  which  it  was  traveling  was  identified. 

The  cosmonauts  related  the  part  that  each  had  played.  Col.  Be- 
lyayev  had  operated  the  controls  of  the  decompression  chamber 
through  which  his  companion  left  the  spacecraft,  recorded  Leonov's 
pulse  and  respiration  rate,  and  oriented  the  spacecraft  so  that  Leonov 
was  always  in  sunlight  during  the  televised  sequence  transmitted  to 
earth.  Col.  Leonov  said  that  when  he  opened  the  hatch  of  the  air  lock 
after  decompression,  he  was  "struck  by  a  flow  of  blindingly  bright 
sunlight  like  an  arc  of  electric  welding."  The  spacecraft  was  in  its 
second  orbit,  passing  over  Kerch  Strait.  Space  had  an  unexpected 
aspect,  he  said:  "Ahead  of  me  was  black  sky,  very  black.  The  sun 
was  not  radiant,  just  a  smooth  disc  without  an  aureole.  Below  was 
the  smooth-level  earth.  You  could  not  tell  it  was  a  sphere,  only  by  the 
fact  that  the  round  edge  showed  on  the  horizon."  The  acrobatics 
tired  Leonov.  especially  because  of  the  eifort  required  to  move.  He 
said  that  although  the  program  required  that  he  carefully  wind  the 
rope  that  had  tethered  him  to  the  craft,  he  found  it  "a  waste  of  time" 
and  simply  pulled  it  into  the  hatch.  "The  commander  quickly  closed 
the  hatch  cover  and  injected  pressure  into  the  air  lock,"  Leonov  said. 

Describing  the  manually  controlled  landing,  Col.  Belyayev  said  the 
controls  were  switched  on  in  time  and  all  systems  had  "worked  without 
a  hitch."  He  said  the  spacecraft  landed  in  the  northern  Ural  moun- 
tains between  two  big  spruce  trees  in  snow  5-10  ft.  deep.  (Shabad, 
/Vyr,  3/23/65,  1,23) 

March  21:  Over  500  contractors  shared  the  work  in  NASA's  $1.35  billion 
Gemini  manned  space  flight  project,  it  was  reported.  The  biggest 
contractors  were  aircraft  companies,  but  computer  manufacturers, 
major  airlines,  telephone  companies,  and  small  businesses,  manu- 
facturing highly  specialized  items  were  included.  ( Hines,  Wash.  Sun. 
Star,  3/21/65) 

March  22:  In  NASA  FY  1966  authorization  hearings  before  the  Senate  Com- 
mittee on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences,  NASA  Administrator  James 
E.  Webb  testified:  "Among  the  hard  decisions  and  difficult  choices 
which  had  to  be  made  in  the  preparation  of  this  budget  was  the  deci- 
sion to  terminate  the  programs  to  develop  the  M-1  large  liquid  hydro- 
gen fueled  engine,  the  large  260-inch  solid  propellant  motor,  and  the 
SNAP-8  nuclear  electric  power  supply.  The  reduction  in  the  requests 
for  space  technology  activities  amounting  to  about  S48  million  when 
compared  with  fiscal  year  1965,  results  mostly  from  these 
terminations.  However,  as  this  Committee  knows,  there  is  pending 
before  it  notification  of  a  plan  to  reprogram  $16,950,000  of  1965 
funds  so  that  these  projects  can  be  carried  forward  into  1966  to  appro- 
priate developmental  points  at  which  important  segments  of  the  engi- 
neering data  for  which  the  projects  were  originally  planned  can  be 
obtained  for  incorporation  in  our  total  bank  of  technological  and  engi- 
neering knowledge." 

Mr.  Webb  was  questioned  by  Sen.  Walter  F.  Mondale  ( D-Minn. )  on 
when  the  first  U.S.  extravehicular  activity  was  planned,  and  he  replied: 
"Within  the  next  year.     We  are  not  sure  on  which  GEMINI  flight  we 


142  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

will  do  it  as  yet."  Senator  Mondale  asked:  "When  do  we  plan  our 
first  rendezvous  maneuver?"'  and  Mr.  Webb  replied:  "Within  the  next 
year,  maybe  the  latter  part  of  this  year."  (Testimony;  !\'ASA  Auth. 
Hearings,  623,  663) 
March  22:  Testifying  before  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astro- 
nautic's  Subcommittee  on  Space  Sciences,  NASA  Associate  Administrator 
Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell  said  that  since  success  of  any  program  was  meas- 
ured by  the  nature  of  the  data  provided.  MMBUS  I  had  more  than 
achieved  design  objectives:  ".  .  .  during  its  three  and  one-half  weeks 
of  life.  Nimbus  took  12.137  individual  frames  of  AVCS  pictures,  an 
estimated  1,930  apt  cycles,  and  over  6.880  minutes  of  hrir  data.  Hur- 
ricanes Cleo.  Dora,  Ethel,  and  Florence  were  observed  and  Typhoons 
Ruby  and  Sally  in  the  Pacific  were  located  by  this  spacecraft.  .  .  . 

"The  launch  and  successful  operation  of  Nimbus  I  has  proved  the 
success  of  the  basic  Nimbus  spacecraft  design.  It  has  also  given  NASA 
a  better  insight  as  to  what  additional  modifications  will  be  required  in 
the  system  design  for  the  next  Nimbus  flight.  As  mentioned  previous- 
ly, the  primary  limitation  of  the  first  Nimbus  flight  was  the  result  of 
the  failure  of  the  Agena  B  vehicle  to  inject  the  spacecraft  in  the  proper 
polar,  near-circular  orbit  and  the  failure  in  the  spacecraft  solar  paddle 
rotation  mechanism.  The  first  of  these  failures  resulted  in  less  than 
complete  global  cloud  coverage  and  the  second  reduced  spacecraft 
lifetime.  .  .  ."      {Testimony;  NASA  Auth.  Hearings,  928-35) 

•  Telemetry  data  from  ranger  ix  indicated  that  the  probe  was  on  such  an 

accurate  course  toward  the  moon  that  JPL  engineers  decided  to  delay 
for  one  day  a  planned  mid-course  correction.  RANGER  IX  began  its 
245,500-mi.  trip  to  the  moon  Mar.  21,  and  was  144,488  mi.  from  earth 
at  9  p.m.  EST.  ( UPI,  Wash.  Daily  Neivs,  3/22/65 ;  Hines,  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  3/22/65;  ap,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  3/22/65) 

•  More  than  900  representatives  of  news  media  had  been  accredited,  mak- 

ing the  GT-3  mission  of  Astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom  and  John  W. 
Young  the  most  intensely  covered  event  in  the  history  of  space  ex- 
ploration. Nearly  1,200  newsmen  had  requested  credentials  from  nasa. 
(Wash.  Eve.  Star,  3/23/65) 

•  In  an  editorial  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology,  editor  Robert 

Hotz  said:  "The  trail-blazing  mission  of  the  Soviet  Voskhod  2  still  is 
continuing  as  these  lines  are  written,  but  it  has  already  opened  a  new 
chapter  in  the  history  of  man's  conquest  of  space.  It  also  has  empha- 
sized again  that,  unless  some  drastic  changes  are  made,  this  history 
will  be  written  primarily  in  the  Russian  Cyrillic  alphabet  with  only  an 
occasional  U.S.  footnote  technically  necessary.  .  .  . 

"All  of  this  Soviet  progress  again  emphasizes  strongly  the  ultra-con- 
servatism of  the  U.S.  manned  space  flight  program  and  the  utter  inade- 
quacy of  the  tiny  step-by-step  approach  that  sounds  so  convincing 
when  defending  under-funded  programs.  This  approach  is  sounding 
more  and  more  idiotic  in  the  face  of  Soviet  space  achievements.  .  .  . 

"Each  Soviet  manned  space  flight  makes  it  clearer  that  the  Russians 
are  widening  their  lead  over  the  U.S.  in  this  vital  area.  It  also  makes 
it  clear  that  the  many  billions  the  American  people  have  poured  will- 
ingly into  our  national  space  program  for  the  purpose  of  wresting  this 
leadership  from  the  Soviets  are  not  going  to  achieve  that  goal  under 
the  present  management.  .  .  ."      {Hotz,  Av.  Wk. ,3/22/65,  1\) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  143 

March  22:  Reporting  on  public  reactions  to  the  two-man  Gemini  flight 
scheduled  for  Mar.  23,  Samuel  Lubell  said  in  an  editorial  in  the  Wash- 
ington Daily  News:  "In  recent  weeks  more  than  half  of  the  persons 
interviewed  said  funds  for  moon  trips  would  be  the  part  of  the  Federal 
budget  they  would  cut  first.  Another  third  named  space  exploration  in 
general.  This  interviewing  took  place  before  Russia's  space  exploit  of 
last  Thursday."      ( Lubell,  Wash.  Daily  Neivs,  3/22/65) 

•  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  scientists  Arthur  L.  Newcomb,  Jr.,  Nelson 

J.  Groom,  and  Norman  M.  Hatcher  reported  their  work  on  an  infrared 
sensing  instrument  to  help  a  spacecraft  determine  which  way  was  up,  at 
the  IEEE  national  convention.  The  device  described  was  sensitive  to 
the  difference  between  infrared  radiation  in  space  and  that  emitted  by 
a  planetary  or  lunar  body;  it  employed  a  mechanically-driven  system 
of  mirrors  to  scan  the  region  of  space  in  which  it  was  operating.  Ra- 
diation gathered  bv  the  mirrors  was  focused  into  four  germanium  lens- 
es, each  containing  a  thermistor  sensitive  to  infrared.  When  the  scan- 
ning mirror  crossed  the  horizon  of  a  planet,  the  increase  or  decrease 
registered  on  the  thermistor  and  generated  an  electronic  signal  that 
could  be  processed  through  a  series  of  special  circuits  to  provide  a 
stabilizing  or  control  command  to  the  spacecraft. 

The  new  sensor  concept  was  expected  to  be  useful  for  weather  and 
communications  satellites,  as  well  as  for  space  probes  and  other  types 
of  spacecraft.      (LaRC  Release) 

•  Britain's  Blue  Streak  Rocket,  first  stage  of  the  European  Launcher  De- 

velopment Organization's  (eldo)  satellite  project,  was  successfully 
launched  to  an  altitude  of  150  mi.  from  Woomera,  Australia. 
(Reuters,  Wash.  Post,  3/23/65) 

•  Reasons    for    choosing    the    moon    crater    Alphonsus    as    the    target    for 

RANGER  IX  were  given  by  David  Hoffman  in  an  article  in  the  New 
York  Herald  Tribune:  "First,  they  are  just  plain  curious.  Rangers  7 
and  8  photographed  two  lunar  seas  and  taught  scientists  that  all  such 
'maria'  are  pretty  much  the  same.  Now  scientists  want  pictorial  cov- 
erage of  the  moon's  rugged  highlands. 

"Alphonsus'  walls  rise  7,000  to  10,000  feet  above  its  crater  floor, 
and  in  the  basin  thus  formed  astronomers  have  observed  reddish  gas 
seeping  from  the  surface.  The  question,  then,  is  whether  Alphonsus  is 
really  a  lunar  equivalent  of  a  live  volcano. 

"Second,  some  space  experts  believe  Apollo  astronauts,  as  they  de- 
scend on  the  moon,  may  encounter  an  emergency.  That  emergency 
might  force  them  down  in  the  moon  mountains  instead  of  onto  a  flat 
lunar  plain.  Accordingly,  NASA  wants  to  know  surface  roughness  of 
the  smoothest  part  of  the  moon  mountains. 

"Third,  there  are  some  who  believe  the  smoothest  areas  on  the  moon 
actually  lie  within  the  great  craters  (Alphonsus'  diameter  is  70 
miles).  If  this  proves  true,  astronauts  might  select  a  crater  floor  as 
their  touchdown  point,  assuming  there  is  no  volcanic  activity."  (Hoff- 
man, A'.y.  Her.  Trib.,  3/23/65) 

•  Theo  E.  Sims,  Manager  of  nasa  Langley  Research  Center's  Project  Ram, 

reported  results  of  reentry  communications  blackout  research  before 
the  IEEE  national  convention  in  New  York.  Sims  said  significant 
progress  had  been  made  toward  understanding  the  fundamental  nature 


144  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

of  the  blackout  problem  and  suggested  that  vehicle  shape  selection, 
signal  frequency  choice,  use  of  static  magnetic  fields,  and  material 
addition  to  the  flow  field  were  all  possible  solutions. 

Flight  experiments,  he  indicated,  had  shown  the  materials  addition 
technique  to  be  useful  at  speeds  up  to  12,000  mph,  and  an  experiment 
to  be  flown  on  the  first  manned  Gemini  spacecraft  would  attempt  to 
demonstrate  the  effectiveness  of  water  addition  at  even  higher 
speeds.  (LaRC  Release) 
March  22:  nasa's  actions  in  releasing  foreign  satellite  information  were 
criticized  in  a  report  by  the  House  Committee  on  Government 
Operations,  based  on  study  by  its  Foreign  Operations  and  Government 
Information  Subcommittee.  Committee  stated  NASA  had  deleted  from 
its  biweekly  Satellite  Situation  Report  certain  Soviet  launches  because 
they  were  designated  as  secret  information  by  Norad.  "NASA  has  not 
once  challenged  these  security  classifications,  blindly  accepting  the  mil- 
itary decision.  .  .  ."  Compounding  the  problem,  NASA  had  "publi- 
cized the  facts  about  Soviet  failures  [Sept.  15,  1962,  letter  from  Ad- 
ministrator Webb  to  Senate  and  House  space  committees]  after  those 
facts  had  been  carefully  deleted  from  its  routine  report  of  satellite 
information. 

".  .  .  NASA  has  ignored  two  clear  requirements  of  law — the  require- 
ment for  civilian  control  over  nonmilitary  space  activities  and  the  re- 
quirement for  the  fullest  possible  flow  of  public  information.  By 
yielding,  automatically,  to  the  military  judgment  on  what  the  Ameri- 
can people  shall  know  about  Soviet  space  activities,  NASA  fails  to  imple- 
ment its  legal  mandate.  By  playing  an  on-again,  off-again  secrecy 
game,  NASA  tends  to  confuse  the  American  public.  .  .  . 

"Therefore,  the  committee  recommends  that,  in  every  possible  in- 
stance consistent  with  the  dictates  of  national  security,  NASA  exercise 
its  right  to  challenge  military-imposed  restrictions  by  requiring 
justification  and,  thus,  carry  out  the  mandate  to  keep  the  American 
people  informed.  .  .  ."      (House  Rpt.  197) 

•  FAA  issued   a  special   regulation   banning   unauthorized   aircraft  of  U.S. 

registry  from  the  designated  recovery  and  associated  areas  "during 
the  time  determined  to  be  necessary  for  the  safe  conduct  of  the 
Gemini  flight  and  recovery  operations."      (faa  Release  65-21) 

•  AFSc's  6595th   Aerospace   Test   Wing   assumed    responsibility    for   Atlas 

launches  into  the  Air  Force  Western  Test  Range  in  support  of  the 
Army  Nike  antimissile  program  and  the  USAF  Advanced  Ballistic 
Reentry  Systems  (Abres)  program.      (AFSC  Release  46.65) 

•  Newsweek    reported    that    plans    to    capture    world's    speed    record   with 

yf-12a  "mystery  plane"  had  been  blocked  by  Defense  Secretary 
McNamara  because  he  felt  Congress  might  press  for  mass  production 
of  the  jet — a  move  he  opposed.  Present  record  was  held  by  U.S.S.R. 
{Newsweek,  3/22/65) 

•  "[Dr.  Robert  H.]   Goddard's  dream  was  the  object  of  derision  39  years 

ago.  Who,  we  must  wonder,  is  the  dreamer  today  who  is  being 
ignored?  Where  is  he?  What  is  he  working  on  that  will  change  this 
world  so  vastly  39  years  from  now?  .  .  ."  These  were  queries  in  an 
editorial  by  William  J.  Coughlin  in  Missiles  and  Rockets.  Coughlin  la- 
mented the  fact  that  much  of  the  U.S.   technological  progress  in   the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


145 


missile/space  field  was  directly  keyed  to  a  race  with  the  Soviet 
Union.  He  said  that  "if  we  do  not  provide  the  atmosphere  and  sup- 
port required  for  the  acceptance  of  bold  new  challenges,  the  onward 
pace  of  U.S.  science  and  technologv  will  falter,  then  stop."  [M&R, 
3/22/65,  46) 


March  23:  gemini  hi  Astro- 
nauts John  W.  Young  (fore- 
ground) and  Virgil  I.  Grissom 
in  spacecraft  immediately 
prior  to  launch. 


March  23:  NASA's  GEMINI  ill  spacecraft  ("Molly  Brown"),  with  Astro- 
naut Virgil  I.  Grissom  (Maj.,  usaf  )  as  command  pilot  and  Astronaut 
John  W.  Young  (LCdr.,  USN )  as  pilot,  was  successfully  launched 
from  Eastern  Test  Range  on  three-orbit  GT-3  mission  by  a  two-stage 
Titan  ii. 

Within  six  minutes  after  lift-off,  GEMINI  III  and  its  two  astronauts 
were  injected  into  elliptical  orbit  with  apogee,  224  km.  (139  mi.)  ; 
perigee,  161  km.  ( 100  mi. )  ;  period,  88  min.  Speed  of  spacecraft  was 
16,600  mph.  Toward  the  end  of  the  first  orbit,  93  min.  after  launch- 
ing, the  first  maneuver  was  performed:  Grissom  fired  two  small 
thruster  rockets  that  pushed  "backward"  on  the  spacecraft,  slowing  it 
down  by  about  45  mph.  Lessened  velocity  caused  GEMINI  III  to 
drop  in  altitude  to  a  near-circular  orbit  with  apogee,  169  km.  (105 
mi.)  ;  perigee,  158  km.  (98  mi.).  Second  maneuver  occurred  during 
second  orbit:  Astronaut  Grissom  used  the  thrusters  to  turn  the  space- 
craft broadside  to  its  flight  path.  Then  he  gave  a  burst  that  pushed 
the  craft  about  l/50th  of  a  degree  from  the  original  course;  short 
bursts,  fired  rapidly,  slowed  the  craft  and  he  turned  it  into  a  course 
nearly  parallel  to  his  original  one.  Third  maneuver  came  in  the  third 
orbit:  Grissom  fired  the  spacecraft  thruster  rockets,  dropping  into  an 
orbit  with  perigee  of  82  km.  (52  mi.).  Manually  controlling  reentry, 
the  astronauts  turned  the  spacecraft's  blunt  end  forward,  ejected  the 


146  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

section  carrying  the  retrorockets.  Four  hours  and  53  min.  after 
launching,  gemim  hi  safely  landed  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  off  Grand 
Turk  Island,  considerably  off  target  and  some  50-60  mi.  away  from 
the  recovery  ship.  Intrepid.  Navy  frogmen  from  hovering  aircraft 
fastened  a  float  around  GEMINI  iii.  Original  plans  had  called  for 
the  spacecraft,  with  the  astronauts  still  inside,  to  be  hoisted  aboard  the 
recovery  ship  and  immediate  medical  checks  made.  When  Grissom 
became  seasick  the  men  were  picked  up  by  helicopter  and  landed  on  the 
Intrepid :  the  spacecraft  was  recovered  later. 

The  astronauts  helped  perform  two  experiments.  One  was  the  irra- 
diation of  human  blood  to  test  the  combined  effects  on  it  of  weightless- 
ness and  irradiation.  The  other  was  to  squirt  small  jets  of  water  into 
the  plasma  sheath  that  surrounded  the  spacecraft  as  it  reentered  the 
earth's  atmosphere,  testing  a  theory  that  a  fluid  flowing  through  the 
ionized  layer  of  atoms  would  permit  radio  signals  to  penetrate  the 
communications  blackout  common  to  reentry. 

Gemini  officials  said  that,  so  far  as  was  known,  this  was  the  first 
time  a  manned  spacecraft  had  maneuvered  in  orbit,  changing  its  orbit- 
al path.  (NASA  Release  65-81;  NASA  Transcript;  Clark,  NYT, 
3/24/65,  1,  22;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  3/24/65;  Bishop,  WSJ, 
3/24/65) 
March  23:  ranger  ix  underwent  a  midcourse  correction  maneuver  at  7:03 
a.m.  EST  that  would  aim  the  spacecraft  more  accurately  for  impact  on 
the  moon  crater  Alphonsus  on  Mar.  24.  The  maneuver  consisted  of  a 
series  of  radio  signals  that  changed  the  spacecraft's  attitude  and  then, 
through  a  31-sec.  burn  of  a  small  jet  engine,  speeded  up  its  flight  by 
40.6  mph.  RANGER  IX  was  then  175,416  mi.  from  earth,  traveling  at 
2.943  mph. 

Newly  estimated  impact  point  was  12.9°  south  latitude  and  2.3°  west 
longitude — only  four  miles  from  the  original  target  point  of  13°  south 
latitude  and  2.5°  west  longitude.  Before  the  correction  maneuver, 
RANGER  IX  was  headed  for  a  point  about  400  mi.  north  of  Alphonsus. 

J  PL  Director  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering  said  during  a  press  confer- 
ence that  the  landing  should  be  well  out  of  the  shadow  of  the  towering 
peak  in  the  center  of  Alphonsus — a  possibility  that  had  caused  JPL 
scientists  some  concern  since  light  was  needed  for  the  picture-taking. 
{LA.  Times,  West,  Wash.  Post,  3/24/65;  Hill,  NYT,  3/23/65,  1) 

•  President  Johnson  told  Astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom  and  John  W.  Young 

during  a  telephone  call:  "Your  mission  .  .  .  confirms  once  again 
the  vital  role  that  man  has  to  play  in  space  exploration,  and 
particularly  in  the  peaceful  use  of  the  frontier  of  space.  I  am  sure 
you  would  be  the  first  to  say  that  on  this  flight,  as  well  as  on  our  other 
manned  flights  in  space,  there  were  heroes  on  the  ground  as  well  as  in 
space,  and  the  record  made  by  men  like  Jim  Webb,  Dr.  Dryden,  and 
Dr.  Seamans,  as  well  as  all  of  those  at  the  Cape,  Cape  Kennedy,  and 
around  the  world,  is  a  very  proud  record  under  Project  Mercury  and 
now  on  Project  Gemini.  And  to  all  of  those  who  have  helped  to  make 
our  space  flights  safe  and  successful,  I  want  to  .  .  .  say  'Well 
done'."      (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  3/24/65) 

•  Vice   President    (and   NASC   Chairman)    Hubert   H.   Humphrey,   visiting 

Cape   Kennedy    for   the   day,   congratulated    Astronauts   Grissom   and 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  147 

Young  and  commended  all  participants  throughout  the  world  for  "this 
tremendous  flight  of  three  orbits. 

".  .  .  this  step  forward  commits  us  to  the  next  project.  Once  we 
have  completed  the  Gemini  series,  we  move  on  to  the  Apollo  Project 
and  we  move  on  even  beyond  that.  .  .  .  Let  me  say  that  the  Ameri- 
can economy  is  better  because  of  the  space  program.  American  edu- 
cation is  better  because  of  the  space  program.  American  industry  is 
better  because  of  the  space  program  and  Americans  are  better  because 
of  the  space  program.  We  are  emphasizing  here  one  great  character 
of  American  life — excellence,  performance,  achievement.  .  .  .  These 
are  efforts  well  made  and  money  well  spent.  .  .  ."  (Transcript) 
March  23:  Following  the  GT-3  space  flight,  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  NASA 
Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  said  at  a  press 
conference:  "This  particular  flight  is  noteworthy  for  many  reasons. 
Perhaps  most  importantly  it  is  the  first  manned  flight  of  a  Gemini  ve- 
hicle and  it  represents,  then,  the  first  step  in  the  remaining  twelve 
Gemini  flights.  In  this  flight  ...  we  did  for  the  first  time  carry  out 
an  orbital  maneuver  in  space.  Another  first  was  the  first  demonstra- 
tion of  reentry  control.  We  did  control  reentry  landing  point  on  this 
mission.  Another  first  was  the  use  of  Syncom  for  communications 
with  the  Coastal  Sentry  Quebec  during  the  course  of  the  flight."  (NASA 
Transcript) 

•  AFSC  Commander  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever  said  in  the  keynote  address 

at  the  Air  Force/Industry  Planning  Seminar  in  Dayton  that  "we  need 
a  broader  perspective  and  greater  vision  in  our  conceptual 
planning  ...  we  need  to  be  more  farsighted."  He  continued:  "The 
Soviet  Union  is  making  a  major  effort  to  surpass  us  in  science  and 
technology.  The  Soviets  now  have  approximately  the  same  number  of 
scientists  and  engineers  that  we  have.  But  every  year  they  graduate 
an  average  of  200,000  scientific  and  technical  students  as  compared 
with  about  120,000  a  year  in  this  country.  It  is  also  worth  noting 
that  the  number  of  scientific  institutions  in  Russia  has  grown  from 
about  3000  in  1957  to  about  5000  in  1965. 

"Both  of  these  facts  indicate  that  the  Soviets  are  deadly  serious 
when  they  talk  about  the  importance  of  science  and  technology  to  their 
global  ambitions.  We  must  more  than  match  their  effort,  not  only  too 
maintain  our  national  security  but  also  to  keep  our  world 
markets."      (Text) 

•  World  Meteorological  Day  was  celebrated  by  the  125  member  nations 

of  the  World  Meteorological  Organization,  a  specialized  agency  of  the 
United   Nations.      (Commerce   Dept.   Release  WB) 

•  An  editorial  in  Red  Star,  the  Soviet   Defense  Ministry  newspaper,   re- 

vealed that  the  booster  that  had  launched  VOSKHOD  ii  had  developed 
1.43  million  lbs.  of  thrust.  The  article  said  Soviet  rockets  were  "un- 
matched" and  that  the  voskhod  ii  flight  "expedites  the  appearance  of 
orbital  stations  and  the  landing  of  people  in  the  heavenly 
bodies."      (Loory,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  3/24/65) 

•  Cape  Kennedy  and  Moscow's  Red  Square  were  linked  in  a  British  televi- 

sion program,  "East  Meets  West,"  marking  U.S.  and  Soviet  space 
achievements.  First  part  of  the  program  showed  the  triumphant  re- 
turn to  Moscow  of  Cosmonauts  Pavel  Belyayev  and  Aleksey 
Leonov.     Then  the  scene  switched  to  Cape  Kennedy  to  show  prepara- 


148 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


tions  for  the  GT-3  flight  of  Astronauts  Virgil  Grissom  and  John 
Young.  Both  parts  were  screened  "live"- — the  Moscow  scenes  via 
Eurovision  and  the  Cape  Kennedy  one  via  communications  satel- 
lite,    (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  3/24/65) 


V 


^ 


>% 


'^w     I   ■    '"*•, 


F  -' '  '^i^k^ 


March  24:    kanger  ix  photograph  of  nioim.  38.8  seconds  befoi( 
above  lunar  surface. 


id  o8  miles 


March  24:  After  transmitting  5,814  close-up  lunar  pictures  to  earth,  RANGER 
IX,  traveling  at  5,977  mph.  impacted  the  moon  at  9:08  a.m.  est  at 
12.9°  south  latitude  and  2.4°  west  longitude  in  the  crater 
Alphonsus.  The  10-ft.,  oOO-lb.  spacecraft,  last  in  the  Ranger  series, 
was  only  four  miles  off  target.  NASA  had  made  real-time  TV  coverage 
available  and  the  three  major  networks  broadcast  "live"  pictures  dur- 
ing the  last  ten  minutes  of  ranger  ix's  flight.  First  pictures,  taken  as 
the  photographic  probe  was  1,300  mi.  from  the  moon,  had  about  the 
same  degree  of  detail  as  telescopic  views  from  earth.  Those  taken  a 
few  seconds  before  impact  defined  objects  as  small  as  10  in.  across, 
including  close-ups  of  canal-like  rilles  on  the  floor  of  the  crater  and 
dimple-like  depressions  at  points  along  the  rilles. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  149 

Photographs  shown  on  television  were  taken  hy  the  "B"  camera,  one 
of  two  wide-angle  cameras  used.  Four  narrow-angle  cameras  took 
other  shots.  Pictures  were  received  on  o5-ft.  antennas  at  Jet  Propul- 
sion Laboratory's  Goldstone  Tracking  Station  in  the  Mojave  Desert 
and  recorded  on  both  35mm  film  and  magnetic  tape  for  detailed 
analysis.  Simultaneously  signals  were  relayed  by  microwave  to  the 
JPL  laboratory  in  Pasadena  where  an  electronic  scan  converter  "trans- 
lated" electronic  impulses  from  the  1.152-lines-per-picture  of  the 
RANGER  IX  signal  system  to  the  standard  500  lines  of  commercial 
television. 

The  Pianger  program  had  begun  inauspiciously  in  1961  with  a  series 
of  failures  and  near-misses.  Rangers  1  and  2  had  been  designed  to 
test  the  spacecraft  and  launch  vehicle  but  were  not  injected  into  the 
desired  orbit,  ranger  hi.  iv,  and  v  were  to  rough-land  a  seismo- 
meter package  on  the  moon  to  record  moon  quakes,  and  to  transmit 
closeup  photos  of  the  moon  to  earth  by  radio.  None  of  the  missions 
was  successful,  ranger  vi,  first  of  the  reworked  and  redesigned 
spacecraft,  impacted  within  17  mi.  of  its  point  of  aim — but  its  televi- 
sion system  failed.  On  July  31,  1964,  ranger  VII  successfully  re- 
layed to  earth  4.316  high-quaHty  close-up  photos  of  the  lunar 
surface,  ranger  yiii.  launched  on  Feb.  20,  1965,  transmitted  7,137 
pictures.  Total  number  of  photographs  from  ranger  vii,  viii,  and 
IX  was  17.267.  (nasa  Release  65-96;  Sullivan,  NYT,  3/22/65,  1;  ap, 
Dighton,  Wash.  Post,  3/25/65,  Al,  A12,  A16;  Hill,  NYT,  3/25/65,  1, 
23;  NASA  Proj.  Off.) 
March  24:  A  panel  of  scientists  analyzed  slides  of  the  ranger  ix  lunar 
pictures  at  a  post-impact  press  conference  and  noted  that  crater  rims — 
some  with  level  areas — and  ridges  inside  the  walls  seemed  harder  than 
the  plains  but  that  floors  of  the  craters  appeared  to  be  solidified  vol- 
canic froth  that  would  not  support  a  landing  vehicle.  Volcanic  activi- 
ty was  inferred  from  indications  that  the  moon  had  at  least  three  types 
of  craters  not  caused  by  meteorite  impact. 

Dr.  Ewan  A.  Whitaker  of  the  Lunar  and  Planetary  Laboratory  of 
the  Univ.  of  Arizona  said  parts  of  the  highlands  around  the  crater 
Alphonsus  and  ridges  within  it  seemed  harder  and  smoother  than  the 
dusty  lunar  plains.  Dr.  Gerard  P.  Kuiper  of  the  same  laboratory  said 
of  the  crater:  "It  might  well  be  better  to  make  landings  there." 

Most  significant  finding  of  ranger  ix's  photographs,  according  to 
Dr.  Eugene  Shoemaker  of  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  was  the  smooth- 
ness of  the  crater  walls  and  of  the  long  ridges  on  the  floor  of  the 
crater. 

Dr.  Harold  Urey  of  the  Univ.  of  California  referred  to  black  patches 
in  the  pictures  which  he  said  might  be  composed  of  graphite: 
".  .  .  these  dark  halo  craters  are  due  to  some  sort  of  plutonic  activity 
beneath  the  surface  of  the  moon.  They  do  not  look  to  me  like  ter- 
restrial volcanoes.  .  .  .  They  look  like  a  unique  lunar  type  of 
object."  Dr.  Urey  said  a  Soviet  scientist  had  reported  a  red  flare 
near  a  peak  in  Alphonsus  and  that  analysis  had  indicated  presence  of  a 
molecule  with  two  carbon  atoms.  He  said  this  was  "a  very  curious 
situation  because  this  molecule  .  .  .  does  not  escape  from  any  known 
volcano"  on  earth,      (nasa  Transcript) 


150  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

March  24:  After  watching  televised  pictures  of  the  moon's  surface  trans- 
mitted by  RANGER  IX,  President  Johnson  issued  a  congratulatory  state- 
ment that  said:  "Ranger  9  showed  the  world  further  evidence  of  the 
dramatic  accomplishments  of  the  United  States  space  team.  Coming 
so  close  after  yesterday's  Gemini  success,  this  far-out  photography  re- 
veals the  balance  of  the  United  States  space  program. 

"Steps  toward  the  manned  flight  to  the  moon  have  become  rapid  and 
coordinated  strides,  as  manned  space  maneuvers  of  one  day  are  fol- 
lowed by  detailed  pictures  of  the  moon  on  the  next. 

"I  congratulate  the  scientists,  the  engineers,  the  managers — private 
contractors  as  well  as  Government — all  who  made  this  Ranger  shot  and 
the  successes  of  its  predecessors  the  great  space  advances  that  they  have 
been."     (Text,  A^FT,  3/25/65) 

•  First  Biosatellite  nose-cone  test  was  conducted  at  White  Sands  Missile 

Range  to  evaluate  aerodynamic  and  reentry  characteristics  of  the 
spacecraft  designed  to  carry  biological  specimens  into — and  back  from 
— space,  afcrl's  balloon-launch  group  was  assisting  NASA  in  con- 
ducting the  tests,  which  involved  carrying  the  nose  cones  by  balloons 
to  88,000-100,000-ft.  altitudes,  releasing  them,  then  studying  their  be- 
havior during  descent.  Evaluated  were  the  drogue  ejection  mecha- 
nism, deployment  of  parachute  systems,  descent  rate,  and  vehicle  oscil- 
lation and  impact  velocity.  A  second  successful  test  was  conducted 
April  29.      (OAR  Research  Review,  7/65,  30) 

•  An  editorial  in  the  Baltimore  Sun  said:   "Yesterday's  Gemini  flight  is 

described  as  'historic'  and  so  it  was.  So  too  is  each  successful  new 
space  exploration,  launched  by  whatever  country,  manned  or 
unmanned.  .  .  .  What  is  happening  is  that  a  body  of  knowledge  is 
being  accumulated  through  increasingly  accurate  photographs  and  in- 
creasingly sophisticated  exercises  and  experiences  on  the  part  of  the 
adventurers  of  our  age,  the  astronauts.  .  .  ."      (Bait.  Sun,  3/24/65) 

•  XB-70A   experimental   supersonic  bomber   broke   world   aviation   weight 

and  speed  endurance  records  during  a  one-hour  40  min.  flight.  It 
took  off  weighing  500,000  lbs.,  the  heaviest  at  which  any  aircraft  had 
been  flown,  and  flew  at  continuous  supersonic  speeds  for  80  min., 
longer  than  any  other  aircraft  had.  It  cruised  at  a  top  speed  of  1,400 
mph  and  was  piloted  by  Al  White  and  Van  Shepard.  (ap.  Wash. 
Post,  3/25/65;  NYT,  3/25/65;  ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  3/26/65) 

•  An    editorial    in    the   Washington    Evening    Star    said:     ".  .  .  judging 

from  Soviet  cosmonaut  Leonov's  spectacular  'walk'  in  the  high 
heavens  last  week,  the  Russians  seem  to  be  well  ahead  of  us  at  the 
moment.  Interestingly  enough,  however,  in  marked  contrast  to  the 
wide-open  American  procedure,  they  do  not  let  the  outside  world  have 
any  look  at  either  the  launching  or  the  landing  of  their 
spacemen.  This  furtiveness  makes  one  wonder  about  the  nature  of 
their  program  and  whether  they're  really  accomplishing  as  much  as 
they  claim  to  be. 

"In  any  case,  regardless  of  what  the  Russians  are  hiding,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  the  Grissom-Young  flight  represents  an  important 
advance  for  the  United  States  in  the  race  to  the  moon.  Technically, 
we  are  ahead  of  the  Reds  in  many  respects,  and  it  is  entirely  possible 
that  we'll  make  lunar  landings  before  them."  (Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
3/24/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  151 

March  24:  An  editorial  in  the  New  York  Herald  Tribune  referred  to  the 
U.S.-U.S.S.R.  race  for  the  moon:  "The  moon  remains  an  elusive  tar- 
get, but  it  gets  closer  all  the  time.  .  .  . 

"Ideally,  this  should  be  a  cooperative  venture,  enlisting  the  common 
efforts  of  the  peoples  of  all  nations;  instead,  so  far  at  least,  it  is  a  race 
between  the  United  States  and  the  Soviet  Union.  Because  it  is  a  race; 
because  space  technology  is,  in  major  part,  inseparable  from  military 
technology:  because  space  prestige  is,  however  illogically,  a  factor  in 
the  struggle  to  keep  the  earth  free,  we  have  to  compete.  NASA's 
ambitious  program  of  a  manned  Gemini  flight  every  three  months 
promises  a  vigorous  competitive  effort.  But  the  American  effort  does 
not  parallel  that  of  the  Soviets;  each  is  giving  priority  to  different 
techniques,  and  the  comparative  standings  in  the  race  are  hard  to 
measure.  What  is  clear,  however,  is  that  the  Grissom-Young  flight 
has  carried  the  American  program  a  long  way  forward — and  beyond 
that,  and  more  importantly  in  the  long  perspective  of  history,  it  has 
brought  closer  the  day  when  man,  not  American  man  or  Soviet  man, 
finally  breaks  the  terrestrial  bonds  that  hold  him  to  his  native 
planet."      (TV.  Y.  Her.  Trib.,  3/24/65 ) 

•  "The  three-orbit  flight  by  Virgil  I.  Grissom  and  John  W.  Young  was  in 

some  ways  the  most  remarkable  space  trip  yet  accomplished  by  this 
country's  astronauts,"  said  an  editorial  in  the  New  York  Times. 
"Particularly  impressive  was  the  apparent  success  of  a  series  of 
maneuvers  to  change  the  Gemini's  orbit — maneuvers  that  will  be  re- 
quired to  join  two  spacecraft  in  orbit,  notably  on  the  return  leg  of  the 
projected  manned  flight  to  the  moon."      {NYT,  3/24/65,  44) 

•  In    a    speech    before    the    National    Association     of    Broadcasters     in 

Washington,  D.C.,  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever  (usaf)  remarked  that 
the  Soviet's  space  science  timetable  "always  seems  to  put  them  one  step 
ahead  of  us."  He  said:  "It  is  still  true  that  we  lead  in  some  aspects  of 
space  exploration,  such  as  the  total  number  of  space  shots,  number  of 
scientific  probes,  and  practical  applications  of  space  satellites  for  such 
purposes  as  communications  and  weather  observation.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  Soviets  lead  in  a  number  of  areas  with  both  propaganda  and 
practical  implications. 

".  .  .  Thus,  they  have  put  into  space  the  first  satellite,  the  first 
living  creature,  the  first  man,  the  first  woman,  the  first  multi-man 
space  ship  and  now  the  first  man  to  step  out  of  the  capsule  and  into 
space  itself.  They  also  hold  the  world  record  for  time  in  orbit,  orbital 
distance,  orbital  weight  lifted,  and  highest  orbital  altitude.   .  .  . 

"How  will  the  Soviets  use  their  space  capabilities?  ...  we  are  in- 
terested. .  .  ." 

Gen.  Schriever  said  ground  tests  would  begin  shortly  for  a  collapsi- 
ble and  expandable  space  laboratory  for  possible  use  as  a  space  sta- 
tion: "The  structure  can  be  compressed  into  a  small  package  and  ex- 
panded to  a  cylinder  10  ft.  in  dia.  and  25  ft.  long."      (Text) 

•  U.S.S.R.    announced    that    Cosmonaut   Valentina    Nikolayeva-Tereshkova 

would  arrive  in  Algiers  Mar.  26  at  the  invitation  of  Algerian  President 
Ahmed  Ben  Bella,      (upi.  Wash.  Post,  3/25/65,  DIO) 


152  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

March  24:  Both  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  space  research  were  criticized  by  a 
Vatican  Aveekly  magazine,  UOsservatore  della  Domenica,  which  said 
they  were  using  it  as  a  "political  instrument." 

In  an  editorial,  the  publication's  deputy  director,  Federico  Alessan- 
drini,  said  space  competition  was  "beneficial  because  it  widens  man's 
understanding  and  offers  new  methods  of  observations  which  tomor- 
row will  allow  man  to  attain  other  goals. 

"But,  as  one  can  see,  the  political  instrument  made  of  it  limits  its 
results  and  reveals  ...  an  obstacle  to  progress."  (ap,  NYT, 
3/25/65) 

•  Aircraft  operations  in  the  U.S.  increased  10^  for  the  second  consecutive 

year,  according  to  statistics  reported  in  FAA  Air  Traffic  Activity,  Cal- 
endar Year  1964.  Ten  percent  gains  were  made  in  each  of  three  major 
categories:  total  aircraft  operations  (takeoffs  and  landings  at  278  air- 
ports with  FAA  airport  traffic  control  towers) — 34.2  million;  instru- 
ment approaches  at  Air  Route  Traffic  Control  Center  (artcc)  areas- — 
1.005  million;  and  ifr  (Instrument  Flight  Rule)  aircraft  handled  at 
ARTCCs — 11.7  million,  (faa  Release  65-22) 
March  25:  mariner  iv  was  nearly  40  million  mi.  from  earth,  traveling 
30,000  mph  relative  to  the  sun.  It  had  covered  188  million  mi.  in  its 
orbit  around  the  sun.  The  Mars  probe  had  transmitted  to  earth  more 
than  160  million  bits  of  engineering  and  scientific  information  about 
planetary  space.      (NASA  Release  65-95) 

•  Soviet     Union     launched     COSMOS     LXiv     with     scientific     instruments 

aboard  for  investigation  of  outer  space,  Tass  announced.  Orbital  da- 
ta: apogee,  271  km.  (167  mi.);  perigee,  206  km.  (127  mi.);  period. 
89.2  min.;  inclination,  65°.  All  systems  were  functioning  normally. 
(Pravda,  3/26/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  USAF  launched  an  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  afb  on  a  Thor- 

Agena  D  booster.  It  also  fired  its  85th  Minuteman  icbm.  (UPI, 
Phil.  Inq.,  3/26/65) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  reported  to  President  Johnson  and 

the  Cabinet  on  both  the  two-man  GT-3  flight  and  the  RANGER  IX  pho- 
tographic mission.  Mr.  Webb  made  these  points:  "The  most 
significant  accomplishment  of  the  GT-3  flight  was  that  ...  it  provid- 
ed verification  of  the  basic  design,  development,  test  and  operations 
procedures  NASA  is  using  to  develop  manned  spacecraft,  man-rated 
launch  vehicles  and  a  world-wide  operational  network.   .   .   . 

"We  now  know  that  at  least  two  spots,  and  perhaps  three,  when  we 
look  more  carefully  at  the  ranger  ix  pictures,  are  at  least  smooth 
enough  for  the  Lem  [manned  moon  landing].  .  .  ." 

An  American  astronaut  probably  would  be  able  to  open  his  space- 
craft and  partly  emerge  from  the  cabin  during  the  GT-5  flight.  Mr. 
Webb  said  under  questioning  that  there  might  be  some  possibility  of 
achieving  this  in  the  next  Gemini  flight,  but  that  GT-5  was  more 
likely. 

He  regarded  a  Russian  cosmonaut's  leaving  a  space  vehicle  briefly 
as  spectacular  but  said  the  U.S.  was  more  intent  on  developing  a  space 
suit  that  would  enable  American  astronauts  to  work  outside  on  space 
vehicles  and  develop  or  put  together  space  centers.  (Text;  UPi,  N.Y. 
Her.    Trib.,   3/26/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  153 

March  25:  At  a  press  conference.  Maj.  Virgil  I.  Grissom  (usaf)  and 
LCdr.  John  W.  Young  (USN)  described  the  three-orbit  GT-3  flight  of 
Mar.  23.  as  busy,  exhilarating,  near-perfect,  and  short  on  surprises. 
Thev  said  it  was  highly  significant  for  future  flight  in  space  since  it 
proved  that  a  spacecraft  could  be  maneuvered  precisely,  at  will,  and 
more  independently  of  the  ground  than  before.  They  said  it  also 
proved  that  man  can  eat  and  safely  dispose  of  wastes  as  they  will  need 
to  do  on  long  flights. 

Major  Grissom  suggested  two  possible  reasons  that  the  "Molly 
Brown"'  had  undershot  the  target  landing  area:  one  was  that  something 
might  have  gone  wrong  during  the  final  orbit  change  or  when  subse- 
quentlv  the  braking  rockets  were  fired  to  start  the  spacecraft's  descent; 
the  other  was  that  there  might  have  been  a  miscalculation  of  the  craft's 
center  of  gravity.      f^ASA  Transcript) 

•  Soviet    President    Anastas    Mikoyan    sent    President    Johnson    congratu- 

lations on  the  Gemini  GT-3  space  flight,  (ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
3  '25^65) 

•  Use  of  a  special  airlock  through  which  Lt.  Col.  Aleksei  I.eonov  passed 

from  the  spacecraft  cabin  into  space  and  back  again  was  a 
major  factor  in  the  success  of  the  VOSKHOD  ii  flight  Mar.  18,  it  was 
reported.  According  to  Soviet  sources,  the  preservation  of  normal 
pressure  inside  the  spacecraft  throughout  flight  had  had  an  important 
psychological  effect  on  both  Col.  Belyayev  and  Col.  Leonov.  Findings 
were  to  be  discussed  at  a  press  conference  to  be  held  by  the  cosmo- 
nauts Mar.  26.      (Shabad.  NYT.  3/26/65) 

•  Tass  reported  that  the  Soviet  Union  was  making  extensive  use  of  RANGER 

VII  photographs  presented  to  the  Pulkovo  Observatory:  "Prof.  Alex- 
ander Markov,  who  supervised  the  study  of  the  photos,  told  a  Tass 
correspondent  that  the  materials  received  from  the  United  States  would 
be  used  to  study  the  size  and  distribution  of  moon  craters,  to  ascertain 
the  origin  and  development  of  the  entire  lunary  relief.  He  empha- 
sized the  particular  topicality  of  these  problems  'in  view  of  the  landing 
of  spacecraft  on  the  lunar  surface  planned  for  near  future.'  "  (Loory, 
N.Y.  Her.  Trib..  3/26^65) 

•  Gen.  Curtis  E.  LeMay  (usAF.  Ret.)  said  in  a  speech  at  a  dinner  meeting 

of  the  National  Security  Industrial  Assn.  where  he  received  the  James 
Forrestal  Memorial  Award  that  the  "United  States  should  observe  with 
great  care  any  tendency  of  the  Soviet  Union  to  develop  space 
weapons.  Already  there  is  considerable  reason  for  concern  about  So- 
viet capabilities  in  space.  Many  of  the  techniques  the  Soviet  Union 
has  developed  so  far  point  strongly  toward  a  military  space 
effort.  The  development  of  a  capability  by  the  Soviet  Union  to  de- 
liver strategic  weapons  from  near  space  or  to  deny  to  the  United  States 
the  opportunity  to  continue  its  present  programs  in  space  would 
amount  to  a  serious  threat  and  would  negate  our  present  favorable 
balance  of  military  power."  General  LeMay  criticized  "current  con- 
servatism in  the  Department  of  Defense  growing  out  of  economic  con- 
siderations" and  said  responsible  officials  should  reappraise  existing 
military  R&D  policies.  (Sehlstedt,  Bait.  Sun,  3/26/65;  Raymond, 
NYT,  3/29/65,  36) 


154  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

March  25:  Dr.  Wolfgang  B.  Klemperer,  pioneer  in  glider  and  missile  des- 
ign, died  of  pneumonia.  A  fellow  of  the  aiaa.  the  aas,  and  the  British 
Interplanetary  Society,  Dr.  Klemperer  had  been  active  in  preparations 
for  a  NASA  project  to  photograph  a  solar  eclipse  on  May  30  from  a 
jet  airliner  over  the  South  Pacific.      (NYT,  3  '27/65,  27 ) 

•  Kenneth  Gatland,  Vice-President   of  the   British   Interplanetary   Society, 

urged  U.S.-U.S.S.R.  cooperation  in  manned  lunar  exploration 
in  New  Scientist  article.  ".  .  .  it  seems  we  are  faced  with  the  ludi- 
crous situation  of  the  world's  two  most  powerful  nations,  each  with 
massively  expensive  rival  programmes,  heading  for  a  common  objec- 
tive which  each  proclaims  is  being  pursued  in  the  highest  interests  of 
peaceful  scientific  exploration."  A  joint  venture  would  have  the  ad- 
vantage of  providing  for  contingencies  such  as  rescue  of  astronauts 
possibly  stranded  on  the  moon  or  in  lunar  orbit — a  capability  not 
included  in  Project  Apollo.  "This  situation  can  only  be  satisfactorily 
resolved  by  the  provision  in  lunar  orbit  of  a  second  soft-landing  vehi- 
cle and  back-up  crew  capable  of  mounting  an  emergency  rescue 
operation.  To  achieve  this  would  require  a  specially  adapted  version 
of  the  craft  already  designed  to  soft-land  astronauts. 

"This  is  Avhere  the  merit  of  US-Soviet  cooperation  lies  for,  as  an 
international  venture,  a  project  to  land  men  on  the  Moon  would  surely 
not  be  undertaken  as  envisaged  in  project  Apollo;  and  certainly  not 
with  such  rigid  constraints  on  time.  In  all  probability  it  would  be 
planned  as  an  operation  rather  than  a  solo  mission,  with  logistic  sup- 
port from  a  second  space  vehicle  placed  in  lunar  orbit  ahead  of  the 
main  expedition.   .   .   . 

"The  essential  requirement  in  terms  of  the  eventual  lunar  expedition 
is  that  launchings  should  be  coordinated  so  that  expedition  compo- 
nents arrive  in  lunar  orbit  together.  By  the  mid-1970's.  orbital  ren- 
dezvous techniques  should  be  well  established  Avith  the  ability  of  men 
to  move  between  orbiting  vehicles.  An  agreed  crew  could  then  de- 
scend to  the  lunar  surface  while  another  ship  remains  in  reserve 
orbiting  the  Moon  in  case  of  need.  Alternatively,  a  reserve  vehicle 
might  be  landed,  unmanned,  in  advance.   .   .   . 

"Although  at  this  stage  such  ...  [a  combined  lunar  expedition] 
would  have  little  influence  on  overall  costs,  it  could  mean  a  great  deal 
to  the  safety  of  initial  manned  missions. 

"Such  a  move  would  demand  concessions  on  both  sides.  It  would 
mean  America  abandoning  her  1970  target  date  for  placing  men  on 
the  Moon,  and  while  allowing  Russia  to  keep  her  rocket  secrets  she 
would  have  to  be  prepared  to  reveal  her  programme  for  manned 
spaceflight.  .  .  ."  ( New  Scientist.  ^  ^25  ^65.  114^76) 
March  26:  x-15  No.  1  was  flown  by  Maj.  Robert  Rush  worth  (usaf)  to 
101,900-ft.  altitude  at  a  maximum  speed  of  3,580  mph  (mach  5.2)  to 
obtain  data  using  infrared  scanner  and  to  check  the  Honeywell  inertial 
guidance  system,      (nasa  x-15  Proj.  Off..  X-15  Flipht  Lop;) 

•  NASA  postponed  indefinitely  the  launching  of  a  beacon  Explorer  satellite 

from  Wallops  Island.  The  launching  had  been  scheduled  for  March 
30.     (NYT,  3/27/65) 

•  Soviet    Cosmonaut    Pavel    Belyayev    told    a    Moscow    news    conference 

that  VOSKHOD  II  had  been  scheduled  to  land  after  16  orbits,  but 
that  there  was  an  inaccuracy  in  "the  solar  system  of  orientation"  that 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  155 

prevented  use  of  the  automatic  landing  system.  He  said  he  then  had 
to  obtain  radioed  permission  from  the  Soviet  space  center  to  land  by 
manual  control  after  the  17th  orbit.  The  landing  site  was  overshot 
"by  a  certain  distance"  Belyayev  said  without  disclosing  how  much. 

Belyayev  said  success  of  the  GT-3  flight  of  Astronauts  Virgil  I. 
Grissom  and  John  W.  Young  "was  a  national  achievement  of  the  Unit- 
ed States."  He  congratulated  "the  courageous  American  cosmonauts," 
and  said:  "May  the  flights  of  both  ours  and  American  cosmonauts  be 
dedicated  to  unraveling  the  mysteries  of  the  universe  in  the  interests  of 
science  and  for  the  good  of  all  mankind." 

Belyayev  said  voskhod  ii  was  capable  of  maneuvering  in  space  as 
did  the  U.S.  gemim  hi  but  that  this  was  not  in  the  Soviet  flight  plan. 

Leonov  described  time  outside  the  ship  saying  "it  is  too  early  to  call 
it  a  pleasant  walk.  It  could  not  have  been  done  without  hard 
training."  He  reported  his  small  push  on  voskhod  ii  to  move  away 
from  it  after  going  out  of  the  hatch  started  the  spacecraft  into  slow 
rotation.  In  pulling  himself  back  to  the  VOSKHOD  II  by  his  cable. 
Leonov  disclosed  he  had  yanked  rather  vigorously  and  had  to  put  his 
hand  out  to  avoid  collision  with  the  spacecraft. 

Belyayev  said  he  and  Leonov  were  found  by  a  helicopter  2^2  hrs. 
after  a  soft  landing  in  snowy  woods  near  Perm.  He  said  VOSKHOD  ii 
was  airlifted  back  to  the  launch  site  at  Baikonur  in  Soviet  Central  Asia 
and  could  be  used  again  if  necessary,  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  3/26/65; 
Shabad,  NYT,  3/27/65;  Flight  International,  4/8/65,  542^4) 
March  26:  Astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom  and  John  W.  Young  were  honored 
in  a  White  House  ceremony  where  President  Johnson  conferred  NASA 
Exceptional  Service  Medals  on  both  men  and  pinned  a  cluster  on  the 
NASA  Distinguished  Service  Medal  awarded  Major  Grisson  for  his  July 
21,  1961,  suborbital  Mercury  flight.  He  was  the  first  man  to  make 
two  space  flights. 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans  received  the 
NASA  Distinguished  Service  Medal  for  his  direction  of  space 
efforts.  Harris  M.  Schurmeier  received  an  Exceptional  Scientific 
Achievement  Medal  for  his  direction  of  the  Ranger  program. 

President  Johnson  said :  "A  sense  of  history  is  present  strongly  here 
today.  All  of  us  are  conscious  that  we  have  crossed  over  the  thresh- 
old of  man's  first  tentative  and  experimental  ventures  in  space.   .   .   . 

"Since  we  gave  our  program  direction  and  purpose  seven  years  ago, 
many  successes  have  been  achieved  through  the  efforts  of  a  great 
American  team,  which  now  numbers  400  thousand  men  and  women  in 
industry,  on  campuses,  and  in  government.  And  this  team  is  inspired 
and  stimulated  and  led  by  a  former  Marine  and  a  great  public  servant 
—Jim  Webb." 

Following  the  ceremony,  a  motorcade  bearing  Vice  President 
Humphrey,  the  astronauts,  and  their  party  took  the  Pennsylvania  Ave. 
parade  route,  where  thousands  had  gathered  to  cheer  them,  to  the 
Capitol;  a  luncheon  in  their  honor  was  jointly  sponsored  by  Sen.  Clin- 
ton Anderson  ( D-N.Mex. »  and  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.), 
chairmen  of  the  Senate  and  House  space  committees. 

At  5  p.m.  the  group  returned  to  Capitol  Hill  for  a  Congressional 
reception        hosted        by        House        Speaker        John        McCormack 


156  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

(D-Mass.).  (NASA  Release  65-98:  Text:  Carmodv-  Wash.  Post, 
3  26  65:  A' IT,  3  27  65.  li 
March  26:  Propulsion  system  and  structure  of  the  hypersonic  Sprint  anti- 
missile missile  was  successfully  tested  by  the  Army  at  White  Sands 
Missile  Range.  Although  the  missile  was  being  designed  for  launch- 
ings  from  underground  cells,  the  Sprint  was  launched  from  an  above- 
ground  launcher  for  the  test.      (DOD  Release  137-65) 

•  Smithsonian    Institution's    National    Air    Museum    placed    on    display    a 

quarter-scale  model  of  the  GT-3  spacecraft,  a  full-scale  model  of 
RANGER  IX  along  with  some  of  the  photos  it  took,  and  a  model  of 
MARINER  IV  Mars  probe.  The  spacecraft  were  part  of  an  exhibit  de- 
picting NASA's  broad  prosram  of  space  research.  (NASA  Release 
65-100) 

•  It  was  announced  that  the  special  magnetic  actuator  which  worked  shut- 

ters on  RANGERS  VII,  VIII.  and  ix.  that  photographed  the  moon,  and 
on  all  nine  Tiros  weather  satellites  would  be  granted  a  patent.  The 
device  moved  the  shutter  at  a  constant  velocity  so  that  the  exposure 
was  uniform.  It  was  invented  by  RCA  engineers  Langdon  H.  Fulton 
and  Thomas  D.  Tilton.  I  Jones,  NYT,  3  7  65.  35  ) 
March  27:  M.  V.  Keldysh.  President  of  the  U.S.S.R.  Academy  of  Sciences, 
commented  on  the  voskhod  ii  flight  in  an  article  in  Izvestia:  "One  of 
the  most  significant  accomplishments  in  the  conquest  of  space  was  the 
experiment  dealing  with  man's  emergence  into  space.  New,  grandiose 
perspectives  are  now  open  for  the  construction  of  orbital  stations,  the 
docking  of  spacecraft  in  orbit  and  the  carrying  out  of  astronomical 
and  geophysical  investigations  in  space.  In  the  near  future  it  will  be 
possible  to  create,  in  orbit  around  the  earth,  a  Space  Scientific  Re- 
search Institute  in  which  scientists  representing  the  most  diversified 
fields  will  be  able  to  work.  The  results  obtained  as  a  result  of  the 
flight  of  'Voskhod-2'  are  most  important  steps  on  the  way  toward  car- 
rying out  flights  to  the  moon  and  on  to  other  celestial  bodies." 
{Izvestia,  3/27/65,  5,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  Astronauts    Virgil    I.    Grissom    and    John    W.    Young    had    congratu- 

lated Soviet  Cosmonauts  Pavel  Belyayev  and  Aleksey  Leonov  on  the 
VOSKHOD  II  flight,  Izvestia  disclosed.      (UPI,  Wash.  Post,  3/28/65) 

March  28:  Robert  J.  Schwinghamer,  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center, 
received  American  Society  of  Tool  and  Manufacturing  Engineers'  Re- 
search Medal.  Schwinghamer  was  cited  for  his  research  "leading  to  a 
better  understanding  of  materials,  facilities,  principles,  and  operations, 
and  their  application  to  better  manufacturing."  ( MSEC  Release 
65-58;  Marshall  Star,  3/17/65,  1,  6) 

March  29:  Gemini  gt-3  Astronauts  Maj.  Virgil  I.  Grissoin  and  LCdr. 
John  W.  Young  were  given  traditional  heroes'  welcome  from  New 
Yorkers  at  a  parade  given  in  their  honor.  Honored  with  the  astro- 
nauts was  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  Associate  Administrator  of 
NASA.  They  were  met  by  Mayor  Wagner  and  the  city's  official  greeter, 
Commissioner  Richard  C.  Patterson  of  the  Department  of  Public 
Events.  Mayor  Wagner  presented  gold  keys  to  the  city  to  the  astro- 
nauts and  Dr.  Seamans  at  a  ceremony  at  City  Hall.  He  also  presented 
the  city's  Gold  Medal  of  Honor  to  Major  Grissom  and  Dr.  Seamans 
and  the  Silver  Medal  of  Honor  to  Commander  Young.  At  the  United 
Nations,  Secretary  General  U  Thant  presented  medals  and  two  auto- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  157 

Graph  sets  of  U.  N.  outer  space  commemorative  stamps  to  the  astro- 
nauts. (Sibley,  NYT,  3 '29  65,  36;  Talese,  ?JYT,  3/20/65,  1;  Orl. 
5e«/.,  3/30/65) 
March  29:  Pravda  described  Lt.  Col.  Leonov's  exit  and  return  to  VOSKHOD  II 
in  giving  the  first  detailed  description  of  the  inside  of  the 
spacecraft.  The  airlock  was  apparently  built  into  the  place  occupied 
by  a  third  astronaut  during  the  vosKHOD  I  flight  Oct.  12.  After  Col. 
Leonov  moved  into  the  airlock,  his  companion,  Col.  Belyayev  pressed  a 
button  that  closed  the  inside  door  and  created  a  vacuum  inside 
the  lock  chamber.  At  the  prescribed  moment.  Col.  Belyayev  pressed  a 
second  button  that  opened  the  hatch  between  the  airlock  and  space, 
allowing  Col.  Leonov  to  climb  out.  The  procedure  was  apparently 
reversed  for  the  astronaut's  return.      (AP,  NYT,  3/30/65) 

•  USAF  announced  successful  test  firing  of  a  simplified  rocket  engine  called 

Scorpio.  The  engine  had  eight  combusters  in  a  ring  around  a  nozzle 
and  an  injector  that  sprayed  fuel  into  the  combusters  through  several 
ports.  Scorpio  developed  200,000  lbs.  thrust  and  would  be  modified 
to  produce  greater  power,  (afsc  Release  44.65;  AP,  Bait.  Sun, 
3/30/65) 

•  Construction  work  at  Cape  Kennedy  and  Merritt  Island  Launch  Area  was 

halted  when  an  Orlando  union  local  set  up  picket  lines  to  protest  a 
contractor  use  of  non-union  labor.  USCE  estimated  that  more  than 
4,500  of  about  5,000  building  trades  workers  refused  to  cross  the 
lines.  NASA  had  advised  the  National  Labor  Relations  Board.  This 
marked  the  sixth  time  in  14  mos.  that  a  labor  dispute  had  crippled 
construction  work  on  Merritt  Island  where  launching  facilities  were 
being  built,      (ap,  Chic.  Trib.,  3/30/65) 

•  DOD    Advanced    Research    Projects    Agency    had    selected    three    con- 

tractors for  research  programs  in  the  materials  field:  Martin  Co., 
awarded  $1  million,  subcontract  with  the  Univ.  of  Denver  and  conduct 
a  three-year  program  on  the  high  energy  rate  of  forming  metals; 
Union  Carbide  Corp.,  with  $2.5  million,  would  subcontract  with  Case 
Institute  of  Technology  and  the  Bell  Aerospace  Corp.  and  conduct  a 
three-year  research  program  on  carbon  composite  materials;  Monsanto 
Research  Corp.,  awarded  approximately  $2  million,  would  subcontract 
with  Washington  Univ.  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  conduct  a  two-year 
research  program  on  high-performance  composites,  (dod  Release 
193-65) 
March  30:  A  copper-plated  46V2-lb.  "minilab,"  instrumented  to  measure 
radiation  variations  in  the  earth's  magnetic  field,  was  launched  to 
8,700-mi.  altitude  from  Cape  Kennedy  on  a  four-stage  Blue  Scout  Jr. 
rocket.  It  carried  three  sensing  devices  designed  to  produce  a  radia- 
tion profile  during  its  two-hour  climb  into  the  Van  Allen  radiation  belt 
and  the  two-hour  plunge  back  through  the  earth's  atmosphere  to  the 
Indian  Ocean.  (UPI,  NYT,  3/31/65;  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act., 
1965,  138) 

•  Emergency   landing   of  voskhod   ii   was   the   third   such   failure   in   the 

Soviet  space  program,  according  to  an  unidentified  Czechoslovak  scien- 
tist, member  of  the  Astronautic  Commission  of  the  Czechoslovak  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences,  during  a  panel  discussion  on  Radio  Prague.  He  said 
there  had  been  two  earlier  failures  in  the  unmanned  Vostoks.  The 
disclosure  was  made  in  reply  to  a  listener's  letter.      (NYT,  4/1/65,  6) 


158  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

March  30:  Gemini  gt-3  Astronauts  Grissom  and  Young  were  feted  as 
heroes  in  Chicago,  where  they  motorcaded  from  O'Hara  International 
Airport  through  the  city  to  City  Hall.  An  estimated  one  million 
thronged  the  streets  shouting  joyous  ovations  and  flinging  a  deluge  of 
tickertape  and  confetti.  At  luncheon  with  city  officials  the  astronauts 
were  given  honorary  Chicago  citizenship  medallions,  and  later  a  recep- 
tion was  given  in  their  honor.  Accompanying  the  astronauts  were 
members  of  their  families  and  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  Dr.  Hugh 
L.  Dryden  and  Mrs.  Dryden.      (Wiedrich,  Chic.  Trib.,  3/31/65) 

•  Dr.    Harold    Brown,    Director    of    Defense    Research    and    Engineering, 

appeared  before  the  House  Appropriations  Committee's  Subcom- 
mittee on  DOD  Appropriations,  in  testimony  supporting  dod's  request 
for  $6,709  billion  new  obligational  authority  for  FY  1966  research, 
development,  testing,  and  evaluation. 

He  discussed  the  Vela  nuclear  detection  satellites,  orbiting  in  nearly 
circular  orbits.  "All  four  satellites  remain  in  operation,  providing 
data  on  the  radiation  background  and  the  operation  of  detectors  in 
space."  He  outlined  the  aacb's  1964  launch  vehicle  study,  which  "was 
intended  to  identify  overall  effects  and  provide  a  data  base  for,  rather 
than  to  resolve,  individual  user  program  booster  selections  or  near- 
term  booster  improvement  questions."  The  study  "confirmed  earlier 
estimates"  of  launch  vehicle  needs  for  the  near  future.  [See  Jan.  26, 
Jan.  27]  {DOD  Appropriations  Hearings  [Part  5],  1-30) 
March  31:  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  was  launched  from  Wallops  Is- 
land with  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  experiment  to  study  three  wave- 
lengths of  light  in  the  airglow:  one  in  the  red  part  of  the  spectrum, 
another  in  the  yellow,  and  a  third  in  the  green.  Altitude  of  the  air- 
glow  was  measured  with  phototubes  maunted  on  the  rocket.  A  26-jn.- 
dia.  mylar  balloon  helped  scientists  correlate  measured  light  intensity 
and  altitude  with  density  of  the  atmosphere.  (Wallops  Release 
65-19;  LRC  Release  65-26) 

•  U.S.  Army  disclosed  it  had  orbited  a  three-satellite  earth-mapping  sys- 

tem, with  two  of  the  spacecraft  circling  the  earth  from  west  to  east  and 
the  third  traveling  from  pole  to  pole.  The  satellites  were  of  the  Secor 
type.  Two  were  fired  into  orbit  earlier  this  month;  the  other  was 
launched  Jan.  11,  1964.  The  three  spacecraft,  each  with  a  radio  re- 
ceiver and  transmitter,  were  helping  pinpoint  locations  on  earth  that 
were  widely  separated  by  large  bodies  of  water,  (ap.  NYT,  4/1/65. 
11;  M&R,  4/5/6.5,  12) 

•  Studies    carried     out     under      NASA     contract     by     the     Union     Carbide 

Research  Institute  had  demonstrated  the  ability  of  many  life  forms  to 
adjust  to  at  least  partial  Martian  conditions.  It  had  also  been  demon- 
strated that  lack  of  oxygen  produced  surprising  results:  turtles  with 
little  or  no  blood;  plants  that  could  endure  lower  temperatures  than 
plants  raised  in  normal  air.  Such  temperature  resistance  would  be  an 
advantage  on  a  cold  planet  like  Mars.  Dr.  Sanford  M.  Siegel  dis- 
closed these  findings  during  a  press  tour  of  Union  Carbide  and  said 
that  if  earth  life  could  withstand  Martian  conditions  so  well,  Martian 
life,  if  there  ever  had  been  any,  must  have  been  able  to  evolve  to  cope 
with  the  situation  there.      (Sullivan,  NYT,  4/1/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  159 

March  31 :  Discussing  nasa  Kennedy  Space  Center's  evaluation  measure- 
ment program  for  cost-plus-avvard-fee  contracting  before  the  GE  Annual 
Method  and  Work  Measurement  Conference  in  Gainesville,  Fla.,  John  E. 
Thomas  of  KSc's  Support  Operations  listed  eight  points  designed  to 
give  a  thorough  profile  of  the  contractor:  (1)  quality  of  work;  (2) 
personnel  profile:  (3)  care  and  control  of  Government  property;  (4) 
effectiveness  of  the  contractor's  training  programs:  (5)  speed  of  com- 
pliance with  work  requests:  (6)  contractor  attitude;  (7)  cost-control 
practices:  (8)  business  management  practices.  He  said  that  from 
these  data  the  Ksc  Evaluation  Board  determined  how  much  of  the  fee 
the  contractor  had  earned.      (Text) 

•  Maj.  Virgil   I.   Grissom  and  LCdr.  John  W.  Young,  the  Gemini  astro- 

nauts, returned  home  to  Houston  and  to  an  enthusiastic  welcome  by  a 
crowd  of  some  12,000  persons.  The  astronauts  walked  by  much  of  the 
crowd,  shaking  hands.  "We've  had  a  pretty  tough  week,  then  came  a 
couple  of  days  of  debriefing,  then  three  parades,  but  today  is  the  best 
of  all — when  we  get  to  come  back  home."  Major  Grissom  said.  Com- 
mander Young  said,  "We're  sure  happy  to  see  all  you  smiling 
Texans."'      (  upl  yVlT.  42  65.  12  ) 

•  USAF    sonic    boom    series    over    Chicago,    which    had    begun    Jan.    4. 

ended.      {Chic.  Trib.,  3  31  '65  ) 

•  Senate  Armed  Services  Committee  approved  a  $15,284,000,000  military 

authorization  bill  for  dod;  an  unrequested  .S82  million  was  added  for 
development  of  a  new  manned  bomber  to  replace  the  B-52  and  B-58. 
no  longer  in  production.      ( Raymond,  NYT,  3/31/65) 

•  NASA  Administrator     James     E.     Webb     told     the     American     Society 

of  Photogrammetry  and  the  American  Congress  on  Surveying  and 
Mapping,  convening  in  Washington:  ".  .  .  since  the  dawn  of  the 
Space  Age — in  less  than  eight  years — one  of  our  most  important  tasks 
has  been  that  of  mapping — mapping  the  surface  of  the  world  and  its 
geodetic  figure;  mapping  the  world's  weather,  as  revealed  in  its  cloud 
patterns  as  seen  from  above;  mapping  the  earth's  outermost  at- 
mosphere in  three  dimensions,  and  exploring  its  interaction  with  the 
newly-discovered  solar  wind ;  seeing  and  mapping  astronomical  sources 
for  the  first  time  in  ultraviolet  and  X-radiation  from  outside  the  earth's 
atmosphere;  and  mapping  areas  of  our  moon  to  an  accuracy  2,000 
times  better  than  that  now  achievable  from  earth,  and  preparing  to 
map  areas  of  Mars  to  an  accuracy  as  much  as  100  times  better  than 
that  attainable  from  earth.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

•  All  but  six  of  the  170  pieces  into  which  Soviet  satellite  COSMOS  LVII  had 

shattered  after  being  orbited  Feb.  22  had  fallen  to  earth,  according  to 
GSFc's  Satellite  Situation  Report.  Another  disclosure  of  the  report 
was  that  a  U.S.  satellite  orbited  March  9  from  WTR  was  orbiting  in 
eight  pieces,  four  of  which  were  transmitting  signals.  fcsFC  SSR, 
3/31/65) 

•  Construction  workers  at  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center  returned  to  work, 

ending  a  two-day  walkout  which  NASA  spokesman  said  cost  the  govern- 
ment S200.000  a  day.  Pickets  of  United  Association  of  Plumbers  and 
Pipefitters  were  withdrawn  when  Assistant  Secretary  of  Labor  James 
Reynolds  agreed  to  meet  with  union  representatives  Apr.  5.  (UPI, 
Cocoa  Trib.,  3/31/65) 


160  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

March  31:  Lt.  Gen.  James  Ferguson,  usaf  Deputy  Chief  of  Staff  (R&D), 
stated  in  FY  1966  appropriations  hearings  of  House  Appropriations 
Committee's  Subcommittee  on  dod  Appropriations:  "I  cannot  help  but 
believe,  if  we  take  a  look  at  the  last  10  years  of  Russian  national 
development,  that  they  are  watching  for  an  opportunity  to  gain  a 
major  military  advantage  over  us.  I  cannot  help  but  feel  that  they 
are  examining  opportunities  in  space  very  thoroughly  for  this  par- 
ticular purpose. 

"In  order  to  be  able  to  offset  any  advantage  which  they  may  dis- 
cover, I  feel  we  must  move  as  rapidly  as  we  can  in  this  area,  and  take 
full  advantage  of  any  other  national  space  programs  such  as  the  NASA 
activity. 

"The  big  program  that  we  hope  to  get  a  go-ahead  on  here  shortly  is 
the  Manned  Orbital  Laboratory.  Here  we  think  we  will  achieve  a 
number  of  answers  in  the  next  2  or  three  years.  .  .  ."  {DOD  Appro- 
priations Hearings  [Part  5].  148) 

•  USAF    announced    a    high    vacuum    test    chamber    that    would    simulate 

space  environment  and  altitudes  up  to  990.000  ft.  was  being  con- 
structed at  Wright-Patterson  AFB.  Liquid  metal  system  components 
such  as  space  radiators,  and  expandable  structures  such  as  solar  reflec- 
tors, would  be  tested  in  the  chamber.  Chicago  Bridge  and  Iron  Co. 
was  constructing  the  facility,  which  would  be  completed  in  Sept.  1965, 
under  a  $699,780  contract  awarded  in  Nov.  1964.  (afsc  Release 
1.65) 
During  March:  Asked  in  an  interview  for  the  San  Diego  Union  if  the  U.S. 
would  succeed  in  landing  a  man  on  the  moon  in  this  decade.  Dr. 
Donald  F.  Hornig,  special  assistant  to  President  Johnson  for  science 
and  technology,  said:  "When  you  lay  down  a  schedule,  it  says  that  if 
everything  goes  as  I  see  it,  making  allowances  for  reasonable  difficul- 
ties, this  is  what  I'll  do.  It's  a  tight  schedule  and  will  take  a  lot  of 
doing.  We  also  have  to  acknowledge  that  unforeseen  problems  may 
arise.  .  .  .  When  we  started  in  1961  on  a  nine-year  program  it  was 
not  wishful  thinking  but  it  was  a  purely  paper  exercise.  We  have 
slipped  some  on  our  schedules,  but  in  a  sense  we  have  gained  ground 
in  that  we  have  not  run  into  any  serious  difficulties  yet.  We  are  now 
entering  the  hardest  period  of  all,  when  the  pieces  begin  to  come  out 
of  the  factory  and  have  to  be  put  together  and  tested." 

Answering  a  query  if  there  would  be  a  manned  expedition  to  Mars 
one  day,  he  said:  "It  would  be  harder  than  going  to  the  moon.  I 
don't  anticipate  he  will  go  soon.  But  we  have  started  the  unmanned 
exploration.  The  results  may  whet  our  appetite  or  may  prove  that 
conditions  are  so  inhospitable  that  it  isn't  worth  the  effort."  (San 
Diego  Union,  3/7/65 ) 

•  JPL  scientists  W.  L.  Sjogren  and  D.  W.  Trask  reported  that  as  a  result  of 

RANGER  VI  and  RANGER  VII  tracking  data,  DSIF  station  locations  could 
be  determined  to  within  10  meters  in  the  radial  direction  normal  to  the 
earth's  spin  axis.  Differences  in  the  longitude  between  stations  could 
be  calculated  to  within  20  meters.  The  moon's  radius  had  been  found 
to  be  3  km.  less  than  was  thought,  and  knowledge  of  its  mass  had  been 
improved  by  an  order  of  magnitude.      (M&R,  3/22/65,  23) 

•  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  analysis  showed  that  radiation  shielding 

offered  by  the  Apollo  Lunar  Excursion  Module  (Lem)  was  negUgible: 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  161 

a  particle  flux  producing  a  1-rem  dose  in  the  Apollo  command  module 
would  produce  a  17-rem  dose  in  the  Lem.  The  Apollo  space  radiation 
warning  system  would  provide  advance  indication  of  need  for  astro- 
nauts to  return  from  the  Lem  to  the  command-service  modules. 
[M&R,  ?>/Tl/(^.  23) 
During  March:  usaf  San  Bernardino  Air  Materiel  Area  reported  that  Atlas 
and  Titan  icbm's  scheduled  for  phase-out  by  summer  would  be  used  in 
antimissile  and  space  booster  research  and  development 
assignments.  Requests  had  been  received  to  use  the  silos  as  civil  de- 
fense shelters  and  for  storage  of  petroleum,  gas,  and  grain.  {M&R, 
3/22/65,  12) 

•  NASA's  Office  of  Technology  Utilization  published  a  technology  survey  on 

advanced  valve  technology  growing  out  of  space  research,  (nasa  Re- 
lease 65-92) 

•  A  land  exchange  between  the  U.S.   Government  and  New  Mexico  was 

nearing  completion,  clearing  the  way  for  construction  of  a  $20  million 
rocket  testing  complex  to  be  built  by  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.  near  the 
White  Sands  Missile  Range.      (  ap,  Houston  Chron.,  3/24/65) 

•  Republican   minority   of  the  Joint   Congressional   Economic   Committee 

said,  after  reviewing  the  President's  Annual  Economic  Report,  that  the 
U.S.  emphasis  on  defense,  space,  and  other  Federal  research  was  giv- 
ing the  other  industrial  nations  the  opportunity  to  concentrate  on  civil- 
ian-oriented research,  which  might  enable  them  to  build  superior 
economies.      (Av.  Wk.,  3/29/65,  78) 

•  The  theory  that  temperature  change  of  3.5°   C  or  more  in  5  min.  of 

horizontal  jet  flight  was  a  true  indicator  of  clear  air  turbulence  (Cat) 
had  been  disproved  by  George  McLean,  afcrl.  He  explained  that  Cat 
did  not  always  occur  near  jet  streams  and  that  when  it  did,  the  angle  at 
which  the  plane  hit  the  jet  stream  was  a  determining  factor.  (OAR 
Release  365-6) 
•British  Meteorological  Office's  Skua  solid-propellant  sounding  rocket  was 
described  by  Kenneth  Owen  in  Indian  Aviation.  The  eight-foot-long, 
five-inch-diameter  rocket  had  been  in  use  since  the  beginning  of  the 
year  as  a  tool  for  weather  observations  and  other  research.  A  series 
of  Skuas  would  be  launched  as  part  of  IQSY;  launchings  were  planned 
at  the  rate  of  three  a  week  during  the  nine  two-week  periods  of  IQSY 
known  as  "World  Geophysical  Intervals."  {Indian  Aviation,  3/65, 
73-74) 

•  Interview  of  Dr.  Boris  Yegorov,  Soviet  physician-cosmonaut  and  member 

of  the  three-man  voskhod  I  spaceflight  crew,  by  Novosti  Press,  ap- 
peared in  Space  World.  Yegorov  mentioned  nothing  about  any  ill 
effects  of  spaceflight  conditions,  but  did  say: 

"Several  times  we  tried  to  break  away  from  the  chair  and  hang  a  bit 
in  the  cabin.  I  must  tefl  you  that  it's  far  from  a  pleasant 
sensation.  It's  also  entirely  inconvenient  to  sleep  thus.  One  tries 
rather  to  lean  on  something:  either  with  his  head  against  ceiling  or 
with  his  feet  against  the  chair.  During  weightlessness  it's  much  more 
pleasant  to  be  tied  to  the  chair.  .  .  . 

"During  the  time  we  worked  none  of  us  had  any  unpleasant  sensa- 
tions because  of  weightlessness:  we  felt  fine."  {Space  World,  3/65, 
37-38) 


April    1965 

April  1:  The  s-iB-1  stage  of  the  Saturn  IB  booster  was  successfully  static- 
fired  by  Chrysler  for  the  first  time  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Cen- 
ter; the  test  lasted  about  30  sec.  Powered  by  8  Rocketdyne  uprated 
H-1  engines,  each  developing  200,000  lbs.  of  thrust,  S-lB-1  stage 
would  be  fired  at  least  one  more  time  before  being  returned  to 
Michoud  Operations  in  New  Orleans  for  checkout.  It  would  then  be 
shipped  to  Cape  Kennedy  for  launch  early  next  year,  (msfc  Release 
65-75) 
•  A  prototype  Tiros  weather  satellite  was  donated  to  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution's National  Air  Museum  by  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  NASA  Deputy 
Administrator,  on  behalf  of  NASA,  in  commemoration  of  the  fifth  an- 
niversary of  NASA's  TIROS  I  launch. 

Dr.  Dryden  said:  ".  .  .  nine  experimental  meteorological  satellites 
of  the  Tiros  series  have  been  successfully  launched  and  operated. 

"Seldom,  if  ever,  has  a  complex  technological  effort  in  its  early 
phases  returned  such  valuable  dividends  as  this  project.  In  the  early 
stage  Tiros  was  an  Army  project.  When  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Administration  was  created  in  1958  it  took  over  the  de- 
velopment of  the  spacecraft. 

"The  United  States  Weather  Bureau  utilized  the  data  from  the  very 
first  experimental  flight.  The  first  Tiros  had  been  in  orbit  only  a  few 
hours  when  it  began  transmitting  to  NASA  ground  stations  cloud  photo- 
graphs of  good  quality.  The  Weather  Bureau  was  quickly  able  to 
apply  the  pictures  to  its  day-by-day  forecasting.  During  the  years 
since  then,  Tiros  satellites  have  literally  been  working  their  way  around 
the  world,  benefitting  men  everywhere  by  supplying  previously  unob- 
tainable weather  data.  At  this  stage,  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  how 
many  lives  have  been  saved  and  how  much  property  loss  avoided 
through  use  of  Tiros  information,  but  the  totals  must  already  be  sub- 
stantial." 

David  Arthur  Davies,  Secretary-General  of  the  World  Meteorologi- 
cal Organization,  discussed  international  reaction  to  meteorological 
satellite  developments,  listing  three  main  points:  (1)  "...  the  tre- 
mendous impact  which  this  new  means  of  observing  the  atmosphere 
has  had  upon  the  world  scientific  community.  .  .  .  [For  instance,]  it 
was  the  realization  that  the  meteorological  satellite  was  ...  a  turn- 
ing point  in  the  long  history  of  man's  endeavors  to  improve  his 
knowledge  and  understanding  of  his  environment — the  atmosphere" 
that  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  World  Weather  Watch.  (2)  The 
impact  of  the  meteorological  satellite  upon  the  United  Nations.  The 
".  .  .  impact  of  the  tiros  satellites  was  so  great  as  to  inspire  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  the  United  Nations  to  take  the  very  unusual  step  of 

162 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  163 

adopting  a  resolution  on  a  scientific  question  of  this  kind  [Resolution 
1721  on  International  Cooperation  in  the  Peaceful  Uses  of  Outer 
Space]  and  to  maintain  its  interest  from  that  time."  And,  (3) 
".  .  .  the  general  feeling  of  gratitude  and  admiration  towards  the 
United  States  which  the  launching  of  tiros  I  and  which  the  decision  to 
distribute  the  data  to  all  countries  throughout  the  whole  world  en- 
gendered." 

Speaking  at  the  ceremony,  Dr.  Robert  M.  White,  Chief  of  the  U.S. 
Weather  Bureau,  praised  the  Tiros  program  and  said  that  the  NASA- 
Weather  Bureau  Tiros  Operational  Satellite  System  (Tos),  expected  to 
be  operational  early  next  year,  would  modify  a  Tiros  satellite  similar 
to  TIROS  IX  to  permit  daily  observation  of  clouds  in  the  earth's  atmos- 
phere. He  added:  "And  one  day  we  may  even  be  using  the  moon  as 
a  base  for  establishing  a  weather  station  to  monitor  and  study  ter- 
restrial weather."  Dr.  White  predicted  continued  NASA-Weather  Bureau 
cooperation:  (1)  to  further  develop  "satellite  visual  and  infrared 
sensing  devices  for  the  indirect  probing  of  the  atmosphere";  (2)  to 
"broaden  the  meteorological  satellite  system  as  a  means  of  data  col- 
lection"; and  (3)  to  "pursue  the  use  of  synchronous  satellites  for 
weather  observations." 

Dr.  Morris  Tepper,  Director  of  Meteorological  Programs  in  NASA's 
Office  of  Space  Sciences,  recalled  the  launching  of  tiros  I:  "It  was 
a  very  exciting  morning — waiting  for  my  first  countdown  .  .  .  some- 
one fixed  a  leaky  lox  line  at  the  launching  pad  by  wrapping  a  wet  rag 
around  the  leak  and  freezing  it  solid  .  .  .  The  launch  vehicle,  the 
Thor-Able,  performed  exceptionally  well.  The  spacecraft  was  placed 
into  an  exceptional  orbit.  The  next  question  was — what  would  we  see? 
.  .  .  And  finally  we  had  our  picture — this  first  picture  from  tiros  I. 
Yes,  there  were  clouds  in  it  .  .  .  The  first  three  pictures  were  .  .  . 
carried  to  Dr.  Glennan,  the  first  Administrator  of  NASA,  and  finally  we 
all  trekked  over  to  the  White  House  and  interrupted  a  Cabinet  Meeting 
to  show  President  Eisenhower  the  results  of  this  remarkable  space 
capability."  (Texts;  NASA  Release  65-102) 
April  1 :  To  date,  46  sounding  rocket  launchings  had  been  made  from  the 
USNS  Croatan  operating  at  sea  off  South  America's  west  coast,  NASA 
announced.  32  of  the  firings  were  two-stage  sounding  rockets  carry- 
ing upper  atmosphere  and  ionosphere  experiments;  14  were  single- 
stage  vehicles  to  obtain  high-altitude  meteorological  data.  Launchings 
were  part  of  NASA's  sounding  rocket  program  for  the  1964-65  Inter- 
national Quiet  Sun  Year  (iqsy)  when  solar  flare  and  sunspot  activity 
were  at  a  minimum.  Expedition  data  would  be  correlated  with  find- 
ings of  scientists  throughout  the  world  conducting  experiments  to  study 
IQSY  phenomena.      (NASA  Release  65-104) 

•  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey  visited  NASA  Flight  Research  Center. 

(frc  X-Press,  4/9/65,  1,  2) 

•  FAA  announced  one-month  extensions,  through  April  1965,  of  design  con- 

tracts with  Boeing  Co.  and  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.,  airframe  con- 
tractors; and  General  Electric  Co.  and  Pratt  &  Whitney  Div.  of  United 
Aircraft  Corp.,  engine  contractors,  for  U.S.  supersonic  transport  pro- 
gram. Extensions  applied  to  design  contracts  awarded  to  four  com- 
panies for  period  Jan.  1,  through  Feb.  28,  1965,  with  provisions  for 
one-month  extensions  from  Feb.  28,  through  June  30.     Dollar  amount 


164  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

of  each  one-month  airframe  contract  extension  was  $1  million 
($750,000  Government,  S250,000  contractor);  dollar  amount  of  each 
one-month  engine  contract  extension  was  $835,000  ($626,250  Govern- 
ment, $208,750  contractor) .  (  faa  Release  65-24) 
April  1 :  NASA  awarded  a  $1,307,347  firm-price  contract  to  Space  Corp.  to 
fabricate,  test,  assemble,  install,  and  check  out  engine  servicing  plat- 
forms at  Kennedy  Space  Center's  Launch  Complex  39  on  Merritt  Is- 
land,     (ksc  Release  72-65) 

•  Members    of    Southern    Interstate    Nuclear    Board,    official    agency    of 

the  17  states  of  the  Southern  Governor's  Conference  for  service  and 
assistance  in  nuclear  energy  and  space  technology,  toured  Cape 
Kennedy  and  received  briefing  on  NASA  activities  there,  (ksc  Release 
73-65) 

•  Najeeb  Halaby,  faa  Administrator,  announced  that  he  would  ask  Con- 

gress for  enabling  legislation  authorizing  a  ten-day,  federally-spon- 
sored International  Aerospace  and  Science  Exposition,  to  be  held  the 
summer  of  1966  at  Dulles  International  Airport,  Washington,  D.C. 
The  Exposition,  approved  by  President  Johnson  March  31,  1965,  would 
attempt  to  stimulate  export  sales  of  U.S.  products  and  to  demonstrate 
U.S.  accomplishments  in  aerospace  and  related  sciences,  (faa  Release 
65-25) 

•  A  proposal  was  made  that  Great  Britain  streamline  its  space  and  scientific 

research  eiforts  by  dissolving  the  Dept.  of  Scientific  and  Industrial 
Research  and  transferring  its  activities  to  the  Ministry  of  Technology 
and  the  Science  Research  Council.  Control  of  British  scientific  at- 
taches in  embassies  abroad  would  be  transferred  to  Dept.  of  Education 
and  Science  which  would  coordinate  its  activities  with  Science  Re- 
search Council  and  the  Ministry.  (Av.  Wh,  4/12/65,  33) 
April  2:  Summary  report  of  NASA's  Future  Programs  Task  Group,  directed 
by  Francis  B.  Smith  of  LaRC,  was  sent  by  NASA  Administrator  James  E. 
Webb  to  the  chairmen  of  the  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and 
Space  Sciences  and  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics. 
Report  presented  "the  results  of  studies  made  during  1964  to  answer 
inquiries  made  by  President  Johnson  as  to  criteria  and  priorities  for 
space  missions  to  follow  those  now  approved  for  the  decade  of  the 
1960's.  .  .  ."  It  examined  (1)  conditions  and  constraints  for  future 
planning,  (2)  major  capabilities  existing  and  under  development,  (3) 
intermediate  missions,  and  (4)  long-range  aeronautical  and  space  de- 
velopments.    Report  concluded: 

",  .  .  The  details  of  these  new  missions  such  as  specific  spacecraft 
designs  and  exact  mission  plans  will,  of  course,  be  the  subject  of  con- 
tinued study.  .  .  .  Continued  space  exploration  will  be  an  evolution- 
ary process  in  which  the  next  step  is  based  largely  on  what  was  learned 
from  the  experience  of  preceding  research  and  flight  missions.  The 
pace  at  which  these  new  programs  will  be  carried  out  will  necessarily 
depend  upon  many  other  factors,  such  as  the  allocation  of  budgetary 
and  manpower  resources  and  the  changing  National  needs  of  the 
future. 

"This  study  has  not  revealed  any  single  area  of  space  development 
which  appears  to  require  an  overriding  emphasis  or  a  crash  effort. 
Rather,  it  appears  that  a  continued  balanced  program,  steadily  pursu- 
ing  continued    advancement   in    aeronautics,    space   sciences,   manned 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  165 

space  flight,  and  lunar  and  planetary  exploration,  adequately  sup- 
ported by  a  broad  basic  research  and  technology  development  program, 
still  represents  the  wisest  course.  Further,  it  is  believed  that  such  a 
balanced  program  will  not  impose  unreasonably  large  demands  upon 
the  Nation's  resources  and  that  such  a  program  will  lead  to  a  pre- 
eminent role  in  aeronautics  and  space."  (Text;  NASA  Auth.  Hear- 
ings [Part  3],  Senate  Comm.  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences, 
1015-1102) 
April  2:  Fifty  years  ago  President  Woodrow  Wilson  appointed  the  first 
members  of  the  National  Advisory  Committee  for  Aeronautics.  The 
first  meeting  of  the  naca  was  held  on  April  23,  1915,  in  the  office  of 
Secretary  of  War  Lindley  M.  Garrison.  Brig.  Gen.  George  P.  Scriven, 
Chief  Signal  Officer,  was  elected  temporary  chairman.  (Hunsaker, 
40  Years,  247;  A&A,  1915-60,  3) 

•  MARINER  iv's  star-tracking  guidance  system  was  updated  to  compensate 

for  changing  angular  relationship  between  spacecraft  and  the  star 
Canopus.      (NASA  Release  65-111) 

•  Landing  pads  that  might  be  used  on  unmanned  or  manned  vehicles  in 

NASA's  Project  Apollo  were  patented  for  NASA.  Bowl-shaped,  the  pads 
W'ould  be  attached  to  the  spacecraft's  struts  by  ball  joints  and  would 
be  braced  inside  by  collapsible  ribs  to  absorb  lateral  shock.  The 
underside  of  the  bowl  would  be  covered  by  material  similar  to  sheet 
aluminum  designed  to  shear  away  if  the  pads  should  slide.  The  in- 
ventor. Josef  F.  Blumrich  of  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  said 
the  pads  would  support  a  vertical  landing  on  level  terrain  and  would 
not  dig  in  or  transmit  undue  shock  if  they  should  slip  against  rocks; 
they  were  designed  to  settle  on  rock  or  dust  or  a  combination  of  the 
two.      (Jones,  ^NYT,   4/3/65,   34) 

•  USAF    designated    Textron's    Ball    Aerosystems    Co.    an    associate    prime 

contractor  to  supply  rocket  engines  for  the  Agena  space  vehicle,  it  was 
announced.  Change  would  enable  the  afsc  Space  Systems  Div.  to 
procure  Agena  rocket  engines  directly  from  Bell  Aerosystems.  Bell 
had  designed,  manufactured,  and  tested  the  Agena  rocket  engine  since 
1956  under  subcontracts  from  Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co.  Agena 
had  orbited  more  than  80  percent  of  the  uSAF  and  NASA  satellites  and 
had  placed  approximately  60  per  cent  of  the  free  world's  functional 
unmanned  payloads  in  space.  The  Bell  Agena  engine,  which  had 
contributed  largely  to  that  percentage,  had  been  fired  in  space  ap- 
proximately 200  times  and  had  achieved  a  record  exceeding  99.3  per 
cent.      (Bell  Release) 

•  Canadian  Defence  Minister  Paul  Hellyer  announced  the  Mar.  31  shutdown 

of  the  S227-million  Mid-Canada  Warning  Line,  an  electronic  aircraft- 
detection  device.  Mr.  Hellyer  said  that  the  shutdown  would  save  $13 
million  annually  and  that  improvements  in  the  Pinetree  radar  system 
had  made  coverage  by  the  Mid-Canada  Line  unnecessary,  (ap,  NYT, 
4/4/65,  12) 

•  Hsinhua,  official  Chinese  Communist  press  agency,  announced  public  dis- 

play in  Peking  military  museum  of  a  pilotlegs  U.S.  reconnaissance 
plane,  shot  down  over  central  south  China,  Jan.  2,  1965,  "by  the  Air 
Force."     (NYT,  4/3/65,  2) 


166  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


April  3:   Check   out   of  AEc's 
SNAPSHOT  satellite. 


April  3:  aec's  970-lb.  snapshot  spacecraft  carrying  Snap- 10a  nuclear  re- 
actor was  successfully  launched  from  Vandenberg  afb  by  an  Atlas- 
Agena  booster  into  nearly  circular  polar  orbit;  820-mi.  (1,320  km.) 
apogee;  788-mi.  (1,269  km.)  perigee;  112  min.  period;  90.17°  inclina- 
tion. Four  hours  after  injection  into  orbit,  radio  command  from  earth 
activated  the  250-lb.  nuclear  reactor  by  moving  internal  shielding  that 
had  kept  the  emission  of  electrons  from  the  uranium-235  fuel  element 
from  reaching  the  chain  reaction  stage.  The  reactor  would  provide 
electric  power  for  a  2.2-lb.  ion  engine.  This  was  the  first  attempt  to 
test  a  reactor-ion  system  in  orbit. 

Twelve  hours  after  launch,  radio  signals  from  the  Agena  vehicle 
carrying  the  reactor  indicated  it  was  producing  620-668  watts  of  elec- 
tricity— some  209^  over  its  designed  power.  Electricity  generated 
by  the  reactor  would  be  stored  in  a  480-lb.  bank  of  batteries  and 
released  as  the  ion  engine  was  put  through  start-stop  tests  during  a 
three-month  period.  The  engine  would  manufacture  its  own  power  by 
electrically  vaporizing  the  3'/^  oz.  of  the  metal  cesium  in  its  fuel  tank 
into  atomic  particles  and  expelling  them  at  high  speed  through  a  nozzle 
to  provide  thrust  of  two-thousandths  of  a  pound. 


ASTRONAL'TICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  167 

AEC  said  the  satellite  would  stav  aloft  more  than  3.000  yrs. — far 
beyond  the  100  yrs.  it  would  take  for  the  reactor's  radioactive  elements 
to  decay  to  a  safe  level.  The  reactor  would  be  shut  down  after  a  year, 
the  ion  engine  after  about  three  months.  If  successful,  the  test  would 
signal  the  first  operation  in  space  of  a  light,  compact,  propulsion  sys- 
tem that  would  produce  power  over  long  periods  on  small  amounts  of 
fuel  for  (1)  surveillance  and  patrol  satellites  functioning  in  orbit  for 
years,  and  ( 2 )  manned  spaceships  capable  of  speeds  of  100,000  mph 
on  trips  to  distant  planets  now  beyond  the  reach  of  conventionally- 
fuelled  rockets. 

Also  orbited  was  U.S.  Army  SECOR  IV  geodetic  satellite.  (Hill, 
NYT.  4  5  65;  ap.  Wash.  Post.  4/4/65;  UPi,  Chic.  Trib..  4/5/65;  aec 
Release  H-60;  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  139;  Atomic  Energy 
Programs,  1965.  151) 
April  3:  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  was  launched  from  Ft.  Church- 
ill, Canada,  to  altitude  of  204.67  km.  (127.2  mi.)  with  Rice  Univer- 
sity experiment  to  make  time  resolution  measurements  of  electron 
fluxes  within  an  aurora  for  use  in  determining  transit  times  of  these 
electrons  from  their  sources.  Performance  was  satisfactory.  (NASA 
Rpt.  SRL) 

•  USAF  School  of  Aerospace  Medicine  was  conducting  experiments  on  13 

rhesus  monkeys  at  Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory  to  discover  how 
nuclear  radiation  would  affect  auditory,  visual,  and  motor  systems. 
Studies  might  ultimately  reveal  how  man  would  be  affected  under 
similar  conditions.  Each  monkey  was  conditioned  to  respond  to  a 
visual  or  auditory  cue;  by  measuring  the  time  required  for  animal  to 
respond  before  and  after  radiation  exposure,  scientists  could  deter- 
mine the  effect  of  radiation  on  monkey's  ability  to  perform.  Pre- 
liminary results  had  confirmed  that  "animals  exposed  to  radiation 
undergo  a  period  shortly  after  irradiation  in  which  they  are  totally 
unable  to  function."      (A^ 77,  4/4/65,  68) 

•  In  Saturday  Review,  Science  Editor  John  Lear  reviewed  gsfc's  Project 

Firefly  as  "an  epic  experiment  that  will  at  least  track  the  essential  spark 
of  life  wherever  it  can  be  found  beyond  the  earth." 

He  reviewed  Dr.  William  D.  McElroy's  pioneering  research  in 
bioluminescence  [see  March  11]  and  noted  that  Norman  E.  MacLeod, 
head  of  GSFC  Bioscience  Group,  emphasized  in  interviews  the  contribu- 
tion of  the  Johns  Hopkins  scientist.  He  also  reviewed  the  flight  of 
"robot  photographer  named  Ranger  8,"  concluding  "The  Russians  tend 
to  be  more  practical  about  small  but  crucial  obstacles  than  Americans 
do.  Although  they  are  years  ahead  in  rocketry  (having  now  demon- 
strated the  ability  to  move  a  man  out  through  the  hatchway  of  a  space- 
ship in  flight  and  safely  back  again — a  preliminary  step  to  using  the 
hatchway  to  link  the  two  spaceships  that  will  travel  as  one  to  the  moon), 
they  have  not  yet  been  so  brash  as  to  announce  a  date  by  which  they 
will  make  a  manned  landing  on  the  moon.  Before  we  become  still 
more  acutely  embarrassed  by  our  lunar  braggadocio,  it  would  seem 
wise  for  Washington  to  abandon  the  virtually  impossible  1970  deadline 
for  putting  an  American  on  the  moon."      (SR,  4/3/65,  45-48) 

•  Sen.  J.  W.  Fullbright    (D-Ark. ),  speaking  at  Virginia   Polytechnic   In- 

stitute, criticized  the  U.S.  "crash  program  aimed  at  landing  on  the 
moon  by  1970  at  a  cost  of  $20-to-S30  billion."     He  said  that  ".  .  .  the 


168  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

moon  is  only  one  of  our  aspirations,  a  distant  one  at  that,  and  in  the 
meantime  we  have  children  to  educate  and  cities  to  rebuild."  Ful- 
bright  cited  education  as  the  nation's  paramount  deficit  and  advocated 
orienting  "our  space  program  to  our  own  needs  instead  of  letting  the 
Russians  determine  for  us  what  we  will  do  and  how  much  we  will 
spend."  (UPI,  Boston  Sun.  Globe,  4/4/65) 
April  3:  "Our  military  space  program  is  a  wall  decoration,"  said  James  J. 
Hagerty,  Jr.,  in  an  editorial  in  the  Journal  of  the  Armed  Forces.  He 
continued :  "The  technology  is  there,  but  we  are  not  exploiting  it.  Our 
DOD  civilian  leadership  is  content  to  drift  along  with  the  idea  that 
someday  we'll  get  around  to  it  if  we  need  it.  This  attitude  seems  to 
be  based  on  the  theory  often  advanced  by  Secretary  McNamara  and 
echoed  by  [nasa  Administrator]  Mr.  Webb  in  his  Hill  testimony,  that 
there  is  'little  chance  that  the  Russians  can  develop  a  surprise  military 
[space]  capability'  .  .  .  H  there  is  any  chance  at  all,  we  should  be 
doing  something  more  than  we're  doing."  (Haggerty,  J /Armed 
Forces,  4/3/65,  8) 

•  Walter  Henry  Barling,  Sr.,  who  built  the  Barling  bomber  in   1923  for 

Gen.  Billy  Mitchell,  died  at  75.  Mr.  Barling  was  one  of  aviation's 
first  test  pilots  and  his  Barling  bomber  was  the  world's  largest  airplane 
at  the  time,  (ap,  NYT,  4/5/65,  31) 
April  4:  Gemini  spacecraft,  scheduled  for  a  four-day  manned  flight  this 
summer,  was  delivered  to  Cape  Kennedy.  It  was  flown  by  cargo  plane 
from  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.,  prime  contractor  for  manufacture  of 
the  craft,  where  it  had  undergone  simulated  flights.  Astronauts  James 
A.  McDivitt  and  Edward  H.  White  ii,  who  would  pilot  the  Gemini  4, 
also  had  made  simulated  flights  at  McDonnell,  (ap,  Wash.  Post, 
4/5/65) 

•  Dr.  Edmund  Klein  of  Roswell  Park  Memorial  Institute  for  Cancer  Re- 

search and  Dr.  Samuel  Fine,  Northeastern  Univ.  professor,  in  a  report 
prepared  for  the  149th  national  meeting  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society,  disclosed  that  laser  beams  may  cause  damage  to  the  eyes,  brain, 
and  other  organs  in  a  way  that  may  not  be  immediately  apparent. 
Klein  recommended  that  researchers  "err  on  the  side  of  safety  in 
precautionary  measures." 

Lasers  are  devices  for  concentrating  light  into  extremely  powerful 
beams;  researchers  were  exploring  their  usage  in  fields  of  communica- 
tions, eye  surgery,  cancer  treatment,  and  in  chemical  and  other  in- 
dustrial applications,      (ap,  Houston  Post,  4/5/65) 

•  Dr.  Krister  Stendahl,  Harvard  Divinity  School,  replying  to  the  question 

of  how  the  discovery  of  intelligent  creatures  on  other  planets  would 
affect  religions  on  earth,  said:  ".  .  .  it  would  be  a  refreshing  shock 
to  our  faith  if  there  were  something  like  intelligent  life  elsewhere  in 
the  Universe.  It  would  force  us  to  enlarge  our  image  of  God  and 
find  our  more  humble  and  proper  place  within  his  creation."  (Boston 
Sun.  Globe,  4/4/65) 
April  5:  One  of  tiros  ix's  two  cameras  had  stopped  returning  useful  photo- 
graphs, NASA  announced,  possibly  because  of  malfunction  of  a  diode. 
Second  camera  was  taking  about  250  pictures  daily  of  the  earth's  cover. 
Project  engineers  at  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  had  begun  a 
"turnabout"    maneuver   to    prevent   the    meteorological    satellite    from 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  169 

overheating  and  to  ensure  continued  solar  power.  Maneuver  would  not 
affect  satellite's  picture-taking  ability. 

Launched  into  polar  orbit  Jan.  22.  1965,  tiros  IX  had  apogee  of 
1,605  mi.  and  perigee  of  435  mi.  The  "cartwheel  satellite,"  so  called 
because  it  was  moving  through  space  like  a  rolling  wheel  with  the 
cameras  mounted  opposite  each  other  on  the  perimeter,  had  taken  more 
than  32.000  pictures,  92'(  of  them  useful  to  weather  forecasters. 
(NASA  Release  65-120) 
April  5:  The  White  House  announced  scientists  appointed  by  President 
Johnson  to  his  Science  Advisory  Committee:  Dr.  Lewis  Branscomb, 
chairman  of  the  joint  Institute  for  Laboratory  Astrophysics  of  the 
National  Bureau  of  Standards;  Marvin  L.  Goldberger,  professor  at 
Princeton  Univ.:  Kenneth  Pitzer.  president  of  Rice  Univ.;  Dr.  George 
Pake,  professor  at  Washington  Univ.:  and  Dr.  Gordon  McDonald,  Univ. 
of  California  at  Los  Angeles'  Institute  of  Geophysics  and  Planetary 
Physics.  Also  announced  was  the  nomination  of  Frederick  G.  Donner, 
chief  executive  officer  of  General  Motors  Corp.,  for  reappointment  to 
ComSatCorp's  board  of  directors.      {Wash.  Post,  4/5/65) 

•  NASA  selected  three  aerospace  firms  to  develop   a  concept  and  prepare 

preliminary  designs  for  hypersonic  ramjet  research  engine:  Garrett 
Corp.,  General  Electric  Co.,  and  Marquardt  Corp.  Total  value  of 
first  phase  of  contract  would  be  about  S1.5  million.  During  9-mo. 
parallel  studies,  opening  phase  of  NASA's  Hypersonic  Ramjet  Experiment 
Project,  the  companies  would  prepare  engine  development  plans  that 
would  serve  as  technical  proposals  for  the  second  phase  of  the  pro- 
gram. The  ramjet  engine,  because  of  its  relative  fuel  economy  at 
hypersonic  speeds,  was  expected  to  be  useful  for  hypersonic  transport 
aircraft,  boosters,  and  spacecraft  flying  within  the  atmosphere.  Flight 
research  with  the  engine  mounted  on  the  X-15  aircraft  was  planned. 
Hypersonic  Ramjet  Experiment  Project  would  be  under  the  technical 
direction  of  NASA  Langley  Research  Center,  with  the  assistance  of  NASA 
Ames,  Lewis,  and  Flight  Research  Centers.      (NASA  Release  65-110) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  was  successfully  launched  from  USNS 

Croatan  carrying  an  instrumented  payload  to  provide  data  on  the 
neutron  intensity,  solar  x-ray  flux.  Lyman-alpha  radiation,  and 
ionosphere  electron  density  at  different  latitudes.  Experiment  was 
conducted  for  the  Univ.  of  New  Hampshire,      (nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  NASA    Administrator    James    E.    Webb    appeared    before    House    Com- 

mittee on  Appropriations'  Subcommittee  on  Independent  Offices,  in 
support  of  the  S5.26  billion  NASA  appropriation  requested  by  President 
Johnson  for  FY  1966.  He  said:  'The  budget  submitted  to  the 
Congress  by  the  President  provides  for  activities  that  are  essential  to 
continuing  the  progress  that  we  have  made  towards  our  goal  of  pre- 
eminence in  space  sciences,  application  satellites,  manned  space  flight, 
and  advanced  research  and  technological  development  necessary  for 
aircraft  improvements  and  for  future  space  activities.  It  does  not 
provide  for  everything  that  we  could  do  or  would  like  to  do.  In  fact, 
it  has  been  necessary  within  the  strict  budget  requirements  imposed  by 
the  President  that  certain  desirable  project  activities  started  in  previous 
years  be  omitted  from  the  1966  budget.  .  .   . 

"Within  the  confines  of  this  limited  budget,  the  President  has  pro- 
vided the  funds  necessary  to   preserve  the  opportunity   that   we   still 


170  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

believe  we  have  to  accomplish  a  manned  lunar  landing  and  exploration 
within  this  decade.  The  margin  for  insurance  that  had  been  built 
into  our  original  program  plan  has  largely  disappeared.  However,  we 
now  estimate  this  may  be  possible  if  we  can  maintain  our  current 
successful  development  efforts  and  make  the  all-up  systems  testing  pro- 
cedure work  on  the  very  large  Saturn  V-Apollo  combination  to  launch 
men  toward  the  Moon  on  earlier  flights  than  we  had  originally 
planned.  There  is.  therefore,  still  an  opportunity  to  accomplish  this 
national  space  objective  within  the  time  specified.  Our  work  to  date 
gives  us  somewhat  more  confidence  than  we  had  a  year  ago  that  we 
can  still  achieve  the  objectives  that  were  planned  in  1961  in  spite  of 
a  limit  on  resources  that  will  not  fund  all  the  flights  planned  at  that 
time.  It  is  important,  however,  to  keep  in  mind  that  in  Gemini  we 
are  just  now  in  a  position  to  find  out  by  flight  experiments  how  men 
can  live,  work,  remain  efficient,  and  make  important  contributions  in 
space  for  extended  periods.  .  .  ."  (Testimony;  Ind.  Off.  Approp. 
Hearings  [Part  2],  84^96) 
April  5:  Announcement  was  made  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  that 
Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra.  Jr.  (Cdr..  USN »  and  Thomas  P.  Stafford 
(Maj.,  usaf)  had  been  selected  for  the  first  Gemini  docking  and  ren- 
dezvous mission,  scheduled  for  launch  "the  first  quarter  of  1966." 
Virgil  1.  Grissom  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  John  Young  (Cdr..  USN )  would 
be  the  backup  crew.      (Transcript) 

•  An  equipment  modification  to  permit  opening  of  the  hatch  on  Gemini  4 

had  been  successfully  tested,  William  Normyle  reported  in  Avia- 
tion Week  &  Space  Technology.  Hoses  connecting  the  spacesuits 
to  the  spacecraft's  environmental  control  system  were  lengthened  to 
permit  the  astronaut  to  stand  and  partially  emerge  through  the  hatch. 
NASA  had  not  yet  approved  a  spacecraft-depressurization  and  hatch- 
opening  exercise  for  the  two-man  spaceflight.  (Normyle,  Av.  Wk., 
4/5/65,  27) 

•  NASA   had   published    110-page   illustrated    report    containing   ten    papers 

on  diversified  utilization  of  space-research  knowledge  delivered 
at  NASA  and  Univ.  of  California-sponsored  workshop  held  in  Los 
Angeles,  June  2,  1964.      (nasa  Release  65-109:  NASA  sp-5018) 

•  Danish  satellite  tracking  station  official  reported  what  he  believed  to  have 

been  the  explosion  of  a  U.S.  satellite  launched  by  USAF  Mar.  25. 
About  ten  brilliantly  lighted  objects  crossing  the  sky  were  at  first  as- 
sumed to  have  been  meteors.      {M&R,  4/26/65,  11) 

•  Antoine  Senni  emerged  from  a  cave  333  ft.  below  ground  near  Cannes, 

France.  Senni  had  entered  the  cave  Nov.  30,  1964.  to  test  effects  of 
isolation  on  human  system.      (Reuters.  Wash.  Post,  4/6/65) 

•  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever.  afsc  Commander,  spoke  in  a  luncheon  address 

on  military  technology  at  the  World  Aff'airs  Council  in  Los  Angeles: 
".  .  .  we  can  expect  substantial  improvements  in  materials  with  re- 
spect to  their  strength,  stiffness,  and  ability  to  operate  at  high  tem- 
peratures. 

"One  such  material,  a  composite  formed  from  boron  fibers  in  a 
plastic  binder,  has  been  demonstrated  in  the  laboratory  to  have  approxi- 
mately five  times  the  specific  strength  of  today's  aircraft  alloys.  .  .  . 
This  .  .  .  will  give  increased  strength  at  greatly  reduced  weight. 
Another  material  is  oxide  dispersed  nickel,  which  can  make  possible 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  171 

an  increase  of  several  hundred  degrees  in  turbine  operating  tempera- 
tures, enough  to  double  the  thrust  of  today's  jet  engines,  with  no 
increase  in  weight.  .  .  . 

"In  propulsion,  these  advances  in  materials  and  component  tech- 
nology can  make  available  engines  for  vertical  takeoff  and  landing 
aircraft  with  more  than  double  our  present  thrust-to-weight  ratios  and 
transport  engines  with  half  of  today's  fuel  consumption.  The  use  of 
hydrogen  would  make  feasible  engines  for  long  range  hypersonic  craft 
flying  at  7,000  miles  per  hour — almost  four  times  as  fast  as  the  most 
sophisticated  supersonic  transport  now  proposed.  And  the  aircraft 
will  be  of  smaller  size  to  do  the  same  job. 

"New  technologies  in  flight  dynamics,  such  as  laminar  flow  control, 
can  materially  increase  the  ranges  of  transport  aircraft.  If  laboratory 
boron  composite  structures  pan  out,  we  could  build  aircraft  that  could 
carry  twice  the  payload  at  the  same  weight  and  range  of  present  models. 
With  further  understanding  of  variable  geometry  wings  we  can  alleviate 
the  difficulties  of  operating  at  a  variety  of  combinations  of  speed  and 
altitude."  (Text) 
April  5:  "Within  a  decade  .  .  .  space  could  be  as  vital  to  defense  as  nu- 
clear weapons  are  todav,"  postulated  an  article  in  U.S.  Neivs  and  World 
Report.  It  continued:  "The  deep  conviction  of  top  U.S.  Air  Force 
leaders  is  that  Russia  is  directing  its  main  energies  and  resources  not 
to  the  moon,  but  to  mastery  of  space  nearer  earth.  Some  are  convinced 
that  Russia,  far  behind  in  the  missile  race,  is  now  striving  to  leapfrog 
the  U.S.  and  move  ahead  with  manned  satellite  weapons."  {U.S.  News, 
4/5/65) 
April  5-7:  The  Second  Space  Congress  of  the  Canaveral  Council  of  Tech- 
nical Societies  was  held  in  Cocoa  Beach,  Fla.  Rep.  Olin  Teague 
(D— Tex.)  reportedly  said  in  a  speech  that  the  House  Committee  on 
Science  and  Astronautics  supported  a  military  man-in-space  effort  and 
"almost  unanimously"  favored  restoring  $30  million  to  the  Apollo  pro- 
gram. Rep.  Teague  revealed  that  the  Committee  had  written  to 
President  Johnson  to  stress  the  need  for  a  decision  on  the  proposed 
USAF  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  program  and  to  urge  him  to  "take 
a  careful  look  as  soon  as  possible  and  make  a  decision"  as  to  whether 
or  not  the  Gemini  spacecraft  would  be  used  in  the  Mol  program. 
(M&R,  4/12/65,  16) 

In  answer  to  the  question  of  what  man  could  do  in  space  to  con- 
tribute to  the  military  mission,  Maj.  Gen.  Don  R.  Ostrander,  Com- 
mander of  USAF  Office  of  Aerospace  Research,  said  at  the  Space  Con- 
gress: "I  believe  that  the  mol  will  enable  us  to  come  up  with  some 
of  the  answers."      (Text) 

Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned 
Space  Flight,  speaking  before  the  Space  Congress,  said:  ".  .  .  ex- 
travehicular activity,  as  accomplished  by  the  Soviets,  and  orbital 
changes,  as  accomplished  by  Gus  Grissom  and  John  Young  .  .  .  are 
essential  to  future  progress  in  space  exploration.  Both  are  objectives 
of  our  Gemini  Program  and  both  are  techniques  that  we  must  learn 
in  order  to  carry  out  the  Apollo  Program.  We  have  long  assumed  that 
both  were  objectives  of  the  Soviet  Program. 

"Given  these  assumptions,  the  difference  between  the  scheduling  of 
these  experiments  in  the  Soviet  program  and  ours  is  a  detail  of  rel- 
atively minor  importance.     It  has  been  our  judgment  that  maneuver- 


172  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

ing  and  changing  orbits  are  more  important  than  extravehicular  activity 
for  the  progress  of  our  program.  For  this  reason,  we  scheduled  the 
conduct  of  such  maneuvers  for  the  first  manned  flight  in  the  Gemini 
Program.  We  must  assume  that  the  Soviets  had  their  good  reason  for 
scheduling  extravehicular  activity  on  an  earlier  flight  in  their  pro- 
gram."     (Text) 

E.  Z.  Gray,  also  of  NASA's  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  discussed 
future  programs.  He  stressed  that  one  of  the  cardinal  rules  guiding 
the  planning  was  that  maximum  use  must  be  made  of  hardware  either 
already  developed  or  currently  in  development.  (M&R,  4/12/65,  16) 
April  6:  ComSatCorp's  85-lb.  early  bird  I,  the  first  commercial  communica- 
tions satellite,  was  successfully  launched  from  Cape  Kennedy  with  a 
three-stage  Thrust-Augmented  Delta  (Tad)  booster.  An  hour  after 
launching,  flight  control  center  confirmed  that  the  satellite  had  entered 
an  elliptical  transfer  orbit  with  apogee,  22,677  mi.  (36,510  km.)  ; 
perigee,  908  mi.  (1,463  km.)  ;  period,  11  hrs.  10  min.,  and  was  sending 
clear  radio  signals.  NASA  handled  the  launching  under  a  contract  with 
ComSatCorp. 

About  40  hrs.  after  launching,  a  kick  motor  aboard  early  bird  I 
would  be  fired  to  adjust  the  path  of  the  satellite  to  a  synchronous 
circular  orbit  at  22,300  mi.  altitude  above  the  Atlantic,  early  bird  I 
would  become  the  first  link  in  ComSatCorp's  proposed  worldwide 
satellite  communications  system  and  would  relay  radio,  television, 
teletype,  and  telephone  messages  between  North  America  and  Europe. 
(Clark,  NYT,  4/7/65;  ap,  Bak.  Sun,  4/7/65;  ComSatCorp) 

•  Subcommittee  Chairman   Albert  Thomas    (D-Tex.)    and  the   House   In- 

dependent Offices  Appropriations  Subcommittee  were  highly  critical  of 
Astronaut  Virgil  Grissom's  deviation  from  flight  plan  instructions  dur- 
ing the  GEMINI  III  flight  and  eating  a  sandwich  instead  of  fasting. 
According  to  published  reports,  one  Subcommittee  member  referred  to 
a  "$30  million  corned  beef  sandwich."  and  another  asked  NASA 
Administrator  James  E.  Webb  how  he  could  control  a  multi-million 
dollar  budget  if  he  could  not  control  two  astronauts.  (Av.  Wk.,  4/12/ 
65,  25;  Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  4/15/65) 

•  Defense  Secretary  Robert  S.  McNamara  confirmed  that  the  U.S.  had  given 

Great  Britain  option  to  purchase  F-111  aircraft  and  spare  parts  total- 
ing more  than  $1  billion  for  its  Royal  Air  Force.  Delivery  orders  for 
the  F-111  were  expected  to  be  placed  after  completion  of  the  British 
defense  review,  (dod  Release  210-65) 
April  7:  ComSatCorp's  EARLY  bird  i  communications  satellite  successfully 
received,  amplified,  and  returned  a  television  signal  to  Andover,  Me., 
ground  station  in  an  unscheduled  communications  test.  ComSatCorp 
Vice  President  Siegfried  H.  Reiger  said  that  "the  picture  quality  of 
the  test  pattern  was  excellent."  (Clark,  NYT.  4/8/65;  AP,  Bait.  Sun, 
4/8/65) 

•  USAF  announced  that  data  from  AEC's  Snap-lOA  satellite  indicated  "an 

extremely  high  noise  factor"  when  the  ion  engine  was  turned  on,  mak- 
ing it  impossible  to  determine  whether  it  was  operating  properly. 
Scientists  said  the  engine,  which  on  Apr.  2  had  operated  normally  for 
an  hour,  would  not  be  tested  further  until  additional  analyses  were 
made.  The  difficulty  had  not  interfered  with  the  major  experiment — 
operation  of  the  Snap-lOA  nuclear  reactor.      (UF'i,  NYT,  4/8/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  173 

April  7:  Four  airmen  emerged  with  high  voices  and  a  hunger  for  meat  after 
five  weeks  of  confinement  in  a  simulated  space  cabin  at  the  usaf  School 
of  Aerospace  Medicine.  Scientists  w^ere  studying  a  helium-oxygen 
atmosphere  for  possible  future  space  cabin  work  because  it  did  not 
produce  decompression  sickness  in  astronauts  and  was  less  hazardous 
in  terms  of  spacecraft  fires.      (Chic.  Trib.,  4/8/65;  M&R,  4/12  ^65,  10) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  awarded  IBM  a  5-yr.  $175,125,000 

contract  for  integration  and  checkout  of  instrument  units  for  Saturn  IB 
and  Saturn  V  programs.  Initially  announced  in  1964,  the  contract 
would  give  IBM  the  additional  responsibility  for  structural  and  environ- 
mental control  systems  and  integration  of  all  systems,  (msfc  Release 
65-79) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  was  asked  by  Rep.  Charles  R.  Jonas 

(R-N.C.)  in  NASA  appropriations  hearing  of  the  Subcommittee  on  In- 
dependent Offices.  House  Committee  on  Appropriations,  to  "set  to  rest" 
the  rumor  that  NASA  was  planning  to  phase  out  MSFC  in  Huntsville,  Ala. 
Mr.  Webb  explained  that  during  his  recent  visit  to  Alabama  leading 
Alabama  businessmen  had  asked  "questions  about  the  future  and 
whether  the  budget  was  going  to  be  larger,  and  whether  more  would 
come  to  Alabama.  Perhaps  injudiciously,  I  said,  'Unless  we  can  recruit 
better  and  more  able  people  for  the  new  phase  of  our  program,  you  are 
not  going  to  keep  what  you  have.'  .  .  . 

"We  have  a  real  problem  in  recruiting  the  kind  of  people  needed 
to  manage  these  contracts  with  American  industry  to  go  and  live  in 
Alabama,  and  the  image  of  the  State  has  been  one  of  the  problems  that 
we  have  had.  I  pointed  this  out  to  the  businessmen,  and  pointed  out  to 
them  also  that  not  only  the  problem  of  our  recruitment  was  involved, 
that  the  State  itself,  in  my  opinion,  was  missing  a  valuable  oppor- 
tunity to  use  these  kinds  of  people  to  build  up  its  own  economy, 
because  the  very  existence  of  them  there  in  the  various  areas  could  be 
of  great  benefit  to  the  State.  .  .  ."  {Ind.  Off.  Approp.  Hearings 
[Part  2],  1264^65) 

•  Soviet    cosmonaut    commander    Air    Force    Lt.    Gen.    Nikolai    Kaminin 

denied  foreign  newspaper  reports  that  some  of  his  men  had  died  in 
unannounced  space  shots.  Kaminin,  writing  in  Krasnaya  Zvezda, 
said:  "The  names  of  people  who  have  allegedly  died  listed  in  foreign 
papers  are  mostly  names  of  nonexistent  cosmonauts."  He  said  the 
aim  of  the  reports  "is  to  weaken  the  tremendous  impressions  made 
by  the  achievements  of  Soviet  science  and  technology  in  space."  (ap, 
Huntsville  Times,  4/7/65) 

•  New  York  World's  Fair  opened  for  its  second  season.     It  featured  nasa- 

DOD  U.S.  Space  Park,  containing  two  and  one  half  acres  of  full-scale 
rockets  and  spacecraft.  Among  the  exhibits  were  a  full-scale  Gemini 
model,  an  x-15  model,  full-scale  reproductions  of  Tiros,  Nimbus,  Relay, 
Telstar,  and  Syncom  satellites,  and  AURORA  7  Mercury  spacecraft. 

An  honorary  astronaut  card  signed  by  Astronaut  Alan  B.  Shepard,  Jr. 
fCdr.,  usn),  the  first  American  in  space,  and  Astronaut  Virgil  I. 
Grissom  (Maj.,  usaf).  the  first  astronaut  to  make  two  trips  into  space, 
was  available  at  the  U.S.  Space  Park  to  young  visitors  taking  a  ride  in 
the  full-scale  animated  Mercury  spacecraft  on  display  there.  (Press 
Release) 


174  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

April  7:  Dr.  Franklin  P.  Dixon,  nasa  Director  of  Manned  Lunar  and  Plane- 
tary Mission  Studies,  told  T\\  in  Cities  aiaa  Chapter  in  Minneapolis  that 
NASA  was  "investigating;  and  planning  manned  missions  and  experi- 
ments beyond  the  presently  appro\  ed  Gemini  and  Apollo  pro- 
grams.  .   .   . 

"A  logical  sequence  for  future  NASA  manned  space  flight  programs 
.  .  .  begins  with  the  Gemini  and  Apollo  program  base.  The  next 
logical  development  is  the  Apollo  Extension  System  ( AES )  which  is  a 
stepping  stone  to  advanced  Earth-orbital  operations,  to  lunar-orbital 
surveys,  and  to  lunar  surface  exploration.  The  AES  Earth-orbital  ac- 
tivities are  a  development  phase  for  an  orbital  research  laboratory  or 
early  space  station  as  well  as  a  lunar  exploration  station.  Based  on  the 
Apollo  Command  and  Service  module  technology,  we  can  also  develop 
advanced  logistic  systems  for  larger  orbiting  space  stations  of  in- 
definite life  or  for  greater  expansion  of  lunar  exploration  if  desired. 
The  advanced  orbiting  space  station  can  likewise  lead  to  an  orbiting 
launch  complex  for  planetary  missions  such  as  Martian  flyby  and 
exploration  shelters  or  a  lunar  base  for  potential  exploitation  of  the 
lunar  environment.  ...  In  Earth  orbit,  the  AES  can  provide  for 
experimental  operations  in  the  three  major  fundamental  areas  .  .  .  : 
(1)  flights  to  conduct  scientific  research  in  space  requiring  man's  pres- 
ence; (2)  Earth-oriented  applications  to  increase  the  nation's  strength, 
and  (3)  development  of  advanced  technology  for  support  of  both 
manned  and  unmanned  space  operations.  ...  In  the  field  of  Earth- 
oriented  applications  of  manned  space  operations,  NASA  has  been 
conducting  studies  and  investigations  jointly  with  the  Departments  of 
Commerce.  Agriculture,  Interior  and  Defense  to  determine  how  we 
might  apply  Apollo's  unique  capabilities  to  improve  our  ability  to 
forecast  weather,  to  communicate  globally  at  high  data  rates,  to  make 
an  up-to-date  inventory  of  the  world's  resources,  to  monitor  air  and 
sea  traffic  on  a  global  scale,  to  support  a  world-wide  air-sea  rescue 
service,  to  make  better  forecasts  of  food  production  and  to  provide  a 
data-gathering  system  on  a  global  scale.  Experiments  are  also  being 
evaluated  to  enhance  over-all  development  of  space  operations. 
Biomedical,  behavioral  and  other  medical  studies  would  be  conducted 
as  well  as  the  development  of  advanced  subsystems  and  technology  for 
spacecraft.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

•  National    Science    Foundation    reported    that    three    New    Mexico    State 

Univ.  engineers  were  studying  satellites'  radio  signals  in  an  attempt  to 
determine  exact  shape  of  the  earth.  Under  an  NSF  grant,  the  engineers 
had  set  up  and  were  manning  a  special  tracking  unit  at  U.S.  McMurdo 
Station  in  Antarctica  and  were  tuned  in  on  three  spacecraft  in  polar 
orbit  that  passed  near  McMurdo  42  times  daily.  Stanford  Univ. 
scientists  had  established  a  unit  at  Byrd  Station  to  receive  information 
from  NASA's  Pogo,  to  be  launched  later  this  year.  ( UPI,  A^Fr,  4/11/65, 
2)  ^ 

April  8:  mariner  iv,  49,373,799  mi.  from  earth  and  traveling  34,738  mph 
relative  to  earth,  had  covered  206,868,340  mi.  in  its  journey  toward 
Mars  at  9:00  a.m.  est.      (nasa  Release  65-111) 

•  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  awarded  RCA  a  $4.6-million  contract 

to  provide  a  real-time  deep  space  tracking  and  data  acquisition  system 
for  support  of  Project  Apollo  missions.     Contract  called  for  installation, 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  175 

checkout,  and  documentation  of  rca's  long-range  (32,000  mi.)  fpq 
radar  on  land  made  available  near  a  NASA  site  on  Cooper's  Island, 
Bermuda,  through  a  land-lease  agreement  with  DOD.  The  "Q-6"  radar 
would  have  a  flexible  capability  to  support  NASA  programs  other  than 
manned  flight.  (GSFC  Release  G-9-65;  GSFC  Release  G-10-65) 
April  8:  Army  Corps  of  Engineers  awarded  Fisher  Construction  Co.  a 
NASA-funded  Sl,497,728  fixed-price  contract  for  construction  of  Lunar 
Mission  and  Space  Exploration  Facility  at  Manned  Spacecraft  Center. 
(DOD  Release  220-651 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said  at  the  U.S.  Naval  Academy: 

".  .  .  we  are  on  the  verge  of  another  major  breakthrough — the  capa- 
bility to  forecast  weather  at  least  five  days  in  advance  with  better  ac- 
curacy than  we  can  now  predict  24  to  36  hours  ahead.  Atmospheric 
systems  such  as  weather  balloons  and  ground  and  seabased  instru- 
ments which  are  alreadv  developed,  together  with  satellite  systems  and 
high  speed  computers,  should  make  it  practicable  in  the  next  few  years 
to  establish  a  global  observation  system.  As  distinguished  from  the 
satellites  whose  main  mission  is  cloud  cover  photographs,  the  more 
advanced  future  system  will  be  able  to  map  the  structure  of  the  earth's 
atmosphere  in  terms  of  wind,  temperature,  and  pressure  at  various 
altitudes." 

He  continued:  "We  foresee  the  possibility  of  carrying  sensors  in 
satellites  that  will  give  us  the  thermal  patterns  of  the  ocean's  surface 
which,  when  compared  with  the  atmospheric  conditions  in  any  area, 
may  give  us  the  ability  to  predict  the  formation  of  fog.  Similarly, 
ocean  currents  can  be  mapped  and  studied  to  advance  the  science  of 
oceanography.  We  can  even  measure  sea  state — roughness  of  the  sea 
— from  a  satellite."      ( Text ) 

•  Dr.  Eugene  Shoemaker,  head  of  the  astrogeological  branch  of  the  U.S. 

Geological  Survey,  said  in  an  interview  with  the  Houston  Post  while  at 
Rice  Univ.  as  a  speaker  in  the  President's  Lecture  Series  that  the 
Ranger  program  had  cost  a  total  of  about  $200  million.  He  estimated 
that  each  Ranger  shot  had  cost  just  under  $30  million  and  said  that 
although  four  of  the  seven  Ranger  missions  had  failed,  it  would  have 
been  foolish  to  settle  for  one  success:  "Just  imagine  that  the  Martians 
sent  a  Ranger-like  camera  to  take  pictures  of  the  earth.  With  just 
one  shot,  they'd  end  up  with  pictures  of  a  space  no  bigger  than  the 
size  of  an  urban  lot,  or  of  the  peak  of  the  Alps,  or  of  the  sand  dunes 
in  Arabia.  Could  they  tell  anything  about  the  earth  from  pictures  of 
just  one  of  these?''  The  Ranger  program,  just  concluded  with  the 
success  of  RANGER  IX,  gave  L'.S.  scientists  good  pictures  of  three  dif- 
ferent areas  of  the  moon.  Shoemaker  said.  "A  Ranger  picture  is  worth 
a  million  computer  words."      I  Perez.  Houston  Post,  4/8/65) 

•  Panel    on    Science    and    Technology    of    the    House    Committee    on    Sci- 

ence and  Technology  reported  on  its  sixth  meeting  (aeronautics),  Jan. 
26-27.  Report  was  a  comprehensive  summary  of  views  by  the  Com- 
mittee and  Panel  members  and  the  more  than  150  scientists  and  engi- 
neers attending  as  representatives  of  Government,  industry,  and  the 
scientific  and  academic  communities.  In  its  general  conclusion,  report 
stated  three  objectives  for  future  improvement  of  U.S.  civil  aeronau- 
tics: "Insure  that  our  economy  continued  to  have  the  best  air  trans- 
portation system  to  give  it  a  continuing  advantage  in  world  competi- 


176  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

tion";  "Insure  that  U.S.  aeronautical  development  is  immediately 
responsive  to  the  demand,  and  sufficiently  great  to  continue  leadership 
in  the  domestic  and  world  markets" ;  and  "Maintain  recognized  world 
leadership  in  technical  matters  to  insure  a  favorable  image  and  stature 
of  the  U.S.  technological  competence  in  aeronautical  development." 

Some  of  its  general  observations  on  the  future  of  aeronautics: 

"There  is  a  need  for  more  centralized  direction,  control,  and  pro- 
cedure ...  [of  the]  widely  dispersed  .  ,  .  technical  competence  and 
expertise  behind  aeronautical  development  in  the  United  States.  .   .   . 

"The  aircraft  industry  in  general  is  willing  to  contribute  to  any 
program  designed  to  further  aviation  advancement,  but  the  degree  of 
their  contribution  will  depend  upon  the  extent  of  Government  support, 
and  the  availability  of  a  market.  The  extent  is  also  dictated  by  the 
extent  of  their  earnings  on  marketable  products  for  which  the  Govern- 
ment is  usually  the  principal  customer. 

"There  are  indications  that  an  insufficient  amount  of  research  effort 
is  being  put  forth  in  the  hypersonic  regime  of  the  flight  spectrum,  par- 
ticularly in  the  field  of  propulsion. 

"The  aeronautical  research  and  development  capability  of  NASA  is 
not  being  used  to  its  maximum  capacity."  (House  Rpt.  227,  32-34) 
April  8:  In  address  on  "The  Early  History  of  the  Space  Age"  at  the  Univ. 
of  Wisconsin,  Eugene  M.  Emme,  the  nasa  Historian,  said:  "The  Space 
Age  clocks  on.  Never  before  have  basic  alterations  in  fundamental 
knowledge,  in  practical  engineering,  and  for  an  universal  perspective 
been  thrust  so  quickly  upon  mankind.   .   .   . 

"Few  serious  thoughts,  whether  associated  with  the  physical  or  so- 
cial sciences,  or  humanities,  can  ignore  some  aspect  of  the  space  ven- 
ture.    Like  it  or  not,  man's  time  for  space  mobility  is  here."      (Text) 

•  The  Flight  Safety  Foundation,  under  FAA  contract,  conducted  day   and 

night  tests  in  the  purposely-wrecked  Constellation  aircraft  at  Deer 
Valley,  Ariz.,  to  obtain  data  on  emergency  evacuation  of  passengers 
in  survivable  accidents.  "Passengers"  were  local  volunteers;  airline 
stewardesses  were  provided  by  several  air  carriers.  Evacuation  dupli- 
cated obstacles  passengers  would  face  in  real  situations.  Passenger 
reactions  were  recorded  with  remotely-controlled  motion  picture  cam- 
eras; certain  phases  of  the  operation  were  timed  with  precision  clocks. 
Test  results  would  aid  in  planning  advanced  studies  which  would  ex- 
plore seat  spacing,  aisle  widths,  and  other  related  factors,  (faa  Re- 
lease 65-27 ) 
April  9:  ComSatCorp's  early  bird  i  communications  satellite,  launched 
April  6  by  nasa,  was  placed  into  a  "near  letter  perfect"  synchronous 
orbit,  with  apogee.  36,637.1  km.  (22,765  mi.);  perigee,  35,041.9  km. 
(21,774  mi.)  The  five-day-early  maneuver  was  accomplished  by  fir- 
ing small  retrorocket  onboard  satellite  10.7  sec.  The  satellite  would 
be  allowed  to  drift  about  5° — over  300  mi. — to  the  exact  point  over 
the  Atlantic  where  it  would  remain  for  its  expected  three  to  five  year 
lifetime.      (/VYr,  4/10/65 ) 

•  USAF  launched  Blue  Scout  Jr.  space  probe  from  P^astern  Test  Range  with 

instrumented  payload  to  measure  sjjace  environment  effects  on  biologi- 
cal samples.  The  probe  reached  altitude  of  about  18.000  mi.,  re- 
entered over  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean.  Telemetrv  was  received  for 
only  15  min.      iU.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1065,  140) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  177 

April  9:  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller.  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned 
Space  Flight,  announced  change  of  primary  control  of  manned  flight 
missions  from  Cape  Kennedy  to  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  Mission 
Control  Center.  Christopher  Kraft,  mission  flight  director  for  GT-3 
flight,  completed  Mar.  28.  would  serve  as  mission  director  for  GT-4. 
flight  scheduled  for  later  this  year.  MSC  Mission  Control  Center  would 
provide  centralized  control  of  manned  spaceflight  programs  from 
launch  through  recovery;  computer-driven  time  and  data  displays 
would  report  instantly  the  status  of  astronauts,  spacecraft,  and  support- 
ing operations  to  mission  'flight  director.  Most  information  would 
travel  over  land  lines.      (Transcript:  NASA  Release  65-119) 

•  NASA  awarded  MIT  separate  cost  reimbursement  contract,  with  no  fee,  to 

cover  further  work  on  guidance  and  navigation  of  Apollo  command 
and  lunar  excursion  modules.  The  new  contract,  running  from  March 
1  through  November  4.  1965.  totaled  $15,529,000,  including  $1.4  mil- 
lion to  support  research  activities  in  the  guidance  and  navigation  field. 
(NASA  Release  65-116) 

•  NASA  was  negotiating  with  Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering  Corp.,  prime 

contractor  to  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  for  Oao  pro- 
gram, to  convert  prototype  Oao  into  flight-ready  spacecraft.  The  con- 
tract was  expected  to  exceed  $8  million.  The  converted  prototype,  to 
be  designated  Oao  A-2,  would  be  the  third  spacecraft  scheduled  for 
launch  in  Oao  program.  First  planned  launch  in  the  series  was 
scheduled  for  late  this  year  or  early  next  year  at  Cape  Kennedy. 
(NASA  Release  65-115) 

•  The  Christian  Science  Monitor  asked  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Asso- 

ciate Administrator  for  Space  Science  and  Applications,  and  Dr.  Philip 
H.  Abelson.  Director  of  the  Geophysical  Laboratory  of  the  Carnegie 
Institution  of  Washington  and  editor  of  Science  magazine,  to  present 
elements  of  the  debate  on  the  question  "Man  in  space:  is  it  worth  $40 
billion?" 

Dr.  Newell  presented  the  case  for  manned  space  flight:  "The  manned 
space  flight  effort  serves  to  round  out  the  total  program.  Its  primary 
aim  is  to  develop  a  broad  space  capability  that  will  secure  to  this  na- 
tion strength,  security,  flexibility,  and  freedom  of  choice  in  space. 
Landing  men  on  the  moon  and  returning  them  to  earth  has  been 
chosen  as  the  means  to  this  broader,  more  substantive  end,  and  it  is 
not  to  be  considered  as  the  only  justification  for  our  manned  space 
effort." 

Dr.  Abelson,  speaking  for  the  critics,  said:  "The  unmanned  program 
has  been  a  substantial  contributor  to  our  international  prestige. 
Moreover,  prestige  based  on  science  and  technology  tends  to  be  endur- 
ing. ... 

"Our  Apollo  program  was  launched  for  reasons  of  international 
prestige.  The  yield  has  not  been  very  good  or  very  lasting.  How 
many  citizens  can  now  recall  the  names  of  the  astronauts  and  of  their 
capsules?  We  can  expect  much  the  same  reaction  when  we  finally 
accomplish  a  moon  landing."      iCSM,  4/9/65) 

•  NASA  announced  publication  of  a  summary  of  research  results  of  the  joint 

NASA-USAF-USN,  10-yr.  x-15  flight  program.  (NASA  Release  65-114; 
NASA  SP-60,  X-15  Research  Results  ) 


178  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

April  9:  After  two  days  of  discussion  with  West  Germany's  Minister  of  De- 
fense Kai  Uwe  von  Hassel,  Britain's  Minister  of  Defence  Denis  Healey 
told  a  news  conference  in  Bonn,  Germany,  that  the  two  countries  had 
agreed  to  develop  by  the  1970's  a  light  combat  Vtol  fighter  and  possi- 
bly a  heavy  aircraft  to  succeed  the  F-104  Starfighter.  Healey  added 
that  studies  were  being  conducted  on  other  weapon  projects,  including 
tanks  and  tank  equipment.      (AT^,  4/10/65,  46) 

•  Editorial  in  Life  put  into  perspective  the  "break-throughs"  and  spectacular 

"firsts"  recently  achieved  in  space  exploration — U.S.S.R.'s  VOSKHOD  II, 
U.S.'s  GEMINI  III,  RANGER  IX,  ComSatCorp's  EARLY  BIRD.  "The  first 
Sputnik  was  less  than  eight  years  ago.  but  already  the  space  age 
has  reached  what  President  Johnson  calls  an  'early  maturity.'  Each 
technical  advance  is  a  planned  and  measured  consequence  of  the 
previous  one;  Mercury  fed  Gemini  and  Gemini  feeds  Apollo;  each 
hero  stands  on  the  shoulders  of  predecessors  who  are  also  his  con- 
temporaries. .  .  . 

"Our  space  program  is,  as  Johnson  puts  it,  'a  national  asset  of 
proven  worth  and  incalculable  potential.'  Its  cost  is  leveling  off  at 
about  $7  billion  a  year.  One  hopes  this  includes  enough  to  land  us  on 
the  moon  before  the  Russians — and  what's  wrong  with  wanting  to  be 
first?   ... 

"Our  program,  which  may  or  may  not  be  overtaking  the  Russian,  is 
well  past  its  own  first  period  of  jumpy  desperation.  We  can  stick  to  it 
in  confidence."      (Life,  4/9/65) 

•  U.S.S.R.   was   building   a   spaceship   designed    not    for   space   flight,   but 

for  exhibition  in  a  new  space  museum  to  be  built  at  the  site  of  Moscow's 
Space  Monument.  Inside  the  model  cabin,  which  would  have  a  seating 
capacity  of  100,  a  movie  shov/ing  the  earth  as  it  appeared  from  space 
would  be  shown  to  visitors,      (ap,  San  Diego  Eve.  Trih.,  4/9/65,  22) 

•  Communist  China's  failure  to  conduct  a  scheduled   second   nuclear  test 

in  March  was  reported  by  an  unidentified  U.S.  researcher  in  an  inter- 
view with  AP.  He  said  reasons  for  the  delav  might  be  technical  or 
political,  (ap,  NYT,  4/11/65,  94) 
April  10:  One  of  the  five  F-1  engines  on  the  Saturn  V  booster  was  success- 
fully static  fired  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  for  16-yi  sec. 
{Marshall  Star,  4/14/65,  1) 

•  In   a   speech   to   the   Interact   Conference   of   First   Rotary    District   696 

in  Orlando,  Fla.,  Ksc's  Richard  E.  Dutton.  said:  ".  .  .  .NASA's 
major  launch  facility  for  space  vehicles  and  unmanned  and  manned 
spacecraft  [is]  the  John  F.  Kennedy  Space  Center  and  its  new  Merritt 
Island  Spaceport.  I  hope  you  noticed  that  I  used  the  term  Spaceport, 
instead  of  Moonport,  as  it  is  often  referred  to  in  the  news  media.  We 
call  it  a  Spaceport  because  its  basic  concept  is  not  to  exist  as  a  research 
and  development  facility  for  any  one  mission  only;  it  is  being  created 
to  function  as  an  actual  port,  with  a  space  vehicle  launch  rate  that  may 
be  some  day  as  high  as  one  manned  launch  per  month. 

"However,  just  as  important  to  consider  is  the  spaceport's  capacity 
for  growth.  It  can  accommodate  launch  vehicles  with  up  to  40  million 
pounds  of  thrust,  32.5  million  pounds  more  than  the  Saturn  V  here  can 
deliver.  Because  of  this,  the  United  States  has  not  invested  three 
quarters  of  a  billion  dollars  in  a  facility  which  will  serve  only  to 
launch  a  manned  lunar  mission.     It  has  acquired  a  permanent  installa- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  179 

tion  which  will  serve  the  requirements  of  the  National  Space  Program 
for  years  to  come. 

"But  these  facilities,  like  the  lunar  landing  mission,  are  themselves 
only  a  manifestation  of  a  greater  entity — people.  At  present,  2,500 
NASA  and  6,300  contractor  employees  work  at  the  Center.  By  1967, 
when  the  spaceport  becomes  operational,  3,000  government  employees 
and  10,000  contractor  employees  will  be  employed."  (Text) 
April  10:  First  General  Dynamics  f-111a  developmental  aircraft,  in  its 
13th  flight,  reached  40.000  ft.,  its  highest  altitude  so  far,  USAF  an- 
nounced.     {Av.  Wk.,  4/19/65,  27) 

•  17-yr.-old  John  J.  Breaux,  who  exhibited  a  "soundovac"  that  could  "solve 

any  mathematical  problem  when  a  formula  was  available,"  and  17-yr.- 
old  Douglas  A.  Whithaus,  who  based  his  exhibit  on  development  of  a 
liquid-gaseous-propellant  rocket  engine,  were  entrants  in  the  Greater 
St.  Louis  Science  Fair  selected  to  compete  in  the  National  Science  Fair, 
May  6-8.     (St.  Louis  Post  Dispatch,  4/10/65). 

•  Fred  Callahan,  16,  of  Ft.  Benning,  Ga.,  prepared  to  launch  Zeus  2,  pos- 

sibly the  largest  rocket  built  by  an  amateur.  Zeus  2,  nine  ft.  long  with 
2,0604b.  thrust,  could  reach  peak  altitude  of  64  mi.  Zeus  1  was 
launched  by  Callahan  three  years  ago.  {Wash.  Daily  News,  4/10/65) 
April  11:  nasa  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  had  awarded  a  ten-month, 
$10,934,377.  cost-plus-award  fee  contract  to  Mason-Rust  Co.  to  continue 
support  services  at  Michoud  Operations,  New  Orleans,  and  at  its  Com- 
puter Operations  Office  in  Slidell,  La.      (msfc  Release  65-84) 

•  The  case  of  Thiokol's  260-in.-dia.   solid  motor   ruptured  during  initial 

hydrotest  of  the  Newport  News  Shipbuilding  &  Drydock  Co., 
builders  of  the  case.  Cause  of  the  failure  had  not  been  determined. 
(M&R,  4/19/65,  14;  Av.  Wk,  4/19/65,  29) 

•  Commenting  that  contributions  to  science  made  by  the  space  probes  and 

satellites  had  been  "interesting,  all  of  it  useful,  none  of  it  genuinely,  eye- 
poppingly  unexpected,"  an  editorial  in  the  San  Francisco  Sunday 
Chronicle  continued:  "Surprisingly  enough,  space  research  has  pro- 
duced several  by-products  with  a  practical  end. 

"The  most  significant  to  the  world  as  a  whole  are  the  reconnaissance 
satellites  with  which  Russia  and  the  U.S.  are  now  mutually  inspecting 
each  other's  and  everyone  else's  military  installations  with  the  kind 
of  accuracy  that  has  given  Washington  excellent  pictures  of  the  tower 
on  top  of  which  the  Chinese  atom  bomb  was  exploded.  They  can 
prevent  any  significant  military  move  from  going  undetected;  a  by- 
product of  them  are  the  weather  satellites. 

"Less  is  heard  about  the  progress  of  early  warning  satellites  designed 
to  pick  up  the  flaming  tails  of  enemy  missiles;  this  could  be  either 
because  they  have  run  into  trouble  or,  like  the  satellites  the  Polaris 
submarines  steer  by,  they  are  too  successful  to  be  mentioned.  The 
possibility  of  putting  H-bombs  into  satellites  is  not  mentioned  either  in 
these  days,  but  this  time  because  the  Russians  and  the  Americans  seem 
to  have  decided  by  mutual  consent  to  forget  it:  the  risks  of  an  un- 
manned satellite  going  wrong  were  too  great,  and  the  risk  of  a  manned 
one  going  berserk  was  even  greater."  (S.  F.  Sun.  Chron.,  4^11/65) 
April  12:  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  White  Sands,  N. 
Mex.,  carried  instrumented  payload  to  125  mi.  (200  km.)  altitude. 
Payload  was  a  spectroheliograph  to  obtain  a  monochromatic  picture  of 


180  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

the  sun.  Experiment  was  conducted  by  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight 
Center,  (nasa  Rpt.  SRL) 
April  12:  ComSatCorp  announced  that  clear  test  signals  transmitted  via 
EARLY  BIRD  between  Andover,  Me.,  and  stations  in  Goonhilly  Downs, 
England;  Pleumeur  Bodou,  France:  and  Raisting.  W.  Germany,  had 
demonstrated  that  communications  satellite's  equipment  to  receive  mes- 
sages from  the  European  stations  was  functioning  properly,  as  was  its 
receiver  tuned  to  the  Andover  station,      (ap,  Chic.  Trib.,  4/13/65) 

•  AEC  granted  a  full-term,  ten-year  operating  license  to  NASA's  Plum  Brook 

Reactor  Facility,  NASA  announced.  The  Plum  Brook  reactor,  which 
produced  60,000  kw.  of  thermal  power  at  peak  operation,  was  being 
used  in  basic  research  relating  to  development  of  a  nuclear  rocket  and 
of  systems  and  components  for  space  nuclear  auxiliary  power.  The 
Facility  is  part  of  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center.      ( LRC  Release  65-27) 

•  USAF  had  awarded  to  General  Dynamics  a  fixed-price-incentive-fee  con- 

tract covering  initial  procurement  of  431  F-111  aircraft.  DOD  an- 
nounced. The  contract  was  expected  to  exceed  $1.5  billion,  (dod 
Release  228-65) 

•  Tass    announced:    "Scientists    of   the    Sternberg    Astronomical    Institute 

believe  they  have  received  perhaps  the  first  evidence  that  we  are  not 
alone  in  the  universe."  The  report  referred  to  a  strange  pattern  in 
signals  emanating  from  a  radio  source  believed  being  beamed  at  earth 
from  another  civilization. 

During  the  past  year,  the  Soviet  announcement  continued.  Soviet 
scientific  listeners  have  noted  that  the  signals  come  and  go  like  the 
radio  equivalent  of  a  revolving  beacon.  Every  hundred  days  the 
signals  get  strong  and  then  fade  out  again. 

The  Tass  announcement  quoted  Dr.  Nikolai  Kardashev  as  saying: 
"A  super  civilization  has  been  discovered." 

Dr.  Kardashev  had  first  announced  a  year  ago  that  he  thought  the 
radio  signals  from  a  source  known  as  CTA-102  came  from  intelligent 
beings.  Tass  -indicated  that  radio  astronomers  at  Britain's  Jodrell 
Bank  station  had  also  observed  CTA-102.  (Loory,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib., 
4/13/65;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  4/13/65) 

•  A  spokesman   for  Britain's  Jodrell  Bank  Radio  Telescope   Observatory 

said  concerning  the  Tass  report  that  radio  signals  from  CTA-102  might 
come  from  intelligent  beings  in  outer  space:  "We  have  made  meas- 
urements on  these  sources  and  confirmed  that  they  are  very  weak  and 
very  small.  But  there  is  no  observational  evidence  at  Jodrell  Bank  to 
show  any  variation  in  the  signal  strength  received.  We  would  have 
to  scrutinize  carefully  the  Russian  evidence  before  making  any  further 
statements."     (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  4/13/65) 

•  Fourth  flight  of  General   Dynamics'  second  USAF  f-111a  developmental 

aircraft  lasted  1  hr.  40  min.  Speeds  ranged  from  138  to  354  kt..  with 
wings  swept  at  16°,  26°,  and  70°.  Landing  gear  and  flaps  were 
worked  up  and  down  during  the  flight. 

Fifth  flight  of  the  aircraft  lasted  2  hr.  10  min.  and  attained  a  speed 
of  mach  0.8  and  an  altitude  of  27,000  ft.  Wings  were  swept  at  16°. 
26°,  and  70°.  (Av.  Wk.,  4/19/65,  27) 
•  In  a  Missiles  and  Rockets  editorial.  William  J.  Coughlin  questioned 
NASA's  wisdom  in  drawing  up  mission  requirements  for  lunar 
exploration.     The  article  said:     "Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  associate 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  181 

administrator,  told  Congress  last  year:     'Ranger  will  play  an  important 
role  in  the  support  of  Project  Apollo.'  .  .  . 

"Not  a  single  change  has  been  made  in  any  part  of  the  Apollo 
system  or  in  the  program's  operational  plan  as  a  result  of  the  Ranger 
findings.  None  is  contemplated.  The  reason  for  this  is  simple. 
The  Block  lll  Rangers  were  incapable  of  producing  any  such  data.  .  .  . 

"The  case  for  Surveyor  and  Lunar  Orbiter  as  supports  for  the  Apollo 
program  ...  is  not  a  very  strong  one.  .   .  . 

"Dr.  Newell  sees  them  as  part  of  what  he  calls  the  'total  program  for 
exploring  the  Moon.'  ...  [He  said]  in  the  following  statement  to 
Congress:  'You  will  have  a  lunar  landing.  That  lunar  landing  will 
involve  a  few  hours  of  stay  on  the  Moon,  a  look  that  the  astronauts 
can  make,  a  few  collections  of  samples,  maybe  some  simple  tests,  and 
maybe  the  implacement  by  the  astronauts  of  monitors  to  be  left  on 
the  lunar  surface.' 

"After  their  departure.  Dr.  Newell  sees  the  instruments  carrying 
on.  Lunar  Orbiter  wheels  overhead.  Surveyor  explores  areas  on  the 
moon  which  Man  would  have  difficulty  in  reaching.  .   .  . 

"We  suggest  that  if  anyone  proposed  exploring  the  Antarctic  in 
such  a  manner,  he  would  be  clapped  in  the  pokey  as  a  nut.  Man  is 
going  to  the  Moon  and  he  is  going  to  explore  it.  Expenditure  of 
billions  of  dollars  on  instruments  remotely  controlled  from  Earth  to 
do  the  same  job  is  folly."  {M&R,  4/12/65,  46) 
April  12:  Chickens  exposed  to  one  half  to  three  times  the  earth's  gravity 
had  contracted  chronic  acceleration  sickness  in  tests  conducted  at  the 
Univ.  of  California.  Dr.  Russell  R.  Burton,  a  veterinarian  at  the  Uni- 
versity conducting  the  experiments  as  part  of  a  program  supported  by 
NASA  and  the  Office  of  Naval  Research,  said  there  was  great  variation 
among  the  chickens  in  susceptibility  to  the  sickness:  "Some  chickens 
will  show  svmptoms  after  a  few  days  at  L5g.  but  others  not  until  many 
months  at  3g.  and.  of  course,  some  never  exhibit  any  of  the  symptoms. 
However,  once  the  sickness  develops,  symptoms  are  the  same."  Sick 
fowl  developed  enlarged  adrenal  glands  and  their  digestive  functions 
became  abnormal.  Some  chickens'  legs  were  paralyzed  as  a  result  of 
increased  gravity  forces. 

Objective  of  the  tests  was  to  determine  effects  of  artificially  altering 
body  weight.  Interest  in  increased  gravity  fields  stemmed  from 
greater  fields  present  on  other  planets  such  as  Jupiter,  which  has 
gravity  2V2  times  that  on  earth.  (Av.  Wk.,  4/12/65,  79) 
•  Robert  Hotz.  editorializing  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology, 
said  that  it  could  be  a  "dangerous  mistake"  to  defer  develop- 
ment of  earth-orbital  operational  capabilities  until  financial  and 
technical  peak  loads  of  Apollo  had  been  passed:  "The  Soviets  ob- 
viously have  chosen  the  earth-orbital  approach  to  their  lunar  landing 
mission.  Therefore,  they  necessarily  must  develop  rather  fully  their 
hardware  and  operational  techniques  in  this  area  as  a  vital  prelude  to 
their  lunar  landing  attempts  and  not  as  a  postlude,  in  the  manner  of 
current  U.S.  planning.  They  also  have  made  little  attempt  to  conceal 
their  primary  military  interest  in  the  development  of  manned  spacecraft 
operations  in  the  earth-orbital  area. 

"Thus,  it  is  entirely  possible  that  unless  U.S.  policy  is  drastically 
changed  soon,  the  Soviets  may  have  an  opportunity  to   achieve  the 


182  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

technical  surprise  in  space  that  they  so  narrowly  missed  in  the  race  to 
an  intercontinental  ballistic  missile."      (Av.  Wk.,  4/12/65,  21) 

April  12:  Pravda  announced  the  birth  of  Russia's  third  "space  baby":  a  son 
to  Cosmonaut  Valery  F.  Bykovskv  and  his  wife  Valentina.  ( UPl,  Wash. 
Daily  News,  4/13/65) 

Week  of  April  12:  European  Space  Research  Organization  (esro)  selected 
Laboratoire  Central  de  Telecommunications  (lct),  a  wholly-owned 
French  subsidiary  of  International  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corp.,  as 
prime  contractor  for  development  of  Esro  1  polar  ionosphere  satellite. 
The  $3-million  contract  awarded  called  for  development  and  produc- 
tion of  one  prototype  and  two  flying  satellites — one  a  backup — to  gather 
information  on  ionospheric  and  particle  conditions  in  the  northern 
polar  region.      {Av.  Wk.,  4/12/65,  37;  Av.  Wk.,  4/19/65,  30) 

April  13:  Establishment  of  a  Joint  Meteorological  Satellite  Program  Office 
(jMSPo),  to  identify,  compile,  and  coordinate  requirements  from  the 
military  services  and  the  Joint  Chiefs  of  Staff  for  use  of  meteorological 
satellites,  was  announced  by  dod.  JMSPO  would  continually  review  the 
NASA  meteorological  satellite  program  and  would  define  military  ap- 
plications of  the  national  system  and  the  dod  technical  efforts  to  support 
the  national  program,      (dod  Release  229-65) 

•  At  a  news  conference,  astronomers  at  Moscow's  Sternberg  Institute  of 

Astronomy  repudiated  the  Tass  report  that  radio  signals  had  been 
received  from  a  "super  civilization"  in  outer  space.  The  astronomers 
explained  that  their  studies  had  been  based  on  a  radio  signal  from  a 
point  in  space  called  CTA-102 — a  designation  of  the  California  Institute 
of  Technology  for  a  quasi-stellar  radio  source.  Signals  had  been  picked 
up  from  CTA-102  systematically  in  fluctuating  strength  that  followed 
a  regular  100-day  pattern.  They  said  that  although  no  other  radio 
emission  from  outer  space  had  the  same  periodicity,  it  was  too  early 
to  tell  whether  the  radio  signals  were  artificially  made  by  intelligent 
beings  or  whether  they  came  from  a  natural  source. 

The  Soviet  astronomers  appealed  to  their  Western  counterparts  to 
help  study  CTA-102  to  determine  whether  the  signals  were  artificially 
or  naturally  made,  (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  4/14/65;  Post  News  Service, 
Houston  Post,  4/14/65) 

•  NASA  had  awarded   Douglas  Aircraft  Co.   .'$2,697,546  contract  modifica- 

tion to  test  Saturn  V  instrument  unit  and  S-IVB  stage  instru- 
mentation in  a  space  environment.  The  test  program  would  be  con- 
ducted in  Douglas'  39-ft.-dia.  space  simulator  at  Huntington  Beach. 
Calif.,  and  would  simulate  a  typical  Saturn  V  flight  from  launch  to  earth 
orbit  and  injection  into  lunar  path.  Tests  would  begin  in  early  1966. 
(msfc  Release  65-88) 

•  Reported    that    Dr.    William    I.    Donn    of    Columbia    Univ.'s    Lamont 

Geological  Observatory,  Dr.  Wilbur  G.  Valentine  of  Brooklyn  College, 
and  Dr.  Bertram  D.  Donn  of  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  had 
challenged  presently  accepted  ages  of  the  earth  (4.5  billion  yrs.)  and 
the  sun  (5  billion  yrs.).  They  had  asserted  that  the  oldest  of  con- 
tinental rocks  were  so  very  ancient  that  the  sun's  and  the  earth's  ages 
allowed  too  little  time  for  continent  formation  by  earthly  processes 
and  from  earthly  materials.  Two  alternative  explanations  were  pro- 
posed: (1)  either  the  sun  and  the  earth  must  be  much  older,  perhaps 
by  a  half-billion  years  or  more;  or,   (2)   the  original  continents  were 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  183 

thrown  down  upon  the  planet's  surface  when  objects  from  space — 
hundreds  of  miles  across  in  size — crashed  into  the  earth.  Research 
results  had  been  published  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
America.  (Abraham,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  4/13/65) 
April  13:  Brig.  Gen.  Joseph  S.  Bleymaier  (usaf),  Deputy  Commander  for 
Manned  Space  Systems  of  afsc's  Space  Systems  Div.,  announced  at  a 
Washington,  D.C.,  luncheon  for  Aviation '^Space  Writers  that  two  used 
Gemini  spacecraft  would  be  flown  by  USAF  in  tests  for  a  Manned 
Orbiting  Laboratory  (Mol).  This  would  be  the  first  time  that  a 
Mercury  or  Gemini  spacecraft  had  been  flown  twice.  Both  Air  Force 
flights  would  be  unmanned  and  would  test  the  effect  of  cutting  a  hatch 
into  the  heat  shield  on  the  capsule's  blunt  end.      [NYT,  4/15/65,  8) 

•  Second  General  Dynamics-USAF  f-111a  developmental  aircraft  made  its 

sixth  flight,  lasting  1  hr.  30  min.  Wings  were  swept  at  16°,  26°.  and 
70°.     {Av.  Wk.,  4/19/65,  27) 

•  Soviet    astronomers    were     seeking     increased     research     funds.     At     a 

meeting  of  the  Presidium  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  physicist  Lev  A. 
Artsimovich  reportedly  assailed  what  he  called  the  inadequacy  of  the 
observational  equipment  available  to  Soviet  astronomers  and  noted  that 
the  U.S.  had  more  large  telescopes  than  did  the  U.S.S.R.  He  accused 
those  charged  with  making  appropriations  of  underestimating  the 
importance  of  astronomy,  while  overestimating  the  importance  of  and 
being  overly  generous  to  nuclear  physics:  "At  the  present  time,  ex- 
penditures on  astronomical  work  in  our  country  are  no  more  than  a 
few  percent  of  the  investments  in  elementary  particle  physics.  Our 
progeny  will  probably  be  surprised  that  we  divided  in  such  strange 
proportions  the  efforts  directed  to  investigate  the  great  world  of  stars 
and  the  artificial  world  of  elementary  interactions  [of  nuclear 
particles]."      (A^FI.  4/13/65 ) 

•  "Award   of  the    [S40  milHonl    contract    [for  28  Atlas   SLV-3s]    reflects 

plans  by  the  Air  Force  and  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Ad- 
ministration to  use  the  Atlas  in  a  variety  of  future  space  missions," 
Robert  Zimmerman  said  in  an  article  in  the  San  Diego  Union.  He 
continued:  "Its  versatility  as  a  launching  vehicle  lies  in  the  'plug-in' 
concept  which  allows  electronic  instruments  for  various  missions  to  be 
instaUed  on  the  basic  booster  as  requirements  for  the  mission  may 
dictate. 

"Before  the  Atlas  was  standardized  into  the  SLV-3  it  would  take  a 
year  to  18  months  to  equip  one  booster  for  a  particular  mission.  Now, 
an  SLV-3  can  be  outfitted  for  any  mission  in  three  to  four  months." 
(Zimmerman.  San  Diego  Union,  4/13/65) 

•  According  to  official  sources,  both  the  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  had  exploded 

certain  of  their  own  satellites  in  orbit  to  prevent  their  fallina  into 
other  hands,  but  neither  nation  was  known  to  have  attempted  to  knock 
down  a  spacecraft  belonging  to  the  other.      (Clark,  NYT,  4/4/65,  1) 

•  Commenting  on  blockade  to  prevent  Negroes  from  using  North  Merritt 

Island  ocean  beach — federally-owned  property  released  for  public  use 
by  NASA — Dr.  Kurt  H.  Debus.  KSC  Director,  said:  "If  difficulty  should 
continue  to  arise  in  implementing  a  basic  public  policy  of  non-dis- 
crimination, the  Kennedy  Space  Center  would  be  obligated  to  with- 
draw the  beach  from  public  use."      {Miami  Her.,  4/13/65) 


184  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

April  14:  mariner  iv  set  a  distance  record  for  communications  from 
American  spacecraft.  The  Mars  probe  transmitted  data  from  54 
million  miles  out,  exceeding  the  record  of  53.9  million  miles  set  by 
MARINER  II  in  1963.  (ap,  San  Diego  Eve.  Trib.,  4/14/65;  NASA 
Releases  65-111.  65-117) 

•  ComSatCorp's     early     bird     i     communications     satellite     reached     its 

permanent  station  over  the  Atlantic  Ocean:  apogee,  22.243  mi. 
(35,811  km.) ;  perigee,  22.224  mi.  (35,780  km.) ;  period,  23  hrs.  56 
min.  57  sec:  inclination.  .085°:  location.  28.0°  west  longitude. 
(ComSatCorp) 

•  In    a    "topping    out"    ceremony,    signifying    that    the    Vehicle    Assembly 

Building  at  nasa's  Merritt  Island  Launch  Area  had  reached  its 
maximum  height  of  525  ft.,  a  38-ft..  four-ton  steel  beam  inscribed 
with  emblems  of  the  companies  and  Government  agencies  participating 
in  the  building's  construction  and  autographed  by  contractor  and  Gov- 
ernment personnel,  was  hoisted  into  place  in  the  upper  reaches  of  Vab's 
steel  skeleton.  Scheduled  for  completion  in  1966  as  an  integral  part 
of  Launch  Complex  39.  vab  would  have  7.5  acres  of  floor  area,  would 
be  525  ft.  tall,  518  ft.  wide,  and  716  ft.  long.  Within  the  129  million 
cu.  ft.  of  the  structure,  Apollo-Saturn  V  launch  vehicles  would  be  as- 
sembled in  an  upright  position  in  a  controlled  environment,  (ksc 
Release  86-65) 

•  NASA  launched  from  Wallops  Island  a  four-stage  Journeyman   (Argo  D- 

8)  sounding  rocket  with  130-lb.  Univ.  of  Minnesota  payload.  Firing 
was  timed  to  correspond  closely  with  passage  of  the  OGO  I  satellite  in 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  compare  and  correlate  radiation  belt  elec- 
tron and  proton  measurements.  Sounding  rocket  reached  peak  altitude 
of  1,031  mi.;  experiment  package  impacted  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean  about 
1,200  mi.  downrange. 

Telemetry  indicated  proper  functioning  of  instrumentation  during 
the  26-min.  flight,  but  no  useful  data  were  returned  because  the  nose 
cone  covering  the  payload  failed  to  eject  and  the  experiment  package 
was  not  exposed  to  energetic  particles  in  the  radiation  belt.  (Wallops 
Release  65-21;  NASA  Rpt.  srl) 

•  First  of  four  Stellar  Acquisition  Flight  Feasibility  (Staff)  flights  planned 

by  USAF  failed  73  sec.  after  launch  of  the  experiment  aboard  a 
Polaris  A-1  booster.  The  experiment's  Stellar  Inertial  Guidance 
System  (Stings)  was  operating  open-loop  and  was  not  guiding  the 
missile,  which  had  to  be  destroyed  when  it  veered  ofi^  course.  Stings 
had  been  locked  onto  the  star  Polaris  and  had  tracked  properly  through 
the  first  .54  sec.  of  flight  until  time  of  second-stage  ignition,  when  the 
trouble  with  the  launch  vehicle  apparently  developed.  Period  during 
which  the  Stings  operated  was  time  of  highest  dynamic  pressure;  data 
received  were  termed  excellent. 

Main  purpose  of  the  Staff  flight  was  to  test  a  telescope-like  device 
intended  to  allow  a  Stings  to  take  a  reading  from  Polaris  after  piercing 
the  earth's  cloud  cover  and  to  plot  an  exact  trajectory  to  a  target  area. 
{M&R,  4/19/65,  9) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  told  the  Harvard  Business  School 

Club  of  New  York:  "The  impact  of  the  space  program  cannot 
be  described  just  by  a  recital  of  the  flow  of  technology  to  industry. 
The  NASA  system  of  management,  for  example,  has  efficiently  mobilized 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  185 

for  research  and  development  in  aeronautics  and  space  some  400,000 
men  and  women  and  is  utilizing  some  20,000  industrial  companies 
under  prime  and  subcontract  arrangements.  We  are  handling  about 
250,000  procurement  actions  a  year,  and  over  150  universities  are 
involved  in  the  scientific,  engineering,  and  training  programs  required 
for  the  rapid  solutions  and  high  standards  the  program  requires." 

He  continued:  "It  should  be  emphasized  that  our  space  program  is 
not  a  crash  effort.  Tt  is  a  planned,  deliberate  development  over  a 
ten-year  period. 

"Through  our  programs  at  NASA,  we  are  proving  out  important  new 
mechanisms  through  which  investments  made  in  science  and  tech- 
nology can  pay  substantial  dividends.  The  social,  economic,  and 
political  forces  at  work  in  our  society  today  are  dependent,  as  never 
before,  on  developments  in  science  and  technology."  (Text) 
April  14:  nasa  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said  at  the  Boy  Scout  Launch- 
0-Ree  in  New  York  City  that  the  "future  will  be  determined  in  large 
measure  by  the  kind  of  talented  and  dedicated  youth  found  in  the  Boy 
Scouts.  Science  and  technology,  which  form  the  basis  for  the  national 
space  program,  are  pioneering  areas  within  which  many  of  you  can  find 
opportunities  for  satisfaction  and  service."      (Text) 

•  Dr.   Frederick   Seitz.    President   of  the   National   Academy    of   Sciences, 

speaking  at  the  end  of  Purdue  Univ.'s  three-day  symposium  on  "Science 
and  Public  Policy — Evolving  Institutions,"  warned  that  the  present 
system  of  Federal  grants  might  be  "disastrous"  to  some  areas  of 
science  if  not  modified.  "The  man  with  the  big,  obvious  project  tends 
to  get  his  Federal  grant  today,  but  the  lonely  individual  with  an 
off-beat  idea  does  not  fare  so  well,"  he  said.  Dr.  Seitz  favored  a 
large-scale,  supplementary  system  of  Federal  grants  for  research  in 
science  and  the  humanities  that  would  permit  the  individual  university 
to  determine  how  the  grant  would  be  disposed.  "Block  grants  would 
enable  a  university  administration  to  draw  upon  talents  of  its  faculty 
and  administrators  in  deciding  how  funds  for  a  certain  area  of  research 
are  allocated."  he  argued.  Dr.  Seitz  said  that  such  a  Federal  grant- 
giving  agency  would  be  patterned  after  the  National  Science  Founda- 
tion and  might  fulfill  the  role  envisioned  for  the  National  Humanities 
Foundations  proposed  in  bills  currently  before  Congress.  (Sullivan, 
NYT,  4/15/65,  30) 

•  Dr.  Joseph  F.  Shea,  Apollo  Program  manager  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft 

Center,  announced  at  a  press  conference  at  North  American  Aviation's 
Tulsa  facilities  that  the  Tulsa  plant  would  build  16  Apollo  service 
modules.  Apollo  contract  work  there  totaled  more  than  $61  million. 
(Leslie,  Tulsa  Daily  World,  4/15/65) 

•  "Positive  action  must  soon   replace  delay   and   procrastination"  on   the 

development  of  an  American  supersonic  airliner.  Sen.  A.  S.  (Mike) 
Monroney  (D-Okla.),  Chairman  of  the  Senate  Aviation  Subcommittee, 
told  a  Washington,  D.C.,  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Automotive  Engi- 
neers. Monroney  said  that  U.S.  failure  to  build  the  plane  could  "choke 
off"  375,000  jobs  within  several  years.  Sen.  Monroney  added  that 
if  U.S.  carriers  did  not  fly  supersonic  planes  as  early  as  foreign  air- 
lines, it  could  mean  a  loss  of  $1  billion  a  year  in  passenger  revenues. 
"If  we  capitulate,  it  would  mean  the  eventual  loss  of  technical  super- 


186  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

iority  and  a  second  class  airline  industry,"  he  said.  (NYT.  4/15/65, 
15) 
April  14:  Supreme  Court  Justice  William  0.  Douglas  told  Philadelphia 
Rotary  Club  members  that  money  being  spent  to  put  a  man  on  the 
moon  could  be  better  spent  ending  water  pollution  in  the  United  States. 
He  claimed  that  costs  for  equipping  the  Nation  with  adequate  sewage 
disposal  was  about  equal  to  that  of  sending  a  man  to  the  moon  in  the 
Apollo  project,      (ap,  Galveston  News-Tribune,  4/15/65) 

•  Arthur  E.  Jenks,  retired  faa  official,  received  the  Laura  Taber  Barbour 

Air  Safety  Award  for  1965  at  a  luncheon  in  Washington,  D.C.,  given  by 
the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers  in  conjunction  with  its  annual 
meeting.  The  award,  sponsored  by  the  Flight  Safety  Foundation,  was 
presented  to  Jenks  because  of  his  "contributions  to  improving  the 
techniques  for  flight  checking  the  accuracy  of  air  navigational  aids 
and  improvement  of  landing  aids  on  and  around  airports."  (faa 
Release  65-30) 
April  15:  Lunar  Excursion  Module  (Lem)  ascent  engine  underwent  a  5-sec. 
test  firing  under  ground  level  conditions  at  White  Sands  Missile  Range. 
Initial  indications  were  that  the  test  had  been  successful.  The  3,500-lb.- 
thrust  hypergolic  engine  was  built  by  Bell  Aerosystems  and  used  a 
50-50  mixture  of  Udmh  and  hydrazine  for  fuel  and  nitrogen  tetroxide 
for  the  oxidizer,      (msc  Roundup,  4/30/65,  1) 

•  Vice   President   Hubert   Humphrey   wrote   to   Cape   Kennedy   technician 

Richard  Tennis:  "I  understand  that  you  are  the  gentleman  who  cor- 
rected the  problem  of  the  oxidizer  leak  on  the  Gemini-Titan  [GT-3]. 

"I  simply  wanted  to  express  to  you  the  thanks  of  all  of  us  here  in 
Washington  who  have  watched  so  carefully  the  success  of  this  program. 
It  is  the  excellent  and  quick  efforts  of  people  like  yourself  that  have 
made  this  program  so  successful."      ( KSC  Spaceport  News,  4/15/65,  2) 

•  Federal  Urban  Renewal  Administration  would   approve  location  of  the 

NASA  Electronics  Research  Center  in  the  Kendall  Sq.  area  of  Cam- 
bridge by  declaring  the  area  eligible  for  an  urban  renewal  project, 
the  Boston  Globe  reported.  According  to  an  unidentified  Federal  offi- 
cial, an  eligibility  report  prepared  by  the  Cambridge  Redevelopment 
Authority  had  been  approved  by  the  New  York  regional  office  and 
approval  from  Washington,  D.C.,  was  expected  soon.  {Boston  Globe, 
4/15/65) 

•  The  Associated  Press  applied  to  FCC  for  recognition  as  "an  authorized 

entity  for  the  purpose  of  buying  service  from  the  Communications 
Satellite  Corporation."  AP  was  the  first  organization  to  take  advantage 
formally  of  the  clause  in  the  Communications  Satellite  Act  of  1962  that 
authorized  ComSatCorp  to  furnish  circuits  "to  the  carriers  and  to  other 
authorized  entities,  foreign  and  domestic."  The  law,  however,  did  not 
define  an  authorized  entity,  also  known  as  "authorized  user"  (in  con- 
trast to  an  "authorized  carrier").      (Gould,  NYT,  4/27/(35,  1,  25) 

•  A.  J.  Hayes,  president  of  the  International  Association  of  Machinists,  said 

at  a  Dallas  briefing  of  industry  sponsored  by  DOD  and  the  National  Se- 
curity Industrial  Association  that  Federal  procurement  officers  were 
meddling  in  negotiations  of  labor  and  the  aerospace  industry  to  the 
extent  that  free  collective  bargaining  was  being  eroded  away.  He  said 
the  affected  unions  would  not  settle  this  year  for  less  than  the  57-cent 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  187 

package  in  wage  increases  and  fringe  benefits  recently  worked  out  for 
the  United  Auto  Workers,  (ap,  Denver  Post,  4/15/65) 
April  15:  Battelle  Memorial  Institute  reported  reasons  the  sweet  potato 
would  be  the  best  vegetable  for  a  space  garden :  (1)  it  would  yield  a 
large  number  of  calories  per  pound  and  would  have  a  high  count  of 
vitamin  A;  (2)  its  leaves  are  edible,  either  cooked  or  raw;  (3)  under 
simulated  space  conditions,  it  would  grow  in  90  to  120  days;  (4)  it 
would  give  off  oxygen  and  absorb  carbon  dioxide,  aiding  air  conditions 
inside  a  spacecraft.  The  plan.  Battelle  said,  would  be  to  grow  the 
sweet  potato  in  a  spacecraft  in  a  soilless  culture  to  provide  fresh  vege- 
tables for  astronauts,  (ap.  Wash.  Post,  4/16/65) 
•  A  Cairo  newspaper  revealed  that  the  United  Arab  Republic  was  training 
men  for  space  flight.  No  date  for  a  possible  launching  was  given. 
(UPI,  Milwaukee  J.,  4/16  65) 
April  15-16:  World  scientists  met  in  a  special  conference  on  the  lunar 
surface  sponsored  by  the  International  Astronomical  Union  and  NASA 
Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  at  Greenbelt,  Md. 

Noting  areas  of  disagreement  among  scientists,  theoretical  astro- 
physicist Thomas  Gold  of  Cornell  Univ.  tried  to  explain  why  the 
Ranger  pictures  resolved  so  little:  "The  Ranger  pictures  are  like  a 
mirror.  Everyone  sees  his  own  theories  reflected  in  them."  Prof. 
Gold  saw  a  moon  covered  with  dust;  young  craters  composed  of  solid 
rock  while  older  craters  had  somehow  gone  soft:  and  vast  sheets  of  ice 
locked  under  compacted  sediment  beneath  much  of  the  lunar  surface. 

Dr.  Harold  C.  Urey,  Nobel  prize-winning  chemist  from  the  Univ.  of 
California,  referred  to  evidence  of  widespread  collapse  of  the  lunar 
surface,  probably  due  to  underground  movement:  "The  ranger  ix's 
pictures  scared  me  more  than  anything.  There's  all  sorts  of  evidence 
that  some  of  these  craters  are  sinking." 

Dr.  Eugene  Shoemaker  of  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey  said  that 
chances  that  the  moon's  surface  was  too  soft  for  the  15-ton  Lem  were 
"almost  vanishingly  remote."  (Simons,  Wash.  Post,  4/16/65;  Clark, 
NYT,  4/16/65) 

Dr.  Ewan  A.  Whitaker  agreed  with  findings  in  the  paper  he  presented 
for  his  colleague.  Dr.  Gerald  P.  Kuiper  of  the  Univ.  of  Arizona's  Lunar 
and  Planetary  Laboratory.  Dr.  Kuiper  concluded  that  the  lunar  sur- 
face had  a  bearing  strength  of  between  one  and  two  tons  per  square 
foot.  His  calculations,  made  from  data  extracted  from  ranger  ix 
photographs,  was  based  on  the  size  of  rocks  ejected  from  a  given  impact 
crater  and  the  distance  they  traveled.  Other  tentative  findings  were 
that  the  dark  portions  of  the  maria  were  due  to  some  unknown  fluid 
flows  and  not  lava  or  ash  flows;  that  the  maria  were  not  completely 
covered  with  lunar  dust:  and  that  the  moon's  surface  exhibited  a  re- 
markable series  of  fracture  patterns  which  could  be  due  to  polar  con- 
traction, tidal  effects,  or  some  other  force.  (Clark,  NYT,  4/16/65; 
Simons,  Wash.  Post,  4^6/65:  Av.  Wk.,  4/26/65,  34) 

Boris  J.  Levin,  section  chief  of  the  Institute  of  Earth  Physics, 
U.S.S.R.  Academy  of  Sciences,  said  studies  based  on  radioactive  emis- 
sions from  meteorites  and  on  lunar  data  indicated  that  the  interior  of 
the  moon  partially  melted  some  two  million  years  after  the  formation 
of  that  body  began:  "If  you  assume  the  moon  is  of  the  same  material 


188  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

as  meteorites,  it  is  necessary  to  assume  that  the  interior  at  one  time  was 
partly  molten."  Prof.  Levin  said  the  moon  was  formed  simultaneously 
with  the  earth  and  was  not  originally  part  of  it.  It  was  about  10  earth- 
radii  distant  and  later  shifted  to  the  present  position.  He  added:  "We 
believe  that  there  is  a  lava  flow  not  covered  by  dust."  ( Wash.  Post, 
4/17/65:  Milwaukee  /..  4  17  65:  CSM,  4/26 '65:  Av.  WL,  4/26/65, 
34) 

Dr.  John  Clark.  NASA  Director  of  Space  Sciences,  said  that  a  year 
ago  NASA  officials  had  hoped  that  Ranger  would  tell  something  about 
the  topography  of  the  moon:  "That  in  turn  would  tell  something  about 
the  geometry  needed  for  the  landing  vehicle.  Ranger  has  done  this 
and  now  we  look  to  the  Surveyor  spacecraft  to  tell  us  the  bearing 
strength  of  the  moon's  surface."  (AP,  Houston  Post,  4/17/65;  Clark. 
A^yr,  4/17/65) 

Dr.  Fred  Whipple  of  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  said 
the  moon's  surface  might  be  lower  than  had  been  calculated:  "The  data 
indicates  that  RANGER  vil  and  Vlll,  and  maybe  RANGER  IX,  landed  one 
second  late  because  the  moon  was  one  mile  small.  The  moon's  surface 
at  the  point  of  landing  was  lower  by  two  kilometers  (a  mile  and  a 
quarter)  than  the  average  lunar  radius."  (ap,  Houston  Post,  4/17/65; 
Milwaukee  /.,  4  17/65) 
April  16:  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  (s-ic  stage)  was  static-fired  for  the  first 
time,  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  The  five  F-1  engines  were 
ignited  in  a  test  which  lasted  6^  •.>  sec.  during  which  they  generated  a 
thrust  of  7.5  million  lbs.  (160.000.000  hp.)'  This  was  the  first  full 
cluster  test  and  was  made  on  a  recently  completed  400-ft.-tall  test  stand. 
The  s-ic  was  the  first  stage  of  364-ft.-tall  Saturn  V-Apollo  combination 
that  would  ultimately  take  astronauts  and  equipment  to  the  moon. 
Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight  Dr.  George  E. 
Mueller  congratulated  MSFC  personnel  on  the  successful  test:  ".  .  .  As 
this  was  one  of  the  key  milestones  in  the  whole  lunar  landing  program, 
its  successful  performance.  12  weeks  ahead  of  schedule,  has  a  great 
bearing  on  our  program."  (mfsc  Release  65-92;  Marshall  Star, 
5/5/65,  5) 

•  NASA  had  signed  a  $Q.6-million  contract  with  Ball  Brothers  Research  Corp. 

to  build,  integrate,  and  test  two  Orbiting  Solar  Observatories.  The 
spacecraft,  designated  Oso-D  and  Oso-E.  would  contain  experiments 
designed  to  advance  understanding  of  the  sun's  structure  and  behavior 
and  the  physical  processes  by  which  the  sun  influenced  the  near-earth 
environment  and  interplanetary  space.  The  amount  included  $800,000 
obligated  by  letter  contract  signed  Feb.  17,  1964.  (NASA  Release  65- 
129) 

•  Following  a  six-hour  visit  to  Cape  Kennedy  and  the  Merritt  Island  space- 

port, Mayor  Willie  Brandt  of  West  Berlin  said:  "The  space  challenge  is 
not  only  the  responsibility  of  young  Americans  and  Russians,  but  also 
that  of  young  Europeans."  Mayor  Brandt  said  the  European  space 
effort  should  be  a  combined  effort  and  that  Germany  would  welcome 
any  cooperation,  (ap,  Orlando  Star.  4/17/65;  \P,  Miami  Her.,  4/17/ 
65) 

•  FAA   approved   the   British-built   BAG    111,   a   new   short-haul   jet   airliner, 

for    passenger-carrying    operations    in    the    U.S.     faa's    airworthiness 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  189 

certificate  was  awarded  after  a  SVo-yr.  evaluation  program.  (UPI, 
NYT,  4/18/65,  49) 
April  17:  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  lxv  from  the  Baikonur  launch  com- 
plex 200  mi.  northeast  of  Tyuratam,  Tass  announced.  The  satellite 
carried  scientific  instruments  for  continuing  the  Soviet  space  explora- 
tion program.  Orbital  data:  apogee,  342  km.  (212.4  mi.);  perigee, 
210  km.  (130.4  mi.)  ;  period,  89.8  min.;  inclination,  65°.  All  systems 
were  functionins  normally.  (Tass,  Krasnaya  Zvezda,  4/18/65,  1, 
ATSS-T  Trans.;  SBD,  4/22''65,  290) 

•  In  an  article  discussing  major  American  testing  sites,  Howard  Simons  and 

Chalmers  M.  Roberts  of  the  Washington  Post  said:  "Indeed  it  is  from 
Vandenberg  and  not  Cape  Kennedy.  Fla.,  that  the  majority  of  American 
satellites  are  launched.  Between  Jan.  1,  1964,  and  Oct.  31,  1964,  for 
example,  33  or  three  times  as  many  satellites  were  successfully  put  into 
space  from  Vandenberg  as  from  Cape  Kennedy. 

"The  great  majority" of  the  satellites  launched  from  Vandenberg,  the 
hub  of  what  is  officially  called  the  Air  Force  Western  Test  Range,  are 
military  satellites  with  secret  payloads  or  reconnaissance  cameras  capa- 
ble of  peering  down  on  Russia  and  China."  (Simons  and  Roberts, 
Wash.  Post,  4/17/65) 
April  18:  United  Airlines  and  Eastern  AirHnes  had  placed  the  first  orders 
for  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.'s  new  DC-8-61  jetliner,  seating  251.  The 
aircraft  would  be  the  largest  commercial  jet  in  existence,  having  a  total 
length  of  187  ft.  4  in.,  and  would  cost  about  $8  million.  United 
would  buy  five  of  the  Model  6rs  and  take  options  on  two  more;  Eastern 
had  ordered  four  aircraft  for  delivery  late  next  year.  {NYT,  4/18/65, 
84) 

•  Soviet  Union  announced  that  pilot  A.  V.  Fedotov  had  established  a  new 

world  speed  record  for  l,()00-km.  closed  route.  He  flew  an  E-266 
aircraft  with  2,000-kg.  (4.409  lbs.)  cargo  at  average  speed  of  2,320 
kph.  This  exceeded  by  253  kph  the  world  speed  record  for  that  class 
held  by  U.S.  pilot  Harold  E.  Confer  in  a  B-58  Hustler  aircraft. 
(Krasnaya  Zvezda,  4/18  65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  A  shipment  of  American   Hawk  missiles  was  unloaded  recently  at  the 

Israeli   port   of  Haifa.    Israel    announced.      (UPi,    Wash.   Daily   News, 
4/19/65) 
April  19:  A  detailed  report  on  the  progress  of  the  Mars-bound  MARINER  iv 
spacecraft  was  presented  at  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Geophysi- 
cal Union  in  Washington,  D.C.: 

MARINER  IV,  launched  Nov.  28,  1964,  was  on  course  to  fly  by  Mars 
shortly  after  9  p.m.  edt  on  July  14.  Four  of  mariner  iv's  six  experi- 
ments were  still  working  well.  The  ionization  experiment  had  ceased 
to  function  and  data  from  the  solar  plasma  probe  were  only  partially 
interpretable.  At  3  p.m..  mariner  iv  was  58,176,037  mi.  from  the 
earth.  It  had  traveled  221.330,000  mi.  on  its  journey  of  325  miUion 
miles. 

mariner  IV  had  returned  a  considerable  amount  of  scientific  data. 
A  cosmic  ray  telescope  aboard  the  575-lb.  spacecraft  had,  for  example, 
"observed"  more  solar  protons  than  alpha  particles  from  the  sun. 
John  A.  Simpson  of  Univ.  of  Chicago  said  this  indicated  there  was  a 
"different  kind  of  mechanism  operating  on  the  sun  for  accelerating 
these  particles  in  space." 


190  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

A  report  from  a  team  of  scientists  from  NASA  GSFC  and  Temple  Univ. 
indicated  that  mariner  iv  was  encountering  increasing  amounts  of 
cosmic  dust  as  it  moved  further  away  from  the  sun.  MARINER  iv's 
cosmic  dust  detector  had  been  hit  95  times. 

Dr.  James  A.  Van  Allen  predicted  that  if  Mars  had  a  magnetic  field 
no  stronger  than  Y^oth  the  intensity  of  the  earth's,  mariner  iv  would 
detect  it  in  July. 

Richard  Sloan  of  jpl  said  he  and  his  colleagues  planned  to  try  to 
establish  a  radio  lock  with  mariner  iv  in  September  1967  after  it  had 
journeyed  through  space  and  come  back  to  within  40-50  million  miles 
of  earth,  (nasa  Releases  65-117,  65-1 17-A,  65-1 17-B,  65-1 17-C, 
65-1 17-D,  65-1 17-E,  65-1 17-F;  Transcript) 
April  19:  Six  Navy  and  Marine  flyers  emerged  from  a  cylindrical  chamber 
at  Philadelphia's  naval  air  engineering  center  where  they  had  spent  34 
days  in  a  simulated  journey  into  space  in  an  experiment  sponsored  by 
NASA.  The  project  was  designed  to  collect  and  analyze  information 
on  long  confinement  in  a  space  atmosphere,  specifically,  how  pure 
oxygen  would  affect  the  blood,  the  lungs,  thinking,  and  eating.  Cdr. 
Kenneth  R.  Coburn,  project  manager,  called  it  "a  major  success," 
noting  that  "we  find  that  man  can  live  for  long  periods  of  time — for  a 
month  anyway — without  any  bad  effects."      (ap,  Chic.  Trib.,  4/20/65) 

•  DOD  announced  award  to  Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co.  of  $3,000,000 

increment  to  existing  contract  for  engineering  support  for  Agena  sys- 
tem,     (dod  Release  246-65) 

•  Edward  L.  Hays,  chief  of  crew  systems  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Cen- 

ter, announced  that  the  crew  of  the  Gemini  gt^  flight  would  wear  the 
qualified  Extravehicular  Activity  (Eva)  spacesuit  during  their  flight. 
(ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  4/19/65;  M&R,  4/26/65,  7) 

•  Excerpts  from  comments  on  management  of  research   and  development 

activity  by  Dr.  L.  R.  Hafstad,  director  of  General  Motors  Research  and 
Defense  Research  Laboratories,  appeared  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space 
Technology:  "In  the  modern  laboratory  the  basic  research  activity  is 
essentially  an  information-gathering  intelligence  operation.  The  opera- 
tives must  be  trained  to  speak,  and  allowed  to  speak,  the  language  of 
the  area  on  which  they  are  expected  to  keep  informed,  and  to  interact 
with  other  researchers  in  the  same  area.  It  is  this  apparently  excessive 
freedom  of  action  on  the  part  of  employees  which  makes  for  the  concern 
of  students  of  administration  about  the  management  of  research,  or  the 
lack  thereof.  My  conclusion  is  that  most  of  this  problem  evaporates 
once  it  is  realized  that  a  director  of  research  directs  the  research  pro- 
gram— but  certainly  not  the  individual  researchers. 

"The  partnership  of  science,  engineering  and  industry  is  really  a 
rather  new  concept  developed  since  the  turn  of  the  century  and  only 
now  reaching  maturity.  An  even  newer  concept  is  the  partnership  of 
science,  engineering,  and  government.  A  problem  we  must  face  up  to 
— whether  we  represent  industry,  government  or  science — is  the  effec- 
tive use  of  research  in  creating  a  better  future  for  everyone. 

"There  is  never  a  dearth  of  projects — the  difficulty  is  to  pick  worth- 
while projects.  It  is  here  that  I  feel  that  the  discipline  of  the  profit 
and  loss  statement  is  essential.  .  .   ."      (Av  Wk.,  4/19/65,  21) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  191 

April  19:  Two  teams  of  scientists  collecting  dust  from  Greenland  and 
Antarctic  icecaps  presented  their  findings  to  the  American  Geophysical 
Union,  meeting  in  Washington.  The  scientists  were  collecting  particles 
by  "core  sampling" — boring  through  the  ice  with  a  thermal  drill  and 
analyzing  particles  to  determine  their  origin.  Team  studying  Greenland 
samples — E.  L.  Fireman.  J.  Defelice.  and  C.  C.  Langway,  Jr.,  of  the 
Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  and  the  U.S.  Army — believed 
their  dust  samples  to  be  nonterrestrial  in  origin.  Team  studying 
Antarctic  samples — M.  B.  Giovinetto  of  the  Univ.  of  Wisconsin  and 
R.  A.  Schmidt  of  nasa — was  not  certain  of  the  origin  of  these  particles. 
They  reported  a  high  concentration  of  spherucles  in  the  core  samplings; 
the  amount  of  these  particles,  which  closely  matched  those  found  in 
volcanic  eruptions,  made  identification  of  dust  origin  more  difficult. 
They  had  collected  dust  from  165-ft.  core  of  ice.  representing  400  yrs. 
accumulation.  Greenland  team  had  drilled  to  depth  of  1,800  ft.  and 
expected  to  continue  to  5.000  ft.  National  Science  Foundation  would 
use  the  same  thermal  drill — beginning  in  summer  of  1967  or  1968 — to 
drill  to  8.000-ft.  depth  through  the  south  polar  ice.  (Simons,  Wash. 
Post,  4/20. /65.  1 ) 

Week  of  April  19:  Cryogenic  propellants  were  loaded  for  the  first  time  into 
a  ground  test  model  of  the  NASA  Saturn  S-IVB  upper  stage  to  verify  the 
design  of  the  stage  and  fabrication  techniques,  and  to  demonstrate 
operational  procedures.  The  S-IVB.  58  ft.  long  and  21.5  ft.  in  diam- 
eter, was  being  built  for  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  by  Douglas  Missile 
and  Space  Systems  Div.  for  NASA  msfc.      (  msfc  Release  65-98) 

April  20:  NASA  had  awarded  a  S3,135,977  contract  modification  to  the 
Boeing  Co.  for  preparatory  work  leading  to  dynamic  testing  of  the 
Saturn  V  moon  rocket  at  NASA  msfc.  Boeing  would  perform  engineer- 
ing services  for  the  Saturn  V  dynamic  testing  program  and  would  sup- 
ply instrumentation  equipment  for  the  test  stand,  (msfc  Release 
65-94) 

•  NASA  Ames  Research  Center  had  let  a  SI, 382.000  contract  to  the  American 

Machine  and  Foundry  Co.  for  fabrication  of  an  advanced  flight  sim- 
ulator which  could  simulate  nearly  all  flight  situations  for  aircraft  and 
spacecraft  except  cases  involving  either  high  acceleration  forces  on  the 
pilot  or  aerobatics. 

Designed  by  the  Research  Facilities  and  Equipment  Div.  at  Ames,  the 
simulator  would  have  "six  degrees  of  freedom,"  the  capability  to  move 
in  all  possible  axes  of  motion:  fore  and  aft,  vertical,  and  side-to-side; 
also  pitch,  roll,  and  yaw.  It  would  be  unique  in  having  100  ft.  of 
lateral  motion.  This  would  be  needed  to  simulate  supersonic  transport 
(Sst)  flight  since  the  crew  would  be  far  forward  of  the  center  of  rota- 
tion of  the  aircraft.      (ARC  Release  65-12) 

•  North   American   Aviation   Co.'s   xb-70a  experimental   bomber   reached 

altitude  of  59,000  ft.  and  speed  of  1,500  mph  on  its  tenth  flight 
from  Edwards  afb.  Duration  of  flight  was  1  hr.  39  min.,  of  which  1 
hr.  14  min.  was  at  supersonic  speed,  boosting  its  total  supersonic  flight 
time  to  5  hrs.  5  min.      (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  4/21/65,  A7) 

•  The  x-15  research  aircraft  was  praised  by  William  Hines  in  an  article  in 

the  Washington  Evening  Star:  "The  United  States  spent  nearly  a 
quarter-billion  dollars  to  produce  three  copies  of  the  x-15,  unro- 
manticallv   known   as   'No.    1,'   'No.   2,'   and   'No.   3.'     Modifications, 


192  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

maintenance  and  operation  charges  have  by  now  pushed  the  bill  close 
to  a  third  of  a  billion. 

"By  any  rational  standard,  the  x-15  has  been  worth  every  penny. 
It  has  given  the  United  States  far  more  than  mere  supremacy  in  the 
flight  record  books;  it  has  provided  a  foundation  for  advanced  aero- 
nautical technology  that  could  have  been  obtained  in  no  other  way." 
(Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  4/20/65) 
April  20:  Dr.  Werner  R.  Kirchner,  vice  president  and  manager  of  Aerojet- 
General  Corp.'s  solid  rocket  operations,  announced  that  a  new  solid 
fuel  multipulse  rocket  engine  containing  several  charges  of  propellant 
that  could  be  separately  fired  by  electrical  signal  had  successfully  com- 
pleted its  first  series  of  test  firings.  The  rocket  could  zip.  glide,  and 
dart  about  much  like  a  bird,  he  said,  or  could  lie  dormant  in  space  a 
year  and  then  be  restarted  on  command.  Key  to  multipulse  firings 
was  described  as  a  lightweight  thermal  barrier  separating  each  charge. 
Aerojet  had  conducted  demonstration  firings  of  six  flight-weight  con- 
figurations in  the  company-funded  program,  (ap,  Denver  Post,  4/21/ 
65;Av.Wk.,^/19/65,S0) 
•  Donald  E.  Crabhill  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget  discussed  "Space 
Programs  and  the  Federal  Budget"  before  the  National  Space  Club: 
"What  are  some  of  the  significant  factors  to  be  pointed  out  in  the  re- 
lationship between  the  space  program  and  the  budget? 

"The  first  is,  of  course,  the  matter  of  growth  in  the  funding  for  space 
and  the  current  absolute  amount  of  funds  allocated  to  space  programs, 
including  not  only  NASA,  but  also  DOD,  AEC,  and  activities  in  this  area  by 
other  agencies.  In  FY  1957.  approximately  $150  million  was  expended 
by  the  Federal  Government  on  space  programs.  In  FY  1960,  the  total 
was  still  below  $900  million.  In  FY  1966,  the  tenth  year  of  the  space 
age,  the  President's  budget  provides  for  space  expenditures  of  $6.9 
billion. 

"Where  does  this  amount  stand  in  relation  to  amounts  in  the  admin- 
istrative budget  for  other  programs?  It  is  less  than  the  total  amounts 
to  be  spent  in  1966  on  national  defense:  on  health,  labor,  and  welfare 
programs;  and  on  interest  on  the  national  debt.  But  it  is  greater  than 
that  to  be  spent  for  any  other  function  of  Government.  Space  expendi- 
tures of  all  agencies  will  be  greater  in  1966  than  those  for  international 
affairs  and  finance,  for  agriculture,  for  natural  resources,  for  commerce 
and  transportation,  for  housing  and  community  development,  for  vet- 
erans benefits  and  services,  or  for  other  general  Government. 

"The  space  program  has  not  been,  since  it  was  initiated,  and  is  not 
today,  a  budgetary  underdog. 

"The  second  specific  point  to  be  made  is  that  the  budget  process  by 
its  very  nature  is  an  exercise  in  priorities.  ...  A  great  many  merely 
desirable  projects  get  deferred  throughout  the  Government  every  year 
under  the  press  of  the  budgetary  process. 

"In  the  past,  this  pressure  has  not  been  felt  as  severely  in  the  space 
area  as  it  has  in  most  others  because  of  the  emphasis  that  has  been 
given  to  creating  in  a  hurry  a  vast  capability  to  operate  in  space.  The 
space  program  has  been  very  successful  in  meeting  this  aim.  In  fact, 
it  has  been  so  successful  that  space  is  now  coming  of  age  with  other 
Government  programs.     We  will  soon  have  a  technical  capability  to  do 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  193 

a  great  many  more  space  missions  than  we  as  a  nation  will  probably 
want  to  pay  for.   .  .  . 

"There  is  one  other  point  that,  as  a  budget  examiner,  I  feel  I  must 
mention.  Funding  and  schedule  estimates  for  space  programs  have 
been  historically  quite  unreliable.  Cost  estimates  have  tended  not  so 
much  merely  to  groiv,  but  to  multiply!  At  the  same  time,  schedules 
have  tended  to  slip,  slip,  slip. 

"This  was  an  understandable  situation  while  the  space  program  was 
new,  but  we  have  had  enough  experience  that  there  will  be  considerable 
resistance  from  now  on  to  escalation  in  price  and  radical  slips  in  sched- 
ule of  the  next  generation  of  space  projects.  The  more  detailed  plan- 
ning we  are  doing  now,  the  phased  project  procurement  processes,  and 
the  experience  we  have  gained  in  the  technology  and  the  techniques  of 
space  operations  must  be  expected  to  show  returns  in  better  ability 
to  make  good  cost  and  schedule  estimates  in  the  first  place,  and  then  to 
meet  the  cost  and  schedule  targets  that  are  approved."     (Text) 

April  20:  Three  American  scientists  were  honored  by  the  American  Geo- 
physical Union  during  an  honors  meeting  at  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  Washington,  D.C.:  Norman  F.  Ness  of  nasa  Goddard 
Space  Flight  Center  received  the  John  Adam  Fleming  Award  for 
research  done  by  means  of  instruments  aboard  nasa's  explorer  xviii 
satellite;  Gordon  J.  F.  MacDonald  of  the  Univ.  of  California  at  Los 
Angeles  was  given  the  James  B.  Macelwane  Award  for  work  on  a 
variety  of  subjects  ranging  from  the  center  of  the  earth  to  the  solar 
corona;  Hugo  Benioff,  professor  emeritus  at  the  California  Institute 
of  Technology,  was  awarded  the  William  Bowie  Medal  for  "unselfish 
cooperation  in  research."      (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  4/21/65) 

April  21:  Pegasus  B,  second  of  the  "winged"  micrometeoroid  detection 
satellites,  arrived  at  Cape  Kennedy  to  be  readied  for  launch  during 
the  next  two  months.  Similar  to  pegasus  I,  Pegasus  B  would  occupy 
a  simulated  Apollo  service  module  aboard  the  SA-8  vehicle.  A  boiler- 
plate model  of  the  Apollo  command  module  would  be  placed  above  the 
Pegasus;  in  orbit,  the  Apollo  modules  would  be  jettisoned  and  the 
satellite  exposed.  Preliminary  data  from  PEGASUS  I  indicated  it  was 
confirming  current  theory  on  micrometeoroid  density,  (msec  Release 
65^5;  Marshall  Star,  4/21/65,  1,  2) 

•  NASA  absolved  Astronaut  Virgil  I.  Grissom  (Maj..  usaf)  of  any  blame  in 

the  58-mi.-oflF-target  landing  of  the  GEMINI  ill  spacecraft  following 
the  three-orbit  flight  Mar.  23,  according  to  MSC  spokesman.  The 
mishap  was  attributed  to  the  fact  that  the  spacecraft  did  not  develop 
as  much  lift  as  expected.  The  possibility  that  Major  Grissom  might 
have  banked  GEMINI  in  improperly  as  a  result  of  misunderstanding 
instructions  from  ground  stations  had  been  investigated.  (UPI,  NYT, 
4/21/65,  11,  MSC  GEMINI  III  Fact  Sheet) 

•  EARLY  BIRD  communications  satellite  would  relay  a  sampling  of  scientific, 

cultural,  and  entertainment  events  televised  live  at  35  sites  in  North 
America  and  Europe  during  an  hour-long  inaugural  program,  "This  is 
Early  Bird."  scheduled  for  1  p.m.  est,  May  2,  ComSatCorp  announced. 
(ComSatCorp  Release:  Adams,  NYT,  4/21/65,  91) 

•  Thomas  W.  Thompson  of  Cornell  Univ.  said  in  a  paper  presented  at  the 

meeting  of  the  American  Geophysical  Union  that  half  the  moon's  sur- 
face had  been  mapped  in  a  lunar  mapping  program  using  the  radio- 


194  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

radar  telescope  at  Cornell's  Arecibo  Observatory,  Puerto  Rico.  From 
the  radar  signal  returns,  the  hardest  areas  of  the  moon  were  the  rim 
and  floor  of  the  relatively  new  craters.  The  floors  of  the  older  craters 
and  the  surface  of  the  maria  were  covered  by  a  three-to-four-meter- 
thick  layer  of  highly  porous  material  often  referred  to  as  "lunar  dust." 
(Simons,  Wash.  Post,  4/22/65;  NYT,  4/22/65) 
April  21 :  Dr.  Gordon  H.  Pettingill,  Dr.  Rolf  H.  Dyce,  and  Dr.  Thomas  Gold 
of  Cornell  Univ.,  reported  to  the  meeting  of  the  American  Geophysical 
Union  that  through  radar  studies  with  Cornell's  1,000-ft. -diameter 
radiotelescope  at  Arecibo,  Puerto  Rico,  they  had  found  an  apparent 
"flat  spot"  on  the  planet  Mars  that  seemed  to  correspond  to  markings 
seen  there  through  telescopes.  They  also  reported  that  radar  observa- 
tions indicated  the  planet  Mercury  rotated  on  its  own  axis  once  each 
54  to  64  days,  exposing  all  sides  to  the  sun  in  a  year.  Its  full  day. 
corresponding  to  a  24-hr.  earth  cycle,  would  be  about  180  earth  days 
long.  It  was  inconclusive  whether  Mercury  rotated  in  the  opposite 
direction  from  its  orbit — a  retrograde  rotation — or  in  the  same  direc- 
tion as  its  orbit — a  direct  rotation. 

Dr.  Gold  also  speculated  that  Mercury  could  not  have  been  in  its 
present  orbit  for  much  longer  than  400  million  years.  Otherwise,  he 
postulated,  the  sun  would  have  held  the  planet  over  a  long  enough 
period  of  time  to  force  it  into  a  synchronous  or  88-day  rotation. 
This  suggested  to  Gold  that  Mercury  might  once  have  been  a  moon 
of  Venus  but  broke  away  or  was  tugged  away  to  establish  its  own  orbit 
around  the  sun.  (Hines.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  4/21/65;  Clark.  NYT. 
4/21/65,  17;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  4/21/65) 

•  In  a  statement  of  faa  policy  outlined  by  faa  Administrator  Najeeb  E. 

Halaby,  faa's  obligation  was  affirmed  to  regulate  private  conduct  of 
pilots  but  only  to  the  extent  required  in  the  public  interest;  to 
recognize  the  right  of  the  general  public  to  be  informed  and  to  be 
heard;  to  apply  the  regulatory  hand  evenly  in  similar  situations, 
while  also  recognizing  the  different  rights,  duties,  and  operational 
requirements  of  the  various  segments  of  the  aviation  community;  and 
to  manage  the  airspace  as  a  national  resource  in  a  manner  best  serving 
the  requirements  of  all  users  while  also  recognizing  the  interests  of 
people  on  the  ground.      (Text) 

•  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and 

Applications,  was  among  the  ten  outstanding  Federal  Government  em- 
ployees chosen  by  the  National  Civil  Service  League  to  receive  Career 
Service  Awards  May  19.  (Wash.  Post,  4/22/65) 
April  21-23:  A  Technology  Status  and  Trends  Symposium  was  held  at  NASA 
Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  for  industry  and  university  officials  and 
invited  guests.  Purpose  of  the  conference  was  to  make  available  for 
general  use  in  everyday  life  the  results  of  research  and  engineering 
carried  out  in  connection  with  the  U.S.  space  program.  (Marshall 
Star,  4/21/65,  1,  5;  nasa  sp-5030) 

•  At   AIAa/aflc/asd   Support   for   Manned    Flight    Conference   in    Dayton. 

Ohio,  Temple  W.  Neumann  of  Philco  Corp.  reviewed  studies  of 
manned  Mars  missions  and  discussed  the  importance  of  "early  bio- 
logical precursor  missions"  to  Mars.     He  concluded: 

"It  has  been  shown  that  the  lack  of  biological,  as  well  as  critical 
environmental,  data  about  Mars  can  have  important  ramifications  in 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  195 

not  only  the  cost,  but  possibly  even  in  the  feasibility  of  performing 
early  manned  missions  to  Mars.  The  importance  of  preliminary 
knowledge  about  the  interaction  of  possible  Martian  organisms  with 
man  and  his  equipment  has  been  shown  to  significantly  affect  surface 
operations,  decontamination  requirements,  and  equipment  reliability. 
Further,  the  need  for  some  preliminary  data  about  the  nature  of 
Martian  organisms  is  necessary  in  order  to  intelligently  design  an 
experimental  program  for  use  by  the  first  manned  landing  expedition. 
The  conclusion  can  therefore  be  supported  that  a  precursor  biological 
mission,  such  as  that  represented  by  the  current  abl  studies,  is  manda- 
tory in  the  early  1970  time  period  if  manned  missions  are  to  make 
effective  use  of  the  mid-1980  launch  opportunities."  (Text,  AIAA  Paper 
65-249) 
April  22:  With  arrival  of  the  sea-going  launch  platform  USNS  Croatan  at 
Valparaiso,  Chile,  nasa  completed  a  successful  expedition  of  launching 
scientific  experiments  off  the  west  coast  of  South  America.  A  total 
of  77  sounding  rockets  were  fired,  45  of  them  Nike-Cajun  and  Nike- 
Apaches,  and  32  of  them  single-stage  meteorological  rockets.  Firings 
occurred  at  various  position  from  5°  north  to  60°  south  of  the  equator. 
Five  experiments  were  conducted  at  or  near  the  60th  parallel  at  about 
78°  west  longitude.  The  project  was  part  of  the  NASA  sounding  rocket 
program  being  conducted  during  the  1964-65  International  Quiet  Sun 
Year.  Expedition  data  would  be  correlated  with  findings  of  scientists 
throughout  the  world  conducting  experiments  on  IQSY  phenomena. 
(Wallops  Release  65-22) 

•  Two   NASA   sounding   rockets,    a   Nike-Cajun    and    a    Nike- Apache,   were 

launched  at  Wallops  Station  after  dark  and  about  one  hour  apart. 
Both  rockets  released  chemiluminescent  gas  clouds,  which  observers  on 
the  ground  used  to  measure  atmospheric  winds,  shears,  turbulence,  and 
vertical  motions.  Nike-Cajun  reached  altitude  of  128  km.  (79.5  mi.) 
and  the  Nike- Apache,  145  km.  (90.1  mi.)    (nasa  Rpt.  SRl) 

•  NASA  selected  Ling-Temco-Vought  and  Lockheed  Electronics  Co.  for  com- 

petitive negotiation  of  contract  covering  operational  support  services 
for  laboratories  and  test  facilities  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center. 
TTie  support  contract  would  be  cost-plus-award-fee  for  one  year  with 
options  to  extend  for  four  additional  one-year  periods.  First  year 
costs  were  expected  to  exceed  $2  million,      (nasa  Release  65-133) 

•  NASA  selected  three  industrial  firms  with  which  to  negotiate  similar  pre- 

liminary design  contracts  for  a  Voyager  spacecraft  to  undertake  un- 
manned scientific  exploration  of  the  planets:  the  Boeing  Co.,  General 
Electric  Co.,  and  TRW  Space  Technology  Labs.  The  three-month, 
fixed-price  contracts  would  each  be  worth  about  $500,000.  (NASA 
Release  65-135) 

•  At  Purdue  Univ.,  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  NASA  Associate  Administrator 

for  Manned  Space  Flight,  discussed  in  a  speech  NASA's  emphasis  on 
man's  part  in  future  planned  space  experiments:  "The  role  of  man  in 
space  is  basic  to  any  discussion  of  our  planned  space  experiments.  .  .  . 
We  have  always  recognized  his  inherent  characteristics  as  a  sensor, 
manipulator,  evaluator  and  investigator. 

"As  a  sensor,  man  adds  little  to  automatic  equipment  in  space — 
sometimes  nothing  at  all.  .  .  .  instruments  can  measure  .  .  .  phe- 
nomena that  man  cannot  perceive  at  all. 


196  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"But  instruments  are  limited  by  the  knowledge  we  now  have  on 
earth;  they  cannot  cope  with  the  unexpected  or  the  unknown.  Man,  on 
the  other  hand,  can  operate  in  any  unprogrammed  situation  and  reap 
full  benefits  of  the  true  objective  of  manned  operations.  He  can  ex- 
plore the  unknown. 

"The  second  function  of  man  in  space  is  manipulation.  Gus  Grissom 
demonstrated  superbly  last  month  that  a  man  can  operate  the  space- 
craft controls  for  delicate  maneuvering.  .  .  . 

"In  the  conduct  of  space  research  also,  man  as  a  manipulator  can 
probe  into  his  environment.  He  can  make  use  of  motor  responses  and 
verbal  skills  to  carry  out  procedures  and  to  assemble,  operate  and 
repair  equipment.  .  .  . 

"With  the  capacity  to  evaluate,  man  achieves  a  substantial  degree 
of  self-reliance  in  controlling  what  he  perceives  and  how  he  reacts. 
When  a  man  remembers,  analyzes,  compares,  and  induces — using  a 
solid  foundation  of  knowledge — he  has  improved  the  degree  to  which 
meaningful  data  can  be  translated  into  useful  knowledge.   .   .   . 

"The  most  advanced  role  of  man  in  space  is  that  of  an  investigator 
who  responds  creatively  to  unexpected  situations.  He  is  able  to 
postulate  theories  and  hypotheses,  and  to  devise  and  use  systematic 
measurements.  In  this  role,  the  astronaut  is  a  full-fledged  scientist." 
(Text) 
April  22:  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center's  Public  Affairs  Officer,  Paul 
Haney,  announced  that  daily  newspapers  might  have  Vi2-hr.  interviews 
with  the  crew  of  the  GT-4  flight  on  the  same  basis  as  television  net- 
works and  wire  news  services.  Astronauts  James  A.  McDivitt  (Maj., 
USAf)  and  Edward  H.  White  (Maj.,  usaf)  would  spend  two  full  days  in 
personal  interviews  at  MSC  early  in  May.  There  would  be  a  mass  press 
conference  for  all  news  media  in  Washington,  D.C.,  on  April  30. 
Without  such  an  arrangement,  the  only  newspapers  that  would  have  had 
personal  interviews  would  be  those  that  subscribed  to  the  service  that 
paid  astronauts  for  their  stories.      (Houston  Post,  4/23/65) 

•  New  sunspots  heralding  the  start  of  a  new  11-yr.  cycle  were  discussed  at 

sessions  on  the  International  Years  of  the  Quiet  Sun  held  in  Wash- 
ington. D.C.,  under  auspices  of  the  American  Geophysical  Union  and 
the  International  Scientific  Radio  Union.  Scientists  said  the  asym- 
metrical birth  of  the  new  cycle  suggested  it  might  not  reach  as  intense 
a  maximum  as  usual. 

The  cycle  was  of  vital  interest  to  planners  of  a  manned  moon  land- 
ing since  it  had  been  discovered  that  some  solar  eruptions  shoot  out 
protons  at  so  close  to  the  speed  of  light  they  could  kifl  an  astronaut. 
While  astronauts  were  on  the  moon,  or  inside  the  Lem,  they  would 
be  poorly  protected  against  such  a  proton  shower.  Dr.  Herbert 
Friedman,  of  the  Naval  Research  Laboratory,  said  during  the  sym- 
posium they  would  be  comparatively  safe  if  they  could  return  to  their 
orbiting  command  capsule.  The  goal,  therefore,  he  said,  was  to  learn 
enough  about  these  events  so  that  astronauts  could  have  sufficient  warn- 
ing to  take  refuge  in  their  spacecraft.      (Sullivan,  NYT,  4/23/65) 

•  A  two-day  conference  began  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  on  inter- 

national participation  in  space  biomedical  experiments  on  U.S.  manned 
spaceflights.  About  50  doctors  from  17  countries  attended.  (Houston 
Chron.,  4-/21/65;  NASA  Release  65-31) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  197 

April  22:  First  of  four  Canadian  Stol  cv-7a  transport  planes  was  accepted 
by  the  USA.  The  aircraft  would  undergo  extensive  service,  engineering, 
and  climatic  tests  in  the  next  year,      (dod  Release  253-65) 

•  DOD  announced  award  to  Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.  of  $2,300,000  increment 

to  existing  contract  for  production  of  Minuteman  Stage  I  operational 
and  flight  test  rocket  motors,  (dod  Release  255-65) 
April  23:  U.S.S.R.  launched  its  first  communications  satellite  molniya  I 
into  orbit:  apogee.  39,380  km.  (24,459  mi.);  perigee,  497  km. 
(309  mi.);  period,  11  hrs.  48  min.;  inclination,  65°.  Krasnaya 
Zvezda  reported  that  the  "basic  purpose  of  launching  the  Molniya-1 
communications  satellite  is  to  accomplish  the  transmission  of  TV 
programs  and  to  perform  two-way  multichannel  telephone,  phototele- 
graphic  and  telegraphic  communication.  All  the  onboard  equipment 
on  the  satellite  and  the  ground  radio  network  are  operating  normally, 
and  the  first  transmission  of  TV  programs  between  Vladivostok  and 
Moscow  were  successfully  completed."  (Tass.  Krasnaya  Zvezda,  4/ 
24/65.  1.  ATSS-T  Trans.) 

•  Successful    simultaneous    two-way    transmission    of    television    tests    via 

EARLY  BIRD  communications  satellite  between  the  U.S.  ground  station 
at  Andover,  Me.,  and  European  ground  stations  at  Pleumeur-Bodou, 
France:  Goonhilly  Downs,  England;  and  Raisting,  W.  Germany,  was 
announced  by  ComSatCorp.  The  pictures  were  of  good  quality. 
(ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  X-15  No.  3  was  flown  by  Capt.  Joe  Engle  (usaf)   79,700  ft.  altitude  at 

a  maximum  speed  of  3,657  mph  (mach  5.48)  to  obtain  data  for  heat 
transfer  experiment  with  surface  distortion  panel  ablative  test,  (nasa 
X-15  Proj.  Off.;  frc  Release;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  Successful  completion  of  formal  flight  qualification  tests  of  the  uprated 

H-1  rocket  engine  for  use  in  the  Saturn  IB  space  vehicle  was  announced 
jointly  by  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  under  whose  technical 
direction  the  engine  was  being  developed,  and  by  Rocketdyne  Div.  of 
North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  its  manufacturer.  Two  engines  were 
used  for  the  qualification  program.  In  51  firings  they  operated  suc- 
cessfully for  4.581  seconds — more  than  75  min. — and  produced 
200.000  lbs.  of  thrust  (188.000  lbs.  was  previous  power  rating). 
(msfc  Release  65-96) 

•  NRX-a3,  experimental  Nerva  nuclear  reactor  engine  fueled  with  liquid 

hvdrogen.  was  successfully  hotfired  for  about  8  min.,  including  3V2 
min.  at  full  power.  A  loose  circuit  connection  caused  the  engine  to 
shut  off  prematurely  after  the  SVs  min.  of  full  power.  (Nerva  Proj. 
Off.:  Wash.  Post.  4/25/65:  Rover  Chron.) 

•  Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge  had  proposed  to  NAS\  a  design  for  a  Deep 

Space  Planetary  Probe  System  to  be  used  in  a  flyby  of  Jupiter.  Saturn, 
or  Pluto.  The  spacecraft  would  consist  of  a  larse  dish  antenna,  pos- 
sibly as  large  as  16  ft.  in  diameter,  which  would  telemeter  data  back 
to  earth.  Power  would  be  supplied  by  10-watt  Snap-19  generator. 
The  spacecraft  could  be  boosted  by  either  Atlas-Centaur  or  Saturn  IB- 
Centaur  with  upper-stage  assist  from  available  solid  rockets  or  from 
the  Poodle,  a  low-thrust  radioisotope  rocket  engine.  Flyby  missions 
for  the  probe  could  be  made  in  1970  to  Jupiter,  to  Saturn  in  1972,  and 
ultimately  to  Pluto.      (SBD.  4/23/65.  297) 


198  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

April  23:  Addressing  a  citizen's  seminar  at  Boston  College  sponsored  by  the 
College  of  Business  Administration.  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.), 
Chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics,  gave 
examples  of  the  potential  dovvn-to-earth  benefits  of  space  research: 

" — Automated  highspeed,  urban  and  interurban  rail  transportation, 
such  as  the  four-hour  trip  between  Boston  and  Washington  mentioned 
recently  by  President  Johnson. 

" — Better  communications  systems,  more  reliable  radios  and  televis- 
ion sets,  improved  home  appliances. 

" — Reduction  of  rust  and  corrosion  by  controlling  bacteria  which 
space  researchers  found  to  thrive  by  eating  and  digesting  metal. 

" — Prevention  of  muscular  atrophy  and  new  methods  of  treating 
Paget's  disease,  osteo-porosis  and  kidney  stones.  All  this  springing 
from  the  studies  of  weightlessness. 

".  .  .  also  new  knowledge  about  the  processes  of  aging,  and  cancer." 
(White,  Boston  Globe,  4/23/65) 

•  Prof.  Hannes  Alfven  of  the  division  of  plasma  physics  at  the  Royal  Insti- 

tute of  Technology  in  Stockholm,  Sweden,  revived  a  theory  that  the 
moon  was  once  an  independent  planet.  In  an  article  written  for 
Science,  he  said  that  "many  if  not  all  of  the  craters  of  the  moon  were 
produced"  by  an  "intense  bombardment  of  fragments  of  itself"  when  the 
moon  swept  too  close  to  the  earth  and  partly  disintegrated  under  the 
tremendous  tidal  forces  that  were  generated.  "It  is  also  possible,"  the 
theory  suggested,  "that  so  much  of  the  lunar  matter  fell  down  [on  this 
planet]  that  the  upper  layer  of  the  earth — the  crust — originally  derives 
from  the  moon."  Prof.  Alfven  wrote  that  this  theory  was  first  stated 
by  H.  Gerstenkorn  of  Hanover,  Germany,  and  published  in  1954  in 
Zeitschrift  fur  Astrophysik  under  the  title  "Uber  die  Gezeitenreibung 
beim  Zweikorperproblem"  ("About  Tidal  Friction  in  a  Two-Body 
Problem").  (Osmundsen,  NYT,  4/24/65,  31:  Myler,  Wash.  Post, 
4/24/65) 

•  USAF  received  at  Travis  afb,  Calif.,  the  first  of  65  c-141  Starlifter  cargo 

jets  to  be  delivered  this  year,  dod  announced.  The  aircraft  were 
capable  of  carrying  30  tons  of  cargo  or  123  combat  troops  6,000  mi. 
nonstop  at  a  speed  of  about  500  mph.      (UPI,  NYT,  4/24/65,  15) 

•  FAA  announced  that  U.S.  airports  known  to  faa  numbered  9,490  at  the 

end  of  1964,  an  increase  of  676  over  previous  years.  Over  the  past 
five  years,  the  annual  increase  in  landing  facilities  reported  to  FAA  had 
averaged  623.  (faa  Release  65-36) 
April  24:  Second  major  Saturn  V  milestone  this  month:  First  five-engine 
ignition  test  of  the  Saturn  V  second  stage,  the  s-ii,  was  conducted 
at  the  Santa  Susana,  Calif.,  static  test  laboratory  of  North  American 
Aviation,  Inc.,  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  announced.  The 
five  J-2  engines,  built  by  naa's  Rocketdyne  Div.,  would  produce  one 
million  pounds  thrust.  Short-duration  firings  leading  to  full-duration 
tests  of  nearly  400  sec.  would  follow  the  ignition  firing.  (MSFC  Release 
65-99) 

•  In  an  address  at  Duke  University,  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey 

said:  "How  fortunate  we  are  to  live  in  this  dramatic  and  creative 
period  of  change,  of  challenge,  of  opportunity.  How  great  is  our 
responsibility  to  achieve  excellence  of  mind  and  spirit  to  do  the  tasks 
that  must  be  done. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  199 

"I  appeal,  therefore,  to  you  the  generation  of  1965. 

"Make  no  little  plans. 

"Have  not  little  dreams. 

"Do  not  set  your  standards  and  goals  by  those  of  your  mother  and 
father. 

"Do  not  set  your  standards  and  goals  by  those  of  this  time. 

"Challenge  the  impossible.     Do  what  cannot  be  done. 

"Thirty  years  ago  it  was  'Brother,  can  you  spare  a  dime.' 

"Today  we  reach  the  stars."  (Text,  CR,  4/26/65,  8179-80) 
April  24:  The  John  Young  Award,  a  medal  specially  struck  by  the  citizens 
of  Orlando.  Fla.,  was  presented  to  the  astronaut  as  a  highlight  of  the 
John  Young  Day  celebration.  The  medal  would  be  used  in  future 
years  to  honor  Orlando  residents  for  outstanding  achievements,  but 
would  not  necessarily  be  awarded  annually.      {Orl.  Sent.,  4/18/65) 

•  Soviet  astronomer  Dr.  I.  S.  Shklovsky  of  the  Sternberg  State  Astronomical 

Society  in  Moscow  suggested  100  years  as  the  age  for  a  source  of  radio 
waves  known  only  as  1934  minus  63.  These  figures  pinpoint  its 
position  in  the  southern  sky.  1934  minus  63  would  be  the  youngest 
known  natural  object  in  the  sky.      (Sci.  Serv.,  A^IT,  4/24/65,  9) 

•  Employees  of  nasa  Kennedy  Space  Center  began  moving  into  the  new 

headquarters  building  on  Merritt  Island.  The  move  of  more  than 
1,700  employees  would  be  completed  by  mid-August,  (ksc  Spaceport 
News  A/22/65,  1) 
April  25:  faa  Administrator  Najeeb  E.  Halaby  said  that  faa's  sonic  boom 
tests  over  Oklahoma  City  last  year  had  shown  that  construction  of  a 
supersonic  airliner  prototype  was  clearly  warranted:  "My  current  con- 
clusion is  that  a  supersonic  airplane  can  be  designed  in  terms  of  con- 
figuration, operating  attitudes  and  flight  paths  so  as  to  achieve  public 
acceptance  in  the  early  1970s."  Halaby 's  statement  was  in  conjunction 
with  release  of  a  three-volume  final  report  on  the  Oklaihoma  City  ex- 
periment. 

The  FAA  report,  which  included  preliminary  results  from  boom  tests 
at  the  White  Sands  Missile  Range,  concluded  that  only  abnormally 
massive  booms  would  create  serious  problems.  A  principal  finding  in 
the  "community  reactions"  study  stated:  "Substantial  numbers  of 
residents  reported  interference  with  ordinary  living  activities  and 
annoyance  with  such  interruptions,  but  the  overwhelming  majority 
felt  they  could  learn  to  live  with  the  numbers  and  kinds  of  booms 
experienced  during  the  six-month  study." 

The  three  volumes  just  released  were  "Structural  Response  to  Sonic 
Booms,"  "Community  Reactions  to  Sonic  Booms  in  the  Oklahoma  City 
Area,  February-July  1964,"  and  "Final  Program  Summary,  Oklahoma 
City  Sonic  Boom  Study,  February  3-July  30,  1964." 

Publication  of  these  three  documents  completed  the  five-part 
Oklahoma  City  report.  Two  volumes  had  been  made  public  in 
February  1965.      (faa  Release  65-34) 

•  Expansion  of  the  role  of  the  National  Science  Foundation  and  expenditure 

by  Federal  mission-oriented  research  agencies  of  more  money  on  basic 
research  were  two  major  recommendations  of  a  special  panel  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences  to  Congress.  Recommendations  were  in 
a  report,  Basic  Research  and  National  Goals,  submitted  tO'  the  House 
Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics. 


200  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

The  panel,  headed  by  Dr.  George  B.  Kistiakowsky  of  Harvard  Univ., 
former  science  adviser  to  the  President,  was  comprised  of  15  scientists, 
engineers,  and  economists.  The  panel  held  that  the  National  Science 
Foundation,  as  the  sole  agency  of  Government  whose  purpose  was 
support  of  science  across  the  board  without  regard  for  immediate 
practical  gains,  should  be  expanded  to  serve  as  a  "balance  wheel"  to 
soften  the  impact  of  variable  research  policies  of  mission-oriented 
agencies  on  "little  science."  The  recommendation  that  agencies  should 
devote  greater  portions  of  their  budgets  to  basic  research  was  based 
on  the  view  that  in  many  cases  these  budgets  were  becoming  stationary 
while  the  capacity  for  scientific  growth  was  expanding.  The  panel 
also  recommended  that  in  some  cases  the  Congress  should  extend  the 
mission  of  the  agency  to  include  the  pursuit  of  certain  branches  of  basic 
research. 

Three  general  opinions  were  widely  held  by  the  panel  regarding  the 
balance  of  science  support  today:  first.  Federal  funds  should  be 
allocated  with  some  consideration  to  the  geographical-social  effects  of 
their  expenditure ;  second,  biological  sciences  had  been  under-supported 
and  should  receive  support  to  expand  them  faster  than  the  physical 
sciences;  third,  there  was  an  impending  crisis  in  the  physical  sciences 
because  mission-oriented  agencies,  faced  with  stationary  budgets,  would 
probably  not  expand  their  support  of  basic  physical  research  as  fast  as 
capacity  to  do  basic  research  expanded.  (Clark,  NYT,  4/26/65,  55; 
SBD,  4/30/65,  330) 
April  25:  Dr.  Hideo  Itokawa,  professor  at  Tokyo  Univ.  and  deputy  director 
of  Japan's  Institute  of  Space  and  Aeronautical  Science,  was  quoted  on 
Japan's  role  in  space  activity  by  Peter  Temm  in  an  article  in  the 
Washington  Sunday  Star:  "Space  research  is  not  a  competition.  It 
should  be  a  cooperative  undertaking  among  all  countries,  to  explore  and 
study  the  universe. 

"Both  America  and  Russia  appear  to  be  chiefly  interested  in  artificial 
satellites  and  manned  space  vehicles.  I  see  Japan's  role  as  filling 
some  of  the  gaps  skipped  over  by  these  two  nations. 

"I  believe  it  is  possible  that  Russia  may  be  preparing  to  abandon  its 
project  of  putting  a  man  on  the  moon  in  favor  of  assembling  a  satellite 
space  station;  at  least,  this  how  I  interpret  the  recent  Voskhod  flight 
and  its  emphasis  on  carrying  out  tasks  outside  of  the  capsule. 

"I  sincerely  hope  if  this  is  so,  that  American  space  scientists  will 
not  swerve  from  their  intentions  of  getting  to  the  moon.  There  are 
many  sides  to  space  research,  and  the  ideal  approach  is  for  all  nations 
engaged  in  the  new  science  to  tackle  different  areas. 

"That  way,  we  will  all  progress  at  a  faster  rate."  (Temm,  Wash. 
Sun.  Star,  4/25/65) 
April  26:  A  37-man  study  group  chaired  by  Dr.  Colin  Pittendrigh  of 
Princeton  Univ.  and  convened  by  the  Space  Science  Board  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Sciences  at  the  request  of  NASA  had  reconfirmed 
the  Academy's  appeal  for  exploration  of  Mars  to  receive  "the  highest 
priority  among  all  objectives  in  space  science — indeed  in  the  space 
program  as  a  whole"  and  endorsed  NASA  plans  to  use  the  1969-73 
favorable  Mars  window  for  intensive  study  of  the  planet  with  the 
Voyager  spacecraft.  In  its  final  report  transmitted  to  NASA  Adminis- 
trator Webb,  the  group  said  that  "given  all  evidence  presently  avail- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  201 

able,  we  believe  it  entirely  reasonable  that  Mars  is  inhabited  with 
living  organisms  and  that  life  independently  originated  there,"  and  thus 
that  "the  biological  exploration  of  Mars  is  a  scientific  undertaking  of 
the  greatest  validity  and  significance." 

The  panel  noted,  however,  that  "while  we  are  eager  to  press  Martian 
exploration  as  expeditiously  as  the  technology  and  other  factors  permit, 
we  insist  that  our  recommendation  to  proceed  is  subject  to  one  rigorous 
qualification:  that  no  viable  terrestrial  microorganisms  reach  the 
Martian  surface  until  we  can  make  a  confident  assessment  of  the 
consequences." 

The  group  made  seven  basic  recommendations:  (1)  "every  oppor- 
tunity for  remote  observation  of  Mars  by  earth-bound  or  ballon-and 
satellite-borne  instruments  should  be  exploited";  (2)  "...  An  adequate 
program  for  Martian  exploration  cannot  be  achieved  without  using 
scientific  payloads  substantially  larger  than  those  currently  employed 
in  outer  unmanned  space  research  program.  .  .  .  We  see  very  sub- 
stantial advantages  in  the  use,  from  the  onset,  of  the  new  generation  of 
large  boosters  which  are  expected  to  become  operational  toward  the 
end  of  the  decade";  (3)  since  flyby  missions  "yield  at  best  a  fleeting 
glimpse  of  the  planet"  and  carry  a  relatively  small  array  of  instru- 
ments, "we  deliberately  omit  an  explicit  recommendation  in  favor  of 
any  flyby  missions  additional  to  those  already  executed  or  planned"; 

(4)  "Every  effort  should  be  made  to  achieve  a  large  orbiting  mission 
by  1971  at  the  latest.  This  mission  should  precede  the  first  lander.  .  .  . 
By  'large'  we  mean  a  scientific  payload  that  would  include  instru- 
mentation for  infrared  and  television  mapping,  microwave  radiometry 
and  bistatic   radar,  infrared  spectrometry,  and  optical  polarimetry"; 

(5)  "The  first  landing  mission  should  be  scheduled  no  later  than  1973 
and  by  1971  if  possible"  and  will  "ultimately  demand  a  large  lander" 
like  Abl  (Automated  Biological  Lab)  ;  (6)  "The  task  of  designing  an 
Abl  should  be  initiated  immediately  as  a  continuing  project";  and 
(7)  to  maintain  "a  continuing  dialogue  among  all  potential  investi- 
gators and  the  engineers  responsible  for  implementing  their  scientific 
goals,"  the  Academy's  Space  Science  Board  should  have  a  standing 
committee,  (nas  Release;  Abraham,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  4/26/65;  Hines, 
Wash.  Eve.  Star,  4/26/65,  2;  Sullivan,  NYT,  4/27/65,  1) 

April  26:  The  Federal  Communications  Commission  confirmed  it  expected 
to  rule  soon  on  who  should  own  the  initial  American  ground  stations 
providing  access  to  communications  satellites.  The  established  inter- 
national carriers,  including  AT&T,  RCA  Communications,  Western  Union 
International,  and  ITT  World  Communications,  had  accused  ComSat- 
Corp  of  exceeding  its  statutory  authority  and  demanded  the  right  to 
share  in  the  ownership  of  the  ground  stations.  (Gould,  NYT,  4/27/65, 
1,  25) 

•  Dr.  Charles  A.  Berry,  chief  of  medical  operations  at  NASA  Manned 
Spacecraft  Center,  had  said  that  new  body  sensor  equipment  developed 
for  astronauts  had  "stretched  the  doctor's  stethoscope  to  reach  100 
miles,"  reported  Norm  Spray  in  an  article  in  the  Houston  Chronicle: 
"This  could  open  the  door  for  new  types  of  medical  research  and  treat- 
ment potentially  as  important  to  the  family  physician  as  to  space 
scientists.  Dr.  Berry  believes. 

"  'Right  now,'  he  said,  'we  think  our  sensing  and  monitoring  system 


202  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

would  be  a  tremendous  tool  in  hospital  recovery  and  intensive  care 
rooms. 

"  'Basic  medical  data  that  is  reliable  and  distortion-free  could  be  fed 
from  each  patient  to  a  central  computer  or  console.  Each  patient  could 
be  watched  as  closely  as  if  a  nurse  or  even  a  doctor  were  constantly 
at  his  bedside.'"  (Spray,  wbe  Sci.  Serv..  Houston  Chron.,  4/26/65) 
April  26:  Sen.  Claiborne  Pell  (D-R.I.I  discussed  in  the  Senate  S.  1483,  bill 
which  he  had  introduced  to  establish  a  National  Foundation  on  the  Arts 
and  the  Humanities.  He  cited  article  bv  Frank  Getlein  on  the  recent 
"Eyewitness  to  Space"  exhibition  at  the  National  Gallery  of  Art.  Get- 
lein's  article  showed  "how  cooperation  between  our  Government  and 
the  arts  can  illuminate  some  of  the  most  exciting  moments  in  our 
important  explorations  in  space."  The  exhibition  contained  some  70 
paintings  and  drawings  by  15  artists  under  the  NASA  art  program. 

".  .  .  The  work  shows  total  freedom  and  a  wide  variety,  ranging  from 
the  superb  illustrationist's  style  of  Paul  Calle  to  the  highly  individual 
abstraction  of  Washington  artist  Alfred  McAdams. 

".  .  .  The  space  effort,  therefore,  from  Huntsville  to  the  launching 
apparatus  at  Cape  Kennedy,  to  the  pickup  system  in  the  Pacific,  is 
covered  at  once  as  a  set  of  visual  phenomena  and  an  immensely  varied 
set  of  artistic  responses  to  those  phenomena.  .  .  . 

"The  NASA  art  program  is  a  modest  step  but  a  carefully  made  one  in 
the  gradually  reemerging  relationship  between  American  art  and  the 
American  Government.  It  deserves  study  by  those  interested  in  the 
larger  problem."   (Getlein,  Wash.  Eve.  Star;  CR,  4/26/65,  8122-23) 

•  Groundbreaking  ceremony  for  Univ.  of  Maryland's  $1.5-million  Space 

Science  Building  was  held  at  the  College  Park,  Md.,  campus.  Dr. 
Homer  E.  Newell,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science 
and  Applications,  and  Edward  F.  Holter,  Vice  Chairman  of  the  Univ. 
of  Maryland  Regents,  shoveled  the  first  spadefuls  of  dirt.  ( Wash.  Post, 
4/27/65,  A12) 

•  Dr.    Roman    Smoluchowski    of   Princeton    Univ.    said    at   the   American 

Physical  Society's  meeting  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  there  was  no  life 
on  Mars.  All  seasonal  changes  in  the  color  of  the  planet  could  be 
traced  to  bombardment  of  minerals  with  energetic  radiation  under 
varying  temperatures. 

Dr.  Jane  Blizard  of  Boulder,  Colo.,  also  speaking  at  the  APS  meeting, 
suggested  that  any  astronaut  braving  a  400-day  journey  to  Mars  would 
be  likely  to  get  a  fatal  dose  of  radiation.  Maybe,  she  said,  long  range 
forecasting  of  solar  storms  can  be  perfected  in  time.  Or  maybe 
"superconductive  magnetic  doughnuts"  could  be  devised  to  shield 
spacecraft  from  barrages  of  protons  spewed  out  in  solar  storms. 
(Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  4/27/65) 

•  Jean     Delorme,     president     of     France's     L'Aire     Liquide     and     head 

of  Eurospace,  said  he  believed  there  could  be  no  large-scale  European 
space  program  without  formation  of  a  European  equivalent  to  the  U.S. 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration.  He  called  for  estab- 
lishment of  a  central  coordinating  body  that  would  be  the  suprana- 
tional European  NASA,  with  the  power  to  make  financial  decisions. 
Delorme  was  addressing  opening  of  12-day  U.S.-Eurospace  conference 
in  Philadelphia,     (ap,  NYT,  2/27/65,  17) 

•  Dr.   Paul    Herget,   professor    and   director   of   the    Univ.   of   Cincinnati 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  203 

Observatory,  was  awarded  the  James  Craig  Watson  Medal  of  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Sciences  "for  important  contributions  to  the  field 
of  celestial  mechanics,  and  particularly  his  application  of  electronic- 
computer  techniques  tO'  calculations  of  the  orbits  of  comets,  earth 
satellites,  and  asteroids."  He  previously  had  responsibility  for  de- 
veloping operations  of  the  Vanguard  Computing  Center,  which  provided 
tracking  information  on  early  scientific  satellites.  Henry  Draper 
Medal  for  original  investigation  in  astronomical  physics  was  awarded 
in  absentia  to  British  radioastronomer  Martin  Ryle.  (nas  Release; 
NAS-NRC  News  Report,  4/65,  4) 
April  26:  Speaking  before  the  Fourth  Symposium  on  Advanced  Propulsion 
Concepts  in  Palo  Alto,  Calif.,  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever,  AFSC  Com- 
mander, said  that  the  Air  Force  was  studying  the  possibility  of  using 
hydrogen-burning,  supersonic  combustion  ramjet  engines,  known  as 
Scramjet,  to  power  hypersonic  aircraft:  "The  Scramjet  is  the  most 
promising  approach  we  have  today  for  sustained  hypersonic  flight 
....  it  could  be  used  effectively  on  hypersonic  aircraft  with  both 
military  and  commercial  applications."  He  said  experience  gained 
with  the  research  airplane  might  lead  to  the  hypersonc  aircraft  and 
could  make  feasible  the  development  of  recoverable  launch  vehicles  for 
flight  speeds  up  to  about  8,000  mph.  This  would  permit  delivery  of 
very  large  payloads  into  space  at  far  greater  economy  than  is  presently 
possible.      (Text,  afsc  News  Release  65.65) 

•  DOD     had     asked     NASA     to     consider     using     Minuteman     I     missiles 

scheduled  to  be  removed  from  their  silos,  as  launch  vehicles.  Missiles 
and  Rockets  reported.  NASA  Hq.  transferred  study  to  Langley  Re- 
search Center.  LaRC  was  expected  to  complete  its  feasibility  investiga- 
tion in  three  to  four  weeks.      {M&R,  4/26/65,  7;  LaRc) 

•  Maj.  Gen.  Don  R.  Ostrander,  Commander  of  usaf's  Office  of  Aerospace 

Research,  said  at  the  Fourth  Symposium  on  Advanced  Propulsion  Con- 
cepts in  Palo  Alto,  Calif.,  that  important  changes  in  America's  re- 
search and  development  posture  during  the  past  few  years  "are  the 
result  of  the  more  stringent  requirements  that  must  be  met  before 
increasingly  complex  and  expensive  systems  can  be  approved  for 
development."  He  continued:  "These  changes  have  placed  more 
emphasis  on  research  and  exploratory  development. 

"Coupling — or  reducing  the  time  lag  between  discovery  and  applica- 
tion— is  the  proposed  solution  for  accomplishing  this  tremendous  task. 
The  problem  of  coupling  is  the  problem  of  time.  .  .  ."  (oAR  Release 
4-65-3) 

•  Passage  of  bills  concerned  with  freedom  of  information  was  urged  by 

William  J.  Coughlin  in  an  editorial  in  Missiles  and  Rockets:  "Intent 
of  the  bills  is  to  establish  a  Federal  public  records  law  and  to  permit 
court  enforcement  of  the  people's  right  to  know  the  facts  of  government. 
Providing  for  sensible  exceptions  in  the  case  of  sensitive  and  classified 
information,  the  proposed  law  would  require  every  agency  of  the  gov- 
ernment to  make  all  its  records  promptly  available  to  any  person.  .  .  . 
"The  onus  for  restrictive  news  management  usually  falls  on  the 
Dept.  of  Defense,  and  rightly  so,  but  there  are  a  number  of  individuals 
in  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  who  are  in- 
clined to  regard  the  agency  as  a  preserve  which  should  be  off  limits 
to  the  press.     It  is  to  the  credit  of  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  that 


204  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

he  has  a  consistent  record  of  correcting  abuses  of  press  freedom  that 
are  called  to  his  attention.  The  same  cannot  be  said  of  his  counter- 
part in  the  Defense  Department."  (  M&R,  4/25/65) 
April  27:  The  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  unanimously 
approved  a  S5.2  billion  NASA  authorization  for  FY  1966,  cutting  only 
$75  million  from  the  President's  request.  An  unrequested  S27.2 
million  was  included  for  the  260-in.  solid  propellant  program,  the 
M-1  liquid  hydrogen  engine,  and  the  Snap  8.  Biggest  single  reduction 
was  $42  million  cut  in  $3.6  billion  request  for  Apollo.  Other  programs 
affected  by  the  cut  included  Oao.  Ogo,  Surveyor,  Rover,  Lunar 
Orbiter,  and  Centaur.      (FS/,  4/28/65) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  announced  $40  million  modification 

to  contract  held  by  General  Electric  Co.  for  the  design  of  electrical 
equipment  for  Saturn  vehicle  launch  support.  Modification  would 
cover  the  design  portion  of  the  work  involved  in  providing  electrical 
support  equipment  for  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  launches,  (msfc  Re- 
lease 65-100) 

•  W.  L.  Everett,  chief  test  pilot  for  the  Ryan  Aeronautics  Co.,  was  catapulted 

to  his  death  from  an  xv-5a  experimental  plane  after  the  vertical 
take-off  aircraft  developed  mechanical  difficulties. 

A  witness  said  the  xv-5a  was  at  only  800  ft.  and  upside  down 
when  Mr.  Everett  ejected:  "When  he  ejected,  he  ejected  straight  into 
the  ground."  The  parachute  did  not  have  time  to  open.  (N.Y.  Her. 
Trib.,  4/28/65;  Miles,  Wash.  Post,  4/28/65) 

•  Gen.  William  F.  McKee   (USAF,  Ret.),  NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for 

Management  Development,  was  named  to  succeed  Najeeb  E.  Halaby 
as  Administrator  of  the  Federal  Aviation  Agency.  (Wash.  Post, 
4/28/65) 

•  Frederick  G.  Donner,  chief  executive  of  General  Motors,  appeared  before 

a  Senate  Commerce  Committee  on  his  renomination  by  President 
Johnson  as  a  director  of  the  Communications  Satellite  Corporation. 
Asked  about  rivalry  from  the  Soviet  Union  in  view  of  their  recently- 
launched  comsat,  Donner  said  he  regarded  this  about  the  same  way  he 
did  Soviet  automobiles  as  far  as  competition  was  concerned,  (ap, 
Wash.  Post,  4/28/65) 

•  "Self-organizing  flight  controller,"  featuring  device  that  could  cope  with 

unexpected  flight  conditions  of  satellites  and  aircraft,  was  being 
developed  by  afsc  Research  and  Technology  Div.  Applying  "proba- 
bility state  variable  devices,"  bionics  researchers  had  recreated  function 
of  a  living  nerve  cell  in  a  device  called  "Artron"  (artificial  neuron). 
Networks  of  Artrons  in  electronic  cluster  functioned  like  living  neurons: 
they  became  self-organizing,  achieving  problem-solving,  and  learning 
new  ways  to  capitalize  on  their  mistakes  and  find  new  ways  of  perform- 
ing a  given  task,  afsc  stressed  that  flyable  self-organizing  flight  con- 
troller was  5-10  yrs  away,      (afsc  Release  50.65) 

•  Dr.    Geoffrey    Bennett,    chief    medical    officer    of    the    British    Ministry 

of  Aviation,  gave  a  progress  report  on  the  Anglo-French  supersonic 
transport,  the  Concorde,  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Aerospace  Medical 
Association  in  New  York.  He  said  problems  of  designing  a  supersonic 
aircraft  safe  enough  for  commercial  use  were  proving  less  difficult 
than  had  been  expected:  "It  is  quite  heartening  to  find  that  the  further 
one  goes  along,  the  less  difficult  things  seem  to  be." 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  205 

After  his  talk.  Dr.  Bennett  said  in  an  interview  that  such  potential 
hazards  as  loss  of  air  pressure  in  the  cabin,  accumulation  of  ozone, 
radiation,  and  problems  of  acceleration  aroused  much  worry  and  dis- 
cussion a  few  years  ago.  Overcoming  these  problems  by  proper  designs 
had  proved  less  difficult  than  many  expected,  he  said.  (Schmeck, 
NYT,  4/28/65,  89) 
April  27:  President  Charles  de  Gaulle  said  in  address  delivered  over  French 
radio  and  television:  "In  the  economic,  scientific  and  technical  domain, 

...  we  must  see  that  our  activities,  for  the  essential  part,  remain 
under  French  management  and  control.  We  must  also  meet,  at  what- 
ever cost,  the  competition  in  advanced  sectors.  .  .  .  Finally,  when  it  is 
opportune,  in  order  to  combine  our  inventions,  our  capabilities  and  our 
resources  in  a  given  branch  with  those  of  another  country,  we  must 
often  choose  one  of  those  which  is  closest  to  us  and  whose  weight  we  do 
not  think  will  overwhelm  us. 

"That  is  why  we  are  imposing  a  financial,  economic,  and  monetary 
stability  upon  ourselves  which  frees  us  from  resorting  to  outside  aid ;  we 
are  converting  into  gold  the  dollar  surpluses  imported  into  our  country 
as  a  result  of  the  American  balance  of  payments;  we  have  over  the 
past  six  years  multiplied  by  six  the  funds  devoted  to  research;  ... 
we  are  joining  with  England  to  build  the  world's  first  supersonic 
passenger  aircraft ;  we  are  ready  to  extend  this  French-British  collabora- 
tion to  other  types  of  civil  and  military  aircraft;  we  have  just  con- 
cluded an  agreement  with  Soviet  Russia  concerning  the  perfection  and 
use  of  our  color  television  process.  In  sum,  however  large  may  be 
the  glass  offered  to  us.  we  prefer  to  drink  from  our  own,  while  touch- 
ing glasses  round  about.  .  .  ."    (Text,  Atlantic  Comm.  Qtrly.,  6/22/65) 

•  Rep.  Emilio  Q.  Daddario  ( D-Conn. )  disclosed  in  speech  before  Washing- 

ton Section,  National  Association  of  Science  Writers,  that  the  House 
Subcommittee  on  Science,  Research  and  Development  (of  which  he 
was  chairman)  was  planning  an  investigation  of  the  National  Science 
Foundation.  He  said:  "For  some  years,  there  has  been  the  need  to 
review  its  work  and  to  determine  if  it  were,  in  fact,  thoroughly  success- 
ful in  promoting  the  progress  of  science,  the  national  health,  prosperity 
and  welfare  and  for  other  purposes."      {Wash.  Post,  4/28/65,  C9) 

•  In    a    speech    before    the    Aero    Club    of    Washington,    Dr.    Raymond 

L.  Bisplinghoff,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Re- 
search and  Technology,  ventured  predictions  for  the  next  20  years 
in  aeronautics  and  astronautics.  He  noted  the  steady  increase  in 
civil  aircraft  output  and  the  expansion  in  air  travel  "at  a  rate  better 
than  12  percent  per  year  for  more  than  15  years."  He  predicted  "a  20- 
fold  rise  in  air  traffic  volume  over  the  next  25  years,"  but  said  that  in 
order  to  reach  its  full  potential  the  aircraft  must  be  improved  "in  at 
least  three  important  respects":  reduction  of  minimum  speeds  for 
safe  controlled  flight;  increase  of  maximum  flight  speed;  and  greater 
simplicity  and  economy  of  operation.  He  cited  NASA  research  in  these 
vital  areas.       (Text) 

•  Dr.  Erhard  Loewe,  vice  president  of  the  German  company  Telefunken, 

outlined  Eurospace's  long-range  goals  at  Eurospace  Conference  in 
Philadelphia:  ".  .  .  we  want  to  avoid  errors  as  far  as  possible  and 
derive  the  greatest  possible  profit  from  experience  gained  in  the 
U.S " 


206  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Loewe  said  that  Eurospace  would  urge  support  of  the  Aerospace 
Transporter,  conceived  as  a  two-stage  vehicle — both  piloted — able  to 
carry  a  5,000-lb.  payload  into  a  180-mi.  (3(X)-km.)  altitude  orbit  and 
capable  of  rendezvous  with  an  orbiting  satellite.  Loewe  said  that 
the  Aerospace  Transporter  "signified  as  much  to  Europe  as  the  trip 
to  the  moon  does  to  the  U.S.  and  the  U.S.S.R." 

Other  specific  projects  in  the  Eurospace  recommendations:  space 
stations,  because  long-term  platforms  were  believed  necessary  to  exploit 
space  scientifically  and  economically;  communications  satellites  in  a 
system  that  would  be  integrated  with  the  worldwide  system  of  the 
U.S.  ComSatCorp;  applications  and  scientific  satellites,  for  high- 
capacity  commercial  television,  weather  forecasting,  and  data  collect- 
ing; ground  facilities  for  basic  R&D.  {Av.  Wk.,  5/10/65,  74— 8U) 
April  27 :  Dr.  George  B.  Kistiakowsky,  professor  of  chemistry  at  Harvard 
Univ.  and  former  special  assistant  to  President  Eisenhower  for  science 
and  technology,  was  selected  Vice  President  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences  for  four-year  term  beginning  July  1,  1965.  nas  also  elected 
35  new  members  in  recognition  of  their  distinguished  and  continuing 
achievements  in  original  research. 

National  Academy  of  Engineering,  holding  its  first  annual  meeting 
in  coordination  with  nas,  elected  19  new  members  including  Dr.  Ray- 
mond L.  Bisplinghoff,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced 
Research  and  Technology,  (nas  Releases;  nas-nrc  J^ews  Report,  4/65) 
April  28:  X-15  No.  2  was  flown  by  pilot  John  McKay  (nasa)  to  92,600-ft. 
altitude  at  a  maximum  speed  of  3,260  mph  (mach  4.80)  to  obtain  data 
on  the  landing  gear  modification  and  on  stability  and  control.  (NASA 
X-15  Proj.  Off.;  frc  Release) 

•  USAf   orbited   two   unidentified   satellites    with   a   single   Atlas-Agena   D 

launch  vehicle  launched  from  Vandenberg  afb.  (ap,  NYT,  4/30/65, 
40;  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  140) 

•  In  its  11th  test  flight,  the  XB-70  aircraft  reached  a  speed  of  1,630  mph 

and  an  altitude  of  62,000  ft.— both  records  for  the  XB-70.  The  air- 
craft's total  time  in  the  air  was  14  hrs.  41  min.  Flight  was  made 
from  Edwards  afb  with  naa  pilots  Alvin  S.  White  and  Van  Shepard. 
(Clark,  NYT,  4/29/65) 

•  Quasi-stellar    radio    sources    ("quasars"),    cosmic    x-ray    sources,    and 

neutron  stars  were  discussed  at  nas  meeting  in  Washington.  Jesse 
L.  Greenstein  of  Mt.  Wilson  and  Palomar  Observatories  suggested 
qucisars  were  signs  of  galaxies  forming — "the  first  condensation"  of 
intergalactic  gases.  William  A.  Fowler  of  Cal  Tech  revived  his  earlier 
theory  (proposed  with  Fred  Hoyle)  that  these  sources  were  huge  energy 
masses  created  by  explosive  contractions  of  gigantic  stars.  Herbert 
Friedman  of  nrl  presented  new  evidence  that  cosmic  x-ray  sources  and 
neutron  stars  were  not  the  same  things.  (Scientists  at  nrl  had  earlier 
suggested  that  some  cosmic  x-ray  sources  were  the  theoretical  neutron 
stars.)  Edwin  E.  Salpeter  of  Cornell  Univ.  reiterated  the  neutron  star 
hypothesis.  He  suggested  neutron  stars  could  be  oscillating  stars  which 
generate  such  great  amounts  of  gravitational  energy  that  the  x-rays 
are  produced.      (Simons,  Wash.  Post,  4/29/65,  A5) 

•  Dr.  Harold  C,  Urey,  Univ.  of  California  physicist,  told  members  of  the 

Overseas  Writers  Club  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  Communist  China 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  207 

could  produce  hydrogen  bombs  by  a  comparatively  simple  process  and 
could  possibly  develop  a  nuclear  delivery  system  in  five  years.  Dr. 
Urey  said  Communist  China  had  surprised  world  scientists,  including 
himself,  when  it  produced  a  nuclear  bomb  last  fall  with  uranium  235 — 
one  of  the  technicallv  most  difficult  ways  to  produce  the  nuclear  bomb. 

(AP,yvyr,  4/30/65,' 3) 

April  29:  NASA's  explorer  xxvii  (be-c)  satellite  was  successfully  launched 
into  orbit  from  Wallops  Island  aboard  a  four-stage  Scout  rocket. 
Orbital  parameters  were:  apogee,  796.5  mi.  (1,162.4  km.)  ;  perigee, 
579.7  mi.  (921.3  km.)  ;  period,  108  min.;  inclination  to  the  equator, 
41°.  Primary  mission  of  the  132-lb.,  windmill-shaped  satellite  was 
geodetic  measurement:  irregularities  in  the  earth's  gravitational  field 
would  be  mapped  by  analysis  of  the  Doppler  shift  of  radio  signals  from 
the  spacecraft.  As  a  secondary  mission,  explorer  XXVII  would  pro- 
vide data  related  to  ionospheric  studies  and  would  evaluate  further  the 
use  of  laser  techniques  in  deriving  orbital  and  geodetic  information 
and  for  deep  space  communication. 

All  systems  were  operating  as  planned.  (Wallops  Release  65—24; 
NASA  Release  65-147;  nasa  JProj.  Off.) 

•  mariner  IV  set  world  space  communications  distance  record  shortly  after 

3:00  a.m.  est  when  it  reached  a  straight-line  distance  from  earth  of 
66  million  mi.  Soviet  scientists  reported  two  years  ago  that  they 
lost  radio  contact  with  their  mars  I  spacecraft  March  21,  1963,  after 
149  days  of  flight  at  more  than  65  million  mi.  (nasa  Release  65- 
141) 

•  USAF  launched  Thor  Agena  D   from  Vandenberg  afb  with  unidentified 

satellite  payload.      (U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  141) 

•  Second   successful   Biosatellite   nose   cone   test   at   White    Sands    Missile 

Range  was  conducted  by  afcrl,  which  was  assisting  NASA  in  evaluat- 
ing reentry  of  the  spacecraft  after  being  released  by  balloons  at  alti- 
tudes of  from  88,000  ft.  to  100,000  ft.  ^  First  such  test  had  been  con- 
ducted March  24.      (oar  Research  Revieiv,  7/65,  30) 

•  An  accelerated  reservoir  light-gas  gun  had  set  a  world  speed  record  of 

25,300  mph  for  controlled  flight  of  a  visible  object,  of  known  mass 
and  shape,  and  over  a  known  distance  in  a  ground  facility  in  tests  at 
NASA  Ames  Research  Center,  Ames  announced.  The  shot  was  3,200 
mph  faster  than  the  previous  record.  In  the  light-gas  gun  used,  an  ex- 
plosive charge  was  set  off  in  a  cylinder  behind  a  plastic  piston.  The 
explosion  pushed  the  piston  into  a  chamber  of  hydrogen  gas,  compress- 
ing it,  and  the  gas  in  turn  pushed  the  projectile  out  of  the  firing  tube. 
A  light  gas  must  be  used  because  it  has  low  mass  and  would  expand 
at  the  highest  speed  after  compression. 

With  the  ability  to  move  objects  this  fast,  researchers  could  extend 
their  knowledge  of  space  flight  problems,  (arc  Release  65-13;  ARC 
Astrogram,  4/29/65,  1,  2) 

•  DOD  announced  interagency  agreement  whereby  Defense  Supply  Agency 

would  furnish  NASA  about  $500,000  worth  of  electronic  items  annually 
on  a  reimbursable  basis.  The  agreement  would  involve  approximately 
12,000  centrally-managed  items  at  dsa's  Defense  Electronics  Supply 
Center  in  Dayton,  Ohio,      (dod  Release  272-65) 


208  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

April  29:  At  the  Spring  Meeting  of  the  American  Physical  Society,  Dr. 
Homer  E.  Newell,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and 
Applications,  attempted  to  answer  the  question  "What  can  the  space 
program  do  for  experimental  sciences  like  physics":  ".  .  .  the  impact 
that  space  techniques  are  having  and  have  already  had  on  geophysics 
...  is  three-fold  in  character.  First,  the  geophysicist  finds  in  the 
space  program  powerful  tools  to  use  in  a  new  approach  to  solving  old 
problems.  Secondly,  the  application  of  space  techniques  to  geophysics 
has  already  turned  up  a  number  of  exciting  new  problems,  greatly 
broadening  the  scope  of  the  discipline.  Thirdly,  as  space  probes,  and 
eventually  men,  reach  other  bodies  of  the  solar  system  such  as  the 
moon  and  planets,  the  domain  of  geophysics  grows  beyond  the  con- 
fines of  a  single  body  of  the  solar  system.  Let  us  consider  each  of 
these  extensions  to  geophysics  a  little  further. 

".  .  .  space  techniques  have  provided  new  tools  for  studying  old 
problems  of  geophysics.  Geodesy,  meteorology,  upper  atmospheric 
physics,  ionospheric  research,  and  sun-earth  relationships  have  all 
benefited  from  the  application  of  space  techniques.  In  the  case  of 
geodesy,  the  influence  of  the  earth  upon  the  orbits  of  various  artificial 
satellites  has  been  measured  by  careful  radio,  radar,  and  optical  track- 
ing and  used  to  obtain  quantitative  measures  of  the  various  harmonics 
in  the  expansion  of  the  earth's  gravitational  potential.  As  a  con- 
sequence of  such  measurements  it  has  been  found  that  the  earth's 
equatorial  bulge  is  some  70  meters  greater  than  one  would  expect.  .  .  . 
Other  departures  of  the  geoid  from  the  figure  of  hydrostatic  equilibrium 
have  also  been  determined  from  these  satellite  measurements.  .  .  . 
These  measurements  in  turn  have  important  implications  for  the 
distribution  of  matter  within  the  earth,  and  for  the  internal  strength 
of  the  earth's  mantle."      (Text) 

•  At  a  news  conference  in  Washington,  D.C.,  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  nasa 

Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  said  that  although 
"extravehicular  activity"  was  not  planned  for  Gemini  astronauts  until 
GT-5,  "we  are  working  hard  at  trying  to  qualify  the  space  suit  and 
the  hatch  itself  to  see  whether  we  can  accelerate  that  date." 

If  their  spacesuits  and  the  spacecraft's  hatch  passed  tests  in  time. 
Astronaut  Edward  H.  White  (Maj.,  usaf)  would  lean  halfway  out 
of  the  capsule  for  perhaps  15  min.  on  flight  GT-4,  scheduled  for  early 
June.  He  and  Astronaut  James  A.  McDivitt  would  attempt  to  orbit  the 
earth  63  times  in  98  hours,  taking  off  from  Cape  Kennedy  and  landing 
in  the  Atlantic  near  Grand  Turk  Island. 

Maj.  White  and  Maj.  McDivitt  appeared  at  the  news  conference  with 
their  backup  crew — Lt.  Cdr.  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.  (usn),  and  Maj. 
Frank  Borman   (usaf).      (Transcript) 

•  Dr.   Winston   E.   Kock,   Director  of   nasa   Electronics   Research   Center, 

was  guest  of  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth.  Director  of  nasa  Manned 
Spacecraft  Center,  on  a  tour  of  MSC  facilities.  While  in  Houston,  Dr. 
Kock  addressed  the  annual  banquet  of  the  Institute  of  Navigation.  In 
his  speech  he  revealed  ERG  would  investigate  possibilities  of  new  guid- 
ance techniques  for  future  ion-propelled  (or  other  low-thrust)  space- 
craft, employing  Mossbauer  radiation  as  an  accelerometer  to  monitor 
systems  performance  on  the  spacecraft.     He  termed  Mossbauer  radia- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  209 

tion  "the  most  precise  electromagnetic  frequency  yet  known"  in  guid- 
ance applications,  (msc  Roundup,  5  14/65,  7) 
April  29:  National  Academy  of  Engineering's  first  award,  the  Charles 
Proteus  Steinmetz  Centennial  Medal,  was  presented  to  RCA  President 
Elmer  W.  Engstrom.  for  his  outstanding  leadership  in  electrical  engi- 
neering for  more  than  30  years,      (nas-nrc  News  Report,  4/65,  4) 

•  Dr.    Charles    H.    Townes.    provost    of    MIT,    reported    at    the    meeting 

of  the  American  Physical  Society  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  a  laser 
beam  had  been  used  to  produce  sound  waves  more  than  a  million  times 
higher  in  pitch  than  those  audible  to  the  human  ear.  Dr.  Townes 
explained  that  the  laser  beams  at  MIT  had  been  used  to  produce  oscil- 
lations constituting  sound  waves  in  solids  and  liquids.  Sound  had 
been  produced  by  means  of  the  laser  at  3,000  mc  in  a  fluid  and  60,000 
mc  in  a  solid.  It  should  be  possible.  Dr.  Townes  said,  to  generate 
sound  at  300,000  mc  in  diamond.      (Sullivan,  NYT,  4/30/65) 

•  John  G.  Lee,  pioneer  aircraft  designer  and  former  director  of  research 

for  United  Aircraft  Corp.,  had  joined  nasa  as  a  part-time  consultant  to 
NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  on  aeronautical  research,  (nasa 
Release  65-143) 

•  A  full-size  model  of  the  Soviet  Union's  Vostok  spacecraft  was  placed  on 

public  view  for  the  first  time.  The  spherical,  silvery  capsule,  mounted 
on  a  model  of  the  last  stage  of  its  launch  vehicle,  was  on  display  in 
Moscow's  permanent  Exhibition  of  National  Economic  Achievement. 
The  4.6-ton  Vostok  had  a  diameter  of  IV2  ft.  {NYT,  4/30/65,  8) 
April  30:  s-ivb  stage  of  the  first  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle — first  piece  of 
flight  hardware  from  Douglas  Space  Systems  Center  at  Huntington 
Beach — had  been  shipped  aboard  NASA  barge  Orion  to  Douglas 
Sacramento  Test  Flight  Center  for  flight  readiness  testing.  The  stage, 
58  ft.  long  and  21.5  ft.  in  dia.,  had  single  Rocketdyne  J-2  engine,  de- 
veloping 200,000  lbs.  thrust,     (msfc  Release  65-104) 

•  NASA  had  awarded  $300,000  grant  to  the  Dept,  of  Interior's  Bureau  of 

Mines  for  a  three-year  research  program  on  the  potential  use  of  lunar 
materials  to  support  manned  exploration  of  the  moon.  The  research 
team,  utilizing  data  from  NASA's  unmanned  lunar  programs,  would 
study  the  possible  production,  processing,  and  uses  of  materials  on  the 
moon  for  the  construction,  supply,  and  operation  of  manned  lunar 
bases.  Faculty  consultants  and  graduate  students  from  Univ.  of 
Minnesota  would  assist  as  part  of  the  Bureau's  program  to  develop 
future  capabilities  at  educational  institutions,      (nasa  Release  65-144) 

•  NASA  Flight  Research  Center  awarded  separate  lifting  body  study  contracts 

to  McDonnell  Aircraft  Co.  and  Northrop  Norair.  The  two  separate 
six-month  studies  would  investigate  a  vehicle  concept  whose  sole  mission 
would  be  the  basic  research  involved  with  reentry  of  a  manned  lifting 
body  from  orbital  flight.  Preliminary  objectives  included  determina- 
tion of  problem  areas  and  their  influence  on  design.  Both  contracts 
were  fixed  price;  McDonnell  received  $152,496  and  Norair  $150,000. 
(frc  Release  11-65) 

•  James  E.  Webb,  nasa  Administrator,  addressed  meeting  of  Eurospace  in 

Washington,  D.C. 

"Launch  vehicle  and  propulsion  requirements  for  more  distant  ap- 
plications have  led  us  to  establish  the  feasibility  of  nuclear  reactors 
for  space  propulsion  purposes,  and  continuing  attention  will  be  given 


210  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

to  this  field.  Data  obtained  in  10  years  of  extensive  technical  effort 
have  now  experimentally  verified  the  analytical  predictions  of  per- 
formance for  this  type  of  propulsion.  And,  of  course,  the  support- 
ing technologies  which  would  be  necessary  for  difficult  and  distant 
future  missions  must  also  be  considered,  the  power  sources,  including 
fuel  cells,  radio  isotope  sources,  reactor  power  plants,  vastly  improved 
communications  technology,  pointing  and  orientation  technology,  high- 
ly reliable  and  long-lived  componentry,  and  life  support  systems,  in- 
cluding closed  ecological  systems.  In  this  wide  range  of  prospects  for 
the  more  distant  future,  we  are  not  committed  to  a  particular  line  of 
development  nor  to  given  systems.  We  are  too  early  in  the  space  age 
to  make  such  commitments.  .  .  ."  (Text) 
April  30:  C.  Leo  De  Orsey,  financial  advisor  and  attorney  for  the  seven 
original  astronauts  and  acting  president  of  the  Washington  Redskins 
football  team,  died.  (UPI,  Houston  Chron.,  5/1/65;  AP,  NYT,  5/2/65, 
89) 

•  Operational   control   of  U.S.   weapons   to   intercept   and   destroy   armed 

satellites  had  been  assigned  to  the  Space  Defense  Center  at  Colorado 
Springs,  Denver  Post  reported.  The  Space  Defense  Center  included 
the  Space  Detection  and  Tracking  Systems  (Spadats),  which  recorded 
the  launches  of  all  space  vehicles,  foreign  and  domestic,  and  logged 
precise  orbital  data  until  they  decayed  in  the  earth's  atmosphere. 
(Partner,  Denver  Post,  4/30/65) 
During  April:  More  than  100  delegates  from  Eurospace  toured  U.S.  aero- 
space installations,  including  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center,  Goddard 
Space  Flight  Center,  and  facilities  of  U.S.  firms  corresponding  to 
Eurospace  member  companies.  Purpose  of  the  U.S.  European  Space 
Conference  was  to  bring  together  top  industrial  leaders  from  European 
and  American  aerospace  companies  to  review  problems  posed  for  the 
industry  by  evolution  of  space  technology.      (M&R,  4/26/65,  9) 

•  A  $2.3-million  test  facility  expected  to  improve  space  storability  of  liquid 

and  solid  rocket  propulsion  systems  would  be  completed  at  the  Air 
Force  Rocket  Propulsion  Laboratory  at  Edwards  AFB,  Missiles  and 
Rockets  reported.      (M&R,  4/26/65,  10) 

•  The  2,000th  full-scale  solid  rocket  motor  of  the  Polaris  A-3  model  was 

shipped  to  Navy's  Pacific  Missile  Facility  where  it  would  be  integrated 
into  an  operational  missile,      ij/ Armed  Forces,  4/24/65,  15) 

•  Walter   R.    Dornberger,   vice   president   in   charge   of   research   for   Bell 

Aerosystem  Co.,  wrote  in  the  company's  bimonthly  magazine.  Ren- 
dezvous, the  United  States  was  spending  too  much  for  space  explora- 
tion. As  a  start  to  cutting  costs,  Dornberger  proposed  developing 
space  boosters  that  could  be  recovered  and  reused,  (ap,  Milwaukee  J., 
4/14/65) 

•  AFCRL  experiment  proved  that  a  radio  signal  transmitted  by  an  orbiting 

satellite  could  be  trapped  between  two  layers  of  the  ionosphere  and, 
upon  emergence,  channeled  to  ground  stations  half  way  around  the 
world.  Scientists  had  been  aware  of  the  ionospheric  ducting  capability 
for  a  number  of  years,  but  it  had  not  been  fully  explored  before  the 
orbiting  satellite  experiment.      fOAR  Release  4-65-1) 

•  Dr.  Willard  F.  Libby,  chemist  and  Director  of  ucla  Institute  of  Geo- 

physics and  Planetary  Physics,  advocated  emphasis  on  manned  scientific 
missions   in   the   U.S.   space   program.     "In   my   opinion,   space   is   a 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  211 

great  unknown  from  which  we  will  obtain  many  new  scientific  dis- 
coveries." He  approved  of  the  use  of  scientist-astronauts,  "but  they 
must  be  backed  much  more  wholeheartedly  by  the  entire  scientific  com- 
munity, particularly  the  academic  community,  than  is  at  present  the 
case.  Education  will  help  to  accomplish  this  eventually,  but  there  is  a 
particular  urgency  to  determine  the  post- Apollo  objectives  in  the  near 
future."  A  solution  to  the  immediate  problem,  which  had  been  pro- 
posed to  and  adopted  by  NASA:  formation  of  a  "Scientific  Task  Force," 
made  up  of  scientists  about  the  same  age  as  the  astronauts,  to  work 
and  live  at  MSC  and  be  closely  connected  with  the  astronauts,  MSC 
Director  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth,  Director  of  the  Office  of  Space  Sciences 
Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  and  the  Advisory  Committee  for  Science  and 
Technology.  The  Scientific  Task  Force  would  educate  the  scientific 
community  with  the  manned  space  flight  program  and  thereby  acquire 
its  ideas  on  the  subject,  and  acquaint  the  nasa  directors  with  the 
ideas  for  scientific  experiments  suggested  by  the  academic  community. 
{A&A,  4/65,  70-75) 
During  April:  Martin  Summerfield,  Princeton  Univ.,  said  in  aiaa  editorial 
that  most  of  the  critics  of  the  U.S.  space  program  were  erecting  and 
knocking  down  "straw  men."  Some  of  the  attacks  on  the  space  pro- 
gram were  designed  to  divert  space  funds  "to  other,  supposedly  more 
important  purposes,"  and  these  viewpoints  are  "pushed  too  hard  and 
can  lead  the  nation  in  dangerous  directions."  The  more  significant 
criticism  on  scientific  grounds  was  that  ground-based  instruments  (sup- 
plemented by  unmanned  probes)  can  gather  data  about  space,  the 
moon  and  other  celestial  bodies  more  effectively  than  rocket-launched 
exploration.  This  criticism,  he  said,  "misses  the  mark  completely  be- 
cause it  takes  for  granted  that  the  national  space  program — or  at  least 
the  NASA  part  of  it — was  conceived  simply  as  a  scientific  venture, 
.  .  ."  He  recalled  the  words  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space 
Act  of  1958,  which  provided  "clearly  .  .  .  the  overriding  intent  to 
develop  the  technology  of  space  flight  as  an  extension  of  the  former 
naca's  commitment  to  aeronautical  flight.  .  .  . 

"The  real  issue  is  whether  the  nation  should  continue  to  develop  the 
technology  for  flight  in  space,  capitalizing  on  such  useful  applications 
as  seem  practical  from  time  to  time.  The  answer  can  only  be  'yes,' 
and  nothing  less  than  a  vigorous  program  will  do.  It  makes  no  sense 
to  insist  that  so  broad  a  program  be  evaluated  in  competition  with 
telescopes  or  unmanned  scientific  probes.  Advances  in  space  science 
will  not  substitute  for  flying  capability.  Each  of  these  efforts  is  im- 
portant in  its  own  right.  .  .  ."      {A&A,  4/65,  23) 

•  Orville  H.  Daniel  discussed  small  rockets — chiefly  meteorological  sound- 

ing rockets — in  International  Science  and  Technology.  "Forty  years 
ago,  when  Dr.  Goddard  was  performing  his  first  experiments,  all  rockets 
were  small  rockets.  Today,  with  thrusts  nearing  10  million  pounds 
and  rocket  vehicles  approaching  the  size  of  small  skyscrapers,  a  500- 
pound-thrust  rocket  seems  like  a  relic  of  the  past.  Nevertheless,  such 
small  rockets  remain  as  important  to  science  and  as  challenging  to 
technology  as  Dr.  Goddard's  fledglings  were  in  his  day.  About  1500 
of  them  were  fired  last  year  for  various  scientific  purposes.  .  .  ." 
(Int.  Sci.  &  Tech.,  4/65,  .32-37) 

•  Cosmic  x-ray  detection  experiment  carried  aloft  by  an  Aerobee  sounding 


212  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

rocket  discovered  the  first  two  extragalactic  x-ray  sources  and  identi- 
fied a  variable  x-ray  source  within  the  Milky  Way  galaxy.  The  two 
extragalactic  sources — Sygnus  A  and  M-87 — were  found  to  emit  x- 
radiation  10  to  100  times  their  radio  and  light  energy.  The  variable 
x-ray  source  was  Casiopeia  A.  Details  of  the  experimental  results  were 
announced  March  2,  1966,  by  Dr.  Herbert  Friedman,  Naval  Research 
Laboratory  physicist.  Project  was  conducted  by  Dr.  Friedman,  E.  T. 
Byram,  and  T.  A.  Chubb  of  nrl  under  sponsorship  of  NRL  and  National 
Science  Foundation.      (Clark,  NYT,  3/3/66;  A&A,  4/66,  98,  100) 


1 


May   1965 


May  1:  nasa  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  speaking  at  Rose  Polytechnic 
Institute,  Terre  Haute,  Ind.:  "Indeed,  the  success  of  the  national  space 
program  depends  to  a  very  large  degree  on  the  quality  and  the  extent 
of  involvement  by  the  universities.  Their  most  important  contribution 
would  naturally  be  in  doing  the  jobs  they  are  uniquely  qualified  to  do, 
that  is,  in  research  and  in  educating  and  training  at  both  the  under- 
graduate and  graduate  levels  the  scientists,  engineers,  and  other  profes- 
sional personnel  required  by  the  space  program.  .  .  . 

"With  its  university  program,  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space 
Administration  is  approaching  a  goal  established  early  in  its 
history.  That  goal,  when  achieved,  will  provide  a  substantial  incre- 
ment to  those  trained  men  who  are  capable  of  guiding  this  country's 
undertakings  in  science  and  technology  confidently  toward  future 
needs  that  are  only  partially  visible  to  us  now.  That  goal  is  being 
pursued  in  institutions  of  higher  learning  where  men  teach  and  prac- 
tice their  specialties  in  the  context  of  other  highly  refined  fields  of 
interest.  Surely,  this  concept  is  broader  than  the  space  program 
itself."      (Text) 

•  YF-12A,  USAF's  twin-jet,   delta-winged  interceptor  prototype,  established 

four  speed  and  altitude  records  at  Edwards  afb:  (1)  2,062  mph 
straight-away  speed  record,  breaking  the  1,655.9  mph  previous  record 
held  by  the  Soviet  Union's  E-166;  (2)  80,000-ft.  record  for  sustained 
altitude  in  horizontal  flight,  exceeding  the  E-166's  74,376-ft.  record; 
(3)  1,688  mph  record  for  1,000-km.  closed-course  event  with  2000-kg. 
{4,409-lb.)  cargo,  surpassing  the  1,441  mph  record  set  by  the  e-166 
in  April  1965;  and  (4)  1,642  mph  record  for  500-km.  closed-course 
event,  topping  Soviet  performance  of  1,452  mph.  usaf  pilots  Col. 
Robert  L.  Stephens  and  Lt.  Col.  Daniel  Andre  set  the  first  two  records; 
Maj.  Walter  F.  Daniel  and  Capt.  James  Cooney,  the  others.  yf-12a 
performed  under  requirements  of  the  Federation  Aeronautique  Inter- 
nationale, world  authority  for  verification  of  flight  records,  (dod  Re- 
lease 281-65;  NYT,  5/9/65,  88) 

•  Possibility  that  the  wake  of  ice  crystals — contrails — produced  by  super- 

sonic jets  would  persist  and  spread  into  a  thin,  semipermanent  haze 
layer  at  about  14-mi.  altitude,  increasing  temperature  of  the  air  mass 
below,  altering  global  wind  patterns,  and  effecting  unpredictable  cli- 
mate changes  had  been  suggested  by  several  weather  specialists,  report- 
ed Walter  Sullivan.  ( Sullivan,  NYT,  5/1/65,  1 ) 
May  2:  The  recommendation  to  nasa  by  NAS-convened  study  group  [see 
Apr.  26]  that  Mars  receive  "the  highest  priority  among  all  objectives 
in  space  science,"  evoked  editorial  comment  from  the  New  York 
Times: 

213 


214  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"The  biological  exploration  of  Mars  will  not  be  cheap,  and  available 
funds  for  scientific  research  and  development  are  limited. 

"The  likely  costs  and  returns  of  the  search  for  Martian  life  must  be 
compared  with  those  from,  say,  programs  for  stepped-up  research  into 
cancer  or  for  building  giant  accelerators  that  would  permit  physicists 
to  peer  more  deeply  into  the  recesses  of  the  atomic  nucleus.  That 
broader  consideration  may  well  suggest  a  less  concentrated  program 
than  the  scientists  had  recommended. 

"Such  a  decision  would  have  the  added  advantage  of  allowing  more 
time  for  an  effort  to  make  the  search  for  Martian  life  a  cooperative 
international  project  and  not,  .  .  .  merely  one  more  arena  for  the 
wasteful  duplication  that  is  the  essence  of  Soviet-American  space  com- 
petition." {NYT,  5/2/65) 
May  3:  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rocket  was  launched  from  Wallops  Station, 
Va.,  to  obtain  temperature,  wind,  density,  and  pressure  at  a  time  of 
minimum  zonal  wind  flow  by  exploding  twelve  grenades  during  the 
ascent  of  the  rocket.  Two  grenades  did  not  eject  and  a  third  exploded 
before  complete  ejection,  causing  complete  failure  of  experiment. 
Coordinated  firings  did  not  occur  simultaneously  at  Ft.  Churchill  or 
Pt.  Barrow  due  to  weather  conditions  and  payload  problems.  (NASA 
Rpt.  SRl) 

•  FAA  announced  one-month  extensions,  through  May  1965,  of  design  con- 

tracts with  Boeing  Co.  and  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.,  airframe  contrac- 
tors; and  General  Electric  Co.  and  Pratt  &  Whitney  Div.  of  United 
Aircraft  Corp.,  engine  contractors,  for  U.S.  supersonic  transport 
program.  Extensions  applied  to  design  contracts  awarded  to  four 
companies  for  period  Jan.  1  through  Feb.  28,  1965,  with  provisions 
for  one-month  extensions  from  Feb.  28  through  June  30.  Dollar 
amount  of  each  one-month  airframe  contract  extension  was  $1  million 
($750,000  Government,  $250,000  contractor)  ;  dollar  amount  of  each 
one-month  engine  contract  extension  was  $835,000  ($626,250  Govern- 
ment, $208,750  contractor ) .      ( FAA  Release  65-40 ) 

•  Gemini     Astronaut     John     W.     Young     (LCdr.,     USn)     was    presented 

the  Navy's  astronaut  wings  by  Secretary  of  the  Navy  Paul  H. 
Nitze.     (AP,  rasA.Po5«,  5/4/65) 

•  EARLY   BIRD   I   transmitted   clear   pictures   and   sound   of   live   television 

programs  between  Europe  and  North  America  for  14  hrs.  demon- 
strating its  usefulness  in  regularly  scheduled  television.  For  three 
weeks,  television's  use  of  early  bird  i  would  be  restricted  to  Mon- 
days; daily  commercial  use  would  not  begin  until  fall  when  rates  had 
been  fixed.  The  satellite  would  be  used  on  other  days  for  telephone 
purposes  and  transmission  of  recorded  information.  (ComSatCorp; 
Gould,/Vyr,  5/4/65,  75) 

•  A  GEMINI   III   experiment   in   which   blood   cells   subjected   to   a  known 

dosage  of  radiation  were  allowed  to  float  around  weightless  in  a  con- 
tainer showed  that  weightlessness  had  no  effect  on  irradiated  human 
blood  cells,  according  to  Charles  W.  Mathews,  Gemini  program 
manager.  He  also  explained  why  gemini  Iii  landed  about  60  mi. 
short  of  predicted  spot:  The  pilots  were  instructed  to  fly  a  bank  angle 
based  on  wind-tunnel  data  of  Gemini  spacecraft's  lift  characteristics. 
But  in  actual  reentry,  the  spacecraft's  "lift  was  only  about  %  of  what 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  215 

we  had  expected  it  to  be."  Onboard  instrumentation  showed  the 
discrepancy,  but  the  command  pilot  followed  ground  instructions. 
When  he  ultimately  changed  the  angle,  based  on  the  onboard  display, 
it  was  too  late  to  achieve  the  spacecraft  target.  (Transcript) 
May  3:  Editorializing  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology,  Robert 
Hotz  said  that  during  the  Eurospace  meeting  in  Philadelphia,  Euro- 
pean members  had  made  significant  points  of  interest:  "Europe  needs 
a  technically  strong,  economically  beneficial  and  politically  imagina- 
tive space  program  of  its  own  if  it  is  to  remain  a  powerful  economic 
entity  and  maintain  its  present  standard  of  general  prosperi- 
ty ..  .  Europe  must  organize  its  technical  and  political  resources  on 
an  over-all  European  level  to  be  successful  in  space  technolo- 
gy. ..  .  European  industry  faces  a  formidable  task  in  selling  the 
economic  and  political  benefits  of  space  technology  to  its  people  and 
governments.  .  .  .  European  industry  must  develop  its  own  space 
technology  and  cannot  remain  technically  dependent  on  the  U.S.  re- 
gardless of  how  much  support  this  country  is  willing  to 
provide."  Hotz  concluded  that  "the  fact  that  the  discussions  were  so 
blunt  and  realistic  proved  the  value  of  an  organization  such  as  Euro- 
space  where  these  admittedly  knotty  problems  can  be 
aired...."  {Hotz,  Av.  Wk.,  5/3/65,  U) 
•  Discussions  at  last  week's  Eurospace  meeting  in  Philadelphia  indicated 
that  "Europeans  are  eagerly  seeking  means  to  acquire  U.S.  technical 
know-how  and  systems  management  capability  without  buying  hard- 
ware," wrote  William  J.  Coughlin  in  a  Missiles  and  Rockets 
editorial.  He  continued :  "This  was  recognized  in  a  blunt  statement  by 
Lockheed  vice  president  Elmer  P.  Wheaton: 

"  'As  we  see  the  situation,  the  real  reason  today  for  joint  U.S.-Euro- 
pean  industrial  cooperation  is  to  facilitate  acquisition  by  Europe  of  the 
technical  capability  the  United  States  has  been  fortunate  enough  to 
develop.  H  we  objectively  appraise  the  existing  circumstances,  we  all 
recognize  that  U.S.  cooperation  will  often  simply  strengthen  the  Euro- 
pean ability  to  compete  more  effectively  with  U.S.  firms.  With  these 
facts  in  mind,  it  is  obvious  that  the  purchase  of  U.S.  hardware  does 
not  best  fulfill  Europe's  aims'.  .  .  . 

"As  Lord  Caldecote,  managing  director  of  the  guided  weapons  divi- 
sion of  British  Aircraft  Corp.,  put  it:  T  cannot  believe  European  tax- 
payers will  be  prepared  to  put  forward  money  for  programs  on  which 
American  firms  are  prime  contractors'.  .  .  . 

"The  most  hopeful  route  to  European  space  collaboration  probably 
lies  in  the  proposals  put  forward  for  navigation,  meteorological  and 
television  satellites."  (CoughHn,  M&R,  5/3/65,  46) 
May  4:  Aerobee  sounding  rocket  successfully  launched  from  NASA  Wallops 
Station,  Va.  carried  317-lb.  payload  to  90-mi.  altitude  and  impacted 
about  54  mi.  downrange  in  the  Atlantic.  Conducted  by  NASA  Goddard 
Space  Flight  Center,  the  stellar  spectroscopy  experiment  measured  spe- 
cial radiation  of  two  stars,  Spica  and  Alkaid,  utilizing  an  ultraviolet 
stellar  spectrometer  and  an  input  telescope  with  a  13-in.  aperture. 
Performance  of  a  gimbaled  star  tracker  and  modified  attitude  control 
(Strap)  was  also  tested.  Data  were  telemetered  to  ground  station 
during  flight.      (Wallops  Release  65-26) 


216  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

May  4:  Sen.  Russell  B.  Long  (  D-La. )  introduced  a  bill  (S.  1899)  in  the 
Senate  "to  prescribe  a  national  policy  with  respect  to  the  acquisition, 
disposition,  and  use  of  proprietary  rights  in  inventions  made,  and  in 
scientific  and  technical  information  obtained,  through  the  expenditure 
of  public  funds.*'  Senator  Long  said  in  introducing  the  bill:  "New  dis- 
coveries derived  from  research  supported  by  public  funds  belong  to 
the  people  and  constitute  a  part  of  the  public  domain  to  which  all 
citizens  should  have  access  on  terms  of  equalitv."  (CR,  5/4/65, 
9023-9027) 

•  Aerospace  Corp.'s  S22  million  expenditure  to  construct  buildings  in  Cali- 

fornia when  space  was  available  in  nearbv  U.S.  facilities  was  criticized 
by  Comptroller  General  Joseph  Campbell  in  his  testimony  before  the 
House  Armed  Services  Special  Investigations  Subcommittee  investigat- 
ing Aerospace.  Campbell  said  that  Aerospace  had  also  incurred  "cer- 
tain questionable  costs  which  appear  to  be  of  interest."  (AP,  NYT. 
5/5/65) 

•  Dr.  Eugene  B.  Konecci  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council 

staff  discussed  future  manned  aerospace  flight  before  the  American 
Astronautical  Society  meeting  in  Chicago: 

"A  great  deal  of  lifting-body  research  is  being  performed  by  NASA 
and  the  USAF.  In  the  not  too  distant  future  we  will  enter  into  the 
truly  second  generation  manned  spacecraft  era  by  relying  more  on  a 
higher  l/d  (lift-drag  ratio)  such  as  a  hypersonic  l/d  of  about 
1.3.  .  .  .  The  lifting  body  second  generation  manned  spacecraft  gives 
operational  versatility  for  reentry  from  a  number  of  orbit  planes  and 
gives  a  recovery  capability  at  a  number  of  landing  sites  within  the 
United  States.  This  versatility  also  increases  the  margin  of  safety  for 
the  astronauts.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

•  Orbit  of  MOLNIYA  I  Soviet  communications  satellite  was  slightly  correct- 

ed to  increase  its  usefulness  for  relaying  telecasts  between  Moscow  and 
Vladivostok.  Soviet  Communications  Minister  Nikolai  D.  Psurtsev 
told  Izvestia  that  the  firing  of  a  special  rocket  motor  aboard  the  satel- 
lite had  raised  the  apogee  to  40,045.2  km.  (24.872.8  mi.)  ;  perigee  to 
548.4  km.  (340.6  mi.);  and  the  period  to  12  hrs.  Previous  orbital 
parameters:  apogee,  39,467.7  km.  (24,514.1  mi.);  perigee,  498.4  km. 
(309.5  mi.)  ;  period,  11  hrs.  48  min.  The  corrected  high  elliptical 
orbit  put  MOLNIYA  I  within  the  visibility  of  Russia's  ground  stations 
for  the  greater  part  of  its  period.  {NYT,  5/5/65,  6) 
May  4-6:  U.S.S.R.  Mars  probe  zond  ii  had  stopped  transmitting  data  to 
earth,  Russian  physicist,  Gennadii  Skuridin,  told  the  AAS-IIT  Research 
Institute  Symposium  on  Post-Apollo  Space  Exploration  in  Chicago. 
Cutoff  apparently  resulted  from  a  failure  in  the  probe's  solar  panels 
caused  by  meteoroid  impact  or  solar  radiation,  he  said.  Other  facts 
about  the  Soviet  space  program  made  public  for  the  first  time:  (1) 
pressure  in  Cosmonaut  Aleksey  Leonov's  spacesuit  during  his  walk  in 
space  on  March  18,  was  about  5.9  lbs.  psi;  (2)  Leonov  had  trouble 
with  his  vision  and  in  orienting  himself  while  in  space,  but  was 
capable  of  performing  useful  work;  (3)  Soviet  scientists  have  the 
technological  know-how  to  perform  orbit-changing  spacecraft  maneu- 
vers. A  thirty-minute  movie  of  Leonov's  walk  in  space  gave  closeup 
views  of  construction  of  VOSKHOD  ii's  airlock,  Leonov's  spacesuit, 
gloves,  footwear,  and  life-support  equipment  back  pack. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  217 

Discussing  investigation  of  space  by  the  U.S.S.R.,  Skuridin  said 
that  from  1962.  the  problem  of  going  to  the  moon  had  been  studied 
with  the  Cosmos  series  of  spacecraft.  He  said  cosmos  ill  and  COSMOS 
IV  had  studied  solor  plasma,  its  energy  and  location  in  earth  areas, 
and  during  the  period  April  24  to  May  2,  1962.  had  transmitted  to 
earth  more  than  50  million  measurements;  20  million  more  had  been 
stored  in  a  data-storage  system,  cosmos  xli  had  investigated 
charged  particles  at  40,000  mi.  altitude.  The  Elektron  series,  he  con- 
tinued, had  made  important  measurements  of  the  atmosphere  up  to  an 
altitude  of  3,000  km.  The  ions  of  hydrogen,  carbon,  and  oxygen  had 
also  been  measured. 

Discussing  future  flights,  Skuridin  said  the  Soviet  Union  would  like 
to  study  Saturn.  Pluto,  and  the  sun,  but  added  that  a  satellite  was 
needed  that  could  be  launched  to  far-off  planets  and  the  sun  and  return 
to  earth,  (upi,  NYT,  5/6/65,  2;  Kotulak.  Chic.  Trih.,  5/7/65;  M&R, 
5/10/65,  12,  13) 

May  4^6:  Preliminary  plans  for  Apollo  Extension  System  (Aes)  develop- 
ment required  selection  of  three  major  spacecraft  contractors,  NASA 
official  told  Missiles  and  Rockets  during  Symposium  on  Post-Apollo 
Space  Exploration  in  Chicago:  one  to  devise  single  payload  plan,  one 
to  cover  physical  installation  of  experimental  payloads  and  checkout 
systems,  and  one  to  translate  Apollo  spacecraft  into  Apollo  extension 
vehicle  with  a  six-week  manned  orbiting  capability.  NASA  official  at- 
tributed this  decision  to  a  reluctance  to  depend  on  a  single  contractor 
and  a  desire  for  broad-based  readily  available  industrial  capability. 
{M&R,  5/10/65,  13) 

May  5:  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Aleksey  Leonov,  first  man  to  walk  in  space,  had 
received  1  '230th  of  the  permissible  radiation  dose,  proving  that  space 
travel  is  radiation-safe.  Tass  announced.      (Reuters,  NYT,  5/6/65,  2) 

•  NASA  Assistant  Deputy  Administrator  Dr.  George  L.  Simpson,  Jr.,  was 

named  Chancellor  of  the  University  System  of  Georgia  and  would  as- 
sume the  duties  of  the  new  post  July  15.  Simpson,  who  had  joined 
NASA  in  1962  as  Assistant  Administrator  of  Public  Affairs,  later  be- 
came Assistant  Administrator  for  Technology  Utilization  and  Policy 
Planning.  In  July  1964  he  assumed  the  additional  duties  of  Assistant 
Deputy  Administrator.  A  native  of  North  Carolina,  he  had  been  a 
professor  at  the  Univ.  of  North  Carolina  and  a  planner  of  the  Research 
Triangle,  cooperative  endeavor  of  the  Univ.  of  North  Carolina,  Duke 
Univ.,  and  North  Carolina  State  College,  (ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
5/5^65) 

•  USAF  Chief  of  Staff  General  John  P.  McConnell,  speaking  at  a  meeting  of 

the  National  Press  Club  in  Washington,  D.C.,  said:  ".  .  .  As  airmen, 
all  of  us  in  the  Air  Force  look  at  space  with  real  concern.  Will  it 
someday  become  an  area  of  military  operation?  If  so,  what  will  be 
the  U.S.  posture?      In  military  language,  what  is  our  readiness?   .  .  . 

"Space  exploration  is  the  responsibility  of  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Administration.  .  .  .  The  act  which  created  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  gave  NASA  broad  responsi- 
bilities for  meeting  many  of  the  broad  needs  of  the  nation.  It  also 
stated  that  the  Department  of  Defense  should  be  responsible  for  and 
direct  those  space  activities  pecuUar  to  or  primarily  associated  with  the 


218  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

development  of  weapon  systems,  military  operations  or  the  defense  of 
the  United  States. 

"So  we  have  both  NASA  and  Air  Force  assigned  specific  responsi- 
bilities. We  have  the  basis  of  a  partnership.  And  a  partnership  it  is 
in  carrying  out  the  national  program  as  recommended  by  the  President 
and  authorized  and  funded  by  Congress.  The  intent  of  Congress  is 
very  clear.  The  members  wanted  the  broad  space  capabilities  of  the 
nation  to  be  built  up  as  rapidly  as  possible  without  unnecessary  dupli- 
cation of  effort  or  of  waste.  This  we  are  attempting  to  do.  And 
while  I  would  not  ordinarily  try  to  speak  for  Jim  Webb,  the  NASA 
Administrator,  I  think  I  can  speak  for  him  today  on  this  subject,  in 
saying,  that  it  is  a  very  well  understood  mutual  objective  between  the 
Air  Force  and  NASA." 

Asked  his  opinion  about  spending  of  $20  billion  to  reach  the  moon, 
McConnell  said:  "I  think  it  is  necessary  for  us  to  get  everything  we 
can  out  of  space.  And  I  think  we  should  get  it  as  rapidly  as  we  can  at 
as  reasonable  cost  as  we  can.  But  you  can't  get  it  rapidly  and  at  the 
same  time  cheaply  .  .  .  going  to  the  moon  is  just  the  end  product  of 
what  we  are  getting  out  of  it.  If  we  were  just  going  to  the  moon,  I 
wouldn't  think  it  would  be  worth  20  billion  dollars  to  go  to  the 
moon.  But  I  don't  hesitate  to  say  that  all  of  the  other  things  which 
we  have  to  do,  the  preliminaries,  and  the  things  that  we're  going  to 
learn  in  the  process  of  achieving  that  goal  is  well  worth  the  expendi- 
ture of  whatever  money  is  required  to  attain  the  knowledge  which  we 
will  attain  as  a  result  of  this  project."  (Text) 
May  5:  Boeing  Co.  unveiled  to  the  public  a  mockup  of  its  Molab  (Mobile 
Laboratory ) ,  a  six-wheeled  vehicle  being  studied  by  NASA  for  use  in 
manned  exploration  of  the  moon,  (ap,  Tulsa  Daily  World,  5/6/65) 
May  6:  MARINER  iv,  after  159  days  in  space,  was  72  million  mi.  from 
earth,  had  travelled  243  million  mi.  The  spacecraft  continued  to  re- 
turn scientific  and  engineering  data  to  ground  stations  daily  and  to  set 
new  records  for  distance  of  communications,  (nasa  Release  65-148) 
•  U.S.  House  of  Representatives  passed  a  bill  authorizing  appropri- 
ations to  NASA  for  FY  1966  totaling  $5,183,844,850,  as  follows: 
S4,537,121,000  for  research  and  development;  $60,675,000  for  con- 
struction of  facilities;  and  $586,048,850  for  administrative  operations. 
NASA  had  requested  $5.26  billion. 

During  the  debate  preceding  passage  of  the  bill,  Rep.  James  G. 
Fulton  (R-Pa.)  said:  "We  have  moved  quickly.  But  we  are  not  in  a 
crash  program.  We  are  now  conducting  a  reasonable  program  .  .  . 
it  is  a  well-planned  program. 

"It  is  impossible  to  believe  that  in  the  fiscal  year  1959  only 
$48,354,000  was  authorized  for  space  [nasa].  In  fiscal  year  1960  it 
went  up  ten  times  to  $485,550,000.  It  doubled  again  in  fiscal  year 
1961  to  $915  million. 

"In  fiscal  year  1962  it  went  to  $1,361,900,000. 

"In  fiscal  year  1963,  it  went  to  $3,742,162,000  and  in  fiscal  year 
1964  to  $5,238,119,400. 

"In  fiscal  year  1965  it  went  to  $5,193,810,500. 

"For  this  fiscal  year,  the  committee  has  recommended  $5,183,844?- 
850,  which  is  down  from  last  year's  level. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  219 

"I  want  the  House  to  know  we  have  gone  over  these  programs 
thoroughly.  We  have  made  cuts  in  the  committee,  and  the  cuts  were 
worthwhile.  They  are  responsible,  and  they  are  substantial.  They 
are  not  small." 

Regarding  funds  restored  to  the  NASA  budget.  Rep,  Fulton  said: 
"The  M-1  engine  development,  the  260-inch  engine  development,  and 
the  SNAP-8  development,  were  ongoing  programs  of  research  that  were 
approved  by  the  committee  and  authorized  by  the  House  over  the  past 
several  years.  However,  for  reasons  of  economy,  the  Administrator 
cut  these  three  programs  entirely  from  the  NASA  budget.  The  commit- 
tee on  the  other  hand,  believed  that  such  actions  in  the  long  run  would 
be  extremely  wasteful  and  later  result  in  very  high  costs  when  it  would 
become  necessary  to  reactivate  these  programs. 

"Consequently,  the  committee  restored  S15  million  to  the  M-1  pro- 
gram to  continue  it  on  a  technological  development  level,  S6.2  million 
to  the  260-inch  solid  rocket  program  to  carry  it  through  the  test  firing 
of  two  full  length  rockets,  and  S6  million  to  the  snap-8  to  continue  it 
at  the  scheduled  level  of  effort." 

Rep.  Olin  E.  Teague  ( D-Tex. )  discussed  changes  made  by  the 
Manned  Space  Flight  Subcommittee:  "The  total  request  by  NASA  for 
manned  space  flight  for  fiscal  year  1966  is  $3,567,052,000.'.  .  .  The 
subcommittee  is  recommending  a  total  reduction  of  $42,825,000. 

"NASA  requested  $3,249,485,000  for  research  and  development  in 
manned  space  flights.  Total  reduction  in  research  and  development 
amounts  to  $30  million.  All  of  this  reduction  comes  from  the  Apollo 
program.  It  is  the  view  of  the  subcommittee  that  in  the  areas  of 
Apollo  mission  support  and  engine  development  that  program  improve- 
ments could  be  made.  However,  the  reduction  was  made  in  the  total 
request  to  allow  NASA  to  make  program  alterations  with  a  broad  man- 
agement latitude  of  choice  without  adversely  affecting  the  total 
program.  It  was  recognized  by  the  subcommittee  that  NASA,  prior  to 
coming  before  the  committee,  had  made  substantial  reductions  in  their 
total  research  and  development  program.  A  further  reduction  was 
also  made  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget.  Based  on  this,  the  $30  mil- 
lion reduction  is  considered  a  maximum  amount  that  could  be  taken 
without  jeopardizing  the  pace  and  progress  of  the  Apollo 
program."  ( CR,  5/6/65,  9291,  9296,  9301 ) 
May  6:  Saturn  V  booster  (s-ic  stage)  was  static-fired  for  the  second  time 
at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  The  five  F-1  engines  were 
ignited  in  a  15-sec.  test  during  which  they  generated  7.5  million  lbs. 
thrust.  Tests  of  this  stage  would  gradually  increase  in  duration  until 
full-length  firing  of  2^/2  min.  was  reached  in  late  spring  or  early 
summer,  (msfc  Release  65-117) 
•  USAF  Titan  iii-A  rocket  was  fired  from  Eastern  Test  Range  in  a  maneu- 
verability test  in  which  the  third  stage  (transtage),  carrying  two  satel- 
lites, executed  a  series  of  consecutive  and  intricate  maneuvers.  Pri- 
mary goal  of  the  mission  was  four  separate  ignitions  of  the  transtage's 
engines — a  feat   never  before   attempted. 

First  firing,  after  burnout  of  the  first  two  stages,  lasted  296  sec.  and 
injected  the  7,000-lb.  rocket-payload  assembly  into  near-earth  orbit  of 
125-mi.  (201.3  km.)  apogee,  108-mi.  (173.9-km.)  perigee,  and  88.1- 
min.  period.     After  one  earth  orbit,  about  90  min.  after  launch,  the 


220  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

third  stage  ignited  a  second  time,  for  37  sec,  driving  the  stage  upward 
into  an  elliptical  orbit  of  apogee,  1,757  mi.  (2,828.8  km.)  and  perigee, 
115  mi.  (185.2  km.).  Two  and  one-half  hours  later,  transtage's  two 
8,000-lb. -thrust  engines  burned  a  third  time,  for  27  sec,  to  circularize 
the  orbit  at  1.743-mi.  (2,806.2-km.)  apogee  and  1,729-mi.  (2,783.7- 
km.)  perigee.  Thirty  seconds  after  shutdown  of  the  transtage,  an  82- 
Ib.  Lincoln  Laboratory  experimental  communications  satellite  (les 
II ),  equipped  with  its  own  rocket  motor  to  shoot  itself  into  a  higher 
elliptical  orbit,  was  spring-ejected  from  the  stage.  LES  ii  attained 
orbit  of  9,364-mi.  (15,076-km.)  apogee;  1,753-mi.  (2,822-km.)  peri- 
gee; 315-min.  period;  and  31.35°  inclination.  Then,  42  sec.  after  LES 
11  was  released,  a  44.5-in.-dia.,  75-lb.  hollow  aluminum  radar  calibra- 
tion sphere  (lcs  i)  was  ejected  from  the  transtage.  LCS  i  was  to 
remain  in  near-circular  orbit  with  1,743-mi.  (2,806.2-km.)  apogee, 
1,729-mi.  (2,783. 7-km.)  perigee.  Seven  hours  after  launch,  the  tran- 
stage was  fired  a  fourth  time,  driving  it  into  a  final  elliptical  orbit  of 
2,317-mi.  (3,730.4-km.)  apogee;  1,725-mi.  (2,777.3-km.)  perigee;  157- 
min.  period;  and  32.07°  inclination,  (upi,  NYT,  5/7/65,  12;  Av. 
Wk.,  5/10/65,  33;  usaf  Proj.  Off.;  JJ.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965, 
141) 
May  6:  nasa  announced  its  agreement  with  the  Brazilian  Space  Commis- 
sion (cnae)  to  cooperate  in  scientific  sounding  rocket  program  to 
investigate  the  lower  regions  of  the  ionosphere,  emphasizing  the  effects 
of  cosmic  rays.  NASA  would  provide  and  CNAE  would  launch  two' 
sounding  rockets  from  Natal,  Brazil;  scientific  payloads  would  be  con- 
structed by  Brazilian  technicians  at  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight 
Center.  NASA  and  cnae  would  combine  to  provide  ground  support 
equipment,  to  analyze  data,  and  to  publish  the  results  of  the 
experiment.  In  addition,  NASA  would  launch  one  instrumented  sound- 
ing rocket  from  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  in  a  complementary 
experiment.  The  project  would  contribute  to  observance  of  1965' as 
International  Cooperation  Year,      (nasa  Release  65-149) 

•  To  assure  expeditious  completion  of  NASA's  Mississippi  Test  Facility — 

permanent  national  center  for  ground  testing  of  large  launch  vehicle 
stages — Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  announced  two  changes  in  prepa- 
ration of  the  installation :  ( 1 )  buildup  in  personnel  would  start  imme- 
diately; (2)  MSEC  planning,  construction,  and  activation  elements 
would  be  grouped  into  a  new  Mississippi  Test  Facility  Task 
Force.  Jackson  Balch,  until  now  MSFC's  assistant  deputy  director, 
technical,  would  have  the  dual  titles  of  Mississippi  Test  Facility  site 
manager  and  head  of  the  mtf  Task  Force.  A  permanent  organization 
to  operate  mtf  once  it  was  activated  would  be  formed  later,  (msfc 
Release  65-114) 

•  Techniques  for  weather  predictions  reliable  up  to  two  weeks  were  dis- 

cussed at  Geophysics  Corp.  of  America  in  Bedford,  Mass.,  by  Dr.  D.  Q. 
Wark  of  the  U.S.  Weather  Bureau,  Dr.  William  Nordberg  of  NASA 
Goddard  Space  FHght  Center,  and  Dr.  Jean  I.  F.  King  of  GCA.  These 
scientists  had  successfully  utilized  radio  waves  to  collect  weather  data 
and  were  planning  to  build  a  new  weather  satellite  which  could  log 
greater  amounts  of  data  and  provide  constant  coverage.  They  pro- 
posed placing  weather  buoys  in  the  oceans  and  weather  balloons  in  the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  221 

atmosphere  equipped  to  relay  data  to  the  orbiting  satelHte  which,  in 
turn,  would  relay  data  to  ground  stations.  (Hughes,  CSM,  5/6/65) 
May  6:  Russian  communications  satellite  molniya  I,  because  of  its  higher 
and  sharply  elongated  orbit,  could  transmit  continuously  several  hours 
longer  than  American  Telstars,  reported  Tass.  Tass  claimed  that  Tel- 
stars  could  transmit  uninterruptedly  for  only  30  min.  (Reuters,  NYT, 
5/7/65,  3) 

•  Chairman  of  the  UCLA  Astronomy  Dept.   Dr.  L.   H.  Aller  believed  the 

moon  might  be  as  solid  as  metal  below  the  top  few  inches  of  surface, 
reported  George  Getze  in  the  Los  Angeles  Times.  According  to  Getze, 
Aller  said  chances  were  good  that  the  chemical  composition  of  the 
moon  was  more  like  the  sun's  than  the  earth's  and  that  elements  in 
the  sun  as  gases  would  be  found  in  the  moon  as  solids.  "The  first  few 
inches  of  the  moon's  surface  may  have  been  changed  a  good  deal  by 
meteor  hits  and  solar  radiation,  but  if  we  go  down  a  few  feet  we  will 
probably  find  that  the  composition  is  like  the  sun's,"  he  said.  (Getze, 
L.A.  Times,  5/6/65) 

•  Editorializing   in   the   Evening   Star,   Richard   Fryklund   said:    "It   is    a 

pity  .  .  .  that  the  hot,  new  plane,  called  the  yf-12a,  has  almost  no 
chance  to  be  used  by  the  Air  Force  for  anything  except  tests  and  speed 
records.  .  .  . 

"The  reason:  Secretary  of  Defense  McNamara  doubts  that  any  new 
interceptor  is  needed  or  that  the  Air  Force's  nomination  is  the  right 
plane  even  if  one  is  needed.  .  .  . 

"Three  of  the  records  set  by  the  yf-12a  on  May  Day  are  consid- 
ered to  be  the  most  important  performance  checks  on  any  airplane: 
Speed  over  a  straight  course  (2,062  miles  an  hour,  or  about  mach 
3.2),  altitude  (80,000  feet,  though  it  can  go  higher)  and  speed  around 
a  circular  course  (1,688  miles  an  hour)."  (Fryklund,  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  5/6/65,  7) 
May  7:  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  lxvi  with  scientific  instruments  aboard 
for  investigation  of  outer  space,  Tass  announced.  Orbital  data:  apo- 
gee, 291  km.  (180.7  mi.) ;  perigee,  197  km.  (122.3  mi.) ;  period,  89.3 
min.;  inclination,  65°.  All  systems  were  functioning  normally. 
(Tass,  5/7/65) 

•  The   President   of  Aerospace   Corp.,    Dr.    Ivan   A.    Getting,   replying   to 

Comptroller  General  Joseph  Campbell's  charges  that  Aerospace  had 
spent  $22  million  to  build  new  facilities  in  California  when  Govern- 
ment space  was  available,  told  the  House  Armed  Services  Special 
Investigations  Subcommittee  that  the  separate  buildings  assured  "the 
financial  independence  and  stability  to  enable  the  corporation  to  per- 
form its  mission,"  and  that  the  construction  would  be  paid  for  with 
earnings  from  Government  contracts  and  fees.  Chairman  of  the  Sub- 
committee Rep.  Porter  Hardy,  Jr.  (D-Va.),  said  that  the  hearings  had 
revealed  "startling  deficiencies  in  the  control  of  public  funds  made 
available  to  Aerospace."     (ap,  NYT,  5/9/65,  76) 

•  Civil   Aeronautics   Board   approved   a   United   Air  Lines   plan   to   lease 

eight  Boeing  727-22  jet  airliners  from  a  group  of  22  banks  rather  than 
buy  them  directly  from  Boeing.  United  told  the  CAB,  in  applying  for 
approval  of  the  new  agreement,  that  the  lease  arrangement  would  give 
it  the  use  of  the  planes  on  a  cost  basis  substantially  more  favorable 
than  if  it  leased  the  planes  some  other  way  or  financed  their  purchase 


222  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

through  commercial  bank  borrowings.  Each  plane  would  be  leased  to 
United  for  13  yrs.  from  date  of  delivery.  (WSJ,  5/7/65,  6) 
May  7:  Civil  Aeronautics  Board  request  for  $2.1  million  in  subsidies  for 
commercial  helicopter  lines  in  New  York,  Chicago,  and  Los  Angeles,  to 
be  paid  during  July-December  period,  was  denied  by  House  Appropri- 
ations Committee.      ( WSJ,  5/7/65,  2) 

•  Pan   American   Airways   announced   it  would   purchase   four   additional 

Boeing  727  jet  aircraft,  bringing  its  Boeing  purchase  program  total  to 
19.     (r5/,  5/7/65,  3) 

May  8:  "We  are  already  getting  ready  for  the  next  manned  flight,"  Soviet 
Cosmonaut  Pavel  Belyayev's  backup  pilot  wrote  in  a  Soviet  air  force 
journal.  "We  are  getting  acquainted  with  the  construction  of  a  new 
ship"  and  "planning  new  flights  on  new  courses  with  more  complicated 
assignments."      (  Wash.  Post,  5/8/65) 

May  9:  luna  v,  a  3,254-lb.  instrumented  moon  probe,  was  successfully 
launched  by  U.S.S.R.  on  an  undisclosed  mission.  According  to  Tass 
announcement,  the  probe  was  launched  by  multi-stage  rocket  into  a 
parking  orbit  and  then  fired  toward  the  moon.  All  onboard  equip- 
ment was  said  to  be  functioning  normally  and  a  U.S.S.R.  station  track- 
ing the  probe  was  receiving  "scientific  information."  Tass  reported 
that  LUNA  V  was  "moving  along  a  trajectory  close  to  the  planned 
one."  At  10:00  p.m.  Moscow  time,  the  probe  was  110,000  km. 
(68,323  mi.)  from  earth.      (Tass,  5/9/65) 

•  Sir   Bernard   Lovell,    director   of   the   radiotelescope    facility    at   Jodrell 

Bank,  England,  said  that  the  telescope  would  try  to  track  Soviet  lunar 
probe  LUNA  V  on  May  10.  "We  have  been  expecting  the  Russians  to 
make  an  attempt  to  achieve  a  soft  landing  of  an  instrumented  package 
on  the  moon  for  some  time  now,"  he  said.  "This  may  possibly  be  the 
attempt."     {NYT,  5/10/65) 

•  Studies    on    flight    handling    qualities    of    a    manned    lifting    body    re- 

entry vehicle  during  the  later  stages  of  reentry  and  during  the  land- 
ing approach  were  being  jointly  conducted  by  NASA  and  Cornell  Aer- 
onautical Laboratory  at  NASA's  Flight  Research  Center  using  a  T-33 
jet  aircraft  specifically  modified  for  AF  Systems  Command  by 
Cornell.  Cornell  was  working  under  a  NASA-funded  $231,000  contract 
which  also  included  human  transfer-function  studies  and  ground  simu- 
lation of  the  lifting  body,      (frc  Release  12-65) 

•  Recently  released  photograph  of  the  recoverable  capsule  of  the  U.S.S.R. 

Vostok  spacecraft  revealed  that  the  craft  was  spherical  and  that  one 
third  of  it  was  covered  with  an  unidentified  material  marked  by  con- 
centric rings.  In  a  New  York  Times  article,  Frederic  Appel  said  that 
the  U.S.  had  rejected  a  spherical  design  for  U.S.  spacecraft  because  of 
its  lack  of  dynamic  stability  and  because,  during  reentry,  too  much 
surface  was  exposed  to  hot  gases  deflected  by  the  heat  shield  raising 
the  internal  temperature  above  allowable  limits.  Appel  speculated  that 
the  Soviets  might  have  solved  the  problem  with  greater  heat  insulation 
or  a  more  powerful  coohng  system  and  that  the  material  marked  by 
concentric  rings  could  be  the  remains  of  a  heat  shield  that  had  burned 
away.      (Appel,  NYT,  5/9/65,  14) 

•  U.S.S.R  displayed  some  of  its  newest,  most  powerful  missiles  during  a 

parade  across  Red  Square  in  Moscow  commemorating  20th  anniver- 
sary of  victory  over  Hitler's  Army.     Missiles  never  before  displayed 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  223 

included  two  three-stage  missiles  about  110  ft.  long  and  10  ft.  in  diam- 
eter which  Tass  described  as  of  "unlimited"  range  and  as  similar  to 
the  rockets  that  orbited  the  Vostok  and  Voskhod  spacecraft;  two  mis- 
siles of  similar  construction — about  65  ft.  long — described  by  Tass  as 
"intercontinental  rockets"  using  solid  fuel;  a  massive  self-propelled 
missile  consisting  of  a  tracked  carrier  topped  by  a  stubby  rocket  rest- 
ing as  if  in  a  pod  and  described  by  Tass  as  a  solid-fuel  medium-range 
missile  of  "tremendous  destructive  power."  This  was  the  first  time 
the  Soviet  Union  had  officially  reported  it  possessed  a  solid-fuel  rocket 
of  the  intercontinental,  or  orbital,  type. 

Also  in  the  parade  were  a  Polaris-type  missile  used  by  submarines 
and  what  Tass  described  as  an  "antimissile  missile."  These  types  of 
weapons  had  been  displayed  before.  (Tanner,  NYT,  5/10/65) 
May  9:  Dr.  Richard  L.  Lesher,  consultant  to  NASA  since  June  1964  and  a 
special  assistant  to  Breene  M.  Kerr,  nasa  Assistant  Administrator  for 
Technology  Utilization  since  Nov.  1964,  became  NASA  Deputy  Assistant 
Administrator  for  Technology  Utilization.      (NASA  Release  65-161) 

•  Sixty  college  science  and  engineering  students  selected  in  a  nationwide 

competition  were  awarded  NASA  grants  to  participate  in  a  summer 
space  science  program  at  Columbia  Univ.      {NYT,  5/9/65,  34) 

May  9-12:  During  NASA  Conference  on  Aircraft  Operating  Problems,  NASA 
scientists  reported  to  Government  and  industry  technical  experts  on 
research  accomplishments  leading  to  improved  aircraft  usefulness  and 
safety.  Held  at  NASA  Langley  Research  Center,  the  technical  sessions 
were  under  the  sponsorship  of  NASA's  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and 
Technology  and  included  34  papers,  (nasa  Release  65-160;  NASA 
SP-83.) 

May  10:  Tass  announced  that  luna  v  probe  had  undergone  a  planned 
midcourse  maneuver  to  change  its  trajectory.      (Tass,  5/11/65) 

•  Evidence  of  life  on  earth  2.7  billion  yrs.  ago  was  reported  by  Univ.  of 

California  professor  and  Nobel  prize  winner  Melvin  Calvin.  The  evi- 
dence was  in  the  form  of  two  chemicals,  phytane  and  pristane,  extract- 
ed from  the  Soudan  Formation,  a  carbon-rich  and  precisely-dated  geo- 
logical stratum  in  Minnesota.  Both  are  carbon-hydrogen  compounds; 
both  are  manufactured  only  by  living  systems;  both  are  stable  enough 
to  have  survived  unaltered.  As  Calvin  reconstructed  it,  both  chemi- 
cals were  synthesized  by  chlorophyll-containing  plants — fairly  high 
forms  of  life  requiring  long  ancestry.  First  signs  of  earthly  life  must 
therefore  have  existed  800  million  yrs.  prior  to  the  date  currently 
accepted.      {Newsweek,  5/10/65) 

•  Rep.  James  C.  Corman   (D-Calif.)    announced  that  a  poll  taken  among 

his  constituents  showed  that  68.7%  supported  a  program  to  land  an 
American  on  the  moon  by  1970;  14%  felt  the  program  should  be 
slowed  down;  17.3%  disapproved  of  the  program.  {CR,  5/10/65, 
A2275) 

•  Newest  U.S.  telescope,  a  24-in.   reflector  for  photographing  stars,  was 

operating  at  Univ.  of  Rochester  under  direction  of  Dr.  Stewart 
Sharpless.  It  would  be  used  to  study  the  structure  of  the  galaxies,  the 
gas  and  dust  between  stars,  and  the  evolution  of  variable  stars.  (Sci. 
Serv.,  Wash.  Daily  News,  5/10/65) 

•  USAF  scientist  Dr.  John  W.  Evans  received  DOd's  Distinguished  Civilian 

Service  Award  for  his  research  on  the  physical  processes  of  solar  mag- 


224  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

netic  fields,  mass  motions  of  the  solar  photosphere,  and  growth  and 
development  of  solar  flares.  fOAR  Release  5-65-1) 
May  10:  Second  stage  (s-iv)  for  the  tenth  and  last  Saturn  I  launch  vehicle 
was  delivered  to  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  aboard  "Pregnant 
Guppy"  aircraft.  The  stage  was  flown  from  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.'s 
Sacramento,  Calif.,  facility,      (msfc  Release  65-135) 

•  U.S.S.R.'s   antimissile   missile   and   other  powerful   rockets   were  shown 

in  action  for  the  first  time  in  a  film  on  Moscow  television,  "Rockets 
in  Defense  of  Peace."  Included  were  test  firings  of  surface-to-air, 
air-to-surface,  and  underwater  missiles  as  well  as  launchings  of 
intermediate  and  intercontinental  surface-to-surface  ballistic  missiles, 
some  from  underground  silos.  Also  displayed  were  installations  of 
the  Soviet  antimissile  defense,  including  testing  stations,  computer 
centers  supplying  data  for  interceptions,  and  launching  sites  for  inter- 
ceptor missiles.  One  sequence  showed  firing  of  an  antimissile  missile 
and  the  interception  of  an  intercontinental  ballistic  missile  at  an 
unspecified  altitude.      ( Shabad,  NYT,  3/11/65,  4) 

•  In  a  New  York  Times  article.  Jack  Gould  suggested  that  statesmen  plan- 

ning EARLY  BIRD  I  telecasts  prepare  their  speeches  well  in  advance  and 
consider  time  differences  in  their  scheduling.  He  noted  that  President 
Johnson's  speech  had  received  limited  European  coverage  because  it 
was  hastily  arranged  and  that  the  address  of  West  Germany's  Chancel- 
lor Ludwig  Erhard  had  suffered  because  of  an  unusually  poor  simulta- 
neous English  translation.  (Gould,  NYT,  5/10/65,  59) 
May  11:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  speaking  to  the  Washington 
Board  of  Trade,  said:  "In  1959,  when  NASA  attempted  14  space  flights, 
we  had  37  percent  success  in  missions  and  launch  vehicles.  Last  year 
we  attempted  30  missions,  more  than  twice  as  many  as  in  1959,  and 
the  percentage  of  success  in  missions  went  up  to  83,  with  93  percent 
success  in  vehicles.  So  far  this  year,  the  percentages  are  holding  close 
to  those  of  1964."     (Text) 

•  Successful  75-min.  test  of  USAF  f-111a  supersonic  fighter  bomber  was 

conducted  at  Edwards  afb  by  Lt.  Col.  James  W.  Wood  (usaf)  who 
flew  at  760  mph  and  to  30,000  ft.      (ap,  NYT,  5/12/65) 

•  F-111b,  USN  version  of  the  F-111  multipurpose  fighter  designed  for  use 

by  both  USAF  and  usN,  was  displayed  for  the  first  time  during  a  roll- 
out ceremony  at  the  Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering  Corp.  plant  at 
Peconic,  L.I.  Secretary  of  the  Navy  Paul  H.  Nitze  was  the  principal 
speaker.  Test  pilots  demonstrated  the  variable-sweep  wing  which 
could  extend  almost  perpendicular  to  the  fuselage  for  take-offs,  land- 
ings, and  slow  flight,  and  then  pivot  back  sharply  for  supersonic 
flight.  In  a  news  conference.  Brig.  Gen.  John  L.  Zoeckler  (usaf), 
F-111  project  manager,  acknowledged  that  f-111b  was  500-600  lbs. 
"overweight,"  but  said  that  "very  substantial  strides"  had  been  made 
in  weight  reduction.  He  added  that  "some  compensation"  in  perform- 
ance would  be  achieved  in  later  USN  models  by  addition  of  high-lift 
devices.  The  two-man,  all-weather,  supersonic  aircraft  was  designed 
to  fly  at  about  1,600  mph.  (dod  Release  285-65;  Hudson,  NYT, 
5/12/65,  18) 

•  A  third  solid-fuel  Pershing  ballistic  missile  unit  would  be  moved  to  Eu- 

rope this  month,  dod  announced.     The  Pershing  could  reach  400  mi. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  225 

with  either  a  nuclear  or  conventional  warhead  and  would  replace  the 
slower-firing  liquid-fuel  Redstone  missile.  {Wash.  Post,  5/11/65) 
May  11:  nasa  announced  closing  of  its  Santa  Monica  and  Dallas  Area 
Professional  Staffing  Offices  and  moving  of  its  New  York  office  to 
Boston  to  assist  in  recruitment  program  for  new  Electronics  Research 
Center  in  Cambridge.      (NASA  Release  65-156) 

•  Dr.   Raymond   L.   Bisplinghoff,   NASA   Associate   Administrator   for   Ad- 

vanced Research  and  Technology,  announced  the  appointment  of  Fran- 
cis J.  Sullivan  as  Director  of  the  Electronics  and  Control  Div.  of 
NASA's  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology.  Mr.  Sullivan 
had  been  serving  as  Acting  Director  since  Sept.  1,  1964.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 65-152) 

•  Decision    to    narrow    the    choice    of    type    of    broadcast    satellite    it 

would  consider  from  three  to  two  was  announced  by  ComSatCorp  pres- 
ident Joseph  V.  Charyk  at  a  stockholder's  meeting  in  Washington, 
D.C.  Two  of  the  approaches  under  consideration  involved  satellites 
that  would  operate  about  6,000  mi.  above  the  earth:  one  would  have 
18  satellites,  orbiting  in  random  positions;  the  other  would  have  12 
satellites,  orbiting  at  "phased"  or  controlled  positions.  The  third  ap- 
proach, being  tested  in  EARLY  bird  I,  had  satelHtes  placed  at  an  alti- 
tude of  22,000  mi.  in  synchronous  orbit.  In  his  speech,  Charyk  re- 
vealed that  the  corporation  had  decided  to  drop  from  consideration  the 
6,000-mi.  random  version.  It  had  been  discovered,  he  reported,  that  a 
6.000-mi.-high  satellite  could  be  controlled  more  easily  than  ComSat- 
Corp had  believed  when  it  first  started  studying  random  satelUtes  as 
one  alternative  approach.  Moreover,  Charyk  said,  it  now  appeared 
that  a  satellite  could  be  designed  that  would  operate  either  at  6,000  mi. 
in  controlled  positions  or  at  the  22,000-mi.-high,  synchronous  position. 

ComSatCorp  therefore  would  invite  satelHte  designers  to  offer  bids 
to  build  this  type  of  satellite.  (Denniston,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  5/11/65, 
12) 
May  11-21:  1965  cospar  (Committee  on  Space  Research)  meeting  was 
held  in  Mar  del  Plata,  Argentina,  where  it  was  moved  from  Buenos 
Aires  because  of  student  demonstrations. 

A  new  working  group  was  formed,  with  Morris  Tepper  (Chief  of 
Meteorological  Programs,  nasa)  as  chairman.  Called  Working  Group 
VI,  for  Scientific  Space  Experiments  Concerned  with  Properties  and 
Dynamics  of  the  Troposphere  and  Stratosphere,  it  was  formed  to 
"further  international  understanding  of,  and  cooperation  in,  the  use  of 
rocket  and  satellite  systems  and  techniques  for  meteorological  research, 
and  to  promote  international  discussions  involving  meteorologists  with 
scientists  of  other  disciplines  in  order  to  provide  a  good  climate  for 
the  development  of  imaginative  new  approaches  to  the  use  of  rockets 
and  sateUites  for  meteorological  research."  (nas-NRC  News  Report, 
Vol.  XV,  5/6/65,  6) 

Dr.  0.  Z.  Gazenko,  physiologist  and  member  of  the  Soviet  Academy 
of  Sciences,  said  that  cosmonauts  had  no  difficulty  knowing  the  orien- 
tation of  their  bodies  and  experienced  no  nervous  disorders  if  they 
were  given  visual  cues.  He  based  his  remarks  on  experiences  of  So- 
viet cosmonauts,  especially  those  of  Lt.  Col.  Aleksei  Leonov  in 
VOSKHOD  II:  "When  he  saw  the  spacecraft,  he  had  no  problem  know- 


226  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

ing  his  orientation,  but  it  was  different  when  he  didn't  see  the  space- 
craft." 

During  the  launch  phase,  the  cosmonauts'  pulse  and  breathing  rates 
were  greater  than  noted  during  centrifugal  tests  in  ground  laborato- 
ries. In  VOSKHOD  II,  it  took  a  comparatively  long  time  for  the  normal 
levels  to  be  reached,  according  to  Gazenko.  Comparison  of  the  data 
of  the  Voskhod  flights  with  other  space  flights  showed  fewer  cardiovas- 
cular variations  and  better  responses  to  stress.  He  recommended 
crews  of  several  people  since  "the  feeling  of  togetherness  of  cosmo- 
nauts is  very  important."      ( Text) 

Success  of  the  fully  stabilized  British  Skylark  rocket  in  obtaining 
new  astrophysical  data  was  described.  Skylark  was  a  single-stage,  sol- 
id-fuel vehicle  designed  to  carry  150-200-lb.  payload  to  200  km.  ( 124 
mi.)  altitude.  Using  the  sun  as  a  reference,  Skylark  could  achieve 
pointing  accuracy  of  between  two  and  three  minutes  of  arc  in  pitch 
and  yaw,  reported  Kenneth  Pounds,  lecturer  at  Leicester  College,  Eng- 
land, and  one  of  its  users:  "The  new  Skylark  has  revolutionized  the 
whole  field  of  rocket  research  as  far  as  we're  concerned."  He  pointed 
out  that  many  scientific  experiments,  such  as  taking  x-ray  photographs 
of  the  sun,  could  not  be  done  by  an  unstabilized  rocket:  "You  need 
100  sec.  or  more  exposure  time,  plus  roll  stabilization,  or  the  pho- 
tographs will  be  blurred."      (  cospar  Rpt.) 

M.  S.  V.  Rao,  reporting  on  the  Thumba,  India,  experiments  conduct- 
ed on  World  Days  during  the  1964—1965  IQSY,  said  east  northeasterly 
winds  with  speeds  of  60-90  knots  were  observed  in  the  stratosphere 
during  the  monsoon.  In  the  mesosphere,  data  revealed  a  region  of 
unusually  strong  winds  with  high  shear.  Rao  reported  that  radar  ob- 
servations of  the  rate  of  dispersion  of  chaff  confirmed  existence  of 
complex  pattern  of  high  shears  and  pronounced  turbulence  in  the 
equatorial  mesosphere  in  the  monsoon  season.      (Text) 

NASA  scientists  at  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  had  made  a  similar  rocket 
launching  during  the  Thumba  experiments  to  get  a  synoptic 
picture.  Arnold  Frutkin,  NASA  Director  of  International  Programs, 
said  at  the  COSPAR  meeting  that  "these  data  were  the  first  relating  to 
the  monsoon  problem  on  a  global  scale.  It  shows  what  very  important 
work  less  advanced  countries  can  do."      (M&R,  5/24/65,  17) 

Activities  in  the  1964  U.S.  space  program  were  summarized  by  Dr. 
Richard  W.  Porter,  National  Academy  of  Sciences  delegate  to 
cospar:  ".  .  .  Satellite  storm  warnings,  intercontinental  television, 
voice  and  data  transmissions  via  satellite,  all-weather  navigational 
'fixes'  for  ships  at  sea,  and  precise  map  making  by  means  of  satellite 
observations  have  become  almost  commonplace  events.  Space  launch- 
ings  at  frequent  intervals  are  providing  a  continuous  stream  of  new 
information  of  value  to  science  and  mankind.  ...  In  total,  the  var- 
ious agencies  of  the  United  States  carried  out  sixty-one  successful  sat- 
ellite and  space  probe  launchings;  however,  because  of  the  occasional 
practice  of  launching  several  satellites  at  a  time  .  .  .  the  total  number 
of  useful  discrete  payloads  in  Earth  orbit  or  escape  trajectory  was 
seventy-seven.  .  .  . 

"In  addition,  the  United  States  launched  seven  large  high-altitude 
rocket  probes,  in  the  range  from  700  to  1100  km.,  and  well  over  one 
hundred  other  scientific  sounding  rockets,  most  of  which  reached  alti- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  227 

tudes  between  110  and  250  km.  Twelve  hundred  twenty-three  small 
meteorological  rockets,  having  a  payload  of  about  5  kg.  and  a  maxi- 
mum altitude  of  about  60  km.  were  fired  on  regular  schedules  by  the 
meteorological  rocket  network  and  more  than  one  hundred  scientifical- 
ly instrumented  large  balloon  flights  were  made  during  the  period. 

"Technological  advances  made  during  this  period  which  will  con- 
tribute significantly  to  the  space-research  capability  of  the  United 
States  include  the  launching  of  three  SATURN  i  booster  rockets,  capable 
of  putting  about  7500  kg.  of  useful  weight  into  Earth  orbit,  one  titan 
IIIA  booster,  and  successful  tests  of  the  centaur  liquid  hydrogen 
rocket.  Electrostatic  ion  accelerator  rocket  propulsion  devices  were 
tested  in  space  during  1964,  and  more  recently  a  nuclear  reactor  with 
thermoelectric  energy  conversion  devices  successfully  began  an  endur- 
ance run  in  space  which  is  still  continuing.  Passive  gravity-gradient 
stabilization  techniques  have  been  perfected  by  means  of  additional 
satellite  tests  to  the  point  where  this  technique  is  ready  for  useful 
employment  in  a  variety  of  space  applications.  The  highly  directional 
properties  of  a  lasar  beam  were  successfully  used  in  tracking  a  satel- 
lite. Significant  improvements  were  also  made  in  sounding  rocket, 
high  altitude  balloon  design  and  in  data  conversion  facili- 
ties."    (Text) 

K,  Maeda,  chief  Japanese  delegate  to  the  sixth  international  space 
symposium  of  COSPAR,  told  Missiles  and  Rockets  Japan  would  launch 
its  own  satellite  with  its  own  launch  vehicle  within  the  next  three 
years.  A  four-stage,  solid-fueled  rocket  would  be  used,  with  the  Mu 
rocket  as  first  stage.  The  satellite,  to  be  used  solely  for  scientific 
research,  would  weigh  between  50—100  kgs.  and  be  sent  into  a 
500-1,000-km.   (311-621-mi.)   orbit.    {M&R,  5/17/65,  9) 

At  a  news  conference  during  the  cospar  meeting,  A.  A.  Blagonra- 
vov,  chief  Soviet  delegate,  said  that  in  view  of  the  difficulties  of  soft 
landing  on  the  moon,  the  Soviet  Union  would  probably  try  to  soft  land 
another  Lunik  before  attempting  to  land  cosmonauts.  He  said  the 
lunar  surface  must  be  known  in  detail  and  "should  be  examined  by 
automatic  stations."  Because  of  the  problems  involved,  he  added,  "it 
is  not  possible  to  set  any  date  for  a  lunar  landing."  {M&R,  5/24/65, 
17) 
May  12:  luna  v  "hit  the  moon  in  the  area  of  the  Sea  of  Clouds"  at  10:10 
p.m.  Moscow  time  [3:10  p.tn.  edt],  Tass  announced.  The  release 
continued:  "During  the  flight  an(i  the  approach  of  the  station  to  the 
moon  a  great  deal  of  information  was  obtained  which  is  necessary  for 
the  further  elaboration  of  a  system  for  soft  landing  on  the  moon's 
surface."  The  announcement  revealed  no  further  details  of  the 
landing.  Western  experts  saw  evidence  that  the  Soviets  had  attempted 
a  soft  landing  and  failed.  (Tass,  5/12/65;  Shabad,  NYT,  5/13/65,  1, 
24) 

•  USAF  launched  Blue  Scout  Jr.  space  probe  from  Eastern  Test  Range  with 

instrumented  payload  to  measure  pitch  angle  and  magnetic  field  inten- 
sity in  space.  Probe  attained  8,536-mi.  altitude  in  its  3-hr.  50-min. 
flight  and  returned  useful  data  to  earth  before  falling  into  Indian 
Ocean.      ( ^.5.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  141 ) 

•  First  developmental  test  of  a  possible  landing  system   for   the  Apollo 

Spacecraft  was    successfully   performed    at   NASA   Manned    Spacecraft 


228  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Center  with  the  drop  of  a  boilerplate  spacecraft  from  a  crane  into  a 
700,000  gallon  water  tank.  The  boilerplate  was  fitted  with  two  pairs 
of  rockets  and  an  8-ft.-long  altitude  sensor.  Rockets  were  mounted  in 
the  outer  rim  of  the  heat  shield;  thrust  vector  of  the  rockets  was 
aligned  with  the  gravity  vector  of  the  spacecraft. 

Structural  reinforcement  of  the  heat  shield  area  was  current  solution 
for  preventing  damage  to  the  spacecraft  in  a  rough  water  landing.  If 
the  landing  rocket  system  proved  desirable,  it  would  cut  several 
hundred  pounds  from  the  weight  of  the  Apollo  command  module  in 
addition  to  providing  an  improved  emergency  and  landing  capability. 
(msc  Roundup,  5/28/65,  8) 
May  12:  usn  would  build  new  stations  at  Raymondville  and  Roma,  Tex., 
as  part  of  its  spadats  (Space  Detection  and  Tracking  System)  sur- 
veillance network  for  detecting  satellites  passing  over  the  U.S.,  reported 
Warren  Burkett  in  the  Houston  Chronicle.  (Burkett,  Houston  Chron., 
5/12/65) 

•  NASA  announced  award  of  $15  million  contract  to   Grumman  Aircraft 

Engineering  Corp.  to  build  an  additional  Orbiting  Astronomical 
Observatory.  Grumman  already  was  building  three  Oao  spacecraft 
under  a  previously  awarded  contract,      (nasa  Release  65-154) 

•  At  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories  a  two-mile-long  laser  beam  was  folded 

into  a  ten-foot-long  space  by  reflecting  the  beam  back  and  forth  more 
than  1,000  times  between  two  mirrors.  By  distorting  the  shape  of  the 
mirrors  to  enable  the  beam  spots  to  form  a  pattern  of  slowly  changing 
ellipses,  scientists  kept  the  reflections  separate.  Bell  predicted  that  a 
computer  utilizing  this  effect  could  store  1,000  bits  of  information 
which  could  be  read  out  serially  one  bit  every  billionth  of  a 
second.      (A^yr,  5/12/65) 

•  DOD   awarded    Smith    and   Sapp   Construction   Co.    a   $1,616,970,   NASA- 

funded,  fixed-price  contract  for  construction  alterations  to  existing 
spacecraft  facilities  at  Cape  Kennedy,      (dod  Release  323—65) 

•  Soviet's  first  communications  satellite  molniya  I  maintained  direct  ra- 

diotelephone communications  between  Vladivostok  and  Sofia,  Warsaw, 
and  Prague  for  almost  three  hours.      (Tass,  5/12/65) 

•  In  interim  decision,  FCC  awarded  ComSatCorp  for  two  years  "sole  re- 

sponsibility" for  design,  construction,  and  operation  of  three  ground 
stations  for  a  global  communications  network.  Future  of  AT&T- 
owned  Andover,  Me.,  station  was  not  discussed.      (ComSatCorp) 

•  XB-70  and  Boeing  707  noise  comparison  results  were  reported  by  FRC 

engineers  Carol  S.  Tanner  and  Norman  J.  McLeod  at  Aircraft  Operat- 
ing Problems  Committee  meeting  at  LaRC.  During  takeoffs  both  air- 
craft reached  maximum  noise  level  in  the  frequency  range  of  about 
125  cps.  Data  from  tests  would  aid  in  prediction  of  runway  noise 
levels   for  the  proposed  supersonic  transport,      (frc   Release   13-65) 

•  Capt.   Robert  F.  Freitag    (usn.  Ret.),  Director  of  NASA  Manned  Space 

Flight  Field  Center  Development,  told  Theodore  von  Karman  Memo- 
rial Seminar  in  Los  Angeles  that  solutions  to  air  and  water  pollution 
"could  very  well  develop  out  of  the  research  now  being  undertaken 
to  develop  self-sustaining  life  support  systems  for  astronauts  on  mis- 
sions of  long  duration."  (West,  L.A.  Times,  5/13/65) 
May  13:  mariner  iv,  78,277,013  mi.  from  earth  at  9  a.m.  est,  had  cov- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  229 

ered  251,691,170  mi.  along  its  orbit.  The  Mars  probe  was  travelling 
46,214  mph  relative  to  earth  and  was  returning  data  and  scientific 
information  continuously.      (NASA  Release  65-159) 

President  Johnson  transmitted  to  Congress  a  plan  to  merge  the  Weather 
Bureau,  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  and  the  Central  Radio  Propa- 
gation Laboratory  of  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards  into  an  Envir- 
onmental Science  Services  Administration.  "The  new  administration 
will  then  provide  a  single  national  focus  for  our  efforts  to  describe, 
understand,  and  predict  the  state  of  the  oceans,  the  state  of  the  lower 
and  upper  atmospheres  and  the  size  and  shape  of  the  earth  ...  as 
well  as  enhance  our  ability  to  develop  an  adequate  warning  system  for 
the  severe  hazards  of  nature  .  .  .  which  have  proved  so  disastrous  to 
the  Nation  in  recent  years."  He  added  that  Federal  agencies  "con- 
cerned with  the  national  defense  [and  the]  exploration  of  outer  space" 
would  receive  improved  services  and  that  combining  of  offices  and 
technical  facilities  would  save  money.      (White  House  Release) 

Gemini  GT-4  countdown  rehearsal  at  KSC  with  Astronauts  James  A. 
McDivitt  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  Edward  H.  White  ii  (Maj.,  USAf)  was 
delayed  because  of  a  minor  fueling  problem.  Launch  of  the  GT-^ 
mission  was  scheduled  for  June  3.  (ap,  Galveston  Neivs -Tribune, 
5/14/65) 

An  Emeraude  rocket  was  successfully  fired  by  France  from  the  Hamma- 
guir  range,  Algerian  Sahara,  to  a  planned  altitude  of  112  mi.  It  was 
topped  by  a  mockup  of  the  Topaze  rocket  which  was  to  be  the  second 
stage  of  the  Diamant  launcher  that  France  was  developing.  (Reuters, 
NYT,  5/18/65;  Root,  Wash.  Post,  5/18/65;  M&R,  5/31/65,  11) 

NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  researchers  Dr.  John  B.  Schutt 
and  Charles  M.  Shai  announced  development  of  a  new  series  of  inor- 
ganic spacecraft  paints  with  promise  of  commercial  application;  report 
given  at  a  meeting  of  the  Philadelphia  Society  for  Paint  Technology 
and  the  Philadelphia  Section  of  the  American  Chemical  Society.  The 
paints  would  utilize  an  alkali-metal  silicate  as  a  binder  and  an  inorgan- 
ic phosphate  as  a  wetting  agent.  They  would  adhere  to  most  metals 
and  non-metals;  would  not  crack,  peel,  chalk,  flake,  or  fade  when  sub- 
jected to  temperatures  between  1,800°F  and  — 320°F;  would  be  wash- 
able; could  be  made  in  any  color;  and  would  have  a  long  shelf 
life,     (gsfc  Release  G-13-65) 

American  Broadcasting  Co.  notified  the  FCC  it  was  preparing  plans  for  a 
domestic  communications  satellite  to  relay  network  television  programs 
to  affiliated  stations  for  rebroadcast,  thereby  raising  for  the  first  time 
the  question  of  a  company  other  than  ComSatCorp  owning  and  operat- 
ing a  Comsat.      (Gould,  NYT,  5/14/65,  1 ) 

NBC  announced  it  would  televise  the  June  3  Gemini  GT-4  spaceflight  in 
color.  It  would  be  the  first  live-color  coverage  of  a  space 
flight.      ( Doan,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  5/14/65) 

Cornell  Univ.  astronomers  at  Arecibo  radiotelescope  facility  revealed 
that  their  radar  observations  of  the  planet  Mercury  April  25  indicated 
that  Mercury  rotated  on  its  axis  once  every  59  days,  rotating  in  the 
same  direction  as  its  orbit.  This  new  study  confirmed  clearly  that 
Mercury  did  not  have  a  retrograde  rotation  and  laid  to  rest  the  classic 
view  that  Mercury  did  not  rotate  on  its  axis  at  all.  The  astronomers 
had  reported  their  findings  on  Mercury's  rotation  in  Washington  last 


230  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

April  21  but  at  that  time  were  not  sure  whether  the  rotation  was 
retrograde  or  direct.  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  5/13/65) 
May  13:  The  Sofar  (Sound  Fixing  and  Ranging  Device),  used  to  locate 
icbm's  through  a  small  explosive  charge  set  off  as  the  missile  sank, 
would  be  transformed  into  a  rescue  device  for  aircraft  and  ships  in  the 
Pacific,  Capt.  John  M.  Waters.  Jr.  (USCg),  told  a  U.S.  Coast  Guard- 
sponsored  North  Atlantic  Search  and  Rescue  Seminar  in  New  York.  A 
pressure  switch  mechanism  would  fire  the  explosive  at  2,500  ft.  below 
the  surface — depth  at  which  sound  waves  encountered  least  resistance; 
sound  of  the  explosion  would  be  picked  up  by  four  hydrophone  listen- 
ing stations  and  the  exact  disaster  site  plotted.  Capt.  Waters  said 
the  device  was  "practically  foolproof"  and  had  been  endorsed  by  the 
Naval  Aviation  Center.  Each  Sofar  locator  would  cost  about  S75. 
(Bamberger,  NYT,  5/14/65,  65) 

•  Soviet  engineer  T.  Borisov  suggested  that  cause  of  LUNa  v's  apparent 

failure  to  soft  land  on  the  moon  might  have  been  failure  of  the 
braking  rockets  to  fire  "precisely  when  needed,"  the  New  York  Times 
reported.  Borisov  pointed  out  that  earth  stations  could  not  help  the 
automatic  equipment  during  this  phase  because  it  takes  2Y2  sec.  for 
radio  signals  to  make  round-trip  between  earth  and  moon.  {NYT, 
5/14/65,  3) 

•  A  descriptive  report  on  the  three  generations  of  Soviet  manned  space- 

craft— VOSTOK  I  through  vostok  vi,  first  generation;  voskhod  I,  sec- 
ond generation;  and  voskhod  ii,  third  generation — was  prepared  by 
Space  Daily,  in  collaboration  with  Soviet  space  officials  and  the  Novos- 
ti  Press  Agency:  "The  Soviet's  first  three  generations  of  manned  space- 
craft are  injected  into  orbit  within  a  standard  cone-cylinder  configura- 
tion with  a  maximum  length  of  30.3  feet  and  a  maximum  diameter  of 
8.7  feet  .  .  . 

"The  launch-to-orbit  vehicle  is  comprised  of  four  major  compo- 
nents: the  last  stage  of  the  rocket;  the  instrument  and  service  module; 
the  cosmonaut  cabin  and  re-entry  capsule;  and  the  nose  cone  and  fair- 
ing. .  .  . 

"The  cabin  for  the  first  two  generation  spacecraft  remained  in  exter- 
nal configuration  essentially  the  same.  The  major  modification  .  .  . 
was  the  internal  arrangement  providing  a  capability  for  two  astronauts 
instead  of  one  which  included  the  requirement  for  an  additional  hatch. 
The  third  generation  spacecraft  has  required  not  only  a  major  modi- 
fication for  the  internal  arrangement,  for  the  third  cosmonaut,  but  has 
forced  a  configuration  addition  to  the  7.5  foot  sphere  with  the  attach- 
ment of  the  airlock.  .  .  . 

"For  the  first  generation  spacecraft  the  cosmonaut  was  seated  in  the 
center  of  the  sphere  with  his  back  to  re-entry  portion  of  the 
sphere.  The  capsule  had  three  hatches:  the  egress  hatch,  the  para- 
chute compartment  hatch  and  an  equipment  access  hatch  .  .  .  The 
parachute  compartment  was  located  to  the  left  and  rear  of  the 
cosmonaut  .  .  .  Antennas  for  the  radio  system  of  the  re-entry  capsule 
were  located  180  degrees  from  the  stagnation  point  of  the  heat 
shield.  Even  in  that  location  it  is  possible  that  heat  build-up  de- 
stroyed all  protruding  systems  as  evidenced  by  the  landed  voSTOK.  .  .  . 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  231 

"The  first  generation  vehicles  weighed  about  10,430  pounds,  after 
ejection  of  the  nose  cone  and  fairing  and  separation  of  the  third  stage 
of  the  booster.  .  .  .  The  cabin  for  the  first  and  second  generation 
missions  weighed  about  5300  pounds. 

"In  addition,  voskhod  ii  represents  an  advancement  to  a  more 
operational  type  of  vehicle  with  an  arrangement  indicating  its  role  for 
extensive  Earth-orbital  operations. 

"The  airlock  for  the  voskhod  ii  mission  would  represent  the  far- 
thest evolution  of  the  Soviet  manned  spacecraft  program  ...  a 
cylindrical  projection  to  the  basic  vehicle,  positioned  within  the  nose 
cone  and  fairing  above  or  forward  of  the  cabin  in  the  antenna  region. 
With  respect  to  the  cosmonauts  the  airlock  would  be  above  and  to  the 
front  as  they  remained  in  their  seats;  its  position  would  be  180  de- 
grees from  the  stagnation  point  of  the  heat  shield."  {SBD,  5/13/65, 
68-70) 
May  13-14:  Executives  of  four  competing  companies  briefed  the  USAF 
Space  Systems  Div.  source  selection  board  on  their  Manned  Orbiting 
Laboratory  (Mol)  entries.  Represented  were  the  Boeing  Co.,  General 
Electric  Co.,  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.,  and  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.  {Av. 
Wk.,  5/31/65,  22) 
May  14:  NASA  and  faa  announced  formation  of  a  joint  12-member  coordi- 
nating board  to  strengthen  joint  planning  and  facilitate  exchange  of 
information  between  the  two  agencies.  The  board  would  focus  its 
attention  on  aeronautical  research,  development,  and  testing  activities 
to  gain  the  greatest  return  from  available  resources  and  to  avoid 
duplication.  Co-chairman  would  be  Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff, 
NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology, 
and  Robert  J.  Shank,  FAA  Associate  Administrator  for  Development. 
(NASA  Release  65-155) 

•  Sen.  A.  S.  Monroney  (D-Okla.)  told  a  meeting  of  the  American  Helicop- 

ter Society  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  NASA  was  spending  too  small  a 
share  of  its  budget  on  aviation  research. 

Senator  Monroney,  the  chairman  of  the  Senate  Aviation  Subcommit- 
tee, said  he  became  angry  when  he  compared  the  $43  million  ear- 
marked for  aeronautics  next  year  with  the  space  agency's  total  budget 
of  $5.2  billion. 

He  said  that  although  the  agency  allocated  less  than  2  percent  of  its 
budget  to  solving  the  many  flight  mysteries  it  acknowledges  still  exist, 
the  agency's  working-level  scientists  wanted  to  do  more  in  this  area. 

Monroney  also  said  he  disagreed  with  those  who  contended  that 
subsidy  for  the  helicopter  airlines  was  wasteful  and  unwarranted. 

He  said  that  while  helicopters  might  not  have  made  the  progress 
many  wished  for  and  some  had  promised,  commercial  revenues  had 
increased,  costs  had  declined,  equipment  had  improved,  and  capability 
to  operate  on  instruments  had  been  developed,      (ap,  NYT,  5/15/65) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  announced  during  a  ceremony  at 

Western  Reserve  Univ.  honoring  retiring  Dr.  T.  Keith  Glennan,  presi- 
dent of  Case  Institute  of  Technology,  that  Glennan  had  been  asked  to 
return  to  NASA  as  an  adviser.  Webb  said  Glennan  would  be  asked  to 
review  NASA  spending  plans  for  the  next  ten  years. 

Glennan,  Webb's  predecessor  as  NASA  Administrator,  was  appointed 


232  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

by  President  Eisenhower  to  head  the  agency  when  it  was  formed  in 
1958.  (Ludwigson.  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,  5/15/65) 
May  14:  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara  told  the  House  Ap- 
propriations Committee  that  about  SI. 2  billion — 80  per  cent  of  the 
allocated  money — had  been  wasted  on  the  abortive  B-70  bomber  proj- 
ect, Howard  Margolis  reported  in  the  Washington  Post.  The  question 
of  how  much  of  the  money  spent  was  wasted  arose  when  McNamara 
was  asked  whether  knowledge  from  the  B-70  work  would  be  valuable 
to  other  mihtary  and  civilian  projects.  McNamara  suggested  that  at 
least  80  per  cent  of  the  money  had  been  wasted,  Margolis  said.  Mc- 
Namara's  general  view  had  been  that  substantial  "waste"  of  this  sort 
was  unavoidable  in  the  defense  program  since  it  was  rarely  possible  to 
know  how  valuable  a  development  project  would  be  before  large  sums 
had  been  spent.  Margolis  added  that  McNamara  suggested  minimizing 
such  waste  by  insisting  on  good  evidence  of  probable  value  before 
allocating  large  expenditures  and,  even  then,  by  limiting  spending  as 
much  as  possible  until  the  value  of  a  project  was  proven.  (Margolis, 
Wash.  Post,  5/15/65) 

•  A  special  educational  television  satellite  station  to  carry  color  or  black- 

and-white  TV  direct  to  home  receivers  was  proposed  to  NASA  by 
Hughes  Aircraft  engineer  Dr.  Harold  Rosen.  {Time,  5/14/65;  CR, 
5/20/65,  A2549) 

•  Sen.   Henry  M.   Jackson    (D-Wash.)    reported  that   ComSatCorp  would 

construct  a  $6  million  ground  station  at  Brewster,  Wash.,  and  that  FCC 
had  approved  ownership  of  the  station  by  ComSatCorp.  (ap,  Oregon- 
ian,  5/14/65) 

•  A  mouse-size   "algatron."   life-support   system    designed   to   make   outer 

space  habitable  for  astronauts  on  prolonged  missions,  was  demon- 
strated by  Univ.  of  California  scientists  Dr.  William  J.  Oswald  and  Dr. 
Clarence  G.  Golueke.  In  the  system  bacteria  break  down  animal 
wastes,  algae  live  off  the  result,  and  emit  oxygen  while  absorbing  car- 
bon dioxide.  According  to  the  scientists'  report,  the  algatron,  in 
which  a  mouse  lived  for  six  weeks  and  could  have  stayed  indefinitely, 
would  weigh  about  1,000  lbs.  in  a  man-sized  version.  {Wash.  Post, 
5/14/65) 

•  A  lunar  dust  cloud  produced  by  braking  rockets  of  Soviet  probe  LUNA 

V  as  it  attempted  a  soft  landing  on  the  moon  May  12  was  photographed 
by  the  observatory  at  Rodewisch,  E.  Germany,  said  the  observatory's 
director  in  an  interview  with  adn,  E.  German  press  agency.  The  track- 
ing station  had  made  photographs  of  the  lunar  approach  of  the  space- 
craft at  15-sec.  intervals.  At  the  moment  of  best  visibility — 10:15  p.m. 
Moscow  time — the  dust  cloud  was  140  mi.  long  and  50  mi.  wide.  It  had 
disappeared  by  10:21  p.m.  Moscow  time.  This  was  the  first  indica- 
tion that  braking  rockets  aboard  the  spacecraft  had  been  operative. 
Soviet  announcement  had  given  landing  time  for  LUNA  V  as  10:10  p.m. 
Pictures  of  the  dust  cloud  were  published  in  Izvestia.  {NYT,  5/16/65, 
6;  AP,  Wash.  Sun.  Star,  5/16/65) 

•  Communist  China  exploded  its  second  atomic  bomb  "over  its  western 

areas"   at   10  a.m.   Peking  time,   according  to   Hsinhua,   the   Chinese 
Communist  press  agency.      (Reuters,  NYT,  5/15/65,  2) 
May  15:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  speaking  to  the  University  of 
Alabama  Alumni  in  Washington,  D.C.:  "During  the  five  years  ending 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  233 

this  month,  NASA  will  have  awarded  to  the  University  general-purpose 
grants,  project  contracts  in  support  of  research,  and  traineeships 
amounting  to  over  S4.8  million. 

"This  sum  has  supported  68  research  projects  and  renewals  and  the 
training  of  30  graduate  students. 

"In  the  last  academic  year  63  faculty  members,  67  graduate  stu- 
dents, 51  undergraduate  students,  and  25  others  were  supported 
through  NASA  research  and  predoctoral  training  programs. 

"Over  the  past  five  years  49  faculty  members,  61  graduate  students 
and  73  undergraduate  students  participated  in  engineering  research 
sponsored  by  NASA. 

"In  addition  to  this  support — and  in  addition  to  support  for  the 
physics,  mathematics  and  chemistry  departments — the  Marshall  Space 
Flight  Center  has  guaranteed  support  for  the  graduate  training  pro- 
gram at  Huntsville  to  a  total  of  $750,000  in  five  years.  This  Hunts- 
ville  program  permitted  the  establishment  two  years  ago  of  resident 
master's  degree  programs  in  five  disciplines.  A  sixth  was  added  last 
year.  In  two  years,  2,729  students  have  participated."  (Text) 
May  15:  "There  are  593  objects  in  earth  orbit  today,"  said  Maj.  Gen. 
Horace  A.  Hanes  (USAf),  Commander  of  the  9th  Aerospace  Defense 
Div.,  at  an  Armed  Forces  Week  celebration  at  Selfridge  afb, 
Mich.  He  said  these  ranged  from  the  six-in.-dia.  Vanguard  satellite 
through  the  90-ft.-dia.  Echo  satellite.  Hanes  said  the  primary  mission 
of  his  division  was  to  detect  and  warn  the  U.S.  of  a  mass  ballistic 
missile  attack:  "We  use  radar  stations  in  Alaska,  Greenland,  and  Eng- 
land for  this.  But  to  detect  satellites  and  other  objects  in  earth  orbit 
we  use  these  radars  plus  a  variety  of  other  equipment  including  special 
optical  cameras  eleven  feet  high  that  weigh  3,000  pounds."  (Pipp, 
Detroit  News,  5/16/65) 
•  A  newspaper  article  summarizing  a  report  of  the  International  Civil 
Aviation  Organization  on  the  safety  record  of  the  non-Communist 
world's  airlines  in  1964  said:  ".  .  .  its  more  than  100  member  air- 
lines, which  include  U.S.  carriers,  ended  the  year  with  the  lowest  fatal- 
ity rate  on  record,  0.61  deaths  to  100  million  passenger-miles  flown, 
22.5  percent  below  1963,  the  best  previous  year."  (C/?,  5/19/65, 
10592) 
Week  of  May  16:  A  S300.000  telescope  produced  through  gifts  of  parts  and 
money  was  put  on  display  at  the  Stamford  (Conn.)  Museum  and 
Nature  Center.  The  22-in.  photo-visual  telescope,  designed  to  track 
even  man-made  satellites,  was  the  result  of  a  project  compared  to  a 
"barn  raising."  A  spokesman  said  that  at  dedication  on  June  13, 
plaques  would  be  distributed  to  51  major  contributors  of  equipment 
and  labor,  and  certificates  to  81  other  cooperators.  (Devlin,  NYT, 
5/23/65) 
May  16:  explorer  xxili  and  pegasus  i  meteoroid  technology  satellites 
continued  to  transmit  useful  information  after  months  of  operation  in 
the  space  environment,  reported  Milton  B.  Ames,  Jr.,  NASA  Director 
of  Space  Vehicles  Research  and  Technology. 

EXPLORER  XXIII,  launched  by  Scout  rocket  from  Wallops  Station, 
Va.,  Nov.  16,  1964,  was  last  of  three  S-55  series  satellites  which  were 
the  first  spacecraft  orbited  specifically  to  measure  meteoroid  penetra- 
tions through  spacecraft  structures.     Performance  of  explorer  xxiil 


234  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

had  been  entirely  satisfactory,  and  indications  were  that  it  would  have 
a  useful  life  of  more  than  a  year,  Ames  said.  Orbital  parameters 
were:  apogee,  615  mi.  (990  km.);  perigee,  290  mi.  (467  km.);  in- 
clination to  the  equator,  51.95°. 

PEGASUS  I,  launched  Feb.  16,  1965,  was  first  of  a  series  of  three 
satellites  intended  to  measure  meteoroid  penetrations  of  greater  struc- 
tural thicknesses  and  contained  a  meteoroid  penetration  area  of  almost 
2,300  sq.  ft.  Ames  said  that  although  useful  results  had  been  obtained 
with  .0015-in. -thick  panels,  the  data  obtained  with  .008-in. -thick  and 
.016-in. -thick  panels  had  not  been  fully  satisfactory  because  of  difficul- 
ties in  the  operation  of  the  detection  system.  Still,  PEGASUS  I  had 
provided  significant  inform.ation  leading  to  improvement  of  detection 
systems  on  the  remaining  two  Pegasus  spacecraft.  Orbital  parameters 
for  PEGASUS  I  were:  apogee,  451  mi.  (726  km.);  perigee,  311  mi. 
(500.7  km.)  ;  inclination,  31.75°.      (nasa  Release  65-157) 

May  16:  Editorializing,  the  Hartford  Courant  said:  ".  .  .  Lunik  V's  pur- 
pose was  openly  said  to  be  a  soft  landing  on  the  moon,  an  experiment 
that  might  have  sent  back  the  first  pictures  of  the  moon  from  the 
actual  lunar  surface,  and  information  about  the  physical  nature  of  that 
surface.  Possibly  the  Russians  were  sure  they  had  the  problems  of  a 
soft  landing  solved.  But  just  possibly  they  decided  this  time  to  be 
frank  and  out  in  the  open  about  the  whole  business.  After  all.  why  be 
scared?  Look  at  all  the  failures  the  United  States  has  admitted. 
And  right  now  the  Russians  have  something  to  console  themselves 
with.  It's  called  honesty,  and  its  just  as  good  to  be  distinguished  for 
this  as  it  is  for  technology."      {Hartford  Courant,  5/16/65) 

May  17:  Britain  and  France  signed  an  agreement  to  jointly  build  two 
supersonic  military  aircraft  for  the  1970s:  (1)  a  strike  trainer;  and 
(2)  a  pivoting-wing  attack  plane.  The  strike  trainer,  to  be  based  on 
France's  twin-engine  Breguet  121,  would  be  built  by  the  British  Air-, 
craft  Corp.  in  cooperation  with  the  Societe  des  Ateliers  d' Aviation 
Louis  Breguet.  Rolls  Royce,  Ltd.,  and  Turbomeca,  a  French  engine 
concern,  would  supply  the  engines.  The  variable  sweep  wing,  aircraft 
similar  to  the  American  F-111  fighter-bomber,  but  smaller,  would  be 
based  on  the  concept  of  British  aircraft  designer  Dr.  Barnes  Wallis 
and  built  by  the  British  Aircraft  Corp.  and  the  Societe  Generale  Aero- 
nautique  Marcelle  Dassault. 

The  agreement  committed  each  country  to  an  initial  expenditure  of 
$56  million,  most  of  which  would  be  spent  on  a  prototype  for  the 
strike  trainer.      (Farnsworth,  NYT,  5/18/65,  8) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  had  awarded  a  $1,600,000  contract  to 

Aero  Spacelines,  Inc.,  to  transport  Saturn  upper  stages  and  outsize 
rocket  components  in  its  modified  Boeing  Stratocruiser,  Pregnant 
Guppy.  The  contract  would  run  through  June  1966.  (msfc  Release 
65-123) 

•  Aviation  Week  reported:  "nasa  is  considering  the  possibility  of  launch- 

ing two  manned  Gemini  spacecraft  within  a  few  days  of  each  other  so 
that  the  two  would  operate  concurrently  in  space  for  a  day  or 
two."  Noting  that  the  plan  was  not  yet  approved,  the  item  speculated 
that  such  action  would  probably  not  take  place  until  late  in  the  Gemini 
program.     Since  only  one  Gemini  launch  stand  existed,  it  was  most 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  235 

likely  that  the  second  vehicle  would  be  erected  and  checked  out  first, 
then  stored  until  the  first  had  flown.  {Av.  Wk,  5/17/65,  23) 
May  17:  Robert  Hotz  said  in  an  editorial  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space 
Technology:  "With  each  passing  year  it  becomes  more  and  more  appar- 
ent that  the  Soviets  agreed  to  the  partial  nuclear  test  ban  treaty  at 
a  time  most  advantageous  to  them  and  most  disadvantageous  to 
us.  The  Soviets  already  had  tested  their  nuclear  warheads  over  the 
entire  spectrum — from  underwater  devices  to  50-megaton  air  bursts 
including  live  icbm  warheads.  The  U.S.  had  not  tested  any  of  its 
nuclear  warheads  in  strategic  systems  and  can  only  theorize  about  the 
effects  that  high-altitude  nuclear  blasts  in  the  50-megaton-and-up  range 
will  have  on  communications  and  control  networks  of  silo-based  iCBMs 
and  other  strategic  systems. 

"Mr.  McNamara  has  based  his  defense  policy  on  the  belief  that  he 
will  be  able  to  detect  any  new  Soviet  weapons  development  in  time  to 
develop  a  U.S.  counter-measure  before  the  Russians  can  become  opera- 
tional with  their  new  force.  Since  several  of  the  new  Soviet  iCBMs 
and  an  anti-iCBM  shown  in  recent  Red  Square  parades  came  as  a 
complete  surprise  to  the  Western  intelligence  community,  it  would  ap- 
pear that  this  assumption  by  Mr.  McNamara  is  open  to  serious 
challenge.  History  may  prove  that  Mr.  McNamara's  view  of  the  time 
span  available  for  the  U.S.  to  counter-develop  weapons  to  thwart  a 
Soviet  challenge  is  as  wrong  as  his  forecasts  of  the  war  in 
Vietnam."  {Av.  Wk.,  5/17/65,  21 ) 
•  "The  Soviet  Union,  with  its  May  9  display  of  missile  and  space  might, 
has  dealt  a  major  blow  to  the  complacency  of  those  persons  in  the 
United  States  who  consistently  have  underestimated  the  competence  of 
the  Russians  in  these  fields,"  wrote  WilHam  J.  Coughlin  in  an  editorial 
in  Missiles  and  Rockets.  He  continued:  "The  appearance  of  Soviet 
solid-fuel  missiles  of  a  type  similar  to  the  U.S.  Minuteman  ICBM  indi- 
cates that  the  Soviets  finally  have  overcome  the  chemical  roadblock 
which  until  now  has  made  possible  the  U.S.  lead  in  solids.  .  .  . 

"In  a  film  which  the  Moscow  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Times 
estimated  to  be  at  least  three  years  old,  the  Soviets  also  displayed 
launchings  from  an  underground  silo.  The  combination  of  these 
events  suggests  the  Soviets  now  are  in  a  position  to  rapidly  close  the 
missile  gap  with  the  United  States  to  the  point  where  it  is  of  no 
consequence  in  military  calculations.  .  .  . 

"In  the  film  release,  the  Russians  for  the  first  time  showed  their 
anti-missile  missile  in  action.  One  sequence  was  of  intercept  of  an 
ICBM.   .   .   . 

"The  increasing  Soviet  confidence  also  is  indicated  in  the  space 
field.  The  Soviets  let  it  be  known  more  than  a  month  in  advance  that 
their  next  space  spectacular  could  be  expected  May  9.  .  .  .  The 
launch  of  LUNIK  v  obviously  was  right  on  schedule.  The  acknowl- 
edgement after  launch  but  in  advance  of  impact  that  its  goal  was  a 
lunar  soft  landing  also  is  a  more  realistic  approach  to  space  develop- 
ments than  previously  shown. 

"This  shift  toward  a  franker  attitude  is  supported  by  the  open  ad- 
mission of  the  Zond  ii  Mars  probe  failure  by  Soviet  scientists  attend- 
ing the  Space  Exploration  Symposium  in  Chicago  on  May  4. 


236  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"At  the  same  time,  the  Russians  released  more  information  on  the 
Soviet  space  program  at  the  Chicago  meeting  than  heretofore. 

"All  of  this  points  toward  greater  maturity  in  both  Soviet  missile 
programs  and  Soviet  space  programs.  The  competition  therefore  is 
far  keener  than  many  persons  in  the  U.S.  have  been  willing  to  admit. 

"The  conclusion  is  clear.  The  U.S.  cannot  afford  to  let  down  or  it 
will  be  far  outdistanced  in  areas  which  will  continue  to  be  vital  in  its 
national  security  and  well-being  for  many,  many  years."  (Coughlin, 
M&R,  5/17/65,  74) 
May  17:  Communist  China's  second  nuclear  bomb  was  the  warhead  on  a 
missile  launched  from  a  military  base  and  detonated  in  the  air  after 
traveling  an  undisclosed  distance,  asserted  the  Japanese  newspaper 
Asahi  Shimbum.  The  bomb  was  exploded  May  14  over  Western 
China.  (UPI,  Wash.  Daily  News.  5/17/65,  18) 
May  18:  x-15  No.  2  flown  by  pilot  John  McKay  (nasa)  to  102,100  ft. 
altitude  at  maximum  speed  of  3.541  mph  (mach  5.17)  to  obtain  data 
for  stability  and  control  evaluation,  star  tracker  checkout,  advanced 
X-15  landing  dynamics,  and  landing  gear  modification  checkout. 
(NASA  X-15  Proj.  Off.;   X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  USAF   launched   an   unidentified   satellite   from   Vandenberg   afb   with   a 

Thor-Agena  D  booster  combination.      (uPi,  NYT,  5/19/65,  2) 

•  TELSTAR  II  had  successfully  turned  off  its  tracking  beacon  as  scheduled 

after  two  years  and  nine  days  of  service  and  4,736  orbits  of  the  earth. 
Bell  Telephone  System  engineers  announced.  This  would  not  affect 
the  Comsat's  usefulness,  but  would  conserve  energy  and  permit  other 
satellites  to  use  the  channel  that  was  cut  off.  telstar  ii  was  expect- 
ed to  remain  usable  for  at  least  three  more  years.  (UPi,  NYT, 
5/20/65,  18) 

•  Memorandum  of  Understanding  for  a  cooperative  Argentina-U.S.  pro- 

gram of  meteorological  sounding  rocket  research  was  signed  by  Teofilo 
Tabanera  for  the  Comision  Nacional  de  Investigaciones  Espaciales 
(cnie)  and  Hugh  L.  Dryden  for  NASA.  Specific  purpose  of  this 
experimental  program  was  to  obtain  high-altitude  meteorological  data 
in  the  vicinity  of  Chamical,  Argentina,  by  Boosted-Dart  and  Areas 
sounding  rockets  and  to  evaluate  Argentine  ground  support  equipment 
in  conjunction  with  the  payloads.  General  purpose  of  the  experiment- 
al program  was  "to  develop  a  basis  for  future  meteorological  rocket 
soundings  on  an  operational  basis."  The  program  was  contemplated 
as  "one  element  in  a  projected  inter-American,  experimental,  metero- 
logical  sounding  rocket  research  network  (exametnet)  ."  (Memo  of 
Understanding) 

•  3C-9,  a  quasar   (quasi-stellar  radio  source)    receding  from  the  earth  at 

149,000  mps  or  80%  of  the  speed  of  light,  had  been  discovered  with 
the  200-in.  telescope  at  Mt.  Palomar  Observatory,  Walter  Sullivan 
reported  in  the  New  York  Times.  It  was  the  most  distant  of  a  new 
generation  of  five  quasars  which  included  CTA-102,  the  object  Soviet 
astronomers  had  suggested  might  be  transmitting  signals  under  in- 
telligent control.  All  appeared  to  be  so  distant  that  their  life  had 
probably  ended  during  the  billions  of  years  required  for  their  light  to 
reach  earth.  Dr.  Allan  R.  Sandage  of  Mt.  Palomar  Observatory  said 
his  studies  of  brightness  and  velocities  of  these  five  quasars  and  four 
others  previously  calculated  resulted  in  evidence  supporting  the  "oscil- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  237 

lating  universe"  theory.  Data  on  the  nine  quasars'  velocities  largely 
was  the  work  of  Dr.  Maarten  Schmidt.  Mt.  Palomar  Observatory. 
(Sullivan.  NYT,  5/ 18  65.  1.  2:  5/23/65.  6E) 
May  18:  Stanley  R.  Reinartz.  previously  deputy  manager  of  NASA  Marshall 
Space  Flight  Center's  Saturn  i  IB  Program  Office,  had  been  named 
program  manager  of  the  newly  established  Saturn  IB /Centaur  office, 
MSFC  announced.  The  office  would  manage  the  program  definition 
and  design  phase  of  the  three-stage  Saturn  IB/Centaur  space  vehicle 
system,      (msfc  Release  65-124;  Marshall  Star,  5/26/65,  1 ) 

•  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  planned  to  buy  enough  Vs-in.-dia.  pingpong 

balls  to  fill  a  bucket-like  device  12  ft.  in  dia.  and  19  ft.  deep.  The 
miniature  pingpong  balls  would  be  used  to  cushion  experiments  in 
LRc's  500-ft.-deep  zero-gravity  shaft.  Experiments  would  be  recovered 
intact  for  evaluation  and  later  reuse.  The  pingpong  balls,  it  was 
hoped,  could  cushion  up  to  6.000  lbs.      (lrc  Release  65-34) 

•  Four  Ohio  college  students  ended  a  six-week  isolation  test  at  Wright-Pat- 

terson AFB,  Ohio,  to  study  diets,  effect  of  continuous  wearing  of  a 
spacesuit,  and  microbiology  of  the  human  body.  The  four,  compris- 
ing the  eighth  group  to  take  part  in  space  tests  conducted  by  the 
Aerospace  Research  Labs.,  spent  the  first  three  weeks  on  a  balanced 
but  monotonous  diet  and  the  last  three  weeks  on  a  liquid  diet  with 
the  same  nutrients  as  their  earlier  meals.  All  agreed  that  astronauts 
would  probably  be  able  to  wear  spacesuits  for  long  missions  but  that 
"something  would  have  to  be  done"  about  the  proposed  liquid 
diet.      (AP.  NYT.  5  19/65;  ap.  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,  5/19/65) 

•  Najeeb  E.  Halaby,  retiring  faa  Administrator,  speaking  at  the  annual 

news  conference  of  the  Aviation-Space  Writers  Association  in  Albu- 
querque, urged  President  Johnson  to  make  the  "tough  decision"  to 
develop  2,000  mph  airliners  to  handle  expanding  travel  in  the 
1970s.  He  said  opponents  of  the  supersonic  transport  project  had 
"seriously  overstated"  the  safety  and  other  problems  involved. 

Mr.  Halaby  received  the  Monsanto  Chemical  Co.'s  aviation  safety 
award  for  the  "most  significant  and  lasting  contribution  to  aircraft 
operating  safety  in  1964."  President  Johnson  sent  him  a  congratu- 
latory telegram  hailing  his  "outstanding  performance"  as  aviation  ad- 
ministrator,    (upi,  NYT,  5/19/65) 

•  Representatives  of  companies  planning  to  buy  the  supersonic  Concorde 

airliner  were  told  in  a  report  prepared  by  the  joint  builders,  British 
Aircraft  Corp.  and  Sud  Aviation  France,  that  the  makers  were 
confident,  following  extensive  wind  tunnel  tests,  that  the  Concorde 
represented  "the  best  possible  compromise  for  a  supersonic  transport" 
and  would  be  "safe  and  easy  to  fly."  A  special  report  on  the  problem 
of  sonic  boom  said  tests  had  shown  that  the  calculated  extent  of  these 
sharp  detonations  had  been  "generally  pessimistic."  It  said  that 
climb  and  acceleration  techniques  were  being  developed  that  would 
keep  the  shock  waves  of  air  causing  these  booms  as  slight  as  possible. 

The  experts  present  for  the  three-day  talks  on  the  airliner's  progress 
were  from  Air  France,  British  Overseas  Airways  Corp.,  Pan  American 
World  Airways,  American  Airlines,  Continental  Airlines,  Qantas,  Air 
India,  and  Middle  East  AirUnes,  which  had  together  ordered  or  taken 
options  on  45  of  the  aircraft,  valued  at  $560  million.  (Reuters,  NYT, 
5/19/65,  94C) 


238  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

May  18:  Sen.  Margaret  Chase  Smith  (R-Me.),  interviewed  by  a  group  of 
women  correspondents,  was  critical  of  the  Administration's  failure  to 
"pinpoint"  objectives  beyond  its  1970  goal  to  put  a  man  on  the 
moon.  She  said  she  found  it  "hard  to  believe"  the  Administration 
wasn't  thinking  beyond  the  moon  to  Mars  and  Venus  but  that  "it's 
difficult  to  get  the  answers."      (Dean,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  5/19/65) 

•  A  fuel  cell  system  had  successfully  operated  for  more  than  1,300  hrs. — 

the  time  it  would  take  a  spacecraft  to  make  nine  trips  to  the  moon  and 
back— producing  electricity  and  drinking  water  from  hydrogen  and 
oxygen,  John  L.  Platner  of  the  Allis-Chalmers  Research  Div.  told  the 
19th  annual  Power  Source  Conference  in  Atlantic  City.  Platner  gave 
details  of  the  cell's  performance  in  reporting  on  an  advanced  2,000- 
watt  fuel  system  being  built  by  AUis-Chambers  for  NASA.  (UPI,  Wash. 
Post,  5/19/65,  A21) 
May  19:  A  71-ton  Little  Joe  ii  rocket  fired  from  White  Sands  Missile 
Range,  N.  Mex.,  to  test  the  Apollo  spacecraft  escape  system  split  into 
fragments  three  miles  above  ground  following  a  series  of  excessive 
rolls  occurring  about  25  sec.  after  launch.  The  escape  rocket  fired 
immediately,  however,  and  carried  the  14-ton  Apollo  boilerplate  free  of 
the  debris;  the  parachute  recovery  system  operated  normally,  lowering 
the  command  module  to  the  ground.  Apollo  program  manager  Dr. 
Joseph  F.  Shea  said:  "Although  the  prime  objectives  of  the  high  alti- 
tude abort  test  were  not  met,  the  launch  escape  system  proved  its 
mettle  in  an  actual  emergency,  which  is  the  purpose  for  which  it  was 
designed."  The  launch  escape  subsystem  would  be  used  to  propel  the 
spacecraft  and  its  crew  to  safety  in  the  event  of  a  Saturn  launch  vehi- 
cle failure  either  on  the  pad  or  during  powered  flight. 

Little  Joe  li  had  been  programed  to  carry  the  test  vehicle.  Boiler- 
plate 22,  to  22-mi. -altitude  in  89  sec;  an  escape  motor  would  propel 
the  spacecraft  to  a  peak  altitude  of  about  35  mi.  Finally,  the  three 
84-ft.-wide  parachutes  would  lower  the  command  module  to 
earth,  (nasa  Release  65-145;  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  5/20/65;  naa  S&ID 
Skywriter,  5/21/65,  1,  2;  NYT,  5/20/65,  42;  msc  Roundup, 
5/28/65,  8) 

•  U.S.    launched    eight    military    satellites    into    orbit    from    Vandenberg 

AFB  March  9  with  a  Thor-Agena  D  booster,  NASA  disclosed.  This  was 
the  greatest  number  of  payloads  the  U.S.  had  ever  orbited  with  a 
single  launch  vehicle  and  was  believed  to  exceed  any  multiple  launch- 
ing made  by  the  Soviet  Union.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  585  mi. 
(942  km.)  ;  perigee,  561  mi.  (903  km.)  ;  inclination  to  the  equator, 
70°.  Two  payloads  would  measure  solar  radiation;  two  would  test 
stabilization  methods  for  future  spacecraft;  one  would  map  the  earth's 
surface;  another,  Surcal  (Space  Surveillance  Calibration),  would  help 
improve  precision  of  satellite  tracking  networks;  another,  Oscar  (Or- 
biting Satellite  Carrying  Amateur  Radio),  would  broadcast  on  fre- 
quencies that  amateur  radio  operators  could  track.  The  satelHtes  had 
been  unidentified  until  NASA  listed  them  in  its  periodic  satellite  sum- 
mary. 

The  summary  also  showed  that  unmanned  COSMOS  LXI,  cosmos 
LXii,  and  cosmos  lxiii,  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  March  15  with  a  sin- 
gle launch  vehicle,  had  become  26  satellites  or  pieces  of  satelHtes.  cos- 
mos  LXVI,  and  two  companions,   launched  May   7,  had   fallen   out   of 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  239 

orbit,  (gsfc  SSR,  4/15  65;  Clark,  NYT,  5/19/65;  Wash.  Post, 
5/20/65,  A12) 
May  19:  NASA  launched  a  two-part  104-lb.  sounding  rocket  payload  from 
NASA  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  to  measure  electron  densities  and  ion  com- 
position of  the  upper  atmosphere.  Designed  as  a  mother-daughter  ex- 
periment— with  radio  signals  to  be  sent  from  daughter  to  mother — the 
payload  separated  as  planned  at  about  170-mi.  altitude  and  the  two- 
sections  reached  peak  altitude  at  605  mi.  The  sections  were  programed 
to  rise  separately  for  about  8  min.  and  reach  a  distance  apart  of  about 
3  mi.  Experimental  information  was  radioed  to  ground  stations  and 
no  recovery  of  the  sections  was  required ;  they  impacted  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Measurement  of  the  differences  between  the  signals  of  the  two 
devices,  monitored  by  ground  stations,  was  expected  to  provide  more 
accurate  profiles  of  upper  atmosphere  electron  density.  The  launching 
was  timed  to  occur  while  Canadian  satellite  alouette  was  passing 
nearby,  alouette's  instruments  would  provide  a  horizontal  profile  of 
ionospheric  and  ion  densities  and  temperatures  to  be  correlated  with 
findings  of  the  mother-daughter  experiment.  (Wallops  Release 
65-30) 

•  The  Gemini  2  spacecraft  which  made  a  suborbital  unmanned  flight  from 

Cape  Kennedy  Jan.  19,  1965,  would  be  reworked  by  the  McDonnell 
Aircraft  Corp.  and  delivered  to  USAF  in  July  1966  for  a  preliminary 
unmanned  flight  in  the  USAF  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  Program, 
NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  announced,  usaf  would  launch  the 
spacecraft  in  an  unmanned  suborbital  flight  to  test  the  Gemini  B  heat 
shield  design.  The  heat  shield  would  have  a  hatch  to  allow  crew 
transfer  from  the  Gemini  to  the  Orbital  Laboratory.  ( NASA  Release 
65-166) 

•  NASA  successfully  launched  Argo  D-4  sounding  rocket  from  Wallops  Sta- 

tion, Va.,  to  peak  altitude  of  588  mi.  Objective  of  17M2-i"in.  test  was 
the  measurement  of  phase  differences  to  determine  electron  density 
along  the  rocket  trajectory.  Experiment  was  provided  by  Pennsylva- 
nia State  Univ.      (nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science 

and  Applications,  was  among  the  ten  outstanding  Federal  Government 
employees  who  received  a  career  service  award  from  the  National  Civil 
Service  League.      ( Mohr,  NYT.  5/20/65 ) 

•  A  S784,600  contract  had  been  awarded  to  Mechhng  Barge  Lines,  Inc., 

for  towing  three  Saturn  space  vehicle  barges,  NASA  MSEC  announced. 
Two  of  the  barges,  Promise  and  Palaemon,  would  be  used  to  carry  the 
Saturn  I  and  IB  boosters.  A  third,  being  readied,  would  transport  the 
larger  Saturn  V  booster.  The  contract  covered  a  one-year  period. 
(msec  Release  65-128) 

•  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  Director  of  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center, 

was  named  chairman  of  the  International  Sponsors  Committee  for 
Clark  Univ.'s  S5.4  million  Robert  Hutchings  Goddard  memorial  li- 
brary scheduled  for  completion  by  1968. 

Several  nuclear-powered,  self-supporting  lunar  bases  and  a  wide  va- 
riety of  space  stations  would  be  in  operation  by  the  year  2000,  Dr.  von 
Braun  told  the  luncheon  meeting  of  the  National  Space  Club  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C.     He  made  his  predictions  during  the  question  and  answer 


240  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

period  following  his  speech  on  Dr.  Robert  H.  Goddard's  contributions 
to  American  rocketry. 

The  greatest  activity  in  space  35  yrs.  hence  would  be  in  earth  orbits, 
von  Braun  felt,  and  space  would  provide  a  "tremendous  military 
field."  This  field  would  not  be  the  science  fiction  concept  of  orbiting 
hydrogen  bombs,  but  rather  a  broad  program  of  military 
reconnaissance.  Photography  and  direct  observation  of  foreign  mili- 
tary developments  were  cited. 

Space  stations  would  be  in  a  variety  of  orbits  and  many  would  be 
manned  by  scientists  and  repairmen  shuttling  back  and  forth  in  reusa- 
ble vehicles.  Scientists  would  spend  up  to  six  weeks  at  a  time  in  the 
stations  to  make  their  observations.  The  use  of  reusable  boosters 
would  cut  the  cost  of  delivering  payloads  to  orbit  down  to  some  10% 
of  today's  costs,  von  Braun  added,  (nsc  Newsletter,  5/65,  6/65) 
May  19:  "Early  Bird  should  not  be  construed  by  any  government  as  just 
another  door  to  be  opened  when  there  is  a  self-serving  point  to  be 
made,  and  a  door  to  be  slammed  when  that  point  is  in  danger  of  being 
questioned,"  said  Dr.  Frank  Stanton,  president  of  the  Columbia  Broad- 
casting System,  in  a  speech  at  the  Career  Services  Awards  dinner  of 
the  National  Civil  Service  League  in  Washington,  D.C.  Dr.  Stanton 
said  it  was  agreed  the  peoples  of  the  world  should  have  an  opportunity 
to  hear  foreign  leaders,  but  that  this  must  be  done  in  an  atmosphere 
of  freedom  "with  openness  and  in  candid  discussion."  He  added: 
"Early  Bird  must  not  be  transformed  from  the  unprecedented  opportu- 
nity into  the  most  universal  and  pervasive  censorship — both  affirmative 
and  negative— ever  known."      ( NYT,  5/20/65,  75 ) 

•  Dr.  Johannes  H.  Klystra,  interviewed  in  his  laboratory  at  the  State  Univ. 

of  New  York  in  Buffalo,  revealed  that  laboratory  mice  and  dogs  had 
survived  completely  submerged  in  heavily  oxygenated  salt  water;  the 
lungs  had  extracted  oxygen  from  the  pressurized  liquid.  Dr.  Kylstra 
said  that  man  might  one  day  find  it  useful  to  develop  techniques  for 
breathing  liquids  as  an  aid  in  the  exploration  of  the  two  new  realms 
that  are  just  opening  up  to  him:  space  and  the  ocean  depths.  A  space 
flier,  for  example,  could  be  protected  from  the  destructive  forces  of  a 
less-than-soft  landing  on  another  planet  if  he  were  in  a  cockpit  filled 
with  oxygenated  liquid  that  he  could  also  breathe;  a  free-swimming 
underwater  explorer  with  liquid-filled  lungs  could  go  deeper,  stay 
longer  and  ascend  faster  and  more  safely  than  a  diver  breathing  a 
gaseous  mixture  of  nitrogen  and  oxygen.  (Osmundsen,  NYT, 
5/19/65,  49C) 

•  Bendix  Corp.  would  receive  from  usaf  a  $2,666,840  initial  increment  to 

a  $22,123,000  fixed-price  contract  for  modification  and  improvement 
of  the  an/fps-85  space  track  radar.  Work  would  be  done  in  Tow- 
son,  Md.,  and  at  Eglin  afb,  Fla.  (dod  Release  343-65) 
May  20:  nasa-aec  successfully  performed  a  restart  of  the  NRX  A-3  Nerva 
experimental  engine  at  Jackass  Flats,  Nev.  The  firing  lasted  for  18 
min.,  including  13  min.  at  the  engine's  full  power  rating.  The  engine 
was  the  same  one  that  had  run  for  four  minutes  Apr.  23  before  being 
shut  down  prematurely  due  to  spurious  malfunction.  (SNPO-N-65-9; 
Wash.  Eve.  Star,  5/21/65;  Rover  Chron.) 

•  USAF   launched    unidentified  satellite   payload   with   Thor   Fw4s   booster 

from  v^^TR.      ( U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  142) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  241 

May  20:  Ground  test  version  of  the  Saturn  V  booster  (s-IC-t)  was  fired 
by  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  for  41  sec,  msfc  announced.  It 
was  the  third  and  longest  firing  of  the  five  engines,  which  developed 
7.5  million  lbs.  thrust.  The  firing  seemed  entirely  satisfactory,  based 
on  preliminary  evaluation  of  data,      (msfc  Release  65-131) 

•  USN's  F-IIIb  fighter  aircraft,  originally  designated  TFX,  was  given  its 

first  test  flight  over  Long  Island  at  2,000-mph  for  an  hour  and  18  min., 
during  which  the  variable  wing-sweep  of  the  craft  was  tested.  {Wash. 
Post,  5/19/65,  11;  lpi,  Wash.  Post,  5/20/65,  2) 

•  NASA  engineers  Harry  Carlson  and  Francis  E.  McLean  believed  the  sonic 

boom  problem  in  the  operation  of  the  supersonic  transport  could  be 
solved  by  fattening  the  fuselage  just  forward  of  the  wing,  thereby 
altering  the  air  flow  in  such  a  way  as  to  cut  the  boom  to  an  acceptable 
level,  reported  Richard  P.  Cooke  in  the  Wall  Street  Journal.  Fatten- 
ing the  Sst  fuselage  forward  of  the  wings,  said  the  NASA  engineers, 
would  also  help  the  lift  and  might  permit  room  for  more 
seats.      (Cooke,  WSJ,  5/20/65) 

•  AFSC  announced  that  an  airspace  surveillance  and  weapons  control  sys- 

tem had  been  proposed  for  installation  in  the  Ryukyu  islands,  south- 
west of  Japan.  Through  use  of  semi-automatic  data  processing,  the 
Ryukyu  Air  Defense  System  (Rads)  would  pick  up  airspace  intruders 
in  its  area  almost  instantly,  enhancing  defense  capabilities  of  the 
Pacific  Air  Force  in  that  area.  The  system  would  consist  of  radars, 
ultra-fast  communications,  data  processors,  display  consoles  and  com- 
mand posts  where  decision  makers  could  direct  manned  or  unmanned 
weapon  interception.  Returning  aircraft  could  be  directed  home  or  to 
alternate  bases  through  the  system,      (afsc  Release  54.65) 

•  Newest  Soviet  aircraft,  including  the  186-passenger,  four  engine  11-62, 

designed  for  nonstop  intercontinental  service,  were  displayed  at  an 
exhibition  of  airliners  and  helicopters  at  Moscow's  Vnukovo 
Airport.  The  11-62,  whose  engines  were  mounted  on  the  tail  section 
of  its  fuselage,  had  a  cruising  speed  of  500  to  550  mph  and  a  range  of 
5,500  mi.  Boris  Kharchenko,  chairman  of  the  Soviet  aircraft  export 
organization,  said  the  Soviet  Union  was  seeking  orders  this  year  for 
both  the  11-62  and  the  Tu-134,  a  medium-range,  two-engine 
jetliner.     Delivery  would  be  in  1967.      {NYT,  5/21/65) 

•  Secrets  unearthed  by  mariner  ii  and  just  made  public  were  reported 

by  Frank  Macomber  in  the  San  Diego  Union:  "Venus  is  no  lush  sea- 
and-swamp  world,  possibly  teeming  with  primitive  life,  as  some  astron- 
omers have  speculated.  Under  its  eternal  cloud  cover,  the  planet's 
surface  must  be  like  fuming  slag  or  lava.  The  surface  temperature  is 
about  800  °F. — hotter  than  molten  lead. 

"The  clouds  surrounding  Venus  are  a  dense,  unbroken  pall  of  hy- 
drocarbon smog,  boiling  up  to  at  least  60  miles  from  the  planet's 
surface." 

Macomber  said  mariner  ii  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful of  U.S.  spacecraft.  (Copley  News  Serv.,  Macomber,  San  Diego 
Union,  5/20/65) 

•  General  Bernard  A.  Schriever,  afsc  Commander,  said  in  an  address  to 

the  Aviation-Space  Writers'  Association  Conference  in  Albuquerque: 
"The  Air  Force  responsibility  for  our  nation's  military  developments 
in  space  is  clearly  established.     This  morning  I  would  like  to  review 


242  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

our   current    progress    in    the    areas    of    unmanned    space    programs, 
boosters  and  propulsion,  and  finally,  manned  space  programs.  .  .  . 

"In  the  late  1950s,  a  small  group  of  Air  Force  officers  began  a 
program  to  develop  a  space-based  missile  detection  and  warning 
system.  To  obtain  information  on  the  background  as  observed  from 
space  and  on  the  signature  of  ballistic  missile  rocket  motors,  the  Air 
Force  initiated  a  series  of  measurement  programs.  Instrumented  air- 
craft were  used  to  obtain  data  on  our  missile  target,  from  many 
aspects  and  in  various  weather  conditions.  Concurrently,  a  spacecraft 
'piggyback'  program  for  background  measurements  was  instituted. 
This  program  has  resulted  in  information  of  great  value  and  is  still 
collecting  valuable  data.  .  .  . 

"The  second  area  of  interest  is  anti-satellite  defense.  Last  Sep- 
tember, President  Johnson  announced  the  existence  of  operational  U.S. 
anti-satellite  defense  systems.  .  .  . 

"The  third  area  of  interest  is  the  detection  of  nuclear  detonations  in 
space.  The  original  effort  was  formerly  known  as  'Vela  Hotel,'  and 
has  now  emerged  as  the  present  Vela  Satellite  Program.  .  .  . 

"In  1963  the  first  pair  of  Vela  Satellites  was  launched  from  Cape 
Kennedy;  the  second  launch  occurred  in  1964.  Both  launches  were 
completely  successful,  and  the  four  satellites  are  still  functioning.  .  .  . 

"The  last  area  that  I  would  like  to  consider  in  unmanned  military 
space  systems  is  communication  satellites — commonly  called  COMSAT. 
Our  current  philosophy  of  controlled  response  has  placed  an  additional 
emphasis  upon  communications  between  field  commanders  and  the 
highest  level  of  our  nation.  .  .  . 

"In  summary,  space  is  a  new  environment  of  activity.  We  need  to 
exploit  it  effectively  for  our  own  purposes  to  prevent  it  from  being 
used  against  us.  We  are  aware  of  the  many  problems  confronting  us 
and  do  not  pretend  to  have  all  the  solutions.  But  much  has  been 
done,  and  we  are  building  a  broad  technological  base  to  meet  the  even 
greater  challenges  of  the  future."  (Text) 
May  20:  NASA  mariner  iv  was  85  million  miles  from  earth  and  traveling 
faster  than  48,000  mph,  nasa  announced.  A  radio  signal  from  the 
spacecraft,  traveling  at  the  speed  of  light,  would  take  more  than  T^/o 
min.  to  reach  a  ground  station.  The  Mars  probe  was  returning 
scientific  measurements  and  engineering  data  continuously  and  daily 
setting  a  new  record  for  distance  of  communications,  (nasa  Release 
65-167) 
•  A  NASA  report  on  its  Aircraft  Noise  Research  Program  to  the  House 
Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  and  the  Senate  Committee  on 
Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  said:  ".  .  .  there  is  a  growing  under- 
standing that  efforts  at  a  practicable  and  mutually  effective  solution 
will  need  to  be  evolutionary  in  nature,  and  involve  a  dedicated  attack 
on  all  major  aspects  of  the  problem.  These  include  the  acquisition  of 
definitive  information  on  the  manner  in  which  aircraft  noises  are  gen- 
erated and  propagated,  and  the  associated  development  of  efficient 
methods  for  the  reduction  of  adverse  aircraft  noise  at  its  source;  the 
establishment  of  safe  and  efficient  aircraft  operating  procedures  that 
minimize  and  control  the  exposure  of  airport  community  property  to 
undesirable  aircraft  noise;  and  the  provision  of  a  rational  understand- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  243 

ing  of  the  specific  aircraft  noise  factors  which  produce  subjective  an- 
noyance for  various  activities  and  environments  of  a  community  popu- 
lation, and  of  optimum  methods  for  the  control  and  adjustment  of 
community  property  usage  in  critical  noise  areas  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
airport."  (CR,  5/27/65) 
May  20:  aec's  Snap-lOA  nuclear  reactor,  aboard  snapshot  satellite, 
launched  by  usaf  into  circular  polar  orbit  Apr.  3,  automatically  shut 
down  on  May  16  for  unknown  reasons,  aec  announced.  Snap-lOA  had 
been  producing  power  for  its  own  telemetry;  first  indications  of  mal- 
function came  when  telemetry  ceased.  Telemetry  resumed  about  40 
hrs.  later,  powered  by  stand-by  batteries,  and  indicated  the  reactor  had 
shut  itself  down  and  was  no  longer  producing  power. 

The  prototype  of  future  auxiliary  power  systems,  planned  to  operate 
at  least  90  days,  had  been  operating  successfully  although  the  ion 
engine  experiment  included  in  the  spacecraft  had  been  shut  down  when 
it  developed  electronic  noise.  The  spacecraft  containing  the  defunct 
power  system  would  remain  in  orbit  more  than  3,000  yrs.;  it  would 
take  100  yrs.  for  the  reactor's  radioactive  elements  to  decay  to  a  safe 
level. 

AEC  said  Snap-lOA  had  provided  valuable  information  for  design  of 
future  nuclear  propulsion  systems,  (ap.  Wash.  Post,  5/21/65;  UPI, 
NYT,  5/22/65,  5;  Atomic  Energy  Programs,  1965,  151) 

•  Enriched    uranium     of    U-235    was    the    fuel    used    by    the    Chinese 

May  14  in  their  second  nuclear  explosion,  according  to  preliminary 
analysis  of  airborne  radioactive  debris,  aec  announced.  It  found  "im- 
plausible" reports  that  the  nuclear  device  had  been  carried  by  a  missile 
although  the  detonation  took  place  "above  ground."  aec  said  the 
May  14  test  was  somewhat  larger  than  China's  first  explosion  of  Oct. 
16,  1964,  which  was  equal  to  20  kilotons  or  the  Hiroshima 
bomb.      {NYT,  5/21/65;   Wash.  Post,  5/21/65,  A27) 

•  Dr.  Jeanette  Piccard's  1934  balloon  flight,  establishing  the  still  current 

women's  world  altitude  record  for  a  balloon,  was  celebrated  in  Dear- 
born, Mich.,  by  a  ceremony  and  placing  of  a  marker  near  the  takeoff 
site.  The  balloon  had  a  600.000  cu.  ft.  volume,  reached  57,559  ft. 
altitude,  and  took  Dr.  Piccard  from  Dearborn,  Mich.,  to  Cadiz, 
Ohio.  (CR,  5/18/65,  A2465 ) 
May  21:  U.S.  and  Argentina  jointly  announced  plans  to  collaborate  in 
launching  weather  rockets  to  gain  information  about  hemispheric 
weather  patterns.  Under  terms  of  an  agreement,  Argentina  would 
provide  launching  facilities,  would  transport  rockets  and  equipment 
from  the  U.S.  where  they  would  be  manufactured,  and  would  assemble 
and  launch  the  rockets.  U.S.  launchings  would  be  made  from  Wallops 
Station;  launching  pads  in  Argentina  would  be  at  Chamical.  Other 
Latin  American  countries  had  been  invited  to  participate  in  the 
program.      (  ap,  NYT,  5/22/65 ) 

•  Vice  President  Humphrey,  Chairman  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and 

Space  Council,  said  at  the  16th  annual  luncheon  for  Albert  Lasker 
Medical  Journalism  Awards  in  Washington,  D.C.:  "The  most  impor- 
tant race  is  not  the  space  race  or  the  arms  race.  It  is  the  human 
race.  If  America  can  get  excited  about  putting  a  man  on  the  moon  in 
1970,  why  can't  we  get  excited  about  putting  a  lot  of  people  on  their 
feet  by  the  same  date?   .  .  .  some  day  we  will  be  able  to  tell  the  world 


244  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

that  science  has  discovered  the  secrets  of  aging  or  of  cancer  or  of 
muscular  dystrophy  or  multiple  sclerosis  or  mental  retardation.  That 
news  will  outrank  in  importance  even  the  wonderful  tidings  that  man 
has  landed  on  the  moon."  (Text) 
May  21 :  David  N.  Buell  of  Chrysler  Corp.  told  the  Aviation-Space  Writers' 
Association  Conference  that  an  unmanned  spacecraft  could  be  launched 
to  the  sun  by  1975  or  1980  with  a  modified  Saturn  IB/Centaur  booster 
and  that  it  could  obtain  information  vital  to  space  exploration  and  a 
better  understanding  of  the  universe.  Buell  envisioned  the  solar 
spacecraft  as  a  bi-conal  structure  with  the  forward  cone  pointing  to- 
ward the  sun  and  acting  as  a  sunshade,  bolstered  by  refrigerants  inside 
the  craft.      ( UPI,  Wash .  Post,  5/23/65 ) 

•  "mariner    IV,   speeding    toward    Mars    for    a    rendezvous    in    July,    has 

knocked  out  the  romantic  notion  that  the  ruddy  planet  is  the  site  of  a 
dying  civilization  millions  of  years  older  than  ours  and  far  wiser," 
wrote  David  Dietz  in  the  Knoxville  Neivs-Sentinel.  Continuing:  "This 
theory  holds  that  the  planet  is  drying  out,  losing  its  atmosphere  and  its 
water  supply  and  that  the  inhabitants  have  taken  refuge  in  under- 
ground cities. 

"Well,  if  this  is  the  case,  one  thing  is  certain.  The  Martians  forgot 
to  take  their  radios  with  them.  For  the  past  five  months,  Mariner  4 
has  been  sending  a  steady  stream  of  radio  chatter  back  to  earth  ...  If 
little  Mariner  4  can  do  that,  there  is  no  apparent  reason  why  the 
Martians  couldn't  do  the  same,  providing,  of  course,  that  there  are 
Martians  of  superior  intelligence."  ( Dietz,  Knoxville  News-Sentinel, 
5/21/65) 

•  David    H.    Hoffman,    aviation    editor    of   the    New    York    Herald    Trib- 

une and  Arthur  C.  Clarke,  British  science  writer,  were  cited  by  the 
Aviation-Space  Writers'  Association  for  outstanding  articles  in 
1964.  Mr.  Hoffman  received  the  James  J.  Strebig  memorial  award  for 
his  series  on  air  safety.  Mr.  Clarke  was  honored  for  an  article  pub- 
lished in  Life  magazine  on  communications  satellites.  {N.Y.  Her. 
Trib.,  5/23/65) 
May  22:  nasa's  200-lb.  Project  Fire  ii  spacecraft — similar  in  shape  to  an 
Apollo  command  module — was  launched  into  a  ballistic  trajectory 
from  ETR  by  an  Atlas  D  booster  that  sent  it  over  500  mi.  into  space  in 
test  of  reentry  heating  of  spacecraft  returning  from  the  moon.  Some 
26  min.  later,  when  the  ballistic  path  of  the  payload  turned  it  toward 
earth,  a  solid-fueled  Antares  rocket  fired  for  30  sec,  accelerating  the 
payload  into  the  atmosphere  at  25.400  mph.  As  a  fireball  estimated  at 
20,000°F  formed  a  shock  wave  in  front  of  the  spacecraft,  instruments 
in  its  interior  radioed  information  to  tracking  stations.  Tracking  re- 
ports indicated  that  the  heat  probe  impacted  32  min.  after  launch  in 
the  south  Atlantic  about  5,130  mi.  southeast  of  Cape  Kennedy.  The 
spacecraft  had  been  dubbed  a  "flying  thermometer"  because  it  was  to 
radio  more  than  100,000  temperature  readings. 

First  Project  Fire  flight  took  place  from  Cape  Kennedy  April  14. 
1964,  and  was  the  fastest  controlled  in-flight  reentry  experiment  ever 
conducted.  The  spacecraft  reached  a  speed  of  more  than  25,800  mph 
and  telemetered  many  important  direct  measurements  of  reentry 
heating,      (nasa  Release  65-131 ;  ap,  Wash.  Sun.  Star,  5/23/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  245 

May  22:  Jack  N.  James  of  the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory,  responsible  for 
MARINER  iv's  cameras  during  the  July  14  Mars  flyby,  told  the  Avia- 
tion-Space Writers'  Association  Conference  that  photographs  taken  by 
the  probe  were  not  expected  to  show  signs  of  life  that  might  exist  on 
the  planet  since  surface  detail  in  the  photographs  would  not  be 
great.  James  said  mariner  iv's  cameras  probably  would  be  fixed  on 
the  planet  by  command  from  earth;  previous  plans  had  called  for  this 
to  be  done  automatically  by  equipment  in  the  spacecraft.  (AP,  Wash. 
Sun.  Star,  5/23/65;  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  5/24/65) 

•  The    Gemini    4   manned    spaceflight    had    been    scheduled    for    June    3, 

NASA  announced.  The  four-day  flight  would  last  about  97  hrs.  50 
min.,  and  would  increase  the  U.S.'s  hours  of  manned  space  flight  to 
about  257  hrs.  No  decision  had  been  made  about  opening  the  two- 
man  spacecraft  and  letting  one  astronaut  stand  exposed  to 
space.      ( Clark,  NYT,  5/22/65,  8 ) 

•  President  Chung   Hee  Park   of  the   Republic   of   Korea,   his   wife,   and 

members  of  his  official  party  visited  Kennedy  Space  Center  where  they 
were  briefed  on  NASA  programs  and  toured  facilities  at  Cape  Kennedy 
and  on  Merritt  Island. 

In  a  luncheon  statement,  President  Park  said:  "You  are  now  en- 
gaged in  a  breath-taking  race  with  Moscow  for  the  conquest  of 
space.  ...  I  should  like  to  invite  your  attention  to  the  stark  reality 
that  there  are  some  fools  engaged  in  utilizing  space  power  politically, 
psychologically  and  militarily  for  sinister  and  dangerous  purposes. 

"They  are  absorbed  in  developing  space  power  not  for  the  true  pur- 
pose envisaged  by  mankind  but  for  making  it  an  instrument  with 
which  to  conquer  the  world. 

"Needless  to  say,  they  are  Communists.  I  believe  you  [Americans] 
have  the  responsibility  of  causing  the  Communists  to  desist  from  this 
dangerous  play  and  of  well  preparing  yourselves  to  douse  a  fire  if  it 
breaks  out  of  that  play.  .  .  ."  (nasa  Off.  Int.  Aff.;  ksc  Spaceport 
News,  5/20/65,  1,  5;  ap,  Miami  Her.,  5/23/65) 

•  In  an  interview  at  Reed   College,   Dr.   John  A.   Simpson,  professor   of 

physics  at  Univ.  of  Chicago's  Enrico  Fermi  Institute  for  Nuclear  Stud- 
ies, said  that  the  U.S.'s  present  space  policy  was  based  on  scientific 
achievement  "and  this  has  been  diverse,  thorough  and  deep  and  has 
led  to  wondrous  discoveries."  He  lauded  U.S.  developments  in 
weather  and  communications  satellites  which  he  termed  an  "outstand- 
ing example"  of  peaceful  developments  in  space  exploration.  "Russia 
is  mainly  concerned  with  putting  a  man  on  the  moon  and  has  ignored, 
for  the  most  part,  the  U.S.  goals  of  achieving  a  better  physical  under- 
standing of  our  solar  system — and  contributing  to  civilization's  use  of 
it."      (Sun.  Oregonian,  5/23/65) 

•  European  Broadcasting  Union's  administrative  council  issued  a  statement 

saying  it  was  concerned  by  the  possibility  that  "prohibitive"  charges 
might  make  it  impossible  to  transmit  television  programs  over  EARLY 
BIRD  I  communications  satellite.  The  council  expressed  the  hope  that 
the  first  three  experimental  years  of  intercontinental  satellite  television 
would  not  be  "cut  off  at  the  start  of  commercial  satellite 
operation."      (Reuters,  NYT,  5/23/65,  19) 

•  Soviet  pilot  Natasha  Prokhanova,  flying  an  E-22  supersonic  jet  trainer, 

climbed  to  79,000-ft.  altitude,  exceeding  the  world  altitude  record  for 


246  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

women  of  56,073  ft.  set  by  U.S.  pilot  Jacqueline  Cochran  in  1961  at 
Edwards  afb  in  a  Northrop  T-38  Talon  supersonic  jet  trainer.  {NYT, 
5/31/65,  24) 
May  23:  The  Life  Sciences  Committee  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences'  Space  Science  Board  recommended  to  NASA  that  American 
astronauts  returning  from  the  moon  and  planets  be  kept  in  quarantine 
for  at  least  three  weeks  to  prevent  possible  contamination  of  the  earth 
by  extra-terrestrial  organisms,  Howard  Simons  reported  in  the  Wash- 
ington Post.  Recommendation  was  in  a  report  entitled  "Potential  Haz- 
ards of  Back  Contamination  from  the  Planets." 

Other  recommendations  included  the  need  to  avoid  decontamination 
of  returning  equipment  until  it  had  been  subjected  to  biological  study; 
the  possible  need  for  the  astronauts  to  shed  their  outer  garments  on 
the  moon  and  Mars  before  returning  home;  the  need  to  conduct  imme- 
diate research  on  any  samples  of  extraterrestrial  life  brought  to  earth; 
and  trial  runs  to  acquaint  astronauts  with  methods  for  minimizing 
chance  of  contamination.      (Simons,  Wash.  Post,  5/23/65) 

•  United  Press  International  had  announced  it  would  seek  to  establish  a 

worldwide  satellite  communications  system,  either  on  its  own  or  in 
partnership  with  others,  if  the  governments  concerned  granted  the 
necessary  permission.  [NYT,  5/23/65) 
May  24:  AFSC  had  selected  nine  graduates  of  its  Aerospace  Research  Pilot 
School,  Edwards  afb,  Calif.,  to  participate  in  crew  performance  studies 
for  manned  space  flight  to  be  conducted  by  NASA  at  the  Martin 
Co.  Three  seven-day  lunar  landing  simulations  would  be  made  using 
a  simulated  Apollo  lunar  landing  mission.  Each  would  utilize  a  three- 
man  crew,      (afsc  Release) 

•  President  Johnson  said,  in  transmitting  nsf's  sixth  annual  report  to  Con- 

gress on  weather  modification  programs  that  control  of  weather  was 
not  beyond  the  reach  of  man:  "The  development  of  methods  for  alter- 
ing weather  and  climate  is  a  subject  of  quickening  interest  in  the  Con- 
gress and  the  Executive  Branch  ...  as,  indeed,  it  is  to  all  of  the 
human  race.  We  must  recognize  that  the  achievement  of  such  a  capa- 
bility would  mean  vast  economic  and  social  gains  for  human  life  on 
this  earth."      (House  Doc.  188) 

•  EARLY   BIRD   I  Unked   audiences   at   the   Parke-Bernet   Galleries    in   New 

York  City  and  at  Sotheby's  in  London  for  the  first  trans-Atlantic  art 
auction,  ComSatCorp  reported.  BBC  broadcasted  a  portion  of  the  auc- 
tion for  British  TV  viewers.  The  telecast  marked  the  fourth  successive 
Monday  on  which  the  satellite  had  carried  a  commercial  program  free 
of  charge  to  show  its  potential.  (ComSatCorp  Release;  Esterow, 
yVFr,  5/25/65,  1) 

•  The  British  Government  announced  plans  for  conversion  of  weights  and 

measures  to  the  metric  system  over  the  next  ten  years.  The  announce- 
ment meant  the  U.S.  would  be  the  only  major  power  using  nonmetric 
units. 

Sen.  Claiborne  Pell  (D-R.L)  said  on  the  floor  of  the  Senate:  "The 
United  States  finds  itself  in  the  odd  position  of  having  inherited  our 
anachronistic  system  of  quarts,  pounds,  and  inches  from  the  British, 
only  to  find  that  the  parent  of  the  system  has  recognized  its  impracti- 
cality  and  is  moving  over  to  the  metric  system.    This  leaves  us  virtually 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


247 


alone  in  the  world  in  our  insistence  upon  our  system  of  weights  and 
measures,  which  originated  in  medieval  times."  (Farnsworth,  NYT, 
5/25/65,  6;  CR,  5/24/65,  11023) 
May  25:  Saturn  I  (SA-8)  launch  vehicle,  launched  from  Eastern  Test 
Range,  orbited  a  23.000-lb.  payload  of  which  3,200  lbs.  was  the  PEG- 
ASUS II  meteoroid  detection  satellite  and  9,700  lbs.  was  Apollo  boiler- 
plate command  and  service  modules  (BP-26).  This  was  the  ninth 
successful  test  in  nine  flights  for  Saturn  I. 

At  launch.  Apollo  command  and  service  module  boilerplate  space- 
craft and  launch  escape  system  (Les)  tower  were  atop  Saturn  I,  with 
PEGASUS  II  folded  inside  the  service  module.  After  second-stage  igni- 
tion. Les  was  jettisoned.  After  injection  into  orbit,  the  Apollo  boiler- 
plate was  jettisoned  into  a  separate  orbit  and  a  motor-driven  device 
extended  96  X  14-ft.  winglike  panels  on  pegasus  ii,  exposing  2,300 
sq.  ft.  of  instrumented  surface.  The  satellite  was  attached  to  the 
Saturn's  S-IV  second  stage  and  would  remain  so  during  its 
lifetime.  Each  wing  consisted  of  seven  frames  hinged  together  and 
providing  mountings  for  a  total  of  208  detector  panels.  As  particles 
collided  with  this  surface,  the  penetrations  would  be  registered  and 
reported  to  earth.  Orbital  data:  apogee,  460  mi.  (741  km.)  ;  perigee, 
316  mi.  (509  km.)  ;  period,  97  min.;  inchnation,  31.8°. 

Primary  purpose  of  the  flight  was  to  gather  information  on  fre- 
quency of  meteoroids  encountered  in  the  near-earth  environment  for 
use  in  design  of  future  manned  and  unmanned  spacecraft. 

PEGASUS  II,  an  improved  version  of  pegasus  I  launched  Feb.  16, 
1965,  would  be  visible  to  the  naked  eye  under  favorable  conditions 
near  dawn  and  dusk.  (NASA  Release  65-151;  MSFC  Release  65-121; 
Marshall  Star,  5/26/65,  1:  ap,  NYT,  5/26/65,  10;  U.S.  Aeron.  & 
Space  Act.,  1965,  US) 
•  X-15  No.  1  was  flown  by  nasa's  Milton  0.  Thompson  to  179,800-ft. 
altitude  at  a  maximum  speed  of  3,418  mph  (mach  4.87)  to  obtain  data 
on  the  Honeywell  inertial  system  checkout,  MIT  horizon  photometer, 
Pace  transducer,  RAS    (Reaction  Augmentation   System)    modification 


May  25:   Saturn   I  launch   of 
PEGASUS    n    from    Cape    Ken- 
nedy. 


248  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

checkout,  and  pilot  altitude  buildup.  (NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15 
Flight  Log) 
May  25:  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  lxvii  containing  scientific  equipment 
for  investigation  of  outer  space.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  350  km. 
(217  mi.)  ;  perigee,  207  km.  (128  mi.)  ;  inclination  to  earth, 
51.8°.  Onboard  equipment  was  functioning  normally.  {Krasnaya 
Zvezda,  5/27/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  During    the    planned     4-day    flight    June    3,     Astronaut    Edward     H. 

White  (Maj.,  usaf)  would  leave  the  Gemini  4  spacecraft  for  12  min. 
"if  conditions  are  favorable,"  Msc  officials  announced  at  press 
conference.     He  would  be  secured  to  the  craft  by  a  25-ft.  safety  line. 

NASA  said  the  decision  had  been  delayed  "so  final  qualification  tests 
could  be  completed  on  the  spacecraft,  spacesuit,  secondary  life  support 
pack  and  umbiHcal." 

The  12-layer  protective  suit  that  Astronaut  White  would  wear  had 
been  worn  for  more  than  200  hrs.  and  White  himself  had  worn  it 
during  more  than  60  hrs.  of  tests.  Among  other  things,  it  had  had 
pellets  fired  at  it  at  a  speed  of  30,000  fps  to  simulate  the  impact  of 
small  meteoroids. 

The  flight's  command  pilot,  Astronaut  James  A.  McDivitt  (Maj., 
usaf)  would  not  open  his  hatch  but  would  take  movies  of  White 
through  a  spacecraft  window.  Astronaut  White  would  take  a  35-mm. 
still  camera  loaded  with  color  film  on  his  "walk"  in  space.  Although 
he  had  practiced  acrobatics,  White  had  no  planned  program  and  would 
"use  his  own  judgment  as  to  what  to  do  while  outside  the  ship."  Exit 
from  the  spacecraft  was  planned  for  the  second  orbit.  (Transcript; 
Clark,  NYT,  5/26/65,  1,  11;  upi,  Wash.  Post,  5/26/65,  A3) 

•  Al   J.    Hayes,    International    Association    of   Machinists    president,    said 

union  negotiations  with  Aerojet-General  Corp.  would  not  halt  the 
scheduled  two-man  Gemini  shot  at  Cape  Kennedy  on  June  3.  He  said 
union  members  would  continue  work  at  Cape  Kennedy  even  if  a  walk- 
out were  called  against  Aerojet  General.  (UPi,  Wash.  Post,  5/26/65, 
A3) 

•  X-22a  vertical/short  take-off  and  landing  aircraft  (V/Stol)   was  inspect- 

ed by  Government  and  military  representatives  at  the  Bell  Aerosystems 
plant  in  Niagara  Falls.  Its  unique  characteristic  was  the  ducted  fan 
concept  of  propulsion  consisting  of  four  shrouded  propellers — two  for- 
ward and  two  on  the  tips  of  the  39-ft.  wing  aft — driven  by  four  T-58 
turbine  engines.  The  four  engines,  expected  to  propel  the  aircraft  at  a 
cruising  speed  of  300  mph,  were  run  for  about  five  minutes. 

x-22a  was  constructed  for  the  Army,  Navy,  and  Air  Force  under  a 
Navy-administered  contract  for  $25  million.  First  flight  test  would  be 
made  in  September  1965.  (dod  Release  341-65;  ap,  NYT,  5/26/65, 
94) 

•  Minute  amounts  of  fresh  radioactive  debris  from  detonation  of  Commu- 

nist China's  second  nuclear  bomb  were  registered  over  the  U.S.  by  the 
Division  of  Radiological  Health  of  the  U.S.  Public  Health 
Service.  Pollution  was  far  below  the  hazard  level,  (ap,  Wash.  Eve. 
S^ar,  5/26/65,5) 
May  25-26:  More  than  300  representatives  of  NASA  and  industry  attended 
the  1965  Cost  Reduction  and  Management  Improvement  meeting  at 
NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.      {Marshall  Star,  6/2/65,  2) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  249 

May  26:  NASA  launched  an  ionosphere  experiment  from  Wallops  Station, 
Va.,  on  a  four-stage  Javelin  (Argo  D-4)  sounding  rocket.  Primary 
objectives  of  the  flight  were  to  measure  ion  and  electron  densities  and 
temperatures  and  the  ionic  composition  in  the  upper  atmosphere.  A 
malfunction  in  the  launch  vehicle  caused  the  140-lb.  payload  to  reach 
an  altitude  of  only  200  mi.  instead  of  the  planned  520  mi.  Telemetry 
data  were  received  for  about  nine  minutes.  Project  officials  termed 
the  flight  a  partial  success  despite  the  failure  to  achieve  peak 
altitude.      ( Wallops  Release  65-31 ) 

•  PEGASUS    II    had    reported    two    meteoroid    punctures,    NASA    announced. 

The  hits  were  recorded  on  the  .0015-in.  and  .008-in. -thick  aluminum- 
covered  detection  panels.      (NASA  Release  65-175) 

•  On  the  floor  of  the  Senate,  Sen.  Ralph  W.  Yarborough   (D-Tex.)   advo- 

cated that  rights  to  patents  from  Government-sponsored  research 
should  belong  to  the  Government:  "In  this  struggle  between  the  public 
interest  and  those  who  seek  a  public  subsidy  to  enrich  private  coffers, 
the  stakes  are  immense.  The  Federal  Government  every  year  becomes 
more  involved  in  the  financing  of  scientific  research.  This  being  the 
case,  it  is  the  responsibility  of  Congress  to  protect  the  public  purse, 
rather  than  to  construct  private  pipelines  from  the  Public  Treasury  to 
private  recipients."      (CR,  5/26/65) 

•  "Establishment  of  a  communications  satellite  system  for  commercial  pur- 

poses is  a  matter  entrusted  to  the  Corporation  under  the  Communica- 
tions Satellite  Act,"  was  the  reply  of  ComSatCorp  President  Joseph 
Charyk  to  the  FCC  regarding  the  American  Broadcasting  Co.'s  proposal 
to  launch  its  own  satellite.  The  FCC  had  requested  the  views  of  Com- 
SatCorp on  the  proposal.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  In   Second   Annual   Sight   Lecture   to   the   Wings   Club,    Dr.   Jerome   C. 

Hunsaker,  former  Chairman  of  the  naca  and  MIT  professor  of  aer- 
onautics, said: 

"We  cannot  return  to  the  time  when  the  century  was  young,  yet  we 
still  need  the  ingenuity  and  luck  of  gifted  individuals.  It  is  important 
to  establish  an  environment  with  incentives  to  bring  new  ideas  for- 
ward. 

"I  think  of  the  British  Admiralty's  prize  for  a  ship's  chronometer. 
The  chronometer  appeared,  and  changed  the  entire  art  of  navigation. 
Lilienthal's  gliding  experiments,  the  Wrights'  flights  and  Sikorsky's 
helicopter  were  individual  contributions,  not  in  government  programs. 

"Scientists  have  a  favorable  climate  for  their  own  research  provided 
by  the  Universities  and  Foundations,  with  opportunity  for  publication 
and  recognition  through  the  learned  societies.  Could  we  not  devise  a 
plan  to  bring  ideas  of  individuals  before  sensitive  and  wise  people  who 
would  select  wheat  from  chafF  and  arrange  for  development  testing  of 
some  of  the  harvest.  We  must  be  patient.  I  am  reminded  of  Dr. 
Paul  Foote's  remark  that,  for  a  new  chemical,  it  is  usually  seven  years 
from  test  tube  to  tank  car. 

"What  we  must  avoid  is  centralized  control  of  the  exploration  of 
ideas  by  the  people  responsible  for  immediate  needs.  There  is  noth- 
ing more  discouraging  to  an  engineer  than  the  statement:  'We  have  no 
requirement  for  what  you  are  thinking  of.' 


250  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"Today.  U.S.  military  power  is  supreme,  but  our  intent  and  resolve 
are  more  in  question  than  our  strength.  General  LeMay  says,  'We 
must  make  more  determined  and  longer  range  plans  and 
commitments.  .  .  .  We  must  look  further  into  the  future  to  foresee 
the  threats  that  He  ahead.' 

"Quantum  advances  in  technology  follow  availability  of  scientific 
knowledge  plus  creative  imagination  and  financial  risk  taking.  Inter- 
national cooperative  effort  has  been  valuable  in  the  past  in  research, 
and  could  be  valuable  in  development  work  when  the  threat  of  destruc- 
tive purpose  becomes  less. 

"Let  us  never  think  we  have  no  requirement  for  men  with  new 
ideas."  (Text) 
May  26:  First  stage  (s-i-10)  for  the  tenth  and  last  Saturn  I  launch  ve- 
hicle left  MSFc'5  Michoud  Operations  aboard  the  barge  Promise,  to 
arrive  at  KSC  May  31.  This  was  the  second  s-i  stage  built  at 
Michoud  by  Chrysler  Corp.  Space  Div.      (msfc  Release  65-135) 

•  ComSatCorp    may    well    face    competition    from    foreign    satellite    com- 

munications systems  in  the  next  few  years,  David  Sarnolf,  chair- 
man of  the  Board  of  Radio  Corporation  of  America  predicted  at  the 
convention  banquet  of  the  Armed  Forces  Communications  and  Elec- 
tronics Assn.  in  Washington,  D.C.:  "We  can  expect  that  ultimately 
Russia  will  set  up  a  satellite  communications  system  competitive  to  our 
own  and  offer  it  to  other  nations  on  favorable  terms  determined  more 
by  political  than  economic  considerations." 

Mr.  Sarnoff  advocated  creation  of  "a  single,  privately  owned  Ameri- 
can company"  to  handle  all  international  communications  currently 
handled  by  six  private  carriers.  He  argued  that,  among  other 
benefits,  a  single  "unified  carrier"  was  the  only  way  the  U.S.  could 
"deal  on  equal  terms  with  foreign  government  [communications]  mo- 
nopolies. 

The  RCA  chairman  warned  that  in  only  five  years  the  interim  agree- 
ment between  ComSatCorp  and  the  45  participating  nations  would  be 
up  for  re-evaluation.  The  U.S.,  he  said,  "will  have  to  negotiate  a  new 
contract  under  different  circumstances  and  possibly  vastly  altered  bar- 
gaining conditions." 

It  was  technically  feasible,  Mr.  Sarnoff  said,  that  direct  radio/TV 
broadcasting  by  satellite  could  be  undertaken  by  1975.  Three  equato- 
rial, synchronous  orbit  satellites  powered  by  nuclear  energy,  each 
equipped  with  a  three-TV-channel  capability,  would  be  able,  he  said,  to 
broadcast  programs  to  the  entire  United  States  and  parts  of 
Canada.  He  estimated  that  the  three  satellites,  exclusive  of  ground 
stations,  would  cost  S30  million  and  compared  this  with  the  $50  mil- 
lion annual  cost  to  the  three  major  networks  for  leasing  circuits  to 
transmit  programs  to  their  affiliated  stations  or  to  the  $30  million  cost 
of  a  single  large  city  television  station.  (WSJ,  5/27/65,  6;  Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  S/21/6^) 

•  Missile  lead  of  the  U.S.  was  put  at  three  to  one  in  an  article  by  Richard 

Fryklund  in  the  Washington  Evening  Star:  "U.S.  intelligence  estimates 
are  that  the  Soviet  Union  has  245  to  295  intercontinental  ballistic 
missiles  on  launchers  ready  to  be  fired. 

"The  United  States  has  900."  (Fryklund,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
5/26/65,  2) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  251 

May  26-28:  NASA-sponsored  Fifth  National  Conference  on  the  Peaceful 
Uses  of  Space  and  St.  Louis  Bicentennial  Space  Symposium  was  held 
in  St.  Louis  with  participants  from  Government,  education,  industry, 
and  the  scientific  community.      (NASA  SP-82) 

NASA  Deputy  Administrator  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  delivering  the  keynote 
address,  said:  "The  rate  of  growth  of  space  activities  in  the  first  six 
years  of  the  space  age  has  been  unprecedented  in  the  history  of  a  new 
field  of  science  and  technology  but  there  are  signs  of  attainment  of  a 
certain  degree  of  maturity.  The  most  obvious  is  the  establishment, 
following  several  years  in  which  available  funds  nearly  doubled  each 
year,  of  a  level  of  five  to  five  and  a  quarter  billions  for  congressional 
appropriations  to  NASA,  or  about  seven  billions  for  space  activities  of 
all  agencies  at  the  suitable  level.  .  .  . 

"Maturity  is  also  indicated  by  the  drastic  reduction  in  the  number 
of  unsuccessful  missions,  the  result  of  increased  knowledge  and  experi- 
ence in  the  previously  unknown  field  of  space.  Thus  in  calendar  year 
1958  in  the  first  three  months  of  NASA,  four  missions  were  attempted 
without  a  single  success.  In  the  following  year  eight  of  fourteen  were 
successful,  whereas  in  1964  twenty-five  of  thirty  more  difficult  missions 
were  successful,  a  percentage  of  83  which  has  been  maintained  now  for 
three  years.  .  .  ."      (NASA  Release  65-83;  Text,  NASA  Release  65-165) 

Answering  the  query  "What  does  the  future  hold  in  store?"  NASA 
Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight  Dr.  George  E. 
Mueller  told  the  Symposium  about  future  manned  flight  options:  "In 
near-earth  space,  missions  could  include  low  and  high  inclination,  po- 
lar, or  synchronous  orbits  to  accomplish  research,  technological,  and 
applications  objectives.   .  .  . 

"In  a  low  inclination  orbit,  below  the  Van  Allen  belts,  the  basic 
problems  of  keeping  men  in  space  for  extended  periods  can  be  studied, 
rendezvous  and  resupply  problems  could  be  worked  out,  and  scientific 
experiments  conducted. 

"In  synchronous  orbit,  where  the  spacecraft  hovers  over  a  fixed  area 
of  the  earth  all  the  time,  experiments  could  be  carried  out  which  in- 
volve manned  observations  over  a  given  portion  of  the  earth  or  which 
use  man  to  assist  in  the  operation  of  various  experimental  systems. 

"In  polar  orbit,  scientist-astronauts  could  monitor  and  observe  the 
entire  surface  of  the  earth  as  it  passes  beneath  the  spacecraft,  mapping 
it  and  surveying  most  of  the  world's  resources.  .  .  . 

"In  earth  orbit  ...  a  medium-size  manned  orbiting  research  labo- 
ratory might  be  developed.  Such  a  space  station  would  accommodate 
six  to  nine  men  and  remain  in  orbit  for  up  to  five  years.  .  .  .  Resup- 
ply vehicles,  or  space  shuttles,  could  be  used  for  crew  rotation  and  for 
delivery  of  equipment  and  supplies.  The  laboratory  would  provide 
roomy  quarters  with  a  shirt-sleeve  environment  for  conducting  a  wide 
variety  of  experiments  in  space.  It  would  also  contain  a  centri- 
fuge, should  it  be  found  essential  for  reconditioning  crew  members  to 
withstand  the  effects  of  gravity  after  periods  of  weightlessness. 

"Following  this  a  larger  permanent  manned  orbiting  research  labo- 
ratory accommodating  20  to  30  men,  might  then  be  developed,  by 
assembling  three  or  four  of  the  medium-size  laboratories  in 
space.  Artificial  gravity  could  be  provided  in  the  laboratories  by  ro- 
tating them  about  their  axes. 


252  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"Possibly  the  most  challenging  long-term  goal  of  the  entire  space 
program  is  manned  exploration  of  the  planets — especially  of 
Mars."     (Text) 

Comparing  the  space  programs  of  the  U.S.  and  the  U.S.S.R.  Dr. 
Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and 
Space  Council,  said: 

"1.  In  number  of  earth-orbiting  payloads  the  United  States  has 
launched  almost  three  times  as  many  as  has  the  USSR,  although  the 
1965  rate  is  less  than  two  to  one. 

"2.  In  the  weight  of  such  payloads,  the  USSR  has  put  up  almost  three 
times  as  much  as  has  the  United  States. 

"3.  In  propulsion,  the  Soviets  have  from  the  beginning  enjoyed  an 
operational  advantage  over  the  United  States.  However,  we  are  cur- 
rently making  great  strides  in  this  regard  and  it  is  hoped  that  we  will 
keep  moving  up  the  propulsion  ladder  so  as  not  to  be  overtaken  again. 

"4.  In  manned  space  flight,  the  USSR  is  ahead  of  the  U.S.,  not  only  in 
hours  of  flight  but  also  in  multi-manned  flight  and  extravehicular  ac- 
tivity. So  far,  the  U.S.  astronauts  have  completed  40  orbits  of  the 
earth,  the  Soviet  cosmonauts  have  completed  342  such  orbits.  More- 
over, as  our  Gemini  schedule  proceeds  and  contributes  continued 
progress,  we  must  look  for  much  more  activity  on  the  part  of  the 
Soviets. 

"5.  In  the  application  of  space  developments  to  directly  useful  pur- 
poses, the  United  States  is  well  ahead,  particularly  in  such  fields  as 
weather  observations,  navigation,  and  communications.  However,  the 
Soviets  have  potential  capabilities  of  these  types  and  have  already  be- 
gun to  show  some  actual  experience  in  space  communications. 

"6.  In  lunar  and  interplanetary  activity,  the  U.S.  may  have  an  edge 
with  the  spectacular  success  of  the  Rangers  and  Mariners.  We  have 
developed  this  advantage,  even  though  the  Soviets  have  made  a  greater 
relative  commitment  in  this  regard,  both  from  the  view  of  absolute 
numbers  of  launches  and  also  in  regard  to  weight  of  payloads. 

"7.  Based  upon  clear  knowledge  of  our  own  program  and  upon  as- 
sertions by  the  Soviets  about  theirs,  one  can  reasonably  conclude  that 
both  countries  have  manned  lunar  landing  projects  under  way.  It 
would  be  impossible  to  state  definitely  who  is  ahead  in  this  regard  but 
I  am  hopeful  that  we  will  turn  out  to  be. 

"8.  As  regards  the  collection  of  scientific  data  from  space,  both 
countries  have  made  impressive  strides,  resulting  in  a  possible  advan- 
tage to  the  USSR  regarding  the  effects  of  space  environment  on  human 
beings. 

"9.  Both  countries  are  in  a  position  to  make  many  observations 
from  space,  but  both  countries  have  pledged  not  to  orbit  weapons  of 
mass  destruction  and  have  stressed  that  their  programs  are  dedicated 
to  peaceful  uses.  I  can  only  speak  for  this  country  in  regard  to  our 
intent  and  do  state  that  we  will  maintain  our  defenses  while  pledging 
not  to  use  space  for  aggressive  purposes." 

Dr.  Welsh  warned:  "Let  us  not  expect  our  space  program  to  proceed 
indefinitely  without  some  tragedy  involving  our  astronauts."      (Text) 

Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Ad- 
vanced Research  and  Technology,  said:  "In  assessing  our  growth  in 
space  capability  in  terms  of  three  steps  from  earth  to  earth  orbit,  from 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  253 

earth  orbit  to  moon,  and  from  moon  to  planets,  it  is  important  to 
recognize  that  the  first  two  steps  rest  on  essentially  the  same  tech- 
nologies. These  are  technologies  which  have  evolved  for  decades  and 
which  are  familiar:  chemical  energy  conversion,  relatively  common 
engineering  materials,  measurement  and  control  systems  generally  con- 
sistent with  aircraft  and  ground  technology  and  microwave 
communications.  However,  the  third  step  will  demand  performance 
and  efficiency  well  beyond  the  first  two.  An  entirely  new  level  of 
technology  is  needed:  nuclear  energy  conversion,  new  refractory  mate- 
rials, accuracy  of  sensors — improved  by  orders  of  magnitude — and 
laser  communications.  There  are  the  underlying  requirements  of 
higher  reliability  and  longer  lifetimes  than  have  yet  been  demon- 
strated, together  with  low  specific  weight. 

"The  requirement  for  improvement  in  this  spectrum  of  space-re- 
lated technologies  will  drive  them  well  beyond  their  present  level.  The 
presence  of  difficult  goals  can  have  a  profound  influence  on  earth- 
bound  consumer  products  through  the  advancement  of  common  fields 
of  technology  in  addition  to  opening  the  gateway  to  deep  space.  The 
NASA  program  of  advanced  research  and  technology  embraces  most  of 
these  elements  at  least  in  their  fundamental  forms.  Without  this  re- 
search the  space  program  would  soon  wither  and  die.  With  it,  by  the 
year  2000,  an  enormous  influence  can  be  exerted  on  national  prestige 
and  strength."      (Text) 

Discussing  space  projects  of  the  future  at  the  Conference  on  the 
Peaceful  Uses  of  Space,  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  Director  of  NASA 
Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  said:  "The  reusable  vehicle  seems  to  be 
the  key  to  development  of  an  economical  earth-to-orbit  transportation 
system.  Passenger  conveniences  must  be  improved  so  that  scientists, 
engineers,  technicians,  military  personnel — and  even  politicians  and 
journalists — can  make  the  trip. 

"One  of  the  methods  we  have  been  studying  several  years  combines 
the  experience  gained  in  the  x-15  rocket  plane  program  with  present 
Saturn  know-how,  for  building  a  high  performance  two-stage  rocket 
"plane"— called  the  Re-Usable  Orbital  Transport.  It  appears  entirely 
practical  to  develop  a  vehicle  that  would  not  subject  passengers  to 
more  than  three  g's  in  ascent  or  descent. 

"In  the  orbital  transport  under  study,  the  first  stage  would  fly  mis- 
sion paths  similar  to  the  x-15,  with  the  second  stage,  carrying  pas- 
sengers and  cargo,  launched  from  a  piggy-back  position.  The  second 
stage  would  fly  into  and  out  of  orbit,  gliding  to  a  power-off  landing 
after  re-entry  in  the  same  manner  the  X-15  does  now  as  routine  proce- 
dure. 

"It  would  offer  passengers  who  are  in  a  hurry  transportation  over 
global  ranges  with  about  one-hour  flight  time.  If  we  can  develop  a 
single  or  two-stage  chemical  rocket  aerospace  vehicle  and  learn  to  fly  it 
over  and  over  before  it  is  worn  out,  the  high-income  traveler  should 
find  the  operational  cost  acceptable.  But,  of  course,  the  thing  we  must 
have  is  the  demand — the  traffic,  cargo,  and  passengers  to  make  the 
system  economical. 

"After  we  have  tried  our  wings  in  the  immediate  earth  environment, 
our  next  major  step  in  exploring  and  utilizing  the  solar  system  is  the 
moon.     And  after  that,  the  planets."      (Text) 


254  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Dr.  Joseph  V.  Charyk,  ComSatCorp  president,  announced  at  the 
Space  Symposium  that  the  corporation  might  invite  the  aerospace  in- 
dustry to  submit  detailed  proposals  for  satellites  that  would  connect 
the  television  networks  to  their  affiliated  stations  and  would  provide 
new  facilities  for  airplane  companies  to  communicate  with  aircraft  in 
flight. 

Dr.  Charyk's  disclosure  was  a  consequence  of  the  American  Broad- 
casting Company's  recent  proposal  to  put  up  its  own  comsat  to  relay 
TV  shows  to  affiliated  stations  for  rebroadcast  to  home  viewers. 

Dr.  Charyk  said  a  satellite  to  relay  television  programs  to  affiliated 
stations  involved  no  new  basic  engineering  problems  and  oifered  "real 
potential,  sound  economic  basis." 

He  envisioned  a  television  satellite  equipped  with  12  channels,  three 
of  which  would  serve  each  of  the  four  time  zones.  A  satellite  of 
essentially  the  same  design  could  serve  the  airplane  companies,  he 
noted.  ( Gould,  NYT,  5/29/65,  55 ) 
May  27:  All  test  phases  of  the  Project  Fire  ii  reentry  heating  experiment 
conducted  at  Cape  Kennedy  May  22  were  satisfactory,  NASA  an- 
nounced. Preliminary  examination  of  telemetry  data  indicated  that 
heating  information  was  received  throughout  reentry  and  that  all  test 
sequences  occurred  as  scheduled.      (NASA  Release  65-179) 

•  USAF    launched    Atlas-Agena    D    from    WTR    with    unidentified    satellite 

payload.      (U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  143) 

•  Army  Lockheed  XH-51a,  fastest  helicopter  in  the  world,  demonstrated 

its  rigid  rotor  system  and  auxiliary  jet  engine  in  a  successful  test 
flight.  It  had  a  top  speed  of  272  mph.  Without  thrust  from  the 
engine,  the  xh-51a  could  be  operated  as  a  helicopter.  (  Wash.  Post, 
5/27/65,  A7) 

•  An  explosion  two  minutes  after  launch  ruined  a  USAF  attempt  to  send  a 

plastic  replica  of  an  astronaut's  body  into  space  aboard  an  Atlas  mis- 
sile from  Vandenberg  afb.  The  dummy  was  instrumented  to  measure 
space  radiation  at  various  depths  of  the  body.  Cause  of  the  explosion 
was  not  immediately  determined,      (ap.  Wash.  Post,  5/29/65) 

•  First  experimental  color  television  transmissions  through  the  Soviet  com- 

sat molniya  I  were  reported  by  Tass.  Programs  were  transmitted 
continuously  for  more  than  nine  hours  from  the  Moscow  television 
center  via  molniya  i  to  an  unidentified  ground  station  about  1.000 
mi.  from  Moscow  and  by  land  lines  back  to  the  Soviet  capital.  Tass 
said  the  tests  included  color  television  systems  developed  in  the  U.S., 
France,  and  the  Soviet  Union.  The  U.S.S.R.  and  France  had  recently 
concluded  an  agreement  to  cooperate  in  development  of  a  joint 
system.     (NYT,  5/28/65,  2) 

•  Dr.  Kurt  Waldheim,  Austrian  U.N.  delegate,  was  unanimously  elected  to 

head  the  U.N.  Outer  Space  Committee.      (NYT,  5/28/65) 

•  It  was  reported  that  President  Johnson  was  disappointed  that  the  two- 

man  Gemini-Titan  4  spacecraft  scheduled  for  June  3  launching,  had  no 
cameras  aboard  for  simultaneous  TV  transmission  of  the  space 
walk.  The  President  had  hoped  that  at  completion  of  the  four-day 
flight  by  Astronauts  McDivitt  and  White,  the  U.S.  would  have  pictures 
similar  to  those  released  by  the  Soviet  Union  after  VOSKHOD  II 
flight.  TV  cameras  had  been  sacrificed  for  experimental 
instruments.      (Humphrey,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  5/27/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  255 

May  27 :  "If  Major  Edward  H.  White  leaves  his  space  capsule  during  next 
Thursday's  Gemini  4  flight,  it  will  only  be  a  'space  spectacular'  stunt," 
said  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.)  during  a  news  conference  in  San 
Francisco.  Rep.  MiUer,  chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science 
and  Astronautics,  had  made  the  same  comment  at  the  time  of  a  similar 
feat  by  the  Soviet  Union.      {NYT,  5/28/65) 

•  NASA  would  hire  330  additional  summer  employees,  ages  16  through  21, 

in  support  of  the  Youth  Opportunity  Campaign  announced  by  Presi- 
dent Johnson  May  23,  NASA  disclosed.  Instructions  had  been  sent  to 
11  NASA  field  centers  directing  them  to  begin  recruiting  for  work  to 
begin  as  early  in  June  as  possible.      ( NASA  Release  65-177) 

•  A  working  model  of  Electro-Optical  Systems,  Inc.'s  new  100-lb.,  15-in,- 

dia.  ion  engine,  using  accelerated  ions  to  gain  thrust,  was  presented  to 
Smithsonian  Institution  in  Washington,  D.C.,  for  display  in  the  Arts 
and  Industries  building.      ( Wash.  Post,  5/27/65,  F3 ) 

May  27-29:  Forty  educators  from  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  Missis- 
sippi, Missouri,  and  Tennessee  attended  a  NASA-Univ.  of  Alabama  Edu- 
cational Symposium  whose  prime  purpose  was  to  determine  the  impact 
upon  the  curriculum  of  secondary  schools  of  new  knowledge  and  devel- 
opments in  science,  sociology,  and  human  relations  created  by  NASA 
MSFC  activities.  Symposium  and  workshop  were  conducted  by  the 
University  under  a  MSFC  contract,      (msfc  Release  65-129) 

May  28:  x-15  No.  3  was  flown  by  Capt.  Joe  Engle  (USAF)  to  209,600-ft. 
altitude  at  a  maximum  speed  of  3,754  mph  (mach  5.17)  to  obtain  data 
on  NSL  radiometer,  Langley  scanner,  and  boundary-layer  noise.  (NASA 
X-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-IS  Flight  Log) 

•  NRX  A-3   Nerva   reactor,   joint  nasa-aec  project  to   develop   a  nuclear 

rocket,  was  restarted  and  operated  for  the  third  time  at  Jackass  Flats, 
Nev.  Total  operating  time  was  45  min.,  including  about  7  min.  at 
more  than  40%  of  its  designated  55,000-lb.  thrust  capacity.  Function 
of  the  test  was  to  explore  control  system  response  characteristics  in  low 
and  intermediate  power  ranges.  (SNPO-N-65-9;  UPI,  NYT,  5/29/65, 
8;  Rover  Chron.) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said  in  a  statement  to  Pat  Houtz  of 

the  Huntsville  Times:  ".  .  .  it  is  extremely  important  that  both  the 
Legislature  and  the  Governor  fully  understand  the  importance  of  the 
George  C.  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  operation  to  the  success  of  the 
current  United  States  effort  in  space  and,  also,  the  importance  of  our 
ability  to  work  in  that  state  in  an  environment  conducive  to  the  most 
effective  utilization  of  our  ablest  scientists,  engineers,  technicians,  and 
industrial  contractors."      (Text;  Huntsville  Times,  5/28/65) 

•  Dr.   George  Mueller,  nasa  Associate   Administrator   for   Manned   Space 

Flight,  said  at  a  news  conference  in  Cocoa  Beach,  Fla.,  that  Astronauts 
McDivitt  and  White  would  attempt  to  steer  the  Gemini  4  spacecraft  to 
a  rendezvous  with  the  spent  second  stage  of  its  booster  rocket.  This 
plan  was  outlined  for  the  flight :  When  the  Gemini  4  spacecraft  separat- 
ed from  the  second  stage  six  minutes  after  launching,  Maj.  James  A. 
McDivitt,  as  command  pilot,  would  fire  jet  thrusters  to  hold  a  tight 
formation  with  the  spent  stage,  which  would  trail  the  astronauts  by 
about  300  ft. 

Throughout  the  first  orbit,  the  astronauts  would  make  a  complete 
check  of  all  their  systems.     At  the  start  of  the  second  orbit  they  would 


256  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

begin  preparing  for  Maj.  White's  emergence  by  unpacking  life  support 
packs,  the  maneuvering  unit,  and  the  25-ft.  lifeline. 

Sweeping  over  the  Indian  Ocean  during  this  orbit,  they  would  begin 
to  depressurize  the  spacecraft  cabin  and  pressurize  their  spacesuits. 
Over  Hawaii,  Maj.  McDivitt  would  maneuver  the  spacecraft  to  within 
25  ft.  of  the  second  stage. 

Maj.  White  would  open  his  hatch  and  at  a  point  west  of  Guaymas, 
Mexico,  he  would  leave  the  vehicle.  That  would  be  about  three  hours 
after  launching. 

Using  the  hand-gun  maneuvering  unit,  Maj.  White  would  slowly 
rotate  toward  the  second  stage,  which  is  27  ft.  long  and  10  ft.  in  dia. 
and  would  be  equipped  with  two  flashing  lights.  The  astronaut  would 
carry  a  35-mm  movie  camera  to  take  pictures  of  the  earth,  star  back- 
ground, the  booster,  and  the  spacecraft. 

After  10  min.,  over  Florida,  Maj.  White  would  begin  returning  to 
the  spacecraft.  The  cabin  would  be  repressurized  and  the  suits 
depressurized. 

Then  Maj.  McDivitt  would  fire  thrusters  so  that  the  spacecraft  would 
move  about  16  mi.  away  from  the  booster.  During  the  fifth  orbit, 
about  three  hours  later,  the  Gemini  again  would  be  maneuvered  so  that 
it  would  approach  the  second  stage  high  over  Africa. 

The  craft  would  close  to  within  10  ft.  this  time  to  determine  how 
well  they  can  approach  an  orbiting  craft,  sighting  on  the  flashing 
lights.  ( Transcript ;  Appel,  NYT,  5/29/65,  1 ) 
May  28:  Scientists  at  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  had  successfully  operat- 
ed a  high-field-strength  cryomagnet  having  a  volume  many  times 
larger  than  any  previously  known,  NASA  announced.  The  cryogenic 
magnet  would  provide  research  facilities  for  magnetics,  solid  state 
physics,  and  plasma  physics.  Effects  of'  high-strength  magnetic  fieWs 
on  life  could  also  be  examined,  using  plant  life,  fruit  flies,  and  small 
animals  placed  in  the  field.  (NASA  Release  65-170;  lrc  Release 
65-38) 

•  Lt.  Gen.  Walter  K.  Wilson  (usa)  received  NASA's  Outstanding  Leadership 

medal  for  his  "outstanding  leadership  as  Chief  of  Engineers,  United 
States  Army,  in  directing  the  effective  application  and  utilization  of 
the  resources  of  the  Corps  of  Engineers  in  the  design  and  construction 
of  facilities  crucial  to  the  successful  exploration  of  space  by  the  United 
States  and  the  application  of  its  space  technology  for  the  benefit  of 
mankind."      (nasa  Release  65-180) 

•  A  tariff  for  the  use  of  Early  Bird  satellites  for  transmission  and  reception 

of  voice,  record,  data,  telephoto,  facsimile,  television,  and  other  signals 
was  filed  by  ComSatCorp  with  the  FCC. 

Beginning  Sunday,  June  27,  voice  channels  would  be  available  be- 
tween 5  a.m.  and  9  p.m.  EDT  on  a  daily  basis.  Minimum  rental  peri- 
od, one  month;  rent,  $4,200.  Additional  consecutive  periods  would 
be  rented  at  $140  per  day.  Voice  channels  would  be  two-way.  No 
refunds  would  be  given  for  interruptions  of  less  than  30  min.  or  for 
those  caused  by  solar  eclipse.  Interruptions  of  30  min.  or  more  not 
the  responsibility  of  the  customer  would  be  refunded  at  roughly  $3  per 
30-min.  interruption.  ComSatCorp  could  request  temporary  surrender 
of  a  voice  channel  for  TV  use  and,  in  that  event,  would  refund  charges 
in  amounts  proportional  to  the  surrender  period  if  it  falls  between  5 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  257 

a.m.  and  8  a.m.  or  between  2  p.m.  and  9  p.m..  or  in  amounts  twice 
proportional  to  the  surrender  period  if  it  falls  between  8  a.m.  and  2 
p.m. 

Also  beginning  June  27,  television  channels  would  be  available  as 
frequently  as  feasible.  Hours  would  be  5  a.m.  to  8  a.m.  and  2  p.m.  to 
9  p.m.  (Schedule  l)  and  8  a.m.  to  2  p.m.  (Schedule  ii).  Channels 
would  accept  standard  TV  signals.  TV  channel  rentals  must  be  made 
for  at  least  a  30-min.  period."  Rent:  S2,400  for  first  30  min..  S475  per 
immediately  following  15  min.  (Schedule  I)  ;  S3,825  for  first  30  min., 
$710  per  immediately  following  15  min.  (Schedule  ii).  Regular 
channels  would  be  on  one-way  monochrome.  Two-way  monochrome 
and  one-way  color  would  rent  for  an  additional  50%.  Interruptions 
of  more  than  30  sec.  and  not  the  responsibility  of  the  customer  would 
be  refunded  in  amounts  proportional  to  the  interrupted  period.  If  a 
customer  canceled  his  application  for  use  of  a  TV  channel,  he  would 
be  billed  as  though  he  had  not  and  would  be  required  to  pay  any 
additional  charges  involved  in  acquiring  temporary  use  of  a  voice 
channel  if  his  application  had  made  such  acquisition  necessary.  TV 
channels  w  ould  be  rented  on  a  first-come-first-serve  basis. 

Rates  covered  only  transmissions  between  Andover.  Me.,  and  the 
satellite.  The  arrangement  whereby  refunds  would  be  made  for  tem- 
porary TV  use  of  voice  channels  was  necessary  because  early  bird 
I  cannot  handle  both  kinds  of  transmissions  simultaneously. 
(ComSatCorp  Release) 

May  28:  Supersonic  transport  airframe  and  engine  design  contracts  had 
been  extended  through  the  month  of  June,  faa  announced.  The  air- 
frame contractors  were  the  Boeing  Co.  and  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.; 
engine  contractors  were  the  General  Electric  Co.  and  the  Pratt  &  Whit- 
ney Div.  of  United  Aircraft  Corp.      (  faa  Release  65-46) 

•  The  House  Armed  Services  Real  Estate  Subcommittee  approved  Air 
Force  plans  to  dispose  of  Atlas  and  Titan  missile  sites  representing  an 
investment  of  $856,900,000.  The  14  missile  complexes,  embracing 
113  missile  launching  silos,  were  being  declared  surplus  as  a  result  of 
the  obsolescence  of  the  missiles  they  were  built  to  accommodate,  (ap, 
NYT,  5  '29  65,  25) 

May  28-29:  Fifth  Scientific  Conference  of  the  Polish  Astronautical  Society 
was  held  in  Krakow.  Reports  were  read  on  many  important  aspects 
of  rocketry  and  space  travel  and  on  space  physics,  technology,  and 
biology.  Some  93  persons  attended  the  conference  which  reviewed 
projects  conducted  in  Poland  and  abroad.  [Skrzydlata  polska, 
6/27/65,  9) 

May  29:  nasa  successfully  launched  EXPLORER  xxviii  Interplanetary 
Monitoring  Probe  (Imp-C)  from  etr  on  a  three-stage  Thor-Delta 
booster.  A  slightly  longer  than  planned  burn  by  the  third  stage  en- 
gines placed  the  130-lb.  probe  into  an  orbit  with  164,000  mi.  (264,040 
km.)  apogee  and  120  mi.  (193  km.)  perigee  instead  of  the  scheduled 
orbit  of  130,000  mi.  (209,300  km.)  apogee  and  120  mi.  (193  km.) 
perigee.  Inclination  was  34° ;  period,  5  days,  22  hrs.  The  spacecraft 
was  equipped  with  devices  to  report  on  the  earth's  magnetic  field, 
cosmic  rays,  and  the  solar  wind  throughout  its  highly  elliptical  orbit. 
Confused  telemetry  signals  from  the  EXPLORER  xxviii  for  31/^  hrs. 
after  launching  made  it  seem  the  spacecraft  had  not  separated  from  the 


258  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

third  stage  of  the  booster;  however,  later  signals  indicated  that  all 
spacecraft  systems  were  operating  normally,  that  separation  had  oc- 
curred. 

The  Imp  series  began  with  explorer  xviii  ( Imp-A )  launched 
Nov.  26,  1963.  (nasa  Release  65-164;  Wash.  Sun.  Star,  5/30/65) 
May  29:  mariner  iv,  nasa's  Mars  flyby  and  photographic  probe,  reached 
the  distance  of  one  AU  ( Astronomical  Unit )  from  earth  at  9  p.m. 
EST.  An  Astronomical  Unit  is  the  mean  distance  of  the  earth  from  the 
sun  that  had  been  established,  partially  from  data  received  from 
MARINER  II,  as  92,956,000  mi.  The  probe  had  traveled  over  271  mil- 
lion mi.  in  its  orbit;  its  velocity  relative  to  the  earth  was  51,442  mph. 
(NASA  Release  65-171) 

•  An  "antirock"^ — a  meteorite  composed  of  anti-matter — may  have  hit  the 

earth  in  1908,  accounting  for  what  was  perhaps  the  most  violent  explo- 
sion ever  observed  on  earth,  said  a  report  in  Nature  by  Dr.  Clyde 
Cowan  of  Catholic  Univ.  and  C.  R.  Atluri  and  Dr.  Williard  F.  Libby 
of  the  Univ.  of  California.  The  1908  explosion,  referred  to  as  the 
Tunguska  meteorite,  took  place  in  the  air  at  a  height  estimated  at 
three  miles.  Its  effects  were  comparable  to  those  of  a  nuclear  weapon 
with  a  yield  equivalent  to  that  of  30  million  tons  of  TNT. 

The  hypothesis  had  been  supported,  to  some  extent,  by  an  analysis 
of  tree  rings  formed  during,  before,  and  after  the  year  of  the 
explosion.  It  was  calculated  that  an  anti-matter  explosion  would 
create  enough  additional  atoms  of  carbon  14  to  produce  a  worldwide 
enrichment  of  this  radioactive  substance.  In  the  study,  a  300-yr.-old 
Douglas  fir  from  Arizona  and  an  oak  tree  from  near  Los  Angeles  were 
analyzed.  Wood  was  stripped  from  a  number  of  annual  rings  from 
1873  to  1933.  In  both  trees,  the  highest  content  of  carbon  14  was 
from  wood  formed  in  1909,  the  year  after  the  explosion.  Another 
supporting  fact  was  that  the  blast  left  no  cloud  such  as  that  produced 
by  an  atomic  or  chemical  explosion;  a  mass  of  anti-matter,  plunged 
into  the  atmosphere,  would  be  annihilated,  leaving  no  cloud.  (Sulli- 
van, NYT,  5/30/65,  1,  50) 

•  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  scientist  Charles  A.  Low,  Jr.,  was  co-recip- 

ient (with  William  R.  Mickelsen)  of  a  patent  for  a  radio-isotope 
generator  with  attached  propulsion  system.  Low  and  Mickelsen  would 
use  a  colloidal  particle  thrustor  to  provide  the  propellant.  Research 
was  underway  at  lrc  on  use  of  colloidal  particles  as  propellant  in 
various  thrustor  designs.  The  system  could  cut  interplanetary  flight 
durations  by  as  much  as  one-half  or  increase  interplanetary  payloads 
by  substantial  amounts.  (  lrc  Release  65-39) 
May  30:  A  modified  Convair  990A  jet  transport — NASA's  new  high-altitude 
research  laboratory — carried  30  scientists  from  five  countries  and  a 
million  dollars  worth  of  delicate  instruments  in  a  race  with  a  total 
eclipse  over  the  South  Pacific.  Path  of  the  eclipse  stretched  from  the 
northern  tip  of  New  Zealand  8,000  mi.  east  to  the  coast  of  Peru.  Ex- 
cept for  a  few  small  islands,  the  eclipse  was  not  visible  in  any  heavily 
inhabited  parts  of  the  earth. 

Taking  off  from  Hilo,  Hawaii,  the  jet  flew  at  an  altitude  of  39,500 
ft.;  in  its  9  min.  42  sec.  race  with  the  1,700  mph  eclipse,  it  reached  a 
speed  of  587  mph,  doubling  observation  time  possible  from  a  ground- 
based  station. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  259 


May  30:    nasa's  Convair  990  airborne  research  laboratory  photograph  of  solar  eclipse. 

First  indications  were  that  the  mission  was  a  complete  success;  de- 
tailed analyses  of  data  from  13  observation  projects  would  be 
made.  Most  obvious  phenomena  were  large  prominences  on  the  sun, 
Jupiter  shining  brightly  in  the  sun's  corona,  and  long  corona  streamers 
flashing  with  surprising  brightness. 

Scientists  in  the  mission  were  from  Belgium,  The  Netherlands,  Italy, 
Switzerland,  and  the  United  States.  (NASA  Release  65-178;  ap,  NYT, 
6/1/65,20) 
May  30:  "A  report  recently  prepared  by  the  Science  Policy  Research  Divi- 
sion of  the  Library  of  Congress  .  .  .  notes  that  seven  of  the  agencies 
— the  Weather  Bureau,  Air  Force,  Federal  Aviation  Agency,  NASA, 
Army,  Navy,  and  Treasury  Department — ran  through  about  $266  mil- 
lion last  year  in  collecting  and  reporting  identical  weather  informa- 
tion," said  Fred  Blumenthal  in  an  article  in  the  Washinton  Post.  He 
continued:  "If  the  current  structure  of  our  weather  efforts  continues 
unchanged,  untold  millions  of  dollars  will  keep  going  down  the 
drain.  The  obvious  solution  would  be  to  establish  one  central  nation- 
al agency  to  handle  the  collection  and  reporting  of  all  weather  data, 
giving  us  the  same  service  at  a  cheaper  price  or  better  service  for  the 
same  price — or  possibly  even  less.  Then  each  of  the  agencies  which 
are  now  duplicating  each  other's  efforts  can  use  the  information  for 
their  own  purposes."      (Blumenthal,  Wash.  Post,  5/30/65) 

•  Maj.  Virgil  I.  Grissom   (USAF)    was  honored  by  a  parade  in  his  home- 

town of  Mitchell,  Ind.      (Indianapolis  Star,  5/21/65) 

•  Soviet  press  published  first  technical  details  and  a  sketch  of  the  com- 

munications satellite  molniya  i,  launched  April  23.  The  satellite, 
which  was  visible  nine  hours  a  day  from  Soviet  ground  stations,  had 
been  used  for  experimental  transmissions  of  television  programs,  in- 
cluding color,  between  Moscow  and  Vladivostok. 


260  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

According  to  the  drawing  and  the  text  description,  molniya  I  had 
an  airtight  cyHndrical  body  with  conical  ends,  one  of  which  contained 
a  rocket  engine  used  to  correct  the  orbit,  as  well  as  other  solar  orienta- 
tion devices. 

Expanding  like  spokes  of  a  wheel  from  the  cylinder  were  six  long 
panels  of  solar  batteries  to  supply  electrical  power  to  the  satellite  for 
retransmission  of  signals  received  from  earth.  It  was  equipped 
with  two  parabolic  antennas,  one  active,  the  other  in  reserve.  These 
were  pointed  toward  earth  with  a  high-precision  direction  finder  for 
earthbound  transmissions.  MOLNIYA  I  would  make  two  12-hr.  revolu- 
tions around  the  earth  every  24  hrs.  One  loop  would  take  it  over  the 
Soviet  Union  during  daytime  periods,  when  it  could  be  of  most  use  for 
transmissions.  The  other  loop  would  take  it  over  the  United 
States.      {NYT,  5/31/65,  6) 

May  30:  A  successful  60-sec.  ground  test  of  the  solid-fuel  rocket  programed 
to  launch  Japan's  first  artificial  satellite  in  1968  was  announced  by 
Tokyo  Univ.  scientists.  The  rocket  had  a  maximum  thrust  of  200,000 
lbs.      {Wash.  Post,  5/30/65} 

May  31:  All  technical  problems  threatening  the  scheduled  launching  of 
Gemini  4  on  June  3  had  been  cleared  up,  NASA  said.  One  problem 
involved  what  had  been  thought  to  be  a  malfunction  in  the  water 
management  system  of  the  spacecraft  which  would  provide  water  for 
drinking  and  cooling.  Instead  of  a  leak,  technicians  found  that  a 
valve  had  been  left  open  in  error.  A  second  problem,  rupture  of  an 
underseas  communications  cable  10  mi.  south  of  San  Salvador  in  the 
Bahamas,  was  sidestepped  when  USAF  rented  a  commercial  cable  from 
Puerto  Rico  to  West  Palm  Beach  to  replace  the  severed  line.  (UPI, 
Wash.  Daily  News,  5/31/65;  Appel,  NYT,  6/1/65,  16;  ap,  Wash. 
Post.,  6/1/65) 

•  Students  at  West  Bend  High  School  near  Milwaukee  and  at  Lycee  Henri 

IV  in  Paris  talked  for  40  min.  via  a  two-way  circuit  on  early  BIRD 
I  in  the  first  transatlantic  linkup  of  classrooms  by  live  television. 

The  exchange  was  conceived  by  the  Univ.  of  Wisconsin's  education- 
al television  station,  wha-tv,  in  cooperation  with  Radiodiffusion-Tele- 
vision  Frangaise.  Sound  and  picture  transmission  were  excellent. 
(NYT,  5/1/65,  32) 

•  Members  of  the  International  Association  of  Machinists  struck  Aerojet- 

General  Corp.'s  rocket-engine  and  torpedo  plant  at  Azusa,  Calif.,  be- 
cause of  a  wage  dispute.      (  ap,  NYT,  6/1/65,  25) 

•  "Along     with     the     development     of     a    nuclear     weapon,     Communist 

China  has  also  conducted  a  program  to  develop  rockets,"  wrote  Cheng 
Chu-yuan  in  Military  Review.  He  continued:  "Since  early  1956,  when 
Peking  mapped  out  the  12-year  plan  for  the  development  of  science 
and  technology,  jet  propulsion  has  been  listed  as  one  of  the  12  major 
tasks,  exceeded  only  by  the  use  of  nuclear  energy.  The  project  is 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Institute  of  Mechanics  in  the  CAS. 

"In  1958  several  new  institutes  were  set  up  within  the  Academy — an 
Institute  of  Upper  Atmosphere  Physics  in  Wuhan;  and  an  Institute  of 
Automation  and  Remote  Control  and  an  Institute  of  Mechanics  and 
Electronics  both  in  Peking.  All  of  these  institutes  participate  in  the 
rocket  program.  .  .  . 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  261 

"The  Science  and  Technology  University  of  the  CAS,  the  Tsinghua 
University  in  Peking,  and  the  Peking  Aeronautical  Engineering  Col- 
lege are  the  three  important  centers  for  training  engineers  and  techni- 
cians in  rocketry.  During  the  past  ten  years,  more  than  3,000  college 
students,  specialists  in  aeronautical  engineering,  have  been  graduated. 
In  1963  the  China  Aeronautical  Engineering  Society  was  formally 
established,  indicating  the  rapid  growth  of  technical  manpower  in  this 
field. 

"Since  Communist  China  has  several  capable  men  with  long  years  of 
experience  in  the  rocket  field,  and  since  China  began  her  rocket 
project  almost  in  the  same  period  with  the  nuclear  weapons  program, 
the  development  of  a  rocket  booster  might  soon  be  anticipated.  It  is 
quite  possible  that  China  may  launch  her  first  rocket  within  the  next 
two  or  three  years."      {Military  Revieiv,  5/65,  lOF) 

May  31:  Aerobee  150A  sounding  rocket,  launched  from  Wallops  Station, 
Va.,  attained  peak  altitude  of  90.5  mi.  (145  km.).  Primary  experi- 
mental objective  was  to  measure  spectral  irradiance  of  the  stars  Spica 
and  Alkaid  in  the  wavelength  interval  from  1.100  A  to  4,000  A.  Instru- 
mentation consisted  of  an  ultraviolet  stellar  spectrometer  with  photom- 
eters and  optical  telescope.  Attitude  control  was  obtained  with  a 
modified  Attitude  Control  System  ( Acs ) ,  a  roll-stabilized  gyro  plat- 
form, and  an  optical  tracker — the  combination  known  as  Strap.  The 
Strap  system  performed  correctly.  Due  to  an  incorrect  gain  setting, 
the  star-tracker  failed  to  lock-on  throughout  most  of  the  flight.  The 
telescope  and  spectrometer  functioned  properly,  but  obtained  no  data 
due  to  the  failure  to  lock-on.  Experiment  was  conducted  by  GSFC. 
(NASA  Rpt.  srl) 

During  May:  A  camera  capsule  from  the  Saturn  I  SA-7.  launched  from 
Eastern  Test  Range  Sept.  18,  1964,  was  found  in  shallow  waters  off 
San  Salvador  in  the  Bahamas.  Color  film  in  the  capsule  had  deterio- 
rated and  was  not  usable.  The  capsule  was  the  third  one  found  of  the 
eight  flown  on  the  SA-7.  The  first  two  were  found  in  November  1964, 
near  San  Salvador  and  Eleuthera  Islands.  Film  in  these  capsules  was 
in  good  condition.      {Marshall  Star,  5/19/65,  6) 

•  Bell    Telephone    Laboratories    astronomers    detected    radio    waves    that 

seemed  to  be  "flying  in  all  directions  through  the  universe."  Dr. 
Arno  A.  Penzias  and  Dr.  Robert  W.  Wilson  made  the  observa- 
tions with  the  horn  antenna  developed  for  communications  sat- 
ellite research  at  Holmdel,  N.J.  Princeton  Univ.  scientists  led  by  Dr. 
Robert  H.  Dicke,  Prof,  of  Physics,  unaware  of  the  btl  observation, 
reached  a  prediction  of  the  existence  of  such  waves,  which  they  theo- 
rized were  remnants  of  light  waves  from  the  primordial  explosion  giv- 
ing birth  to  the  universe.  In  this  theory  of  the  universe's  origin — the 
"big  bang"  theory — the  galaxies  all  originated  at  a  single  point,  shoot- 
ing outward  ever  since  the  cataclysmic  event.  According  to  the 
theory,  the  light  waves  were  stretched  into  radio  waves  by  the  expan- 
sion of  the  universe.      (Sullivan,  NYT,  5/21/65) 

•  Remarkable  adaptability  of  some  fungi  and  bacteria  to  life  in  atmos- 

phere containing  high  concentrations  of  ammonia  and  methane  was 
discovered  by  Dr.  S.  M.  Siegel  and  Miss  Constance  Guimarro  of  the 
Union  Carbide  Research  Institute  and  reported  in  Icarus.  The  report 
suggested  there  might  therefore  be  life  on  Jupiter,  where  extremes  of 


262  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

temperature  and  a  dense  atmosphere  of  these  noxious  gases  would 
seem  to  make  life-forms  resembling  those  on  earth  unlikely.  The  re- 
search was  supported  by  NASA  contract.  (Schmeck,  ATT",  5/12/65; 
Icarus,  iv/1965,  37-40) 
During  May:  Carl  Sagan,  Harvard  Univ.  and  Smithsonian  Astrophysical 
Observatory,  and  Sidney  Coleman,  Lyman  Laboratory  of  Physics, 
Harvard  Univ.,  reviewed  the  need  for  sterilization  of  Mars-bound 
spacecraft  to  protect  that  planet  from  contamination.  Using  prob- 
ability theory,  Sagan  and  Coleman  specified  formulas  to  provide  pre- 
dictions of  onboard-experiment  and  Mars-contamination  relationships. 
{AiScA,  5/65,  22-27) 

•  Research    expenditures    in    1963    totaled    $5.9    billion    in    the    national 

economy,  according  to  National  Science  Foundation  report.  Of  this 
amount,  $3.4  billion  (58%  )  was  financed  by  the  Federal  Government 
and  $2.1  billion  (35%)  by  industry,  with  colleges  and  universities  and 
other  nonprofit  institutions  providing  the  remaining  7%.  In  per- 
formance of  research,  industry  spent  $3.2  billion  (54%  )  ;  colleges  and 
universities,  $1.4  billion  (24%);  Federal  Government,  $.9  billion 
(14%);  and  other  nonprofit  institutions,  $.4  billion  (7%). 

Of  the  $5.9  billion  total,  nearly  $2  billion  was  expended  for  basic 
research  and  the  rest  for  applied  research.  Predominant  in  basic  re- 
search performance  were  the  colleges  and  universities  and  other 
nonprofit  institutions,  spending  more  than  $1  billion  (57%)  of  the  $2 
billion  total,      (nsf  Reviews  .  .  .,  Vol.  I,  5/65,  1,  2) 

•  Article  in  Soviet  Life  by  Academician   Anatoli   Blagonravov   described 

the  "three-directions  of  modern  astronautics": 

"The  first  is  the  study  of  the  earth's  upper  atmosphere  and  the 
portion  of  space  adjoining  our  planet.   .   .   . 

"The  second  is  the  study  and  exploration  of  .  .  .  the  moon. 

"The  third  is  the  study  of  solar  space,  including  the  nearest  planets. 
Mars  and  Venus. 

"Soviet  scientists  are  working  in  all  three  directions. 

"The  first  to  be  launched,  always,  are  the  automatic  scouts,  fol- 
lowed by  men. 

".  .  .  The  final  stage  in  the  solution  of  the  first  problem — explora- 
tion of  near  space — will  probably  be  to  set  up  a  permanent  manned 
space  observatory-town,  with  bilateral  contact  maintained  through 
rockets.  Of  course,  long  before  this,  reliable  systems  of  meteorolog- 
ical sputniks,  worldwide  television  sputniks,  navigation  sputniks,  etc., 
will  have  been  established.   .   .   . 

"Several  interesting  moves  have  been  taken  in  the  second  direction 
[lunar  exploration].  .  .  .  The  automatic  devices  have  not  yet  ex- 
plored the  moon's  surface  in  detail,  have  not  yet  determined  the  condi- 
tions prevailing  there.  Presumably,  they  will  be  followed  by 
animals.  Only  after  the  safe  return  of  the  ship  to  earth  has  been 
assured  will  man  go  to  the  moon. 

"Manned  landing  will  be  preceded  by  numerous  earth-moon 
flights.  In  the  course  of  these  flights  the  conditions  along  the  entire 
route  will  be  studied,  detailed  maps  of  the  lunar  surface  made,  and 
lunar  space  investigated.  Need  I  add  that  all  these  flights  will  be 
made  by  teams  of  scientists  only? 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  263 

"The  first  stage  in  the  exploration  of  the  moon  will  be  to  set  up  a 
permanent  research  station  on  its  surface.  .  .  . 

"In  the  third  direction — the  exploration  of  near  solar  space  and 
near  planets — only  the  first  steps  have  been  taken,  the  first  flights  of 
automatic  scouts.  .  .  .  The  interplanetary  routes  will  be  explored 
again  and  again  by  automatic  stations  that  will  bring  back  much  need- 
ed information  on  space  and  the  nature  of  the  planets  to  which  they 
are  sent.  Only  then  will  the  first  interplanetary  expeditions  take 
off.  They  will  carry  even  larger  teams  than  the  lunar  reconnaissance 
expeditions."  {Soviet  Life,  5/65,  48) 
During  May:  Dr.  Lee  A.  DuBridge,  President  of  Cal  Tech,  discussed  objec- 
tives of  the  space  program  and  what  men  hoped  to  learn  through  the 
space  program  about  the  moon,  the  planets,  the  sun,  interplanetary 
space,  and  the  earth  itself.     He  concluded: 

"Man's  growing  understanding  of  the  nature  and  constitution  of  the 
universe  had  led  to  new  advances  in  our  knowledge  of  physics  and  of 
chemistry;  and  these  in  turn  have  led  to  applications  of  this  knowledge 
to  the  development  of  things  which  men  have  found  useful.  We  have 
never  been  able  to  predict  in  advance  what  the  usefulness  would  be  of 
new  knowledge  about  the  nature  of  the  physical  universe.  All  we 
know  is  that,  by  and  large,  new  knowledge  always  has  proved  useful — 
and  often  it  has  proved  useful  in  the  most  unexpected  and  unforesee- 
able ways.  No  one  would  have  predicted  that  Newton's  enunciation  of 
the  laws  of  motion  would  lead  to  the  age  of  machinery;  that  Faraday's 
experiments  would  lead  to  the  age  of  electricity;  or  that  Einstein's 
theorv  of  relativity  and  Bohr's  theory  of  the  atom  would  lead  to  the 
atomic  bomb  and  atomic  power. 

"We  do  know  one  thing:  that  scientific  research  which  has  been 
aimed  at  purely  practical  problems  though  it  often  has  been  of  great 
value,  has  over  a  long  run  been  of  less  value  in  producing  wholly  new 
things  than  has  the  research  aimed  solely  at  the  extension  of 
knowledge.  The  extension  of  man's  knowledge  is  the  basic  and  the 
overriding  purpose  of  the  space  exploration  program."  (Text,  JPL 
Lab-Oratory,  5/65,  10-12) 


June   1965 


June  1 :  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  White  Sands,  N.  Mex., 
went  to  peak  altitude  of  113  mi.  (180  km.) .  Preliminary  experimental 
objective  was  to  obtain  clear  spectrograms  of  ultraviolet  light  from 
stars.  Experimentation  was  provided  by  Princeton  Univ.  Observatory. 
(NASA  Rpt.  srl;  ap,  NYT,  6/28/65,  2) 

•  North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  was  awarded  a  S17  million  increment  to 

a  previous  contract  for  the  XB-70  flight  test  program.  USAF  Aeronau- 
tical Systems  Div.  was  the  contracting  agency,  (dod  Release  374--65) 
June  2:  U.S.  Senate  passed  a  bill  (H.R.  7717)  authorizing  appropriations 
to  NASA  for  FY  1966  totaling  $5,196,826,350,  as  follows:  $4,533,350,- 
000  for  research  and  development;  $67,376,350  for  construction  of 
facilities;  and  $596,100,000  for  administrative  expenses.  [CR,  6/2/ 
65,  11816) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  testifying  before  the  Senate  Judiciary 

Committee's  Subcommittee  on  Patents,  Trademarks,  and  Copyrights, 
said:  "Fundamental  to  NASA's  approach  to  the  patent  policy  question 
and  to  technology  utilization  is  our  belief  that  active  effort  must  be 
expended,  and  meaningful  incentives  provided,  if  the  byproducts  of  the 
space  efforts  are  to  flow  to  the  general  public  through  entrepreneurs 
willing  to  risk  investment  capital.  .  .  . 

"If  NASA's  experience  has  served  to  establish  one  principal,  it  is  .  .  . 
that  'a  single  presumption  of  ownership  does  not  provide  a  satisfactory 
basis  for  Government  wide  policy  on  the  allocation  of  rights  to  inven- 
tions.' NASA's  experience  further  establishes  .  .  .  that  the  'Govern- 
ment has  a  responsibility  to  foster  the  fullest  exploitation  of  the  inven- 
tions for  the  public  benefit.'  "      (Transcript) 

•  William  B.  Rieke,  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator   (Management) 

for  Manned  Space  Flight,  was  appointed  Deputy  Associate  Administra- 
tor for  Industry  Affairs,  replacing  George  Friedl,  Jr.  Prior  to  his 
appointment  to  NASA  in  1962,  Rieke  was  president  of  Lockheed  Air- 
craft International,  Inc.  Friedl  would  continue  to  serve  NASA  as  a 
consultant,      (nasa  Ann.) 

•  Grove  Webster  had  been  appointed  Director  of  NASA  Hq.  Personnel  Div., 

NASA  announced.  He  had  previously  served  as  deputy  and  acting 
director.      (NASA  Release  65-182) 

•  AFSC   Commander   Gen.    Bernard   A.    Schriever   predicted    at    a   Retired 

Officers'  Luncheon  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  "the  next  major  break- 
through in  international  commerce  will  be  low  cost,  long  haul  air  trans- 
portation, which  could  be  derived  in  large  part  from  prior  military 
experience."  Gen.  Schriever  said  he  recognized  "that  there  are 
problems  involved  in  translating  military  systems  into  commercial  sys- 
tems .  .  .  but  these  problems  can  be  successfully  attacked  and  solved 
if  there  is  adequate  long  range  planning  now."      (Text) 

264 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  265 

June  3-7:  NASA's  gemini  iv  spacecraft  was  launched  at  11:16  a.m.  edt  with 
two-stage  Titan  ii  booster  from  the  Eastern  Test  Range  and  began 
the  four-day  space  flight  of  Astronauts  James  A.  McDivitt  (Maj.,  usaf) 
and  Edward  H.  White,  ii  (Maj.,  usaf),  who  would  make  62  revolu- 
tions around  the  earth  in  97  hrs.  56  min.  Two  minutes  and  36  sec. 
after  liftoff,  the  first  stage  of  the  booster  separated.  Six  minutes  later, 
traveling  at  17,567  mph,  the  spacecraft  was  inserted  into  an  orbit  with 
apogee,  174.8  mi.  (283.2  km.);  perigee,  100  mi.  (161  km.);  period, 
94  min.  Original  plans  had  been  for  GEMINI  IV  to  be  maneuvered 
within  25  ft.  of  the  burned  out  second  stage  of  the  titan  ii  booster 
rocket  and  for  White  to  approach  and  possibly  touch  it  during  his 
extravehicular  mission.  Three  hours  into  flight,  ground  stations 
reported  that  excessive  tumbling  of  the  second  stage  had  increased 
atmospheric  drag  and  that  it  was  orbiting  32  mi.  ahead  of  and  5  mi. 
below  GEMINI  IV.  Mission  Director  Christopher  Kraft  confirmed  Com- 
mand Pilot  McDivitt's  suggestion  to  abandon  further  attempts  at  ren- 
dezvous because  of  a  potential  fuel  shortage. 

White's  extravehicular  activity,  planned  for  the  second  orbit,  but 
delayed  until  the  third  to  allow  astronauts  more  preparation  time,  began 
at  3:45  p.m.  edt.  The  cabin  was  depressurized;  White,  equipped  with 
tether  carrying  oxygen  and  communication  and  with  chest  pack  for 
emergency  oxygen  supply,  emerged  from  the  spacecraft  just  past 
Hawaii.  Carrying  a  modified  35  mm.  single-lens  reflex  camera  loaded 
with  color  film  and  propelled  by  a  hand-held,  oxygen-jet  gun,  he  went 
three  times  to  the  full  length  of  his  25-ft.  tether  and  then  returned, 
using  the  gun  to  halt  his  motion  and  prevent  his  hitting  the  spaceship. 
When  the  gas  supply  in  the  gun  was  depleted,  he  returned  to  the 
spacecraft  by  gently  tugging  on  the  tether  line.  At  one  point, 
McDivitt  exclaimed:     "You  smeared  my  windshield,  you  dirty  dog." 

Flight  plans  had  called  for  a  ten-minute  walk  in  space  but  White 
remained  outside  the  spacecraft  for  22  min.  He  experienced  no  dis- 
orientation during  his  "walk."  When  he  finally  heeded  commands 
to  return  to  the  capsule,  he  had  difficulty  closing  the  hatch  and  decided 
not  to  reopen  it  to  jettison  excess  equipment.  "It's  the  saddest  moment 
of  my  life,"  White  said  as  he  reentered  the  spacecraft. 

On  June  5  during  the  17th  orbit,  the  astronauts  spoke  to  their  wives 
at  MSC.  During  the  20th  orbit,  McDivitt  spotted  a  satellite  with  "big 
arms  sticking  out."     He  was  unable  to  identify  it  positively. 

On  June  6  during  the  48th  orbit,  trouble  developed  with  the  space- 
craft's computer  and  attempts  to  repair  it  with  the  aid  of  ground  in- 
structions failed.  The  malfunctioning  computer  made  it  necessary  for 
GEMINI  IV  to  reenter  on  a  ballistic  trajectory. 

Throughout  the  flight  the  daily  routine  of  the  astronauts  included 
eating,  exercise,  and  performance  of  medical  and  scientific  experi- 
ments. They  alternated  rest  periods.  During  12  of  the  62  orbits, 
when  GEMINI  IV  passed  through  a  heavy  radiation  area  called  the  South 
Atlantic  anomaly,  Astronauts  McDivitt  and  White  switched  on  radia- 
tion and  magnetic  field  measuring  devices  to  take  readings  inside 
and  outside  the  spacecraft  and  near  their  bodies.  They  also  attempted 
to  improve  the  knowledge  of  the  earth's  terrain  through  high-quality 
color    photographs;    to    measure    with    instruments    the    electrostatic 


266 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


June  3:   Space  walk  of  gemini  rv  Astronaut  Edward  H.  White. 

charge  that  accumulates  in  space  and  on  objects  in  space;  to  better 
define  the  magnitude  and  direction  of  the  earth's  geomagnetic  field;  to 
test  the  accuracy  of  part  of  a  prototype  navigational  system  for  future 
space  capsules;  to  measure  heartbeats  to  try  to  determine  the  effects  of 
prolonged  weightlessness  on  functioning  of  the  heart;  to  determine  the 
effects  of  limited  exercise  in  space  through  use  of  a  tension  cord;  to 
take  high-resolution  photographs  of  cloud  formations  over  the  earth 
to  aid  weathermen  in  improved  forecasting  from  weather  satellites;  to 
determine  more  exactly  the  elevation  of  the  earth's  atmosphere  and 
its  layers  through  use  of  filtered  film;  and  to  determine  if  long  periods 
of  weightlessness  might  make  the  bones  brittle. 

On  June  7,  to  begin  reentry,  McDivitt  fired  a  100-lb.  thrusting 
rocket  for  two  minutes,  41  sec. — one  second  too  long — to  guide  the 
capsule  into  an  orbit  with  156.2-mi  (252-km.)  apogee  and  100-mi. 
(161-km.  perigee.  Twelve  minutes  later,  McDivitt  fired  the  retro- 
rockets;  21/2  min.  later  he  placed  the  spacecraft  into  slow  rotation 
to  reduce  reentry  dispersion.  Communications  with  the  spacecraft 
then  ceased  for  about  4  min.  as  ion-sheath  blackout  phase  of  reentry 
began.  GEMINI  iv  entered  the  final  stage  of  reentry  at  1:07  p.m. 
EDT  when  the  stabilizing  chute  emerged  and  damped  the  oscillations  of 
the  descending  craft.  The  main  parachute  opened  shortly  afterward 
and  slowed  the  spacecraft  for  its  final  landing  at  1:13  p.m.  EDT,  about 
450  mi.  east  of  Cape  Kennedy.     The  landing  was  40  mi.  off  target 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  267 

because  of  the  one-second  error  in  the  firing  of  the  thrusting  rockets 
and  one-second  delay  in  the  firing  of  the  retrorockets. 

Fifteen  minutes  after  splashdown,  Navy  frogmen,  lowered  into  the 
water  by  helicopter,  placed  a  flotation  collar  around  the  capsule. 
Before  egressing  from  tlie  spacecraft  to  be  hoisted  to  helicopter, 
astronauts  took  biomedical  data  on  themselves.  About  40  min.  later, 
Majors  McDivitt  and  White  were  landed  by  helicopter  on  the  flight 
deck  of  the 'carrier  Wasp.  They  were  taken  immediately  to  the  ship's 
sick  bay  for  postflight  examinations. 

Dr.  Charles  Berry,  Chief  Flight  Surgeon  for  the  astronauts,  said 
after  the  examinations :  "We  have  knocked  down  an  awful  lot  of  straw 
men.  We  had  been  told  that  we  would  have  an  unconscious  astronaut 
after  four  days  of  weightlessness.  Well,  they're  not.  We  were  told 
that  the  astronaut  would  experience  vertigo,  disorientation  when  he 
stepped  out  of  that  spaceship.  We  hit  that  one  over  the  head."  The 
most  serious  problem  was  fatigue.  "Both  men  were  bushed,"  said  Dr. 
Berry.  Maj.  McDivitt  had  a  few  flecks  of  caked  blood  in  his  nostrils, 
caused  by  the  dryness  of  the  mucous  membranes  from  inhaling  pure 
oxygen  for  so  long.  X-rays  taken  of  the  astronauts'  little  fingers  and 
heel  bones  both  before  and  after  the  flight  to  determine  if  long  exposure 
to  weightlessness  would  cause  a  substantial  loss  of  calcium  were  being 
studied. 

Commenting  on  the  historical  significance  of  the  Gemini  flight. 
Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  Associate  Administrator  of  nasa's  Office  of 
Manned  Space  Flight,  said  the  flight  had  included  "at  least  two  world 
firsts":  a  record  length  for  two-man  flights  and  the  first  time  a  pilot 
had  maneuvered  outside  a  ship  with  a  propulsion  gun,  which  gave  him 
control  over  his  movements. 

American  astronauts  had  flown  a  total  of  259  hrs.  34  min.  in  space; 
Soviet  astronauts  had  accumulated  507  hrs.  and  16  min.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 65-158;  NASA  Proj.  Off.;  NYT,  6/4/65,  1,15;  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
6/4/65,  A1,A6,A10;  Wash.  Post,  6/4/65,  A1,A7,A8;  WSJ,  6/4/65, 
4;  Clark,  NYT,  6 '5/65,  1,12;  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/5/65,  A3;  Wash. 
Post,  6/5/65,  A1,A7;  NYT,  6/6/65,  1,70;  NYT,  6/7/65,  22C;  Wash. 
Post,  6/7/65.  A1,A4,A6;  Bait.  Sun.  6/7/65;  Justice,  Wash.  Post,  6/ 
8/65;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  6/8/65;  Time,  6/8/65,  20.25.25A;  NYT, 
6/8/65,  22C;  NYT,  6/9/65,  1,22;  Lee,  Houston  Post,  6/9/65;  Wash. 
Post,  6/11/65,  Al;  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/13/65,  Al;  Wash.  Post,  6/15/ 
65,  Al.) 
June  3:  Viewers  in  Great  Britain  and  at  least  11  Western  European  nations 
were  able  to  watch  the  Gemini  4  lift-off  live  via  EARLY  bird  I  satellite. 
Picture  reception  was  reportedly  clear.  ComSatCorp,  cooperating  with 
European  ground  station  owners,  arranged  for  free  use  of  EARLY 
BIRD  I  between  8:00  a.m.  and  12  noon  edt.  {Wash.  Post,  6/4/65; 
ComSatCorp  Release) 
•  Department  of  Defense  should,  without  further  delay,  commence  full- 
scale  development  of  a  manned  orbital  laboratory  (Mol)  project, 
recommended  a  report  by  the  Military  Operations  Subcommittee  of 
the  House  Committee  on  Government  Operations.  The  report  also 
suggested  that  dod  "pursue  a  more  realistic  security  policy  in  its  pro- 
gram," and  that  "careful  and  intensive  consideration  be  given  to 
achieving  future  economies  in  space  operations  with  greater  standard- 


268  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

ization  of  systems  and  subsystems  and  through  such  techniques  as 
recoverable  and  reusable  boosters  and  spacecraft."  Moreover.  "NASA 
and  DOD  [should]  use  each  other's  facilities  and  resources  to  the 
greatest  possible  extent."  ( Text ) 
June  3:  RCA  Communications.  Inc.,  asked  FCC  for  the  right  to  lease  and  op- 
erate 30  of  EARLY  BIRD  I's  voice-grade  and  television  channels  operating 
between  the  U.S.  and  Europe.  FCC  approval  would  enable  RCA,  owner 
of  the  National  Broadcasting  Co..  to  provide  international  television 
and  closed-circuit  transmission  programs  across  the  Atlantic.  {WSJ. 
6/4/65,  6) 

•  A  home-made  U.S.  flag,  carried  by  astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom   (Maj., 

usaf)  and  John  W.  Young  (LCdr.,  USN )  on  the  March  23  Gemini  hi 
flight,  was  hoisted  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  the  moment 
Astronauts  James  A.  McDivitt,  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  Edward  H.  White  II 
(Maj.,  usaf)  went  into  orbit.  Flag  would  be  flown  only  while  astro- 
nauts were  in  spaceflight,      (ap,  Knoxville  Neivs  Sentinel,  6/3/65) 

•  House  voted  to   allow   Gen.   William   F.   McKee    (usaf.   Ret.)    to   serve 

as  Administrator  of  the  Federal  Aviation  Agency  and  retain  his  military 
status.  Effect  of  the  legislation,  if  it  were  to  become  law.  would  be 
to  let  McKee  draw  reduced  military  retirement  pay  of  S8,404  annually 
in  addition  to  the  Administrator's  salary  of  S30,000.  Without  the 
bill,  he  would  have  to  eive  up  his  military  status  and  retirement 
benefits.      {CR,  6/3/65,  n961;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/4/65) 

•  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph   Co.   made  the  first  formal  bid   to 

become  a  customer  of  ComSatCorp.  In  a  filing  with  the  FCC,  AT&T 
asked  for  the  right  to  lease  100  voice-grade  channels  that  would  operate 
through  EARLY  BIRD  I  comsat  and  connect  with  European  telephone 
companies.  AT&T  also  asked  that  it  be  allowed  to  acquire  a  television 
channel  for  use  from  time  to  time  in  providing  TV  service  to  and  from 
Europe  in  ventures  with  various  European  communications  carriers. 
{WSJ,  6/3/65,  4) 
June  3:  In  an  article  suggesting  the  possibility  of  catastrophe  during  the 
Gemini  gt-4  flight,  William  Hines  had  said  in  the  Washington  Evening 
Star:  "The  truth  is  that  the  only  'first'  the  United  States  has  a  chance 
to  achieve  in  Gemini  4  is  'first  casualties  in  space' — and  nobody  (in- 
cluding the  Russians)  seek  this  dubious  record."  Commenting  on  the 
planned  "rendezvous,"  he  said:  ".  .  .  the  other  and  more  questionable 
added  spectacular  on  the  present  mission — is  a  risky  business  of  un- 
known proportions  .  .  .  There  are  several  purely  technical  objections 
to  this  exercise.  First,  it  is  not  part  of  the  original  Gemini  4  mission, 
but  an  afterthought.  Second,  the  spacecraft  was  not  built  for  rendez- 
vous. Third,  the  rocket  was  never  envisioned  as  a  target  vehicle  and  is 
uncontrollable  in  space.  .  .  . 

"But  if  tragedy  should  strike  as  a  result  of  something  that  happens 
on  the  first  few  orbits  of  Gemini  4,  how  will  the  responsibility  be  fixed: 
As  pilot  error  ...  or  politician's  error?"  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
6/3/65) 

•  Lockheed    Missiles   and   Space   Co.   was   awarded   a   $10,789,000   incre- 

ment to  an  existing  contract  by  USAF  for  FY  1965  launch  services 
for  Agena-D  program,     (dod  Release  379-65) 

•  First  Negro  to  receive  usaf  astronaut  training.  Capt.  Edward  J.  Dwight, 

Jr.    (usaf),    denied    Ebony    magazine's    charges    that    he    had    been 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  269 

eliminated  from  selection  by  the  NASA  program  because  of  his  race. 
Dwight  said  the  charge  "apparently  had  some  information  out  of 
context."  A  statement  released  by  NASA  in  response  to  queries  about 
Dwight  said:  "A  formal  objective  rating  system  based  on  flight 
experience,  academic  background  and  supervisory  ratings  was  developed 
and  used  by  a  preliminary  selection  committee  in  rating  the  candi- 
dates to  make  sure  that  the  best  qualified  were  selected  as  finalists  to 
be  considered  for  the  14  available  astronaut  positions.  Of  the  136 
candidates,  102,  including  Capt.  Dwight,  were  eliminated  by  the 
primary  selection  committee,  leaving  a  group  of  34  finalists  of  whom 
the  14  best  were  chosen. 

"Selection  is  made  on  a  best  qualified  basis  without  regard  to  race, 
religion  or  sex. 

"Capt.  Dwight  did  possess  the  basic  qualifications;  he  did  not  score 
sufficiently  high  to  be  selected  under  the  rating  system."  (upi,  NYT, 
6/3/65;  WSJ,  6/3/65,  1;  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/3/65) 

•  National  Park  Service  delivered  to  NASA  a  comprehensive  report  outlining 

ways  to  make  Kennedy  Space  Center  a  major  tourist  attraction. 
(Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/2/65) 

June  4:  Man  would  someday  control  enough  energy  to  maneuver  planets 
in  their  solar  systems  to  suit  his  own  purposes,  British  astronomer  Dr. 
Fred  Hoyle  predicted  at  the  dedication  ceremony  of  Brown  Univ.'s 
new  science  building.  He  explained :  "The  only  large  and  still  mainly 
untapped  reservoir  of  energy  is  from  nuclear  fuels.  The  conversion  of 
deuterium  in  the  waters  of  the  ocean  to  helium  is  the  biggest  potential 
resource.  .  .  There's  just  the  possibility  that  Venus  may  possess  an 
atmosphere  of  hot  steam.  If  this  is  so,  pushing  Venus  a  little  farther 
from  the  sun  would  cause  the  whole  steam  atmosphere  to  collapse  into  a 
much  cooler  ocean.  In  fact  .  .  .  with  the  energy  availabilities  I  have 
been  talking  about,  conversion  of  Venus  to  a  planet  like  earth  would 
be  an  entirely  feasible  proposition."     {NYT,  6/6/65,  70) 

June  5:  Izvestia,  official  Soviet  newspaper,  said  that  the  "walk"  in  space  by 
Astronaut  Edward  H.  White  ii  (Maj.,  USAf)  had  given  an  impetus  to 
U.S.  plans  for  using  outer  space  for  military  purposes  and  cited  a  rec- 
ommendation by  a  Congressional  committee  for  an  orbital  laboratory 
run  by  the  Pentagon:  "These  are  the  evil  'uses'  of  man  in  space  being 
thought  up  here  by  some  influential  people  in  Washington  where,  in- 
cidentally, not  one  official  word  has  been  said  about  the  peaceful 
purposes  of  the  flight  of  Gemini  4."      (ap,  NYT,  6/6/65,  82) 

June  6:  The  2  million  people  of  Melbourne,  Australia,  saluted  Astronauts 
McDivitt  and  White  as  gemini  iv  passed  overhead  by  turning  on  all 
the  lights  in  the  city.  McDivitt  said  to  the  Carnarvon  tracking  station : 
"Tell  them  I  thank  them  for  lighting  the  night  for  me."  (ap,  Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  6/7/65,  A6;  Houston  Chron.,  6/7/65) 

•  NASA  terminated  its  contract  with  the  Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.,  and  its 

subcontractor,  Newport  News  Shipbuilding  and  Drydock  Co.,  for  de- 
velopment of  a  260-in.-dia.  solid  rocket  motor.  Reason  for  the  deci- 
sion was  the  difficulty  encountered  by  the  contractors  in  processing  and 
welding  special  steel  required  for  the  rocket  case  and  the  time  which 
would  be  required  to  develop  an  alternate  method. 

During  a  hydrostatic  pressure  test  April  11  of  the  first  rocket  case 
produced  under  the  Thiokol  contract,  failure  had  occurred  at  a  pressure 


270  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

considerably  below  the  normal  operating  firing  pressure  with  the 
consequent  destruction  of  the  case.  A  second  case,  presently  about 
60%  complete,  had  been  constructed  by  the  same  method  and  was  sub- 
ject to  the  kinds  of  faults  that  resulted  in  destruction  of  the  first  case. 

Aerojet-General  Corp.,  a  second  contractor  undertaking  development 
of  a  260-in.  solid  rocket  motor,  was  not  affected  by  termination  of 
Thiokol  contract,  (nasa  Release  65-187;  Marshall  Star,  6/16/65.  6) 
June  6:  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  told  the  graduating  class  of  Clark 
University:  "Your  country  has  wisely  although  belatedly  made  a  firm 
decision  to  conduct  a  vigorous  national  space  program.  It  is  a  clear 
responsibility  of  each  of  us  to  learn  what  he  can  about  that  program, 
find  out  what  it  means  to  the  country  as  a  whole  and  to  the  individuals 
who  live  here."  He  continued:  "As  we  attempt  to  carry  out  our 
responsibilities  in  educating  the  general  public  about  space,  there  are  a 
few  concepts  which  need  particular  emphasis: 

"1.  Education.  The  space  program  has  been  a  catalyst,  a  stimulus 
to  education  at  all  levels,  with  particular  attention  to  science  and 
engineering.  .  .  . 

"2.  National  Security.  .  .  .  How  much  more  secure  are  we,  due  to 
improved  communications,  more  accurate  navigation,  and  more  com- 
plete weather  information?  How  much  is  it  worth  to  be  better  in- 
formed about  potential  sources  of  danger?  How  can  we  assess  the 
advantage  of  developing  competence  to  detect  and  offset  possible  ag- 
gression from  space?  How  important  is  it  to  know  that  we  intend  to 
keep  peace  and  freedom  in  space  so  that  all  who  would  go  there  with 
peaceful  intentions  are  free  to  do  so?  I  cannot  judge  the  worth  of  this 
national  security.  .  .   . 

"3.  Innovations.  The  space  program  stimulates  the  development 
of  new  materials,  new  products,  new  productive  processes,  and  new 
managerial  techniques.  .  .  . 

"4.  International  Status.  A  substantial  difference  in  influence  in 
world  affairs  evolves  from  whether  a  country  is  in  a  first  position  or  a 
second  position  in  power.  In  many  respects,  a  nation's  relative  position 
depends  on  how  it  stands  in  advanced  technology.  Power  and  influence 
in  world  affairs  depend  to  a  great  degree  upon  the  technological 
capability  of  a  nation.  .  .  .  The  ideal  picture  is  that  of  a  nation  strong 
in  ideas,  in  technology,  in  freedom,  in  standard  of  living,  and  in 
military  power  to  protect  the  viability  of  the  other  prestige  ingredients. 
The  space  program,  effectively  and  imaginatively  conducted,  con- 
tributes positively  to  all  of  those  ingredients.  Of  even  greater  impor- 
tance is  the  potential  impact  the  space  program  can  have  on  world  peace 
through  substituting  competence  in  space  exploration  for  competence  in 
building  implements  of  aggression.   .   .   . 

"5.  Economics.  Combining  the  best  talents  in  management,  in 
engineering,  and  in  science,  with  the  most  modern  facilities  available, 
the  net  result  of  the  space  program  is  the  production  of  progress.  .  .  ." 
(Text) 
•  Russian  Cosmonaut  Lt.  Col.  Aleksey  Leonov,  first  man  to  walk  in  space, 
was  quoted  as  calling  the  Gemini  iv  flight  of  Majors  James  A. 
McDivitt  (usaf)  and  Edward  H.  White  il  (usaf)  "a  very  interesting 
one."     During  an  interview  with  the  Bulgarian  news  agency,  he  con- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  271 

gratulated  the  Gemini  crew,  wished  them  "a  happy  landing  back  on 
earth,"  and  said  "no  doubt  the  experience  from  our  flight  must  have 
helped  the  U.S.  space  program  very  much  in  preparing  and  executing 
the  flight."  (Reuters.  NYT,  6/7/65) 
June  6:  ABC  science  editor  Jules  Bergman  reported  that  the  satellite  sighted 
June  4  by  Astronaut  James  A.  McDivitt  (Maj.,  usaf)  was  a  secret  U.S. 
military  reconnaissance  satellite  with  cameras.  He  said  that  space 
officials  had  been  unable  to  identify  it  because  DOD  would  not  admit 
the  existence  of  a  U.S.  reconnaissance  satellite,     (ap.  Bait.  Sun,  6/7/65) 

•  Pope  Paul  VI,  in  a  mid-day  Pentecostal  message  to  a  crowd  in  St.  Peter's 

Square,  blessed  Astronauts  McDivitt  and  White:  "Our  benediction  goes 
to  all  on  earth  and  rises  also  to  the  skies  for  those  who  are  exploring 
astral  paths."     (NYT,  6/7/65,  33) 

•  The  National   Science  Foundation's  past   activities  were   reviewed  in   a 

report  by  the  Library  of  Congress  Legislative  Reference  Service  for 
the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics.  No  judgments  were 
made,  but  the  286-page  report  called  attention  to  broad  areas  of  con- 
cern: (1)  Could  the  Foundation  meaningfully  promote  the  progress  of 
American  science  on  a  very  limited  budget?  (2)  What  was  its 
relationship  to  the  Office  of  Science  and  Technology  which  was  devel- 
oping national  science  policy?  (3)  What  was  its  relationship  to 
American  universities  conducting  research?  (4)  Had  it  effectively 
gathered  data  and  made  statistical  analyses  essential  to  research  plan- 
ning and  administration?  (5)  Should  the  Foundation  continue  to 
manage  large-scale  research  projects?      (Text) 

June  6-26:  50  helium-filled  tetrahedronal  plastic  balloons  were  released 
over  New  York  City  by  the  Weather  Bureau  to  gather  air  pollution  in- 
formation at  altitudes  of  500  ft.  or  less.  Each  balloon  carried  a  radar 
beacon  which  was  tracked  by  weather  radar  to  obtain  a  continuous 
record  of  its  position;  some  were  followed  by  helicopters  to  gather 
additional  information  on  pressure,  temperature,  and  air  pollution 
values.      (U.S.  Weather  Bureau  Release) 

June  7:  President  Johnson  telephoned  the  Nation's  thanks  to  Gemini 
Astronauts  James  McDivitt  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  Edward  H.  White  II 
(Maj.,  USAF)  and  told  them  that  they  had  written  their  names  "in 
history  and  in  our  hearts.''  He  concluded:  "What  you've  done  will 
never  be  forgotten.  We  can  hope  and  pray  that  the  time  will  come 
when  all  men  of  all  nations  will  join  together  to  explore  space  together 
and  walk  side  by  side  toward  peace.  And  you  two  outstanding  men 
have  taken  a  long  stride  forward  in  mankind's  progress,  and  everyone  in 
this  nation,  and  I  think  in  the  free  world,  feels  in  your  debt."  The 
astronauts,  aboard  the  carrier  Wasp  in  the  Atlantic  for  medical  tests, 
were  invited  to  spend  the  week-end  with  the  President  at  his  Texas 
ranch.      (Kilpatrick,  Wash.  Post,  6/8/65,  A14) 

•  ITT  asked  the  FCC  for  authority  to  lease  41  of  early  bird  I's  240  voice- 

grade  channels.      ( Weekley,  Wash.  Post,  6/8/65,  D8) 

•  Educators  from  various  elements  of  NASA  and  a  group  of  65  lecturers 

employed  in  the  NASA  Spacemobile  program  began  a  week-long 
training   session   at   NASA   Langley   Research   Center.     (LaRC   Release) 

•  "Soviet  spaceships  make  their  landings  on  terra  firma,   and  practically 

everybody  in  the  space  flight  business  agrees  that  this  is  much  more 
desirable  than  splashing  down  in  the  ocean,"  wrote  the  Washington 


272  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Evening  Star.  The  article  said  that  w  ater  landings  by  U.S.  spacecraft 
proved  that  "U.S.  manned  spacecraft  lack  the  capability  to  come  back 
to  land."  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/7/65,  A6) 
June  7:  "U.S.  space  officials  are  in  no  particular  hurry  to  develop  a  ground 
landing  because  water  landings  have  worked  so  well,"  reported  the 
Washington  Post.  The  article  said  that  the  "Soviet  landing  system — 
partly  due  to  the  Russians'  large  and  sparsely  populated  land  area  and 
their  lack  of  sea  forces — required  Russian  astronauts  to  parachute  out 
of  the  descending  spaceship."  This  put  stress  on  the  airman — espe- 
cially after  long  periods  of  weightlessness,  (ap,  Wash.  Post.  6/8/65, 
A14) 

•  Soviet  cosmonaut  Gherman   Titov,   who   orbited   the  earth   17  times  in 

August  1961,  announced  that  his  wife  was  expecting  a  baby  in  a  few 
weeks.  (UPI,  Houston  Chron.,  6/7/65) 
June  8:  luna  vi,  3,179-lb.  instrumented  moon  probe,  was  successfully 
launched  by  U.S.S.R.  with  a  multi-stage  rocket  into  a  parking  orbit 
and  then  fired  on  a  trajectory  toward  the  moon.  All  onboard  equip- 
ment was  said  to  be  functioning  normally  and  the  trip  was  scheduled 
to  last  about  three  and  a  half  days,  according  to  Tass  announcement. 
(Tass,  6/8/65) 

•  Snap  8,  nasa-aec  experimental  reactor,  had  run  continuously  at  power 

for  209  days,  thereby  completing  the  longest  known  power  operation  of 
a  nuclear  reactor.  Built  by  Atomics  International  Div,  of  North 
American  Aviation,  Inc.,  Snap  8  began  power  operation  in  November 
1963,  ran  91%  of  the  total  time  available,  and  produced  more  than 
five  million  kw.  hours  of  heat.  It  was  operated  in  a  shielded  AEC 
test  facility  near  Los  Angeles.      (Atomics  International  Release  Ai-18) 

•  Selection  of  Radiation,  Inc.,  to  negotiate  a  fixed-price  contract  for  Pulse 

Code  Modulation  (Pcm)  Data  Handling  Equipment  Systems  was 
announced  by  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center.  The  proposed 
$1,700,000  contract  would  call  for  design,  manufacture,  and  spare  parts 
for  11  PCM  systems,      (gsfc  Release  6/14/65) 

•  ComSatCorp  filed  application  with  the  FCC  for  licenses  to  operate  com- 

mercially EARLY  BIRD  I  and  the  ground  station  at  Andover,  Me. 
(ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  France  announced  it  had  successfully  completed  tests  of  its  three-stage 

Diamant  rocket  scheduled  to  orbit  a  French  satellite  in  1966.  (Reuters, 
Detroit  News,  6/10/65;  Reuters,  NYT,  6/10/65) 

•  Communist  Hungary  acquiesced  to  a  U.S.  State  Dept.  request  and  sus- 
pended a  Budapest  radio  broadcast  which  could  have  interfered  with 
base-to-ship  communications  during  the  gemini  iv  splashdown  period. 
(Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/8/65) 

June  9:  usaf  launched  Thor-Agena  D  booster  rocket  with  unidentified 
satellite  from  Vandenberg  afb.      (ap.  Bait.  Sun,  6/10/65) 

•  USAF  launched   Blue  Scout  Jr.   space  probe  from   etr  on  a   10,897-mi. 

altitude  flight  to  measure  effects  of  space  radiation  on  human  tissue 
equivalents.  Useful  data  were  telemetered,  and  after  the  4-hr.,  32-min. 
flight  the  probe  fell  into  the  Indian  Ocean.  {U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act., 
1965,  145) 

•  LUNA    VI,    Russian    probe,    passed    the    halfway    point    on    its    journey 

to  the  moon.  All  systems  continued  to  function  normally,  Tass  an- 
nounced.     (Tass,  6/9/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  273 

June  9:  Astronauts  McDivitt  and  White,  onboard  the  carrier  Wasp  for 
medical  debriefing,  received  a  congratulatory  telegram  from  Soviet 
Cosmonaut  Yuri  Gagarin,  first  man  in  space:  "We  send  you  our  con- 
gratulations after  the  success  we  witnessed  of  the  spaceflight  in  ship 
Gemini  4.  We  express  hope  that  spaceflights  will  be  to  serve  the  world 
and  make  progress  for  humanity."  (ap.  Haughland.  Wash.  Post, 
6/10/65,  Al,  All) 

•  NASA  released  a  photograph  of  the  GEMINI  iv  spacecraft  taken  by  Astronaut 

Edward  H.  White  li  (Maj.,  USAf)  during  his  walk  in  space.  The 
picture  was  one  of  an  unannounced  number  that  Major  White  recorded 
with  a  35  mm.  camera  mounted  atop  a  space  gun  that  he  used  for 
maneuverability.  Films  of  Astronaut  White  floating  in  space  would 
be  made  available  for  public  showing  "sometime  within  the  next 
month."     (AP,  NYT,  6/11/65,  12) 

•  An  analysis  of  worldwide  press  reactions   to  the  successful  GEMINI   IV 

flight  indicated  that  most  newspapers  took  the  occasion  to  call  for 
U.S. -Soviet  cooperation  in  space  ventures.  "That  this  [cooperation] 
is  unhkely  shows  how  far  our  politics  lag  behind  our  technology," 
Britain's  Manchester  Guardian  said.  Dutch  newspapers  joined  in  ask- 
ing for  cooperation  in  space  and  Trouw  said  the  duplication  of  effort 
by  the  Soviet  Union  and  the  United  States  "is  a  waste  of  money  and 
know-how."  The  West  Berlin  press  highly  praised  the  U.S.  policy 
of  reporting  the  Gemini  flight  as  it  was  taking  place.  Swedish  news- 
papers refrained  from  any  comment  amid  a  wave  of  anti-American 
sentiment  over  Viet  Nam  and  the  Dominican  Republic.  The  Hin- 
dustani Times  commented:  "It  is  a  pity  that  the  two  nations  [U.S.  and 
Soviet  Union]  are  going  about  the  job  with  such  secrecy.  The  time 
has  come  for  both  nations  to  pool  their  resources  and  make  the  pro- 
jected attempt  on  the  moon  a  truly  human  adventure."  {Wash.  Post, 
6/9/65,  A3) 

•  Joint    U.S.-U.S.S.R.    space    effort    was    urged    by    UOsservatore    della 

Domenica,  Vatican  magazine.  An  editorial  said  press  comment  on  the 
GEMINI  IV  spaceflight  had  been  slanted  by  "a  competitive  mentality  for 
which,  especially  in  this  field,  there  is  no  longer  any  reason."  It 
continued:  "Let  us  ask  ourselves  ...  if  those  who  on  earth  appear 
divided  by  unbridgeable  distances  may  not  meet  and  collaborate  in 
space."       (upi,  NYT,  6/11/65,  7) 

•  EARLY    BIRD    I    communications    satellite    demonstrated    its    ability    to 

relay  commercial  voice  messages,  photographs,  and  data  between 
Europe  and  the  U.S.  During  one  exchange  a  news  photograph  was 
relayed  from  London  to  the  N.Y.  offices  of  the  Associated  Press; 
simultaneously,  Pan  American  Airways  was  relaying  international 
airline  reservations  and  communications,  including  pilot  and  control 
messages.  Other  uses  included  transmission  of  pictures  and  layouts  for 
a  fashion  magazine  and  relay  of  bank  signatures  from  New  York  for 
verification  of  a  check-signer  in  London.  Except  for  a  slight  echo 
bounced  back  from  Europe  on  the  voice  transmissions,  the  reception 
was  excellent.    fComSatCorp  Release;  Dewar,  Wash.  Post,  6/10/65,  A3) 

•  The  earth  has  four  vast  bulges  roughly  in  the  design  of  a  pyramid  and 

four  equally  large  depressions,  reported  scientists  from  Johns  Hopkins 
Univ.  Applied  Physics  Laboratory.     "They  are  as  big  as  the  North 


274  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

American  continent,"  said  Dr.  Robert  R.  Newton,  Supervisor  of 
Space  Research  and  Analysis  at  the  Laboratory.  Discoveries  an- 
nounced were  credited  to  anna  ib  geodetic  satellite,  launched  Oct.  31, 
1962,  and  a  number  of  USN  research  satellites.  By  studying  rises  and 
dips  in  their  orbits,  scientists  were  able  to  determine  gravitational  highs 
and  lows.  One  high  point  centers  over  Ireland  in  the  northern 
hemisphere  and  sprawls  northward  toward  the  pole.  Another  extends 
across  the  equator  from  New  Guinea  northward  toward  Japan.  An- 
other is  south  of  Africa  centered  about  half  way  to  Antarctica,  and  the 
fourth  is  west  of  South  America  with  its  apex  off  Peru.  (Johns 
Hopkins  Univ.  Applied  Physics  Lab.  Release;  Myler,  UPI,  Wash.  Post, 
6/9/65,  A3:  ap,  NYT,  6/10/65,  17) 
June  9:  usaf  awarded  Aerojet  General  a  $5,101,000  initial  increment  to  a 
$28,294,800  fixed-price  contract  for  first  and  second  stage  engines 
for  the  Titan  iii-x/Agena  program,      (dod  Release  392-65) 

•  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever  (afsc),  in  talk  on  "Materials  and  Tomorrow's 

Air  Force"  at  the  Air  Force  Materials  Symposium  in  Miami  Beach, 
said:  "The  rate  of  progress  in  materials  will  be  measured  by  accomplish- 
ments in  four  areas.  First,  the  acquisition  of  new  fundamental  knowl- 
edge which  will  lead  either  to  new  materials  or  to  the  utilization  of 
existing  materials  to  meet  specific  needs.  Second,  the  exploratory 
development  of  materials  in  advance  of  specific  system  requirements. 
Third,  the  evaluation  of  new  materials  for  potential  applications.  And 
fourth,  the  investigation  of  economical  manufacturing  techniques  and 
equipment.  The  importance  of  vigorous  efforts  in  all  of  these  areas  is 
obvious  when  we  remember  that  it  takes  from  5  to  10  years  to  translate 
a  laboratory  result  into  hardware. 

".  .  .  the  people  of  the  Air  Force  Materials  Laboratory  are  making 
significant  contributions  to  present  and  future  Air  Force  systems. 
Their  recent  accomplishments  include  development  of  methods  for 
ultrasonic  detection  of  corrosion  in  aircraft  fuel  tanks  and  for  installa- 
tion of  corrosion-resistant  rivets  in  aircraft  skins.  They  have  done 
important  work  with  reinforced  structural  composites;  with  graphites 
for  leading  edges,  nose  cones,  and  rocket  nozzles;  and  with  chemically 
resistant  seals  for  liquid  rocket  propulsion  systems."      (Text) 

•  "Much  has  been  done  in  an  effort  to  alleviate  aircraft  noise.     Annual 

expenditures  have  risen  from  $100,000  in  1961  to  $1.3  milHon  to  be 
spent  by  faa  alone  in  1965,"  faa  Administrator  Najeeb  E.  Halaby 
told  a  National  Aircraft  Noise  Symposium  in  New  York  City.  He 
warned:  "H  we  fail  to  make  progress  in  reducing  noise  .  .  .  pressure 
may  perhaps  ultimately  exclude  the  availability  of  aviation  facilities 
to  our  centers  of  trade  and  commerce.  I  feel  it  is  essential  that  we 
all  recognize  the  price  that  we  may  be  forced  to  pay  for  a  tolerable 
environment  next  door  to  our  airports."  (Text) 
June  10:  luna  vi,  Soviet  probe,  would  miss  the  moon  by  160,000  km. 
(99,379  mi.)  because  of  an  unsuccessful  midcourse  maneuver,  Tass 
announced.  Engine  used  to  adjust  the  spacecraft's  trajectory  could 
not  be  switched  off,  causing  a  deviation  from  the  planned  course, 
(Tass,  6/10/65) 

•  A  grant  of  nearly  $4  million  to  the  Univ.  of  Minnesota  to  strengthen 

its   scientific   and   technological   capability,    particularly    in   space   re- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  275 

search"  was  made  jointly  by  nasa  and  National  Science  Foundation. 
(NASA  Release  65-191 ) 
June  10:  Astronauts  James  A.  McDiyitt  (Maj..  usaf)  and  Edward  H.  White 
II   (Maj..  USAF)   were  flown  from  Mayport,  Fla.,  to  Ellington  afb  near 
Houston  for  reunion  with  their  families.      (Clark.  NYT,  6/10  '65,  1,47) 

•  First  computer  landing  of  commercial  airliner  with  fare-paying  passen- 

gers was  made  in  London  by  British  European  Airways'  Trident;  touch- 
down termed  smooth  by  test  crew  and  passengers.  Trident  was  the 
first  civil  aircraft  certified  to  employ  the  automatic  landing  system, 
Autoflare.  developed  by  Smith  &  Sons.  Ltd..  a  British  aviation  engineer- 
ing company,  in  association  with  Hawker  Siddeley  Aviation  Co. 
{NYT,  6/11/65) 

•  Formation    of   a   program   to    achieve    a    more    powerful    Atlas    booster 

for  future  Agena  and  Centaur  missions  was  announced  by  NASA. 
Presently  designated  SLV-3x.  the  program  would  seek  a  21,000-lb. 
propellant  capacity  increase  in  the  standard  Atlas  booster  by  making 
the  top  of  the  vehicle  cylindrical  and  would  increase  the  thrust  of 
three  Atlas  engines  by  using  modified  Saturn  H-1  fuel  injector  and 
improved  turbines.  AFSC  Space  Systems  Div.  would  act  as  nasa's  pro- 
curement agent,  nasa  Lewis  Research  Center  would  supervise;  Gen- 
eral Dynamics  Convair  Div.  was  expected  to  receive  the  contract.  Use 
of  an  uprated  Atlas  would  increase  the  Surveyor  mission  capability  by 
600  lbs.  and  would  permit  similar  payload  increases  for  Lunar  Orbiter, 
Ogo,  Oao,  and  Applications  Technology  Satellite  (Ats).  (nasa  Re- 
lease 65-192) 

•  W.  C.  Fortune,  manager  of  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center's  Missis- 

sippi Test  Facility  since  November  1962,  had  been  selected  to  evaluate 
the  cooperative  efforts  of  the  Government-industry  Saturn  rocket  team 
and  "to  ascertain  that  maximum  utilization  is  obtained  from  the  giant 
new  super  rocket  family  now  under  development,"  announced  MSFC. 
(msfc  Release  65-146) 

•  The  computer  aboard  the  gemini  iv,  launched  June  4,  that  was  to  have 

controlled  the  landing  of  the  spacecraft  was  returned  to  IBM  for  tests  to 
determine  the  cause  of  failure.      {NYT,  6/11/65) 

•  U.S.S.R.  dominated  the  International  Air  Show  at  Le  Bourget,  France, 

with  premiere  showing  of  11-62  186-passenger  jetliner,  powered  by 
four  turbofan  engines,  each  developing  23,100  lbs.  thrust,  and  display 
of  the  M-110  crane  helicopter  reported  to  have  set  an  unofficial  world's 
record  last  month  by  hoisting  25  tons  more  than  8,000  ft.  into  the  air. 
Cosmonaut  Yuri  Gagarin  answered  questions  in  the  Soviet  pavilion. 
(UPI,  Miami  Her.,  6/11/65) 

•  Curtiss-Wright    Corp.    could   participate   in    future   naval    weapons   pro- 

curement, including  the  procurement  of  weapon  system  trainers,  DOD 
announced.  Last  March  when  R/Adm.  Allan  M.  Shinn,  Chief  of  the 
Bureau  of  Weapons,  testified  before  a  closed  session  of  the  House 
Appropriations  Committee  he  disclosed  "inadequate  performance"  on 
the  part  of  Curtiss-Wright  in  connection  with  the  p3-a  trainer  pro- 
gram. (Text;  NYT,  6/11/65,  12) 
June  11:  Saturn  V  booster  (s-iC-T  stage)  was  successfully  static-fired  for 
90  sec.  at  nasa  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  During  the  test,  longest 
to  date,  the  five  F-1  engines  developed  7.5  million  lbs.  thrust  and  all 


276  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

four  outer  engines  were  gimbaled  to  simulate  the  motion  required  to 
control  the  vehicle  in  flight,  (msfc  Release  65-148;  Marshall  Star, 
5/16/65,  1) 
June  11 :  At  a  news  conference  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  on  the 
Gemini  GT-^  spaceflight,  Astronaut  McDivitt  said:  "I  saw  three  things 
that  looked  to  me  like  they  were  satellites  on  the  earth.  I  saw  two  over 
the  Pacific,  I  guess.  One  .  .  .  near  Hawaii.  ...  I  saw  a  white  ob- 
ject and  it  looked  like  it  was  cylindrical  and  it  looked  to  me  like  there 
was  a  white  arm  sticking  out  of  it.  .  .  .  We  saw  another  one  at  night. 
It  looked  like  just  a  pin  point  of  light  in  the  sky.  .  .  .  And  I  saw 
another  one  over  the  western  Pacific  again  just  shortly  before  I  got 
into  the  sunlight  on  the  windshield.  .  .  .  The  only  one  I  could  even 
define  the  shape  of  at  all  was  the  first  one  and  it  looked  a  lot  like 
an  upper  stage  of  a  booster." 

Astronaut  White  commented:  ".  .  .  we  were  looking  to  find  out: 
Could  man  control  himself  in  space?  And  the  answer  is  yes,  man 
can  control  himself  in  space."  McDivitt  continued:  "The  first  thing 
we  learned  was  that  the  Gemini  4  is  a  liveable  spacecraft  for  at  least 
four  days."      (Transcript;  NYT,  6/12/65,  3) 

•  President  Johnson  announced  during  an  impromptu  visit  to  NASA  Manned 

Spacecraft  Center — his  first — that  he  had  nominated  Astronauts  James 
A.  McDivitt  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  Edward  H.  White  ii  (Maj.,  usaf)  for 
the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel.  In  a  speech  before  nearly  5,000  MSC 
employees,  Mr.  Johnson  said:  "The  race  in  which  we  of  all  genera- 
tions are  determined  to  be  first  is  the  race  for  peace  in  the  world. 

"In  the  labors  of  peace — as  in  the  explorations  of  space — let  no  man 
doubt  for  the  moment  that  we  have  the  will,  and  the  determination, 
and  the  talent,  and  the  resources  required  to  stay  the  course  and  see 
those  labors  through."  (Text;  Stern,  Wash.  Post,  6/12/65,  A3; 
Semple,  NYT,  6/21/65;  msg  Roundup,  6/25/65,  1) 

•  Sen.  E.  L.  Bartlett  (D-Alaska)  introduced  a  bill  to  extend  privileges  and 

immunities,  including  tax  and  customs  granted  international  organi- 
zations, to  the  European  Space  Research  Organization  (ESRo).  ESRO 
was  considering  building  a  satellite  telemetry  command  station  near 
Fairbanks,  Alaska,  and  was  seeking  the  same  special  treatment  afforded 
NASA  with  regard  to  its  tracking  stations  abroad  and  personnel  abroad. 
{CR,  6/11/65,  12836) 

•  Rep.    Albert   Thomas    (D-Tex.),    Chairman    of   the    House    Appropria- 

tions Committee's  Subcommittee  on  Independent  Offices,  paid  trib- 
ute to  NASA  on  the  floor  of  the  House:  ".  .  .  too  much  credit  cannot 
be  given  the  top  management  of  the  Space  Agency  .  .  . 

"To  this  group  of  distinguished  gentlemen,  must  go  the  credit  of 
spending  some  $17  billion  without  the  slightest  breath  of  scandal  at- 
tached to  the  many  thousands  of  transactions."      {CR,  6/11/65,  12829) 

•  Laser  beams  could  be  used  to  track  satellites,  a  group  of  scientists  re- 

ported at  a  news  briefing  at  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center.  The 
briefing  followed  a  two-day  meeting  discussing  efforts  to  track  explorer 
XXII  and  explorer  xxvii  satellites  which  were  orbiting  the  earth  at  a 
height  of  about  700  mi.  Dr.  Henry  Plotkin,  Head  of  GSFC's  Optical 
Systems  Branch,  said  the  experiments  had  indicated  that:  1)  a  beam 
of  laser  light  from  the  ground  could  be  directed  with  sufficient  accuracy 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  277 

to  strike  satellite  reflectors;  2)  turbulence  in  the  atmosphere  would  not 
break  the  beam  enough  to  interfere  with  its  lighting  up  the  satellite; 
3)  very  short  bursts  of  light  from  lasers  could  be  used  to  measure  the 
range  of  a  satellite  precisely  by  means  of  timing  the  flight  and  rebound 
of  the  pulse;  4)  reflected  light  could  be  photographed  against  a  stellar 
background  to  provide  angles  by  which  the  satellite  could  be  identi- 
fied very  accurately.  (Transcript) 
June  12:  Kennedy  Space  Center's  "lost  time  rate"  because  of  strikes  was 
10  times  that  at  all  the  other  missile  and  space  installations  combined, 
reported  Victor  Riesel  in  the  Indianapolis  Star.  He  said  that  during 
the  15  months  ending  March  31 — the  deadline  months  preceding  the 
GT-^  spaceflight — there  were  93  work  stoppages  at  all  missile  and 
space  sites  in  the  country.  Of  this  number,  56  were  at  KSC.  65,144 
man-days  were  lost.  At  all  missile  bases  and  space  centers,  there  was 
a  total  of  13  major  walkouts;  10  of  these  involved  KSC  (Riesel, 
Indianapolis  Star,  6/12/65) 

•  Canada's  Black  Brant  research  rocket  underwent  its  first  successful  launch 

from  Ft.  Churchill,  Manitoba.      {M&R,  6/28/65,  11) 

•  Discovery   of  "quasi-stellar  blue  galaxies,"  termed  a  "major  new  con- 

stituent of  the  universe,"  was  announced  by  Mt.  Wilson  and  Mt.  Palo- 
mar  observatories.  The  blue  galaxies  resembled  quasi-stellar  radio 
sources  ("quasars")  except  that  they  did  not  emit  strong  radio  waves. 
They  appeared  to  be  500  times  more  plentiful  than  quasars  and  num- 
bered about  one  to  every  100,000  normal  galaxies.  According  to  Dr. 
Allan  Sandage  of  Mt.  Palomar,  the  newly  discovered  blue  galaxies 
substantiated  the  theory  that  the  "universe  is  a  finite,  closed  system 
originating  in  a  'big  bang,'  that  the  expanding  universe  is  slowing 
down,  and  that  it  probably  pulsates  once  every  82  billion  years-." 
(Sullivan,  NYT,  6/13/65,  1,  81) 

•  British  Broadcasting  Co.  filed  a  petition  with  the  FCC  to  request  halv- 

ing suggested  fee  of  $3,825  for  a  half-hour's  television  use  of 
EARLY  BIRD  I  communications  satellite.  In  addition  to  ComSatCorp's 
charge,  any  television  user  must  pay  an  identical  fee  to  the  group 
of  17  European  countries  that  helped  finance  EARLY  bird  i;  this  com- 
bined fee  of  $7,650  would  cover  the  cost  of  transmission  only  between 
Andover,  Me.,  ground  station  and  one  European  point  and  would  not 
include  costs  for  ground  lines  to  broadcasting  stations.  One  BBC  ex- 
pert, who  estimated  that  at  the  proposed  rates  a  half-hour  transatlantic 
program  would  cost  more  than  $11,000,  concluded  that  British  broad- 
casters would  be  able  to  use  the  satellite  only  for  the  "most  compelling 
matters."     (Lewis,  NYT,  6/13/65,  1) 

June  13:  A  22-nation  European  Post  and  Telecommunications  Congress 
ended  its  12-day  meeting  in  Lisbon  after  appointing  a  coordinating 
committee  to  deal  rapidly  with  problems  of  international  radio  and 
television  communications  by  satellite.  Discussions  in  the  congress, 
which  was  closed  to  the  press  and  public,  centered  on  improving  postal 
services  and  satellite-relayed  radio  and  television  transmissions,  (ap, 
WSJ,  6/14/65,  24;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/13/65,  A-11) 

June  14:  mariner  iv  successfully  performed  a  final  .tracking  correction  be- 
fore its  encounter  with  Mars  on  July  14.  A  preprogramed  command 
electronically  altered  the  look-angle  of  the  star  sensor  to  compensate 
for  the   changing  relationship   between  the   spacecraft,   the   sun,   and 


278  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Canopus.  The  star  sensor  must  be  pointed  at  Canopus  so  that  the 
Mars  probe  would  be  properly  aligned  and  stabilized  in  attitude. 
(NASA  Release  65-198) 
June  14:  A  crowd  of  two  million  gathered  in  Chicago  during  the  parade  and 
motorcade  honoring  Astronauts  James  A.  McDivitt  (Maj.,  USAF)  and 
Edward  H.  White  ii  (Maj.,  USAf),  accompanied  by  Vice  President 
Hubert  H.  Humphrey.  Honorary  citizens  medals  were  presented  the 
astronauts  at  a  special  City  Council  meeting.  Civil  rights  leaders  post- 
poned a  demonstration  protesting  de  facto  school  segregation  in  def- 
erence to  the  celebration,  (ap,  Wash.  Post.  6/16/65;  Wehrwein, 
NYT,  6/15/65) 

•  Radio  station  wtop  in  Washington,  D.C.,  assisted  NASA  in  conducting  a 

radio  signal  interaction  experiment  employing  a  Nike-Apache  rocket 
launched  from  Wallops  Sta.,  Va.,  with  a  55-lb.  instrumented  payload. 
WTOP  transmitted  a  steady  modulated  tone  for  several  minutes  during 
the  flight  to  enable  Univ.  of  Illinois  scientists  to  measure  interaction 
of  the  w^TOP  signal  on  a  signal  of  a  different  frequency  broadcast 
from  Wallops  Sta.  Both  were  received  by  instruments  in  the  payload 
as  the  rocket  rose  to  peak  altitude  of  110  mi.  (nasa  Release  65-195; 
Wallops  Release  65-35) 

•  EARLY  BIRD  I  communications  satellite  experimentally  transmitted  to   a 

Paris  physician  an  electrocardiogram  of  a  passenger  on  the  S.S.  France, 
2,000  mi.  at  sea,  the  French  Line  reported.  {NYT,  6/15/65,  70;  AP, 
Wash.  Post,  6/15/65,  A14) 

•  AT&T  and  ITT  asked  the  FCC  to  reverse  its  May   12  decision  awarding 

ComSatCorp  temporary  control  over  the  initial  three  U.S.  ground 
stations  which  would  comprise  important  segments  of  a  global  satellite 
communications  system.  ITT,  in  its  petition,  contended  that  the  ruling 
supported  an  "unwarranted  monopoly  in  international  communica- 
tions." AT&T  argued  that  the  licensing  policy  was  not  in  the  public 
interest.      {WSJ,  6/14/65,  24) 

•  m2-f2  manned  lifting  body  research  vehicle  was  rolled  out  at  Northrop 

Norair's  Hawthorne,  Calif.,  plant  and  accepted  for  NASA  by  Paul 
Bikle,  Director  of  nasa  Flight  Research  Center.  The  craft  would 
be  dropped  from  beneath  the  wing  of  a  B-52  bomber  at  high  speeds  in 
tests  to  determine  how  this  configuration  would  perform  in  the  critical 
period  during  reentry  if  it  were  carrying  astronauts,  (ap,  Wash.  Post, 
6/17/65,  A3;  arc  Astrogram,  6/24/65,  1) 

•  U.S.  News  and  World  Report  suggested  that  the  success  of  the  Gemini 

GT-4  flight  should  prompt  reassessment  of  the  U.S.  position  in  the  race 
with  the  Soviet  Union.     Two  conclusions  were  noted: 

"1.  In  the  civilian  space  race.  White's  self-propelled  'space  walk'  and 
McDivitt's  ability  to  maneuver  the  spaceship  put  the  U.S.  ahead  in  at 
least  two  key  areas  and  gave  the  U.S.  a  fighting  chance  eventually  to 
overtake  the  Russians  in  the  race  to  the  moon.  .  .   . 

"2.  In  the  military  space  race,  maneuvering  of  the  Gemini  space- 
craft demonstrated  that  the  region  just  above  the  earth — the  inner 
space  belt — could  soon  become  vital  to  American  security."  {U.S. 
News.,  6/14/65) 

•  Lt.  Col.  Aleksey  Leonov's  comments  on  extravehicular  activity  during  the 

March  18  voskhod  ii  flight  were  quoted  in  a  review  report  authored 
by  Prof.  N.  M.  Sissakian  of  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences  and  de- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  279 

livered  in  Paris  at  the  Second  International  Symposium  on  Basic  En- 
vironmental Problems  of  Man  in  Space:  "I  found  that  the  slightest 
shift  in  direction  of  the  force  of  impact  caused  rotation  in  the  cor- 
responding plane.  Those  persons  who  will  be  working  in  space  will 
obviously  have  much  to  do  in  securing  their  bodies  in  .  .  .  [the 
weightless  state].  As  for  the  so-called  psychological  barrier  that  was 
supposed  to  be  insurmountable  by  man  preparing  to  confront  the 
cosmic  abyss  alone.  I  not  only  did  not  sense  any  barrier,  but  even 
forgot  that  there  could  be  one."  (Wetmore.  Av.  Wk.,  6/21/65.  25) 
June  14:  That  antimatter  could  exist  in  aggregations  of  particles,  not  only 
as  isolated  subatomic  particles,  was  demonstrated  by  physicists  study- 
ing under  AEC  funds  at  Columbia  Univ.  Nevis  Cyclotron  Laboratory 
and  Brookhaven  National  Laboratory.  Protons  placed  in  Brookhaven's 
AGS  synchrotron  were  hurled  at  almost  the  speed  of  light  and  energy 
of  30  billion  electron  volts  at  a  target  of  beryllium:  scientists  used  a 
high-transmission  mass  analyzer  to  detect  anti-deuterons  in  the  debris 
of  collisions  between  high-energy  protons  and  nuclei  of  atoms  in  the 
target.  Research  report  appeared  in  Physical  Review  Letters.  The 
existence  of  the  antideuteron  had  been  predicted  theoretically,  but  its 
actual  production  indicated  that  properties  of  the  nuclear  force  were 
closely  mirrored  in  the  world  of  antiparticles  and  that  an  antiworld 
would  be  conceivable  in  terms  of  contemporary  nuclear  physics. 
(Schmeck.  Jr..  ATT^,  6  14/65,  1) 

•  A  model  of  Tu-144.  proposed  supersonic  passenger  plane,  was  displayed 

by  the  Soviet  Union  at  the  International  Air  Show  at  Le  Bourget, 
France,  tu-144  was  designed  for  a  capacity  of  121  passengers,  a 
speed  of  1.550  mph,  and  a  range  of  4,000  mi.  (Kamm,  NYT,  6/16/65, 
1.9) 

•  An  instrumented  experiment  package  capable  of  recording  lunar  phenom- 

ena and  relaying  information  to  earth,  would  be  installed  on  the  moon 
by  astronauts  before  their  return  to  earth,  reported  Howard  Simons  in 
the  Washington  Post.  Simons  said  that  NASA  officials  explained  that 
the  package  would  contain  "combination  of  instruments  to  measure 
the  moon's  gravity  and  atmosphere,  heat  flow  and  solar  wind,  proton 
activity  and  micrometeorite  impacts  for  as  long  as  a  year."  Such  in- 
formation would  be  helpful  in  planning  the  establishment  of  perma- 
nent lunar  bases  and  in  studying  the  history  of  the  earth  and  the  solar 
system.      (Simons.  Wash.  Post,  6/14/65,  A9) 

•  Discussing   Russian-American   cooperation    in   space   in    a   letter   to   the 

editor  in  the  New  York  Times,  Donald  Spero,  a  student  at  Columbia 
Univ.  School  of  Engineering,  said:  ".  .  .  technical  integration  of  the 
U.S.  and  (assumed)  Russian  lunar  programs  is  out  of  the  question. 
Hardware  for  every  phase  of  the  Apollo  program  has  already  been 
designed  and  built.  .  .  . 

"The  integration  of  a  Russian  booster  and  an  American  capsule 
would  be  a  technical  impossibility.  .  .  .  The  only  plausible  alternative 
for  initial  lunar  exploration  would  be  to  include  a  Russian  cosmonaut 
in  the  Apollo  crew  or  one  of  our  astronauts  as  a  member  of  the 
Russian  expedition.  Even  if  problems  of  language  and  pilot  training 
could  be  overcome,  political  and  propaganda  considerations  eliminate 
this  alternative. 

"Realistic  possibilities  for  cooperation  lie  in  the  areas  of  unmanned 


280 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


probes,  communication  and  weather  satellites,  and  eventually  manned 
planetary  exploration  and  establishing  of  lunar  bases."  (NYT, 
6/14/65) 
June  14:  A  New  York  Times  editorial  by  Harry  Schwartz  concerning 
Soviet- American  cooperation  in  space:  "The  real  issues  relate  to  the 
advantages  and  disadvantages  in  the  moon  race  itself — including,  of 
course,  its  propaganda  aspects. 

"The  argument  that  cooperation  will  not  mean  significant  savings  is 
strongest  for  the  immediate  future,  but  its  force  weakens  rapidly  as  one 
extends  the  time  horizon  of  both  nations'  future  space  efforts.  Even 
in  the  next  year  or  two  both  countries  could  gain  from  a  full  pooling 
of  space  technology  and  knowledge  because  this  would  reduce  the 
number  of  Gemini-type  flights  each  would  have  to  engage  in.  .  .  . 

"Major  cost  advantages  can  certainly  be  gained  by  agreement  on 
a  division  of  labor  between  the  Soviet  Union  and  the  United  States,  if 
it  is  accompanied  by  a  decision  to  send  mixed  crews  on  major  mis- 
sions. For  example,  a  pooling  of  information  and  resources  might 
permit  one  country  to  focus  on  the  hardware  needed  for  the  moon 
trip,  while  the  other  concentrated  on  the  equipment  needed  to  send  men 
to  Mars.  .  .  . 

"But  the  major  savings  from  real  Soviet- American  cooperation  in 
space  might  come  from  another  direction  entirely.  In  both  countries 
influential  voices  are  urging  major  military  efforts  looking  to  the 
creation  of  armed  national  space  fleets  .  .  .  The  time  is  past  due  for 
decision  between  space  cooperation,  or  the  extension  of  a  rivalry  that 
could  cost  both  Soviet  and  American  peoples  dearly — and  perhaps  not 
solely  in  terms  of  vast  sums  wasted."  (Schwartz,  NYT,  6/14/65,  31, 
32) 
June  14-21:  pdp-5  and  pdp-8  (Program  Data  Processing)  computers,  re- 
ported to  simultaneously  collect  and  analyze  oceanographic  data  and 
to  use  data  received  by  radio  from  artificial  earth  satellites  to  fix  the 
position  of  ships,  were  displayed  at  the  Ocean  Science  and  Ocean  Engi- 
neering Conference  and  Exhibit  in  Washington,  D.C.  pdp-5  had  first 
been  used  by  the  U.S.  Coast  Guard  during  the  1964  International  Ice 
Patrol  season  to  predict  the  speed  and  course  of  icebergs  drifting  into 
major  ship  lanes.      (Callahan,  NYT,  6/14/65,  58M) 

Dr.  James  H.  Wakelin,  Jr.,  president  of  the  Scientific  Engineering 
Institute  of  Boston,  said  in  an  address  at  the  Conference:  "We  must 
look  forward  to  undersea  dwellings,  laboratories  and  military  instal- 
lations in  which  men  would  live  and  work  for  the  economic  good  and 
military  defense  of  the  United  States."  Dr.  Wakelin  advised  Presi- 
dent Johnson  to  appoint  a  National  Advisory  Commission  on  the 
Ocean  to  develop  a  10-yr.  program  for  study,  exploration,  and  use  of 
the  seas,      (upi,  NYT,  6/15/65,  6) 

Capt.  Jacques-Yves  Cousteau  urged  the  organization  to  "preserve 
and  protect  the  sea  from  pollution."  He  also  warned  against  conduct- 
ing undersea  explorations  entirely  with  instruments  and  suggested: 
"Let  us  go  down  .  .  .  and  see  for  ourselves,  with  our  eyes."  (Casey, 
Wash.  Post,  6/16/65,  A14) 
June  14-25:  "Science  in  the  Sixties,"  a  seminar  sponsored  by  the  Air  Force 
Office   of  Scientific   Research,   was  held   in   Cloudcroft,   N.   Mex.     In 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  281 

opening  remarks,  Maj.  Gen.  Don  Ostrander,  afosr  Commander,  said: 
"The  purpose  of  these  Cloudcroft  meetings  is  to  stimulate  ideas — to 
act  as  an  intellectual  catalyst.  ...  We  all  have  a  responsibility  to  try 
to  understand  the  complex  interrelationships  between  science  and  tech- 
nology, and  between  technology  and  national  defense;  through  under- 
standing, to  participate  in  the  excitement  and  urgency  of  the  creative 
turmoil  which  is  such  an  inescapable  part  of  the  age  in  which  we  live!" 

Historian  A.  Hunter  Dupree.  professor  of  history  at  the  Univ.  of 
California  (Berkeley)  and  a  consuhant  to  NASA,  said  that  scientists 
with  a  negative  attitude  regarding  the  Nation's  manned  space  flight 
activities  had  a  laboratory-limited  view  of  scientific  endeavor  and  had 
lost  perspective  of  the  contributions  made  to  American  and  world 
science  through  exploration  and  survey  expeditions  in  the  field.  He 
pointed  out  the  relationship  of  the  Pacific  voyages  of  Capt.  Cook  to 
Darwin's  later  theory  of  evolution  and  said:  "One  can  as  little  predict 
the  results  of  space  exploration  as  Captain  Cook  could  have  predicted 
Darwin's  theory." 

According  to  Dupree,  it  was  the  general  expansion  of  knowledge 
that  would  lead  to  later  fruitful  developments.  But  to  justify  these 
developments  immediately  or  to  justify  exploration  in  terms  of  pre- 
dictable developments  would  be  a  mistake.  (Simons,  Wash.  Post, 
6/16/65:  AFOSR  Release  5-65-2;  Aerospace  Historian,  10/65,  106- 
110) 

An  artificial  frog's  eye  which  could  be  sent  to  the  surface  of  Mars 
to  detect  living  organisms  was  described  by  Warren  McCullough  and 
Louis  Sutro.  Research  had  revealed  there  were  four  varieties  of 
ganglion  cells  in  the  eye  of  the  frog — each  processing  different  infor- 
mation. The  MIT  scientists  had  proposed  the  following  scheme  to 
NASA:  the  artificial  eye  would  be  coupled  to  a  microscope  in  a  tiny 
computer.  Samples  of  Martian  soil  would  be  seen  by  the  frog's  eye 
through  the  microscope.  When  movement  was  detected,  the  eye  would 
inform  the  computer,  which  would  decide  whether  a  picture  of  the 
moving  organism  should  be  taken  for  relay  back  to  earth.  (Simons, 
Wash.  Post,  6/18/65,  Al) 

Theories  on  biological  rhythms  were  proposed  by  Colin  Pittendrigh 
of  Princeton  Univ.  at  the  afosr  seminar.  He  suggested  that  oscilla- 
tions or  biological  rhythms  were  serving  a  fundamental  function  that 
was  not  yet  fully  identified  and  that  all  organisms  undergo  oscillations 
with  a  periodicity  that  matches  that  of  the  external  world — roughly  24 
hrs.  Light,  even  in  negligible  amounts,  could  alter  these  oscillations. 
In  Pittendrigh's  view,  once  the  true  face  of  biological  clocks — time 
measuring  mechanisms  innate  in  all  living  organisms — was  seen,  sci- 
ence would  have  vital  clues  to  how  life  developed  on  earth  and  how 
biological  rhythms  determine  what  it  is  all  living  things  do.  (Simons, 
Wash.  Post,  6/22/65,  A6) 

Star  collisions  were  suggested  by  astrophysicist  Thomas  Gold  of 
Cornell  Univ.  as  one  way  that  energy  now  associated  with  a  host  of 
new  objects  observed  throughout  the  universe  was  released.  He  said 
a  prime  candidate  for  providing  the  right  kind  of  environment  for  star 
collisions  was  elliptical  galaxies.  In  their  predeath  condition,  ellipti- 
cal galaxies  start  to  lose  stars  that  comprise  the  galaxies.  Star  loss 
causes  the  galaxies  to  shrink  and  become  denser.     The  remaining  stars 


282  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

rush  in  and  out  through  the  heats  of  these  galaxies  at  speeds  possibly 
as  high  as  24  million  mph — greatly  enhancing  the  chance  for  star 
collisions.  The  effect  of  collisions  at  these  speeds  would  be  to  release 
amounts  of  energy  equivalent  to  that  calculated  to  be  stored  in  the 
quasi-stellar  radio  sources.  Gold  had  not  observed  such  star  collisions, 
but  dense  regions  on  the  "brink  of  destruction"  had  been  detected. 
"We  must  inspect  each  in  turn,"  Gold  said,  adding,  "maybe  we  will 
learn  that  something  totally  different  is  involved,  a  new  type  of  energy 
source  that  physics  doesn't  know  about."  (Simons,  Wash.  Post, 
6/23/65) 
June  15:  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  lxviii  containing  scientific  equipment 
for  the  investigation  of  outer  space.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  334 
km.  (207  mi.)  ;  perigee,  205  km.  (127  mi.)  ;  inclination  to  earth,  65°. 
On  board  equipment  was  said  to  be  functioning  normally.  {Pravda, 
6/16/65,  1;  Izvestia,  6/17/65,  4,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  High-speed  transmission  of  weather  data  between  the  U.S.  and  France 

was  provided  by  early  bird  i  communications  satellite.  Information 
gathered  by  tiros  ix  weather  satellite  during  a  24-hr.  period  and  as- 
sembled on  a  chart  at  the  World  Weather  Center  in  Maryland,  was 
relayed  to  the  Andover,  Me.,  ground  station;  then,  via  early  bird  I, 
it  was  transmitted  to  the  French  ground  station  at  Pleumeur-Bodou 
and  on  to  the  French  National  Weather  Center  in  Paris.  Conducted 
jointly  by  the  Weather  Bureau  and  ComSatCorp,  in  conjunction  with 
Press  Wireless,  Inc.,  and  Alden  Electronics  Corp.,  the  demonstration 
illustrated  a  new  and  advanced  forecast  method  which  would  include 
transmissions  of  facsimile  charts  and  data  at  eight  times  the  speed  of 
present  networks.      (ComSatCorp  Release;  AP,  Bait.  Sun,  6/16/65) 

•  CBS  became  the  first  U.S.  network  to  issue  a  formal  statement  about  com- 

mercial rates  proposed  May  28,  1965,  by  ComSatCorp  for  early  bird  I 
transmission:  "We  shall  have  to  make  future  determinations  as  to  the 
use  of  Early  Bird  on  a  case  by  case  basis,  depending  on  the  importance 
or  urgency  of  the  news  to  be  transmitted.  Certainly,  the  cost  structure 
proposed  for  the  use  of  Early  Bird  militates  against  its  use  on  a  routine 
basis.  Unless  urgency  requires  transmission  by  Early  Bird,  we  shall 
have  to  continue  to  rely  upon  air  shipments  of  film  and  taped  coverage 
of  European  news."      (CBS  News  Div.;  Adams,  NYT,  6/16/65,  87) 

•  NASA  announced  completed  negotiations  with  Aerojet-General  Corp.  for 

two-phase  $11,163,051  contract  to  design,  develop,  and  deliver  three 
exhaust  nozzles  for  use  in  testing  the  5,000-mw  Phoebus  nuclear  rocket 
reactor.  Phase  I  would  be  a  $1,837,971  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract 
and  would  include  four-month  preliminary  design  study  of  the  nozzle, 
and  evaluation  of  fabrication  and  testing  methods  as  well  as  a  joint 
design  effort  involving  Aerojet,  lasl  and  American  Car  and  Foundry, 
Inc.  Phase  II  would  be  a  $9,325,080  incentive  contract  and,  relying 
on  the  results  of  Phase  I,  Aerojet  would  be  required  to  design,  de- 
velop, test  and  deliver  three  nozzles  to  the  Nuclear  Rocket  Development 
Sta.,  Jackass  Flats,  Nev.,  by  the  end  of  1967.  The  contract  would  be 
under  management  of  the  joint  aec-nasa  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion 
Office.      (NASA  Release  65-196) 

•  Dr.    George    E.    Mueller,    nasa    Associate    Administrator    for    Manned 

Space  Flight,  said  at  the  National  Space  Club  in  Washington,  D.C., 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  283 

that  it  would  take  "a  great  deal  of  effort  over  a  number  of  years"  for 
the  United  States  to  achieve  first  place  in  space  and  warned  it  would 
be  "a  mistake  to  believe"  that  the  successful  GEMINI  iv  spaceflight  had 
"overcome  a  lead  of  several  years"  held  by  the  Soviet  Union.  He  said 
"the  most  important  result"  of  the  gemini  iv  flight  might  be  the  con- 
dition of  the  astronauts  upon  their  return,  based  on  the  preliminary 
medical  examinations  of  Astronauts  McDivitt  and  White.  The  final 
medical  report  on  the  flight  and  their  postflight  condition  would  take 
about  two  months.  (Text;  Clark,  NYT,  6/16/65,  13) 
June  15:  Defense  Communications  Agency  had  awarded  contracts  to  six 
firms  to  conduct  parallel  systems  design  studies  for  the  Advanced  De- 
fense Communications  Satellite  Project:  ComSatCorp,  General  Electric 
Co.,  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.,  Philco  Corp.,  RCA,  Defense  Electronic  Prod- 
ucts, and  Space  Technology  Lab.  The  fixed  price  contracts  ranged 
from  $135,000  to  $196,000. 

The  studies,  to  be  completed  in  three  or  four  months,  would  be 
used  as  a  basis  for  design  of  any  advanced  operational  satellite  com- 
munications system,      (dod  Release  402-65) 

•  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  nasa  Deputy  Administrator,  was  awarded  an  honor- 

ary Doctor  of  Science  degree  from  Princeton  Univ.  (Off.  of  Deputy 
Administrator) 

•  Honorary   Doctor  of  Astronautical  Science  degrees  were  conferred  on 

Astronauts  James  A.  McDivitt  (Maj.,  USAf)  and  Edward  H.  White  II 
(Maj.,  USAF)  by  their  alma  mater,  the  Univ.  of  Michigan  where  Maj. 
White  received  his  BS  degree  in  1959  and  Maj.  McDivitt,  his  MS  degree 
in  1959.  The  astronauts  then  attended  a  ceremony  dedicating  the 
University's  new  $1.7  million  space  research  building  and  rode  in  a 
motorcade  through  downtown  Ann  Arbor.  NASA's  official  representa- 
tive at  the  festivities  was  Dr.  Floyd  L.  Thompson,  Director  of  the  NASA 
Langley  Research  Center,  also  a  Michigan  alumnus.  (LaRC  Release; 
AP,  Bait.  Sun.  6/16/65) 

•  G.  Mervin  Ault,  Associate  Chief  of  Material  and  Structures  Div.,  NASA 

Lewis  Research  Center,  discussed  refractory  metals  in  an  honors 
lecture  before  American  Society  for  Testing  and  Materials  (astm) 
meeting  at  Purdue  Univ.  Refractory  metals — such  as  tungsten,  tan- 
talum, molybdenum,  columbium — have  strength  at  high  temperatures 
and  corrosion  resistance  to  alkali  metals.  "The  past  decade  has  re- 
sulted in  greater  progress  in  refractory  metals  than  ever  before  achieved 
for  any  one  class  of  structural  materials,"  Ault  said.  The  lecture 
commemorated  metallurgist  Horace  W.  Gillett  and  was  sponsored 
jointly  by  astm  and  Battelle  Memorial  Institute,      (lrc  Release  65-44) 

•  In   surprise   move,    U.S.S.R.    landed    the    world's    largest    plane    at    the 

International  Air  Show,  Le  Bourget,  France.  Designated  An-22,  the 
aircraft  could  carry  720  passengers  or  80  tons  of  cargo  and  would 
weight  250  tons  with  maximum  cargo.  Powered  by  four  turboprop 
engines,  each  with  twin  propellers  rotating  in  opposite  directions,  the 
aircraft,  with  maximum  load,  would  have  a  range  of  3,100  mi.  at 
cruising  speed  of  420  mph.  Maximum  speed  would  be  460  mph ;  maxi- 
mum altitude  36,000  ft.  An-22  would  require  4,300  ft.  for  takeoff 
but  only  2,600  ft.  for  landing.  It  was  designed  by  Oleg  Antonov  and 
was  called  "Antaeus"  for  the  mythical  Libryan  giant  wrestler  who  drew 
new  strength  every  time  he  touched  the  ground. 


284  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

USAF  supersonic  B-58  Hustler  jet  bomber  crashed  on  landing  at  Le 
Bourget,  killing  the  pilot,  Lt.  Col.  Charles  Q.  Hubbs  (usaf),  and  in- 
juring the  two  crew  members.  The  aircraft  was  arriving  from  Torre- 
jon  Air  Base,  Spain,  to  take  part  in  the  air  show.  A  U.S.  B-58  had 
crashed  at  the  International  Air  Show  in  1961.  (ap,  JVash.  Post, 
6/16/65,  A3;  Kamm,  NYT,  6/16/65,  1,  9;  WSJ,  6/16/65,  1;  Av.  Wk., 
6/21/65,  24) 
June  15:  Referring  to  the  "real  success  of  Luna  6,"  an  article  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Evening  Bulletin  said:  "This  is  not  the  first  Russian  failure  in 
space.  But  it  is  the  first  open  admission  of  failure.  Americans,  who 
have  had  their  own  failures,  can't  help  but  warm  up  a  little  in  the  glow 
of  such  non-Marxist  honesty."      (Phil.  Eve.  Bull,  6/15/65) 

•  Carl  L.  Norden,  inventor  of  the  famous  bombsight,  died.     Mr.  Norden's 

device  developed  for  USN  was  used  by  aaf  b-17's  and  other  bombers 
during  World  War  ii.  (ap,  NYT,  6/16/65,  43) 
June  16:  x-15  No.  3  flown  by  pilot  Capt.  Joseph  Engle  (usaf)  to  244,700 
ft.  altitude  at  maximum  speed  of  3,404  mph  (mach  4.66)  to  measure 
ultraviolet  radiation  and  noise  intensity  of  the  boundary  layer  of  air. 
(NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  Poland  launched  its  first  meteorological  rocket.     The  two-stage  vehicle 

was  2.5  m.  (8.2  ft.)  long  and  reached  an  altitude  of  37,000  m.  (121,360 
ft.).     (M&/?,  6/28/65,  10) 

•  xb-70a    research    bomber,    leaving    Edwards    afb,    flew    1,700   mph    at 

65,000-ft.  alt.  on  its  13th  test  flight.  It  landed  three  minutes  earlier 
than  planned  because  of  a  possible  leak  in  a  hydraulic  system,  (ap, 
Bait.  Sun,  6/17/65) 

•  An  atomic  clock  so  accurate  it  could  help  determine  the  position  of  a 

rocket  hurtling  at  238,000  mph  toward  the- moon  within  three-quarters- 
of  an  inch  was  in  production  at  Varian  Associates,  UPI  reported.  The 
clock  would  be  about  the  size  of  a  hatbox.      (upi,  NYT,  6/16/65,  31) 

•  NASA   Administrator   James   E.    Webb,   in    Subcommittee    of   the    Senate 

ate  Committee  on  Appropriations'  hearings  on  the  requested  $5.26  bil- 
lion appropriation  request  for  NASA  in  FY  1966,  said: 

"Recent  events  have  clearly  demonstrated  two  important  facts  about 
space  activities.  First,  the  United  States  has  shown  that  it  can  suc- 
cessfully build  and  launch  complex  spacecraft  to  measure  the  space 
environment  over  large  regions  of  our  solar  system  and  to  extend  our 
knowledge  of  our  neighboring  space  bodies.  We  have  developed  a 
capability  to  produce  large  launch  vehicles,  to  test  them,  and  to  launch 
them  successfully.  We  are  producing  the  space  hardware  for  environ- 
mental testing  that  will  prove  out  our  concepts  and  engineering  for  the 
large  launch  vehicles  and  spacecraft  that  will  be  required  to  operate 
out  to  and  on  the  moon  and  meet  all  the  demands  of  our  other  difficult 
undertakings.  We  have  successfully  developed  space  technology  for 
improved  communications  and  weather  reporting  and  forecasting  sys- 
tems. The  Ranger  program,  completed  with  Ranger  ix,  provided 
17,000  closeup  pictures  of  the  moon  that  have  not  only  given  us  a 
better  understanding  of  its  topography  but  may  reveal  totally  unex- 
pected processes  taking  place  below  the  surface.  The  first  two 
manned  flights  of  the  Gemini  program  verified  the  system  for  using 
man  in  space,  the  capability  of  the  Gemini  spacecraft,  the  capability 
of  an  astronaut  to  operate  outside  of  his  spacecraft,  and  the  utility  of 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  285 

the  ground  net  and  mission  control,  and  provided  the  first  tests  of 
some  of  the  equipment  designed  to  accomplish  rendezvous  and  docking. 
They  also  served  as  an  orbiting  space  laboratory  with  several  experi- 
ments included  on  both  flights. 

"The  second  major  fact  demonstrated  by  recent  space  events  is  that 
the  Soviet  Union  continues  to  make  a  major  commitment  to  its  aero- 
nautical and  space  activity.  In  late  1964,  they  launched  the  first 
multi-manned  mission  with  the  three-man  Voskhod  I  satellite.  So  far 
in  this  calendar  year,  they  have  launched  17  Cosmos  satellites;  in  the 
Voskhod  II  flight  they  achieved  the  first  extravehicular  activities  of 
man  in  space;  in  April  they  placed  in  orbit  Molniya  I,  their  first  active 
communications  satellite;  in  May  they  launched  a  Lunik  spacecraft  to 
the  moon  with  a  successful  midcourse  correction  but  apparent  terminal 
failure;  and  only  a  few  days  ago  they  launched  another  Lunik  space- 
craft to  the  moon  with  an  apparent  unsuccessful  midcourse  correction. 
They,  too,  are  expanding  upon  a  sound  basis  for  both  manned  and  un- 
manned activities  in  space.  The  growth  of  their  space  activity  is  quite 
apparent.  The  exhibition  in  Paris  yesterday  afternoon  of  a  new  very 
large  air  transport  indicates  the  same  kind  of  emphasis  on  equipment 
to  use  the  earth's  envelope  of  air. 

"In  aeronautics,  it  is  important  to  note  the  increasing  tempo  of  our 
research  in  not  only  the  aerodynamics,  loads  and  structures,  propulsion, 
and  operating  problems  of  supersonic  flight,  but  hypersonic  flight  as 
well.  There  is  a  resurgence  of  interest  in  airbreathing  propulsion  in 
the  form  of  advanced  turbojet  and  ramjet  engines  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  supersonic  and  hypersonic  transports  and  to  make  them  com- 
petitive with  transports  operating  in  the  subsonic  range.  And  of 
course,  we  are  also  engaged  at  the  other  end  of  the  speed  spectrum  in 
our  work  with  vertical  takeoff  and  landing  aircraft.  .  .  ." 

In  response  to  questioning,  Mr.  Webb  said:  "A  substantial  amount 
of  time  is  now  being  put  into  aeronautics  by  our  top  people.  Remem- 
ber, we  have  to  go  through  the  air  to  get  to  space.  The  use  of  thin 
wall  structures  and  the  use  of  power  delivered  by  engines  all  come 
out  of  the  same  research  competence  which  we  have, 

"...  I  have  been  asked  once  or  twice  to  consider  whether  NASA 
should  take  on  the  management  and  development  of  prototypes  and 
all  other  factors  relating  to  the  building  of  a  supersonic  transport. 

"Each  time  I  have  pointed  out  that  we  spend  a  large  number  of  our 
dollars  through  the  military  services  because  they  have  the  procure- 
ment capability.  They  are  the  only  people  in  the  U.S.  Government 
today  who  know  how  to  let  a  contract,  monitor  a  contract,  and  take 
delivery  on  large  airplanes  and  large  numbers  of  airplanes.  We  use 
them  for  that  purpose  in  boosters  where  they  have  already  developed 
the  competence;  and  in  new  boosters  like  SATURN  V,  we  also  use  their 
contract  administration  and  their  Project  60  for  engines.  .  .  ."  {Ind. 
Off.  Approp.  Hearings,  1095-1195) 
June  16:  Max  Quatinetz  of  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  addressed  Interna- 
tional Powder  Metallurgy  Conference  in  New  York.  He  discussed  LRC 
research  in  adding  fibered  metals  to  tungsten  to  strengthen  that  metal, 
which  has  a  high  melting  point  but  is  brittle  and  difficult  to  work. 
Quatinetz  described  a  new  method  of  producing  the  fibered  compounds 


286  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

— extrusion  of  powdered  metals.  Researchers  had  formed  tungsten 
composites  containing  high-temperature  additives  such  as  oxides, 
borides,  nitrides,  and  carbides;  they  had  noted  increases  in  the  metal's 
stress-rupture  life  of  up  to  50  times.  Quatinetz  observed  that  the  new 
method  of  fibering  would  have  wide  potential  application  in  materials 
research.  (  lrc  Release  65-45 ) 
June  16:  Dr.  Werner  R.  Kirchner,  vice  president  and  manager  of  Solid 
Rocket  Operations,  Aerojet-General  Corp.,  received  aiaa's  James  H. 
Wyld  Propulsion  Award  during  the  Institute's  Propulsion  Joint  Spe- 
cialists' Conference  in  Colorado  Springs.  He  was  cited  for  "outstand- 
ing contributions  to  the  field  of  solid  rocketry  for  over  15  years,  in- 
cluding the  development  of  thrust-vector  control  and  thrust-reverser 
systems  that  made  possible  the  use  of  solid  rocket  motors  in  ballistic 
missiles."  {NYT,  6/17/65,  54M) 
June  17:  Charles  W.  Mathews,  manager  of  the  Gemini  program,  and  Astro- 
nauts James  McDivitt  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  Edward  White  II  (Maj,,  USAf) 
received  NASA's  Exceptional  Service  Award  from  President  Johnson  in 
a  special  White  House  ceremony.  Introducing  the  President,  NASA 
Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said:  ".  .  .  we  .  .  .  should  never  for- 
get that  at  the  beginning  of  the  space  age,  in  1957,  the  challenge  of 
this  new  frontier  which  was  laid  down  to  us  was  first  met  by  the  man 
who  is  now  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  who  has  so  gracious- 
ly invited  us  here  today  to  indicate  again  his  interest  in,  and  the  im- 
portance he  attaches  to,  the  new  systems  we  have  developed  for  build- 
ing our  national  competence  in  space  and  using  the  science  and  tech- 
nologies acquired  to  work  toward  a  peaceful  world  and  a  better  world. 

"This  great  leader  of  our  nation,  and  of  the  Free  World,  is  still 
pioneering,  this  time  on  an  even  more  difficult  frontier  where  we  must 
learn  to  master  the  restrained  but  decisive  use  of  the  powers  which 
technology  gives  our  nation.  Those  of  us  who  are  responsible  for  the 
build-up  of  our  new  base  of  technology  believe  that  power,  based  on 
advanced  technology,  can  provide  new  means  to  hold  back  those  ruth- 
less forces  which  answer  not  to  the  need  of  all  men  for  security,  free- 
dom, dignity,  and  opportunity.  The  pioneering  which  President 
Johnson  is  engaged  in  today  on  this  new  frontier  is,  if  anything,  more 
important  than  his  pioneering  actions  in  1958  to  create  our  national 
program  in  aeronautics  and  space. 

"Seldom  in  the  history  of  the  world  has  one  man  had  to  play  so  vital 
a  role  in  developing  the  tools  of  modern  science  and  technology  and 
then  in  the  development  of  a  national  capability  to  use  them  to  achieve 
cooperation  toward  a  world  consistent  with  our  own  ideals  and  those  we 
have  sought  for  others  as  well  as  ourselves." 

Accompanying  citations  noted  "outstanding  contributions"  and 
singled  out  Major  White  as  "the  first  man  to  engage  in  self-propelled 
extra-vehicular  activity."  Terming  the  three  "the  Christopher  Colum- 
buses  of  the  20th  century,"  Mr.  Johnson  said  their  work  had  nudged 
the  world  toward  greater  international  cooperation.  "Men  who  have 
worked  together  to  reach  the  stars  are  not  likely  to  descend  together 
into  the  depths  of  war  and  desolation,"  he  said.  Later,  the  recipients 
were  guests  at  a  luncheon  held  by  Vice  President  Humphrey  and  re- 
ceived accolades  in  both  the  House  and  Senate.     A  crowd  estimated  at 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  287 

50,000  applauded  the  motorcade  as  Mathews  and  the  astronauts  rode 
to  the  Capitol. 

In  the  evening,  Majors  White  (usaf)  and  McDivitt  (usaf)  narrated 
a  20-min.  film  of  the  gemini  iv  flight  for  the  chiefs  of  foreign  diplo- 
matic missions.  President  Johnson,  in  a  surprise  appearance,  told  the 
astronauts  to  "take  the  Presidential  plane  and  travel  outside  this  coun- 
try again."  He  said:  "Many  people  in  many  lands  were  thrilled  by 
what  you  have  done.  I  want  you  to  join  our  delegation  in  Paris  and 
go  out  among  the  friendly  peoples  of  the  earth  to  share  with  them  the 
excitement  and  thrills  of  your  experience." 

Astronauts  White  and  McDivitt  then  returned  to  the  White  House 
where  provisions  had  been  made  for  them  and  their  families  to  re- 
main overnight.  (Text;  Clopton,  Wash.  Post,  6/18/65,  Al,  A3;  UPI, 
N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  6/18/65;  Semple,  NYT,  6/18/65,  1,  13;  Sehlstedt, 
Bait.  Sun,  6 '18/65) 
June  17:  X-15  No.  1  flown  by  pilot  Milton  Thompson  (nasa)  to  108,523  ft. 
altitude  at  maximum  speed  of  3,541  mph  (mach  5.145)  to  measure  and 
record  infrared  radiation  and  to  conduct  further  flight  checkouts  on 
the  new  inertial  guidance  system.  (NASA  X-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15 
Flight  Log) 

•  President  Johnson  said  during  a  Washington  press  conference  that  "we 

are  going  to  build"  a  supersonic  passenger  airliner  to  compete  in  the 
world  market  against  a  supersonic  transport  being  developed  jointly 
by  British  and  French  interests  and  one  the  Russians  intended  to  enter 
in  the  competition.  Mr.  Johnson  told  reporters  he  wanted  the  best 
plane  possible,  one  that  the  airlines  would  buy  as  an  economically  at- 
tractive investment.      (Transcript,  NYT,  6/18/65,  14) 

•  A  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  was  launched  from  Wallops  Sta.,  Va.,  to 

peak  altitude  of  109.9  mi.  (176.8  km.)  in  an  experiment  to  measure 
electron  densities.  Good  signals  were  received  on  all  telemetry  chan- 
nels throughout  the  flight;  indications  were  that  good  data  were  ob- 
tained.    Instrumentation  was  provided  by  GCA  Corp.      (NASA  Rpt.  srl) 

•  USAf's   attempt   to   launch   Titan   iii-c   was   unsuccessful   when   a   series 

of  minor  technical  problems  and  then  bad  weather  were  encountered. 
Two  of  thee  technical  holds  were  attributed  to  faulty  instrumentation. 
The  third  hold  was  caused  by  a  drop  in  pressure  in  the  second  stage 
oxidizer  tank.      ( Ubell,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  6/18/65) 

•  F^c    Phantom    jet    pilots    downed    two    attacking    Communist    Korean 

War-vintage  MiG-17's  about  80  mi.  south  of  Hanoi,  (ap,  NYT, 
7/11/65) 

•  The  Senate,  in  a  46-20  vote,  gave  final  Congressional  approval  to  a  bill 

waiving  the  restriction  barring  military  men  from  the  post  of  Ad- 
ministrator of  the  Federal  Aviation  Agency,  clearing  the  way  for 
President  Johnson  to  appoint  Gen.  William  F.  McKee  (usAF,  Ret.) 
of  NASA.     (CR,  6/17/65,  13541;  WSJ,  6/18/65,  8) 

•  Sen.  Wayne  Morse  (D-Ore.)  introducing  a  bill  to  amend  the  NASA  Space 

Act  of  1958  regarding  patent  rights  to  inventions,  said  the  bill  had 
two  objectives:  "The  first  is  to  reestablish  congressional  control  over 
the  disposition  of  patent  rights  by  the  national  aeronautics  and  space 
agency  [sic],  and  the  second  is  to  provide  that  private  companies 
desiring  to  acquire  interests  in  such  patents  and  processes  repay  the 


288  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

taxpayers  of  this  country  fair  market  value  pursuant  to  the  so-called 
Morse  formula."      (CR.  6/17/65) 

June  17:  Commenting  on  anxiety  about  the  Soviet  Union's  capability  of 
delivering  strategic  weapons  from  near  space,  Dr.  S.  Fred  Singer  said 
in  an  article  in  Reporter:  "If  a  bomb  is  released  from  a  satellite  with- 
out giving  it  any  propulsion,  it  will  stay  with  the  satellite  and  simply 
blow  it  up.  For  a  bomb  from  a  satellite  to  be  directed  to  a  point  on 
earth,  it  must  be  propelled  not  only  with  a  lot  of  rocket  power  but  also 
with  exceedingly  fine  guidance.  In  principle,  this  can  be  done  from  a 
satellite  or  from  the  moon  or  even  from  the  planet  Pluto;  but  the  cost 
and  complexity  is  enormously  greater  than  that  of  an  equally  effective 
ICBM  buried  deep  in  the  earth  itself."      (Reporter,  6/17/65,  14) 

•  In  what  he  termed  "Coming  of  Age  in  Houston,"  William  Hines  wrote  in 
the  Washington  Evening.  Star  of  "a  new,  mature  outlook  on  the  part 
of  NASA."  He  said:  "There  was  a  conscious  effort  to  deglamorize  (but 
not  depersonalize)  the  [Gemini  4]  astronauts,  and  to  focus  attention 
on  the  mission  rather  than  on  celebrities  who  would  subsequently  tell 
their  stories  in  Life.  The  decision  not  to  give  the  spacecraft  a  name 
and  to  use  the  radio  call  sign  'Gemini  4'  was  a  step  in  this  direction. 

"The  determination  of  NASA  to  rid  itself  of  what  has  been  called 
the  'Hollywood  syndrome'  and  handle  space  flights  as  transcendental 
news  events  instead  of  tawdry  theatrical  productions  did  not  come 
easily,  or  without  prodding  from  the  outside.  But  once  the  decision 
had  been  made  not  to  try  any  longer  to  fool  all  the  people  all  the  time, 
a  new  era  in  public  understanding  of  space  dawned."  (Hines,  Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  6/17/65) 

June  18:  USAF  Titan  iii-c,  launched  from  the  Eastern  Test  Range,  became 
the  most  powerful  rocket  known  to  have  been  lofted  and  the  first 
liquid-fuel  spacecraft  to  be  lifted  from  its  pad  with  solid-fuel  rockets. 
Two  120-in.-dia.,  86-ft.-long  solid  strap-on  boosters  generated  a  peak 
thrust  of  2.647  million  lbs.  %  sec.  after  ignition  to  propel  the  liquid- 
fuel  core  vehicle  to  an  altitude  of  24  mi.  Less  than  two  minutes  after 
lift-off,  the  boosters  were  jettisoned  by  firing  of  16  small  rockets.  The 
liquid-fuel  engines  of  the  127-ft.,  three-stage  core  vehicle  then  fired  a 
474,000-lb.  thrust  burst  that  injected  the  vehicle's  third  stage  (tran- 
stage)  with  29,285-lb.  lead  ballast  and  instrument  payload  into  an  orbit 
with  apogee,  116.2  mi.  (187  km.);  perigee,  110.4  mi.  (177.7  km.); 
period,  88.1  min;  inclination  to  the  equator,  32.175°.  This  was  the 
heaviest  payload  ever  orbited;  insertion  velocity  was  25,584  fps. 

The  solid-fuel  motors,  made  by  United  Technology  Center,  were 
formed  in  lO-ft.-dia.  segments  stacked  inside  metal  casings.  Adding 
two  segments  to  each  of  the  two  five-segment  boosters  used  would  per- 
mit Titan  iii-c  to  put  32,000  lbs.  into  orbit.  Payload  could  be  in- 
creased to  40,000  lbs,  using  13-ft.-dia.  segments  of  another  type  already 
test-fired  by  UTC.  Liquid  stages  used  nitrogen  tetroxide  and  Aerozene 
50  (a  50/50  mixture  of  hydrazine  and  unsymmetrical  dimethylhydra- 
zine)  as  the  oxidizer  and  fuel;  the  propellants  ignited  hypergolically. 
A  series  of  twelve  Titan  iii-c  tests  was  projected. 

Most  powerful  rocket  previously  launched  was  NASA's  Saturn  I, 
which  produced  1.5  million  lbs.  thrust.  The  most  powerful  known 
Soviet  rocket,  which  orbited  voskhod  i  and  voskhod  ii,  had  been 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  289 

rated  by  American  experts  at  800,000-900,000  lbs.  thrust.  The  two- 
stage  Titan  II  that  launched  GEMINI  III  and  GEMINI  IV  into  orbit 
produced  430,000  lbs.  of  thrust.  (Clark,  NYT,  6/19/65,  1;  ap,  Bene- 
dict, Wash.  Post,  6/19/65,  A3;  Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/19/65; 
Av.  Wk.,  6/28/65,  16-19) 
June  18:  A  briefing  given  by  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  to  Presi- 
dent Johnson  and  the  Cabinet  in  session  said  that  the  success  of  the  last 
two  Gemini  missions  "has  proved  the  design  and  confirmed  the  results 
of  the  ground  tests,  has  increased  our  confidence  in  the  reliability  of 
the  over-all  Gemini  systems,  and  has  enabled  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Administration  to  advance  the  Gemini  program  such  that 
rendezvous  and  docking  are  now  scheduled  during  calendar  year  1965." 
(Text) 

•  NASA   launched    3.5-ton    Aerobee    350,    new    two-stage    research    rocket, 

from  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  in  first  flight  test.  The  52-ft.-long,  22-in.- 
dia.  rocket  carried  367  lbs.  of  performance  instrumentation  to  peak 
altitude  of  235  mi.  and  impacted  in  Atlantic  Ocean  160  mi.  from  launch 
site. 

Designed  and  developed  by  Space-General  Corp.,  Aerobee  350  had 
a  main  stage  "sustainer"  propelled  by  four  liquid-fuel  engines,  each 
developing  4,100  lbs.  thrust.  Booster  stage  used  a  solid  propellant 
Nike  motor  with  51,000  lbs.  thrust.  Booster  and  sustainer  stages  fired 
simultaneously,  with  the  booster  burning  out  and  separating  about 
3.2  sec.  later.  The  rocket  would  boost  a  minimum-weight  payload  of 
150  lbs.  to  an  altitude  of  290  mi.  and  a  maximum  payload  of  500  lbs. 
to  210  mi.      (Wallops  Release  65-37;  nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  An  ionospheric  sounding  probe   launched   by   NASA  on    a   Nike-Apache 

vehicle  from  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  reached  peak  altitude  of  116  mi. 
in  an  experiment  to  measure  electron  density  in  the  E  region  of  the 
ionosphere.  Electron  profile  data  were  obtained  during  both  the 
ascent  and  descent  portions  of  the  flight  trajectory  and  were  telemetered 
to  ground  receiving  stations  during  the  flight.  Experiment  was  con- 
ducted for  National  Bureau  of  Standards'  Central  Radio  Propagation 
Lab.  and  nasa  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center.      (Wallops  Release  65-36) 

•  NASA  announced  it  would  negotiate  with  Lockheed  Missiles  and   Space 

Co.  for  mission  modifications  on  seven  Agena-D  second  stages  for 
future  missions.  Total  cost  of  the  modification  would  be  more  than 
$13  million.  Five  of  the  Agenas  would  be  used  with  Atlas  boosters  to 
launch  the  Applications  Technology  Satellites  (Ats)  ;  the  other  two, 
also  to  be  boosted  by  Atlas  launch  vehicles,  would  be  used  for  the 
third  and  fourth  Orbiting  Astronomical  Observatories  (Oao).  Lock- 
heed would  design,  develop,  and  fabricate  equipment  and  match  the 
Agenas  with  the  Atlas  boosters  and  the  spacecraft,  (nasa  Release 
65-199) 

•  ComSatCorp  was  authorized  by  FCC  to  begin  temporary  commercial  serv- 

ice at  midnight  via  early  bird  i  to  replace  circuits  lost  due  to  a  break 
in  the  Canada-to-England  cable.  The  authorization  would  be  in 
effect  until  midnight  June  26. 

A  temporary  tariff,  approved  by  FCC,  set  a  rate  of  $420  a  day,  per 
circuit,  for  the  first  two  days  of  commercial  operation  and  $210  per 
circuit  for  the  remainder  of  the  time.     (ComSatCorp  Release) 


290  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

June  18:  Canada's  Black  Brant  research  rocket  underwent  its  second  success- 
ful launch  from  Ft.  Churchill,  Manitoba.      (M&R,  6/28/65,  11) 

•  Brig,  Gen.  Joseph  S.  Bleymaier    (usaf).  Deputy  Commander    (Manned 

Systems)  of  afsc  Space  Systems  Div.  and  head  of  the  Titan  ili-c 
progrjmi,  and  project  leaders  Cols.  David  V.  Miller  (usaf)  and  Otto 
C,  Ledford  (usaf)  were  honored  by  Maj.  Gen.  Ben  I.  Funk  (usaf) 
for  the  success  of  the  Titan-iii  program.  General  Bleymaier's  com- 
mendation for  the  Legion  of  Merit  was  for  "outstanding  service  to 
the  United  States."  Colonels  Miller  and  Ledford  were  awarded 
Commendation  Medals.  The  ceremony  was  conducted  at  Eastern 
Test  Range  one  hour  after  launch  of  Titan  iii-c-1.  (Clark,  NYT, 
6/19/65,  1,  11) 

•  usaf  resumed  tests  of  the  Athena  reentry  program  with  two  launches 

from  Green  River,  Utah,  into  White  Sands  Missile  Range.  One  was 
termed  a  complete  success;  the  other  80%  successful.  {M&R,  6/28/65, 
11) 

•  First  use  of  USAF  B-52  heavy  jet  bomber  in  anger  when  28  U.S.  Strategic 

Air  Command  B-52's  dropped  750-  and  1,000-lb.  conventional  bombs 
on  Viet  Cong  units  in  South  Vietnam.  B-52  had  been  mainstay 
of  U.S.  global  thermonuclear  deterrent  for  almost  a  decade.  (Margolis, 
Wash.  Post,  6/18/65,  Al,  A18;  eph) 
June  19:  Vice  President  Humphrey  and  the  GEMINI  iv  astronauts,  Maj. 
James  A.  McDivitt  (usaf)  and  Maj.  Edward  H.  White  ii  (usaf),  won 
cheers  and  applause  from  visitors  to  the  International  Air  Show  at 
Le  Bourget,  France.  Attendance  at  U.S.  pavilion,  which  had  been  poor, 
picked  up  appreciably.  Also  present  were  NASA  Administrator  James 
E.  Webb,  and  Charles  Mathews,  manager  of  the  Gemini  program. 

A  scheduled  formal  meeting  between  the  American  astronauts  and 
Lt.  Col.  Yuri  Gagarin,  first  man  in  space,  fell  through  when  the 
Soviets  announced  that  Col.  Gagarin  would  be  "too  busy."  However, 
at  an  official  luncheon,  Gagarin  stopped  at  White's  table  and  the  two 
astronauts  shook  hands  and  spoke  briefly,  (ap,  NYT,  6/20/65,  38; 
UPi,  Wash.  Daily  News,  6/19/65;  ap,  Hudgins,  Wash.  Post,  6/20/65, 
A28) 

•  TIROS  VII  meteorological  satellite  completed  two  years  in  orbit  without  a 

failure.  NASA  had  orbited  tiros  vii  June  19,  1963,  with  a  Thor-Delta 
launch  vehicle  launched  from  etr  (then  called  amr)  .     (NASA  Proj.  Off.) 

•  Gemini   5   spacecraft   was    flown    by    cargo    carrier   to    Kennedy    Space 

Center,  NASA,  for  the  seven-day  flight  scheduled  for  Aug.  9.  (UPl,  NYT, 
6/20/65) 

•  British  physicist  Samuel  Tolansky  of  London  Univ.'s  Royal   Holloway 

College  theorized  that  a  carpet  of  black  diamonds  valuable  for  indus- 
trial purposes  had  formed  on  the  lunar  surface  over  the  ages  because 
of  meteor  impact.  He  cited  diamonds  found  in  the  EI  Diablo  meteorite 
crater  in  Arizona,      (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/19/65,  1) 

•  "It  is  time  now  to  put  the  manned  military  control  of  space  on  a  crash 

basis  equal  in  priority  to  the  Apollo  program,"  said  Rep.  John  W. 
Wydler  (R-N.Y.),  member  of  the  House  Science  and  Astronautics 
Committee,  in  a  letter  to  the  editor  in  the  New  York  Times.  He  sug- 
gested the  following  steps  be  taken:  "The  first  M.O.L.  flight  is 
scheduled   from  two   and   one   half  to   three   years   from   now.     This 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  291 

should  be  speeded  up  at  least  a  year  and  the  necessary  sacrifices  made 
to  achieve  it.  The  Gemini  capsules  required  for  the  M.O.L.  project 
should  be  ordered  at  once.  To  achieve  our  goals  effectively  the  manned 
earth  orbiting  program  should  be  placed  under  military  control.  .  .  . 

"I  believe  the  only  way  the  Department  of  Defense  can  meet  its 
responsibilities  in  'near  space'  is  to  assume  direction  of  the  manned 
earth  orbiting  program.  It  should  reorganize  the  U.S.  Air  Force 
into  the  U.S.  Aerospace  Force  and  make  it  truly  that.  .  .  . 

"The  decision  we  must  make  is  not  whether  there  will  be  military 
control  of  space  but  rather  whether  that  control  will  be  Russian  or  our 
own.  .  .  ."  {NYT,  6/19/65,  28) 
June  19:  The  Space  Act  of  1958  may  have  unwittingly  provided  competition 
that  is  getting  results,  said  an  editorial  in  the  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer: 
"There  was  conjecture  then,  and  there  is  conjecture  now,  that  NASA 
and  the  Air  Force  duplicate  efforts  in  the  parallel  development  of 
rockets.     There  are  rumors  of  smouldering  controversy. 

"But  yesterday's  dramatic  blastoff  of  the  triple-barrelled  Titan  3-C 
by  the  Air  Force,  coming  closely  on  the  heels  of  NASA's  sensational 
Gemini  performance,  indicates  the  competition,  thus  far  is  beneficial  to 
both."      (Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,  6/19/65,  23) 

•  USAF  has  come  up  with  something  for  NASA  to  reckon  with,  commented 

William  Hines,  concerning  the  Titan  Iii-C  success,  in  an  article  in  the 
Washington  Evening  Star:  "It  is  the  Air  Force  position — which  NASA 
will  now  be  forced  to  try  to  disprove — that  anything  Saturn  IB  can 
do,  Titan  lii-c  can  do  better. 

"The  Air  Force,  for  its  part,  must  now  try  to  prove  Titan  iii-c's 
reliability  over  the  long  haul  .  .  .  Gen.  Joseph  S.  Bleymaier  Jr.,  head 
of  the  Titan  iii-c  program,  said  it  is  his  ^oal  to  make  every  one  of  the 
12  shots  in  the  Titan  iii-c  development  series  a  100%  success. 

"Equally  important  with  reliability  is  cost.  Bleymaier  says  the 
Titan  iii-c  can  be  produced  in  quantity  for  $12.8  million,  or  just 
a  little  more  than  half  the  $22  million  it  is  estimated  NASA's  Saturn  IB 
will  cost.  Titan  iii-c's  $800  million  development  cost  is  but  a 
fraction  of  what  NASA  will  have  spent  to  get  the  first  Saturn  IB  off  the 
ground."  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  6/19/65) 
June  20:  Vice  President  Humphrey,  in  France  for  the  International  Air 
Show  at  Le  Bourget  with  Astronauts  White  and  McDivitt,  met  for  80 
min.  with  President  de  Gaulle.  (Tanner,  NYT,  6/21/65;  Newport 
News  Daily  Press,  6/22/65) 

•  Two   single-engine  propeller-driven  Skyraider  tactical  bombers  downed 

two  Communist  jet  MiG-17's  over  North  Vietnam,  (ap,  NYT, 
7/11/65) 
June  21:  F-1  rocket  engine  completed  its  1,000th  test  firing  at  NASA  MSFc's 
Rocket  Engine  Test  Site  where  it  operated  at  its  full  thrust  of  1,500,000 
lbs.  for  165.6  sec.  Test  was  conducted  by  North  American  Aviation's 
Rocketdyne  Div.  In  a  cluster  of  five,  F-1  would  provide  7,500,000 
lbs.  thrust  in  the  s-ic  first  stage  of  the  Saturn  V  booster  that  would 
launch  Apollo  lunar  missions.  (  msfc  Release  65-154;  Marshall  Star, 
6/23/65,  1) 

•  NASA   would   negotiate   with    the   Rocketdyne    Div.    of    North   American 

Aviation,  Inc.,  for  22  h-1  rocket  engines  with  200,000-lb.  thrust  for 


292  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

use  on  the  12  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicles  presently  planned,  NASA 
Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  announced.  Engines,  with  supporting 
services,  would  cost  more  than  $6  million,  (msfc  Release  65-155; 
Marshall  Star,  6/23/65,  1 ) 
June  21:  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  NASA  Associate  Administrator,  received 
the  New  England  Aero  Club's  Godfrey  L.  Cabot  Award  in  Boston. 
He  was  cited  for  "outstanding  contributions  to  aeronautics."  (nasa 
Release  65-193) 

•  West    German    satellite    tracking    station    at    Bochum    monitored    radio 

signals  from  a  new  Soviet  space  probe.  The  observatory  said  it  had 
received  the  signals  since  11:26  a.m.  edt.      (Reuters,  6/21/65) 

•  AEC  reorganized  its  space-related  R&D  activities  and  established  a  Division 

of  Space  Nuclear  Systems.  All  AEC  space-oriented  work  on  Snap 
reactor  and  isotope  electric  power  systems  was  transferred  to  newly- 
created  Space  Electric  Power  Office  in  that  division.  Isotopic  thruster 
propulsion  work,  formerly  under  aec  Division  of  Isotopes  Development, 
was  transferred  to  nasa-aec  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office  (SNPo). 
"A  major  advantage  of  the  new  organizational  alignment  [was]  the 
improved  communication  and  ease  of  coordination  between  aec  and 
NASA  in  the  power  area."      {Atomic  Energy  Programs,  1965,  141) 

•  Immediate    planning    for    a    fourth    jetport    for    the    New    York    City 

area  was  advocated  by  Harold  E.  Gray,  President  of  Pan  American 
World  Airways,  at  the  Annual  Aviation  Luncheon  of  the  Queens 
Chamber  of  Commerce:  "Maybe  the  need  is  eight  years  from  now. 
Maybe  it  is  twelve  years  from  now.  But  it  would  take  ten  years,  as 
I  understand  it — starting  today — to  develop  a  fourth  airport.  So, 
tomorrow  may  be  too  late  to  make  this  start.  Manana  is  not  soon 
enough  for  me!"  This  was  the  first  time  a  Pan  Am  official  had  stated 
the  airline's  position  on  the  jetport  issue.      (Hudson,  NYT,  6/22/65,  58) 

•  Rep.  Oren  Harris   (D-Ark.),  in  France  for  the  International  Air  Show, 

endorsed  the  idea  of  an  international  exhibition  at  Dulles  International 
Airport  in  1966.  Harris,  who  headed  the  House  Committee  on  Inter- 
state and  Foreign  Commerce  which  would  handle  any  American  counter- 
part of  the  Paris  show,  made  his  statement  after  comment  by  American 
aircraft  builders  participating  at  Le  Bourget  that  the  U.S.  had  let 
the  Soviet  Union  "steal  the  show." 

During  the  first  days  of  the  exposition,  the  Russians  had  displayed  the 
prototype  of  a  720-passenger  commercial  aircraft  to  be  ready  in  two 
years.  Also,  Yuri  Gagarin,  first  man  in  space,  was  on  hand.  The 
U.S.  had  recovered  some  lost  ground  during  the  final  weekend  by  flying 
in  Vice  President  Hubert  Humphrey  and  Astronauts  Edward  White  ii 
(Maj.,  usaf)  and  James  McDivitt  (Maj.,  usaf).  American  jets  had 
also  put  on  spectacular  acrobatic  demonstrations. 

Rep.  Harris  said  the  project  had  been  discussed  at  the  White  House 
but  that  further  studies  by  the  faa  and  the  Budget  Bureau  would  be 
necessary.      (UPI,  Bruns,  Wash.  Post,  6/22/65) 

•  The  U.S.  showing  at  Le  Bourget  was  discussed  by  Robert  Hotz  in  an 

Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology  editorial:  "The  United  States 
is  presenting  a  sorry  spectacle  at  the  26th  Paris  Air  Show  [June  11-21] 
that  does  grave  injustice  to  its  genuine  aerospace  capability  in  relation  to 
its  principal  competitors,   including  the  Soviet  Union.     As  the  show 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  293 

draws  to  a  close,  only  a  bold  stroke  of  public  relations,  such  as  jetting 
Astronauts  White  and  McDivitt  with  their  Gemini  capsule  to  Le  Bourget 
for  a  weekend  finale  would  offer  any  chance  for  the  U.S.  to  recoup  the 
prestige  lost  last  week  through  the  combination  of  top-level  govern- 
ment indifference,  official  naivete  and  the  stifling  channels  of  inter- 
agency bureaucracy  between  the  various  government  departments  in- 
volved in  the  U.S.  show  effort.   .   .   . 

"For  the  past  two  Paris  air  shows,  the  NASA  exhibit  has  been  a  major 
sensation,  convincing  Europeans  of  U.S.  technological  leadership.  This 
year,  NASa  was  conspicuously  absent.  Even  frantic  pleas  from  the 
French  to  have  Astronaut  John  Glenn  appear  to  match  the  Soviets' 
Yuri  Gagarin  were  strangled  in  the  maze  of  interdepartmental  coordina- 
tion. .  .  . 

"The  net  result  of  this  sad  combination  of  government  bungling  at 
Le  Bourget  has  been  to  spend  large  sums  of  the  taxpayers'  dollar  to 
create  the  impression  that  the  United  States  is  resting  smugly  on  its 
technical  oars,  complacently  relying  on  rapidly  obsolescing  military 
hardware  for  the  present  and  craftily  confident  this  aging  equipment 
can  be  foisted  on  its  European  allies  in  the  near  future."  (Hotz, 
Av.  Wk.,  6/21/65,  13) 

June  21-July  16:  Space  Research  Summer  Study — 1965,  convened  at  Woods 
Hole,  Mass.,  by  nas-nrc  Space  Science  Board,  reviewed  the  National 
space  program.  Various  working  panels  were  formed  to  examine  in 
detail  the  three  topics  of  particular  focus:  planetary  exploration, 
astronomy  requirements,  and  the  role  of  man  in  space  research.  About 
200  invited  scientists  participated  in  the  multi-disciplinary  review, 
which  was  under  general  chairmanship  of  George  P.  Woollard,  Director, 
Hawaii  Institute  of  Geophysics.  NASA  provided  financial  support- 
(nas — NRC,  News  Report,  9/65,  5) 

June  22:  mariner  iv  spacecraft  was  functioning  well  on  its  mission  to 
Mars,  but  the  public  should  not  "expect  too  much"  from  the  photo- 
graphs of  Mars  it  was  scheduled  to  take  July  14,  NASA  scientists  said 
during  a  press  briefing.  It  was  conjectural  whether  the  21  photo« 
graphs  the  Mars  probe  would  take  would  be  clear  enough  to  disprove  or 
verify  the  theories  held  by  some  scientists  that  there  are  canals  and 
some  form  of  life  on  Mars.  Scientists  who  would  study  the  photo- 
graphs  pointed  out  that  21  pictures  would  only  enable  them  to  see 
1%  of  Mars.  Nevertheless,  any  pictures  of  the  surface  would  be  far 
superior  to  the  best  observations  now  obtainable  with  earth-based  tele- 
scopes. 

The  first  few  photographs  might  be  made  public  immediately  after 
being  received,  but  the  others  probably  would  not  be  released  until 
they  had  been  studied  for  weeks  or  months.  (Transcript,  Sehlstedt, 
Bait.  Sun,  6/23/65;  Hill,  NYT,  6/23/65,  7) 

•  x-15  No.  2  flown  by  pilot  John  McKay  (nasa)  to  155,900  ft.  altitude  at 

maximum  speed  of  3,938  mph  (mach  5.64)  to  obtain  data  on  star 
tracking  cameras,  landing  gear  modification  checkout,  stability  and 
control  and  advanced  x-15  landing  dynamics,  (nasa  X-15  Proj. 
Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  The  GEMINI  IV  spacecraft's  onboard  computer  that  failed  toward  the  end 

of  the  GT^  flight  was  working  well  in   ground  tests.     It  would  be 


294  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

tested  under  simulated  orbit  conditions  to  determine  if  the  problem 
might  have  been  in  the  inertial  guidance  system.  (uPi,  NYT,  6/22/65, 
36;  Phil.  Eve.  Bull,  6/22/65) 
June  22:  Two  Nike- Apache  sounding  rockets  launched  two  sodium  vapor 
trail  experiments  from  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  as  part  of  nasa's  upper 
atmosphere  meteorological  research  program.  Vapor  trails  were 
ejected  through  a  region  40  to  124  mi.  above  earth.  One  rocket  was 
fired  on  an  azimuth  of  90°  (due  east)  and  the  other  on  a  130°  azimuth 
(southeast)  so  that  the  sodium  trails  were  in  the  same  altitude  region  at 
about  the  same  time  but  several  miles  apart  to  provide  data  on  wind 
behavior  variations  over  a  lateral  distance  as  well  as  at  various  altitudes. 
(Wallops  Release  65-38) 

•  President    Johnson    nominated    Astronauts    Walter    M.    Schirra     (usn) 

and  John  Young  (usn)  for  promotions.  Commander  Schirra  was 
nominated  for  captain  and  Lt.  Commander  Young  for  commander. 
Each  had  received  his  current  rank  in  1961,  before  the  space  flights. 
All  the  original  astronaut  team  had  now  been  promoted,  (ap,  Wash. 
Post,  6/23/65,  A12) 
June  23:  Three  Nike- Apache  sounding  rockets  launched  vapor  trail  experi- 
ments from  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  as  NASA  completed  a  five-shot,  two- 
day  series  of  experiments  to  measure  wind  direction  and  velocity  over 
the  Atlantic  coast  as  part  of  its  meteorological  research  program.  Pay- 
loads  also  contained  instrumentation  to  compare  electron  densities  with 
wind  dispersion  and  to  measure  electron  temperatures.  Experiments 
were  conducted  for  the  GCA  Corp.  under  contract  to  NASA.  (Wallops 
Release  65-39) 

•  Pegasus  C,  third  meteoroid  detection  satellite,  arrived  at  NASA  Kennedy 

Space  Center  aboard  the  aircraft  "Pregnant  Guppy."  Pegasus  C  was 
scheduled  for  launch  during  summer  of  1965  by  SA-10,  the  last  Saturn 
I  vehicle,      (msfc  Release  65-159;  Marshall  Star,  6/30/65,  2) 

•  President  Johnson  nominated  Gen.  William  F.  McKee  to  be  Administrator 

of  the  Federal  Aviation  Agency.  He  made  the  appointment  after 
signing  a  bill  that  exempted  General  McKee  (usaf,  Ret.)  from  the 
requirement  that  the  FAA  administrator  be  a  civilian,  (ap,  NYT, 
6/25/65) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said  in  an  address  to  the  Defense 

Supply  Agency  in  Alexandria,  Va. :  "We  are  at  a  watershed  of  history — 
we  are  at  a  point  where  man  has  made  reality  of  his  wildest  imagina- 
tion— he  has  created  machines  which  enable  him  to  move  outward  from 
the  earth  into  the  new  environment  of  space,  not  just  in  thought,  but 
in  actuality,  taking  long  strides  toward  the  stars.   .   .   . 

"With  the  initial  planning  and  procurement  phases  behind  us,  we 
are  now  approaching  a  period  when  decisions  on  the  next  generation 
of  major  activities  in  space  will  be  made.  We  have  created  and  tested 
a  workable  managerial  capability  to  direct  the  planning,  approval,  and 
execution  of  future  programs.  We  believe  that  adoption  of  what  we 
have  termed  'Phased  Program  Planning'  will  materially  assist  us  in 
achieving  this  goal. 

"Phased  Program  Planning  represents  an  orderly,  sequential  pro- 
gression in  the  execution  of  major  NASA  projects.  It  provides  for 
formulating  proposed   work   goals   and   missions,    and   allows   for   re- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  295 

appraisal  points  for  management  consideration  to  advance  or  replan 
such  proposals,  as  well  as  the  resources  to  implement  them."  (Text) 
June  23:  nasa  ordered  new  computer  equipment  that  would  make  possible 
the  processing  of  data  sent  back  by  spacecraft  at  a  rate  40  times  faster 
than  in  the  systems  currently  used.  The  contract,  ranging  from  an 
initial  procurement  of  about  $8  million  to  a  possible  total  of  $18  million 
if  all  contract  options  were  exercised,  was  being  negotiated  with  Inter- 
national Business  Machines  Corp.  (nasa  Release  65-205;  AP,  NYT, 
6/24/65,  4;  ap,  WSJ,  6/24/65) 

•  Joint  plans  for  higher  wage  and  improved  fringe  benefits  negotiations 

in  29  agreements  with  major  aerospace  companies  were  formulated  at 
a  conference  in  Washington,  D.C.,  between  leaders  of  the  United 
Automobile  Workers  and  the  International  Association  of  Machinists. 
Contracts  discussed  would  expire  within  the  next  six  months,  (ap, 
NYT,  6/24/65,  21 ) 
June  24:  A  wage  dispute  involving  the  International  Alliance  of  Theatrical 
and  Stage  Employees  caused  a  shutdown  of  much  of  the  construction 
under  way  at  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  as  about  3,000  of  some 
5,700  construction  workers  stayed  off  the  job  because  of  the  picket  lines, 
(upi,  NYT,  6/25/65,  28) 

•  NASA  and  the  U.S.   Army  had  entered  into  an  agreement  which  would 

establish  a  joint  effort  in  the  area  of  low-speed  aeronautical  research 
to  be  accomplished  in  facilities  at  NASA  Ames  Research  Center,  Ames 
reported.  The  program  would  be  conducted  in  cooperation  with 
personnel  of  the  U.S.  Army  Materiel  Command,  (arc  Astrogram, 
6/24/65,  1) 

•  USAF   launched   an    unidentified   satellite   from   Vandenberg  afb   with   a 

Thor-Able-Star  booster.      (UPi,  NYT,  6/26/65,  6) 

•  NASA  would  Stick  with  its  Saturn  launch  vehicles  for  the  Apollo  program, 

Maj.  Gen.  Samuel  C.  Phillips  (USAF).  Apollo  Program  Director, 
reportedly  said  in  Tulsa.  Asked  about  the  possibility  of  "leap-frog- 
ging" in  the  Apollo  and  making  use  of  Titan  III-C — because  of  its 
launch  potential — instead  of  Saturn  V,  Phillips  said  "no,"  and  com- 
mented: "The  Saturn  vehicle  will  do  what  we  want  insofar  as  the 
Apollo  program  is  concerned,  and  leapfrogging  now  probably  would 
mean  some  setbacks  rather  than  advancing  the  Apollo  project."  He 
said  launch  vehicles  such  as  Titan  iii-c,  which  had  a  potential  of 
11  to  15  million  lbs.  of  thrust,  most  certainly  would  have  major  roles 
in  future  space  operations.  "But  nasa  is  committed  to  the  Saturn  for 
the  Apollo  and  we  plan  to  stick  with  this  vehicle."  (Leslie,  Tulsa 
Daily  World,  6/24/65 ) 

•  Vice  President  Humphrey  announced  that  the  National  Aeronautics  and 

Space  Council,  of  which  he  is  chairman,  would  meet  July  1  to  consider 
a  proposed  usaf  manned  orbiting  laboratory.  Meeting  was  later 
postponed  to  July  9.      {NYT,  6/26/65,  5;  eph) 

•  Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced 

Research  and  Technology,  submitted  his  resignation,  effective  at  the 
end  of  August,  to  accept  the  presidency  of  Case  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy, Cleveland,  Ohio.  Dr.  Bisplinghoff  had  come  to  NASA  in  1962 
from  MIT  where  he  was  Deputy  Head  of  the  Department  of  Aeronautical 
Engineering,      (nasa  Release  65-208) 


296  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

June  24:  nasa  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  presented  NASA  Exceptional 
Service  Award  to  Dr.  George  F.  Simpson,  Assistant  Administrator  for 
Policy  Planning,  in  an  informal  Headquarters  ceremony.  Having 
joined  NASA  in  1961,  Dr.  Simpson  resigned  to  become  Chancellor  of 
the  State  of  Georgia  University  System,      (eph) 

•  First    Federal     regulations     specifically     governing     agricultural    flying 

and  related  activities  were  announced  by  faa.  Effective  Jan.  1,  1966, 
the  rules  would  establish  national  standards  and  requirements  for 
private  and  commercial  agricultural  operator  certificates,  operating 
rules,  aircraft  airworthiness,  pilot  qualifications,  and  record  keeping. 
(faa  Release  65-50) 

•  Senate  adopted  a  resolution   requesting   President   Johnson   to   proclaim 

Sept.  17  and  18  as  special  days  in  honor  of  the  memory  of  James 
Smithson,  the  Englishman  who  willed  all  his  property  for  establishment 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  in  Washington,  D.C.  200th  anniver- 
sary of  his  birth  would  be  celebrated  this  year.  ( AP,  NYT,  6/26/65,  20) 

•  Col.   Jack   BoUerud    (usaf)    was   appointed   Deputy    Director    of   Space 

Medicine,  Office  of  Manned  Space  FUght,  NASA  Hq.  He  would  be 
deputy  to  Dr.  W.  Randolph  Lovelace  ii.  (NASA  Release  65-207) 
June  25:  Soviet  Union  launched  cosmos  lxix  artificial  earth  satellite 
containing  scientific  equipment  for  the  study  of  outer  space.  Orbital 
parameters:  apogee,  332  km.  (206  mi.)  ;  perigee,  211  km.  (131  mi.)  ; 
period,  89.7  min.;  inclination  to  the  equator,  65°.  All  instruments 
were  operating  normally.  (Izvestia,  6/26/65,  1.  atss-t  Trans.;  Prav- 
da,  6/26/65,  1,  atss-t  trans.) 

•  USAF  launched  two   unidentified  satellites  from  Vandenberg  AFB  using 

a  single  Atlas-Agena  D  booster.  (UPI,  Chic.  Trih.,  6/26/65;  U.S. 
Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  146) 

•  First  Phoebus  1a  nuclear  reactor  test  was  conducted  at  nrds,  the  reactor 

operating  successfully  at  full  power  for  10^/4  min.  The  reactor  was 
damaged  during  shutdown  when  the  facility  liquid  hydrogen  supply 
was  unexpectedly  exhausted.  Test  was  part  of  nasa-aec  Phoebus 
program  to  extend  graphite  reactor  technology  developed  under  the 
Kiwi  series  to  higher  power  and  temperature,  ultimately  leading  to 
high-thrust  nuclear  engine  system  for  space  exploration.  {Rover 
Chron.;  Atomic  Energy  Programs,  1965,  145) 

•  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  announced  successful  test  of  a  large-scale 

facility  to  investigate  the  boiling  of  liquid  sodium.  Test  was  just 
one  milestone  in  the  complex  and  extensive  research  being  conducted 
on  the  properties  and  engineering  performance  of  liquid  metals. 
Liquid  alkali  metals,  having  excellent  heat-transfer  capabilities  and 
large  liquid  range,  were  being  considered  as  working  fluids  in  future 
advance  electric  power  systems  in  spacecraft,      (lrc  Release  65—46) 

•  NASA    announced    it    would    negotiate    with    Douglas    Aircraft    Co.    for 

nine  additional  s-iVB  flight  stages  to  be  used  as  the  third  stage  of  the 
Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  being  developed  at  nasa  Marshall  Space 
Flight  Center.  Work  would  also  include  related  spares  and  launch 
support  services.  Value  of  the  S-IVB  contract  presently  totaled  some 
$312  million.  The  new  work  was  expected  to  exceed  $150  milHon. 
(NASA  Release  65-209;  msfc  Release  6.5-162;  Marshall  Star,  6/30/65, 
1) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  297 

June  25:  Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.  received  from  USAF  a  $3,195,500  fixed- 
price  contract  for  design,  development,  and  firing  of  a  156-in.  solid 
rocket  motor,  usaf  also  awarded  United  Technology  Center  a 
$10,500,000  increment  to  a  previously  issued  contract  for  design,  de- 
velopment, fabrication,  delivery,  and  flight  testing  of  large  segmented 
solid  propellant  motors,      (dod  Release  426—65) 

•  Ives,    Whitehead    &    Co..    Inc.,    a    Washington,    D.C.,    management    and 

trade  consultant  company,  proposed  that  the  Nation's  program  to 
develop  a  supersonic  airliner  be  financed  by  a  special  Government 
corporation  similar  to  ComSatCorp.  The  plan  would  eliminate  the 
necessity  of  asking  Congress  to  appropriate  the  minimum  $1  billion 
needed  for  development  of  the  aircraft.  The  proposed  company  would 
be  known  as  the  SST  Development  Corp.  and  would  be  authorized  to 
raise  capital  funds  through  private  investment  channels,  by  issuing 
and  selling  bonds  or  notes  or  both.  The  corporation  would  then  enter 
into  contracts  with  airframe  and  engine  manufacturers  whose  designs 
had  been  selected  by  FAA.  The  corporation's  obligations  would  be 
repaid  by  a  predetermined  percentage  of  the  profits  earned  by  industry 
by  selling  the  planes  to  private  airlines  and  by  royalty  payments  added 
to  the  sale  price  of  the  plane  by  the  airlines,      (upi,  ATT",  6/26/65,  42) 

•  NASA  announced   the   appointment  of  Robert  F.   Thompson   as   Mission 

Director  for  the  future  Gemini  missions  and  Col.  C.  H.  Bolender  (usaf) 
as  Mission  Director  for  the  first  and  second  Apollo/Saturn  IB  flights. 
Thompson  and  Bolender  were  assigned  to  the  Mission  Operations 
Organization  in  the  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  NASA  Hq.,  and 
would  have  overall  responsibility  for  directing  assigned  missions. 
Christopher  Kraft  would  continue  in  his  regular  assignment  as  Flight 
Director  for  Gemini  missions. 

Thompson  was  Chief,  Landing  and  Recovery  Div.,  NASA  Manned 
Spacecraft  Center,  before  receiving  this  assignment.  Col.  Bolender 
had  directed  a  studies  group  in  the  office  of  the  usaf  Chief  of  Staff 
and  had  engaged  in  extensive  guided  missiles  and  aeronautical  systems 
work.      (NASA  Release  65-211) 

•  Civil    Aeronautics    Board     (cab)     authorized    Pan    American    Airways 

and  Trans  World  Airlines  to  subsidize  New  York  Airways'  helicopter 
service  temporarily,  cab  also  announced  that  two  stockholders  in 
New  York  Airways.  Robert  G.  Goelet  and  John  Hay  Whitney,  had  lent 
a  total  of  $165,000  to  the  company,      (ap,  NYT,  6/26/65,  42) 

•  South  African  Prime  Minister  Hendrik  F.  Verwoerd  said  his  government 

would  not  admit  American  Negroes  if  they  were  assigned  to  work  in 
satellite  tracking  stations  operating  in  South  Africa.  The  Johannes- 
burg Sunday  Times  commented:  "The  United  States  will  have  to 
decide  whether  it  can  afford  morally  to  overlook  Dr.  Verwoerd's  re- 
marks."    (Lelyveld,    NYT,    6/27/65) 

•  A  centennial  meeting  in  Moscow  paying  homage  to  the  work  of  Gregor 

Mendel  marked  the  end  of  a  20-yr.  period  during  which  his  work  was 
discredited  and  Soviet  biological  science  was  based  on  the  work  of 
geneticist  Trofim  D.  Lysenko.  (NYT,  6/27/65,  2) 
June  26:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  announced  at  a  press  con- 
ference during  the  23rd  annual  Hampton  County  (S.C.)  Watermelon 
Festival  that  the  Gemini  V  manned  space  flight  would  be  an  eight-day 


298  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

mission — the  time  required  to  fly  to  the  moon,  explore  its  surface,  and 
return  to  earth.  Webb  also  disclosed  that  nasa  would  announce  next 
week  the  selection  of  six  scientist  astronauts. 

Speaking  at  "Mendel  Rivers  Day"  ceremony,  Webb  pointed  out  that 
Congressman  Mendel  Rivers,  Chairman  of  the  House  Armed  Services 
Committee,  "has  steadily  supported  the  Nation's  effort  to  build 
strength  in  space."  Webb  also  said:  "Thoughtful  students  of  national 
power  and  its  uses  are  increasingly  aware  that  America's  security  as 
well  as  her  leadership  of  the  Free  World,  depends  directly  upon  our 
progress  in  mastering  and  using  space. 

"The  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  cooperates 
closely  with  the  Department  of  Defense,  to  ensure  that  the  technological 
progress  we  make  in  developing  the  peaceful  uses  of  space  will  be  drawn 
upon  as  needed  to  help  keep  the  peace — in  space  and  on  earth. 

"As  you  can  readily  understand,  the  development  of  military  space 
systems  follows  those  basic  research  fields  which  provide  the  scientific 
understanding  and  technological  capability  to  make  such  systems 
possible.  It  is  nasa's  job,  as  the  space  research  and  development 
agency,  to  provide  this  basic  knowledge  and  know-how." 

Astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom  and  John  W.  Young  accompanied  Webb 
to  this  festival,  (nasa  Release;  Text;  Aerospace  Historian,  10/65, 
111-14) 
June  26:  20th  anniversary  of  the  United  Nations  celebrated  in  San  Francisco. 
President  Lyndon  B.  Johnson  said  in  an  address  to  the  General  Assem- 
bly: "The  movement  of  history  is  glacial.  On  two  decades  of  experi- 
ence none  can  presume  to  speak  with  certainty  of  the  destiny  of  man!s 
affairs.  But  this  we  do  know  and  this  we  believe:  Futility  and  failure 
are  not  the  truths  of  this  organization  brought  into  being  here  20 
years  ago. 

"Where  historically  man  has  moved  fitfully  from  war  toward  war, 
in  these  last  two  decades  man  has  moved  steadily  away  from  war  as 
either  an  instrument  of  national  policy  or  a  means  of  international 
decision.  .  .  . 

"The  promise  of  the  future  lies  in  what  science,  the  ever  more 
productive  industrial  machine,  the  ever  more  productive,  fertile  and 
usable  lands,  the  computer,  the  miracle  drug  and  the  man  in  space 
all  spread  before  us.  The  promise  of  the  future  lies  in  what  the 
religions  and  the  philosophies,  the  cultures  and  the  wisdoms  of  5,000 
years  of  civilization  have  finally  distilled  and  confined  to  us — the 
promise  of  abundant  life  and  the  brotherhood  of  man."  (Text,  NYT, 
6/26/65) 
June  26:  Thirteen  NASA  astronauts  left  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  for 
an  area  near  King  Salmon  afb,  Alaska,  for  a  week-long  study  of  a 
large  volcanic  ash  flow  believed  to  be  similar  to  the  surface  of  the 
moon.  The  ash  was  deposited  in  1912  from  a  volcanic  eruption  and  is 
the  largest  flow  of  its  type  in  the  world,  (ap,  NYT,  6/22/65,  2) 
•  An  S-IVB  facility  vehicle  and  an  s-ii  simulator  arrived  in  New  Orleans 
aboard  the  USNS  Point  Barrow  enroute  to  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center. 
Both  the  S-IVB  and  s-ii  were  upper  stages  of  the  Saturn  V  launch 
vehicle.  The  s-ive  would  also  serve  as  the  second  stage  of  the 
Saturn  IB  booster,  (msfc  Release  65-161;  Marshall  Star,  6/30/65, 
2) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  299 

June  26:  Sealab  ii,  described  as  having  some  interesting  "physiological" 
similarities  to  the  proposed  usaf  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  pro- 
gram, was  scheduled  to  begin  the  middle  of  August  by  the  Office  of 
Naval  Research.  In  the  experiment,  part  of  a  long-range  project  to 
determine  how  effectively  man  could  work  under  the  sea.  two  diving 
teams  of  ten  men  each  would  descend  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  bottom  off  La 
JoUa,  Calif.  Two  of  the  divers  were  expected  to  stay  on  the  bottom 
for  30  days,  living  and  sleeping  in  specially-designed,  57-ft.  long 
quarters  about  210  ft.  below  the  surface. 

It  was  anticipated  that  Cdr.  M.  Scott  Carpenter  (usn),  presently  on 
loan  from  NASA,  would  be  leader  of  the  first  team.  (Anderson,  Chic. 
Trib.,  6/27/65) 

•  The  solar  boat  had  been  found  feasible  by  Army  engineers  after  extensive 

tests,  NANA  reported.  It  was  a  lightweight  craft  that  operated  solely 
by  sunlight  falling  on  power-generating  cells.  The  Army  said:  "The 
solar  propulsion  boat  may  have  potential  military  application  where 
it  is  necessary  to  operate  quietly  and  without  using  conventional  fuel." 
(NANA,  Detroit  News,  6/27/65) 
June  27:  The  six  scientist-astronauts  selected  for  the  Apollo  program  were 
announced  in  the  Nation's  press:  Owen  K.  Garriott,  34,  associate  pro- 
fessor of  physics,  Stanford  Univ.;  Edward  G.  Gibson,  29,  senior  re- 
search scientist,  Applied  Research  Labs,,  Aeronutronic  Div.,  Philco 
Corp.;  Duane  E.  Graveline,  34,  flight  surgeon,  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft 
Center;  Lt.  Cdr.  Joseph  P.  Kerwin  (USn),  33,  staff  flight  surgeon.  Air 
Wing,  4,  Cecil  Field  Naval  Air  Sta.,  Pa.;  Frank  Curtis  Michel,  31, 
assistant  professor  of  space  sciences.  Rice  Univ. ;  Harrison  Schmitt,  29, 
astrogeologist,  U.S.  Geological  Survey. 

They  were  chosen  from  a  group  of  16  nominees  submitted  to  NASA 
by  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences.  NAS  had  screened  about  400 
applications  forwarded  by  NASA  earlier  this  year. 

The  six  new  scientist-astronauts  were  to  have  been  announced  offi- 
cially by  NASA  June  29  but  NASA  officials  confirmed  the  six  named  on 
June  28,  the  day  after  the  press  stories.  (Schefter,  Houston  Chron., 
6/27/65;  upi,  Wash.  Post,  6/'27/65) 

•  First    clear    spectrograms    of    ultraviolet    hght    from    the    stars    were 

obtained  on  a  Princeton  Univ.  rocket  experiment  originally  thought 
to  have  been  a  failure,  a  spokesman  for  the  university's  rocket  program 
announced. 

The  films  from  the  June  1  flight  from  White  Sands  Missile  Range 
had  at  first  been  feared  to  be  fogged,  but  after  being  developed  by 
special  techniques,  showed  spectra  of  starlight  with  a  fineness  of  detail 
never  before  achieved.  A  detailed  report  would  be  issued  after  the 
films  had  been  studied  further,  (ap,  NYT,  6/28/65;  Wash.  Post, 
6/29/65) 

•  The  U.S.   should  take  the  lead  in   establishing   an  international   patent 

system,  Dept.  of  Commerce  Deputy  Assistant  Secretary  for  Science 
and  Technology  William  W.  Eaton  said  at  a  patent  conference  in 
Washington,  D.C.  At  present,  an  inventor  must  take  out  separate 
patents  in  each  of  several  foreign  countries  or  run  the  risk  of  his  idea 
being  exploited.  The  new  system  would  eliminate  this  problem  by 
having  one  international  patent  cover  each  invention,  Mr.  Eaton  said. 
(Sci.  Serv.,  NYT,  6/27/65,  53) 


300  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

June  27 :  In  his  column  in  the  New  York  Journal  American,  Bob  Considine 
cited  an  item  written  about  Soviet  failures  in  space  by  Julius  Epstein,  a 
research  associate  with  the  Hoover  Institute  of  War,  Revolution,  and 
Peace,  Stanford  Univ.:  "According  to  reliable  reports  in  Washington, 
the  Soviets  have  lost  at  least  three  cosmonauts  on  their  way  to  the 
moon.  My  first  publication  of  these  assertions  in  1962  met  with  no 
denial  from  our  National  Aeronautical  and  Space  Agency  when  I 
forwarded  a  copy  and  asked  for  comment.  A  free-lance  writer,  re- 
searching the  possibility  of  Soviet  failures,  tells  me  that  NASA  informed 
him  that  all  such  information  had  been  classified  as  top  secret.  They 
recommended  that  he  use  my  material!  Isn't  that  a  reasonable  indica- 
tion for  the  veracity  of  this  record?"  (Considine,  N.Y.  /.  Amer., 
6/27/65) 

•  Soviet    parachutist    holding    world    and    national    records,    Vyacheslav 

Zharikov,  flew  through  the  air  at  119  mph  at  the  end  of  an  airplane- 
towed  cable,  Tass  reported.  He  then  dropped  free,  opened  his  para- 
chute above  100,000  spectators  at  an  air  show  at  Tula,  U.S.S.R.,  and 
landed  safely.  (  ap,  Wash.  Post,  6/28/65,  A17 ) 
June  28:  Pictures  of  Mars  relayed  to  earth  by  MARINER  IV  would  be  re- 
leased to  the  public  within  36  to  48  hrs.  after  they  were  taken  July  14, 
NASA  announced,  mariner  iv  was  expected  to  take  more  than  20 
photographs  in  about  24  min.  and  radio  them  back  to  earth  in  digital 
form:  while  not  as  detailed  as  the  Ranger  photographs,  they  were  ex- 
pected to  make  a  valuable  contribution  to  space  exploration. 

mariner  IV  would  pass  within  5.600  mi.  of  the  planet.  The  pictures 
would  be  taken  at  somewhat  greater  distances  while  Mars  was  in  sun- 
light relative  to  the  spacecraft.  (NASA  Release  65-210;  UPI,  NYT, 
6/29/65 ) 

•  NASA  officially  confirmed  the  six  scientist-astronauts  named  in  the  Na- 

tion's press  June  27.  They  were  Owen  K.  Garriott;  Edward  G.  Gib- 
son; Duane  E.  Graveline:  Lt.  Cdr.  Joseph  P.  Kerwin  (usn);  Frank 
Curtis  Michel;  and  Harrison  Schmitt.      (NASA  Release  65-212) 

•  USAF  and  NASA  were  finishing  plans  for  joint  lifting-body  tests,  reported 

William  Normyle  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology.  He  said 
a  joint  USAF-NASA  Flight  Test  Group  was  being  formed  at  Edwards 
AFB  and  would  include  NASA  and  USAF  pilots  who  would  flight-test  three 
lifting-body  configurations  in  a  program  to  be  monitored  by  NASA. 
Two  configurations,  the  M-2  and  the  HL-10,  were  NASA  designs  built 
by  Northrop  Corp's  Norair  Div.  Third  configuration,  usaf's  sv-5, 
was  developed  by  Martin  Co.      (Normyle,  Av.  Wk.,  6/28/65,  19) 

•  In  response  to  newsmen's  questions,  a  spokesman  for  the  State  Dept.  said 

the  U.S.  planned  to  continue  operating  its  two  satellite  tracking  sta- 
tions in  South  Africa  despite  the  warning  by  South  African  Prime 
Minister  Hendrick  Verwoerd  that  Negro  Americans  cannot  be  em- 
ployed there.  Of  the  two  tracking  stations,  DOD  operated  one  and 
NASA  the  other.  The  dod  station  employed  about  50  American  tech- 
nicians, almost  all  civilians,  and  about  25  South  Africans.  The  NASA 
station  had  only  one  American,  a  liaison  officer;  other  employees  were 
South  Africans — some  of  them  non-white.  (Halloran,  Wash.  Post, 
6/29/65,  A 16) 

•  EARLY  BIRD  I  began  commercial  operations  when  President  Johnson  for- 

mally inaugurated  telephone  service  via  communications  satellite  in  a 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  301 

25-min.,  6-nation  conference  call  with  European  officials,  including 
British  Prime  Minister  Harold  Wilson,  West  German  Chancellor  Lud- 
wig  Erhard.  and  Swiss  President  Tschudi.  Participants  reported  satis- 
faction with  results.  (ComSatCorp  Release;  Robertson,  NYT, 
6/29/65,  12) 
June  28:  At  a  Special  Awards  Ceremony  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center, 
the  Presidential  Citation  was  presented  to  John  H.  Robinson  of  Re- 
sources Management  Div.  Robinson  was  one  of  the  three  individuals 
responsible  for  organizing  a  control  center,  preparing  all  Pert  networks, 
and  operating  this  control  center.  Operation  was  so  effective  that 
USAF  was  able  to  complete  a  modernization  program  far  ahead  of 
schedule  with  a  monetary  saving  of  several  million  dollars,  (msc 
Roundup,  7/9/65,  3) 

•  President    Johnson    accepted    the    resignation    of    Eugene    G.    Fubini 

as  Assistant  Secretary  of  Defense   ( Deputy  Director  of  Research  and 
Engineering),  effective  July   15.      (UPI,  Wash.  Post,  6/29/65) 

•  A  strike  by  86  members  of  the  International  Alliance  of  Theatrical  and 

Stage  Employees  carried  work  stoppage  at  Kennedy  Space  Center  into 
the  fifth  day.  They  had  walked  out  in  a  wage  dispute  with  a  firm 
providing  printing  and  reproduction  services  for  NASA,"  about  half  the 
5,300  construction  workers  at  KSC  had  honored  their  picket  lines,  halt- 
ing work  on  S178  million  worth  of  projects.  {Wash.  Post,  6/29/65) 
June  29:  NASA  successfully  conducted  an  Apollo  boilerplate  pad  abort  test 
at  White  Sands  Missile  Range  to  check  the  launch  escape  system. 
The  test  simulated  an  abort  from  ground  level,  using  the  Apollo  launch 
escape  system  for  propulsion.  This  type  of  abort  would  be  necessary 
in  an  actual  mission  if  serious  trouble  developed  with  the  Saturn  launch 
vehicle  just  before  or  during  ignition  of  the  Saturn  engines. 

Boilerplate  23A,  the  command  module  used  for  this  test,  powered 
by  the  launch  escape  rocket's  155,000  lbs.  of  thrust,  traveled  5,000  ft, 
above  the  range.  Eleven  sec.  after  ignition  was  signaled  from  the 
blockhouse,  canards  deployed  near  the  top  of  the  escape  motor,  caus- 
ing the  spacecraft  to  pitch  aerodynamically  to  a  blunt-end-forward 
position.  Three  seconds  later,  the  tower  jettison  motor  ignited,  re- 
moving the  tower  and  boost  protective  cover  from  the  spacecraft.  The 
forward  (apex)  heat  shield  was  jettisoned  .4  sec.  later  to  uncover  the 
parachute  containers.  Dual  drogue  parachutes  were  deployed  by  mor- 
tars from  the  upper  deck  two  seconds  after  the  LES  was  jettisoned. 
They  slowed  the  spacecraft's  descent,  then  disreefed  to  stabilize  the 
module  in  a  blunt-end-forward  position.  When  the  drogue  parachutes 
were  jettisoned,  three  pilot  chutes  were  deployed  to  extract  the  three 
main  chutes  from  their  containers.  The  main  parachutes  were  de- 
ployed in  reefed  condition,  then  disreefed  to  lower  the  spacecraft  to 
a  gentle  landing  about  one  mile  from  the  launch  site.  The  flight  se- 
quence took  about  one  minute.  This  was  the  first  Apollo  boilerplate 
to  be  reused.  (NASA  Release  65-202;  UPi,  Chic.  Trib.,  6/30/65;  MSC 
Roundup,  6/25/65,  1 ) 

•  President  Johnson  signed  the  bill  authorizing  S5,190,396,200  for  NASA 

during  FY  1966.      (ap,  Wash.  Post,  6/30/65) 

•  At  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA  problems  with  radio  frequencies  forced 

at  two-day  postponement  of  an  attempt  to  launch  Tiros   10  weather 


302  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

satellite,  designed  to  study  hurricanes  and  typhoons.  (Wash.  Post, 
6/29/65) 
June  29:  Ten  firms  had  submitted  proposals  to  the  NASA  Marshall  Space 
Flight  Center  for  preliminary  design  study  of  the  Optical  Technology 
Satellite  being  considered  as  part  of  the  Apollo  Extension  System 
(Aes).     Two  contracts  would  be  awarded  for  parallel  studies. 

Objective  of  the  proposed  Ots  program  was  to  advance  nasa's  capa- 
bility in  space  optics  technology  by  performing  several  engineering  and 
scientific  experiments  in  space.  Selected  contractors  would  review 
existing  conceptual  designs  for  Ots  and  analyze  the  technical  feasibil- 
ity and  justification  for  the  performance  in  space  of  experiments  being 
considered.  The  contractor  would  then  create  a  conceptual  design 
with  onboard  experiments. 

In  Phase  II,  the  contractor  would  perform  a  conceptual  design  study 
of  the  Ots  subsystem  to  establish  a  sound  base  for  overall  preliminary 
design.  The  program  would  be  under  NASA  Office  of  Advanced  Re- 
search and  Technology.  (NASA  Release  65-213;  MSFC  Release  65- 
213) 

•  Capt.  Joseph  Engle  (usaf)  qualified  for  the  military  rating  of  astronaut 

by  piloting  the  X-15  No.  3  research  aircraft  to  an  altitude  of  280,600 
ft.  at  a  maximum  speed  of  3,432  mph  (mach  4.94) .  By  exceeding 
264,000  ft.  (50  mi.)  Engle,  32,  met  the  USAF  astronaut  requirements. 
Purpose  of  the  flight  was  to  use  a  scanning  device  to  obtain  measure- 
ments of  the  earth's  horizon.  The  measurements  would  be  used  to 
establish  the  design  criteria  for  navigational  systems  for  future  space- 
craft. (NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  NASA  Release  65-201;  X-15  Flight 
Log) 

•  USAF  awarded  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  a  $13,468,725  contract  for  modifica- 

tions of  missiles  and  space  parts.      (WSJ,  6/29/65,  9) 

•  Pickets  were  removed  from  entrances  to  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA, 

when  printing  and  reproduction  workers  voted  to  end  their  6-day-old 
construction-crippling  strike  and  submit  the  dispute  to  the  President's 
Missile  Sites  Labor  Commission.  Removal  of  the  pickets  would  en- 
able 2,200  construction  workers  who  had  honored  the  lines  to  return 
to  vital  space  projects,      (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  6/30/65) 

•  The  10  crew  members  of  a  Pan  American  World  Airways  Boeing  707  jet- 

liner that  caught  fire  just  after  take-oif  and  lost  an  engine  and  part  of 
a  wing  would  receive  faa's  Exceptional  Service  Citation  and  medals, 
FAA  announced.  Capt.  Charles  H.  Kimes  and  his  crew  landed  the  plane 
safely  at  Travis  AFB;  all  passengers  were  clear  of  the  plane  within  the 
two-minute  goal  set  by  faa  as  a  maximum  safe  evacuation  time. 
iNYT,  6/30/65,  59) 
June  30:  A  four-stage,  60-ft.-long  Journeyman  (Argo  D-8)  sounding 
rocket  launched  by  nasa  from  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  carried  a  137-lb. 
instrument  package  to  an  altitude  of  1,060  mi.  on  a  25-min.  flight  that 
ended  1.700  mi.  offshore  in  the  Atlantic,  east  of  Bermuda.  After 
launch,  the  payload.  unfurled  two  35-ft.  antennas  to  provide  a  single 
dipole  antenna,  measuring  70  ft.  from  tip  to  tip.  Main  objective  of 
the  mission  was  to  measure  the  intensity  of  radio  frequency  energy 
originating  largely  from  outside  the  solar  system.  This  was  done  at 
three  frequencies:  750,  1,125,  and  2,000  kc.  Secondary  objectives 
were  the  investigation  of  previously  detected  radio  noise  on  the  top 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  303 

side  of  the  ionosphere  and  measurement  of  electron  density  in  that  part 
of  the  ionosphere. 

Information  would  be  used  in  planning  future  space  radio  astronomy 
experiments  to  investigate  certain  characteristics  of  antennas  in  the 
ionospheric  region.  Experiment  was  conducted  in  cooperation  with 
the  Univ.  of  Michigan.  (NASA  Release  65-214;  Wallops  Release  65- 
40;  AP,  Bait.  Sun,  7/1/65) 
June  30:  Lunar  Landing  Research  Facility,  a  controlled  laboratory  for  ex- 
ploring and  developing  techniques  for  landing  a  rocket-powered  ve- 
hicle on  the  moon,  had  been  put  into  operation  at  NASA  Langley  Re- 
search Center.  The  S3. 5  million  facility  included  a  rocket-powered 
flight  test  vehicle  which  would  be  operated  while  partially  supported 
from  a  250-ft.  high,  400-ft.-long  gantry  structure  to  simulate  the  one- 
sixth  earth  gravity  of  the  moon  in  research  to  obtain  data  on  the 
problems  of  lunar  landing.      I  LaRC  Release  6/30/65) 

•  ComSatCorp  asked  the  FCC  for  authority  to  assemble  a  third  Early  Bird- 

type  satellite  from  existing  parts  for  a  future  launch.  A  back-up 
satellite  to  early  bird  i  was  already  assembled;  components  for  a  third 
Comsat  were  completed  earlier  this  year.  The  application  before  the 
FCC  requested  permission  to  assemble  these  components.  (ComSat- 
Corp Release) 

•  Voice  of  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  was  relayed  from  Washing- 

ton, D.C.,  to  Tulsa,  Okla.,  via  relay  ii  for  the  dedication  of  Tulsa's 
Central  Library.  Mr.  Webb  spoke  briefly  before  triggering  an  elec- 
tronic signal  that  turned  on  the  lights  in  the  new  building,  (afp; 
Tulsa  Daily  World,  6/10/65) 

•  Senate  confirmed  the  nominations  of  Gen.  Wifliam  F.  McKee  (USAF,  Ret.) 

as  Federal  Aviation  Agency  Administrator  and  David  D.  Thomas  as 
his  deputy  administrator. 

President  Johnson  formally  accepted  the  resignation  of  McKee's 
predecessor,  Najeeb  E.  Halaby,  with  a  "Dear  Jeeb"  letter  praising 
Halaby's  "vigorous  and  dynamic  leadership,"  particularly  in  super- 
sonic transport  development.  [CR,  6/30/65,  14824:  UPI,  Wash.  Post, 
7/1/65) 

•  NASA   procurements    for    FY    1965    totaled    S5,187    million,    an    amount 

13%  greater  than  the  amount  awarded  during  FY  1964.  About  94% 
of  NASA's  procurement  dollars  was  contracted  directly  or  indirectly  to 
private  industry:  About  79%  of  net  dollar  value  was  placed  directly 
with  business  firms;  4%  was  placed  with  educational  and  other  non- 
profit institutions  or  organizations,  5%  with  Cal  Tech  for  operation  of 
JPL,  and  12%  with  or  through  other  Government  agencies.  90%  of 
the  dollar  value  of  procurement  requests  placed  with  other  Government 
agencies  resulted  in  contracts  with  industry  (awarded  on  behalf  of 
NASA)  ;  also,  about  76%  of  NASA-placed  funds  under  the  JPL  contract 
resulted  in  subcontracts  or  purchases  with  business  firms.  (NASA  FY 
1965  Annual  Procurement  Rpt.,  54) 

•  During  FY  1965,  nasa  awarded  S121, 115,000  in  grants  and  research  con- 

tracts to  190  colleges  and  universities  in  50  states,  the  District  of 
Columbia,  and  8  foreign  countries.  In  addition,  $25,527,000  was 
awarded  to  53  nonprofit  institutions  in  20  states  and  the  District  of 
Columbia,     (nasa  Proj.  Off.) 


304  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

June  30:  Strongly  urging  greater  emphasis  on  U.S.  aeronautics  and  avia- 
tion than  now  exists,  Sen.  A.  S.  (Mike)  Monroney  (D-Okla.),  Chair- 
man of  Senate  Aviation  Sub-committee,  addressed  Air  Force  Associa- 
tion in  Dallas,  Tex. 

"I  am  afraid  some  people,  and  I  mean  people  of  high  stature  and 
great  influence,  seem  bent  on  relegating  aeronautics  to  a  secondary 
position.  This  I  think  is  a  crucial  mistake.  In  aeronautics  we  stand 
on  the  threshold  of  a  boundless  upsurge  which  may  well  dwarf  what 
has  been  achieved  by  aviation  over  the  past  61  years. 

"Also,  the  economic  productivity  of  aeronautics  makes  dollars  .  .  . 
and  sense.  It  means  money  in  the  bank,  or  rather  gold  in  Fort  Knox. 
On  the  other  hand,  I  don't  know  of  any  scheme  .  .  .  and  I  doubt 
that  one  will  emerge  within  this  century  .  .  .  for  fighting  the  balance 
of  payments  deficit  in  outer  space. 

"There  simply  are  no  dollars  floating  around  between  here  and  the 
moon.  For  the  time  being,  outer  space  commerce  just  doesn't  seem  to 
be  in  the  cards.  And  as  long  as  this  is  the  situation,  I  don't  think 
we  should  banish  aeronautics  to  the  back  seat  ...  or  have  a  NASA 
budget  which  is  better  than  98  percent  spacecraft  and  less  than  2  per- 
cent aircraft.  And  this  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  NASA  and  its  fore- 
runner, NACA,  were  ostensibly  founded  to  serve  aeronautics! 

"I  am  not  saying  this  to  downgrade  space,  but  to  suggest  that  we 
strike  a  balance  based  on  how  the  national  interest  and  economy  are 
served  best.  .  .  .  This  widening  disparity  between  NASA's  space  and 
aeronautical  efforts  .  .  .  this  wall  flower  treatment  of  the  airplane 
...  is  a  reckless  gamble,  economically,  politically  and  militarily,  that 
will  come  back  to  haunt  us  in  the  future.  My  criticism,  by  the  way, 
is  not  directed  at  the  level  of  competence  in  that  agency  but  at  the  lack 
of  programming  of  aeronautical  goals  and  the  failure  to  mobilize  this 
nation's  brain  power  on  behalf  of  aviation.  It  seems  to  me  the  real 
deficiency  is  that  the  well  qualified  aeronautical  talent  in  NASA  js  so 
far  down  in  the  hierarchy  that  these  men  rarely  ever  get  involved  in 
the  decision  making.  It's  crystal  clear  that  other  nations,  the  Russians 
included,  have  cut  this  Gordian  knot  and  are  rapidly  filling  the  vacuum 
which  we  so  invitingly  created  for  them.  .  .  ."  (Text;  AP,  NYT, 
7/2/65) 

•  Dr.    Albert   J.    Kelley,    Deputy    Director   of   NASA   Electronics    Research 

Center,  retired  as  a  U.S.  naval  commander.  He  had  been  assigned 
to  detached  duty  with  NASA  by  USN  in  1960  and  would  continue  with 
ERC  as  a  civilian.      (Boston  Globe,  7/1/65) 

•  A  Titan  ii  icbm  was  fired  from  Vandenberg  AFB  underground  silo  on  a 

routine  flight  down  the  Western  Test  Range  by  a  Strategic  Air  Com- 
mand (sac)  crew.      (UPI,  Boston  Globe,  6/30/65) 

•  The    last    of    800    usaf    Minutemen    I    icbms    became    operational    at 

Warren  AFB,  Wyo.  Weighing  about  65,000  lbs.,  the  three-stage  solid 
propellant  missiles  would  have  a  range  of  more  than  6.300  mi.,  a  speed 
of  over  15,000  mph,  and  would  carry  a  nuclear  warhead.  The  missiles 
were  housed  in  individual  blast-resistant  underground  launch  sites  and 
could  be  stored  for  long  periods  with  a  minimum  of  maintenance. 
(afsc  Release  97.65) 
During  June:  First  patent  for  production  and  separation  of  plutonium  was 
granted  to  aec  Chairman  Dr.  Glenn  T.  Seaborg  and  co-inventors  the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  305 

late  Dr.  Joseph  W.  Kennedy  and  Dr.  Arthur  C.  Wahl.  The  patented 
procedure  included  treatment  of  uranium  in  a  reactor  to  produce 
plutonium — first  synthetic  element  to  be  seen  by  man — and  to  sepa- 
rate and  recover  the  plutonium  bv  a  method  called  oxidation  reduc- 
tion. ( Jones,  NYT,  6  26/65,  33 ) ' 
During  June:  Interviewed  in  Data,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Ad- 
vanced Research  and  Technology  Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff  dis- 
cussed basic  research  in  the  NASA  program: 

"The  term  basic  is  employed  for  two  reasons.  The  basic  research 
program  involves  elements  which  undergird  everything  we  do  in  aero- 
nautics and  space.  Such  areas  as  materials,  fluid  physics,  electro- 
physics  and  applied  mathematics  form  a  common  base  for  all  of  our 
work.  In  addition,  most  of  this  program  is  carried  on  at  a  funda- 
mental level,  that  is.  at  the  atomic  and  molecular  level.  If  we  select, 
for  example,  the  field  of  materials  we  can  observe  that  nearly  every- 
thing we  do  in  atmospheric  and  space  flight  is  limited  in  some  way  by 
materials.   .   .   ." 

Asked  about  the  role  of  industry  in  NASA's  advanced  research  and 
technology  program.  Dr.  Bisplinghoff  said: 

"About  75  per  cent  of  the  oart  research  and  development  budget 
is  spent  outside  the  NASA  organization.  This  money  goes  to  university 
and  research  institutes  and  to  industrial  contractors  capable  of  carry- 
ing out  the  advanced  work  making  up  this  program."  (Data,  6/65, 
22-25) 

•  Five-week  study  of  atmosphere  contaminants  in  a  closed  environmental 

system  was  concluded  at  usaf  School  of  Aerospace  Medicine,  Brooks 
AFB,  Tex.  The  three  phases  of  the  test:  determining  leak  rate  of  the 
main  test  cell;  checking  the  unmanned  cabin;  and  checking  the 
manned,  fully  operational  chamber  (2  weeks).  In  the  third  phase, 
four  volunteer  airmen  lived  inside  the  cabin  in  the  strictly  controlled 
experiment.  They  were  not  allowed  to  shave  or  wash;  they  subsisted 
on  liquid  nutritional  compounds;  they  kept  logs  of  diet  consumed 
and  waste  volume  and  time;  they  occupied  themselves  only  by  operat- 
ing psychomotor  test  panels  or,  for  recreation,  watching  television. 
Study  was  conducted  in  cooperation  with  NASA,  (afsc  AMD  Release 
65-125) 

•  Harold  B.  Finger,  Manager  of  nasa-aec  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office, 

discussed  nuclear-rocket  technology  in  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics : 

"The  recent  reactor  test  experience  shows  that  nuclear  rockets  can 
be  made  available  to  furnish  thrust  at  high  specific  impulse  for  many 
possible  post-Apollo  missions.  Whatever  direction  the  future  space 
program  may  take — whether  toward  extensive  manned  lunar  explora- 
tion, unmanned  solar-system  exploration,  or  manned  planetary  ex- 
ploration— the  performance  advantages  of  nuclear  rockets  will  be  avail- 
able, valuable,  and,  certainly  for  the  latter  mission,  necessary. 
Through  this  program  the  country  will  have  the  options  it  must  have 
in  selecting  future  missions.  For  the  manned  planetary  missions, 
which  they  can  perform  for  all  planetary  opportunities,  nuclear  rock- 
ets offer  such  substantial  spacecraft  weight  reductions,  and  associated 
savings  in  cost,  that  no  less-efficient  form  of  spacecraft  propulsion  could 
be  seriously  considered.  .  .  ."      {A&A,  6/65,  34-35) 


306  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

During  June:  A  decade  of  nuclear-rocket  research  at  Los  Alamos  Scientific 
Laboratory  was  described  in  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics  by  Roderick 
W.  Spence  and  Franklin  P.  Durham,  both  of  LASL.  The  10-yr.  effort 
reached  new  levels  of  attainment  in  1964—65,  with  successful  tests  of 
the  Kiwi-B-4E  and  nrx-a2  reactors,  and  initial  strides  in  the  more 
advanced  Phoebus  reactor  program.  "The  entire  operations  of  both 
Kiwi-B-4E  and  nrx-a2  gave  very  close  to  the  desired  results  and  met 
or  exceeded  all  of  the  test  objectives. 

".  .  .  the  past  decade  of  experience  has  given  us  confidence  that 
nuclear-rocket  engines  can  be  built  and  that  they  will  prove  to  give 
good  performance  with  high  reliability."      (A&A,  6/65,  42-46) 

•  W.  Y.  Jordan,  Jr.,  R.  J.  Harris,  and  D.  R.  Saxon,  all  of  MSFC,  said  in 

Astronautics  &  Aeronautics  article  that  clustering  of  nuclear  rocket 
systems  up  to  10,000  mw.  of  power  had  been  studied.  These  studies 
indicated  the  concept  showed  sufficient  promise  to  warrant  more  de- 
tailed design  studies,  and  these  studies  had  been  initiated.  They 
stated  that  a  "modular  nuclear  vehicle  system  concept,  which  offers  a 
flexible  multipurpose  space-transportation  capability,  now  appears 
possible  through  development  of  only  one  basic  propulsion  system  and 
vehicle  stage.  .  .  ."     {A&A,  6/65,  48-52) 

•  A.  0.  Tischler,  Director  of  Chemical  Propulsion,  Office  of  Advanced  Re- 

search and  Technology,  NASA  Hq.,  said  in  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics 
article  that  the  time  was  rapidly  approaching  "when  space  will  no 
longer  be  something  we  throw  darts  into,  but  rather  an  environment 
in  which  working  propulsion  systems  maneuver  and  transport  space- 
craft payloads,  eventually  bringing  them  back  to  Earth  for  reuse.  .  .  . 
"Present  space  systems  lag  the  launch  vehicles  in  both  development 
status  and  sophistication.  But  we  can  expect  considerable  performance 
improvement  by  the  use  of  more-sophisticated  space  propulsion  sys- 
tems. Moreover,  ground  facilities  that  simulate  the  space  environ- 
ment are  becoming  available.  With  these  to  examine  new  concepts  in 
depth,  we  can  anticipate  greater  and  more  certain  progress  in  space- 
craft propulsion  technology  in  the  future.  .  .  ."      {A&A,  6/65,  60-62) 


Julv   1965 


July  1:  NASA  and  the  Brazilian  Space  Commission  (cnae)  signed  an  agree- 
ment in  Sao  Jose  dos  Campos.  Brazil,  providing  for  a  cooperative 
project  for  studying  hemispheric  weather  patterns  by  launching  mete- 
orological sounding  rockets  from  Brazil.  Project  would  be  part  of  the 
Inter-American  Experimental  Meteorological  Sounding  Rocket  Net- 
work (EXAMETNET). 

Under  the  terms  of  the  agreement,  Brazil  would  transport  the  rock- 
ets and  equipment  from  the  U.S.  to  Brazil,  assemble  and  launch  the 
rockets  from  Brazilian  launch  facilities,  and  provide  meteorological 
data  to  other  participants  in  the  network.  NASA  would  lend  ground 
support  equipment  such  as  radar  to  CNAE;  train  Brazilian  personnel  in 
the  handling  of  sounding  rockets  and  in  reducing  meteorological  data; 
and  provide  data  obtained  at  NASA's  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  to  other 
participants  in  the  network. 

Agreement  was  similar  to  one  signed  by  the  U.S.  and  Argentina  on 
May  18,  1965.  The  project  entailed  no  exchange  of  funds  between  the 
two  countries.      ( NASA  Release  65-258) 

•  NASA  and  India's  Dept.  of  Atomic  Energy   (dae)   signed  a  memorandum 

of  understanding  for  a  joint  space  research  program  to  be  conducted 
in  India  by  NASA  and  the  Indian  National  Commission  for  Space 
Research.  Program  would  include  two  sounding  rocket  launchings  to 
investigate  upper  atmosphere  wind  shears,  turbulence,  and  diffusion  by 
chemical  release  payloads;  six  launchings  to  investigate  relationship 
between  wind  shears  and  sporadic  E;  two  launchings  to  investigate  the 
equatorial  electrojet;  and  two  launchings  to  measure  electron  and  ion 
densities  and  other  phenomena  in  the  D  region. 

DAE  would  make  available  the  scientific  payloads;  range  and  range 
support  facilities;  and  personnel  for  conducting  the  scientific  experi- 
ments, for  range  support,  and  launching  operations.  NASA  would  fur- 
nish the  sounding  rockets,  two  test  payloads,  cameras,  and  nose  cones 
as  well  as  necessary  training  for  dae  personnel  at  NASA  centers.  No 
exchange  of  funds  was  provided  for.  All  scientific  results  of  experi- 
ments would  be  made  freely  available  to  the  world  scientific  communi- 
ty.     ( NASA  Release  65-259 ) 

•  USN  f-111b  variable-sweep-wing  fighter  flew  supersonically  for  the  first 

time,  reaching  speed  of  mach  1.2  and  30,000-ft.  altitude.  During  the 
54-min.  flight,  the  f-111b  for  the  first  time  changed  the  angle  of  its 
wings  from  a  virtually  straight  16°  takeoff  configuration  to  a  maxi- 
mum sweep  supersonic  configuration  of  72.5°.  The  flight  took  place 
at  Calverton,  N.Y.  (Gen.  Dynamics  Corp.  Release;  NYT,  7/26/65, 
38M) 

307 


308  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

July  1:  xb-70a  research  bomber  reached  a  speed  of  1,870  mph  and 
68,000-ft.  altitude  during  a  one-hour,  44-min.  flight  from  Edwards 
AFB.  The  185-ft.,  500.000-lb.  aircraft,  expected  to  reach  its  design 
maximums  of  2,000  mph  and  70,000  ft.-ahitude  on  its  next  flight,  flew 
over  Arizona,  Nevada,  Utah,  Idaho.  Wyoming,  and  Cahfornia.  (ap, 
Bait.  5«n,  7/2/65) 
•Astronauts  Frank  Borman  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  James  A.  Lowell,  Jr.  (Lcdr., 
USn),  had  been  assigned  as  the  prime  flight  crew  for  the  Gemini  7 
mission  scheduled  for  the  first  quarter  of  1966,  NASA  announced. 
Backup  crew  for  the  flight,  which  would  last  up  to  14  days,  would  be 
Astronauts  Edward  H.  White,  ii  (Lt.  Col.,  USAf)  and  Michael  Collins 
(Maj.,  USAF).  Borman  and  LoveU  had  been  the  backup  crew  and 
White  the  pilot  for  gemini  iv.      (nasa  Release  65-218) 

•  General  Electric  Co.  told  a  news  conference  in  New  York  that  it  had 

successfully  converted  a  space  age  component — SCR — to  a  device  for 
home  use  that  could  dial  speed  or  heat  like  tuning  in  a  radio.  A 
silicon-controlled  rectifier,  SCR  had  one  of  the  highest  power-amplifica- 
tion capacities  of  any  semiconductor,  no  moving  parts,  and  could  con- 
trol kilowatts  in  thousandths  of  a  second.  The  unit  would  cost  35  to 
50  cents  for  ge  customers.  GE  did  not  comment  on  what  GE  ap- 
pliances would  initially  incorporate  scR.      (Smith,  NYT,  7/2/65,  37) 

•  NASA  announced  changes  in  the  names  of  NASA  organizations:  from  Mis- 

sissippi Test  Operations  to  Mississippi  Test  Facility;  from  Michoud 
Operations  to  Michoud  Assembly  Facility;  from  MSC  White  Sands 
Operations  to  White  Sands  Test  Facility.  ( MSFC  Release  65-107; 
NASA  Hq.  Bull.  1-65,  No.  13) 

•  NASA  selected  Federal  Electric  Corp.,  a  subsidiary  of  ITT,  for  negotiation 

of  an  award-fee  contract  to  provide  logistical  and  technical  informa- 
tion support  services  to  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.  Contract 
would  be  for  one  year  with  renewal  provisions  for  two  additional 
years.  Estimated  cost  for  the  first  year  was  $1.5  million,  (nasa  Re- 
lease 65-217) 

•  Over  50  security  guards  at  nasa  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center— members 

of  the  International  Union  of  United  Plant  Guard  Workers  of  America 
— went  on  strike  over  wage  and  contract  issues  with  their  employer 
Wackenhut  Services,  Inc.  Wackenhut,  operating  at  GSFC  under  con- 
tract, provided  additional  guards;  there  was  no  breakdown  in  security. 

Some  250  guards  at  NASA  test  sites  near  Las  Vegas,  Nev.,  also  went 
on  strike  against  Wackenhut.  They  were  members  of  a  separate  local 
union.  {Wash.  Post,  7/2/65,  A3;  djns,  Bait.  Sun,  7/2/65;  Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  7/2/65) 

•  Continuation     of     Weather     Bureau-Navy     Project     Stormfury     during 

the  1965  hurricane  season  was  announced.  Hurricanes  and  cumulus 
clouds  would  be  seeded  to  investigate  the  feasibility  of  modifying 
clouds  and  tropical  storms.  The  hurricane  research  program  began  in 
1961,  included  experiments  on  hurricanes  Esther  (1961)  and  Beulah 
(1963)  and  on  tropical  clouds  (1963).  Objectives  for  1965  were  to 
intensify  the  hurricane-seeding  experiments  and  to  begin  new  experi- 
ments on  hurricane  rainbands.  (Commerce  Dept.  Release  WB 
65-100) 

•  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  announced  selection  of  six  firms  for 

contract  negotiations  to  provide  nonpersonal  scientific  and  engineering 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  309 

support  services  for  GSFC.  Final  negotiations  were  expected  to  result 
in  cost-plus-award-fee  contracts  for  two  years  at  a  total  cost  of  about 
$16  million.  Contracts  would  cover  requirements  for  ten  divisions  at 
GSFC;  although  requirements  of  a  single  division  would  be  fulfilled 
through  a  single  contract,  one  contractor  might  service  more  than  one 
division  in  several  cases.  Firms  selected:  Fairchild  Hiller  Corp.;  Vi- 
tro Corp.  of  America;  Electro-Mechanical  Research,  Inc.;  Consultants 
and  Designers,  Inc.;  Lockheed  Electronics  Co.;  and  Melpar, 
Inc.  ( NASA  Release  65-216;  gsfc  Release  15-65) 
July  1:  Gen.  William  F.  McKee  (USAF,  Ret.)  was  sworn  in  as  Federal 
Aviation  Agency  Administrator — less  than  24  hrs.  after  confirmation 
by  the  Senate — in  a  White  House  ceremony.  President  Johnson,  pre- 
siding, announced  that  General  McKee's  primary  task  would  be  devel- 
opment of  a  supersonic  transport  (Sst).  Mr.  Johnson  had  approved 
five  recommendations  of  the  President's  Advisory  Committee  on  Super- 
sonic Transport:  "Those  five  recommendations  .  .  .  are:  first,  the 
next  phase  of  design  covering  an  18-month  period  beginning  about 
August  1,  1965;  second,  the  four  manufacturers — Boeing  Company, 
Lockheed  Aircraft  Company,  General  Electric  Company,  Pratt  &  Whit- 
ney Division  of  United  Aircraft — be  invited  to  continue  this  phase  of 
the  program;  third,  the  faa  Administrator  be  authorized  to  enter  into 
contracts  with  the  airframe  manufacturers  to  undertake  detailed  air- 
frame design  work  and  test  them  over  the  next  18  months;  fourth,  the 
FAA  Administrator  be  authorized  to  enter  into  contracts  with  the  en- 
gine manufacturers  to  construct  and  test  over  the  next  18  months  dem- 
onstrator engines  to  prove  the  basic  features  of  the  engines;  and  five, 
and  finally — and  very  importantly — that  the  Congress  be  requested  to 
appropriate — Senator  Magnuson — the  necessary  funds  to  initiate  the 
next  phase  of  the  program.  And  for  this  purpose  I  shall  request  an 
appropriation  of  $140  million." 

Ira  C.  Eaker  commented  in  the  San  Antonio  Express:  "When  McKee 
succeeds  in  his  SST  mission,  as  I  believe  he  will,  any  citizen  will  be 
able  to  buy  a  $50  ticket  for  a  flight  from  Washington  to  Los  Angeles 
in  55  minutes,  or  purchase  for  $55  air  passage  from  New  York  to 
Paris  in  one  hour.  Of  course,  there  will  be  cynics  who  will  ask:  'Who 
wants  to  fly  to  Paris  in  an  hour?'  The  answer  is:  Most  of  the  people 
who  want  to  go  to  Paris. 

"There  is  one  predictable  human  trait.  People  will  always  go  for  the 
fastest  transport.  Not  long  after  man  got  on  a  train,  he  took  his 
freight  out  of  the  covered  wagons  and  off  the  oxcarts  forever.  When 
people  took  up  with  automobiles,  they  soon  put  their  produce,  their 
pigs  and  their  poultry  on  trucks. 

"There  is  also  some  algebraic  or  arithmetic  relation  between  the 
speed  of  travel  and  the  number  of  people  who  travel.  About  10  times 
as  many  people  fly  the  Atlantic  now  in  five  hours  as  crossed  when  the 
trip  took  five  days.  No  doubt  10  times  more  people  will  cross  the 
ocean  when  they  can  do  it  in  an  hour."  (White  House  Release; 
Eaker,  San  Antonio  Express,  7/8/65,  14) 
•  Sen.  A.  Willis  Robertson  ( D-Va. )  issued  a  statement  opposing  Presi- 
dent Johnson's  plan  for  a  supersonic  commercial  airliner: 

"I  attended  the  conference  at  the  White  House  at  which  the  secre- 


310  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

tary  of  defense  explained  his  plans  for  the  development  of  a  supersonic 
airplane  that  would  be  the  fastest  of  any  in  the  world,  making  mach 
2.5  to  2.7,  or  about  1,800  miles  per  hour.  The  cost  of  developing  this 
plane  will  be  between  2  and  2.5  billion  dollars,  and  when  developed, 
the  planes  will  probably  cost  20  to  25  million  each. 

".  .  .  if  we  succeed  in  the  development  of  this  plane  any  airline  that 
agrees  to  use  them  will  have  to  be  largely  subsidized  both  for  the 
purchase  of  the  plane,  which  will  have  a  limited  life,  and  likewise  for 
its  operation.  Consequently,  I  feel  towards  this  project  like  I  do 
about  the  shot  to  the  moon — a  fine  advertising  scheme,  but  not  worth 
what  it  is  going  to  cost  the  taxpayers."  (Text) 
July  1 :  USAF  launched  an  Atlas  D  icbm  from  Vandenberg  afb  in  test  of  the 
Army's  Nike-Zeus  antimissile  missile.      (UPI,  NYT,  7/2/65) 

•  Harvey  Brooks,  Dean  of  the  Division  of  Engineering  and  Applied  Phys- 

ics, Harvard  Univ.,  succeeded  George  B.  Kistiakowsky  as  Chairman  of 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences'  Committee  on  Science  and  Public 
Policy.      (NAS-NRC  I^ews  Report,  7/8/65,  1) 

•  American  Institute  of  Physics  established  a  Center  for  History  and  Phi- 

losophy of  Physics,  which  was  the  merging  of  aip's  Niels  Bohr  Li- 
brary of  the  History  of  Physics,  History  of  Physics  Archives,  and 
Project  on  the  History  of  Recent  Physics  in  the  United  States,  (aip 
Release) 
July  2:  TIROS  x  meteorological  satellite  was  launched  from  Eastern  Test 
range  by  a  Thrust-Augmented  Delta  booster  into  a  near-perfect 
sun-synchronous  orbit  from  which  it  would  photograph  tropical  storm 
breeding  areas.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  517  mi.  (832  km.)  ; 
perigee,  458  mi.  ( 737  km. )  ;  period,  100.6  min. ;  inclination  to  the 
equator,  81.4°.  The  spacecraft  at  first  was  spinning  too  fast  for  pic- 
ture-taking because  of  inability  to  command  activation  of  an  automatic 
slowdown  device.  A  more  intense  ground  signal  sent  during  the  sec- 
ond orbit  activated  the  device,  slowing  the  satellite's  spin  rate  from 
138  rpm  to  about  13  rpm. 

TIROS  X  would  photograph  the  hurricane-breeding  area  between  70° 
north  and  30°  south  latitude,  about  60  to  80  percent  of  the  earth.  Its 
two  vidicon  cameras  would  take  more  than  400  pictures  daily.  TIROS 
IX  in  its  "cartwheel"  movement  in  orbit  had  been  able  to  provide 
about  100  percent  coverage  of  the  earth  daily. 

The  weather  observation  spacecraft  was  the  10th  successful  Tiros 
(Television  Infrared  Observation  Satellite)  to  be  launched  by  NASA  in 
as  many  attempts,  tiros  x  was  funded  by  the  Weather  Bureau,  while 
the  previous  nine  were  NASA  research  and  development  spacecraft.  It 
was  one  of  three  satellites  purchased  by  Weather  Bureau  in  1963  "to 
be  used  to  assure  continuity  of  satellite  observations  for  operational 
purposes."  (nasa  Release  65-229;  NASA  Release  65-197;  AP,  Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  7/2/65,  A3;  KSC  Spaceport  News,  7/8/65,  4) 

•  PEGASUS    II    meteoroid    detection    satellite,    orbited    May    25    from   Ken- 

nedy Space  Center,  had  reported  "hits"  on  panels  of  all  three  thick- 
nesses of  aluminum  target  material,  NASA  reported.  14  penetrations 
had  been  recorded  on  the  .016-in. -thick  detection  panels;  five  on  the 
.008-in.  panels;  and  34  on  the  .0015-in.  panels. 

In  the  first  month  report  on  PEGASUS  ii,  Milton  B.  Ames,  Jr.,  Direc- 
tor  of  NASA  Space  Vehicle   Research   and  Technology,   said   that   al- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  311 

though  the  number  of  penetrations  varied  slightly  from  earlier  predic- 
tions, "'the  figures  follow  closely  our  statistical  computations  based  on 
results  from  pegasus  i  and  explorers  XVI  and  xxiii.  Continued 
successful  operation  of  pegasus  ii  will  give  us  a  good  base  for  use  by 
spacecraft  designers  in  predicting  the  frequency  and  size  of  meteoroids 
which  constitute  a  hazard  to  space  flight."  Ames  referred  to  a  new 
capacitor  fusing  arrangement  which  would  enable  project  engineers  to 
disconnect  a  single  malfunctioning  capacitor  while  leaving  other  capa- 
citors in  the  same  group  of  panels  working.  If  a  malfunction  serious 
enough  to  warrant  disconnection  of  the  entire  panel  group  occurred, 
this  could  be  done  by  ground  command.  36  capacitors  on  pegasus  II 
were  working  improperly  during  the  first  four  weeks  and  had  been 
disconnected  by  ground  command  to  prevent  a  drain  on  the  space- 
craft's power  supply.  (NASA  Release  65-219;  msec  Release  65-168) 
July  2:  NASA's  mariner  iv  spacecraft  was  in  its  216th  day  of  flight  and  had 
only  12  more  days  before  it  would  pass  within  5,700  mi.  of  the  planet 
Mars,  mariner  iv  would  take  and  record  up  to  21  pictures  of  Mars 
on  July  14  for  playback  to  earth.      (NASA  Release  65-215) 

•  U.S.S.R.'s     COSMOS     LXX     artificial     earth     satellite     was     successfully 

launched  containing  scientific  equipment  "for  continuing  the  outer 
space  research  in  conformity  with  the  program  announced  by  Tass  on 
March  16th,  1962,"  a  radio  system  for  precise  measurement  of  the 
orbital  elements,  and  a  radio  telemetry  system  for  sending  data  to 
earth.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  1,154  km.  (716.7  mi.)  ;  perigee, 
229  km.  ( 142  mi. )  ;  period,  98.3  min. ;  inclination  to  the  equator, 
48.8°.     Equipment  was  functioning  normally. 

Bochum  Observatory  (W.  Germany)  had  reported  picking  up  sig- 
nals different  from  those  of  the  Cosmos  series.  Heinz  Kaminski,  head 
of  the  Institute  for  Satellite  and  Space  Research  at  Bochum,  West 
Germany,  said  he  tracked  two  Soviet  space  satellites  in  orbit  although 
the  U.S.S.R.  announced  the  launching  of  only  one:  "Apparently " the 
Russians  are  preparing  for  a  space  rendezvous — perhaps  between  these 
two  satellites  or  between  a  manned  space  ship  and  a  satellite  in  park- 
ing orbit."  No  confirmation  of  the  Bochum  report  was  available  from 
other  sources.  (Tass,  Krasnaya  Zvezda,  7/3/65,  1,  ATSS-T  Trans.; 
AP,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  7/2/65,  1;  UPi,  Cocoa  Trib.,  7/2/65) 

•  NASA  and  the  Univ.  of  Hawaii  had  signed  a  cost-sharing  contract  for 

design  and  installation  of  an  84-in.  telescope  at  a  site  to  be  selected  in 
Hawaii,  NASA  announced.  An  initial  sum  of  $475,000  had  been 
awarded  to  the  University  to  initiate  development  and  construction  of 
the  intermediate-size  planetary  telescope  with  fused-quartz  optical  sys- 
tem and  coude  spectrograph.  The  University  would  assume  costs  for 
buildings,  utilities,  and  supporting  services,  (nasa  Release  65-220; 
Marshall  Star,  7/14/65,  9) 

•  A  $3,200,000  contract  had   been   let  to   the   E.   A.   Hathaway   Co.   for 

construction  of  the  new  93,000-sq.-ft.  Advanced  Flight  Simulation  Lab- 
oratory at  NASA  Ames  Research  Center,  ARC  announced.  It  would  con- 
tain the  most  advanced  aircraft  simulator  known  (for  supersonic  trans- 
port studies)  ;  the  most  powerful  centrifuge  yet  built  (up  to  50  times 
the  force  of  gravity)  ;  a  mid-course  navigation  facility  where  stars  and 
planets  could  be  projected  just  as  they  would  be  seen  by  astronauts  in 


312  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

spaceflight;  and  a  "virtually  frictionless"  satellite  attitude  control 
facility.  Total  values  of  these  facilities  would  be  SIO.068.000.  (arc 
Release  65-16) 
July  2:  FAA  announced  that  in  accordance  with  President  Johnson's  deci- 
sion to  move  ahead  with  development  of  the  U.S.  supersonic  transport, 
work  under  Sst  design  contracts  would  be  accelerated  during  the  month 
of  July.  Contracts  were  with  the  Boeing  Co.  and  Lockheed  Aircraft 
Corp.  for  the  airframe  and  with  General  Electric  Co.  and  the  Pratt  & 
Whitney  Div.  of  United  Aircraft  Corp.  for  the  engine.  Dollar  total  of 
the  contracts  in  July,  including  a  Government  cost-share  of  75%  and  a 
contractor  cost-share  of  25%,  would  be  $5,670,000 — an  increase  of  $2 
million  above  the  monthly  level  of  funding  for  the  four  design  contrac- 
tors during  the  period  June  1,  1964,  through  June  30,  1965.  (faa 
Release  65-56) 

•  NASA  had  awarded  an  $8,150,833  contract  modification  to  General  Elec- 

tric Co.  for  supporting  the  Computation  Laboratory  at  NASA  Marshall 
Space  FUght  Center.      (  msfc  Release  65-169) 

•  Blount  Brothers  Corp.  had  been  awarded  a  $6,745,000  fixed-price  con- 

tract for  modification  of  Saturn  IB  Launch  Complex  37  at  NASA  Ken- 
nedy Space  Center,  dod  announced,      (dod  Release  444-65) 

•  Five   Japanese-made   research   rockets   had   been    shipped   to    Indonesia, 

Reuters  reported.  The  Japanese  Trade  Ministry  reportedly  said  it  au- 
thorized export  of  the  rockets  for  "purely  cosmic  observation 
use."  The  rockets  were  said  to  have  the  capability  for  use  as  armed 
missiles.      (Reuters,  Wash.  Post,  7/2/65) 

•  Statistics   on    intercontinental    ballistic    missiles    were   given    by    Robert 

R.  Brunn  in  an  article  in  the  Christian  Science  Monitor:  "In  the  Soviet 
Union  270  to  300  intercontinental  ballistic  missiles  (iCBMs)  are  in 
place.  Underground  and  overseas  the  United  States  has  more  than 
1,300. 

"Within  five  years  the  Soviets  may  have  emplaced  500  to  600  of 
these  great  birds  with  nuclear  warheads.  But  by  then  the  American 
missile   arsenal  may  have  the   destructive   power   of  3,000   1965-type 

ICBMs." 

A  multiple  warhead  for  the  Minuteman  had  been  developed,  Brunn 
said,  which  could  triple  the  effectiveness  of  this  missile:  "Approaching 
enemy  territory,  it  could  separate  into  three  warheads,  each  with  its 
own  guidance  system.  It  would  be  steered  to  the  target  and  report  if 
it  was  going  to  miss  or  hit."  (Brunn,  CSM,  7/2/65,  9) 
July  3:  U.S.  Bureau  of  Mines  said  its  scientists  and  engineers  had  begun 
research  on  how  to  tap  the  mineral  resources  of  the  solar 
system.  This  attempt  to  develop  "extraterrestrial  mining  techniques" 
was  being  made  at  the  Bureau's  research  center  in  Minneapolis  for 
NASA.  The  idea  was  not  to  mine  the  moon  and  planets  for  materials 
usable  on  earth  but  rather  to  develop  means  of  exploiting  celestial 
bodies  for  resources  explorers  could  use  to  build  bases  or  travel 
farther  into  space.  The  Bureau  said  that,  because  of  its  nearness,  the 
moon  "is  likely  to  be  the  site  of  the  first  extraterrestrial  mine."  (Bur. 
Mines  Release,  7/4/65;  UPi,  NYT,  7/4/65,  27) 

•  Gen.  Charles  P.  Cabell   (USAF,  Ret.)    was  sworn  in  as  consultant  on  or- 

ganization and  management  development  activities  to  NASA  Administra- 
tor James  E.  Webb.     Military  assignments  during  his  career  included 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  313 

that  of  directing  the  Joint  Staff,  Joint  Chiefs  of  Staif.  He  was  deputy 
director  of  the  Central  IntelUgence  Agency  from  1953  to  1962.  (NASA 
Release  65-226) 
July  3:  Dr.  N.  M.  Sissakian  of  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences  said  in  an 
article  in  Krasnaya  Zvezda  that  the  attention  of  Soviet  biomedical  re- 
searchers had  been  increasingly  drawn  to  the  complex  effects  of  com- 
binations of  spaceflight  factors.  They  were  interested  in  the  stability 
of  cells  and  organisms  to  very  low  temperatures,  and  the  effect  of 
artificial  cooling  of  animals  on  their  ability  to  withstand  oxygen  de- 
privation, acceleration,  radiation,  and  other  factors.  The  ability  of 
algae  and  lower  animals  to  survive  a  vacuum  was  of  interest  to 
exobiologists,  as  was  the  ability  of  certain  chemical  compounds  to 
screen  out  harmful  effects  of  ultraviolet  irradiation.  As  part  of  the 
continuing  effort  to  simulate  conditions  existing  on  other  planets  and 
study  their  effects,  soil  infusoria  were  found  able  to  adapt  to  the  wide 
temperature  range  in  a  chamber  simulating  Martian  atmosphere. 
[Krasnaya  Zvezda,  1/3 -65,  6) 

•  Leonid    I.    Brezhnev,    First   Secretary    of   the   Soviet   Communist   Party, 

warned  that  Soviet  nuclear  missile  strength  was  greater  than  Western 
intelligence  estimates  suggested.  Speaking  to  graduates  of  the  Soviet 
military  academies  during  a  Kremlin  ceremony,  Mr.  Brezhnev  said 
that  the  quantity  of  intercontinental  and  orbital  missiles  at  Soviet  dis- 
posal was  "quite  sufficient  to  finish  off  once  and  for  all  any  aggressor 
or  group  of  aggressors." 

Recent  American  intelligence  reports  had  indicated  U.S.S.R.  had 
about  270  icbm's,  most  of  them  slow-firing,  liquid-fuel  weapons  that 
were  unwieldy  compared  with  Minuteman.  Reference  to  orbital  rock- 
ets had  been  made  on  at  least  two  occasions  in  recent  months:  Moscow 
television  made  the  claim  in  May;  a  June  issue  of  the  magazine  Ogon- 
ek  referred  to  them.  Neither  gave  details.  (Grose,  NYT,  7/4/65,  1, 
2;  UPi,  Shapiro,  Wash.  Post,  7  4  '65 ) 
July  4:  Six  out  of  ten  Minnesotans  said  in  a  recent  survey  conducted  by 
the  Minneapolis  Tribune's  Minnesota  Poll  that  the  U.S.  should  at  least 
maintain  its  S5  billion  a  year  budget  for  space  exploration.  59%  felt 
the  U.S.  had  outdistanced  the  U.S.S.R.  10%  considered  the  "space 
race"  about  even.      {Minn.  Trib.,  7/4/65) 

•  Status  report  on  molniya  I  comsat,  launched  by  the  Soviet  Union  April 

23,  was  given  to  Tass  by  I.  P.  Petrushkin  of  the  U.S.S.R.  Ministry  of 
Communication:  "Tests  have  demonstrated  that  the  combinations  of 
the  terrestrial  and  onboard  communication  equipment  of  the  'Mol- 
niya-l'  satellite  assure  the  possibility  of  the  reliable  transmission  of 
black  and  white  TV.     Color  TV  sessions  yielded  encouraging  results. 

"On  Sundays,  via  the  'Molniya-1,'  a  regular  exchange  of  TV  pro- 
grams is  being  conducted  between  Moscow  and  the  Pacific 
coast.  During  May  and  June,  tests  were  also  run  on  the  quality  of  the 
multichannel  telephone  system.  The  systems  were  simultaneously 
loaded  with  phone  conversations,  tonal  telegraphy,  phototelegraphy, 
and  radio  broadcasting  programs.  Even  under  such  an  'optimal'  re- 
gime, the  communication  channels  function  fairly  reliably. 

"In  June,  there  was  put  into  operation  the  commercial  long-distance 
phone  link  between  Moscow  and  Vladivostok,  functioning  via  the 
'Molniya-1.'  "      (Tass,  Krasnaya  Zvezda,  7/4/65,  4,  ATSS-T  Trans.) 


314  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

July  4:  Robert  F.  Thompson,  named  mission  director  for  NASA's  Gemini 
program  on  June  25,  had  decided  not  to  accept  the  job,  UPI  reported. 
Thompson,  who  had  decided  "for  personal  reasons'  to  turn  down  the 
assignment,  would  stay  on  instead  as  head  of  the  landing  and  recovery 
division  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.  Christopher  C.  Kraft 
would  temporarily  serve  as  mission  director  and  flight  director  for  the 
Gemini  program.      ( UPl,  Houston  Cliron.,  7/4/65) 

•  In     a     newspaper     interview,     Soviet     Cosmonaut     Yuri     Gagarin     ex- 

pressed surprise  that  the  U.S.  had  shown  primarily  military  aviation 
equipment  at  the  Paris  International  Air  Show.  He  said  he  regretted 
he  could  not  meet  longer  with  American  astronauts  McDivitt  and 
White.      ( Tass,  Zarya  Vostoka,  7/4/65,  3 ) 

•  The  Soviet  Union's  apparent  effort  to  penetrate  the  world  commercial 

aircraft  market  was  reported  by  Evert  Clark  in  the  New  York 
Times.  He  said  the  U.S.S.R.  had  formed  a  new  organization  called 
Aviaexport  to  direct  commercial  sales.  It  was  expected  to  pick  satel- 
lite countries  as  its  first  target,  then  so-called  "dependent"  nations,  and 
eventually  the  Western  countries.  Showing  of  the  Antonov  22  700- 
passenger  aircraft  and  a  model  of  a  supersonic  airliner  scheduled  to 
begin  test  flights  in  1968  had  enabled  the  Soviet  Union  to  dominate 
the  Paris  International  Air  Show  (June  11-20)  until  the  arrival  of 
Vice  President  Humphrey  and  Astronauts  White  and  McDivitt. 
(Clark,  NYT,  7/5/65,  30)' 

During  week  of  July  4:  Ambassador  Tran  Thien  Khiem,  South  Viet  Nam, 
visited  NASA  Langley  Research  Center.  {Langley  Researcher, 
7/16/65,  8) 

July  5:  British  Minister  of  Aviation  Roy  Jenkins  said  at  a  London  confer- 
ence on  European  cooperation  in  advanced  technology  that  Britain 
might  seek  collaboration  with  France  in  developing  the  VC-10  aircraft 
into  an  "air  bus"  capable  of  carrying  265  passengers.  This  move  was 
thought  to  be  precipitated  by  activities  of  two  American  companies, 
Boeing  and  Douglas,  both  of  which  had  approached  BOAC  with  their 
versions  of  an  air  bus.      (Farnsworth,  NYT,  7/6/65,  54M) 

•  Seven  French  girls  ended  a  15-day  isolation  experiment  in  a  cave  360  ft. 

below  the  surface.  They  were  apparently  in  good  condition  but  said 
they  had  lost  their  sense  of  time  within  the  first  24  hrs.  The  experi- 
ment ended  nearly  a  day  before  it  should  have  according  to  their 
reckoning.  (Reuters,  NYT,  7/6/65,  24;  UPi,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib., 
7/6/65) 
July  6:  ComSatCorp,  rejecting  petitions  by  seven  communications  carriers 
to  reduce  its  authority,  strongly  supported  Fcc's  decision  giving  Com- 
SatCorp "sole  responsibility  for  the  design,  construction,  and  opera- 
tion" of  three  ground  stations  to  support  the  Corporation's  global  sat- 
ellite system  for  commercial  communications. 

Answering  the  charge  that  station  ownership  and  operation  should 
be  assumed  by  the  carriers  on  a  competitive  basis,  ComSatCorp  said 
the  operational  date  of  the  global  system  would  be  needlessly  delayed 
if  ownership  of  stations  were  decided  on  a  case-by-case  basis. 

To  the  complaint  that  the  FCC  decision  gave  ComSatCorp  control  of 
"terrestrial  facilities"  for  traffic-processing  between  interface  points 
and  the  stations  themselves,  ComSatCorp  replied  that  it  would  "look 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  315 

first  to  the  carriers  to  provide"  the  facilities.  Further,  "should  Com- 
SatCorp  determine,  in  any  particular  situation,  to  propose  construction 
of  its  own  communications  links,  the  soundness  of  any  such  proposal 
would,  of  course,  be  subject  to  scrutiny  by  the  Commission  with  full 
consideration  of  the  views  of  all  interested  parties." 

Against  the  allegation  that  ComSatCorp-constructed  terrestrial  facili- 
ties would  introduce  costly  "backhauls,"  ComSatCorp  said  backhauUng 
was  "routine  and  unavoidable"  throughout  the  communications 
industry.  (ComSatCorp  Release) 
July  6:  Existing  contracts  with  the  Boeing  Co.  and  the  Bendix  Corp.  had 
been  extended  to  incorporate  modification  of  the  Apollo  Lunar  Ex- 
cursion Module  (Lem)  as  a  shelter  for  use  with  a  Local  Scientific 
Survey  Module  (Lssm)  for  astronaut  surface  mobility,  MSFC  an- 
nounced. Boeing  would  receive  S565,000  and  Bendix  $570,000  for 
the  new  work.  Both  contracts  would  run  for  about  nine  months. 
The  two  firms  had  completed  individual  studies  of  a  possible 
lunar  mobile  laboratory  (Molab)  under  the  original  terms  of  the 
contracts.  The  Molab  would  be  much  larger  than  the  Lssm  now  being 
studied.      (  msfc  Release  65-173) 

•  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  pronounced  successful  the  first  flight  of  its  new 

helicopter,  the  286.  The  Corp.  said  the  five-place  aircraft,  designed  to 
travel  at  174  mph,  was  two  weeks  ahead  of  schedule,  with  FAA 
certification  expected  later  in  1965. 

Lockheed  hoped  the  utility  helicopter  would  find  a  wide  range  of  use 
in  transport,  rescue  work,  and  various  military  missions,  including 
antisubmarine  warfare.      [WS],  l/d/G'o,  2) 

•  Thiokol     Chemical     Corp.'s    Reaction     Motors     Div.     was     awarded     a 

$10,600,000  Navy  contract  to  continue  production  of  packaged  Hquid 
rocket  engines  for  the  Navy  and  Air  Force  Bull  Pup  missile.  (Thio- 
kol Release;  WSJ,  7/6/65) 

•  Rep.  Burt  L.  Talcott  (R-Calif.)   inserted  in  the  Congressional  Record  a 

letter  from  E.  J.  Stecker.  president  of  Holex,  Inc.,  and  an  exhibitor  at 
the  Paris  International  Air  Show  (June  11-20)  :  "At  Paris  the  Rus- 
sians made  us  look  like  idiots  and  we  cooperated  so  beautifully  that  it 
almost  looked  as  though  our  public  relations  program  was  being  di- 
rected by  the  Kremlin.  .  .  . 

"I  walked  through  the  aircraft  park  where  the  Russian  and  Ameri- 
can exhibits  were  practically  side  by  side.  The  Russian  aircraft  were 
exclusively  commercial,  the  American  almost  100  percent  military. 
Think  of  the  irony  of  the  situation.   .   .   . 

"There  was  a  long  line  waiting  to  enter  the  .  .  .  space  exhibit  of 
the  U.S.S.R.  .  .  .  inside  was  a  full  scale  model  of  the  Vostok  space 
capsule  and  its  rocket  motor  suspended  from  the  ceiling,  what  ap- 
peared to  be  an  operational  Vostok  in  a  glass  case  and  Mr.  Gagarin, 
Russia's  first  man  in  space,  who  shook  my  hand  .  .  .  and  gave  me  a 
Vostok  lapel  pin.  This  was  easily  the  most  popular  exhibit  at  the 
show  and  I  would  estimate  that  70  percent  of  the  attendees  had  Vostok 
pins  and  were  wearing  them.   .   .   . 

"The  Russians  then  flew  in  their  great  misshapen  750-passenger 
transport  aircraft  which  really  impressed  the  pubUc.  I  examined  it 
and  as  a  pilot  and  engineer  of  many  years  standing,  I  feel  it  economi- 
cally and  militarily  foolish,  but  the  publicity  value  was  tremendous. 


316  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"Then  there  was  the  announcement  of  the  proposed  U.S.S.R,  SST 
transport  which  looks  Hke  a  retouched  Concorde.  This  also  hit  all  of 
the  front  pages. 

"In  short,  the  Russians  stole  the  show  with  an  obsolete  space  capsule 
much  inferior  to  our  Mercury,  an  artist's  sketch  of  a  supersonic  trans- 
port and  an  overgrown,  awkward  monstrosity  of  an  airplane.  But 
they  could  do  it  because  everything  they  did  was  aimed  at  and  shown 
to  the  general  public.   .   .   . 

"When  White,  McDivitt,  and  the  Vice  President  finally  arrived,  it 
was  a  triumphant  tour  surrounded  by  Secret  Service,  press,  public 
relations  and  photographers  and  the  great  mass  of  the  unwashed  pub- 
lic including  the  exhibitors  were  generally  ignored  and  forgotten.   .   .   . 

"There  were  a  few  good  points.  James  Webb,  Administrator  of  the 
NASA,  visited  the  U.S.  exhibitors.  He  came  unheralded  and  alone  and 
had  time  to  stop  and  talk  for  a  few  minutes  without  the  aid  of  50 
photographers.  In  this,  Jim  was  unique  among  the  U.S.  officials  and 
should  be  commended.  The  usaf  Thunderbirds  and  the  U.S.  Navy 
Blue  Angels  put  on  fantastic  flying  exhibitions  on  Thursday 
evening.  But  it  occurred  around  7:30  p.m.  when  most  of  the  public 
had  departed. 

"The  point  is  this:  The  Russians  appealed  to  the  people;  we  ignored 
the  people  and  appealed  to  the  press.  As  a  result,  the  Russians  only 
lost  the  front  pages  once  and  that  was  when  we  made  them  through  the 
unfortunate  crash  of  our  2-58."  {CR,  7/6/65,  A3555-6) 
July  6:  President  Johnson's  ordering  18  mo.  of  additional  research  on  the 
supersonic  airliner  ( Sst )  program  was  assessed  as  a  calculated  risk  by 
Robert  J.  Serling  in  Washington  Post.  The  President  was  betting  that 
the  extra  year  and  a  half  of  development  work  would  produce  a  plane 
so  far  superior  to  the  British-French  Concorde  that  the  Concorde's  far 
earlier  introduction  would  mean  little  in  terms  of  sales,  he  said. 

Serling  pointed  out  that  while  advance  orders  for  a  purely  paper 
Sst  had  outnumbered  those  of  the  under-construction  Concorde  by 
more  than  2  to  1,  the  U.S.  lead  was  built  on  the  airlines'  belief  that 
(1)  U.S.'s  plane  would  be  far  superior  and  (2)  it  would  not  come 
along  too  far  behind  the  Concorde.  However,  present  plans  were  for 
flight-testing  the  Concorde  in  1968;  the  Soviet  Union  had  announced 
it  would  have  a  supersonic  airliner  operational  even  before  the  Con- 
corde. An  inservice  U.S.  Sst  was  not  likely  before  1974  or  1975. 
(Serling,  Wash.  Post,  7/6/65,  A8 ) 
July  7:  Some  Presidential  advisers  who  had  once  recoiled  at  the  idea  of  a 
supersonic  race  were  now  wondering  how  long  this  country  could  de- 
lay without  losing  the  bulk  of  the  world  market,  wrote  Evert  Clark  in 
the  New  York  Times:  "For  a  variety  of  reasons,  most  of  the  contro- 
versy over  timetables  has  been  kept  out  of  the  public  forum,  mainly 
because  of  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara,  the  chief  Presi- 
dential advisor  on  the  plane  .  .  .  Mr.  McNamara  swore  the  Govern- 
ment officials  and  private  citizens  on  the  advisory  committee  to  secrecy 
at  their  first  meeting,  and  that  secrecy  has  been  maintained."  (Clark, 
/Vyr,  7/7/65,  21) 
•  NASA's  MARINER  IV  began  feeling  the  gravitational  pull  of  Mars  a  week 
before   it   was   scheduled    to    take    the    first   close-up    pictures    of   the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  317 

planet.  The  tug  was  noticed  at  5  p.m.  EDT  in  a  slight  change  in  speed 
as  the  575-lb.  spacecraft.  128.054.720  mi.  from  earth  and  1,721,770  mi. 
from  Mars,  neared  the  end  of  its  22o-day  trip. 

At  noon,  the  speed  relative  to  Mars  was  9.879  mph.  Tracking  en- 
gineers said  the  speed,  which  had  been  dropping  two  mph  every  six 
hours,  would  lessen  because  of  Mars'  gravity  at  a  rate  of  one  mph 
every  six  hours  through  July  10  when  the  speed  would  begin  to 
increase.  No  further  sensing  of  the  planet's  presence  in  space  was 
expected  until  July  14  when  instruments  aboard  mariner  iv  might 
detect  an  increase  in  radiation,  (ap.  NYT.  7  8  65.  13;  ap,  Orl.  Sent., 
7/7/65) 
July  7:  Paul  Haney.  Public  Affairs  Officer  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft 
Center,  said  no  extravehicular  activity  (Eva)  was  planned  for  the 
eight-day  Gemini  v  mission  scheduled  for  August  17  or  for  October's 
tw^o-day  Gemini  vi  flight. 

Astronauts  Frank  Borman  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  James  Lovell  (Lcdr., 
USN),  primary  crew  for  Gemini  vn,  said  they  would  attempt  to  com- 
municate with  a  ground  station  via  laser  beam  during  their  14-day 
mission  planned  for  early  1966.  The  laser — a  beam  of  intense  light — 
can  transmit  voices  or  other  messages.  Ground  station  at  White 
Sands,  N.  Mex.,  aiming  by  radar,  would  fire  the  first  laser  signal  at 
Gemini  7  as  it  passed  overhead.  The  Gemini  7  crew  would  attempt  to 
answer  by  pointing  their  capsule  downward,  aiming,  and  shooting  a 
10-lb.,  hand-held  transmitter  toward  the  ground.  (Transcript;  AP, 
Bait.  Sun.  7/7/65;  upi.  Wash.  Post,  7^7/65;  UPI,  NYT,  7/7/65,  20) 
•  The  radar  set  that  would  guide  Gemini  astronauts  on  rendezvous  mis- 
sions in  space,  beginning  with  the  August  19  Gemini  v  flight,  was 
demonstrated  by  Westinghouse  Corp. — working  under  an  $18  million 
contract  with  NASA — at  Friendship  International  Airport, 
Baltimore.  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  (Maj..  usaf)  and  Charles 
Conrad  (LCdr.,  usn)  would  carry  a  self-contained  Rendezvous  Evalua- 
tion Pod  (Rep)  into  orbit  on  the  back  end  of  their  spacecraft.  An 
Agena  rendezvous  radar  transponder  and  flashing  beacons  would  be 
packaged  in  the  Rep  along  with  batteries  and  antenna.  Midway 
through  the  second  revolution,  at  2  hrs.  25  min.  after  liftoff,  command 
pilot  Cooper  would  yaw  the  Gemini  5  spacecraft  90°  to  the  right.  Ex- 
plosive charges  would  eject  the  Rep  from  its  canister  northward  at  5 
fps.  Gemini  5  would  then  maneuver  away  from  the  Rep  to  attain  a 
position  six  miles  below  and  14  mi.  behind  the  Rep.  Subsequent 
phase  adjustment  would  place  Gemini  5  in  a  co-elliptical  orbit — that  is, 
the  spacecraft  would  be  at  constant  altitude  below  the  Rep  but  reduc- 
ing the  trailing  distance,  since  the  spacecraft  in  its  lowest  orbit  would 
be  traveling  faster  than  the  Rep. 

Range  and  range-rate  data  would  be  displayed  to  the  Gemini  5  crew 
by  the  rendezvous  radar  system.  The  radar  system  would  continuous- 
ly compute  distance  and  angles  from  the  spacecraft  to  the  Pod,  and 
calculate  the  maneuvers  necessary  to  effect  rendezvous. 

At  five  hours  and  36  min.  after  liftoff,  if  the  mission  went  as 
planned,  Gemini  5  should  be  closing  in  on  the  Rep  just  north  of  the 
Carnarvon,  Australia,  tracking  station.  Gemini  5  would  not  physical- 
ly dock  with  Rep;  the  experiment  would  simply  provide  training  for 


318  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  I%5 

Gemini  vi  and  other  rendezvous  missions  and  evaluate  the  rendezvous 
radar  hardware  to  be  used  on  the  Agena  target  vehicle  in  later 
missions.  (Clark.  ATT^,  7/8  65,  12:  Mines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  7/8/65; 
Msc  Roundup,  7/23/65,  1,  2) 
July  7:  The  new  Magnetic  Field  Components  Test  Facility  at  nasa  Goddard 
Space  Flight  Center — which  would  create  the  precisely-controlled  mag- 
netic environment  necessary  for  testing  and  calibrating  spacecraft  in- 
struments intended  to  measure  the  low  magnetic  fields  in  outer  space — 
became  operational.  The  facility  was  also  equipped  to  demagnetize 
the  spacecraft  carrying  the  magnetic  measuring  instruments.  (GSFC 
Release  G-16-65 ) 

•  Leo  D.  Welch,  the  first  Chairman  and  Chief  Executive  Officer  of  ComSat- 

Corp,  announced  his  intention  to  retire  from  active  direction  of  the 
Corporation.  Mr.  Welch  said  he  had  privately  informed  the  ComSat- 
Corp  Board  of  Directors  on  May  21  that  he  wished  to  slow  down  the 
pace  of  his  activity.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  Tass  released  a  picture  of  what  was  described  as  a  working  model  of  an 

orbiting  space  station.  Six  hermetically  sealed  compartments 
branched  out  from  a  central  stem.  The  compartments  included  a  con- 
trol desk,  a  laboratory,  a  garden,  an  orientation  system,  radar  section, 
and  a  heliostation  with  a  system  for  carrying  on  conversation  with 
incoming  spaceships.      (Tass,  AP,  Wash.  Post,  7/8/65,  D5) 

•  M.  I.  Kiselev  and  E.  B.  Galitskaya  had  worked  out  a  method  of  control- 

ling spaceships  by  means  of  solar  pressure.  They  proposed  a  system 
of  reflecting  black  and  white  blades  which  would  work  like  a  propeller 
or  a  "solar  rotary  mill."  By  regulating  the  inclination  of  the  blades, 
one  could  obtain  a  torsional  moment  and  change  its  direction  and 
deceleration.  Under  conditions  of  weightlessness,  the  large  size  of  the 
blades  needed  to  provide  the  required  torsional  moment  did  not 
present  any  difficultiess,  and  the  blades  would  eliminate  the  need  for 
additional  energy  sources  for  maneuvering  in  space.  (Kazdkhstans- 
kaya  Pravda,  7/7/65,  3 

•  Photos   of  the   rim   of   the   terrestrial    globe    and    of   the   twilight    aur- 

eole taken  by  vostok  vi  revealed  two  turbid  layers  in  the  stratosphere, 
Prof.  Georgiy  Rozenberg  was  reported  in  National  Zeitung  as  saying  at 
a  space  physics  conference.  The  two  layers  contained  relatively  dense 
water-and-ice-covered  particles  at  heights  of  11,500  and  19,500  m. 
(37,950  and  64,350  ft.).  Prof.  Rozenberg  assumed  that  sulphuric  ox- 
ide emitted  by  volcanoes  played  an  important  role  in  the  formation  of 
the  layers.  He  concluded  that  the  colored  luminescense  following  ma- 
jor volcanic  outbreaks  was  related  to  this  phenomenon.  {National 
Zeitung,  7/7/65,  6 ) 

•  Consensus  of  W.  German  observers  at  the  International  Air  Show   (June 

11-20),  as  reported  in  Der  Spiegel,  was  that  the  Soviet  aircraft  were 
obvious  copies  of  Western  models,  but  with  inferior  workmanship  (of- 
ten hand-made  details)  and  instrumentation:  the  Ilyushin-62  was  a 
poor  copy  of  the  British  vc-10;  the  Tupolev-134  was  a  hybird  of  the 
French  Caravelle  and  British  bag  111;  the  Antonov-24B  was  obviously 
copied  from  the  Dutch  "Friendship"  and  the  British  "Handley  Page 
Herald";  the  navigational  instrument  used  on  the  Tu-134  was  the 
American  World  War  ii  Eyeball  Mark  One;  the  design  model  of  the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  319 

Tu-144  so  resembled  the  Concorde  that  it  was  humorously  referred  to 
as  the  Concordovich.  ( Heumann,  Der  Spiegel,  7/7/65,  86-87) 
July  8:  Transfer  of  control  of  syncom  ii  and  syncom  hi  communica- 
tions satellites  from  NASA  to  DOD  was  completed.  Under  direction  of 
the  Defense  Communications  Agency,  the  three  telemetry  and  com- 
mand stations  for  maintaining  precise  control  and  positioning  of  the 
satellites  would  be  operated  by  USAF  at  locations  in  the  Seychelles 
Islands,  Hawaii,  and  Guam. 

Army  would  be  responsible  for  earth  communications  faciUties  used 
with  the  Syncom  satellites  except  for  two  shipboard  terminals  owned 
and  operated  by  USN.  Army's  Strategic  Communications  Command 
would  continue  to  man  and  operate  all  ground  terminals. 

SYNCOM  II — launched  by  NASA  July  26,  1963 — would  be  maintained 
at  a  position  betAveen  60°  and  80°  east  longitude;  syncom  ill — 
launched  by  NASA  Aug.  19,  1964 — would  be  positioned  between  170° 
and  174°  east  longitude.  Both  satellites  were  in  orbit  at  22,300-mi. 
altitude.  NASA  would  continue  to  receive  reports  on  the  telemetry 
from  the  two  satellites  from  dod  and  would  continuously  evaluate  their 
performance  in  space,      (dod  Release  451-65) 

•  A   new    F-1    engine    test   stand   was    used    for    the    first    time    at    NASA 

Marshall  Space  Flight  Center's  West  Test  Area.  The  10-sec.  initial 
firing  of  the  1.5  million-lb. -thrust  engine  was  primarily  for  checking 
out  the  new  facility. 

On  another  test  stand  at  MSFC,  Chrysler  Corp.  fired  the  second  Sat- 
urn IB  booster,  manufactured  by  Chrysler  at  MSFc's  Michoud  Assem- 
bly Facility.  The  test,  scheduled  to  run  for  30  sec,  was  terminated 
automatically  after  three  seconds  because  of  a  faulty  signal  from  an 
engine  pressure  switch,  (msfc  Release  65-178;  Marshall  Star, 
7/14/65,  1) 

•  X-15  No.  2  piloted  by  nasa  research  pilot  John  B.  McKay  attained  a 

speed  up  to  3,659  mph  (mach  5.19)  and  an  altitude  of  212,600  ft., 
photographed  Gamma  Cassiopeia  with  four  35-mm.  cameras.  Purpose 
was  to  verify  theoretical  data  on  the  physical  composition  of  the 
stars.      (NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  NASA  announced  Pegasus  C  meteoroid  detection  satellite  was  equipped 

with  small  aluminum  sub-panels  that  at  some  future  date  an  astronaut 
could,  if  desired,  detach  and  bring  back  to  earth.  The  panels  would 
provide  the  first  actual  samples  of  meteoroid  impact  and  would  have 
tested  some  43  types  of  thermal  coatings. 

Pegasus  C  would  be  launched  July  30,  1965,  into  332  mi.-altitude 
circular  orbit  at  28.9°  inclination — close  to  a  nominal  manned  flight 
path — rather  than  into  an  elliptical  orbit  like  that  of  PEGASUS  I  and 
II.     Cnasa  Release  65-228;  msfc  Release  65-175) 

•  NASA  had   awarded  Brown   Engineering  Co.   a   $3,630,000   contract   for 

building  nine  discrete  control  equipment  systems  for  use  with  Saturn 

V  launch  vehicle.     Two  of  the  systems  would  be  installed  in  a  Saturn 

V  systems  development  facility  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center 
in  Huntsville.  The  other  seven  would  be  delivered  to  Kennedy  Space 
Center,  nasa.  Launch  Complex  39:  three  systems  would  be  placed  in 
launch  control  centers;  four  would  be  installed  on  Saturn  V  mobile 
launchers.      (  msfc  Release  65-176) 


320  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

July  8:  Referring  to  a  French  rocket  launching  site,  comparable  to  Kennedy 
Space  Center,  that  would  be  operating  in  French  Guiana  by  1968, 
Pierre  J.  Huss  said  in  the  New  York  Journal  American:  "French  ex- 
perts claim  the  Guiana  location  makes  it  possible  to  fire  toward  the 
east  at  an  angle  that  makes  use  of  the  earth's  rotation  speed.  They 
say  it  also  offers  optimal  conditions  for  launching  vehicles  to  the  moon 
or  Mars."      ( Huss,  A^.  Y.  J/Amer.,  7/8/65,  9 ) 

•  MSFC    Director    Dr.    Wernher    von    Braun,    speaking    before    the    Inter- 

national Christian  Leadership  World  Conference  in  Seattle,  said  the 
two  dominant  forces  shaping  the  course  of  human  events  in  our  revolu- 
tionary age  were  science  and  religion.  And,  Dr.  von  Braun  said,  "it 
is  depressing  to  witness  a  growing  misconception  that  these  two  power- 
ful forces  are  not  compatible."  On  the  contrary:  science  was  trying 
to  harness  the  forces  of  nature  around  man,  while  through  religion 
man  sought  to  control  the  forces  of  nature  within. 

Dr.  von  Braun  said  science  and  scientists  had  been  blamed  for  the 
desperate  dilemma  today,  because  science  had  utterly  failed  to  provide 
a  practical  answer  on  how  to  handle  the  powerful  forces  it  had 
unleashed.  He  said  the  blame  for  the  wrongful  use  of  force  could  not 
be  pinned  on  science:  "Science,  all  by  itself,  has  no  moral 
dimension.  The  same  drug  that  heals  when  taken  in  moderation  will 
kill  when  taken  in  excess.  Only  when  a  society  accepts  and  applies  a 
scientific  advance  do  we  add  a  moral  dimension  to  it."  {Marshall 
Star,  7/14/65,  2) 

•  Gen.  Bernard  A.   Schriever,  AFSC  Commander,  predicted  in  a  luncheon 

address  to  participants  in  the  National  Youth  Science  Camp  "a  revolu- 
tion in  aeronautics  within  the  next  15  years"  as  a  result  of  advances 
being  made  now. 

Breakthroughs  being  made  in  development  of  more  powerful  rockets, 
heat  resistant  metals,  and  more  sophisticated  engines  would  soon  lead 
to  vertical  takeoff  craft  capable  of  undergoing  sustained  flight  at 
speeds  up  to  12  times  the  speed  of  sound,  General  Schriever 
postulated.      (Text;  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  7/9/65) 

•  ComSatCorp  requested  26  design-engineering  companies  to  submit  pro- 

posals by  July  20  for  architectural  and  engineering  services  for  con- 
struction of  a  ground  station  site  at  Brewster  Flat,  Wash.  The  pro- 
posed station  would  provide  communications  services  to  Hawaii  and 
nations  of  the  Pacific  as  part  of  a  global  commercial  satellite 
system.  The  rfp's  asked  for  plans  sufficiently  detailed  to  enable  in- 
terested contractors  to  bid  on  construction  and  to  enable  the  station  to 
be  operational  by  September  1.  1966.      (ComSatCorp  Release  I 

•  Sen.  Strom  Thurmond    ( R-  S.C. )    expressed  concern  on  the  floor  of  the 

Senate  about  advances  in  Soviet  strategic  weaponry  and  inserted  in  the 
Congressional  Record  an  article  which  compared  Soviet  and  American 
development  of  large  solid  rocket  motors: 

"First,  the  development  of  rockets  has  received  a  high  priority  con- 
tinuously in  the  Soviet  Union  for  20  years,  since  the  end  of  World 
War  II. 

"Second,  the  Soviet  effort  has  been  broadly  based  and  produced 
several  generations  of  vehicles  with  increasing  performance  capability. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965  321 

"Third,  solid-propellant  rocketry  is  playing,  a  major  role  in  current 
Soviet  operations  and  in  their  future  plans. 

"Fourth.  U.S.  intelligence  has  suffered  a  major  failure  if  the  Soviet 
missiles  in  the  Mav  9  parade  were  not  fake. 

"An  early  review  of  U.S.  intelligence  and  military  planning  opera- 
tions by  both  the  Congress  and  the  administration  definitely  is  in 
order  if  the  Soviets  are  operatinc  larce  solid  rockets."  iCR.  7/8/65, 
15359-61) 
July  8:  Soviet  astrophysicist  Rolan  Kiladze  had  introduced  a  new  theory 
that  every  planet's  rotation  was  caused  initially  by  powerful  bombard- 
ments by  clusters  of  particles  in  its  path.  {Sovetskaya  Latviya, 
7/8/65,  14) 

•  Paul   Mantz.   veteran   pilot   who    owned    and    flew    a   large   collection    of 

rebuilt  vintage  airplanes,  was  killed  when  a  home-built  aircraft  he  was 
flying  for  a  film  sequence  crashed  near  Yuma,  Arizona.  [Arizona 
Republic,  7/9/65) 

•  Prof.  Wolfgang  Pilz.  leader  of  a  team  of  West  German  scientists  helping 

the  United  Arab  Republic  build  rockets,  had  quit  the  project  and  re- 
turned to  West  Germany,  it  was  reported.  (Smith,  NYT,  7/9/65,  7) 
July  9:  Extraterrestrial  dust  particles  would  be  collected  by  U.S.  and  for- 
eign scientists  using  five  rockets  launched  into  the  extreme  upper  at- 
mosphere from  Churchill  Research  Range,  Canada,  by  the  Air  Force 
Cambridge  Research  Laboratories  (afcrl),  nasa  and  USAF  an- 
nounced jointly.  Each  of  the  five  Aerobee  150  rockets  would  carry  a 
recoverable  device  called  a  "Venus  Flytrap"  designed  to  capture  mi- 
crometeoroids  and  noctilucent  cloud  particles  at  various  altitudes  for 
laboratory  inspection. 

NASA  had  provided  partial  funding  for  the  project  and  had  arranged 
for  participation  of  organizations  from  abroad:  the  Commonwealth 
Scientific  and  Industrial  Research  Organization,  Radio  Physics  Labo- 
ratory, Sydney.  Australia;  the  National  Center  for  Radioactivity  Re- 
search (CNRS).  France:  the  Meteorological  Institute,  Stockholm 
Univ.,  Sweden:  Max  Planck  Institute.  Heidelberg,  Germany;  and  the 
Univ.  of  Tel  Aviv,  Israel,  (nasa  Release  65-223;  afoar  Release 
7-65-1 ) 

•  Eleven  of  America's  34  astronauts  left  nasa  Manned  Spacecraft  Center 

for  a  10-day  field  trip  into  the  volcanic  regions  of  Iceland.  Making 
the  expedition  were  Edwin  Aldrin,  William  Anders,  Charles  Bassett, 
Alan  Bean,  Eugene  Cernan,  Roger  Chaffee,  R.  Walter  Cunningham, 
Donn  Eisele,  Russell  Schweickart,  David  Scott,  and  C.  C. 
Williams.  The  trip  would  be  part  of  the  astronauts'  training  in  the 
type  of  geological  formations  they  might  find  on  the  moon.  (UPI, 
Orl  Sent.,  7/7/65 1 

•  Freeman    J.    Dyson,    professor    of    physics    at    the    Institute    for    Ad- 

vanced Study,  Princeton,  N.J.,  charged  official  Washington  with  the 
political  "murder"  of  Project  Orion,  a  nuclear-pulse-powered  rocket, 
which  he  said  would  have  been  far  better  than  any  other  kind  of 
propulsion  for  rapid  exploration  of  the  solar  system.  The  project  was 
ended  early  this  year  after  seven  years  of  scientific  and  engineering 
studies  that  had  cost  S10.3  million  and  proved,  Dyson  said,  the  feasi- 
bihty   of  nuclear-driven   spacecraft.     Its   "killers,"   Dyson   said,   were 


322  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

DOD,  NASA,  the  promoters  of  the  nuclear  test-ban  treaty,  and  U.S.  scien- 
tists generally.  Writing  in  Science,  Dyson  continued:  "The  story  of 
Orion  is  significant  because  this  is  the  first  time  in  modern  history 
that  a  major  expansion  of  human  technology  had  been  suppressed  for 
political  reasons."  [Science,  7/9/65) 
July  9:  A  j-2  rocket  engine  had  been  retired  from  service  after  being  test- 
fired  a  total  of  10,686  sec.  in  60  separate  tests,  MSFC  announced. 

J-2,  developed  for  nasa  by  Rocketdyne  Div.  of  North  American 
Aviation,  would  burn  liquid  hydrogen  and  liquid  oxygen  and  develop 
200,000  lbs.  thrust  at  altitude.  Five  clustered  j-2's  would  provide  a 
million  lbs.  thrust  for  the  s-ii  (second)  stage  of  the  Saturn  V 
booster.  A  single  J-2  would  power  the  S-IVB,  top  stage  for  both  the 
Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  launch  vehicles,    (msfc  Release  65-177) 

•  Robert  V.  Reynolds  was  named  Assistant  faa  Administrator  for  General 

Aviation  Affairs  by  faa  Administrator  William  F.  McKee.  Reynolds 
would  serve  the  growing  needs  of  general  aviation  which  had  more 
than  88,700  out  of  a  total  of  90,935  active  civil  aircraft,  faa  had 
forecast  that  the  general  aviation  fleet  would  grow  to  105,000  by 
1969.      ( FAA  Release  65-58 ) 

•  Yemen  and  Pakistan  had  signed  agreements  increasing  to  46  the  number 

of  countries  which  had  joined  in  the  international  joint  venture  for 
development  of  a  global  commercial  communications  satellite  system, 
ComSatCorp  announced.  They  would  share  with  other  nations  in  the 
financing  and  ownership  of  the  space  segment  of  the  global  system, 
consisting  of  the  satellites  themselves,  tracking,  control,  and  related 
functions,  but  not  earth  stations.  (ComSatCorp  Release) 
July  10:  Probable  reasons  for  the  GEMINI  iv  crew's  failure  to  achieve 
rendezvous  with  the  booster  during  the  June  3-7  spaceflight — based  on 
runs  in  a  rendezvous  simulator — were  listed  by  Ron  Simpson,  Guid- 
ance and  Control  Branch,  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center:  (1)  visual 
rendezvous  requires  extended  ground  practice;  (2)  maneuver  is  nearly 
impossible  without  radar  if  the  spacecraft  and  target  are  more  than 
4,500  ft.  apart;  (3)  more  fuel  than  originally  expected  was 
required.      {Houston  Chron.,  7/10/65) 

•  xc-142a  aircraft,  designed  to  take  off  vertically  and  fly  horizontally  to 

a  top  speed  of  430  mph,  began  18  mo.  of  extensive  testing  at  Edwards 
AFB,  Calif.     The  four-engine,  propeller-driven  aircraft,  first  of  five  to 
undergo  evaluation  and  performance  tests,  had  been  turned  over  to  USA 
July    8    at    Ling-Temco-Vought,     Inc.,     Dallas.      (N.Y.     Her.     Trib., 
7/11/65) 

•  Resignation  of  Eugene  M.  Zuckert  as  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force,  effec- 

tive Sept.  30,  was  announced  by  President  Johnson.  To  succeed  Zuck- 
ert, who  had  served  since  Jan.  23,  1961 — longer  than  any  previous  Air 
Force  secretary — the  President  named  Dr.  Harold  Brown,  DOD  Director 
of  Defense  Research  and  Engineering  since  May  3,  1961.  No  replace- 
ment was  named  for  Dr.  Brown. 

President  Johnson  also  accepted  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Brockway 
McMillan  as  Undersecretary  of  the  Air  Force,  also  effective  Sept. 
30.  (White  House  Release;  Horner,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  7/11/65,  12) 
July  11:  Reports  by  U.S.  astronauts  of  seeing  details  on  the  earth's  surface 
while  orbiting  the  earth  at  altitudes  of  over  100  mi.  did  not  surprise 
physicists  at  the  U.S.  Bureau  of  Standards'  Central  Radio  Propagation 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  323 

Laboratory  in  Indianapolis,  reported  the  Indianapolis  Star.  Wind 
tunnel  experiments  there  had  proven  that  the  closer  a  viewer  is  to 
turbulent  air,  the  more  it  distorts  an  image:  the  image  wavers  in 
brightness,  changes  position,  and  shifts  in  and  out  of  focus.  All  these 
effects  diminish  contrast — an  essential  factor  in  identifying  objects  in 
aerial  reconnaissance.  The  effects  are  reduced  and  seeing  improves  as 
the  viewer  moves  away  from  the  turbulence.  (Lewis,  Sci.  Serv.,  Indi- 
anapolis Star,  7/1L/65) 

July  II:  New  York  Times  editorial  on  July  14  mariner  iv  flyby  of  Mars 
said:  "On  Wednesday,  if  all  goes  well,  one  of  the  epoch-making  experi- 
ments in  the  history  of  science  will  take  place  as  mariner  iv  comes 
within  6,000  miles  of  Mars  and  takes  pictures  for  transmission  back  to 
earth.  Not  since  Galileo  first  trained  his  telescope  on  the  moon  has 
there  been  such  a  prospect  for  a  quantum  leap  in  man's  knowledge  of 
a  nearby  world. 

"Whatever  the  results  of  the  picture-taking  experiment,  the  accom- 
plishments of  MARINER  IV  are  already  historic.  Launched  last  Nov. 
28,  it  has  traversed  a  preassigned  course  for  more  than  seven 
months.  During  this  time  it  has  flown  roughly  350,000,000  mi.  while 
communicating  back  to  earth  new  scientific  data  as  well  as  a  steady 
flow  of  information  on  its  flight  and  its  internal  condition.  This  per- 
formance far  exceeds  all  similar  earlier  feats. 

"For  comparison  we  may  note  that  MARINER  II — justly  famed  for 
its  flight  past  Venus  in  1962 — needed  to  fly  only  three  and  a  half 
months  and  180  million  miles  to  reach  its  objective.  And  while 
MARINER  II  sets  a  record  signalling  to  earth  from  a  distance  of  53.9 
million  miles  away,  mariner  iv  has  recently  been  transmitting  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Mars,  now  over  130,000,000  miles  distant  from  this 
planet."      (A^YT^,  7/11/65,  ElO) 

July  12:  Soviet  cosmonaut  Col.  Pavel  Belyayev  disclosed  in  an  article  in 
the  newspaper  Sovietsky  Patriot  that  the  heat  was  so  intense  when  he 
was  forced  to  land  VOSKHOD  ii  by  manual  controls  that  drops  of  mol- 
ten metal  ran  down  the  portholes.  He  said  when  he  discovered  that 
something  was  wrong  with  the  automatic  landing  system  of  the  two- 
man  spacecraft,  he  asked  ground  control  for  permission  to  use  the 
manual  system — something  that  had  never  been  done  before  during  a 
Soviet  manned  spaceflight.      (  UPi,  Houston  Chron.,  7/12/65  ) 

•  Soviet  astronomer  A.  Markov   stated  that  a   lunar  crater   would   be  the 

most  suitable  landing  site  inasmuch  as  the  floor  of  the  crater  would  be 
composed  of  solid  material.  Because  of  the  steep  inclines  in  certain 
lunar  formations,  it  would  be  impossible  for  deep  layer  of  dust  to 
accumulate,  he  noted.      (Berliner  Zeitung,  7/11/65,  4-6) 

•  Dr.  Cyril  Ponnamperuma   of  NASA   Ames  Research  Center's  Exobiology 

Div.  and  arc  research  assistant  Ruth  Mack  had  synthesized  the  five 
chemical  building  blocks  of  dna  and  rna  in  a  simple  laboratory  model 
which  duplicated  conditions  believed  to  exist  on  earth  from  three  to 
four  and  a  half  billion  years  ago,  NASA  announced. 

DNA  and  RNA,  nucleic  acids,  form  the  core  of  and  are  the  "prime 
movers"  of  all  living  cells  in  plants,  animals,  and  man.  The  five 
DNA-RNA  building  blocks,  known  as  nucleotides,  are  made  up  of  a 
nitrogenous  base,  a  sugar,  and  a  phosphate.     Their  synthesis  under 


324  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

laboratory  conditions  could  be  a  major  advance  toward  explaining  the 
origin  of  life  on  earth;  it  could  have  retraced  a  critical  phase  in  the 
chemical  evolution  of  organic  material  which  had  to  occur  before  the 
appearance  of  life  itself. 

Synthesis  of  nucleotides  had  been  done  before,  but  always  by  long, 
complex  laboratory  procedures.  (NASA  Release  65-221:  ARC  Release 
65-17;  Marshall  Star,  7/14/65.  9) 
July  12:  Strange  objects  moving  through  space  were  reported  sighted  in 
two  widely-separated  areas  of  Portugal.  The  Azores  Weather  Bureau 
claimed  interference  from  one  which  stopped  its  electromagnetic 
clocks.  Descriptions  of  the  objects  were  similar  to  official  Argentine 
and  Chilean  military  reports  of  sightings  in  the  Antarctic 
recently.      (Or/.  Se^?/.,  7/12 '65 ) 

•  Senate    defeated    by    61-to-16    the    proposed    Proxmire    amendment    to 

make  an  across-the-board  reduction  of  5/f  in  the  NASA  appropriations 
bill.  This  left  the  Senate  bill,  still  to  receive  its  final  vote,  at  S5.19 
billion.     The  House  had  passed  a  S5.16  billion  appropriation. 

Sen.  William  Proxmire  (D-Wis.)  had  contended  that  the  manned 
lunar  landing  program  constituted  an  "excessive  waste."  Sen.  Joseph 
S.  Clark  ( D-Pa. )  had  felt  the  problem  was  not  one  of  w  aste  or 
inefficiency  but  felt  that  more  of  the  nation's  resources  should  be  put 
into  education,  housing,  pollution  abatement,  and  other  urban 
problems.  Sen.  Wayne  Morse  (D-Ore.)  had  supported  the  reduction 
but  had  proposed  that  the  cut  be  25%  or  50%.  "The  American  peo- 
ple have  been  thoroughly  taken  in  by  a  TV  spectacular,"  he  said  and 
charged  that  the  space  program  "is  all  for  the  purpose  of  gratifying 
our  national  ego."  Senator  Morse  had  indicated  that  no  other  single 
agency  conducted  programs  "with  such  vague  objectives  with  such 
little  return  to  the  national  Government." 

Proxmire  had  charged  that  NASA  was  the  prime  example  of  an 
agency  whose  expenditures  Congress  had  difficulty  in  controlling,  that 
certain  project  costs  within  the  NASA  program  could  be  reduced,  and 
that  NASA  used  too  great  a  proportion  of  our  monetary,  material,  and 
manpower  resources. 

The  16  Senators  voting  for  the  Proxmire  amendment  were  Boggs, 
Clark,  Cooper,  Douglas,  FuUbright,  Gruening,  Kennedy  (N.Y.),  McGov- 
ern  Miller,  Morse.  Morton.  Mundt,  Nelson.  Proxmire,  Williams 
( N.J. ) ,  and  Williams  ( Del. ) .      ( CR,  7/12/65,  15927-40) 

•  Brig.  Gen.  Julian  H.  Bowman   (uSAF,  Ret.)    was  appointed  Special  As- 

sistant to  the  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space 
Flight.  General  Bowman  would  handle  special  management  problems 
in  areas  such  as  program  manpower  and  organization,  career  manage- 
ment, and  industry  relationships,      (nasa  Hq.  Bull.,  7/20/65) 

•  USAF   scientist    Dr.    Hubertus    Strughold    told    the    Aviation    and    Space 

Writers  Meeting  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  the  possibility  that  frozen 
oceans  beneath  the  surface  of  Mars  may  support  life  cannot  be 
ignored.  Men  may  even  find  enough  moisture  there  to  provide  them 
water  and  oxygen  for  an  expedition,  "and  thus  a  critical  problem  of 
extraterrestrial  resources  would  no  longer  exist,"  he  said.  The  idea 
that  an  underground  water  table  exists  on  the  otherwise  arid  planet 
was  only  a  hypothesis  with  no  evidence  at  present;  but  a  combination 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  325 

of  older  theories  by  other  scientists  plus  "common  horse  sense"  led 
him  to  speculate  the  water  was  there,  Dr.  Strughold  said.  (Text) 
July  12:  AEC  Administrator  Dr.  Glenn  T.  Seaborg,  in  an  interview  with 
U.S.  News  and  World  Report  reviewing  the  20th  anniversary  of  the 
exploding  of  the  first  atomic  device  in  New  Mexico  on  July  16,  1945, 
said  a  dozen  countries  had  the  potential  to  "join  the  present  five- 
member  nuclear  club."'  Japan.  India,  West  Germany,  Sweden,  Italy, 
Canada,  and  Israel  were  capable  of  producing  an  atomic  bomb  soon; 
Spain,  Brazil,  Yugloslavia,  Egypt,  and  Switzerland  had  the  scientific 
talent  and  available  resources  to  produce  a  bomb  in  a  little  longer 
time,  he  said.      (  U.S.  News,  7/19/65,  13) 

•  Reviewing  developments  in  the  TFX  aircraft  program — now  designated 

F-111,  Richard  Elliott  wrote  in  Barron's:  "Since  it  was  launched  in 
1963,  the  TFX  program  has  cost  roughly  $900  million.  Another  $700 
million  has  been  earmarked  for  it  in  fiscal  1966.  If  the  Pentagon 
buys  as  many  F-lll's  as  it  now  plans,  the  price  tag  through  the  early 
1970's  will  run  to  at  least  $8  billion.  .  .  .  (Elliott,  Barron's, 
7/12/65) 
July  13:  NASA  invited  scientists  tO'  propose,  by  August  15,  the  various 
experiments  to  be  included  in  a  continuing  Voyager  program  of  ex- 
ploration of  the  planets.  The  Mars  Voyager  program  would  begin 
with  a  test  flight  in  1969  followed  by  an  orbiter-lander  flight  in  1971 
with  other  flights  following  in  1973,  1975,  and  beyond.  The  program 
would  also  include  missions  now  under  consideration  for  flights  to 
Venus  and  other  planets.  The  experiments  to  be  included  in  the  1971 
mission  of  the  landing  capsule  would  be  subject  to  strict  sterilization 
requirements.  In  following  programs,  there  would  be  considerable 
latitude  in  the  choice  of  experiments.      (NASA  Release  65-230) 

•  Senate     passed     the     Independent     Offices     appropriation     bill     84—2, 

with  the  NASA  portion  at  $5.19  billion  as  reported  out  by  the  Appropri- 
ations Committee.  Negative  votes  were  cast  by  Senators  Dirksen 
(R-Ill.)  and  Young  (D-Ohio) .      {CR,  7/13/65,  16008-27) 

•  President  Johnson,  asked  during  a  White  House  news  conference  if  he 

could  give  a  status  report  on  usaf's  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory, 
said:  "No,  I  am  not  in  a  position  to  make  a  statement  on  that  at  this 
time.  The  Space  Council  has  had  some  briefings  in  connection  with 
the  matter.  There  is  a  study  going  on  every  day  in  that  connection, 
but  I  would  not  want  to  go  further  than  that  now."  (Transcript, 
Wash.  Post,! /U/65) 

•  Vice  President  Hubert  Humphrey  and  his  party,  which  included  Rep. 

Carl  Albert  (D-Okla.)  and  Sen.  Fred  Harris  (D-Okla.),  visited  NASA 
Manned  Spacecraft  Center  and  were  briefed  on  the  Gemini  program  by 
Charles  W.  Mathews:  on  the  Apollo  program  by  Dr.  Joseph  F.  Shea; 
and  on  the  life  support  systems  by  Richard  Johnston  of  Crew  Systems. 

Mr.  Humphrey — it  was  his  first  visit  to  MSC — took  a  "ride"  in  the 
Gemini  docking  trainer  with  Astronaut  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.  (Cdr., 
usn)  and  then  he  and  his  party  observed  a  simulated  Gemini  liftoff  at 
the  Mission  Control  Center  and  a  portion  of  a  mission,  (msc  Round- 
up, 7/23/65,  1;  Houston  Post,  7/14/65) 

•  JPL  Director  Dr.  William  Pickering  held  up  some  fuzzy  photographs  of 

patches  of  the  moon  during  a  JPL  press  conference  and  said  this  was 
the    best    quality    to    be    expected    from    the    MARINER    iv    television 


326  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

system.  The  pictures  should  be  better  than  any  ever  obtained  from 
earth  if  the  system  operated  as  planned,  he  said.  Each  of  the 
MARINER  IV  pictures  would  consist  of  200  rows  of  200  dots.  Each  dot 
would  be  sent  as  a  number  ranging  from  0  to  63,  designating  the 
darkness  of  the  dot.  Reconstruction  of  the  picture  would  be  done  by 
a  computer  at  J  PL.  Because  the  first  views  would  scan  the  planet 
obliquely,  it  might  not  be  until  the  third  image  that  one  was  received 
showing  any  obvious  surface  features.  This,  according  to  Dr.  Picker- 
ing, might  mean  that  no  pictures  would  be  displayed  publicly  until 
July  16.  ( Sullivan,  NYT,  7/15/65,  1 ) 
July  13:  Rains  forced  Princeton  Univ.  scientists  to  postpone  launching  from 
Palestine,  Tex.,  of  a  Stratoscope  ii  balloon  and  its  telescope  designed 
to  photograph  Saturn  and  its  rings.  No  new  launch  date  had  been 
set.      {Houston  Chron.,  7/14^/65) 

•  A  ground  firing  of  the  Saturn  s-li  battleship  stage  was  conducted  for  25 

sec.  at  the  Santa  Susana  test  site  of  North  American  Aviation,  NASA 
Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  announced.  The  firing — longest  to  date 
in  the  S-ii  program — was  one  of  a  series  leading  to  full  flight  dura- 
tion runs  of  nearly  400  sec.  Next  test,  expected  within  a  week,  was 
planned  for  about  two  minutes,  (msfc  Release  65-183) 
'  U.S.  Weather  Bureau,  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  and  Central  Radio 
Propagation  Laboratory  of  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards  were 
merged  to  form  Environmental  Science  Services  Administration 
(essa).  Creation  of  essa  came  two  months  after  President  Johnson 
transmitted  the  reorganization  plan  to  Congress.  (30  FR  8819 
(1965)) 

•  ComSatCorp  had  filed  applications  with  FCC  for  construction  of  two  new 

earth  stations  and  related  facilities,  and  expansion  of  a  third  existing- 
station.  One  new  station  would  be  located  at  Brewster  Flat,  Wash., 
and  a  second  on  the  island  of  Oahu,  Hawaii.  Overall  costs  of 
these  facilities,  including  land  acquisition,  construction,  and  establish- 
ment of  related  electronic  equipment,  was  estimated  at  $6  million 
each.  ComSatCorp  said  it  was  negotiating  to  purchase  from  AT&T  the 
existing  earth  station  at  Andover,  Me.,  and  asked  authority  to  modify 
and  expand  the  facility,  pending  a  purchase  agreement.  (ComSat- 
Corp Release) 

•  Two  Presidential  citations  were  among  12  awards  presented  to  NASA  Mar- 

shall Space  Flight  Center  employees  recently,  msfc  announced.  Ralph 
Butler  of  the  Aero-Astrodynamics  Laboratory  had  suggested  an  im- 
proved method  of  measuring  local  atmospheric  conditions  by  using 
radio-controlled  model  airplanes.  Franklin  Williams  of  the  Saturn  V 
Program  Office  had  made  two  cost-reduction  proposals,  one  concerning 
x-ray  radiation  protection  and  the  other  recommending  an  inexpensive 
covering  for  clean  room  insulation.  Butler  and  Williams  saved  the 
Government  an  estimated  $306,000.      (  msfc  Release  65-182) 

•  The  rash   of  reports   on   strange   visitations   to   earth    received   comment 

from  Walter  Sullivan  in  the  New  York  Times:  "Whether  or  not  [flying 
saucer  enthusiasts]  are  aware  of  it,  this  is  the  time  when  space  probes 
would  be  arriving  from  Mars,  if  inhabitants  of  that  planet  were  en- 
gaged in  a  similar  effort  [to  the  mariner  iv  Mars  flyby].  The  earth 
overtakes  Mars  every  two  years  and  two  months,  coming  within  a  few 
dozen    million     miles    of    it.     There    was    such     an    approach    this 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  327 

spring.  The  United  States  and  the  Soviet  Union  anticipated  it  by 
firing  vehicles  toward  Mars  last  November.  If  there  were  any  Martians 
equipped  to  do  so,  they  would  have  fired  their  vehicles  toward  earth  at 
about  the  same  time."  (Sullivan,  NYT,  7/13/65) 
July  13:  In  spite  of  recent  reports  from  Portugal,  the  Azores,  and  the 
Antarctic  of  "strange  objects  moving  through  space,"  USAf's  Project 
Blue  Book — in  charge  of  investigating  Ufo  reports — had  not  yet  found 
any  evidence  to  support  the  view  that  flying  saucers  or  anything  like 
them  had  entered  the  earth's  atmosphere  from  outer  space.  9,118  re- 
ports had  been  investigated  since  1947.      (Bait.  San,  7/13/65) 

•  Rep.    Donald    Rumsfeld    (R-IU.)    urged    that    more    effort    be    devoted 

to  development  of  U.S.  inner  space  capability,  because  of  its  military 
significance:  "If  the  United  States  is  not  striving  for  military  control 
of  inner  space,  it  should,  because  the  safety  of  the  nation  and  of  the 
non-Communist  world  depends  upon  it. 

"The  United  States  can  afford  to  lose  the  moon  race  to  Russia, 
which  would  be  a  great  scientific  first.  But  it  cannot  afford  to  lose  the 
race  for  control  of  the  inner  space  belt,  because  it  will  have  lost 
all."     (CR,  7/13/65,  A3714) 

•  Sen.  William  Proxmire   (D-Wis.)    spoke  on  the  floor  of  the  Senate  on 

potential  dangers  to  universities  from  Federal  research  programs  and 
advocated  giving  more  decision-making  responsibility  on  allocation  of 
funds  to  the  universities.      {CR,  7/13/65,  16075-77) 

•  U.S.  Space  Park  at  the  New  York  World's  Fair  had  had  an  attendance  of 

500,000  persons  thus  far,  a  15%  increase  over  last  year's  attendance, 
NASA  announced.      (NASA  Hq.  Bull.,  1-65-14) 


July  14:     MARINER   IV   photo- 
graph No.  11  of  Mars,  taken 
at    a    slant    range    of    7,800 
miles. 


July  14:   MARINER  IV  approached  within  5,500  mi.  of  Mars  and  took  the 
first  close-up  pictures  in  history  of  that  planet. 

At  10:28  a.m.  edt,  a  signal  from  the  tracking  station  at  Johannes- 
burg, South  Africa,  had  commanded  mariner  iv  to  turn  on  the  en- 


328  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

counter  equipment.  Obeying  the  command  12  min.  later — the  time  it 
took  the  signal  to  reach  the  spacecraft  across  134,000,000  mi. — 
MARINER  iv's  scan  platform  with  TV  cameras  and  two  Mars  sensors 
began  searching  for  the  planet;  the  tape  recorder  began  a  10-hr.  warm- 
up. 

By  1:10  p.m.,  the  spacecraft's  sensors  had  found  the  proper  angle 
from  which  to  photograph  Mars.  On  orders  from  JPL,  the  Johannes- 
burg tracking  station  ordered  the  camera  and  its  light  sensor  to  stop 
the  scan  at  7/10  of  a  degree  of  the  optimum  aiming  point. 

Throughout  the  day,  the  spacecraft  continued  transmitting  scientific 
and  engineering  information  via  the  telemetry  system. 

At  7:50  p.m.,  the  Mars  probe  made  its  first  "sighting"  contact  with 
the  planet.  The  telemetry  system  then  shifted  and  began  sending  only 
information  from  the  scientific  experiments. 

At  8:20  p.m.  edt,  the  first  light  from  Mars  struck  the  Hght  sensor 
aligned  with  the  camera  and  the  25-min.  picture-taking  sequence  be- 
gan. 21  frames  were  exposed  and  recorded  on  magnetic  tape  to  be 
telemetered  to  earth  over  a  10-day  period.  Transmission  of  each  pic- 
ture would  require  8  hrs.  25  min. 

Near  the  end  of  the  fly-by.  signals  received  at  Goldstone  tracking 
station  had  indicated  a  malfunction  in  the  tape  system.  Telemetry 
received  after  the  pass,  however,  showed  no  indication  that  trouble  had 
occurred. 

At  10:12,  MARINER  IV  flew  behind  Mars,  remained  obscured  for  53 
min.,  and  re-emerged  beyond  the  planet,  its  transmitter  beaming  radio 
signals  through  the  Martian  atmosphere.  From  this  occultation  ex- 
periment, scientists  might  be  able  to  gauge  the  depth,  thickness,  and 
component  gases  of  Mars'  atmosphere  by  measuring  how  much  these 
signals  were  bent  and  their  speeds  changed. 

Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  JPL  Director,  told  a  news  conference  that 
signals  indicated  all  instruments  on  the  spacecraft  had  performed  prop- 
erly during  the  flyby.  (NASA  Release  65-227;  Sullivan,  NYT, 
7/15/65;  Hoffman,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  7/15/65;  ap,  Bait.  Sun,  7/15/65) 
July  14:  A  44-day  test  of  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center's  Space  Envir- 
onment Simulator  (Ses)  had  just  ended,  gsfc  announced.  In  this 
project,  the  early  performance  of  a  scientific  spacecraft  in  orbit  around 
the  earth  was  compared  to  the  performance  of  a  sister  craft  "orbited" 
inside  the  Ses:  the  UK-d  scientific  spacecraft — backup  model  for  ARIEL 
II  (UK-II)  launched  successfully  into  earth  orbit  by  U.K.  March  27, 
1964 — was  "flown"  inside  the  Ses;  flight  plan  for  UK-D  followed  gener- 
al flight  plan  of  initial  flight  days  of  ARIEL  II. 

Preliminary  data  indicated  operation  of  the  Ses  was  good  through- 
out the  test  period.  The  spacecraft  inside  the  simulator  even  experi- 
enced the  same  minor  malfunction  its  sister  spacecraft  had  experienced 
in  orbit,  (gsfc  Release  G-17-65) 
•  Speaking  before  the  Senate  Commerce  Committee  in  support  of  his  bill 
calling  for  a  three-year  feasibility  study  of  this  country's  adopting  the 
metric  system,  Sen.  Claiborne  Pell  (D-R.I.)  said:  "Should  Canada 
follow  Great  Britain's  example  and  convert,  the  United  States  would  be 
virtually  the  only  remaining  country  that  uses  a  system  of  weights  and 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  329 

measures  based  on  other  than  the  metric  system.  Actually,  90  percent 
of  the  people  in  the  world  use  metric  measures  right  now." 

The  proposed  three-year  Dept.  of  Commerce  study,  Senator  Pell 
said,  would  include  not  only  a  detailed  estimate  of  the  cost  of  conver- 
sion, but  also  a  statement  of  the  possible  side  benefits  in  foreign 
trade.  (AP, /VFr,  7/15/65,  35) 
July  14:  U.S.S.R.'s  zond  ii — launched  Nov.  30,  1964 — was  believed  still 
racing  toward  Mars,  but  with  its  radio  power  dead.  Although  ZOND 
li's  specific  mission  was  not  disclosed,  Tass  had  announced  it  was 
intended  to  "test  the  systems  of  the  spacecraft  in  practical  conditions 
of  a  prolonged  space  flight  and  to  accumulate  experience."  Tass  had 
also  said  "unprecedented"  plasma-jet  engines  were  powering  the  Mars 
probe.      (UPI.  Houston  Chron.,  7/14/65) 

•  A  full-scale  model  of  NASA's  mariner  iv  Mars  probe  went  on  display  at 

the  Smithsonian  Institution's  National  Air  Museum.  Panels  explain- 
ing the  Mariner  program  would  also  be  displayed;  photographs  of  the 
Martian  surface  would  be  added  to  the  exhibit  as  they  were 
received.      ( NASA  Release  65-231) 

•  12  delta-winged  Mirage  iv  jet  bombers  flew  across  the  Paris  sky  for  the 

first  time  to  open  France's  annual  Bastille  Day  parade.  Two  days 
earlier,  the  French  Atomic  Energy  Commission  had  announced  produc- 
tion of  a  smaller,  more  powerful  replacement  for  the  bulky  60-kt. 
atomic  bomb  now  carried  by  the  Mirage  IV.  (Breastrup,  Bait.  Sun, 
7/15/65) 

•  Commenting  on  the  U.S.  need  for  a  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  (Mol), 

Lt.  Gen.  Ira  C.  Eaker  (usaf.  Ret.)  said  in  the  San  Antonio  Express: 
"The  nearly  simultaneous  launch  of  NASA's  Gemini  and  Air  Force's 
Titan  III-C  caused  some  commentators  to  suggest  that  there  is  compe- 
tition and  rivalry  in  the  space  effort.  Investigation  convinces  me  that 
there  is  complete  collaboration  and  accord  between  NASA  and  the  mili- 
tary in  the  space  program. 

"There  is  now  Httle  reason  to  doubt  that  NASA  will  succeed  with 
Apollo,  the  Moon  mission.  Our  continued  leadership  in  the  explora- 
tion of  the  peaceful  uses  of  space  seems  assured. 

"It  is  now  time  to  survey  where  we  stand  in  the  military  implica- 
tions and  dangers  from  space.  .  .  . 

"The  first  step  in  a  needed  military  space  program,  which  the  Air 
Force  earnestly  and  urgently  proposes,  is  a  manned  orbiting  laborato- 
ry (mol).  It  is  visualized  as  an  experimental  space  station  in  low 
orbit  to  determine  what  man  can  profitably  do  in  space. 

"The  anti-MOL  advocates  have  suggested  that  the  fall-out  from  the 
NASA  space  program  will  provide  all  the  building  blocks  to  produce 
military  space  vehicles  quickly  when  the  need  is  more  clearly 
evident.  Fall-out  from  the  automobile  industry  did  not  provide  the 
Patton  tank.  It  was  necessary  to  cut  and  try,  build  and  test  many 
experimental  tanks  over  a  period  of  25  years. 

"Building  blocks  from  civil  air  transports  did  not  produce  the  B-52 
bomber.  We  had  to  build  and  test  51  earlier  bomber  models.  Effec- 
tive space  weapons  will  never  come  solely  from  the  fall-out  from  the 
NASA  program. 


330  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

"mol  is  said  to  be  held  up  until  the  Air  Force  can  precisely  define 
and  defend  a  military  mission  which  MOL  can  be  certain  to 
accomplish.  To  require  anyone  to  visualize  and  indicate  definitely 
and  in  detail  now,  all  that  man  may  ultimately  do  in  space,  would  be 
like  having  asked  the  Wright  brothers  in  1910  to  lay  down  the 
specifications  for  a  supersonic  transport."  (Eaker,  San  Antonio  Ex- 
press, 7/14/65,  18) 
July  15:  The  first  close-up  picture  of  Mars  transmitted  by  NASA's  MARINER 
IV  in  an  eight-hour  broadcast  over  a  distance  of  134  million  mi.  clear- 
ly showed  the  edge  of  the  planet.  Transmitted  to  earth  as  a  series  of 
5  million  radio  signals  representing  zeroes  and  ones,  the  picture  was 
received  at  the  Madrid  and  Johannesburg  tracking  stations  and  relayed 
to  JPL.  A  JPL  computer  reconstructed  the  digits  to  produce  images 
consisting  of  a  series  of  dots  of  varying  darkness.  With  transmission 
at  8.3  dots  a  second,  0I/2  hrs.  were  required  to  receive  the  photograph. 

The  photo  sequence  began  when  the  bright  edge,  or  limb,  of  Mars 
was  seen  by  a  light  sensor  which  triggered  mariner  iv's  magnetic 
tape  recorder.  Initial  information  came  from  an  experimental  device 
called  a  "cluge"  which  built  up  a  rough  pattern  of  the  photo  on  a 
monitor  screen  as  it  was  relayed  from  the  tracking  stations  to 
JPL.  Taken  at  a  low  angle  with  an  oblique  view,  the  first  photograph 
did  not  show  the  detail  expected  in  later  photographs. 

At  a  news  conference  at  JPL,  Dr.  J.  A.  Van  Allen,  Univ.  of  Iowa, 
said  that  during  its  Mars  flyby,  MARINER  iv  had  discovered  with  a 
variety  of  detectors  that  Mars  had  little  or  no  magnetic  field  and, 
therefore,  no  radiation  belts.  This  would  indicate  that  the  planet 
lacks  a  liquid  core  and  thus  differs  basically  from  earth.  Lack  of  a 
metallic  core,  liquid  or  solid,  would  be  evidence  that  the  planet  never 
went  through  the  churning  internal  processes  that  gave  the  earth  its 
layered  structure.  Mars  would  not  have  continents  formed  of  light- 
weight rocks  and  ocean  basins  underlain  with  basaltic  rock  as  found 
on  earth. 

W.  M.  Alexander,  nasa  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  explained  that 
there  was  no  evidence  of  a  belt  or  unusual  concentration  of  cosmic 
dust  around  the  planet,  nor,  pointed  out  Dr.  H.  S.  Bridge,  MIT,  was 
there  any  evidence  of  a  shock  wave  caused  by  solar  wind  flowing 
across  the  planet.  The  solar  wind  was  the  steady  outflow  of  thin,  hot, 
high-velocity  gas  from  the  sun. 

Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  Director  of  JPL,  when  questioned  by 
newsmen  on  the  possibility  of  higher  life  existing  on  Mars,  pointed  out 
that  the  absence  of  a  magnetic  field  indicated  the  planet's  atmosphere 
was  hit  with  all  types  of  radiation  and  the  existence  of  life  would  de- 
pend on  how  deep  the  atmosphere  was  and  the  extent  of  radiation  that 
reached  the  surface.  Asked  if  he  were  discouraged  about  the  possibil- 
ity of  finding  life  on  the  planet.  Dr.  Pickering  replied:  "No,  I  have 
always  felt  we  will  find  some  sort  of  life  on  Mars." 

Dr.  Pickering  pointed  out  that  one  explanation  for  the  reddish  hue 
of  Mars  might  be  the  presence  of  limonite,  an  iron  oxide.  This  would 
suggest  that  iron  was  uniformly  spread  through  the  planet  rather  than 
being  largely  concentrated  in  the  core,  as  on  earth.  (Transcript;  Sul- 
livan, NYT,  1/16/65,  1,  10;  Miles,  Wash.  Post,  7/16/65,  A1,A3; 
Sullivan,  NYT,  7/17/65, 1,  6) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  331 

July  15:  Astronauts  James  A.  McDivitt  (Maj.,  USAf)  and  Edward  H.  White, 
II  (Maj.,  usaf)  of  the  June  3-7  gemini  iv  flight  received  usaf  astro- 
naut wings  from  Gen.  John  P.  McConnell,  USAF  Chief  of  Staff,  in  an  Air 
Force  ceremony  at  the  Pentagon.  X-15  test  pilot  Joseph  H.  Engle 
(Capt.,  usaf)  also  received  USAF  astronaut  wings,  thus  becoming  the 
12th  American  to  receive  the  award  and  the  fifth  to  wear  the  insignia 
for  suborbital  flight. 

Meanwhile  the  Senate  Armed  Services  Committee  approved  Presi- 
dent Johnson's  promotion  of  Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra  from 
commander  to  captain  and  John  W.  Young  from  It,  commander  to  com- 
mander. (DOD  Release  458-65.  7/14/65) 
•  Dr.  Kurt  H.  Debus,  Director  of  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  said 
in  an  address  at  the  First  World  Exhibition  of  Transport  and  Com- 
munications in  Munich:  "It  is  my  personal  opinion,  shared  by  some 
colleagues,  that  space  flight  will  logically  follow  the  pattern  of  histori- 
cal development  which  has  characterized  the  transportation  industry. 
That  is,  the  exploitation  of  the  system  is  an  outgrowth  of  its  invention. 

"This  pattern  is  vividly  demonstrated  by  the  popular  American  leg- 
end that  Henry  Ford  invented  the  automobile,  when  in  fact  the  auto- 
mobile is  not  really  an  American  invention  at  all.  For  one  thing,  it 
was  not  invented  by  any  one  man,  but  by  a  host  of  inventors — most  of 
them  Europeans. 

"However,  Henry  Ford  did  initiate  the  exploitation  of  this  invention 
as  a  means  of  transportation  for  almost  every  family  in  America. 
Ford  was  a  man  of  great  inventive  genius  who  strove  to  mass  produce 
a  highly  reliable  automobile  at  low  unit  cost.  So  Ford  took  advantage 
of  this  once-novel  invention,  the  automobile,  by  developing  to  a  high 
degree  the  arts  of  mass  production  with  interchangeable  parts,  line 
assembly,  and  finally  conveyor  assembly;  and  thus  he  ushered  in  a 
new  age  of  public  transportation. 

"The  automobile  also  serves  as  an  excellent  example  that  even  the 
farsighted  and  visionary  inventor  often  cannot  visualize  the  ultimate 
utilization  of  his  invention  by  the  public.  For  the  modern  automobile 
is  a  combination  of  many  inventions — the  wheel,  the  pneumatic  tire 
which  in  turn  depended  upon  the  discovery  of  vulcanized  rubber,  the 
internal  combustion  engine  and  gasoline — to  name  a  few.  To  illus- 
trate an  extreme  case,  I  seriously  doubt  if  the  inventor  of  the  wheel 
could  visualize  its  use  in  such  a  supernatural  machine  as  the 
automobile!  In  the  more  recent  past,  Benjamin  Silliman,  Jr.,  a  bril- 
liant American  petrochemist  of  the  late-nineteenth  century,  considered 
gasoline  a  useless  and  dangerous  byproduct  of  his  process  for  refining 
lamp  kerosene. 

"The  thing  to  remember  is  that  the  automotive  industry  did  not 
spring  from  public  demand.  It  came  about  because  there  were  inven- 
tors who  braved  ridicule  and  worse  and  because  others  were  quick  to 
seize  upon  their  creations.  There  was  no  expressed  requirement  for 
the  airplane,  nor  for  the  trans-Atlantic  air  travel  opened  up  by  Charles 
Lindbergh.  The  novel  products  of  inventive  minds  become  the  every- 
day products  of  our  society.  The  full  impact  of  these  products  is 
unpredictable  at  the  time  of  their  invention. 


332  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"The  American  scientist,  Robert  Goddard,  who  created  the  first  liq- 
uid-fueled rockets  in  the  United  States,  remarked  that  'Every  vision  is 
a  joke  until  the  first  man  accomplishes  it.' 

"The  men  who  dreamed  up  and  worked  out  methods  of  efficient 
transportation  unwittingly  opened  up  broad  new  vistas,  and  touched 
off  the  growth  of  tremendous  production  and  service  industries.  They 
showed  the  way  to  expedite  the  movement  of  people  and  goods,  and 
they  also  accelerated  the  exchange  of  ideas  and  customs  and  thus  pro- 
moted understanding  and  cooperation. 

"Robert  Goddard  in  America,  like  Hermann  Oberth  in  Europe,  were 
scorned  and  laughed  at  in  their  time.  But  while  we  are  meeting  here, 
men  are  preparing  more  journeys  into  the  limitless  areas  beyond 
Earth's  atmosphere,  working  with  much  the  same  theories  and  tech- 
niques proposed  by  Oberth  and  Goddard."  (Text) 
July  15:  "One  absolute  certainty  is  that  if  the  atomic  bomb  had  not  gone 
off  at  Alamogordo  20  years  ago  tomorrow,  the  spacecraft  Mariner  4 
would  not  have  flown  past  Mars  yesterday,"  wrote  William  Hines  in 
the  Washington  Evening  Star.  He  continued:  "Space  and  the  atom 
are  more  closely  interrelated  than  most  people  realize.  We  are  in  a 
space  race  today  because — and  only  because — big  rockets  were  devel- 
oped by  the  East  and  West  starting  about  15  years  ago.  .  .  .  Solely 
to  carry  atomic  (and  later  hydrogen)  warheads.  There  would  have 
been  no  space  race  without  big  rockets  because  the  staggering  develop- 
ment costs  for  space  applications  alone  could  never  have  been  justified. 

"The  'aerospace  business'  of  the  non-atomic  '60's,  then,  would  have 
been  'airplane  business'  pure  and  simple — and  airplanes  would  be 
much  different  than  they  are  today.  There  would  be  no  'atomic  en- 
ergy industry,'  of  course — and  these  two  differences  would  have  a 
measurable  economic  impact.  Probably  a  million  jobs  nationwide  de- 
pend either  directly  or  indirectly  on  space  and  the  atom. 

"Equally  obviously,  two  vast  bureaucracies  dedicated  to  'running' 
space  and  the  atom  would  not  exist.  The  Atomic  Energy  Commission 
has  about  7,300  employes  and  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space 
Administration  about  33,000.  Together  they  'own'  something  like  $18 
billion  worth  of  property."      (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  7/15/65) 

•  A  contract  for  about  $60  million  would  be  signed  by  NASA  Goddard 

Space  Flight  Center  with  Republic  Aviation  Corp.  for  Phase  II  devel- 
opment of  the  Advanced  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory  (Aoso),  NASA 
announced.  Republic  would  furnish  two  flight  spacecraft  and  a  proto- 
type; work  would  also  include  final  development  and  design,  checkout, 
experiment  integration,  and  launch  support  services.  The  Phase  I 
portion  of  the  project  was  completed  in  July  1965. 

Launching  of  the  1,250-lb.  Aoso,  planned  for  the  late  1960's,  would 
be  from  Vandenberg  afb  by  a  thrust-augmented  Thor-Agena  rocket; 
the  observatory  would  provide  a  constant  search  for  isolated  or  unu- 
sual solar  activity,     (nasa  Release  65-234) 

•  Northwind,  a  U.S.  Coast  Guard  icebreaker,  left  Copenhagen  for  a  three- 

month  scientific  voyage  of  the  Soviet  Arctic  providing  a  "floating  plat- 
form" for  civilian  scientists  aboard  to  conduct  oceanographic  and  me- 
teorological studies  in  the  Barents  and  Kara  Seas — areas  for  which  the 
U.S.  had  little  scientific  data.     {NYT,  7/16/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  333 

July  15:  Dr.  Kurt  H.  Debus,  Director,  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  re- 
ceived the  Pioneer  of  the  Wind-Rose  Award,  Order  of  the  Diamond, 
in  Munich,  Germany.  Dr.  Debus,  first  recipient  of  the  award,  was 
cited  for  his  historical  contribution  to  rocket  launch  technology  and 
fox  his  contributions  to  science  through  his  work  in  rocketry.  Award 
was  made  at  the  First  International  Transport  Exhibit.  {Brevard 
Sent.,  8/1/65) 

•  USAF  would  begin  retiring  more  than  300  of  its  B-52  strategic  bombers 

next  year,  predicted  Howard  Margolis  in  the  Washington  Post.  Mar- 
golis  theorized  that  usAF  would  then  seek  more  money  for  its  follow-on 
bomber,  the  Amsa  (Advanced  Manned  Strategic  Aircraft),  and  money 
for  several  wings  of  F-lll's  for  the  Strategic  Air  Command  (SAC) 
bomber  force  as  the  B-52's  were  mothballed.  (Margolis,  Wash.  Post, 
7/15/65) 
July  16:  PROTON  i,  a  scientific  space  station,  was  orbited  by  the  U.S.S.R. 
with  a  "powerful  new  booster,"  Tass  announced.  The  26,880-lb.  pay- 
load — claimed  to  be  heaviest  ever  launched — was  placed  into  an  orbit 
with  the  following  initial  parameters:  apogee,  627  km.  (389.4  mi)  ; 
perigee,  190  km.  (118  mi.);  period  92  min.;  and  inclination, 
63.5°.  In  addition  to  scientific  and  measuring  instruments,  the  space 
station  was  equipped  with  special  equipment  for  the  study  of  cosmic 
particles  of  super-high  energies  and  a  radio  transmitter.  Tass  said: 
"In  order  to  insure  realization  of  the  planned  space  research  program, 
a  powerful  new  booster  rocket  has  been  developed  in  the  Soviet 
Union." 

Commenting  on  the  Soviet  launching.  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Execu- 
tive Secretary  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  said  he 
was  "impressed  but  not  astonished"  by  the  Russian  accomplishment. 

"We  have  been  predicting  for  some  time  that  they  would  develop 
into  the  space  station  field,"  he  said.  "We  have  anticipated  that  they 
would  practice  rendezvous  and  docking  before  they  developed  what 
they  said  was  a  space  station,  but  they  haven't  followed  that  particular 
line."     (Tass,  7/16/65;  NYT,  7/17/65,  6;  Wash.  Post,  7/17/65,  Al) 

•  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  lxxi,  lxxii,  lxxiii,  lxxiv,  and    lxxv    into 

orbit  with  a  single  booster.  Initial  orbital  data:  COSMOS  LXXI,  apo- 
gee, 542  km,  (337  mi.),  perigee,  521  km.  (324  mi.);  cosmos  lxxii, 
apogee,  588  km.  (365  mi.),  perigee,  538  km.  (334  mi.);  cosmos 
LXXIII,  apogee,  564  km.  (350  mi.),  perigee,  531  km.  (330  mi.);  cos- 
mos LXXIV,  apogee,  619  km.  (384  mi.),  perigee,  537  km.  (334  mi.); 
cosmos  lxxv,  apogee.  644  km.  (400  mi.),  perigee,  539  km.  (335 
mi.).  Period  for  all  five  satellites  was  95  min.;  inclination, 
56°.  Satellites  contained  scientific  equipment  for  outer  space  research 
as  well  as  "Mayak"  radio  transmitters.  All  instruments  were  said  to 
be  functioning  normally.      [Izvestia,  7/17/65,  ATSS-T  Trans.) 

•  "Mariner-4's     performance  .  .  .  constitutes     one     of     man's     greatest 

triumphs  to  date  in  the  field  of  science  and  technology,"  said  a  Wash- 
ington Evening  Star  editorial:  "It  has  blazed  the  way  for  the  landing 
of  instruments  on  the  Martian  terrain  within  the  next  decade,  and  after 
that,  on  some  day  between  1980  and  the  end  of  the  century  the  landing 
of  Americans  there. 


334  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

"The  wonder  and  wizardry  of  it  all  are  nothing  less  than 
awesome.  Everybody  involved  with  mariner's  success  merits  the 
praise  of  the  entire  nation."  (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  7/16/65) 
July  16:  A  707  jet  transport,  owned  and  fitted  by  the  Boeing  Co.  with  ex- 
tensive instrumentation,  including  an  analog  computer  and  a  15-ft. 
needle-like  nose  extension  to  make  it  an  in-flight  dynamic  simulator, 
had  arrived  at  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  for  a  four-month  program 
of  supersonic  transport  experiments.  The  research  program  would 
assess  simulated  landing  approaches  with  both  the  fixed-wing  and 
variable-sweep  concepts,  including  conditions  such  as  emergency  use 
of  cruise  sweep-back  during  a  landing,      (nasa  Release  65-233) 

•  Gemini  v  backup  crew  members,  civilians  Neil  Armstrong  and  Elliot  M. 

See,  Jr.,  began  a  training  exercise  in  Gulf  of  Mexico  waters  designed 
to  teach  the  astronauts  the  proper  methods  to  leave  the  spacecraft  after 
touchdown.  Primary  crew  members  Maj.  L.  Gordon  Cooper  (usaf) 
and  Cdr.  Charles  Conrad  (usn)  would  take  the  same  training  July  21. 
(ap,  Houston  Chron.,  7/16/65) 

•  FCC  rescinded  an  earlier  order  and  granted  a  group  of  communications 

companies  temporary  authority  to  provide  television  service  from 
EARLY  BIRD  I  comsat.  The  order  authorized  AT&T,  ITT,  RCA  Com- 
munications, Inc.,  and  Western  Union  International,  Inc.,  to  pool  their 
efforts  and  resources  in  a  consortium  which  would  buy  the  television 
service  from  ComSatCorp  and  then  sell  the  service  to  American  televi- 
sion networks.  In  its  earlier  order,  FCC  had  granted  temporary  au- 
thority to  ComSatCorp  to  provide  the  television  service  directly  to  the 
television  networks.      (Weekley,  Wash.  Post,  7/16/65) 

•  The  successful  use  in  modern  surgery  of  plasma  probes  developed  for  the 

U.S.  program  by  High  Temperature  Instruments  Corp.  under  contract 
to  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  was  reported  by  Dr.  Walter  T.  Olson, 
Assistant  Director  for  Public  Affairs  at  LRC.  The  temperature-sensing 
elements  of  these  tiny  probes  were  used  in  a  cryogenic  cannula  for 
treating  Parkinson's  Disease,  a  malady  involving  control  centers  in  the 
brain.  The  surgical  probe,  through  which  low-temperature  liquid  ni- 
trogen flows,  is  used  to  destroy  parts  of  the  brain  by  freezing  without 
affecting  adjacent  tissue.  It  also  permits  the  neurosurgeon  to  probe  at 
an  intermediate  temperature;  once  located,  the  selected  brain  tissues 
can  be  frozen  by  using  the  thermocouple  to  monitor  the  temperature. 
(lrc  Release  65-50) 

•  NASA  awarded  S75,000  cost-plus-fixed  fee  contract  to  Control  Data  Corp. 

for  a  breadboard  model  of  Scads  (Scanning  Celestial  Attitude  Deter- 
mination System),  a  simple  star-mapping  system  for  use  onboard 
spacecraft  to  determine  the  pitch,  roll,  and  yaw  attitude  errors.  Ini- 
tial tests  of  the  system  would  be  conducted  at  GSFC.  (gsfc  Release 
G-18-65) 

•  NASA   entered   competitive   negotiations    with    Documentation,    Inc.,    and 

Tech/Courier  Corp.  for  a  contract  valued  at  approximately  $4.5  mil- 
lion to  operate  NASA's  Scientific  and  Information  Facility — containing 
the  world's  largest  collection  of  aerospace  literature — in  a  new  govern- 
ment-furnished building  in  College  Park,  Md.  The  contract  would 
run  through  June  1966  and  would  be  monitored  by  NASA  Hq.  Scientific 
and  Technical  Information  Div.      (nasa  Release  65-236) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  335 

July  16:  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh.  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National  Aero- 
nautics and  Space  Council,  remarked  in  an  interview  with  Missile  Space 
Daily:  "I  do  not  doubt  that  with  good  fortune,  the  trip  [to  the  moon] 
will  be  made  during  this  decade,  which  to  me  means  during  the 
1960's.  Replying  to  a  question  about  the  future  use  of  solid  fuel 
rockets,  Dr.  Welsh  said:  "I  certainly  see  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the 
use  of  solids  will  continue  to  increase.  Without  attempting  to  predict 
specific  dates  or  missions,  I  believe  large  solid  motor  technology  will 
be  a  very  valuable  element  in  our  growing  national  space 
competence.  .  .  ."  On  post-Apollo  missions:  ".  .  .  Under  present 
circumstances,  it  would  seem  that  our  program  will  include  extended 
exploration  of  the  moon  after  the  first  trip,  provided  conditions  are 
found  to  be  favorable  to  such  exploration.  Also,  we  should  be  expect- 
ed to  develop  a  growing  capability  in  earth-orbiting  space  stations  and 
make  an  increasing  effort  in  planetary  exploration.  I  do  not  rate 
these  major  objectives  one  against  the  other  because  I  beHeve  the 
national  space  program  will  in  time  include  all  three  of  the  broad 
missions  I  have  mentioned."  Dr.  Welsh  said  that  he  hoped  the  U.S. 
would  be  able  to  "maintain  space  expenditures  at  a  figure  above  1 
percent  of  our  Gross  National  Product."      {M/S  Daily,  7/26/65) 

•  "We  saw  it  and  we  were  amazed,"  wrote  Pope  Paul  VI  in  Latin  on  a 

copy  of  the  first  photograph  returned  by  MARINER  IV.  He  signed  his 
name  underneath  with  the  date.      (UPI,  NYT,  7/17/65) 

•  20th  anniversary  of  the  first  atomic  device,  at  Los  Alamos,  N.  Mex.,  the 

beginning  of  the  so-called  "atomic  age."  Since  then,  atomic  devices 
had  been  exploded  by  the  U.S.S.R.  beginning  in  1949,  Britain  in  1952, 
France  in  1960,  and  Red  China  in  1964.  Thermonuclear  devices  had 
been  demonstrated  by  the  U.S.  in  1952,  U.S.S.R.  in  1953,  and  Britain 
in  1957.  Now  Federal  spending  for  the  peaceful  uses  of  atomic  en- 
ergy had  drawn  abreast  of  spending  for  nuclear  weapons  for  the  first 
time  since  the  first  atomic  bomb.  Commenting  on  this  fact,  Evert 
Clark  wrote  in  the  New  York  Times:  "Even  in  the  Atomic  Energy 
Commission  there  is  little  tendency  to  view  this  as  a  triumph  for  peace 
over  preparations  for  the  possibility  of  war. 

"It  is  rather  that  miHtary  needs  have  been  largely  taken  care  of,  so 
that  they  demand  less  money."     (eph;  Clark,  NYT,  7/17/65,  6) 

•  A  commercial  model  of  the  military  C-5a  subsonic  jet  was  being  consid- 

ered by  Pan  American  World  Airways  to  provide  cheap  air  transpor- 
tation, reported  the  f^all  Street  Journal.  The  aircraft  would  measure 
230  ft.  or  more  from  nose  to  tail,  weigh  over  700,000  lbs.,  and  carry  a 
payload  of  over  250,000  lbs.;  four  jet  engines  would  propel  it  at  550 
mph.  The  passenger  version  would  hold  between  700  and  1,000 
people.  The  jet  bus  could  cut  cargo  rates  50%  or  more  and  cut  fares 
20  to  25%.  Problems  would  arise,  however,  in  that  present  airport 
runways  might  not  be  able  to  sustain  the  great  weight  and  new  proce- 
dures would  have  to  be  developed  to  handle  the  increased 
traffic.      (Cooke,  WSJ,  7/16/65,  1,  8) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James   E.   Webb   was   one   of  four  persons  named 

honorary  chairmen  of  the  Robert  Hutchings  Goddard  Library  Pro- 
gram at  Clark  Univ.  The  other  three  were  Mrs.  Robert  H.  Goddard; 
Dr.  Charles  G.  Abbot,  former  fifth  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 


336  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

tution;  and  Mr.  John  Jeppson,  executive  vice  president  of  the  Norton 
Co.  and  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Clark  Univ.  Mr.  J.  L. 
Atwood,  president  of  North  American  Aviation,  was  named  general 
chairman  of  the  Library  program.      [Goddard,  7/65) 

July  16:  Physicist  Serafim  Nikolayevich  Zhurkov,  corresponding  member 
of  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences,  was  awarded  the  Order  of  the  Red 
Banner  of  labor  on  his  60th  birthday  for  work  in  his  field.  {Pravda, 
7/16/65) 

July  17:  Two  more  mariner  iv  close-up  shots  of  Mars  were  released  by 
NASA.  The  first  three  photographs  showed  an  almost  unbroken  strip 
of  terrain  more  than  600  mi.  long.  They  revealed  features  down  to 
two  miles  in  length,  including  several  crater-like  objects,  a  kidney- 
shaped  depression  20-30  mi.  in  width,  and  ridges  and  depressions 
similar  to  those  on  the  moon.  None  of  them  showed  straight-line 
features  that  might  have  been  taken  by  earth-based  observers  to  be 
canals.  Except  for  the  suggestion  of  an  arid,  wind-swept,  desert-like 
terrain,  the  pictures  did  not  bear  directly  on  the  question  of  life  on  the 
planet. 

During  a  press  conference  held  at  JPL,  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering, 
Director  of  JPL,  said  that  mariner  iv  had  been  a  "magnificent 
success."  The  computer  which  had  reconstructed  the  numbers  trans- 
mitted by  MARINER  IV  into  photographs  had  proved  capable  of  clean- 
ing up  and  intensifying  the  image  to  a  remarkable  degree.  The  pic 
tures  were  of  a  high  quality,  and,  in  addition,  the  lighting  conditions 
were  expected  to  improve  the  detail  in  later  photographs.  Comparison 
of  overlapping  areas — one  picture  in  a  pair  exposed  through  a  green 
filter  and  one  through  a  red  filter — might  reveal  some  things  about 
color  on  Mars  that  would  not  otherwise  be  obtainable.  (Transcript; 
SuUivan,  NYT,  7/18/65,  1,  50;  Hines,  Wash.  Sun.  Star,  7/18/65,  Al, 
A6;  r5/,  7/19/65,  1) 

•  USAF  launched  Thor-Agena  D  launch  vehicle  with  unidentified  satellite 

payload  from  Western  Test  Range.  {U.S.  Aeron  &  Space  Act.,  1965, 
146) 

•  The  Bochum  Observatory   in   West  Germany   reported   it  had   received 

signals  from  Soviet  satellite  proton  i  which  indicated  it  would  "not 
remain  for  a  long  period  in  a  stable  orbit."  (ap,  Wash.  Sun.  Star, 
7/18/65,  A2) 

•  First  flight  of  North  American  Aviation's  xb-70a  No.  2  from  Palmdale 

to  Edwards  afb  was  almost  100  per  cent  successful;  the  drogue  chute 
failed  to  deploy  on  landing,  but  the  aircraft  braked  to  a  stop  in  the 
normal  distance.  The  No.  2  XB-70  reached  a  speed  of  mach  1.4  and 
an  altitude  of  40,000  ft.  Wing  tips  were  folded  to  the  full  65°  during 
the  flight,  the  movable  windshield  ramp  was  operated,  and  some  stabil- 
ity and  control  tests  were  carried  out.  Aircraft  was  piloted  by  Ai 
White,  chief  NAA  test  pilot,  and  Col.  Joseph  Cotton,  USAF  XB-70A  test 
director.      {Av.  Daily,  7/20/65) 

•  "The  President  has  taken  the  moderate  and,  in  this  case,  wise  course  in 

deciding  to  speed  up  the  development  of  an  American  supersonic  com- 
mercial airliner  with  an  additional  $140  million  in  research  over  the 
next  1^2  years,"  said  a  Washington  Post  editorial.  It  continued:  "He 
could  have  called  a  halt  to  the  program  and  abdicated  America's  avia- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  337 

tion  industry  leadership  to  France  and  Britain,  who  already  are  devel- 
oping their  Concorde,  or  to  the  Soviets  with  their  TU-144.  Or  he 
could  have  followed  the  recommendation  of  some  of  his  advisers  and 
spent  even  greater  sums  of  money  to  build  two  competing  types  of 
planes  which  both  might  end  up  as  impractical  white  elephants. 

".  .  .  the  President's  moderate  speed-up  decision  certainly  is 
justified  on  scientific  grounds,  for  research  invariably  turns  up  new 
ideas  for  progress.  And  it  is  justified  on  political  grounds  as  well,  for 
this  countrv  must  maintain  its  pioneering  leadership  in  all  forms  of 
transportation."  {Wash.  Post,  7/17/65) 
July  17:  Transmissions  from  mariner  iv  were  received  by  the  nine-month- 
old  Tidbinbilla  tracking  station  at  Canberra,  Australia — one  of  three 
primary  stations  in  the  worldwide  network  of  space  tracking  stations 
built  for  the  Mars  probe.  Since  February,  a  movable  reflector  an- 
tenna had  maintained  daily  contact  with  MARINER  iv,  picking  up  signals 
from  Goldstone,  Calif.,  station  in  the  morning  and  relaying  them  to  the 
Johannesburg  station  nine  hours  later.  As  the  signals  were  received 
from  MARINER  IV,  they  were  retransmitted  over  the  Pacific  cable  tele- 
type to  the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory. 

After  completion  of  mariner  iv  mission,  Tidbinbilla  would  be  used 
to  track  Surveyor  vehicles.      (NYT,  7/18/65) 

•  Dr.  Philip  Abelson  suggested  in  Science  that  effects  on  man  of  a  new 

revolution  in  genetics  would  be  more  profound  than  the  Atomic 
Age.  He  said  that  although  controlled  laboratory  change  of  human 
genetic  constitution  seemed  some  distance  off,  he  believed  it  would  be 
done  or  attempted:  "Geneticists  will  create  new  knowledge  and  will 
have  high  ideals  for  its  proper  application.  In  practice,  power  to 
apply  that  knowledge,  as  was  the  case  in  atomic  energy,  will  come  to 
rest  in  other  hands."      (Abelson,  Science,  7/12/65) 

•  West   German   intelligence   had   reported   that   Russia's   Antonov  An-22 

transport  plane  was  designed  to  carry  large  missiles  undetected,  said 
Omar  Anderson  in  the  Philadelphia  Bulletin.  The  plane,  exhibited 
June  15  at  the  International  Air  Show  in  Le  Bourget,  France,  could 
carry  up  to  720  passengers  or  80  tons  of  cargo,  (nasa,  Phil.  Sun. 
Bull.,  7/18/65,  19) 
July  18:  ZOND  lil  automatic  space  station  was  launched  into  a  hehocentric 
orbit  by  U.S.S.R.  from  a  heavy  artificial  satellite  placed  in  a  parking 
orbit  around  the  earth  by  a  multistage  carrier  rocket,  Tass 
announced.  Tass  said  that  the  "trajectory  of  the  automatic  station  is 
close  to  the  expected  one,"  that  communications  were  stable,  and  that 
all  systems  were  functioning  normally.  The  purpose  of  the  launch 
was  to  "check  the  station's  systems  in  conditions  of  prolonged  space 
flight  and  the  holding  of  scientific  studies  in  interplanetary  space," 
Tass  said.  Pictures  of  the  farside  of  the  moon  taken  by  zOND  ill 
were  later  released  on  Aug.  20.  (Tass,  7/18/65;  Grose,  NYT, 
7/19/65,  1,  31;  Loory,  Wash.  Post,  7/19/65) 

•  A  new  computer  technique  had  been  designed  by  NASA  Goddard  Space 

Flight  Center  to  make  repeated  rapid  checks  of  effects  of  a  man-made 
radiation  belt  of  high-energy  "Starfish"  electrons  formed  from  a  U.S. 
hydrogen  bomb  test  over  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  1962,  and  subsequent 
tests  conducted  for  Project  Fish  Bowl,  a  high-altitude  weapon  test. 
Starfish  electrons  were  estimated  to  have  a  possible  life  of  up  to  20 


338  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

yrs.,  during  which  time  electrons  in  the  belt  would  slowly  decay  to  the 
energy  level  of  ordinary  electrons.  E.  G.  Stassinopoulos,  designer  of 
the  program,  warned  that  increased  solar  activity  in  years  ahead  would 
greatly  affect  the  lifetimes  of  the  Starfish  electrons,  making  the 
computer  relatively  useless  after  1966.  (Sci.  Serv.,  NYT,  7/18/ 
65,  27) 
July  18:  MARINER  iv's  experimental  solar-vane  aiming  system  was  expected 
to  operate  successfully  for  three  and  one  half  years  in  space,  wrote 
Walter  Sullivan  in  the  New  York  Times.  The  vanes  should  keep  the 
spacecraft  aimed  at  the  sun  whose  light  shining  on  the  vehicle's  four- 
wing  solar  panels  would  generate  electric  power.  Acting  on  pressure 
of  sunlight  and  the  high-velocity  solar  wind,  the  vanes  would  correct 
tendencies  to  drift  off  course. 

The  basic  attitude  control  system  of  mariner  iv  consisted  of  12 
jets,  at  the  tips  of  the  solar  panels,  which  squirted  cold  compressed 
nitrogen.  The  purpose  of  the  solar  vanes  was  to  conserve  the  nitrogen 
and  thereby  prolong  the  vehicle's  serviceable  lifetime.  (Sullivan, 
A^yr,  7/19/65,  31) 

•  Editorial  comment  on  the  successful  transmission  to  earth  of  pictures  of 

Mars  taken  by  mariner  iv:  "There  is  something  absolutely  staggering 
about  the  idea  of  a  piece  of  machinery  from  this  country's  workshops 
finding  its  way  to  Mars  and  then  pausing  on  schedule  to  make  picture 
signals  which  bounce  back  here  12  minutes  later. 

"Such  a  feat  cheers  up  the  most  confirmed  pessimist.  After  all,  if 
man  has  the  genius  to  reach  back  and  forth  into  the  universe,  surely 
he  will  discover  a  way  for  peoples,  nations  and  ideologies  to  live  and 
survive  together  back  here  on  this  insignificant  Uttle  planet."  {Wash. 
Post,  7/18/65) 

"Though  all  its  findings  are  not  yet  in,  it  is  already  clear  that  Mar- 
iner 4's  historic  journey  to  Mars  is  the  most  successful  and  most  im- 
portant experiment  man  has  yet  conducted  in  space,  as  well  as  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  engineering  and  scientific  achievements  of  all  time. 

"The  triumph  scored  by  mariner  4  in  this  first  successful  attempt  at 
the  exploration  of  Mars  emphasizes  a  point  suggested  by  the  earlier 
achievements  of  instrumented  probes,  notably  the  Ranger  photographic 
voyages  to  the  moon.  That  point  is  that  a  great  deal  of  scientific 
information  about  earth's  nearest  neighbors  in  the  solar  system  can  be 
obtained  relatively  cheaply  and  without  risk  to  human  life  by  utilizing 
fully  the  potentialities  of  existing  instruments.  Cameras  and  other 
research  devices  can  undoubtedly  be  placed  in  orbit  about  or  landed 
softly  on  the  surfaces  of  the  moon  and  nearby  planets.  And  intensive 
exploitation  of  the  capabilities  of  unmanned  rockets  can  make  far  safer 
the  ultimate  dispatch  of  man  into  far  distant  space."  {NYT, 
7/16/65) 

•  "Soviet  propaganda  needs  in  the  wake  of  Mariner  4's  flight  to  Mars 

appear  to  have  been  influential  in  determining  the  timing  of  the 
latest  Soviet  space  shots,"  wrote  Harry  Schwartz  in  the  New  York 
Times.  He  continued:  "Moscow's  decision  to  send  up  last  Friday  two 
rockets — one  putting  five  small  satellites  into  orbit  and  the  second 
orbiting  the  heaviest  man-made  object  yet  put  into  space — seems  to 
Western  observers  to  be  a  transparent  Soviet  effort  to  counteract  the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  339 

propaganda  defeat  Moscow  suffered  as  a  result  of  Mariner  4's  historic 
voyage.  That  defeat  was  all  the  greater  because  of  the  failure  of  the 
Soviet  Mars  probe,  Zond,  sent  on  the  same  journey  at  roughly  the 
same  time  Mariner  4  was  launched."      (Schwartz,  JSYT,  7/18/65) 

July  18:  Observers  in  Moscow  believed  that  the  Soviet  Union  would  shortly 
launch  a  gigantic  spacecraft  with  as  many  as  four  to  six  people 
aboard,  said  an  article  in  Poland's  Trybura  Ludu.  The  spacecraft 
would  most  likely  be  commanded  by  one  of  the  experienced  cosmo- 
nauts and  would  have  a  weight  of  over  12  tons.  It  would  be  placed  in 
orbit  by  the  booster  which  launched  PROTON  I.  The  latter,  according 
to  the  correspondent,  probably  used  solid  fuel.  The  correspondent 
speculated  that  the  spacecraft  would  remain  in  orbit  one  week  and  that 
several  cosmonauts  would  take  a  "walk  in  space"  simultane- 
ously.    {Trybura  Ludu,  7/18/65) 

July  19:  W.  Averell  Harriman,  U.S.  Ambassador  at  Large,  pressed  for 
more  Soviet-American  exchanges  in  scientific  and  technical  fields  dur- 
ing a  two  and  a  half  hour  talk  with  Soviet  Deputy  Premier  Konstantin 
N.  Rudnev.  Mr.  Harriman  reported  that  the  Russians  had  agreed  that 
such  exchanges  "had  been  useful  in  the  past  and  should  be 
expanded."      ( Grose,  NYT,  7/20/65 ) 

•  NASA  and  the  Federal  German  Ministry  for  Scientific  Research  (BMwF) 

signed  a  Memorandum  of  Understanding  for  cooperation  in  a  program 
of  space  research  on  the  earth's  radiation  belts.  First  phase  of  the 
program  would  consist  of  sounding  rocket  launchings  and  balloon 
flights  to  test  instrumentation  for  German  experiments.  Following 
successful  completion,  the  second  phase  would  attempt  to  place  a  Ger- 
man scientific  satellite  in  polar  orbit  by  1968.  The  satellite,  to  be 
designed  and  constructed  in  Germany,  would  be  launched  from  the 
Western  Test  Range  on  a  Scout  vehicle  provided  by  NASA.  No  ex- 
change of  funds  between  the  two  organizations  was  contemplated.  Re- 
sults of  the  experiments  would  be  made  available  to  the  world 
scientific  community.      (NASA  Release  65-238) 

•  An  unidentified  satellite  with  a  Thor-Agena  D  booster  was  launched  by 

USAF  from  Vandenberg  AFB.      (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  7/20/65) 

•  U.S.S.R.  reported  that  ZOND  III  interplanetary  spacecraft,  launched  July 

18,  had  passed  the  226,000-km.  (140,120-mi.)  mark  in  its  flight  to- 
wards unspecified  destination,  zond  hi  was  said  to  be  functioning 
normally  and  radioing  scientific  data  back  to  earth.  {Pravda, 
7/20/65,  1) 

•  Gemini  5  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper    (Lt.  Col.,   USAf)    and  Charles 

Conrad  (Lcdr.,  usn)  and  their  backup  pilots  Neil  Armstrong  and  El- 
liot See  met  a  news  briefing  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  on  the 
Gemini  v  mission,  scheduled  for  August  19.  Cooper  explained 
that  during  the  flight  the  astronauts  would  try  to  sight  a  USN  Polaris 
missile  to  be  launched  from  the  East  Coast  and  an  unidentified  missile 
to  be  launched  from  the  West  Coast.  It  was  not  disclosed  at  what 
point  during  the  mission  either  of  the  launches  would  occur.  In  addi- 
tion, Cooper  said  he  and  Conrad  would  attempt  to  sight  rocket  engines 
ignited  on  a  rocket  sled  at  Holloman  afb,  N.  Mex. 


340  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Also  on  the  program  would  be  an  attempt  to  rendezvous  with  a 
Rendezvous  Evaluation  Pod  (Rep)  which  would  be  ejected  from  the 
spacecraft  and  would  drift  to  a  distance  of  about  60  mi.  from  the 
spacecraft.  The  radar  equipment  onboard  would  then  assist  in  per- 
forming maneuvers  to  achieve  rendezvous  with  the  Pod,  although  actu- 
al contact  was  not  planned.  Cooper  said  that  backup  system  for 
reentry  would  not  be  used  again  because  the  thrust  fuel  would  be  used 
in  the  rendezvous  experiment.  No  extravehicular  activity  would  be 
performed  during  this  mission. 

The  astronauts  announced  they  would  attempt  to  communicate  with 
fellow  astronaut  Scott  Carpenter  (Cdr.,  USn)  participating  in  the  USN 
Sealab  ii  experiment  beneath  the  Pacific.  Flight  plans  called  for  a 
landing  in  the  West  Atlantic. 

Both  astronauts  felt  that  personal  hygiene  would  be  one  of  the  main 
problems  of  the  flight.  (Transcript) 
July  19:  ITT  World  Communications,  Inc.,  asked  FCC  for  permission  to  use 
EARLY  BIRD  I  satellite  for  live  television  coverage  of  part  of  the  Gemini 
V  mission  scheduled  for  Aug.  19.  ITT  would  like  to  set  up  a 
portable  ground  station  in  the  Atlantic  aboard  carrier  U.S.S.  Lake 
Champlain,  expected  to  be  the  primary  recovery  ship,  (ap,  NYT, 
7/20/65) 

•  NASA  announced  it  would  negotiate  an  approximate  $12-million  contract 

with  Douglas  Aircraft  Corp.  for  Delta  launch  support  services  that 
would  cover  an  anticipated  15  launchings  from  Kennedy  Space  Center, 
NASA,  and  the  Eastern  Test  Range  for  a  12-month  period  beginning 
Jan.  1,  1966.  The  contract  would  provide  for  inspection  and  checkout 
in  addition  to  actual  launching  operation.      (NASA  Release  65-237) 

•  NASA  was  acquiring  eight  KC-135  jet  transports  and  three  ships  to  help 

maintain  communications  during  Apollo  moon  flights.  In  addition, 
two  ships  of  the  existing  DOD  instrumentation  fleet  were  being  re- 
modeled for  support  of  the  Apollo  lunar  mission's  reentry  phase.  The 
KC-135's  would  be  used  during  reentry  to  combat  the  effects  of  the 
plasma  sheath  blackout  which  had  drowned  out  communications  on 
previous  manned  launchings.  In  addition,  three  primary  ground  sta- 
tions were  being  prepared  at  Goldstone,  Calif.;  Canberra;  and  Madrid. 
(NASA  Apollo  Proj.  Off.;  ap,  CSM,  7/19/65) 

•  Weapons  and  Ammunition  Div.  of  the  Italian  Air  Force  had  formed  a 

Missiles  and  Space  Research  Center  at  an  airport  outside  Rome,  Mis- 
siles and  Rockets  reported.  Its  establishment  marked  the  separation  of 
Air  Force  missiles  and  space  R&D  from  that  of  the  Italian  National 
Committee  on  Space  Research,  headed  by  Prof.  Luigi  BrogHo.  {M&R, 
7/19/65,  9) 

•  Tactical  Air  Command's  464th  Troop  Carrier  Wing,  Pope  AFB,  N.C.,  had 

been  named  recipient  of  the  1964  MacKay  Trophy  for  the  most  merito- 
rious flight  of  the  year,  being  cited  for  its  participation  in  the  air  lift 
of  1,500  hostages  and  refugees  from  rebel-held  territory  in  the  Congo 
November  1964.      (Av.  Wk.,  7/19/65,  96) 

•  A  newly-created  Manpower  Utilization  and  Administration  Office,  headed 

by  Keith  Wible,  became  operational  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight 
Center.  Wible  had  been  assistant  manager  of  the  Michoud  Assembly 
Facility  from  November  1961  to  February  1965.  (msfc  Release 
65-181) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  341 

July  19:  New  York  Gov.  Nelson  Rockefeller  announced  that  the  New  York 
State  Atomic  and  Space  Development  Authority  had  selected  American 
Machine  and  Foundry  Co.  for  a  S2.75-million  fixed-price  contract  to  de- 
sign and  build  a  nuclear-powered  plant  which  would  produce  a  million 
gallons  of  fresh  water  daily  from  seawater.  Named  Surf  side  (Small 
Unified  Reactor  Facility  with  Systems  for  Isotopes,  Desalting  and  Elec- 
tricity), the  plant  would  be  constructed  on  Long  Island  and  would  also 
be  able  to  generate  2,500  kw.  of  electricity  and  produce  high-energy 
radioactive  isotopes.     (Sibley,  NYT,  7/20/65,  1,  14) 

•  100    university,    research    laboratory,    and    government    scientists    met 

in  Falmouth,  Mass.,  to  recommend  modifications  or  additions  to  NASA's 
Apollo  Program  and  Apollo  Extension  Systems  lunar  science 
program.  Participants  included  three  astronauts— R.  Walter  Cun- 
ningham and  two  of  the  six  scientist-astronauts  selected  on  June  28, 
1965:  Dr.  Harrison  H.  Schmitt  of  the  U.S.  Geological  Survey  and  Dr. 
Frank  C.  Michel  of  Rice  Univ.  This  meeting  resulted  in  recommen- 
dation of  a  10-year  post-Apollo  lunar  exploration  program  of  mainly 
manned  missions,  with  wide  variety  of  scientific  experiments  in  geolo- 
gy, geochemistry,  geophysics,  and  bioscience.  Top  priority  recom- 
mended for  early  Apollo  landing  missions  was  collection  of  greatest 
possible  number  and  variety  of  lunar  material  samples. 

Conference  was  sponsored  by  the  Manned  Space  Science  Program  of 
NASA's  office  of  Space  Science  and  Applications.  Report  of  the  confer- 
ence (NASA  SP-88)  was  later  published  in  January  1966.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 66-4;  NASA  SP-88;  nasa  Release  65-239) 
July  20:  Saturn  m  booster  stage  (s-ib)  was  successfully  static-fired  for 
145  sec.  at  nasa  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center — its  second  captive 
firing.  In  early  August,  the  1.6-million-lb. -thrust,  80-ft.-long  stage 
would  be  taken  by  barge  to  New  Orleans  and  transported  from  there  to 
Kennedv  Space  Center,  NASA,  for  launching,  (msfc  Release  65-187; 
Marshall  Star,  1/28/65,  I) 

•  Pilot  Maj.  Robert  Rushworth  (usaf)  flew  x-15  No.  3  to  maximum  alti- 

tude of  105,400  ft.  at  maximum  speed  of  3,750  mph  (mach  5.5)  to 
obtain  data  with  the  infrared  scanner,      (nasa  Proj.  Off.) 

•  In  a  triple  launch,  USAF  launched  two  524-lb.  Vela  Hotel  (Sentry)   satel- 

lites and  ORS  iii-l  (Octahedron  research  satellite)  with  an  Atlas- 
Agena  D  booster  from  Eastern  Test  Range.  Orbital  data:  VELA 
6577-11:  apogee,  72,014  mi.  (115,942.5  km.);  perigee,  66,583  mi. 
(107,198.6  km.);  period,  6,713  min.;  inclination,  34.6°;  VELA 
6564^10:  apogee,  75,761  mi.  (121,975.2  km.);  perigee,  63,224  mi. 
(101,790.6  km.);  period,  6,716  min.;  inclination,  34.8°;  ORS  iii-l: 
apogee,  69,640  mi.  (112,120.4  km.);  perigee,  123  mi.  (198  km.); 
period,  6,715  min.;  inclination,  34.3°. 

Expected  to  operate  six  months,  the  Vela  Hotel  satellites  were  part 
of  dod's  Vela  program  to  monitor  space  for  violations  of  the  nuclear 
test-ban  treaty.  ORS  iii-l  was  monitoring  natural  radiation  above 
the  earth  and  relaying  information  to  ground  stations.  (usAF  Proj. 
Off.;  upi,  NYT,  7/21/65,  43) 

•  Management  of  the  Voyager  landing  capsule  system  had  been  assigned  to 

the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory,  NASA  announced.  Harris  M.  Schur- 
meier,  former  Ranger  Project  Manager  at  JPL,  had  been  named 
Voyager    System    Manager.     Currently    in     a    design    study    phase. 


342  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Voyager  was  planned  for  unmanned  planetary  explorations  beginning 
with  a  Mars  mission  in  1971.  (NASA  Release  65-242;  JPL  Release 
346) 
July  20:  "A  manned  expedition  to  Mars  within  15  years  seems  entirely 
feasible,"  North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  Space  and  Information  Sys- 
tems Div.  President  Harrison  Storms  told  William  Hines  of  the  Wash- 
ington Evening  Star.  In  charge  of  building  the  spacecraft  for  the 
Apollo  moon  landings.  Storms  offered  an  approximate  timetable  for  a 
Mars  expedition:  "Start  planning  for  it  in  1970,  start  cutting  metal  in 
1975  and  go  in  1980."  A  recent  report  from  the  National  Academy  of 
Sciences  had  suggested  1985  as  a  feasible  target  date.  (Hines,  Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  7/20/65) 

•  Soviet  astronomer  Alexander  Mikhailov  said  in  Moscow  that  the  MARINER 

IV  photographic  mission  was  a  "magnificent  feat  ...  a  staggering 
achievement."      (Wash.  Post,  7/25/65,  A7) 

•  Soviet   astronomer   Sofia   Kozlovskaya   reported    at   the   All-Union   Con- 

ference on  Planetary  Cosmogony  in  Moscow  that  the  density  of 
matter  on  Mars  and  Venus  was  greater  than  that  on  earth:  matter  of 
Venus  had  approximately  two  per  cent  more  iron;  Mars  had  approxi- 
mately six  to  eight  per  cent  more  iron  than  earth.  In  making  these 
calculations,  Sofia  Kozlovskaya  used  a  new  "more  exact  model  of  the 
earth"  which  she  had  built  with  the  data  from  recent  seismic 
observations.      (Tass,  7/20/65) 

•  Prof.   S.   N.   Vernov,   corresponding   member   of   U.S.S.R.   Academy   of 

Sciences,  noted  in  Tass  interview  the  unusual  weight  of  PROTON  I  and 
its  special  equipment  for  studying  cosmic  particles  of  super-high 
energy.  He  said  the  method  for  counting  the  particles,  worked  out 
eight  years  ago  by  Prof.  N.  L.  Grigorov,  had  made  it  possible  to 
determine  the  total  energy  of  each  particle  separately.  Scientists  had 
hesitated  to  use  the  method  in  space  because  of  the  weight  of  the 
equipment.  This  problem  had  been  solved  with  the  creation  of  a  more 
powerful  booster,  he  said.  {Bakinskoy  Rahochiy,  7/20/65,  2) 
July  21:  A  small  roving  vehicle  as  a  payload  for  the  Surveyor  soft-landing 
lunar  spacecraft  would  not  be  developed,  NASA  announced.  Bendix 
Systems  Div.  and  General  Motors  Defense  Research  Laboratories  had 
studied  the  feasibility  and  possible  scientific  value  of  a  rover.  NASA's 
decision  was  based  on  a  desire  to  concentrate  on  the  development  of 
the  spacecraft  itself  and  on  scientific  instruments  to  conduct  experi- 
ments near  the  landing  area,      (nasa  Release  65-245) 

•  "Hopper,"  a  versatile  rocket-propelled  Lunar  Flying  Vehicle    (Lfv)    to 

transport  Apollo  astronauts  on  exploration  flights  of  the  moon's  sur- 
face, had  been  designed  by  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.  as  a  result  of  a 
12-month  study  conducted  for  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  Bell 
announced.  The  400-lb.,  four-legged,  rectangular  Lfv  would  be  desk 
size  and  propelled  by  a  cluster  of  five  100-lb-thrust  rocket  engines;  it 
could  fly  50  mi.  nonstop. 

Bell  also  disclosed  receipt  of  a  $489,898  follow-on  NASA  contract  to 
design  a  Manned  Flying  System  (Mfs)  capable  of  carrying  one  astro- 
naut-scientist and  300  lbs.  of  equipment  or  two  astronauts.  Intended 
primarily  as  an  exploratory  device,  the  Mfs  would  be  able  to  fly  15  mi. 
round  trip  without  fueling.      (Bell  Aerosystems  Co.  Release) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  343 

July  21:  Tariff  amendments  for  use  of  early  bird  I  satellite  for  television 
transmission  were  filed  by  ComSatCorp  with  the  FCC.  Under  the  new 
regulations,  which  would  supersede  the  May  28  tariff  and  become 
effective  July  26,  circuits  between  the  Andover,  Me.,  ground  station 
and  EARLY  BIRD  I  could  be  leased  for  a  minimum  period  of  10  min. 
rather  than  30  min.  as  previously  proposed.  The  European  communi- 
cations agencies  were  expected  to  offer  comparable  10-min.  services 
from  the  satellite  to  their  respective  ground  stations.  The  rate  for 
one-way  TV  service  during  non-peak  period  would  be  $1,800  for  the 
first  10  min.  and  $32  for  each  additional  minute.  During  peak  peri- 
od, it  would  be  S3,000  for  the  first  10  min.  and  $48  for  each  addition- 
al minute.  For  two-way  transmission  and  reception  of  black-and-white 
television  signals  or  one-way  color  TV,  the  change  would  be  150  per 
cent  of  the  charge  for  a  one-way  TV  channel.  Weekday  peak  period 
would  be  between  7  a.m.  and  4  p.m.,  New  York  City  time;  non-peak 
period  would  be  between  5  a.m.  and  7  a.m.;  between  4  p.m.  and  9 
p.m.;  and  all  day  Saturday  and  Sunday.  (ComSatCorp  Release; 
WSJ,  7/22/65,  2) 

•  Dr.    Albert    C.    Hall,    Deputy    Director   of   Defense    Research    and   En- 

gineering, told  the  National  Space  Club  meeting  in  Washington,  D.C., 
that  a  significant  announcement  on  the  Mol  program  would  be  made  in 
the  "near  future,"  according  to  Missile/Space  Daily.  When  asked  if 
Mol  would  match  the  capability  demonstrated  by  the  U.S.S.R.  in  July  16 
launch  of  proton  i,  Dr.  PJall  replied:  "We  feel  a  capability  in  the 
order  of  placing  25,000  lbs.  in  orbit  would  enable  us  to  meet  DOD 
needs."  Dr.  Hall  said  that  DOD  was  interested  in  the  development  of 
recoverable,  reusable  boosters  and  he  felt  that  the  reduction  of  prob- 
lems in  mating  payloads  to  boosters  had  been  a  "significant  event 
during  the  past  year."      (M/S  Daily,  7/21/65;  NSC  Release) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space   Flight  Center  had   issued   11   new   contracts   and 

modified  one  other  to  provide  for  further  studies  and  component  devel- 
opment on  the  Apollo  Extension  Systems  (Aes).  (msec  Release 
65-186) 

•  Astronomers  of  the  Pulkovo  Observatory,  Leningrad,  had  completed  in- 

stallation of  a  more  powerful  telescope,  Tass  announced.  Diameter  of 
the  instrument's  main  mirror  was  440  mm.  (17.3  in.)  ;  its  focal  length, 
17.5  m.  (57.33  ft.).  The  new  telescope  would  be  able  to  produce  spec- 
trograms from  any  sector  of  the  sun  and  simultaneously  measure  the 
magnetic  field.  (Tass,  7/21/65) 
July  22:  Results  of  a  recent  Gallup  Poll  indicated  that  47%  of  the  Ameri- 
can public  believed  that  the  United  States  was  ahead  of  Russia  in  the 
"space  race."  A  1961  poll  had  shown  that  most  Americans  viewed  the 
space  race  as  an  even  contest.  Asked  if  they,  themselves,  would  like 
to  go  to  the  moon,  87%  of  the  people  approached  said  no.  {Wash. 
Post,  7/23/65,  A2) 

•  NASA  announced  four  major  personnel  changes:  Willis  H.  Shapley,  Depu- 

ty Chief  of  the  Military  Div.  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Budget,  would 
become  Associate  Deputy  Administrator  effective  September  1,  1965; 
Dr.  Harry  J.  Goett,  Director  of  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  would 
become  Special  Assistant  to  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  effective 
immediately;  Dr.  John  F.  Clark,  Director  of  Sciences  in  the  NASA 
Office  of  Space  Science  and  Applications,  would  become  Acting  Direc- 


344  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

tor,  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center;  and  Dr.  John  W.  Townsend,  Assist- 
ant Director,  Goddard  Office  of  Space  Science  and  Applications,  would 
become  Deputy  Director  of  GSFC  — a  new  post. 

When  Shapley's  appointment  became  effective,  the  present  Policy 
Planning  Board  would  be  discontinued;  the  office  of  Policy  Planning 
would  aid  him  in  preparing  policy  matters  for  the  Administrator,  Dep- 
uty Administrator,  and  Associate  Administrator.  (NASA  Release  65- 
243) 
July  22:  President  Johnson  told  a  group  of  young  foreign  journalists  at 
the  White  House  that  he  envisioned  a  day  when  communications  satel- 
lites would  be  able  to  relay  telecasts  of  United  Nations'  sessions  to  the 
homes  of  "men  everywhere."  He  added  that  "from  better  communi- 
cations must  surely  come  better  understanding."  (UPI,  Houston 
Chron.,  7/23/65) 

•  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science 

and  Applications,  spoke  at  the  dedication  ceremonies  for  Martin  Co.'s 
new  Research  Institute  for  Advanced  Studies  in  Relay,  Md.,  about 
some  of  the  progress  that  had  been  made  in  space  science:  "Because  of 
the  space  program,  geophysics  is  experiencing  a  tremendous  broaden- 
ing of  its  horizons.  .  .  .  Moreover,  geophysics  is  being  carried  for- 
ward to  new  domains,  as  instruments  reach  the  moon  and  the  planets, 
giving  to  the  discipline  a  perspective  it  could  never  achieve  as  long  as 
geophysics  was  confined  to  a  single  body  of  the  solar  system. 

"Similarly,  the  space  program  is  giving  a  new  dimension  to 
astronomy.  The  ability  to  observe  above  the  filtering  distorting  at- 
mosphere in  wavelengths  not  hitherto  observable  promises  exciting 
new  discoveries.  .  .  . 

"The  field  of  physics  finds  in  the  regions  of  outer  space  a  laboratory 
of  challenging  opportunity.  In  interplanetary  space,  matter  and  fields 
exist  under  conditions  unobtainable  in  the  laboratory  on  the 
ground.  .  .  . 

"It  is,  indeed,  interesting  to  observe  that  one  of  the  impacts  of  space 
efforts  on  physics,  geophysics,  and  astronomy  has  been  to  draw  the 
three  disciplines  together  more  closely  than  they  have  been  drawn  to- 
gether in  the  past.  In  the  investigation  of  sun-earth  relationships,  a 
most  complex  and  challenging  area  of  investigation,  all  three  of  these 
disciplines  find  themselves  in  partnership  on  problems  of  common  in- 
terest. .  .  . 

"The  impact  of  the  space  program  on  bioscience  is  still  develop- 
ing ...  of  particular  importance  is  the  area  of  exobiology.  .  .  . 

"The  satellite,  space  probe,  and  manned  spacecraft  give  the  scientist 
a  new  approach  to  the  solution  of  many  important  problems.  They 
serve  to  strengthen  his  hand — if  used  effectively.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

•  ComSatCorp,    in    a   letter   to    the    FCC,    outlined    its    position    regarding 

ITT  World  Communications,  Inc.'s  request  to  use  early  bird  I  satel- 
lite for  live  television  coverage  of  the  recovery  of  the  Gemini  5 
astronauts.  George  P.  Sampson,  ComSatCorp's  Vice  President  of 
Operations,  said  that  although  itt  and  ComSatCorp  had  agreed  that 
technical  and  operational  aspects  of  the  shipboard  station  would  be 
subject  to  ComSatCorp's  control,  ComSatCorp  took  "firm  exception" 
to  itt's  insistence  that  the  FCC  designate  itt  as  the  responsible  operat- 
ing entity.     Sampson  noted  the  Fcc's  May  12  decision  giving  ComSat- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  345 

Corp  sole  responsibility  for  operation  of  the  initial  terminal  stations 
for  the  proposed  global  satellite  system  and  said:  "Despite  our  funda- 
mental concern  with  the  proposal,  ComSat  Corp  is  willing  to  give 
consideration  to  a  joint  application  for  the  operation  of  the 
station."  (AP,  Wash.  Post,  7/23/65) 
July  22:  Roy  William  Johnson,  first  director  of  dod's  Advanced  Research 
Project  Agency  (arpa)  in  1958  died  at  the  age  of  59.  Johnson  said 
at  the  time  of  his  appointment:  "Space  will  tax  the  imagination  of  the 
whole  world  for  the  next  100  vears."  He  retired  in  1959.  {Wash. 
Post,  7/23/65.  B8) 

•  Former  astronaut  Col.  John  Glenn   (USMC.  Ret.)   was  suffering  no  effects 

from  last  year's  ear  injury,  reported  the  Wilford  Hall  Air  Force  Hospi- 
tal in  Houston.      (Houston  Chron.,  7/23/65) 

•  Soviet  professor  V.   V.   Fedynskiy,  in   an   interview   with   UchiteVskaya 

Gazeta.  said  that  proton  i  had  demonstrated  the  possibility  of  getting 
more  powerful  spaceships  into  orbit,  which,  if  necessary,  could  lift  into 
space  a  crew  and  a  large  quantity  of  research  equipment.  He  said  use 
of  the  new  rocket  booster  would  permit  more  intensive  studies  of 
space,  including  those  that  would  allow  a  more  thorough  research  of 
the  physical  fields  and  internal  structure  of  the  earth  directly  from 
space.  Such  studies  would  be  of  primary  interest  for  geophysics  and 
geology,  he  said.  ( UchiteFskaya  Gazeta,  7/22/65,  4 ) 
July  23:  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  lxxvi  with  scientific  instruments 
aboard  for  investigation  of  outer  space,  Tass  announced.  Orbital  da- 
ta: apogee,  530  km.  (261  mi.)  ;  perigee,  261  km.  (161.8  mi.) ;  period, 
92.2  min.;  inclination,  49°.  All  systems  were  reported  to  be  function- 
ing normally.      {Krasnaya  Zvezda,  7/24/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  Picketing  over  a  contract  dispute  by  Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex.,  Carpenters 

Union  Local  1962  of  White  Sands  Missile  Range  construction  project 
resulted  in  a  partial  temporary  shutdown  of  the  $133,900  project  to 
build  an  addition  to  NASA  Warehouse  No.  1.  Activities  on  the  site 
included  testing  Apollo  service  module  engines  and  preparation  of  test 
equipment  for  the  Lunar  Excursion  Module.  (Las  Cruces  Sun-News, 
7/23/65) 
July  24:  faa  awarded  $268,635  contract  to  the  Flight  Safety  Foundation, 
Inc.,  to  launch  Project  Gape  (General  Aviation  Pilot  Education),  a 
safety  campaign  to  reduce  general  aviation  aircraft  accidents.  Direct- 
ed primarily  at  combating  the  lack  of  pilot  proficiency  and  knowledge 
of  safety  flight  procedures  involved  in  most  general  aviation  accidents. 
Gape  would  employ  a  vigorous  publicity  campaign,  displays,  meetings, 
seminars,  special  conferences,  personal  contacts,  and  similar  education- 
al activities,      (faa  Release  65-60) 

•  The  four  largest  closed  die  forgings  ever  produced  from  maraging  steel 

were  delivered  by  the  Wyman-Gordon  Co.  to  Launch  Complex  34  at 
Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA.  Weighing  15,500  lbs.  each  and  measur- 
ing 105  in.  by  36  in.,  they  would  be  used  to  anchor  the  mobile  service 
tower  for  the  Saturn  IB  rocket.      [NYT,  7/4/65,  25) 

•  How  to  achieve  the  best  possible  profit  from  air  transportation  had  been 

determined  at  the  U.S.S.R.'s  Kiev  Institute  of  Civil  Aviation  Engineers 
by  the  computing  technology  laboratory,  Pravda  Ukrainy  re- 
ported.    The  laboratory's  chief  engineer,  V.  V.  Buryy,  said  an  elec- 


346  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

tronic  computer  would  suggest  the  best  use  of  the  Ukrainian  air 
fleet.  {Pravda  Ukrainy,  7/24/65,  4) 
July  25:  "Should  the  MOL  blueprint  as  envisioned  by  the  Air  Force's  Sys- 
tems Command  be  approved  by  Defense  Secretary  Robert  S.  McNa- 
mara,  the  Navy  conceivably  could  be  the  first  to  use  this  earth-orbiting 
station  as  a  new  technique  for  charting  ship  movements  on  all  the 
oceans  of  the  world,"  wrote  Frank  Macomber  in  the  San  Diego 
Union.  Macomber  envisioned  "two  Navy  astronauts  .  .  .  spinning 
around  the  earth  as  early  as  1968  in  a  10-foot  diameter,  25-foot  long 
orbital  laboratory — about  the  size  of  a  small  house  trailer  filled  with 
electronic  detection  gear  .  .  ."  (Macomber,  CNS,  San  Diego  Union, 
7/25/65,  13) 

•  The  Mohole  project  to  drill  deep  in  the  ocean  floor  was  described  during 

a  seminar  at  the  Institute  on  Man  and  Science,  Rensselaerville,  N.Y., 
by  Dr.  Columbus  Iselin,  former  director  of  the  Oceanographic  Institute 
at  Woods  Hole,  Mass.  In  reply  to  a  question  about  future  humans 
possibly  living  in  the  ocean,  he  said:  "I  don't  see  what  you'd  accom- 
plish down  there.  It's  cold,  dark,  and  nasty.  It's  a  popular  idea  but 
an  impractical  one."      ( NYT,  7/26/65,  13 ) 

•  MARINER  IV  finished  transmitting  its  21  photographs  of  Mars  and  sent 

about  10  percent  of  a  22nd  picture  before  its  tape  ran  out.  The  later 
pictures  were  eagerly  awaited  by  JPL  scientists  because  they  should 
show  the  dark  regions  of  Mars  that  some  people  believed  harbor 
life.  The  photos  were  scheduled  to  be  released  later  this 
week.     ( Wash.  Post,  7/25/65,  A7 ) 

•  Pan    American    World    Airways    had    ordered    four    Boeing    727-QC 

(quick  change)  jet  aircraft  that  could  be  converted  in  less  than  half  an 
hour  from  an  all-cargo  plane  to  a  complete  passenger  aircraft  or  a 
passenger-cargo  plane.  Aircraft  would  have  a  psssenger  capacity  of 
119;  in  an  all-cargo  operation  the  plane  could  carry  a  payload  of 
41,000  lbs.  more  than  1,400  mi.  Delivery  was  scheduled  for  summer 
1966.     [NYT,  7/26/65,  39M) 

•  During  a  test  of  the  first  of  two  crawler-transporter  vehicles  at  the  Apol- 

lo-Saturn V  Launch  Complex  39  at  Cape  Kennedy,  some  failures  oc- 
curred in  the  roller  bearings  which  support  the  tracks.  At  the  time  of 
failure,  the  crawler  was  carrying  a  mobile  launch  stand.  {Miami  Her- 
ald, 9/30/65) 

•  Caption  under  a  photograph  in  East  German  newspaper  Berliner  Zeitung 

read:  "A  model  of  a  future  Soviet  space  station  envisages  six  hermeti- 
cally grouped  sections  around  a  central  core.  These  are:  the  control 
station,  a  laboratory  and  a  garden,  an  orientation  system,  the  radar 
equipment,  and  a  heliostation.  In  addition,  the  station  has  facilities 
for  voice  communications  with  space  ships."  {Berliner  Zeitung, 
7/25/65,  4) 
July  26:  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  nasa  Deputy  Administrator,  said  during  a 
recent  interview  that  the  next  immediate  step  beyond  the  initial  Apollo 
lunar  landings  was  to  extend  the  usefulness  of  both  spacecraft  and 
launch  vehicle  to  permit  longer  stays  in  earth  orbit  and  on  the 
moon.  "This  fall  we  will  have  to  make  a  definite  recommendation  to 
fund  one  or  both,"  he  said.      {M/S  Daily,  7/26/65) 

•  A  Gemini  circumlunar  flight  had  not  been  approved  but  the  idea  was 

receiving  serious  study,  Kenneth  S.  Kleinknecht,  Deputy  Manager  of 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  347 

the  Gemini  Project  Office  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center,  told 
reporters.  The  Gemini  capsule  could  circle  the  far  side  of  the  moon— 
240,000  mi.  from  earth — and  then  return  to  its  home  planet,  a  round 
trip  of  about  six  days. 

Kleinknecht  said  if  the  proposal  were  accepted,  a  Titan  Iii-C  rocket 
equipped  with  two  upper  stages  called  "transtages"  would  place  one  of 
the  transtages  in  orbit.  A  Titan  ii  would  send  the  Gemini  craft  after 
the  transtage  and  the  two  would  be  docked  in  orbit.  Gemini  then 
would  use  the  transtage  propulsion  system  and  its  maneuverability  for 
the  lunar  voyage. 

The  feasibility  was  being  studied  by  NASA;  the  Martin  Co.,  systems 
manager  for  Titan  iii-c;  and  Aerojet-General,  which  builds  the 
transtage.  "We  are  always  studying  possible  future  missions  for  Gem- 
ini," Kleinknecht  added.  (Benedict,  N.O.  Times-Picayune,  7/26/65) 
July  26:  NASA  announced  the  addition  of  two  new  pilots  to  the  joint  NASA- 
USAF  x-15  research  program:  Capt.  William  J.  Knight  (usaf)  and 
William  H.  Dana,  civilian.  They  were  expected  to  make  their  first 
flights  this  fall.  (NASA  Release  65-244;  frc  Release  16-65) 
•  The  Agena  target  vehicle  for  Gemini  6  was  delivered  to  Cape  Kennedy 

by  the  Pregnant  Guppy  aircraft.  {Orl.  Sent.,  7/27/65) 
July  26-29:  Second  annual  meeting  of  the  AIAA  was  held  in  San 
Francisco.  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  Director  of  the  Jet  Propulsion 
Laboratory,  opened  the  meeting  with  a  signal  from  mariner  IV  soar- 
ing through  space  144  million  mi.  from  earth.  Received  at  the  Jo* 
hannesburg  tracking  station,  the  signal  was  relayed  to  San  Francisco 
from  J  PL  in  Pasadena.     Speeches  at  AiAA: 

President  of  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.,  Daniel  J.  Haughton,  speaking 
on  "Your  Role  in  the  New  Environment,"  said:  "American  aircraft 
products  have  dominated  world  markets  for  decades.  Today  at  least 
90  percent  of  the  airline  jets  flown  in  the  free  world  are  built  in  the 
United  States.  Aircraft  exports,  both  military  and  civilian,  are  $1.2 
billion  a  year.  Imports,  on  the  other  hand,  are  almost  negligible — • 
$90  million  last  year. 

"But  now  something  new  has  been  added — and  that  is  more  thrust 
toward  cooperative  programs.  .  .  . 

"Cooperative  programs  are  increasing.  Only  last  May  Secretary  of 
Defense  McNamara  proposed  a  common  market  for  military 
hardware.  If  successful,  it  will  help  integrate  the  total  NATO  market, 
including  the  U.S.,  even  more  closely,  and  will  also  permit  foreign 
firms  to  sell  selectively  in  the  American  defense  market. 

"The  total  effect  of  these  developments  means,  for  U.S.  manufac- 
turers, more  competition,  more  cooperative  programs,  and  a  more 
flexible  approach  .  .  .  but  I  do  not  believe  this  means  we  must  abdi- 
cate our  technological  leadership.  I  think,  on  the  contrary,  that  we 
must  strengthen  it.  One  of  my  colleagues  suggests  we  should  add  a 
new  item  to  our  national  goals — the  goal  of  overwhelming  technical 
strength.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

Brig.  Gen.  Edmund  F.  O'Connor  (usaf).  Director  of  the  NASA  Mar- 
shall Space  FHght  Center's  Industrial  Operations,  told  the  AiAA  meet- 
ing: "The  progress  of  the  Saturn  IB  has  been  excellent.     We  are  on 


348  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

schedule  to  begin  flight  tests  next  year,  to   be  followed  by  manned 
flights  in  1967. 

"In  the  Saturn  V/ Apollo  program  we  are  also  on  schedule.  .  .  ." 
(Text) 
July  26:  usaf's  Titan  ill— c  rocket  could  match  the  Soviet  Union's  most 
powerful  booster  pound  for  pound  in  launching  heavy-weight  satellites 
into  orbit,  according  to  William  G.  Purdy,  General  Manager,  Launch 
Vehicles,  Martin  Co.  "Engineering  analysis  of  Titan  iii-c's  perform- 
ance on  its  maiden  flight  of  June  [18]  shows  that  a  payload  of  nearly 
27,000  pounds  could  have  been  orbited.  In  the  past,  Titan  ili-c's 
maximum  payload  has  been  computed  at  25,000  lbs."  Mr.  Purdy  said 
that  the  Soviet  Union's  best  was  the  26,840-lb.  proton  i  satellite 
launched  July  16  by  powerful  new  rocket.      (Martin  Co.  Release) 

NASA  Science  Advisory  Committee  was  considering  a  proposal  by 
radio  astronomers  to  create  a  lO-mi.-dia.  antenna  array  to  permit  a 
"look"  into  the  past  with  radio  energy,  disclosed  Bernard  M.  Oliver, 
Vice  President  of  a  Palo  Alto  electronics  firm.  He  estimated  that 
1,000  antennas,  each  perhaps  lO-ft.-dia.,  spread  out  over  the  area  of  a 
10-mi.  circle,  would  provide  the  resolution  of  signal  intake  necessary 
for  the  kind  of  radio  observation  he  was  suggesting.  Intake  of  all  the 
antennas  would  be  focused  at  a  single  laboratory.  There  the  radio 
energy  would  be  converted  to  sound  energy  and  then  into  light  to 
provide  photographic  images  equivalent  to  optical  images  now  taken  of 
the  moon.  Oliver  said:  "We  quite  strongly  believe  that  such  an  ex- 
ploration tool  can  provide  the  maximum  amount  of  information  relat- 
ing to  the  origins  of  the  universe,  to  the  life  cycle,  and  to  the  destiny  of 
the  universe,  and,  in  a  sense,  to  the  destiny  of  the  human  race  as  a 
whole."     {Chic.  Trib.,  7/28/65) 

Missions  to  Jupiter  could  be  conducted  by  1969,  suggested  Eugene 
Lally,  Space-General  Corp.  engineer,  in  a  paper  presented  to  the  AIAA 
outlining  a  program  of  six  missions  to  the  planet  Jupiter,  beginning 
with  a  fly-by  in  1969  and  culminating  with  a  Jovian  orbit  in  the 
mid-1980's.  A  Jupiter  mission  would  take  about  two  years.  Lally 
postulated  that  payload  weights  ranging  from  a  650-lb.  payload  to  a 
12,400-lb.  orbiter  payload  could  be  easily  handled  by  boosters  ranging 
from  Atlas-Centaur  with  an  added  kick  stage,  through  the  Saturn  V 
which  would  be  used  to  place  a  man  on  the  moon.  Lally  speculated 
that  an  instrumented  probe  would  be  able  to  obtain  information  on  the 
constitution  of  the  core  and  surface  layers,  the  atmosphere,  nature  of 
the  largest  of  the  planet's  spots,  topography,  constitution  of  meteoroids 
in  its  vicinity  and  the  presence  of  small  satellites  not  yet  discovered 
with  telescopes.  Lally's  probe  would  contain  experiments  to  measure 
the  atmosphere,  magnetic  fields,  and  gravitational  fields;  to  conduct 
infrared  and  microwave  examinations  of  the  surface;  and  to  provide 
pictures  similar  to  those  taken  of  Mars  by  mariner  iv.  ( Space-Gen- 
eral Corp.  Release) 

An  Electro-Optical  Systems  (eos)  bombardment  ion  engine  had  suc- 
cessfully operated  for  more  than  2,610  hrs.  in  vacuum  chamber  condi- 
tions and,  as  a  result  of  that  extended  run,  "lifetimes  in  excess  of 
10,000  hours  can  now  be  calculated  for  the  tiny  engine  under  condi- 
tions of  space  flight,"  Gordon  Sohl,  Electro-Optical  Systems,  Inc.,  told 
the  AIAA  meeting  in  San  Francisco.     Fueled  with  cesium,  the  EOS  en- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  349 

gine  was  less  than  two  feet  long  and  weighed  10  lbs.  fully  loaded  with 
a  five-pound  fuel  supply.  It  provided  a  power-to-thrust  ratio  of  182 
kw.  per  pound.  Financed  by  nasa  Lewis  Research  Center,  the  EOS 
research  program  recently  received  a  follow-on  funding  from  LRC  to 
determine  "if  the  ion  engine  with  100  pounds  of  cesium  fuel  is  equiva- 
lent in  thrust  to  a  conventional  chemical  rocket  carrying  a  ton  of 
propellant."      (EOS  Release) 

Dr.  Raymond  L.  BisplinghoflF,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Ad- 
vanced Research  and  Technology,  presented  the  third  annual  Theodore 
von  Karman  lecture.  Dr.  Bisplinghoff  discussed  advances  in  air  trans- 
port, such  as  V  Stol  aircraft  and  the  hypersonic  transport.  He  point- 
ed out  that  within  20  yrs.  an  estimated  130  million  persons  (about 
50%  of  the  U.S.  population)  would  be  living  in  three  main  metropoli- 
tan areas  and  that  there  would  be  an  increasing  demand  for  "air 
buses."  Dr.  Bisplinghoff  suggested  that  the  hydrogen-fueled  hyperson- 
ic transport  could  be  used  as  a  cheap  transport,  or  as  an  earth-to-orbit 
aircraft.  He  said  that  the  hypersonic  transport  would  carry  pas- 
sengers halfway  around  the  earth  nonstop  at  speeds  up  to  8,000  mph, 
but  there  was  one  problem  area:  .  .  .  "Where  the  airplane  threatens  to 
overpower  the  pilot  with  characteristics  which  make  the  airplane 
unflyable  by  human  systems."  Dr.  Bisplinghoff  called  for  increased 
research  for  operational  experience  with  the  scramjet  (supersonic  com- 
bustion ramjet)  engine  as  a  prelude  to  developing  the  hypersonic 
transports. 

In  a  press  conference  preceding  his  lecture.  Dr.  Bisplinghoff  predict- 
ed "another  revolution"  for  personal  aircraft  in  the  form  of  highly 
simplified  controls  similar  to  those  in  automobiles.  He  also  urged 
quick  Government  action  to  begin  the  acquisition  of  a  follow-on  hyper- 
sonic research  aircraft  to  succeed  the  X-15  and  run  the  flight  profile 
out  to  mach  10  to  12.  (NASA  Release  65-247;  Text,  M/S  Daily, 
7/28/65;  eph  ) 

NASA  Electronics  Research  Center  Director  Dr.  Winston  E.  Kock  dis- 
cussed ERC  in  address.  During  FY  1965,  he  said,  ERG  "awarded  33 
contracts  totaling  almost  $2  million.  The  organizations  to  whom  these 
contracts  were  awarded  are  spread  widely  throughout  the  country.  .  .  . 

"The  average  value  of  the  33  contracts  was  $59,000,  the  largest 
being  $285,000.  These  contracts  were  almost  all  in  fairly  basic  re- 
search fields,  ranging  from  integrated  circuits  and  thin  film  space- 
charge  limited  triodes,  through  research  in  millimeter  and  submilli- 
meter  waves,  optical  wave-guides  and  optical  components,  to 
space-borne  memory  organizations,  laser  gyros  and  fluid  storage  and 
control  devices.  .  .  ." 

He  discussed  ERC  personnel:  "We  have  grown  from  a  group  of  65  at 
our  inception  last  year  [Sept.  1]  to  a  total  of  244.  As  we  are  still  in 
the  formative  stages,  our  scientific  and  engineering  personnel  now  total 
only  92  out  of  the  244,  but  when  we  have  reached  our  full  strength  of 
2100,  we  expect  that  our  staff  will  be  about  equally  divided  between 
scientific  and  engineering,  technical  support  and  administrative.  .  .  ." 
(Text) 

Thomas  Bilhorn,  Manager,  Mechanics  Section,  Scientific  Balloon  Fa- 
cility at  the  National  Center  for  Atmospheric  Research    (ncar),  re- 


350  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

vealed  that  facilities  for  launching  balloons  capable  of  carrying 
16,000-lb.  payloads  were  expected  to  be  completed  by  next  summer  at 
ncar's  Scientific  Balloon  Flight  Facility  in  Texas.  The  device  under 
construction,  called  an  inflation  shelter,  would  have  a  ceiling  height  of 
140  ft.  and  interior  diameter  of  120  ft.  It  would  reduce  handling 
problems  during  inflation  and  would  give  the  capability  of  periods  of 
hold,  recall,  and  post-inflation  inspection  and  repair.      (Text) 

"There  is  nothing  hostile  or  aggressive  in  the  military  space  pro- 
gram we  foresee.  It  is  entirely  within  the  context  of  a  national  pro- 
gram expressly  devoted  to  peaceful  purposes,"  said  Dr.  Albert  C.  Hall, 
Deputy  Director  (Space)  of  Defense  Research  and  Engineering.  He 
continued:  "It  is  likely  that  miUtary  interest  will  remain  focused  pri- 
marily on  near-earth  missions,  out  to  synchronous  orbit,  certainly 
through  1975.  We  expect  to  continue  our  very  large  and  vigorous 
unmanned  mihtary  space  program  which  is  performing  very  important 
functions.  The  need  for  these  programs  will  not  diminish  since  they 
are  by  far  the  most  efficient  and  cheapest  way  of  performing  specified 
tasks.  With  a  steadily  increasing  experience  and  know-how  in 
manned  space  flight,  we  may  expect  that  spacecraft  will  acquire  char- 
acteristics permitting  rendezvous,  station-keeping,  docking,  and 
transfer  of  man  and  material.  We  will  Hkely  acquire  the  means  of 
sustaining  military  men  in  space  for  the  periods  of  time  we 
require.  Booster  capacities  are  not  likely  to  limit  the  applications,  but 
the  booster  and  payload  costs  will  continue  to  do  so."      (Text) 

In  AIAA  session  on  the  "History  of  Rocket  Research  Airplanes," 
John  Stack,  former  naca-nasa  designer,  pointed  out  how  little  was 
known  about  transonic  and  supersonic  flight  in  1943,  when  x-1  was 
conceived.  Walter  C.  Williams,  Dr.  Raymond  BisplinghofF,  and 
Walter  T.  Bonney,  among  other  speakers,  also  stressed  the  key  role  of 
engineer  test  pilots  in  the  success  of  the  x-1,  D-558,  x-2,  and  X-15 
programs.  Session  was  chaired  by  Robert  Perry  of  RAND  Corporation, 
who  traced  the  history  of  rocket-powered  aircraft,  (eph;  rand 
P-3154) 

DeMarquis  D.  Wyatt,  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Pro- 
graming, told  the  meeting:  "Any  discussion  of  the  NASA  space  program 
for  the  next  10  years  must  be  given  and  received  with  a  grain  of 
salt.  Reconstruct  in  your  minds  the  situation  10  years  ago  and  evalu- 
ate the  validity  of  any  discussion  at  that  time  of  the  naca  program  for 
the  period  1955-1965.  Such  a  discussion  would  not  have  even  men- 
tioned space  in  any  serious  fashion.  A  paper  delivered  in  1960  that 
attempted  to  outline  the  NASA  program  for  1960-1970  would  have 
widely  missed  the  mark  in  the  prediction  of  today's  realities.  One 
can,  therefore,  conclude  that  one  of  the  major  management  problems 
of  the  national  space  program  is  the  lack  of  an  adequate  crystal  ball 
for  forecasting  the  future. 

"In  the  61/^  years  of  its  existence  NASA  has  carried  out  a  vigorous 
program  of  space  activities  designed  to  yield : 

"(a)  a  description  and  scientific  understanding  of  the  space  environ- 
ment; (b)  the  development  of  a  broadly  based  national  capability  and 
capacity  for  manned  and  unmanned  operations  in  space,  and  (c)  the 
development  of  practical  uses  of  space. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  351 

"Decisions  will  have  to  be  made  with  an  appreciation  of,  and  indeed 
the  shaping  of,  our  whole  national  attitude  toward  space  in  relation  to 
our  other  national  requirements  and  interests.  Far  too  many  future 
studies  within  and  without  the  government  are  predicated  on  the  as- 
sumption that  the  national  investment  in  space  research  and  technolo- 
gy will  at  least  grow  at  the  rate  of  the  Gross  National  Product.  This 
has  not  been  true  for  the  past  several  years  and  does  not  afford  a 
necessarily  sound  planning  assumption  for  the  future.  Our  total  fed- 
eral budget  has  leveled  off  in  spite  of  the  great  increase  in  the  national 
product  in  recent  years.  If  this  trend  holds,  then  marked  increases  in 
space  expenditures  can  only  come  about  through  decreases  in  other 
federal  spending.  Such  an  assumption  would  indeed  be  a  slender  reed 
upon  which  to  prognosticate  the  future."      (Text) 

Dr.  Vincent  P.  Rock,  Director  of  George  Washington  Univ.'s  Pro- 
gram of  Policy  Studies  in  Science  and  Technology,  said:  "People  are 
shaped  by  their  environment.  Technology  is  creating  a  new 
environment.  In  these  circumstances  power  flows  to  those  with  access 
to  technology — all  technology,  not  simply  military  weapons.  The  ex- 
ercise of  power  brings  with  it  responsibility.  The  ultimate  responsi- 
bility of  those  who  exercise  technological  power  is  the  achievement  of 
a  hospitable  environment  for  mankind."  "Text) 
July  27 :  usaf  xb-70a  research  bomber  reached  a  speed  of  1,850  mph  at 
66,000  ft.  in  a  test  flight  at  Edwards  afb.      (afftc  Release  65-7-18) 

•  The  Civilian-Military  Liaison  Committee  created  by  Section  204  of  the 

National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Act  of  1958  was  abolished  by  Reor- 
ganization Plan  No.  4  of  1965,  effective  this  date,  which  President 
Johnson  had  submitted  to  Congress  May  27,  1965.  cmlc  functions 
were  transferred  to  the  President  of  the  United  States.  {F.R., 
7/28/65,  9353;  nasa  Hq.  Memorandum) 

•  Dr.    George    E.    Mueller,    nasa    Associate    Administrator    for    Manned 

Space  Flight,  speaking  at  the  Annual  Convention  of  the  Ameri- 
can Trial  Lawyers  Association  in  Miami  Beach,  said:  "I  would 
like  first  to  comment  on  what  appears  to  be  a  general  misconception 
about  the  overall  purposes  of  the  Apollo  program.  Many  people  seem 
to  believe  that  a  landing  on  the  moon,  ahead  of  the  Soviets,  is  the 
paramount  objective.  This  is  not  so.  The  principal  goal  is  to  make 
the  United  States  first  in  space  by  the  end  of  this  decade,  and  to  make 
this  pre-eminence  unmistakably  clear  to  the  world. 

"Why  ...  is  it  so  vital  that  the  United  States  be  pre-eminent  in 
space?  There  are  many  reasons  that  can  be  cited,  and  they  fall  gen- 
erally into  two  major  categories — the  imperative  reasons  and  the  ancil- 
lary, or  spin-off  benefits.  It  is  imperative,  in  the  Cold  War  arena, 
that  the  United  States  be  first  for  reasons  of  national  security,  national 
pride  of  achievement,  and  the  international  prestige.  The  ancil- 
lary .  .  .  reasons  include  the  benefits  of  scientific  discovery;  the 
stimulation  of  economic  and  social  progress;  technological  advance- 
ment, including  the  civilian  application  and  utilization  of  the  products 
of  space-oriented  research;  and  the  compelling  urge  of  man  to  explore 
and  to  discover."      (Text) 

•  Edward  Z.  Gray,  Director  of  nasa's  Advanced  Manned  Missions  Pro- 

gram, in  an  interview  with  Missile  Space  Daily,  said  that  the  logi- 
cal step  toward  manned  flights  to  Mars  "would  be  a  nine-man  space 


352  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

station,  about  the  same  size  as  a  crew  module  on  a  planetary  flight 
which  would  be  continuously  deployed  and  periodically 
suppHed."  He  added,  however,  that  such  a  station  was  "beyond  the  FY 
'68  budget." 

Gray  said  that  meanwhile  NASA  would  continue  its  study  program  on 
planetary  flight.  Propulsion  was  the  limiting  factor,  he  explained; 
other  problems  such  as  power,  life  support,  and  communications  were 
expected  to  evolve  satisfactorily  by  the  late  1970's.  He  foresaw  the 
possibility  of  a  manned  flyby  mission  around  Mars  by  the  mid-1970's. 

"Development  of  a  new  launch  vehicle  is  probable  in  another  four 
or  five  years,"  he  said,  "and  a  reusable  system  is  a  'good  bet.'  Large 
solids  will  also  be  a  candidate  and  could  be  competitive  with  the  best 
of  the  others  until  the  reusable  vehicle  comes  along."  Even  then. 
Gray  saw  a  division  of  labor  in  which  solids  would  handle  payloads  in 
the  l-to-5-million-lb.  class  and  reusable  vehicles  would  concentrate  on 
20,000-to-50,000-lb.  payloads.  Reusable  solids  were  also  under 
consideration.  {M/S  Daily,  7/27/65) 
July  27:  nasa  Ames  Research  Center  was  spending  over  S20  million  in  an 
expansion  program  designed  to  provide  the  necessary  research  tools  to 
stay  ahead  of  the  industry's  hardware  designers,  reported  Robert  Lind- 
sey  in  Missile  Space  Daily.  Major  facets  included  a  new  advanced 
space  flight  guidance  simulator  costing  more  than  S12  million,  a  $4.2 
million  life  sciences  building,  and  a  $1.4  million  supersonic  transport 
flight  simulator. 

Space-related  research  would  account  for  about  75%  of  the  center's 
projects,  but  ARC  was  continuing  a  broad-based  program  in  atmospher- 
ic flight,  ranging  from  V/Stol  research  to  a  current  major  study  of 
hypersonic  transports.      (Lindsey,  M/S  Daily,  7/27/65,  1,  2) 

•  From   July   28   to   October    15,    1965,   U.S.S.R.   would   conduct   launch- 

ings  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  basin  of  new  types  of  rockets  carrying 
space  objects,  Tass  announced.  Test  area  would  be  80-n.mi.-dia.  cir- 
cle centering  on  37°39'  N  and  173°25  'E.  Governments  were  request- 
ed to  warn  their  nationals  not  to  be  in  the  ocean  and  air  space  from  12 
noon  to  12  midnight  local  time  daily.  (Tass,  Komsomolskaya  Pravda, 
7/27/65,  3,  ATSS-T  Trans.) 

•  Gen.  Omar  N.  Bradley  (usA,  Ret.),  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  the  Bulova 

Watch  Co.,  disclosed  at  the  annual  stockholders  meeting  that  Accutron- 
type  electronic  clocks  were  being  designed  for  use  on  the  control  panel 
of  NASA's  Project  Apollo  Lunar  Excursion  Module.  Star-tracking  de- 
vices incorporating  Accutron  would  be  in  the  moon  vehicle's  naviga- 
tion system.  A  special  "moon  van"  containing  components  and  exam- 
ples of  hardware  for  use  in  Project  Apollo  was  on  display  at  the 
meeting.      {NYT,  7/28/65,  43C) 

•  Construction  of  ESRo's  first  launch  site,  located   100  mi.  north  of  the 

Arctic  Circle  at  Kiruna,  Sweden,  was  nearing  completion,  reported 
John  Herbert  in  Missile  Space  Daily.  A  $10  million  investment,  the 
range  was  scheduled  to  open  in  May  1966  with  the  launch  of  a  French- 
made  Centaure  sounding  rocket  to  probe  the  ionosphere.  At  least  50 
launchings  of  high-altitude  probes  were  programed  annually  for  the 
next  seven  years  with  English  Skylarks  slated  for  use  after  the  Centaure 
series. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  353 

The  rocket  experiments  would  aid  European  researchers  in  their 
studies  of  magnetic  storms,  the  Northern  Hghts,  temperatures,  air  cur- 
rents, and  communications — disturbing  phenomena  in  an  area  ranging 
between  20  and  150  mi.  above  the  earth.  (Herbert,  M/S  Daily, 
7/27/65) 
July  27:  Describing  the  growing  space  role  of  Woomera,  Australia's  equiv- 
alent to  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  R.  N.  Hughes-Jones  said  is  Mis- 
sile Space  Daily:  "Cooperation  between  Australia  and  the  United  States 
in  the  field  of  space  research  began  [in  1957]  when  installations  were 
set  up  at  Woomera  for  the  International  Geophysical  Year.  They  occu- 
pied a  couple  of  caravans. 

"In  1960,  in  a  formal  exchange  of  notes,  the  governments  of  the  two 
countries  affirmed  their  intention  to  extend  the  cooperative  program  to 
space  flight  operations. 

"Under  it,  the  Australian  Department  of  Supply  establishes  and 
operates  stations  on  behalf  of  NASA,  for  tracking,  communicating  with 
and  obtaining  telemetered  information  from  U.S.  space  vehicles. 

"Establishment  of  the  station  at  Carnarvon  .  .  .  consolidated  at  one 
site  NASA's  ground  support  facilities  for  the  Gemini  project. 

"Tidbinbilla  was  officially  opened  on  March  19  of  this  year,  and  is 
the  first  of  three  NASA  facilities  programed  for  the  Australian  Capital 
Territory. 

"The  second  of  the  three  is  at  Orroral  Valley  and  is  currently  under 
construction.  It  will  track  the  larger  and  the  more  complex  of  the 
U.S.  scientific  satellites,  while  the  third,  at  Honeysuckle  Creek,  will 
support  the  U.S.  Lunar  Manned  Space-flight  Project."  (Hughes- 
Jones,  M/S  Daily,  7/27/65) 

•  American    Airlines    would    directly    support    San    Francisco     Oakland 

Helicopter  Airlines  under  the  terms  of  an  agreement  recently  submit- 
ted to  the  cab  for  approval.     (/Vrr,  7/28/65,  54M) 

•  FAA  awarded  ibm  $1,761,470  contract  for  two  semi-automatic  air  traffic 

control  systems.  Scheduled  for  operation  in  1967,  one  system  would 
be  located  at  faa's  National  Aviation  Facilities  Experimental  Center  in 
Atlantic  City,  N.J.,  and  the  other  at  faa's  field  site  in  Jacksonville, 
Fla.  (FAA  Release  T65-37) 
July  28:  A  28-day-old  wage  strike  by  60  guards  at  NASA  Goddard  Space 
Flight  Center  ended  with  agreement  on  a  two-year  contract  by  the 
United  Plant  Guard  Workers  of  America  and  Wackenhut  Services, 
Inc.,  which  employed  the  GSFC  guards.      {Wash.  Post,  7/29/65,  A18) 

•  NASA  awarded  $1,190,000  facilities  grant  to  the  Univ.  of  Florida  for  the 

construction  of  a  Space  Science  Building  on  campus.  James  E.  Webb, 
NASA  Administrator,  said  the  new  grant  "will  permit  the  expansion  of 
theoretical  and  experimental  research  in  aeronautical  and  space 
sciences  and  will  enable  the  university  to  train  an  increased  number  of 
highly  qualified  young  researchers."      (NASA  Release  65-248) 

•  NASA    Administrator    James    E.    Webb,    speaking    on    statistical    stand- 

ards at  the  National  Governors'  Conference  in  Minneapolis,  said: 
".  .  .  the  timely  availability  of  accurate,  comprehensive  data — based  on 
valid  and  accepted  concepts  and  definitions — will  become  increasingly 
important  to  the  effective  conduct  of  state  government.     The  need  for 


354  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

compatibility  between  federal  and  state  data  systems  is  recognized  al 
the  top  levels  of  government.  .  .  . 

"It  is  clear  that  the  goals  of  complete  uniformity,  perfect  comparabil- 
ity and  total  integration  of  statistical  and  management  information 
systems  will  not  soon  be  accomplished.  But  it  is  equally  clear  that 
urgent  efforts  toward  these  goals  are  being  made  and  are  necessary  if 
state  and  local  governments  are  to  keep  pace  with  the  needs  of  modern 
society."  Webb  recommended  that  each  state:  "1.  Establish  a  state 
statistical  standards  unit  ...  2.  Sponsor  a  National  Conference  on  the 
Comparability  of  Statistics  Among  the  States  .  .  .  and  3.  Examine 
applicability  of  modern  information  technology  at  the  state  and  local 
levels.  .  .  ."  (Text) 
July  28:  Brig.  Gen.  Joseph  S.  Bleymaier  (usaf),  Deputy  Commander  for 
Manned  Systems,  AFSC  Space  Systems  Div.,  was  cited  by  President 
Johnson  for  cost  reduction  efforts  on  the  Titan  ill  program.  The  cita- 
tion said  his  efforts  had  enabled  the  Air  Force  to  achieve  on  time  all 
major  program  objectives  with  fewer  test  flights  than  programed,  "thus 
reducing  defense  costs  $33  million  in  fiscal  year  1965."  (dod  Release 
487-65) 

•  Rules    for    assigning    specific    emergency    evacuation    duties    to    crew 

members  of  helicopters  operating  in  scheduled  air  carrier  operations, 
controls  to  cover  drinking  aboard  helicopters,  and  measures  to  prevent 
intoxicated  persons  from  boarding  helicopters  were  proposed  by  FAA  in 
an  effort  to  bring  operations  governing  scheduled  helicopter  operations 
in  line  with  rules  governing  air-carrier  fixed-wing  operations,  (faa 
Release  T65-38) 

•  Almost  every  major  aspect  of  European  space  programs,  both  interna- 

tional and  national,  would  be  intensively  reviewed  within  the  next  fouf 
months,  wrote  Missile  Space  Daily.  ESRO  would  meet  in  Paris  to  re- 
view early  progress  of  its  eight-year  $310  million  program  to  place  17 
satellites  of  varying  size  and  complexity  into  orbit,  eldo  planned  to 
meet  in  early  fall  to  discuss  continuation  of  the  Eldo-A  booster  pro- 
gram and  possible  speed-up  in  the  Eldo-B  follow-on  vehicle.  In  Great 
Britain  and  Germany,  key  government  reviews  and  position  papers 
about  roles  in  future  space  activities  were  expected  to  occur  within  the 
next  several  weeks.  (Getler,  M/S  Daily,  7/28/65) 
July  29:  Dr.  Robert  B.  Leighton,  Gal  Tech  professor,  summarized  the  re- 
sults of  the  mariner  iv  mission  to  President  Johnson  in  a  White 
House  ceremony  during  which  the  remaining  photos  transmitted  by 
the  spacecraft  were  presented  to  the  President  and  the  Nation.  Dr. 
Leighton  said:  "Man's  first  close-up  look  at  Mars  has  revealed  the 
scientifically  startling  fact  that  at  least  part  of  its  surface  is  covered 
with  large  craters.  .  .  . 

"The  existence  of  Martian  craters  is  demonstrated  beyond  question; 
their  meaning  and  significance  is,  of  course,  a  matter  of 
interpretation.  The  seventy  craters  clearly  distinguishable  on  Mariner 
photos  Nos.  5  through  15,  range  in  diameter  from  three  to  75 
miles.  It  seems  likely  that  smaller  craters  exist,  and  there  also  may  be 
still  larger  ones  than  those  photographed,  since  the  Mariner  pho- 
tographs, in  total,  sampled  only  about  one  percent  of  the  Martian  sur- 
face. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  355 

"The  observed  craters  have  rims  rising  a  few  hundred  feet  above  the 
surrounding  surface  and  depths  of  a  few  thousand  feet  below  the 
rims.  Crater  walls  so  far  measured  seem  to  slope  at  angles  up  to 
about  10  degrees. 

"The  number  of  large  craters  per  unit  area  on  the  Martian  surface  is 
closely  comparable  to  the  densely  cratered  upland  areas  of  the  Moon." 

Dr.  Leighton  said  that  no  earth-like  features  were  recognized  and 
that  clouds  "were  not  identified  and  the  flight  path  did  not  cross  either 
polar  cap." 

Some  of  the  fundamental  inferences  drawn  from  the  mariner  IV 
photos  were: 

"1.  In  terms  of  its  evolutionary  history,  Mars  is  more  Moon-like 
than  Earth-like.  Nonetheless,  because  it  has  an  atmosphere,  Mars  may 
shed  much  light  on  early  phases  of  Earth's  history. 

"2.  Reasoning  by  analogy  with  the  Moon,  much  of  the  heavily  cra- 
tered surface  of  Mars  must  be  very  ancient — perhaps  two  to  five  bil- 
lion years  old. 

"3.  The  remarkable  state  of  preservation  of  such  an  ancient  surface 
leads  us  to  the  inference  that  no  atmosphere  significantly  denser  than 
the  present  very  thin  one  has  characterized  the  planet  since  that  sur- 
face was  formed.  Similarly,  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  free  water  in 
quantities  sufficient  to  form  streams  or  to  fill  oceans  could  have  existed 
anywhere  on  Mars  since  that  time.  The  presence  of  such  amounts  of 
water  (and  consequent  atmosphere)  would  have  caused  severe  erosion 
over  the  entire  surface. 

"4.  The  principal  topographic  features  of  Mars  photographed  by 
Mariner  have  not  been  produced  by  stress  and  deformation  originating 
within  the  planet,  in  distinction  to  the  case  of  the  Earth.  Earth  is 
internally  dynamic  giving  rise  to  mountains,  continents,  and  other 
such  features,  while  evidently  Mars  has  long  been  inactive.  The  lack 
of  internal  activity  is  also  consistent  with  the  absence  of  a  significant 
magnetic  field  on  Mars  as  was  determined  by  the  Mariner  magnetom- 
eter experiment. 

"5.  As  we  had  anticipated,  Mariner  photos  neither  demonstrate  nor 
preclude  the  possible  existence  of  life  on  Mars.  The  search  for  a 
fossil  record  does  appear  less  promising  if  Martian  oceans  never 
existed.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  Martian  surface  is  truly  in  its 
primitive  form,  the  surface  may  prove  to  be  the  best — perhaps  the  only 
— place  in  the  solar  system  still  preserving  clues  to  original  organic 
development,  traces  of  which  have  long  since  disappeared  from  Earth." 

Dr.  Leighton  noted  that  "one  of  the  most  difficult  problems  associat- 
ed with  the  Mariner  photographic  mission  to  Mars  was  the  wide  illu- 
mination range"  that  was  encountered.  Assisting  Dr.  Leighton  in  his 
presentation  were:  Prof.  Bruce  C.  Murray,  Cal  Tech;  Prof.  Robert  P. 
Sharp,  Cal  Tech;  Richard  K.  Sloan,  JPL;  and  J.  Denton  Allen, 
JPL.  President  Johnson  said  he  was  a  bit  relieved  that  mariner's 
photographs  "didn't  show  more  signs  of  life  out  there."  He  described 
the  Mars  pictures  as  "awe-inspiring"  and  said  that  "the  flight  of  Mar- 
iner 4  will  stand  as  one  of  the  great  advances  of  man's  quest  to  extend 
the  horizons  of  human  knowledge." 

President  Johnson  presented  the  following  awards:  to  Dr.  William 
H.  Pickering,  Director  of  JPL,  the  NASA  Distinguished  Service  Medal; 


356  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

to  Jack  N.  James,  Assistant  Director  of  J  PL  for  Lunar  and  Planetary 
Projects,  the  nasa  Medal  for  Exceptional  Scientific  Achievement;  and 
to  Oran  W.  Nicks,  Director  of  Lunar  and  Planetary  Programs,  the 
NASA  Medal  of  Outstanding  Leadership.  (Transcript;  Sullivan,  NYT, 
7/30  65;  Simons.  Wash.  Post,  7/30/65,  Al,  A3) 
July  29:  During  mariner  iv  press  conference  at  nasa  Hq.,  NASA  Adminis- 
trator James  E.  Webb,  in  response  to  a  question  about  the  possibility 
of  "another  Mariner  mission  in  the  relatively  near  future,"  rephed: 
"We  had  decided  some  time  ago  not  to  fly  another  one  of  these  mis- 
sions with  the  equipment  we  used  on  mariner  IV  but  to  concentrate 
on  much  more  important  work  that  we  can  do  with  advanced  equip- 
ment. 

"So  I  should  say  that  it's  highly  unlikely  that  we  would  revive  con- 
sideration of  another  flight." 

Mr.  Webb  said  that  the  mariner  iv  flight,  including  the  mariner 
III  attempt  that  failed,  "cost  over  SlOO  million."  He  continued:  "Dr. 
Pickering  and  his  group  with  the  American  industrial  companies 
proved  that  we  could  move  out  from  the  earth  and  get  to  the  planet 
and  do  what  we  intended  to  do.   .   .   . 

"Second,  the  scientific  experimenters  worked  in  close  harmony,  and 
the  relationship  between  the  experimenters  and  the  people  responsible 
for  making  the  flight  get  to  its  destination  and  bring  the  data  back  was 
I  think  a  very  outstanding  achievement  and  also  is  a  part  of  the  learn- 
ing process  in  the  space  program. 

"Lastly,  it  certainly  is  very  important,  as  we  have  emphasized  in  the 
manned  spaceflight  program,  to  gain  some  knowledge,  even  though  it 
is  not  full  and  complete,  at  as  early  a  stage  as  possible,  because  we 
have  planned  a  broad-based  program  over  a  ten-year  period.  But  we 
also  have  the  capability  of  change  and  modification  in  the 
program.  And  this  gives  us  a  good  deal  of  information  that  in  my 
view  will  have  a  strong  bearing  on  the  decisions  to  be  made  in  the 
1967  budget." 

Mr.  Webb  said  that  he  did  not  see  "very  much  difference  between 
our  capability  and  their  [Soviet]  capability  at  this  time  but  that  we 
are  both  moving  into  a  period  when  we  will  be  able  to  select  certain 
options  for  further  emphasis  and  development." 

It  was  revealed  that  the  results  of  the  mariner  IV  mission  would  be 
published  in  Science. 

Participating  in  the  press  conference  with  Mr.  Webb  were:  Dr.  Wil- 
liam H.  Pickering,  Director,  jpl;  Edgar  M.  Cortright,  Deputy  Asso- 
ciate Administrator  for  Space  Science  and  Applications,  nasa;  Prof. 
Robert  B.  Leighton,  Cal  Tech,  Principal  Investigator;  Dan  Schneider- 
man,  Mariner  Project  Manager,  jpl;  Prof.  Bruce  C.  Murray,  Cal 
Tech;  Julian  Scheer,  Assistant  Administrator  for  Public  Affairs,  NASA. 
(Transcript) 

•  proton  I,  unmanned  space  station  launched  by   U.S.S.R.  July   16  with 

instrumentation  for  studying  high-speed  cosmic  particles,  was  function- 
ing normally,  Tass  reported.      (Tass,  7/29/65) 

•  At   the    Honors    Convocation    of    the    AIAA    meeting    in    San    Francisco 

the  following  presentations  were  made:  Rodney  C.  Wingrove,  Research 
Scientist  at  nasa  Ames  Research  Center,  received  the  Lawrence  Sperry 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  357 

Award  for  his  contribution  to  controlled  reentry  and  precise  landings 
of  U.S.  manned  spacecraft;  Dinsmore  Alter,  Director  Emeritus  of 
Griffith  Observatory,  received  the  G.  Edward  Pendray  Award  for  an 
"outstanding  contribution  to  aeronautical  and  astronautical  litera- 
ture"; Lloyd  L.  Kelly,  President,  Link  Group,  General  Precision,  Inc., 
received  the  DeFlorez  Training  Award  for  "an  outstanding  improve- 
ment in  aerospace  training";  and  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  Director  of 
NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  received  the  premier  Louis  W.  Hill 
Space  Transportation  Award  "for  significant  contributions  indicative 
of  American  enterprise  and  ingenuity  in  the  art  and  science  of  space 
flight."  This  award  included  a  $5,000  honorarium,  (arc  Release 
65-15;  MSFC  Release  65-151;  aiaa  Honors  Convocation  Program) 
July  29:  Ball  and  roller  bearings  assembled  according  to  the  Lewis  Hardness 
Differential  Guide  could  be  expected  to  have  four  to  five  times  greater 
fatigue  life,  nasa  announced.  The  Guide  was  developed  by  a  NASA 
Lewis  Research  Center  team  of  engineers  whose  tests  showed  that  bear- 
ing load  capacity  and  fatigue  life  were  greatest  when  the  rolling  ele- 
ments of  the  bearing  were  between  one  and  two  points  harder  (meas- 
ured on  the  Rockwell  C  Scale)  than  the  races.  Manufacturers  usually 
made  bearings  with  balls  and  races  of  the  same  hardness.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 65-246;  lrc  Release  65-51) 

•  Rep.    Charles   McC.   Mathias    (R-Md.),    advocating   increased    research 

in  weather  modification,  introduced  in  the  House  a  bill  (H.R. 
10173)  requiring  a  study  of  current  public  and  private  efforts  and  a 
Presidential  report  thereon:  "The  science  of  weather  modification  is 
still  in  its  infancy,  but  it  is  a  very  active  youth.  Public  and  private 
efforts  in  this  field  have  expanded  greatly  in  the  past  decade.  Several 
Federal  agencies,  primarily  the  Department  of  Commerce,  the  National 
Science  Foundation,  NASA,  and  the  Departments  of  Interior  and  De- 
fense, have  increased  their  support  of  atmospheric  research  to  a  total 
Federal  investment  of  $3,529,683  in  fiscal  1964.  .  .  . 

"Before  committing  this  country  to  such  a  massive  and  sustained 
effort,  we  should  know  where  we  stand  now.  A  comprehensive  Presi- 
dential report  such  as  the  one  required  by  my  bill  would  give  the 
Congress  and  the  Nation  the  fundamental  information  which  we  need 
before  attempting  to  evaluate  expert  recommendations  on  methods  and 
goals.  For,  like  nuclear  physics,  the  science  of  weather  modification 
has  an  infinite  capacity  for  mischief  or  for  good.  We  must  be  sure 
that  man's  efforts  to  tame  the  elements  proceed  along  paths  beneficial 
to  mankind."  (CR,  7/29/65,  18071) 

•  BOAC   announced   in   its    annual   report   that   it   had    asked    British   and 

American  aircraft  manufacturers  to  submit  plans  for  a  subsonic  air- 
liner accommodating  up  to  250  passengers.  Sud  Aviation  of  France 
and  Hawker-Siddeley  of  Great  Britain  told  the  Corporation  they  were 
not  interested  in  the  project.  ( Reuters,  NYT,  7/29/65,  48) 
July  30:  pegasus  hi  meteoroid  detection  satellite  was  launched  into  orbit 
from  Eastern  Test  Range,  with  a  Saturn  I  booster — last(SA-lO)  in  a 
series  of  ten  launch  vehicle  test  flights.  Initial  orbital  data: 
apogee,  336  mi.  (541.9  km.);  perigee,  324  mi.  (522.6  km.); 
period,  95.5  min.;  inclination,  28.9°.  Main  assignment  of  the  3,200- 
Ib,  spacecraft  with  wing-like  panels  was  to   add  information   on  the 


358  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

frequency  of  meteoroids  in  near-earth  environment,  for  use  in  the  de- 
sign of  future  manned  and  unmanned  spacecraft.  Eight  of  its  detach- 
able panels  carried  352  thermal  surface  samples  collected  from  the 
aerospace  industry.  If  NASA  should  program  an  astronaut-PEGASUS 
III  rendezvous,  the  astronaut  would  detach  as  many  panels  as  possible 
and  return  them  to  earth  for  study.  Also  orbited  was  Apollo  com- 
mand and  service  module  boilerplate  (bp-9),  which  served  as  shroud 
for  PEGASUS  III.  Apollo  launch  escape  system  was  jettisoned  during 
launch  vehicle's  ascent. 

PEGASUS  III — expected  to  return  meteoroid  data  to  ground  stations 
for  at  least  one  year — was  identical  to  pegasus  ii,  in  orbit  since  May 
25,  1965.  PEGASUS  I  was  sent  into  orbit  Feb.  16,  1965.  (nasa  Re- 
lease 65-232;  msec  Release  65-185;  msec  Release  65-190) 
July  30:  nasa's  seven-year  Saturn  I  program  was  concluded  with  the  suc- 
cessful launch  of  pegasus  ill.  It  marked  the  tenth  success  in  as  many 
attempts  for  the  Saturn  I  booster.  A  significant  development  of  the  pro- 
gram was  the  clustering  of  several  large  rocket  engines:  the  power 
plant  in  the  first  stage  of  the  Saturn  I  was  a  cluster  of  eight  H-1 
engines  each  with  188,000  lbs.  of  thrust  to  give  this  stage  1,504,000 
lbs.  of  thrust.  The  first  four  flight  tests  (SA-1  through  SA-4)  were 
with  dummy  upper  stages;  beginning  with  SA-5,  both  stages  (s-i  and 
S-iv)  were  "live";  and  the  last  three  Saturn  I's  each  orbited  a 
Pegasus.  Other  significant  developments  growing  out  of  the  Saturn  I 
program  included: 

"1.  First  extensive  use  of  multi-engines    (six  rl-10-a3's)    and  liq- 
uid hydrogen  in  the  upper  stages. 

"2.  Advancement  of  guidance  and  instrumentation  technology. 

"3.  Facility    expansion,    and    development    of    new    transportation 
modes  for  large  rockets. 

"4.  Orbiting  meteoroid  technology  satellites,  the  largest  instrument- 
ed satellites  launched  to  date. 

"5.  Developing  the  capability  of  placing  into  earth  orbit  payloads  of 
more  than  37,000  pounds. 

"6.  Developing    guidance    and    instrumentation    technology    which 
could  be  used  in  other  programs."      (nasa  Release  65-253) 

•  Third  earth  landing  (twelfth  test  drop)  of  steerable  parachute-retrorock- 

et  landing  system  for  Gemini-type  spacecraft  was  termed  "100%  suc- 
cessful" by  engineers  at  nasa  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.  Dropped 
from  a  c-119  aircraft  at  10,000-ft.  altitude,  the  vehicle  was  turned  into 
the  wind,  downwind,  and  fully  around  several  times  by  remote  control 
before  it  was  brought  to  a  landing  40  ft.  from  the  target.  {Houston 
Post,  7/31/65;  Maloney,  Houston  Post,  8/2/65) 

•  NASA    Marshall    Space    Flight    Center    awarded    two    parallel    one-year 

contracts  to  two  firms  to  study  feasibility  of  developing  a  drill  for 
probing  some  100  ft.  below  the  moon's  surface:  Northrop  Space  Labo- 
ratories received  $509,992;  Westinghouse  Electric  Corp.  Defense  and 
Space  Center,  $570,624.  Astronauts  on  post-Apollo  lunar  missions 
would  use  the  drill  as  a  geological  research  tool  to  bore  holes  for 
geophysical  measurements.      (MSEC  Release  65-194) 

•  ComSatCorp  announced   it  would  request  proposals   from   several   U.S. 

manufacturers  for  a  new  space  exploration  communications  system 
that  would   be   associated   with   "certain   space   exploration   activities, 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  359 

particularly  the  Apollo  program."  Proposals  would  be  for  five  syn. 
chronous-orbit  satellites  each  capable  of  being  launched  with  a  thrust- 
augmented  Delta  booster,  with  options  for  additional  satellites.  First 
delivery  would  be  within  eight  months.  ComSatCorp  also  established 
requirements  for  four  transportable  satellite  earth  stations  with  options 
for  additional  stations — first  two  stations  to  be  delivered  in  eight 
months.  (ComSatCorp  Release) 
July  30:  Technical  Systems  Office  had  been  newly  established  by  MSFC  to 
handle  launch  vehicle  technical  systems  problems,  MSFC  announced. 
Dr.  J.  C.  McCall,  deputy  director  of  Research  and  Development  Opera- 
tions, would  serve  as  acting  director  of  the  office  until  Oct.  1,  when  L.  G. 
Richard,  assistant  director  of  the  Astrionics  Laboratory,  would  be- 
come director.      (  MSFC  Release  65-193  ) 

•  A  prototype  experimental   life-support   system   enclosed   in   a   simulated 

space  cabin  was  placed  on  a  ship  in  San  Diego  for  delivery  to  NASA 
Langley  Research  Center.  Designed  and  constructed  by  the  Convair 
Div.  of  General  Dynamics  Corp.,  the  system  was  intended  for  use  in  a 
research  program  to  enlarge  the  scope  of  life-support  technology. 
Within  the  device  were  subsystems  to :  (1)  extract  oxygen  from 
the  carbon  dioxide  exhaled  by  the  occupants;  (2)  convert  waste  liq- 
uids and  humidity  condensates  to  drinking  water;  (3)  provide  control 
of  internal  temperature  and  humidity;  (4)  allow  storage  and  handling 
of  a  freeze-dried  food  supply  for  four  test  subjects  for  90  days  at  a 
time;  (5)  remove  from  the  cabin  atmosphere  all  contaminating  vapors 
which  might  be  generated;  and  (6)  provide  personal  hygiene  facilities. 
(LaRC  Release) 

•  Commenting  on  the  success  of  mariner  iv,  a  New  York  Times  editorial 

said:  "A  whole  host  of  new  sciences  is  being  born — extraterres- 
trial geology  most  obviously  among  them.  By  learning  more  about 
Mars — even  a  lifeless  Mars^men  will  understand  better  the  origin  of 
the  solar  system.  And,  by  being  able  to  compare  the  red  planet  in 
greater  detail  with  this  earth,  new  understanding  will  evolve  of  why 
there  is  life  here  and,  apparently,  none  there.  The  exploration  of  the 
planets  has  begun  and  more  than  one  generation  will  be  required  to 
finish  that  task.  But,  so  long  as  men  stand  on  this  puny  globe  and 
gaze  wonderingly  at  the  lights  in  the  sky,  they  will  remember  that  the 
first  successful  pioneer  was  named  Mariner  4."  {NYT,  7/30/65, 
24C) 

•  Robert  N.  Allnutt  was  appointed  Assistant  General  Counsel  for  patent 

matters  in  the  NASA  General  Counsel's  office,  effective  Sept.  13.  Mr. 
Allnutt,  who  had  been  with  the  NASA  office  of  General  Counsel  since 
1961,  would  succeed  Gerald  D.  O'Brien  who  had  been  appointed  an 
assistant  commissioner  of  patents  by  President  Johnson.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 65-251) 

•  U.S.  Justice  Dept.  opposed   "at  this  time"  the  enactment   of  measures 

involving  the  Government's  rights  to  inventions  discovered  by  private 
research  and  development  contractors  working  with  Government 
funds.  The  Department  set  forth  its  view  in  a  letter  from  Deputy 
Attorney  General  Ramsey  Clark  to  Sen.  John  L.  McClellan  (D-Ark.), 
Chairman  of  the  Senate  Judiciary  Patents  Subcommittee.  (Mintz, 
Wash.  Post,  7/30/65,  A12) 


360  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

July  31:  DOD  refused  request  by  television  networks  to  present  live  cover- 
age of  the  recovery  portion  of  the  Gemini  v  flight  scheduled  for  Aug. 
19.  Equipment  necessary  to  set  up  a  portable  ground  station  on  the 
aircraft  carrier  U.S.S.  Lake  Champlain  "might  interfere  with  opera- 
tional requirements  and  shipboard  communications,"  DOD  said.  The 
networks  had  intended  to  send  pictures  to  EARLY  BIRD  I  satellite  for 
relay  to  the  Andover,  Me.,  ground  station.      (NYT,  7/31/65,  35) 

•  First  anniversary  of  historic  mission  of  taking  and  relaying  to  earth  the 

first  closeup  pictures  of  the  lunar  surface,  by  nasa's  ranger 
VII.      (eph) 

•  Pictures  of  Mars  taken  by  mariner  iv  during  the  July  14  flyby  received 

editorial  comment  in  the  Washington  Post: 

".  .  .  If  some  people  are  disappointed  because  Mariner  4  did  not 
produce  any  conclusive  documentation  on  the  existence  of  the  long-sus- 
pected life  on  Mars,  it  should  be  remembered  that  this  was  not  one  of 
Mariner  4's  objectives.  Even  the  Tiros,  circling  earth  at  far  less  dis- 
tance from  its  surface  than  Mariner  4  was  from  Mars,  has  indicated 
only  once  in  the  thousands  of  pictures  taken  that  the  life  we  know 
exists  here  actually  can  be  spotted  from  far  out  in  space."  {Wash. 
Post,  l/Sl/65) 
During  July:  The  support  of  science  in  the  U.S.  was  discussed  by  Dael 
Wolfle  in  the  Scientific  American: 

"From  1953  until  1960  about  8  percent  of  the  Nation's  research  and 
development  budget  was  devoted  to  basic  research.  The  percentage 
has  been  rising  since  1960,  reaching  almost  12  percent  in  1965.  As 
for  the  Federal  Government's  funds,  in  1953,  less  than  7  percent  went 
for  basic  research.  The  figure  has  been  rising  since  1960,  to  about  11 
percent  in  1965.  The  universities  are  relatively  much  more  prominent 
in  basic  research  than  in  the  total  research  and  development  effort, 
being  responsible  for  almost  half  of  all  basic  research.  In  contrast  the 
industrial  laboratories,  which  dominate  in  development  activity,  con- 
duct only  about  a  fourth  of  the  basic  research."  {CR,  7/14/65, 
A3760-61) 

•  Inventors  of  Lunar  Landing  Research  Vehicle,  lunar  landing  simulator 

referred  to  as  "the  belching  spider,"  in  use  at  NASA  Flight  Research 
Center,  were  granted  a  patent.  Built  by  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.  under 
contract  to  NASA,  the  research  craft  had  a  jet  engine  that  supported 
five-sixths  of  its  weight;  the  pilot  would  manipulate  lift  rockets  that 
would  support  the  remaining  one-sixth.  The  craft's  attitude  would  be 
controlled  with  jets  of  hydrogen  peroxide.  Inventors  were  Kenneth  L. 
Levin  and  John  G.  Allen,  Jr.,  of  the  Bell  staff.  (Jones,  NYT,  7/3/65, 
23) 

•  U.S.S.R.  sateUites  electron  i   and  electron   ii  were   among  the  new 

exhibits  in  the  "Kosmos"  (Space)  Pavillion  at  the  Soviet  exposition  on 
achievements  of  the  U.S.S.R.  national  economy,  reported  KryVya 
rodiny.  These  satellites,  launched  to  study  the  near-earth  radiation 
belts,  were  said  to  have  made  it  possible  for  Soviet  scientists  to  safe- 
guard the  cosmonauts  during  their  flights  in  this  region.  [KryVya 
rodiny,  7/65,  1) 

•  In    answer    to    the    query,    "What    is    an    orbital    analyst?"    an    article 

in    The   Airman   said:    "The    complex    tasks    of    the    analyst    involve 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  361 

the  use  of  a  high  order  of  mathematics,  laws  of  celestial  mechanics, 
and  adaptation  of  orbital  analysis  problems  to  high-speed  scientific 
computer  solutions.  These  highly  specialized  activities  are  absolutely 
essential  to  carrying  out  the  vast  mission  of  the  Air  Force  spacetrack 
system:  detection,  tracking,  and  identification  of  all  man-made  objects 
orbiting  the  earth."  [Airman,  7/65,  24) 
During  July:  Fortune  magazine  recounted  the  story  of  the  development  of 
the  Lear  jet — a  small  jet  aircraft  for  the  corporate  market.  William 
Lear,  said  the  article,  became  the  first  man  in  history  to  design,  build, 
and  win  certification  for  a  jet  airplane — all  with  his  own  money. 
(Fortune,  7/65,  137-140,  185) 

•  Prospects  for  U.S. -European   industrial  cooperation  in   space  were   dis- 

cussed in  Air  Force  and  Space  Digest  by  Elmer  P.  Wheaton,  Vice 
President  of  Lockheed  Missiles  &  Space  Co.  Wheaton  offered  four 
"■guiding  principles"  for  any  program  of  U.S. -European  industrial 
effort: 

"The  program  to  be  jointly  undertaken  should  avoid  unnecessary 
duplication  of  an  existing  program.  .  .  . 

"The  project  or  program  should  contribute  to  a  better  understand- 
ing of  the  space  environment.  .  .  . 

"The  program  must  provide  a  logical  extension  of  our  current  space 
technology.   .   .  . 

"The  program  must  not  require  such  a  substantial  increase  of 
knowledge  in  either  the  space  environment  or  the  space  technology 
that  it  involves  a  high  risk  of  failure.  .  .  ." 

Wheaton  suggested:  scientific  areas  that  could  be  usefully  investigat- 
ed by  Europe;  advanced  programs  for  "more  distant  European  ex,- 
ploration";  and  satellites  that  could  be  profitably  developed  by  Europe 
— notably,  applications  satellites.  In  such  company-to-company  coop- 
eration, contribution  of  the  U.S.  companies  should  be  chiefly  in  space 
systems  management.      [AF  Mag.,  7/65,  53-57) 

•  European    contributions    to    international    space    communications    were 

recommended  by  Dalimil  Kybal,  Senior  Consulting  Scientist,  Lockheed 
Missiles  &  Space  Co.  Summary  of  his  article  in  Air  Force  and  Space 
Digest: 

"Contrary  to  the  views  of  those  Europeans  who  tend  to  think  of 
European  and  American  space  communications  systems  as  separate 
entities,  existing  international  agreements  clearly  call  for  a  global 
system.  Europe,  as  it  develops  space  technology  skills,  ought  to  concen- 
trate on  developing  next-generation  satellites  as  replacements  for  exist- 
ing hardware,  in  keeping  with  the  competitive  approaches  contemplat- 
ed in  the  international  agreement.  .  .  ."      (y^f  Mag.,  7/65,  60-61) 

•  Soviet  aircraft  designer  Oleg  K.  Antonov  provided  technical  and  per- 

formance specifications  of  the  large  An-22  aircraft  during  an  inter- 
view conducted  by  J.  Marmain  for  Wehr  und  Wirtschaft  (W.  Ger- 
many I  :  first  flight  was  made  in  February  1965;  aircraft  shown  at 
International  Air  Show,  Paris,  was  transport  model;  considerable  re- 
building, including  15-m.  extension  of  the  tail,  would  be  required  for 
the  craft  to  accommodate  720  passengers.  Antonov  said  his  design 
office  was  not  concerned  with  development  of  a  passenger  version  of 
the  An-22,   a  new  version   of  the  An-24   for   64  passengers,   and   a 


362  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

smaller  special  purpose  aircraft.  (Marmain,  Wehr  und  Wirtschaft, 
7/65,390-91) 

During  July:  Paul  Tillich,  Protestant  theologian,  commenting  upon  the 
"Pacem  in  Terris"  of  Pope  John  xxiii,  wrote:  "A  .  .  .  genuine  hope 
for  peace  is  the  technical  union  of  mankind  by  the  conquest  of  space. 
Of  course,  nearness  can  intensify  hostility;  and  the  fact  that  the  first 
manifestations  of  the  technical  oneness  of  the  world  were  two  world 
wars  proves  this  possibility.  But  nearness  can  also  have  the  opposite 
effect.  It  can  change  the  image  of  the  other  as  strange  and  dangerous; 
it  can  reduce  self-affirmation  and  effect  openness  for  other  possibilities 
of  human  existence  and — particularly  as  in  the  encounter  of  religions — 
of  other  possibilities  of  genuine  faith."  (Tillich,  "The  Limits  of 
Peace,"  Chicago  Today,  Summary  1965,  2-5) 

•  More  than  10,000  natural  scientists,  social  scientists,  and  engineers  were 
admitted  to  the  U.S.  as  immigrants  during  fiscal  years  1962  and  1963, 
according  to  National  Science  Foundation,      (nsf  Reviews  .  .  .,  7/65) 


August   1965 


August  1:  s-iB-2,  the  first  stage  of  the  second  Saturn  IB  booster,  left 
NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  aboard  nasa's  barge  Palaemon  for 
Michoud  Assembly  Facility,  where  it  would  undergo  post-static-firing 
checkout.  The  80-ft.-long  launch  vehicle  had  been  fired  for  30  sec. 
at  MSFC  on  July  8,  and  for  21/0  min.  on  July  21.  (msfc  Release  65- 
195) 

August  2:  MARINER  iv's  tape  recorder  was  turned  off  at  the  end  of  its 
second  playback  of  the  21  pictures  it  took  of  Mars  on  July  14.  A 
spokesman  for  the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  said  the  second  run  of 
pictures  would  be  compared  with  the  first  as  a  check  against  possible 
errors  in  transmission  and  reception.  No'  significant  differences  had 
been  reported  yet  by  scientists  studying  the  photographs.  (UPI,  Chic. 
Trib.,  8/3/65;  nasa  Proj.  Off.) 

•  NASA  announced  plans  to   install  Unified  S-Band  System  equipment  at 

Corpus  Christi  communications  station  for  use  with  Apollo  spaceflights. 
With  the  system,  the  station  would  be  able  to  combine  in  a  single 
two-way  transmission  all  types  of  communications  with  the  three 
Apollo  astronauts. 

Seven  kinds  of  communications  would  be  conducted  simultaneously, 
including  tracking  the  spacecraft;  commanding  its  operations  and 
confirming  execution  of  commands;  two-way  voice  conversation;  con- 
tinuous checks  on  the  astronauts'  health;  continuous  check  on  the  space- 
craft and  its  functions;  continuous  information  from  onboard  experi- 
ments; and  television  pictures  of  the  astronauts  and  their  exploration 
of  the  moon.  All  communications  would  be  conducted  with  one  30- 
ft.-dia.  parabolic  ground  antenna  to  be  constructed  at  Corpus  Christi. 
(NASA  Release  65-250) 

•  Astronaut  Edward   H.   White   ii    (L/Col.,  USAf)    and   David   S.   Lewis, 

president  of  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.,  launched  Operation  Zero 
Defect  at  the  McDonnell  plant  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  county.  They 
addressed  an  outdoor  gathering  of  3,400  employees,  asking  them  to 
continue  doing  a  good  job  of  producing  spacecraft  and  Phantom 
F-4  jet  fighters  for  usaf,  usn,  and  the  Marines.  {St.  Louis  Post- 
Dispatch,  8/2/65) 

•  Hamilton    Standard    delivered    to    NASA    Manned    Spacecraft    Center    a 

prototype  portable  life  support  system  (Piss)  to  be  used  by  Project 
Apollo  astronauts.  Weighing  about  60  lbs.,  unit  was  designed  for  use 
with  water-cooled  undergarment  astronauts  would  wear  beneath 
a  spacesuit  during  lunar  surface  exploration.  Water-cooled  under- 
garment would  cool  the  astronaut  by  conducting  the  metabolic  heat 
generated  by  his  motions  into  water  which  would  circulate  through 
a  web  of  plastic  tubing  in  contact  with  the  skin.     Water  would  carry 

363 


364  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

the  heat  into  the  portable  life  support  system  which  would  recool  and 
recirculate  it.     Contract  called  for  delivery  of  52  packs. 

Testing  of  the  undergarment  and  the  Piss  would  be  conducted  at 
Msc.     {Houston  Post,  8/3/65) 

August  2:  ComSatCorp  received  a  check  from  AT&T  for  use  of  60  channels 
on  EARLY  BIRD  I  comsat  during  its  first  month  of  operation.  It  was 
the  first  operating  revenue  ComSatCorp  had  had;  previous  income 
had  been  interest  on  the  $200  million  received  from  sale  of  stock  to  the 
public.  The  AT&T  check  was  only  half  as  much  as  had  been  expected 
originally;  ComSatCorp's  initial  estimates  had  been  based  on  expecta- 
tion that  AT&T  would  use  100  channels  on  early  bird  I.  {Wash.  Post, 
8/3/65) 

•  Alternate  methods  for  re-establishing  communications  with  mariner  iv 
on  its  next  closest  approach  to  earth  around  Sept.  4,  1967,  were  being 
considered  by  Mariner  project  planners  at  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory, 
Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology  reported:  (1)  attempted  re- 
acquisition  beginning  in  early  February  1967,  making  use  of  the 
spacecraft's  high-gain  directional  antenna  to  obtain  data  from  the 
spacecraft  for  up  to  10  mo.;  (2)  reliance  solely  on  mariner  iv's  low- 
gain  antenna  for  transmission,  permitting  two-way  communications 
for  four  to  six  weeks  around  September  1967.  In  the  10-mo.  plan, 
reacquisition  would  be  initiated  when  the  spacecraft  was  about  135 
million  mi.  from  earth.  Due  to  relative  sun-earth  positions  in  February 
1967,  the  angle  at  which  the  high-gain  directional  antenna  would  be 
permanently  fixed  would  enable  it  tO'  be  aimed  at  the  earth  by  having 
mariner  IV  roll  about  its  longitudinal  axis,  which  would  be  pointed  at 
the  sun.  The  100-kw.  transmitter  at  Goldstone  tracking  station  would 
send  the  necessary  commands  to  mariner  iv.  In  the  latter  plan,  use  of 
the  210-ft.  antenna,  expected  to  become  operational  at  Goldstone  in 
January  1966,  could  extend  reception  of  intelligible  telemetry  signals 
to  as  long  as  six  weeks,  compared  with  four  using  the  standard  85-ft. 
dishes  of  the  Deep  Space  Network. 

W.  A.  Collier,  assistant  Mariner  project  manager  at  JPL,  told 
Aviation  Week  that  mariner  iv  would  be  of  particular  scientific  interest 
in  1967.  First,  there  were  no  other  interplanetary  probes  being  sent 
away  from  the  sun  at  that  period.  Second,  when  mariner  iv  passed 
within  6,000  mi.  of  Mars  July  14,  the  gravitational  pull  of  the  planet 
had  tilted  the  plane  of  the  spacecraft  out  of  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic. 
mariner  iv,  5.3  million  mi.  above  the  ecliptic  in  September  1967, 
would  give  scientists  their  first  chance  to  compare  interplanetary  find- 
ings outside  this  plane  with  those  obtained  in  it. 

Preliminary  estimates  were  that  the  10-mo.  plan  would  cost  between 
$5  million  and  $15  million,  while  the  four-to-six-week  project  would 
cost  less  than  SI  million. 

MARINER  IV,  launched  Nov.  28,  1964,  was  in  solar  orbit  with  a  period 
of  567.11  days,  perihelion  of  103.1  million  mi.,  and  aphelion  of  146.2 
million  mi.      (Watkins,  Av.  Wk.,  8/2/65,  32) 

August  3:  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  lxxvii,  13th  Soviet  spacecraft  orbited 
in  the  last  two  months.  Initial  orbital  data:  apogee,  300  km.  ( 187  mi.) ; 
perigee,  184  km.  (114  mi.);  period,  89.3  min.;  inclination  to  the 
equator,  51.8°.     Tass  said  the  unmanned  satellite  would  gather  data 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  365 

to  prepare  equipment  for  manned  flights;  instruments  were  functioning 
normally.      (Pravdo,  8  '4/65.  1:  upi,  NYT,  8/4/65,  4) 
August  3:  USAF  launched  two  unnamed  satellites  from  the  Western  Test 
Range  with   an  Atlas-Agena   D   booster.      (uPi,   Wash.  Post,  8/4/65; 
U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  149) 

•  x-15  No.  2,  piloted  by  Maj.  Robert  Rushworth  (usaf).  attained  a  maxi- 

mum altitude  of  208.700  ft.  and  a  maximum  speed  of  3,602  mph  (mach 
5.14)  in  a  flight  to  obtain  data  for  the  reaction  augmentation  sys- 
tem and  to  check  out  ultraviolet  photographic  experiment,  advanced 
landing  dvnamics.  and  to  continue  pilot  altitude  build-up.  (NASA 
X-15  Proj'.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  Brazilian   Space   Commission    (cnae)    would   cooperate   with    U.S.    and 

Argentine  scientists  in  a  study  of  hemispheric  weather  patterns,  NASA 
announced.  NASA  and  cnae  had  signed  an  agreement  July  1  providing 
for  the  cooperative  project,  which  would  be  part  of  the  inter-American 
Experimental  Meteorological  Sounding  Rocket  Network  (exametnet)  . 
First  launchings  were  scheduled  before  the  end  of  1965  from  Natal, 
Brazil,  and  Wallops  Station,      (nasa  Release  65-258) 

•  First  static  test  firing  of  European  Launcher  Development  Organization's 

(eldo)  Europa  I  booster  was  conducted  at  Spadeadam  Rocket  Estab- 
lishment in  Cumberland,  England.  The  launch  vehicle  was  composed 
of  Blue  Streak  first  stage,  French  Coralie  second  stage.  West  German 
third  stage,  and  Italian  satellite  and  nose  casing.  For  this  test,  all 
but  Blue  Streak  were  dummy  stages.      {Av.  Wk.,  8/2/65,  35) 

•  NASA  still  planned  to  launch  an  eight-day,  121 -orbit,  two-man  Gemini 

V  flight  August  19,  but  fuel  cells  were  causing  some  problems.  The 
cells'  oxygen  and  hydrogen  tended  to  evaporate  too  quickly  to  keep  the 
Gemini  spacecraft  electrically  "alive"  for  such  a  long  trip,  NASA  spokes- 
men said.     (UPI,  NYT,  8/3/65,  15;  WSJ,  8/3/65,  1) 

•  Reviewing    the    results    of   the    successfully    completed    Saturn    I    rocket 

program.  Bob  Ward  listed  in  an  article  in  the  Huntsville  Times  eight 
major  contributions  which  the  work  had  made  to  launch-vehicle  and 
other  aerospace  technology:  (1)  clustering  of  large  rocket  engines — 
a  cluster  of  eight  h-1  engines  forming  the  power  plant  of  the  booster's 
l,5Oi,000-lb,-thrust  first  stage;  (2)  first  extensive  use  of  multi-engine 
power  plants  and  liquid  hydrogen  fuel  for  upper  stages;  (3)  advances 
in  the  fields  of  rocket  guidance  and  instrumentation;  (4)  expansion 
of  facilities  and  development  of  new  methods  of  transporting  large 
rocket  stages,  including  special-purpose  barges  and  aircraft;  (5)  de- 
velopment of  fabrication  techniques  needed  for  large  rockets;  (6)  orbit- 
ing meteoroid  technology  satellites — the  three  Pegasus  orbiters  were  the 
largest  instrumented  satellites  yet  launched;  (7)  proving  the  aero- 
dynamics of  the  Apollo  spacecraft  by  orbiting  five  boilerplate  versions 
of  the  command  and  service  modules;  and  (8)  developing  sufficient 
launching  power  to  place  payloads  of  almost  20  tons  into  orbit  around 
the  earth — the  seventh  Saturn  launch  September  18,  1964,  orbiting  a 
39,200-lb.  payload.      (Ward,  Huntsville  Times,  8/3/65) 

•  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  began  hearings  on  H.R. 

2626,  a  bill  to  provide  that  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards  conduct 
investigations  to  determine  the  practicability  of  U.S.  adoption  of  the 
metric  svstem  of  weights  and  measures. 


366  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

J.  Herbert  Hollomon,  Assistant  Secretary  of  Commerce  for  Science 
and  Technology,  told  the  Committee  that  if  the  U.S.  did  not  adopt  the 
metric  system  it  would  stand  alone  in  this  regard  in  10  to  15  yrs. 
{CR,  8/3/65,  D740;  Transcript) 
August  3:  GEMINI  IV  spacecraft  arrived  at  the  New  York  World's  Fair 
where  it  would  formally  be  placed  on  view  in  the  U.S.  Space  Park 
starting  August  4.    (Dougherty,  A^FT^,  8/4/65,  41) 

•  A  bolt  of  lightning  struck  and  killed  Albert  J.  Treib,  a  construction  super- 

intendent at  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  as  he  and  his  crew  poured 
concrete  during  a  misty  rain.  The  bolt  slightly  injured  five  other 
workmen.      (Schreiber.  Miami  Her.,  8/4/65) 

•  North   American   Air   Defense   Command   said    reported    Ufo   sightings 

from  six  states  were  probably  the  planet  Jupiter  or  one  of  the  stars 
Rigel,  Capella,  Betelgeuse,  or  Aldebaran. 

A  USAF  weather  observer  in  Norman,  Okla.,  taking  issue  with  the 
Air  Force's  stand,  said :  '"What  we  saw  was  not  an  aircraft  .  .  .  nor  was 
it  a  planet  or  star  ...  It  was  about  22.000  feet  high  and  pitched  at 
about  a  45  degree  angle."  He  said  he  and  a  friend  had  observed  the 
object,  which  was  "moving  quite  rapidly,"  for  a  little  less  than  five 
minutes  through  a  40-power  telescope.  (Wash.  Post,  8/3/65) 
August  4:  The  Senate-House  conference  committee  reported  the  Independent 
Offices  Appropriation  to  the  House  and  Senate.  The  report  (#727) 
provided  for  nasa  $4,531,000,000  for  research  and  development  instead 
of  $4,521,000,000  proposed  by  the  House  and  $4,536,971,000  proposed 
by  the  Senate;  $60,000,000  for  construction  of  facilities  as  proposed  by 
the  House  instead  of  $62,376,350  proposed  by  the  Senate;  $584,000,000 
for  administrative  operations  instead  of  $579,000,000  proposed  by  the 
House  and  $590,957,850  proposed  by  the  Senate.  Senate  language 
authorizing  appropriation  reimbursement  was  retained.  House  pro- 
vision on  payment  of  indirect  costs  of  research  grants  was  retained. 
{CR,  8/4/65,  D746;  Conf.  Rpt.  727) 

•  TIROS    X    meteorological    satellite    photographed    an    area    of    unusual 

cloudiness  in  the  Atlantic  about  2,400  mi.  east-southeast  of  Miami, 
the  Miami  Weather  Bureau  said.  A  hurricane-hunter  aircraft  would 
be  sent  to  check.      (Miami  Her.,  8/5/65) 

•  There  exists  a  serious  misunderstanding  about  the  U.S.  space  program, 

Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Council,  told  the  Tenth  Symposium  on  Space  and  Ballistic 
Missile  Technology  in  San  Diego:  "All  too  many  people  seem  to  have 
the  impression  that  part  of  our  program  is  peaceful  in  intent  while 
the  other  part  is  something  different,  presumably  non-peaceful.  This 
misconception  goes  further  by  attempting  to  identify  the  non-peaceful 
and  the  non-scientific  with  the  military  and  to  credit  the  peaceful  and 
scientific  tO'  the  civilian.  .  .  .  The  fact  is — in  both  policy  and  practice 
— that  all  of  our  space  activities  are  peaceful.  .  ,  .  Just  in  case  it  may 
have  been  forgotten,  let  me  quote  from  our  highest  policy  level.  In 
1962,  President  Johnson,  then  Vice  President  and  the  Chairman  of  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  stated:  'The  United  States 
does  not  have  a  division  between  peaceful  and  non-peaceful  objectives 
for  space  but  rather  has  space  missions  to  help  keep  the  peace  and  space 
missions  to  improve  our  ability  to  live  well  in  peace.   ,  .  .' 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  367 

"In  1964,  as  President,  he  said:  'Our  space  program,  in  both  its 
civil  and  military  aspects,  is  peaceful  in  purpose  and  practice.  .  .  .' 

"I  .  .  .  am  not  saying  that  space  cannot  be  used  for  purposes  of 
aggression  ...  no  nation  should  bury  itself  in  sands  of  complacency 
and  thereby  neglect  to  develop  the  technological  and  military  strength 
so  necessary  for  deterring  potential  aggressors.  The  maintenance  of 
such  strength  in  no  respect  conflicts  with  the  policy  of  peace.  In  fact, 
the  more  competent  we  are  to  prevent  surprise,  to  discover  aggressive 
maneuvers,  and  to  intercept  hostile  weapons  in  any  medium,  the  better 
chance  we  have  of  living  in  peace.  .  .  . 

"When  I  state,  therefore,  that  our  entire  national  space  program 
is  peaceful.  I  mean  that  we  have  no  aggressive  intent,  that  we  seek 
no  domination  over  other  peoples,  and  that  we  are  eager  to  share  the 
benefits  of  space  exploration  with  all  mankind."  (Text) 
August  4:  NASA  selected  three  firms  to  design  the  Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Ex- 
periments Packages  (Alsep)  under  separate  and  concurrent  $500,000, 
six-month,  fixed-price  contracts.  The  firms  were  Bendix  Systems  Div., 
Bendix  Corp.;  Space-General  Corp.;  and  TRW  Systems  Group,  Thomp- 
son-Ramo-Wooldridge.  Inc.  Packages  would  contain  scientific  in- 
struments to  measure  the  moon's  structure  and  surface  characteristics, 
atmosphere,  heat  flow,  solar  wind,  radiation,  and  micrometeorite  im- 
pacts. They  would  be  carried  to  the  moon  on  the  initial  Apollo  space- 
flights and  placed  on  the  surface  by  astronauts.  Instruments  would 
transmit  data  back  to  earth  for  six  months  to  one  year,  (nasa  Re- 
lease 65-260) 

•  Personnel  of  NASA  Manned   Spacecraft  Center  would  be   augmented  to 

meet  the  increasing  tempo  of  Gemini  and  Apollo  manned  space  flight 
operations,  nasa  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  announced.  Over  the 
next  ten  months,  approximately  200  persons  would  be  transferred  from 
MSFC  to  MSC.  Total  number  of  personnel  to  be  provided  from  other 
NASA  activities  had  not  been  "determined,      (msfc  Release  65-199) 

•  In  an  article  in  the  Orlando  Evening  Star,  Barry  Goldwater  said:  "De- 

fense Secretary  Robert  McNamara  has  indicated  that  space  weapons  are 
too  costly,  as  though  any  dollar  cost  is  too  high  for  the  security  of  190 
million  Americans  and  a  bilHon  allies  and  friends.  The  only  major 
space-military  program  McNamara  has  permitted  to  stay  alive  is  the 
Manned  Orbital  Laboratory,  and  he  has  so  slowed  and  limited  this 
that  its  orbit  is  apparentlv  toward  nothing  but  bureaucratic  extinction. 

"We  have  deployed  one  or  two  so-called  'satellite  killers,'  but  they  are 
a  pitiful  particle  of  what  really  is  needed. 

"Pictures  of  Mars  are  fine.  So  is  a  trip  to  the  moon.  But  the  first 
job  of  any  administration  is  to  secure  the  nation  against  its  enemies. 

"We  will  not  remain  the  most  powerful  nation  on  earth  for  long  if 
we  do  not  reverse  the  suicidal  Johnson-McNamara  refusal  to  let  us  arm 
ourselves  in  space."      (Orl.  Eve.  Star,  8/4/65) 

•  "Absence  of  proper  space  laws  may  lead  to  dangerous  conflicts  and  com- 

plications not  only  in  this  sphere  of  man's  activities  but  also  in  purely 
terrestrial  affairs."  said  Genadii  Zhukov,  scientific  secretary  of  the 
Soviet  Space  Law  Commission  in  an  interview  with  Krasnaya  Zvezda. 
The  resolution  adopted  by  the  U.N.  General  Assembly  on  Dec.  13, 
1963,  had  confirmed  that  outer  space  was  open  to  all  states.  However, 
he  stressed,  the  resolution  made  special  reservations  about  the  imper- 


368  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

missibility  of  using  sputniks  for  war  propaganda  and  for  inciting 
enmity  between  peoples:  "All  states  must  refrain  from  potentially 
harmful  experiments  in  outer  space  or  any  other  steps  liable  to  interfere 
with  the  peaceful  use  of  such  space  by  other  countries." 

Zhukov  noted  that  in  connection  with  the  prospects  of  creating 
permanent  orbital  stations,  the  need  would  arise  to  determine  their  legal 
status,  as  well  as  conditions  of  their  use  by  other  countries.  As  human 
beings  made  further  inroads  into  outer  space,  the  problem  of  deter- 
mining the  legal  status  of  stations  and  settlements  on  the  moon  and  on 
other  celestial  bodies,  the  conditions  for  tapping  their  natural  re- 
sources, would  become  important.  He  added:  "Space  law  must  also 
guarantee  protection  of  other  living  worlds  if  such  are  discovered  on 
distant  planets."      (Tass,  8/4/65) 

August  4-5:  Some  300  representatives  of  industry,  NASA,  and  other  agencies 
attended  a  conference  on  design  of  leak-tight  fluid  connectors  at  NASA 
Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  Sponsored  by  msfc  and  the  Society 
of  Automotive  Engineers,  the  conference  was  planned  to  promote  direct 
exchange  of  technical  information  on  separable,  semipermanent,  and 
permanent  fluid  connectors,    (msfc  Release  65-196) 

August  5:  s-ic-T,  138-ft.-tall  test  version  of  Saturn  V's  first  stage,  was 
static-fired  for  21/4  min.  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  in  first 
full-duration  test-firing.  The  five  F-1  engines,  each  consuming  liquid 
oxygen  and  kerosene  at  the  rate  of  three  tons  a  second,  generated 
7.5  million  lbs.  thrust.  Ability  of  the  engines  to  steer  the  rocket  was 
also  successfully  demonstrated.  The  five-engine  cluster  was  mounted 
so  that  only  the  one  in  the  middle  of  the  cross-shaped  array  was  station- 
ary. The  others  could  gimbal  slightly  in  pairs,  (msfc  Release  65- 
197;  Marshall  Star,  8/11/65,  1) 

•  NASA   announced  selection    of   Documentation,    Inc.,    Bethesda,    Md.,   to 

operate  its  Scientific  and  Technical  Information  Ficility,  the  world's 
largest  collection  of  aerospace  literature,  in  a  Government-provided 
building  in  College  Park,  Md.  Contract  negotiations  were  expected  to 
result  in  a  cost-plus-award  fee  contract  for  approximately  $3.6  million. 
In  Fiscal  Year  1965,  the  contract  figure  was  $4.9  million. 

Mission  of  the  facility  was  to  acquire  and  organize  worldwide 
technical  reports  in  the  aerospace  sciences,  indexes,  abstracts,  and 
items  on  space  exploration;  prepare  announcement  journals;  process 
selected  items  on  microfilm;  and  provide  a  central  reference  service 
to  NASA  and  its  contractors.       (nasa  Release  65-263) 

•  James  C.  Elms  and  L/Gen.  Frank  A.  Bogart   (usAF-Ret.)   had  been  ap- 

pointed NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrators  for  Manned  Space 
Flight  effective  Sept.  1,  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  NASA  Associate  Ad- 
ministrator for  Manned  Space  Flight,  announced.  Elms  had  served 
as  Deputy  Director  of  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  before  assuming 
his  present  position  as  vice  president  of  Raytheon  Co.  General  Bogart, 
former  usaf  comptroller,  had  served  as  Director  for  Management  Op- 
erations, OMSF,  since  February. 

Paul  E.  Cotton,  who  had  been  assistant  to  Dr.  Mueller  since  Novem- 
ber 1963,  would  become  Director  of  Manned  Space  Flight  Management 
Operations,  succeeding  General  Bogart.  B/Gen.  Julian  H.  Bowman 
(usAF,  Ret.)  would  succeed  Cotton.  General  Bowman  had  been  a 
special  assistant  to  Dr.  Mueller,      (nasa  Release  65-264) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


369 


August 


<:    First  full-duration  static  test  of  Saturn  V  first  stage  at  nasa  Marshall  Space 
Flight  Center. 


August  5:  Gilford  K.  Johnson,  former  president  of  the  Graduate  Research 
Center  of  the  Southwest,  Dallas,  was  sworn  in  by  NASA  Administrator 
James  E.  Webb  as  a  nasa  consultant.  He  would  provide  advice  and 
guidance  in  the  areas  of  technology  utilization  and  technology  report- 
ing programs.      (NASA  Release  65-268) 

•  Harro  Zimmer,  chief  of  a  West  Berlin  satellite  tracking  station,  said  the 

U.S.S.R.  had  secretly  launched  a  second  spacecraft  with  PROTON  I 
July  16.  The  unannounced  spacecraft,  said  Zimmer,  had  been  brought 
back  to  earth,  landing  near  Magnitogorsk,  300  mi,  north  of  the  Aral 
Sea,  between  3  a.m.  and  3:25  a.m.  (edt)  July  31.  (upi.  Wash.  Post, 
8/6/65) 

•  An  editorial  discussing  space  weapons  appeared  in  the  Washington  Even- 

ing Star:  "Secretary  of  State  Rusk  ...  is  on  record  as  having  warned 
that  the  ocean  of  space  might  support  'huge  nuclear-propelled  dread- 
naughts  armed  with  thermonuclear  weapons.  The  moon  might  be 
turned  into  a  military  base.  Ways  might  be  found  to  cascade  radio- 
active waves  upon  an  enemy'  and  there  might  be  other  equally  deadly 
spatial  advances.  The  same  opinion  is  held  by  highly  placed  military 
ofi&cers. 

"As  General  Ferguson  of  the  Air  Force  put  it  a  couple  of  years  ago, 
in  urging  the  swiftest  possible  development  of  an  American  'military 
patrol'  in  space,  no  one  even  dimly  foresaw  the  nuclear  bomber  when 
the  airplane  began  to  operate  a  half-century  ago. 

".  .  .  if  we  ignore  General  Ferguson,  we  could  lose  everything.  As 
a  matter  of  prudence,  our  country  should  at  least  maintain  a  program 


370  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

of  research  and  development  designed  to  insure  it  against  the  danger 
of  becoming  second  best  in  the  military  uses  of  space."  (Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  8/5/65) 

August  5:  Saline  water  would  be  distilled  and  made  potable  under  a  S185- 
million  study  program  adopted  by  both  the  House  and  Senate.  Shortly 
before  the  measure  passed.  President  Johnson  had  told  his  science  ad- 
visers to  push  desalinization  "as  if  you  knew  you  were  going  to  run 
out  of  drinking  water  in  the  next  six  months."  {CR,  8/5/65), 
18756-57) 

August  5-6:  xasa  held  an  international  meeting  at  Wallops  Station  to  dis- 
cuss overall  objectives  and  conduct  of  the  Inter-American  Experimental 
Meteorological  Rocket  Network  (exametnet)  .  Representatives  from 
Argentina,  Brazil,  Canada,  'Mexico,  Peru,  the  Weather  Bureau,  and 
NASA  took  part  in  the  meeting.  Preliminary  plans  called  for  network 
stations  to  be  located  at  Wallops  Station;  Natal,  Brazil:  and  Chamical, 
Argentina,  with  others  to  be  added  in  both  hemispheres  later.  Per- 
sonnel from  all  participating  countries  would  receive  training  at 
Wallops  Station  with  NASA  providing  the  training  and  the  launch  ve- 
hicles for  sounding  rocket  launches  from  stations  throughout  the  north- 
ern and  southern  hemispheres. 

General  purpose  of  the  network  was  to  contribute  to  studies  of 
atmospheric  structure  and  behavior  in  the  southern  hemisphere  and  to 
help  explain  atmospheric  differences  and  similarities  between  the  north- 
ern and  southern  hemispheres,  (nasa  Release  65-45;  SBD,  8/5/65, 
172) 

August  6:  Milton  0.  Thompson  (nasa)  flew  x-15  No.  1  to  maximum  al- 
titude of  103,200  ft.  and  maximum  speed  of  3,534  mph  (mach  5.15) 
to  obtain  data  for  the  infrared  scanner  program  and  the  stability  and 
control  system,     (nasa  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  NASA  had  awarded  a  contract  to  Rice  Univ.  for  a  new  type  of  Explorer 

satellite  designed  to  extend  studies  of  near-earth  atmosphere  phenom- 
ena, especially  auroral  phenomena.  Under  a  cost-reimbursement  con- 
tract, the  university  would  provide  two  Owl  Explorer  spacecraft  and 
a  flyable  prototype  at  a  total  estimated  cost  of  $3,676,100.  Earliest 
launch  would  be  in  1967  from  the  Western  Test  Range.  Launch  ve- 
hicle would  be  a  four-stage  Scout,  (nasa  Release  65-266;  Wallops  Re- 
lease 65-4-6) 

•  A  Saturn/Apollo  Applications  Directorate  had  been  established  in  the 

Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  nasa  announced.  The  new  directorate 
would  plan  and  direct  programs  utilizing  technology  developed  in 
Project  Apollo. 

M/Gen.  David  M.  Jones  (usaf)  would  be  Acting  Director  of  Saturn/ 
Apollo  Applications  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  Deputy  Assistant  Ad- 
ministrator for  Manned  Space  Flight  (Programs).  Deputy  Director 
would  be  John  H.  Disher,  formerly  Test  Director  in  the  Apollo  Pro- 
gram Office.  Melvyn  Savage,  who  had  served  under  Disher  as  Chief 
of  Test  Planning,  would  become  Apollo  Test  Director.  (NASA  Release 
65-265) 

•  Venus'  surface  was  dry,  radio  astronomers  at  Cal  Tech  reported,  probably 

consisted  of  sand  or  porous  rock,  and  was  much  too  hot  for  any 
known  form  of  life — up  to  675°  F.  The  planet's  cloudy  atmosphere 
was  at  least  40-mi.  thick  consisting  mostly  of  carbon  dioxide  with  some 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  371 

nitrogen  and  a  trace  of  water  vapor.  Observations  were  made  at 
Cal  Tech's  Owens  Valley  Radio  Observatory  by  Dr.  Barry  Clark  of  the 
National  Radio  Astronomy  Observatory  at  Green  Bank,  W.  Va.,  and 
Dr.  Arkady  Kuzmin  of  the  Lebedev  Institute  of  Physics  in  Moscow. 
(AP,  NYT,  8/7/65,  10) 
August  6:  Tass  announced  that  U.S.S.R.'s  12.2-ton  proton  I  satellite  was 
orbited  by  a  booster  whose  main  engines  were  rated  at  thrust  of  more 
than  60-million  horsepower.  PROTON  I  was  orbited  July  16.  PROTON 
I  marked  "the  beginning  of  a  new  phase  in  the  exploration  and  do- 
mestication of  space."  It  would  study  solar  cosmic  rays,  spectrum 
and  composition  of  cosmic  ray  particles,  nuclear  interactions  of  galactic 
origin,  and  galactic  gamma  rays.      (Tass,  8/6/65) 

•  A  new  helicopter  world  record  was  set  by  Soviet  aviatrixes  T.  Russiyan 

and  L.  Isayeva.  who  flew  1,040  km.  (645  mi.)  in  six  hrs.  58  min.  in 
an  Mi-4  at  an  altitude  of  1,000  m.  (3,280  ft.).      (Pravda,  8/6/65,  4) 

•  Hiroshima  was  devastated  by  world's  first  operational  atomic  bomb  20 

years  ago.  {WSJ,  8/6/65,  1) 
August  7:  Operation  Firefly  ended  as  some  3,000  fireflies  snared  by  Rock- 
ville,  Md.,  children  were  turned  over  to  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight 
Center.  An  extract  of  the  firefly's  lamp  would  be  used  in  a  life  detec- 
tion instrument  under  development  at  GSFC,  Goddard's  "Firefly"  in- 
strument would  contain  a  mixture  of  all  the  contents  of  the  insect's 
glow  system  except  atp  (adenosine  triphosphate),  a  high-energy  com- 
pound essential  to  all  life  as  it  is  known  on  earth.  Thus,  when  the 
instrument  encountered  a  live  microorganism  in  space,  the  ATP  con- 
tained therein  would  complete  the  circuit  and  a  glow  would  be  pro- 
duced.     (GSFC  Release  G-19-65;  Wash.  Post,  8/7/65) 

•  M/Gen.  Samuel  C.  Phillips   (usaf),  director  of  the  Apollo  program  in 

the  NASA  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  addressed  the  American  Bar 
Association's  Seminar  of  the  Committee  on  the  Law  of  Outer  Space  in 
Miami  Beach:  "In  many  respects,  the  Gemini  iv  flight  of  Jim  Mc- 
Divitt  and  Ed  White  could  well  be  viewed  as  a  turning  point  in  the 
American  manned  space  program.  The  success  of  this  mission  has 
given  us  greatly  increased  confidence  that  we  wiU  be  able  to  carry  out 
our  national  goal  of  a  manned  landing  on  the  moon  in  this  decade. 

"It  is  a  pleasure  to  report  that  the  Apollo  Program  is  also  moving 
ahead  very  rapidly,  and  we  are  meeting  our  key  milestones  on  schedule. 
The  progress  on  Apollo  is  especially  rewarding  since  it  is  the  largest 
and  most  complex  single  research  and  development  project  ever  under- 
taken. This  is  a  crucial  year  for  Apollo,  but  our  prospects  look  good 
and  we  are  becoming  increasingly  confident  that  the  lunar  landings 
will  take  place  before  the  end  of  1969."      (Text) 

•  Paul    Haney,    Chief    of    Public    Affairs    for    NASA    Manned    Spacecraft 

Center,  addressed  Oklahoma  members  of  the  American  Legion  to  open 
their  state  convention:  "Although  we  are  not  pursuing  any  military 
objectives  as  such,  every  once  in  a  while  somebody  turns  over  a  rock 
and  finds  something  which  could  be  of  immense  military  value. 

"As  Detroit  learned  to  produce  millions  of  cars  in  a  hurry  by  pro- 
duction line  development  and  thus  was  able  to  convert  without  a 
bobble  to  tank  production  in  World  War  II,  so  could  our  entire 
manned  space  flight  program  be  converted."  (ap,  Houston  Post, 
8/8/65) 


372  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

August  7:  Soviet  aircraft  designer  Andrei  N,  Tupolev  wrote  in  the  magazine 
Aviatsiya  i  Kosmonavlika  that  one  of  his  assistants,  Aleksey  Cheryo- 
mukhin,  had  built  and  flown  "the  world's  first  helicopter  capable  of 
flying  and  not  just  jumping  into  the  air  for  several  seconds." 
Cheryomukhin's  first  flight  took  place  in  November  1930,  Tupolev  said, 
and  by  1932  he  was  flying  his  aircraft,  designated  Ea-1,  to  2,000-ft. 
altitude.  "I  am  very  sorry  that  we  did  not  publish  Cheryomukhin's 
records  at  the  time,"  Tupolev  added. 

It  had  been  generally  believed  that  Russian-born  Igor  Sikorsky  had 
developed  the  first  successful  helicopter  in  the  U.S.  during  the  mid- 
nineteen-thirties.      (UPi,  NYT,  8/7/65,  34) 

•  Gleb  Chebotarev,  head  of  Leningrad's  Theoretical  Astronomy  Institute, 

said  the  solar  system  extended  far  more  than  21  trillion  miles  from  the 
sun — nearly  6,000  times  the  distance  from  the  sun  to  Pluto,  the  most 
distant  planet  now  known,  UPi  reported.  Estimate  of  the  solar  system's 
size  was  based  on  mathematical  calculations  of  the  gravitational  in- 
teraction of  the  sun  and  various  stars.      (UPi,  Wash.  Post,  8/7/65,  A2) 

August  7-9:  13  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rockets  were  launched  from  Wallops 
Station,  Va.;  Point  Barrow,  Alaska;  and  Churchill  Range,  Canada,  to 
implement  studies  of  atmospheric  phenomena  and  conditions  at  about 
100-mi.  altitude.  Onboard  each  was  a  grenade  experiment  (an  ejected 
explosive  that  detonated  as  the  rocket  climbed)  and/or  a  sphere  ex- 
periment (an  ejected  mylar  ball  that  inflated  and  drifted  for  tracking 
by  radar) . 

The  26-in.-dia.  metalized  mylar  spheres  were  developed  by  the  Univ. 
of  Michigan.      (Wallops  Release  65^8;  SBD,  8/11/65,  199) 

August  8:  Photographs  of  Mars  by  mariner  iv  did  not  contradict  his  theory 
that  life  may  exist  on  that  planet,  according  to  Dr.  Joshua  Lederberg, 
prof,  of  genetics  at  Stanford  Univ.  School  of  Medicine.  His  views 
were  supported  by  Dr.  Carl  Sagan  of  Harvard  Univ.  and  the  Smith- 
sonian Astrophysical  Observatory.  Dr.  Lederberg  said  important 
point  was  that  "we  still  do  not  know  the  abundance  and  distribution 
of  water  on  Mars.  However  much  there  is,  almost  all  of  it  must  be 
frozen."  Presence  of  water  on  Mars  could  be  confined  to  frost  cover- 
ing the  polar  regions  or  could  even  be  locked  within  the  Martian 
crust.  Pockets  of  water  could  be  warmed  by  volcanic  activity,  form- 
ing pools  where  life  could  exist.      (Sullivan,  NYT,  8/8/65) 

•  Nikolay  P.  Dubinin,  biologist  and  corresponding  member  of  the  U.S.S.R. 

Academy  of  Sciences,  wrote  in  Bakinskiy  rabochiy  that  not  only  cosmic 
radiation  but  also  weightlessness  and  vibration  would  have  harmful 
effects  on  the  human  organism  during  space  travel.  He  said  exposure 
of  fruit  flies  to  weightlessness  and  vibration  produced  genetic  changes 
which  became  apparent  in  the  Fj  generation.  Genetic  effects  were 
most  apparent  in  the  offspring  of  flies  exposed  to  actual  spaceflight 
conditions.      (Dubinin,  Bakinskiy  rabochiy,  8/8/65,  4) 

•  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  Director  Dr.  Robert  Gilruth  received  the 

China-Burma-India  World  War  ii  service  group's  annual  Americanism 
award  at  the  national  convention  in  Houston  as  "the  man  who  has 
contributed  the  most  during  the  past  year  to  the  American  way  of 
life."     {Houston  Chron.,  8/8/65) 

•  Indonesia    test-fired    a    research    rocket    from    a    site    "somewhere    in 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  373 

Indonesia."  Djakarta  radio  reported.  The  rocket  reached  210-mi. 
(338-km.)  altitude.  (UPI,  Houston  Chron.,  8/8/65) 
August  9:  The  first  flight-model  S-IVB  second  stage  for  the  Saturn  IB 
booster  was  test-fired  at  Dougla3  Aircraft  Co.'s  Sacramento  Test  Cen- 
ter to  demonstrate  its  flight  readiness  before  formal  acquisition  by 
NASA.  The  stage's  200.000-lb. -thrust  j-2  engine  was  fired  for  452  sec. 
[lY'Z  min.)  without  mishap.  Test  was  computer-controUed  throughout, 
marking  "the  first  time  a  fully  automatic  system  has  been  used  to 
perform  a  complete  checkout,  propellant  loading,  and  static  firing  test 
on  a  space  vehicle."  (nasa  Release  65-267;  msfc  Release  65-202; 
Marshall  Star,  8/11/65,  1,  10) 

•  A  six-and-one-half-minute  captive  test  firing  of  Saturn  V  booster's  second 

(s-ii)  stage  was  conducted  at  the  Santa  Susana,  Calif.,  static  test 
laboratory  of  North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  NASA  announced.  The 
test — first  full-duration  firing — continued  until  the  stage's  propellants 
were  depleted,  slightly  longer  than  normal  flight  duration,  (msfc 
Release  65-203;  Marshall  Star,  8/11/65,  1,  7) 

•  A  small  number  of  Redstone  missiles  formerly  deployed  with  the  U.S. 

Seventh  Army  in  Europe  would  be  recalled  to  duty  in  connection  with 
an  Advanced  Research  Projects  Agency  (arpa)  classified  program. 
Missiles  and  Rockets  reported,  dod  officials  had  reportedly  indicated 
that  the  total  number  of  Redstones  that  could  be  refurbished  and  made 
ready  for  firing  was  less  than  30.      {M&R,  8/9/65,  11) 

•  In  an  address  to  employees  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  Dr. 

Wernher  von  Braun  expressed  his  appreciation  for  their  efforts  in  the 
highly  successful  Saturn  I  program:  "What  you  have  done  reflects  the 
ability  of  our  nation  to  move  forward  quickly.  The  Saturn  I  proved 
that  we  were  correct  in  our  heavy  duty  launch  vehicle  theories.  One 
of  the  most  important  products  of  our  Saturn  I  program  is  that  we 
have  built  up  confidence — both  self  confidence  and  the  trust  of  the 
American  people  who  are  depending  upon  us  for  American  progress 
in  space  exploration."      (Text) 

•  An  explosion  triggered  a  flash  fire  in  a  170-ft.-deep  Titan  II  missile  silo, 

killing  53  men.  The  silo  was  part  of  Complex  4  near  Searcy,  Ark., 
about  50  mi.  from  Little  Rock  afb.  Two  construction  workers  sur- 
vived the  explosion.      (  Wash.  Post,  8/10/65,  Al ) 

August  9-30:  nasa  Wallops  Station  was  host  for  the  joint  NASA-Univ.  of 
Virginia  Bio-Space  Technology  Training  Program  to  provide  on-site 
experience  for  32  professional  biologists  in  the  operational  and  engi- 
neering aspects  of  the  national  space  program.  The  biologists  at- 
tended seminars,  training,  and  laboratory  exercises  emphasizing  bio- 
technical  aspects  of  spaceflight  and  spacecraft  design.  Four  sounding 
rockets  were  launched  with  white  rat  biological  payloads  to  provide  bio- 
space  experiments,      (nasa  Release  65-^4) 

August  10:  A  Scout  Evaluation  Vehicle  (Sev)  was  successfully  launched 
by  NASA  from  WaUops  Station.  Primary  purpose  of  the  mission  was 
to  demonstrate  in  flight  the  operation  of  improved  vehicle  features: 
(1)  use  of  new  second-  and  fourth-stage  rocket  motors  with  improved 
thrust  characteristics;  (2)  test  of  Scout's  capability  to  fly  a  "dog-leg" 
course  from  Wallops  Station  by  yaw  torquing,  performed  during  the 
third-stage  coasting  period;  (3)  test  of  in-flight  performance  of  im- 
proved spin  motors  to  stabilize  the  fourth  stage  of  the  vehicle;    (4) 


374  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  l%o 

demonstration  of  the  Scout  air  transportability  concept  by  launching 
a  vehicle  which,  after  complete  assembly  at  Wallops,  had  been  air- 
lifted from  and  returned  to  the  launch  site  in  simulation  of  a  trans- 
continental trip. 

All  flight  objectives  were  met,  including  injection  of  Army  Corps  of 
Engineers  SECOR  V  (Sequential  Collation  of  Range)  geodetic  satellite 
into  an  orbit  with  apogee,  1,504  mi.  (2,421  km.)  ;  perigee,  702  mi. 
(1,130  km.);  period,  122  min.;  inclination,  69.23°.  Elliptical  orbit 
should  enable  secor  v  to  transmit  measurements  of  distances  up  to 
2,000  mi. — twice  the  distance  possible  with  earlier  Secor  versions  w'hich 
had  been  launched  into  600-mi.  circular  orbits.  The  satellite  would 
map  the  surface  of  the  earth,  pinpointing  the  location  of  land  bodies 
separated  by  large  expanses  of  ocean.  (Wallops  Release  65-49) 
August  10:  X-15  No.  3,  piloted  by  Capt.  Joseph  Engle  (usaf),  reached 
maximum  speed  of  3,550  mph  (mach  5.20)  and  a  maximum  altitude 
of  271,000  ft.  The  purpose  of  the  flight  was  to  obtain  data  on  the 
boundary  layer  noise,  and  reentry  maneuvering  techniques.  (NASA 
X-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  had  selected  the  Apparatus  Div.  of 

Texas  Instruments,  Inc.,  for  contract  negotiations  expected  to  exceed  $1 
million  for  development  of  a  weather-measuring  device  to  be  carried 
on  the  Nimbus  B  weather  satellite:  an  experimental  sensor.  Iris  (Infra- 
red Interferometer  Spectrometer),  would  be  designed  to  collect  informa- 
tion on  the  atmosphere's  vertical  temperature,  ozone,  and  water  vapor 
distribution  on  a  worldwide  basis. 

Nimbus  B  was  scheduled  for  launching  by  a  Thorad  Agena  D  booster 
in  1967.      (GFSC  Release  G-21-65) 

•  Explanation  of  rash  of  Ufo  sightings  was  given  by  Howard  Margolis  in 

the  Washington  Post:  "The  latest  flurry  of  saucer  reports,  according 
to  the  Air  Force,  seems  to  be  based  on  such  things  as  a  conjunction- of 
the  planet  Jupiter  and  some  bright  stars,  compounded  by  atmospheric 
conditions  that  produce  an  enhanced  twinkling  effect,  further  com- 
pounded by  the  annual  summer  meteorite  showers;  still  further  com- 
pounded by  some  other  atmospheric  effects  that  tend  to  produce  bogus 
radar  reflection,  and  finally  compounded  by  the  well-marked  tendency 
of  any  good  Ufo  sighting  reported  in  the  newspapers  to  lead  many 
more  in  the  same  area — in  this  case  the  Midwest — for  a  time  there- 
after."    (Margolis,  Wash.  Post,  8/10/65) 

•  First  regularly  scheduled  air  cushion  service  in  the  U.S.  was  initiated  be- 

tween Oakland  and  San  Francisco  over  San  Francisco  Bay  in  a  year- 
long test,  authorized  by  the  Civil  Aeronautics  Board,  to  determine 
feasibility  of  using  Hovercraft  in  ferrying  passengers  in  metropolitan 
areas.  Eight  round  trips  a  day  would  be  provided  by  a  seven-ton, 
$300,000  craft  by  Bell  Aerosystems.  (NYT,  8/8/65,  74) 
August  11:  NASA  Atlas-Centaur  6  launched  a  dummy  Surveyor  spacecraft 
along  a  simulated  lunar  trajectory  in  the  fourth  successful  vehicle 
flight  of  six  made  to  date.  The  Atlas  booster  operated  as  planned; 
Centaur  ignited,  burning  for  7  min.  12  sec,  and  injected  the  dummy 
Surveyor  spacecraft  into  a  highly  elliptical  simulated  lunar  transfer 
orbit  with  apogee,  .509,829  mi.  (820,824  km.);  perigee,  105  mi. 
(169.15  km.);  period,  31  days;  inclination,  28.55°.  Speed  of  in- 
jection into  orbit  was  23,700  mph.     The  2,084-lb.  metal  payload  con- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  375 

tinued  on  a  path  toward  a  point  240,000  mi.  from  earth  which  would 
simulate  a  lunar  transfer  orbit.  The  target  zone  was  on  the  path  the 
moon  follows  as  it  orbits  the  earth. 

The  113-ft.,  303,000-lb.  launch  vehicle  produced  389,000  lbs.  thrust 
at  liftoff.  The  Centaur  2nd  stage  was  powered  by  two  RL-10  liquid 
hydrogen-liquid  oxygen  engines  with  a  thrust  of  15,000  lbs.  each. 

The  AC-6  mission,  sixth  in  a  series  of  eight  scheduled  Centaur 
development  flights,  was  a  rehearsal  for  the  AC-7  flight  scheduled  for 
later  1965  in  which  an  engineering  model  of  Surveyor  was  to  make  a 
soft  landing  on  the  lunar  surface.  Flight  was  designed  to  obtain  data 
on  several  new  Atlas-Centaur  features  and  to  continue  evaluation  of 
other  components  and  systems  tested  during  previous  missions. 

Atlas-Centaur  vehicle  development  for  direct  ascent  missions  was 
complete,  and  the  vehicle  was  now  capable  of  supporting  fully  opera- 
tional Surveyor  missions.  (NASA  Release  65-235;  KSC  Spaceport  News, 
8/12/65,  1;  AP,  NYT,  8/12/65,  11;  nasa  Proj.  Off.) 
August  11 :  A  sounding  rocket  for  study  of  ultraviolet  radiation  was  fired 
from  Salto  di  Quirra  afb  in  Sardinia,  the  Italian  Defense  Ministry 
announced.  The  rocket  was  one  of  400  to  be  fired  by  the  Italian  Air 
Force  in  collaboration  with  the  European  Space  Research  Organization 
(esro).     (ap,  Wash.  Post,  8/11/65,  15) 

•  Indonesia  successfully  launched  the  second  (of  ten)  Japanese  Kappa  8L 

two-stage  meteorological  sounding  rocket  from  a  site  near  Bandung, 
West  Java.  The  62-kg.  (136-lb.)  rocket  reached  an  altitude  of  90 
km.  (56  mi.).  First  firing  had  been  Aug.  7.  {Interavia  Air  Letter, 
8/16/65,  5) 

•  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  announced  it  had  selected  four  com- 

panies for  feasibility  studies  for  experiments  in  applications  satellite 
technology.  Contracts  awarded  were:  Control  Data  Corp.,  $45,000 
to  examine  a  technique  for  determining  a  satellite's  orbit  by  using 
only  spacecraft  observation;  Philco  Corp.,  $50,000  to  study  a  device 
capable  of  determining  attitude  of  a  spin-stabilized  spacecraft  from 
star  measurements;  Bell  Aerospace  Corp.,  $47,000  to  study  an  elec- 
trostatic accelerometer  which  could  provide  information  about  the  rela- 
tive motion  of  a  gravity  gradient  stabilized  spacecraft;  and  Electro 
Optical  Systems,  Inc.,  $37,000  to  study  measuring  of  degradation  of 
optical  characteristics  of  materials  in  space.  Studies  should  be  com- 
pleted in  eight  weeks,      (gsfc  Release  G-20-65) 

•  A  blotting  material  to  absorb  excess  moisture,  which  might  have  caused 

the  eye  and  nose  irritation  of  Astronauts  Edward  White  (L/Col.,  usaf) 
and  James  McDivitt  (L/CoL,  usaf)  during  the  June  3  GEMINI  IV  flight 
had  been  eliminated  from  the  GEMINI  v  spacecraft,  MSC  spokesmen  said. 
(Houston  Chron.,  8/11/65) 

•  gsfc  announced  management  changes  "designed  to  meet  the  increasing 

demands  of  advanced  space  programs  by  strengthening  lines  of  author- 
ity and  responsibility  at  the  Center."  Dr.  John  F.  Clark  was  Acting 
Director  and  John  W.  Townsend,  Deputy  Director! 

Three  additional  Assistant  Directorships  and  a  Chief  of  Advanced 
Plans  Staff  were  created.  GSFC  personnel  were  appointed  to  fill  these 
posts:  Herman  E.  LaGow,  Assistant  Director  for  Systems  Reliability; 
Daniel  G.  Mazur,  Assistant  Director  for  Technology;  George  F.  Pieper, 
Jr.,  Assistant  Director  for  Space  Sciences;  Robert  E.  Bourdeau,  Acting 


376  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Assistant  Director  for  Projects;  and  William  G.  Stroud.  Chief, 
Advanced  Plans  Staff. 

Dr.  Michael  J.  Vaccaro  and  John  T.  Mengel  continued  as  Assistant 
Directors.  Dr.  Vaccaro's  responsibilities  were  expanded  to  include 
Technical  Services  as  well  as  Administration.  Mengel's  position  as 
Assistant  Director  for  Tracking  and  Data  Systems  was  unchanged. 
(gsfc  Release  G-22-65) 
August  12:  ECHO  i,  launched  by  NASA  five  years  ago,  had  traveled  more 
than  659  million  miles  and  circled  the  earth  more  than  22,600  times. 
Orbital  data:  apogee.  1.165  mi.  (1.875.7  km.)  ;  perigee.  560  mi. 
(901.6  km.)  ;  period,  113  min.  The  satellite  had  demonstrated  that 
large  inflatable  spheres  could  be  used  as  passive  communications  re- 
flectors in  space.      (GSFC  Release  G-19-65) 

•  Meteoroids  probably  would  not  be  unduly  hazardous  to  spacecraft  flying 

for  short  periods  in  the  near-earth  environment,  a  NASA  report  in- 
dicated. Based  on  data  from  explorer's  xvi  and  xxiii  and  PEGASUS  I 
and  II,  report  was  presented  by  Charles  T.  D'Auitolo,  NASA  Hq. 
Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology;  William  H.  Kinard, 
Langley  Research  Center;  and  Robert  J.  Naumann,  Marshall  Space 
Flight  Center,  at  the  Symposium  on  Meteor  Orbits  and  Dust  conducted 
in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  by  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory. 
EXPLORER  XVI,  launched  Dec.  16,  1962,  had  registered  62  meteoroid 
penerations  during  its  lifetime.        explorer  xxiii,  launched  Nov.   6, 

1964,  had  reported   103  penetrations,     pegasus  I,  launched  Feb.   16, 

1965,  carried  three  thicknesses  of  panels  but  mechanical  malfunctions 
had  destroyed  the  usefulness  of  data  on  the  .008-  and  .016-in. -thick 
panels;  104  penetrations  had  been  reported  from  the  .0015-in. -thick 
panels,  pegasus  ii,  launched  May  25,  1965,  was  returning  useful  data 
from  all  three  thicknesses  of  panels  and  had  registered  61  penetrations. 
The  higher  frequency  of  penetrations  recorded  by  pegasus  ii  was 
thought  to  have  been  caused  by  a  meteoroid  shower,  pegasus  ill, 
launched  July  30,  had  not  had  time  to  return  significant  data,  (nasa 
Release  65-205) 

•  First  S-IB  flight  model  stage  for  the  Saturn  IB  booster  which  left  NASA 

Marshall  Space  Flight  Center's  Michoud  Assembly  Facility  for  Kennedy 
Space  Center,  NASA,  aboard  the  barge  Promise,  was  scheduled  to  arrive 
at  KSC  August  14.  The  80-ft.-long  S-ib  stage  would  be  joined  with 
S-IVB  second  stage  to  make  up  the  first  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle. 
NASA  planned  to  launch  the  225-ft.-long  booster  in  1966.  (msfc  Re- 
lease 65-206) 

•  Facility   grants  in  the  amount  of  $2,226,000  to   the  Case   Institute   of 

Technology  and  $1  million  to  the  Univ.  of  Rochester,  had  been  approved 
by  NASA.  The  grant  to  Case,  together  with  funds  from  Institute 
sources,  would  permit  construction,  on  land  owned  by  Case,  of  the 
Case  Laboratory  for  Space  Engineering  Research.  The  Univ.  of 
Rochester  grant  would  be  used  to  build  a  five-story  addition  to  be  used 
for  space-related  research  in  optics,  geology,  exobiology,  physiology, 
and  cosmic  ray  physics. 

NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said:  "The  new  facilities  will 
permit  expansion  of  NASA-supported  research  directly  related  to  the 
national  space  effort  and  will  enable  both  institutions  to  train  greater 
numbers  of  highly  qualified  young  researchers."  (NASA  Release  65-270) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  377 

Augmt  12:  In  a  report  to  President  Johnson  on  the  Titan  ii  missile  silo 
disaster  of  Aug.  9  which  had  claimed  53  lives,  Air  Force  Secretary 
Eugene  Zuckert  said:  "The  cause  of  death  was  almost  exclusively 
asphyxiation.  A  number  of  men  had  attempted  to  escape  by  the  emer- 
gency ladder  which  apparently  was  blocked  by  two  men  who  became 
jammed  together  in  trying  to  pass  simultaneously  through  a  restricted 
area  on  the  ladder,  thus  denying  access  to  those  on  the  ladder  below 
them."      (Text) 

•  Aerospace  Corp.  was  accused  of  practices  that  were  "uneconomical,  un- 

necessary, unreasonable,  or  unjustified"  by  the  Special  Investigations 
Subcommittee  of  the  House  Armed  Forces  Committee,  in  a  report  on 
an  examination  of  business  management  and  fiscal  controls  at  Aerospace 
that  had  culminated  in  hearings  in  May  1965.  The  report  recom- 
mended a  reappraisal  of  the  USAF  concept  that  had  led  to  the  creation 
of  Aerospace,  the  abolishment  of  the  fee-funding  system,  a  review  and 
reform  of  Aerospace's  security  procedures,  and  a  study  of  personnel 
policies  and  salaries.  It  also  said  usaf  exercised  improper  and  in- 
adequate control  of  its  contracts  with  Aerospace,  often  resulting  in  fees 
being  provided  "for  purposes  for  which  they  were  never  used,"  and 
Aerospace  using  "fees  for  purposes  never  intended  by  the  Air 
Force  .  ,  ."  (Committee  on  Armed  Services  Report) 
August  13:  Five  SURCAL  satellites  and  one  unidentified  satellite  were  orbited 
by  single  USAF  Thor-Able-Star  launch  vehicle  from  Western  Test  Range. 
The  satellites  all  were  in  similar  orbits  of  about  735-mi.  (1,183-km.) 
apogee,  677-mi.  (1.090-km,)  perigee,  108-min.  period,  90°  inclination. 
(U.S.  Aeron  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  150) 

•  Gemini  v  Astronauts  L.   Gordon   Cooper    (L/Col.,   usaf)    and   Charles 

Conrad,  Jr.  (LCdr.,  USN)  would  undergo  intensive  debriefing  and 
medical  tests  for  11  days  following  their  spaceflight,  NASA  announced. 
Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned 
Space  Flight,  said:  "Producing  scientific  and  technical  information  is 
the  purpose  of  the  flight.  This  information  is  vital  in  determining 
the  effects  of  long-duration  flight  on  the  human  system  and  in  proving 
out  flight  systems  for  future  flights."  (nasa  Release  65-273) 
August  14:  cosmos  LXXVIII  was  launched  by  the  Soviet  Union,  Tass 
announced.  Initial  orbital  parameters:  apogee,  329  km.  (204.3  mi.)  ; 
perigee,  209  km.  (129.8  mi.);  period,  89.8  min.;  inclination,  60°. 
Equipment  "for  continuing  the  exploration  of  outer  space"  was 
functioning  normally.      (Tass,  8/14/65) 

•  NASA  Lewis   Research  Center   project   officials   said  tracking  data  from 

JPl's  Deep  Space  Network  on  Aug.  ll's  successful  Atlas-Centaur 
launch  from  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  had  indicated  precise  guid- 
ance system  accuracy  for  lunar  and  planetary  trajectories.  Less 
than  one-tenth  of  the  midcourse  correction  capability  in  the  Surveyor 
model  payload  would  have  been  needed  to  put  the  spacecraft  on  the 
final  trajectory  for  a  soft  landing  at  a  preselected  site  on  the  moon. 
With  the  success  of  this  mission.  Centaur  was  first  U.S.  launch  vehicle 
to  qualify  operationally  an  all-inertial  guidance  system  for  deep  space 
application,      (nasa  Release  65-271) 

•  Potential  of  the  Saturn  IB  was  noted  in  the  New  Orleans  Times-Picayune: 

"The  payload  potential  of  the  Saturn  I-B  boosters  now  under  produc- 


378  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

tion  at  Michoud  seems  to  have  escaped  general  attention  in  discussions 
about  space  missions  and  the  rocket  assembHes  assigned  or  assignable 
to  carry  them  out.  These  and  other  factors  are  significant  in  connec- 
tion with  efforts  under  way,  just  coming  to  light,  to  intrude  on,  supplant 
or  degrade  the  si-B  in  the  Apollo  or  other  programs  for  which  it  is 
fitted. 

"The  first  of  the  'new  Saturns,'  or  intermediate  Saturns,  of  the 
Chrysler  Corporation's  Space  Division  has  reached  Cape  Kennedy  for 
the  initial  lift-off  in  tests  and  flights  that  will  lead  to  human  exploration 
of  the  moon. 

"Payload  requirements  vary  of  course  for  different  objectives  of  this 
12-shot  series.  Regardless  of  what  is  first  put  aloft,  the  I-B  assembly 
is  designed  to  send  into  desired  orbit  36,000  pounds  of  functional 
vehicle — not  to  mention  the  30,000  pounds  of  a  burned-out  second- 
stage,  should  that  lagniappe  be  added. 

"This  rating  compares  with  the  26,000-pound  payload  Soviet  space- 
men boosted  into  orbit  last  July  16;  with  21,000  pounds  sent  into  orbit 
by  the  Titan  3-C  June  18;  with  the  rated  25,000-pound  payload  capacity 
of  the  Titan  3-C;  with  the  22,000-pound  payload  rating  of  the  'old 
Saturn';  with  the  18,000-pound  payload  dispatched  by  an  'old  Saturn' 
a  year  or  two  ago;  and  with  4,000  pounds  orbited  by  the  Atlas." 
{CR,  8/19/65,  A4674) 

August  14:  The  first  stage  of  the  first  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle  to  be  flown 
arrived  at  Kennedy  Space  Center,  nasa,  aboard  the  barge  Promise. 
This  was  the  first  transit  of  the  new  Port  Canaveral  locks,  due  for 
formal  dedication  Aug.  21.      {Brevard  Sentinel,  8/15/65) 

•  Photographs  of  Mars  returned  by  NASA  mariner  iv  showed  surface 
features  which  could  be  interpreted  as  possible  Martian  canals,  wrote 
Eric  Burgess,  a  fellow  of  the  lloyal  Astronomical  Society  in  London  in 
a  letter  to  the  Society.  Burgess  interpreted  a  dark,  30-mi.-wide  streak 
shown  on  photograph  No.  11  as  a  rift  valley.  This  surface  feature 
occurred  at  the  same  location  on  Mars  where  some  astronomers  claimed 
to  have  seen  canals.  Burgess  said  the  photograph  revealed  that  the 
escarpments  passed  through  the  rim  of  a  large  lOO-mi.-wide  Martian 
crater,  indicating  that  this  particular  rift  valley  appeared  after  the 
formation  of  the  crater.      {L.A.  Times,  8/16/65) 

August  15:  ZOND  ill's  lunar  photography  mission  was  announced  by  Tass: 
"Automatic  station  Zond  3  is  continuing  its  flight  along  a  heliocentric 
orbit.  .  .  .  Photography  of  the  moon  began  on  July  20,  36  hrs.  after 
launch,  at  0424  hrs.,  Moscow  time,  when  the  automatic  station  was  at 
a  distance  of  11,600  km.  from  the  lunar  surface,  and  was  concluded  at 
0532  hrs.  at  a  distance  of  about  10,000  km.  After  the  lunar  flyby 
the  station  is  continuing  its  motion  in  a  heliocentric  orbit,  becoming 
increasingly  more  distant  from  the  earth  and  the  sun.  Image  trans- 
mission began  in  accordance  with  the  program  of  July  29  at  a  distance 
of  2.2  million  km.,  when  the  angular  size  of  the  earth  was  small 
enough  for  the  precise  tuning  of  the  on-board  parabolic  antenna  to- 
wards the  earth.  Zond  3  for  the  first  time  photographed  a  part  of  the 
moon  that  cannot  be  seen  from  the  earth  and  which  was  not  included 
in  the  photos  made  by  the  Soviet  interplanetary  station  in  October  1959. 
At  the  moment  photography  began  the  phase  of  the  moon  visible  from 
Zond  3  was  close  to  full  moon,  while  when  the  photography  ended  almost 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  379 

half  of  the  lunar  disc  was  in  shadow.  The  first  frames  show  a  consid- 
erable part  of  the  moon  visible  from  the  earth.  Later  frames  show  the 
surface  of  the  moon  when  there  was  considerable  solar  side  illumina- 
tion, when  the  relief  formations  cast  distinct  shadows.  The  images 
from  Zond  3  are  sent  with  a  clarity  of  1,100  lines.  When  photograph- 
ing from  a  distance  of  the  order  of  10,000  km.,  images  of  a  lunar  sur- 
face area  of  about  5  million  square  km.  are  possible.  The  quality  of  the 
photographs  obtained  make  it  possible  to  see  numerous  details  of  the 
lunar  relief,  which  are  of  considerable  interest.  The  photo  obtained 
from  Zond  3  will  be  published  in  leading  newspapers  and  scientific 
journals.  To  analyze  the  result  obtained  and  to  name  the  craters, 
ranges,  and  other  formations  on  the  newly  photographed  sections  of  the 
moon,  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  the  U.S.S.R.  has  set  up  a  special 
commission.  Scientific  investigations  are  continuing  on  Zond  3.  For 
further  testing  of  the  radio  line  the  transmission  of  photographs  of  the 
far  side  of  the  moon  from  the  station  will  continue  during  subsequent 
communications  sessions,  right  up  to  the  greatest  distance  from  the 
earth.  Thirty-eight  communications  sessions  have  been  conducted 
from  Zond  3.  All  on-board  systems  are  functioning  normally." 
{Izvestia,  8/15/65,  1) 
August  15:  ZOND  Ill's  photographs  of  the  hidden  side  of  the  moon  received 
editorial  comment  in  the  New  York  Times:  "Scientists  and  laymen  from 
all  nations  will  look  forward  to  the  pictures  of  the  dark  side  of 
the  moon  that  Moscow  reports  its  Zond  3  satellite  took  last  month. 
Unitl  then  the  only  photographic  intelligence  on  the  area  had  come 
from  the  pictures  an  earlier  Soviet  satellite  took  in  1959,  a  time  when 
the  available  equipment— and  consequently  the  quality  of  the  result — 
was  primitive  by  present  standards.  Six  years  ago  the  marvel  was 
that  this  feat  could  be  accomplished  at  all.  Now,  in  the  wake  of  the 
photographic  knowledge  of  the  moon  and  of  Mars  obtained  by  this 
country's  Ranger  and  Mariner  vehicles,  world  judgment  of  the 
importance  of  the  Soviet  accomplishment  will  depend  upon  the  quality 
and  the  quantity  of  the  new  knowledge  it  provides."  {NYT,  8/16/65, 
E9) 

•  Comparing  LUNA  III  [lunik  III]  and  ZOND  iii,  H.  Pfaffe  said  in  an  article 

in  East  Germany's  Berliner  Zeitung:  "Owing  to  its  trajectory,  Zond  3 
was  able  to  photograph  the  moon  under  favorable  illumination  condi- 
tions for  one  hour  and  eight  minutes.  Luna  3  was  able  to  photograph 
only  40  minutes.  Zond  3's  trajectory  was  so  chosen  that  the  probe 
assumed  a  planetary  orbit  around  the  sun.  Luna  3,  on  the  other  hand, 
assumed  an  elliptical  orbit  with  the  earth  as  one  focal  point.  While 
Luna  3  transmitted  its  photos  of  the  moon  from  distances  of  400,000 
km.  and  40,000  km.,  Zond  3  began  to  transmit  from  a  distance  of  2,200,- 
000  km.  This  and  the  fact  that  the  new  photos  were  on  a  1,100-line 
basis  indicated  the  advances  made  in  the  Soviet  radio  and  photographic 
systems."      (PfafFe,  Berliner  Zeitung,  8/15/65,  3) 

•  Sonic  boom  damage  claims  during  three  months  of  supersonic  training 

jet  flights  over  Chicago  had  totaled  $52,434  paid  to   707   claimants, 
UPI  reported.     Some  1,434  claims  had  been  filed,      (ap,  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  8/15/65,  17) 
August  16:  Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff  would  not  terminate  his  service 
with  NASA  September  1,  1965,  to  assume  the  presidency  of  Case  Institute 


380  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

of  Technology  as  NASA  had  previously  announced,  but  would  continue 
as  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology 
until  a  successor  was  selected  and  had  assumed  these  duties.  Dr. 
Bisplinghoff  would  then  become  Special  Assistant  to  NASA  Administrator 
James  E.  Webb  in  the  advanced  research  and  technology  field. 
(NASA  Release  65-274) 
August  16:  Robert  Hotz  commented  in  an  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Tech- 
nology editorial:  "The  surmner  of  1965  seems  destined  to  appear  in 
space  history  as  a  period  of  formidable  success  in  extending  the 
horizons  of  man's  efforts  to  explore  his  universe.  The  two  spectacular 
achievements  of  Mariner  4  and  Gemini  4  have  been  interspersed  with 
several  other  milestones  in  space  technology  as  the  summer  unfolded. 

"Even  after  all  the  millions  of  words  that  have  been  poured  out  in 
describing  the  amazing  feats  of  the  Mariner  4  spacecraft,  it  is  difficult 
to  comprehend  the  full  magnitude  of  its  achievements.  The  228-day 
voyage  of  Mariner  4  across  135  million  mi.  to  the  vicinity  of  Mars, 
and  its  transmission  of  the  first  relatively  close-up  pictures  of  that 
planet  back  across  the  void  to  earth,  probably  will  rank  as  the  most 
spectacular  feat  of  space  exploration  in  the  first  decade  since  Sputnik  1. 

"More  than  any  other  space  flight  since  the  first  manned  space 
mission  by  Vostok  1,  this  successful  reconnaissance  of  Mars  has 
demonstrated  the  infinite  possibilities  that  lie  ahead  in  obtaining 
a  truly  scientific  grasp  of  the  universe  around  us.  The  evidence  that 
was  provided  by  the  Mariner  4  photographs  was  a  scientific  discovery 
of  the  first  magnitude  and  certainly  showed  the  limitations  of  earth- 
based  astronomy.  But  perhaps  its  real  significance  lies  in  the 
demonstration  that  a  complex  spacecraft  can  voyage,  communicate, 
and  function  over  the  vast  reaches  of  space  under  human  control 
and  command  from  earth.  .  .  . 

"There  is  little  doubt  that  the  U.S.  space  program  would  not  be 
operating  at  its  present  pace  or  scope  without  the  early,  humiliating 
prod  of  the  Soviet  Union's  pioneering  in  this  field.  However,  the 
results  now  being  produced  from  the  U.S.  program  are  proving  so 
useful  in  such  a  variety  of  applications  that  there  should  be  little 
doubt  that  it  is  worth  pursuing  for  its  own  goals,  even  without  the 
stimulus  of  international  competition.  It  may  well  be  that  when 
historians  write  of  the  space  age  they  will  point  to  the  summer  of  1965 
as  the  time  when  the  U.S.  effort  finally  reached  maturity  and  began 
breaking  its  own  new  ground,  in  contrast  to  the  earlier  era  of  stern- 
chasing  the  Soviets."  (Hotz,  Av.  Wk.,  8/16/65,  21) 
•  NASA  was  seeking  buyers  for  rocket  launches,  and  the  improved  Delta, 
incorporated  into  the  launch  package,  might  prove  most  economical, 
William  S.  Beller  reported  in  Missiles  and  Rockets.  Cost  of  launching 
the  Delta,  either  to  low-earth  orbit  or  into  interplanetary  space,  would 
be  the  same.  Cost  to  send  a  package  to  the  moon  would  be  S16,000/ 
lb.;  on  a  Mars  flyby,  $21,000/lb. 

Beller's  article  continued:  "It  is  ironic  that  the  fabulously  successful 
series  of  Delta  rockets  is  based  on  much  of  the  hardware  and  concepts 
used  in  the  presumed  failure  called  Vanguard.  In  1959,  the  Air 
Force  took  the  upper  two  Vanguard  stages,  mounted  them  on  Thor, 
and  called  the  combination  Thor-Able.  NASA  then  made  minor 
modifications   in   the   vehicle's   coast   attitude-control   system   and   put 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  381 

in  a  new  auto-pilot  control  system;  but  the  basic  Thor-Able  shell  was 
used.  This  was  the  Delta  that  failed  in  its  first  firing  in  1960  with  an 
Echo  satellite  payload.  The  subsequent  Deltas  orbited  their  payloads  in 
22  successive  launchings. 

"The  Vanguard  program,  too,  besides  giving  birth  to  Delta  was 
probably  one  of  the  most  economical  buys  of  the  U.S.  space  program. 
Originally  budgeted  for  a  total  cost  of  $20  million,  Vanguard  ended 
up  costing  S105  million,  which  was  paid  not  only  for  development  of 
the  Vanguard  hardware  and  several  launchings  but  also'  for  setting 
up  the  worldwide  Minitrack  network  used  in  Project  Mercury. 

"Improvements  in  Delta  from  1960  to  the  present  involved  using 
more  energetic  propellants.  lengthening  the  second-stage  tanks,  replac- 
ing the  third-stage  motor  for  a  more  active  one,  adding  solid  strap-ons 
to  the  first  stage,  and  again  enlarging  the  second  stage. 

"The  result  is  an  inexpensive  and  reliable  bus  whose  launch  can  be 
bought  for  less  than  $3.5  million."      (Beller,  M&R,  8/16/65,  24) 
August  16:  Ten  U.S. -made  Skvraider  bombers  were  turned  over  to  Cambodia 
by  France.      (uPi,  Wash.  Daily  News,  8/16  ^65,  17) 

•  AFSC  announced  development  of  an  ultrasonic  corrosion  detector  which 

could  inspect  aircraft  fuel  tanks  quickly  and  accurately.  The  corrosion 
detector,  mounted  on  a  trailer,  would  be  guided  under  the  wing  of  a 
parked  aircraft  and  raised  until  it  touched  the  underside  of  the  wing; 
ultrasonic  sound  waves  would  be  bounced  against  the  skin  of  the  air- 
craft. Facsimile  recordings  of  corrosion  with  good  definition  and 
sensitivity  had  been  obtained  through  metal  surfaces  one  and  one  half 
inches  thick,  (afsc  Release  89.65) 
August  17:  The  large  "crawler-transporter"  scheduled  to  move  the  500,000- 
Ib.  Saturn  V  booster  and  an  11-million-lb.  launching  tower  from  the 
assembly  area  at  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  to  the  launching 
site  three  and  a  half  miles  away,  had  been  crippled  by  repeated  failure 
of  roller  bearings.  Eight  tractor  trucks  equipped  with  treads  and 
rollers  like  those  of  a  bulldozer  would  propel  the  crawler.  It  was  the 
bearings  in  88  rollers  that  had  caused  the  problem.  Tests  of  the 
$6-million  vehicle,  manufactured  by  Marion  Power  Shovel  Co.,  had 
been  suspended  until  a  solution  could  be  found. 

A  NASA  spokesman  stated  that  neither  tests  nor  launchings  of  the 
Saturn  V  boosters  should  be  delayed.      (Clark,  NYT,  8/18/65,  C13) 

•  ComSatCorp  requested  industry  proposals  for  an  advanced  satellite  for  a 

worldwide  commercial  communications  system.  The  Corporation  re- 
quested a  satellite  for  use  in  a  phased  system  at  altitudes  between  6,000 
and  12,000  mi.,  or  in  a  synchronous  system  at  an  altitude  of  22,300  mi. ; 
that  had  1,000  two-way  voice  channels;  that  weighed  approximately 
240  lbs.;  that  could  be  launched  alone  or  in  groups  of  up  to  six  satel- 
lites; that  measured  not  more  than  56-in.-dia.  and  40-in.  high;  and 
that  had  a  five-year  lifetime.  ComSatCorp  stipulated  the  proposal 
should  cover  construction  of  six  to  24  satellites,  the  number  depending 
on  the  type  of  system,  with  the  first  six  to  be  delivered  within  24 
months  after  the  contract  award.  Proposals  would  be  opened  on 
October  25.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  The  Gold  Hodgkins  Medal  for  pioneer  work  in  space  age  science,  plus  a 

cash  award,  was  presented  to  three  scientists  during  the  second  week 
of  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory's  75th  anniversary  ob- 


382  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

servance  in  Cambridge.  Mass.:  Prof.  Marcel  Nicolet,  National  Center 
for  Space  Research,  Brussels;  Dr.  Joseph  Kaplan,  ucla;  and  Dr.  Sydney 
Chapman,  Geophysical  Institute,  Univ.  of  Alaska,  (ap,  Houston, 
Chron.,  8/18/65) 
August  17:  Dr.  Winston  E.  Kock,  Director  of  NASA  Electronics  Research 
Center,  announced  that  NASA  had  authorized  architects  to  proceed  with 
detailed  designs  for  a  26-story  tower  building,  a  three-story  microwave 
laboratory,  and  an  auditorium-cafeteria  building  at  ERC.  Construc- 
tion would  begin  next  spring,  provided  approval  were  given  for  urban 
renewal  proceedings  in  the  Kendall  Square-Cambridge  site.  The 
buildings  would  be  built  with  $15  million  already  approved  by 
Congress,      (erc  Release  65-31) 

•  Final  approval  for  the  Aug.  19  launch  of  Gemini  V  on  an  eight-day  orbital 

mission  was  given  by  Mission  Director  E.  E.  Christensen.  Astronauts 
L.  Gordon  Cooper  (L/Col.,  usaf)  and  Charles  Conrad  (Lcdr.,  usn) 
passed  a  final  physical  examination,  weather  conditions  were  favorable, 
and  the  tracking  network  was  in  good  operating  condition.  The 
astronauts  and  their  backup  pilots,  Neil  Armstrong  and  Elliot  See,  Jr., 
went  through  a  complete  review  of  the  mission,  (ap,  NYT,  8/18/65, 
12C) 

•  JPL  Director  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  speaking  to  the  National  Space 

Club  in  Washington,  D.C.,  on  "Exploring  the  Planets,"  '  :J:  "Scientists 
interested  in  the  solar  system  point  out  that  all  of  the  planets  of  the  solar 
system  present  interesting  challenges  to  the  explorers.  A  study  group 
at  Woods  Hole  in  Massachusetts  this  summer  has  set  priorities  on  the 
exploration  of  the  planets  in  the  order  of  Mars,  Venus,  Mercury,  Jupiter. 
We  hope  to  make  exploratory  flights  to  all  of  these  planets."      (Text) 

•  The  New  York  Times  commented  on  the  success  of  the  U.S.S.R.  ZOND  JII 

mission:  "Like  the  Ranger  and  Mariner  feats  before  it.  Zond  3  has 
again  shown  what  enormous  gains  in  man's  knowledge  can  be  ob- 
tained by  using  instruments  alone,  a  technique  much  cheaper  and 
less  hazardous  than  sending  men  to  the  moon  or  the  planets.  There 
is  every  reason  to  suppose  that  a  United  States  satellite  could  have 
gotten  similar  photographs  of  the  other  side  of  the  moon  even  earlier 
than  Zond  3  had  a  sustained  effort  to  this  end  been  made. 

"The  restraining  element  has  been  the  limitations  imposed  on  this 
country's  exploration  of  space  with  instrument-carrying  rockets  by  the 
overriding  priority  given  to  the  enormously  expensive  Apollo  project 
for  landing  a  man  on  the  moon  by  1970.  The  Soviet  propaganda  and 
prestige  gains  that  will  result  from  the  current  accomplishment  rep- 
resent one  of  the  costs  of  the  decision  to  put  so  much  emphasis  upon 
a  manned  voyage  to  the  moon."      (NYT,  8/17/65,  30) 

•  Aviaexport    Chairman    B.    I.    Kharchenko    said    in    an    interview    with 

Sovetskaya  Rossiya  that  Soviet  aircraft  were  greatly  valued  in  the 
world  market.  At  present,  more  than  1,500  Soviet  airplanes  and  heli- 
copters were  being  exported  to  about  40  countries.  This  year,  Soviet 
aviation  equipment  was  being  sent  to  16  countries.  Last  year,  400 
pilots  and  technicians  from  various  countries  were  trained.  [Sovet- 
skaya Rossiya,  8/17/65,  4) 
August  13:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  afb,  with 
Thor-Agena  D  launch  vehicle,      (upi,  Wash.  Daily  News,  8/18/65,  19) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  383 

August  18:  The  launch  of  Oso-C  was  postponed  from  Aug.  24  to  Aug.  25  be- 
cause NASA's  Fort  Myers  tracking  station  might  be  acquiring  data  from 
EXPLORER  XXVI  satellite  about  the  same  time  it  was  scheduled  to  conduct 
Oso-C's  critical  first-orbit  interrogation.  Recent  calculations  at  NASA 
Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  indicated  the  conflict  was  expected  to 
last  for  only  two  minutes,  but  project  officials  decided  to  avoid 
jeopardizing  Oso-C's  first  orbital  data,      (nasa  Release  65-227) 

•  The  Aug.  19  launch  of  Gemini  v  and  most  of  the  day's  coverage  would 

be  televised  in  color  by  all  three  major  networks — the  American  Broad- 
casting Co.,  the  Columbia  Broadcasting  System,  and  the  National 
Broadcasting  Co.  The  only  previous  color  broadcast  of  a  space  flight 
had  been  nbc's  telecast  of  the  Gemini  iv  launch.  (Adams,  NYT, 
8/18/65,  55M) 

•  On   U.S.S.R.'s   Aviation   Day,   Soviet   Defense   Minister,   Commander-in- 

Chief  of  Antiaircraft  Units,  Air  Marshal  V.  A.  Studets  said  in  an  in- 
terview with  Nedelya  that  Soviet  antiaircraft  units  could  destroy  any 
flying  object  with  the  first  rocket:  ".  .  .  we  have  means  that  can  in 
good  time  detect  and  destroy  any  flying  apparatus  of  any  size,  at  all 
altitudes,  even  the  lowest.  If  the  country  is  threatened  by  a  ballistic 
missile,  it  will  be  met  far  away  by  an  antimissile." 

Soviet  TV  showed  a  film  of  a  new  aircraft  reported  to  fly  to  nearly 
95  km.  (59  mi.)  altitude  at  a  speed  of  6,500  km/h  (4,500  mph)  — 
mach  6.  This  aircraft  would  be  used  for  cosmonaut  training  (as  with 
the  U.S.'s  x-15a  or  nf-104a).  No  further  details  were  available. 
{Nedelya,  no.  33,  1965,  4^5;  Loory,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib.,  8a8/65;  In- 
teravia  Air  Letter,  8/20/65,  5) 

•  Dr.     Duane    Graveline     resigned     as     one     of    the     nation's     six     new 

scientist-astronauts  "for  personal  reasons,"  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft 
Center  announced.  Dr.  Graveline  would  remain  with  MSC  as  a  flight 
surgeon,     (ap,  NYT,  8/19/65,  3;  ap,  Chic.  Trib.,  8/18/65) 

•  General  Dynamics/Convair  received  from  USAF  a  $1,000,000  increment 

to  a  $7,385,383  cost-plus-incentive-fee  contract  for  the  production  of 
Atlas- Agena  boosters,      (dod  Release  536-65) 

•  USAF  awarded  General  Electric  Co.  a  $1,494,000  increment  to  a  $33,552,- 

224  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract  for  flight  testing  of  the  Maneuvering 
BaUistic  Re-entry  Vehicle,  (dod  Release  536-65) 
August  18-20:  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey  gave  the  keynote  ad- 
dress at  the  opening  of  the  aas  meeting  on  "The  Impact  of  Space  Ex- 
ploration on  Society"  in  San  Francisco:  "Although  the  accomplish- 
ments of  the  last  seven  years  are  impressive,  they  will  be  dwarfed  by 
the  events  of  the  coming  20  years: 

"Before  the  end  of  this  decade,  man  will  have  set  foot  on  the  Moon's 
surface.     This  will  be  an  event  of  historical  magnitude. 

"By  1970,  manned  satellite  stations  will  be  circling  the  Earth  for  a 
month  or  more.  A  crew  of  three  or  four  wiU  be  on  board,  performing 
many  kinds  of  scientific  experiments,  ranging  from  astronomy  to 
zoology.  Much  larger  manned  space  stations  could  become  a  reality 
in  future  years. 

"Before  the  end  of  the  next  5  years,  world-wide  communication  by 
means  of  satellites  will  be  a  routine  accomplished  fact,  as  will  detailed 


384  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

observation  of  weather  patterns  and  collection  of  meteorological  data 
around  the  globe. 

"Radio  and  TV  broadcasting  to  large  areas  of  the  Earth  from  satel- 
lites could  become  a  reality  in  the  next  10  years. 

"Before  1975  unmanned  vehicles  from  Earth  will  be  circling  Mars 
and  Venus   and   sending  exploratory   probes   to   the  planets'   surfaces. 

"To  look  into  the  future  beyond  1975  is  much  more  uncertain,  but 
experts  judge  that  if  Man  has  the  desire  and  will,  he  can  have  gone, 
by  1985,  a  long  way  toward  the  goal  of  sending  a  manned  expedition 
to  Mars,  perhaps  vsith  the  aid  of  some  kind  of  nuclear  propul- 
sion. .  .  ."    (Text) 

Leonard  Jaffe.  Director  of  NASA  Communication  and  Navigation  Pro- 
grams, told  the  Conference  that  recent  announcement  that  dod's  naviga- 
tion satellite  svstem  was  operational  demonstrated  the  great  potential 
of  artificial  earth  satellites  for  providing  position  determinations  to  the 
maritime  industry.  He  said  NASA  had  under  study  a  number  of  tech- 
niques, different  from  those  employed  in  the  DOD  system,  by  which 
satellites  located  in  medium  or  synchronous  orbits  could  provide  posi- 
tion fixes  to  ships  and  aircraft.  Techniques  whereby  the  craft's  posi- 
tion would  be  determined  at  ground  computer  stations  might  make 
the  satellite  system  attractive  to  U.S.  industry,  he  said. 

For  the  future  Jaffe  foresaw  the  combination  of  a  position  deter- 
mination method  and  a  communications  system  integrated  into  a 
single  satellite  to  provide  capability  of  aiding  in  air  traffic  control.  He 
said:  "Accurate  position  data  and  reliable  communications  readily 
available  to  air  traffic  controllers  by  use  of  satellites  may  provide  the 
answer  to  the  acute  problem  of  safely  reducing  the  present  separation 
standard  of  aircraft  flying  across  the  crowded  Atlantic  Ocean  region. 
Similar  data  supplied  to  a  maritime  regulatory  agency  may  provide 
a  means  for  preventing  marine  collisions."  (Text) 
August  18-20:  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever,  AFSC  Commander,  participating 
in  a  panel  discussion  on  the  "Social  Implications  of  Space  Explora- 
tion," said:  ".  .  .  there  are  two  ways  of  looking  at  space.  The  first 
way  is  simply  as  a  place — as  the  vast  expanse  which  is  an  extension  of 
the  earth's  atmosphere  in  every  direction,  and  which  can  serve  as  an 
operational  environment.  There  is  much  we  need  to  discover  about 
this  region,  but  it  is  already  clear  that  space  adds  a  new  dimension 
to  our  thinking  about  national  security. 

"Space  has  at  least  four  unique  characteristics  which  offer  ad- 
vantages for  military  operations.  These  are:  first,  extremely  high 
altitudes  which  offer  line  of  sight  to  large  areas  of  the  earth's  surface; 
second,  very  high  speeds;  third,  almost  infinite  flight  duration;  and 
fourth,  highly  predictable  flight  paths. 

"These  recognized  advantages  have  led  to  the  development  of  a  num- 
ber of  space  systems  which  provide  support  to  military  land,  sea,  and 
air  operations.  These  include  satellite  systems  for  communications, 
weather,  and  navigation.  The  capabilities  they  provide  are  either 
unique  or  represent  a  distinct  improvement  over  other  means  of 
accomplishing  the  same  task  .  .  . 

"On  the  other  hand,  the  advantages  of  space  are  frequently  offset 
by  several  disadvantages.  The  first  of  these  is  the  cost  of  launching 
payloads  into  space.     Presently  this  amounts  to  about  $1000  a  pound 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  385 

in  low  earth  orbit,  although  it  is  estimated  that  the  Titan  ill  will  reduce 
this  figure  to  about  $500  a  pound,  and  we  foresee  methods  of  reducing 
the  cost  to  the  neighborhood  of  $100  a  pound.  The  second  is  the 
requirement  for  extremely  high  reliability — the  need  to  build  satellites 
that  will  operate  for  long  periods  without  maintenance  and  repair. 
Third  is  the  absence  of  a  demonstrated  method  of  returning  from  space 
to  a  controlled  landing  at  a  specified  point.  And  fourth  is  the  environ- 
ment of  space  itself — the  problems  associated  with  hard  vacuum, 
temperature  extremes,  and  intense  radiation. 

"The  need  to  overcome  these  disadvantages  leads  to  consideration  of 
the  second  way  in  which  space  may  be  regarded — not  merely  as  a  place, 
but  as  a  primary  focus  for  man's  scientific  and  technological  efforts 
in  the  years  ahead.  The  success  of  these  efforts  will  determine  the 
practical  use  that  can  be  made  of  space  for  a  variety  of  purposes, 
including  military  purposes."  (Text) 
August  19:  Gemini  V  launch  counted  down  to  T-10  min.  before  it  was 
canceled  and  reset  for  Aug.  21.  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  (L/Col., 
USAf)  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  (Lcdr.,  usn)  were  disappointed,  but 
took  the  delay  in  stride.  Cooper  commented:  ".  .  .  you  promised  a 
launch  today  and  not  a  wet  mock." 

Five  hours  before  the  scheduled  launch,  computer  studies  suggested 
that  the  liquid  hydrogen  in  the  spacecraft's  fuel  cells  was  boiling  off 
too  quickly.  Engineers'  attempts  to  force  additional  liquid  hydrogen 
into  the  fuel  cells  succeeded  only  in  hastening  the  escape  of  hydrogen 
gas.  Finally,  a  colder  liquid  hydrogen  was  used  with  success.  Ten 
minutes  before  lift-off,  apparent  troubles  with  a  telemetry  programer 
caused  another  hold  in  the  countdown.  During  a  thunderstorm,  a 
lightning-induced  power  surge  affected  the  electrical  instruments. 

At  5:00  p.m.,  edt,  as  NASA  officials  were  opening  a  press  conference, 
they  were  informed  that  a  fire  had  broken  out  in  a  communications 
cable  linking  the  Gemini  v  launch  complex  with  mission  control  cen- 
ter. The  officials  said  that  there  was  a  "very  good  possibility"  that 
Gemini  5  could  be  launched  on  Aug.  21,  but  that  no  definite  date  could 
be  set  until  a  partial  countdown  was  held  the  next  day  to  determine  the 
damage  caused  by  the  power  surge  and  the  cable  fire.  (Clark,  NYT, 
8/20/65,  1 ;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  8/20/65;  Al ;  WSJ,  8/20/65,  1) 

•  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  was  the  only  concern  to  respond  to  ComSatCorp's 

request  for  proposals  to  build  four  advanced  Early  Bird-type  satellites 
with  options  for  additional  satellites,  ComSatCorp  announced.  Five 
companies  had  bid  for  construction  of  four  transportable  ground 
stations  with  options  for  additional  stations:  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.;  In- 
ternational Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corp.;  Page  Communications 
Engineers;  and  Radio  Corp.  of  America.  Delivery  of  the  first  satellite 
and  the  first  two  stations  would  be  within  eight  months.  (ComSat- 
Corp Release) 

•  Two  groups  of  youths  were  apprehended  by  a  security  patrol  at  Kennedy 

Space  Center,  NASA,  for  trespassing  near  Gemini  5  on  Launch  Complex 
37.  Unauthorized  entry  to  the  site  is  a  Federal  offense.  (Wash.  Post, 
8/20/65) 

•  ComSatCorp  asked  24  firms  to  propose  earth  station  construction  plans 

for  antenna  systems  in  Brewster,  Wash.,  and  Paumalu,  Hawaii,  by 
Sept.  17.     The  rfp  specified  four  85-ft.  parabolic  antennas  capable  of 


386  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

working  with  satellites  at  altitudes  from  6,000  mi.  to  22,300  mi.  Re- 
quirements were  for  one  operational  antenna  system  at  each  of  the 
earth  stations  within  a  year  after  the  contract  award,  and  the  second 
antenna  system  at  each  station  two  months  later.  The  stations  would 
provide  high  quality  two-way  commercial  communications,  track  space- 
craft, and  send  commands  and  receive  data  from  satellite  both  during 
launch  and  while  satellites  were  in  orbit.  (ComSatCorp  Release;  UPI, 
iVyr,  8/20/65,  41) 

August  19:  Environmental  Science  Services  Administration  (essa)  asked 
that  NASA  temporarily  assign  Dr.  Joachim  P.  Kuettner,  deputy  director 
of  the  Technical  Staff  (Saturn/Apollo  Systems  Office)  of  the  Research 
and  Development  Operations,  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  as 
Chief  Space  Scientist  of  the  National  Weather  Satellite  Center.  Dr. 
Kuettner,  expected  to  leave  for  Washington,  D.C.,  about  Sept.  1,  would 
administer  essa's  space  program,  specifically,  manned  and  unmanned 
advanced  systems,      (mfsc  Release  65-207) 

August  20:  MARINER  IV  spacecraft,  which  relayed  to  earth  the  first  closeup 
pictures  of  Mars  July  14,  was  still  transmitting  engineering  and  sci- 
entific data.  On  its  265th  day  of  travel,  the  spacecraft  was  163,162,460 
mi.  from  earth.  8,622,011  mi.  from  Mars,  and  had  traveled  365,000,000 
mi.  since  its  November  28  launch  from  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA. 
(NASA  Release  65-278) 

•  NASA  announced  that  Gemini  v  would  be  launched  from  Kennedy  Space 

Center,  NASA,  Aug.  21,  at  10:00  a.m.,  edt.  Problems  which  had 
collectively  postponed  the  launch  on  August  19,  had  been  resolved: 
(1)  the  malfunctioning  telemetry  programer  had  been  replaced;  (2) 
the  underground  communications  cable  had  been  repaired;  (3)  the 
technique  for  loading  the  fuel  cells  with  liquid  hydrogen  had  been 
perfected;  (4)  security  police  would  take  extra  precautions  to  prevent 
trespassing  onto  the  launch  area;  and  (5)  the  Gemini  5  computer, 
which  officials  feared  had  been  damaged  by  the  lightning-induced 
power  surge,  was  functioning  normally.  (Clark,  NYT,  8/21/65; 
Wash.  Post.,  8/21/65,  Al;  WSJ,  8/16/65,  1) 

•  S-IVB  Stage  for  the  Saturn  V  booster  was  successfully  test-fired  for  full 

duration  at  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.'s  Sacramento  Test  Center.  In  a  test 
simulating  a  lunar  flight,  the  stage  ran  for  three  minutes,  was  cut  off 
for  30-min.  orbital  coast  period,  and  then  re-ignited  for  355-sec.  run. 
(Marshall  Star,  8/25/65,  1) 

•  Two  USAF  Athena  missiles  were  fired  from  Green  River,  Utah,  to  White 

Sands  Missile  Range,  N.  Mex.  Although  one  of  the  flights  was  ter- 
minated because  of  a  malfunctioning  computer,  both  missiles  landed 
within  WSMR.     (AP,  NYT,  8/22/65,  72) 

•  Dr.   Mac  C.  Adams,  vice  president  and   assistant  general  manager  for 

space  systems  at  Avco  Corp.,  would  succeed  Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bispling- 
hoff  as  NASA's  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and 
Technology.  Dr.  Adams,  a  consultant  to  NASA  and  naca,  was  expected 
to  assume  his  new  duties  in  October.  Dr.  Bisplinghoff  would  become 
Special  Assistant  to  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 65-276) 

•  FAA  announced  that  Gordon  Bain,  Deputy  Administrator  for  Supersonic 

Transport   Development,  had   resigned   for   personal   reasons  effective 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  387 

Sept.  15,  and  that  M/Gen.  M.S.  White,  Federal  Air  Surgeon,  was  re- 
turning to  the  Air  Force.  B  Gen.  Jewell  C.  Maxwell,  commander  of 
the  USAF  Western  Test  Range,  had  been  assigned  to  FAA  on  active  duty 
to  replace  Bain  and  Dr.  Peter  Siegel,  Chief.  Aeromedical  Certification 
Div.,  Office  of  Aviation  Medicine,  would  replace  Dr.  White.  (FAA  Re- 
lease 65-65) 
August  20:  Several  U.S.  and  foreign  scientists  would  be  guests  on  the  11th 
Antarctic  expedition  of  the  Soviet  Union,  Tass  announced.  Leonid 
Balakshin  of  the  Arctic  and  Antarctic  Institute  in  Leningrad  said  that 
50  foreign  scientists  had  already  spent  winters  at  the  Mirny  Observatory 
and  other  Russian  stations  near  the  South  Pole.  "The  exchange  of 
polar  scientists  is  striking  evidence  of  the  constructive  cooperation  be- 
tween Soviet  and  foreign  explorers  on  the  sixth  continent,"  Balakshin 
said.     (Reuters,  NYT,  8/21/65,  21) 

•  Fred  W.  Friendly,  president  of  the  CBS  news  div.,  criticized  the  three 

national  television  networks  for  devoting  seven  consecutive  hours 
Aug.  19  to  the  scheduled  Gemini  v  launch  which  was  finally  postponed. 
Friendly  told  reporters:  "We  abdicated  journalistic  responsibility  and 
participated  in  competitive  inanities  that  are  the  very  opposite  of  the 
service  that  the  public  expects  and  demands  of  us."  In  the  future, 
Friendly  said.  CBS  would  abridge  its  coverage  of  space  missions. 
(Adams,  NYT,  8/21/65) 

•  A  system  for  the  docking  and  sealing  together  of  two  orbiting  spacecraft, 

designed  to  allow  men  and  tools  to  be  moved  back  and  forth  between 
the  two  vehicles  while  they  were  joined,  was  granted  a  patent.  In- 
vented by  John  P.  Dunn,  Martin  Co.  engineer,  the  equipment  was  being 
built  in  full  scale  for  tests  in  Martin's  rendezvous  and  docking  simulator 
(Jones,  NYT,  8/21/65,  25) 

•  USAF  named  four  contractors  to  participate  in  a  six-month  design  study 

effort  on  an  advanced  vertical  short  take-off  and  landing  (V/Stol) 
tactical  fighter  program.  The  firms,  which  would  be  funded  at  ap- 
proximately $1  million  each,  were:  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.;  McDon- 
nell Aircraft  Corp.;  Republic  Aviation  Corp.;  and  the  Boeing  Co. 
Studies  would  cover  aircraft  configurations  for  tactical  missions. 
(dod  Release  541-65) 

•  United  Airlines  announced  that  fog-dispersal  plans  involving  aerial  seed- 

ing of  clouds  were  being  discussed  in  nine  cities  in  addition  to  those 
where  the  technique  had  already  been  successful.  United  had  con- 
ducted successful  seeding  operations  last  winter  using  light  planes 
to  drop  ice  pellets  into  the  top  layers  of  super-cooled  fog.  The  airline 
estimated  that  the  fog-abatement  program  had  permitted  135  of  its 
flights,  carrying  3,200  passengers,  to  operate  at  airports  that  otherwise 
would  have  been  closed,  (ap,  NYT,  8/21/65,  48) 
August  21-29:  nasa's  gemini  v  spacecraft,  piloted  by  Astronauts  L.  Gordon 
Cooper  (L/Col.,  usaf)  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  (Lcdr.,  USN),  was 
successfully  launched  with  two-stage  Titan  ii  booster  from  Eastern 
Test  Range  on  an  eight-day  mission  (190  hr.  55  min.)  comprising 
120  revolutions  of  the  earth.  Flight  objectives  were:  (1)  dem- 
onstrate and  evaluate  performance  of  the  Gemini  spacecraft;  (2) 
evaluate  performance  of  the  rendezvous  guidance  and  navigation  sys- 
tem using  the  Radar  Evaluation  Pod  (Rep)  ;  and  (3)  evaluate  effects 
of  prolonged  exposure  to  the  space  environment  of  the  two-man  crew. 


388 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


August  21-29:    gemini  v  launch   (left),  and  Astronauts 
Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  and  L.  Gordon  Cooper,  Jr.,  onboard 
U.S.S.  Lake  Champlain  after  eight-day  mission  and  re- 
covery   (above). 


First  stage  of  the  booster  burned  for  156.8  sec.  Second  stage  then 
separated,  burned  for  179.6  sec.  TraveUng  at  17,605  mph,  7,947-lb. 
GEMINI  V  was  inserted  into  orbit:  apogee,  215.4  mi.  (347.4  km.); 
perigee,  100  mi.  (161.3  km.);  period,  89.58  min.;  inclination  to  the 
equator,  32.6°. 

Fifty-six  minutes  after  liftoff,  astronauts  fired  thruster  rockets  to 
raise  the  perigee  to  106  mi.  (170.9  km.)  in  preparation  for  rendez- 
vous with  Rep,  a  practice  maneuver  to  prepare  for  Gemini  6's  rendez- 
vous in  orbit  with  an  Agena  stage.  At  beginning  of  2nd  orbit, 
astronauts  ejected  Rep  from  the  adapter  section  behind  the  spacecraft. 
Rep  moved  away  at  five  miles  per  hour. 

About  two  hours  after  insertion  of  gemini  v  into  orbit,  oxygen  pres- 
sure for  the  new  fuel  cell  dropped  from  800  to  60  lbs.  psi  because 
of  a  failure  in  the  heater  element  circuitry.  This  pressure-drop 
severely  reduced  the  fuel  cell's  output  of  electrical  power.  The  Rep 
experiment  was  abandoned  and  there  was  some  apprehension  as  to 
whether  the  flight  could  continue. 

At  27  hrs.  into  the  flight,  Cooper  and  Conrad  successfully  locked 
their  spacecraft  radar  on  a  spare  Rep  transponder  mounted  on  a  tower 
at  NASA  Merritt  Island  Launch  Area  during  a  six-minute  pass.  Oxygen 
pressure  began  building  up  in  the  fuel-cell  system  and  hopes  of  com- 
pleting the  mission  were  raised. 

On  Aug.  23,  as  gemini  v  made  its  32nd  revolution  around  the  earth, 
the  spacecraft  began  a  series  of  maneuvers  to  rendezvous  with  a 
simulated  Agena  upper  stage  in  lieu  of  the  Rep  experiment.  By  the 
34th  orbit  gemini  v  was  only  16  mi.  behind  the  simulated  Agena,  very 
close  to  the  planned  15-mi.  separation  NASA  hoped  to  have  on  gemini 
VI  prior  to  final  closing  and  docking  maneuver.  Last  maneuver  was 
not  attempted  because  of  the  need  to  conserve  fuel  on  gemini  v. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  389 

On  Aug.  24.  Astronauts  Cooper  and  Conrad  twice  spotted  objects 
on  the  ground;  they  observed  a  Minuteman  icbm  launch  from  Vanden- 
berg  AFB,  and  tracked  and  photographed  it;  they  sighted  a  huge 
checkerboard  design  laid  out  on  the  ground  near  Laredo,  Tex.,  and 
reported  direction  in  the  which  arrows  in  the  center  of  the  blocks  were 
pointed. 
August  21-29:  On  Aug.  25,  the  astronauts  saw,  tracked,  and  photographed 
another  Minuteman  icbm  fired  from  Vandenberg  afb  and  identified  a 
rocket  sled  test  on  HoUoman  afb.  At  request  of  U.S.  Weather  Bureau, 
they  attempted  to  photograph  the  eye  of  tropical  storm  Doreen  about 
200  mi.  south  of  Hawaii. 

During  the  flight,  the  astronauts  both  remained  in  good  spirits.  Six- 
teen of  the  planned  seventeen  experiments  were  conducted.  Despite 
the  heavy  work  schedule.  Cooper  and  Conrad  each  slept  about  five  hours 
a  day.  The  astronauts  ate  about  2,000  calories  of  food  a  day,  less 
than  the  2,900  calories  prescribed  for  the  mission,  and  each  drank 
six  pounds  of  water  daily. 

Aug.  27  saw  problems  with  the  steady  accumulation  of  water  in  the 
fuel  cell,  which  threatened  to  exceed  water-storage  capacity;  faulty 
attitude  and  maneuvering  thrusters;  and  the  boiling  off  of  hydrogen 
gas  which  caused  the  spacecraft  to  roll. 

On  Aug.  28,  the  fuel  cell  and  the  left  thruster  were  functioning  well. 
Conrad  reported  seeing  "a  carrier  and  a  destroyer  steaming  right  into 
Jacksonville";  it  was  actually  a  tug  pulling  a  large  barge. 

On  Aug.  29  Cooper  and  Conrad  talked  via  radio  with  Astronaut  M. 
Scott  Carpenter  (Cdr.,  usn),  in  Sealab  ii  on  the  floor  of  the  Pacific 
off  La  Jolla,  Calif.  Approach  of  Hurricane  Betsy  from  the  coast  of 
South  America  forced  NASA  officials  to  order  GEMINI  v  to  land  one 
revolution  early.  Two  more  of  GEMINI  v's  thrusters  froze,  but  there 
was  still  sufficient  steering  power  to  correct  minor  variations. 

To  begin  reentry,  the  astronauts  fired  four  braking  rockets  as  the 
spacecraft  passed  700  mi.  north  of  Hawaii.  Reentry  was  normal. 
GEMINI  V  splashed  down  into  the  Atlantic  at  8:56  a.m.  edt,  600  mi. 
east  of  Jacksonville — 90  mi.  off  target.  A  human  error  in  computing 
the  elapsed  time  of  flight  caused  the  target  error.  Assisted  from  the 
capsule  by  Navy  frogmen  45  min.  after  splashdown,  the  astronauts 
were  taken  by  helicopter  to  LI.S.S.  Lake  Champlain  for  medical  de- 
briefing. (NASA  Release  65-262;  NASA  Proj.  Off.;  NYT,  8/22/65,  1, 
72.  73,  El;  8/23/65,  L  16;  8/24/65,  1,  16;  8/25/65,  1,  24;  8/26/65, 
1,  15;  8/27/65,  1,  12;  8/29/65,  1,  68,  69;  8/30/65,  1,  16,  17;  Wash. 
Post,  8/22/65,  1,  34;  8/23/65,  1,  3;  8/24/65,  1,  6;  8/25/65,  1,  10, 
24;  8/26/65,  11;  8/27/65,  1,  6,  7;  8/28/65,  1,  7;  8/29/65,  1,  8,  10; 
8/30/65,  1,  9,  11;  WSJ,  8/23/65,  1;  8/24/65,  1;  8/27/65,  1; 
8/30/65,  1;  Av.  Wk.,  8/30/65,  24^28) 
August  21:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  told  newsmen  at  Manned 
Spacecraft  Center  that  the  U.S.  might  land  a  man  on  the  moon  as  early 
as  late  1968.  He  expressed  great  confidence  in  the  space  program, 
but  cautioned:  "I'm  not  going  to  say  we're  ahead  of  schedule.  We've 
had  a  remarkable  set  of  flights,  and  we're  now  entering  a  period  of 
intensive  testing."      (Freelander,  Houston  Post,  8/22/65) 


390  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

August  21:  The  first  stage  of  the  Titan  ii  booster  which  orbited  GEMINI  V 
was  recovered  intact  in  the  Atlantic  about  450  mi.  northeast  of  Cape 
Kennedy.  An  Air  Rescue  Service  plane  reported  that  the  71 -ft.  stage 
was  in  the  water  25%  submerged,  (ap,  Wash.  Post,  8/22/65,  A34; 
upi,  NYT,  8/22/65,  13) 

•  President  Johnson  watched  the  gemini  v  launching  on  color  television 

for  seven  minutes  at  the  White  House  in  a  direct  broadcast  from 
Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,      (ap,  NYT,  8/22/65,  72) 

•  PROTON  I  space  station,  launched  July  16  by  the  U.S.S.R.,  had,  for  the 

first  time,  trapped  particles  with  energy  of  100  trillion  electron  volts 
and  a  measured  energy  spectrum  of  cosmic  rays  containing  such 
particles,  Nikolai  I.  Grigorov,  head  of  Cosmic  Ray  Laboratory  at 
Moscow  Univ.  Institute  of  Nuclear  Physics,  told  Pravda.  He  said  that 
precise  measurements  of  high-energy  particles  required  the  use  of  a 
heavy  ionizing  calorimeter  which  could  not  have  been  orbited  without 
the  lifting  capacity  of  Russia's  new  large  rockets.  Prof.  Grigorov  ex- 
plained that  high-energy  particles  never  reached  earthbound  register- 
ing devices  because  they  were  absorbed  and  transformed  as  they  col- 
lided with  atoms  of  earth's  atmosphere.  {Pravda,  8/20/65,  atss-T 
Trans.;  Shabad,  NYT,  8/22/65,  72) 

•  The  Guggenheim  International  Astronautics  Award  for  1965  had  been 

conferred  upon  Professor  Mstislav  V.  Keldysh,  President  of  the  Soviet 
Academy  of  Sciences,  announced  Dr.  C.  Stark  Draper,  President  of  the 
International  Academy  of  Astronautics.  The  award,  which  carried 
with  it  a  $1,000  honorarium,  would  be  presented  during  the  xvith 
International  Astronautical  Congress  to  be  held  in  Athens  September 
12-18,  1965.      (lAA  Release  26) 

•  An  article  in  Human  Events  expressed  fear  that  Russian  military  space 

capability  surpassed  that  of  the  U.S.:  ".  .  .  Four  times  in  the  past 
2  months.  Red  Star  (a  newspaper  published  by  the  Defense  Ministry) 
has  trumpeted  the  claim  that  Russia  now  has  orbital  space  rockets  with 
the  capacity  of  wiping  any  aggressor  off  the  face  of  the  earth. 

"There  is  no  doubt  at  all  about  the  intended  identity  of  the  aggressor 
and  among  American  scientists  back  home  there  is  little  doubt  about 
the  weapon. 

"There  is  little  doubt  because  the  United  States  spent  7  years  and 
$10  million  between  1958-65  to  plan  the  nuclear-powered  space  orbit- 
ing system  called  Project  Orion.  We  have  high-ranking  scientists  who 
believe  the  Russians  have  copied  or  adapted  Orion,  which  has  been 
declassified  since  October,  1964.  The  Russians  might  easily  have 
cracked  the  secrecy  before  that. 

"It  is  a  first  generation  vehicular  system  that  is  capable  of  carrying 
8  men  and  100  tons  of  payload  to  Mars  and  back.  It  is  a  jet-propelled 
engine  or  engines  powered  by  a  nuclear  reactor  which,  in  effect,  bombs 
a  shield  at  the  rear  of  the  vehicle  and  drives  it  forward.  The  usual 
limitations  of  temperature  do  not  affect  this  vehicle  because  the  hot 
debris  of  the  explosions  makes  only  a  momentary  contact  with  the 
shield.  The  limitations  of  using  full  nuclear  power  are  also  absent 
because  the  reactor  is  outside  the  vehicle. 

"Guidance,  mobility,  range,  the  exchange  of  crew-members,  and  the 
restocking  of  the  payload  are  all  within  this  space  cruiser's  capability. 
Its  potentials  as  a  raider  of  earth  targets,  and  as  an  interceptor  of 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  391 

our  space  satellites,  are  almost  limitless.  It  may  not  be  the  never- 
never  ultimate  weapon,  but  it  will  do  until  another  comes  along." 
{CR,  8^25  65.  A4807-08) 
August  22:  New  York  Times  commented  on  the  malfunction  of  the  fuel 
cell  in  the  Gemini  v  spacecraft  launched  August  21:  "Past  manned  space 
flights  have  gone  so  well  in  most  respects  that  yesterday's  tension-filled 
hours  were  a  shock  and  a  surprise.  It  has  all  seemed  too  easy  to  the 
millions  of  television  viewers  who  have  observed  previous  man-in-space 
experiments.  It  was  natural  to  assume  that  once  Gemini  5  was  so 
successfully  launched,  all  would  once  again  go  more  or  less  as  planned. 
But  those  intimatelv  involved  with  these  efforts  have  known  all  along 
of  the  numerous  possibilities  of  trouble.  They  were  not  greatly  sur- 
prised that  one  of  those  possibilities  for  major  difficulty — in  this  case 
a  malfunction  of  the  fuel  cell  on  Gemini  5 — turned  into  reality. 

"There  will  undoubtedly  be  future  emergencies  in  space.  Yester- 
day's events  are  a  sobering  reminder  that  the  effort  to  reach  the  moon 
during  this  decade  is  straining  the  limits  of  available  technology,  and 
that  serious  risks  are  being  taken.  These  hazards  are  also  faced,  of 
course,  by  the  Soviet  manned  space  program.  The  brave  men  both 
countries  are  sending  into  space  would  be  the  prime  beneficiaries  of 
full  Soviet-American  cooperation  that  would  pool  both  countries' 
knowledge  and  experience  to  minimize  the  dangers  inherent  in  these 
pioneering  efforts."      (NYT,  8/22/65,  lOE) 

•  Officials  at  the  Milwaukee  Public  Museum  complained  that  sonic  booms 

from  Strategic  Air  Command  supersonic  jets  had  dismembered  a  3,000- 
yr.-old  Egyptian  mummy.      (UPI,  NYT,  8/22/65,  9) 

•  Dispatch    to    Moscow    from    Tass'    New    York    correspondent,    Leonid 

Ponomarev:  "The  flight  of  the  U.S.  spaceship  Gemini-5  .  .  .  pro- 
ceeded normally  for  only  two  hours,  although  the  flight  program  was 
calculated  for  eight  days. 

"The  main  reason  [was]  that  a  new  system  for  providing  electric 
power.  .  .  was  being  used  in  the  Gemini-5  spacecraft  for  the  first 
time.  .  .   . 

"It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  the  new  system  for  providing  electrical 
power  has  never  once  been  tested  in  spaceflight  conditions.  From  the 
test  stands  on  earth,  the  installation  was  put  directly  into  working 
conditions  in  space. 

"There  are  several  reasons  that  explain  this  haste  and  a  certain 
degree  of  risk.  The  program  chiefs  were  given  the  task  of  'catching 
up  with  the  Soviet  Union'  at  any  price  regarding  the  length  of  flight 
in  space.  However,  the  present  power  of  U.S.  rockets  and  the  size  of 
the  astronauts'  capsule  are  utterly  inadequate  for  lifting  and  storing 
reliably  tested  battery-powered  electrical  power  installations,  which 
would  weigh  more  than  the  new  system.  U.S.  scientists  were  compelled 
to  rapidly  create  a  system,  new  in  principle,  in  order  to  provide  power 
for  the  Gemini-5  spacecraft  for  eight  days  so  that  it  could  fulfill  its 
tasks."  (Tass,  8/22/65 
August  23:  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  (L/Col.,  usaf)  and  Charles  Con- 
rad, Jr.  (Lcdr.,  usn),  carried  two  one-dollar  bills  during  the  GEMINI 
V  mission  to  prove  on  landing  that  they  were  the  same  spacemen  who 
were  launched,  UPi  reported.  A  representative  of  the  Federation 
Aeronautique  Internationale  recorded  the  serial  numbers  on  the  bills 


392  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

before  the  launch  and  would  check  them  after  the  landing.  The  Feder- 
ation Aeronautique  Internationale,  with  54  member  nations,  is  the 
agency  that  certifies  world  aviation  and  space  records.  (UPI,  NYT, 
8/25/65,  1) 
August  23:  It  was  too  early  to  set  a  realistic  date  for  man's  landing  on  the 
moon,  Mstislav  V.  Keldysh,  President  of  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, said  during  a  Moscow  press  conference  devoted  to  the  ZOND  ill 
mission.  He  explained:  ".  .  .  we  have  .  .  .  learned  quite  a  lot  about 
the  surface  of  the  moon.  Yet  this  does  not  seem  to  be  a  great  deal  .  .  . 
where  the  choice  of  a  landing  spot  is  concerned.  .  .  .  Our  knowledge 
of  the  soil  of  the  moon  is  still  somewhat  contradictory,  and  I  think  it 
is  much  too  early  to  start  looking  for  a  future  landing  site  .  .  ." 

Yuri  Khodarev,  engineer  in  the  Soviet  space  program,  revealed  that 
ZOND  III  had  used  photographic  film  instead  of  magnetic  film  to  record 
pictures  for  later  playback  on  earth  command.  The  mission  had  been 
essentially  a  test  in  which  the  spacecraft  would  continue  to  play  back 
the  moon  pictures  repeatedly  at  increasingly  greater  distances  up  to 
"hundreds  of  millions  of  kilometers,"  Khodarev  said,  adding,  "we 
have  created  a  new,  compact  photo  television  system  intended  for 
photographing  and  transmission  of  images  of  planets  under  conditions 
of  prolonged  space  flight."  The  wide-angle  camera  lens  had  a  106.4- 
mm.  focal  length  at  a  relative  aperture  of  1:8.  A  25-mm.  film  was  used 
with  exposures  of  1/ 100th  and  l/300th  of  a  second.  Describing  the 
ZOND  III  television  system,  Khodarev  said  zond  ill  had  taken  25  photos 
of  the  far  side  of  the  moon  in  little  more  than  an  hour.  Only  one  com- 
mand had  been  given  from  earth — to  start  taking  the  photographs. 
All  remaining  operations  occurred  automatically. 

The  ZOND  III  photographs  confirmed  earlier  conclusions  concerning 
the  scarcity  of  dark  depressions  on  the  moon's  reverse  side,  but  also 
revealed  sea-like  formations  up  to  500  km.  (310.5  mi.)  across  and 
about  as  long  as  the  maria.  These  formations  differed  structurally 
from  the  maria  and  lacked  their  characteristic  dark  color.  The  north- 
ern part  of  the  side  of  the  moon  was  occupied  by  a  bright  elevation 
pitted  with  craters.  Concentration  of  craters  throughout  the  reverse 
side  of  the  moon  was  high. 

Soviet  astronomer  Alia  Masevich  said  the  moon  photographs  were 
as  good  as  those  taken  of  the  visible  side  from  earth-based  observa- 
tories: "They  show  beautiful  half-tone  transitions,  reflecting  the  char- 
acter of  detailed  surface  relief." 

Alexander  A.  Mikhailov,  director  of  the  Pulkovo  Observatory,  at- 
tributed the  observed  difference  between  the  moon's  visible  side  and  its 
reverse  side  to  geological  rather  than  astronomical  factors.  He  noted 
the  appearance  on  Zond  photographs  of  chains  of  craters  along  elon- 
gated fracture  lines  which  he  attributed  to  volcanic  activity. 

Prof.  Keldysh  noted  that  the  trajectory  of  ZOND  iii  had  passed  far 
from  the  planets  but  said  that  "the  experience  we  gained  in  launching 
this  probe  into  remote  space  will  be  used  in  subsequent  launchings  to 
photograph  the  planets."  He  said  the  U.S.S.R.  had  already  begun 
preparations  to  achieve  a  soft  lunar  landing.  Experiments  aboard  the 
spacecraft  were  for  study  of  magnetic  fields,  solar  wind,  low-frequency 
radio  emission  of  the  galaxy,  micrometeors,  cosmic  rays,  and  the  in- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  393 

frared  and  ultraviolet  spectra  of  the  lunar  surface.  (Tass,  8/23/65; 
Shabad, /Vyr,  8/24/65,  1) 
August  23:  ComSatCorp  had  selected  Holmes  and  Narver,  Inc.,  Los  Angeles 
architectural  and  engineering  firm,  for  design  work  on  two  new  earth 
station  sites  in  Hawaii  and  Washington — the  U.S.  ground  links  in  a 
worldwide  commercial  communications  satellite  system.  The  contract 
provided  for  S  186,000,  plus  additional  costs  for  optional  on-the-site 
construction  supervision  and  related  services.  Detailed  drawings  and 
specifications  would  be  supplied  to  ComSatCorp  no  later  than  De- 
cember 1.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  West  Germany  and  the  U.S.  would  jointly  develop  a  "jump-jet"  fighter 

and  reconnaissance  aircraft  to  be  battle-ready  in  the  1970's,  West 
German  Defense  Military  announced.  Two  West  German  and  five 
U.S.  aircraft  companies  had  each  been  awarded  $l-million  contracts  to 
produce  the  studies  for  the  Vtol  aircraft.  A  joint  American-German 
group  of  companies  would  build  the  prototypes. 

Boeing  Co.,  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.,  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp., 
Republic  Aviation  Corp.,  and  United  Aircraft  were  the  U.S.  firms  in- 
volved.     (Reuters,  NYT,  8/24/54,  3) 

•  Seven  Soviet  An-24B  airliners  had  been  sold  to  the  United  Arab  Re- 

public, the  New  York  Times  reported.  Details  of  the  sale  had  not 
been  officially  disclosed,  but  European  sources  said  that  the  cost  of 
each  plane  was  about  $375,000 — less  than  half  the  true  value.  [NYT, 
8/24/65,  50M) 

•  Dr.  John  Strong  of  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  told  the  Fifth  Annual  Space 

Conference  at  VPi  that  Venus  was  almost  as  hot  on  the  side  facing  away 
from  the  sun  as  on  the  side  facing  the  sun  because  the  entire  planet  was 
kept  warm  by  snowfalls.  An  instrumented  balloon  launched  in  1964 
had  identified  ice  crystals  in  the  Venusian  atmosphere.  Strong  specu- 
lated that  a  120-mph  wind  on  the  surface  of  the  planet  dragged  the  ice 
crystals  around  to  the  back  side  where  they  presumably  became  a 
"warming  snowfall."  Dr.  Strong,  who  intended  to  launch  another 
instrumented  balloon  during  1965,  said  that  an  automated,  unmanned 
balloon  was  preferable  to  a  manned  vehicle,  (ap,  Wash.  Post, 
8/24/65) 
August  24:  First  sounding  rocket  launching  undertaken  jointly  by  the  U.S. 
and  Brazil  under  a  memorandum  of  understanding  signed  April  21, 
1965,  was  conducted  successfully  at  NASA  Wallops  Station.  The  Nike- 
Apache  rocket  carried  a  60-lb.  payload  to  peak  altitude  of  about  101 
mi.  (162.6  km.)   during  the  seven-minute  flight. 

Instrumentation  for  payload  and  telemetry  ground  support  equip- 
ment were  constructed  jointly  by  Brazilian  Space  Commission  (cnae) 
and  NASA  engineers  at  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center.  NASA  fur- 
nished the  rocket  and  use  of  Wallops  Station  facilities.  The  Brazilian 
launch  team,  presently  in  training  at  Wallops  Station,  directed  the 
launch  operations  and  acquired  telemetry  data  during  the  flight. 
(Wallops  Release  65-51) 

•  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  favorably   reported  out 

H.R.  10329,  which  would  authorize  the  Secretary  of  Commerce  to  con- 
duct a  feasibility  study  on  adoption  of  the  metric  system.  {CR,  8/24/ 
65,  19007) 


394  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

August  24:  Dr.  Donald  F.  Hornig.  science  adviser  to  President  Johnson, 
told  the  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  that  a 
manned  Mars  expedition  would  take  from  four  hundred  to  six  hundred 
days.  He  continued:  "The  longest  manned  mission  we  are  currently 
planning  is  some  14  days.  Whether  such  a  long  mission  is  physiolog- 
ically or  psychologically  feasible  is  almost  impossible  to  judge  before 
we  have  more  experience  with  Apollo,  AES,  and  other  manned  systems. 
In  any  case,  we  would  have  to  build  systems  of  greater  complexity  and 
reliability  than  we  have  yet  dreamed  of. 

".  .  .  if  we  compare  the  probable  scale  and  technical  difficulties  of 
a  manned  Mars  expedition  with  Apollo  it  is  hard  to  conclude  that 
its  probable  cost  could  be  much  less  than  perhaps  five  times  that  of 
Apollo — that  is,  of  the  order  of  one  hundred  billion  dollars."      (Text) 

•  Rusted  metal  remains  of  a  boilerplate  Mercury  spacecraft  with  parachute 

attached  was  found  in  Galveston  Bay,  Tex.,  by  the  shrimp  boat 
"Nancy"  and  returned  to  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.  The  space- 
craft was  lost  May  31,  1962,  when  Msc  conducted  a  drop  test  from  a 
c-119  aircraft  at  1,500  ft.  altitude;  a  lanyard  broke  and  the  parachute 
failed  to  open,      (msc  Roundup,  9/17/65,  1.  3) 

•  Eighty  per  cent  of  the  S4  million  needed  to  construct  new  bridges,  mod- 

ernizing the  access  road  complex  to  Cape  Kennedy,  would  be  contrib- 
uted by  the  Federal  Government.  The  announcement  was  made  jointly 
by  Vice  President  Hubert  Humphrey,  Florida  Governor  Haydon  Burns, 
and  Florida  Senators  George  Smathers  and  Spessard  Holland.  NASA 
and  USAF  would  divide  the  $3.2  million  Federal  share  and  the  state  of 
Florida  would  provide  $.8  million.  (Cocoa  Tribune,  8/24/65;  KSC 
Spaceport  News,  8/26/65,  1 ) 

•  Soviet  claim  that  the  Gemini  v  spaceflight  was  undertaken  with  "haste 

and  definite  risk"  received  editorial  comment  in  the  Washington 
Evening  Star:  "Tass,  the  official  Soviet  news  agency,  should  feel  a  little 
bit  embarrassed  at  the  moment.  It  has  given  a  big  play  to  a  story 
by  Leonid  Ponomariov  [sic],  its  New  York  correspondent.  The  story 
has  charged  that  American  space  officials  have  been  ordered  by  the 
Johnson  administration  to  'beat  the  Soviet  Union  at  any  price  with 
regard  to  the  duration  of  orbital  flight.' 

".  .  .  our  country  may  indeed  be  forging  ahead.  But  nothing 
could  be  more  ridiculous  than  Ponomariov's  [sic]  studied  suggestion 
that  Gemini  5  has  been  put  into  orbit  in  a  slapdash  manner,  with 
callous  disregard  for  the  safety  of  the  astronauts  aboard,  just  to  steal 
a  space  scene  from  the  Soviets.  The  fuel  system  and  everything  else 
aboard  the  Cooper-Conrad  vehicle  are  not  whimsical  improvisations. 
That  has  been  made  dramatically  clear  by  the  way  in  which  Gemini's 
initial  power  failure  has  been  eliminated  with  help  from  ground 
control,  by  the  craft's  built-in  means  of  self-correction. 

"As  a  result,  it  seems  fairly  certain  right  now  that  Astronauts  Cooper 
and  Conrad  will  be  able  to  complete  their  eight-day  mission.  .  .  . 

"God  willing,  the  Gemini  flight  will  succeed  to  a  degree  that  may 
persuade  the  men  of  the  Kremlin  to  pay  serious  attention  to  our 
country's  standing  proposal  for  a  joint  Soviet-American  effort  to 
promote  a  manned  landing  on  the  moon."      (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  8/24/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  395 

August  24:  Gen.  Nikolai  Kamanin,  commander  of  Soviet  cosmonauts,  said 
the  premiere  showing  in  Moscow  of  "A  Man  Walks  in  Space" — film 
describing  the  March  18  voskhod  ii  flight — that  Soviet  data  had  helped 
advance  the  date  of  L/Col.  Edward  White  ii's  "walk"  in  space  June  4. 
Kamanin  said:  "The  Americans  had  not  planned  to  let  a  man  out  until 
the  end  of  this  year.  But  after  our  flight  they  became  bolder.  A  small 
group  of  American  specialists,  with  the  permission  of  our  govern- 
ment, came  to  the  Soviet  Union  and  talked  with  cosmonauts  [Col.  Pavel 
I.]  Belyayev  and  [L/Col.  Aleksey]  Leonov  about  their  flight  and  we 
didn't  hide  anything." 

Questioned  by  newsman  about  the  visit  by  "American  specialists," 
Kamanin  said  either  three  or  five  persons  had  interviewed  the  Russian 
cosmonauts  for  several  days,  but  he  could  not  recall  their  names. 
Kamanin  was  asked  if  the  visitors  were  officials  of  the  U.S.  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration.  "I  don't  know,"  he  replied. 
"Officially  they  were  here  with  a  television  company — allegedly." 

NASA  categorically  denied  General  Kamanin's  allegation,  UPI  reported. 
A  spokesman  said:  "We  have  been  unable  to  uncover  any  United 
States  delegation  of  scientists  addressed  by  the  Soviet  cosmonauts." 
Reuters,  NYT,  8/26/65,  40;  upi,  NYT,  8/26/65,  40;  Loory,  N.Y.  Her. 
Trib.,  8/25/65,  1) 

•  The  New   York   Times   editorialized:   ".  .  .  The   care  that  has  marked 

every  phase  of  the  [Gemini  v]  flight  thus  far  provides  assurance 
that  the  decision  on  whether  to  call  the  capsule  back  to  earth  before 
that  time  will  be  based  solely  on  the  best  judgment  of  the  scientific 
team  as  to  whether  any  element  of  needless  risk  would  be  involved  in 
keeping  the  astronauts  aloft.  Their  safety  must,  of  course,  take 
precedence  over  the  fact  that  the  eight-day  goal  is  the  most  important 
single  objective  of  the  flight. 

"This  is  no  matter  of  oneupmanship  over  the  Russians,  whose  Valery 
Bykovsky  stayed  up  for  five  days  in  1963.  The  eight  days  it  is  hoped 
to  keep  Gemini  5  in  space  are  roughly  the  time  that  woud  be  required 
for  a  round  trip  to  the  moon.  If  Colonel  Cooper  and  Commander 
Conrad  can  function  effectively  in  a  state  of  weightlessness  for  that 
long  and  then  return  without  injury,  they  will  have  given  strong  support 
to  the  hypothesis  on  which  the  whole  program  for  a  manned  moonshot 
is  based. 

"Whenever  that  shot  is  made — and  remain  convinced  that  it  is 
foolhardy  to  chain  it  to  any  fixed  deadline — it  will  have  to  be  based 
on  the  fullest  possible  advance  knowledge  of  man's  ability  to  cope  in 
another  environment  with  challenges  his  evolution  on  earth  never 
required  him  to  encounter."      {NYT,  8/26/65,  29N) 

•  The   Washington   Post   editorialized:    "Decision   of   the   Gemini-5   space 

flight  commanders  to  try  for  the  scheduled  eight-day  voyage,  despite 
the  power  shortages  that  threatened  the  exploit  during  the  first 
two  days  is  one  that  the  whole  country  will  greet  with  delight.  The 
astronauts  have  accomplished  no  mean  feat  already,  but  the  execution 
of  the  intended  plan  will  prove  the  sophistication  of  the  American  space 
engineers.  .  .  . 

"The  power  difficulties  on  Gemini-5  have,  in  a  curious  way,  reminded 
us  that  these  incredible  penetrations  of  space  are  not  yet  so  common- 
place  as  to   be   devoid   of  risk   and   misadvanture.     A   succession   of 


396  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

triumphant  experiments  by  Americans  and  Russians  have  made  it 
look  easy.  The  powerpack  troubles,  like  the  dips  and  bobs  and  pauses 
of  gifted  high-wire  performers,  have  succeeded  in  reminding  the 
'audience'  that  the  whole  act  is  indeed  very  difficult  and  dangerous. 
We  may  have  forgotten  it  for  a  moment,  but  now  we  are  convinced." 
{Wash.  Post,  8/24/65,  A12) 
August  25:  President  Johnson  announced  he  had  approved  DOD  develop- 
ment of  a  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  (Mol)  at  a  cost  of  $1.5  bilHon. 
At  a  White  House  news  conference,  the  President  said:  "This  program 
will  bring  us  new  knowledge  about  what  man  is  able  to  do  in  space. 
It  will  enable  us  to  relate  that  ability  to  the  defense  of  America.  It 
will  develop  technology  and  equipment  wnich  will  help  advance  manned 
and  unmanned  space  flight  and  it  will  make  it  possible  to  perform  very 
new  and  rewarding  experiments  with  that  technology  and  equip- 
ment. .  .  . 

"Unmanned  flights  to  test  launching,  recovery  and  other  basic  parts 
of  the  system  will  begin  late  next  year  or  early  1967.  The  initial 
unmanned  launch  of  a  fully  equipped  laboratory  is  scheduled  for 
1968.  This  will  be  followed  later  that  year  by  the  first  of  five  flights 
with  two— man  crews. 

"The  Air  Force  has  selected  the  Douglas  Aircraft  Company  to  design 
and  to  build  the  spacecraft  in  which  the  crew  of  the  laboratory  will 
live  and  operate.  The  General  Electric  Company  will  plan  and  develop 
the  space  experiments. 

"The  Titan  3C  booster  will  launch  the  laboratory  into  space  and  a' 
modified  version  of  the  NASA  Gemini  capsule  will  be  the  vehicle  in 
which  the  astronauts  return  to  earth." 

President  Johnson  emphasized  that  the  U.S.  would  "live  up  to  our 
agreement  not  to  orbit  weapons  of  mass  destruction  and  we  will  continue 
to  hold  to  all  nations,  including  the  Soviet  Union,  the  hand  of 
cooperation  in  the  exciting  years  of  space  exploration  which  lie  ahead 
for  all  of  us.  .  .  ."  He  directed  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb 
"to  invite  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences  to  send  a  very  high  level 
representative  next  month  here  to  observe  the  launching  of  Gemini  6." 
(Transcript,  Pres.  Doc,  8/30/65,  142;  dod  Release  551-65) 
•  osc-c  was  launched  from  Eastern  Test  Range,  with  a  Delta  booster, 
fell  into  the  south  Atlantic  Ocean  after  failing  to  achieve  orbit. 
First  two  stages  of  the  launch  vehicle  performed  perfectly:  fol- 
lowing second  stage  cutoff  and  an  approximate  7-min.  coast  period, 
small  rockets  mounted  on  a  table  between  the  second  and  third  stage 
ignited  and  spun  the  table  up  to  120  rpm;  second  stage  separated,  but 
the  third  stage  ignited  about  SV^  sec.  prematurely,  was  not  properly 
aimed,  and  did  not  attain  orbital  speed. 

OSO-C  was  third  in  a  series  of  eight  orbiting  solar  observatories 
planned  by  nasa.  First  two  satellites  were  launched  from  Kennedy 
Space  Center,  NASA,  March  7,  1962,  and  February  3,  1965.  oso-c 
I  had  provided  more  than  2,000  hrs.  of  scientific  information  during  its 
lifetime;  oso  ii  was  still  operating.  The  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory 
program  was  designed  to  advance  understanding  of  the  sun's  structure 
and  behavior  and  to  determine  the  physical  processes  by  which  the  sun 
influences   the   earth.     Next    Oso    launch    would    occur    in    mid- 1966. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  397 

(NASA  Release  65-261;  Wash.  Post,  8/26/65,  A  4;  N.Y.  Her.  Trib., 
8/26/65) 
August  25:  COSMOS  lxxix  was  orbited  by  U.S.S.R.,  Tass  announced.  The 
satellite  contained  instrumentation  "to  continue  space  research  under 
the  program  announced  by  Tass  on  March  16,  1962."  Orbital  data: 
apogee,  359  km.  (223  mi.);  perigee,  211  km.  (131  mi.);  period, 
89.7  min.;  inclination,  64.9°.  (AP,  St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch,  8/26/65; 
GSFC  SSR,  9/1/65;  U.N.  Registry /inf.  117) 

•  X-15  No.  1,  piloted  by  Milton  0.  Thompson   (NASA),  attained  maximum 

velocity  of  3,511  mph  (mach  5.11)  and  maximum  altitude  of  214,100  ft. 
The  purpose  of  the  flight  was  to  obtain  data  for  the  MIT  horizon  scanner 
program,  basic  stability  and  control,  and  the  Pace  transducer,  (NASA 
X-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15' Flight  Log) 

•  Argo  D-4  Javelin  sounding  rocket  was  successfully  launched  with  80  lb. 

instrumented  payload  from  NASA  Wallops  Station  to  peak  altitude  of 
549  mi.  (883.9  km.).  Furnished  by  the  Univ.  of  Pittsburg  under  con- 
tract to  NASA,  the  experiment  measured  the  quantity  of  helium  and 
hydrogen  gases  and  the  ionization  of  helium  in  the  exosphere.  Impact 
occurred  653  mi.  (1,051.3  km.)  downrange  in  the  Atlantic.  (Wallops 
Release  65-52;  nasa  Rpt,  srl) 

•  Rep.  Roman  C.  Pucinski   (D-Ill.),  speaking  on  the  floor  of  the  House, 

commented  on  President  Johnson's  decision  to  develop  a  manned  orbital 
laboratory:  "I  believe  .  .  .  the  most  significant  and  important  aspect 
of  this  latest  development  is  the  peaceful  aspect  of  this  program.  This 
indeed,  can  provide  mankind  with  the  open  sky  policies  that  we  have 
been  working  for  in  order  to  let  people  know  that  we  have  no  intentions 
for  any  agressive  moves  and  to  let  them  know  that  we  certainly  know 
what  is  going  on  in  the  rest  of  the  world.  .  .  ."      [CR,  8/25/65,  21024) 

•  GEMINI  V  mission  director  Christopher  Kraft,  asked  at  a  press  conference 

at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  if  he  would  welcome  a  Soviet  ob- 
server at  the  Gemini  6  launching,  said  "yes."  Kraft  said  he  felt  he 
might  learn  something  about  the  way  the  Russians  handled  their  flights. 
"If  you're  going  to  ask  if  I'd  like  to  go  over  there  [to  observe  a  Russian 
flight],  you  bet  your  sweet  life  I  would."  (Sehlstedt,  Jr.,  Bait.  Sun., 
8/26/65,  2;  NYT,  8/27/65,  2) 

•  Three   members   of   the   nas-nrc    Space   Science    Board,    Dr.    Lloyd   V. 

Berkner,  Dr.  Harry  H.  Hess,  and  Dr.  Gordon  J.  F.  MacDonald, 
appeared  before  the  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space 
Sciences  in  its  hearings  on  post-Apollo  goals  of  the  U.S.  space  program. 
They  repeated  the  recommendation  of  nas  in  its  1964  National  Goals 
in  Space  1971-1985  that  emphasis  be  placed  on  unmanned  exploration 
of  the  planets,  especially  Mars,  and  added  that  supplementary  data 
would  be  forthcoming  with  the  release  of  reports  on  the  Space  Research 
Summer  Study— 1965  (June  21-July  16).  Dr.  Hess  noted  that  the 
1964  study  recommended  highest  priority  be  given  to  search  for 
life  on  a  neighboring  planet.  He  said  the  only  difference  in  the  1965 
recommendation  was  to  "give  a  somewhat  higher  priority  to  Venus 
but  leaving  Mars  the  number  one  objective."  (nas-nrc  News  Report, 
9/65,  5) 

•  NASA   had    awarded    Douglas    Aircraft   Co.    $16,200,000    fixed-price,    in- 

centive-fee contract  for  15  Improved  Delta  launch  vehicle  upper  stages 
and  associated  equipment.     The  Improved   Deltas  would  have  larger 


398  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

fuel  tanks  which  would  extend  the  burning  time  to  400  sec.  from  160  sec. 
for  the  standard  2nd  stage  of  the  Delta.  (NASA  Release  65-280) 
August  25:  Preparation  for  landing  a  man  on  the  moon  by  1970  was  not  the 
main  purpose  of  the  Gemini  program  as  the  U.S.  contended,  according 
to  Krasnaya  Zvezda,  official  newspaper  of  the  Soviet  Defense  Ministry: 
"The  main  purpose  is  testing  the  capability  of  intercepting  artificial 
satellites  and  conducting  reconnaissance  from  space."  The  newspaper 
said  long-range  cameras  aboard  could  provide  detailed  photographs  of 
cities,  railroads,  posts,  and  ships,  and  that  the  astronauts  were  also 
equipped  to  "carry  out  visual  intelligence.'"  It  noted  that  gemini  v 
was  scheduled  to  pass  above  Cuba  11  times.  North  Vietnam  16  times, 
and  China  40  times.      (Shabad.  NYT,  8/26/65,  15) 

•  DOD    would    initiate   a   demonstration    program    of    a    high-performance 

cryogenic  engine  in  FY  1966.  which  could  provide  up  to  50%  payload 
increase  in  the  future,  Dr.  Harold  Brown.  Director  of  DOD  Research 
and  Engineering,  told  a  closed  session  of  the  Senate  Aeronautical  and 
Space  Sciences  Committee.  Brown  said  that  the  program,  which  would 
be  closely  coordinated  with  NASA,  would  provide  the  design  data 
necessary  to  initiate  a  high-performance  engine  development  program 
in  the  future. 

Dr.  Brown  suggested  that  the  1975-1985  time  period  might  include 
operational  reusable  spacecraft,  possibly  growing  out  of  an  Mol  pro- 
gram requirement  for  data  return  or  logistic  resupply.  He  foresaw  an 
evolution  of  "reentry  spacecraft  shapes  which  will  provide  greater 
flexibility  of  operations,  enjoy  higher  reusability,  and  possess  close  to 
the  same  volumetric  efficiency  of  current  reentry  spacecraft.  These 
high  performance  maneuverable  reentry  spacecraft  should  be  capable 
of  performing  missions  calling  for  fast  tactical  response  and  greater 
option  in  the  selection  of  landing  sites.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

•  Distinction   between   "orbit"   and   "revolution"   was   discussed   by   John 

A.  Osmundsen  in  a  New  York  Times  article:  "An  orbit  is  simply  the 
completion  of  a  circuit  in  space. 

"A  revolution,  on  the  other  hand,  is  two  consecutive  passages  of 
a  sateUite  over  a  particular  meridian  on  earth.  .  .  . 

"The  switch  in  terminology  from  orbits  to  revolutions  was  desirable 
for  practical  reasons  involving  ground  tracking,  ground-to-satellite 
communications  and  the  execution  of  satellite  experiments  geared 
to  terrestrial  features,  such  as  volcanoes  and  clouds. 

"It  is  important  to  make  the  distinction  between  orbits  and  revolu- 
tions .  .  .  because  a  satellite  moving  east  completes  an  orbit  in  less 
time  than  it  takes  to  complete  a  revolution.  Hence,  it  will  make  fewer 
revolutions  than  orbits."      (Osmundsen.  NYT,  8/26/65,  C17) 

•  Plans  for  the  exploration  of  Mars  called  for  an  engineering  test  shot 

in  1969  and  an  unmanned  landing  in  1971,  Robert  F.  Fellows, 
NASA  program  chief  for  planetary  atmospheres,  said  at  Fifth  Annual 
Space  Conference  at  VPI.  Additional  unmanned  Mars  landings  were 
scheduled  for  1973  and  1975:  larger  capsules — up  to  three  tons — 
were  expected  to  land  in  the  early  1980's.  Fellows  said  that  the  1971 
mission  would  require  two  pieces  of  hardware:  an  orbiter  that  would 
circle  Mars  for  up  to  50  yrs.  and  a  capsule  that  would  be  lowered  to  the 
surface  of  the  planet.     The  orbiter  would  have  a  scientific  payload  up 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  399 

to  300  lbs.  to  relay  information  to  earth  for  about  a  year.  The  capsule 
would  penetrate  the  thin  Martian  atmosphere  protected  by  a  heat  shield 
and,  after  landing,  deploy  its  instruments,  take  soil  samples,  and  relay 
the  data  to  earth.  Fellows  confirmed  that  the  interplanetary  mission 
after  Mars  would  be  to  Venus,  with  Jupiter  next.  (AP,  Wash.  Post, 
8/26/65,  AlO) 
August  25:  Representatives  of  27  firms  interested  in  providing  computer 
services  to  support  NASA  Michoud  Assembly  Facility  and  NASA  Marshall 
Space  Flight  Center's  Mississippi  Test  Facility  attended  a  pre-proposal 
conference  at  the  New  Orleans  installation.  The  computer  services  con- 
tract, which  would  cover  a  one-year  period  with  three  one-year  renewal 
options,  would  include  operation  or  maintenance  of  about  20  digital  and 
analog  computers,  a  data  transmission  system,  a  data  reduction  system, 
and  related  electronic  equipment,      (msfc  Release  65-211) 

•  X-19  experimental  V/Stol  aircraft  crashed  and  burned  during  its  initial 

flight  test  at  National  Aviation  Experimental  Facilities  Center,  Pomona, 
N.J.  Both  pilots  parachuted  safely  from  the  aircraft,  which  had  been 
designed  bv  Curtiss-Wri-ht  Corp.  for  DOD.  {NYT,  8/26/65,  24;  WSJ, 
8/26/65,  1) 

•  Wendell  F.  Moore  of  Textron's  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.  was  recipient  of  The 

Franklin  Institute's  John  Price  Wetherill  Medal  for  his  invention  of 
small  rocket  lift  device,  Franklin  Institute  announced.  {Av.  Wk., 
9/13/65,  23;  Franklin  Institute) 

•  A    speech    by    Rep.    John    Brademas     (D-Ind.)     that    had    been    made 

at  Purdue  Univ.  on  the  role  science  and  technology  would  play  in 
economic  development  of  the  Midwest  was  inserted  in  the  Congressional 
Record:  "Based  on  .  .  .  studies  one  might  put  forth  the  following 
hypothesis:  The  Midwest  is  exceedingly  successful  in  obtaining  non- 
mission-oriented  basic  research  funds;  holds  its  own  in  general  uni- 
versity research,  basic  and  applied;  does  very  poorly  in  industrial  de- 
velopment related  to  Federal  research  and  development  problems;  and 
does  very  well  as  a  supplier  of  production  items  in  support  of  Federal 
research  and  development  projects.  .   .  . 

"A  recent  study  by  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences  .  .  .  shows 
that  the  great  universities  of  the  Midwest — I  still  refer  to  the  five  states 
of  the  east  northcentral  region — were  the  source  of  well  over  one-fourth 
of  all  the  doctorates  produced  in  the  United  States  during  the  1920's, 
a  figure  above  that  of  any  other  statistical  region  of  the  country.  In 
the  1960-1961  period,  our  region  is  still  producing  over  one-fourth  of 
the  Nation's  doctorates  and  continues  to  surpass  any  other  region." 
{CR,  8/25/65,  2083-84) 
August  26:  Maj.  Robert  Rushworth  (usaf)  piloted  x-15  No.  3  to  maximum 
speed  of  3,409  mph  (mach  4.79)  and  maximum  altitude  of  239,600  ft. 
to  obtain  data  on  the  NSL  scanner  and  to  measure  boundary  layer  noise. 
(NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  USAF  would  train  about  15  astronauts  to  operate  manned  orbiting  labora- 

tories, the  Washington  Post  reported.  Trainees  would  be  chosen  from 
graduates  of  the  Aerospace  Flight  School,  Edwards  afb.  Gen.  Joseph 
Bleymaier  (usaf),  Commander  of  Western  Test  Range,  suggested  that 
in  later  Gemini  flights  the  two-man  crew  might  include  one  usaf 
astronaut.      (AP,  Wash.  Post,  8/27/65,  A7) 


400  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

August  26:  Washington  Evening  Star  editorial:  ".  .  .  there  is  no  point  in 
trying  to  argue  that  the  projected  'manned  orbiting  laboratory'  is  pure- 
ly scientific  in  character.  It  is  not  purely  scientific.  It  has  military  po- 
tentials of  considerable  significance,  and  our  country  should  not  apolo- 
gize to  anybody  for  that  fact.  The  Russians  are  busy  in  this  field. 
Why  should  we  ignore  it?  The  simple  reality  is,  as  Secretary  of 
State  Rusk  has  warned,  that  the  ocean  of  space  might  become  a  fear- 
some theater  of  war  in  the  not  distant  future.  In  the  circumstances, 
our  country  would  be  guilty  of  a  kind  of  suicidal  passiveness  if  it 
failed  to  develop  the  'manned  orbiting  laboratory.' "  (Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  8/26/65) 

•  Approval   by    President    Johnson    of    usaf's    Manned    Orbiting   Labora- 

tory received  editorial  comment  in  the  Neiv  York  Times:  "The 
United  States  Air  Force  has  been  demanding  orbiting  laboratories  for 
years.  The  reason  is  essentially  defensive.  Such  space  laboratories 
could  have  the  capacity  to  intercept  and  destroy  enemy  satellites. 
Their  value  for  surveillance  is  obvious.  As  President  Johnson  said, 
they  will  provide  'new  knowledge  about  what  man  is  able  to  do  in  space' 
and  'will  enable  us  to  relate  that  ability  to  the  defense  of  the  nation.' 
"The  mol's  however,  will  naturally  be  capable  of  offense  as  well  as 
defense.  It  was  therefore  significant  that  President  Johnson  should 
have  taken  the  opportunity  to  couple  his  announcement  with  a  new 
peaceful  gesture  toward  Moscow  for  cooperation  in  the  space  pro- 
gram. .  .  ."     {NYT,  8/26/65,  30M) 

•  The  JVall  Street  Journal,  commenting  on  President  Johnson's  decision  to 

develop  Manned  Orbital  Laboratory,  wrote:  "The  President  didn't 
enumerate  the  mol  experiments,  but  there  is  little  doubt  they  would 
involve  such  possible  missions  as: 

— High-altitude  reconnaissance  over  the  Soviet  Union  and  China; 

— Inspection  and  possible  destruction  of  non-U. S.  space  satellites; 

— Antisubmarine  surveillance  of  the  oceans  .  .  ."  (Beecher,  WSJ, 
8/26/65,  2) 

•  President  Johnson's  order  for  the  Air  Force  to  proceed  with  development 

of  a  Manned  Orbital  Laboratory  produced  a  quick  reaction  in  Wall 
Street:  stock  of  the  companies  involved  registered  rapid  and  sometimes 
sizable  gains.      (NYT,  8/26/65,  46) 

•  In  a  New  York  Times  letter  to  the  editor,  Daniel  Murphy  commented  on 

President  Johnson's  decision  to  develop  Manned  Orbital  Laboratory: 
"Once  again  we  are  asked  to  silently  acquiesce  to  a  questionable  mili- 
tary dictum — 'if  we  don't,  they  will.'  Because  Russia  has  the  capacity 
to  send  up  such  armaments,  why  does  it  so  logically  follow  that  they 
will  do  so?  It  is  we,  not  they,  who  have  a  three  or  four  to  one 
superiority  in  icbm's.  .  .  . 

"By  our  action  will  we  allow  the  Soviet  Union  any  alternative  but 
to  respond  in  kind?  Would  not  President  Johnson's  invitation  to  the 
Soviet  scientists  stand  a  much  greater  likelihood  of  acceptance  if 
coupled  with  an  offer  of  diplomatically  exploring  the  possibility  of 
not  constructing  such  armaments? 

"The  Administration's  proposal  can  only  increase  the  tensions  of  a 
world  troubled  enough."      {NYT,  9/1/65,  32) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  401 

August  26:  United  Press  International  (UPi)  reported  that  NASA  had  post* 
poned  until  next  week  an  attempt  to  have  mariner  iv  photographic 
probe  take  pictures  of  the  blackness  of  space.  The  pictures  would  pro- 
vide scientists  with  a  means  of  editing  mariner  iv's  photos  of  Mars. 
Communication  problems  forced  the  delay.      lUPi,  NYT,  8  27/ 65,  19) 

•  Policy  shift  reflected  in  Administration  approval  of  the  Manned  Orbiting 

Laboratory  was  discussed  by  Howard  Simons  in  the  Washington  Post: 
"Presidents  Eisenhower  and  Kennedy  virtually  ignored  Air  Force 
arguments  that  it  had  a  manned  role  in  space. 

".  .  .  President  [Johnson]  has  not  committed  the  Nation  to  a  long- 
term  Air  Force  manned  space  flight  effort.  But  what  he  has  done  is 
to  protect  himself  politically  against  potential  political  repercussions 
should  the  Russians  send  a  six-  to  eight-man  orbiting  space  station 
aloft,  as  they  now  appear  to  have  the  wherewithal  to  do.  .   .  . 

"Meanwhile  the  Administration  is  very  wary  about  destroying  the 
image  of  a  peaceful  American  manned  space  flight  program,  which  it 
has  so  carefully  and  lovingly  constructed."  (Simons,  Wash.  Post, 
8/26/65) 
August  27:  At  the  Seventh  International  Conference  on  Phenomena  in 
Ionized  Gases  in  Belgrade,  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  scientist  Charles 
M.  Goldstein  outlined  the  effect  of  collisions  on  a  monoenergetic  elec- 
tronbeam  current  in  the  presence  of  a  low-density  neutral  scattering 
gas.  Research  had  been  conducted  in  connection  with  electromagnetic 
propulsion  studies.      (  lrc  Release  65-56) 

•  Washington  Post  editorial  comment  on  President  Johnson's  assignment 

of  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  project  to  the  Air  Force: 

".  .  .  Anxiety  arises  out  of  the  Air  Force  commitment  to  total 
secrecy  in  its  space  operations.  .  .  .  [nasa]  has  pursued  a  brilliantly 
successful  open  public  information  policy.  It  has  made  every  Ameri- 
can a  participant  in  its  exciting  conquest  of  space,  aroused  the  national 
interest  in  the  whole  world  of  science,  stirred  the  youth  of  the  country 
to  enthusiasm  and  stimulated  national  pride.  The  Vandenberg  Air 
Force  Base  which  will  become  a  major  site  for  MOL  launching  has  op- 
erated under  a  veil  of  secrecy.  .  .  . 

"The  Pentagon  has  not  yet  devised  a  policy  for  informing  the  public 
on  the  man-in-space  MOL  project.  If  it  continues  the  Vandenberg 
policies  of  the  past,  the  country  is  going  to  know  very  little  about  MOL. 
Such  secrecy  is  bound  to  arouse  international  suspicions  and  alarms, 
particularly  since  the  flights  will  be  over  Soviet  territory.  Either  this 
is  primarily  a  project  in  the  peaceful  penetration  of  space  that  requires 
little  secrecy;  or  it  is  a  secret  military  project  that  cannot  be  recon- 
ciled with  our  previous  professions."      (Wash.  Post,  8/27/65,  A23) 

•  Geologist  G.  J.  H.  McCall  of  Univ.  of  Western  Australia  said  he  believed 

the  lunar  surface  to  resemble  plastic,  and  he  recommended  another 
Ranger  spacecraft  be  sent  to  the  moon  to  test  his  theory.  McCall  was 
in  Bend,  Ore.,  attending  the  International  Lunar  Geological  Conference. 
(ap,  San  Diego  Eve.  Trib.,  8/27/65) 
August  28:  Prof.  Robert  H.  Dicke  of  Princeton  Univ.  suggested  in  the 
Astronomical  Journal  that  a  way  to  map  the  sun's  shape  as  a  test  of 
Einstein's  theory  of  relativity  would  be  to  use  measurements  of  the 
orbit  of  the  asteroid  Icarus  as  it  passed  within  4  million  mi.  of  earth 
on  June  15,  1968.     Two  peculiarities  would  make  Icarus,  discovered 


402  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

in  1949,  valuable  for  such  an  experiment:  (1)  Icarus  was  the  only 
body  in  the  solar  system  known  to  pass  inside  the  orbit  of  Mercury; 
and  (2)  Icarus'  orbit  was  highly  inclined  to  that  of  the  other  planets. 
Dr.  Dicke  proposed  that  measurements  be  taken  when  the  planet  cut 
across  the  plane  of  the  earth's  orbit.  If  the  two  measured  points 
changed  with  each  close  passage  to  the  sun,  then  the  sun  would  be 
known  to  be  less  than  a  perfect  sphere.  And,  the  amount  by  which 
it  was  not  truly  spherical  would  be  known  precisely. 

If  the  sun's  radius  at  the  equator  exceeded  its  polar  radius  by  as 
little  as  0.005%,  the  distortion  of  the  sun's  gravitational  field  that  this 
would  cause  would  be  enough  to  account  for  10%  of  the  predicted 
effect  on  Mercury's  orbit.  But  the  general  theory  of  relativity  had 
already  accounted  for  the  peculiarities  in  Mercury's  orbit.  Therefore, 
if  the  distortion  were  found,  the  theory  must  be  incorrect.  In  other 
words,  said  Dr.  Dicke,  gravitational  attraction  of  one  body  for  another 
must  be  accounted  for,  not  by  relativity,  but  by  some  other  mechanism. 
{AIP  News,  8/28/65) 
August  28:  Three  gold  religious  symbols  which  Astronaut  Edward  H.  White, 
II  (L/Col.,  Usaf)  carried  with  him  on  his  walk  in  space  on  June  4  dur- 
ing the  GEMINI  IV  mission  were  displayed  at  the  New  York  World's 
Fair:  a  cross,  a  Star  of  David,  and  a  St.  Christopher  medal.  {Wash. 
Post,  8/28/65,  C6) 
•  Astronaut  M.  Scott  Carpenter  (Cdr.,  USN)  and  four  aquanauts  began  a 
45-day,  USN-sponsored  experiment  in  12  x  58-ft.  Sealab  II  to  test  how 
well  man  can  function  at  205-ft.  depth  in  the  Pacific  under  pressure 
six  times  that  at  the  surface.  Carpenter  would  try  to  stay  down  30 
days  to  set  a  record;  the  other  aquanauts  would  remain  below  for 
varying  periods.  The  group  would  collect  and  study  marine  speci- 
mens, map  the  ocean  floor,  and  explore  a  deep  marine  canyon. 
(Wash.  Post,  8/29/65) 
August  29:  President  Johnson  commented  on  the  success  of  the  GEMINI  V 
flight  during  a  news  conference  at  his  Texas  ranch:  "This  is  a  mo- 
ment of  great  achievement,  not  only  for  astronauts  Gordon  Cooper 
and  Charles  Conrad,  but  for  those  whose  hopes  have  ridden  with 
Gemini  5. 

"I  am  so  happy  that  Mr.  Webb  and  Mr.  Seamans,  who  had  so  much 
to  do  directing  this  very  successful  venture,  are  here  to  share  with  us 
the  pride  we  all  feel  today,  And  I  deeply  regret  that  our  late,  beloved 
President  Kennedy,  under  whose  leadership  all  of  this  work  was  so 
carefully  planned  and  thought  out,  can't  be  here  to  enjoy  the  fruits 
and  success  of  his  planning  and  his  forethought. 

"The  successful  completion  of  the  eight-day,  3-million  mile  flight  of 
the  Gemini  5  proves,  I  think,  not  only  man's  capacity  for  endurance  in 
space,  but  it  proves  that  man  is  in  space  to  stay. 

"We  can  be,  and  we  are  enormously  proud  of  every  member  of  our 
space  team.  That  means  all  the  scientists,  and  the  technicians,  and 
the  controllers,  and  the  trackers — to  everyone  who  contributed  in  any 
way.  As  President  of  this  country,  I  want,  this  afternoon,  to  extend 
the  thanks  of  the  entire  nation  for  a  job  well  done.  To  Gordon  Cooper 
and  Charles  Conrad,  and  to  their  wonderful  families,  I  want  to  simply 
repeat  again:  we  are  all  very  deeply  proud  of  you. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  403 

"The  difficulties  and  disappointments  of  this  flight  have  served  to 
increase  our  appreciation,  respect  and  trust  for  the  skill  and  ability  of 
all  the  men  involved — at  all  their  posts  of  duty.  We  can  face  the 
challenges  and  opportunities  with  far  greater  confidence  and  certainty 
— and  this  is  an  unmistakable  gain. 

"Only  seven  years  ago  we  were  neither  first  nor  second  in  space — 
we  were  not  in  space  at  all.  Today  the  capacity  of  this  country  for 
leadership  in  this  realm  is  no  longer  in  valid  question  or  dispute. 
Openly,  proudly,  we  are  proceeding  on  our  course  willing  always  to 
share  our  knowledge,  our  gains  with  all  mankind.  I  would  repeat  and 
renew  this  country's  invitation  to  all  nations  to  join  together  to  make 
this  adventure  a  joint  adventure. 

"This  globe  seems  smaller  today  than  ever  before. 

"Somehow  the  problems  which  yesterday  seemed  large  and  ominous 
and  insoluble  today  appear  less  foreboding.  As  man  increases  his 
knowledge  of  the  heavens,  why  should  he  fear  the  unknown  on  earth? 
As  man  draws  nearer  to  the  stars,  why  should  he  not  also  draw  nearer 
to  his  neighb 


or 


'As  we  push  ever  more  deeply  into  the  universe — probing  its  secrets 
and  discovering  its  way — we  must  also  learn  to  cooperate  across  the 
frontiers  that  divide  earth's  surface. 

"No  national  sovereignty  rules  in  outer  space.  Those  who  venture 
there  go  as  envoys  of  the  human  race.  Their  quest  must  be  for  all 
mankind — and  what  they  find  belongs  to  all  mankind.  That  is  the 
basis  of  the  program  of  which  astronauts  Cooper  and  Conrad  are  a 
part.  .  .  . 

"This  flight  of  Gemini  5  was  a  journey  of  peace  by  men  of  peace. 
Its  successful  conclusion  is  a  noble  moment  for  mankind — and  a  fitting 
opportunity  for  us  to  renew  our  pledge  to  continue  our  search  for  a 
world  in  which  peace  reigns  and  justice  prevails. 

"To  demonstrate  the  earnestness  of  that  pledge,  and  to  express  our 
commitment  to  the  peaceful  uses  of  space  exploration,  I  intend  to  ask 
as  many  of  our  astronauts  as  possible — when  their  schedule  and  pro- 
gram permit — to  visit  various  capitals  of  the  world.  Some,  I  hope, 
will  be  able  to  journey  abroad  soon. 

"Gemini  is  but  the  beginning.  We  resolve  to  have  many  more  such 
journevs — in  space  and  on  earth — until  man  at  last  is  at  peace  with 
himself."  (Transcript,  Pres.  Doc,  9/6/65,  170-72) 
August  29:  Within  an  hour  after  landing  on  the  Lake  Champlain,  Astro- 
nauts L,  Gordon  Cooper  (L/Col.,  usaf)  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr. 
(Lcdr.,  USn)  received  a  telephone  call  from  President  Johnson  con- 
gratulating them  on  their  courage  in  the  face  of  disappointments  and 
discouragement:  "You  have  certainly  proved  once  and  for  all  that  man 
has  a  place  in  the  exploration  of  the  great  frontier  of  space."  (Clark, 
NYT,  8/30/65,  1) 
•  The  U.S.  GEMINI  V  mission  established  eight  new  world  records:  (1) 
longest  manned  space  flight — 190  hrs.,  55  min.;  former  record,  119 
hrs.,  six  min.  held  by  U.S.S.R. ;  (2)  national  man  hours  in  space— 641 
hrs.,  24  min.;  former  record,  507  hrs.,  16  min.  held"  by  U.S.S.R.;  (3) 
longest  multi-manned  space  flight — 190  hrs.,  56  min.;  former  record, 
97  hrs.,  48  min.  set  by  U.S.;  (4)  most  revolutions  for  a  manned  space 
flight — 120;    former  record,  81,  set  by  U.S.S.R.;    (5)    most  manned 


404  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

flights — 9;  former  record  held  by  U.S.S.R.,  8;  (6)  first  man  to  make  a 
second  orbital  flight — L.  Gordon  Cooper  (L/Col.,  USAFJ  ;  (7)  individ- 
ual with  most  space  flight  time — Col.  Cooper;  (8)  individuals  making 
the  longest  single  space  flight — Cooper  and  Conrad  (Lcdr.,  USN)  ; 
former  record  held  by  U.S.S.R.      (ap,  NYT,  8/30/65,  17) 

August  29:  Rep.  Olin  E.  Teague  (D-Tex. ),  chairman  of  Subcommittee  on 
Manned  Space  Flight  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astro- 
nautics, said  at  MSC  that  nasa's  fy  1967  budget  would  be  limited  to 
about  the  same  level  as  the  FY  1966  budget  ($5.3  billion)  because  of 
military  expenses  in  Viet  Nam.  He  said  NASA  would  like  "$200  million 
or  $300  million  more"  for  FY  1967.  "With  the  war  in  Viet  Nam,  I 
doubt  there'll  be  more  money  for  NASA.  And  NASA  needs  more  money 
than  it  is  getting  now  to  use  its  team  with  top  efficiency."  {Houston 
Post,  8/30/65) 

August  30:  GEMINI  V  astronauts  Cooper  and  Conrad  flew  to  Kennedy  Space 
Center,  NASA,  following  a  night  onboard  the  aircraft  carrier  Lake 
Champlain.  Upon  their  arrival,  Florida  Governor  Haydon  Burns  pre- 
sented them  with  plaques  in  recognition  of  the  record-setting,  eight-day 
mission.  Intensive  medical  examinations  begun  on  the  carrier  were 
continued  on  Merritt  Island.  (Toth,  Wash.  Post,  8/31/65;  Clark, 
A^yr,  8/31/65) 

•  The  appropriateness  of  President  Johnson's  comments  on  the  achieve- 

ments of  Astronauts  Cooper  and  Conrad  during  the  GEMINI  V  space- 
flight was  discussed  editorially  in  the  New  York  Times:  "He  did  not 
gloat  over  the  evident  Soviet  discomfiture  at  the  United  States  forging 
ahead  in  the  space  race.  Nor  did  he  follow  the  repeated  Soviet  practice 
of  claiming  that  a  particular  achievement  in  the  cosmos  somehow 
'proved'  the  superiority  of  one  political  system  over  another.  Instead, 
he  appealed  to  all  nations  to  join  together  for  the  conquest  of  space, 
an  arena  in  which  cooperation  could  help  ease  world  tensions. 

".  .  .  the  President's  statement  .  .  .  should  help  to  dispel  .  .  . 
fears.  He  has  made  clearer  than  ever  that  this  country  sincerely  wants 
full  cooperation  in  space.  If  Gemini  5's  flight  helps  to  bring  that 
objective  closer,  its  immediate  political  contribution  will  rival  its 
enormous  gains  for  science  and  for  technology."  {NYT,  8/30/65, 
24C) 

•  MARINER   IV  spacecraft  took   and   recorded    10V1>   photographs   of   black 

space  on  command  from  the  Goldstone  Tracking  Station  in 
California.  Playback  of  five  of  the  black-space  pictures  began  on 
command,  mariner  iv  now  was  more  than  171  million  miles  from 
earth,  11  million  miles  from  Mars.      (jPL  Release) 

•  NASA    Manned    Spacecraft    Center    had    developed    a    175-lb.    scoop    at- 

tachment for  helicopters'  rescue  and  recovery  operations.  The  device 
consisted  of  a  retractable  rigid  boom  of  tubular  aluminum  and  a 
plastic-covered  wire  net,  both  attached  to  the  forward  section  of  the 
helicopter.  Use  of  the  boom  would  enable  the  pilot  to  keep  the  sub- 
ject in  view  at  all  times  and  would  eliminate  the  need  for  a  crew  mem- 
ber to  leave  the  helicopter  to  help  secure  the  object  being  recovered — 
the  net  would  scoop  it  up.      (nasa  Release  65-283) 

•  NASA  had  already  received  170  suggested  experiments  for  Voyager — the 

largest  response  to  any  scientific  satellite  program  NASA  had  conducted, 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  405 

reported  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology.  NASA  would  refine  the 
experiments  in  consultation  with  the  originators  by  November  19;  pre- 
liminary selection  would  be  made  by  March,  and  final  one  by  July. 
{Av.  Wk.,  8/30/65,  21) 
August  30:  NASA  would  negotiate  with  Ball  Brothers  Research  Corp.  an  ap- 
proximate $12-milIion  contract  for  procurement  of  three  additional 
Orbiting  Solar  Observatory  ( Oso )  spacecraft,  bringing  to  eight  the 
number  of  satellites  contracted  for  in  the  Oso  series.  (NASA  Release 
65-282) 

•  Aerospace  engineers  hired  by  California  to  study  the  state's  crime  prob- 

lem recommended  a  five-year  effort  to  make  crime  fighting  more  effi- 
cient. Report  was  prepared  by  Space-General  Corp.  under  a  $100,000 
contract.  California  had  ordered  four  such  reports  on  the  assump- 
tion that  analytical  methods  used  in  setting  up  aerospace  and  defense 
systems  could  be  applied  to  social  problems.  {WSJ,  8/30/65,  1; 
Davies,  NYT,  8/30/65,  35) 
August  31:  "I  certainly  have  seen  nothing  in  the  eight-day  data  that  would 
lead  me  to  be  worried  about  a  14-day  flight,"  Dr.  Charles  A.  Berry, 
chief  physician  for  the  astronauts,  told  reporters  at  a  news  briefing 
in  Cocoa  Beach.  He  said  that  the  GEMINI  V  astronauts  were  in  good 
physical  condition  and  were  returning  to  normal  as  quickly  as  had 
the  pilots  of  the  four-day  Gemini  GT-4  flight  in  June.  Changes  in 
such  indicators  as  the  heart  rate  and  blood  pressure  characteristics 
seemed  to  reflect  adaptation  to  the  weightless  space  environment  and, 
later,  to  the  stress  of  returning  to  normal  gravity  of  earth,  Dr.  Berry 
explained.  Heart  rates  became  lower  in  space  and  rose  above  normal 
on  returning  to  earth.  At  first,  on  return  to  earth,  blood  pressure  did 
not  respond  as  promptly  as  normal  to  tilt-table  tests  designed  to  show 
how  well  the  circulatory  system  copes  with  sudden  changes  from  hori- 
zontal to  nearly-vertical  posture. 

Cooper  and  Conrad  lost  about  TVij  and  8I/2  lbs.  respectively,  but  had 
gained  most  of  it  back.  This  loss  might  have  been  a  response  to  the 
space  environment  but  was  believed  to  be  partly  water  loss  after  re- 
entry while  waiting  in  the  sun  to  be  rescued,  Berry  said.  Both 
seemed  to  be  less  tired  than  their  predecessors.  (Schmeck,  NYT, 
9/1/65,  1,  15) 

•  The  world  applauded  the  success  of  the  GEMINI  v  mission:  many  leaders 

in  Western  Europe  sent  congratulatory  cables  to  President  John- 
son, and  newspapers  in  Great  Britain,  Malaysia,  India,  and 
Japan  were  among  those  giving  the  flight  front-page  coverage.  The 
Soviet  Union  televised  pictures  of  the  astronauts  and  broadcast  news 
reports  of  their  landing.  Only  a  few  dissenting  voices  were  heard — 
among  them  the  Cuban  newspaper  Revolucion  which  described  the 
flight  as  "cosmic  espionage."  Communist  China  remained  silent. 
[Wash.  Post,  8/31/65,  A3) 

•  Soviet   President  Anastas   Mikoyan  cabled   President  Johnson:    "Please 

accept,  Mr.  President,  our  congratulations  to  the  American  astronauts 
Cooper  and  Conrad  on  the  safe  conclusion  of  their  Gemini  5  space 
flight."  At  the  same  time,  Mstislav  Keldysh,  President  of  the  Soviet 
Academy  of  Sciences,  told  Johnson  that  the  Academy  would  reply 
promptly  to  a  U.S.  invitation  to  send  a  Russian  scientist  to  observe 
the  next  Gemini  launching.      {Wash.  Post,  9/1/65,  A28) 


406  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

August  31:  First  flight  model  of  the  S-IVB,  Saturn  IB  second  stage  and 
Saturn  V  third  stage,  was  formally  presented  to  NASA  by  California 
Governor  Edmund  Brown  in  ceremonies  at  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.'s 
Sacramento  Test  Center.  A  hydrogen-fueled  vehicle  powered  by  a 
200,000-lb.-thrust  Rocketdyne  engine,  the  58-ft.-long  21V2-ft.-dia. 
S-lVB  would  be  shipped  to  Kennedy  Space  Center,  nasa,  aboard  the 
Steel  Executive.  The  stage  had  successfully  undergone  a  2V2  min., 
full -power,  preflight  test-firing  August  8.      ( MSFC  Release  65-215) 

•  A  Centaur   rocket  similar  to   the   vehicle  launched   successfully   into   a 

simulated  lunar-transfer  trajectory  Aug.  11  from  Kennedy  Space  Cen- 
ter, NASA,  and  a  model  of  mariner  iv  photographic  Mars  probe  were 
being  exhibited  in  the  NASA  display  at  Cleveland's  Natural  Science 
Museum.  NASA  had  contributed  displays  to  the  museum  for  about  10 
yrs.      (lrc  Release  65-60) 

•  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force  Eugene  M.  Zuckert  named  Gen.  Bernard  A. 

Schriever  (usaf)  as  Director  of  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory 
Program.  This  assignment  was  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  Com- 
mander, Air  Force  Systems  Command.  B/Gen.  Harry  L.  Evans  was 
named  Vice  Director  of  the  Mol  Program  and  B/Gen.  Russell  A.  Berg 
was  named  Deputy  Director.      (DOD  Release  560-65) 

•  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever,  afsc  Commander,  named  B/Gen.  Joseph  S. 

Bleymaier  as  commander  of  the  usaf  Western  Test  Range  with  head- 
quarters at  Vandenberg  afb.  Presently  deputy  commander  for  manned 
systems  at  afsc  Space  Systems  Div.,  General  Bleymaier  replaced  B/Gen. 
Jewell  C.  Maxwell,  recently  named  head  of  the  faa  Supersonic  Trans- 
port Program.  In  his  new  command.  General  Bleymaier  would  be 
responsible  for  maintaining,  operating,  and  modifying  as  needed,  the 
western  portion  of  the  national  range  in  support  of  DOD,  NASA,  and 
other  agency  programs,      (afsc  Release  130.65) 

•  First    flight    of    Super    Guppy,    developed    by    Aero    Spacelines,    Inc., 

for  NASA  and  the  world's  largest  aircraft  in  terms  of  cubic  ca- 
pacity. The  aircraft  was  made  up  of  sections  from  four  Boeing  377 
Stratocruisers  as  well  as  extensive  new  manufacture.  Specifically  de- 
signed to  airlift  outsized  cargoes  such  as  the  S-IVB  stage  of  the 
Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  and  the  Lunar  Excursion  Module  Adapter  for 
the  Apollo  program,  the  aircraft  made  its  first  flight  from  Van  Nuys 
Airport  to  Mojave,  Calif.      (Huntsville  Times,  9/9/65) 

•  President  Johnson  approved  the  following  policy  on  the  promotion  and 

decoration  of  astronauts: 

"1.  Each  military  astronaut  will  receive  a  one  grade  promotion  as  a 
direct  result  of  the  first  successful  space  flight,  but  not  beyond  the 
grade  of  colonel  in  the  Air  Force  and  Marine  Corps  or  captain  in  the 
Navy.  Promotions  to  general  officer  rank  will  be  accomplished  through 
usual  military  selection  board  process. 

"2.  Each  Gemini  astronaut  will  be  awarded  the  NASA  Medal  for  Ex- 
ceptional Service  (or  Cluster)  after  completion  of  a  successful  space 
flight.  The  NASA  Medal  for  Distinguished  Service,  the  highest  award 
which  can  be  given  by  that  agency,  will  be  awarded  for  exceptional 
accomplishments  in  the  Gemini  program,  including  but  not  limited  to 
accomplishments  in  actual  flight. 

"3.  Military  decorations  associated  with  space  flights,  such  as 
awards  for  exceptional  heroism  or  other  distinguished  service,  will  be 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  407 

determined  on  an  individual  basis  consistent  with  general  policy  gov- 
erning the  award  of  traditional  military  decorations."  (Text,  Pres. 
Doc,  9/6/65,  183-84) 
During  August:  Karl  G.  Harr,  Jr.,  president  of  Aerospace  Industries  Assn., 
wrote  in  Aerospace:  "Almost  every  aspect  of  our  national  life  has  begun 
to  show  a  positive  and  beneficial  impact  of  this  nation's  decision  to 
be  a  major  participant  in  man's  greatest  adventure. 

"There  has  been  the  direct  economic  impact  on  the  communities  and 
regions  where  the  major  parts  of  this  large  national  event  are  centered. 
There  has  been  introduced  into  our  national  economy  a  wide  variety 
of  radically  new  industrial  techniques.  There  have  evolved  new  stand- 
ards of  excellence  in  engineering,  testing,  design,  reliability,  environ- 
ment, control,  and  the  skill  and  dedication  of  personnel  .  .  . 

"In  space  research,  development  and  exploration,  the  identity  be- 
comes .  .  .  more  imperative.  Aerospace  companies  go  many  routes 
attempting  to  achieve  that  goal.  Leading  aerospace  companies,  for 
example,  developed  a  'Zero  Defects'  program  aimed  at  reminding,  re- 
winding, and  emphasizing  to  the  worker  that  rejects  are  expensive  and, 
if  undetected,  would  contribute  to  tragedy.  Other  companies  have 
instituted  variations  of  the  zero  defects  promotional  program. 

"A  second  motivation  campaign  called  'The  Critical  Parts  Program,' 
to  insure  that  all  98  subsystem  assemblies  that  go  into  a  major  space 
booster  system  will  work,  precisely  in  sequence,  has  been  sold  as  an 
industry  wide  concept. 

"Another  company  reports  that  employes  were  amused  and,  more 
importantly,  impressed,  when  a  sign  was  tacked  above  the  door  of  its 
main  assembly  room  that  reads:  'In  NASA  we  trust.  Everything  else 
we  check  .   .  .' "'      {Aerospace,  Summer  1965,  25) 

•  Experts    had    observed    that    some    plants    had    an    unusual    ability    to 

adapt  to  the  most  severe  physical  conditions,  reported  Aviatsiya  i 
Kosmonavtika.  Plants  had  been  deprived  of  oxygen  or  supplied 
with  very  small  amounts  of  it,  had  been  exposed  to  argon  or 
nitrogen  atmospheres,  and  had  been  exposed  to  extreme  cold  in  ex- 
periments which  tested  the  effects  of  a  simulated  Martian  climate  on 
plant  growth.  It  had  been  found  that  the  cucumber,  a  heat-sensitive 
variety  of  plant,  could  withstand  an  argon  atmosphere  and  frost; 
lettuce,  tomatoes,  beans,  turnips,  and  other  plants  had  been  grown  in 
compartments  supplied  with  extremely  small  amounts  of  oxygen.  This 
led  to  the  speculation  that  not  only  lichens  but  small  shrubs  might  be 
indigenous  to  Mars  and  that  there  may  in  fact  be  a  rich  and  varied 
Martian  flora.     {Aviatsiya  i  Kosmonavtika,  8/65,  96) 

•  A  pressurized  suit  identical  to  that  worn  by  Astronaut  Edward  H.  White 

II  (L/Col.,  USAF)  during  his  walk  in  space  June  4,  was  donned  by 
George  C.  Wiswell,  Jr.,  founder  and  head  of  Marine  Contracting,  Inc., 
for  a  repair  job  200  ft.  below  water  at  the  American  Electric  Power 
Co.'s  Smith  Mountain  Dam  near  Roanoke,  Va.  Wiswell  headed  a 
team  of  divers  who  lived  in  a  pressurized  tank  for  a  week  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  dam,  using  a  pressurized  diving  bell  while  making  the  nec- 
essary repairs.  "The  job  could  have  been  done  by  conventional 
methods,"  Wiswell  asserted,  "but  the  divers  would  each  have  been 
limited  at  that  depth  to  20  min.  of  work  a  day."     With  the  David 


408  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Clark  Co.'s  "aquanaut"  suit,  four  hours  work  each  day  for  each  man 
was  possible,  he  said.  (Smith.  NYT,  8/9/65,  35) 
During  August:  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever.  afsc  Commander,  announced 
the  assignment  of  B/Qen.  Daniel  E.  Riley  as  commander  of  the  USAF 
Contract  Management  Div.  (afcmd)  at  Inglewood,  Calif.  General 
Riley  replaced  Col.  Fred  L.  Rennels,  who  had  been  commander  of 
AFCMD  since  its  activation  in  January  1965  and  who  was  named  vice 
commander  to  General  Riley,      (afsc  Release  132.65) 

•  Report   to    industrial    and    defense    management    on    the    technical    and 

economic  status  of  magnesium-lithium  alloys  had  been  pub- 
lished by  NASA's  Technology  Utilization  Div.  The  report  was  pre- 
pared for  NASA  by  the  Battelle  Memorial  Institute.  A  NASA  technology 
utilization  report  based  on  cryogenic  research  directed  toward  evalua- 
tion of  the  stress  distribution  near  abrupt  changes  in  wall  thickness  of 
pressure  vessels  also  became  available,  (nasa  Releases  T-65-12  and 
T-65-10) 

•  Data  were  summarized  from  nimbus  i  meteorological  satellite,  which  had 

provided  first  high-resolution,  nighttime,  cloud-cover  pictures  and 
cloud-top  temperatures  taken  from  a  satellite.  Circular  575-mi.-al- 
titude  orbit  had  been  planned  for  the  830-lb.  spacecraft;  but  short  burn 
of  the  Agena  stage — resulting  when  about  100  lbs.  of  fuel  which 
should  have  been  loaded  on  board  the  Agena  had  escaped  through  a 
faulty  valve  prior  to  launch — had  injected  nimbus  I  into  an  elliptical 
orbit.     Launch  was  made  Aug.  28,  1964. 

Results  from  Hrir  (High  Resolution  Infrared  Radiometer)  data  had 
demonstrated:  (1)  feasibility  of  complete  nighttime  surveillance  of 
surface  and  land  features  on  a  global  scale;  (2)  detailed  vertical 
structure  of  intertropical  convergence  zone  and  formation  of  tropical 
storms  and  of  frontal  zones;  (3)  capability  to  detect  temperature 
gradients  over  earth's  surface  under  clear  skies;  (4)  applicability  of 
high-resolution  radiometry  for  glaciology,  geology,  and  oceanography. 

Apt  (Automatic  Picture  Transmission)  system  experiments  pro- 
vided almost  instantaneous  data  on  clouds  for  thousands  of  square 
miles  around  Apt  ground  stations,  demonstrating  that  the  system  could 
provide  cloud-cover  data  for  almost  all  local  forecast  requirements; 
thus,  it  would  be  a  basic  element  in  the  Tiros  Operational  Satellite 
program. 

Avcs  (Advanced  Vidicon  Camera  System)  experiment  provided  first 
near-global,  relatively  high-resolution  cloud  pictures  ever  assembled. 
Proved  capabilities  of  camera  assembly  and  confirmed  decision  to  use 
it  as  basis  for  first  operational  meteorological  satellite  system. 

On  Sept.  3,  1964,  during  381st  orbit,  nimbus  I  stopped  operating. 
Deterioration  of  the  bearing  grease  at  high  temperatures  had  caused 
the  paddles  in  the  solar  array  drive  system  to  lock. 

Final  contact  with  nimbus  i  occurred  Nov.  20,  1964.  Data  revealed 
that  (1)  all  batteries  were  in  trickle  charge;  (2)  voltage  regulation 
had  failed;  (3)  both  Pcm  and  command  clock  subsystems  were  oper- 
able; (4)  spacecraft  tape  recorders  were  not  operating;  and  (5)  con- 
trols power  supply  had  failed,      (nasa  Proj.  Off.) 

•  Lowell  Thomas,  news  commentator,  explorer,  and  author,  was  named  the 

fifth  Honorary  Chairman  of  the  Robert  Hutchings  Goddard  Library 
Program  (Clark  Univ.).     The  four  other  honorary  chairmen  were  pre- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  409 

viously  announced  [see  July  16].  Appointments  to  the  Goddard 
Library's  International  Sponsors  Committee  were  announced:  Dr. 
Hugh  L.  Dryden.  NASA  Deputy  Administrator;  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth, 
MSC  Director;  and  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  JPL  Director.  [Goddard, 
8/65) 


September    1965 


September  1 :  Nike-Apache  launched  from  nasa  Wallops  Station  carried 
80-lb.  instrumented  payload  to  94-mi.  peak  altitude  and  impacted  74 
mi.  downrange  in  the  Atlantic.  Conducted  for  the  Southwest  Center 
for  Advanced  Studies  and  the  Central  Radio  Propagation  Laboratory, 
the  experiment  telemetered  measurements  of  electron  and  ion  densities 
and  temperatures,  to  test  and  compare  the  operation  and  performance 
of  five  different  types  of  ionospheric  plasma  probes.  (Wallops  Re- 
lease 65-53) 

•  GEMINI  V  Astronauts   L.   Gordon  Cooper    (L/CoL,   USAf)    and   Charles 

Conrad,  Jr.  (Lcdr.,  usn)  finished  the  last  day  of  their  general 
debriefing  at  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  (upi,  NYT,  9/2/65,  15; 
Wash.  Post,  9/2/65,  A14) 

•  Fuel   cells   used   in   the   Gemini   v   mission   August   21-29   were   being 

developed  by  General  Electric  Co.  for  commercial  use,  Dr.  Arthur  M. 
Bueche,  ge  vice  president  for  research  and  development,  told  a  news 
conference  in  New  York  City.  The  first  models,  expected  to  be  ready 
next  year,  would  provide  only  12  watts  [gemini  v  cells  provided  2,000 
watts]  but  could  power  remote  television  cameras  and  other  com- 
munications equipment.  Larger  units  might  soon  provide  emergency 
power  to  homes.  Dr.  Bueche  said.      (NYT,  9/2/65,  38C) 

•  Man  can   withstand  spaceflights   as  long   as  30   days  without   suffering 

serious  biological  damage,  L/Col.  Edward  C.  Knoblock,  director  of  the 
Walter  Reed  Army  Institute  of  Research  and  member  of  the  medical 
debriefing  team  for  Project  Mercury  flights,  told  the  annual  convention 
of  the  American  Association  of  Clinical  Chemists  in 
Chicago.  Although  gemini  v  relayed  signals  on  the  rate  of  breathing, 
body  temperature,  heart  beat,  and  perspiration,  the  more  sophisticated 
equipment  needed  to  reflect  the  astronauts'  body  chemistry  would  be 
available  on  the  proposed  14-day  flight  of  a  larger  manned  orbital 
laboratory.      (Powers,  Chic.  Trib.,  9/2/65) 

•  "The    Pentagon    has    surprised    almost    everyone    with    its    promptness 

in  applying  the  first  squeeze  of  censorship  and  news  manage- 
ment to  its  new  manned  orbiting  laboratory  (MOL)  program," 
wrote  William  Hines  in  the  Washington  Evening  Star.  "Most  people 
assumed  that  soon  after  the  military  got  a  manned  role  in  space,  it 
would  start  classifying  it,  but  few  could  have  foreseen  the  rapidity 
with  which  restrictions  came.  The  elapsed  time  from  President  John- 
son's announcement  of  the  start  of  MOL  at  his  press  conference  last 
week  to  the  Pentagon's  first  fumbling  bit  on  news  management  was 
exactly  2  hours.  .  .  . 

"Reporters  trooping  to  an  MOL  briefing  at  the  Pentagon  were  in- 
structed that  they  would  not  be  allowed  to  make  tape  recordings  or  to 

410 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  411 

mention  the  name  of  the  official  (Dr.  Albert  C.  Hall,  Deputy  Director 
of  Research  and  Engineering) ,  who  was  briefing  them.  ,  .  . 

"The  Defense  Department  is  not  the  only  traducer  of  a  free  news 
flow.  The  space  agency  gives  news  management  the  old  college  try 
every  time  a  manned  spacecraft  goes  up. 

"Of  all  the  significant  news  locations  in  a  Gemini  flight,  the  only 
one  not  covered  by  the  combined  news  media  ...  is  the  most  impor- 
tant one  of  all,  the  mission  control  center  at  Houston. 

"It  is  not  a  secret  place,  not  one  in  which  unnecessary  traffic  is 
discouraged.  .  .  . 

"But  neither  camera  nor  tape  recorder  nor  pen-and-paper  reporter 
is  allowed  in  the  nonsecret  room  at  any  time  during  a 
flight.  .  .  .  This  is  not  to  suggest  that  there  has  been  any  coverup  to 
date.  In  the  course  of  missions,  [Christopher]  Kraft  gives  regular, 
full,  and  apparently  frank  accounts  of  flight  activities  and  opens  him- 
self to  detailed  questioning.  So  do  his  associates.  A  mission  com- 
mentary of  less  consistent  accuracy  and  authenticity  is  broadcast. 

"But  whether  or  not  there  has  been  suppression  to  date  is  not  the 
point.  All  flights  so  far  have  ended  happily,  and  nothing  succeeds 
like  success.     There  has  been  no  reason  for  a  coverup. 

"The  point  is  that  the  opportunity  for  news  management  definitely 
exists  in  mission  control — and  it  is  an  axiom  of  political  science  that 
where  opportunity  exists,  there  are  always  people  waiting  to  seize 
it."  ( Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  9/1/65 ) 
September  1:  Backup  Interceptor  Control  (Buic),  first  site  of  USAF  13-site 
computer  controlled  radar  system  for  detection  of  enemy  aircraft,  be- 
came operational  at  North  Truro,  Mass.  The  13-site  system,  which 
would  eventually  cost  $100  million,  was  designed  by  AFSC  to  assume 
air  defense  of  the  U.S.  should  the  Semi-Automated  Ground  Environ- 
ment (Sage)  system  fail  or  be  destroyed  by  enemy  attack.  (UPI,  NYT, 
9/2/65,  18) 
September  2:  x-15  No.  2,  piloted  by  John  B.  McKay  (nasa),  reached 
239,000-ft.  altitude  and  3,511-mph  speed  (mach  5.16)  in  a  flight  to 
obtain  information  on  the  reaction  augmentation  system,  to  check  out 
star-tracking  ultra-violet  stellar  photography  experiment,  and  to  gain 
information  on  advanced  x-15  landing  dynamics  and  pilot  altitude 
buildup.      (NASA  X-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  GEMINI  V   Astronauts  L.   Gordon   Cooper    (L/CoL,   usaf)    and   Charles 

Conrad,  Jr.  (Lcdr.,  usn)  were  briefly  united  with  their  fami- 
lies at  Ellington  AFB  near  Houston.  The  astronauts  had  flown  to  El- 
lington from  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  where  they  had  been  under- 
going medical  debriefing.  After  a  short  visit  at  Manned  Spacecraft 
Center,  the  astronauts  left  their  families  for  more  debriefing  sessions 
and  tests,     (upi,  NYT,  9/3/65,  10) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  Director,  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  in 

Munich  for  the  International  Transport  Fair,  said  at  a  press  confer- 
ence: "The  fact  is  that  never  to  date  has  a  manned  American  satellite 
flown  over  even  one  square  centimeter  of  Soviet  soil."  Von  Braun 
denied  rumors  that  he  might  accept  a  position  with  a  European  aero- 
nautics and  space  organization.  He  was  presented  with  the  internation- 
al aviation  decoration.  Pioneer  Chain  of  the  Compass  Card  with  Dia- 
monds, while  at  the  Fair.      (Reuters,  Bait.  Sun,  9/3/65) 


412  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

September  2:  Commenting  on  American  contributions  to  space  science, 
N.  M.  Sissakian,  Soviet  biochemist,  wrote  in  Pravda:  "Soviet  scientists 
note  with  satisfaction  the  considerable  contribution  of  American  sci- 
ence to  the  study  and  opening  up  of  cosmic  space,  which  specifically 
manifested  itself  in  a  series  of  flights  of  cosmonauts  in  one-seater  and 
two-seater  ships.  Most  essential  results  were  obtained  by  the  Ameri- 
can scientists  from  the  flights  of  the  ships  Gemini  4  and  Gemini  5.  .  .  . 

".  .  .  The  flight  of  G.  Cooper  and  C.  Conrad  was  additional  proof 
that  the  state  of  weightlessness  during  the  minimum  time  required  for 
a  flight  to  the  moon  and  back  does  not  cause  essential  physiological 
changes  in  the  human  organisms  and  has  no  noticeable  influence  on 
his  ability  to  work. 

"Of  great  interest  in  the  cosmic  flight  of  man  from  the  biological 
viewpoint  is  the  study  of  such  problems  as  the  functional  state  of  the 
cardiovascular  system,  the  water-salt  exchange,  and  the  vestibular  ap- 
paratus. 

"Aboard  the  ship  Gemini  5  a  number  of  physiological 
experiments  .  .  .  were  performed.  The  method  tested  on  the  Cosmo- 
naut C.  Conrad  of  inflated  cuffs  around  the  extremities,  which  were 
intended  to  maintain  the  necessary  functional  vigor  of  the  cardiovascu- 
lar system,  merits  attention.  .  .  . 

"The  flight  of  Gemini  5  is  a  great  success  for  U.S.  scientists.  The 
Soviet  scientists  sincerely  congratulate  Cosmonauts  G.  Cooper  and  C. 
Conrad  on  the  successful  conclusion  of  their  flight,  giving  due  credit  to 
their  courage  and  endurance.  They  transmit  to  the  scientists  and  the 
entire  personnel  which  prepared  and  carried  out  the  flight  their  con- 
gratulations and  wishes  for  further  successes  in  the  peaceful  opening 
up  of  the  cosmos."      {Pravda,  9/2/65) 

•  Astronauts   L.    Gordon    Cooper    and   Charles    Conrad,   Jr.,   had    demon- 

strated during  their  August  21-29  gemini  v  flight  that  a  manned 
weather  satellite  could  become  a  valuable  part  of  Weather  Bu- 
reau forecasting,  Howard  Simons  reported  in  the  Washington  Post. 
U.S.  weather  forecasters  needed  information  on  tropical  storm 
Doreen  moving  through  the  Pacific.  Cooper  and  Conrad  observed  the 
storm  and  fixed  its  position,  acquiring  the  information  earlier  than 
TIROS  X  meteorological  satelHte  and  more  precisely  than  a  ship  150  mi. 
from  the  storm.  The  San  Francisco  Weather  Bureau  Office  had  been 
able  to  combine  gemini  v  data  with  that  from  TIROS  x  to  prepare  an 
advisory  on  Doreen.      (Simons,  Wash.  Post,  9/2/65,  A3) 

•  ComSatCorp  invited  29  manufacturers  to  submit  by  September  30  pro- 

posals for  communications  and  control  equipment  to  be  installed  at 
two  ground  stations  in  Hawaii  and  Washington  state — U.S.  links  in  the 
proposed  worldwide  communications  satellite  system.  Two  sets  of 
ground  communications  equipment  with  one  control  unit  would  be 
integrated  with  two  antenna  systems  in  both  earth  stations.  Each  sta- 
tion was  expected  to  cost  about  $6  million.  Work  was  to  begin  in  the 
fall  and  to  be  completed  in  about  a  year.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  Washington  Post  concluded  that  it  might  be  embarrassing  for  the  Rus- 

sians to  refuse  President  Johnson's  invitation  to  send  a  representative 
from  the  Soviet  Academy  to  view  the  next  Gemini  launching.  An 
editorial   elaborated:    "It  just   so   happens   that   a   high-level   Russian 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  413 

space  delegation  will  be  in  New  York  City  in  mid-October  to  attend  a 
meeting  of  the  United  Nations  Committee  on  the  Peaceful  Uses  of 
Outer  Space. 

"It  just  so  happens,  too,  that  the  Gemini  6  launching  is  scheduled 
for  late  October. 

"And,  it  just  so  happens  that  Mr.  Johnson  knew  the  dates  of  both 
scheduled  happenings.  .  .  . 

"There  is  no  guarantee  that  the  Russians  will  accept  the  President's 
invitation — the  first  formal  invitation  of  its  kind  extended  to 
them.  Hitherto,  the  Russians  have  not  accepted  informal  invitations 
to  witness  an  American  space  launching.  .  .  . 

"Experts  have  suggested  that  one  reason  for  this  Soviet  shyness  was 
the  tacit  implication  that  if  the  Russians  accept  an  American  invitation 
to    Cape    Kennedy,    Russia    would    have    to    respond    with    a    like 

invitation "    {Wash.  Post,  9/2/65,  A3) 

September  2:  U.K.  should  build  small  supersonic  aircraft  capable  of  oper- 
ating on  short  runways  and  huge  submarine  merchant  ships  capable  of 
operating  beneath  polar  ice,  Dr.  Barnes  Wallis,  head  of  British  Air- 
craft Corp.'s  research  dept.,  told  annual  meeting  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion for  the  Advancement  of  Science  in  Cambridge.  He  said  the  su- 
personic design  would  be  Britain's  solution  to  possible  U.S.  dominance 
in  the  construction  of  supersonic  aircraft.  {NYT,  9/3/65,  44M) 
September  3:  Nike- Apache  launched  from  Wallops  Station  to  peak  altitude 
of  95.3  mi.  (153.1  km.).  Purpose  of  flight,  second  of  a  series  of  two, 
was  to  compare  five  ionospheric  plasma  probes,  using  stable  ionos- 
phere as  a  laboratory,  to  evaluate  the  probes  and  check  relevant 
theories  of  probe  operation.  Little  scientific  data  were  obtained;  the 
nosecone  did  not  eject  and  only  one  antenna  deployed.  (NASA  Rpt. 
SRl) 

•  U.S.S.R.   launched   COSMOS   lxxx,   lxxxi,  lxxxii,  lxxxiii,   and   lxxxiv 

into  orbit  with  a  single  booster.  Initial  orbital  data:  COSMOS  LXXX, 
apogee,  1,552  km.  (963.3  mi.)  ;  perigee,  1,356  km.  (842  mi.) ;  period, 
115  min.;  cosmos  lxxxi,  apogee,  1,556  km.  (967  mi.) ;  perigee,  1,385 
km.  (860.2  mi.) ;  period,  115  min.;  cosmos  lxxxii,  apogee,  1,563  km. 
(971  mi.);  perigee,  1,410  km.  (876  mi.);  period,  115  min.;  cosmos 
lxxxiii,  apogee,  1,569  km.  (975  mi.)  ;  perigee,  1,438  km.  (893.1 
mi.) ;  period,  116  min.;  cosmos  lxxxiv,  apogee,  1,574  km.  (978  mi.) ; 
perigee,  1,467  km.  (911.1  mi.);  period,  116  min.  Inclination  for  all 
five  satellites  was  56°.  One  of  the  satellites  was  powered  by  a  radio- 
active isotope,  but  Tass  announced  that  full  measures  had  been  taken 
"to  preclude  the  possibility  of  the  radioactive  isotope  contaminating 
the  atmosphere  or  the  surface  of  the  earth."  All  onboard  equipment 
was  functioning  normally.      (Tass,  9/3/65) 

•  Second  two-stage  Dragon  sounding  rocket  launched  by  France  from  Sko- 

gasandur,  Iceland,  to  248-mi.  peak  altitude.  Payload  was  instrument- 
ed to  study  protons  and  electrons  in  the  Van  Allen  radiation 
belt,     (ap,  NYT,  9/5/65,  48) 

•  In  a  congratulatory  wire  to  President  Johnson,  Yugoslavia's  President 

Tito  called  the  gemini  V  spaceflight  a  "major  achievement  of  American 
science"  and  expressed  hope  that  it  would  "serve  peace  in  the  world." 
(upi,  NYT,  9/5/65,  28) 


414  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

September  3:  U.S.  and  Soviet  astronauts  had  accumulated  19,610,000  acci- 
dent-free miles — greatest  total  in  the  history  of  transportation — re- 
ported the  National  Geographic  Society.  A  compilation  released  by 
the  society  showed  that  U.S.  astronauts  had  traveled  10,692,000  mi. 
and  Soviet  astronauts,  8,918,000  mi.      (UPi,  Houston  Chron.,  9/3/65) 

•  Refined    data    on    Martian    atmosphere's    density,    ionization,    and    com- 

position, based  on  analysis  of  radio  signals  from  mariner  iv  dur- 
ing its  occultation  experiment,  were  reported  by  scientists  at  Ameri- 
can Geophysical  Union  meeting  held  at  Southern  Methodist  Univ.,  Dal- 
las, Tex.  Martian  atmosphere  was  now  thought  to  be  much  thinner 
than  previously  believed:  it  now  seemed  that  air  pressure  at  Martian 
surface  was  only  about  one-5,000th  that  of  earth.  Theory  that  Mar- 
tian atmosphere  was  more  dense  at  heights  of  25  mi.  or  more  above 
the  surface  than  earth's  at  comparable  elevations  was  not  upheld;  ob- 
servations reported  today  indicated  Martian  atmosphere  was  thinner 
than  earth's  at  all  elevations.  Temperature  was  about  — 250°  at  loca- 
tion of  maximum  ionization  in  Martian  atmosphere  (78-mi.  altitude, 
about  one-fourth  the  expected  height).  In  earth's  ionosphere,  tem- 
perature is  higher  than  2,200°  F.  Atmospheric  composition  that 
would  account  for  the  mariner  iv  observations,  the  scientists  said, 
would  be  largely  carbon  dioxide.  (Earth-based  observations  of  Mars 
had  shown  the  presence  of  carbon  dioxide  in  its  atmosphere.)  Only 
scant  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  is  present  in  earth's  nitrogen-oxygen 
atmosphere.  The  scientists  making  this  report  were  Dr.  A.  J.  Kliore 
of  JPL  and  Dr.  Von  R.  Eshleman  of  Stanford  Univ.  (Sullivan,  NYT, 
9/4/65,  1,  12) 

•  Paraglider,   in   its   first  successful   manned   free   flight,   demonstrated   it 

could  guide  a  spacecraft  to  preselected  landing  site.  Test  pilot  Donald 
F.  McCusker  landed  a  Gemini-type  test  craft  at  Edwards  afb,  following 
a  four-and-one-half-minute  flight  suspended  beneath  the  wing.  He  put 
the  previously-inflated  paraglider  and  simulated  spacecraft  through  a 
series  of  turn  and  pitch  maneuvers  enroute  to  his  landing,  after  being 
towed  aloft  by  helicopter  and  dropped  at  approximate  8,000-ft.  alti- 
tude. 

In  actual  spacecraft  recovery,  the  paraglider  would  be  stored  in  a 
ten-cubic-foot  canister  onboard  the  spacecraft.  After  reentry  when  the 
vehicle  would  be  slowed  by  the  earth's  atmosphere  and  parachute  dro- 
gue, the  paraglider  would  be  deployed  to  its  full  size — 31  ft.  long  with 
a  31-ft.  span — using  an  onboard  nitrogen  supply.  The  astronaut 
would  control  his  glide  through  an  onboard  flight-control  system. 

North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  was  conducting  the  paraglider  pro- 
gram for  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center,  studying  the  feasibility  of  a 
controlled  earth  landing  system,      (naa  S&ID  Skywriter,  9/3/65,  1) 

•  Patent  granted  to  Barnes  Engineering  Co.  on  an  instrument  that  could 

distinguish  a  rocket  flash  from  a  sunset — an  important  distinction  in 
the  automatic  tracking  of  missiles.  The  invention  was  already  in 
use  at  a  Government  launch  site  for  research  in  missile  development, 
reported  the  New  York  Times. 

Lockheed  Aircraft  Co.  received  a  patent  for  a  reentry  vehicle  de- 
signed for  more  accurate  landings  than  had  been  made  with  the  Mer- 
cury and  Gemini  spacecraft.     Invented  by  Charles  H.  Christenson,  the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  415 

craft  had  wings  that  could  be  extended  for  flight  in  the  atmosphere  or 
folded  for  launching  and  space  travel.  The  vehicle's  tail  section 
would  exert  considerable  drag  after  reentry;  ring-shaped  control  sur- 
faces could  reduce  the  drag  when  extended  rearward.  (Jones,  ATT", 
9/4/65,  27) 
September  3:  Speculation  that  the  earth  might  briefly  have  had  another 
moon,  one  of  pure  iron  which  disintegrated  and  fell  to  earth  in  a  series 
of  fireball  showers,  was  reported  in  Science.  Discovery  of  a  47-mi.- 
long  string  of  craters  and  meteorites  extending  northeast  to  southwest 
in  northcentral  Argentina  led  scientists  to  propose  that  the  rare  mete- 
orites, consisting  of  almost  pure  iron,  might  be  remnants  of  a  single 
object  which  had  orbited  inside  the  Roche  Limit,  been  torn  apart  by  the 
gravity  of  the  earth,  and  fallen  from  orbit.  Perigee  of  the  hypotheti- 
cal orbit  would  have  been  over  the  latitude  of  Argentina  and  inclina- 
tion would  have  been  about  40°  to  account  for  the  alignment  of  the 
nine  craters.      (Science,  9/3/65,  1055-1064) 

•  Soviet    scientists,    writing    in    the    bulletin    of    the    Soviet    Academy    of 

Sciences,  asserted  that  a  flight  to  the  moon  can  now  be  regarded  as  fully 
reliable  from  the  medical  and  biological  viewpoint.  This  conclusion 
was  reached  in  summing  up  the  results  of  the  medical-biological 
research  carried  on  in  the  two  Voskhod  spaceflights.  Careful  training 
and  selection  of  visual  reference  points  in  advance  helped  to  offset  the 
anticipated  disorientation  of  spaceflight.      (Tass,  9/3/65) 

•  FAA     announced     allocation     of     $84.5     million     in     Federal     matching 

funds  for  the  construction  and  improvement  of  445  civil  airports 
under  the  Federal-aid  Airport  Program  for  FY  1966.  The  program 
provided  for  the  improvement  of  371  existing  airports  (S74.7  million) 
and  the  construction  of  74  new  airports  ($9.8  million).  Major  em- 
phasis was  placed  on  airports  used  by  the  airlines,  airports  used  by 
general  aviation  which  would  relieve  congestion  at  crowded  metropoli- 
tan airports,  and  airports  used  by  commercial  air  taxis,  (faa  Release 
65-67) 

•  All  bids  submitted  July  21   for  surplus  Titan/Atlas  missile  silos  were 

rejected  by  General  Services  Administration  because  they  were  too 
low.  The  silos  had  cost  the  Government  between  $12  million  and  $25 
milHon  each;  the  highest  offer  was  $26,110  each.  GSA  said  disposal 
plans  were  now  being  reviewed,  (ap,  NYT,  9/4/65,  7) 
September  4:  NASA  astronauts  gathered  at  NASa's  Manned  Spacecraft  Center 
for  a  debriefing  by  GEMINI  V  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  and 
Charles  Conrad,  Jr.  The  meeting  was  held  primarily  for  the  Gemini  vi 
and  VII  crews,  but  other  astronauts  attended  as  observers,  (ap,  NYT, 
9/6/65,  6;  Wash.  Post,  9/5/65,  A8) 

•  Aerospace  industry  would  probably  increase  its  employment  of  scientists 

and  engineers  by  more  than  seven  percent  this  year,  announced  Karl 
G.  Harr,  Jr.,  president  of  Aerospace  Industries  Association.  He  made 
public  a  study  which  indicated  that  employment  of  scientists  and  en- 
gineers in  aircraft,  missile,  and  space  fields  would  increase  by  about 
13,000  from  March  to  December,  reaching  a  total  of  190,000  by  the 
end  of  the  year.     He  said  total  aerospace  employment  would  increase 


416  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

by  9,000  from  1,123,000  in  March  to  1,132,000  in  December.  This 
forecast  contradicted  other  recent  surveys  which  had  predicted  a 
decline.  (Text;  ap,  NYT,  9/5/65,  5) 
September  5:  The  first  photographs  taken  at  the  Yale-Columbia  Observato- 
ry in  the  Andes  in  western  Argentina  had  fulfilled  the  "best  optimistic 
expectations,"  reported  Professor  Dirk  Brouwer,  director  of  the  Yale 
Observatory.  Brouwer  said  three  test  photographs  of  Orion,  nebulae, 
and  Omega  Centauri  had  indicated  the  lenses  apparently  were  the  best 
of  their  kind.  Principal  mission  of  the  Ford  Foundation-financed  ob- 
servatory was  to  make  two-hour  exposures  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere 
sky  to  obtain  positions  of  the  stars  in  our  galaxy  against  a  background 
of  distant  galaxies.      (UPi,  NYT,  9/6/65,  31C) 

•  Immanuel  Velikovsky,  author  of  the  controversial   Worlds   in  Collision 

(1950),  submitted  that  many  of  his  rejected  cosmological  hypotheses 
had  been  confirmed  by  space  science  events:  surface  temperature  of 
Venus,  moon-like  surface  of  Mars,  the  earth's  magnetosphere,  the  inter- 
planetary magnetic  field,  the  radio  noises  of  Jupiter,  and  other 
predictions.  "A  Tempest  in  the  Cosmos,"  {Book  Week,  Wash.  Post, 
9/5/65,  2,  8,  9) 

•  Washington  Post  discussed  the   role   of   a  manned   orbiting  laboratory 

(mol)  in  arms  control:  "The  primary  mission  of  MOL,  a  canvass 
of  Washington  officials  makes  clear,  is  without  a  doubt  to  have 
man  supplement  the  machine  as  a  shutterbug  spy  in  the  sky.  Hence 
man  will  advance  the  sensationally  successful  camera  work  of  the  un- 
manned Samos  series  of  photo  reconnaissance  sateUites  now  producing 
thousands  of  pictures  of  the  Soviet  Union  and  Communist  China. 

"Human  judgment  is  the  critical  new  factor  being  added  by  use  of 
the  MOL  ,  .  . 

"Here  is  what  the  Air  Force  believes  .  .  .  men  will  be  able  to  do: . 

"They  can  use  their  judgment  on  what  to  photograph.  They  can  be 
selective  on  when  and  where  to  aim  not  only  one  camera  but  a  series 
of  cameras  including  new  and  experimental  photographic  equipment. 
They  can  shoot  accurately  through  a  hole  in  clouds.  And  they  can 
maintain  and  repair  equipment  that  may  have  become  inoperative.  .  .  . 

"How  .  .  .  will  MOL  contribute  to  arms  control? 

"The  thesis  is  that  the  two  major  nuclear  powers  are  deterred  not 
only  by  the  nuclear  weapons  they  possess  but  by  what  each  knows — 
and  how  fast  it  knows — about  what  goes  on,  in  a  military  sense,  in  the 
other's  country.  It  is  hoped  that  MOL  will  immensely  add  to  that 
American  capability  in  relation  not  only  to  the  Soviet  Union,  but  to 
China  and,  indeed,  the  whole  world. 

"Indeed,  it  is  not  inconceivable  that  these  developments  could  lead 
to  manned  synchronous  satelHtes,  able  to  hover  over  Russia  and  the 
United  States  ready  to  flash  instant  word  on  missile  firings,  rocket 
tests,  nuclear  explosions,  mass  troop  movements  or  other  important 
military  activities. 

"The  logic  of  this,  from  the  arms  controllers'  viewpoint,  is  that  all 
this  could  lead  to  a  formal  worldwide  inspection  agreement — peace- 
keeping from  space.     But  short  of  such  agreement,  such  space  surveil- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  417 

lance  would  vastly  add  to  the  deterrence  on  which  today's  nuclear 
peace  is  founded."  (Simons  and  Roberts,  Wash.  Post,  9/5/65,  Al,  A5) 
September  5:  Significance  of  supersonic  transport  development  was  dis- 
cussed in  Nashville  Tennessean:  "Unless  the  United  States  goes  ahead 
with  the  SST,  domestic  airlines  will  probably  be  forced  to  buy  the 
supersonic  Concorde  being  developed  by  Britain  and  France. 

"The  1,450-mile-per-hour  Concorde  is  due  to  be  ready  for  service  in 
1971  while  the  present  schedule  would  have  a  U.S.  SST  flying  by  1974. 

"Because  the  U.S.  plane  will  be  faster  and  carry  220  to  250  pas- 
sengers as  opposed  to  118  to  132  for  the  Concorde,  informed  sources 
believe  the  3-year  lag  will  not  be  too  damaging. 

"Some  visionaries  say  the  ssT  will  be  out-dated  before  it  ever  rea- 
lizes the  potential  forecast  by  its  proponents. 

"This  school  of  thought  suggests  that  20  years  from  now,  rocket- 
boosted  passenger  vehicles  will  hurl  travelers  across  the  seas  at  near 
orbital  velocities,  making  cities  on  opposite  sides  of  the  earth  less  than 
an  hour  apart. 

"But  each  new  generation  of  commercial  air  transports  has  descend- 
ed from  military  parentage.  And  today  the  military  has  no  active 
program  which  would  logically  produce  this  speedy  type  of  civilian 
travel."      ( CR,  9/21/65.  A5530-31 ) 

•  New    York  Times   editorialized:    ".  .  .  Until   recently  the   idea   of  men 

returning  to  the  seas  to  live  and  work  seemed  fantasy.  But  increasing 
population  and  the  strain  it  has  put  on  the  resources  of  the  land  are 
forcing  close  attention  to  the  enormous  food  reserves  in  the  oceans  and 
the  incalculable  mineral  wealth  under  them. 

"It  is  these  practical  considerations  that  inspire  the  Sealab  2  project 
now  begun  205  feet  below  sea  level  off  the  California  shore.  .  .  . 

"The  work  of  the  aquanauts  may  not  be  as  spectacular  as  the  ex- 
ploits of  astronauts  in  outer  space.  But  the  chances  are  good  that  the 
experience  they  gain  in  what  many  now  call  inner  space  will  help 
bring  humanity  rich  material  returns  in  the  decades  immediately 
ahead."  [NYT,  9/5/65,  8E) 
September  6:  NASA  awarded  $100,000  in  initial  funds  to  General  Dynamics 
Corp.'s  Convair  Div.  to  determine  vehicle  design  modifications  and 
ground  support  requirements  for  combining  the  Centaur  as  a  third 
stage  with  the  two-stage  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle.  The  combination 
was  being  proposed  to  launch  unmanned  Voyager  spacecraft  to  Mars 
in  1971.  Study  would  be  under  direction  of  LRC.  (NASA  Centaur 
Proj.  Off.;  Gen.  Dyn.  Corp.  Release) 

•  Capt.   Joseph   Engle    (usaf),   youngest   holder   of   Air   Force   astronaut 

wings,  was  honored  by  his  hometown  of  Chapman,  Kansas,  with  a 
parade.  Engle  flew  the  x-15  to  peak  altitude  of  282,000  ft.  on  June 
29,  qualifying  for  the  astronaut  wings,  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  9/7/65^ 
A-2) 

•  German     Space    Research     Commission     (dkfw)     recommended    $460- 

million  West  German  space  program  between  1966  and  1970: 
$250-$280  million  would  be  spent  on  broad-based  "vital-point"  pro- 
gram; the  balance  would  be  used  for  West  German  participation  in  the 


418  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

European  Space  Research  Organization  (esro)  and  the  European 
Launcher  Development  Organization  (ELDO).  The  Commission's  re- 
port emphasized  three  programs  from  its  list  of  "vital  points":  devel- 
opment of  satellites,  development  of  a  recoverable  sounding  rocket, 
and  construction  of  research  installations.  The  report  deplored  the 
previous  neglect  of  space  research  in  Germany,  emphasized  that  the 
funds  recommended  were  minimal  and  that  Germany's  late  start  in  the 
space  field  would  entail  a  high  rate  of  annual  increases  in  cost. 
At  the  end  of  the  building  stage,  costs  could  "be  adjusted  to  fairly  fixed 
share  of  the  gross  national  product."  (Wetmore,  Av.  Wk.,  9/6/65,  51) 
September  6:  "The  world's  first  international  school  for  training  specialists 
in  satellite  tracking,"  would  be  opened  in  Tashkent,  capital  of  Uzbeki- 
stan in  Soviet  Central  Asia,  Tass  announced.  Fifteen  young  scientists 
from  Soviet  satellite  countries  and  20  Soviet  scientists  would  pursue 
each  nine-day  course.  The  school  was  set  up  within  the  framework  of 
the  U.N.  International  Commission  for  Space  Research,  (ap,  NYT, 
9/8/65,  5) 

•  ".  .  .  The  last  two  Gemini  missions  have  shown  clearly  that  the  U.S. 

manned  space  flight  program  has  come  of  age  technically.  They  also 
demonstrated  the  operational  flexibility  that  can  be  achieved  in  long- 
duration  manned  missions,"  wrote  Robert  Hotz  in  Aviation  Week. 

"With  each  new  manned  mission,  the  Gemini  program  is  forging  a 
record  that  insures  its  place  in  space  history  as  the  great  leap  forward 
in  space  flight  that  transformed  the  role  of  man  himself  from  that  of  a 
surviving  passenger  to  a  useful  performer  of  vital  functions  in  the 
space  environment.  .  .  . 

"It  was  really  the  conclusive  demonstration  that  adding  a  long-term 
manned  capability  would  improve  satellite  reconnaissance  by  orders  of 
magnitude  that  finally  forced  the  decision  to  proceed  with  MOL  after 
nearly  two  years  of  delay  under  the  guise  of  'further  study.'"  (Hotz, 
Av.  Wk.,  9/6/65,  17) 

•  "Adaptation    of    Apollo    technology    to    sustain    the    pace    of    the    U.S. 

space  program  between  initial  manned  lunar  landings  and  still- 
undefined  exploration  of  the  future  is  accelerating  toward  selection 
of  contractors  to  integrate  a  wide  variety  of  potential  applications," 
wrote  William  Normyle  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology. 
"Creation  of  an  Apollo  applications  directorate  in  the  Office  of 
Manned  Space  Flight  is  the  culmination  of  plans  first  generated 
months  ago  .  .  .  and  formed  the  basis  of  pledges  to  Congress  that  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  intends  to  exploit 
every  available  use  of  Apollo  hardware  and  techniques.   .   .   . 

"Apollo  applications  is  considered  by  NASA  to  be  the  logical  step- 
ping-stone linking  Gemini  and  Apollo  to  advanced  earth-orbital  stations, 
lunar-orbital  surveying  vehicles  and  extended  lunar  surface  explora- 
tion. 

"It  is  also  intended  to  define  advanced  logistics  for  larger  orbiting 
space  stations^ — based  on  Apollo  and  using  several  lunar  excursion  mo- 
dules— and  these  more  specific  missions  which  NASA  planners  now  con- 
sider of  particular  importance: 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  419 

"Orbiting  launch  complex  involving  several  Apollo  spacecraft  joined 
into  a  multi-module  space  station  that  would  be  launching  platform  for 
an  unmanned  fly-by  of  Mars  and  possibly  other  planets.  .  .  . 

"Recovery  and  repair  of  unmanned  satellites.   .   .   . 

"Extensive  extra-vehicular  activity  permitting  such  innovations  as 
remote  manipulative  procedures  for  maintenance  and  repair.  .  .  ." 

Normyle  felt  that  the  "largest  single  decision  this  fall  will  be  to 
select  two  contractors  to  integrate  the  experiments  which  have  been 
proposed."  ( Normyle,  Av.  Wk.,  9/6/65,  25) 
September  6:  Two  Soviet  scientists  retained  their  full  capacity  to  work 
after  spending  30  days  in  a  closed  test  chamber — said  to  be  the  period 
necessary  on  a  spaceflight  to  circle  the  moon.  Psychologists  did  not 
favor  a  two-man  crew  for  long  space  flights,  however,  since  the  experi- 
ment showed  that  "even  trifles  psychologically  are  blown  out  of  all 
proportion."  Results  and  data  of  the  experiments  were  published  in 
Problems  of  Space  Biology.  (Tass,  9/6/65) 

•  Karl  G.  Harr,  president  of  Aerospace  Industries  Assn.,  made  public  a 

study  indicating  that  employment  of  scientists  and  engineers  in  air- 
craft, missile,  and  space  fields  would  increase  by  about  13,000  from 
March  to  December  1965,  reaching  a  total  of  190,000  by  the  end  of 
1965.  He  said  total  aerospace  employment  would  increase  by  9,000 — 
from  1,123.000  in  March  to  1,132,000  in  December  1965.  (ap,  L.A. 
Times,  9/6/65) 
September  7:  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Aleksey  Leonov  was  quoted  by  Zolnierz 
Wolnosci  on  the  future  Soviet  space  program:  spacecraft  would  remain 
in  orbit  much  longer  and  their  crews  would  be  larger;  highly  trained 
teams  would  assemble  permanent  orbital  space  stations,  orbital  labora- 
tories, and  interplanetary  spacecraft  while  the  remainder  of  the  crews 
would  work  inside  the  craft.  Spacecraft  participating  in  these  flights 
would  rendezvous  and  dock,  using  a  flexible  concertina-like 
passageway.  Leonov  said  problems  still  to  be  solved  included  transfer 
of  crews  for  interplanetary  flights,  accomplishment  of  engineering 
work  in  space,  and  return  of  spacecraft  to  earth.  (Badowski,  Zolnierz 
Wolnosci,  9/7/65,  1 ) 

•  Members  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics,  meeting 

to  consider  H.J.  Res.  597  providing  for  a  monument  to  Dr.  Robert  H. 
Goddard  at  Clark  Univ.,  agreed  to  limit  cost  of  the  memorial  to 
S150,000.     (Ci?,  9/7/65,  23315) 

•  New   York  Times  editorialized:    "The  Aerospace   Corporation,   a   multi- 

million-dollar nonprofit  organization  sponsored  and  financed  by 
the  Air  Force,  has  been  subject  to  a  searching  scrutiny  by  a  House 
Armed  Services  subcommittee.  Its  report  is  a  devastating  indictment 
of  Aerospace's  financial  management.  .  .  . 

"The  abuses  at  Aerospace  are  mainly  the  fault  of  the  Air  Force, 
which  indulged  its  prodigal  offspring  by  failing  to  exercise  any  real 
control.  Aerospace  is  only  one  of  a  growing  number  of  Govern- 
ment-owned non-profit  companies  working  on  important  defense  as- 
signments; there  is  no  evidence  that  all  are  as  expensive  in  their 
spending  practices,  but  we  agree  with  the  subcommittee  that  it  would 
be  a  good  idea  to  examine  the  function  and  the  costs  of  the  rest  and 
bring  their  fees  under  strict  regulation.     There  is  no  reason  for  main- 


420  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

taining  such  operations  if  their  work  can  be  done  cheaply  and  effec- 
tively either  by  the  Government  itself  or  by  private  enterprise."  {NYT, 
9/7/65,  34M) 
September  8:  Four  NASA  Tiros  meteorological  satellites  observing  Hurri- 
cane Betsy  were  providing  the  most  extensive  picture  coverage  of  a 
storm  ever  obtained  in  space.  TIROS  x  had  photographed  Betsy  Aug. 
27  before  she  reached  hurricane  strength;  since  then  tiros  vii,  viii, 
and  IX  had  been  photographing  her  about  eight  times  daily.  (GSFC 
Release  G-26-65) 

•  Stanford  Univ.  received  a  $2,080,000  facilities  grant  from  NASA  to  assist 

in  the  construction  of  a  space-engineering  research  building.  After 
signing  the  NASA/Stanford  agreement,  NASA  Administrator  James  E. 
Webb  said:  "Construction  of  these  facilities  will  help  Stanford  provide 
the  laboratory  areas  so  urgently  needed  by  scientists  engaged  in  nasa- 
supported  research  and  training  activities.  The  national  space  effort 
will  further  benefit  by  thus  increasing  the  capability  of  Stanford  to 
train  greater  numbers  of  highly  qualified  young  scientists,  engineers 
and  researchers."      (nasa  Release  65-285) 

•  250  photos  taken  by  gemini  v  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles 

Conrad,  Jr.,  during  the  GEMINI  v  spaceflight  were  released  by  NASA 
Manned  Spacecraft  Center,     (ap,  NYT,  9/10/65,  17) 

•  U.S.S.R.  declined  President  Johnson's  invitation  to  send  an  observer  to 

the  launching  of  Gemini  vi  in  October.  M.  V.  Keldysh,  president  of 
the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences,  in  a  letter  to  NASA  Administrator 
James  E.  Webb,  said  that  the  Academy  was  "grateful"  for  the  invita- 
tion, but  that  "at  the  present  time,  our  representative  cannot  avail 
himself  of  your  invitation. 

"Availing  myself  of  the  opportunity,  I  would  Hke  on  behalf  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  the  U.S.S.R.  to  congratulate  you,  the  cosmo- 
nauts Charles  Conrad  and  Gordon  Cooper  and  also  the  scientists  and 
engineers  who  took  part  in  the  preparation  and  execution  of  the  flight 
of  the  space  ship  Gemini  5." 

Presidential  press  secretary  Bill  Moyers  said  that  President  Johnson 
regretted  the  refusal,  but  hoped  that  the  Soviet  Union  would  send 
observers  in  the  future.  {NYT,  9/9/65,  11 ;  Wash.  Post,  9/9/65,  A9) 
•  The  appointments  of  Dr.  George  P.  Cressman  as  director  of  the 
Weather  Bureau  and  R/Adm.  James  C.  Tison  (usn)  as  director  of 
the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  were  announced  by  Dr.  Robert  M. 
White,  head  of  the  Environmental  Science  Services  Administration 
(essa).  The  men  had  been  serving  as  acting  directors  since  the  for- 
mation of  ESSA  July  13.      (essa  Release  65-1) 

•  faa's  failure  to  inform  the  airlines  that  navigational  radar  at  O'Hare 

International  Airport,  Chicago,  would  be  closed  for  repairs  Sept.  8, 
reportedly  caused  a  delay  of  more  than  300  flights  and  cost  the  airlines 
more  than  $1  million.  An  Faa  spokesman  said  steps  were  being  taken 
to  prevent  future  delays  during  radar  repairs  including  installation  of 
standby  units  at  airports  with  heavy  traffic.  (UPI,  NYT,  9/15/65, 
77Mj 
September  8-10:  Fifteen  Areas  and  Hasp  meteorological  rockets  were 
launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Station  in  the  first  series  of  firings  for  the 
Experimental       Inter-American       Meteorological       Rocket       Network 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  421 

(exametnet).  Instrumented  rockets  achieve  altitudes  of  about 
180.000  ft.;  wind  and  temperature  measurements  were  obtained  as 
payloads,  descended  by  parachute.  Primary  purpose  was  to  deter- 
mine daily  variations  of  winds  and  temperatures  and  estimate  solar 
radiation  correction  for  meteorological  payloads  planned  for  use  by 
EXAMETNET.  Participants  included  Argentine  and  Brazilian  trainees, 
U.S.  Weather  Bureau,  and  Naval  Ordnance  Laboratory.  (Wallops  Re- 
lease 65-57) 
September  9:  Two-stage  Nike- Apache  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Station 
carried  55-lb.  payload  to  peak  altitude  of  106  mi.  (170.9  km.)  and 
impacted  82  mi.  downrange  in  the  Atlantic.  Conducted  by  GSFC,  the 
flight  measured  antenna  impedance  characteristics  in  the  ionosphere. 
(Wallops  Release  65-56) 

•  U.S.S.R.    launched    cosmos    lxxxv   containing   scientific   equipment    for 

investigation  of  outer  space.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  319  km. 
(198.1  mi.)  ;  perigee,  212  km.  (131.6  mi.)  ;  period,  89.6  min.;  inclina- 
tion, 65°.  All  onboard  equipment  was  functioning  normally.  (Tass, 
Krasnaya  Zvezda,  9/10/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  GEMINI    V    Astronauts    L.    Gordon    Cooper    and    Charles    Conrad,    Jr., 

together  with  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth,  Director,  NASA  Manned  Space- 
craft Center,  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  NASA  Associate  Administra- 
tor, and  Paul  P.  Haney,  MSC  Public  Affairs  Officer,  held  a  news  confer- 
ence at  MSC.  Both  astronauts  recommended  that  in  future  flights  both 
pilots  sleep  at  the  same  time;  more  rehydratable  foods  be  included  in 
the  diet;  daily  inflight  exercises  to  compensate  for  muscular  inactivity 
of  the  legs  be  included;  the  crew  travel  without  spacesuits  for  greater 
comfort  and  flexibility;  and  that  the  training  period  be  less 
compressed.  Cooper  and  Conrad  agreed  that  stowage  had  been  the 
main  problem  throughout  the  flight.  "Any  small  little  item  that  was 
misplaced  or  wasn't  placed  in  the  proper  location  seemed  to  multiply," 
Cooper  said.  They  had  seen  "a  great  many  micrometeorites,  and  one 
meteorite  when  it  was  reentering  the  atmosphere  down  below  us.  And 
on  any  night  side,  during  a  very  short  interval  of  time,  you  could  see 
micrometeorites  reentering." 

Dr.  Gilruth  said  he  considered  both  astronauts  "very  potential  can- 
didates" for  the  first  trip  to  the  moon.      (Transcript) 

•  NASA  would  contract  a  total  of  about  S50  million  with  Convair  Div.  of 

General  Dynamics  Corp.  and  Honeywell,  Inc.,  for  five  Centaur  stages 
and  guidance  systems  for  use  in  Surveyor  lunar-landing  missions. 
Convair  would  manufacture,  test,  erect,  and  launch  Atlas-Centaur 
boosters;  Honeywell  was  developing  the  all-inertial  guidance  system 
under  separate  contract  with  LRC.      (nasa  Release  65-286) 

•  Pilot  Robert  A.  Rushworth  (L/Col.,  usaf)  flew  x-15  No.  1  to  maximum 

altitude  of  97,200  ft.  at  maximum  speed  of  3,545  mph  (mach  5.22)  to 
obtain  data  on  the  infrared  scanner  program  and  information  on  abla- 
tive coatings  under  consideration  for  use  on  future  mach-8 
flights.     (NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  Nine  of  the  ten  aquanauts  in  USN  Sealab  ii    had  developed  ear  infections, 

but  the  ailments  would  not  curtail  the  aquanauts'  activities,  a  spokes- 
man said.  Physicians  attributed  the  infections  to  microorganisms  in 
the  sea.      ( Wash.  Post,  9/9/65,  A4) 


422  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

September  9:  House  Rules  Committee  deferred  bill  to  study  conversion  to 
the  metric  system,  proposed  by  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.), 
Chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics.      (AP, 

yvyr,  9/10/65,41) 

•  Rep.  Joseph  Karth   (D-Minn.)   told  the  House  that  the  flight  of  GEMINI 

V  had  successfully  tested  not  only  the  high  qualities  of  Astronauts 
Gordon  Cooper,  Jr.,  and  Charles  Conrad,  but  the  reliability  and  suita- 
bility of  many  items  involved  in  America's  space  program,  including 
food.     He  inserted  into  the  Congressional  Record: 

"The  Pillsbury  items  scheduled  by  NASA  for  the  Cooper-Conrad  mis- 
sion— each  ready  to  eat  and  requiring  no  reconstitution — were  brow- 
nies, gingerbread,  pineapple  fruitcake,  date  fruitcake,  apricot  cereal 
bars,  strawberry  cereal  bars,  toasted  bread  cubes  and  cinnamon  toast. 

"Cooper  and  Conrad  were  programed  to  eat  4  meals  each  day,  pro- 
viding a  daily  average  of  approximately  2,500  calories.  The  selected 
menu  .  .  .  was  designed  to  maintain  body  weight  at  zero  gravity 
under  light  physical  activity.  The  8  Pillsbury  items  were  designed  to 
provide  a  high  energy  source  that  supplemented  the  rehydratable  foods 
in  the  menu  for  each  meal.  They  required  no  preparation  time  and 
provided  solid  food  consistency.  .  .  ."     (C/?,  9/9/65,  A5095) 

•  William  Hines  commented  on  the  economy  of  low  bidding  in  an  article 

in  the  Washington  Evening  Star:  "The  lowest  bidder  still  produces 
hardware  for  Uncle  Sam's  space  effort,  and  this  arrangement  does  not 
always  prove  the  most  economical  in  either  time  or  money.  A  glaring 
example  has  developed  at  the  Kennedy  Space  Center  in  Florida,  where 
America's  moonport  is  rapidly  nearing  completion. 

"The  lowest  bidder  has  built  two  huge  tank-like  vehicles  called 
'crawler-transporters'  there,  at  a  saving  of  almost  $3  million  below  a 
competitive  bidder's  price.  The  only  trouble  is  that  the  crawlers  will 
not  do  the  job  they  were  designed  for,  which  is  to  carry  a  Saturn  V 
moon  rocket  on  a  mobile  launching  tower  some  three  miles  from  an 
assembly  building  to  where  the  rocket  will  actually  blast. 

"Trouble  has  been  traced  to  some  tapered  roller  bearings.  .  .  . 

"There  seems  to  be  nothing  wrong  with  the  bearings,  which  are 
produced  by  the  biggest  and  best  known  manufacturer  of  such 
items.  The  fault  apparently  lies  in  incorrect  design  assumptions 
which  result  in  overloads  sometimes  being  imposed  on  the  bearings, 
causing  them  to  fail. 

"Since  the  design — offered  by  the  contractor,  Marion  Power  Shovel 
Co. — was  approved  by  NASA  technical  experts,  the  government  will 
probably  have  to  pay  for  the  redesign  necessary  to  make  the  crawler 
work.  These  redesign  costs  could  well  wipe  out  the  difference  between 
Marion's  bid  and  the  higher  proposal  of  Bucyrus-Erie,  another  large 
builder  of  heavy  mobile  equipment.  .  .  . 

"As  it  turns  out,  the  false  economy  of  low  bidding  in  this  instance 
may  cause  the  United  States  to  miss  its  stated  goal  in  space:  men  on 
the  moon  in  the  '60s.  Entirely  aside  from  whether  this  is  a  worth- 
while goal,  it  is  a  national  objective  and  the  national  prestige  is  riding 
on  it.  .  .  ."      (Hines,  Wash.  £i;e.5«ar,  9/9/65) 

•  Wall  Street  Journal  space   reporter   wrote   a   "Memo   on   Space   Seman- 

tics"  to  his   editor:    "I   think   you   should   be   aware   of  some   prob- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  423 

lems  in  semantics  and  etymology  that  are  becoming  acute  as  a  result  of 
the  activities  at  Cape  Kennedy.  Unless  we  resolve  some  of  these  prob- 
lems in  the  near  future,  I  fear  that  a  new  space  age  neurosis  may 
appear  among  our  reporters  and  copy  editors. 

"If  you  recall,  since  late  1957  there  have  been  a  number  of  hints 
that  the  advent  of  space  exploration  would  create  some  new  difficulties 
with  our  editorial  style.  First,  there  was  the  problem  of  deciding 
whether  to  italicize  the  Russian  word  'sputnik.'  Then  we  had  to  de- 
cide on  the  spelling  and  capitalization  of  'a-okay'   (or  is  it  'A-OK'?). 

"Unfortunately,  we  are  now  encountering  some  difficulties  which 
would  tax  the  abilities  of  Clifton  Fadiman,  himself.  .  .  . 

"Perhaps  the  most  serious  problem  .  .  .  stems  apparently  from  an 
oversight  on  the  part  of  our  ancestors.  In  writing  out  the  names  of 
the  nine  planets  of  our  solar  system  it  became  evident  that  we  have 
neglected  to  formally  name  our  own  planet.  At  least  this  is  the  only 
conclusion  one  can  come  to  when  it's  noted  that  we  capitalize  the 
names  of  all  the  planets  except  our  own.  Webster,  himself,  insists  on 
using  a  lower  case  'e'  for  earth  while  dignifying  tiny  Mercury  with  a 
capital.     Even  the  minor  planets  such  as  Eros  carry  formal  names. 

"The  neglect  is  even  more  conspicuous  in  the  instance  of  our  own 
natural  satellite.  While  the  moons  of  other  planets  have  exotic  names 
such  as  Phobos  we  refer  to  ours  in  the  generic  and,  consequently,  with 
a  lower  case  'm'. 

"I  suggest  we  either  start  capitalizing  Earth  and  Moon  or  else  ask 
the  American  Society  of  Newspaper  Editors  to  convene  an  internation- 
al conference  to  pick  a  name  for  our  planet.  While  they're  at  it,  they 
might  decide  whether  'marsography'  is  a  word  and  straighten  out  the 
planetary  adjectives."  (Bishop,  WSJ,  9/9/65,  12) 
September  10:  NASA  began  recruiting  to  select  additional  pilot/astronauts 
for  manned  space  flight  missions.  There  were  presently  28  pilot/as- 
tronauts and  five  scientist/astronauts  participating  in  the  NASA  manned 
space  flight  program.  To  be  eligible  for  selection,  applicants  had  to: 
(1)  be  a  U.S.  citizen,  no  taller  than  six  feet,  born  on  or  after  Dec.  1, 
1929;  (2)  have  a  bachelor's  degree  in  engineering,  physical  or  biologi- 
cal science;  and  (3)  have  acquired  1,000  hrs.  jet  pilot  time  or  have 
been  graduated  from  an  armed  forces  test  pilot  school.  (NASA  Release 
65-288) 

•  USAF  launched   unidentified   satiellite   payload   from   WTR  using   a   Thor 

Fw4s  booster.     (U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  151) 

•  The  U.S.  manned  orbiting  laboratory  was  aimed  at  "the  practical  testing 

of  orbital  nuclear  weapons,  not  scientific  space  laboratories"  in  viola- 
tion of  a  U.N.  agreement  not  to  orbit  weapons  of  mass  destruction, 
wrote  Col.  Gen.  Vladimir  Tolubko,  deputy  commander  of  Soviet  rocket 
troops  in  Za  Rubezhom.  His  remarks  were  Russia's  first  comment  on 
President  Johnson's  Aug.  25  announcement  that  U.S.  would  develop  a 
manned  orbiting  laboratory.  (Wash.  Post,  9/10/65,  A25;  Reuters, 
NYT,  9/10/65,  12C) 

•  President  Johnson  ordered  two-year  extension  of  active  duty  for  V/Adm. 

Hyman  G.  Rickover  (usn),  developer  of  the  atomic  submarine.  With- 
out Presidential  intervention,  Rickover,  who  would  be  66  yrs.  old  in 
January,  would  have  been  forced  to  retire  from  active  duty  early  next 


424  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

year.  Rickover  attributed  the  success  and  relatively  low  cost  of  his 
expanding  atomic  submarine  program  to  the  fact  that  he  had  directed 
the  program  for  18  consecutive  years.  (Finney,  NYT,  9/11/65,  54C) 
September  11:  The  White  House  announced  that  Astronauts  L.  Gordon 
Cooper  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  would  leave  Sept.  15  on  a  six-nation 
goodwill  tour  to  Greece,  Turkey,  Ethiopia,  Madagascar,  Kenya,  and 
Nigeria.  The  astronauts  would  be  accompanied  by  their  wives, 
Cooper's  daughters.  Dr.  Charles  A.  Berry,  chief  surgeon  for  the  astro- 
nauts, and  President  Johnson's  Army  aide,  Maj.  Hugh  Robinson. 
(Pomfret,  NYT,  9/12/65,  1,  33) 

•  NASA  awarded  $900,000  facilities  grant  to  Univ.  of  Denver  for  construc- 

tion of  Space  Sciences  Laboratories  building.      (NASA  Release  65-289) 

•  The    possible    implications    of    President    Johnson's    decision    to     de- 

velop a  manned  orbiting  laboratory  were  discussed  by  Raymond 
Senter  in  The  New  Republic: 

"President  Johnson's  decision  to  allow  the  Air  Force  to  build  and 
launch  five  manned  orbital  laboratories  (mol),  at  a  cost  of  $1.5  bil- 
lion or  more,  is  likely  to  increase  tensions  between  the  US  and  the  USSR 
and  to  spark  a  similar  military  space  program  by  the  Russians.  H  so, 
the  Air  Force  will  certainly  urge  further  escalation  of  its  own  military 
space  program,  raising  the  specter  that  space  will  become  a  fantasti- 
cally expensive  battlefield  of  the  future.  .  .  . 

"It  is,  however,  possible  that  mol  will  demonstrate  the  feasibility  of 
a  few  American  and  Soviet  spacemen  in  their  respective  spacecraft 
operating  a  continuous  space  watch.  If  it  does,  and  if  both  nations 
exercise  restraint,  it  could  have  a  stabilizing  effect,  as  have  our  mutual 
unmanned  reconnaissance  satellites.  If  man  can  be  an  efficient  ob; 
server  in  orbit  for  extended  periods,  the  time  may  come  when  the  U.S. 
should  invite  the  United  Nations  to  maintain  a  continuous  space  pa- 
trol, with  a  multi-national  crew,  to  warn  of  any  impending  or  surprise 
attack."  (Senter,  The  New  Republic,  9/11/65,  9) 
September  12:  Weathermen  detected  Hurricane  Betsy  early,  tracked  her 
accurately,  and  warned  islands  and  coastal  areas  of  her  approach  well 
in  advance,  reported  Evert  Clark  in  the  New  York  Times.  He  ex- 
plained: "Two  major  advances  have  made  this  possible  in  recent 
years.  One  is  in  technology — the  satellites,  reconnaissance  planes,  ra- 
dars, computers  and  communication  networks  that  have  become  the 
forecaster's  new  set  of  tools. 

"The  other  is  in  the  use  of  the  new  knowledge  provided  by  these 
tools  to  help  the  public  deal  more  readily  with  the  violent  natural 
forces  unleased  by  a  hurricane.  .  .  . 

"A  great  improvement  in  advisories,  warnings,  community  planning 
and  evacuation — sponsored  by  the  Weather  Bureau — has  dramatically 
cut  deaths  and  destruction  from  hurricanes  in  recent  years.  .  .  ." 

Hurricane  Betsy  was  first  detected  by  NASA's  TIROS  X  meteorological 
satellite  Aug.  27,  and  was  followed  by  tiros  Vii,  Viii,  IX,  and 
X.     (Clark,  NYT,  9/12/65,  E7) 

•  President  Johnson  nominated  John  S.  Foster  as  Director  of  Defense  Re- 

search and  Engineering.  Dr.  Foster,  formerly  director  of  the  Law- 
rence Radiation  Laboratory,  would  replace  Dr.  Harold  Brown,  who 
would  become  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force  on  Oct.  1.  (White  House 
Release) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  425 

September  12:  Dr.  Cyril  Ponnamperuma,  chief  of  the  chemical  evolution 
branch  at  NASA  Ames  Research  Center,  reported  to  the  American 
Chemical  Society  meeting  in  Atlantic  City  that  he  had  joined  together 
in  a  laboratory  two  subunits  (nucleotide  molecules)  of  RNA  (ribonu- 
cleic acid)  under  conditions  simulating  earth  as  it  might  have  been  3 
billion  yrs.  ago.  His  successful  experiments  offered  further  scientific 
support  that  life  on  earth  might  have  evolved  chemically.  (Haseltine, 
Wash.  Post,  9/13/65,  A6) 

•  Activities  of  the  Clearinghouse  for  Federal  Scientific  and  Technical  In- 

formation, operated  by  the  Commerce  Dept.  at  N.  Springfield,  Va.,  to 
distribute  reports  on  non-classified  Government  projects  to  industry, 
scientists,  and  engineers,  were  summarized  by  Charles  Covell  in  the 
Washington  Sunday  Star.  Reports  acquired,  principally  the  result  of 
research  performed  in  Government  laboratories  or  by  contractors  for 
the  various  defense  agencies,  NASA,  and  AEC,  were  expected  to  number 
about  65,000  this  fiscal  year.      ( Covell,  Wash.  Sun.  Star,  9/12/65 ) 

•  A  scorpion  fish  stung  aquanaut  M.  Scott  Carpenter  as  nine  of  his  fellow- 

aquanauts  were  preparing  to  leave  USN  Sealab  ii  on  the  bottom  of  the 
Pacific.  Their  departure  was  delayed  until  a  Navy  physician  had  de- 
termined that  Carpenter  could  remain  in  the  Sealab  15  additional  days 
as  planned.  Nine  new  crewmen  descended  to  join  him.  (ap,  NYT, 
9/14/65,  61M;  ap.  Bait.  Sun.,  9/13/65) 

•  High  winds  from  Hurricane  Betsy  inflicted  extensive  damage  to  glass 

windows,  roofing,  and  metal  sheeting  on  almost  all  major  structures  at 
NASA  Michoud  Assembly  Facility.  Winds  and  rising  tides  forced  the 
Saturn  barge  Promise  onto  the  west  levy  of  the  Michoud  slip.  Da- 
mage was  not  expected  to  delay  the  production  schedules  of  the  Saturn 
IB  and  Saturn  V  boosters,  however.  At  Mississippi  Test  Facility,  only 
minor  damage  was  incurred  and  area  residents  took  shelter  in  mtf's 
main  administration  building.  {Marshall  Star,  9/15/65,  1,  4;  Mar- 
shall Star,  9/22/65,  7;  ap.  Wash.  Post,  9/7/65,  Al) 

•  Kansas  City  Star  editorial:  "In  the  long  book  of  history,  the  20th  cen- 

tury is  likely  to  have  a  place  alongside  the  15th  and  16th  centuries  that 
saw  historic  explorations  of  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Today,  man  is 
on  the  edge  of  the  conquest  of  another  world — the  world  of  space.  He 
now  possesses  the  capability  of  leaving  this  planet  and  setting  foot  on 
the  moon  or  another  body  of  the  solar  system. 

"In  fact,  it  now  begins  to  appear  that  American  astronauts  will  settle 
gently  onto  the  surface  of  the  moon  in  1969.  It  will  be  an  exploit  that 
knows  no  counterpart  in  more  than  4  billion  years  of  earth's 
history.  .  .  ."      {Kansas  City  Star,  9/12/65) 

•  Washington    Post    contended    in    an    editorial    that    long-range    achieve- 

ments of  oceanographic  research  might  have  a  greater  impact 
than  the  space  program  on  the  lives  of  Americans:  The  reactions  of 
the  aquanauts  "to  prolonged  periods  in  Sealab's  artificial  environment 
and  in  the  ocean  depths  will  provide  vital  information  on  man's  ability 
to  explore  and  work  on  the  world's  continental  shelves.  Difficulties 
that  have  already  occurred  indicate  that  undersea  exploration,  hereto- 
fore granted  only  limited  funds  for  research  and  development,  is  not 
likely  to  advance  as  spectacularly  as  the  space  program  .  .  ."  {Wash. 
Post,  9/12/65) 


426  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

September  12:  U.S.S.R.  made  public  a  statement  issued  by  Soviet  Foreign 
Ministry  accusing  Britain  of  using  its  territory  to  train  West  German 
troops  in  "handling  rocket  weapons  that  can  bear  nuclear  warheads." 
The  British  Embassy  in  Moscow,  recipient  of  the  statement,  made  no 
comment,      (ap.  NYT.  9/13  65) 

September  13:  In  a  Cabinet  report  for  President  Johnson,  NASA  Deputy 
Administrator  Hugh  L.  Dryden  said:  "The  primary  objective  of  the 
Gemini  V  mission  to  demonstrate  man's  ability  to  function  in  the 
space  environment  for  8  days  and  to  qualify  the  spacecraft  systems 
under  these  conditions  was  met.  This  milestone  duplicated  the  period 
required  for  the  manned  lunar  exploration  mission. 

"Gemini  V  also  demonstrated  the  capability  of  man  to  withstand 
prolonged  periods  of  weightlessness.  The  adaptability  of  the  human 
body  was  indicated  by  the  performance  of  the  astronauts.  For  exam- 
ple, their  heartbeat  rates  gradually  dropped  to  a  level  significantly 
lower  than  their  preflight  normal  rates,  but  by  the  fourth  day,  adapted 
to  the  weightless  condition  and  leveled  off.  Upon  return  to  Earth,  the 
heartbeat  rates  were  slightly  higher  than  normal,  as  expected,  but  re- 
turned to  normal  rates  during  the  second  day.  This  has  assured  us  of 
man's  capability  to  travel  to  the  Moon  and  return."  iPres.  Doc, 
9/20/65,  258) 

•  President  Johnson,  in  a  statement  to  the  Cabinet  on  strengthening  aca- 

demic capability  for  science,  said:  "Almost  all  of  the  Federal  research 
money  is  provided  to  produce  results  that  are  needed  now  and  in  the 
future  to  achieve  our  many  national  goals  in  health,  in  defense,  in 
space,  in  agriculture,  and  so  on.  Of  the  total  provided  to  universities, 
34  percent  comes  from  the  National  Institutes  of  Health,  23  percent 
from  the  Department  of  Defense,  9  percent  from  NASA,  6  percent  from 
the  AEC,  and  4  percent  from  Agriculture.  Only  13  percent  is  provided 
by  the  National  Science  Foundation- — the  only  agency  which  supports 
science  and  science  education  as  such."      {Pres.  Doc.,  9/20/65,  268) 

•  First  flight  model  of  S-ivb,  second  stage  of  NASA's  Saturn  IB  booster, 

was  en  route  via  water  from  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.,  Sacramento,  to 
Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  where  it  might  be  flown  as  early  as 
December  in  the  first  launch  of  an  Apollo  flight-type  spacecraft. 
{Marshall  Star,  9/22/65,  10) 

•  Two  USAF  Athena  missiles  were  fired  within  hours  of  each  other  from 

Green  River,  Utah,  into  the  White  Sands  Missile  Range.  Vehicle  per- 
formance was  said  to  have  been  good,  (dod  Press  Office;  M&R, 
9/27/65,  15) 

•  Philip   E.   Culbertson  became   Director   of  Lunar  Mission   Studies,  Ad- 

vanced Manned  Missions  Program  Office,  Office  of  Manned  Space 
Flight,  NASA  Hq.  Culbertson  would  direct  studies  concerning  manned 
exploration  of  the  moon  in  the  time  period  following  Project 
Apollo.  Before  joining  NASA,  he  had  been  associated  with  General 
Dynamics/Astronautics  since  1958,  where  he  was  Chief  Project  En- 
gineer for  Atlas  launch  vehicle  systems,  manager  of  the  Atlas  launch 
vehicle  systems  engineering  and  reliability  program,  manager  and  di- 
rector of  manned  space  studies,  and  director  of  advanced  development. 
(NASA  Release  65-308) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  427 

September  13:  Dr.  Charles  C.  Price,  president  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society,  told  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Society  in  Atlantic  City  that  the 
synthesis  of  life  should  be  made  a  national  goal:  "We  have  been  mak- 
ing fantastic  strides  in  uncovering  the  basic  chemistry  of  the  life  proc- 
ess and  the  structure  of  many  of  the  key  components  of  living  systems. 

".  .  .  The  political,  social,  biological  and  economic  consequences  of 
such  a  breakthrough  would  dwarf  those  of  either  atomic  energy  or  the 
space  program.  Success  could  lead  to  modified  plants  and  algae  for 
synthesis  of  foods,  fibers,  and  antibiotics,  to  improved  growth  or  prop- 
erties of  plants  and  animals,  or  even  to  improved  characteristics  for 
man  himself.  .  .  ."     (Text) 

•  Robert  Hotz  wrote  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology:  "A  strong 

smell  of  sour  grapes  is  beginning  to  emanate  from  the  Soviet  propa- 
ganda machine  with  its  waspish  comments  on  recent  U.S.  space 
achievements.   .   .   . 

"This  .  .  .  was  evident  in  the  Soviet  propaganda  barrage  aimed  at 
the  Gemini  5  flight  when  it  became  apparent  that  Astronauts  Cooper 
and  Conrad  would  surpass  the  world  space  flight  endurance  record  set 
by  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Valery  Bykovsky  in  June  1963.  Tass  .  .  . 
charged  that  U.S.  space  officials  were  endangering  the  lives  of  the  two 
Gemini  Astronauts  by  keeping  them  in  flight  after  the  initial  fuel  cell 
problems  in  a  supposedly  rash  effort  to  surpass  the  Soviet  mark.  Red 
Star,  the  official  Defense  Ministry  newspaper,  joined  in  by  'exposing' 
the  Gemini  5  flight  as  a  Pentagon  plot  to  develop  better  space  recon- 
naissance techniques  and  charged  the  peaceful  scientific  aims  of  space 
exploration  were  being  subverted  in  Gemini  by  its  military  experi- 
ments. .  .  . 

"What  is  really  significant  about  these  Soviet  sour  grapes  is  that 
they  reflect  a  realization  that  the  USSR  has  been  overtaken  and  is  being 
passed  in  the  space  race  by  the  U.S.  program.  The  U.S.  superiority  in 
unmanned  space  probes  has  become  clearly  recognized  by  the  world 
with  the  Ranger  lunar  pictures  and  the  Mars  data  from  Mariner 
4.  Gemini  4  and  5  finally  erased  the  Soviet  lead  in  the  manned  space 
flight.  The  solid  operational  foundation  of  the  Gemini  program  has 
made  possible  the  swift  and  sure  pace  which  promises  to  eclipse 
significantly  the  Voskhod  flights  in  the  immediate  future.  .  .  ."  (Hotz, 
Av.Wk.,  9/13/65,  21) 

•  Harry    Schwartz    discussed    the    "New    Arms    Race    in    Space"    in    the 

New  York  Times:  "The  President's  M.O.L.  announcement  came 
at  a  time  when  the  Soviet  Union  was  pubHcly  attacking  Gemini  5  as 
primarily  a  venture  in  military  espionage.  Just  why  the  President 
chose  precisely  that  time  to  supply  the  Russian  propagandists  with 
supporting  ammunition  is  still  a  puzzle. 

"Moreover,  by  underlining  the  potential  military  significance  of 
space,  the  President  may  have  finally  ended  any  last  lingering  hope 
that  there  might  be  a  joint  Soviet- American  program  for  sending  a 
man  to  the  moon  or  to  some  more  distant  objective  in  the  solar  system. 

"Most  serious  is  the  indication  that  the  Soviet  Union  and  its  aUies 
have  interpreted  the  M.O.L.  decision  as  the  American  signal  for  an 
arms  race  in  space. 

".  .  .  Would  it  not  have  been  better  for  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Administration  to  have  been  given  the  M.O.L.  assignment 


428  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

and  thus  avoid  the  provocation  and  propaganda  setback  represented  by 
the  decision  the  President  actually  took?  And  once  a  NASA  M.O.L. 
were  developed,  it  could  be  used  by  the  military  if  the  need 
arose.  That  need  would  presumably  be  evidence  that  the  Russians  or 
others  were  actively  exploiting  space  for  military  purposes  other  than 
intelligence  collection."  (Schwartz,  NYT,  9/13/65) 
September  13:  ComSatCorp  was  seeking  establishment  of  a  world-wide  sat- 
ellite communications  network  to  be  leased  jointly  by  NASA  and  com- 
mercial telecommunications  carriers,  reported  Katherine  Johnsen  in 
Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology.  Miss  Johnsen  reported  that 
last  week  the  National  Communications  System  (the  U.S.  Govern- 
ment's centralized  communications  agency)  and  ComSatCorp  appeared 
to  be  approaching  "agreement  on  an  arrangement  under  which  it 
would  pay  about  S80  million  over  a  10-year  period  for  use  by  NASA  of 
the  global  network,  primarily  for  the  Apollo  manned  lunar  landing 
program."  Several  variations  of  the  proposal  were  also  presented  and 
ComSatCorp  executives  were  optimistic  that  one  would  be 
approved.      (Johnsen,  Av.  Wk.,  9/13/65,  35) 

•  NASA  Michoud  Assembly  Facility  resumed  partial  operations  after  suffer- 

ing extensive  damage  from  Hurricane  Betsy.  The  Tri-State  Roofing 
Co.  and  J.  A.  Jones  Construction  Co.  were  selected  to  begin  emergency 
repairs.      (  MSFC  Release  65-237) 

•  U.S.  News  and  World  Report  commented  on  President  Johnson's  deci- 

sion to  develop  a  manned  orbiting  laboratory:  "President  Johnson  has 
now  committed  this  country  to  a  vital  and  far-reaching  race  against 
Russia  for  military  supremacy  in  space. 

"It  is  a  strategic  decision  regarded  as  important  as  any  since  World 
War  II. 

"The  race  actually  has  started.  At  this  point  it  is  largely  silent  and 
secret.  But  both  powers  are  known  to  be  conducting  military  mis- 
sions with  unmanned  satellites,  and  results  are  described  as  striking 
and  enormous. 

"Next,  both  countries  will  make  major  strategic  moves  by  putting  up 
space  stations  with  military  crews.  Beyond  that,  plans  are  being  read- 
ied for  armadas  of  orbiting  platforms  and  fleets  of  space  planes — 
and,  in  case  of  hostilities,  possible  confrontation  in  space. 

"The  U.S.  goal:  to  make  certain  Russia  is  denied  control  of  space 
that  might  enable  it  to  tip  the  balance  of  power  here  on 
earth.  .  .  ."      ( f/.5.  A^eM;5,  9/13/65,  10) 

•  In   a   Washington   Evening   Star   article,   "Costs   Soar   in   Lagging   TFX 

Project,"  Richard  Wilson  wrote:  "Here's  the  latest  word  on  that  $8 
billion  miracle  airplane  program,  the  tfx.  It  is  costing  about  $5  mil- 
lion per  plane  instead  of  the  estimated  $2.2  million.  It  is  too  heavy 
for  the  Navy  to  use.  It  could  have  been  ready  now  but  it  isn't  be- 
cause the  Kennedy  administration  lagged  a  year  while  evaluating  and 
reevaluating  the  aircraft  so  that  General  Dynamics  Corp.  could  get  the 
contract.  .  .  . 

"Nobody  knows  for  sure  that  the  Boeing  plane  would  have  worked 
out  any  better  but  the  top  military  men  all  thought  so.  .  .  .  So  far  as 
realizing  any  billion  dollars  savings  as  was  at  first  advertised,  this 
doesn't    appear    very    likely    if    the    Navy    has    to    have    a    lighter 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  429 

version.  In  view  of  the  nearly  doubling  of  cost  per  plane,  it  does  not 
seem  likely  in  any  case.  .  .  ."  (Wilson,  Wash.  £fe.  S/ar,  9/13/65) 
September  13-18:  International  Astronautical  Federation's  16th  Congress 
Avas  held  in  Athens.  Participants  were  greeted  by  King  Constantine 
of  Greece.  Introductory  speeches  were  made  by  the  president  of  the 
lAF,  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering:  chairman  of  the  International  Acad- 
emy of  Astronautics,  Dr.  Charles  S.  Draper;  and  president  of  the  In- 
ternational Institute  of  Space  Law,  Dr.  I.  Pepin.  (Hines,  Wash.  Sun. 
Star,  9/12/65;  Izvestia,  9  14  65,  5,  atss-t  Trans.) 

Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  Director  of  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight 
Center,  reported  at  a  plenary  meeting  of  the  congress  that  the  Apollo 
program  had  now  passed  the  half-way  point  and  was  moving  forward 
at  full  momentum.     He  listed  three  primary  commitments: 

" — the  first  Saturn  V  carrying  an  unmanned  Apollo  spacecraft  is 
scheduled  to  be  launched  in  1967. 

" — the  first  Saturn  V  carrying  a  manned  Apollo  spacecraft  is  sched- 
uled to  be  launched  in  1968. 

" — the  manned  lunar  landing  is  scheduled  to  be  accomplished 
prior  to  1970." 

Following  his  presentation,  von  Braun  told  a  news  conference  that 
"many  Soviet  and  American  scientists  will  participate  to  lay  the  foun- 
dation for  extensive  cooperation  on  the  moon."  He  said  there  were 
indications  that  the  moon's  surface  was  solid  enough  to  bear  the 
weight  of  the  spacecraft.  Soft  spots  had  been  identified  and  would  be 
avoided.  He  estimated  that  a  landing  on  Mars  would  occur  15  yrs. 
after  a  successful  lunar  landing.      (Text;  NYT,  9/15/65,  24) 

Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned 
Space  Flight,  outUned  broad  objectives  of  the  Saturn- Apollo  applica- 
tions missions,  earth-orbital  and  lunar: 

"(1)  Evaluate  and  extend  man's  capabilities  to  operate  in  space 
effectively  as  an  astronaut  and  as  a  scientist. 

"(2)  Conduct  observations  of  the  Earth,  extra-terrestrial  phenome- 
na, and  experiments  dependent  on  the  space  environment. 

"(3)  Qualify  systems  and  crews  for  subsequent  long-duration  space 
missions. 

"(4)    To  explore,  map  and  survey  the  Moon. 
Throughout  these  extended  Apollo  missions,  the  primary  emphasis  will 
be  on  science  and  applications  experiments. 

"The  foundation  for  any  long-range  and  broad  national  space  pro- 
gram is  a  strong  manned  Earth-orbital  program.  For  example,  the 
approach  to  future  manned  planetary  missions  will  depend  not  only  on 
what  is  learned  from  unmanned  missions  such  as  Mariner  and 
Voyager,  but  also  what  we  can  learn  in  Earth  orbit  about  the  effects  on 
crew  members  of  long-term  confinement  and  reduced  and/or  intermit- 
tent artificial-gravity  fields,  as  well  as  on  the  Earth-orbital  qualification 
of  extended-duration  life  support  and  power  systems. 

"Man's  greatest  contributions  in  space  will  come  when  he  can  bring 
his  intelligence  to  bear  on  the  spot.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

Michael  Stoiko,  technical  director  of  Martin  Co.'s  Gemini  advance 
design  section,  suggested  to  the  iaf  congress  that  an  international 
space  rescue  service  to  aid  astronauts  stranded  in  orbit  be 
devised.     The  U.S.  and  Russia  would  organize  the  service  with  availa- 


430  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

ble  equipment,  and  eventually  rescue  would  be  conducted  on  an  inter- 
national basis.  Stoiko  said  the  Martin  Co.  estimated  280  manned 
spaceflights  would  be  flown  by  various  nations  in  the  next  20  yrs.,  with 
crews  totaling  800  men.  There  was  a  "reasonable  probabiHty"  that 
one  or  more  U.S.  crews  would  be  stranded  in  orbit  and  a  62%  proba- 
bility that  at  least  seven  space  ships  with  crews  totaling  22  astronauts 
and  cosmonauts  would  have  to  be  rescued,  (ap,  N.Y.  Her.  Trib. 
9/15/65) 

Paper  on  "Research  and  Systems  Requirements  for  a  Lunar 
Scientific  Laboratory"  was  presented  at  the  lAF  congress  by  C.  Wil- 
liam Henderson,  NASA  Ofiice  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  and  Grady  L. 
Mitcham  of  the  Boeing  Co.:  "It  is  our  obligation  to  define  a  meaning- 
ful lunar  laboratory  program  which  will  extract  the  maximum 
scientific  return  for  the  investment  of  resources.  Our  scientific  meth- 
ods may  have  to  change  radically  in  order  to  achieve  this  goal  of 
efficiency;  perhaps  by  using  the  mantime  on  the  moon  only  for  the 
extraction  of  data,  leaving  the  analysis  of  this  information  to  the  far 
less  costly  man  power  on  earth.  Most  probably,  leading  scientists  will 
not  be,  themselves,  on  the  lunar  surface,  but  rather  will  be  at  earth- 
based  television  consoles  directing  and  guiding  their  counter-parts  on 
the  moon.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

Soviet  Cosmonaut  Pavel  Belyayev  reported  at  the  lAF  congress  that 
the  exit  of  cosmonauts  into  space  from  orbital  stations  to  relieve  the 
crews  and  perform  work  in  space  would  be  made  only  through  air 
locks,  making  it  possible  to  avoid  dehermetization  of  the 
spacecraft.  Belyayev  said  visual  acuity  of  astronauts  was  lessened  by 
from  20-30%  during  spaceflight.  Sensitivity  of  the  eye  to  color  was 
also  affected.     Drop  of  50%  occurred  in  the  case  of  green  and  purple. 

Cosmonaut  Aleksey  Leonov  described  in  his  report  the  functioning 
of  the  self-contained  life-support  system  he  wore  in  open  space.  He 
was  able  to  regulate  the  atmosphere  in  his  spacesuit,  maintaining  with- 
in it  an  excess  pressure  of  0.4  atmospheres  or  0.27  at- 
mospheres. When  he  stepped  out  of  voskhod  ii,  Leonov  said,  the 
excess  pressure  in  the  spacesuit  was  0.4  atmospheres  and  before 
reentry  into  the  spacecraft,  he  said:  "I  once  more  set  the  pressure  back 
to  0.27  atmospheres."  Data  obtained,  he  summed  up,  permitted  the 
conclusion  that  stepping  out  into  open  space  does  not  cause  serious 
specific  changes  in  psychophysiological  functions. 

Of  the  future  of  the  Soviet  space  program,  he  said:  "In  time  there 
will  be  many  space  laboratories,  with  crews  being  periodically 
exchanged.  Then  there  will  be  a  spaceship  for  the  moon,  and  a  land- 
ing on  the  moon,  followed  by  shots  to  other  planets."  (ap.  Wash. 
Post  9/17/65;  ap.  Bait.  Sun,  9/17/65;  National  Zeitung,  9/16/65,  3) 

A  voyage  in  a  seven-man  spacecraft,  past  Venus  to  land  on  Mars, 
was  proposed  by  Robert  L.  Sohn  of  the  Space  Technology  Laboratories 
in  a  paper  at  the  16th  Congress  of  the  International  Astronautical 
Federation  in  Athens.  Sohn  said  the  flight  could  be  conducted  in  the 
1980's  using  launching  equipment  and  spacecraft  already  in  develop- 
ment, including  Saturn  launch  vehicles  and  modified  Apollo 
spacecraft.  He  further  claimed  that  the  billion-mile,  400-day  trip 
would  cost  about  $20  billion.     A  400,000-lb.  craft  would  be  assembled 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  431 

in  earth  orbit  after  component  parts  were  placed  into  orbit  by  four  or 
five  separate  launches.      {NYT,  9/14/65) 

Soviet  Professor  Savenko  reported  to  the  congress  about  the  study 
of  primary  cosmic  rays  by  proton  I,  launched  July  16,  1965.  Vol- 
ume of  information  radioed  back  to  earth  was  60  million  units 
daily.  Equipment  was  sensitive  to  particles  of  energy  of  "billions  and 
more  of  electron  volts  which  makes  it  possible  for  the  station  to  ex- 
plore the  depth  of  matter."  Design  of  the  ionization  calorimeter  in 
PROTON  I  permitted  improved  methods  of  research,  Professor  Savenko 
said.  Information  relayed  from  PROTON  i  processed  so  far  showed 
that  distribution  of  cosmic  ray  particles  of  very  high  energies  differed 
from  picture  obtained  by  indirect  measurements.      (Tass,  9/17/65) 

Mstislav  Keldysh,  president  of  the  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences,  re- 
ceived the  International  Academy  of  Astronautics'  1965  Daniel  and 
Florence  Guggenheim  International  Astronautics  Award.  The  con- 
gress elected  the  leadership  of  iaf  and  reelected  Dr.  William  H.  Pick- 
ering as  president.  (Hines,  Wash.  Sunday  Star,  9/12/65;  Tass, 
9/18/65) 
September  13:  Reporting  on  the  Lunar  International  Laboratory,  under 
consideration  by  the  International  Astronautical  Federation  meeting  in 
Athens,  William  Hines,  in  the  Washington  Evening  Star,  said  the  case 
for  Lil  had  been  outlined  this  way : 

"1.  A  spaceship  is  horribly  expensive;  it  costs  $15,000  now  to  boost 
one  pound  of  instruments  to  the  moon,  and  will  cost  $180,000  a  man 
hour  to  sustain  scientists  in  space  in  the  1970s. 

"2.  The  precedent  exists  for  international  scientific  efforts:  nuclear 
physicists  already  are  discussing  a  trillion-volt  atom  smasher  of  which 
the  world  needs  only  one. 

"3.  The  concept  of  international  science  has  been  accepted  by  the 
United  Nations  since  1946.  .  .  , 

"4.  While  the  Russians  have  not  taken  an  official  stand,  Sedov  and 
others  last  year  openly  discussed  Soviet  studies  on  moon  construction. 

"[C.  Stark]  Draper  [Director  of  MiT  Instrumentation  Laborato- 
ry] ...  has  called  for  a  computer  center  on  the  moon  to  collect  data 
there  and  pass  it  on  to  earthly  campuses  and  laboratories  with  infor- 
mation literally  unavailable  here.  The  Lil  program  has  not  yet 
reached  the  cost  effectiveness  and  design  stages  yet,  but  at  the  rate  the 
Apollo  program  to  land  men  on  the  moon  by  1970  is  going,  backers 
say  only  10  to  20  years  is  needed.  A  curbstone  opinion  is  that  $20 
billion  to  $30  billion  .  .  .  comparable  to  the  Apollo  costs — would  han- 
dle the  construction  and  start  of  Lil  operations."  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  9/13/65,  A8) 
September  14:  In  a  White  House  ceremony.  President  Johnson  conferred 
Exceptional  Service  Medals  on  GEMINI  V  Astronauts  L.  Gordon 
Cooper  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  and  Dr.  Charles  Berry,  chief  surgeon 
for  the  astronauts.  The  President  announced  that  military  promotions 
for  the  astronauts  would  be  submitted  to  the  Senate 
immediately.      (Richard,  Wash.  Post,  9/15/65,  A3) 

Following  the  ceremony.  Vice  President  Hubert  Humphrey  accom- 
panied the  astronauts,  their  families,  and  Dr.  Berry  to  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences.     Humphrey  told  the  Academy:   "The  achieve- 


432  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  I%5 

merits  of  our  astronauts  are  not  just  the  achievements  of  two 
men.  They  are  the  achievements  of  family,  country  and  of  a  so- 
ciety. .  .  . 

"This  is  the  best  example  of  cooperation  between  Government  and 
industry,  between  public  and  private,  that  I  know  in  this  nation,  and 
might  I  add,  that  it  is  an  example  that  should  be  emulated  by  many 
others  in  many  other  endeavors  in  this  country. 

"But  our  space  program  ...  is  more  than  national.  It  would  be 
well  enough  if  it  were  only  national,  but  it  is  more  than  that.  It  is 
truly  international.  And  I  want  ...  to  stress  our  space  program's 
potential  as  an  arm  of  our  foreign  poHcy,  of  our  international  rela- 
tions, and  particularly  of  our  peace  policy,  because  this  Government 
has  but  one  objective  in  the  world:  a  just,  honorable  and  enduring 
peace.  .  .  ." 

Astronaut  Cooper  summarized  some  of  the  things  that  man  could  do 
in  space: 

".  .  .  we  again  showed  that  man  can  do  a  great  deal  of  geological 
observations  while  in  space.  ...  I  think  it  is  very  significant  that 
although  you  pass  across  some  [geological  formations]  rather  rapidly 
you  still  are  able  to  .  .  .  observe  them  and  you  are  very  capable  of 
photographing  them  in  great  detail. 

".  .  .  man  is  very  capable  of  doing  oceanographic  obser- 
vations. We  have  noted  that  you  can  detect  a  great  deal  of  de- 
tail as  to  the  depths  of  water,  as  to  the  currents  of  running  water,  and 
even  to  wind  patterns  that  run  on  the  waters,  the  wave  patterns  caused 
by  the  wind. 

".  .  .  man  could  do  a  great  deal  of  weather  observations,  both  in 
real  time  and  photographically.  And  we  .  .  .  were  able  to  pinpoint 
one  tropical  storm  in  between  some  of  the  planned  observations,  and 
apparently  that  was  very  accurate  pinpointing  of  its  position. 

"We  determined  in  our  discussions  later  with  the  Weather  Bureau 
people,  that  for  future  use  ...  we  could  get  much  greater  accuracy 
even  on  pinpointing  these  by  the  use  of  our  platform  combination  and 
taking  angles  to  a  great  deal  more  accuracy,  rather  than  just  estima- 
tions of  the  angular  distance  and  locations. 

"We  found  that  you  could  do  a  great  deal  of  visual  observations  of 
the  phenomena  around  the  earth  ...  we  picked  up  ship  wakes,  sever- 
al hundred  miles  away  of  .  .  .  the  contrast  of  the  white  wake  against 
the  blue  background  in  very  clear  weather  areas.  .  .  ." 

Conrad  revealed  that  photographs  taken  during  the  gemini  v  mission 
at  the  request  of  the  Mexican  government,  had  located  volcanoes  in 
Mexico  that  "the  Mexicans  didn't  know  they  had.  .  .  ."  He  also  said: 
"I  think  a  system  that  has  been  left  out  and  nobody  has  talked  about  is 
our  environmental  control  system,  which  performed  in  a  most  out- 
standing manner  for  eight  days.  We  had  probably  the  nicest,  freshest 
air  that  anybody  could  want  to  breathe,  and  we  had  an  unusual  first  in 
the  space  business:  most  environmental  control  systems  had  been  load- 
ed down  and  pilot  after  pilot  came  back  and  said  they  were  too  warm, 
and  we  fought  and  fought  it,  and  at  McDonnell,  to  have  a  little  change 
made  because  of  some  of  the  problems  of  heat  exchange  between  the 
inlet  and  outlet  pipes.      It  turned  out  that  we  were  too  cold. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  433 

"With  two  tubes  running,  we  were  probably  the  first  ones  to  shut 
the  cabin  heat  exchanger  down  and  run  everything  as  hot  as  we  could 
get  it  in  there.  We  were  just  right.  And  the  thing  that  most  sur- 
prised us  on  opening  the  hatch  on  landing,  we  couldn't  tell  the 
difference  between  inside  and  out,  and  that  is  a  monumental  job  for 
that  small  system." 

Dr.  Berry  concluded  the  program  by  presenting  a  review  of  the 
medical  data  received  from  the  gemini  v  mission. 

The  astronauts'  party  then  proceeded  to  the  Capitol  where  Vice 
President  Humphrey  presented  them  to  the  Senate  and  then  to  the 
House.  Cooper  told  the  House:  "We  set  out  with  our  prime  objective 
on  Gemini  5  to  fly  8  days.  We  were  to  fly  this  8  days  primarily  to 
show  that  man,  with  all  the  various  equipment  on  board,  and  the 
machines,  could  safely  and  very  functionally  do  this  8-day  mission 
with  no  adverse  effects.  We  were  entirely  successful  in  this.  .  .  ." 
Conrad  explained:  "Gemini  5  was  a  significant  advance  in  the 
whole  program  in  that  we  flew  the  first  all-out  spacecraft.  We 
would  not  have  been  able  to  go  without  the  fuel  cells  for  8  days.  This 
was  the  first  time  they  were  flown.  We  had  the  first  radars  from 
which  we  got  some  very  excellent  data  to  enable  the  GT-6  to  continue 
with  their  present  rendezvous  plans.  It  was  the  first  time  that  the 
cryogenic  storage  of  liquid  hydrogen  and  liquid  oxygen  had  been  run 
that  long  in  space.  .  .  ." 

Dr.  Berry  told  the  Senate:  "We  are  conducting  a  program  such  as 
this  [Gemini  program]  ...  to  make  man  a  vital  part  of  such  a  re- 
search effort  and  to  show  the  facility  that  man  has  to  gain  scientific 
information  using  vehicles  such  as  we  are  able  to  build  in  this 
country.   .   .  . 

"I  think  I  can  report,  so  far  as  information  has  been  obtained  in 
this  country  to  date  and  at  the  moment,  that  we  are  the  only  ones  who 
have  that  sort  of  information  for  the  duration  of  which  we  are 
speaking.  We  can  confidently  say  that  man  has  been  able  to  perform 
very  well  up  to  4  days  in  a  weightless  state  earlier,  and  on  this  mission 
8  days  in  a  weightless  state.  He  has  then  been  able  to  re-adapt  back 
to  a  1-G  environment.  We  have  living  proof  of  that."  (Texts;  CR, 
9/14/65,  22924-22927;  nas-nrc  News  Report,  9/65,  1-2) 
September  14:  Commenting  on  the  visit  to  Washington,  D.C.,  by  gemini 
V  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  the  Washing- 
ton Post  wrote:  "Colonel  Cooper  has  been  through  all  this  before  fol- 
lowing his  22-orbit  flight  in  May,  1963.  The  reception  this  time  will  be 
less  spectacular.  But  this  does  not  mean  that  the  astronauts  have  be- 
come passe  or  that  the  American  people  are  indifferent  to  their 
achievements.  Rather  it  is  a  reflection  of  the  public's  trust  in  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration's  space  program.  For 
if  the  people  no  longer  gawk  and  shout,  they  still  applaud  vigorously, 
with  their  hearts  as  well  as  their  hands,  each  monumental  step  in  the 
great  venture  into  space."  [Wash.  Post,  9/14/65) 
•  Pilot  John  B.  McKay  (nasa)  flew  x-15  No.  3  to  maximum  altitude  of 
239,000  ft.  at  maximum  speed  of  3,545  mph  (mach  5.03)  to  obtain 
data  on  pilot  altitude  buildup,  (nasa  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight 
Log) 


434  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

September  14:  Nine  aquanauts  who  emerged  from  a  decompression  cham- 
ber after  spending  15  days  in  USN  Sealab  ii  reported  it  took  longer  than 
expected  to  accomplish  tasks;  the  helium  atmosphere  in  the  lab  made 
their  voices  sound  squeaky;  the  men's  efficiency  began  to  fall  off  after 
two  weeks,     (upi,  NYT,  9/15/65,  C20;   Wash.  Post,  9/15/65,  A9) 

•  The  House  Ways  and  Means  Committee  considered  H.R.  8210  to  exempt 

the  European  Space  Research  Organization  from  U.S.  taxation.  ESRO 
would  operate  a  tracking  station  in  Alaska,      (nasa  lar  iv/167-68) 

•  Soviet     scientist     Dr.     V.     S.     Troitsky,     of     the     Scientific     Research 

Radiophysics  Institute  in  Gorky,  said  that  radio  emissions  from 
the  moon  indicated  that  its  interior  was  so  hot  that  it  must  be  four 
times  as  radioactive  as  the  inside  of  the  earth.  He  also  said  that  radio 
observations  indicated  a  surface  layer  of  light  material  about  20-ft. 
thick,  overlying  denser  rock.  Dr.  Troitsky  made  these  statements  at 
an  international  conference  on  the  solar  system,  being  held  at  Cal 
Tech.      (A^yr,  9/15/65) 

•  Participants   in   the   World    Peace   through    Law    Conference    in    Wash- 

ington, D.C.,  agreed  that  advances  in  international  communica- 
tions, including  EARLY  BIRD  I  communications  satellite,  were  impor- 
tant milestones  on  the  road  to  world  peace.  John  A.  Johnson,  vice 
president  of  ComSatCorp,  told  the  international  communications  panel 
that  EARLY  BIRD  I  had  provided  a  case  study  of  progress  in  "the 
development  of  legal  principles  and  institutions  which  further  interna- 
tional cooperation."  He  said  global  coverage  in  the  satellite  com- 
munications system  was  planned  for  1967.  Prof.  Ivan  A.  Vlasic, 
McGill  Univ.,  warned  we  may  be  facing  "a  proliferation  of  competing, 
possibly  even  antagonistic  communications  systems.  Given  the 
present  state  of  international  relations  the  chances  of  conflict  are 
considerable."  Jean  Evensen,  Norway's  government  broadcasting  sys- 
tem adviser,  felt  "a  pressing  need  for  ways  of  enforcing  international 
communications  rules.  One  rebel,  one  nonconformist  .  .  .  can  create 
havoc  ...  to  the  damage  of  the  rest  of  the  world,"  he  said.  (Bullen, 
Wash.  Eve.  Star,  9/15/65) 

•  NASA  had  selected  Perkin-Elmer  Corp.  and  Chrysler  Corp.  for  contracts 

to  study  feasibility  of  including  optical-technology  experiments — 
particularly  lasers  and  large  telescopes — in  future  extended  Apollo 
flights.  NASA  was  also  interested  in  optical  communication  in  deep 
space,  the  effects  of  space  environment  on  optical  systems,  and  related 
secondary  experiments.  The  program  would  be  directed  by  MSEC. 
(msec  Release  65-223) 

•  Secretary  of  Commerce  John  T.  Connor  told  a  White  House  Cabinet 

meeting  that  Government  scientists  wanted  to  undertake  a  national 
weather-control  program  to  determine  whether  fog  could  be  dispelled, 
hail  suppressed,  hurricanes  diverted,  and  rain  made,  reported  Howard 
Simons  in  the  Washington  Post.  Connor's  report  represented  a 
change  of  view  in  the  scientific  community,  heretofore  reticent  about 
weather  modification.      (Simons,  Wash.  Post,  9/14/65,  A9) 

•  Former  eaa  Administrator  Najeeb  E.  Halaby  was  appointed  senior  vice 

president  of  Pan  American  World  Airways  and  elected  to  its  board  of 
directors.  Halaby's  initial  responsibilities  would  embrace  the  airline's 
defense  activities,  its  services  for  USAF  at  the  Eastern  Test  Range,  and 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  435 

its    business-jets     division.      [NYT,     9/15/65,     77M;      Wash.     Post, 
9/15/65,  B9) 
September  14:  Dr.  William  W.  Hagerty,  president  of  Drexel  Institute  of 
Technology,  was  sworn  in  as  consultant  to  NASA  Administrator  James 
E.  Webb,  in  university/industry  relations.      (NASA  Release  65-291) 

•  At  a  meeting  of  the  American  Chemical  Society  in  Atlantic  City,  Dr. 

Emmanuel  Roth  of  the  Lovelace  Foundation  proposed  neon  as  a  gas 
that  astronauts  might  breathe  during  spaceflights:  "Its  permeation 
coefficient  is  lowest.  That  is,  neon  does  not  go  into  solution  or  diffuse 
through  tissue  as  readily  as  other  gases  do.  As  a  result,  the  deadly 
bubbles  form  at  a  much  slower  rate."  No  tests  of  neon  with  human 
subjects  had  been  run.  {Newstveek,  9/27/65) 
September  15:  GEMINI  v  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles  Con- 
rad, Jr..  left  with  their  wives  on  a  six-nation  goodwill  tour  arranged  by 
President  Johnson  to  demonstrate  the  U.S.'  peaceful  intentions  in 
space.  They  would  visit  Greece,  Turkey,  Ethiopia,  Madagascar,  Ken- 
ya, Nigeria,  and  the  Canary  Islands.  At  a  State  Department  luncheon 
prior  to  departure.  Cooper  told  the  audience,  which  included  ambassa- 
dors from  the  six  countries  he  and  Conrad  would  visit,  that  from  the 
GEMINI  V  cockpit  "you  don't  see  any  of  the  combat,  you  don't  see  any 
of  the  fighting  and  bickering,  the  world  looks  like  a  very  peaceful 
place."     (upi,  NYT,  9/16/65,  27) 

•  MARINER  IV,  after  291  days  in  space,  had  exceeded  its  design-mission 

lifetime  by  nearly  500  hrs.  Having  traveled  400  million  mi.,  mariner 
IV  had  been  reporting  on  cosmic  dust,  magnetic  fields,  and  interplane- 
tary levels  of  cosmic  rays  and  radiation  for  ten  months — about  7,000 
hrs.  In  addition  to  scientific  information,  the  spacecraft  was  report- 
ing engineering  data  on  its  own  condition  as  it  orbited  the  sun.  Data 
from  mariner  iv  were  being  transmitted  to  earth  by  radio  over  a 
straight-line  distance  of  nearly  182  million  mi.  (nasa  Release 
65-293) 

•  NASA  launched  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket,  with  51-Ib.  payload  instru- 

mented to  measure  electron  and  ion  density  and  solar  radiation  in  the 
D  and  E  regions  of  the  ionosphere  to  peak  altitude  of  110  mi.  Ex- 
periment, conducted  for  the  Univ.  of  Illinois  and  the  GCA  Corp.  from 
Wallops  Station,  was  part  of  International  Quiet  Sun  Year 
1964^5.      (Wallops  Release  65-58;  nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  USAF  awarded  $6.5-million  contract  to  Boeing  Co.  to  build  one  ground- 

test  and  three  flight-test  models  of  a  highly-reliable,  low-cost  upper 
stage  for  orbiting  small  and  medium  unmanned  satellites.  Called 
"Burner  il,"  the  stage  would  be  used  with  Thor  standard  launch  vehi- 
cles and  be  adaptable  for  use  with  Atlas  and  Titan  boosters.  Burner 
II,  which  include  a  spherical  solid-propellant  rocket  motor,  iner- 
tial  guidance  system,  and  attitude-stabilization  system,  would  bridge 
the  payload  gap  between  the  dod/nasa  Scout  launch  vehicle  and  the 
more  expensive  USAF  Agena  and  Able-Star  upper  stages,  (afsc  Re- 
lease 95.65 ) 

•  Spokesmen     for     some     43,000     United     Aerospace     Workers     Union 

members  employed  by  North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  announced 
plans  for  possible  strike  action  Oct.  10  unless  negotiators 
reached    agreement    on    a    new    wages    and    hours    contract.     UAW 


436  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

members  involved  worked  in  plants  in  Los  Angeles,  Calif.;  Tulsa, 
Okla.;  Columbus,  Ohio;  and  Neosho,  Mo.  (UPI,  Houston  Chron., 
9/16/65) 
September  15:  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Vladimir  Komarov  said  at  a  press  con- 
ference at  the  International  Transport  Exhibition  in  Munich  that  the 
Soviet  Union  planned  to  land  a  man  on  the  moon  in  1970.  Komarov, 
in  charge  of  the  first  spacecraft  with  a  three-men  crew,  was  awarded 
the  Pioneer  Chain  of  the  Compass  Card — a  top  international  aviation 
decoration.      (Reuters,  Houston  Post,  9/16/65) 

•  Western  Union  International,  Inc.,  asked  FCC  for  authority  to  conduct  a 

series  of  satellite  communications  tests  should  NASA  and  DOD  permit 
live  coverage  of  the  Gemini  6  recovery  in  October.  The  proposal 
included  testing  a  portable  ground  station  at  Taylor's  Island,  Md.,  and 
then  on  a  ship  at  sea.  Trials  would  include  live  television  transmis- 
sion from  the  portable  ground  station  to  early  bird  i  communica- 
tions satellite,  which  would  relay  the  transmission  to  U.S.  and 
Europe.  ComSatCorp  approval  would  also  be  necessary  before  tests 
could  begin.      (  Wash.  Post,  9/15/65 ) 

•  France  hoped  to  orbit  its  first  earth  satellite  in  November — nearly  two 

months  ahead  of  schedule,  reported  the  Houston  Post.  An  Armed 
Forces  Ministry  satellite  would  be  fitted  to  the  first  Diamant  booster 
and  test-fired  from  Hammaguir,  Algerian  Sahara.  (Reuters,  Houston 
Post,  9/15/65) 

•  Suggestion  that  synthesis  of  life  should  be  a  national  goal  by  Dr.  Charles 

C.  Price,  president  of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  received  com- 
ment from  the  New  York  Times:  "Could  such  an  effort  be  added  to  the 
total  national  scientific  enterprise  or  could  it  be  fitted  in  only  by  cut- 
ting back  on  other  sectors,  particularly  the  very  expensive  programs  in 
space  or  particle  physics?  Would  mankind  benefit  more  if  the  funds 
needed  for  this  project  were  devoted  instead  to  less  exotic  but  perhaps 
more  vital  needs  of  ending  the  pollution  of  the  air  we  breathe  and  the 
water  we  hope  to  drink?  The  verdict  on  Dr.  Price's  proposal  is  by  no 
means  immediately  obvious. 

"The  most  unfortunate  result  that  could  come  from  Dr.  Price's 
suggestion  would  be  the  mounting  of  a  new  international  competition, 
a  'life  race'  that  would  produce  the  same  tension  and  needless  duplica- 
tion that  the  space  race  has  produced.  Men  of  xnany  nations  have 
contributed  to  the  progress  that  makes  it  possible  now  to  consider  the 
goal  Dr.  Price  has  put  upon  the  pubHc  agenda.  If  any  such  effort  is 
undertaken  it  should  be  as  international  as  the  common  humanity  that 
makes  all  men  brothers."      (A^FT,  9/15/65,  43) 

•  On  the  occasion  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  Bicentennial  Celebration, 

President  Johnson  said: 

".  .  .  the  Institution  financed  by  Smithson  breathed  life  in  the  idea 
that  the  growth  and  the  spread  of  learning  must  be  the  first  work  of  a 
nation  that  seeks  to  be  free. 

"These  ideas  have  not  always  gained  easy  acceptance  among  those 
employed  in  my  line  of  work.  The  government  official  must  cope  with 
the  daily  disorder  that  he  finds  in  the  world  around  him. 

"But  today,  the  official,  the  scholar,  and  the  scientist  cannot  settle 
for  limited  objectives.  We  must  pursue  knowledge  no  matter  what  the 
consequences.     We  must  value  the  tried  less  than  the  true. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  437 

"To  split  the  atom,  to  launch  the  rocket,  to  explore  the  innermost 
mysteries  and  the  outermost  reaches  of  the  universe — these  are  your 
god-given  chores.  And  even  when  you  risk  bringing  fresh  disorder  to 
the  politics  of  men  and  nations,  these  explorations  still  must  go 
on."     ( Pres.  Doc,  9  20/65,  276 ) 

September  15:  Gemini  v  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles  Con- 
rad, Jr.,  arrived  in  Athens  with  their  wives  and  children  at  the  start  of 
a  six-nation  goodwill  tour  and  were  greeted  with  cheers  from  the  crowd. 
The  astronauts  would  attend  the  International  Astronautical  Federation 
Congress  which  opened  Sept.  13.      (UPI,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  9/16/65) 

September  16:  NASA  announced  selection  of  Aero  Spacelines,  Inc.,  for  nego- 
tiation of  a  $1.5-million  one-year  contract,  with  provision  for  three 
one-year  renewal  options,  to  provide  air  transportation  service  on  the 
Super  Guppy  for  boosters  and  spacecraft  from  factories  to  test  sites 
and  launch  centers.  The  Super  Guppy  was  the  only  aircraft  in  exist- 
ence that  could  fulfill  size  and  weight  requirements  for  cargoes  such  as 
the  S-IVB  stage  of  the  Saturn  IB  and  V  launch  vehicles,  the  Saturn  IB 
and  Saturn  V  instrument  units,  and  the  Lunar  Excursion  Module 
adapter.      (NASA  Release  65-296;  MSFC  Release  65-229) 

•  France's  first  satellite,  fr-1,  arrived  from  Paris  at  Dulles  International 

Airport  and  was  taken  to  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  for 
testing.  The  satellite,  to  be  launched  for  France  by  NASA  in  a  joint 
project  to  study  very  low  frequency  radio  waves  and  the  distribution 
of  ionization  in  the  earth's  magnetosphere,  would  be  sent  to  Ling- 
Temco-Vought,  Texas,  where  it  would  be  modified  to  fit  a  Scout-type 
rocket.     Launching  was  scheduled  for  late  1965. 

Memorandum  of  understanding  for  the  FR-1  program  was  signed 
Feb.  18,  1963,  between  NASA  and  the  French  Space  Agency,  Centre 
National  d'Etudes  Spatiales  (cNEs).  (NASA  Release  65-59;  Wash. 
Post,  9/16/65) 

•  Third  Saturn   S-IB   stage    (s-ib-3)    arrived   at   msfc   aboard   the   nasa 

barge  Palaemon.  First  stage  for  the  third  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle,  it 
would  be  captive-fired  at  least  twice  before  being  returned  to  Michoud 
Assembly  Facility  for  post-static-test  checkout,  (msfc  Release 
65-228;  Marshall  Star,  9/22/65,  1) 

•  Modest  turnout  of  spectators  at  the  Sept.  14  motorcade  in  Washington, 

D.C.,  for  Astronauts  Cooper  and  Conrad  received  editorial  comment  in 
the  Washington  Evening  Star:  ".  .  .  We  think  it  is  an  encouraging 
trend.  Just  possibly  the  lack  of  hoopla  and  gapers  suggests  that 
America  has  accepted  the  space  program  as  serious  business  instead  of 
a  circus  of  stunt  men."      (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  9/16/65) 

•  Picket  lines  were  established  at  all  entrances  to  Kennedy  Space  Center, 

NASA  as  the  International  Assn.  of  Machinists  and  Aerospace  Workers 
began  a  nationwide  strike  against  the  Boeing  Co.  Key  issue  was 
union  demand  that  Boeing  abandon  performance  analysis  system  of 
rating  employees  for  promotion,  demotion,  and  discharge.  Union 
contended  that  seniority  should  be  the  sole  factor  in  job  security; 
Boeing  claimed  its  system  was  necessary  to  keep  the  company  competi- 
tive in  the  aerospace  industry,  (ap,  Bait,  Sun,  9/16/65;  UPI,  Hous- 
ton Chron.,  9/16/65) 


438  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

September  16:  Senate  Commerce  Committee  reported  favorably  S.774, 
which  would  authorize  a  study  of  the  practicality  of  adoption  of  the 
metric  system.      ( CR,  9/16/65,  15856) 

•  A   turbocompressor,    first    flight-weight   hardware    for    an    eight-kilowatt 

space  power  generating  system,  arrived  at  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center 
for  testing.  It  would  use  a  30-ft.  solar  mirror  to  gather  the  sun's  rays 
and  operate  on  a  Brayton  cycle  with  an  unreactive  gas  as  its  working 
fuel.  In  space,  heat  source  could  be  a  reactor,  a  radio-isotope,  or  a 
solar  heat  receiver  supplied  by  concentrated  sunlight  reflected  from  a 
mirror.  Turbocompressor  was  built  for  NASA  by  Air  Research  Manu- 
facturing Co.  as  part  of  NASA's  Advanced  Technology  Program,  (lrc 
Release  65-64) 

•  South   African   police   and   scientists   investigated   report   that   a   flaming 

"saucer"  about  30  ft.  in  diameter  had  landed  on  a  main  highway  near 
Pretoria.  Scientists  who  examined  the  alleged  landing  site  were  re- 
ported to  have  found  a  six-ft.-wide  section  of  the  tarred  road  badly 
burned,      (ap.  Bait.  Sun,  9/17/65) 

•  Deploring  the  "belated  decision"  to  finance  the  space  defense  of  the  U.S., 

syndicated  columnist  David  Lawrence  wrote:  "It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  on  October  7,  1963,  Louis  C.  Wyman,  Republican,  who  was  then  a 
member  of  Congress  and  formerly  was  attorney  general  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, submitted  alone  a  minority  report  to  the  House  appropriations 
committee,  in  which  he  criticized  at  length  the  administration's 
indifference  to  the  military  significance  of  space  developments.  He 
said:  'As  a  first  priority,  rather  than  facing  to  the  moon,  the  United 
States  should  estabUsh  and  maintain  an  integrated  weapons  system  in 
inner  space  within  manned  space  capsules  that  have  a  capability  to 
observe,  intercept  and,  if  necessary,  destroy  other  objects  in  space.' 

"Mr.  Wyman's  extensive  report  will  go  down  in  history  as  a  remark- 
able prophecy  as  well  as  an  interesting  example  of  how  often  minority 
reports  become  majority  opinion."  (Lawrence,  Kansas  City  Times, 
9/16/65) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara  announced  that  USAF  would 

send  12  f-5a  jet  fighter  aircraft  to  Vietnam  this  fall  to  evaluate  the 
performance  of  this  new  multipurpose  aircraft  under  combat 
conditions.  Built  by  Northrop  Corp.,  the  f-5a  was  a  lightweight  su- 
personic aircraft  that  could  carry  6,200  lbs.  of  bombs,  rockets,  air-to- 
air  missiles,  or  other  ordnance.  With  two  20-mm.  cannons  mounted 
in  its  nose,  it  could  take  off  fully  loaded  from  unpaved  runways. 
(dod  Release  614-65) 
September  16-17:  Rendezvous  of  four  spacemen — Soviet  Cosmonauts  Be- 
lyayev  and  Leonov  and  American  Astronauts  Cooper  and  Conrad — at 
the  lAF  Congress  was  described  in  Life  by  Jim  Hicks:  "First  man  to 
try  his  hand  at  arranging  a  rendezvous  .  .  .  was  Jules  Bergman, 
ABC's  space  reporter.  The  Russians  agreed,  Bergman  thought  the 
Americans  had  agreed  .  .  .  and  on  the  afternoon  of  the  day  Cooper 
and  Conrad  arrived  in  Athens  .  .  .  [they]  waited  for  Cooper  and 
Conrad  to  appear  .  .  .  Finally  Bergman  phoned  Julian  Scheer,  the 
NASA  publicity  man  who  was  traveling  with  the  astronauts.  When 
would  the  Americans  show? 

"Why  they  would  not  appear  at  all,  said  Scheer.  He  said  no  one 
had  cleared  such  a  meeting  with  him  .  .  .    The  Russians  were  angry 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  439 

and  left  the  scene  in  a  huff,  and  at  a  news  conference  later,  Sedov 
made  no  secret  of  the  fact  that  they  considered  the  incident  a  snub  and 
an  affront. 

"An  air  of  mistrust  now  prevailed.  There  was,  as  Pete  Conrad 
observed  later,  'some  real  bad  feeling  around  this  place.' 

"Scheer,  trying  to  right  things,  sent  a  letter  to  Dr.  William  Picker- 
ing, president  of  the  International  Astronautical  Federation,  urging 
that  the  astronauts  be  brought  together.  .  .  . 

"Friday  afternoon  Cooper  and  Conrad  spoke  before  a  Congress  ses- 
sion, .  .  . 

"As  soon  as  that  meeting  was  over,  the  two  Americans  jumped  from 
the  conference  stage  and  headed  for  the  white-uniformed  Belyayev  .  .  . 
Conrad  [said]  through  the  Russian's  interpreter  'Tell  him  we  would 
like  to  show  them  all  our  pictures.  .  .  .  Tell  him  we've  got  250  slides 
and  they  can  see  them  all.     When  would  they  like  to  see  them?'  " 

Hicks  said  Belyayev  exchanged  his  lapel  pin  with  Cooper  and  Con- 
rad gave  his  to  Belyayev  to  be  delivered  to  Leonov.  Hicks  continued: 
"That  night,  considerably  more  progress  was  made  at  the  Congress's 
large  banquet.  Cooper  and  Belyayev,  strategically  seated  within  talk- 
ing distance,  even  went  so  far  as  to  exchange  watches.  .  .  .  Finally 
the  astronauts  warmed  up  the  cosmonauts  from  the  earlier  chill.  They 
all  posed  for  a  four-way  handshake  photograph.  No  more  fooling 
around  through  official  channels,  drawled  Cooper.  Why  don't  you  fel- 
lows come  up  to  our  place  for  breakfast  tomorrow  morning? 

"The  Russians  agreed.  .  .  .  The  talk,  through  an  interpreter,  was 
almost  entirely  personal  and  non-technical.  .  .  .  Conrad  and  Leon- 

ov exchanged  writing  pens.  All  traded  autographs  and  Leonov  .  .  , 
drew  a  picture  of  himself  walking  in  space,  .  .  . 

"As  they  departed,  the  spacemen  locked  in  Russian-style  bear- 
hugs.  .  .  .  Said  one  of  the  Soviet  pilots,  'We  are  colleagues  and 
we  have  a  full  understanding.  Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles  Conrad 
are  good  boys.'"  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  9/17/65,  AlO;  Hicks, 
Life,  10/1/65,  113-116) 
September  16-20:  Four  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rockets  with  Univ.  of 
California  (Berkeley)  experiments  to  measure  fluxes  and  spectra  of 
precipitating  electrons  responsible  for  auroral  x-ray  activity  were 
launched  from  Ft.  Churchill.  Canada.  The  first  rocket  reached  only 
17-mi.  altitude  because  Apache  motor  did  not  ignite;  so,  although 
instrumentation  functioned  properly,  no  data  were  obtained.  Second 
Nike-Apache  reached  100-mi.  altitude,  all  instruments  functioned  as 
planned,  and  good  data  were  expected.  The  third  also  performed 
well,  although  peak  altitude  (91  mi.)  was  somewhat  below  predicted, 
and  good  data  were  expected.  No  data  were  obtained  from  the  fourth 
flight,  although  instrumentation  functioned  well:  peak  altitude  was  on- 
ly 14.8  mi.  because  of  a  burnthrough  at  the  Apache  headcap  and 
separation  of  the  payload  from  the  rocket,  (nasa  Rpts.  SRl) 
September  17:  NASA  launched  an  Aerobee  150A  sounding  rocket  from  Wal- 
lops Station,  Va.,  with  150-lb.  payload  containing  French-built  radio 
propagation     experiments     designed     for     later     flight     on     the     FR-1 


440  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

satellite.  It  reached  114-mi.  ( 183-km. )  peak  altitude  during  an  eight- 
minute  flight.  ( Wallops  Release  65-59 ) 
September  17:  OGO  I  (Orbiting  Geophysical  Observatory)  spacecraft  had 
completed  its  first  year  of  operation  in  space  Officially  classified  as  a 
failure  when  a  major  objective — three  axis  stabilization — was  not 
achieved,  the  1,200-lb.  satellite  launched  Sept.  4.  1964,  had  exceeded  its 
one-year  design  lifetime  and  was  still  transmitting  valuable  data  from 
16  experiments.  OGO  I's  scientific  objectives  were  to  conduct  time- 
correlated  measurements  of  space  phenomena  to  help  in  the  under- 
standing of  earth-sun  relationships.  Although  its  scientific  usefulness 
was  lessened  when  the  earth-run  stabilized  orientation  was  not  achieved, 
16  scientific  papers  had  been  presented  by  experimenters  on  findings  of 
their  instruments  aboard  OGO  I.      (nasa  Release  65-294) 

•  NASA  requested   that   final  proposals   for   scientific   experiments   for   the 

1971  Voyager  missions  to  Mars  be  submitted  by  Nov.  19.  Selection 
would  be  made  by  July  1,  1966.  All  1971  Voyager  experiments  on 
the  landing  craft  would  be  subject  to  strict  sterilization  requirements. 
(NASA  Release  65-297) 

•  King    Constantine    of    Greece    invited    Astronauts    L.    Gordon    Cooper 

(L/CoL,  usaf)  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.  (Lcdr.,  USN),  their  wives,  and 
other  U.S.  officials  in  Athens  for  the  16th  International  Astronautical 
Congress,  to  a  royal  palace  banquet,  nasa  Marshall  Space  Flight 
Center  Director  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun  and  jpl  Director  Dr.  William 
H.  Pickering  were  among  the  guests.      (  ap,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  9/17/65) 

•  The  task  of  effecting  a  soft  landing  on  the  moon  had  been  placed  on  the 

agenda  of  space  projects  in  the  U.S.S.R.,  Academician  Leonid  Sedov, 
leader  of  the  Soviet  delegation  to  the  16th  iaf  Congress,  said  at  a  press 
conference.  He  added:  "Such  a  landing  has  already  been  worked  out 
on  the  ground."      (Tass,  9/17/65) 

•  A  simple,  two-door  pneumatic  tube  device  for  garbage  disposal  during 

the  two-week  Gemini  vi  manned  space  flight  scheduled  for  December 
was  being  considered  by  nasa  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  officials,  the 
Houston  Post  reported.  The  astronauts  would  open  the  first  door, 
stuff  in  the  material  to  be  disposed  of,  close  the  first  door,  and  open 
the  second  door.  Space  being  a  nearly  perfect  vacuum,  the  material 
would  be  forced  out  of  the  tube.      {Houston  Post,  9/17/65) 

•  usaf  Chief  of  Staff  Gen.  J.  P.  McConnell  told  a  meeting  of  the  Air  Force 

Association  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  "any  reports  of  the  impending 
demise"  of  the  flying  Air  Force  were  "slightly  exaggerated."  In  fact, 
he  added,  a  wide  variety  of  new  and  better  aircraft  was  needed  to  meet 
"the  ever-changing  nature  and  scope  of  the  threat  to  our  national 
interests."      (Text) 

•  David  Sarnoff,  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  RCA,  warned  the  Conference  on 

World  Peace  Through  Law  that  communications  progress  would  beget 
serious  problems:  "By  the  end  of  the  decade  there  will  be  not  only  one 
communications  satellite  but  many;  not  a  single  global  satellite  system 
but  possibly  several  in  competition  with  one  another;  not  a  sole  oper- 
ating agency  dealing  with  many  nations,  but  many  nations  with  their 
own  operating  agencies  pursuing  different  satellite  communications 
plans  and  objectives. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  441 

"As  the  number  of  satellites  multiplies  in  space,  a  corresponding 
number  of  problems  will  multiply  on  earth.  .  .  .  When  we  can  com- 
municate instantly  to  everybody,  everywhere,  we  will  set  in  motion  a 
force  whose  ultimate  political,  social  and  economic  impact  upon  man- 
kind cannot  be  calculated  today."  (Text) 
September  17:  Col.  John  H.  Glenn,  Jr.  (USMC,  Ret.),  would  make  a  three- 
week  goodwill  trip  to  Western  Europe  in  October,  the  White  House 
announced.      (UPI,  Wash.  Post,  9/18/65) 

•  Commenting  on  how  swiftly  man  had  moved  into  the  space  age,  an  article 

in  the  Baltimore  Sun  said:  "Travel  in  space  .  .  .  remains  and  will 
remain  dangerous — a  work  for  none  but  the  brave,  the  skilled  and  the 
dedicated.  There  will  be  moments  of  breathless  drama,  many  of  them, 
as  when  the  first  man  arrives  on  the  moon,  and  of  tragedy.  But  short 
of  those  moments,  travel  in  space  near  the  earth  is  beginning  to  be 
routine."      (Bait.  Sun,  9/17/65) 

•  Decision  to  proceed  with  the  Mol  received  comment  in  Science:  "Some 

proponents  of  MOL  believe  that,  as  insurance  against  'technological 
surprise'  and  as  a  test  of  improved  methods  of  intelligence  gathering, 
the  project  will  lead  to  greater  stability  in  relations  between  the  United 
States  and  the  Communist  world.  But  skeptics  fear  that  MOL  will 
carry  the  arms  race  into  space.  Despite  a  long  hunger,  the  Air  Force 
has  never  before  been  permitted  a  role  in  manned  space  flight,  a  func- 
tion heretofore  reserved  exclusively  for  the  National  Aeronautics  and 
Space  Administration."  {Science,  9/17/65,  1357) 
September  18:  U.S.S.R.  launched  COSMOS  LXXXVI,  Lxxxvii,  LXXXViii, 
Lxxxix,  and  xc  artificial  earth  satellites  with  a  single  booster.  Orbi- 
tal parameters:  apogee,  1,609  km.  (999.3  mi.)  ;  perigee,  1,380  km. 
(857  mi.);  period,  116.7  min.;  inclination,  57°.  An  electrical  pack 
operating  on  energy  released  by  a  radioactive  isotope  was  onboard 
power  system  on  one  of  the  satellites.  Instruments  were  functioning 
normally.      (Krasnaya  Zvezda,  9/21/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  First  cooperative  sounding  rocket  experiment  sponsored  by  NASA  and  the 

Netherlands  Organization  for  the  Advancement  of  Pure  Research 
(zw^o)  was  successfully  conducted  by  Dutch  scientists  at  Coronie,  Suri- 
nam. Object  of  the  experiment  was  to  measure  winds  in  the  equatorial 
upper  atmosphere  by  releasing  a  cloud  of  sodium  vapor  to  be  illumi- 
nated by  the  sun  and  tracked.  Launching,  using  a  Nike-Apache  rocket, 
was  first  of  four  to  be  conducted  under  a  memorandum  of  understand- 
ing signed  in  June  1964.  The  three  subsequent  launches  were  success- 
fully conducted  Sept.  21,  Sept.  24,  and  Sept.  27.  Dutch  launch  team 
had  trained  at  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  earlier  this  year,  (nasa  Release 
65-299;  NASA  Rpts.  srl) 

•  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  arrived  in  Izmir, 

Turkey.  Only  about  5,000  of  the  city's  750,000  residents  turned  out 
to  watch  their  motorcade  drive  the  15  mi.  into  Izmir  from  the  NATO 
air  base  at  Cigli.  Spokesman  for  the  Turkish  Foreign  Office  said  the 
visit  was  an  "unofficial  culture  visit,"  and  the  governors  of  three  cities 
on  the  astronauts'  itinerary  were  instructed  not  to  welcome  the 
party.  Coolness  was  attributed  to  U.S.  stand  on  Cyprus  in 
1964.      ( Wash.  Post,  9/19/65) 

•  Defense  Communications  Agency  and  the  U.S.  Army  had  announced  that 

site  preparation  had  begun  at  Helemano,  20  mi.  north  of  Honolulu  on 


442  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

Oahu  Island,  for  installation  of  the  first  earth  terminal  of  a  planned 
worldwide  military  experimental  satellite  communication  system. 
Southwest  Constructors  had  been  awarded  the  contract  for  construction 
expected  to  begin  in  mid-October.      {] /Armed  Forces,  9/18/65,  16) 

September  18:  In  a  farewell  speech  at  a  dinner  meeting  of  the  Air  Force 
Association  in  Washington.  D.C.,  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force  Eugene 
M.  Zuckert  said  that  in  contrast  to  five  years  ago,  the  Air  Force  today 
was  better.  He  predicted  it  would  continue  to  improve:  "We  have  not 
reached  a  plateau  in  technology,  strategy,  concepts,  or  doctrine.  All 
kinds  of  changes  will  continue — in  both  hardware  and  ideas."  (ap, 
Bait.  Sun,  9/18/65,  5  j 

September  19:  Progress  report  in  Pravda  on  zond  iii:  "Soviet  automatic 
space  station  Zond  3  launched  July  18,  1965,  continued  its  orbital 
flight  gradually  moving  farther  away  from  the  sun.  On  September  15, 
the  space  station  was  12.5  million  kilometers  away  from  the 
earth.  During  this  period  75  radio-communication  sessions  were  held 
with  the  station.  During  these  sessions,  photos  of  the  far  side  of  the 
moon,  comprehensive  telemetric  data  on  the  physical  processes  in  in- 
terplanetary space,  and  data  on  the  station's  instruments  and  systems 
were  transmitted  to  earth.  To  check  the  systems  that  make  it  possible 
to  change  flight  direction,  the  flight  trajectory  of  Zond  3  was  success- 
fully corrected  on  September  16  for  experimental  purposes.  The  as- 
troorientation  system,  which  automatically  orients  on  the  sun  and  the 
star  Canopus,  turned  the  station  into  the  specific  position  commanded 
from  the  earth  and  has  maintained  this  orientation  with  great 
accuracy.  Then  the  correcting  engine  was  switched  on  and  changed 
the  flight  speed  of  the  station  50  meters  per  second  at  an  angle  of  45° 
with  respect  to  the  direction  to  the  earth.  Radio  control  sessions  with 
the  station  confirmed  that  the  correction  maneuver  had  been  executed 
correctly.  They  also  showed  that  the  station's  systems  continue  to 
function  normally. 

"The  space  station  relayed  to  the  earth  comprehensive  data  on  the 
interplanetary  magnetic  field,  cosmic  radio  emission,  interplanetary 
ionized  plasma,  longwave  cosmic  radio  emission,  and  micrometeorite 
particles.  .  .  .  During  the  flight  around  the  moon,  data  were  also 
obtained  on  the  spectrum  of  its  infrared  and  ultraviolet  radiation." 
(Tass,  9/18/65;  Pravda,  9/19/65,  2) 

•  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  received  a  warm 

welcome  in  Ankara,  Turkey,  in  contrast  to  cool  receptions  in  Izmir  and 
Istanbul.  President  Cemal  Gursel  told  the  astronauts  their  flight  of 
nearly  eight  days  had  demonstrated  "great  courage  ...  to  your  na- 
tion and  to  the  whole  world."      (AP,  Bait.  Sun,  9/20/65) 

•  Announcement  by  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Aleksey  Leonov  at  the  16th  Inter- 

national Astronautical  Congress  in  Athens  that  the  U.S.S.R.  planned  to 
orbit  a  permanent  manned  space  station  as  the  next  major  project  in  its 
space  program  received  editorial  comment  in  the  Philadelphia  Inquirer: 
"To  be  sure,  Cosmonaut  Leonov  adds  that  after  'many  space  labora- 
tories' have  been  established,  'with  crews  being  periodically  changed,' 
his  country  expects  to  give  attention  to  'a  spaceship  for  the  moon,  and  a 
landing  on  the  moon.'     It  has  been  understood  all  along,  of  course,  that 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  443 

this  was  the  method  Russia  would  use  in  sending  men  to  the  moon. 
The  emphasis  on  many  permanent  manned  space  stations  orbiting  close 
to  earth,  however,  shows  all  too  plainly  that  the  real  concern  of  the 
generals  running  the  Communist  space  program  is  in  the  military  ad- 
vantages that  lie  in  control  of  the  space  immediately  beyond  the  atmos- 
phere and  over  the  heads  of  free  nations  around  the  world."  {Phil. 
Inq.,  9/19/65) 
September  19:  According  to  Dr.  Colin  Pittendrigh,  Dean  of  the  Graduate 
School  and  biology  professor  at  Princeton  Univ.,  mariner  iv  photo- 
graphs of  Mars  did  not  provide  any  new  evidence  that  life  could  not 
exist  on  that  planet.  Even  though  Mars  appeared  virtually  waterless  in 
the  photographs,  he  pointed  out,  the  area  photographed  was  only  a 
small  fraction  of  the  planet's  total  area.  "A  scan  across  our  Atlantic 
Ocean  might  lead  some  to  say  there  is  no  land  on  earth."  (AP,  Miami 
Her.,  9/19/65) 

•  S-IVB  second  stage  for  the  first  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle  to  be  launched 

arrived  at  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA,  aboard  the  cargo  vessel  Steel 
Executive.      ( Orl.  Sent.,  9/20/65  ) 

•  Parallel  problems  facing  astronauts  and  aquanauts  were  noted  by  Assist- 

ant Manager  of  Lockheed  Missiles  &  Space  Co.  Bioastronautics  Div., 
Dr.  J.  A.  Kraft.  "These  problems  are  both  biomedical  and 
mechanical.  Because  of  their  similarity,  we  have  in  the  ocean  a  readi- 
ly available  laboratory  environment.  In  it  we  can  investigate  the 
more  significant  problems  common  to  both.  .  .  ."  One  parallel  is  the 
changed  pressure  of  the  environment:  for  the  aquanaut,  pressure  prob- 
lems involve  return  from  extremely  heavy  pressure  to  normal  pressure 
at  earth's  surface;  for  the  astronaut,  pressure  problems  involve  func- 
tioning in  lower  pressure  of  spacecraft  and  vacuum  of  space 
itself.  Other  shared  biomedical  problems:  dysbarism,  oxygen  toxicity, 
trace  contamination,  and  anoxia.  (Macomber,  CNS,  San  Diego  Union, 
9/19/65) 

During  week  of  September  19:  Medical  checkup  indicated  that  Astronaut 
Alan  B.  Shepard  (Capt.,  USn)  still  suffered  from  labyrinthitis — an  in- 
ner ear  infection.  Because  of  the  illness,  Shepard  had  not  been  select- 
ed for  any  of  six  Gemini  flight  crews.  He  also  could  not  fly  aircraft 
alone.      ( AP,  Wash.  Eve.  Star^,  9/28/65,  AlO) 

September  20:  Dr.  Smith  J.  DeFrance,  Director  of  NASA  Ames  Research 
Center,  would  retire  Oct.  15  after  45  yrs.  of  service,  announced  NASA 
Administrator  James  E.  Webb.  "Dr.  DeFrance's  leadership  at  Ames 
has  brought  about  many  engineering  and  scientific  achievements  in 
our  country's  aviation  and  space  programs,"  Webb  said,  "and  we  all 
owe  him  a  great  debt  of  gratitude."  Following  distinguished  service 
as  a  combat  pilot  in  France  during  World  War  I,  DeFrance  served  for 
18  yrs.  at  Langley  Research  Center.  He  became  director  of  ARC, 
when  it  was  created  in  1940.  In  1947  he  received  the  Presidential 
Medal  of  Merit  for  designing  and  building  the  Center. 

H.  Julian  Allen,  present  Assistant  Director  at  ARC,  would  succeed 
Dr.  DeFrance.  Allen  was  recognized  as  an  international  authority  on 
reentry  physics,  having  conceived  a  solution  to  the  reentry  heating 
problem.  In  1957,  he  received  naca's  Distinguished  Service  Medal 
for  this  work.     Allen  received  the   Sylvanus   Albert  Reed  Award   in 


444  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

1955  from  the  Institute  of  Aerospace  Sciences  "for  contributions  and 
leadership  in  solving  problems  in  the  design  of  supersonic  airplanes 
and  missiles,  especially  thermal  problems  at  hypersonic  speeds." 

John  F.  Parsons,  Associate  Director  of  Ames,  would  remain  in  this 
post.  (NASA  Release  65-298) 
September  20:  Paul  Haney,  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  Public  Affairs 
Officer,  announced  at  a  news  conference  the  crew  selected  for  the  Gem- 
ini VIII  spaceflight:  Neil  A.  Armstrong,  a  civilian,  would  be  command 
pilot;  David  R.  Scott  (Maj.,  USAF)  would  be  copilot.  Backup  crew- 
men named  were  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.  (Lcdr.,  USn),  and  Richard  F. 
Gordon,  Jr.  (Lcdr.,  usn).  Gemini  viii  was  scheduled  to  include  prac- 
tice on  rendezvous  and  docking  maneuvers  and  a  space  walk  that  could 
last  as  long  as  one  orbit  of  the  earth — about  95  min.  (ap.  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  9/21/65;  ap.  Bait.  Sun,  9/21/65,  6) 

•  CBS  interviewed  Dr.  Edward  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National 

Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  on  Cosmonaut  Leonov's  affirmation  at 
the  lAF  Congress  in  Athens  that  the  Soviet  Union  would  first  rendez- 
vous, dock,  and  assemble  systems  in  orbit  before  proceeding  to  a  lunar 
flight.  "They  have  a  lot  of  things  they  have  to  do  before  they  can 
really  put  a  so-called  permanent  platform  up  there.  They  have  to 
rendezvous.  They  have  to  engage  in  docking.  They  haven't  had 
enough  time  experience  yet  of  men  in  space  to  really  say  what  they  can 
do  on  a  permanent  platform  .  .  ."      (5fiD,  9/20/65,  88) 

•  U.S.  policy  decision  to  conduct  space  operations   in   an  atmosphere  of 

maximum  public  exposure  received  editorial  comment  from  Robert 
Hotz  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology:  "The  course  of  space 
technology  has  proved  the  U.S.  policy  to  be  far  more  effective  than 
that  of  the  Soviets.  It  has  projected  an  international  aura  of  leader- 
ship and  achievement  that  has  permitted  the  whole  world  to  share  in 
U.S.  space  projects,  both  scientifically  and  emotionally.  It  has  also 
applied  a  steady  and  increasing  pressure  on  the  Soviets  to  abandon 
their  super-secrecy.  .  .  . 

"There  is  little  doubt  that  the  leadership  in  space  technology  passed 
to  the  U.S.  during  the  course  of  last  summer.  But  who,  outside  a 
small  internal  bloc  of  techno-politicians,  would  have  realized  this 
under  a  blanket  of  supersecrecy?"      (Hotz,  Av.  Wk.,  9/20/65,  21) 

•  Three  basic  capsule  designs  for  the  Project  Voyager  Mars  lander  vehicle 

were  being  studied  by  a  special  planetary  missions  technology  steering 
committee  at  NASA  Langley  Research  Center,  reported  Aviation  Week 
and  Space  Technology.  Low  atmosphere  density  values  for  Mars  de- 
termined by  the  mariner  iv  occultation  experiment  would  have  to  be 
taken  into  consideration  before  final  capsule  design  specifications  could 
be  prepared.      {Av.  Wk.,  9/20/65,  28) 

•  Move  begun  within  USAF  to   offer  all  scientific  experiments  previously 

proposed  for  Mol  to  NASA  was  reported  by  Donald  E.  Fink  in  Aviation 
Week  and  Space  Technology.  Proposal  was  that  NASA  fly  these  experi- 
ments in  its  Apollo  Extension  System  (Aes)  program.  (Fink,  Av. 
Wk.  9/20/65,  26) 

•  Hundreds  of  construction  workers  returned  to  their  jobs,  following  re- 

moval of  Boeing  pickets  from  four  of  the  five  entrances  at  Kennedy 
Space  Center,  NASA,  ending  the  eighth  major  construction  work  stop- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  445 

page  at  KSC  within  20  mo.  Confinement  of  the  striking  lAM  members 
to  the  one  gate  used  by  Boeing  personnel  had  been  ordered  September 
18  by  NASA  and  usaf.  (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  9/21/65,  10) 
September  21 :  In  advance  excerpts  of  his  book,  Waging  Peace,  1956-1961, 
President  Dwight  D.  Eisenhower  related  his  "reactions  to  Sputnik  and 
the  Gaither  Report"  in  October  and  November  1957.  President  Eisen- 
hower reviewed  a  meeting  on  October  8,  1957,  with  his  principal  mili- 
tary and  scientific  advisers.  The  late  Deputy  Secretary  of  Defense 
Donald  A.  Quarles  reported:  "There  is  no  doubt  that  the  Army  Red- 
stone could  have  orbited  a  satellite  a  year  or  more  earlier.  .  .  ." 
Quarles  reviewed  the  reasons  for  the  separation  of  the  IGY  Vanguard 
satellite  from  the  ballistic  missile  programs,  saying:  "The  Russians  have 
done  us  a  good  turn,  unintentionally,  in  establishing  the  concept  of 
international  space,"  a  principle  confirmed  by  the  orbiting  of  Sputnik 
over  the  air  space  of  country  after  country.  "Late  that  same  morning," 
President  Eisenhower  wrote,  "I  directed  Secretary  of  Defense  Charles 
Wilson  to  have  the  Army  prepare  its  Redstone  at  once  as  a  backup  for 
the  Navy  Vanguard." 

Of  SPUTNIK  II,  which  orbited  "Laika"  on  November  3,  1957,  Presi- 
dent Eisenhower  said  it  did  not  arouse  American  public  opinion  be- 
cause people  "seemed  to  resent  the  sending  a  dog  to  certain  death — a 
resentment  that  the  Soviet  propagandists  tried  to  assuage  a  few  days 
later  by  announcing  that  they  had  put  poison  in  the  last  of  Laika's 
rations.  .  .  . 

"The  public,  however,  became  bewildered  and  upset  when  word  got 
out  that  a  far  from  optimistic  secret  report  had  been  made  to  me  in 
the  National  Security  Council  .  .  .  called  the  Gaither  Report. 

"This  was  a  period  of  anxiety.  Sputnik  had  revealed  the  psy- 
chological vulnerability  of  our  people.  The  Communists  were  steadily 
fomenting  trouble  and  rattling  sabers;  our  economy  was  sputtering 
somewhat,  and  the  ceaseless  and  usually  healthy  self-criticism  in  which 
we  of  the  United  States  indulge  had  brought  a  measure  of 
self-doubt.  Added  to  this  was  the  failure  of  our  first  satellite  launch- 
ing attempt  [Vanguard]  in  the  full  glare  of  publicity  and  the  alleged 
missile  'gaps'  which  political  observers  claimed  they  had  detect- 
ed ..  . 

"The  Soviet  satellites,"  President  Eisenhower  said,  "were  a  genuine 
technological  triumph,  and  this  was  exceeded  by  their  propaganda 
value.  To  uninformed  persons  in  the  world,  Soviet  success  in  one 
area  led  to  the  belief  that  Soviet  communism  was  surging  ahead  in  all 
types  of  activity."     (  Wash.  Post,  9/21/65,  Al,  A19) 

•  Computer  guidance  system.  Mod  1,  that  had  piloted  the  Nation's  first 

Atlas  ICBM,  was  presented  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  usaf  at  a 
ceremony  in  the  Institution's  Museum  of  History  and  Technology. 
(Phil.  Inq.,  9/20/65,  23) 

•  NASA  announced  it  would  not  extend  the  contract  for  supply  of  liquid 

hydrogen  with  Union  Carbide  Corp.  Needs  for  liquid  hydrogen  on 
the  West  Coast  would  be  met  by  continuing  the  contracts  with  Linde 
and  with  Air  Products  and  Chemicals,  Inc.      (nasa  Release  65-300) 

•  American  Broadcasting  Co.  requested  permission  from  FCC  to  own  and 

operate  a  communications  satellite  system  linking   an  estimated  200 


446  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

affiliated  television  stations.  The  proposed  $21.5-million  system  would 
use  a  synchronous  orbit  satellite  similar  to  early  bird  i. 

ABc's  request  challenged  the  right  of  ComSatCorp  to  be  sole  operator 
of  U.S. -launched  commercial  communications  satellites,  (abc  Release) 
September  21:  Rep.  William  S.  Moorhead  (D-Pa.)  spoke  on  the  floor  of 
the  House  on  the  problem  of  collecting  and  using  information  for 
decision-making  in  government  and  industry:  "Experts  say  that  the 
human  mind  has  difficulty  in  considering  more  than  10  or  20  factors  at 
the  same  time  in  making  decisions.  Yet,  the  unsolved  problems  of  our 
society  may  require  thousands  or  hundreds  of  thousands  of  factors  or 
subfactors  to  be  considered.  Industry  has  learned  to  simulate  mathe- 
matically a  given  environment.  By  varying  the  input  assumptions  or 
by  varying  subdecisions  the  decision  maker  can  be  given  rational  basis 
on  which  to  make  alternative  decisions."      {CR,  9/21/65,  23755) 

•  Statement  by   President  Johnson   at   a   meeting   with   representatives   of 

larger  research  universities:  "Creative  research  through  free  inquiry  is 
the  working  way  to  new  greatness  in  our  society.  It  can  open  roads 
to 

" — man's  mastery  of  his  environment, 

" — sufficient  food,  water,  and  energy  to  sustain  the  massed  population 
that  is  making  ours  a  crowded  planet, 

" — the  building  of  corridors  linking  the  earth  to  the  stars, 

" — ultimate  victory  over  the  tragedy  of  mental  and  physical  afflic- 
tions, and 

" — progress  in  helping  man  live  in  peace  with  his  neighbor."  {Pres. 
Doc,  9/27/65,  294) 

•  Charles  R.  Able,  group  vice  president,  Missile  and  Space  Systems,  Doug- 

las Aircraft  Co.,  defined  for  the  National  Space  Club  in  Washington, 
D.C.,  the  reasons  the  U.S.  must  have  an  on-going  space  program.  He 
concluded:  "The  most  important  single  factor  in  deciding  what  space 
programs  we  will  implement  in  the  future  ...  is  going  to  be,  simply, 
how  well  we  perform  in  the  programs  now  going  and  those  just  getting 
started. 

"The  extent  to  which  this  Nation  will  be  willing  to  commit  itself  to 
new  ventures  in  space  in  the  years  ahead  depends  entirely  on  how  well 
we  stay  on  schedule  and  within  the  budget  set  for  us. 

"The  most  important  task  we  have  in  preparing  for  the  future  is  to 
do  a  good  job  now."     (Text,  CR,  9/22/65,  A5370-71) 

•  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  visited  Ethiopian 

Emperor  Haile  Selassie  in  the  royal  palace  in  Addis  Ababa,  then  made 
the  fourth  stop  of  their  goodwill  tour — after  Greece,  Turkey,  and 
Ethiopia — the  Malagasy  Republic.  They  were  received  cordially. 
(ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  9/21/65;  UPi,  Miami  Her.,  9/22/65) 

•  Technical  Systems  Office,  Technical  Staff  Office,  Operations  Management 

Office,  and  Missions  Operation  Office  had  been  established  at  MSFC  "to 
centralize  future  projects  and  advanced  systems  operations  and  to 
streamline  MSFc's  effort  .  .  .  with  manned  and  unmanned  launch 
vehicles."  The  move  abolished  as  entities  the  Saturn/Apollo  Systems 
Office  and  Advanced  Systems  Concepts  Office,  (msfc  Release 
65-232) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  447 

September  21 :  International  Association  of  Machinists  had  accused  NASA 
and  USAF  of  using  pressure  to  help  Boeing  as  the  iam  strike  went  into 
its  sixth  day,  according  to  Aviation  Daily,  iam  said  NASA  and  USAF 
had  demanded  that  Boeing  employees  at  Cape  Kennedy  use  only  one 
gate  and  then  followed  this  with  an  order  restricting  iam  pickets  to  that 
gate.  The  union  complied  and  removed  picket  lines  at  other  gates. 
Hundreds  of  building  trades  workers  who  had  been  respecting  the 
picket  lines  had  returned  to  work.  W.  J.  Usery,  iam  representative  at 
the  Cape,  called  the  Government  move  illegal  support  of  Boeing  and 
said  that  "if  pressure  is  to  be  applied  it  should  be  equal  pressure,"  re- 
ferring to  the  absence  of  Government  pressure  to  end  the  strike.  {Av. 
Daily,  9/21/65) 

September  22:  Pilot  Robert  A.  Rushworth  (Lt.  Col.,  usaf)  flew  x-15  No.  1 
to  maximum  altitude  of  100.300  ft.,  at  maximum  speed  of  3,545  mph 
(mach  5.18) .      (x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  USAF  launched  Thor-Agena   D  launch  vehicle  with  unidentified  satellite 

from  Western  Test  Range.      (  U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  152) 

•  NASA   selected   Ling-Temco-Vought   for   negotiation    of   a   one-year    cost- 

plus-award-fee  contract  to  provide  engineering  support  services  at 
White  Sands  Missile  Range.  It  would  contain  provisions  for  two  ad- 
ditional one-year  renewals.  Estimated  cost  for  the  three  year  period 
was  more  than  $5  million.      ( NASA  Release  65-301 ) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  had  awarded  a  $4,514,295  modifica- 

tion to  its  existing  contract  with  Boeing  Co.  to  provide  services  in 
Saturn  V  ground  support.  Tasks  included  analysis  of  ground  support 
equipment,  monitoring  equipment  qualification  testing,  acceptance  test- 
ing, conducting  design  verification,  and  interface  and  installation  con- 
trol documentation.      (  MSFC  Release  65-234) 

•  Soviet  Union  had  asked  the  Federation  Aeronautique  Internationale  to 

officially  confirm  two  spacecraft  world  records  established  by  the  crew 
of  VOSKHOD  II  on  March  18,  1965,  reported  Interavia  Air  Letter.  Ap- 
plications were  for  first  extravehicular  activity  of  a  man  from  a  space- 
craft in  orbit  and  a  new  altitude  record  of  497.7  km,  (309  mi.). 
[Interavia  Air  Letter,  9/22/65,  6) 

•  NASA  had  awarded  a  six-month,  $117,175  cost-plus-fixed-fee  study  con- 

tract to  Ball  Brothers  Research  Corp.  to  define  and  determine  engineer- 
ing requirements  for  a  solar  telescope  mount  to  be  used  on  proposed 
Apollo  applications  manned  missions.  System  would  provide  a  capa- 
bility of  observing  the  sun  with  relatively  large  astronomical-type  tele- 
scopes and  in  having  an  astronaut  available  to  correct  errors  in  align- 
ment and  make  other  adjustments,      (nasa  Release  6S-302) 

•  U.S.  Army's  Nike-X  Project  Office  had  signed  two  contracts  with  West- 

ern Electric  for  FY  1966  work  on  the  antimissile  missile 
program.  First,  at  $221,216,696,  was  for  "continued  development  and 
testing."  Second,  at  $7,283,304,  was  for  "production  engineering  and 
planning."      ( DOD  Release  646-65 ) 

•  Officials  at  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  confirmed  discov- 

ery by  two  Japanese  astronomers  of  a  new  comet,  Ikeya-Seki,  named 
after  its  discoverers.      ( UPi,  Wash.  Daily  News,  9/22/65) 
September  23:  Four-stage  Javelin    (Argo   D-4)    sounding   rocket  with  an 
ionosphere  experiment  was  launched  by  NASA  from  Wallops  Station, 


448  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Va.  The  138-lb.  payload  reached  495-mi.  (797-km.)  altitude  and  im- 
pacted 625  mi.  dovvnrange  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Primary  objectives 
of  the  flight  were  to  measure  ion  and  electron  densities  and  tempera- 
tures in  the  upper  atmosphere.  Launch  was  timed  to  coincide  with  a 
pass  of  the  Canadian  alouette  satellite;  measurements  would  be  com- 
pared with  those  of  the  satellite  and  with  ground-based  ionosonde 
measurements.  (Wallops  Release  65-60) 
September  23:  Soviet  Union  launched  cosmos  xci  unmanned  earth  satellite, 
carrying  instrumentation  designed  to  continue  the  space  exploration 
program  begun  March  16,  1962.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  341  km. 
(212  mi.)  ;  perigee,  211  km.  (131  mi.)  ;  period,  89.8  min.;  inclination, 
65°.  Apparatus  was  functioning  normally.  {Komsomolskaya  Prav- 
Ja,  9/24/65,  1) 

•  NASA  would  negotiate  a  contract  with  the  Bendix  Field  Engineering  Corp. 

to  provide  operations  and  maintenance  support  for  portions  of  the 
Space  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition  Network  (stadanj  faciUties  over 
a  two-year  period  from  Oct.  1,  1965,  through  Sept.  30,  1967.  Total 
cost  was  estimated  at  $25  million,      (nasa  Release  65-305) 

•  Contrasting  the  "image"  of  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  at  Sept.  13-18  iaf  Con- 

gress, William  Hines  said:  "Whether  through  the  Russians'  skill  at 
brainwashing  or  our  own  ineptitude,  we  emerged  ...  as  the  rocket 
rattlers  and  they  as  the  peace  lovers.  .  .  ."  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
9/23/65) 

•  GEMINI  V  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper,  Jr.,  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.. 

were  lost  briefly  over  Kenya  while  flying  a  small  aircraft  to  Keekerok 
Game  Lodge  to  visit  President  Jomo  Kenyatta.  With  Cooper  at  the 
controls,  they  landed  at  Keekerok  only  20  min.  late,  (ap,  Bait.  Sun, 
9/24/65) 
September  24:  Dan  Schneiderman,  Mariner  project  manager  at  JPL,  had 
invented  "Conrad,"  a  self-contained  radio  navigation  aid  for  amateur 
sailors.  The  device  would  sell  for  less  than  $100  and  function  as  an 
entertainment  radio  when  not  in  use.  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
9/24/65) 

•  Water  could  have  been  present  on  Mars  during  the  first  3.5  billion  years 

of  the  planet's  history  and  then  disappeared  before  its  craters  were 
created  by  meteorites,  said  researchers  Edward  Anders  of  the  Univ.  of 
Chicago  and  James  R.  Arnold  of  the  Univ.  of  California  at  San  Diego 
in  a  report  in  Science.  The  scientists  said  they  believed  the  Martian 
craters  were  only  300  to  800  million  years  old,  compared  with  up  to 
4.5  billion  years  for  those  on  the  moon.  They  added:  ".  .  .  The 
crater  density  of  Mars  no  longer  precludes  the  possibility  that  liquid 
water  and  a  denser  atmosphere  were  present  on  Mars  during  the  first 
3.5  billion  years  of  its  history."      {Science,  9/24/65) 

•  Ecumenical  Council  delegates  studied   theological  problems  involved   in 

space  travel  and  the  possibility  of  life  on  other  planets.  Some  bishops 
believed  the  question  should  have  a  place  in  the  Council  document 
entitled  "On  the  Church  in  the  Modern  World"  now  under  debate  by 
the  2,500  prelates  assembled  in  St.  Peter's  Basilica.  (UPI,  Wash.  Dai- 
ly News,  9/ 24>/ 65) 

•  Columbus  Association  of  Genoa,  Italy,  announced  that  Astronauts  Charles 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  449 

Conrad,  Jr.,  and  L.  Gordon  Cooper,  Jr.,  had  been  selected  to  receive  the 
1965  Columbus  Prize,  (ap,  Wash.  Post,  9/25/65) 
September  25:  A  half-length  260-in.-dia.  solid  rocket  motor  generated  3.5 
million  pounds  thrust  during  a  successful  two-minute  test  firing  at 
Aerojet  General's  Dade  County,  Fla.,  facilities.  Firing  tested  strength 
of  the  maraging  steel  motor  case,  structural  integrity  of  the  cast  pro- 
pellant,  the  insulation,  and  the  ablative  nozzle;  it  demonstrated  that 
massive  quantities  of  solid  fuel  could  be  controlled  under  firing 
conditions.  Test  was  part  of  the  national  large  solid  motor  technology 
program  initiated  by  USAF  in  1963  and  transferred  to  NASA  in 
1965.      ( NASA  Release  65-295,  65-311 ;  lrc  Release  65-65) 

•  NASA  launched  a  second  Aerobee   150A  sounding  rocket  from  Wallops 

Station  containing  French-built  radio  propagation  experiments  de- 
signed for  later  flight  on  France's  FR-1  satellite.  The  197-lb.  payload 
reached  peak  altitude  of  120  mi.  (192  km.)  during  the  eight-minute 
flight.  First  launch  had  carried  an  identical  payload  Sept.  17.  (Wal- 
lops Release  65-61 ) 

•  Super  Guppy,  a  five-story-high   aircraft  designed  to   carry  large  rocket 

sections,  made  a  safe  emergency  landing  at  Edwards  afb  after  part  of 
its  aluminum  skin  peeled  off  during  a  high-speed  dive.  No  one  was 
injured.  Aircraft  was  undergoing  flight  tests  for  certification  by 
FAA.     (ap,  JVash.  Post,  9/26/65) 

•  Launch    of    Gemini    VI    from    Eastern    Test    Range    on    a    two-day    mis- 

sion no  later  than  Oct.  25  was  announced  by  NASA.  It  v/ould  be 
man's  first  attempt  to  rendezvous  and  dock  with  an  orbiting 
spacecraft.  Pilots  for  Gemini  vi  were  Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra 
(Capt.,  usn)  and  Thomas  P.  Stafford  (Maj.,  USAf).  Backup  pilots 
were  Astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom  (Maj.,  USAf)  and  John  W.  Young 
( Cdr.,  USN ) .  This  would  be  Schirra's  second  space  flight.  His  first 
was  Oct.  3,  1962,  a  six-orbit  flight  in  Mercury  spacecraft  SIGMA 
VI  (NASA  Release  65-307) 

•  Dr.    Donald    Young    and    Dr.    Ralph    Pelligra   of   NASA   Ames    Research 

Center  had  been  studying  "the  use  of  high  caloric  diets  for  prolonged 
space  flights  on  the  theory  that  it  may  be  possible  for  astronauts  to  use 
their  own  fatty  deposits  as  a  source  of  energy."  It  might  be  possible 
that  future  astronauts  would  prepare  for  spaceflight  by  eating  "certain 
types  of  fats  that  would  build  up  in  their  bodies,"  thus  providing  them 
with  "storage  depots  of  their  own  fat"  that  could  serve  "as  a  backup  if 
food  supplies  were  limited."      (upi,  St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch,  9/26/65) 

•  Apollo  Extension  Systems   (Aes)   schedule  was  summarized  by  James  J. 

Haggerty,  Jr.,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Armed  Forces:  "nasa  has  worked 
up  a  tentative  Aes  schedule.  It  calls,  first,  for  perhaps  three  or  four 
14-day  earth-orbital  missions,  using  a  basic  Apollo  spacecraft  only 
slightly  modified,  starting  in  1968.  This  phase  would  be  followed  by 
extended  earth-orbital  (45-day)  missions  at  the  rate  of  five  or  six  a 
year  in  1970-71  and  14-day  lunar  exploration  missions  at  the  rate  of 
one  or  two  a  year  in  1970-71."  (Haggerty,  J /Armed  Forces,  9/25/65, 
23) 
September  26:  NASA  ceased  operation  of  relay  ii  communications  satellite 
after  a  final  demonstration  broadcast  during  which  Sen.  B.  Everett 
Jordon  (D-N.C.)  spoke  via  the  satellite  from  Exposition  Hall  in  Atlan- 


450  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

tic  City  in  opening  the  week-long  International  Exposition  of  the 
American  Textile  Machinery  Assn.  there.  After  the  demonstration, 
the  Mojave  Desert  Ground  Station,  the  only  one  in  the  world  equipped 
to  communicate  with  relay  ii,  was  closed  to  begin  modifications  for 
use  in  the  Ats  (Applications  Technology  Satellite j  program.  Since  its 
launch  Jan.  21,  1964.  relay  ii  had  performed  experiments  demon- 
strating the  feasibility  of  a  worldwide  system  of  communications  by 
spacecraft  and  the  technology  for  such  a  system,  (nasa  Release 
65-306) 

September  26:  Astronaut  M.  Scott  Carpenter  and  nine  fellow  aquanauts  rose 
205  ft.  from  Sealab  ii  in  a  pressurized  personnel  transfer  capsule.  They 
would  decompress  on  the  support  ship  Berkone  for  about  30  hrs.  be- 
fore being  exposed  to  atmospheric  pressure.  Carpenter  had  completed 
a  record  29  days  and  14  hrs.  in  the  ocean-bottom  laboratory;  his 
associates  had  been  below  15  days  as  had  another  team  before 
them.  A  third  team  of  ten  men  would  complete  the  Navy's  45-day 
experiment  in  underwater  living  and  working.  President  Johnson 
phoned  congratulations  to  Carpenter.      (Wash.  Post,  9/27/65) 

September  27:  Six  rhesus  monkeys  exposed  to  a  total  radiation  of  500  rads 
during  a  10-day  simulated  space  flight  experienced  no  performance 
decrement,  reported  Heather  M.  Davis  in  Missiles  and  Rockets.  Ra- 
diation was  administered  at  rate  of  2  rads  per  hour  from  an  80-curie 
gamma  radiation  source  at  the  Los  Alamos  Scientific  Laborato- 
ry. Thirty-day  physical  examinations  just  conducted  showed  the  ani- 
mals were  still  in  good  health.      (David,  M&R,  9/27/65,  38) 

•  U.S.  Army's  Nixe-X  Project  Office  at  Redstone  Arsenal  announced  ap- 

pointment of  Dr.  Oswald  H.  Lange  as  Chief  Scientist  and  Charles  E. 
Richardson  as  Chief  Engineer.  Lange  was  returning  to  the  Army  after 
more  than  five  years  with  nasa  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  where 
he  directed  the  Saturn  vehicle  project  and  for  the  past  two  years  was 
assistant  msec  director  for  scientific  and  technical  analysis.  Richard- 
son was  formerly  chief  of  the  Nike-X  Project's  Test  and  Range  Op- 
erations Div.      {Marshall  Star,  9/29/65,  1) 

•  GSFC  was  pushing  Aerobee  350  sounding  rocket  toward  operational  status 

to  get  second-  and  third-generation  upper  altitude  data,  wrote  William 
S.  Beller  in  Missiles  and  Rockets:  "With  much  of  the  first-generation 
work  already  performed  in  the  altitudes  from  about  50  mi.  to  100  mi., 
a  more  sophisticated  rocket  is  needed.   .   .   . 

"The  Aerobee  350  shows  more  than  twice  the  performance  of  the 
150:  for  heavy  payloads,  the  factor  tends  toward  2.5,  showing  the  most 
significant  advantage;  for  lighter  payloads,  the  factor  approaches  2.0. 

"The  Aerobee  350  launched  from  Wallops  Island  will  carry  a  pay- 
load  of  150  lbs.  to  290  mi.  ahitude;  or  500  lbs.  to  210  mi.  If  the 
launching  takes  place  at  White  Sands,  N.M.,  which  is  at  4,000  ft.,  the 
rocket  will  put  out  15-20  mi.  more  altitude  performance  for  the  same 
payload  weight.  An  Aerobee  350  launch  tower  is  to  be  built  at  White 
Sands."     ( Beller,  M&R,  9/27/65,  26 ) 

•  Philco  Corp.  had  been  awarded  a  $3  million  increment  to  a  contract  with 

USAF  for  work  on  a  satellite  tracking  network,      (dod  Release  651-65) 

•  S-lC-1,  first  stage  of  the  Saturn  V  booster,  rolled  out  of  the  Manufactur- 

ing Engineering  Lab   at   msec   exactly   on   schedule.     The   stage   was 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


451 


moved  to  the  Quality  and  Reliability  Assurance  Lab  where  it  would  be 
checked  out  automatically  in  preparation  for  static  firings,      (msfc  Re- 
lease 65-239) 
September  27:  USAF  named  Robert  G.   Loewy  chairman  of  the  U.S.  Air 
Force  Scientific  Advisory  Board.      (Hussie,  Phil.  Inq.,  9/26/65) 

•  ComSatCorp  asked  FCC  for  permission  to  make  available  service  via  early 

BIRD  I  outside  of  normal  hours  to  permit  transatlantic  televising  of 
Pope  Paul  vi's  visit  to  the  U.S.  October  4.  The  Corporation  normally 
could  offer  its  services  between  5  a.m.  and  9  p.m.  daily;  it  was  seeking 
to  extend  them  from  9  p.m.  to  5  a.m.  during  the  papal  visit.  (Com- 
SatCorp Release) 

•  Potential  of  a  manned  orbiting  vehicle  to  obtain  advanced  photographic 

and  electromagnetic  intelligence  on  Soviet  icbm  defenses,  on  Russian 
deployment  of  new  smaller  solid  propellant  iCBMs,  and  on  Chinese 
progress  toward  a  strategic  missile  force  was  suggested  by  Aviation 
Week  and  Space  Technology  as  being  significant  factor  behind  Defense 
Secretary  Robert  S.  McNamara's  decision  to  proceed  with  manned 
military  space  missions.  It  was  photographic  evidence  provided  by 
Samos,  shortly  after  McNamara  had  come  to  the  Pentagon,  that  had 
enabled  the  U.S.  to  determine  that  the  Russians  were  not  building 
and  deploying  iCBMs  as  fast  as  had  been  believed  and  which  had  al- 
lowed McNamara  to  establish  more  modest  missile  production  goals. 
{Av.  Wk.,  9/27/65,  26) 
September  28:  In  its  150th  flight,  the  x-15  (No.  3)  was  flown  to  295,600-ft. 
altitude  and  top  speed  of  3,682  mph  (mach  5.33)  by  NASA  research 
pilot  John  B.  McKay.  Altitude  marked  the  fourth  highest  reached  by 
the  X-15.  Purpose  of  flight  was  to  measure  boundary  layer  noise; 
test  a  horizon  scanner;  and  measure  aerodynamic  and  structural  loads 
on  the  horizontal  tail  surfaces.  (NASA  Release  65-310;  X-15  Flight 
Log) 

•  Astronaut  M.  Scott  Carpenter  (Lcdr.,  usn),  after  a  record  30  days  205 

ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  Pacific,  said  he  was  convinced  "men  can 


September  28:    John  B.  McKay,  pilot  of  150th  flight,  in  front  of  X-15  No.  3. 


452  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

live  forever — any  length  of  time  they  wish — beneath  the  surface  of  the 
ocean."  He  told  a  news  conference  of  the  beauty,  pain,  and  hard 
manual  labor  and  added:  "The  ocean  is  a  much  more  hostile  environ- 
ment than  space.  I  worked  much  harder  in  Sealab  2  than  in  the 
Mercury  capsule.  More  energy  is  required  just  to  stay  warm,  because 
of  the  50-degree  cold.  But  the  real  key  is  the  isolation.  I  think  men 
can  live  as  long  in  underwater  habitats  as  they  can  in  dewline  stations 
or  any  place  else  where  they  are  isolated."  (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  9/29/65) 
September  28:  Astronaut  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  (Lcdr.,  USn)  discussed  the 
GEMINI  V  spaceflight  with  the  Oba  (King)  of  Benin  in  his  palace  in 
Nigeria.  In  his  luncheon  speech,  the  Oba  said:  "In  this  age,  astro- 
nauts are  physically  making  visits  to  some  sphere  in  the  universe  our 
ancient  people  thought  was  possible  to  visit  only  in  spirit  form.  .  .  . 
Such  journeys  may  prove  or  disprove  such  theories  that  the  space  is 
limitless,  according  to  scientists,  or  that  over  and  above  the  outer  space 
there  is  a  canopy,  according  to  the  saying  of  our  ancient  people." 
(Louchheim,  Wash.  Post,  9/29/65,  Al) 

•  U.S.  Army  had  awarded  a  contract  for  $21,580,464  to  Western  Electric 

Co.  for  development  of  an  advanced  version  of  the  Zeus  antimissile 
missile.  The  long-range  Zeus  was  one  of  the  two  interceptor  missiles 
in  the  Nike-X  system;  it  would  employ  two  solid  propellant  motors 
and  carry  a  nuclear  warhead,      (dod  Release  653-65) 

•  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  announced  the  discovery  in  Eng- 

land of  a  new  comet.  Discovered  Sept.  26  by  astronomer  G.  E.  D. 
Alcock  (and  named  after  him),  the  lOth-magnitude  comet  appeared  as 
part  of  the  constellation  Hercules,      (ap.  Wash.  Post,  9/28/65,  Al) 

•  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever  outlined  examples  of  the  current  usaf  effort 

to  upgrade  its  data  management  activities  in  both  Government  and 
industry:  (1)  new  manuals  would  be  forthcoming  on  contract  defini- 
tion, systems  engineering,  and  cost  estimating;  (2)  the  USAF  Seed 
(Supply  of  Essential  Engineering  Data)  concept  was  being  considered 
for  application  to  new  types  of  data  besides  engineering  items;  and 
( 3 )  a  cadre  of  Data  Management  Officers  and  supporting  personnel 
would  work  with  their  counterparts  in  industry  to  iron  out  data 
problems.  General  Schriever  delivered  the  keynote  address  to  the  Air 
Force/Industry  Data  Management  Symposium  in  Los  Angeles.      (Text) 

•  Dr.  Donald  Hornig,  President  Johnson's  science  adviser,  told  the  Asso- 

ciated Press  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  the  Government  planned  to 
proceed  with  Project  Mohole  despite  mounting  costs.  The  project 
called  for  sinking  a  metal  drill  six  miles  through  Pacific  Ocean  and 
floor  about  100  mi.  northeast  of  Maui  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands.      ( Wash.  Post,  9/28/65,  A5 ) 

•  Former  Astronaut  John  H.  Glenn,  Jr.,  and  his  wife  left  for  Europe  on  a 

goodwill  tour  ordered  by  President  Johnson.  Cities  on  the  schedule 
included  London,  Berlin,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam, 
Genoa,  Rome,  Naples,  Florence  or  Venice,  Madrid,  and  Lisbon. 
(Wash.  Eve.  Star,  9/29/65) 
September  29:  alouette  i,  Canadian  scientific  satellite  launched  by  NASA 
on  September  29,  1962,  had  completed  its  third  year  in  space  and  was 
still  operating  normally.  Satellite  was  using  the  swept-frequency  top- 
side sounding  technique  to  gather  information  about  ionospheric  elec- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  453 

tron  density  and  distribution  during  the  four-to-six  hours  daily  it  was 
activated  by  command  from  the  ground.  (NASA  Release  65-312) 
September  29:  Bureau  of  Naval  Weapons  announced  it  had  placed  two  more 
navigation  satelHtes  in  orbit.  The  two  135-lb.  spacecraft,  launched 
June  24  and  Aug  13,  were  intended  "to  augment  the  now  operational 
all-weather  satellite  navigation  system  and  to  allow  for  more  frequent 
position  fixes  by  ships  at  sea."      (AP,  Bait.  Sun.  9/29/65) 

•  XB-70a  research  aircraft  No.  2  made  its  sixth  flight,  reaching  a  speed  of 

mach  2.23  (about  1,460  mph)  and  altitude  of  54,000  ft.  During  the 
one-hour-and  44-minute  flight  (32  min.  of  which  were  at  supersonic 
speeds),  several  studies  were  conducted:  runway  noise-levels  were 
studied,  sonic-boom  tests  conducted,  experiments  related  to  supersonic 
transport  program  made,  and  aircraft's  air-inlet  control  system  was 
operated.  Pilots  were  Al  White,  chief  test  pilot,  and  Van  Shepard, 
co-pilot,      (naa  S&ID  Skywriter,  10/1/65,  1) 

•  Thiokol    Chemical     Corp.     would     receive     from     USAF     a     $1,562,000 

cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract  for  work  on  a  solid-fuel  rocket  program. 
(dod  Release  659-65) 

•  U.S.  Army  Corps  of  Engineers  had  awarded  Baxter  Construction  Co.  a 

$1,224,271  firm  fixed-price  contract  for  construction  of  the  Atmospher- 
ic Reentry  Materials  and  Structures  Evaluation  Facility  at  MSC.  (dod 
Release  659-65) 

•  A  rocket-driven  sled  that  would  reach  a  speed  of  about  2,300  mph  was 

being  built  for  USN,  Thomas  Henry  reported  in  the  Washington  Eve- 
ning Star.  Designed  to  carry  a  simulated  nose  cone,  the  sled  would  run 
into  a  high-energy  blast  about  halfway  along  its  course.  Measure- 
ments of  the  Shockwaves  would  help  determine  hardening  required  to 
protect  a  missile  nose  cone.      (Henry,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  9/29/65,  30) 

•  Aviatrix  Jerrie  Mock  broke  the  speed  record  for  single-engine  aircraft 

over  a  500-km.  (304-mi.)  course.  She  established  an  average  speed  of 
203.858  mph  on  her  flight,  which  lasted  one  hour,  31  min.,  and  27 
sec.  Former  world  record  of  178  mph  was  set  in  1956  by  Czech  pilot 
Lubos  Stastny.      (upi,  Wash.  Post,  9/30/65,  D6) 

•  Tribute  to  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force  Eugene  M.  Zuckert  by  Sen.  Howard 

W.  Cannon  (D-Nev.)  was  read  on  the  floor  of  the  Senate:  "It  is  no 
surprise  that  Eugene  Zuckert  served  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  for 
longer  than  any  other  man.  His  leadership  spans  nearly  20  years, 
dating  almost  from  the  time  that  the  Air  Force  became  an  independent 
service  while  Mr.  Zuckert  served  as  special  assistant  to  the  Assistant 
Secretary  of  War  for  Air.  He  served  for  a  time  on  the  Atomic  Energy 
Commission  and  brought  a  high  degree  of  competence  and  ability  to 
this  important  operation. 

"After  more  than  444  years  as  Secretary,  Eugene  Zuckert  has  estab- 
lished an  enviable  record,  and  I  suggest  that  his  devotion  to  the  service 
and  his  unique  skills  will  make  his  absence  from  Government  of  very 
short  duration.  No  man  who  has  done  what  he  has  for  the  Air  Force 
in  the  critical  years  when  that  service  entered  the  space  age  can  be 
forgotten  or  easily  replaced."      {CR,  9/29/65,  24571) 

•  H.  Z.  Hopkins,  Jr.,  chief  of  North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  flight  test 

operations  at  Edwards  afb,  Calif.,  was  named  president  of  the  Society 


454  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

of  Experimental  Test  Pilots  (setp).  Also  honored  by  setp  during  its 
annual  meeting  in  Los  Angeles  was  Al  White,  naa's  chief  test  pilot, 
who  was  recipient  of  the  Ivan  C.  Kincheloe  Award.  White  was  cited 
for  his  role  in  development  and  testing  of  XB-70a  research  aircraft. 
(naa  Release  NL-19;  naa  S&ID  Skywriter,  10/1/65,2) 
September  30:  x-15  No.  1  was  flown  by  Capt.  William  J.  Knight  (USAF) 
to  an  altitude  of  76,000  ft.,  at  a  speed  of  2.761  mph  (mach  4.06). 
(NASA  X-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  USAF  launched  Atlas-Agena  D  launch  vehicle  from  Western  Test  Range 

with  unidentified  satellite  payload.  ( U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965, 
152) 

•  President  Johnson  signed  into  law  the  High-Speed  Ground  Transporta- 

tion Act  of  1965   (PL  89-220)    in  White  House  ceremony.     He  said: 

".  .  .  In  recent  decades,  we  have  achieved  technological  miracles  in 
our  transportation.     But  there  is  one  great  exception. 

"We  have  airplanes  which  fly  three  times  faster  than  sound.  We 
have  television  cameras  that  are  orbiting  Mars.  But  we  have  the  same 
tired  and  inadequate  mass  transportation  between  our  towns  and  cities 
that  we  had  30  years  ago. 

"Today  ...  an  astronaut  can  orbit  the  earth  faster  than  a  man  on 
the  ground  can  get  from  New  York  to  Washington.  Yet,  the  same 
science  and  technology  which  gave  us  our  airplanes  and  our  space 
probes,  I  believe,  could  also  give  us  better  and  faster  and  more  eco- 
nomical transportation  on  the  ground.  And  a  lot  of  us  need  it  more 
on  the  ground  than  we  need  it  orbiting  the  earth.  .  .  . 

"The  High-Speed  Ground  Transportation  Act  of  1965  really  gives 
us,  for  the  first  time  in  history,  a  coordinated  program  for  improving 
the  transportation  system  that  we  have  today,  and  making  it  a  better 
servant  to  our  people.  .  .  ."      (Text,  Pres.  Doc,  10/4/65,  329-30) 

•  Secretary   of   Defense   Robert   S.   McNamara   directed   USAF   to   proceed 

immediately  to  develop  and  produce  the  C-5a  transport  plane.  Gross 
weight  of  aircraft  would  be  nearly  350  tons — twice  that  of  present 
largest  military  cargo  plane.  It  would  be  able  to  carry  loads  of  a 
quarter  milUon  pounds  3,200  mi.,  and  loads  of  100,000  lbs.  nonstop 
across  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  would  be  more  than  230  ft.  long,  63  ft. 
high  at  the  tail,  have  a  220-ft.  wing  span,  and  be  able  to  land  on 
unprepared  airfields  of  4,000  ft.  Development  cost  and  initial  pro- 
duction order  for  58  planes,  including  engines,  would  be  about  $2 
billion.  Aircraft  would  be  bought  under  new  contracting  concept 
under  which  both  the  airframe  and  engine  manufacturers  would  re- 
ceive contracts  covering  not  only  development  but  also  production. 
USAF  had  selected  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  to  develop  and  produce  the 
C-5a.  Four  new  fan-jet  engines  for  the  aircraft,  each  capable  of 
40,000  lbs,  thrust,  were  being  developed  and  would  be  produced  by 
General  Electric  Co.      (dod  Release  663-65) 

•  General  Dynamics/Convair  was  being  awarded  a  $2,198,000  firm  fixed- 

price  contract  by  U.S.  Army  for  designing,  furnishing,  and  installing 
an  operational  TV  system  for  Launch  Complex  39  at  Kennedy  Space 
Center,  NASA.      (DOD  Release  664-65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  455 

September  30:  ComSatCorp  asked  FCC  for  authority  to  build  four  new  satel- 
lites to  provide  communication  services  for  the  Apollo  project  as  well 
as  for  other  commercial  uses.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  Highlights  of  report  by  Civil  Service  Commission  Chairman  John  W. 

Macv,  Jr..  to  President  Johnson  on  Government  savings  during  FY 
1965  resulting  from  employee  suggestions  showed  that  one  of  the  top 
suggestion  awards  went  to  NASA  personnel.  The  $1,400  award  to 
MSEC  aerospace  technologists  Emmett  L.  Martz,  John  L.  Burch,  and 
William  L.  Kimmons  was  for  their  design  which  reduced  by  $133,438 
the  cost  of  certain  bearings  in  Saturn  launch  vehicle's  guidance 
system.  NASA  was  among  the  five  nondefense  Government  agencies 
that  exceeded  the  million-dollar  mark  in  savings  from  adopted 
suggestions.      (Pres.  Doc,  10/4/65,  335) 

•  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Tech- 

nology Alfred  Eggers,  speaking  to  the  Aviation  Space  Writers  Associa- 
tion in  Washington,  D.C.,  said  one  of  the  basic  programs  now  under- 
way in  OART  was  to  establish  a  mission  capability  flexible  enough  to 
satisfy  most  mission  requirements  for  the  balance  of  the  century.  De- 
scribing the  capability  as  a  "platform"  that  could  support  whatever 
mission  the  Nation  wanted,  he  cited  the  present  indecision  over  the 
mission  that  should  be  undertaken  after  the  lunar  landing.  Given  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  a  consensus  from  the  American  public  and  gov- 
ernment in  the  matter,  the  only  useful  alternative  was  to  develop  such 
a  platform.  He  said  the  present  oart  program  would  enable  this 
country  to  go  to  Mars,  Venus,  the  asteroids,  or  the  moons  of  Jupiter 
before  the  end  of  the  20th  century.      (Text) 

•  Jet  airline  pilots  would  no  longer  be  required  to  wear  oxygen  masks 

when  flying  above  35,000  ft.  according  to  a  faa  rule  effective  as  of  this 
date.  Under  the  new  rule,  the  requirement  for  one  pilot  at  the  con- 
trols to  use  oxygen  would  apply  now  only  above  41,000  ft.,  where  the 
time  element  would  be  much  more  critical  in  case  of  sudden  de- 
compression, (faa  Release  65-84) 
Durins;  September:  First  useful  photograph  of  the  nightglow  was  recorded 
aboard  a  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  White 
Sands  Missile  Range.  Rocket  was  at  173-km.  (106.8-mi.)  altitude; 
distance  from  the  earth's  horizon  to  the  center  of  the  nightglow  was  90 
km.  (55.9  mi.).     Tri-X  film  was  used.      (M&R,  9/27/65,  15) 

•  44  of  the  107  pages  of  "Opportunities  for  Participation  in  Space  Flight 

Investigations" — NASA's  semi-annual  publication  inviting  scientists  to 
propose  spaceflight  experiments — were  devoted  to  Apollo  manned  mis- 
sions, some  of  which  were  under  study.  Detailed  descriptions  and 
timetables  covering  a  wide  range  of  NASA  flight  projects,  manned  and 
unmanned,  were  provided  in  the  publication.  Flight  dates  generally 
covered  the  period  from  1966  through  1972.  Proposals  would  be  re- 
viewed and  evaluated  for  scientific  merit  and  technological  feasibility, 
the  competence  and  experience  of  the  investigator,  assurance  of  institu- 
tional support,  and  the  scientific  adequacy  of  proposed  apparatus. 
(NASA  Release  65-284) 

•  A  "caloric  water  and  protein  balance  study"  was  in  progress  at  Wright- 

Patterson  AFB,  Ohio,  under  guidance  of  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Cen- 
ter's Dr.  Paul  LaChance,  to  verify  hardware  and  procedures  for  waste 


456  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

management  proposed  for  the  14-day  Gemini  vii  mission  in  late  Decem- 
ber. According  to  Missiles  and  Rockets,  four  volunteers  would  be  sus- 
tained on  a  controlled  diet  of  bite-sized  rehydratable  food  over  a  six- 
week  period.  Midway  through  the  study,  they  would  enter  an  altitude 
chamber  for  two  weeks.  This  would  be  followed  by  two  weeks  of 
"post-flight"  checks.  Careful  measurement  of  calcium  intake  and  loss 
through  body  fluids — one  of  the  Gemini  vii  medical  experiments — 
would  be  made  on  each  subject.  (M&R,  9/27/65,  9) 
During  September:  A  light  metal  sphere  found  in  a  remote  part  of  Australia 
was  described  in  a  paper  by  Peter  M.  Twiss  in  Journal  of  Spacecraft 
and  Rockets.  The  paper  analyzed  the  likely  reentry  history  of  the 
sphere  during  decay  from  circular  orbit,  and  concluded  the  sphere 
came  from  a  U.S.  spacecraft  in  orbit.  (Twiss,  J /Spacecraft  &  Rockets, 
9/10/65,  660-663) 

•  USAF  had  developed  and  proved  a  new  method  enabling  recovery  and 

consequent  reuse  of  expensive  research  balloons.  Developed  by  James 
Payne  of  AFCRL,  the  recovery  system  employed  two  parachutes  in  tan- 
dem— the  lower  one  to  return  the  scientific  payload  and  the  upper  one 
to  return  the  balloon.  Following  controlled  deflation  of  the  balloon, 
the  upper  parachute — with  an  opening  in  its  center  through  which  the 
neck  of  the  balloon  would  be  fitted — would  ride  up  the  balloon's  neck 
as  it  was  deflated.  The  center  hole  would  have  a  nylon  sleeve  attached 
to  it.  The  sleeve  would  envelop  the  balloon  material  as  it  would 
deflate  and  literally  wrap  it  in  a  protective  nylon  package  for  its  return 
to  earth  and  later  reuse,      (agar  Release  9-65-1) 

•  Paris  newspaper  Le  Monde  reported  that  first  launch  of  a  satellite  by  the 

Diamant  booster  might  come  at  the  end  of  November,  before  the  De- 
cember 5  presidential  election,  and  might  include  an  attempt  to  put  the 
A-1  satellite — an  80-lb.  experimental  spacecraft  with  an  orbital  life  of 
several  weeks — in  orbit.  In  case  of  an  A-1  failure,  Le  Monde  added, 
a  second  launch  might  take  place  before  Dec.  5.  Mid-January  was 
quoted  as  the  deadline  for  orbiting  the  D-1  satellite,  and  d-1b  might 
be  launched  at  an  earlier  date.  {Av.  Wk.,  9/20/65,  29;  M&R, 
9/27/65,  9) 

•  According  to  a  report  in  a  West  German  publication,  Luftfahrttechnik 

Raumfahrttechnik,  Soviet  communications  satellite  molniya  I  trans- 
mitted color  television  programs  for  nine  hours  in  May  1965. 
Quality  of  the  transmissions  was  good.  {Luftfahrttechnik  Raum- 
fahrttechnik, 9/65,  237) 

•  Evaluating  the  controversy  on  manned  versus  unmanned  exploration  of 

space,  Robert  Colburn  said  in  International  Science  and  Technology: 
'T  see  no  meaningful  issue  between  (unmanned)  space  science  and 
(manned)  space  exploration.  The  real  question  is  what  sort  of  space 
science  contributes  best  to  the  success  of  space  exploration.  More  con- 
cretely, the  question  is  not  whether  to  investigate  the  moon  with  an 
unmanned  Surveyor  shot  or  a  manned  Apollo;  it's  whether  an  extra 
Surveyor  mission  now  would  significantly  reduce  the  cost  or  danger  of 
the  eventual  Apollo  mission  and,  if  not,  whether  it  may  be  wasteful  to 
send  a  Surveyor  now  when  the  same  information  can  be  had  more  easily 
later,  once  there  is  a  man  on  the  moon  to  help."  Rep.  Olin  Teague 
(D-Tex.),  member  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronau- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  457 

tics,  inserted  Colburn's  editorial  in   the  Congressional  Record.      {CR, 
9/14/65) 
During  September :  nasa's  Technology  Utilization  Div.  published  a  66-page 
illustrated  book  outlining  potential  uses  of  space  telemetry  techniques 
in  the  biological  and  medical  fields,      (nasa  Release  65-309) 

•  U.S.  Army  Engineer  Geodesy,  Intelligence  and  Mapping  Research  and 

Development  Agency  (gimrada)  awarded  S557,000  contract  to  Cubic 
Corp.  for  four  additional  Secor  (Sequential  Collation  of  Range)  satel- 
lites for  use  in  gathering  information  on  the  exact  location  of  land 
bodies.  Although  similar  to  the  Secor  satellites  presently  in  orbit,  the 
four  new  satellites  would  have  a  transponder  capable  of  operating  at 
higher  altitudes.  Delivery  of  the  first  of  the  four  was  scheduled  for 
next  February,      (gimrada  Release) 

•  Commenting  on  "race"  between  the  U.S.  and  the  U.S.S.R.  to  be  first  on 

the  moon,  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Pavel  Belyayev  said:  "I  simply  don't 
understand  such  appeals.  As  far  as  I  know,  we  have  no  intention  of 
competing  in  this  area."  Lt.  Gen.  Nikolai  Kamanin  said:  "In  a  space 
research  program,  haste  is  out  of  place.  Each  space  flight,  especially 
with  a  cosmonaut  aboard,  must  be  the  product  of  a  sustained  effort 
that  may  take  months.  Improvisation  is  impermissable  in  space  re- 
search; we  don't  believe  in  crash  programming."  Cosmonaut  Aleksey 
Lenov  said:  "I  also  think  that  all  this  talk  of  getting  to  the  moon  first 
is  nonsense.  What  we  must  do  is  work  toward  that  goal  calmly  and 
thoroughly  and  without  any  rush.  I  think  that  those  who  work  that 
way  will  be  first  on  the  moon."      {Soviet  Life,  9/65,  28-29) 

•  North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  transportation  study  which  warned  that 

within  50  yrs.  the  demand  in  California  for  transportation  of  people 
and  commodities  might  increase  500^^  and  700%  respectively,  re- 
ceived comment  from  California  Governor  Edmund  (Pat)  Brown: 
"North  American  Aviation's  report  on  transportation  makes  the 
answer  unanimous:  systems  engineering  is  not  only  a  sound  approach 
to  social  problems,  it  may  well  be  the  only  approach. 

".  .  .  The  idea  of  transferring  talented  systems  engineers  from  the 
field  of  space  hardware  to  the  broader  field  of  human  need  is,  in  itself, 
a  breakthrough  of  significant  proportion.  The  talent  has  been  there 
for  some  time.  It  just  took  us  awhile  to  see  its  tremendous  propor- 
tion. .  .  ."      (naa  S&ID  Skyivriter,  10/1/65,  1,  2) 

•  Dr.  Robert  G.  Loewy,  Associate  Professor  of  Mechanical  and  Aerospace 

Sciences,     Univ.     of     Rochester,     was     named     Chief     Scientist     of 
USAF.     {Av.  Wk.,  10/11/65) 


October   1965 


October  1:  NASA's  mariner  iv  Mars  probe  stopped  transmitting  contin- 
uous data  reports  when  a  J  PL  command  switched  its  transmitter  from 
a  high-gain  directional  antenna  to  a  low-gain  all-direction  antenna  to 
permit  periodic  tracking  by  nasa's  Deep  Space  Network  as  spacecraft 
orbited  the  sun.  mariner  iv,  19,359,086  mi.  from  Mars,  traveling 
90,499  mph  relative  to  earth,  had  completed  a  total  of  418,749,386  mi. 
in  its  solar  orbit.  Although  it  had  achieved  its  mission  objectives, 
additional  scientific  and  engineering  data  might  be  obtained  if  the 
spacecraft  were  still  operating  in  1967  when  the  earth-spacecraft  dis- 
tance would  narrow  to  about  30  million  mi.  (NASA  Release  65-316; 
NASA  Proj.  Off.) 

•  NASA  consolidated  its  unmanned  launch  activities  at  both  the  Eastern  and 

Western  Test  Ranges  under  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA.  At  Cape 
Kennedy,  the  Launch  Operations  Div.,  GSFC,  would  become  an  integral 
element  of  KSC;  at  Western  Test  Range,  Goddard  personnel  permanent- 
ly assigned  there  and  NASA  Pacific  Launch  Operations  Office  which 
logistically  supported  them  would  also  be  placed  under  KSC.  Robert 
Gray  would  be  Assistant  Director  for  Unmanned  Launch  Op- 
erations. Checkout  and  launch  of  all  NASA  launch  vehicles,  except 
the  solid  propellant  Scout  rockets  developed  and  launched  by  LaRC  at 
Wallops  Station  and  Western  Test  Range,  would  be  supervised  by 
KSC .     ( NASA  Release  65-3 1 3 ) 

•  Secretary   of   Defense   Robert   S.   McNamara   administered   the   oath   of 

office  to  four  new  defense  officials  in  a  Pentagon  ceremony:  Dr.  Harold 
Brown,  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force;  Dr.  John  S.  Foster,  Jr.,  Director  of 
Defense  Research  and  Engineering;  Norman  S.  Paul,  Undersecretary 
of  the  Air  Force;  and  Thomas  D.  Morris,  Assistant  Secretary  of  De- 
fense for  Manpower,      (dod  Release  666-65) 

•  First  complete  test  model  of  the  S-ii  stage  of  the  Saturn  V  launch  vehi- 

cle left  North  American  Aviation's  Space  and  Information  Systems 
Div.,  Seal  Beach,  aboard  the  U.S.S.  Point  Barrow  for  NASA  Marshall 
Space  Flight  Center.  The  4,000-mi.  trip  via  the  Panama  Canal  would 
take  about  two  weeks,  (msec  Release  65-246) 
October  1-2:  Contributions  of  nasa's  space  program  to  the  future  of  the 
Nation  were  outlined  by  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dry- 
den  at  the  Governor's  Conference  on  Oceanography  and  Astronautics 
in  Hawaii : 

"We  are  building  toward  pre-eminence  in  every  phase  of  space  activ- 

ity.  ... 

"We  are  building  a  network  of  large-scale  engineering  facilities, 
spaceyards,  proving  grounds,  and  spaceports  to  assemble,  test,  and 
launch  the  space  vehicles  we  need  now  and  in  the  future. 

458 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  459 

"We  are  creating  new  national  resources  of  lasting  value  in  these 
facilities;  in  the  industrial  and  managerial  capabiUties  we  are  develop- 
ing; and  in  the  growing  number  of  scientists  and  engineers  who  are 
learning  about  space  and  space  technology. 

"We  are  filling  the  pipelines  of  hardware  and  knowledge,  and,  as 
measured  by  the  financial  resources  required,  we're  about  halfway  to- 
ward our  first  manned  lunar  mission  in  mid-1965. 

"We  are  accumulating,  in  space,  the  basic  scientific  knowledge  about 
the  earth,  the  solar  system,  the  universe,  and  about  man  himself. 

"We  are  bringing  benefits  not  only  to  the  United  States  but  to  all 
the  world  through  the  use  of  space  and  space  technology.  .  .  . 

"We  are  providing  a  much-needed  stimulus  to  the  energies  and  crea- 
tivity of  people  everywhere.  .  .  . 

"We  are  bringing  about  increased  economic  activity.  .  .  . 

"And  we  are  making  certain  .  .  .  that  the  realm  of  space  now  open- 
ing up  to  us  shall  be  a  domain  of  freedom. 

"It  is  for  these  reasons  that  we  have  mounted  the  greatest  peacetime 
undertaking  in  the  history  of  mankind.  .  .  ."     (Text) 

"The  Military  Implications  of  Space"  were  discussed  for  the  Gover- 
nor's Conference  by  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever,  afsc  Commander: 
"Our  military  efforts  in  space  can  be  placed  into  three  broad  cate- 
gories: first,  the  development  of  space  systems  to  support  military  mis- 
sions on  earth;  second,  the  development  of  defensive  measures  against 
possible  enemy  actions  in  space;  and  third,  the  conduct  of  experimen- 
tation and  of  programs  aimed  at  pushing  technology  forward.  .  .  ." 

Schriever  noted  two  examples  of  unmanned  satellite  systems:  (1) 
the  Nuclear  Detection  Program  consisting  of  six  Vela  satellites  gather- 
ing information  on  radiation  backgrounds  in  far  space  and  defining  an 
operational  nuclear  detection  system;  and  (2)  communications  satel- 
lites. He  revealed  that  an  initial  R&D  system  to  satisfy  military  com- 
munications' requirements  had  been  authorized  by  DOD  for  launch  ear- 
ly next  year  and  would  include  up  to  23  satellites  orbiting  earth  at 
random  spacing  at  about  21,000-mi.  altitude.  The  satellites  would  be 
launched  in  clusters  of  eight  from  three  Titan  iiic  boosters  and  then 
would  be  positioned  along  an  orbital  path.  An  advanced  system  was 
also  planned  in  which  expected  life  of  each  satellite  would  be  increased 
from  one  and  a  half  years  to  between  three  and  five  years. 

In  the  advancement  of  space  technology  he  listed  several  major  pro- 
grams: manned  orbiting  laboratory,  space  cabin  experiments,  develop- 
ment of  cryogenic  rocket  engines,  development  of  the  scram  jet,  devel- 
opment of  a  spacecraft  capable  of  maneuvering  during  reentry,  and  the 
Spacecraft  Technology  and  Advanced  Reentry  Program  (Start). 
(Text) 
October  2:  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  shipped  the  instrument  unit 
for  the  first  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle  to  Kennedy  Space  Center,  NASA 
aboard  the  barge  Palaemon.  First  Saturn  IB  was  scheduled  for 
launch  from  KSC  early  next  year,  (msfc  Release) 
•  USN  recommissioned  two  rocket  launching  ships,  the  Carronade  and  the 
White  River,  and  assigned  them  to  the  Pacific  Fleet  to  support  amphib- 
ious landings.  On  Sept.  18  the  rocket  launching  ships  Clarion  River 
and  St.  Francis  River  had  been  recommissioned.  (dod  Release  652- 
65) 


460  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

October  2:  Soviet  Cosmonauts  Pavel  Belyayev  and  Aleksey  Leonov  arrived  in 
East  Berlin  to  begin  a  ten-day  visit  to  East  Germany.  (Reuters,  Wash. 
Post,  10/3/ 65,  ASl) 

October  3:  Former  Astronaut  John  H.  Glenn,  Jr.  (Col.,  USMC,  Ret.),  in 
Western  Europe  on  a  three-week  goodwill  tour  at  the  request  of  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  saw  the  Berlin  wall  during  a  helicopter  sightseeing 
trip.      (Reuters,  Chic.  Trib.,  10/4/65) 

•  The  extent  of  the  economic  impact  of  the  space  program  on  a  seven- 

county  Central  Florida  area  around  Cape  Kennedy  was  disclosed  in  a 
report  by  the  Univ.  of  Florida  Bureau  of  Economic  and  Business 
Research.  Total  personal  incomes  in  the  seven  counties  had  increased 
from  $372,779,000  in  1950  to  $572,375,000  in  1954,  then  more  than 
tripled  to  $1,738,566,000  in  1963.  {Houston  Post,  10/6/65;  ksc  His- 
torian) 
October  4:  LUNA  vii  3,313-lb.  instrumented  moon  probe  was  successfully 
launched  by  U.S.S.R.  Tass  said  the  last  stage  of  the  multistage 
launching  rocket  was  put  into  parking  orbit  and  then  luna  vii  was 
fired  on  a  trajectory  toward  the  moon.  All  onboard  equipment  was 
said  to  be  functioning  normally.  Launching  occurred  on  the  eighth 
anniversary  of  the  orbiting  by  the  Soviet  Union  of  the  first  earth 
satellite,  sputnik  i.  (ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/4/65,  1;  ap,  Wa^h. 
Post,  10/5/65,  All;  Nordlinger,  Bait.  Sun,  10/5/65,  5) 

•  Dr.  Mac  C.  Adams  was  sworn  in  at  NASA  Hq.  as  Associate  Administrator 

for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology  by  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans, 
Jr.,  NASA  Associate  Administrator.  Dr.  Adams  came  to  NASA  from 
Avco  Corp.,  Wilmington,  Mass.,  where  he  was  vice  president  and 
assistant  general  manager  for  space  systems.  In  1949-51  he  was  an 
aeronautical  research  engineer  with  NASA  Langley  Research  Center 
(then  NACA  Langley  Memorial  Aeronautical  Laboratory).  (NASA  Re- 
lease 65-317;  NASA  Ann.) 

•  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space 

Flight,  discussed  the  national  space  program  in  address  before  the 
Hartford  Rotary  Club,  Hartford,  Conn.  Looking  toward  the  future, 
he  said : 

"The  Gemini  and  Apollo-Saturn  programs  are  providing  this 
country  with  a  broad  base  of  technological,  managerial,  and  resources 
capability  which  makes  feasible  a  wide  spectrum  of  space  missions 
beyond  the  first  lunar  landings.  This  capability  can  be  exploited  in  a 
wide  range  of  earth  orbital,  lunar  orbital,  and  lunar  surface  mis- 
sions. .  .  . 

"Over  90  percent  of  the  Apollo  program  is  directly  applicable  to  our 
earth  orbital  capability.  Many  interesting  ideas  are  under  considera- 
tion on  how  to  use  this  extended  earth  orbit  capability  to  yield  great 
benefits  to  mankind  in  his  daily  life  on  earth,  and  to  conduct  much 
significant  scientific  research. 

"We  are  also  studying  the  use  of  modified  Apollo  vehicles  for  mis- 
sions both  in  orbit  about  the  moon  and  for  exploration  of  the  moon's 
surface.  In  lunar  orbit,  we  can  do  mapping,  surveying,  and  explora- 
tion of  the  moon.  On  the  moon,  we  can  conduct  detailed  exploration 
of  the  surface  environment  and  the  moon's  overall  properties.  We  are 
also  looking  at  the  moon  as  a  base  for  astronomical  and  for  biological 
studies. 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  461 

"All  of  these  applications  will  capitalize  on  the  presence  of  men  in 
space.  There  is  no  substitute  for  having  man's  abilities  available 
right  on  the  spot  during  a  mission,  with  his  human  intellect  to  cope 
with  the  unexpected   and   operate   in   an   unplanned   or   unprogramed 

manner "    (Text,  CR,  4/7/65,  A5656-58) 

October  4:  NASA  was  negotiating  estimated  $25-million  follow-on  contract 
with  Bendix  Field  Engineering  Corp.  for  operations  and  maintenance 
support  of  the  Space  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition  Network  (stadan), 
reported  Missiles  and  Rockets.     {M&R,  10/4/65,  10) 

•  Dr.  Willard  Libby,  UCLA,  recommended  development  of  a  nuclear  space- 

ship in  his  address  before  the  Aerospace  Instrumentation  Symposium 
in  Los  Angeles:  "The  only  possible  way  of  reaching  into  the  deep 
reaches  of  space  is  by  accelerating  to  incredible  speeds,  speeds  that  go 
far  beyond  those  which  we  have  obtained  so  far  in  the  space  program, 
and  it  is  completely  clear  that  the  only  way  of  reaching  these  speeds  is 
by  using  atomic  energy."  Libby  specifically  recommended  considera- 
tion of  a  reactor  complex  capable  of  supplying  10,000  megawatts  of 
power  to  an  engine  with  a  designed  thrust  of  15,000-20,000  lbs.  Such 
a  spaceship  would  cost  billions  of  dollars  and  be  a  decade  in  the 
building,  but  "with  it  we  could  expect  literally  to  explore  the  Solar 
System,"  Libby  said.  He  noted  that  Project  Orion — the  use  of  atomic 
explosions  to  propel  massive  space  platforms — might  be  useful  for  de- 
livering freight  to  the  moon,  but  the  shock  of  the  explosions  would 
pose  difficulties  for  manned  spaceflight.  He  was  pleased  with  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Rover-Phoebus  thermally-heated  atomic  engines  and  felt 
they  might  be  used  to  propel  ships  and  run  a  ferry  service  to  a  moon 
base.     (Text) 

In  a  press  conference,  Dr.  Libby  urged  a  program  to  put  more 
science  into  space  exploration  because  "the  dominant  factor  so  far  in 
the  manned  space  program  has  been  the  drive  to  establish  good  engi- 
neering technology."  He  suggested:  (1)  NASA  establish  a  six-man 
scientific  task  force  to  live  and  work  for  a  year  with  training  astro- 
nauts; (2)  close  cooperation  between  scientific  research  at  outstanding 
universities,  engineering  efforts  at  aerospace  industries,  and  NASA  facil- 
ities; and  (3)  a  mutually-happy  "marriage"  between  space  and  educa- 
tion to  attract  and  inspire  students.      (M&R,  10/11/65,  23) 

JPL  Director  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering  told  the  Symposium  that 
adaptive  instrumentation  was  an  important  requirement  for  future  un- 
manned interplanetary  missions.  In  view  of  the  increasing  number  of 
instruments  on  interplanetary  spacecraft,  more  effort  should  be  concen- 
trated on  the  onboard  data  handling  and  command  system,  he 
suggested.  This  might  transmit  data  only  when  meaningful  changes 
were  recorded  by  sensors.  Also,  the  data  system  should  monitor  the 
performance  of  instruments  and  take  corrective  action  should  a  failure 
occur.      (Pay,  M&R,  10/11/65,  36) 

•  FREEDOM    7    Mercury    spacecraft,    flown    by    Astronaut    Alan    B.    Shep- 

ard,  Jr.    (Cdr.,   USn),   on   May   5,    1961,   was  put   on  exhibit   at  the 
Science  Museum  in  London.      (Reuters,  Boston  Globe,  9/17/65) 
October  5:  Aerospace  Research  Satellite  was  placed  in  orbit  as  a  pick-a- 
back satellite  on  USAF  Atlas  D  missile  test  from  Western  Test  Range, 
the  satellite  entering  the  first  highly  retrograde  orbit.     Orbital  data: 


462  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

apogee,  2,141  mi.  (3,447  km.) ;  perigee,  255  mi.  (410.6  km.) ;  period, 
125.7  min.;  inclination,  144.3°.  Carrying  onboard  instruments  to 
map  and  monitor  energetic  particles,  mass  spectrometers,  detectors  im- 
bedded in  radiation  shield,  and  instruments  measuring  dose  rates  in 
tissue-equivalent  medium,  the  satellite  successfully  returned 
data.  {U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  152;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
10/6/65) 
October  5:  USAF  launched  Thor-Agena  D  launch  vehicle  from  Western  Test 
Range  with  unidentified  satellite.  {U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965, 
152) 

•  At   NASA   Hq.   Annual   Honors   Ceremony,    Dr.   T.   Keith   Glennan,   first 

NASA  Administrator,  said:  "Mine  was  the  relatively  easy  task  of 
putting  together  an  organization.  Yours  has  been  the  much  more 
difficult  task  of  making  good  the  promises  we  held  out,  at  times  so 
naively,  to  the  Congress  and  the  people  of  this  Nation  and  the 
world.  But  handling  these  heavy  responsibilities  cannot  be  the  duty 
of  just  one  man,  or  a  small  group  of  men  at  the  top. 

"This  Agency's  success  attests  to  the  skill  with  which  NASA  em- 
ployees have  been  and  are  carrying  out  their  jobs.  ...  To  all  of  you 
and  to  the  thousands  of  NASA  people  working  at  their  tasks  at  whatever 
location  throughout  this  nation  and  the  world,  I  am  proud  to  say — 
well  done!  And  I  am  confident  that  the  hard  won  leadership  position 
you  have  attained  will  be  maintained  throughout  the  years 
ahead."     (Text) 

NASA  Administrator  Webb  presented  Exceptional  Scientific  Achieve- 
ment Awards  to  H.  Julian  Allen,  Ames  Research  Center;  Leslie  H. 
Meredith  and  William  Nordberg,  GSFC;  Dan  Schneiderman  and  Eber- 
hardt  Rechtin,  J  PL.  Smith  J.  DeFrance,  Ames  Research  Center,  and 
Bruce  T.  Lundin,  LRC,  received  Outstanding  Leadership  Medals.  As- 
sociate Administrator  Dr.  Robert  C,  Seamans,  Jr.,  presented  Exception- 
al Service  Medals  to  John  R.  Cassani,  JPL;  Seymour  C.  Himmel,  LRC; 
and  William  Lilly,  Hq.  He  presented  Group  Achievement  Awards  to 
the  Agena  Project,  LRC;  Florida  Operations  Team,  KSC;  Launch  Sup- 
port Equipment  Engineering  Div.,  KSC;  and  Scout  Project  Office,  LARC. 
Seventeen  thirty-year  service  awards  were  presented  by  Earl  D.  Hil- 
burn,  Deputy  Associate  Administrator,      (nasa  Release  65-315) 

•  Tass   reported   that   Crimean    Astrophysical    Observatory    of   the   Soviet 

Academy  of  Sciences  had  photographed  luna  Vii  moon  probe  with 
2.6-meter  telescope,  largest  in  U.S.S.R.  and  Europe.  Photographic 
method  used  made  it  possible  to  obtain  an  image  of  the  object  in 
motion  in  the  form  of  a  chain  of  three  dots.  This  made  it  easier  to 
distinguish  the  object  from  weak  stars.  Photographs  would  help  to 
determine  luna  vii's  orbit  with  greater  precision.      (Tass,  10/5/65) 

•  ComSatCorp  invited  20  construction  companies  to  bid  on  site  prepara- 

tion for  the  Brewster  Flat,  Wash.,  earth  station.  Expected  to  cost 
approximately  $6  million,  the  station  would  be  a  U.S.  link  in  a  world- 
wide commercial  communications  satellite  system.  (ComSatCorp  Re- 
lease) 

•  Machinist   union   members    at   Boeing   Co.    installations    throughout   the 

country  voted  to  accept  a  new  contract  and  end  their  19-day-old  strike 
against  Boeing  Co.,  announced  Charles  F.  West,  the  union's  general 
vice  president.     Under  the  contract,  IAM  would  be  free  to  strike  again 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  463 

after  six  months  if  agreement  were  not  reached  on  performance  analy- 
sis— system  by  which  the  company  graded  employees  for  promotion, 
demotion,  or  discharge,  (ap,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  10/5/65;  Wash.  Post, 
10/5/65) 

October  5:  USAF  officials  closely  associated  with  the  manned  orbital  labora- 
tory (Mol)  program  denied  a  published  report  that  the  Central  Intelli- 
gence Agency  had  requested  control  of  the  program,  reported  Missile 
Space  Daily.  They  said  the  report  that  a  USAF-CIA  disagreement  over 
control  of  Mol  had  delayed  President  Johnson's  August  25  announce- 
ment of  the  program  was  "without  foundation."  {M/S  Daily, 
10/5/65) 

October  7:  Soviet  probe  luna  vii  was  proceeding  on  course  and  all  on- 
board systems  were  functioning  normally,  Tass  announced.  Lunar 
landing  was  scheduled  for  October  8  at  6:08  p.m.  EDT.  (Tass, 
10/7/65;  AP,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/7/65,  1) 

•  Wright  Brothers  Medal  for  1964  was  presented  to  three  NASA  LaRC  scien- 

tists— Marion  0.  McKinney,  Jr.,  Richard  E.  Kuhn,  and  John  P.  Reeder 
— at  the  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers  in  Los 
Angeles.  Cited  "for  meritorious  contribution  to  aeronautic  engineer- 
ing," the  scientists  were  selected  for  their  paper  "Aerodynamics  and 
Flying  Qualities  of  Jet/Vertical  Takeoff-Landing  and  Short  Takeoff- 
Landing  Airplanes,"  presented  in  1964  at  the  SAE-American  Society  of 
Mechanical  Engineers  meeting  in  New  York.       (LaRC  Release) 

•  At  the  United  Nations,  Astronauts  James  A.   McDivitt   (L/CoL,  USAP) 

and  Edward  H.  White  ii  (L/CoL,  usaf)  presented  Secretary  General 
U  Thant  a  small  U.N.  flag  carried  by  White  on  his  June  4  walk  in 
space,      (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/5/65) 

•  FCC  approved  ComSatCorp's  proposal  to  build  a  ground  station  at  Brew- 

ster Flat,  Wash. — a  U.S.  link  in  their  proposed  worldwide  communica- 
tions system.  The  approval  applied  only  to  transmission  and  receiv- 
ing facilities;  other  portions  of  the  application  such  as  ownership  of 
the  station  and  establishment  of  its  links  with  San  Francisco  were  still 
under  consideration.  (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/8/65,  A17;  WSJ, 
10/14/65) 

•  U.S.  suspended  practice  firing  of  Little  John  missiles  in  the  foothills  of 

Mt.  Fuji  at  the  request  of  the  Japanese  government  to  avoid  clashes 
with  about  2,000  farmers  demonstrating  near  the  target  area.  The 
farmers  claimed  that  practice  firing  of  the  Little  John,  capable  of  car- 
rying nuclear  warheads,  would  lead  to  nuclear  armament  of  Japan  and 
would  involve  Japan  in  the  Vietnam  war.  Little  John  was  a  short 
range,  Army  battlefield  support  missile,  (ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
10/6/65,  A21;  ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/7/65,  A13) 

•  A   projection    of   the    U.S.    space    program    was    outlined    by    Dr.    Ed- 

ward C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and 
Space  Council,  at  the  Building  Products  Executives  Conference  in 
Washington,  D.C. : 

"1.  After  we  have  made  initial  landings  on  the  moon,  we  will,  if 
conditions  warrant,  make  many  other  trips  to  explore  the  various  parts 
of  the  lunar  surface  and  possibly  to  establish  one  or  more  bases  there. 

"2.  Not  only  will  unmanned  probes  be  sent  throughout  the  solar 
system,  but  manned  expeditions  will  visit  the  planets  whenever  that 
becomes  scientifically  promising  and  practicable. 


464  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

"3.  We  will  develop  a  family  of  useful  manned  earth-orbiting  sta- 
tions, growing  from  relatively  small  orbiting  laboratories  to  large  mul- 
ti-manned permanent  stations.  Regular  ferry  service  will  transfer  per- 
sonnel and  supplies  to  and  from  such  spacecraft. 

"4.  Global  communications  via  satellites  will  become  a  fact  in  the 
very  near  future  and-  will  be  followed  by  direct  broadcast  of  both  voice 
and  TV  by  satellite  to  home  receivers  throughout  large  sections  of  the 
world. 

"5.  Orbiting  spacecraft  will  increase  annually  in  numbers,  in  size, 
and  in  sophistication.  Through  such  activity  we  will  greatly  increase 
our  knowledge  about  the  earth  as  well  as  about  the  heavens. 

"6.  We  can  expect  a  marriage  of  the  major  features  of  both  aero- 
nautics and  astronautics  .  .  .  lifting  bodies  and  winged  spacecraft 
with  maneuverable  reentry  ability  will  be  launched  into  near  and  dis- 
tant space  by  means  of  recoverable  and  re-usable  launch 
vehicles.  Drastic  reduction  in  the  mileage  cost  of  space  travel  will 
result. 

"7.  Spaceports  for  the  coming  and  going  of  spacecraft  will  be  built 
in  a  number  of  parts  of  this  country  as  well  as  elsewhere. 

"8.  Improved  propulsion — faster,  more  powerful  rockets  using  nu- 
clear as  well  as  chemical  energy — will  characterize  space  transpor- 
tation. Planetary  trips  which  today  would  take  many  months  will  be 
done  in  perhaps  a  week's  time  or  less,  while  carrying  substantial  pay- 
loads  of  passengers,  equipment,  and  supplies.     And, 

"9.  As  competence  in  space  increases  ...  we  can  expect  to  see 
greater  economic  progress  and  international  cooperation.  Then  we 
can  truly  say  that  our  space  efforts  have  made  major  contributions  to 
world  peace.  .  .  ."  (Text) 
October  7-8:  About  700  engineers  and  scientists  attended  the  Fourth  X-15 
Technical  Conference  at  NASA  Flight  Research  Center  for  a  technical 
review  of  the  nasa-usaf  x-15  flight  research  program.  Paul  F.  Bi- 
kle,  director  of  FRC,  and  John  S.  McCoUum,  director  of  New  Programs 
and  Research  Projects,  usaf  Aeronautical  Systems  Div.,  said  future 
plans  for  the  X-15,  not  yet  approved,  included  modification  to  carry 
experimental  hypersonic  ramjet  engines  and  study  of  a  new  delta-wing 
configuration.  Such  changes  would  provide  vital  information  for  fu- 
ture hypersonic  aircraft  design.  The  x-15,  which  had  completed 
more  than  150  successful  flights  since  June  1959,  had  more  than  dou- 
bled the  limits  of  manned  flight  in  winged  vehicles.  Speed  had  been 
increased  from  about  2,000  mph  to  more  than  4,100  mph.  Built  for 
altitudes  up  to  250,000  ft.,  the  plane  had  surpassed  300.000-ft.  alti- 
tudes four  times  and  had  reached  a  maximum  of  354,200  ft.  (NASA 
Release  65-318;  frc  Release  20-65) 
October  8:  LUNA  vii  moon  probe  probably  was  destroyed  in  impact  on  the 
moon  because  the  firing  of  the  retrorockets  was  "only  partially  success- 
ful," speculated  Sir  Bernard  Lovell,  director  of  Jodrell  Bank  Observa- 
tory. Sir  Bernard  said  variations  in  the  signals  heard  at  Jodrell  Bank 
showed  LUNA  vil's  retrorockets  were  fired  at  4:58  p.m.  edt  for  six 
minutes.  He  estimated  that  luna  vii,  traveling  about  2  mps.,  was 
slowed  down  by  five-eighths  of  a  mile  a  second  during  this  firing.  Sig- 
nals began  again  at  5:20  p.m.   and  then  stopped  at  6:08  p.m. — the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


465 


precise  time  when  Russia  had  said  luna  vii  would  reach  the 
moon.  There  was  no  official  word  on  the  fate  of  the  ton-and-a-half 
space  probe,  but  Western  experts  believed  the  Soviets  had  failed  in 
their  third  attempt  to  softland  on  the  moon.  (UPI,  Wdsh.  Post, 
10/9/65,  A6;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/8/65,  A5) 
October  8:  Test  model  of  the  Lunar  Landing  Research  Vehicle  designed  to 
simulated  lunar  landing  was  flown  by  former  NASA  x-15  pilot  Joseph 
Walker  to  300-ft.  altitude.  Built  by  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.  under  con- 
tract to  NASA,  the  research  craft  had  a  jet  engine  that  supported  five- 
sixths  of  its  weight;  the  pilot  manipulated  solid-fuel  lift  rockets  that 
supported  the  remaining  one-sixth.  The  craft's  attitude  was  controlled 
with  jets  of  hydrogen  peroxide.  (Wash.  Post,  10/9/65,  A4;  AP,  Hous- 
ton Chron.,  10/9/65) 

•  NASA  had  asked  ComSatCorp  to  provide  communications  satellite  services 

in  support  of  tracking  and  data  acquisition  needs  for  Project 
Apollo.  The  facilities — six  highly-reliable  telecommunications  chan- 
nels to  be  made  available  to  three  Apollo  tracking  ships  and  three 
remote  land  stations — were  to  be  in  operation  by  the  fall  of 
1966.  Negotiation  of  a  definitive  contract  would  begin  shortly. 
(NASA  Release  65-320) 

•  NASA  and  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences  representatives  reached  two  satis- 

factory understandings  in  their  New  York  discussions  on  space  cooper- 
ation. The  first,  which  reaffirmed  the  existing  agreement  for  exchange 
of  weather  satellite  data,  provided  that  satellite  data  would  be  available 
on  a  continuing  basis  from  both  sides  within  a  few  months.  The 
second,  an  agreement  for  the  preparation  and  publication  of  a  joint 
review  of  research  in  space  biology  and  medicine,  provided  for  a  joint 
editorial  board  to  receive  full  cooperation  from  both  sides  in  the  prep- 
aration of  materials  available  in  the  two  countries,  selection  of  au- 
thors, and  publication  of  their  work.  Barring  an  objection  -from 
either  side  within  two  months,  the  agreement  would  become  effective 
automatically.     ( NASA  Release  65-325 ) 

•  House     Committee    on     Science    and    Astronautics'     Subcommittee    on 

NASA  Oversight  issued  a  report  on  investigation  of  Project  Surveyor 


October  8:    Lunar  Landing  Research  Vehicle  flight  by  Joseph  Walker  at  Edwards 


466  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

by  Rep.  Joseph  E.  Karth's  (D-Minn.)  Space  Science  and  Applications 
Subcommittee.  Karth  committee  summarized  the  most  serious  rea- 
sons for  Surveyor's  delay:  1)  the  failure  to  do  adequate  preHminary 
work;  2)  a  series  of  major  modifications;  3)  inadequate  staffing  by 
JPL  in  the  first  three  years;  4)  too  rapid  expansion  of  personnel  at  a 
later  date;  5)  poor  management  on  the  part  of  Hughes;  6)  a  resist- 
ance on  the  part  of  Hughes  to  making  management  changes;  7)  an 
improperly  conducted  testing  program  by  Hughes;  8)  management 
weaknesses  in  NASA;  and  9)   a  lack  of  vigorous  centralized  control  by 

NASA. 

To  describe  the  magnitude  of  the  Surveyor  problems,  the  Congres- 
sional investigators  highlighted  a  NASA  press  release  of  January  1961, 
which  outlined  Project  Surveyor  as  costing  about  $50  million,  consist- 
ing of  seven  spacecraft,  each  weighing  2,500  lbs.,  capable  of  placing 
over  200  lbs.  of  scientific  payload  on  the  lunar  surface,  with  launches 
scheduled  during  the  1963-66  time  period.  The  Subcommittee  then 
noted  that  the  first  launch  had  been  delayed  about  two  and  a  half 
years,  payload  capability  had  been  reduced  to  only  a  TV  camera  on  the 
first  four  spacecraft  and  only  114  lbs.  on  the  next  three  operational 
models,  with  total  costs  so  far  of  nearly  $350  million  for  the  spacecraft 
R&D  alone.  The  investigation  concluded  that  the  responsibility  for 
the  Surveyor  situation  could  be  found  in  the  inadequate  preparation 
for  the  project,  the  performance  of  JPL,  the  performance  of  Hughes 
Aircraft,  and  the  performance  of  NASA  Headquarters.  "A  serious  mis- 
take" was  made  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  Surveyor  project  when 
insufficient  preliminary  work  was  done  to  identify  serious  technical 
problems,  judge  feasibility,  consider  alternatives,  and  more  accurately 
estimate  costs.  The  investigation  concluded  further  that  this  was  "the 
inevitable  result  of  a  poorly  defined  project."  (House  Rpt.) 
October  8:  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark  were  planning  to  establish  a 
Nordic  chain  of  detector  stations  to  register  underground  atomic  blasts. 
Sweden  and  Norway  would  each  construct  at  least  one  detector  station 
and  join  their  stations;  Denmark  would  build  a  large  station  in 
Greenland.  Swedish  experts  believed  that  the  new  U.S.  detector  sta- 
tion in  Montana  together  with  the  Nordic  chain  would  make  detections 
100  per  cent  certain.      (Fleisher,  Wash.  Post,  10/9/65,  A18) 

•  Until   man   can   duplicate   responsibility — society's   basic    ingredient — in 

test  tubes  and  mathematical  equations,  he  should  not  attempt  to  dupli- 
cate himself  in  a  laboratory,  asserted  Dr.  Johannes  M.  Burgers. 
Speaking  at  the  Symposium  on  Fluid  Dynamics  and  Plasma,  Bur- 
gers recommended  a  50-yr.  moratorium  of  artificial-life  experiments 
because  "our  society  is  not  ready  for  it.  .  .  .  Too  many  groups 
would  take  it  out  of  the  hands  of  science  and  make  unholy  use  of 
it.  .  .  .  Wait  until  the  educational  level  of  man  is  higher.  Wait  un- 
til you  know  more  about  Hfe."      (Homan,  Wash.  Post,  10/8/65,  BIO) 

•  U.S.    would    make    the    first    lunar    landing    because    the    "Saturn    5 

booster  ...  is  the  only  one  anywhere  powerful  enough  to  do  that," 
predicted  NASA  Administrator  James  E,  Webb,  speaking  to  the  Interna- 
tional Radio  and  Television  Society  in  New  York.  He  believed  the 
U.S.  was  ahead  of  Russia  in  cumulative  knowledge  of  manned 
spaceflight,  but  conceded  that  Russia  was  probably   18  mo.  ahead  in 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  467 

other  areas — specifically,  multimanned  spacecraft  and  the  building  and 
use  of  big  boosters.  Webb  refused  to  classify  Russia's  luna  vii  mis- 
sion as  unsuccessful,  explaining:  "They're  practicing  how  to  do  these 
things.  They  must  have  gained  a  good  deal  of  information  from 
it."      {San  Diego  Union,  WlO/65) 

October  8:  $12  million,  210-ft.-dia.  antenna  at  JPL's  Goldstone  Tracking 
Station,  Calif.,  was  being  readied  to  permit  the  tracking  of  very  distant 
space  vehicles  sending  faint  signals  to  earth,  including  mariner  iv, 
now  in  solar  orbit.  Called  the  Mars  station,  the  antenna  would  be 
able  to  track  a  signal  with  a  strength  of  only  one-thousandth  of  one- 
billionth  of  one  watt.      (  Wash.  Post,  10/8/65,  A3) 

October  9:  Two-stage  Saphir  rocket  successfully  fired  by  France  from 
Hammaguir  Range,  Algeria,  reached  720-mi.  altitude,  French  Armed 
Forces  Minister  announced.  Saphir,  combined  with  a  third  stage  al- 
ready tested  successfully,  would  be  used  to  orbit  the  first  French  satel- 
lite toward  the  end  of  November  1965.  (Reuters,  Wash.  Post, 
10/12/65,  A3) 

•  Gemini  7  spacecraft,  destined  for  the  long-duration  14-day  mission,  ar- 

rived at  KSC  from  the  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.  factory  in  St. 
Louis.  The  spacecraft  was  moved  to  the  Pyrotechnic  Installation 
Building  for  receiving  inspection  and  fuel  cell  installation,  (ksc  His- 
torical Office) 

•  Crown  Prince  Harald  of  Norway  toured  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Cen- 

ter,    (msc  Roundup,  10/15/65,  8) 

•  Pravda   announced   completion   of  flight   of  luna   vii:    "The   automatic 

station  Luna  7  reached  the  lunar  surface  on  October  8  at  1:08  p.m. 
Moscow  time  in  the  region  of  the  Sea  of  Storms  west  of  the  crater 
of  Kepler.  After  the  correction  made  on  October  5,  during  the  lu- 
nar approach,  most  of  the  operations  were  conducted  that  were  neces- 
sary for  accomplishing  a  soft  landing.  Certain  operations  were  not 
conducted  in  conformity  with  the  program  and  require  further  devel- 
opment. .  .  .  During  the  flight  of  the  Luna  7  spacecraft,  much  prac- 
tical material  was  collected  for  further  studies."  (Pravda,  10/9/65, 
ATSS-T  Trans.) 

•  Soviet  Professor  V.  Ivanchenko,  writing  in  Izvestia,  implied  that  LUNA 

VII  spacecraft  had  crashed  against  the  moon's  surface  because  its 
braking  rockets  had  failed  to  fire  in  time.  He  described  the  difficul- 
ties of  activating  the  rockets  at  "precisely"  the  right  moment  to  cut  the 
spacecraft's  speed  of  almost  two  mps  to  zero.  Ivanchenko  said  only 
the  trial-and-error  system  would  give  a  successful  result  and  predicted 
many  more  Soviet  launchings.      [Wash.  Post,  10/10/65,  A25) 

•  British   Astronomer   Professor   Fred    Hoyle,    long-time    adherent   to   the 

steady-state  universe  theory,  wrote  in  Nature  that  he  now  believed  that 
the  universe  or  parts  of  the  universe  is  in  a  state  of  flux,  expanding  for 
billions  of  years,  then  contracting  to  a  dense  ball  of  matter,  and  ex- 
panding again.  In  view  of  recent  observations,  especially  those  of  a 
quasi-stellar  radio  source  which  indicated  that  the  universe  had  been 
much  denser,  "the  steady-state  theory  is  out,"  he  said.  (Malkin.  Sun- 
News,  10/11/65) 
October  10:  Final  team  of  aquanauts  surfaced  from  Sealab  II,  ending  the 
U.S.  Navy's  successful  45-day,  $1.8-million  project.     The  Sealab  cap- 


468  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

sule,  sealed  by  the  aquanauts  before  they  surfaced,  would  be  raised 
Oct.  13  and  towed  to  the  Long  Beach.  CaUf.,  Naval  Shipyard.  (UPI, 
NYT,  10/11/65,  48L;  ap.  Wash.  Post,  10/11/65,  A21) 
October  10:  Urban  Renewal  Div.  of  Massachusetts  Department  of  Com- 
merce and  Development  approved  Cambridge's  Kendall  Square  urban 
renewal  project,  thereby  opening  the  way  for  construction  of  NASA 
Electronics  Research  Center  there.      [Boston  Sun.  Globe,  10/10/65) 

•  North  American  Aviation,   Inc.,  and  United  Aerospace  Workers  Union 

announced  approval  of  a  new  three-year  contract  covering  35,000 
workers  in  four  states,  (ap,  NYT,  10/11/65,  28;  ap,  Wash.  Post, 
10/11/65,  A19) 
October  11:  Formation  of  a  Voyager  Landing-Capsule  Task  Team  at  Ames 
and  Langley  Research  Centers  to  assist  JPL  during  early  phases  of  the 
design  was  announced  by  NASA.  This  would  include  research  and  ana- 
lytical support,      (arc  Release) 

•  NASA's  attempt  to  launch  99-lb.  "mother-daughter"  payload  from  Wallops 

Station  for  Pennsylvania  State  Univ.  was  unsuccessful  because  of  a 
launch  vehicle  malfunction.  Launched  with  four-stage  Javelin  (Argo 
D-4),  the  two-part  payload,  which  only  reached  20-mi.  altitude,  had 
been  programed  to  separate  at  a  170-mi.  altitude  to  obtain  a  profile  of 
electron  density  in  the  upper  atmosphere  as  the  two  parts 
ascended.  In  a  similar  launch  Oct.  5,  the  mother-daughter  sections 
of  the  payload  had  failed  to  separate.      (Wallops  Release  65-64) 

•  Dr.    Hugh    L.    Dryden,    NASA    Deputy    Administrator,    addressed    sym- 

posium on  universities  and  Federal  science  policies  held  during 
meeting  of  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  in  Seattle.  He  discussed 
the  role  of  universities  in  space  exploration  and  specified  NASA-univer- 
sity relationships:  (1)  direct  project  support  by  means  of  research 
contracts  to  universities;  (2)  provision  of  new  facilities,  including 
those  to  encourage  interdisciplinary  groups  for  research  in  the  interest 
of  both  the  university  and  NASA;  and  (3)  training  support,  including 
program  to  turn  out  1,000  Ph.D.'s  annually.  He  then  turned  to  evolu- 
tion of  the  university's  future  role: 

"It  is  not  expected  that  the  university  will  become  the  primary  ac- 
tion agency  for  solving  the  economic  and  social  problems  of  our  so- 
ciety or  for  setting  basic  social  objectives,  but  it  must  have  a  promi- 
nent voice  and  influence.  The  university  should,  I  think,  aspire  to 
intellectual  leadership,  to  observe  and  analyze,  to  apply  the  power  of 
the  human  mind — that  faculty  which  distinguishes  man  from  animal, 
to  establish  a  rational  basis  for  policy  and  action.  The  direct  attack 
must  be  undertaken  by  other  institutions,  mainly  by  political 
agencies.  We  are  now  witnessing  the  evolution  of  government  agen- 
cies, particularly  those  of  the  Federal  government,  to  meet  social  needs 
by  direct  action  in  all  fields  from  economics  and  public  health  to 
science  and  technology.  A  beginning  is  being  made  in  the  mobiliza- 
tion and  integration  of  the  total  available  resources  to  attack  the  most 
complex  social  problems.  ".  .  .  I  believe  that  .  .  .  the  traditional 
values  of  pursuit  of  excellence,  freedom  of  inquiry,  preservation  of  cre- 
ativity, and  the  support  of  the  unconventional  new  ideas,  particularly 
those  of  young  scientists,  .  .  .  may  not  only  be  preserved  but  may  even 
be  strengthened  within  the  larger  framework  of  increased  scope  which 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  469 

can  provide  a  sounder  human  motivation,  bring  allocation  of  increased 
resources,  provide  a  satisfaction  of  great  accomplishment  in  terms  of 
human  goals,  and  a  sense  of  a  community  of  interest  with  all 
mankind.  If  you  will  take  the  time  to  discover  what  is  now  going  on 
in  the  exploration  of  space,  you  will  find  a  free  association  of  individ- 
uals, each  with  complete  freedom  of  individual  choice,  in  the  largest 
and  most  challenging  venture  of  man,  the  search  for  knowledge  of  his 
environment,  and  the  application  of  this  knowledge  to  his  benefit.  In 
this  group  of  several  hundred  thousand  people  you  will  find  innumera- 
ble examples  of  the  pursuit  of  excellence  from  the  renewed  pride  of  the 
workman  in  his  handicraft,  to  the  intellectual  effort  of  the  scientist  to 
analyze  and  observe.  You  will  find  mainly  young  men,  unafraid  of 
large  problems  or  rapid  change.  You  will  find  the  unconventional 
idea  being  given  attention.  The  university  and  the  university  scientist 
must  and  will  adapt  to  the  age  of  space  exploration.  .  .  ."  (Text; 
Science,  11/26/65,  1129-33) 

October  11:  This  has  been  the  best  year  in  history  for  airline-equipment 
orders,  Stuart  G.  Tipton,  president  of  the  Air  Transport  Association, 
told  a  news  conference  in  a  summary  marking  the  tenth  anniversary  of 
the  first  order  for  jet  airplanes.  Tipton  said  that  U.S.  airUnes  would 
make  delivery  this  year  on  161  jet  and  propjet  airplanes  costing 
S880.6  million;  239  jets  and  propjets  costing  $1,201,600,000  would  be 
delivered  to  the  U.S.  airlines  next  year,  on  the  basis  of  orders  already 
placed;  and  187,  costing  $1,033,900,000,  in  1967.  (ap,  NYT, 
10/12  '65,  69) 

October  11-13:  The  aiaa's  Fourth  Manned  Space  Flight  Meeting  was  held 
in  St.  Louis. 

William  B.  Taylor,  Director  of  NASA  Apollo  Applications  Office,  out- 
lined some  long-range  goals  of  Saturn/Apollo:  "By  1980,  it  seems 
likely  there  will  be  a  vigorous  program  for  manned  exploration  of  the 
near  planets,  probably  based  on  a  new  generation  of  space  vehicles 
capable  of  flights  for  durations  of  2  to  3  years  with  crews  consisting  of 
6  to  8  men.  Although  by  1980  it  is  not  likely  that  men  will  have 
landed  on  Mars,  it  is  possible  that  a  Mars  flyby  or  manned  orbiting 
mission  will  be  imminent  if  not  already  accomplished. 

"On  the  moon  by  1980,  there  may  be  in  operation  one  or  more 
multi-manned  research  observatories,  conducting  astronomical  and 
geophysical  operations  on  a  year-round  basis.  These  observatories 
may  also  be  home  base  for  mobile  lunar  explorations,  using 
self-sufficient  surface  vehicles. 

"In  earth  orbit  by  1980  there  may  be  one  or  more  multi-manned, 
orbiting  space  stations,  functioning  as  research  laboratories  for  the 
advancement  of  human  knowledge  and  increase  of  living  stand- 
ards. In  addition  to  these  permanent  space  stations,  there  could 
be  a  variety  of  smaller  earth  orbiting  spacecraft,  operated  by  private 
industry  or  government  agencies  in  much  the  way  aircraft  operate 
today,  to  carry  out  such  applications  as  long  term  weather  forecasting 
and  control;  surveys  of  water  resources,  crops,  forests  and  ocean  cur- 
rents; continuous,  wide-band  worldwide  communications;  air,  sea  and 
space  navigation,  and  traffic  control. 

"These,  then  are  some  of  the  longer  range  objectives  of  the  1970's 
and  1980's  which  we  feel  can  be  achieved  with  the  wide  base  of  space 


470  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

technology  which  can   be   developed  in   alternate  missions  using  the 
Saturn/Apollo  systems.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

Undiscovered  biological  rhythms  in  man  could  prevent  his  visiting 
other  planets,  reported  biologist  Eugene  Spangler,  TRW  Systems.  "The 
consequences  of  the  removal  [of  man  from  earth]  are  in  many  respects 
unknown.  The  solution  may  not  come  except  by  means  of  gradual  ac- 
cretions in  the  total  time  that  man  spends  in  space  together  with  careful 
monitoring  of  his  reactions  as  that  time  is  increased.  But  it  seems  nec- 
essary to  come  to  further  grips  with  the  problem  insofar  as  possible  be- 
fore prolonged  space  flight  is  attempted.  The  goals  must  be  first  to 
define  the  problem  in  two  steps:  (1)  what  specific  correlations  exist  be- 
tween the  life  processes  of  man  and  the  variations  in  his  geophysical 
environment?  and  (2)  what  are  the  results  of  substantial  alteration  of 
that  environment  on  these  correlations?" 

Spangler  noted  that  all  of  the  known  human  rhythmic  cycles  could 
be  interrupted  without  apparent  harm,  yet  even  the  adjustment  to  a 
rapid  change  of  several  time  zones  after  a  jet  flight  could  involve 
unpleasant  recycling  of  the  body's  "biological  clock."      (Text) 

Suits  of  armor  might  be  worn  by  astronauts  on  long  lunar  explora- 
tions, reported  Richard  S.  Johnston,  James  V.  Correale,  and  Matthew 
I.  Radnofsky,  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.  The  suits  must  be  re- 
liable, mobile,  leak-resistant,  and  have  Hghtweight  construction  and 
high  durability  for  repeated  wear.  Two  models  of  a  metal  spacesuit 
had  met  these  requirements  and  been  delivered  to  MSC  for  further 
testing,  they  said. 

Spacesuits  for  the  Apollo  mission,  which  would  involve  relatively 
brief  lunar  walks,  would  be  of  fabric  and  consist  of  several  layers, 
starting  with  water-cooled  underwear,  followed  by  pressure  layers  to 
hold  the  suit's  atmosphere,  and  finally  an  "overcoat"  of  fabric.    (Text) 

Greater  space  cooperation  between  the  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  was  pre- 
dicted by  Astronaut  L.  Gordon  Cooper  (L/Col.,  USAf)  in  a  news 
conference.  Cooper  based  his  prediction  on  discussions  he  and  fellow 
GEMINI  V  Astronaut  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.  (Lcdr.,  usn),  had  had  with 
Cosmonauts  Col.  Pavel  I.  Belyayev  and  L/Col.  Aleksey  A.  Leonov  at 
the  International  Astronautical  Congress  in  Athens.  Cooper  said  the 
cosmonauts  were  "mighty  nice  fellows"  who  "appeared  to  be  very 
happy  that  we  could  get  together  and  talk."  (Clark,  NYT,  10/12/65, 
9) 

Dr.  Alfred  J.  Eggers,  nasa  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Ad- 
vanced Research  and  Technology,  told  the  meeting  that  the  nation  as  a 
whole  should  be  ready  to  decide  whether  to  send  men  to  other 
planets.  He  expressed  faith  that  the  public  would  want  to  continue 
space  exploration:  "It  is  all  part  of  man's  wanting  to  know  what  the 
hell  he's  doing  in  his  environment. 

"The  American  people  are  just  about  what  they  claim  they  are — a 
people  very  fascinated  with  their  environment,  and  when  they  can  find 
another  way  to  explore  their  environment  they  are  very  willing  within 
reason  to  put  their  resources  where  their  interest  is. 

"They  will  do  that  so  long  as  they  are  getting  return  on  their 
investment.  But  there  has  to  be  a  payoff  here.  .  .  ."  The  "payoff" 
would  not  necessarily  come  before  the  mid-nineteen  seventies'  plane- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  471 

tary  decision,  so  the  public  would  have  to  continue  to  have  faith  that 
the  space  program  had  such  potential,  Eggers  said.  (Clark,  NYT, 
10/14/65,8) 
October  12:  x-15  No.  3  was  flown  by  Capt.  William  J.  Knight  (usaf) 
3,136  mph  (mach  4.62)  to  94,400-ft.  altitude  for  pilot  checkout,  (nasa 
x-15  Proj.  Oif.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  Four  were  honored  with  AIAA  awards  for  achievements  in  manned  flight 

at  the  AIAA  4th  Manned  Space  Flight  Meeting  in  St.  Louis:  the  1965 
Astronautics  Award  to  b/g  Joseph  S.  Bleymaier  (USAF),  Commander 
of  the  Western  Test  Range,  for  "exceptional  direction  to  Titan  iii 
space  booster  R&D  program":  the  Octave  Chanute  Award  to  Alvin  S. 
White,  Chief  Engineering  Test  Pilot/xB-70  Project  Pilot,  North 
American  Aviation,  for  "continued  significant  contributions  to  the 
aerospace  sciences  in  the  development  of  flying  skills  and  techniques 
necessary  to  flight  of  an  advanced  aircraft  at  unprecedented  speeds, 
altitudes,  and  weights";  the  John  Jeffries  Award  to  Col.  William  K. 
Douglas  (usaf).  Director  of  Bioastronautics,  USAF  National  Range 
Div.,  for  "outstanding  contributions  to  the  advancement  of  aeronautics 
and  astronautics,  his  writings,  lectures,  and  research,  and  his  con- 
tinued dedication  to  the  study  of  medical  problems  relating  to  the 
aeronaut  and  astronaut";  and  the  Robert  M.  Losey  Award  to  George 
P.  Cressman,  Director  of  the  Office  of  National  Meteorological  Serv- 
ices, Weather  Bureau,  for  "his  rapid  and  effective  application  of  nu- 
merical weather  analysis  and  forecasting  techniques  to  aeronautical 
operations."      [A&A,  11/65) 

•  "The    United    States  .  .  .  has    gone    into    space    for    many    compelling 

reasons,"  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  told  the  National 
Association  of  Retail  Druggists  meeting  in  Washington,  D.C.  "It 
is  .  .  .  imperative  that  the  U.S.  be  first  in  space  for  reasons  of  nation- 
al achievement,  for  the  pride  that  goes  with  such  achievement,  and  for 
the  international  prestige  that  accompanies  both. 

"We  must  go  into  space  to  reap  the  benefits  of  scientific  discovery, 
to  stimulate  our  economic  and  social  progress,  to  advance  our  tech- 
nological advancement,  including  the  civilian  application  and  use  of 
the  products  of  space-oriented  research,  and  to  fulfill  what  has  been 
called  the  compelling  urge  to  explore  and  discover.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

•  Within  five  years  aquanauts  could  conduct  systematic  explorations  of  the 

ocean's  floor  at  depths  up  to  1,700  ft.,  Capt.  George  Bond  (usn),  chief 
scientific  investigator  for  the  Sealab  II  project,  predicted  at  a  news 
briefing  in  La  Jolla,  Calif.  Bond  said  that  the  Sealab  II  aquanauts 
had  performed  their  tasks  so  satisfactorily  that  he  could  envisage  a 
time  when  men  could  live  indefinitely  in  underwater  capsules  while 
performing  extended  work  on  the  ocean  floor.  Bond  said  that  within 
a  year,  another  capsule  would  be  placed  at  a  depth  of  between  400  ft. 
and  450  ft.  for  further  experimentation.      (Bart,  NYT,  10/13/65,  16) 

•  Discussing    the    problems    of    organizing    and    consolidating    the    vast 

amounts  of  technical  and  scientific  data  at  the  Congress  of  the  Interna- 
tional Federation  for  Documentation  in  Washington,  D.C,  Dr.  Eugene 
B.  Konecci,  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  said:  "It  is  felt 
by  many  that  the  most  highly  advanced  information  system  in  the 
Federal  Government  has  been  and  remains  the  program  of  the  Nation- 


472  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

al  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration.  This  program  has  been  a 
pace-setter  for  information  advances,  both  on  the  part  of  the  Govern- 
ment and  private  sectors  of  our  economy.  The  NASA  contractors  and 
grantees  get  the  benefit  of  the  most  widely-diversified  and  promptest 
information  service  rendered  by  any  government  agency.  The  NASA 
attempts  to  cover  world  space  literature,  star  [Scientific  and  Techni- 
cal Aerospace  Reports]  is  reproduced  semi-monthly  and  through  ar- 
rangement with  the  American  Institute  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronau- 
tics, the  world's  open  literature  is  covered  in  the  international 
aerospace  abstracts.  A  total  of  more  than  50,000  items  a  year  are 
indexed  in  depth  on  magnetic  tape  for  use  in  the  NASA  computer  base 
literature  research  system.  Tapes  are  updated  monthly  and  distrib- 
uted to  the  NASA  Research  Centers,  a  dozen  major  NASA  contractors, 
and  three  university  research  centers  that  use  them  in  dissemination  of 
technological  information  to  industry.  .  .  ."  (Text) 
October  12:  At  a  background  briefing  at  NASA  Hq.  on  Advanced  Chemical 
Propulsion,  Adelbert  0.  Tischler,  Director,  Chemical  Propulsion  Div., 
NASA  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  revealed  that  NASA 
would  probably  be  "confined  to  the  Saturn  IB  and  V  for  the  next 
decade."  A  maneuvering  vehicle  would  be  developed  sometime 
around  1970  but  would  not  be  available  for  manned  use  until 
1975.  Tischler  said  that  an  ion  propulsion  system  would  never  be 
applicable  for  deep  manned  space  flight  because  of  "its  abhorrent 
thrust-to-weight  ratio  ...  it  is  going  to  take  a  long  time  to  accelerate 
the  vehicle  out  of  Earth  orbit  to  arrive  then  later  at  the  planetary 
orbit,  and  to  decelerate  in  the  planetary  orbit,  and  vice  versa.  .  .  ." 

Ion  propulsion  systems  would  be  suitable  for  unmanned  missions, 
however,  because  unmanned  systems  generally  were  small  and  ion  sys- 
tems were  small;  also,  time  was  not  a  factor.  In  addition,  they  might 
be  practicable  as  auxiliary  devices  for  midcourse  corrections  "on 
manned  interplanetary  trips. 

After  agreeing  that  present  planning  limited  the  application  of  nu- 
clear systems  to  interplanetary  trips,  Tischler  said:  "There  has  been, 
during  the  last  two  years,  a  real  marked  decline  of  interest  .  .  .  about 
exploring  Venus.  I  don't  think  that  is  a  correct  viewpoint  at  all.  I 
think  there  is  a  great  deal  ...  to  learn  about  Venus. 

"We  shouldn't  eliminate  the  possibility  of  some  other  planets.  We 
could  easily  .  .  .  visit  the  asteroid  belt.  There  are  some  good-sized 
asteroids.  Ceres  is  one  of  them.  We  could  ultimately  .  .  .  land  on 
the  Moon  of  Jupiter  with  such  a  system.  I  doubt  if  we  will  undertake 
a  landing  on  Jupiter  until  we  know  how  to  fight  gravity.  .  .  . 

"All  of  these  possibilities  exist.  In  fact,  I  would  even  mention  Mars 
has  a  couple  of  moons  that  we  might  use  to  land  on  in  preference  to 
Mars  itself."  (Transcript) 
•  Philadelphia's  Mayor  James  H.  J.  Tate,  presenting  a  bronze  medal  to 
Astronaut  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.  (Cdr.,  USn),  said:  "I  cannot  imagine  a 
more  appropriate  time  to  honor  a  space  explorer  than  on  the  anniver- 
sary of  the  day  back  in  1492  when  an  Italian  explorer  named  Chris- 
topher Columbus  first  set  eyes  on  the  New  World  and  made  a  similar 
enormous  contribution  to  history."     {NYT,  10/13/65,  47) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5  473 

October  12:  USA-USAF  project  to  test  plastic  covering  for  assault  airlift  air- 
strips had  been  completed  at  Ft.  Campbell,  Ky.  Armed  Forces  News 
Service  spokesman  said  the  plastic  covering,  held  in  place  by  special 
anchoring  pins,  might  prove  a  practical,  all-weather  landing-zone 
surfacing.     [NYT,  10/12/65) 

•  USAF  Athena  missile  fired  from  Green  River,  Utah,  impacted  on  target  at 

White  Sands  Missile  Range,  N.  Mex.  It  was  the  25th  successful  firing 
in  30  attempts  of  a  78-shot  series  to  study  how  warheads  behaved 
during  reentry,      (ap,  Wash.  Post,  10/13/65,  A19) 

•  Tass  announced  conclusion  of  U.S.S.R.  launchings  in  the  Pacific  Ocean 

basin  of  new  types  of  rockets  carrying  space  objects.  "The  flights 
of  the  rockets  and  the  functioning  of  all  their  stages  proceeded  nor- 
mally. The  mockups  of  the  last  but  one  stage  of  the  carrier  rockets 
reached  the  water  surface  in  the  present  area  with  high  precision,"  the 
announcement  said.  The  test  area — 80-n.mi.-dia.  circle  centering  on 
37039'  ]\f  gj^j  173°25'  E — was  now  free  for  navigation  and  aircraft 
flights.      (Tass,  10/12/65) 

•  $10-million  seismometer  post  was  dedicated  in  Billings,  Mont.,  at  cere- 

monies attended  by  more  than  60  scientists  from  30  nations  who  would 
tour  the  525  seismometer  sites  in  Montana.  President  Johnson,  in 
Washington,  D.C.,  said:  "This  new  Department  of  Defense  installation, 
the  first  of  its  kind,  will  help  detect  and  identify  earthquakes.  It 
brings  us  closer  to  the  day  when  science  can  distinguish  with  certainty 
between  underground  nuclear  explosions  and  other  forms  of  seismic 
disturbances."  Scientific  data  would  be  made  available  to  the  world, 
Johnson  added,      (ap,  NYT,  10/14/65,  3) 

•  Soviet  Cosmonauts  Pavel  I.  Belyayev  and  Aleksey  Leonov  fled  West  Ber- 

lin to  East  Berlin  under  police  escort  after  demonstrators  splattered 
their  limousine  with  red  paint.  The  cosmonauts  had  visited  West  Ber- 
lin to  attend  a  rally  at  the  invitation  of  the  West  Berlin  German-Soviet 
Friendship  Society,  (ap,  NYT,  10/13/65,  1,  3;  Wash.  Post,  10/13/ 
65,  A27) 
October  13:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  speaking  at  the  dedica- 
tion of  the  Space  Science  Laboratory  at  Univ.  of  Chicago,  said:  "The 
space  effort  is  really  a  research  and  development  competition — a 
competition  for  technological  pre-eminence,  which  demands  and 
creates  the  quest  for  excellence.  .  .  .  Should  we  fall  behind  in  the 
area  of  space  technology,  we  would  jeopardize  our  ability  to  progress, 
on  earth  as  well  as  in  space.  At  stake  is  the  technological  balance  of 
power  in  the  world.  .  .  . 

"The  influence  of  our  technological  progress  and  prowess  is  and  has 
been  the  deciding  factor  in  keeping  the  peace;  technological  and 
scientific  capabilities  constitute  a  basic  source  of  national  power.  Pre- 
eminence in  the  field  is  an  instrument  in  international  relations,  and 
influences  our  dealings  with  other  nations  involving  peace  and  freedom 
in  the  world.  .  .  , 

"By  mastering  the  restrained  but  decisive  use  of  the  power  that 
modern  science  and  technology  give  us,  we  are  providing  the  Nation 
with  the  capability  to  achieve  greater  cooperation  toward  a  world  con- 
sistent with  the  ideals  we  seek  for  others  as  well  as  ourselves.  .  .  ." 
(Text) 


474  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

NASA  Still  assumed  that  life  on  Mars  was  possible,  Dr.  Norman  H. 
Horowitz,  JPL,  said  at  the  dedication.  Although  photographs  relayed 
by  MARINER  IV  had  indicated  Mars  was  extremely  cold  and  lacked 
oxygen  and  water  vapor,  some  terrestrial  organisms  might  live  com- 
fortably in  this  environment,  he  said.  Horowitz  felt  that  the  unex- 
plained seasonal  color  changes  in  the  dark  regions  of  Mars  might 
indicate  plant  growth.  (Kotulak,  Chic.  Trib.,  10/14  65) 
October  13:  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket,  launched  by  NASA  from  White 
Sands  Missile  Range  to  study  the  ultraviolet  radiation  of  Orion  and  a 
group  of  stars,  reached  114-mi.  (183.5-km.)  altitude  and  performed 
successfully,      (nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  NASA   had   awarded   Thiokol   Chemical   Corp.    approximate    $16-million, 

multiple-incentive-development  contract  to  develop  a  100-lb. -thrust 
rocket  engine  for  use  in  spacecraft  attitude  control  and  maneuvering 
systems  and  for  launch  vehicle  ullage  and  attitude  control 
systems.  Designated  c-1,  the  engine  would  be  powered  by  storable 
hypergolic  liquid  propellants.  (NASA  Release  65-322;  MSFC  Release 
65-262) 

•  NASA  selected  Lockheed  Electronics  Co.  to  negotiate  cost-plus-award  con- 

tract to  provide  computer,  programing,  and  operational  support  serv- 
ices to  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.  The  approximate  $3,000,000  con- 
tract would  be  for  one  year  with  provisions  for  two  one-year 
renewals,      (nasa  Release  65-323) 

•  Telecomputing  Services,  Inc.,  was  selected  by  NASA  for  negotiations  lead- 

ing to  two-year,  cost-plus-award-fee  contract  for  computer  operations 
and  data  processing  services  at  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center.  The 
contract,  expected  to  exceed  $4  million,  would  include  an  option  for  an 
additional  year  increasing  the  value  by  $2  million,  (nasa  Release 
65-324) 

•  Former  Astronaut  John  H.  Glenn,  Jr.    (Col.,  USMC,  Ret.),  visited  Pope 

Paul  VI  at  Vatican  City  and  accepted  a  medal  commemorating  the 
Pontiff's  October  4  visit  to  the  United  Nations.  (Reuters,  NYT, 
10/14/65,  32;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/14/65,  A-2) 

•  The  problem  of  the  moon's  origin  should  be  solved  when  Surveyor  space- 

craft had  sent  samples  of  the  lunar  surface  to  earth,  predicted  Dr. 
Harold  C.  Urey,  Nobel  prize-winning  chemist,  at  a  news  conference 
during  the  meeting  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences  in 
Seattle.  Absence  of  terrestrial  matter  in  lunar  soil  would  indicate  that 
the  moon  originated  elsewhere  in  the  solar  system,  Urey  said,  (ap. 
Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/13/65) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara,  addressing  4,000  employees 

and  officials  of  Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering  Corp.,  warned  Grum- 
man to  reduce  contract  proposals  sharply  if  it  expected  to  gain  a  share 
of  future  defense  contracts.  McNamara  said  Grumman's  proposals  for 
construction  of  a  portion  of  the  F-111  fighter's  tail  assembly  were 
"higher  than  other  competitive  sources. 

"There  is  no  question  in  my  mind  that  you  can  reduce  costs  on  this 
$1  billion  contract.  They've  got  to  come  down,"  he  said.  The  con- 
tract he  was  referring  to  had  not  yet  been  awarded.  McNamara,  ac- 
companied by  Senator  Robert  F.  Kennedy  (D-N.Y.)  and  Asst.  Secre- 
tary of  Defense  Arthur  Sylvester,  was  making  a  brief  tour  of  defense 
plants  on  Long  Island.      (Maiorana,  NYT,  10/14/65,  41) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  475 

October  13:  Pre-Continent  III,  80-ton  sphere  in  which  six  men  lived  and 
worked  330  ft.  beneath  the  sea  off  the  French  Riviera  for  three  weeks, 
surfaced  after  its  inhabitants  had  erected  and  maintained  a  mock  sea- 
bottom  petroleum  drilling  rig  without  ever  surfacing  for  air.  The 
men  would  remain  in  the  sphere  until  Oct.  16  when  the  atmospheric 
pressure  in  the  capsule  was  expected  to  be  low  enough  to  permit  emer- 
gence without  danger.  Object  of  this  experiment,  conceived  by 
Jacques-Yves  Cousteau,  was  to  avoid  need  for  frequent  decompressions 
by  placing  workers'  dormitories  on  the  ocean's  floor  to  allow  more 
working  time  and  less  transition  time  per  diver.  Such  a  technique 
would  permit  man  to  mine  minerals  and  cultivate  underwater  plants  to 
ease  the  world's  food  shortage  problem,  Cousteau  said.  Sealab  II,  a 
similar  experiment  by  U.S.  Navy,  was  completed  Oct.  10.  (Reuters, 
NYT,  10/15/65,  12;  upi.  Wash.  Post,  10/14/65,  A27) 

•  $13-million,  140-ft.-wide  radiotelescope.  one  of  the  largest  in  the  world, 

was  dedicated  at  Green  Bank,  W.  Va.,  by  the  National  Radio  Astron- 
omy Observatory.  It  would  be  able  to  amplify  radio  emissions  from 
deep  space.      {Wash.  Post,  10/14/65,  A15) 

•  Increase  in  private  flying  was  reported  by  faa,  with  prediction  that  pilot 

certificates  issued  during  1965  would  exceed  the  previous  high  of 
117.902  certificates  issued  in  1957.  During  the  first  six  months  of 
1965,  FAA  issued  61,744  pilot  certificates,  an  increase  of  22%  over  the 
same  period  in  1964.      (  faa  Release  65-92) 

•  In  answer  to  the  query  "Is  a  permanent  role  waiting  in  space  for  mili- 

tary astronauts,"  Robert  Brunn  in  the  Christian  Science  Monitor  quot- 
ed an  Air  Force  official  as  saying:  "No  strategy  is  known  for  space  as 
yet.  We  can't  use  space  the  way  the  cowboys  and  Indians  used  high 
ground  for  advantage,  nor  the  way  the  Air  Force  in  World  War  il 
climbed  to  altitude  and  dove  out  of  the  sun. 

"Something  with  military  importance  may  turn  up  in  the  next  five 
years.  The  Air  Force  doesn't  know  what  the  usefulness  of  space  will 
be.  .  .  ."  (Brunn,  CSM,  10/13/65,  14) 
October  14:  OGO  II  Orbiting  Geophysical  Observatory  (Ogo-C)  was 
launched  by  NASA  from  Vandenberg  afb  with  Thrust-Augmented  Thor- 
Agena  D  booster.  Because  of  a  slight  malfunction  in  the  launch  vehi- 
cle's primary  guidance  system,  orbit  achieved  had  the  following  pa- 
rameters: apogee,  939  mi.  (1,511  km.) ;  perigee,  250  mi.  (403.1  km.)  ; 
period,  one  hour  45  min.;  inclination,  87°.  Planned  orbit  had  been 
somewhat  lower:  575-mi.  (925-km.)  apogee,  207-mi.  (333.3-km.)  peri- 
gee, one-hour  37-min.  period,  and  86°  inclination.  Most  of  the  20 
onboard  experiments  were  not  expected  to  be  affected  by  the  malfunc- 
tion: OGO  Ii's  solar  panels  and  instrumented  booms  deployed  as 
planned  and  the  spacecraft  achieved  three-axis  stabilization. 

Second  of  the  seven  spacecraft  programed  for  NASA's  Ogo  program, 
OGO  II  weighed  1,150  lb.  and  contained  more  than  100,000  parts,  in- 
cluding a  communications  system  capable  of  transmitting  64,000  bits 
per  second  in  real  time  and  128,000  bits  of  information  per  second 
from  tape  playback.  Its  mission  was  to  concentrate  on  near-earth  space 
phenomena  with  emphasis  on  global  mapping  of  the  geomagnetic  field, 
measurements  of  the  neutral,  ionic,  and  electronic  composition  of  the 
earth's  atmosphere.    Data  would  be  correlated  with  solar  ultraviolet  and 


476  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

x-ray  emissions,  and  such  events  as  particle  dumping  in  the  auroral 
zones  and  airglow.  Although  it  returned  good  experiment  data,  OGO 
II  was  to  be  considered  a  failure  ( see  Oct.  24 ) .  ( NASA  Proj .  Off. ; 
NASA  Releases  65-314,  65-368;  ap;  NYT,  10/15/65,  14;  ap,  Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  10/15/65,  A8;  ap.  Wash.  Post,  10/15/65,  A4) 
October  14:  Capt.  Joseph  Engle  (usaf)  flew  x-15  No.  1  to  266,500-ft.  alti- 
tude at  3,580  mph  (mach  5.08).  The  flight  carried  a  slightly  modified 
horizon  scanner  and  device  for  measuring  microscopic  atmospheric 
pressure,     (nasa  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  A  second  molniya  i  communications  sateflite  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R. 

into  a  high  elliptical  orbit  with  the  following  parameters:  apogee, 
40,000  km.  (24,800  mi.)  ;  perigee,  500  km.  (310  mi.)  ;  period,  11  hrs., 
59  min.;  inclination,  65°.  Tass  said:  "With  the  launching  of  the  sec- 
ond MOLNIYA  I  satellite,  verification  will  begin  of  the  possibility  of 
organizing  a  communications  system  with  the  simultaneous  use  of  sev- 
eral Sputniks.  .  .  . 

"The  main  purpose  of  the  launching  ...  is  to  further  develop  the 
system  of  two-way  long-distance  television  and  telephone-telegraph  ra- 
dio communication,  and  its  experimental  operation.  The  entire 
equipment  ...  is  functioning  normally. 

"The  second  molniya-i  .  .  .  has  already  been  used  for  telephone 
calls  and  an  exchange  of  television  programs  between  Moscow  and 
Vladivostok."     (Tass,  10/14/65;   Wash.  Post,  10/15/65,  A4) 

•  Italy's    Order    of    Merit     was     awarded     former    Astronaut    John     H. 

Glenn,  Jr.  (Col.,  USMC,  Ret.),  during  his  visit  to  Rome.  He  and  his 
wife  were  also  received  by  Prime  Minister  Aldo  Moro.  (Reuters, 
NYT,  10/16/65,  54) 

•  Saturn    V    launch    vehicle    was    under    consideration    by    NASA    for    its 

Voyager  program  of  unmanned  planetary  exploration,  beginning  with 
a  1971  Mars  mission,  nasa  had  considered  developing  a  Saturn 
IB/Centaur  launch  vehicle,  but  the  greater  thrust  of  the  three-stage 
7.5-million-lb.  thrust  Saturn  V  would  give  more  flexibility  to  planning 
early  Voyager  missions  and  would  also  provide  the  launch  vehicle 
capability  at  the  beginning  of  the  Voyager  program  necessary  for  fu- 
ture missions.  Saturn  V,  being  developed  by  msfc,  would  undergo  its 
first  flight  test  in  1967.      (nasa  Release  65-328) 

•  NASA  would  negotiate  $60,000  contracts  with  Consolidated  Systems  Corp. 

and  Perkin-Elmer  Corp.  for  design  studies  of  an  instrument  to  analyze 
and  control  a  two-gas  atmosphere  system  for  use  on  manned  spacecraft 
conducting  missions  of  45  days  or  more.  Manned  spacecraft  flown  to 
date  had  used  a  single  gas  system — oxygen.  After  a  comparative  eval- 
uation of  concepts  derived  from  the  two  four-month  studies,  NASA 
might  award  a  second-phase  contract  leading  to  construction  of  one  or 
more  prototype  atmosphere  sensor  systems,      (nasa  Release  65-326) 

•  NASA  was  negotiating  with  General  Electric  Co.  to  provide  50-w.  isotopic 

power  generator  for  Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Experiment  Packages  (Al- 
sep)  program.  The  thermoelectric  nuclear  power  unit,  designated 
Snap-27,  would  use  plutonium-238  as  the  heat  source.  The  packages 
would  transmit  selected  measurements  back  to  earth,  aec  would  man- 
age detailed  design  and  development  of  the  unit  based  on  studies  of 
prototypes  by  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.  (aec-NASA  Release 
H-226) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  477 

October  14:  NASA  Wallops  Station  conducted  flag-raising  ceremony  to  dedi- 
cate its  new  international  court  which  would  fly  the  flags  of  foreign 
countries  with  personnel  visiting  Wallops  on  any  given  day.  The  court 
was  constructed  in  recognition  of  the  important  role  that  Wallops  Sta- 
tion plays  in  NASA's  international  program  for  cooperation  in  space 
research.      (NASA  Release  65-329) 

•  Soviet  astronomers  at  the  Institute  of  Theoretical  Astronomy  predicted 

that  the  Ikeya-Seki  comet,  discovered  Sept.  18  by  two  Japanese  astron- 
omers, would  collide  with  the  sun  Oct.  21.  U.S.  astronomers  predicted 
that  the  comet  would  pass  about  300,000  mi.  from  the  sun  on  Oct. 
20.     (Bishop.  r5/.  10/14/65,  1) 

•  Writing    about    Surveyor    lunar    probe    in    the    Washington    Evening 

Star,  William  Hines  said:  "Surveyor  will  give  science  a  view  of  the 
moon  that  will  be  different  not  just  in  degree  but  in  kind.  A  'soft' 
landing,  with  the  spacecraft  braked  by  automatic  rockets,  should  enable 
scientists  to  learn — rather  than  infer — much  about  the  lunar  surface. 

"Even  the  first  Surveyor  .  .  .  should  tell  a  lot  and  this  one  will  lack 
most  of  the  cleverly  designed  scientific  instruments  of  later 
probes.  Equipped  with  television,  the  initial  Surveyor  may  settle 
many  points  of  contention  over  surface  conditions  .   .   . 

"Assuming  success  with  Surveyor  1,  scientists  are  hoping  that  its 
findings  won't  evoke  a  repetition  of  the  short-sighted  clamor  for  'econ- 
omy' that  followed  the  successful  flight  of  Ranger  7  in  July 
1964  .  .  .  owing  to  the  mistaken  impression  that  when  you've  seen 
one  moon  picture  you've  seen  them  afl. 

"To  suggest  that  photographic  and  physical  evidence  obtained  by 
one  Surveyor  in  one  isolated  spot  could  yield  results  characteristic  of 
the  whole  moon  is  senseless.  .  .  . 

"Since  the  safety  of  astronauts  reaching  the  moon  a  few  years  from 
now  may  well  depend  on  the  wise  selection  of  their  landing  site,  it 
would  be  advisable  to  get  as  much  first-hand  Surveyor-type  data  as 
possible  and  let  the  nation's  best  qualified  scientists  study  this  informa- 
tion as  thoroughly  as  they  know  how."  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
10/14/65,  A12) 

•  The  Duke  of  Windsor  toured  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center.      (NASA 

Off.  Int.  Aff.) 
October  15:  USAF  launched  Titan  iii-C  from  ETR  with  triple-satellite  pay- 
load:  LCS  II  radar  calibration  sphere,  ov2-l  radiation  sensor  satellite, 
and  a  metal-ballasted  dummy.  About  the  time  of  the  second  burn  of 
the  transtage  engines,  the  total  assemblage  exploded  into  hundreds  of 
fragments  and  therefore  the  satellites  were  not  useful  beyond  the  ear- 
lier steps  of  launch  vehicle  testing.  The  Titan  iii-c  transtage  was  to 
have  ignited  its  engines  10  times,  changed  course  4  times,  and  ejected 
the  satellites.  Primary  mission  of  the  flight  was  launch  vehicle  test- 
ing, and  USAF  officials  noted  most  major  objectives  were  met.  (U.S. 
Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  153;  ap,  Newport  News  Daily  Press, 
10/17/65) 

•  Gen.  Mark  E.  Bradley  (USAF,  Ret.),  former  commanding  general  of  USAF 

Logistics  Command,  was  appointed  consultant  to  NASA  Administrator 
James  E.  Webb  on  management  matters  and  evaluation  of  NASA's  con- 


478  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

tributions  to  supersonic  transport  development  and  aeronautical  re- 
search programs.  (NASA  Release  65-330) 
October  15:  NASA  awarded  Tri-State  Roofing  Co.  $534,817  contract  and  J. 
A.  Jones  Construction  Co.  SI. 130.531  contract  for  repair  of  buildings 
at  Michoud  Assembly  Facility  damaged  by  Hurricane  Betsy.  Both 
contractors  had  begun  emergency  repairs  September  13.  (msfc  Re- 
lease 65-263) 

•  North  American   Aviation's   XB-70a  supersonic   bomber   reached    2,000 

mph  and  60,000-ft.  in  a  one-hr.  47-min.  experimental  flight  from  Ed- 
wards AFB  across  Calif.,  Ida..  Nev.,  Utah,  and  Ariz.  The  aircraft  was 
powered  by  six  1,500-lb.  turbojet  engines,  each  with  more  than  30,000- 
Ib.  thrust.  xb-70a  flights  were  being  used  to  obtain  data  valuable 
for  design  of  the  supersonic  transport  (Sst)  now  in  the  design  study 
phase.      (A^yr.  10  15^65.  45) 

•  Vesta,   a  new  French  meteorological   sounding   rocket,   was   successfully 

fired  for  the  first  time  from  the  Hammaguir  Range,  Algeria.  The 
single-stage  rocket,  propelled  by  liquid  fuel,  carried  an  instrumented 
payload  to  118-mi.  (190-km.)  altitude.      {NYT,  10/28/65,  74M) 

•  The  quality  of  radio  communications  and  telecasts  between  Moscow  and 

Vladivostok  via  the  second  molniya  I  communications  satellite  was 
better  than  via  the  first  molniya  i,  Soviet  Deputy  Minister  of  Com- 
munications Ivan  Klokov  wrote  in  hvestia:  "Due  to  its  elongated  or- 
bit, during  the  greater  part  of  the  11  hours  59  minutes  while  the 
satellite  makes  one  orbit,  it  is  over  the  northern  hemisphere  and  in- 
sures a  reliable  link  between  the  most  remote  points  of  the  U.S.S.R. 

"The  orbiting  .  .  .  will  offer  a  chance  to  check  the  possibility  of 
establishing  a  communications  system  based  on  several  satel- 
lites. This  opens  the  prospect  of  a  sharp  increase  of  communications 
time,  to  the  point  of  making  it  round  the  clock.  .  .  ."  (Tass, 
10/15/65) 

•  M/Gen.  Don  R.  Ostrander,  Commander  of  USAf's  Office  of  Aerospace 

Research,  retired  after  28  yrs.  of  service.  He  received  the  Distin- 
guished Service  Medal,      (oar  Release  10-1-65) 

•  Senate  passed  joint  resolution   (H.J.  Res.  597)   authorizing  $150,000  ap- 

propriation for  a  memorial  to  Dr.  Robert  H.  Goddard  at  Clark 
Univ.      iCR,  10/15/65,  26107) 

•  In  a  report  on  the  pacing  systems  of  the  Apollo  Program,  the  Subcom- 

mittee on  NASA  Oversight  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and 
Astronautics  concluded  that  the  "general  progress  of  the  Apollo  pro- 
gram is  good  at  this  time  with  a  reasonable  expectation  of  a  lunar 
landing  in  this  decade.  .  .  ."  It  noted  two  major  pacing  items  re- 
quiring maximum  effort:  lunar  excursion  module  and  command  and 
service  module.  The  report  pointed  out  that  NASA  had  been  maintain- 
ing the  Apollo  program  schedule  within  funds  authorized  and  appro- 
priated; "however,  additional  funds  of  the  order  of  $200  million  over 
and  above  the  funds  requested  by  NASA  for  fiscal  year  1966  would  have 
provided : 

"1.  Increased  assurance  of  meeting  the  Apollo  goal  of  a  lunar  land- 
ing in  this  decade; 

"2.  Broader  latitude  in  providing  system  alternatives  when  engineer- 
ing difficulties  are  identified;  and 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  479 

"3.  Additional  management  latitude  in  utilizing  all  of  NASA  re- 
sources of  personnel,  facilities,  and  equipment  in  the  Apollo 
effort.  .  .  ."  (Text) 
October  15:  James  McCormack  (M/Gen.,  USAF,  Ret.),  vice-president  of  mit 
and  chairman  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Transportation  Authority,  was 
elected  Chairman  and  Chief  Executive  Officer  and  Chairman  of  the 
Board  of  ComSatCorp  by  the  Corporation's  Board  of 
Directors.  McCormack  would  take  office  December  1,  succeeding  the 
retiring  Leo  D.  Welch.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  A   shift    in    emphasis    in    the    U.S.    missile    program    "from    production 

to  testing,  updating,  and  improving  firing,  guidance  and  targeting 
systems"  was  reported  by  Richard  Rutter  in  the  New  York  Times. 
Speculating  on  the  future  of  the  missile  program,  Rutter  quoted 
B/Gen.  H.  J.  Sands,  USAF  Space  Systems  Div.:  "'Now  we  are  in  a 
period  of  apparent  tapering  off  of  missile  program  activity  deploying 
the  final  units  of  the  last  of  our  presently  operational  ballistic 
systems.  On  the  surface  it  would  appear  that  having  put  our  instant 
defenses  in  place  we  are  coasting  to  a  gradual  stop  on  a  plateau  of 
preparedness  where  we  can  relax  and  take  a  breather. 

"  'The  appearance  is  deceptive.  Actually,  we  are  in  a  critically  im- 
portant germination  period  of  research  and  development  of  future  mis- 
sile systems.'  "  Rutter  noted  that  the  shift  in  the  missile  program 
"does  not  mean  .  .  .  that  its  wings  have  permanently  been  clipped  or 
that  the  scores  of  companies  with  a  stake  in  the  missile  field  face  a 
bleak  future.  The  missile  era,  in  fact  is  still  aborning."  (Rutter, 
NYT,  10/15/65,  65,  69) 

•  In  an  interview  with  Tass,  Soviet  rocket  designer  Prof.  Petrovich  said 

that  Soviet  scientists  intended  one  day  to  put  scientific  expeditions  on 
the  planets  of  the  solar  system  to  domesticate  them.  Designers  were 
concentrating  their  efforts  on  developing  highly  efficient  new  engines 
which  could  lift  extremely  heavy  payloads  to  the  prescribed  orbits,  he 
added.      (Tass,  11/15/65) 

•  Concorde,     British-French     supersonic     passenger     aircraft,     would     be 

test-flown  in  1968  and  ready  for  service  by  1970,  reported  a  spokes- 
man for  France's  Sud  Aviation  Co.  in  Genoa,  (ap.  Wash.  Post, 
10/16/65,  A5) 

•  NASA   Hq.    announced    appointment    of   William    C.    Schneider    as    Dep- 

uty Director,  Mission  Operations  and  Gemini  Mission  Director, 
effective  immediately.  Schneider,  formerly  Deputy  Director  of  the 
Gemini  Program,  was  replaced  by  LeRoy  E.  Day,  who  became  acting 
Deputy  Director  of  the  Gemini  Program,  (nasa  Release  65-331) 
October  16:  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  xcii  unmanned  satellite,  equipped 
to  continue  studies  of  the  infrared  and  ultraviolet  radiation  of  the 
earth's  atmosphere.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  329  km.  (204  mi.)  ; 
perigee,  199  km.  (123  mi.);  period,  89.8  min.;  incHnation, 
65.02°.     All  systems  were  functioning  normally. 

Soviet  Prof.  Aleksandr  Lebedinskiy  told  Tass  that  two  spectropho- 
tometers would  point  vertically  part  of  the  time  and  at  the  horizon  part 
of  the  time.  One  instrument  would  cover  the  spectrum  from  seven  to 
20  microns  and  the  other  from  14  to  38  microns;  it  would  take  20  sec. 
to  obtain  one  spectrogram.      (Tass,  10/16/65) 


480  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

October  16:  A  secret  weapon,  about  which  former  Soviet  Premier  Nikita 
S.  Khrushchev  had  boasted,  blew  up  in  1960  killing  the  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Soviet  missile  forces,  Marshal  Mitrofan  I.  Nedelin,  and  300 
others,  the  Manchester  Guardian  reported.  The  weapon  was  a  missile 
with  a  nuclear  propellant.  The  Guardian  quoted  secret  reports  of  Oleg 
V.  Penkovsky,  a  Russian  executed  in  1%3  for  spying  for  the  West, 
which  would  be  pubHshed  in  November  1965.  (NYT,  10/17/65,  25; 
Wash.  Post,  10/17/65,  1) 

October  17:  In  an  original  report  on  communications  satellites,  Soviet 
Prof.  M.  Kaplanov  said:  "The  transmitter  on  the  Molniya  1  Comsat 
had  a  power  of  40  watts,  i.e.  10  times  that  of  the  Early  Bird.  In  this 
regard,  the  Soviet  scientists  and  engineers  have  solved  the  most  com- 
plex technical  problems  in  the  development  of  a  sputnik  equipped  with 
onboard  antennas  oriented  on  the  Earth  with  a  strong  power  system 
assuring  a  supply  to  the  transmitter  throughout  the  entire  communica- 
tion session. 

"The  development  of  a  wideband  space  transmitter  of  40  watts 
power  operating  continuously  is  an  innovation  in  world  technolo- 
gy. This  distinguishing  feature  of  the  Molniya-1  Comsat  permits  a 
considerable  simplification  of  the  onground  equipment  and  a  great 
reduction  in  the  cost  of  its  construction  and  operation.  Evidently  the 
great  complexity  of  servicing  and  the  inadequate  reliability  of  the 
[ComSatCorp]  equipment  compelled  France,  England  and  West  Ger- 
many to  organize  the  alternate  operating  of  their  ground  receiving 
points  of  space  communication.  Each  of  these  points  operates  only 
one  week  out  of  three,  the  second  week  it  is  in  reserve,  and  the  third  is 
spent  in  repair  work.  We  note  that  the  Soviet  onground  facilities  for 
space  communication  in  Moscow  and  Vladivostok  have  been  operating 
daily  since  the  launching  of  the  Molniya-1.  This  is  quite  important 
for  a  satellite  communication  system,  since  upon  the  operating  cost 
there  depends  greatly  its  ability  to  compete  with  other  means  of  com- 
munication."    (Izvestia,  10/17/16,  5,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  Boris  Yegorov,  Soviet  physician-cosmonaut,  said  in  interview  in  Izvestia  s 
Sunday  supplement  Nedelya  that  it  was  quite  possible  that  in  pro- 
longed spaceflight  the  human  organism  would  develop  a  new  complex 
of  protective-adaptive  mechanisms  which  would  safely  protect  it  under 
conditions  of  weightlessness.  At  the  same  time,  Yegorov  voiced  the 
fear  that  these  new  changes  might  persist  and  not  be  easily  removed 
after  return  to  earth.  To  aid  in  re-adaptation  to  earth's  gravity,  he 
said  future  Soviet  cosmonauts  would  use  exercises  and  drugs.  (Tass, 
10/23/65;  Shabad,  NYT,  10/24/65,  59) 

October  17-18:  "Galileo,"  a  Convair  990  jet  equipped  with  S3  million  of 
sensitive  equipment,  took  off  from  Hickam  afb,  Hawaii,  and  raced 
with  the  sun  to  keep  comet  Ikeya-Seki  in  view  for  the  longest  possible 
period.  A  team  of  30  scientists  aboard  the  aircraft,  under  NASA  spon- 
sorship, would  (1)  make  spectral  observations  of  Ikeya-Seki's  coma 
and  tail  in  ultraviolet  and  infrared,  and  (2)  photograph  comet's  tail  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  sun.  The  former  observations  would  pertain  to  the 
composition  and  structure  of  the  comet;  the  latter  would  permit  study- 
ing the  solar  corona  and  solar  wind  at  high  inclination  angles  and 
would  assist  research  on  comet  disintegration.  (NASA  Release  65-332; 
NYT,  10/18/65,  10) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  481 

October  18:  U.S.  should  build  a  supersonic  transport  regardless  of  the  fate 
of  the  Concorde  or  any  other  country's  effort  because  "this  is  the  next 
technological  step  in  air  transportation,"  faa  Administrator  William  F. 
McKee  told  the  House  Appropriations'  Subcommittee  on  Independent 
Offices  requesting  $140  million  for  the  project  for  FY  1966,  according 
to  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology.  The  House  subcommittee 
responded  by  approving  the  money  request.  Acting  Chairman  Joe  L. 
Evins  (D-Tenn.)  said:  "Once  we  have  made  a  basic  decision  to  go 
forward  with  this  program,  I  think  we  ought  to  go  forward  with 
it.  This  continual  question  of  reservations  as  to  whether  we  are  going 
to  build  a  supersonic  transport  is  disruptive  to  continued 
progress."      [Av.  Wk.,  10/18/65,  28) 

•  Ikeya-Seki  comet  might  produce  a  brighter-than-expected  spectacle  when 

it  swept  close  to  the  sun  Oct.  20.  Cal  Tech  astronomers  said  observa- 
tion through  infrared  telescopes  showed  the  comet  was  hot;  previously, 
comets  had  been  believed  to  be  made  of  space  dust  and  frozen  gases 
that  became  luminous  only  when  they  neared  the  sun.  Spokesman  for 
the  scientists  said  "an  explosion  of  some  sort  is  a  possibility."  {WSJ, 
10/18/65,1) 

•  Test  results  were  received  by  NASA  which  promised   a  solution   to  the 

crawler-transporter  bearing  failure  without  jeopardizing  the  key  mile- 
stones in  the  Apollo  program.  Roller  bearings  in  a  crawler-trans- 
porter had  failed  during  a  July  25  test  at  KSC  and  subsequent  investi- 
gation had  defined  a  new  bearing  system.  (Cocoa  Tribune, 
10/18/65) 

•  Evidence  that  the  bright  areas  of  the  Martian  surface   contained   iron 

oxides  in  a  loose  combination  with  water  was  reported  by  Dr.  Carl 
Sagan  of  Harvard  Univ.  to  the  Biophysical  Society's  annual  meeting 
in  San  Francisco.  He  said  reflected  light  of  hydrated  iron  oxides  in 
an  earth-bound  laboratory  matched  the  sunlight  reflected  from  the 
Martian  surface  when  viewed  in  the  ultraviolet  and  infrared.  Dr. 
Sagan  believed  that  confirmation  of  the  iron-water  compounds  on 
Martian  deserts,  which  showed  up  as  bright  areas  to  earth  astronomers, 
suggested  conditions  were  once  right  for  life  to  originate  on  Mars. 
He  said  he  was  convinced  that  when  life  of  a  primitive  form  had  started, 
the  chances  were  it  had  survived.      (Bait.  Sun,  10/18/65) 

•  USAF  had  assured  the  House  Armed  Services  Committee  Military  Airlift 

Subcommittee  that  the  Lockheed  c-5a  transport  would  be  developed 
with  commercial  as  well  as  military  requirements  in  mind.  Subcom- 
mittee Chairman  Melvin  Price  (D-Ill.)  told  Aviation  Week  and  Space 
Technology  that  military  airlift  had  improved  dramatically  over  the  last 
few  years  but  that  requirements  kept  rising  with  no  immediate  leveling 
off  in  prospect.  One  area  which  still  needed  improvement,  he  said, 
was  modernizing  commercial  cargo  fleets.  He  said  the  subcommittee 
was  hopeful  the  C-5a  would  be  a  big  step  in  this  direction.  (Av. 
Wk,  10/18/65,  28) 

•  NASA's   budget  for   FY   1967   received   comment  in  Aviation   Week  and 

Space  Technology:  "nasa  is  nervously  asking  the  White  House  for 
$5.76  billion  for  Fiscal  1967  and  contends  it  must  have  at  least  $5.25 


482  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

billion  compared  with  the  S5.176  billion  Congress  appropriated  for  this 
fiscal  year. 

"The  Apollo  program  to  land  a  man  on  the  moon  appears — thanks 
to  Russian  competition^ — pretty  safe  from  the  budget  cutters.  But 
every  other  program  is  a  potential  target,  including  the  $1.2  billion 
Voyager  program  to  explore  Mars  and  all  kinds  of  proposals  to  exploit 
the  Apollo  hardware.  .  .  . 

"The  Johnson  Administration  has  prepared  a  pat  answer  to  com- 
plaints that  its  tight  Fiscal  1967  budget  will  thwart  new 
initiatives.  With  so  much  accomplished  in  this  session  of  the  89th 
Congress,  the  argument  goes,  next  year  must  be  'a  management 
year.'  "  {Av.  Wk.,  10/18/65,  15) 
October  18:  British  scientist  Dr.  J.  E.  Lovelock  told  the  Third  International 
Symposium  on  Advances  in  Gas  Chromatography  in  Houston  that  al- 
though pictures  taken  from  space  probes  indicated  no  sign  of  life  on 
Mars  as  we  know  it,  life  may  be  there.  Dr.  Lovelock  said  it  was  urgent 
that  the  unmanned  spacecraft  that  would  land  on  Mars  be  designed 
"so  they  would  not  rule  out  the  possibility  that  life  may  take  different 
forms  and  be  of  some  entirely  different  nature  on  planets  beyond  our 
own."      {Houston  Post,  10/19/65) 

•  dod's  Project   Hindsight,  intended  to  isolate  improvements  in  military 

hardware  resulting  from  dod's  fundamental  research  programs,  was 
discussed  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology.  Hindsight  would 
also  identify  which  in-house  laboratories,  profit  or  non-profit  firms,  or 
individuals  made  the  most  useful  technological  contributions  to  mili- 
tary systems.  End  object  was  improved  management  of  the  research 
and  exploratory  development  programs.  (Johnsen,  Av.  Wk.,  10/18/ 
65,  47) 

•  Incorporation  of  a  severely  swept  delta  wing  on  x-15  No.  3  had  been 

proposed  by  NASA  Flight  Research  Center  for  hypersonic  (mach  5-|-) 
flight  tests  beginning  in  late  1968,  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Tech- 
nology reported.  Decision  on  the  proposal,  under  study  at  NASA  Hq., 
was  not  expected  for  six  months,  x-15  program  is  a  joint  USAF-NASA 
venture,  with  the  three  aircraft  belonging  to  the  Air  Force  and  NASA 
operating  the  research  flights  program.      {Av.  Wk.,  10/18/65,  22) 

•  During   May    7   flight   of   usaf-naa   xb-70a   No.    1,   Michael   L.   Yaf!ee 

reported  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology,  five  of  the  experi- 
mental bomber's  six  General  Electric  Yj93  engines  were  damaged 
when  the  wing  apex,  a  steel  honeycomb  structure,  tore  apart  and  scat- 
tered pieces  of  steel  into  both  sides  of  the  aircraft's  divided,  rectangu- 
lar air  intake  beneath  the  wing.  The  No.  5  engine  was  most  heavily 
damaged,  a  post-flight  examination  had  shown,  but  it  was  the  only 
engine  on  the  right  side  of  the  aircraft  operating  during  the  half-hour 
flight  back  to  Edwards  afb.  When  the  apex  broke,  the  xb-70a  was 
flying  at  mach  2.56.  About  30  min.  later,  naa  test  pilot  Alvin  S. 
White  landed  the  aircraft  with  all  left-hand  engines  (1,  2,  and  3) 
operating  at  full  power  and  engine  No.  5  at  90%  power.  (Yaffee,  Av. 
Wk.,  10/18/65,  64-65,  67) 

•  A   gas  turbine-powered   tugboat,  the   first  ever  built,  was   delivered  to 

NASA's  Mississippi  Test  Facility  for  use  in  the  canal  system  there.     The 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  483 

69-ft.-long  Clermont  would  perform  a  variety  of  chores  in  connection 
with  future  space  rocket  static  firings  at  the  Hancock  County,  Miss., 
facility,  an  element  of  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  Main  duties 
would  be  to  berth  and  tow  space  vehicle  and  cryogenic  tanker  barges 
in  the  inland  canal  system,  (msfc  Release  65-264;  Marshall  Star, 
10/20/65,  1) 

October  18:  ComSatCorp  had  filed  a  contract  with  FCC  for  purchase  of  four 
satellites  from  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  to  supply  communication  services 
for  NASA's  Project  Apollo  and  for  other  commercial  services.  Two 
spacecraft  would  be  placed  in  synchronous  orbits  at  about  22,300  mi.: 
one  would  be  located  over  the  Pacific  between  Hawaii  and  Midway 
Island;  the  other  over  the  Atlantic  near  the  west  coast  of  Africa.  Of 
the  other  two,  one  would  be  used  as  a  reserve  for  replacement  and  one 
as  a  backup  in  case  of  a  launch  failure.  Contract  also  provided  an 
option  for  purchase  of  up  to  15  of  the  satellites.  Delivery  date  of  the 
first  satellite  would  be  eight  months  after  ComSatCorp  would  give 
Hughes  notice  to  proceed,  with  one  additional  spacecraft  of  the  four 
to  be  delivered  every  21  days  thereafter.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

October  18-19:  Scientific  results  of  15  scientific  and  technological  experi- 
ments carried  on  gemini  hi  and  IV  were  presented  by  the  principal 
investigators  during  a  symposium  at  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  in 
Washington,  D.C.  Experiments  were  in  weather  and  terrain  pho- 
tography, bone  demineralization,  astronomy,  communications,  and  ra- 
diation in  the  spacecraft. 

Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  Associate  Administrator  of  nasa  for  Manned 
Space  Flight,  introducing  the  symposium,  noted  three  important  gener- 
al conclusions  to  be  drawn  from  the  results.  First,  data  on  man  him- 
self indicates  that  astronauts  can  adapt  to  the  space  environment,  giv- 
ing great  confidence  that  manned  space  flight  effort  can  move 
according  to  plan  without  the  necessity  of  introducing  special  require- 
ments such  as  artificial  gravity.  Second,  further  substantiation  of  the 
Mercury  program  evidences  that  man  can  see  things  from  space  which 
are  not  programmed  on  instruments  to  see.  Third,  the  outstanding 
quality  of  photographs  of  earth  from  space  demonstrates  the  feasibility 
of  a  number  of  significant  applications  of  manned  space  flight  for 
improvement  of  life  here  on  earth.  (NASA  Release  65-321;  NASA  Rpt. 
of  Symposium) 

October  19:  NASA  launched  an  Aerobee  150A  sounding  rocket  from  Wal- 
lops Station,  Va.,  to  investigate  characteristics  of  the  Ikeya-Seki 
comet.  Reaching  peak  altitude  of  111  mi.,  the  245-lb.  payload,  de- 
signed by  scientists  at  the  Univ.  of  Colorado  and  J  PL,  contained  a 
scanning  spectrometer,  a  filter  wheel  photometer,  and  related  equip- 
ment to  obtain  spectra  of  the  head  and  tail  of  the  comet  and  to  meas- 
ure radiation.  Data  would  assist  in  analyzing  the  materials  in  the 
comet  and  would  be  coordinated  with  observations  conducted  by  other 
scientists.      (Wallops  Release  65-67) 

•  COSMOS  XCIII  unmanned  satellite  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  Onboard 
was  scientific  apparatus  for  continuing  studies  of  outer  space  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  program  announced  by  Tass  on  March  16, 
1962.  Orbital  data:  apogee,  522  km.  (324.2  mi.);  perigee,  220  km. 
(136.6  mi.);  inclination,  48°24'.  All  instrumentation  was  function- 
ing normally.      (Tass,  10/19/65) 


484  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

October  19:  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever,  afsc  Commander,  told  a  National 
Space  Club  luncheon  that  he  had  met  with  NASA  Associate  Administra- 
tor for  Manned  Space  Flight  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller  and  had  reached  a 
formal  agreement  on  cooperation  in  R&D,  including  Mol  experiments. 
Discussions  were  also  underway,  he  said,  for  joint  use  of  NASA  and 
DOD  global  range  facilities — tracking  station,  communications,  and 
other  supporting  units — in  the  Apollo  and  Mol  programs. 

"Now  we  are  in  the  beginning  stages  of  two  new  ventures,  the 
Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  (mol)  and  the  c-5a  large  transport 
aircraft.  .  .  . 

"Both  the  MOL  and  the  c-5a  have  great  potential  significance  for 
our  continuing  national  security.  They  also  promise  to  yield  a 
numb'er  of  'fallout  benefits'  of  a  scientific  or  economic  nature.  The 
knowledge  gained  from  the  MOL  program,  in  addition  to  its  possible 
defense  applications,  should  also  prove  very  useful  for  future  manned 
scientific  ventures  into  space.  The  c-5a  transport  not  only  will  great- 
ly increase  our  ability  to  respond  to  military  crisis  situations  and  other 
emergencies  such  as  earthquakes  or  floods  in  remote  areas,  but  also 
may  prove  quite  attractive  to  the  commercial  airlines.  .  .  ." 

General  Schriever  said  he  felt  a  follow-on  to  the  B-52  was  needed; 
that  an  Advanced  Manned  Strategic  Aircraft  (Amsa)  would  have  con- 
siderably longer  range  than  a  contemplated  B-111  and  would  be  supe- 
rior; and  that  a  maneuverable  ferry  vehicle  for  supplying  Mol  could 
very  well  come  out  of  the  Start  program.  (Text;  AP,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
10/20/65,  E8;  M/S  Daily,  10/20/65) 

•  Dr.  P.  H.  Fang,  a  researcher  at  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  had 

discovered  that  silicon  solar  cells  damaged  by  electron  radiation  could 
be  completely  recovered  any  number  of  times  when  exposed  to  high 
temperatures.  Report  was  given  at  a  Photovoltaic  Specialists  Con- 
ference at  GSFC  Oct.  18-20.  (gsfc  Release  G-28-65) 
October  20:  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  with  four  nrl  solar-study 
experiments  was  launched  from  wsmr  to  115-mi.  altitude.  Rocket 
performed  well  and  three  experiments  functioned  as  planned,  provid- 
ing good  data:  ultraviolet  spectroheliograms  were  obtained,  spatial  de- 
tail in  Lyman-Alpha  light  on  the  solar  disk  was  photoelectrically  re- 
corded, and  solar  Lyman-Alpha  flux  measurements  were  made  by  the 
ion  chamber.  The  fourth  experiment  was  to  have  recorded  the  comet 
Ikeya-Seki  against  the  corona,  but  because  of  a  mechanical  failure  in 
the  white-light  coronagraph  experiment  these  data  were  not 
obtained,      (nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  Federal  Communications  Commission  approved  live  television  coverage 

from  the  aircraft  carrier  Wasp  of  Gemini  vi  recovery  in  the  Altantic 
Ocean.  This  would  be  the  first  live  transmission  from  a  recovery  area 
since  the  U.S.  man-in-space  program  began.  Television  signal  from 
the  Wasp  would  be  sent  to  early  bird  I  which  would  relay  it  to  the 
satellite  ground  station  in  Andover,  Me.,  for  transmission  to  the  three 
television  networks.     {NYT,  10/22/65,  3) 

•  NASA  announced  it  would  negotiate  a  contract  with  the   Bunker-Ramo 

Corp.  for  installation  and  operation  of  a  small-scale  prototype  docu- 
ment information  retrieval  system.  Negotiations  would  be  based  on  a 
cost-plus-fixed-fee  proposal  of  $86,000.      (nasa  Release  65-334) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  485 

October  20:  USAF  awarded  Philco  Corp.,  Aeronutronic  Div.,  a  $1,200,000 
increment  to  a  previously  awarded  contract  for  fuzing  and  arming  tests 
and  evaluation  of  reentry  vehicles,      (dod  Release  730-65) 

•  Apollo  Spacecraft  009.   first  Apollo   flight  spacecraft  of  the  type  that 

would  carry  three  U.S.  astronauts  to  the  moon  and  back,  was  accepted 
by  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  during  informal  ceremonies  at 
North  American  Aviation,  Inc.'s,  Downey,  Calif.,  facility.  Largest 
U.S.  manned  spacecraft  built  to  date,  Spacecraft  009  included  a  com- 
mand module,  service  module,  launch  escape  system,  and  adapter. 
(Marshall  Star,  10/27/65,  1,  10;  naa  S&ID  Skywriter,  10/22/65,  1) 

•  Ikeya-Seki  comet  reached  perihelion   (closest  approach  to  the  sun)   with 

the  comet  only  about  300,000  mi.  from  the  visible  solar  disk  and 
within  a  solar  radius  of  the  sun's  surface.  Traveling  along  an  ellipti- 
cal path  that  would  carry  it  around  the  sun  and  deep  into  the  solar 
corona,  Ikeya-Seki  had  a  visual  magnitude  of  —10,  nearly  as  bright  as 
the  moon.  It  was  the  brightest  comet  since  the  one  in  1882  which 
reached  an  intensity  of  —7.  (nasa  Release  65-332;  Osmundsen, 
NYT,  10/20/65,  39;  Sullivan,  NYT,  10/21/65,  C23) 

•  Third  annual  Albert  A.  Michelson  Award  of  Case  Institute  of  Technology 

was  presented  to  Prof.  Luis  Alvarez,  physicist  at  the  Berkeley  campus 
of  the  Univ.  of  California.  Dr.  Alvarez  was  honored  "for  the  dis- 
covery of  significant  properties  of  cosmic  rays,  neutrons,  isotopes  and 
nuclear  transformations;  for  leading  in  the  development  of  quantita- 
tive tools  for  nuclear  physics  and  for  pioneering  in  radar  and  aircraft 
landing  systems."      (NYT,  10/21/65,  53) 

•  Patent  for  a  flying  belt  capable  of  propelling  its  passenger  to  350-ft. 

altitude  was  granted  Robert  F.  Courter,  Jr.,  flight  test  engineer  for  Bell 
Aerosystems  Co.  The  155-lb.  machine  would  have  three  tanks 
strapped  to  the  passenger's  back:  two  for  fuel  and  one  for  nitrogen  to 
push  the  fuel  into  the  fuel  tanks.  Two  handles — one  in  each  hand — 
would  control  the  steering.  Courter  envisaged  the  flying  belt  of  the 
future  as  a  solution  to  the  commuting  problem.  (Lardner,  Wash. 
Post,  10/20/65,  A24) 
October  21:  Second  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  with  experiment  to  ob- 
tain measurements  of  comet  Ikeya-Seki  was  launched  by  NASA  from 
Wallops  Station,  Va.  The  205-lb.  payload,  consisting  primarily  of  an 
Ebert-Fastie  scanning  spectrometer  and  an  attitude  control  system  for 
pointing  the  instrumentation  at  the  comet,  was  boosted  to  peak  altitude 
of  117  mi.      (Wallops  Release  65-69) 

•  NASA  announced  it  would  negotiate  a  contract  extension  with  IBM  for 

continued  support  of  the  Real-Time  Computer  Complex  at  MSC.  The 
extension  was  expected  to  cost  about  $80  million  and  would  contain 
provisions  for  converting  to  incentive  arrangements.  (NASA  Release 
65-336) 

•  NASA  had  awarded  a  contract  to  the  Univ.  of  Iowa  for  preparation  of  an 

Injun  spacecraft  to  be  used  in  a  dual  satellite  launch  in  1967.  The 
Injun  Explorer  would  be  teamed  with  a  12-foot  inflatable  Air  Density 
Explorer  and  flown  on  a  single  Scout  launch  vehicle  in  the  same  way 
EXPLORERS  XXIV  and  XXV  were  orbited  Nov.  21,  1964.  The  contract, 
valued  at  $1,070,488,   covered  construction   of  the   Injun   spacecraft, 


486  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

preparation  and  integration  of  the  onboard  experiments,  and  integra- 
tion with  the  Air  Density  Explorer  spacecraft  as  a  single  Scout 
payload.  Dr.  James  A.  Van  Allen  of  the  Univ.  of  Iowa  would  be  the 
principal  scientific  investigator.  (NASA  Release  65-338;  LaRC  Re- 
lease) 
October  21:  U.K.  Minister  of  Aviation  Roy  Jenkins  and  U.S.  Secretary  of 
Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara  had  signed  a  memorandum  of  under- 
standing approving  a  joint  project  for  development  of  an  advanced  lift 
jet  engine,  DOD  announced.  Development  work  would  be  performed 
by  Rolls  Royce,  Ltd.,  and  a  U.S.  contractor  yet  to  be  chosen.  Engines 
of  this  kind  would  be  used  for  takeoff  and  landing  of  V/Stol  aircraft. 
(DOD  Release  732-65) 

•  French  and  Soviet  scientists  ended  a  one-week  conference  on  possible 

cooperation  in  space  programs,  but  did  not  issue  a  communique.  Ho- 
ward Simons  in  the  Washington  Post  quoted  "informed  sources"  as 
saying  the  subject  of  a  French-Russian  communications  satellite  had 
been  raised  by  the  Soviet  Union  and  that  the  French  were  lukewarm  to 
the  idea  but  had  not  rejected  it.  (Wash.  Daily  News,  10/21/65,  22; 
Simons,  Wash.  Post,  10/29/65,  A6) 

•  Gen.  Curtis  E.  LeMay,  former  Air  Force  Chief  of  Staff,  was  awarded  the 

1965  Collier  Trophy,  U.S.  aviation's  highest  honor,  in  a  ceremony  at 
the  Executive  Office  Building,  Washington,  D.C.  General  LeMay  was 
cited  for  "development  of  high  performance  aircraft,  missiles,  and 
space  systems  which  in  1964  significantly  expanded  the  frontiers  of 
American  aeronautics  and  astronautics."  (naa  News,  10/18/65;  Ray- 
mond, A^F^,  10/22/65,  1) 

•  Distinguished  Lecture  Series  sponsored  by  the  Metropolitan  Washington 

Board  of  Trade  was  opened  by  Dr.  James  A.  Van  Allen,  head  of  the 
Univ.  of  Iowa's  physics  and  astronomy  department.  Dr.  Van  Allen 
discussed  "Space  Science.:  Past,  Present,  and  Future"  at  the  Univ.  of 
Maryland.  Series  of  seven  lectures  was  designed  "to  foster  better  un- 
derstanding between  industry  and  local  universities  in  an  effort  to 
create  a  research  community  in  the  Washington  [D.C]  area  equivalent 
to  the  Harvard-MIT  complex  in  the  Boston  area."  {Wash.  Post, 
10/3/65,  B2) 

•  Evaluation  of  the  Soviet  space  effort  should  be  done  in  terms  of  Russian 

rather  than  U.S.  requirements  and  considerations,  suggested  William 
Hines  in  the  Washington  Evening  Star:  "To  look  at  things  from  the 
Russian  angle  for  a  change  may  provide  a  new  view  of  the  whole  space 
race."  Hines  suggested  that  the  orbits  of  the  Molniya  satellites  were 
egg-shaped  because  with  12-hr.  periodicity  "the  Molniya-type  satellite 
stays  over  the  homeland  about  two-thirds  of  the  time  and  comes  back 
at  exactly  the  same  time  each  day."  He  said  that  the  U.S.S.R.  proba- 
bly had  no  weather  satellites  "because  it  does  not  need  this  branch  of 
the  weatherman's  art."  A  possible  reason  that  there  were  no  polar-or- 
biting Soviet  photographic  reconnaissance  satellites  like  the  U.S.'s  Sa- 
mos  was  that  they  were  not  needed.  No  Saturn  V-type  launch  vehicle 
development  was  evident,  Hines  concluded,  possibly  because  "Russia's 
approach  to  [lunar  landing]  is  not  necessarily  .  .  .  the  same  as 
America's.  ...  A  revealing  hint  along  this  line  is  contained  in  a 
recent   issue   of  Moscow   News.    .    .    .   The   author   puts   forward  the 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  487 

suggestion  that  a  lunar  landing  and  return  mission  might  be  organized 
using  two  spacecraft  rather  than  one,  each  of  which  could  be  launched 
by  a  rocket  smaller  than  Saturn  V."  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
10/21/65,  A14) 
October  21:  1965  Nobel  Prize  for  physics  was  awarded  jointly  to  Julian 
Schwinger  of  Harvard  Univ.,  Richard  Feynman  of  Cal  Tech,  and  Shin- 
ichero  Tomonaga  of  Japan.  The  three  scientists  were  cited  for  "their 
fundamental  work  in  quantum  electrodynamics,  with  deep-ploughing 
consequence  for  the  physics  of  elementary  particles."  The  Nobel 
chemistry  prize  went  to  Prof.  Robert  Burns  Woodward  of  Harvard  for 
"his  meritorious  contribution  to  the  art  of  organic  synthesis."  (Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  10/21/65,  A4) 

•  Technical  program  of  the  first  autumn  meeting  of  the  National  Academy 

of  Engineering,  held  in  New  York,  was  a  Symposium  on  Ocean 
Engineering,  (nae  Release) 
October  22:  Ten  areas  on  the  moon  had  been  selected  by  NASA  for  planning 
photography  by  the  Lunar  Orbiter  spacecraft  next  year.  Areas  in- 
cluded examples  of  all  major  types  of  moon  surface  to  permit  assess- 
ment of  their  suitability  for  spacecraft  landings.  Nine  of  the  sites 
were  within  the  area  proposed  for  Apollo  manned  landings ;  eight  were 
potential  sites  for  Surveyor  softlanding  spacecraft.  The  10  areas  were 
located  along  the  moon's  equator  beginning  at  about  43°  east  longi- 
tude and  stretching  to  65°  west  longitude,      (nasa  Release  65-335) 

•  In  a  letter  transmitting  to  Congress  nasa's  12th  Semiannual  Report,  cov- 

ering the  period  July  1-Dec.  31,  1964,  President  Johnson  said:  "In 
1958,  it  was  my  privilege  to  introduce  the  legislation  to  create  the 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration.  I  stated  then:  'I 
confidently  believe  that  the  developments  of  the  Space  Age  will  bring 
the  beginning  of  the  longest  and  greatest  boom  of  abundance  and 
prosperity  in  the  history  of  man.' 

"Time  is  bearing  out  that  belief."      {Pres.  Doc,  11/1/65,  430) 

•  Sen.  Karl  E.  Mundt  (R-S.D.)   inserted  in  the  Congressional  Record  the 

letter  of  transmittal  accompanying  a  report  on  trends  in  appropriations 
for  Federal  departments  and  agencies  for  Fiscal  Years  1967-70,  pre- 
pared by  the  Library  of  Congress.  The  table  accompanying  the  letter 
indicated  the  NASA  appropriation  for  1967  would  be  S5.4  billion;  for 
1968,  $5.7  billion;  for  1969,  $6.1  billion;  for  1970,  $6.4 
billion.     {CR,  10/22/65,  27360-61) 

•  Sen.  Philip  A.  Hart   (D-Mich.)    introduced  S.  2715,  a  bill  to  establish 

a  Government  patent  policy.  He  said:  "The  evidence  vividly  demon- 
strates that  the  Government's  research  undertakings  yield  a  great  many 
inventions.  Between  1945  and  1962  Government-financed  R&D  pro- 
duced more  than  40,000  patentable  inventions.  Nearly  one-third  were 
patented  in  the  4-year  period  ending  in  1962.  The  great  bulk  of  these 
inventions  were  made  by  private  contractors  whose  research  efforts 
were  supported  by  the  Federal  Government. 

"Each  day  the  problem — judged  in  quantitative  terms — is  becoming 
more  serious.  Let  me  give  an  illustration.  In  January  1963  .  .  . 
NASA  .  .  .  reported  that  its  work,  conducted  both  in  Government 
laboratories  and  private  facilities,  had  led  to  786  inventions.  By 
August  1964  that  number  had  increased  to  2,500.     And  by  May  1965 


488  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

— in  less  than  9  months — the  number  had  doubled  to  nearly  5.000." 
{CR,  10/22/65,  27127) 
October  22:  Jack  G.  Webb  was  named  director  of  the  Federal  Aviation 
Agency's  National  Aviation  Facilities  Experimental  Center  near  At- 
lantic City,  N.J.,  headquarters  for  faa's  research  and  development  ac- 
tivities,    (faa  Release  65-97) 

•  Concern  regarding  the  secrecy  shrouding  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laborato- 

ry (Mol)  program  received  editorial  comment  in  the  Washington  Post: 
"The  President  has  given  assurances  that  although  information 
gained  through  mol  will  relate  to  America's  defense  capability,  the 
thrust  of  the  project  is  peaceful.  On  the  other  hand  mol's  director 
seems  quite  willing  to  provoke  a  military  race  in  space.  There  is  one 
easy,  proven  method  by  which  the  doubts  and  misgivings  about  MOL 
can  be  allayed.  The  Air  Force  should  adopt  NASA's  open  public  infor- 
mation policies  at  once  and  apply  them  to  every  stage  of  MOL." 
(Wash.  Post,  10/22/65,  24) 

•  Address  by  James  G.  Allen  of  the  Univ.  of  Colorado  before  the  American 

Astronautical  Society  on  the  impact  of  space  exploration  was  inserted 
in  the  Congressional  Record  by  Sen.  Peter  H.  Dominick  (R-Colo.)  : 
"The  space  revolution  of  the  mid-20th  century  must  be  regarded  as  the 
most  significant  of  all  those  great  revolutions  of  history  which  have 
affected  the  fate  of  man.  By  definition,  a  revolution  does  produce  a 
series  of  pyramiding  effects,  one  building  up  on  another.  But,  in  the 
last  analysis,  these  effects  focus  upon,  and  culminate  in,  truly 
significant  changes  in  the  social  and  economic  relationships  which 
shape  one  society. 

"The  space  revolution  of  the  mid-twentieth  century  thus  is  unique, 
as  its  course  and  direction  will  affect  every  individual  on  each  of  the 
five  continents.  Moreover,  its  effects  will  lie  in  an  entirely  new  dimen- 
sion— beyond  the  physical  realm  of  man's  earthly  existence  and  into 
the  boundless  areas  of  space  itself.  The  space  revolution  of  our  day 
has  resulted  from  the  theories,  hypotheses  and  observations  of  the 
scientists  as  their  conclusions  were  tested  and  applied  by  the  eingineers 
and  technicians."     ( CR,  10/22/65,  27386-88) 

•  Editorial  by  Henry  Eyring,  Univ.  of  Utah,  in  Science:  ".  .  .  The  crash 

program  on  the  atomic  bomb  grew  out  of  groundless  fears  that  our 
antagonists  would  get  the  atomic  bomb  first.  The  vast  sums  being 
spent  at  present  on  a  crash  program  for  an  early  landing  on  the  moon 
have  their  own  somewhat  obscure,  psychological  basis.  If  the  moon 
program  is  really  the  most  effective  means  of  staving  off  all-out  war, 
expensive  as  it  is,  it  is  still  a  bargain.  On  the  other  hand,  the  attempts 
which  are  sometimes  made  to  sell  the  moon  program  on  its  scientific 
merits  alone,  in  competition  with  other  scientific  uses  of  the  money,  are 
less  convincing.  The  charitable  conclusion  is  that  in  public  affairs  it  is 
deemed  necessary  to  oversimplify  actual  objectives  so  that  the  general 
public  will  best  serve  its  own  interests  for  the  wrong  reasons.  This 
oversolicitude  is  probably  neither  necessary  nor  desirable.  .  .  . 
{Science,  10/22/65,  439) 
October  23:  Dr.  Charles  A.  Berry,  chief  physician  for  the  astronauts,  said 
in  an  interview  with  the  New  York  Times  that  spaceflights  had  caused 
subtle,  temporary  changes  in  the  human  body  that  must  be  watched 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  489 

with  care  for  possible  importance  to  longer  future  flights.  Measure- 
ments of  the  apparent  density  of  heel  and  finger  bones  of  the  GEMINI 
IV  astronauts,  who  flew  for  four  days,  and  the  Gemini  v  astronauts, 
after  an  eight-day  flight,  had  indicated  that  calcium  was  being  lost,  or 
at  least  shifted  to  some  other  part  of  the  body.  "We  have  really 
found  no  gross  changes,"  he  said.  "In  my  opinion,  we  are  going  to 
see  the  body  adapt  to  space  flight.  You  are  never  going  to  have  the 
guv's  bones  turn  to  jellv  so  that  when  he  stands  on  his  leg  it  just  goes 
'pfft.'  "  (Clark,  NYT.  io  '23  '65,  58) 
October  24:  OGO  ii.  NASA  geophysical  observatory  satellite  launched  Oct. 
14  at  Western  Test  Range,  ceased  normal  operation  about  24  hrs.  after 
its  attitude  control  system  gas  supply  was  depleted.  Gas  depletion  was 
associated  with  automatic  maneuvers  to  restabilize  OGO  II  because  one 
or  more  of  its  horizon  scanners  tracked  temperature  gradients  (possi- 
bly cold  clouds)  near  the  earth's  surface  rather  than  the  horizon 
itself.  Although  NASA  considered  the  mission  a  failure,  OGO  II  had 
provided  valuable  data  from  19  of  its  20  onboard  experiments,  (nasa 
Release  65-368;  nasa  Proj.  Off.) 

•  Lt.  Gen.  Nikolai  Kamanin,  commander  of  Soviet  cosmonauts,  said  dur- 

ing a  meeting  with  Moscow  writers:  "After  the  flight  of  gemini  V, 
Johnson  said  officially  that  the  United  States  was  inviting  repre- 
sentatives of  the  Soviet  Union  to  the  next  flight  so  that  they  could  see 
U.S.  rockets  and  rocket  devices.  We  told  him:  Thank  you  but  we  do 
not  intend  to  visit  your  launching  site.  We  do  not  intend  to  go  be- 
cause we  know  all  too  well  that  all  space  devices  are  as  a  rule  launched 
into  space  with  the  aid  of  military  rockets.  You  do  it  this  way  and 
we  do  it  that  way.  While  military  rockets  are  used  for  these  purposes 
we  are  unable  to  show  you  our  Soviet  rockets  because  we  know  all  too 
well  that  our  rockets  were,  are,  and  we  are  convinced,  will  be  the  most 
powerful,  with  the  greater  distance  and  load  capacity.  This  is  of  de- 
cisive importance  for  the  defense  of  the  country."      (Tass,  10/24/65) 

•  In  an  article  in  the  New  York  Times  discussing  the  "marriage"  of  medicine 

and  electronics,  William  D.  Smith  said  the  monitoring  of  the  astro- 
nauts' health  while  in  flight  had  produced  several  electronic  medical 
systems.  He  added  that  NASA  was  expected  to  spend  about  $50  million 
during  1965  on  electronic  medical  equipment.  (Smith,  NYT, 
10,^24/65,  Fl) 
October  25:  Gemini  vi,  scheduled  to  be  launched  from  Eastern  Test 
Range,  with  Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra  (Capt.,  USn)  and 
Thomas  P.  Stafford  (Maj.,  usaf),  was  canceled  by  failure  of  the 
Agena  rocket,  vehicle  with  which  Gemini  spacecraft  was  to  rendezvous 
and  dock.  The  mission  was  to  have  been  the  fourth  manned 
flight  and  the  first  rendezvous  and  docking  mission  in  the  Gemini 
program.  Simultaneous  countdown  of  both  the  Titan  Ii-Gemini  6  and 
the  Atlas-Agena  had  been  developed  to  maximize  launch  reliability  for 
a  "same  day"  launch. 

Atlas-Agena  Uftoff  was  at  10:00:04  est.  The  Agena  Target  Vehicle 
separated  from  the  Atlas  at  10:05:12  with  all  sequences  and  parameters 
nominal  at  separation.  Following  a  nominal  Agena  coast  period,  loss 
of  Agena  telemetry  and  radar  beacon  track  occurred  at  J0:06:20  after 
initiation   of  primary  propulsion  system  burn.     Attempt  to   establish 


490  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

radar  or  telemetry  track  by  the  Canary  Islands  tracking  station  and 
subsequently  by  the  Carnarvon  station  was  unsuccessful.  A  hold  was 
called  at  T-42  in  the  Gemini  6  countdown  to  determine  the  status  of 
the  Agena  Target  Vehicle.  Mission  was  terminated  at  10:54  a.m.  be- 
cause the  Agena  Target  Vehicle  had  failed  to  achieve  orbit.  Formal 
Gemini  VI  mission  failure  investigation  was  immediately 
initiated,  (nasa  Release  65-237;  Marshall  Star,  11/3/65,  1;  Hines, 
Wash.  Eve.  Star,  10/25/65,  1;  Clark,  NYT,  10/26/65,  1) 
October  25:  Dr.  Michel  Bader,  nasa  Ames  Research  Center  scientist,  re- 
ported that  comet  Ikeya-Seki  had  apparently  suffered  no  structural  de- 
formation as  a  result  of  its  close  passage  to  the  sun  October  20.  The 
tail  of  the  comet  now  appeared  to  be  about  12°  (25  million  miles)  in 
length,      (arc  Astrogram,  10/28/65,  1) 

•  ComSatCorp  announced  agreement  on  a  $4,512,772  contract  with  Page 

Communications  Engineers,  Inc.,  for  three  transportable  earth  stations 
to  be  used  as  links  in  providing  communication  services  for  Project 
Apollo.  Contract  was  filed  with  the  Federal  Communications  Commis- 
sion in  conformity  with  FCC  rules  requiring  10  days  notice  for  such 
awards.  ComSatCorp  also  had  filed  with  the  Commission  a  related 
application  seeking  authority  to  construct  the  stations  and  asking  FCC 
approval  of  their  technical  characteristics.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  Command  Module  of  Apollo  spacecraft  009  was  delivered  to  KSC  from 

North  American  Aviation's  Downey,  Calif.,  plant  aboard  a  C-133b 
aircraft,      (ksc  Historical  Office) 

•  Sir  William  Hildred,  Director  General  of  the  International  Air  Transport 

Association,  said  in  an  address  at  the  Association's  21st  annual  meet- 
ing that  proposed  supersonic  jet  airliners  would  face  stiff  competition 
from  giant  subsonic  jets  expected  on  international  airways  by 
1967.  Sir  William  said  the  airlines  favored  supersonic  airliners,  such 
as  the  planned  British-French  Concorde,  if  they  could  provide  faster 
transportation  "without  insuperable  financial,  technical  or  operational 
problems."  He  said  the  Concorde  was  likely  to  be  available  in 
1971-72,  and  its  American  counterpart  in  1973-74.  But  before  that. 
Sir  William  continued,  giant  air  buses,  "stretched"  subsonic  jets  seat- 
ing up  to  250  passengers,  would  be  available.      {NYT,  10/25/65,  66) 

During  week  of  October  25:  First  two  H-1  rocket  engines  uprated  to 
205,000  lbs.  thrust  were  delivered  from  Rocketdyne's  Neosho,  Mo., 
plant  to  Chrysler  Corp.'s  Space  Division  in  New  Orleans.  Later,  at 
the  Michoud  Assembly  Facility  in  New  Orleans,  H-1  engines  would  be 
installed  in  Saturn  IB  vehicles  to  be  used  in  the  early  stages  of  the 
Apollo  program.  The  uprated  engines  would  add  a  total  of  about 
40,000  lbs.  thrust  to  nasa's  Saturn  ib  booster,  increasing  the  total 
thrust  of  the  eight-engine  cluster  to  1,640,000  lbs.  (msfc  Release 
65-269) 

October  26:  A  "catastrophic  failure"  had  occurred  some  10  min.  after 
launch  of  the  Atlas-Agena  for  the  Oct.  25  Gemini  vi  mission,  M/Gen. 
Ben  I.  Funk,  commander  of  the  Air  Force  Space  Systems  Div., 
revealed.  M/Gen.  Vincent  Huston,  commander  of  the  Eastern  Test 
Range,  said  radar  at  Patrick  afb  had  "picked  up  five  pieces"  of  debris 
at  the  point  in  space  where  the  Agena  was  supposed  to  be,  G.  Merritt 
Preston,  NASA,  remarked  that  just  before  ground  stations  lost  contact 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  491 

with  the  Agena,  telemetry  records  from  the  spacecraft  showed  a 
marked  rise  in  pressure  in  both  propellant  tanks.  Despite  the  inferred 
explosion  of  Agena,  no  fragments  were  recovered  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  where  tracking  radar  screens  had  indicated  the  rocket  should 
have  fallen.  None  was  seen  by  planes  alerted  to  watch  for  their 
reentry. 

Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co.,  manufacturer  of  the  Agena,  had 
scheduled  a  news  conference  to  try  to  explain  the  problem,  the  Wash- 
ington Evening  Star  reported.  Conference  was  canceled,  reportedly 
on  instructions  from  the  Air  Force,  and  a  secrecy  lid  imposed.  (Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  10/26/65.  A6) 
October  26:  S-ib-3,  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle's  first  stage,  was  successfully 
captive  fired  for  2^/^  min.,  its  full  flight  duration,  at  MSFC  The  stage  was 
powered  by  eight  Rocketdyne  H-1  engines,  developing  a  total  of  1.6- 
million  pounds  thrust.      (  MSFC  Release  65-267) 

•  NASA   reported   that   efforts   to    regain    control    of   OGO    ii — the   nation's 

second  orbiting  geophysical  observatory^ — had  failed:  "oGO  II  is  as- 
sumed to  be  tumbling  in  orbit.  The  prospect  of  ever  achieving  useful 
operation  of  spacecraft  under  present  conditions  is  slim."  The  electri- 
cal power  supply  of  the  1,150-lb.  spacecraft  had  been  practically 
depleted,     (ap,  NYT,  10/27/65,  19) 

•  U.S.S.R.  believed  it  was  possible  to  land  men  on  the  moon  and  bring 

them  back  to  earth  with  the  same  rocket,  Soviet  cosmonaut  Lt.  Col. 
Andrian  G.  Nikolayev  said  in  Tokyo.  Colonel  Nikolayev  and  his  wife, 
Valentina  Tereshkova,  also  a  cosmonaut,  were  on  a  two-week  visit  to 
Japan.      (Reuters,  NYT,  10/27/65,  19) 

•  Commenting  on  cancellation  of  the  Gemini  Vi  mission,  an  editorial  in 

the  Netv  York  Times  said:  "The  Atlas- Agena  rocket  has  performed  so 
well  on  so  many  different  missions  in  the  past  that  its  failure  to 
achieve  orbit — and  the  consequent  impossibility  of  the  planned  rendez- 
vous and  docking  experiment — comes  as  a  sharp  disappointment.  But 
it  will  be  worth  while  if  it  destroys  the  tendency  toward  complacency 
that  has  been  increasingly  visible  recently.  The  difficulties  that  still 
lie  ahead  of  the  effort  to  land  a  man  on  the  moon  are  far  greater  than 
those  that  have  been  surmounted  to  date."      (NYT,  10/26/65,  42M) 

•  U.S.  would  put  a  supersonic  airliner  into  the  skies  no  later  than  1974, 

WilHam  F.  McKee,  Federal  Aviation  Administrator,  told  the  Aero  Club 
of  Washington.  He  said  faa  had  a  target  date  of  no  later  than  1974 
for  finishing  all  tests  before  regular  passenger  flights.  (UPI,  NYT, 
10/27/65,95) 

•  Describing  the  size,  capacity,  and  productivity  of  the  c-5a  aircraft,  re- 

cently approved  and  funded  by  DOD  and  ordered  by  the  Air  Force  from 
Lockheed  Aircraft  Co.,  Ira  C.  Eaker  said  in  the  San  Diego  Express: 
"A  fleet  of  130  c-54  aircraft,  the  best  then  available,  were  required  for 
the  Berlin  airlift.  Five  C-5as  could  have  done  that  job  more  efficiently 
and  with  a  saving  of  5,000  crew  and  support  personnel."  (Eaker,  San 
Diego  Express,  10/26/65,  29 ) 
October  27:  NASA  named  an  Agena  Review  Board  to  try  to  identify  the 
causes  of  the  failure  which  prevented  the  Agena  stage  from  fulfilling 
its  mission  in  the  Gemini  vi  flight  Oct.  25.  Board  would  be  headed  by 
co-chairmen  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth,  Director  of  NASA  Manned  Space- 


492  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

craft  Center;  and  Maj.  Gen.  0.  J.  Ritland  (usaf),  Deputy  Commander 
for  Space,  Air  Force  Systems  Command.  (NASA  Release  65-342) 
October  27:  x-15  No.  3  was  flown  to  236,900-ft.  altitude  and  top  speed  of 
3,477  mph  (mach  5.06)  by  nasa  research  pilot  John  B.  McKay  to  obtain 
data  on  the  NSL  scanner,  boundary  layer  noise,  and  horizontal  stabilizer 
loads.      (NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight  Log) 

•  Service  module   of   Apollo   spacecraft   009   was   delivered   to   KSC   from 

North  American  Aviation's  Downey,  Calif.,  plant  aboard  the  Pregnant 
Guppy  aircraft.      (KSC  Historical  Office) 

•  U.S.S.R.'s  photographic  moon  probe,   ZOND  III,  was  33.4  million  miles 

(52.8  million  km.)  from  earth.  Transmission  of  photos  of  the  moon's 
hidden  side  had  been  resumed  according  to  the  flight  program.  Pic- 
tures were  of  good  quality.      (Tass,  10/28/65) 

•  Two  workmen  were  killed  and  three  were  injured  in  an  explosion  and 

fire  in  the  propellant  preparation  building  at  Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.'s 
Minuteman  missile  facility.  The  accident  occurred  at  Minuteman 
Plant  78,  an  Air  Force  facility  operated  by  Thiokol.  An  investigation 
was  underway  to  determine  the  cause,      (ap,  NYT,  10/28/65,  43M) 

•  USAF  had  awarded  Radiation  Inc.  a  $1,044,120  increment  to  an  existing 

contract  for  modification  of  automatic  tracking  telemetry  antennas  used 
is  space  tracking  at  etr.      (dod  Release  759-65) 

•  Soviet  deputy  minister  of  communications  I.  V.  Klokov,  commenting  for 

Izvestia  on  orbiting  of  the  second  molniya  I  comsat,  said:  "The 
orbiting  of  the  second  Soviet  Comsat  'Molniya-l'  will  permit  us  to 
verify  the  feasibility  of  organizing  a  communication  system  envisaging 
the  combined  use  of  several  sputniks.  This  will  offer  the  possibility  of 
a  marked  increase  in  the  duration  of  contact  to  the  point  of  becoming 
a  round-the-clock  system.  .  .  . 

"With  the  aid  of  the  new  sputnik,  the  first  telephone  communication 
sessions  have  already  been  conducted;  Moscow  and  Vladivostok  have 
exchanged  the  first  TV  programs.  These  tests  have  shown  that  the 
quality  of  the  radio  communications  and  telecommunications  is  superi- 
or to  that  found  in  the  experiments  with  the  first  Soviet  Comsat, 
Molniya-l."      {Izvestia,  10/16/65,  3;  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  Aerospace  and  defense  planning  concepts  could  be  applied  to  many  of 

the  Nation's  major  social  problems.  Dr.  Ruben  F.  Mettler,  executive 
vice  president  of  trw,  Inc.,  told  a  luncheon  meeting  of  aiaa  in  New 
York.  Dr.  Mettler  listed  transportation,  medical  services,  and  housing 
as  areas  where  the  systems  approach  to  problems  would  prove 
beneficial.  He  said  that  he  thought  the  application  of  aerospace  sys- 
tems concepts  had  a  bright  and  profitable  future  in  civilian  endeavors. 
(NYT,  10/27/65,  74M) 

•  Vice  Adm.  Hyman  G.  Rickover   (usn),  in  a  London  lecture  sponsored 

by  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  warned 
against  uncontrolled  exploitation  of  science  that  "may  become  a 
Frankenstein  monster,  destroying  its  creator,"  man.  He  listed  mis- 
uses of  new  technology,  including  one  that  may  be  irreparable:  "We 
may  be  damaging  the  atmosphere  permanently  by  changing  its  chemical 
composition."  (upi,  NYT,  10/28/65,  39) 
October  28:  Soviet  Union  launched  cosmos  xciv  artificial  earth  satellite 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  493 

carrying  scientific  instrumentation  to  continue  the  space  exploration 
program.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  293  km.  (181.9  mi.);  perigee, 
211  km.  (131  mi.);  period,  89.3  min.;  inclination,  65°.  Equipment 
was  operating  normally.  (Tass,  10/28/65) 
October  28:  usaf  launched  Thor-Agena  D  launch  vehicle  from  wtr  with  an 
unidentified  satellite.      {U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  153) 

•  In   a   memorandum   report   to    President    Johnson   on    Gemini   VI   NASA 

Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said:  "This  is  to  report  to  you  that  the 
Titan  li  booster  which  we  expected  to  use  on  October  25  to  launch 
Gemini  6.  carrying  astronauts  Schirra  and  Stafford,  is  now  being  re- 
moved from  the  launching  pad.  We  have  examined  carefully  the 
question  of  whether  this  booster  could  be  used  for  the  launching  of 
Gemini  7  into  a  14-day  orbit,  and  our  studies  show  that  the  Titan 
booster  which  we  have  especially  prepared  for  Gemini  7  is  more 
suitable.  This  is  the  reason  for  the  change  from  the  booster  now  on 
the  pad  to  the  one  especially  designed  for  the  Gemini  7  launch. 

"Also,  we  have  examined  a  number  of  ways  to  speed  up  the  accumu- 
lation of  the  information  which  the  Gemini  6  rendezvous  flight  was 
designed  to  give  us.  We  find  that  it  may  be  possible  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  work  we  have  already  done  in  mating  the  Gemini  6  to  its 
booster  and  to  the  launching  facility  and  thus  save  considerable  time 
in  its  re-erection.  If  we  can  launch  Gemini  7  without  serious  damage 
to  the  launching  pad,  there  is  some  possibility  that  we  could  imme- 
diately re-erect  the  Gemini  6  spacecraft  and  booster  and  launch  it  in 
time  to  rendezvous  with  Gemini  7  before  the  14-day  flight  comes  to  an 
end."      (Text;  Pres.  Doc,  11/1/65,  734) 

•  Presidential   Press   Secretary   William   D.   Moyers   announced   from   the 

Texas  White  House  that  the  U.S.  would  launch  Gemini  6  and  Gemini  7 
about  10  days  apart  and  have  them  rendezvous  in  space.  The  double 
launching  would  probably  take  place  in  January  with  the  two  space- 
craft scheduled  to  maneuver  within  a  few  feet  of  each  other  but  with- 
out touching.  Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra  (Capt.,  USn)  and  Thom- 
as P.  Stafford  (Maj.,  usaf)  would  be  in  Gemini  6,  whose  Oct.  25 
mission  was  canceled  after  an  Agena  vehicle  with  which  they  were  to 
dock  exploded  in  space.  In  Gemini  7,  set  for  a  14-day  orbital  jour- 
ney, would  be  Astronauts  Frank  Borman  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  James  Lo- 
vell  (Lcdr.,  usn).  (Pomfret.  NYT,  10/29/65,  1;  Chapman,  Wash. 
Post,  10/29/65,  Al) 

•  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth,  Director  of  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center,  said 

in  a  telephone  interview  with  the  New  York  Times  that  the  proposal  to 
fly  the  Gemini  6  and  Gemini  7  spacecraft  on  a  dual  flight  originally 
had  been  made  by  Walter  F.  Burke  and  John  F.  Yardley  of  McDonnell 
Aircraft  Corp.,  the  spacecraft's  manufacturer.  This  might  permit  ren- 
dezvous, but  no  docking,  earlier  than  if  NASA  waited  for  the  Agena 
malfunction  to  be  found  and  corrected.  If  the  launching  pad,  the 
Titan  booster,  and  Gemini  6  could  not  be  made  ready  in  time  to  catch 
the  Gemini  7  in  orbit,  "we  would  not  have  lost  anything  but  the  try- 
ing," Dr.  Gilruth  said.  As  for  the  risk  of  having  two  manned  space- 
craft flying  a  few  feet  apart,  "That's  no  more  dangerous  than  two 
fighters  up  there  flying  with  each  other,"  he  added.  (Clark,  NYT, 
10/29/65,  13) 


494  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

October  28:  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  said  in  an  address  to  the  American 
Ordnance  Association:  ".  .  .  In  the  case  of  the  most  recently  an- 
nounced space  project,  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory,  we  again 
have  an  example  of  a  highly  valuable  exchange  of  technology  and 
experience  by  two  operating  agencies  of  the  Government.  In  this  in- 
stance, NASA's  considerable  success  in  manned  space  flight  and  in  the 
development  of  spacecraft  will  assist  the  Air  Force  substantially  in 
carrying  out  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  project.  Such  intera- 
gency cooperation  will  tend  to  improve  rather  than  impair  the  peaceful 
image  which  this  country  has  established. 

"Since  I  have  mentioned  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory,  it  is 
worth  pausing  right  now  to  challenge  forthrightly  those  who  have  as- 
serted or  intimated  that  it  has  something  to  do  with  a  weapons 
race.  We  expect  misinterpretations  of  that  sort  to  come  from  un- 
friendly countries  and  sometimes  from  ignorant  domestic  critics.  How- 
ever, I  was  disappointed  to  find  that  a  few  otherwise  well  informed 
publications  and  invididuals  have  asserted  that  the  MOL  is  a  weapons 
carrier  and  a  project  contrary  to  our  peaceful  progress  in  space. 

"I  assert  as  positively  as  I  can  that  the  MOL  is  not  a  weapons 
system,  is  not  a  means  by  which  aggressive  actions  can  be  perpetrated, 
and  is  in  no  way  in  conflict  with  the  established  peaceful  policies, 
objectives,  or  methods  of  the  United  States.  Rather,  it  is  a  program 
that  will  increase  our  knowledge  of  man's  usefulness  in  space  and  will 
relate  that  ability  to  our  national  defense."      (Text) 

•  Months-long  breathing  of  pure  oxygen  at  the  pressure  used  in  Gemini 

spacecraft  might  damage  the  lungs  and  interfere  with  blood  cell  maiju- 
facture  in  the  body,  reported  Col.  Harold  V.  Ellingson  (usaf)  at  a 
meeting  of  the  American  College  of  Preventive  Medicine  in 
Chicago.  For  that  reason,  he  said,  pure  oxygen  would  not  be  used  in 
Air  Force  manned  orbiting  laboratories  in  which  astronauts  would 
remain  in  space  30-90  days.  Instead  a  mixture  of  oxygen  and  helium 
was  being  considered.  Colonel  Ellingson,  Commander  of  the  Air 
Force  School  of  Aerospace  Medicine,  Brooks  afb,  emphasized  he  was 
not  referring  to  brief  orbital  trips  such  as  the  Gemini  flights,  but  to 
missions  of  one  to  three  months  duration.  (Lewis,  Wash.  Post, 
10/28/65,  G3) 

•  A  Group  Achievement  Award  was  presented  at  NASA  Langley  Research 

Center's  annual  awards  ceremony  to  Eugene  Schult,  Head  of  the  Scout 
Project  Office,  in  recognition  of  "the  outstanding  Scout  vehicle  success 
record  during  the  past  eighteen  months."  (LaRC  Release) 
•Recording  of  powerful  radio  waves  by  U.S.S.R.'s  instrumented  space 
probe  ZOND  ii  had  been  reported  to  a  conference  of  Soviet  astron- 
omers by  Vyacheslev  Slish,  according  to  Tass,  which  said  the  astron- 
omer had  no  "plausible  theory"  to  account  for  the  radio  beam,  which 
was  said  to  have  been  100  times  stronger  than  anything  expected  from 
man's  present  knowledge  of  space.  {NYT,  10/29/65,  13) 
October  29:  NASA  had  selected  Philco  Corp.  for  negotiation  of  an  estimated 
$1  million  contract  to  build  magnetometers  to  fly  on  interplantetary 
Pioneer  spacecraft.  The  instruments  would  survey  the  interplanetary 
magnetic  field  during  1967  and  1968.      (arc  Release  65-24) 

•  A  new  telescope  on  Mt.  Wilson,  after  surveying  more  than  half  the  sky 


I 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  495 

visible  from  that  site,  had  detected  from  400-1,000  celestial  objects 
cooler  than  1,500°  F,  reported  Dr.  Bruce  T.  Ulrich  of  Cal  Tech  at  a 
meeting  of  the  American  Physical  Society  in  Chicago.  Since  between 
70%  and  80%  of  them  lay  along  the  Milky  Way,  it  was  theorized  that 
they  were  "very  large — -probably  thousands  of  times  larger  than  the 
sun,  very  distant,  and  quite  rare." 

The  new  telescope  was  novel  in  several  ways:  its  concave  mirror  was 
of  an  epoxy  plastic  coated  with  aluminum;  the  mirror  rocked  back  and 
forth  at  20  cps,  so  that  light  from  an  infrared  source  in  the  sky  would 
sweep  across  detectors  of  lead  sulphide  and  silicon;  the  detectors,  kept 
at  —320°  F,  were  sensitive  enough  to  detect  the  slight  increase  in  the 
infrared  as  the  arm  of  the  telescope  swept  past  one  of  these  objects. 
(Sullivan,  NYT,  10/30/65,  28C) 
October  29:  American  Newspaper  Publishers  Association  asked  the  FCC  to 
permit  wide  use  of  communications  satellites  by  newspapers  and  wire 
services.  In  a  brief  filed  with  the  Commission  the  publishers'  group 
said:  "Specifically,  we  propose  that  a  basic  policy  determination  be 
made  at  this  time,  assuring  access  by  the  press  to  Comsat  facilities  for 
news  media  determination."      (NYT,  10/31/65,  22) 

•  Soviet  Union  announced  new  rocket  tests  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  west  of 

Hawaii  and  asked  all  countries  to  leave  the  area  during  the  testing 
period.  An  official  announcement  by  Tass,  the  Soviet  press  agency, 
said  "a  new  modification  of  a  space  vehicle  booster"  would  be 
launched.  Tass  said  the  test  area  covered  "a  circle  with  a  radius  of 
40  n.  mi.,  with  a  center  of  19°8'  north  and  178°46'  west."  The  test 
firings  would  take  place  between  October  31  and  December 
30.     [Pravda,  10/30/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  U.S.  exploded  an  80-kiloton  hydrogen  bomb  2,300  ft.  below  the  surface 

of  Amchitka  Island.  The  experiment  was  expected  to  produce  im- 
portant data  for  the  monitoring  of  future  bans  against  nuclear  testing. 
The  experiment,  called  Project  Longshot,  had  required  two  years  of 
preparation  at  a  cost  of  SIO  million.  The  readings  of  shock  waves 
at  211  stations  throughout  the  world  were  expected  to  enable  scientists 
to  distinguish  between  manmade  explosions  and  natural  seismic  dis- 
turbances,    (upi,  NYT,  10/30/65,  1) 

•  William  F.  R.  Ballard,  chairman  of  the  New  York  City  Planning  Com- 

mission, had  proposed  in  a  letter  to  Robert  C.  Weaver,  administrator 
of  the  Federal  Housing  and  Home  Financing  Agency,  that  a  major 
study  be  made  of  land  use  problems  around  New  York  metropolitan 
airports.  Ballard  sought  Federal  aid  for  the  proposed  study,  which 
called  for  an  inquiry  into  methods  for  reducing  disturbances  to  home 
owners  rising  from  the  noise  of  aircraft,  under  the  Housing  and  Urban 
Redevelopment  Act.      [NYT,  10/30/65,  14) 

•  Lt.  Frank  K.  Ellis    (usn),  who  had  lost  his  lower  legs  in   an  aircraft 

crash,  was  advised  that  the  Navy  was  considering  his  application 
to  become  an  astronaut.  "The  only  difference  between  me  and  any  nor- 
mal man,"  he  said,  "is  running  and  jumping  ability.  There  is  no 
change  in  my  flying  ability  .  .  .  I've  wanted  to  be  an  astronaut  ever 
since  I  first  heard  the  word.  That  field  is  moving  more  and  more  into 
actual  controlled  flying.  I'm  a  fly  boy.  Count  me  in."  (ap,  NYT, 
10/30/65,  28C) 

•  First  full-scale  testing  of  a  Coralie  engine  took  place  at  Vernon,  France, 


496  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

15  days  ahead  of  schedule.  Firing  of  the  engine,  second  stage  of  the 
European  Launcher  Development  Organization's  ELDO  Europa  booster, 
lasted  96  sec.  Compatibility  of  the  four-nozzle  Hquid  engine  with  the 
flight-type  structure  was  checked  out.  and  the  low  level  of  vibration 
was  called  highly  encouraging.  ( M&R,  12  6/65) 
October  29:  Dr.  Philip  H.  Abelson,  editor  of  Science,  editorialized: 

"To  date  the  purely  scientific  results  from  our  manned  space  pro- 
gram have  not  been  impressive.  With  good  reason,  the  engineering 
and  medical  aspects  have  been  given  overriding  priority.  In  effect, 
our  manned  space  program  has  consisted  of  a  series  of  great  tech- 
nological stunts.   .   .   . 

"Will  the  Space  Agency  be  able  to  devise  a  continuing  series  of 
spectaculars  of  ascending  dramatic  quality?  I  think  not.  The  first 
successful  landing  on  the  moon  will  be  a  climax.  Just  as  succeeding 
climbs  of  Mt.  Everest,  after  the  first  ascent,  have  drawn  diminishing 
attention,  later  lunar  travel  will  lose  its  novelty. 

"As  for  Mars,  how  many  popular  songs  have  been  written  about 
it?  .  .  .  More  fundamental  is  the  question,  'How  many  people  know 
where  Mars  is,  or  even  care?'  Perhaps  man  will  one  day  go  to  the 
planet,  but  the  psychological  and  emotional  impact  of  the  trip  will  be 
pale  in  comparison  with  that  of  the  first  successful  landing  on  the 
moon."  (Science,  10/29/65,  557) 
October  30:  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  on  behalf  of  NASA,  had  prepared  geo- 
logic interpretative  maps  of  approximately  3,000,000  sq.  mi.  of  the 
moon's  surface.  These  maps,  prepared  by  astrogeologists  at  Flagstaff, 
Ariz.,  v^ere  part  of  a  program  to  aid  manned  exploration  of  the  lunar 
surface.  Dr.  Eugene  Shoemaker,  chief  of  the  Astrogeology  Branch, 
had  been  designated  by  NASA  as  the  principal  scientist  for  Project 
Surveyor  spacecraft.  He  would  make  a  geologic  analysis  of  pho- 
tographs of  the  lunar  surface  which  would  be  made  during  a  "soft" 
landing  of  instruments.      (WFr,  10/30/65,  14) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  in  dedicating  Boeing's  new  Space 

Simulation  Facility  at  Kent,  Wash.,  said  NASA  planned  to  increase  its 
aeronautical  research.  Webb  pointed  out  that  while  the  industry-Gov- 
ernment relationship  sometimes  appeared  to  be  that  of  vender  and 
buyer,  it  was  actually  a  partnership  with  all  of  its 
problems.  Significant  influences  on  this  partnership  in  recent  years 
had  included:  the  demand  on  industry  for  faster  rates  of  technical 
advance;  the  increased  complexity  and  technical  difficulty  of  major 
programs  with  consequent  delays  and  cost  overruns;  the  decreasing 
volume  of  production  wovk  and  increasing  volume  of  research  and 
development  contracts;  the  steady  increase  in  the  requirements  for 
technical  and  program  management  personnel;  the  requirement  for 
Government  to  better  define  its  objectives  and  requirements;  the  em- 
phasis in  the  procuring  agencies  on  increasing  competition  at  all 
stages,  including  research  and  development;  changes  in  contracting 
methods  which  offered  more  incentives  but  imposed  more  risk  on  con- 
tractors; and  necessary  increases  in  Government  controls  on  configura- 
tion, quality,  and  on  financial  data  in  multiple  contract,  large  and 
long-lead-time  projects.      (Text) 

•  Application  to  "Spudnik  I"  —  a  potato  in  orbit  —  of  his  theory  of  bio- 

logical   rhythms    was    explained    by    Prof.    Frank    A.    Brown,    Jr., 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  497 

biologist  at  Northwestern  Univ.,  in  an  interview  with  the  New  York 
Times.  About  two  thirds  of  the  way  to  the  moon,  the  earth's  magnetic 
field  and  other  earth-related  forces  that  might  help  run  the  biological 
clock,  including  gravity,  electrostatic  fields,  and  barometric  pressure, 
would  be  absent,  he  said.  Suggesting  that  nasa  orbit  a  potato,  he 
added,  "If  the  potato  dies,  it  [the  space  program]  belter  be  checked 
before  a  man  is  sent  out  there."  ( Wehrein,  NYT,  10/31/65,  73) 
October  30:  U.S.  would  install  new  equipment  costing  an  estimated  $5 
million  at  one  of  its  three  satellite  tracking  stations  in  the  Pretoria  area 
of  South  Africa.  Arrival  of  the  expensive  new  equipment  was  taken  by 
observers  as  a  sign  that  NASA  officials  were  determined  to  hold  on  to  the 
stations.  Possibility  that  they  might  be  closed  had  been  raised  last 
summer  when  Prime  Minister  Hendrik  F.  Verwoerd  had  said  American 
Negroes  could  not  be  assigned  to  the  stations.  American  officials 
insisted  they  had  accepted  no  racial  restriction  on  their  personnel  in 
South  Africa.      {NYT,  10/31/65,  12) 

•  Telephone  calls  between  two  Moscow  city  exchanges  would  be   routed 

soon  over  a  three-mile-long  laser  beam,  the  newspaper  Trud 
reported.  The  laser  link,  developed  by  the  Soviet  Central  Scientific 
Research  Institute  of  Communications,  was  already  in  experimental 
use.      {NYT,  10/31/65,  26) 

October  31 :  A  new  theory  stating  that  molecules  adsorb  on  the  surfaces  of 
ionic  (electrically-charged)  surfaces  by  unbalanced  electrical  fields  of 
force  had  been  developed  at  the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  under  spon- 
sorship of  the  NASA  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  NASA 
announced.  Knowledge  of  the  exact  mechanics  of  gas  adsorption 
would  be  vitally  important  in  innumerable  scientific,  industrial,  and 
medical  fields,      (nasa  Release  65-340) 

During  October:  jpl  Director  William  H.  Pickering,  describing  mariner 
iv's  Mars  mission  in  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  wrote:  "This  mis- 
sion has  proven  to  be  of  immense  scientific  and  engineering 
importance.  New  scientific  information  is  now  available  on  regions  of 
the  solar  system  never  before  penetrated  with  instruments.  Observa- 
tions from  the  vicinity  of  Mars  suggest  entirely  new  concepts  about  the 
nature  of  that  planet.  Spacecraft  performance  has  shown  our  ability 
to  design  and  construct  a  remotely  operated  device  of  astonishing 
complexity.  Its  continued  operation  establishes  a  standard  of  reliabil- 
ity seldom,  if  ever,  attained.  Even  maintaining  two-way  communica- 
tions over  distances  exceeding  100-million  mi.  remarkably  demon- 
strates advances  in  communication  technology  which  were  not  thought 
possible  a  decade  ago. 

"The  design  concepts  underlying  Mariner  date  back  to  1959  when 
the  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  began  the  Vega  program.  In  1960, 
Vega  was  modified  to  become  Ranger.  The  Mariner  series  took  its 
present  form  in  1961,  when  a  mission  to  Venus  was  planned  for  the 
planetary  opportunity  in  August  1962.  .  .  ."  (Pickering,  A&A, 
10/1965,20-21) 

•  Dr.  Charles  S.  Sheldon,  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council  Staff, 

in  NASC  compilation  of  international  space  programs,  predicted  that 
future  Soviet  activities  in  space  would  include:  manned  circumlunar 
flight;  development  of  a  Soviet  version  of  Mol;  large  manned  stations 
maintained  for  indefinite  periods  by  supply  ferries;  manned  lunar  land- 


498  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

ing;  major  new  version  of  an  interplanetary  probe,  notably  on  using 
Venus  as  a  target  this  fall.  (Normyle,  Av.  Wk.,  10/11/65,  32) 
During,  October:  USAF  had  formed  a  seven-member,  top-level  policy  commit- 
tee to  function  as  chief  advisory  group  of  manned  orbital  laboratory 
(Mol)  objectives  and  problems,  reported  Aviation  Week  and  Space 
Technology. 

Chaired  by  Air  Force  Secretary  Harold  Brown,  the  committee  would 
establish  program  objectives,  plans,  schedules,  milestones,  and  develop- 
ment and  test  goals;  make  program  and  system  changes;  define  major 
technical  developments;  and  identify  management  and  fiscal  problems, 
as  well  as  problems  that  affect  other  military  departments  and  Govern- 
ment agencies.      (Av.  Wk.,  10/4/65,  25) 

•  "It  seems  clear  that  preeminence  in  aeronautics  and  space  in  the  future 

will  certainly  demand  a  continuous  evolvement  of  new  technology,"  Dr. 
Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff,  Special  Assistant  to  the  NASA  Administrator, 
said  in  Air  Force  and  Space  Digest. 

"The  consequences  of  not  having  done  our  homework  prior  to  un- 
dertaking a  system  development  to  meet  an  explicit  requirement  are 
overruns  in  cost  and  time.  These  costs  in  resources  are  often  so  high 
that  the  means  must  be  found  to  evolve  new  technology  in  advance  of 
requirements.  One  would  conclude  from  this  that  the  formulation  of 
a  responsible  requirement  demands  an  underlying  body  of  technology. 

"One  of  the  most  important  purposes  served  by  the  creation  of  tech- 
nologies is  to  provide  options  in  the  selection  of  new  requirements  or 
missions.  The  existence  of  several  technical  options  is  fundamental  to 
sound  planning.  Because  of  the  many  important  implications  of  space 
activities,  policy  planners  will  require  that  they  be  given  options.  It 
therefore  seems  desirable  that  the  development  of  a  new  branch  of 
technology  be  directed  toward  a  related  class  of  requirements  or  mis- 
sions rather  than  a  single  requirement.  .  .  ."  {AF  Mag,.  10/65, 
61-64) 

•  NASA  Office  of  Technology  Utilization  issued  a  report  on  metal-forming 

techniques  currently  in  use  in  the  aerospace  industry  including  those 
in  the  experimental  stage;  a  survey,  "Handling  Hazardous  Materials," 
dealing  with  such  oxidizers  as  liquid  fluorine,  chlorine  trifluoride, 
nitrogen  tetroxide,  and  ozone;  a  book  containing  71  ideas  for  shop 
techniques  and  applications  used  successfully  in  space-related  research 
at  NASA  centers;  and  a  technical  survey  tracing  significant  recent  prog- 
ress in  plasma  jet  technology.      (NASA  Releases) 

•  USAF  had  ordered  an  additional  six  Titan  iiic  launch  vehicles  for  un- 

manned payload  applications,  bringing  to  19  the  number  of  firm 
orders,  reported  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology.  (Av.  Wk., 
10/11/65,23) 

•  Dr.  Kraft  A.  Ehricke,  Director  of  Advanced  Studies  of  General  Dynamics 

Corp.,  in  a  series  of  talks  at  Evanston  College,  predicted  several 
"realistic  possibilities"  for  the  1980's  and  1990's:  (1)  a  manned  space 
station  to  handle  the  world's  communications  needs,  including  global 
telephone  calls  complete  with  televised  views  of  the  speakers;  (2) 
space  vehicles  to  keep  man  informed  of  all  weather  developments, 
detect  forest  fires,  and  inform  firefighters;  (3)  orbiting  manned  infor- 
mation centers  to  supply  doctors  and  other  scientists  with  data  an  any 
subject  regardless  of  how  distant  they  were  from  the  source  of  material 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  499 

on  earth;  (4)  orbiting  hospitals  or  lunar  hospitals  to  relieve  persons 
suffering  from  certain  ailments  by  providing  gravityless  or  very  low 
gravitv  conditions.  {Chic.  Trib.,  10  10  65  I 
During  October:  Dr.  Walter  Dornberger,  Vice  President  for  Research  of 
Bell  Aerosystems  Co.,  former  chief  of  German  v-2  missile  program,  and 
father  of  the  Dyna-Soar  concept,  was  interviewed  on  the  eve  of  his 
retirement  from  Bell  by  Claude  Witze  in  Air  Force  and  Space  Digest. 
Witze  said:".  .  .  [Although  Dornberger  is]  the  outstanding  pioneer  in 
the  development  of  ballistic  rockets,  he  feels  strongly  that  we  have  erred 
in  relying  on  this  single  vehicle,  with  its  inherent  limitations."  He 
quoted  Dr.  Dornberger: 

"  '.  .  .  our  whole  approach  to  space  is  no  good,  if  we  really  want  to 
think  of  space  as  an  operational  area. 

"  'We  must  use  a  completely  different  approach.  We  must  get  away 
from  this  launching  from  pads,  which  costs  millions  and  billions  of 
dollars,  to  the  more  conventional  way  of  taking  off  from  a  runway.'  " 

Witze  continued:  "He  predicts  that  after  we  have  gone  to  the  moon 
we  will  start  over  again.  Project  Apollo  cannot  be  turned  back,  he 
says,  but  the  next  time  'we  must  create  an  environment  in  space  that 
can  be  used  by  men,  not  only  for  research  but  for  commercial  and 
military  purposes.' 

"This  environment  he  is  talking  about  is  a  permanent  space  station, 
one  that  will  never  come  back  into  the  atmosphere.  This  will  require 
a  logistics  system — a  recoverable,  reusable  space  transporter  to  carry 
people  and  supplies  back  and  forth  to  space.  The  Dyna-Soar  was  a 
crude  but  necessary  step  in  this  direction,  replaced  today  by  the  con- 
cept of  the  aerospace  plane.  .  .  . 

"The  Dornberger  thesis  is  that  a  manned  station  in  near  space  is  as 
practical  as  a  military  base  on  Okinawa,  a  laboratory  at  the  South 
Pole,  or  an  aircraft  parts  and  maintenance  depot  in 
Chateauroux.  Once  established,  all  that  is  needed  is  a  logistics  system 
to  keep  it  going.  From  such  a  space  station,  expeditions  can  be  sent 
to  the  moon,  or  many  other  places  in  space,  with  engines  that  give  a 
thrust  of  only  20,000  pounds,  instead  of  the  millions  of  pounds  re- 
quired on  one-way  booster  trips.  .  .  ." 

Quoting  Dr.  Dornberger:  "'It  took  mankind  hundreds  of  years  to 
learn  to  use  the  sea,  but  only  fifty  years  to  use  the  air.  Space  can  be 
used  in  twenty-five  years,  if  we  get  started.  I  doubt  that  the  use  of 
space  vehicles  will  be  more  hazardous  than  the  use  of  submarines.'  " 
{AF  Mag.,  10/65,  80-88) 


November    1965 

November  1 :  The  rendezvous  of  Geminis  6  and  7  had  been  scheduled  tenta- 
tively for  the  eighth  day  of  Gemini  7's  14-day  endurance  flight,  re- 
vealed Command  Pilot  Frank  Borman  (L/Col.,  USAF)  at  a  news  con- 
ference held  by  Gemini  Vll's  prime  and  backup  astronaut  crews  at 
MSC.  Gemini  7  would  act  as  a  passive  target  vehicle,  but  would  ex- 
pend fuel  to  circularize  its  108-mi. -perigee  orbit  to  161-mi. -perigee 
orbit  and  to  maneuver  into  range  of  Gemini  6's  radar,  if  necessary. 
Borman  said  there  would  be  no  Eva  on  Gemini  vii  because  the  crew 
would  be  wearing  new  lightweight  spacesuits  unsuitable  for  work  in 
the  vacuum  of  space;  he  was  unaware  of  any  plans  for  Eva  on 
Gemini  VI.  During  ten  days  of  the  mission,  the  Gemini  vii  crew  would 
fly  in  uSAF-issue  longjohn  underwear.  Pilot  James  Lovell  (Cdr.,  USn) 
said  that  training  for  Gemini  vii  had  emphasized  stowage  reviews  be- 
cause of  the  serious  stowage  problems  encountered  by  Astronauts 
Gordon  Cooper  and  Charles  Conrad,  Jr.,  on  their  eight-day  gemini  V 
flight  August  19.      (Transcript;  Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  11/2/65,  A3) 

•  FAA  became  the  first  civilian  Government  agency  to  recover  the  entire 

cost  of  developing  a  device  produced  on  Government  contract  by  a 
private  manufacturer  and  sold  to  the  public.  Wilcox  Electric  Co. 
paid  FAA  $142,540 — total  cost  of  developing  a  general  aviation  trans- 
ponder that  would  identify  airplanes  for  air  traffic  control  purposes — 
in  conformance  with  faa  policy  that  "where  the  national  interest  re- 
quires government  action  in  the  form  of  Federal  expenditure^,  those 
expenditures  which  do  not  accrue  to  the  benefit  of  the  public  at  large 
should  be  recovered  to  the  maximum  extent  possible."  (FAA  Release 
65-104) 

•  DOD  had  warned  that  contracts  for  the  USN  version  of  the  F-111  aircraft 

would  be  canceled  if  contractors  and  involved  parties  did  not  resolve 
arguments  and  furnish  sufficient  reliable  performance  data  to  warrant 
production,  reported  George  C.  Wilson  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space 
Technology.  General  Dynamics  was  the  prime  contractor;  Grumman 
Aircraft  Engineering  Corp.  was  building  and  refining  most  of  the  USN 
version;  and  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  was  developing  the  Phoenix  air-to- 
air  missile  for  the  f-111b.  (Wilson,  Av.  Wk.,  11/1/65,  16) 

•  In  a  brief  filed  with  the  FCC,  ComSatCorp  commented  on  the  problem  of 

direct  purchase  of  communications  services:  ".  .  .  Comsat  believes 
that  as  a  general  rule  it  should  afford  the  other  carriers  the  first  op- 
portunity to  provide  satellite  services  desired  by  users  other  than  the 
U.S.  Government  and  foreign  communications  entities.  However,  in 
the  event  that  the  other  carriers,  owning  and  operating  non-satellite 
facilities  in  which  they  have  substantial  investments,  do  not  provide  a 

500 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  501 

satellite  service  to  any  customer  who  desires  such  service,  Comsat 
should  be  able  to  provide  such  service  directly  to  that  customer.  .  .  ." 
(Text) 
November  1 :  By  a  45%-to-429f  margin,  the  American  people  believed  the 
space  program  was  worth  an  annual  S4-billion  expenditure,  according 
to  a  Harris  poll.  By  a  50%-to-38%  margin,  the  public  would  oppose 
continuing  the  program  at  the  present  rate  of  expenditure  if  it  were  not 
for  Russian  exploits  in  space.      (Harris,  Wash.  Post,  11/1/65,  A2) 

•  U.S.   aviation's  trunkline  scheduled  passenger  mileage  was  expected  to 

increase  two  to  three  times  during  the  next  ten  years  whether  fares 
increased,  decreased,  or  remained  at  1964  levels,  according  to  the 
Civil  Aeronautics  Board's  traffic  forecast  for  the  1965-1975 
period.      (Text) 

•  U.S.  experts  believed  that  Russia  might  attempt  to  launch  a  multimanned 

spacecraft  on  a  15-day  mission  as  her  next  manned  space  effort,  re- 
ported William  J.  Normyle  in  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology. 
Based  on  recent  conversation  with  Soviet  scientists,  U.S.  specialists 
felt  that  there  was  complete  confidence  in  the  Voskhod  environmental- 
control  system  which  had  been  qualified  for  30-day  missions,  Normyle 
explained.  They  also  believed  that  the  Soviets  were  prepared  to  at- 
tempt a  rendezvous  mission  more  ambitious  than  Gemini  6.  (Normyle, 
Av.  Wk.,  11/1/65) 

•  President  Johnson  issued  the  annual  proclamation  inviting  Americans  to 

observe  "Wright  Brothers  Day,  December  17,  1965,  with  appropriate 
ceremonies  and  activities,  both  to  recall  the  accomplishments  of  the 
Wright  brothers  and  to  provide  a  stimulus  to  aviation  in  this  country 
and  throughout  the  world."      [Pres.  Doc,  11/8/65,  448) 

•  Commenting  on  the  Project  Surveyor  report  of  Rep.  Joseph  E.  Karth's 

(D-Minn.)  Subcommittee  on  NASA  Oversight  [see  Oct.  8],  William  J. 
Coughlin  said:  ".  .  .  the  really  amazing  thing  is  that  what  the  Karth 
report  calls  the  'stormy  4V2-year  history'  of  the  project  has  not  been 
stormier.  Given  a  limited  budget  to  accomplish  the  impossible,  any- 
one will  have  difficulties.  .  .   . 

"The  Karth  report,  in  fact,  acknowledges  this  when  it  states:  'In 
essence,  insufficient  preliminary  work  was  done  prior  to  the  decision  to 
go  ahead  with  the  project,  and  the  award  of  a  contract  for  develop- 
ment of  the  Surveyor  spacecraft.'  "      (Coughlin,  M&R,  11/1/65,  46) 

•  Reaction  to  the  cancellation  of  the  NASA  Gemini  vi  mission  October  25  in- 

dicated that  the  space  program  and  its  public  acceptance  had  matured 
during  the  first  eight  years  of  the  space  age,  wrote  Robert  Hotz  in 
Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology.  He  recalled  the  "abuse  heaped 
on  the  Vanguard  program,  the  demands  for  Ranger's  cancellation,  and 
the  timorous  whimpering  that  tried  to  suppress  the  Mercury  program 
and  bury  the  Apollo  plans,"  and  suggested  that  "the  lesson  we  should 
learn  as  a  nation  from  our  space  program  is  that  no  task  is  too  diffi- 
cult to  achieve  and  no  challenge  too  great  ...  to  surmount  if  its  top- 
level  leadership  points  out  the  goals  and  sounds  the  charge."  (Hotz, 
Av.  Wk.,  11/1/65,  11) 
During  week  of  November  1:  Two  16-in.  guns  welded- together  end  to  end 
would  serve  as  first  stage  of  a  three-stage  launch  device  believed  capable 
by  its  developers — USA  Ballistic  Research  Laboratories  and  McGill 
Univ.  Space  Research  Institute,  Montreal — of  orbiting  a  50-lb.  satellite. 


502  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

The  gun  had  launched  185-lb.  payloads  to  approximate  84-mi.  altitudes 
last  year.  Components  of  the  rocket  assembly  had  been  successfully 
tested  separately,  but  not  as  a  unit;  test  firing  of  the  first  stage  would 
take  place  in  Barbados  within  four  months.  Dr.  Charles  H.  Murphy, 
Ballistic  Research  Laboratories,  and  Dr.  Gerald  V.  Bull,  McGill  Univ., 
reported  on  the  project  at  a  meeting  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences. (Sullivan,  NYT,  11/9/65,  3) 
November  2:  proton  ii  26,900-lb.  unmanned  scientific  space  station  was 
launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit:  apogee,  638.7  km.  (396  mi.)  ;  perigee, 
191.9  km.  (119  mi.);  period,  92.6  min.;  inclination,  63.5°.  Tass 
said  that  instrumentation  on  PROTON  ii  would  study  cosmic  particles 
of  superhigh  energies,  cosmic  rays  and  their  radiation  danger,  and  the 
nuclear  interaction  of  cosmic  particles  with  super-high  energies  up  to 
1,000  billion  electron  volts.  All  onboard  equipment  was  said  to  be 
functioning  normally.  {NYT,  11/3/65,  5;  ap,  Bah.  Sun,  11/3/65,  4; 
upi.  Wash.  Post,  11/3/65,  A21) 

•  The  Interim  Communications  Satellite  Committee    (icsc),  on  behalf  of 

the  International  Telecommunications  Satellite  Consortium  (Intelsat), 
approved  a  communications  satellite  system  to  provide  services  for 
NASA's  Project  Apollo  and  for  other  commercial  users.  The  system, 
which  would  provide  the  first  commercial  comsat  service  to  the  Pacific 
area  and  supplement  services  across  the  Atlantic  as  part  of  the  Intelsat 
system,  would  include  four  satellites:  two  in  synchronous  orbit  at 
about  22,300-mi.  altitudes,  one  over  the  Pacific,  the  other  over  the 
Atlantic;  and  two  in  reserve.  Larger  and  more  versatile  than  early 
BIRD  I  comsat  providing  commercial  service  over  the  Atlantic,  these 
satellites  would  weigh  150  lbs.  compared  to  early  bird  i's  85  lbs. 
ICSC  also  approved  ComSatCorp's  contract  with  Hughes  Aircraft  Co. 
to  buy  four  satellites  for  the  system.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  NASA  would  negotiate  with  Ling-Temco-Vought,  Inc.,  for  12  Scout  launch 

vehicles  under  a  27-month,  firm-fixed-price  contract,  valued  at  more 
than  $8  million  exclusive  of  option  provisions  for  several  additional 
vehicles,  (nasa  Release  65-343) 

•  Rep.    John    W.    Wydler    (R-N.Y.)    urged    the    Subcommittee    on    NASA 

Oversight  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  to 
consider  priorities  in  the  U.S.  space  program.  He  noted  that  the 
Agena  Target  Vehicle  failure  which  postponed  the  Oct.  25  Gemini  VI 
mission  might  have  been  avoided  if  the  modified  Agena  had  under- 
gone flight-testing  before  the  Gemini  mission  attempt.  Reiterating  his 
view  that  "the  last  two  Pegasus  [satellites]  shots  were  not  clearly 
necessary,"  he  suggested:  ".  .  .  this  modified  Agena  rocket  could  have 
been  test  fired  by  means  of  utilizing  the  last  two  Saturn  I  rockets, 
which  carried  the  additional  Pegasus  satellites  instead.  Such  a  test 
might  have  avoided  the  failure.  .  .  ."  (C/?,  11/2/65,  A6259) 
•  Soviet-French  communique  was  issued  after  six  days  of  talks  be- 
tween Soviet  Foreign  Minister  Andrei  Gromyko  and  French  Foreign 
Minister  Maurice  Couve  de  Murville  in  Moscow  expressing  the  desire 
to  sign  "an  appropriate  agreement"  on  space  cooperation.  This  ap- 
parently referred  to  a  Soviet  invitation  that  France  join  in  a  com- 
munications satellite  system  which  would  compete  with  the  U.S. -led 
ComSatCorp,  to  which  France  already  belonged.  (Rosenfeld,  Wash. 
Post,  11/3/65,  A9) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  503 

November  3:  x-15  No.  2,  piloted  by  L/Col.  Robert  Rush  worth  (usaf), 
attained  70,600-ft.  altitude  at  1,432  mph  (mach  2.31)  in  the  first  of 
two  flights  to  test  the  inflight  tank  ejection  procedure  and  tank-re- 
covery systems  of  two  external  propellant  tanks.  The  external  tanks 
would  carry  added  propellant  on  future  flights  that  could  increase  the 
x-15's  speed  to  more  than  5,000  mph.  (nasa  x-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15 
Flight  Log) 

•  Launch  of  Geos  A  Geodetic  Explorer  satellite,  originally  scheduled  for 

Nov.  2  and  later  postponed  to  Nov.  5  because  of  an  electric  circuit 
break,  had  been  rescheduled  for  Nov.  6.  Geos  A  would  contain  five 
geodetic  instrumentation  systems  to  more  accurately  map  the  earth 
and  to  serve  as  a  precise  space  reference  point  for  ground  surveyors. 
(AP,  NYT,  11/4  65,  24;  Wash.  Post,  11/5/65,  A16) 

•  Development  of  three-dimensional  television  which  could  be  viewed  in 

color  or  black  and  white  without  wearing  special  glasses  might  be  pos- 
sible utilizing  a  technique  developed  by  Spaco,  Inc.,  while  performing 
research  for  NASA  MSFC,  Marshall's  Office  of  Technology  Utilization 
announced,      (msfc  Release  65-276) 

•  ComSatCorp  requested  bids  from  12  companies  by  Nov.  22  for  site  prep- 

aration and  construction  of  buildings  and  facilities  for  a  fixed  earth 
station  at  Paumalu,  Oahu,  Hawaii — a  U.S.  link  for  worldwide  com- 
mercial satellite  communications.  The  Hawaiian  station  and  one  at 
Brewster  Flat,  Wash.,  were  the  only  fixed  stations  planned  by  ComSat- 
Corp.     (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  The  1965  International  Space  Electronics  Symposium  was  held  in  Miami 

Beach.  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary,  National  Aero- 
nautics and  Space  Council,  told  the  Symposium  that  electronics  would 
continue  to  play  a  prime  role  in  the  U.S.  space  program.  Emphasizing 
the  difficulty  and  complexity  of  the  electronic  problems  which  would  be 
encountered  in  manned  planetary  exploration,  Dr.  Welsh  noted  that 
for  manned  Mars  travel  "we'll  need  reliability  for  at  least  400  days 
contrasted  with  more  immediate  goals  of  14  to  30  days;  we'll  need 
electrical  'on  board'  power  measured  in  kilowatts  instead  of  today's 
tens  of  watts;  we'll  need  the  data  rates  of  5  million  bits  per  second 
instead  of  the  current  capability  of  8  bits  per  second;  and  there  is  a 
still  debatable  possibility  that  we  will  need  laser  beam  pointing  ac- 
curacy several  magnitudes  better  than  what  we  now  have.  In  com- 
ponents, we  shall  require  new  or  improved  concepts  such  as  self-heal- 
ing, self-checking,  and  accurate  failure  prediction  to  give  the  greatly 
increased  reliability  required.  .  .  ."      (Text) 

Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Sci- 
ence and  Applications,  told  the  Future  Space  Programs  panel  that  the 
use  of  satellites  for  scientific  research  and  the  development  of  practical 
applications  in  meteorology,  communications,  navigation,  and  geodesy 
were  important  components  of  the  total  progress  of  the  space  program. 
He  said  science  had  been  the  prime  beneficiary  of  skills  developed  for 
using  satellites  and  space  probes  as  scientific  tools:  "The  vitality  of 
space  science  has  been  its  close  association  with  various  disciplines  of 
science,  and  its  ability  to  offer  those  disciplines  new  ways  of  solving 
old  problems,  while  at  the  same  time  opening  up  new  horizons." 
(Text) 


504  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

The  military  space  program  had  established  the  feasibility  of  using 
space  as  a  medium  for  military  support  missions  and  noAV  had  the 
initial  techniques  to  exploit  the  military  usefulness  of  space,  M/G  Jerry 
D.  Page,  AFSC,  told  the  panel  on  Future  Space  Programs.  Application 
of  these  capabilities  involved:  (1)  programs  to  provide  near-term  ap- 
plications such  as  the  Nuclear  Detection  Satellite  program,  a  research- 
oriented  effort  which,  at  the  same  time,  provided  a  global  nuclear 
detection  capability;  and  (2)  consideration  of  multi-mission  satellites 
for  the  future,  (afsc  Release) 
November  3:  Evidence  of  the  impact  on  education  of  achievements  in  space 
technology  was  cited  by  James  V.  Bernardo,  Director  of  NASA  Educa- 
tional Programs  Div.,  at  the  Michigan  Education  Association  Meeting 
in  Detroit:  (1)  greater  demand  for  scientists,  engineers,  and  techni- 
cians; (2)  examination  and  revision  of  the  science  and  mathematics 
courses  in  high  schools  and  colleges  to  include  new  concepts  and  to 
provide  enrichment  of  basic  principles  through  space-related  materials; 
(3)  recognition  of  the  need  for  better  teacher  training  to  meet  the  in- 
creasing needs  of  science  and  technology  in  our  society;  (4)  recogni- 
tion that  science  should  be  a  basic  part  of  general  education  for  all 
students  and  that  we  must  develop  a  science-literate  public;  (5)  effort 
to  develop  a  well-balanced  national  effort  in  science,  technology,  the 
social  sciences,  and  the  humanities;  (6)  need  for  advancing  scientific 
research  activities  related  to  space  exploration  problems,  including  the 
development  of  training  programs  for  scientists,  engineers,  and  tech- 
nicians.     (Text) 

•  U.S.  Army  announced  selection  of  Lockheed  Aircraft  Co.  to  develop  "on 

an  expedited  basis"  ten  prototype  high-speed  helicopters,  the  first  con- 
ceived and  designed  exclusively  as  weapon  platforms.  Called  the  Ad- 
vanced Aerial  Fire  Support  System  (Aafss),  the  new  compound  heli- 
copter would  be  capable  of  firing  a  variety  of  weapons  and  flying  50% 
faster  than  any  other  operational  Army  helicopter,  (dod  Release  781- 
65) 

•  Air-to-surface  Hound  Dog  missile  was  successfully  fired  from  usaf  b-52 

aircraft  over  Green  River,  Utah,  to  White  Sands  Missile  Range.  (ap, 
NYT,  11/4/65,  35) 

•  Wrecks  of  ten  U.S.  U-2  photoreconnaissance  planes  downed  over  Com- 

munist China  during  the  last  three  years  were  on  exhibit  at  the 
Museum  of  the  Revolution  in  Peking.  (Reuters,  Bait.  Sun,  11/4/65, 
7) 
November  4:  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  xcv  artificial  earth  satellite  carry- 
ing scientific  instrumentation  to  continue  the  space  exploration  pro- 
gram. Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  521  km.  (323  mi.);  perigee,  207 
km.  (128.3  mi.)  ;  period,  91.7  min.;  inclination,  48°.  Equipment  was 
functioning  normally.  (Pravda,  11/5/65,  2) 

•  NASA   issued   a   phased-planning   policy   directive,   effective   immediately, 

prescribing  sequential  steps  for  each  major  project:  Phase  A — Ad- 
vanced studies;  Phase  B — Project  Definition;  Phase  C — Design; 
Phase  D — Development/operations.  Each  phase  would  be  a  specifical- 
ly approved  activity  undertaken  after  management  review  of  the  pre- 
ceding phase.      (NASA  Release  65-345) 

•  NASA  pilot  William  Dana  flew  x-15  No.  1  to  80,200-ft.  altitude  at  2,795 

mph    (mach   4.22)    in    a   pilot-checkout    flight   which    also   carried    a 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  505 

slightly  modified  horizon  scanner  and  device  for  measuring  micro- 
scopic atmospheric  pressure.  (NASA  X-15  Proj.  Off.;  X-15  Flight 
Log) 
November  4:  Data  obtained  by  the  Pegasus  meteoroid-detection  satellite 
program  and  estimates  by  Dr.  Fred  L.  Whipple,  Smithsonian  Astro- 
physical  and  Harvard  College  Observatories,  prompted  Dr.  Ernst 
Stuhlinger,  Director  of  MSFC  Research  Projects  laboratory  and  one  of 
the  scientists  who  had  conceived  the  Pegasus  program,  to  estimate  that 
a  Pegasus-sized  sensor  with  a  1-mm.  (40-mil)  aluminum  sheet  would 
be  perforated  in  earth  orbit  about  40  times  annually  and  a  sensor  with 
a  2-mm.  aluminum  sheet  only  one  to  three  times  amiually. 

Dr.  Stuhlinger  told  the  Northeast  Electronics  Research  and  Engi- 
neering Meeting  in  Boston  of  initial  evaluation  of  the  Pegasus  data: 
in  the  smallest  size  meteoric  particles,  fewer  particles  were  encountered 
than  expected;  in  the  largest,  more  were  encountered  than  planned; 
and  in  the  mid-range,  actual  results  agreed  closely  with  theoretical 
predictions.  Dr.  Stuhlinger  reported  on  the  Pegasus  project  from  in- 
ception in  1962  through  reduction  of  data  as  late  as  October  8,  1965. 
(MSFC  Release  65-275;  Marshall  Star,  11/17/65) 

•  Six  key  appointments  at  NASA's  Mississippi  Test  Facility  were  announced 

by  MTF  Manager  Jackson  M.  Balch:  Henry  F.  Auter,  Deputy  Manager 
and  Chief  of  Projects  Control  Office;  L/Col.  Frederic  C.  French  (usa), 
Assistant  Manager  for  Construction  and  Installation;  Waldo  H.  Dear- 
ing,  Chief  of  Management  Support  Office;  Myron  L.  Myers  and  Robert 
A.  Bush,  project  managers  for  S-IC  and  s-ii  operations,  respectively; 
and  Myrl  E.  Sanders,  project  manager  for  support  activities,  (msfc 
Release  65-278) 

•  U.S.  had  no  knowledge  that  any   Soviet  cosmonaut  had  ever   died   in 

spaceflight,  Dr.  Charles  S.  Sheldon  ii,  of  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Council,  told  an  aiaa  luncheon  meeting  in  Washington, 
D.C.  Posthumously  published  notes  of  convicted  Soviet  spy  Col. 
Oleg  V.  Penkovsky  had  contended  that  "several  cosmonauts  had  lost 
their  lives  in  spaceflight."  Sheldon  said  that  statistically  the  U.S.  was 
leading  the  U.S.S.R.  in  the  number  of  successful  satellite  launches  by  a 
2.3-to-l  ratio,  but  that  the  Russians  were  leading  in  total  weight  of 
payloads  launched  and  their  lead  had  been  increasing  each  year  for 
the  past  five  years.  He  noted,  however,  that  "the  true  value  of  sci- 
entific findings  made  by  each  country  is  harder  to  measure  statistically, 
and  neither  country  has  been  wholly  capable  of  objective  judgment 
in  this  regard."      (Text) 

•  NASA's  increased  use  of  real-time  planning  in  the  Gemini  program,  in  con- 

trast to  the  "cast-in-concrete"  planning  of  the  Mercury  program  and 
the  first  Gemini  flight,  was  praised  by  William  Hines  in  the  Washing- 
ton Evening  Star.  He  said  this  new  elasticity  had  made  possible  the 
"revolutionary  reprogramming"  of  the  Gemini  vi  and  Gemini  vil  mis- 
sions where  "quick  and  drastic  re-thinking  of  almost  every  aspect  of 
space  flight  operations  was  required.  Also  required  was  the  junking  of  a 
great  many  shibboleths,  not  the  least  important  being  the  fixed  opinion 
long  weeks  of  launching-pad  checkout  must  precede  liftoff  of  a  man- 
carrying  rocket.  .  .  ."    (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  11/4/65,  A12) 


506  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

November  4:  The  impact  of  a  meteorite  might  have  begun  life  on  earth, 
Dr.  Brian  Mason,  U.S.  National  Museum,  told  the  annual  meeting  of 
the  Geochemical  Society  of  America  in  Kansas  City.  Scientists  had 
speculated  that  the  presence  of  organic  compounds — substances  con- 
taining carbon  and  nitrogen — in  meteorites  indicated  that  life  exists, 
or  had  once  existed,  elsewhere  in  the  universe.  Mason  noted  that  such 
compounds  could  be  made  without  life,  but  added:  "I  believe  .  .  .  they 
may  be  a  forerunner  of  life.  A  falling  meteorite  may  be  the  way  life 
got  started."  Mason  said  that  most  meteorites  appeared  to  come  from 
the  asteroid  belt  which  orbits  the  sun  between  Mars  and  Jupiter. 
This  belt  might  be  a  planet  that  never  collected  to  become  a  single 
body,  he  suggested.  Dr.  Mason  was  conducting  research  on  the 
chemical  differences  a  man-earth  environment  had  imposed  on  meteor- 
ites. {Houston  Chron.,  12/5/65) 

November  5:  NASA  would  negotiate  with  International  Latex  Corp.  and 
Hamilton  Standard  Div.  of  United  Aircraft  Corp.  for  development  and 
production  of  Project  Apollo  flight  suits  and  a  portable  life  support 
system  for  extravehicular  activities  during  earth-orbital  flights  and 
on  the  lunar  surface.  International  Latex  would  receive  about  $10 
million  to  produce  the  flight  suits,  consisting  of  a  liquid-cooled  under- 
garment, constant-wear  garment,  pressure  garment  assembly,  and 
thermal-micrometeoroid  protective  over-garment.  Hamilton  Standard, 
under  separate  contract,  would  receive  about  $20  million  to  produce 
the  life-support  system:  a  backpack  weighing  about  65  lbs.  containing 
an  oxygen  system,  thermal  control  system,  and  communications  equip- 
ment. Present  plans  called  for  the  pressure  suit  to  be  worn  during 
the  latter  phase  of  the  Apollo/Saturn  IB  earth  orbital  mission  series 
and  during  Apollo/Saturn  V  missions.  Gemini  pressure  suits  would 
be  used  on  initial  Saturn  IB  missions,    (nasa  Release  65-346) 

•  Final  test  in  North  American  Aviation  Space  and  Information  Systems 

Div.'s  seven-month  paraglider  operational  test  program  was  success- 
fully completed  at  Edwards  afb,  when  Gemini  boilerplate  suspended 
beneath  an  inflated  paraglider  was  towed  to  9,000-  to  10,000-ft.  altitudes 
and  released  for  free  flights  that  averaged  four  and  one  half  to  five 
minutes.  The  test  program,  in  which  12  consecutive  successful  flights 
and  landings  in  tow-test  vehicles  were  executed  by  company  pilots, 
was  not  related  directly  to  the  NASA  Gemini  program  but  was  an  in- 
vestigation in  general  operational  aspects  of  manned  landing  using 
deployable  maneuverable  landing  systems  and  emphasizing  pilot  prob- 
lems. No  further  NASA  funding  was  expected  but  naa  was  performing 
some  company-funded  work  on  adapting  the  paraglider  for  controlled 
delivery  of  air-dropped  cargo  and  had  submitted  a  proposal  to  the 
U.S.  Army  for  further  work  on  this  technique,  (naa  S&ID  Skywriter, 
11/12/65,  1) 

•  Thirty-six   msfc   employees   received   a  variety   of  awards,   including   a 

Presidental  Citation  and  six  inventions  awards,  in  a  local  ceremony 
observing  NASA's  seventh  anniversary.  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  Di- 
rector of  msfc,  addressed  the  gathering  and  William  Rieke,  NASA 
Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Industry  Affairs,  presented  the 
invention  awards,      (msfc  Release  65-273) 

•  Dr.  William  R.  Lucas,  chief  of  the  Materials  Div.  of  the  Propulsion  and 

Vehicle  Engineering  Laboratory,  msfc,  received  the  Hermann  Oberth 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  507 

Award  from  the  Alabama  Section  of  the  AIAA  for  his  "outstanding  in- 
dividual scientific  achievements  in  the  field  of  astronautics  and  for  the 
promotion  and  advancement  of  the  aeronautical  sciences."  (msfc  Re- 
lease 65-279) 

November  5:  Man  might  be  able  to  change  the  orbit  of  asteroid  Icarus  and 
make  it  an  orbiting  earth  station,  suggested  Soviet  scientist  K.  Stan- 
yukovich  in  an  interview  published  by  Economichesky  Gazetta.  Icarus 
has  almost  a  one-mile  diameter  and  weighs  over  six  billion  tons;  every 
19  yrs.  it  ftasses  within  4  million  mi.  of  earth.  "There  is  a  great  de- 
mand for  a  natural  moon  of  Icarus'  size,"  Stanyukovich  said,  where 
man  could  build  scientific  observatories  and  warehouses  to  store  fuel 
for  spaceships  departing  on  interplanetary  trips.  He  doubted  that  it 
could  be  captured  on  its  next  approach  in  1968,  but  foresaw  a  possibil- 
ity for  1987.      (Burke,  L.  A.  Times,  11/6/65) 

•  Five  lunar  and  Martian  experts  applied  geological  methods  to  inter- 
preting Mars  and  the  moon  at  the  Geological  Society  of  America 
Symposium  in  Kansas  City.  They  found  similarities  between  Mars 
and  the  moon:  both  bodies  were  subjected  to  slow  erosion  from 
showers  of  micrometeoroids  from  space;  there  was  no  evidence  of  sur- 
face water  on  either.  Dr.  Robert  P.  Sharp,  Caltech,  said  that  Martian 
craters  were  three-and-one-half  times  more  numerous  than  on  the  lunar 
maria,  but  not  as  numerous  as  on  the  moon's  uplands.  He  believed 
the  planet  had  an  extremely  thin  atmosphere  of  carbon  dioxide,  tem- 
peratures ranging  from  35°  C  to  — 100°  C  and  no  liquid  water.  Dr. 
Eugene  Shoemaker,  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  related  experiments  on 
earth  with  features  on  the  moon  in  effort  to  explain  why  the  moon  was 
being  eroded.  A  nuclear  explosion  in  Nevada,  for  example,  created 
a  meteorcrater-like  hole,  resulting  in  hundreds  of  secondary  impact 
craters.  "I  think  the  surface  is  a  fluffy  material,  about  one  meter 
thick,  resting  on  the  floor  of  small  craters,"  he  said.  "The  bulk  of 
matter  is  moved  by  the  impact  of  small  micrometeoroids.  Probably 
a  good  deal  of  the  material  is  melted  and  the  melt  may  fly  off  into 
space."  Bruce  C.  Murray,  Caltech,  said  that  physical  observations  by 
studying  emissions  and  radiation  showed  the  moon  emits  light  and  other 
wave  lengths  in  the  same  way  that  "fine,  loose  powder  does."  He  be- 
lieved the  outer  one-half  millimeter  is  covered  with  dust.  Infrared 
heat  samplings  showed  variations  indicating  a  heterogenous  type  of 
rock  near  the  surface.  Dr.  E.  C.  T.  Chao,  U.S.  Geological  Survey, 
discussed  tektites — small,  dark,  glass,  button-shaped  objects,  which  he 
believed  had  been  formed  by  meteoric  impact,  presumably  on  the  moon, 
and  had  splashed  off  to  fall  on  earth.  Harold  Masursky,  U.S.  Geolo- 
gical Survey,  showed  a  geological  map  of  the  moon  with  the  ages  of 
various  areas  in  different  colors.  He  said  the  Survey  had  mapped 
three  million  square  miles  in  the  potential  landing  areas  on  the 
equatorial  belt.  He  found  five  different  "episodes  of  movement"  on 
the  surface.      (McCoy,  Kansas  City  Times,  11/6/65) 

November  6:  explorer  xxix  Geodetic  Explorer  sateflite  (Geos  A)  was  suc- 
cessfully launched  by  NASA  from  etr  by  a  Improved  Thrust-Augmented 
Delta  with  a  new  enlarged  second-stage  fuel  tank  to  provide  longer 
engine  burn.  Because  the  guidance  system  did  not  shut  down  the 
second  stage  at  the  desired  time,  the  achieved  orbit  had  the  following 
parameters:    apogee,    1,412.4   mi.    (2,274   km.);    perigee,    695.6    mi. 


508 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

I 


November  6:    explorer  xxix  launch  with  first  NASA  Improved  Thrust-Augmented  Delta 
from  Cape  Kennedy. 

(1,118.1  km.)  ;  period,  120  min. ;  inclination,  59°.  Planned  orbit  had 
called  for  apogee  of  920  mi. 

The  385-lb.  satellite,  designed  and  built  by  Johns  Hopkins  Univ. 
Applied  Physics  Laboratory,  contained  five  geodetic  instrumentation 
systems  to  provide  simultaneous  measurements  necessary  for  a  more 
precise  model  of  the  earth's  gravitational  field  and  to  map  a  world 
coordinate  system  relating  points  on  or  near  the  surface  to  the  com- 
mon center  of  the  mass:  (1)  four  flashing  light  beacons  to  be  photo- 
graphed against  the  background  of  stars  to  define  the  arc  of  orbit 
and  angular  data;  (2)  corner  cube  quartz  reflectors  to  pinpoint  the 
satellite's  position  by  reflecting  laser  beams;  (3)  three  radio  trans- 
mitters for  Doppler-shift  determination  of  the  precise  orbit;  (4)  radio 
range  transponder  to  fix  the  positions  of  the  satellite  and  interrogating 
ground  stations;  and  (5)  range  and  range-rate  transponder  to  deter- 
mine the  changing  range  and  radial  velocity  of  the  satellite.  Simul- 
taneous operation  of  the  five  independent  and  diverse  geodetic-tracking 
systems  would  permit  cross-checking  and  evaluation  of  the  different 
techniques  and  was  expected  to  enhance  the  accuracy  of  each  system. 
Other  objectives  of  the  Geos  program  were:  (1)  to  map  with  a  high 
degree  of  mathematical  exactness  the  structure  of  the  earth's  irregular 
gravitational  field;  and  (2)  to  compare  and  cori'elate  results  from 
different  instrumented  techniques  employed  simultaneously  so  as  to 
assure  greater  accuracy  and  reliability. 

Critical  to  optimum  use  of  the  radio  and  optical  beacons  on  ex- 
plorer XXIX  was  the  gravity-gradient  attitude  stabilization  system  to 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  509 

keep  the  satellite  antennas,  laser  reflectors,  and  optical  beacons  point- 
ing earthward  at  all  times.  In  two  to  three  days  the  attitude  control 
would  be  initiated.  (NASA  Release  65-333;  NASA  Proj.  Off.;  AP,  T^YT, 
11/7/65.  10;  upi,  Wash.  Post,  11/7/65,  A16) 
November  6:  Comet  Ikeya-Seki  was  leaving  beaded  trails  of  nuclear  con- 
densation as  if  it  were  breaking  up,  reported  Howard  Pohn,  lunar 
geologist  for  U.S.  Geological  Survey's  astronomy  branch  in  Flagstaff, 
Ariz.  Pohn  had  discovered  one  trail  Nov.  4  and  photographed  what 
appeared  to  be  another  Nov.  6.  He  noted  that  this  was  similar  to  what 
had  happened  to  the  great  comet  of  1882,  adding:  "That  one  was  visible 
for  some  five  months  after  its  perihelion  passage — closest  to  the  sun — 
and  the  way  the  Ikeya-Seki  comet  is  acting  indicates  it  may  also  be 
visible  for  that  long  a  time."  Ikeya-Seki's  perihelion  passage  had  oc- 
curred Oct.  21.      (AP,  Wash.  Sun.  Star,  11/7/65,  A25) 

•  The   suggestion   that   the   Gemini    vii/vi   endurance-rendezvous    mission 

scheduled  by  nasa  for  Dec.  4-13  might  be  a  "space  spectacular  for 
spectators  sake,"  was  firmly  rejected  by  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  (D- 
Calif.) ,  Chairman  of  the  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics, 
at  an  MSC  press  conference.  Miller  said  he  believed  the  U.S.  would 
land  a  man  on  the  moon  by  1970  and  emphasized  that  information 
from  the  Gemini  vii/vi  mission  would  further  the  orderly  exploration 
of  outer  space  "for  this  country  and  the  world."  (Maloney,  Houston 
Post,  11/17/65) 
November  7:  Brandeis  Univ.  awarded  honorary  degrees  to  12  persons,  in- 
cluding five  Nobel  laureates,  at  the  dedication  of  the  university's  new 
science  center.  James  E.  Webb,  recipient  of  one  of  the  degrees  and 
main  speaker  at  the  convocation,  described  the  events  leading  to  his 
appointment  as  NASA  Administrator:  "Near  the  end  of  January  1961, 
my  good  friend,  Jerry  Wiesner,  [Dr.  Jerome  B.  Wiesner,  mit]  whom 
you  are  honoring  here  today,  telephoned  to  me  in  Oklahoma  to  say 
that  Vice  President  Johnson  and  President  Kennedy  wanted  me  to 
come  to  Washington  immediately  to  talk  about  serving  as  Administrator 
of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration  .  .  .  the  fol- 
lowing Monday  I  found  myself  in  President  Kennedy's  office  between 
him  and  the  Vice  President  and  saying  that  I  thought  they  needed  a 
scientist  or  any  engineer.  'No,'  President  Kennedy  said,  'the  issues 
involved  in  the  development  of  space  are  policy  issues — of  great  na- 
tional and  international  significance.  You  .  .  .  have  some  familiarity 
with  how  policies  are  established  and  how  they  are  carried  out.'  At 
the  time,  that  seemed  reasonable.  .  .  ."  (Text;  AP,  NYT,  11/8/65, 
52) 

•  Three  new  rockets  described  by  Tass  as  "elusive  to  the  enemy's  air  and 

space  reconnaissance  and  .  .  .  constantly  ready  to  strike  a  crushing 
nuclear  blow  at  an  aggressor"  were  displayed  by  the  Soviet  Union  in  a 
parade  in  Moscow  commemorating  the  48th  anniversary  of  the 
Bolshevik  Revolution.  Tass  said  one  of  the  missiles  had  warheads 
that  could  "deliver  their  surprise  blow  on  the  first  or  any  other  orbit 
around  the  earth."  (Grose,  NYT,  11/8/65,  1,  6;  Nordlinger,  Bait. 
Sun,  11/8/65,  1) 
November  8:  Failure  of  the  Gemini  Agena  Target  Vehicle  (Gatv)  which 
aborted  the  Gemini  vi  mission  October  25  was  probably  caused  by  a 
hard  start  of  the  primary  propulsion  system  which  either  shook  the 


510  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

rocket  apart  or  caused  an  explosion  that  destroyed  it,  reported  a  USAF 
Flight  Safety  Review  Board  which  had  met  with  the  NASA  Design 
Certification  Review  Board.  Series  of  continuing  tests  was  being 
scheduled  to  assure  reliability  of  future  Gatv  flights.  (Text;  Clark, 
NYT,  11/9/65,  3) 
November  8:  usaf  launched  two  unidentified  satellites  with  Atlas-Agena  D 
booster  from  Vandenberg  afb.  (upi,  Chic.  Trib.,  11/9/65;  U.S. 
Aeron.  &  Space  Act,  1965,  154) 

•  The  Gemini  ix  crew  was  announced  by  MSC  Public  Affairs  Officer  Paul 

Haney  at  a  press  conference  in  Houston:  Elliot  M.  See,  Jr.  (civilian), 
command  pilot;  Charles  A.  Bassett  ii  (Capt.,  usaf),  pilot;  Thomas  P. 
Stafford  (Maj.,  usaf)  and  Eugene  M.  Cernan  (Lcdr.,  usn),  backup 
crew.  Scheduled  for  the  third  quarter  of  1966,  the  mission  would 
probably  last  two  or  three  days,  and  would  include  rendezvous  and 
docking  and  extravehicular  activity.  Bassett,  who  would  remain  out- 
side the  spacecraft  for  at  least  one  revolution,  would  wear  the  USAF- 
designed  manned  maneuvering  unit  (Mmu)  backpack,  a  self-propelled 
hydrogen  peroxide  system  with  gyro  stabilization.      (Transcript) 

•  Production  of  Gemini  spacecraft  and  f^  Phantom  jet  fighter  aircraft 

was  halted  when  16,000  machinists  struck  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp. 
in  a  wage  dispute  after  rejecting  the  company's  contract  proposals  and 
the  ten-day  contract  extension  recommended  by  lAM  leaders.  The 
unauthorized  strike  was  not  expected  to  interfere  with  the  scheduled 
December  flights  of  Geminis  vi  and  vii  from  KSC.  (ap,  Bait.  Sun., 
11/9/65) 

•  An   11-ton,  60-ft.-dia.   radio   antenna  was  erected  on   a  mountain  near 

San  Diego,  Calif.,  by  uSN  Electronics  Laboratory  to  bounce  signals  off 
the  moon  and  certain  artificial  satellites.  R.  U.  F.  Hopkins,  director 
of  the  Microwave  Space  Relay  Project,  said  the  antenna  could  improve 
the  tracking  and  monitoring  of  active  satellites  such  as  the  NASA  Tiros 
weather-forecasting  series,  aid  in  studying  refraction  of  radio  waves 
caused  by  atmosphere,  and  beam  powerful  signals  into  space,  (ap. 
NYT,  11/17/65,  33) 

November  8-9:  The  NASA-Western  University  Conference  at  J  PL  presented 
to  over  200  educators  from  13  western  states  a  comprehensive  view 
of  NASA's  current  programs  of  interest  to  universities  and  described 
ways  for  faculty  members  to  participate  in  these  programs.  J  PL  Di- 
rector Dr.  William  H.  Pickering  was  the  conference  chairman.  (jPL 
Release) 

November  9:  Four  flashing  light  beacons  on  NASA  explorer  XXIX  satellite 
had  been  turned  on  and  were  functioning  normally,  NASA  officials  an- 
nounced. The  beacons,  each  emitting  a  light  of  1,580  candleseconds 
per  flash,  would  permit  the  satellite  to  be  photographed  against  the 
stellar  background,      (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  11/10/65,  A6) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  with  Univ.  of  Michigan  pitot-static 

probe  experiment  to  measure  pressure,  temperature,  and  density  from 
15-km.  to  115-km.  altitude  was  launched  from  Ft.  Churchill,  Canada. 
Rocket  and  experiments  functioned  properly  and  good  data  were  ob- 
tained.     (NASA  Rpt.  srl) 

•  Snap  10-A,  first  nuclear  reactor  to  operate  in  space,  was  probably  shut 

down  prematurely  May  16,  1965,  because  of  a  spurious  command  from 
a  decoding  device  triggered  by   a  voltage  regulator  failure,  AEC  re- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  511 

ported.  Launched  April  3  from  Vandenberg  afb,  with  an  Atlas-Agena 
booster,  Snap  10-A  achieved  an  806-mi.  circular  orbit  and  produced 
over  500,000  watt-hrs.  of  electricity  before  it  shut  down  May  16.  It 
would  orbit  for  more  than  4,000  yrs.  (aec  Release  H-247) 
November  9:  usaf  fired  Minuteman  ICBM  from  Vandenberg  AFB,  to  target 
area  in  the  Eniwetok  Lagoon,  about  4,500  mi.  across  the  Pacific. 
(AP,  NYT,  11/10/65,  6) 

•  USAF  launched  an  Honest  John-Nike  Hydac  high-altitude  research  rocket 

with  250-lb.  payload  from  Eglin  AFB,  Fla.  (Eglin  afb  Release  65- 
449) 

•  Gemini  vii  would  be  launched  Dec.  4  and  Gemini  VI  Dec.  13  in  a  combina- 

tion long-duration,  rendezvous  mission,  NASA  announced.  Astronaut 
Frank  Borman  (l/c,  usaf)  would  be  command  pilot  and  Astronaut 
James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.  (Cdr.,  usn),  pilot,  on  a  14-day  mission  to  de- 
termine the  effects  of  long-duration  spaceflight  on  man;  20  sci- 
entific, medical,  and  technological  experiments  would  be  performed. 
Astronauts  Edward  H.  White  ii  (l/c,  usaf),  and  Michael  Collins 
(Maj.,  usaf)  would  be  Gemini  vil's  backup  crew.  Gemini  vi  mission 
would  be  nearly  identical  to  the  original  rendezvous  flight  postponed 
October  25  when  the  Agena  Target  Vehicle  failed  to  achieve  orbit, 
and  would  demonstrate  rendezvous  of  two  vehicles  in  space.  Com- 
mand Pilot  Walter  M.  Schirra  (Capt.,  usn)  and  Pilot  Thomas  P. 
Stafford  (Maj.,  usaf)  would  maneuver  the  Gemini  6  spacecraft  within 
close  proximity  of  Gemini  7  during  the  fourth  revolution  and  station- 
keep  for  a  period  of  time,  but  would  not  dock.  Astronauts  Virgil  I. 
Grissom  (l/c,  usaf)  and  John  W.  Young  (Cdr.,  usn)  would  be 
Gemini  vi's  backup  crew,  (nasa  Release  65-347;  UPi,  NYT,  11/10/ 
65) 

•  Britain's  Princess  Margaret  and  the  Earl  of  Snowdon  tourned  JPL.  (NASA 

Off.  Int.  Aff.,  11/8/65) 
November  10:  nasa  explorer  xxiii  meteoroid-detection  satellite  had  sue 
cessfuUy  completed  its  one-year  expected  lifetime,  NASA  announced 
The  295-lb.  satellite,  launched  November  6,  1964,  from  Wallops  Sta 
tion  to  measure  the  rate  of  meteoroid  punctures  at  300-mi.  to  600-mi 
altitude,  had  recorded  122  punctures  as  of  September  30.  These  re 
suits  indicated  that  an  exposed  area  of  10  sq.  ft.  made  of  metal  one 
thousandth  of  an  inch  thick  would  experience  penetration  by  a 
meteoroid  about  once  a  week.      (NASA  Release  65-351) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Ft.  Churchill,  Canada, 

with  Univ.  of  Michigan  pitot-static  probe  to  measure  pressure,  tem- 
perature, and  density  from  15-km.  to  115-km.  altitudes.  Experiment 
was  not  successful  because  of  undetermined  malfunction  in  the  rocket 
during  Apache-stage  propulsion,      (nasa  Rpt.  SRL) 

•  Two  simultaneous  IQSY  launches  for  high-altitude  research  were  made  by 

USAF  from  Eglin  afb,  Fla.,  in  support  of  each  other,  one  with  a  Nike- 
Cajun  rocket  and  the  other  with  a  Sparrow-Areas.  (Eglin  AFB  Release 
65-449) 

•  Four  Nike-Apache  sounding  rockets  would  be  launched  from  Chamical, 

Argentina,  for  the  study  of  an  ionospheric  phenomenon  called 
"Sporadic  E"  under  an  extension  to  a  cooperative  U.S.-Argentine 
agreement.     The    Argentine    Comision    Nacional    de    Investigaciones 


512  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Espaciales  fcNiE)  would  provide  the  personnel  for  payload  fabrica- 
tion at  NASA's  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  procure  the  rockets,  operate 
the  range  at  Chamical,  and  be  responsible  for  the  reduction  and  analysis 
of  data  obtained,  nasa  would  provide  the  equipment  and  facilities  for 
construction  of  the  payloads  and  a  Nike-Apache  launcher  on  loan. 
No  exchange  of  funds  between  CNIE  and  NASA  was  contemplated. 
(NASA  Release  65-350) 
November  10:  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  delivering 
the  annual  Robert  Thurston  Lecture  of  the  American  Society  of  Me- 
chanical Engineers  in  Chicago,  said  that  man  woud  probably  never 
explore  the  stars  since  a  round  trip  to  the  nearest  would  take  160,000 
yrs.  Dr.  Dryden  spoke  on  the  impact  of  man-in-space  on  engineering. 
This  was  to  be  his  last  public  appearance.  (Manly,  Chic.  Trib.,  11/ 
11/65) 

•  NASA   selected   Telecomputing   Services,    Inc.,    and   Ling-Temco-Vought's 

Range  System  Div.  for  competitive  negotiations  of  a  cost-plus-award- 
fee  contract  to  provide  computer  support  services  for  the  Michoud  As- 
sembly Facility  and  the  Mississippi  Test  Facility.  The  $1.5-million 
contract  would  be  negotiated  for  a  one-year  period  with  provisions  for 
three  consecutive  one-year  renewals,    (nasa  Release  65-349) 

•  Laboratory  research  prompted  by  weight  losses  of  American  and  Russian 

spacement  on  orbital  flights  had  indicated  a  relationship  between 
a  person's  water-drinking  habits,  working  ability,  and  real  or  imagined 
stresses  and  strains,  reported  William  J.  Perkinson  in  the  Washington 
Evening  Star.  American  astronauts  had  lost  between  three  and  five 
percent  of  their  body  weight  in  orbital  flights;  Russian  cosmonauts 
had  lost  less — between  one  and  three  percent — partly  because  they 
perspired  less  in  the  shirt-sleeve  environments  of  Soviet  spacecraft  than 
Americans  did  in  spacesuits.  One  NASA  report  on  hypohydration — 
condition  when  a  person  drinks  too  little  water — noted  a  5%  weight 
loss  due  to  water  imbalance  was  tolerable,  but  a  10%  loss  could  cause 
gross  mental  and  physical  deterioration.  (Perkinson.  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
11/10/65,  BIO) 

•  Christopher  Kraft's  hometown  of  Hampton,  Va.,  honored  him  with  a  full 

day  of  ceremonies  on  Christopher  Kraft  Day.  (Langley  Researcher, 
11/5/65) 

•  U.S.  authorities  had  considered  and  rejected  the  idea  of  building  orbit- 

ing nuclear  missiles  because  it  would  be  a  clumsy,  inaccurate  method 
of  waging  atomic  war,  reported  the  Associated  Press.  U.S.  experts 
had  calculated  that  a  warhead  launched  from  orbit  would  not  come 
within  50  mi.  of  its  target  on  earth  whereas  U.S.  icbms  and  submarine- 
launched  Polaris  missiles  were  accurate  within  one  mile.  In  addition, 
U.S.  had  developed  antisatellite  rockets  that  could  intercept  enemy 
satellites  in  orbit.  Disclosure  was  made  because  of  a  November  7 
Tass  announcment  that  one  of  the  missiles  paraded  through  Moscow 
for  the  Anniversary  of  the  Bolshevik  Revolution  had  warheads  that 
could  "deliver  their  surprise  blow  on  the  first  or  any  orbit  around 
the  earth."  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  11/10/65,  H2) 
November  11:  Production  of  Gemini  spacecraft  and  F-4  Phantom  jet 
fighter  aircraft  resumed  when  16,000  machinists  ended  their  four-day 
wildcat  strike  at  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.  iam,  which  had  refused  to 
sanction  the  strike,  announced  it  would  authorize  a  strike  beginning 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  513 

Nov.  18  if  a  new  contract  were  not  accepted  by  midnight  Nov.  17. 
Strikers  were  seeking  a  20-cent-an-hour  wage  increase  each  of  the  next 
three  years,  (ap,  Bah.  Sun,  11  12/65) 
November  11:  A  guidance  control  system  for  the  Little  Joe  ii  booster  was 
released  from  a  Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex.,  hospital  in  satisfactory  condition 
following  emergency  x-ray  treatment.  White  Sands  Missile  Range 
technicians  preparing  for  a  Dec.  1  Apollo  escape  system  test  took  the 
unit  to  the  hospital  after  they  failed  to  determine  the  cause  of  a  mal- 
function. Industrial  x-rav  facilities  at  White  Sands  were  closed  for 
Veterans  Day.  (ap,  Wash.' 5«n.  Star,  11/15/65,  A15) 

•  Tass  reported  that  astronomers  at  the  Vladivostok  Observatory  had  taken 

clear  photographs  of  the  Ikeya-Seki  comet.  (UPI,  IFash.  Post,  11/ 
12/65.  C4) 

•  Thirty    years    ago    a   helium-filled    balloon.    Explorer    II,    carried    Capt. 

Orvil  A.  Anderson  (usa)  and  Capt.  Albert  W.  Stevens  (usa)  to  a 
14-mi.  altitude — highest  ever  attained  by  man  at  that  time — in  a  230- 
mi.,  eight-hour  13-min.  flight  which  proved  that  man  could  survive  at 
great  heights.  Sen.  Stuart  Symington  (D-Mo.)  paid  tribute  to  the  late 
Anderson  and  Stevens  at  an  anniversary  ceremony  near  Rapid  City, 
S.  Dak.,  attended  by  officials  of  the  National  Geographic  Society  and 
the  Armv  Air  Corps,  cosponsors  of  the  flight.  (Schaden,  Wash. 
Eve.  Star,  11/11/65,  A8) 

•  Christopher  Kraft,  Assistant  Director  for  Flight  Operations,  MSC,  received 

Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute's  distinguished  alumnus  citation,  the 
university's  highest  award,  in  a  ceremony  in  Blacksburg.  (VPI 
Release) 

•  Former  German  missile  experts  who  helped  foster  American  rocketry  after 

World  War  II  met  at  NASA  MSFC  to  celebrate  their  20th  year  in  the  U.S. 
Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  Director  of  MSFC,  attended.  (uPl,  Cocoa 
Trib.,  11/4/65;  Marshall  Star,  11/10/65) 
November  12:  venus  ii  2,123-lb.  unmanned  space  probe  was  successfully 
launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  a  heliocentric  orbit  on  a  three-and-one-half 
month  journey  toward  Venus.  Tass  announced  that  the  trajectory 
was  "close  to  the  prescribed  one"  and  that  all  onboard  equipment  was 
functioning  normally.  During  its  flight,  VENUS  ii  "would  carry  out 
an  extensive  space  research  program  using  onboard  scientific  instru- 
ments." (Tass,  11/12/65;  NYT,  11/13/65,  10) 

•  FAA   awarded  $2.6-million   contract  to  Texas   Instruments,   Inc.,   for  20 

airport  surveillance  radar  (Asr)  systems.  Seventeen  of  the  systems 
w^ould  replace  obsolete  equipment  at  USN  and  Marine  air  stations  and 
would  be  paid  for  by  usN;  two  systems  would  be  installed  in  and 
paid  for  by  Brazil;  and  one  system  would  be  used  and  paid  for  by 
USA.     (faa  Release  65-107) 

•  Fourth  and  final  flight  of  the  Stellar  Acquisition  Feasibility  Flight  (Staff) 

program  from  Eastern  Test  Range  aboard  a  uSN-supplied  Polaris 
A-1  was  termed  an  unqualified  success  by  USAF  and  General  Pre- 
cision, Inc.  GPi  made  the  Staff  guidance  system,  intended  as  fore- 
runner of  a  Stellar  Inertial  Guidance  System  (Stings).  During  the 
flight,  guidance  equipment  sequentially  acquired  both  the  star  Polaris 
and  second  star  of  less  magnitude.  Ability  to  move  through  a  two- 
star  sequence  would  be  necessary  for  guidance  systems  used  in  con- 


514  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS.  1965 

junction  with  any  future  mobile  missile  system  to  accurately  determine 
coordinates  of  the  initial  launch  position,  predict  trajectories,  measure 
deviation,  and  make  corrections.  fusAF  Staff  Proj.  Off.) 
November  12:  The  vast  accumulation  of  knowledge  generated  by  the  space 
program  required  a  "new  wave"  of  science  reporters  to  challenge  and 
stimulate  "a  new  wave  of  readers  and  viewers  who  are  seeking  answers," 
Julian  Scheer,  NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for  Public  Affairs,  told  the 
Sigma  Delta  Chi  National  Convention  in  Los  Angeles.  He  referred 
to  a  need  to  look  "beyond  the  obvious  and  the  glamorous  to  what  is 
happening  in  space  and  science  and  what  impact  this  will  have  socially, 
diplomatically,  politically  and  economically."      (Text) 

•  DOD  selected  the  first  eight  of  a  planned  20  astronauts  for  USAf's  Manned 

Orbiting  Laboratory  program:  Maj.  Michael  J.  Adams  (usaf)  ;  Maj. 
Albert  H.  Crews  (usaf)  ;  Lt.  John  L.  Finley  (usn)  ;  Capt.  Richard  E. 
Lawyer  (usaf)  ;  Capt.  Lachlan  Macleay  (usaf)  ;  Capt.  F.  Gregory 
Neubeck  (usaf)  ;  Capt.  James  M.  Taylor  (usaf)  ;  and  Lt.  Richard  H. 
Truly  (usn).  Formal  training  would  begin  at  Edwards  afb,  early 
next  year,      (usaf  Release) 

•  A  new  kind  of  scientist — an  interdisciplinarian  to  transcend  specializa- 

tion—  was  needed  to  solve  many  of  the  problems  created  by  specialists, 
said  Dr.  John  H.  Heller,  director  of  the  New  England  Institute  for 
Medical  Research,  in  a  lecture  at  American  Univ.,  sponsored  by  the 
Metropolitan  Washington  Board  of  Trade.  He  said  the  interdis- 
ciplinarian would  receive  as  much  training  in  depth  as  a  scientific 
specialist  but  would  be  instructed  "far  more  broadly  in  depth." 
(Wash.  Sun.  Star,  11/14/65,  A3) 

•  usaf   Hound   Dog  missile   fired   from   B-52   bomber   crashed   near   Ft. 

Wingate,  N.  Mex.,  and  ignited  several  fires  in  Cibola  National  Forest. 
Missiles  were  programed  to  land  at  White  Sands  Missile  Range,  175  mi. 
southeast  of  impa'ct  point,      (upi,  NYT,  11/13/65,  12) 

•  Soviet  Cosmonaut  Aleksey  Leonov,  first  man  to  walk  in  space,  displayed 

seven  paintings  at  Moscow's  Palace  of  Pioneers,  headquarters  of  the 
National  Children's  Organization.  Explaining  one  painting  of  the 
cosmos,  Leonov  told  reporters:  "Previous  cosmonauts  tried  to 
photograph  three  vivid  belts  of  light — red,  orange  and  blue — that  ring 
the  earth,  but  they  never  showed  up  in  photographs.  When  I  got  back 
I  painted  the  belts  of  light,  each  fading  into  the  next,  just  as  I  had 
seen  them.  The  sun  glowed  through  the  colors  looking  like  a  strange 
object  with  little  wings  coming  directlv  at  me."  (Grose,  NYT, 
11/13/65,  10) 

•  North  American  Aviation  President  J.  L.  Atwood  discussed  "dramatic 

strides"  made  in  civil  aviation,  at  the  dedication  of  the  Albuquerque 
Sunport,  N.  Mex.:  "In  just  35  years — from  1929  to  1964 — the  num- 
ber of  passenger-miles  traveled  annually  on  the  world's  civil  airlines 
increased  from  105  million  to  105  billion — almost  a  thousandfold.  .  .  . 
In  only  15  years,  between  1949  and  1964,  the  annual  number  of  pas- 
sengers on  world  civil  airlines  increased  from  27  million  to  154  million 
— nearly  sixfold  ...  A  Stanford  Research  Institute  study  predicts 
that  passenger-miles  on  the  free  world's  scheduled  airlines — which  were 
105  billion  in  1964 — will  reach  approximately  229  billion  in 
1975.  .  .  ."     (Text) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  515 

November  13:  Russia  was  developing  long-range  intercontinental  missiles 
that  could  maneuver  in  flight,  Col.  Gen.  Vladimir  Tolubko,  First 
Deputy  Commander  of  the  Soviet  Strategic  Rocket  Forces,  told  Tass. 
(upi,  NYT,  11/14/65,  74) 

November  15:  explorer  xxix,  first  nasa  satellite  to  use  a  gravity-gradient 
system  for  stabilization,  had  pointed  its  instrumentation  toward  earth 
and  was  expected  to  be  programed  for  operation  within  several  days. 
Achievement  of  the  desired  attitude  was  confirmed  by  magnetic  and 
solar  sensors  and  by  marked  increase  in  the  strength  of  radio  signals. 
Project  officials  at  NASA  GSFC  and  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Applied  Physics 
Laboratory  reported  four  EXPLORER  xxix  geodetic  measurements  sys- 
tems had  been  checked  out  and  were  performing  as  expected ;  the  fifth, 
using  laser  beam  reflectors,  would  be  tested  when  the  spacecraft  had 
completed  its  stabilization  phase,      (nasa  Release  65-354) 

•  Tass  reported  all  equipment  onboard  Soviet  probe  VENUS  II,  launched 

November  12  on  a  three-and-one-half  month  journey  toward  Venus, 
was  functioning  normally.  Radio  communications  were  excellent 
and  commands  were  being  followed,  venus  ii  was  1,149,000  km. 
(712,380  mi.)  from  earth.      (Tass,  11/15/65) 

•  Agreement  was  signed  for  a  cooperative  Brazilian-U.S.  sounding  rocket 

project  to  obtain  meteorological  information,  NASA  announced.  Proj- 
ect provided  for  cooperation  in  obtaining  wind,  temperature,  and 
other  meteorological  information  between  40  km.  and  100  km.  by 
rocket  soundings  using  the  acoustic  grenade  technique.  Experiments 
would  be  conducted  from  the  Brazilian  launch  range  at  Natal.  The 
agreement,  in  form  of  a  memorandum  of  understanding,  was  signed 
by  representative  of  the  Momissao  Nacional  de  Atividades  Espaciais 
(cnae)  of  Brazil  and  nasa.  It  was  the  third  to  be  concluded  between 
CNAE  and  NASA  during  1965.      (nasa  Release  65-372) 

•  A  group  of  amateur  astronomers  working  on  a  lunar  research  project 

for  NASA  reported  observations  of  unusual  color  glows  on  the  moon 
and  photographed  this  phenomenon.  The  group  told  NASA  it  saw  the 
color  in  the  crater  Aristarchus  during  a  four-hour  period  before  day- 
light through  a  16-in.  telescope  at  Port  Tobacco,  Md.  Although  such 
events  had  been  observed  several  times  since  the  Russian  astronomer 
N.  Kozyrev  first  recorded  observations  or  red  glows  on  spectrograms, 
this  was  the  first  time  photographic  equipment  was  used  successfully  to 
record  the  sightings  in  the  crater  Aristarchus.  Observation  was 
culmination  of  a  16-mo.  vigil  by  members  of  a  "Moon-Blink"  team 
from  Annapolis,  Md.  The  team  had  made  two  previous  confirmed 
sightings,  including  one  in  the  crater  Alphonsus  last  year,  but  they 
were  much  shorter  and  were  not  photographed,    (nasa  Release  65-370) 

•  A  five-week  technical  assessment  of  supersonic  transport  air-frame  de- 

signs proposed  by  the  Boeing  Co.  and  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  was 
begun  by  an  82-member  Government  technical  team  with  representa- 
tives from  NASA,  FAA,  USAF,  and  USN.  Formed  under  the  faa  Director 
of  Supersonic  Transport  Development  b/g  J.  G.  Maxwell  (usaf),  the 
group  would  emphasize  operational  performance  of  the  proposed  con- 
figurations in  terms  of  program  objectives  for  a  safe,  economical  air- 
craft compatible  with  present  airports,  airline  operating  requirements, 
and  engine  noise  and  sonic  boom  criteria.  Performance  characteristics 
of  each  design  would  be  examined  in  detail,  both  analytically   and 


516  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

through  wind  tunnel  tests  at  NASA  Langley  Research  Center  and  NASA 
Ames  Research  Center.  Resuhs  of  the  assessment  would  provide  guid- 
ance for  further  contractor  programing  in  the  present  detailed  design 
and  hardware  test  phase  of  the  Sst  development  program  which  called 
for  prototype  construction  to  begin  by  the  end  of  1966.  (faa  Release 
65-110) 
November  15:  Nucleus  of  comet  Ikeya-Seki  had  split  into  three  pieces,  all 
of  which  were  traveling  together  in  parallel  courses  into  deep  space. 
The  three-piece  break,  observed  Nov.  4  and  5  by  Howard  Pohn  at  U.S. 
Geological  Survey  Observatory  in  Flagstaff,  had  been  confirmed  by  Mt. 
Palomar  Observatory  and  Boyden  Station,  South  Africa.  (Sci.  Serv., 
NYT,  11/15/65,  74) 

•  Modified  Boeing  707-349C  jet  carrying  40  scientists  left  Honolulu  to 

begin  a  26,263-mi.  around-the- world  flight  over  the  North  and  South 
Poles.  The  jet  would  cruise  at  between  30,000  ft.  and  40,000  ft.  to 
allow  study  of  high-altitude  meteorology,  clear-air  turbulence,  the  jet 
stream,  and  cosmic  radiation;  time-lapse  cameras  would  photograph 
the  weather  at  five-minute  intervals.  Environmental  fatigue  problem  of 
flight's  participants  resulting  from  the  cramped  quarters  and  long  dura- 
tion of  the  52-hr.  to  56-hr.  flight  would  also  be  studied.  Dr.  Serge  A. 
Korff,  New  York  Univ.,  headed  the  scientific  team;  Rockwell  Standard 
Corp.  was  sponsor;  NASA  and  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau  were  two  par- 
ticipating agencies.  {NYT,  11/14/65,  23;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  11/ 
15/65,  Al) 

•  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey  said  in  address  before  American 

Nuclear  Society-Atomic  Industrial  Forum  in  Washington,  D.C.: 

"H  anyone  doubts  the  impact  that  science  and  technology  have  had 
on  society,  in  just  the  past  20  years,  he  need  look  only  at  the  new 
industries  employing  many  thousands  of  people  which  have  come  into 
existence  during  that  time — industries  based  solely  on  the  evolution  of 
new  products  and  services.  These  include — and  I  mention  only  a  few 
— television,  the  computer,  the  jet  engine  and  nuclear  energy. 

"Some  of  these  industries  have  sprung  from  the  application  of  a 
single  invention  or  chain  of  scientific  thoughts. 

"During  these  past  20  years,  too,  we  have  seen  in  the  United  States 
the  creation  of  a  constructive  partnership  unknown  in  our  previous 
history — a  partnership  of  government,  university,  management,  labor, 
science  and  citizen — a  partnership  devoted  to  maximum  development  of 
science  and  technology  not  for  the  narrow  interest  of  any  single  group, 
but  for  the  common  good. 

"To  witness  the  space  launchings  at  Cape  Kennedy,  as  I  have,  is  to  see 
this  partnership  in  action.  .  .  ." 

Turning  to  the  peaceful  uses  of  atomic  energy,  he  said: 

"As  chairman  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  I  am 
particularly  concerned  with  the  atom's  work  in  space. 

"In  1961  our  first  operating  space  radioisotopic  power  source  was 
orbited.     And  in  1965  our  first  space  reactor  was  operated  in  orbit. 

"The  atom  will  soon  become  a  major  power  source  for  our  space 
program — an  auxiliary  source  for  spacecraft  and  life  support  systems 
and  a  necessary  source  of  propulsion  for  extended  space  exploration. 

"I  can,  in  fact,  foresee  the  time  when  our  space  efforts  will  be  able  to 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  517 

continue  only  through  use  of  rocket  and  nuclear  power  units  trans- 
ported and  assembled  in  space.  .  .  ."  (Text) 
November  15:  Reports  on  the  Saturn  V/Apollo  crawler-transporter  bearings 
had  just  begun  and  might  not  be  completed  until  next  year,  Don 
Buchanan,  project  engineer  for  prime  contractor  Marion  Power  Shovel 
Co.  told  Missiles  and  Rockets.      (M&R,  11/15/65) 

•  Death-ray  use  of  the  laser  was  impractical,  the  72nd  annual  meeting  of 

the  Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the  U.S.  was  told  by  Dr. 
Donald  H.  Glew,  Jr..  George  Washington  Univ.  surgeon  who  had  con- 
ducted laser  research  for  the  Armed  Forces.  Dr.  Glew  said  that, 
with  present  sources  of  laser  beams  at  least,  such  rays  would  be 
impractical  as  weapons  because  the  necessary  equipment  would  be  "far 
too  massive  for  field  use."     (ap,  Wash.  Post,  11/16/65,  C5) 

•  In  a  special  report  on  Project  Apollo,  Edward  Kolcum  wrote  in  Aviation 

Week  and  Space  Technology  that  NASA  was  now  driving  to  simplify 
Apollo  spacecraft  systems,  subsystems,  and  components,  and  had  em- 
barked on  an  educational  program  with  one  goal:  to  stop  the  mush- 
rooming tendency  to  build  elements  that  were  more  complex  and  did 
more  than  was  necessary.      (Kolcum,  Av.  Wk.,  11/15/65,  55) 

•  U.S.  would  withdraw  in  six  months  from  the  Warsaw  Convention  limiting 

the  liability  of  international  airlines  to  $8,300  for  each  passenger 
killed  or  injured  in  air  accidents,  unless  a  new  agreement  was  reached 
substantially  increasing  carrier  liability,  the  State  Department  reported. 
U.S.  had  refused  to  ratify  a  1955  amendment  to  the  Convention  raising 
the  limit  to  $16,000,  was  arguing  for  a  $100,000-limit  liability.  (U.S. 
State  Dept.  Release  268) 

November  15-17:  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  Na- 
tional Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  told  a  panel  at  the  American 
Nuclear  Society-Atomic  Industrial  Forum  in  Washington,  D.C.: 

".  .  .  advancing  our  competence  in  nuclear  technology  is  of  critical 
importance  to  the  future  of  the  national  space  program.  Nuclear  power 
and  nuclear  propulsion  are  musts  for  the  more  complex  and  long 
duration  missions  of  the  future.   .  .  . 

"We  all  know  that  the  nuclear  going  in  space  won't  be  easy.  .  .  .  Yet 
I  am  confident  that  the  technical  problems  are  resolvable  and  the  in- 
vestments warranted.  .  .  ."  Dr.  Welsh  delivered  a  warning  to  "space 
planners"  to  stop  sitting  on  nuclear  propulsion  concepts  and  to  expedite 
development  programs.  "We  must  not  wait  for  clear-cut  space  require- 
ments for  these  nuclear  systems  before  moving  forthrightly  with  their 
development.  If  we  wait  for  precise  mission  definitions  the  technology 
will  not  be  available  when  it's  needed.  Moreover,  we  can  be  sure  that 
our  Soviet  competitors  will  take  positive  actions,  whether  we  do  or  not. 
For  this  country  to  sit  back  on  its  technological  haunches  and  let  some- 
one else,  bolder  and  more  imaginative,  show  us  the  way  is  unthink- 
able to  me."      (Text) 

November  15-18:  The  International  Congress  on  Air  Technology  was  held 
in  Hot  Springs,  Ark.  Dr.  Robert  M.  White,  Administrator,  Environ- 
mental Science  Services  Administration  (essa),  U.S.  Dept.  of  Com- 
merce, referred  to  the  developing  World  Weather  Watch  in  his  address: 
"The  work  .  .  .  comprises  two  broad,  continuous,  and  parallel  streams 
of  action.  The  first  will  be  a  process  of  introducing  into  the  present 
international   weather   system   already   proven   equipment,   techniques, 


518  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

and  procedures.  We  hope  that  by  1971  ...  we  will  have  made 
three  significant  improvements  in  the  international  system.  First, 
we  hope  to  improve  the  ability  of  the  system  to  observe  the  global 
atmosphere  and  to  provide  fuller  data  for  weather  forecasting.  In 
part  this  improvement  will  rest  on  the  Tiros  Operational  Satellite  Sys- 
tem .  .  .  which  the  United  States  will  launch  into  orbit  next  year. 
Second,  we  hope  to  extend  the  benefits  of  modern  computer  technology 
throughout  the  world — by  utilizing  the  computer  to  prepare  weather 
analyses  and  forecasts  routinely  for  the  entire  globe.  And  third,  we 
hope  to  develop  an  international  communications  network  for  the  timely 
exchange  of  raw  data  and  for  the  rapid  dissemination  of  analyses  and 
forecasts."      (Text) 

Dr.  Floyd  L.  Thompson,  Director  of  NASA  LaRC,  delivered  a  keynote 
address  on  "Advances  in  Aircraft  Technology."  He  discussed  the 
importance  of  scientific  research  to  the  continued  leadership  of  the 
U.S.  in  the  field  of  air  transportation  with  particular  reference  to  the 
next  decade. 

Representing  NASA  Flight  Research  Center  at  the  technical  sessions 
was  Joseph  Walker,  Chief  of  Research  Pilots,  who  spoke  on  the  X-15 
research  airplane  as  a  tool  for  progress  in  hypersonic  flight.  (LaRC 
Release) 
November  16:  Project  Luster,  managed  by  NASA  Ames  Research  Center, 
successfully  recovered  samples  of  matter  from  interplanetary  space 
with  an  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  White  Sands 
Missile  Range,  N.  Mex.,  during  the  annual  Leonid  meteor  shower.  The 
sampling  instrument  comprising  the  payload  consisted  of  three  deploy- 
able  arms,  each  containing  four  flat  pans  holding  special  collection 
surfaces.  The  arms  deployed  as  programed  at  47-mi.  altitude  on  the 
way  up,  closing  again  at  that  altitude  on  the  way  down.  Payload 
reached  89-mi.  altitude,  traveled  44  mi.  downrange,  and  landed  by 
parachute  in  soft  sand.  Vacuum  seal  of  the  12  collection  pans  was 
found  to  be  perfect  on  recovery.  Unopened  collectors  would  be 
distributed  by  ARC  to  12  guest  experimenters  in  the  U.S.  and  Europe 
for  study  of  the  nature  of  comets  and  of  extraterrestrial  material  in 
general,      (arc  Release  65-26;  nasa  Rpt.  srl) 

•  U.S.S.R.  launched  venus  hi  unmanned  space  probe  towards  the  planet 

Venus.  Tass  said  the  technique  for  placing  the  2,112-lb.  spacecraft  into 
heliocentric  orbit  was  similar  to  that  used  in  orbiting  VENUS  ii  on 
Nov.  12.  Trajectory  was  close  to  the  one  calculated.  Purpose  of 
both  launches  was  "to  augment  the  volume  of  scientific  information 
and  to  obtain  additional  scientific  data  regarding  Venus  and  outer 
space,"  but  VENUS  iii  contained  equipment  to  carry  out  different  scien- 
tific investigations  from  VENUS  ii.  All  systems  were  functioning  nor- 
mally. VENUS  II  and  VENUS  iii  were  expected  to  reach  the  vicinity  of 
Venus  about  March  1.  (Tass,  11/17/65;  Krasnaya  Zvezda,  Pravda, 
and  Komsomolskaya  Pravda,  11/17/65,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  Astronaut  M.  Scott  Carpenter  (Cdr.,  USN)   told  the  National  Press  Club 

in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  while  both  space  and  underseas  programs 
were  potentially  important  from  the  standpoint  of  material  benefits, 
"I  feel  that  whatever  material  gains  come  from  the  two  programs,  the 
ones  we  might  get  from  the  assault  of  the  ocean  are  much  more  im- 
mediate than  those  we  might  get  from  an  assault  on  the  moon,  for  ex- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  519 

ample."  Later  Carpenter  received  the  Legion  of  Merit  in  a  Pentagon 
ceremony  for  his  work  as  one  of  the  two  team  captains  in  Project 
Sealab  II  Aug.  28Sept.  26.  (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  11/17/65;  UPi,  NYT, 
11/17/65,  21) 
November  16:  G.  Mervin  Ault,  NASA  LRC  engineer,  discussed  the  status  of 
development  of  high-temperature  materials  for  advanced  turbojet  en- 
gines at  the  International  Conference  on  Aircraft  Design  and  Tech- 
nology in  Los  Angeles.  Meeting  was  jointly  sponsored  by  the  AIAA, 
the  Japan  Society  for  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences,  and  the  Royal 
Aeronautical  Society.  He  said  although  the  past  decade  had  seen 
dramatic  progress  in  such  high-temperature  or  refractory  materials, 
research  had  indicated  that  further  improvements  would  be  possible, 
especially  in  the  structural  properties  of  these  materials,  (lrc  Release 
65-81) 

•  NASA  disclosed  plans  for  the  new  Applications  Technology  Satellites  (Ats) 

that  would  appear  to  hover  over  a  given  spot  on  earth  to  check  out 
communications,  weather,  scientific  and  engineering  ideas.  There 
would  be  five  in  all,  with  four  in  synchronous  orbit  at  22,300-mi. 
altitude.  First  Ats  was  scheduled  for  launch  in  1966;  two  more  would 
be  launched  in  1967;  the  last  two  in  1968.  Primary  aim  of  the  Ats 
program  would  be  to  find  out  (1)  what  happens  to  satellites  in 
synchronous  orbit,  and  (2)  what  can  be  done  by  a  satellite  continuously 
above  one  area  of  the  earth.  Among  experiments  planned  were  color 
television  transmission,  the  first  attempt  to  "talk"  among  unmanned 
satellites  and  aircraft,  and  photographing  cloud  formation  changes 
in  one  place  over  a  long  period  of  time,     (nasa  Release) 

•  "We'll  be  lucky  if  we  have  nuclear  propulsion  around  1980,"  and  electric 

propulsion  is  still  further  down  the  line  for  sometime  after  1985,  ac- 
cording to  Dr.  John  C.  Evvard,  Deputy  Associate  Director  for  research 
at  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center.  Evvard  gave  his  views  on  advanced 
propulsion  systems  at  the  sixth  annual  Space  Technology  Series 
sponsored  by  the  Canaveral  Section,  Institute  of  Electrical  and 
Electronics  Engineers,  at  Brevard  Engineering  College,  Patrick  AFB, 
Fla.  A  pioneer  in  electric  propulsion  and  advanced  nuclear  rocket 
studies,  Evvard  believed  such  concepts  should  not  be  considered  for 
Mars  missions  of  under  100  flights  per  year.  Only  frequent  flights 
would  increase  the  need  for  higher  specific  impulse  and  would  justify 
the  expense,  he  said. 

Meanwhile,  he  predicted,  chemical  rockets  of  less  than  500  sec.  spe- 
cific impulse  would  lift  men  to  Mars,  not  by  direct  ascent  but  through  a 
succession  of  parking  orbits  and  assembly  of  hardware  in  space. 
Evvard  told  the  meeting  that  since  May  13,  1964,  at  least  nine  tests 
on  Kiwi,  Nerva,  and  Phoebus  nuclear  reactors  had  proved  out  a 
thrust  greater  than  50,000  lbs.,  at  a  specific  impulse  in  excess  of 
750  sec.     (Text) 

•  U.S.S.R.  had  offered  to  launch  a  French  satellite  with  a  Soviet  rocket 

during  space  cooperation  talks  in  October,  a  Centre  National  d'Etudes 
Spatiales  (cnes)  official  told  Space  Business  Daily,  cnes  had  pro- 
posed launching  an  Imp-type  payload  into  a  125,000-mi. -apogee  orbit, 
but  the  Soviets  preferred  a  25,000-mi.-apogee  orbit.  {SBD,  11/16/65,  1) 


520  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

November  16-18:  The  First  Annual  National  Conference  on  Spacecraft 
Sterilization  Technology,  sponsored  by  nasa  and  hosted  by  Cal  Tech, 
was  held  at  Cal  Tech  to  brief  the  space  industry  and  the  academic  world 
on  NASA's  needs  for  spacecraft  sterilization,      (nasa  Release  65-290) 

November  17:  International  Association  of  Machinists  union  rejected 
McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.'s  latest  contract  proposal  and  prepared  for 
a  strike  at  midnight  tomorrow  that  would  halt  the  production  of 
Gemini  space  capsules  and  F-4  Phantom  jet  fighter  planes.  McDonnell 
had  offered  a  nine-cent-an-hour  wage  increase  in  each  of  the  next 
three  years  and  various  improvements  in  fringe  benefits  and  working 
conditions.  Union  members  said,  however,  that  the  improvements  still 
would  not  put  them  on  a  par  with  other  workers  in  the  aerospace  and 
aircraft  industries,  (ap,  NYT,  11/18/65.  27;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
11/18/65,  A3) 

•  Tracking  and  telemetry  station  to  support  Applications  Technology  Satel- 

lites (Ats)  would  be  established  by  NASA  at  Toowoomba  in  eastern 
Australia  near  Brisbane  at  an  approximate  cost  of  $6  million.  Plans 
for  the  new  station  were  jointly  announced  by  NASA  Administrator 
James  E.  Webb  and  Australian  Minister  for  Supply  Allen  Fairhall. 
(NASA  Release  65-357) 

•  Balloon  experiment  with  a  collection  system  to  study  the  Leonid  meteor 

shower  was  flown  from  Palestine,  Tex.,  the  National  Center  for 
Atmospheric  Control  announced.  It  cruised  at  about  95,000-ft.  altitude 
for  about  10  hrs.  and  ended  its  flight  near  Concord,  N.C.  (ap,  NYT, 
11/20/65,  11) 

•  NASA   Associate   Administrator    Dr.    Robert    C.    Seamans,    Jr.,    told    the 

National  Space  Club  in  Washington.  D.C.,  that  the  time  had  come  for 
the  Administration  to  decide  on  what  goals  it  wanted  to  set  for  the 
period  after  landing  astronauts  on  the  moon.  The  U.S.  must  use  the 
tremendous  space  capability  it  had  carefully  built  up  since  sputnik  I, 
he  said,  "or  see  its  value  erode.  If  we  do  not  use  what  we  have 
created,  continued  expansion  of  the  Soviet  program  will  likely  lead 
to  future  Soviet  missions  that  will  have  the  impact  of  Sputnik  I." 
(Text) 

•  Discussing  long-term  plans  of  the  nuclear  rocket  program,  Dr.  Harold  B, 

Finger,  Manager,  aec-nasa  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office,  said  he 
foresaw  development  of  a  nuclear  rocket  engine  having  a  thrust  of 
200,000  lbs.  to  250,000  lbs.,  using  reactors  designed  for  4,000  to  5,000 
megawatts,  and  capable  of  direct-flight  lunar  landing  missions;  deep 
space  unmanned  space  missions;  and  manned  planetary  missions.  He 
said  development  of  such  an  engine  would  utilize  the  technology  already 
available  and  being  developed  through  the  Kiwi,  Nerva,  and  Phoebus 
reactor  programs,      (aec  Release,  11/17/65) 

•  Christopher  Kraft,  flight  director  for  the  Gemini  program,  escaped  death 

or  serious  injury  when  the  gun  pointed  at  him  by  a  teenage  boy  wanting 
to  go  to  Cuba  to  aid  anti-Castro  prisoners  misfired.  Incident 
occurred  aboard  a  jet  airliner  enroute  to  Miami  from  New  Orleans. 
The  young  gunman,  identified  as  Thomas  Robinson,  16,  of  Brownsville, 
Tex.,  was  disarmed  by  one  of  the  passengers  and  subdued  by  Kraft 
and  Paul  Haney,  chief  of  public  information  at  MSC.  (ap,  Bait.  Sun, 
11/18/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  521 

November  T8:  explorer  xxx  (iqsy  Solar  Explorer)  was  successfully 
launched  by  NASA  from  Wallops  Station,  Va.,  by  a  four-stage  Scout 
booster.  Orbital  data:  apogee.  548  mi.  (883  km.);  perigee,  440  mi. 
(709  km.)  ;  period,  100.8  min.;  inclination,  59.7°.  Ninth  Solrad  Satel- 
lite developed  by  Naval  Research  Laboratory,  explorer  xxx  would 
monitor  and  measure  x-ray  emissions  from  the  sun  as  part  of  the  U.S. 
contribution  to  the  International  Quiet  Sun  Year  project.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 65-352:  gsfc) 

•  All  five  geodesy  experiment  systems  on  the  new  NASA  EXPLORER  XXIX 

satellite  had  been  tested  successfully  and  operational  programing  of  the 
spacecraft  was  expected  within  a  few  days,  NASA  announced. 
EXPLORER  XXIX,  popularly  referred  to  as  GEOS  i,  was  launched  from 
Eastern  Test  Range  Nov.  6.      (nasa  Release  65-359) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  was  launched  in  the  second  apparently 

successful  attempt  this  week  of  Project  Luster  to  capture  particles  of 
interplanetary  matter  during  the  Leonid  meteor  (shooting  star)  shower. 
The  105-lb.  payload.  containing  special  collection  surfaces,  was  launched 
from  White  Sands  Missile  Range  to  peak  altitude  of  about  100  mi. 
Instrument  package  separated  from  the  rocket  and  descended  into 
the  range  recovery  area.  Initial  radar  and  telemetry  data  indicated 
that  inflight  performance  of  the  rocket  and  its  payload  was  as 
planned.  Similar  flight  conducted  Nov.  16  with  an  Aerobee  150 
sounding  rocket  from  White  Sands  also  performed  flawlessly,  (nasa 
Release  65-358) 

•  Trouble  with  power-producing  fuel  cells  threatened  to  delay  the  December 

4  launching  date  of  Gemini  VII.  During  a  test,  pressure  apparently 
built  up  and  forced  liquid  hydrogen  into  the  two  fuel  cells  which  com- 
bine hydrogen  and  oxygen  to  produce  electrical  power.  Although  the 
cells  might  not  have  been  harmed,  the  decision  was  made  to  replace 
them,     (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  11/18/65,  A3) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and  Applications  Dr. 

Homer  E.  Newell  said  at  the  Univ.  of  Pittsburgh  dedication  of  its 
Space  Research  Coordination  Center:  "...  one  basic  principle  has 
governed  our  policy  regarding  relationships  with  educational  institu- 
tions. That  is:  nasa  intends  to  work  within  the  structure  of  the 
colleges  and  universities  in  a  manner  that  will  strengthen  them  and 
at  the  same  time  make  possible  the  accomplishment  of  our  mission." 
(Text) 

•  Hughes  Tool  Co.  announced  it  had  obtained  $297,000  Army  contract  to 

provide  a  helicopter  that  could  convert  in  flight  to  a  400-mph  airplane. 
It  would  lift  by  means  of  a  single  helicopter  rotor  with  a  large  tri- 
angular hub.  After  reaching  a  horizontal  speed  of  about  150  mph,  the 
rotor  would  be  stopped  in  such  a  position  that  the  hub  could  then 
serve  as  the  wing  of  a  craft  that  would  assume  a  delta-wing  shape. 
The  rotor  would  also  be  used  in  landing.  When  operating  as  a  heli- 
copter, the  turbine  engine  would  drive  hot  gases  through  the  rotor  hub 
to  the  rotor  tips,  and  the  rotor  would  be  powered  like  a  fireworks 
pinwheel.  This  would  eliminate  gearboxes  and  shafting.  Hughes 
had  tested  the  principle  in  flight  with  the  experimental  XV-9A  re- 
search aircraft,      (upi,  NYT,  11/18/65,  95) 

•  Display  of  what  the   Soviets  called   an   orbital  missile   at  the  military 

parade  in  Moscow  Nov.  7  and  "related  Russian  statements  do  seem  to 


522  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

place  upon  the  Russian  government  an  obligation  to  make  clear  its 
future  intentions  with  respect  to  the  [U.N.]  resolution"  against  weapons 
in  space,  State  Department  press  officer  Robert  J.  McCloskey  told  a 
news  conference.  Noting  that  the  U.S.  could  easily  put  such  a  weapon 
into  orbit,  McCloskey  said  that  the  military  value  of  this  would  be 
negligible,      (ap,  Wash.  Post,  11/19/65,  AlO) 

November  18:  Bernard  J.  Vierling,  Director  of  faa's  Systems  Maintenance 
Service  since  mid- 1962,  was  named  Deputy  Director  of  faa's  Office  of 
Supersonic  Transport  Development,      (faa  Release  65-111) 

November  19:  NASA  successfully  conducted  the  first  tethered  test  firing  of 
the  Apollo  009  Service  Module  propulsion  system  at  Kennedy  Space 
Center.  Test  was  marred  by  failure  in  the  master  countdown  clock, 
which — a  split  second  after  ignition — recycled  to  T  minus  99  sec, 
throwing  the  count  out  of  real  time.  The  ground  computer,  which 
operated  in  plus  time  only,  was  thus  unable  to  send  the  signal  to  shut 
off  the  engine.  Instead  of  the  two  planned  15-sec.  firings,  the  system 
was  fired  only  once  for  a  total  of  20  sec.  and  shut  off  with  a  signal 
from  the  blockhouse.  For  the  same  reason,  the  ground  computer  was 
unable  to  send  the  signal  to  gimbal  the  engine  and  this  apparatus  was 
not  tested,     (upi,  NYT,  11/20/65,  21;  M&R,  11/29/65,  28) 

•  First    successful    firing    of    the    Sprint    anti-missile    missile    in    guided 

flight  from  an  underground  cell  of  the  type  conceived  for  op- 
erational use  was  conducted  by  U.S.  Army  at  White  Sands  Missile 
Range.  The  first  Army  missile  to  use  "pop-up"  launch  technique. 
Sprint  was  under  development  as  a  companion  to  the  Zeus  missile  for 
the  Nike-X  missile  defense  project:  Zeus  was  designed  to  intercept  at- 
tacking warheads  outside  the  earth's  atmosphere  and  Sprint,  targets 
that  had  penetrated  the  atmosphere,      (dod  Release  832-65) 

•  Extravehicular  equipment  for  Gemini  viii .  underwent  two  qualification 

tests  in  the  20-ft.  vacuum  chamber  at  NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center. 
The  Extravehicular  Life  Support  System  was  combined  with  the  Extra- 
vehicular Support  Pack  (Esp),  a  92-lb.  backpack  in  which  the  astro- 
naut would  carry  his  oxygen  and  maneuvering  gas  supply.  First  test 
evaluated  capability  of  the  oxygen  bottle  in  the  pack  to  supply  the 
extravehicular  astronaut  with  air  at  a  high  rate  of  flow.  Second  test 
was  a  propellant  blowdown  qualification  in  which  the  space  gun  was 
fired  in  30-sec.  bursts  to  exhaust  the  freon  supply.  A  vacuum  equal 
to  150,000-ft.  altitudes  existed  in  the  chamber,  and  the  walls  of  the 
thermal  box  had  been  cooled  to  —300°  F  to  simulate  the  condi- 
tions of  orbital  night  for  both  tests,      (msc  Release  65-105) 

•  Institute  of  Strategic  Studies,  a  private  organization  in  Britain,  reported 

that  the  U.S.  margin  over  the  Soviet  Union  in  numbers  of  missiles  had 
dropped  from  4-1  in  early  1965  to  3-1  now.  The  Institute  said  the 
margin  had  been  cut  when  the  U.S.  scrapped  such  obsolete  missiles  as 
the  Atlas,  while  the  Soviets  boosted  by  40%  the  number  of  their  op- 
erational intercontinental  ballistic  missiles,  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  11/ 
19/65,  A3;  Myer,  Wash.  Post,  11/19/65) 

•  State  Dept.  official  said  at  a  press  conference  that  radioactivity  released 

by  a  Soviet  underground  atomic  test  in  January  1965  was  the  result 
of  a  technical  "miscalculation"  and  not  a  violation  of  the  1963  nuclear 
test  ban  treaty.      {Wash.  Post,  11/20/65,  A4) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  523 

November  20:  Plans  for  the  side-by-side  orbiting  of  Canadian  Alouette 
and  U.S.  Explorer  satellites  to  study  the  ionosphere  were  announced. 
Previously  scheduled  for  Nov.  23  from  Western  Test  Range,  the  launch 
had  been  postponed  until  at  least  Nov.  26  because  of  telemetry  prob- 
lems with  the  U.S.  satellite.  Double-launch  project  was  called  Isis-X 
(International  Satellites  for  Ionospheric  Studies),  (ap,  NYT,  11/21/ 
65,  11;  Wash.  Post,  11/21/65,  A14) 

•  William  E.  Simkin,  director  of  the  Federal  Mediation  and  Conciliation 

Service,  reported  that  "some  progress"  had  been  made  in  efforts  to 
settle  the  iam  strike  against  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.  which  began 
Nov.  18.  Union  had  demanded  changes  in  job  specifications  and  was 
dissatisfied  with  machinery  for  filing  grievances  against  management. 
McDonnell  was  prime  contractor  for  the  Gemini  spacecraft  at  Cape 
Kennedy.      (Jones,  NYT,  11/21/65,  43) 

•  Gemini  7  fuel  cell  system  that  would  power  the  spacecraft  during  its 

14-day  mission  was  successfully  turned  on  and  was  reportedly  "work- 
ing very  well."  Original  fuel  cell  system  had  suffered  possible  damage 
because  of  a  testing  error  Nov.  15  and  had  been  replaced  Nov.  17. 
Checks  of  the  new  unit  were  delayed  by  the  strike  against  McDonnell 
Aircraft  Corp.  by  lAM  machinists  at  Kennedy  Space  Center.  {NYT, 
11/22/65,  40) 

•  For  more  than   six  years,   U.S.   nuclear  warheads  had   been   mounted 

secretly  on  planes  and  missiles  of  West  Germany  and  other  North 
Atlantic  Treaty  Organization  allies,  the  New  York  Times  reported. 
Through  a  combination  of  physical  and  electronic  controls,  the  war- 
heads had  remained  under  American  custody,  and  the  allies  could  not 
use  the  weapons  without  specific  approval  of  the  U.S.  (Finney,  NYT, 
11/21/65,  1) 

•  Japanese  Navy  icebreaker  Fuji,  a  floating  laboratory  with  a  battering 

ram  for  a  bow,  left  Tokyo  on  a  voyage  of  scientific  exploration  in 
frozen  Antarctic  seas.  Observations  planned  by  the  18  scientists 
aboard  were  linked  to  worldwide  scientific  activity  during  the  Inter- 
national Quiet  Sun  Year.      (Trumbull,  NYT,  11/21/65,  30) 

November  21 :  Creation  of  an  Institute  for  Earth  Sciences  to  conduct  ad- 
vanced and  applied  research  in  seismology,  geomagnetism,  and  geodesy, 
was  announced  by  Dr.  Robert  M.  White,  Administrator  of  the  En- 
vironmental Science  Services  Administration  (essa).  Under  the  di- 
rection of  Dr.  Leroy  R.  Alldredge,  the  Institute  would  actively  seek 
new  knowledge  of  the  properties  of  the  earth's  interior  and  develop 
methods  of  using  this  knowledge  to  predict  earthquakes,  (essa  Re- 
lease 65—7) 

Week  of  November  21:  MSC  remote  site  flight  controller  teams  for  the 
Gemini  vil/vi  mission  began  deploying  to  the  seven  locations  around 
the  world  where  they  would  exercise  detailed  real-time  mission  control 
during  the  upcoming  flights  of  the  two  Gemini  spacecraft,  (msc  Re- 
lease 65-109) 

November  22:  Gemini  7  spacecraft  was  mechanically  mated  with  its  launch 
vehicle  following  activation  of  two  replaced  fuel  cell  sections.  The 
cells  originally  installed  in  the  spacecraft  were  thought  to  have  been 
damaged  when  one  of  hte  cryogenic  reactant  tanks  was  inadvertently 
overpressurized.     Preparations  at  Launch  Complex  19  and  flight  con- 


524  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

troller  simulations  in  Mission  Control  Center,  Houston,  were  pro- 
ceeding smoothly  towaid  supporting  the  scheduled  December  4  launch 
date,  (msc  Roundup,  11/26/65,  1) 
November  22:  NASA  Flight  Research  Center  had  received  a  flying  laboratory 
that  would  be  used  to  provide  airborne  simulation  of  advanced  aircraft 
with  particular  emphasis  on  the  proposed  supersonic  transport.  Called 
the  General  Purpose  Airborne  Simulator  (Gpas),  the  new  system  was  a 
Lockheed  JetStar  capable  of  speeds  greater  than  550  mph  and  altitudes 
up  to  40,000  ft.  that  had  been  modified  by  the  Cornell  Aeronautical 
Lab.  under  $1.3-million  contract  with  NASA.  It  would  enable  NASA 
engineers  and  pilots  to  evaluate  specific  future  aircraft  designs  in  a 
wide  variety  of  actual  flight  conditions,      (frc  Release  24-65) 

•  At  the  request  of  Labor  Secretary  W.  Willard  Wirtz  and  chief  Federal 

mediator  William  Simkin,  the  International  Association  of  Machinists 
authorized  200  strikers  to  resume  work  on  the  Gemini  spacecraft  at 
Kennedy  Space  Center.  The  machinists  struck  McDonnell  Aircraft 
Corp.,  Gemini's  builder,  on  Nov.  18  in  a  dispute  over  wages  and  work- 
ing conditions.  Not  only  had  the  strike  threatened  to  ground  Gemini 
VII,  scheduled  for  launch  December  4,  it  had  also  halted,  and  continued 
to  halt,  work  on  the  F-4  Phantom  jet  fighter  at  the  McDonnell  St. 
Louis  plant,  (ap,  Wash.  Post,  11/23/65,  A8;  Hoffman,  N.Y.  Her. 
Trih.,  11/23/65) 

•  NASA  selected  four  companies  to  perform  four-month  design  studies  on  an 

experiments  pallet  to  fly  aboard  Project  Apollo  missions:  Lockheed 
Missiles  and  Space  Co.;  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.;  Martin  Co.;  and 
Northrop  Space  Labs.  The  firms,  under  separate  and  concurrent  fixed- 
price  contracts  valued  at  approximately  $375,000,  would  design,  de- 
velop detailed  specifications,  and  produce  mock-ups  of  a  pallet  to  house 
scientific,  technological,  and  engineering  experiments  to  be  carried  on 
Apollo  missions  of  up  to  two-weeks  duration  beginning  in  1968.  After 
review  and  evaluation  of  the  design  studies,  NASA  planned  to  select  one 
of  the  firms  to  develop  the  experiments  pallet  flight  hardware  under  a 
cost-plus-incentive-fee  contract,      (nasa  Release  65-361) 

•  AFSC  Space  Systems  Div.  would  like  to  run  a  four-month  series  of  wind- 

tunnel  tests  to  requalify  the  Gemini  Agena  Target  Vehicle,  reported 
Missiles  and  Rockets.  Test  series  would  be  part  of  usaf's  and  NASA's 
continuing  effort  to  determine  what  caused  the  Agena  failure  on  Oct. 
25  and  what  modifications  would  be  needed  to  prevent  a  recurrence. 
{M&R,  11/22/65,  13) 

•  In  an  editorial  in  Missiles  and  Rockets,  WiUiam  J.  Coughlin  said:  "A 

start  on  a  correct  MOL  public  information  program  should  be  made 
immediately  by  taking  samos  off  the  dirty-word  list  and  bringing  it 
back  out  in  the  open.  To  do  otherwise  is  to  keep  the  U.S.  in  the  posi- 
tion of  accepting  reconnaissance  as  something  offensive,  in  the  most 
literal  sense.  It  is  not.  The  U.S.  conducts  reconnaissance  over  the 
Soviet  Union  for  its  own  protection  against  a  closed  society.  It  should 
not  be  afraid  to  acknowledge  that  fact."      {M&R,  11/22/65,  46) 

•  Surveyor  mission  to  softland  a  television  camera  on  the  moon  had  been 

postponed  until  May  1966,  JPL  announced.  Unspecified  technical 
problems  in  the  spacecraft  and  testing  gear  were  blamed,  (ap,  JSYT, 
11/23/65,  11) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  525 

November  22:  France  postponed  her  first  attempt  to  orbit  a  satellite.  No 
reason  was  given.      (UPI,  NYT,  11/23/65,  52)         _ 

November  23:  cosmos  xcvi  was  launched  by  the  Soviet  Union  carrying 
scientific  instruments  for  continued  space  research  under  the  program 
announced  by  Tass  Mar.  16,  1962.  Orbital  data:  apogee,  310  km. 
(192.5  mi.)  ;  perigee,  227  km.  (140.9  mi.)  ;  period,  89.6  min.;  inclina- 
tion, 51°54'.  Equipment  was  functioning  normally.  (Tass,  11/ 
23/65) 

•  Last  in  series  of  three  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rockets  with  Univ.  of 

Alaska  instrumented  payload  was  launched  from  Ft.  Churchill,  Canada, 
to  obtain  data  on  the  visible  aurora.  First  in  the  series  of  nighttime 
experiments  was  launched  Nov.  16  and  the  second,  Nov.  20.  All  three 
rockets  performed  satisfactorily.  On  first  two  flights  experiment  in- 
strumentation performed  normally,  but  on  the  third  flight  portions  of 
the  instrumentation  did  not  function  normally  because  nose  cone  failed 
to  eject.  The  complete  series  resulted  in  an  excellent  collection  of 
scientific  data,      (nasa  Rpts.  srl) 

•  A  team  of  scientists  from  USAF  Office  of  Aerospace  Research  (oar)   and 

the  Lockheed-California  Co.,  under  OAR  sponsorship,  recorded  the 
annular  eclipse  at  an  observing  station  established  in  the  Burma- 
Thailand  area.  Purpose  of  the  expedition  was  to  verify  deviations  in 
the  moon's  shape  which  appeared  in  photographs  taken  by  the  Lock- 
heed-California Co.  during  two  similar  eclipses — one  in  West  Africa 
in  1962,  and  the  other  in  South  Africa  in  1963.      (OAR  Release) 

•  Sea  bottom  between  New  Guinea  and  the  Solomon  Islands,  which  was 

affecting  the  orbits  of  artificial  satellites,  had  become  subject  of  a  sur- 
vey by  British  and  American  geophysicists  on  the  British  survey  vessel, 
Dampier.  Gravitational  pull  of  exceptionally  dense  rock  about  24,000 
ft.  below  the  surface  was  so  strong  it  tended  to  drag  the  satellites  out 
of  their  intended  orbits.      (NYT,  11/23/65,  23) 

•  Preliminary    results    of    ARPA-sponsored    Project    Longshot — detonation 

October  29  of  an  80  kiloton  nuclear  device  buried  2,300-ft.  deep  on 
Amchitka  Island,  the  Aleutians — -indicated  that  seismic  wave  arrival 
times  from  the  region  were  earlier  than  predicted  at  all  locations 
monitoring  the  event.  This  indicated  a  pronounced  seismic  velocity 
anomaly  in  the  crust  and  mantle  of  the  Amchitka  region.  If 
further  analysis  confirmed  this  result,  it  could  lead  to  revisions  in  curves 
of  energy  loss  for  seismic  wave  propagation  to  long  range.  Results  of 
Longshot  also  provided  data  of  use  in  research  on  distinguishing  earth- 
quakes from  nuclear  events,  (dod  Release  846-65) 
November  24:  Ground  test  version  of  the  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle's  first 
stage  (S-IC-T  stage)  was  static  fired  for  its  full  flight  duration  of 
about  2V^  min.  at  nasa  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  s-ic-T,  de- 
signed by  MSFC  and  the  Boeing  Co..  generated  its  full  thrust  of  7.5- 
million  lbs.,  equivalent,  at  maximum  flight  velocity,  to  about  160  mil- 
lion hp.  Firing  was  the  second  conducted  by  the  Boeing  Co.,  MSFc's 
prime  contractor  for  the  S-IC,  All  early  firings  were  conducted  by 
the  MSFC  Test  Laboratory,  which  directed  today's  test,  (msfc  Release 
65-287) 

•  In  a  6,087-to-2,841   vote,  machinists  at  the  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp. 

approved  a  new  three-year  contract  with  McDonnell  Aircraft  which 
had  been  worked  out  by  McDonnell,  lAM,  and  the  Federal  Mediation 


526  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Board  to  end  the  six-day  walkout  of  17,000  workers.  The  strike  had 
only  lasted  four  days  for  the  200  IAM  members  at  Kennedy  Space  Cen- 
ter who  had  been  allowed  to  return  to  work  Nov.  22  on  preparations 
for  the  Gemini  7-6  launch,  (ap,  NYT,  11/25/65,  56) 
November  24:  NASA  had  requested  industry  to  submit  proposals  for  a  study 
of  the  feasibility  of  a  satellite  capable  of  broadcasting  directly  to  con- 
ventional home  FM  radios  and/or  shortwave  radios.  Potential  con- 
tractors were  expected  to  have  their  proposals  back  to  NASA  in  45  days. 
Following  a  NASA  evaluation,  one  or  more  contracts  would  be  awarded 
for  a  detailed  six-month  mission  study,      (nasa  Release  65-363) 

•  Tass  announced  that  "in  connection  with  extension  of  the  program  of 

scientific  research  aimed  at  further  studying  outer  space,  the  Soviet 
Union  will  fire  rocket  boosters  from  November  25  to  December  25, 
1965,  into  a  circular  target  area  in  the  central  Pacific  having  a  radius 
of  40  n.m.  and  a  center  of  0°5  min.  south  and  163''45  min.  west." 
Governments  of  countries  using  sea  and  air  routes  in  the  Pacific  were 
requested  not  to  enter  this  area  from  noon  to  midnight  local  time  each 
day.  (Tass,  11/24/65) 
November  26:  France  successfully  launched  A-I,  her  first  satellite,  with  the 
Diamant  booster  from  Hammaguir  Range,  Algeria.  Countdown  had 
been  interrupted  for  seven  hours  when  a  faulty  diode  was  discovered  in 
the  boosters'  third  stage.  Initial  orbital  data:  apogee,  1,768  km. 
(1,098  mi.);  perigee,  525  km.  (326  mi.);  period,  108  min.;  inclina- 
tion, 34.65°  (compared  with  planned  2,154-km.  [1,562-mi.]  apogee, 
553-km.  [331-mi.]  perigee,  53°  incHnation).  The  88-lb.  satellite, 
comparable  to  the  U.S.  Vanguard,  carried  a  radio  and  radar  trans- 
mitters but  no  scientific  equipment;  it  was  designed  for  a  two-week 
lifetime.     Radio  was  functioning  feebly. 

Primary  purpose  of  launch  was  to  test  the  Diamant  booster,  whose 
three  stages  had  been  tested  individually  but  not  as  a  three-stage  launch 
vehicle.  Second  and  third  stages  used  solid  fuel;  the  first  used  liquid. 
(Root,  Wash.  Post,  11/27/65,  Al;  ap,  NYT,  11/27/65,  1,  4;  SBD, 
12/11/65,  172) 

•  U.S.S.R.  launched  cosmos  xcvii  artificial  earth  satellite  "containing  sci- 

entific equipment  for  continuing  outer  space  research,"  Tass  reported. 
Orbital  parameters  were  close  to  the  calculated  ones:  apogee,  2,100  km. 
(1,304  mi.);  perigee,  220  km.  (136.6  mi.);  period,  108.3  min.;  in- 
clination to  equator,  49°.  Onboard  equipment  was  operating  normally. 
[Pravda,  11/27/65,  1,  atss-t  Trans.) 

•  British  Black  Knight   research   rocket   reentered   earth's   atmosphere   at 

10,800  mph  after  a  successful  firing  at  the  Woomera  range,  Australia. 
Rocket  had  reached  390-mi.  altitude,      (ap,  Wash.  Post,  11/27/65,  A2) 

•  National  Aeronautic  Assn.  named  Jerome  Lederer,  director  of  the  Flight 

Safety  Foundation  of  New  York,  as  winner  of  the  Wright  Brothers 
Memorial  Trophy  for  1965.  Trophy  is  awarded  annually  for  signifi- 
cant public  service  of  enduring  value  to  aviation,  (ap,  NYT,  11/27/ 
65,  65) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  announced  that  48  additional   j-2 

liquid-hydrogen  rocket  engines  would  be  purchased  from  Rocketdyne 
Div.  of  North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  under  an  amendment  which 
converted  the  engine  production  contract  to  a  cost-plus-incentive-award- 
fee  agreement.     The   initial  contract  was   a  cost-plus-fixed-fee  agree- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  527 

ment.  Cost  of  amendment  was  $75.8  million  which  brought  the  total 
value  of  the  contract  to  approximately  $206  million.  A  total  of  103 
j-2  engines  was  now  on  order  for  the  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  launch 
vehicle  program,  (msfc  Release  65-289) 
November  26:  ComSatCorp  announced  the  selection  of  Vern  W.  Johnson  & 
Sons,  Inc.,  Spokane,  Wash.,  for  site  preparation  and  construction  of 
buildings  and  other  facilities  for  ComSatCorp's  fixed  earth  station  at 
Brewster  Flat,  Wash.  The  construction  contract,  totaling  $909,382, 
was  filed  with  FCC.  The  Brewster  Flat  station,  when  completed,  would 
serve  as  a  U.S.  link  in  a  worldwide  commercial  satellite  communica- 
tions system.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  U.S.    oflficials    said    this    country    lacked    enough    intelligence    informa- 

tion to  know  with  certainty  if  the  Russians  were  developing  a 
solid-fuel  intercontinental  ballistic  missile,  reported  the  Baltimore  Sun. 
Weapons  described  by  the  Soviets  as  solid-fuel  were  displayed  in  a  Nov. 
7  Moscow  parade  observing  the  48th  anniversary  of  the  Bolshevik 
Revolution.     (Sehlstedt,  Bah.  Sun,  11/27/65,  5) 

•  Dr.  Homi  J.  Bhabha,  chairman  of  India's  Atomic  Energy  Commission, 

denied  reports  that  India  was  secretly  preparing  to  explode  a  nuclear 
device.  In  an  interview,  he  said:  "We  are  still  eighteen  months  away 
from  exploding  either  a  bomb  or  a  device  for  peaceful  purposes  and  we 
are  doing  nothing  to  reduce  that  period."  {NYT,  11/29/65,  8) 
November  27:  Soviet  Union  launched  COSMOS  xcviii  unmanned  satellite 
with  "scientific  apparatus  to  continue  space  investigations,"  Tass  an- 
nounced. Orbital  data:  apogee,  570  km.  (354  mi.) ;  perigee,  216  km. 
(134  mi.)  ;  period,  92  min.;  inclination,  65°.  Equipment  was  func- 
tioning normally.      (Pravda,  11/28/65,  4) 

•  A-i,  France's  88-lb.  first  satellite,  continued  orbiting,  but  its  radio  signals 

had  become  weaker.  Telemetry  analysis  indicated  part  of  the  diffi- 
culty was  damage  to  the  antennas  at  launch  Nov.  26  from  Hammaguir 
Range,  Algeria,  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  11/27/65,  A2;  Reuters,  Bait. 
Sun,  12/28/65,  6) 

•  With  a  direct  $40,000  grant  from  NASA,  the  Staten  Island  Public  Health 

Hospital  was  using  convicts  for  a  research  program  entitled  "The 
Effects  of  Acute  Heat  Stress  and  Simulated  Weightlessness."  Accord- 
ing to  Warden  Frank  Kenton  of  the  Federal  Correctional  Institution, 
Danbury,  Conn.,  which  supplied  the  men,  those  who  had  volunteered 
for  the  project  were  minimum  risks  and  were  carefully  screened  be- 
fore selection  was  made.  "It's  a  good  break  for  these  fellows.  They 
get  a  $25  honorarium,  three  days  off  their  sentences,  an  opportunity 
to  get  out  of  prison  for  a  while,  and  a  change  in  routine  and  surround- 
ings."    {NYT,  11/27/65,  32) 

•  Figures  compiled  by  NASA  indicated  that  since  Jan.  1,  1964,  75  work 

stoppages  had  cost  more  than  92,000  man  days  of  work,  mostly  at 
Kennedy  Space  Center,  Associated  Press  reported,  (ap,  NYT,  11/28/ 
65,  4) 
November  28:  Canadian  ALOUETTE  ii  and  American  EXPLORER  XXXI  (Di- 
rect Measurement  Explorer)  were  launched  in  a  pick-a-back  configura- 
tion by  NASA  from  the  Western  Test  Range  with  a  single  Thor-Agena  B 
booster.  Their  orbital  parameters  were  nearly  identical:  apogee,  1,837 
mi.  (2,958  km.):  perigee,  329  mi.  (516.8  km.);  period,  121  min.; 
inclinations,  80°.     The  two  satellites  would  make  related  studies  of 


528  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

the  earth's  ionosphere  as  they  orbited  in  close  proximity.  Both  the 
323-lb.  ALOUETTE  11  and  the  218-lb.  explorer  xxxi  were  performing 
well.  Called  Isis-X,  the  double-launch  project  was  first  in  a  new  nasa- 
DRB  (Canadian  Defense  Research  Board)  program  for  International  Sat- 
ellites for  Ionospheric  Studies  (Isis).  (NASA  Release  65-355;  GSFc) 
November  28:  Lights  flashing  earthward  from  1,000  mi.  in  space  were  giv- 
ing scientists  their  first  operational  workout  with  geodetic  satellite 
EXPLORER  XXIX  launched  by  NASA  Nov.  6  from  Eastern  Test  Range. 
From  a  site  about  100  mi.  south  of  Cape  Kennedy,  five  different  types 
of  camera  systems  were  set  to  record  on  each  clear  night  the  one 
millisecond  bursts  of  light  from  explorer  xxix's  four  lamps.  In  this 
first  programed  exercise,  the  Jupiter  Calibration  Experiment,  the 
cameras  were  positioned  side-by-side  at  the  Jupiter,  Fla.,  Baker-Nunn 
Camera  Station  of  the  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory.  Simul- 
taneous use  of  the  different  camera  systems  would  permit  validation  of 
data  and  procedures  required  for  later  phases  of  the  NASA  EXPLORER 
XXIX  project  that  called  for  mutal  visibility  by  ground  stations  equipped 
with  optical  and  electronic  tracking  equipment.  Calibration  of  the 
camera  systems  would  be  an  important  step  in  realizing  maximum  utili- 
zation of  the  NASA  satellite  and  participating  ground  stations  in  the  Na- 
tional Geodetic  Satellite  Program,      (nasa  Release  65-365) 

•  Jane's  All  the  World's  Aircraft  carried  a  description  of  how  Soviet  cosmo- 

nauts were  ejected  from  their  space  capsules  at  23,000  ft.  after  re- 
entry into  earth's  atmosphere.  The  yearbook  also  published  detailed 
descriptions  of  the  Soviet  spaceship  vostok  I,  the  world's  first  manned 
earth  satellite.  It  showed  a  picture  of  the  120-ft.  ballistic  missile  that 
was  displayed  last  May  in  a  Moscow  parade  and  reported  that  the 
missile  was  a  sister  vehicle  to  the  "mighty  booster"  that  launched  the 
Vostok  in  1961.  Jane's  also  obtained  information  on  a  large  Soviet 
hovercraft  still  under  construction  and  published  a  photograph  taken  at 
the  shipyard,      (ap,  NYT,  11/29/65) 

•  The  growing  debate  about  what  the   next  step  in   manned   spaceflight 

should  be  was  roughly  divided  into  three  schools,  according  to  Howard 
Simons  in  the  Washington  Post:  (1)  a  negative  "Let's  do  nothing  at 
all  after  landing  men  on  the  moon"  school;  (2)  a  "wild-space-yonder" 
school  wanting  to  try  everything;  and  (3)  a  "school  of  thought  that 
would  make  do  with  what  we  are  now  developing  through  modification 
and  imagination  before  taking  expensive  new  steps  into  the  heavens." 
He  said  the  latter  view  would  mean  using  Saturn  IBs  and  Vs  to  launch 
modified  Apollo  spacecraft  on  largely  scientific  space  ventures,  pos- 
sibly as  early  as  1968.  (Simons,  Wash.  Post,  11/28/65) 
November  28-December  1:  The  Committee  on  Space  of  the  National  Cit- 
izens' Commission  on  International  Cooperation  recommended  nine 
possible  areas  of  international  space  cooperation  at  the  White  House 
Conference  on  International  Cooperation:  (1)  new  launching  sites  for 
satellites;  (2)  multipurpose  navigation  satellite  systems;  (3)  experi- 
mental data-gathering  satellite  system;  (4)  synoptic  sounding  rocket 
investigations;  (5)  applications  of  communications  satellites;  (6)  mu- 
tual assistance  between  national  and  international  tracking  and  data 
acquisition  networks;  (7)  exploration  of  the  distant  planets;  (8)  re- 
mote sensing;  and  (9)  international  convention  to  govern  human  ac- 
tivity on  the  moon.      (Text) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  529 

Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey,  in  opening  remarks  at  the 
session  on  international  space  cooperation,  said:  "I  want  to  support 
what  I  understand  to  be  the  central  argument  of  the  report. 

"We  have  done  well  so  far  in  pursuing  our  objective  of  international 
cooperation. 

"Our  cooperative  projects  have  borne  witness  to  our  peaceful  aims 
in  space  .  .  .  involved  foreign  intellectual  and  material  resources  in 
our  programs  .  .  .  and  established  patterns  of  cooperation  that 
further  our  goal  of  a  stable  world. 

"But  the  future  demands  a  new  level  of  effort."      (Text) 

The  Honorable  Earl  Warren,  Chief  Justice  of  the  U.S.  Supreme 
Court,  speaking  at  the  White  House  Conference,  said:  "We  live  at  a 
time  when  the  whole  world  is  being  made  over  socially,  economically, 
scientifically  and  even  intellectually.  Our  era  has  witnessed  such 
dramatic  achievements  as  flight  faster  than  sound,  the  splitting  of  the 
atom,  miracle  drugs,  and  manned  satellites  hurling  through  space. 
Rapid  and  turbulent  changes  in  the  scientific,  economic,  and  social 
fields,  almost  too  numerous  to  name,  daily  defy  evaluation  on  the  basis 
of  prior  standards  and  experience.  Vistas  of  endless  space  have  opened 
as  man's  horizons  have  widened  to  encompass  the  universe.  At  a  pace 
beyond  dreaming  the  whole  pattern  of  our  existence  is  being  reshaped. 
To  ensure  that  these  changes  work  for  the  benefit  of  mankind,  law 
must  be  developed  rapidly  enough  in  the  world  community  to  cope 
with  the  problems  they  raise  and  to  harness  their  potential  for  peaceful 
and  productive  ends."      (Text) 

The  Committee  on  Science  and  Technology  of  the  National  Citizens' 
Commission  on  International  Cooperation  said  at  the  Conference  that 
cooperation  in  science  already  "is  an  extensive  and  integral  part  of 
life"  but  that  the  same  thing  was  not  true  in  the  development  qnd  ap- 
plication of  technology.  The  Committee  urged  an  international  earth- 
quake prediction  program,  a  world  oceanography  organization,  and  a 
"greatly  accelerated"  program  to  disseminate  technology  "for  improv- 
ing the  basic  needs  of  man — such  as  nutrition,  sanitation,  health, 
shelter,  and  communications."      (Text) 

An  Inter-American  Skyway,  linking  cities  in  Latin  America  with 
each  other  and  to  North  American  centers,  was  suggested  by  the  Com- 
mittee on  Aviation.  The  Skyway  was  needed,  the  Committee  said, 
because  airports,  controlled  airways,  navigation  aids,  safety  rules,  and 
other  services  "lag  behind  the  speed,  number  and  variety"  of  aircraft 
on  Latin  American  routes,  as  they  do  throughout  the  world.  (Text) 
November  29:  Second  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory  (oso  il),  after  exceed- 
ing its  operational  life  expectancy  by  50  per  cent,  had  been  placed  in 
coasting  mode  by  NASA.  Gas  supply  for  the  pitch-control  in  the  stabili- 
zation system  had  been  depleted,  allowing  the  spacecraft  to  exceed 
acceptable  tolerances  in  pointing  at  the  sun.  Data  would  be  collected 
from  time  to  time  when  the  spacecraft  did  properly  observe  the  sun. 
OSO  II,  launched  Feb.  3,  1965,  had  completed  more  than  4,100  orbits 
and  returned  some  2,200,000  bits  of  scientific  data  each  orbit.  The 
nine  advanced  oso  ii  experiments  were  designed  to  further  the  work 
of  oso  I  as  well  as  to  extend  measurements  of  the  study  of  solar  x-rays, 
gamma  rays,  and  ultraviolet  radiation,  (nasa  Release  65-367;  GSFC 
Historian) 


530  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

November  29:  Gemini  vii  astronauts  Frank  Borman  and  James  A.  Lovell, 
Jr.,  reviewed  for  several  hours  where  they  would  put  food  wrappings 
and  other  waste  materials  during  their  14-day  spaceflight  scheduled 
to  begin  Dec.  4.  Study  of  the  problem  was  part  of  the  final  phase  of 
training  for  the  mission,     (ap,  NYT,  11/29/65,  55) 

•  m/g   0,   J.    Ritland    (usaf),   retiring   Nov.   30,   was   awarded   the   NASA 

Exceptional  Service  Medal  by  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb. 
General  Ritland  who,  as  Deputy  Commander  for  Space  of  the  Air  Force 
Systems  Command,  had  been  closely  associated  since  1962  with  NASA's 
Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  was  cited  for  his  contributions  to  the 
Mercury  and  Gemini  manned  space  flight  programs.  (NASA  Release 
65-369) 

•  U.S.S.R.  transmitted  a  color  television  program  by  satellite  to  France 

for  the  first  time.  Tass  said  the  transmission,  using  the  French  Secam 
color  system,  foUowed  a  series  of  technical  tryouts  through  MOLNIYA 
I,  first  of  the  Soviet  Union's  two  communications  satellites  now  in  orbit. 
(Reuters,  NYT,  11/30/65,  49) 

•  A  moving  model  of  a  proposed  lunar  exploration  vehicle  under  develop- 

ment by  the  Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering  Corp.  was  demonstrated 
on  two  acres  of  simulated  moonscape.  The  two-section  wheeled  craft, 
known  as  a  mobile  base  simulator,  lumbered  at  five  mph  around  moon- 
like craters  made  of  cinders  and  coal  dust  at  the  Grumman  test  field, 
Calverton,  L.  I.  The  Grumman  engineer  in  charge  of  the  project, 
Edward  G.  Markow,  explained  that  the  aluminum  working  model, 
valued  at  $250,000,  was  being  developed  in  the  hope  that  NASA  officials 
would  buy  the  project  for  use  possibly  by  1975.  The  exploration 
craft  would  have  a  lunar  range  of  250  mi.  and  accommodate  two 
astronauts  with  50  lbs.  of  equipment  for  perhaps  two  weeks.  It  was 
designed  for  use  with  the  Saturn  V  booster.      {NYT,  11/30/65,  22) 

•  Dr.  Warren  Weaver,  former  president  of  the  AAAS,  said  in  an  interview 

with  U.S.  News  &  World  Report  that  it  was  wrong  to  spend  $30  billion 
on  getting  an  American  to  the  moon  by  1970  when  so  much  else  to 
benefit  the  human  race  could  be  done  with  the  money.  He  suggested: 
"We  could  give  every  teacher  in  the  U.S.  a  ten  percent  raise  a  year 
for  ten  years;  endow  200  small  colleges  with  $10  million  each;  finance 
the  education  through  graduate  school  of  50,000  scientists  at  $4,000- 
a-year;  build  ten  new  medical  schools  at  $200  million  each;  build  and 
endow  complete  universities  for  more  than  50  developing  countries; 
create  three  new  Rockefeller  Foundations  worth  $50  million  each." 
(U.S.  News,  11/29/65) 

•  Rep.  Adam  Clayton  Powell  (D-N.Y.),  Chairman  of  the  House  Committee 

on  Education  and  Labor,  personally  wrote  the  presidents  of  the  Na- 
tion's 116  predominantly  Negro  colleges  and  universities  urging  them 
to  apply  for  NASA  grants  and  research  contracts.  In  his  letter  he 
noted  that  of  187  colleges  and  universities  receiving  NASA  grants,  only 
one — Howard  Univ. — was  predominantly  Negro  and  that  20  universi- 
ties (10%)  received  $61,451,000  (50%)  of  the  $121,115,000  total 
expenditure.  (House  Comm.  on  Education  and  Labor  Release) 
November  30:  A  suggestion  made  at  the  White  House  Conference  on  Inter- 
national Cooperation  that  the  U.S.  seek  international  agreement  on  a 
legal  code  for  human  activity  on  the  moon  received  editorial  comment 
in  the  New  York  Times:  "An  important  precedent  for  a  code  of  lunar 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  531 

law  exists  in  the  Antarctic  Treaty  of  Dec.  1,  1959.  That  pact,  to 
which  both  the  United  States  and  the  Soviet  Union  adhere,  provides 
that  Antarctica  shall  be  used  only  for  peaceful  purposes  and  shall  con- 
tain no  military  bases.  It  suspends  all  territorial  claims  to  the  Ant- 
arctic and  establishes  the  principle  that  all  settlements  and  activities  in 
the  area  are  open  to  inspection  by  observers  designated  by  the  nations 
ratifying  the  treaty. 

"The  contracting  nations  agree  to  make  available  to  each  other  all 
scientific  information  gathered  there,  and  to  exchange  personnel  among 
their  expeditions  and  stations. 

"Adoption  of  an  analogous  code  for  the  moon  would  be  a  major 
triumph  of  international  cooperation  .  .  ."  {NYT,  11/30/65,  40) 
November  30:  Science  interest  among  U.S.  high  school  students  was  declin- 
ing, Dr.  Robert  Jastrow,  director  of  the  New  York  branch,  NASA  God- 
dard  Institute  for  Space  Studies,  told  the  New  York  City  Youth  Board, 
meeting  to  inaugurate  Youth  Week.  Citing  figures  from  a  study  cover- 
ing 1958  to  1963,  Jastrow  reported  a  30%  decline  in  the  number  of 
semi-finalists  competing  for  National  Merit  Scholarship  Awards  who 
whose  physics  as  a  career  preference.  He  suggested  that  the  image  of 
science  as  "a  dehumanized  field  of  work  open  only  to  a  gifted  few" 
could  be  counteracted  only  if  scientists  "are  willing  to  step  down  from 
this  pedestal  and  interact  with  young  people."  (Whitehouse,  NYT, 
12/5/65,  71) 

•  U.S.  Army  modified  Redstone  missile  was  successfully  test-fired  from 

WTR  as  part  of  Advanced  Research  Projects  Agency's  Project  Defender. 
Some  24  Army-stockpiled  Redstones  had  been  ordered  by  arpa  for 
use  in  reentry  measurements.  This  seven-year-old  Redstone,  among  the 
first  Redstones  reactivated  last  June  for  Project  Defender,  was  the  first 
Redstone  to  be  launched  since  November  1963.  (SBD,  1/13/66,  72; 
M&R,  12/13/65,  17) 
During  November:  Wendover  Air  Force  Auxiliary  Field,  Utah,  an  empty 
facility  in  "caretaker"  status,  was  reported  to  be  leading  candidate  for 
site  of  the  first  American  inland  landing  station  for  spacecraft.  A 
study  made  by  a  DOD  committee  had  described  Wendover  as  "the  only 
site  known  to  satisfy  the  recovery  requirements  of  polar  orbiting 
vehicles."    {NYT,  11/28/65,  50) 

•  The  Daniel  and  Florence  Guggenheim  Foundation  would  award  nine  or 

more  graduate  fellowships  to  train  men  for  engineering  and  scientific 
leadership  in  spaceflight,  rocket-propulsion,  and  flight-structures  re- 
search in  1966-67.  The  fellowships  were  for  residents  of  the  U.S.  and 
Canada.    {NYT,  11/29/65,  41) 

•  General   Electric    researchers    at   the    Philadelphia    Aquarama    studying 

weightlessness  problems  of  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  (Mol)  in 
underwater  tests  substituting  neutral  buoyancy  for  weightlessness  con- 
cluded that  in  weightlessness  the  time  required  to  perform  a  task  would 
be  substantially  increased  in  some  instances  by  as  much  as  50%.  The 
company-funded  program  had  also  succeeded  in  developing:  (1) 
a  tether  line  that  could  be  made  rigid  in  any  position  or  left  slack  for 
use  as  a  restraining  device,  a  ladder,  or  means  of  moving;  (2)  a  better 
understanding  of  procedures  for  movement  between  the  Gemini  space- 
craft and  Mol  and  out  of  the  Gemini  spacecraft  for  extravehicular  ex- 
periments in  the  weightless  state;  (3)  a  conceptual  design  of  restraining 


532  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

devices  for  use  inside  the  cabins  of  both  vehicles  to  aid  in  performance. 
It  had  been  verified  that  neutral  buoyancy  appeared  to  simulate  reason- 
ably the  parameters  of  weightlessness  that  have  a  significant  effect  on 
human  motor  performance,  but  could  not  simulate  effects  of  weight- 
lessness on  any  activity  in  an  important  role.  (David,  M&R,  11/8/65, 
34) 
During  November:  Compact,  remote  transmitters  similar  to  those  designed 
for  NASA  by  USAF  School  of  Aerospace  Medicine,  Brooks  afb,  Tex.,  were 
being  worn  by  cardiac  patients  as  part  of  the  Central  Cardiac  Monitor- 
ing System  (Ccms)  at  the  hospital  at  Andrews  afb,  Md.,  reported  The 
Airman.  Use  of  Ccms,  a  centrally-located  computer  capable  of  receiv- 
ing telemetered  data  from  several  ambulatory  patients  simultaneously, 
improved  patient  care  and  provided  physicians  advance  warning  of 
deterioration  in  a  patient's  condition.      {The  Airman,  11/65,  9) 

•  Policy  statement  on  participation  by  NASA  employees  in  "v^idely-attended 

dinners  honoring  aerospace  pioneers"  was  issued  by  Deputy  Adminis- 
trator Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden:  "nasa  policy  does  not  prevent  acceptance 
of  an  invitation  from  a  company  to  attend  such  affairs,  provided  the 
expense  borne  by  the  company  is  limited  to  the  cost  of  tickets.  Lodging 
or  travel  expenses  may  not  be  accepted."      (nasa  Ann.) 

•  FCC  received  27  statements  on  the  question  of  direct  purchase  of  com- 

munications services  from  ComSatCorp.  A  brief  submitted  by  the 
American  Newspaper  Publishers  Assn.  argued  that  "a  basic  policy 
determination  [should]  be  made  at  this  time,  assuring  access  by  the 
press  to  ComSat  facilities  for  news  media  dissemination.  ..."  A 
brief  by  AT&T  argued  that  "authorized  users"  of  ComSat  services  should 
be  common  carrier  companies  only  not  any  communications  organiza- 
tion wishing  to  rent  satellite  channels.  The  "only  interpretation  .  .  . 
consistent  with  the  specific  language  of  the  Communications  Satellite 
Act  of  1962,"  argued  at&t,  is  "the  view  that  ComSat  is  to  function 
as  a  'carriers'  carrier,'  except  possibly  in  the  case  of  the  U.S.  Govern- 
ment  "     Weekley,  Wash.  Post,  11/4/65,  C9) 

•  Study  of  approximately  300  photographs  taken  over  the  Antarctic  by 

NASA  NIMBUS  I  meteorological  satellite  had  caused  the  U.S.  Geological 
Survey  to  plan  three  major  changes  on  its  relief  maps:  (1)  Mount 
Siple,  10,000-ft.-high  Antarctic  mountain  used  by  pilots  as  a  naviga- 
tional aid,  would  be  repositioned  45  mi.  further  west;  (2)  a  mountain 
group  in  the  Kohler  range,  positioned  by  two  expeditions  in  two  dif- 
ferent locations,  would  appear  as  one  group  rather  than  two;  and  (3) 
ice  front  information  on  the  Filshner  Ice  Shelf,  Weddell  Sea,  and 
Princess  Martha  Coast  areas  would  be  updated  with  photographs  pro- 
ducing better  definition  of  the  ice  shelf's  shape.  (CSFC  Release  G-29- 
65) 

•  A  Soviet  booster  capable  of  generating  more  than  60-million  hp.  had 

launched  the  instrumented  spacecraft  of  the  Proton  series.  Prof.  Georgi 
V.  Petrovich  disclosed  in  Aviatsiya  i  Cosmonavtika.  Each  engine 
had  produced  about  3-million-lbs.  thrust  at  liftoff,  usaf  Titan  III-C 
had  produced  2.4-million-lbs.  thrust  when  it  was  launched  with  an  in- 
strumented payload  June  18.      (Shabad,  NYT,  11/14/65,  74) 


December   1965 


December  1:  Full-duration  test  firing  of  the  second  flight  S-IVB  stage  of 
the  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle  was  conducted  at  Sacramento  by  Douglas 
Aircraft  Co.  The  7%-min.  acceptance  test  was  run  to  check  engine 
performance,  propellant  tank  pressurization  systems,  data  acquisition 
systems,  power  and  control  systems,  and  structural  reliability  of  the 
rocket  stage.  Following  detailed  post-test  evaluation,  the  S-IVB 
would  be  shipped  to  Kennedy  Space  Center  for  launch  as  part  of  a 
complete  Saturn  IB  vehicle  in  1966.  (Marshall  Star,  12/8/65,  4) 

•  Gemini  vii  Astronauts  Frank  Borman  (L/CoL,  usaf)  and  James  A.  Lovell, 

Jr.  (Cdr.,  usn),  passed  their  5-hr.  preflight  physical  examination  at 
KSC.  Dr.  Charles  Berry,  Gemini  medical  director,  said  he  could  find 
no  medical  problem  that  might  interfere  with  the  scheduled  launch  of 
Gemini  vii  Dec.  4.  (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/1/65,  A3;  Wilford,  NYT, 
12/2/65,  22) 

•  Dr.  Thomas  L.  K.  Smull,  Director  of  nasa  Office  of  Grants  and  Research 

Contracts,  was  temporarily  assigned  as  Special  Assistant  to  Adminis- 
trator James  E.  Webb.  He  would  be  concerned  with  examining,  in 
depth,  the  progress  made  in  the  development  and  conduct  of  university 
activities.  Dr.  John  T.  Holloway  would  serve  as  the  Acting  Director 
of  the  Office  of  Grants  and  Research  Contracts,      (nasa  Ann.) 

•  Dr.  Donald  P.  Burcham,  Voyager  project  manager  at  jpl,  told  the  Chris- 

tian Science  Monitor  in  an  interview  that  NASA  had  decided  to  launch 
the  Voyager  spacecraft  with  the  Saturn  V  booster  instead  of  the  Saturn 
IB.  "This,"  Dr.  Burcham  said,  "means  we  can  put  a  heavier  retro- 
rocket  pack  on  the  spacecraft.  It  will  enable  us  to  release  the  lander 
after  the  spacecraft  has  gone  into  orbit  around  Mars  instead  of  10 
days  before  reaching  the  planet,  as  planned  earlier,  and  that  will  give 
us  a  better  chance  of  putting  a  lander  on  the  surface."  (Co wen,  CSM, 
12/1/65) 

•  Col.  John  H.  Glenn    (USMC,  Ret.)    was  guest  of  honor  and  elected  to 

membership  at  the  148th  annual  dinner  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 
Sciences.  He  said  that  100  yrs.  from  now  "space  travel  will  not  be  a 
form  of  international  competition,  nor  will  it  have  political  implica- 
tions; it  will  be  the  beginning  of  the  greatest  exploration  period  in 
world  history."     {NYT,  12/3/65,  42 ) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  had  awarded  a  $358,808  contract  to 

Bryson  Construction  Co.,  Inc.,  Ala.,  for  building  a  non-destructive  fa- 
cility for  testing  rocket  materials  in  simulated  space  en- 
vironments. Four  shielded  "radiographic  laboratories"  would  pro- 
vide areas  where  rocket  materials  would  be  exposed  to  radiation  and 
would  have  equipment  for  searchray,  motion  radiography,  radioiso- 
tope, and  radiography  testing,      (msfc  Release  65-290) 

533 


534  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

December  1:  ComSatCorp  announced  selection  of  J.  P.  Finan  General  Con- 
tractor, Inc.,  for  site  preparation  and  construction  of  buildings  and 
other  facilities  for  ComSatCorp's  earth  station  at  Paumalu,  Oahu,  Ha- 
waii, under  a  contract  totaling  $948,362.  The  Paumalu  station,  when 
completed,  would  serve  as  part  of  a  worldwide  commercial  satellite 
communications  system.     (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  Unpublished  study  of  the  Organization  of  Economic  Cooperation   and 

Development  (oecd) — international,  intergovernmental  agency — to  de- 
termine importance  of  military  and  space  research  for  civilian  tech- 
nological advance  was  reported  by  the  Washington  Post  to  contain 
three  key  conclusions:  (1)  military  and  space  research  is  a  costly  and 
inefficient  way  of  spurring  technological  advance  for  the  civilian  econ- 
omy; (2)  although  there  is  some  direct  civilian  application  of  new 
products  and  techniques  developed  for  the  military,  the  amount  is  lim- 
ited and  is  shrinking;  (3)  while  a  massive  military-space  program  like 
that  of  the  U.S.  may  indirectly  stimulate  innovation  by  civilians,  some 
of  the  same  results  could  probably  be  obtained  more  cheaply  by  direct 
government  aid  to  nondefense  research  and  development.  The  study 
implied  there  were  better  ways  for  Europe's  industry  to  catch  up.  The 
report  also  stated  the  U.S.  and  the  Soviet  Union  were  putting  about 
the  same  effort  into  research,  and  Western  Europe  was  not  far 
behind.  In  terms  of  manpower  involved,  U.S.  total  was  over  1  mil- 
lion; European,  about  500,000;  Soviet,  1.5  million.  In  international 
earnings  of  patents  and  licenses,  the  U.S.  was  ahead.  (Nossiter, 
Wash.  Post,  12/2/65,  A24;  NYT,  12/19/65,  20) 
December  2:  NASA  launched  an  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  from  White 
Sands  Missile  Range  to  peak  altitude  of  115  mi.  (185  km.).  Objec- 
tives were  to  photograph  the  solar  disc  and  to  measure  solar 
flux.  Parachuted  payload  was  recovered  without  observable  dfunage; 
development  of  film  was  in  process.      (NASA  Rpt.  SRL) 

•  Dr.    Hugh    L.    Dryden,    nasa    Deputy    Administrator    since    1958,    died 

of  cancer  at  age  67.  He  was  a  former  Director  of  the  National 
Advisory  Committee  for  Aeronautics,  a  former  Associate  Director  of 
the  National  Bureau  of  Standards,  and — for  forty-five  years — an  or- 
dained minister  in  the  Methodist  Church. 

An  internationally  renowned  scientist-engineer  who  once  said  he  and 
the  airplane  grew  up  together,  he  was  recognized  for  his  leadership  in 
the  development  of  aeronautics  and  astronautics.  He  generally  was 
regarded  as  the  man  who  guided  the  United  States  into  the  space 
age.  Dr.  Dryden  served  the  U.S.  Government  with  distinction  since 
1918  in  science  and  technology,  as  an  administrator,  and  more  recent- 
ly as  a  skilled  diplomat  in  negotiating  international  agreements  for 
cooperative  efforts  in  the  peaceful  exploration  of  space.  The  recipient 
of  many  awards  and  honors.  Dr.  Dryden  was  especially  known  for  his 
scientific  contributions  to  fluid  mechanics  and  boundary-layer  phenom- 
ena. 

At  Johnson  City,  Tex.,  President  Johnson  said  that  the  death  of  Dr. 
Dryden  "is  a  deep  personal  loss  and  a  reason  for  national 
sorrow.  ...  No  soldier  ever  performed  his  duty  with  more  bravery 
and  no  statesman  ever  charted  new  courses  with  more  dedication  than 
Hugh  Dryden.     Whenever  the  first  American  space  man  sets  foot  on 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  535 

the  moon  or  finds  a  new  trail  to  a  new  star,  he  will  know  that  Hugh 
Dryden  was  one  of  those  who  gave  him  knowledge  and  illumination." 

From  Great  Falls,  Mont.,  Vice  President  Humphrey,  Chairman  of 
the  NASC,  said:  "The  death  of  Dr.  Hugh  Dryden  is  a  sad  loss  to  all  of 
us,  and  especially  to  those  of  us  who  have  been  guided  by  his  wisdom, 
experience,  and  great  common  sense  in  planning  the  nation's  space 
program. 

"We  shall  miss  him  sorely  as  we  plot  our  course  for  the  decade 
ahead.  So  much  of  what  this  nation  has  been  able  to  do  in  aeronau- 
tics and  space  over  the  past  40  years  we  owe  to  the  creative  science 
and  the  confident,  skillful  leadership  of  this  great  public  servant.  I 
know  of  no  finer  example  of  modern  man  in  all  his  versatility  than  Dr. 
Hugh  Dryden,  whose  vision,  courage,  and  lifetime  of  service  have 
helped  to  lead  the  way  into  the  Space  Age.  .  .  ." 

NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said:  "Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden  was 
a  man  of  his  time — of  the  air  age,  of  the  nuclear  age,  of  the  space  age, 
with  all  the  implications  of  modern  science  and  technology  for  the 
accomplishments  of  his  time.  He  was  also  a  man  for  all  times  because 
his  courage  in  undertaking  the  conquest  of  air  and  space,  his  scientific, 
engineering,  and  administrative  competence  and  his  qualities  of  hu- 
manity and  leadership  mark  him  as  one  of  the  truly  great  men  who 
have  contributed  over  the  years  to  these  fields.  He  will  be  sorely 
missed  in  nasa,  in  the  nation  and,  indeed,  in  many  nations." 

Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  National  Aeronau- 
tics and  Space  Council,  said:  "The  country  has  lost  one  of  its  greatest 
scientists  and  one  of  its  most  dedicated  citizens.  The  country  will 
have  to  continue  with  its  space  and  aeronautics  programs  without  him 
— but  will  not  be  able  to  carry  on  as  well  without  his  inspiring  leader- 
ship and  ability."  (Texts) 
December  2:  Tass  reported  that  U.S.S.R.'s  venus  ii  had  covered  6,540,000 
km.  (4,062,111.8  mi.);  venus  iii,  5,310,000  km.  (3,298,136 
mi.).  Both  spacecraft  were  in  trajectories  close  to  those  calculated; 
all  onboard  equipment  was  functioning  normally.     (Tass,  12/2/65) 

•  President  Johnson  named  Dr.  Finn  J.  Larsen,  Honeywell  vice  president, 

as  Principal  Director  of  Defense  Research  and  Engineering  for  dod, 
succeeding  Dr.  E.  G.  Fubini,  who  left  the  job  July  15.  (ap,  NYT, 
12/3/65,  22;  Pres.  Doc,  12/6/65,  546) 

•  Lt.  Frank  K.  Ellis  (usn),  double-amputee  pilot  whose  name  was  among 

astronaut  candidates  submitted  to  NASA  by  Chief  of  Naval  Operations 
Adm.  David  L.  McDonald,  had  been  nominated  for  "special  capacity" 
work  in  the  space  program,  unidentified  NASA  sources  revealed.  While 
not  nominated  to  become  an  actual  astronaut,  Ellis  would  be  consid- 
ered for  work  that  would  use  his  aeronautical  knowledge.  He  lost 
both  legs  in  a  jet  crash  in  July  1962.  (CNS,  San  Diego  Eve.  Trib., 
12/3/65) 

•  65-ton  Saturn  S-IVB  "battleship"  tankage  and  associated  vehicle  equip- 

ment were  shipped  from  San  Francisco  by  MSEC  to  USAF  Arnold 
Engineering  Development  Center,  TuUahoma,  Tenn.,  for  use  in  high-al- 
titude tests  of  the  stage's  J-2  engine,      (msec  Release  65-291) 

•  A  new  alloy  of  hafnium  and  tantalum  had  been  developed  which  could 

withstand  temperatures  as  high  as  4000°  F.     It  would  raise  tempera- 


536  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

ture  limits  formerly  placed  on  such  engine  components  as  nozzles  and 
throat  inserts  by  the  lack  of  reliable  protective  coatings.  Application 
of  the  alloy  was  developed  on  a  NASA  contract  by  the  IIT  Research 
Institute.  ( NASA  Release  65-365) 
December  2:  Physicist  and  author  Dr.  Ralph  E.  Lapp  said  at  Central  Con- 
necticut State  College  that  the  space  budget  would  decline  from  S5  bil- 
lion to  about  $2  billion  by  1970  unless  new^  space  projects  were  pro- 
posed and  approved  soon.  He  was  pessimistic  about  the  possibilities 
of  finding  worthwhile  proposals  among  those  now  being  considered  by 
NASA  and  suggested  that  (1)  Presidential  science  adviser  Donald 
Hornig  issue  a  report  which  would  be  "an  accounting  and  a  forecast" 
of  the  possibilities  in  space,  and  (2)  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences 
poll  its  700  members  for  their  views  on  how  Federal  funds  for  research 
and  development  should  be  allocated  for  space  and  other  projects. 
Lapp  said  "near-earth"  projects  such  as  manned  earth  stations  offered 
some  posibilities,  but  not  enough  to  fill  the  gap  which  Avould  soon  ap- 
pear in  the  aeronautics  and  space  industry.  (Garwood,  Wash.  Post, 
12/3/65,  A8) 

•  Need  for  creation  of  a  "Buck  Rogers  rescue  squad"  with  trained  men 

and  equipment  to  give  aid  on  short  notice  to  spacemen  stranded  or 
stricken  in  orbit  was  discussed  by  William  Hines  in  the  Washington 
Evening  Star.  Hines  said  a  persuasive  case  had  been  made  by  Mi- 
chael Stoiko  of  the  Martin  Co.:  "Stoiko  estimated  that  in  the  next  20 
years  there  will  be  about  280  manned  space  flights  involving  about  800 
men.  Half  of  each^ — men  and  flights^ — will  be  American,  half 
Russian.  Total  flight  time  will  be  about  2.4  million  man  hours,  com- 
pared with  the  world-wide  total  of  about  1,200  man  hours  to  date." 

Stoiko  projected  "a  62  percent  probability  of  at  least  seven  emer- 
gency situations  involving  22  men  in  the  next  20  years;  a  58  percent 
probability  of  two  or  three  emergencies  in  the  coming  decade." 

Hines  said  that  now  "astronauts  stranded  in  orbit  would  have  no 
hope  of  rescue  and  only  a  melancholy  choice  between  two  fatal  alterna- 
tives: to  sweat  it  out  until  the  oxygen  finally  was  gone,  or  to  make  a 
quick  end  of  it  by  explosively  decompressing  both  spacecraft  and 
suit."     (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/2/65) 

•  Sir  Francis  Vallat,   acting   director   of  McGill   Univ.'s   Institute   of  Air 

and  Space  Law,  told  a  news  conference  that  if  a  piece  of  a  satellite 
were  to  hit  an  individual  on  the  head,  he  could  sue  the  government 
that  launched  it  and  probably  win  the  case,  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
12/3/65,  A8) 

•  Avco  Corp.  was  issued  a  $1,600,000  increment  to  a  previously  awarded 

contract  for  design,  development,  fabrication,  test,  and  evaluation  of 
Minuteman  Mark  IIA  reentry  vehicles  for  AFSC.  (dod  Release 
871-65) 
December  3:  U.S.S.R.  launched  luna  vili  unmanned  spacecraft  toward 
the  moon.  Objectives  were  testing  of  soft  lunar  landing  system  and 
scientific  research.  Weighing  1,552  kg.  (3,422  lbs.),  the  spacecraft 
was  following  a  trajectory  close  to  the  calculated  one.  Equipment  was 
functioning  normally.  (Komsomolskaya  Pravda,  12/4/65,  1,  ATSS-T 
Trans.) 

•  AEC  announced  the  U.S.  had  conducted  a  weapons-related  nuclear  test  in 

Nevada  with  a  yield  equivalent  to  an  explosive  force  of  200,000  to  one 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


537 


December  4-18:  Photograph  of  gemini  vii 
taken  from  gemini  vi  during  rendezvous 
December  15  (left)  ;  and,  gemini  Vll  As- 
tronauts Frank  Borman  (leading)  and 
James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  step  onboard  U.S.S. 
Wasp  after  recovery  by  helicopter  from 
14-day  mission. 


million  tons  of  TNT.  It  was  the  22nd  test  announced  in  1965  and 
reportedly  the  year's  biggest.  {NYT,  12/4/65,  3 ) 
December  3:  ComSatCorp  announced  a  $4,650,000  contract  with  Sylvania 
Electric  Products,  Inc.,  for  two  large  antenna  systems  to  be  installed  at 
earth  stations  in  Paumalu,  Hawaii,  and  Brewster  Flat,  Wash.  Mova- 
ble portions  of  the  85-ft.  dish  antennas  would  weigh  more  than  135  tons 
and,  when  in  place  atop  concrete  foundations,  be  up  to  110  ft.  high. 
When  completed,  the  stations  would  serve  as  links  in  a  worldwide 
commercial  satellite  communications  system.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  Dr.  John  A.  O'Keefe,  nasa  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  said  previous 

Russian  efforts  to  land  a  vehicle  on  the  moon  had  failed  because  they 
could  not  slow  it  up  enough  at  the  point  of  contact.  Dr.  O'Keefe  also 
advanced  the  view  that  the  moon  originally  broke  off  from  the  earth 
and  eventually  assumed  its  present  position  in  the  universe.  He  spoke 
at  the  monthly  meeting  of  the  Catholic  Laymen's  First  Friday  Club  in 
Washington,  D.C.      (Wash.  £t;e.  S^ar,  12/4/65,  A3) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara  directed  USAF  to  proceed  with 

development  of  a  reconnaissance  version  of  the  F-111.  New  version 
would  be  called  the  RF-111a  and  would  be  developed  by  General 
Dynamics  Corp.,  prime  contractor  for  the  usAF  F-lllA  and  usn's 
F-lllB  tactical  aircraft.  More  than  $12,000,000  had  been  authorized 
for  the  initial  development  program,  which  would  be  directed  by 
AFSC.  (dod  Release  873-65) 
December  4^18:  NASA's  GEMINI  vii  spacecraft,  piloted  by  Astronauts 
Frank  Borman  (Maj.,  usaf),  command  pilot,  and  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr. 
Lcdr.,  USn),  pilot,  was  successfully  launched  from  Eastern  Test  Range 
at  2:30  p.m.  est  on  14-day  mission — longest  U.S.  flight  to  date. 
It  would  be  target  vehicle  in  rendezvous  with  Gemini  6  space- 
craft, scheduled  for  launch  December  13.  Titan  il  booster's  first 
stage  burned  155  sec;  second  stage  separated  and  burned  182 
sec.     Traveling  at  17,586  mph,  gemini  vii  was  inserted  into  elliptical 


538  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

orbit  with  203-mi.  (327.4-km.)  apogee;  100-mi.  (161.2-km.)  perigee; 
89-min.  period;  and  28.9°  inclination.  Immediately  after  spacecraft 
separation,  GEMINI  vil  turned  blunt  end  forward  and  began  station- 
keeping  on  Titan  irs  second  stage  at  distances  from  20  ft.  to  50  mi. 
for  17  min.  Several  hours  later  Borman  made  the  first  of  a  series  of 
course  corrections  to  position  GEMINI  vii  for  the  scheduled  rendez- 
vous with  Gemini  vi  by  firing  the  thruster  rockets  11/4  niin.  to  raise  the 
apogee  from  100  mi.  to  138  mi.  Apparent  loss  of  pressure  in  space- 
craft's fuel  cells  during  flight's  early  stages  was  later  determined  to  be 
faulty  indicator  light. 

On  Dec.  5,  the  astronauts  encountered  difficulties  at  first  in  sighting 
the  rectangular  panels  displayed  near  Laredo,  Tex.,  but  later  they  suc- 
cessfully identified  the  patterns  of  panels  and  provided  evidence  that 
their  visual  acuity  was  not  degraded  over  the  14-day  period. 

On  Dec.  6,  Lovell  removed  his  16-lb.  spacesuit,  becoming  first  U.S. 
astronaut  to  fly  in  undergarment.  The  astronauts  visually  tracked  Po- 
laris A-3  missile  fired  from  USS  Benjamin  Franklin,  submerged  nu- 
clear submarine  off  Cape  Kennedy,  and  successfully  tested  onboard 
radar  receiving  unit  needed  for  rendezvous. 

On  Dec.  7,  Borman  fired  thruster  rockets  to  achieve  a  higher  orbit 
for  rendezvous  attempt:  apogee,  197  mi.  (301.7  km.) ;  perigee,  145  mi. 
(233.8  km.). 

On  Dec.  8,  clouds  over  New  Mexico  caused  astronauts  to  cancel 
scheduled  experiment  to  communicate  with  ground  by  laser  beam. 

On  Dec.  9,  Borman  executed  a  posigrade  maneuver  to  circularize 
GEMINI  vii's  orbit,  firing  thruster  rockets  one  minute  18  sec.  to  raise 
perigee  to  185.8  mi.  (299.7  km.)  ;  43  min.  later,  he  fired  braking 
thrusters  15  sec.  to  lower  apogee  to  188.3  mi.  (103.7  km.)  and  provide 
a  proper  target  orbit  for  Gemini  6.  Dr.  Berry  recommended  that  Bor- 
man apply  ointment  to  ease  the  nasal  dryness  caused  by  the  100% -oxy- 
gen atmosphere  of  his  spacesuit. 

On  Dec.  10,  when  temperatures  in  gemini  vii's  cabin  rose  to  85°, 
Flight  Director  Christopher  Kraft  ordered  Lovell  to  put  on  his  space- 
suit  to  permit  Borman  to  remove  his.  One  astronaut  was  to  wear  his 
spacesuit  at  all  times  during  the  mission.  Dr.  Berry  recommended 
that  Lovell  apply  antihistamine  ointment  to  ease  nasal  dryness. 

On  Dec.  11,  laser  experiment  was  conducted  with  partial  success: 
the  Hawaiian  ground  station  received  signals  from  the  spacecraft  when 
Lovell  locked  his  hand-held  laser  onto  the  ground-based  one,  but  con- 
tact was  not  precise  or  strong  enough  to  carry  a  human  voice. 

On  Dec.  12,  the  astronauts  tried  again  to  establish  ground  laser 
communications  over  White  Sands  Missile  Range,  but  were  able  to 
pick  up  only  two  quick  flashes  from  the  ground  beacon. 

On  Dec.  13,  when  gemini  vii's  fuel  cell  warning  light  flashed  on, 
the  astronauts  flushed  excess  water  from  the  system  by  forcing  in  addi- 
tional oxygen  borrowed  from  the  cabin's  oxygen  supply,  thereby  cor- 
recting the  difficulty.  A  taperecorder  malfunction  prevented  the 
spacecraft  from  supplying  automatic  data  on  performance  of  its  sys- 
tems between  tracking  stations. 

On  Dec.  14,  Borman  observed  reentry  of  a  Minuteman  missile  fired 
from  Vandenberg  afb  to  Eniwetok — first  time  a  missile  reentry  had 
been  sighted  by  an  astronaut.     Both  gemini  vii  astronauts  were  be- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  539 

ginning  to  feel  the  strain  of  their  ten  days  in  space:  "Jim  and  I  are 
beginning  to  notice  the  days  seem  to  be  lengthening  a  little,"  Borman 
said.     "We're  getting  a  little  crummy." 

On  Dec.  15,  gemini  vii  and  gemini  vi  achieved  their  historic 
rendezvous  in  orbit  (see  Dec.  15-16) . 

On  Dec.  16,  a  report  from  gemini  vii  Astronauts  Borman  and 
Lovell  that  three  of  the  six  fuel  cell  stacks  were  not  operating  aroused 
apprehension  that  the  flight  might  end  prematurely. 

Next  day  gemini  vii's  fuel  cells  began  to  function  satisfactorily, 
thereby  assuring  a  full-duration  mission.  Astronauts  Borman  and  Lo- 
vell checked  out  all  their  spacecraft's  systems  and  received  reentry 
instructions. 

On  Dec.  18,  GEMINI  VII  began  a  normal  reentry  when  its  four 
retrorockets  fired  automatically  in  correct  sequence  above  the  Pacific 
southeast  of  the  Philippines.  After  a  controlled  reentry  to  the  prede- 
termined landing  point,  the  spacecraft  splashed  down  in  the  Atlantic  at 
9:06  a.m.  est,  700  mi.  southwest  of  Bermuda — only  7.6  mi.  from 
target.  The  astronauts,  after  their  record-breaking  330-hr.  35-min. 
spaceflight,  were  assisted  from  the  capsule  by  Navy  frogmen  and  taken 
to  the  carrier  Wasp  for  medical  debriefing.  (NASA  Release  65-362; 
NASA  Proj.  Off.;  Transcript;  NYT,  12/5/65,  1,  72;  12/6/65,  1,  43; 
12/7/65,  24;  12/13/65,  1,  46;  12/15/65,  23;  WSI,  12/9/65,  1; 
12/13/65,  1;  12/14/65,  1;  Wash.  Post,  12/6/65,  A3;  12/7/65,  Al, 
A3;  12/9/65,  A9;  12/10/65,  Al,  A3;  12/12/65,  Al,  A8;  12/13/65, 
Al;  12/14/65,  A3;  Wash.  Sun.  Star,  12/5/65,  Al,  AS;  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  12/6/65,  Al,  A12;  12/7/65,  A3;  12/8/65,  A3;  12/12/65,  A7; 
12/15/65,  Al,  A2,  A6;  Time,  12/24/65,  32-36;  msc  Gemini 
VII /Gemini  VI  Fact  Sheet) 
December  4:  President  Johnson,  after  viewing  on  television  the  launching 
of  GEMINI  VII,  said:  "Once  again,  two  brave  Americans  have  carried 
the  quest  for  knowledge  to  the  threshold  of  space.  They  also  take 
with  them  our  prayers,  and  our  pride.  As  they  orbit  the  earth  in  the 
days  and  weeks  ahead.  Astronauts  Frank  Borman  and  James  Lovell 
will  broaden  our  knowledge  of  space.  But  they  will  do  more.  Their 
voyage  will  be  a  continuous  reminder  that  the  peaceful  conquest  of 
space  is  the  only  form  of  conquest  in  which  modern  man  can  proudly 
and  profitably  engage.  In  this  struggle,  all  men  are  allies,  and  the 
only  enemy  is  a  hostile  environment.  The  victory  over  the  final  en- 
emy will  belong,  not  just  to  Americans,  but  to  all  the  world.  We  are 
proud  that  these  fine  young  Americans  have  brought  us  one  step  closer 
to  that  goal."     {Pres.  Doc,  12/4/65) 

•  KSC   technicians   began   to    repair   Pad    19   for   the    Gemini   VI   launch 

immediately  after  gemini  vii  had  lifted  off.  Damage  was  mini- 
mal, NASA  officials  reported,  and  they  were  optimistic  about  being 
able  to  launch  Gemini  VI  Dec.  13.  (Simons,  Wash.  Post,  12/5/65,  1) 
December  5:  luna  viii  would  land  on  the  moon  Dec.  6  at  about  4:50 
p.m.  EST,  Tass  reported.  Telemetry  data  indicated  the  spacecraft  was 
on  a  correct  trajectory  and  functioning  normally.  (Reuters,  NYT, 
12/6/65,43) 

•  In  an  editorial  titled  "Loss  of  a  Leader,"  the  Washington  Sunday  Star 

concluded  a  review  of  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden's  contributions  to  American 


540  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1%5 

aeronautics  and  astronautics:  "It  is  in  the  tradition  of  NASA,  and  of 
NACA  before  it,  to  name  its  research  centers  and  after  important  figures 
in  the  development  of  aeronautics  and  astronautics:  Langley,  Lewis, 
Ames,  Marshall,  Kennedy.  One  major  center — the  one  at  Houston — 
remains  unnamed.  It  would  be  a  fitting  tribute  to  a  dedicated  Ameri- 
can if  that  center  were  henceforth  to  bear  the  name  of  Hugh  L. 
Dryden."      (Wash.  Sun.  Star,  12/5/65,  B2) 

December  5:  Hamilton  Standard  Div.  of  United  Aircraft  Corp.  successfully 
tested  a  life-support  back  pack  designed  to  meet  requirements  of  the 
lunar  surface  suit  for  the  Apollo  lunar-landing  mission.  System  func- 
tioned as  planned  for  over  three  hours  inside  a  vacuum  chamber  while 
the  test  subject  walked  on  a  treadmill  to  simulate  the  metabolic  load  of 
an  astronaut  on  the  lurain.  The  65-lb.  portable  life  support  system  sup- 
plied oxygen,  pressurized  to  a  minimum  3.7  lbs.  psi,  controlled  its 
temperature  and  relative  humidity,  and  circulated  it  through  the  suit 
and  helmet.  The  pack  pumped  cooled  water  through  the  tubing  of  the 
undergarment  for  cooling  inside  the  pressure  suit.  A  canister  of  lith- 
ium hydroxide  trapped  carbon  dioxide  and  other  air  contaminants  to 
purify  the  oxygen  for  reuse.      (UPI,  NYT,  12/6/65,  42) 

December  6:  FR-I  (fr-1a),  second  French  satellite  to  be  launched  within 
two  weeks,  was  successfully  injected  into  near-polar  orbit  from  the 
Western  Test  Range  by  a  NASA  Scout  booster.  Orbital  parameters: 
apogee,  480  mi.  (773  km.) ;  perigee,  462  mi.  (743.8  km.) ;  period,  100 
min.;  inclination,  75.9°.  NASA  provided  the  four-stage  launch  vehicle 
and  launch  service  as  part  of  its  cooperative  agreement  with  the 
French  Centre  National  d'Etudes  Spatiales  (cNES),  which  designed, 
built,  and  tested  the  135-lb.  satellite,  fr-i  would  study  propagation 
of  very  low  frequency  (Vlf)  radio  waves  and  measure  electron 
densities.  Telemetry  reports  indicated  all  systems  were  operating 
nominally  and  were  returning  useful  data.  (NASA  Release  65-366; 
Wash.  Post,  12/7/65,  A6;  upi,  NYT,  12/8/65,  13) 

•  Funeral   in   Washington   for   late    Deputy    Administrator   of   NASA,    Dr. 

Hugh  L.  Dryden,  attended  by  hundreds  of  friends  and  high  Fed- 
eral officials.  Pallbearers  were  Gen.  James  H.  Doolittle  (Chairman 
of  the  NACA,  1956-58),  Dr.  T.  Keith  Glennan  (nasa  Administrator, 
1958-1961),  and  Astronauts  Scott  Carpenter,  Gordon  Cooper,  James 
McDivitt,  and  John  Glenn,      (eph) 

•  Results  of  an  experiment  to   be  performed   on  GEMINI  vil  to  measure 

amount  of  bone  demineralization  brought  on  by  14  days  of  weightless- 
ness in  space  could  lead  to  a  preventive  that  would  protect  aged  per- 
sons suffering  from  brittle  bones,  said  Dr.  George  P.  Vose,  professor  of 
radiographic  research  at  Texas  Women's  Univ.  (Lee,  Houston  Post, 
12/6/65) 

•  Course  of  Soviet  spacecraft  LUNA  viil  was  successfully  corrected  and  it 

was  now  on  a  trajectory  toward  the  moon  close  to  the  calculated  one, 
Tass  announced.      (Tass,  12/6/65) 

•  Test  of  the  Apollo  command  module  and  launch  escape  system,  scheduled 

for  Dec.  8  at  White  Sands  Missile  Range,  was  postponed  due  to  a 
malfunction  in  the  Little  Joe  il  booster  rocket  guidance  system.  Mal- 
function was  caused  by  bad  soldering  connections,  (msc  Info.  Proj. 
Off.;  Las  Cruces  Sun  News,  12/6/65) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  541 

December  6:  The  $2-billion  Rover  nuclear-propelled  rocket  program  was 
approaching  a  decision  whether  to  move  forward  and  prepare  for  early 
post-Apollo  missions  or  let  the  technology  dwindle,  Harold  B.  Finger, 
Director  of  nasa-aec  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office,  told  Aviation 
Week  &  Space  Technology.  The  two-part  decision  was  (1)  whether  to 
move  forward  with  a  flight-type  engine  of  200,000-300,000-lb.  thrust — 
an  advanced  Nerva  (Nuclear  Engine  for  Rocket  Vehicle  Application), 
and  (2)  whether  to  start  a  $50-million  construction  program  in  Nevada 
for  testing  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Nuclear  Rocket  Development  Station 
near  Las  Vegas.  Unless  these  decisions  were  made  soon,  "there  will  be 
a  tail-off  of  technology,"  Finger  said.      [Av.  Wk.,  12/6/65,  57) 

•  Vice  President  Hubert  H.   Humphrey   urged  establishment   of  research 

and  experimental  institutions  in  underdeveloped  nations  that  would 
enable  young  scientists  and  technologists  there  to  develop  their  own 
countries.  "To  train  people  without  giving  them  the  opportunity  to 
put  their  training  to  full  use  can  only  result  in  frustration  at  home  or 
migration  abroad,"  he  said. 

The  Vice  President,  speaking  at  a  dinner  given  in  New  York  by  the 
American  Committee  for  the  Weizman  Institute  of  Science,  emphasized 
that  measures  must  be  taken  "to  make  these  talented  people  actually 
want  to  work  in  their  own  countries,  by  opening  up  to  them  careers 
which  are  genuinely  and  deeply  rewarding  in  professional  advance- 
ment and  service  to  their  people."     [NYT,  12/7/65,  10) 

•  Scientists  and  broadcasting  executives  from  20  countries  began  a  four- 

day  conference  in  Paris,  sponsored  by  UNESCO,  on  communications 
satellites  and  their  probable  effect  on  press  and  radio.  (Reuters, 
NYT,  12/6/65,  3) 

•  NASA  would  sponsor  six  10-week  summer  programs  of  study  and  advanced 

research  for  almost  150  young  university  engineering  and  science 
faculty  members  in  1966.  Recipients  of  the  summer  fellowships  could 
participate  in  an  ongoing  space  research  project  at  a  NASA  center  and 
at  the  same  time  carry  on  related  seminars  at  nearby  universities.  11 
schools  were  participating  in  the  program  with  the  NASA  centers.  Pri- 
mary objectives  of  the  program  were  to  stimulate  and  enrich  university 
activities  and  to  encourage  exchange  of  ideas  between  NASA  and  uni- 
versity personnel.      (NASA  Release  65-374;  Proj.  Off.) 

•  USAF  announced  that  first  firing  of  an  operationally  configured  Minute- 

man  II  ICBM  from  an  operational  silo  was  "100  percent  successful 
with  all  research  and  development  objectives  achieved"  and  that  Min- 
uteman  ii  performed  with  "accuracy  and  reliability,"  impacting  more 
than  5,000  mi.  downrange  from  the  launch  site  at  Vandenberg 
AFB.      (afsc  Release) 

•  USAF  was  considering  using  obsolete  Boeing  Minuteman  missiles  as  space 

launch  vehicles  with  the  United  Technology  Center  FW^s  solid-pro- 
pellant  motor  as  a  fourth  stage,  Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology 
reported.  Studies  by  Boeing  and  dod  had  indicated  such  a  vehicle 
would  be  cheaper  than  a  new  Ling-Temco-Vought  Scout.  {Av.  Wk., 
12/6/65,  23) 

•  The  Soviet  Union  could  upset  the  U.S.'s  military  superiority  by  scientific 

breakthroughs  in  any  one  of  four  military  areas,  reported  Ray  Crom- 
ley  in  the  New  York  World  Telegram:  (1)  ability  to  disrupt  U.S. 
communications  completely  just  before  or  during  a  war;   (2)  effective 


542  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

defense  against  Polaris-type  submarines;  (3)  adequate  system  of  de- 
fense against  icbms;  (4)  icbms  so  accurate  that  hardened  silos  would 
not  be  adequate  protection  for  unfired  Minutemen.  (Cromley,  N.Y. 
World  Telegram,  12/6/65,  7) 
December  7:  Soviet  spacecraft  LUNA  viii  impacted  on  the  moon.  Indica- 
tions were  that  it  was  destroyed  instead  of  making  a  soft 
landing.  Tass  reported  that  "the  systems  of  the  station  were  function- 
ing normally  at  all  stages  of  the  landing  except  the  final  touchdown." 

Sir  Bernard  Lovell,  director  of  the  Jodrell  Bank  radiotelescope  track- 
ing station,  said:  "The  recordings  of  the  final  stages  of  Luna  8  made 
at  Jodrell  Bank  indicate  that  a  minor  fault  probably  developed  ap- 
proximately four  minutes  before  touchdown.  The  retrorockets  did  not 
have  full  effect  and  the  probe  probably  made  a  hard  rather  than  a 
crash  landing,  but  nevertheless  sufficient  to  put  the  instruments  out  of 
action.  It  seems  clear  the  Russians  narrowly  missed  complete 
success.  .  .  .  They  have  probably  obtained  a  great  deal  of  new  infor- 
mation which  will  enable  them  to  correct  the  remaining  minor 
faults.  .  .  ."     (Tass,  12/7/65;  Bait.  Sun,  12/8/65) 

•  Discovery  of  a  malfunction   in   the   computer   on   Gemini  6   spacecraft 

might  prevent  a  December  13  launch,  NASA  officials  speculated.  The 
computer,  whose  "memory"  had  been  altered,  was  removed  from  the 
spacecraft  to  have  new  information  fed  into  it.  (Wilford,  NYT, 
12/8/65,  IOC) 

•  Soviet  Premier  Aleksey  Kosygin  was  asked  in  an  interview  at  the  Krem- 

lin by  New  York  Times  associate  editor  James  Reston  if  expenditures 
for  space  exploration  were  questioned  by  Soviet  government 
officials.  He  replied:  "I  would  say  that  man  will  always  go  on  seeking 
a  solution  to  the  problems  of  the  universe.  There  will  always  be 
funds  that  will  be  set  aside  to  resolve  the  problems  relating  to  the 
world  and  the  universe;  this  is  all  to  the  good,  if  it's  purely 
scientific.  .  .  .  We  <Jon't  have  any  contradiction  in  the  Soviet  Union 
between  appropriations  for  space  research  and  for  the  needs  of  the 
population.  The  funds  appropriated  are  relatively  small  compared 
with  the  funds  serving  the  needs  of  the  population  on  education  and 
such.  They  are  negligible  on  the  over-all  expenditure.  Space  ex- 
penses do  not  detract  from  the  needs  of  the  population." 

Asked  if  the  U.S.S.R.  wanted  to  go  forward  with  peaceful  space 
arrangements,  Kosygin  said:  "We  have  expressed  our  view  on 
this.  We  are  in  favor  of  peaceful,  not  military,  uses  of  outer 
space.  Now,  to  insure  that  peaceful  research  in  space  does  not  place 
too  much  of  a  burden  on  us,  states  might  reduce  military  expenditures 
and  channel  the  funds  into  peaceful  space  explorations." 

Reston  queried:  "You  have  made  great  progress  in  space  with  the 
use  of  the  most  sophisticated  and  complicated  computers  and  other 
modern  science,  yet  your  speech  on  Sept.  27  was  highly  critical  of  the 
lag  in  the  use  of  modern  science  in  Soviet  industry.  Why  this  dis- 
crepancy?" Kosygin  replied:  "I  don't  understand  your  distinction 
between  space  and  economic  and  industrial  development.  We  judge 
our  economy  as  a  whole — we  include  all  spheres.  It  is  true  that  not 
everything  is  going  satisfactorily  in  science  and  technology.  Not 
everywhere  are  the  most  advanced  methods  being  used.  We  are  now 
taking  all  possible  measures  and  we  shall  remedy  this  situation.     For 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  543 

this  it  is  necessary  to  utilize  all  the  achievements  of  engineering 
thought.  We  are  doing  our  utmost  to  insure  the  further  rise  of  our 
economy  and  our  technology.  In  four  months  I  will  make  my  report 
to  the  party  congress  on  our  forthcoming  five-year  development 
plan.  In  this  plan  our  most  advanced  scientific  and  technical  achieve- 
ments will  be  mobilized."  (Text,  NYT,  12/8/65,  C20) 
December  7:  Australian  National  Development  Minister  Allen  Fairhall  said 
that  contracts  were  being  arranged  for  new  spacetracking  stations  at 
Cooby  Creek,  in  Queensland,  and  Honeysuckle  Creek,  near  Canberra, 
in  support  of  NASA's  programs.  Stations  were  expected  to  be  opera- 
tional by  1966.     (IVYT,  12/27/65,  23) 

•  Designs  for  an  aircraft  with  speed  potential  of  17,500  mph  were  being 

studied  by  both  USAF  and  NASA,  reported  the  Washington  Daily 
News.  Called  the  Scram  jet  (Supersonic  Combustion  Ramjet)  by  usaf 
and  the  hypersonic  Ramjet  by  NASA,  the  aircraft  could  reach  about 
180,000-ft.  altitude  with  the  Ramjet  engine  and  then  be  boosted  into 
space  by  a  small  auxiliary  hydrogen  rocket  motor.  Above  180,000  ft. 
there  would  not  be  enough  oxygen  to  support  the  Ramjet  engine's 
combustion.  The  aircraft  would  fire  retrorockets  to  reenter  the  atmos- 
phere and  return  to  earth.  One  of  three  competing  companies  would 
be  selected  to  begin  work  on  test  engine  hardware  by  summer 
1966.     ( Wash.  Daily  News,  12/7/65,  3 ) 

•  Survey  issued  by  the  North  American  Air  Defense  Command  revealed 

879  objects  orbiting  in  space:  American,  672  (164  payloads,  508 
pieces  of  debris)  ;  Soviet,  198  (53  payloads,  145  pieces  of  debris)  ; 
Canadian,  4  (2  payloads,  2  debris) ;  British,  3  (2  payloads,  1  debris) ; 
French,  2  (1  payload,  1  debris).  Except  for  the  payload  and  debris 
from  France's  recent  launching,  all  the  objects  in  space  were  launched 
on  American  or  Soviet  rockets.      (Wagh.  Eve.  Star,  12/7/65,  All) 

•  NASA  Electronics  Research  Center  had  accomplished  a  promising  advance 

in  microwave  research  by  generating  higher  frequency  microwaves  by 
interaction  of  hot  electrons  in  solid-state  component  material.  Tech- 
nique applied  low  voltage  across  a  bulk  gallium  arsenide  semi-conduc- 
tor crystal  less  than  one-thousandth  of  an  inch  thick  and  might  improve 
microwave  signal  transmission  efficiency  in  space.  (NASA  Release 
65-373) 

•  Fourth  Chrysler-assembled  Saturn  IB  first  stage  left  NASA  Michoud  As- 

sembly Facility  aboard  the  NASA  barge  Palaemon  for  static-firing  tests 
at  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  Trip  would  take  about  seven 
days,     (msfc  Release  65-295) 

•  Italy  launched  a  French  Centaure  rocket  in  collaboration  with  the  Euro- 

pean Space  Research  Organization  (esro),  the  Italian  Defense  Min- 
istry announced.  The  rocket  was  launched  from  the  Salto  di  Quirra 
range  in  Sardinia  to  gather  information  on  atmospheric  particles  at 
between  60-  and  100-mi.  altitude.  (Reuters,  Wash.  Post,  12/8/65,  3) 
December  8:  200,000-lb. -thrust  J-2  engine  was  captive  fired  for  388  sec.  on 
a  new  test  stand  at  NASA  msfc.  The  J-2  engine  would  be  used  to 
power  the  Saturn  s-ivb  stage,  second  stage  for  the  Saturn  V.  Ten 
tests  of  the  liquid  hydrogen-liquid  oxygen  powered  rocket  engine  had 
been  conducted  at  msfc  since  the  J— 2  engine  test  facility  was  put  into 
use  in  August  1965.      (msfc  Release  65-300) 


544  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

December  8:  Full-scale  Saturn  V  booster  (s-ic  stage)  weight  simulator  was 
shipped  from  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  to  Kennedy  Space 
Center  on  NASA  barge  Poseidon.  Trip  would  require  five  days.  Simu- 
lator would  be  used  in  checking  equipment  and  handling  procedures  at 
Ksc's  Launch  Complex  39  in  preparation  for  arrival  of  the  Saturn  V 
facility  vehicle  early  in  1966.      (msfc  Release  65-295) 

•  Soviet  Union  gave  assurances  to  U.S.  through  Ambassador  Anatoly  F. 

Dobrynin  that  it  was  abiding,  and  would  continue  to  abide,  by  the  1963 
U.N.  resolution  calling  on  all  states  not  to  orbit  weapons  of  mass 
destruction.  U.S.  had  raised  the  question  whether  the  resolution  was 
being  violated  after  the  Nov.  7  display  during  a  military  anniversary 
parade  of  "an  orbital  missile"  capable  of  delivering  a  surprise  blow 
from  space. 

Comment  in  Pravda  on  American  press  reaction  to  display  of  orbital 
rockets  during  the  Nov.  7  parade:  "By  raising  a  racket  about  the 
Soviet  orbital  rocket,  somebody  in  the  USA  evidently  calculated  to  di- 
vert the  attention  of  the  world  public  from  the  American  military 
preparations  in  the  cosmos.  The  activity  of  the  USA  .  .  .  is  .  .  .  sub- 
ordinated to  the  idea  of  using  space  for  military  purposes  .  .  .  Pro- 
gram MOL.  The  military  equipment  reviewed  on  Red  Square  on  No- 
vember 7  demonstrated  .  .  .  the  power  of  our  rocket  weapons  not  in 
order  to  threaten  anyone.  Nuclear  rocket  weapons,  which  the  Soviet 
Government  has  at  its  disposal,  are  the  powerful  means  of  guarantee- 
ing the  peace."  {Pravda,  12/8/65,  DOD  Trans.;  Finney,  NYT, 
12/11/65,1) 

•  A  temporary  injunction  was  issued  banning  a  steel  fabricating  firm  from 

running  internal  combustion  engines  while  GEMINI  vii  orbited  over 
the  Corpus  Christi,  Tex.,  area.  The  Government,  in  asking  for  the 
injunction,  said  machinery  at  Safety  Steel  Services,  Inc.,  interfered 
with  radio  signals  to  the  spacecraft  and  "threatened  the  safety  of  the 
astronauts."     (ap.  Wash.  Post,  12/9/65) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  McNamara  announced  plans  to  phase  out  all 

80  U.S.  B-58  bombers  and  345-350  of  the  Nation's  600  B-52  bombers 
by  1971.  Action  was  part  of  his  program  to  consolidate  or  eliminate 
149  of  military  installations  in  the  U.S.  and  abroad  at  a  yearly  esti- 
mated saving  of  $410  million.  In  ordering  the  bomber  phase-out, 
McNamara  said  certain  bases  from  which  B-52  operations  were  being 
removed  were  being  retained  "for  a  new  mission  which  will  be  dis- 
closed subsequently."  Observers  believed  DOD  might  order  production 
of  the  bomber  version  of  the  F-111  fighter,  (dod  Release  887-65; 
Raymond,  NYT,  12/9/65,  1;  Corddry,  Wash.  Post,  12/9/65,  A2) 

•  French     Ambassador-designate     Charles     Lucet     awarded     gold     medals 

and  citations  to  French  and  American  scientists  who  had 
worked  on  the  FR-1  project.  The  French  satellite  was  launched  from 
the  Western  Test  Range  Dec.  6  with  a  NASA  Scout  booster.  NASA 
officials  honored  at  the  French  Embassy  ceremony  in  Washington  in- 
cluded Arnold  W.  Frutkin,  Assistant  Administrator  for  International 
Affairs;  Robert  C.  Baumann,  Chief  of  Spacecraft  Integration  and 
Sounding  Rocket  Div.,  GSFC;  and  Dr.  Robert  W.  Rochelle,  Chief  of 
Flight  Data  Systems  Branch,  Spacecraft  Technology  Div.,  GSFC.  (Ross, 
Wash.  Post,  12/9/65,  Kl) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  545 

December  8:  Australia  was  negotiating  with  the  U.S.  to  use  American  Red- 
stone rockets  instead  of  Britain's  Blue  Streak  for  research  at  Woomera 
on  rocket  reentry  into  the  atmosphere.  National  Development  Minister 
Allen  Fairhall  told  the  Australian  Parliament  that  the  Redstone,  though 
obsolete  for  orbital  purposes,  would  be  more  suitable  because  it 
achieved  greater  altitude.      (Reuters,  NYT,  12/9/65) 

•  Thomas  Carroll,  pioneer  naca  test  pilot  in  the  1920's  and  chief  of  safety 

design  for  the  old  Washington  Airport,  died  after  a  long  illness.  As 
first  and  chief  test  pilot  for  naca,  he  tested  planes  at  Langley  Labora- 
tory in  Virginia  from  1920  to  1930.      (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/10/65) 

•  R,  Gordon  Gould  asked  the  U.S.  Court  of  Customs  and  Patent  Appeals  to 

declare  that  he  was  first  to  conceive  a  particularly  promising  version 
of  the  laser  and  to  grant  him  patent  rights.  A  patent  application  on 
the  device  had  already  been  filed  by  Nobel  prize  winner  from  MIT  Dr. 
Charles  H.  Townes  and  Dr.  Arthur  L.  Schawlow  of  Stanford 
Univ.  Gould's  lawyers  contended  he  had  conceived  the  idea  first,  and 
despite  the  other  application,  had  preserved  his  rights  to  the  patent  by 
working  to  perfect  the  device.      (NYT,  12/9/65,  96L) 

•  W.  A.  Patterson,  Chairman  of  the  Board  of  United  Air  Lines,  told  the 

Aviation-Space  Writers  Assn.  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  his  company 
had  refrained  from  ordering  a  supersonic  transport  "because  it's  a 
phony  deal.  You  don't  put  a  deposit  on  a  plane  that  may  cost  $40 
million,  that  you  have  never  seen,  and  that  you  don't  know  anything 
about."  Patterson  said  the  deposit  plan  was  designed  to  create  in 
Congress  an  "atmosphere  of  enthusiasm"  to  obtain  appropriations  for 
Sst  research  and  development,      (ap,  NYT,  12/9/65,  93) 

•  Soviet   communications   expert    Dr.    N.    L    Chistiakov,   speaking   at   the 

UNESCO-sponsored  space  communications  conference  in  Paris,  called 
for  an  international  convention  to  govern  the  use  of  satellites  for 
broadcasting.  He  said  a  draft  agreement  should  be  drawn  up  by  the 
International  Telecommunications  Union  and  should  make  satellite 
communications  available  to  all  countries  on  a  non-discriminatory 
basis.      (Wash.  Post,  12/8/65 ) 

•  Commenting  on  Dr.  Warren  Weaver's  Nov.  29  statement  to  17.5.  News 

and  World  Report  questioning  the  wisdom  of  spending  $30  billion  to 
get  an  American  to  the  moon  by  1970,  the  Wall  Street  Journal  said: 
"Now  Dr.  Weaver  is  not  against  going  to  the  moon  .  .  .  what  he  is 
against  is  the  hell-for-leather  way  the  moon  program  is  being  whipped 
along  .  .  .  where  the  emphasis  rightly  should  fall  is  on  Dr.  Weaver's 
assertion  that  'the  great  ideas  that  develop  within  the  body  of  science 
— strange  and  improbable  as  this  sounds — arise  from  curiosity  and  not 
from  urgency,'  and  that  the  moon  program  has  caused  a  massive  diver- 
sion of  scientists  and  engineers  from  possibly  more  productive 
fields.  .  .  ."  (WSJ,  12/8/65,  16) 
December  8-9:  NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  hosted  in  Cleveland  a  Confer- 
ence on  Selected  Technology  for  the  Petroleum  Industry.  Session  was 
sponsored  by  the  NASA  Technology  Utilization  Program  whose  objec- 
tive was  to  make  available  to  industries  the  results  of  knowledge  gath- 
ered from  space  research  and  development. 

NASA   Administrator   James   E.    Webb,    addressing   the   Conference, 
warned  of  the  possible  consequences  of  reduction  in  the  NASA  budget 


546  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

request  for  FY  1967:  ".  .  .  history  should  have  taught  us  that  new 
space  capabilities,  in  which  we  have  made  a  considerable  investment, 
must  be  used  or  their  benefits  will  be  lost."  Webb  said  history  should 
have  taught  us  also  "that  plans  for  the  future  should  not  be  drawn  by 
a  timid  hand."  He  quoted  the  late  Dr.  Hugh  Dryden,  NASA  Deputy 
Administrator,  as  saying  "the  present  gap  in  manned  flight  activity 
[between  the  U.S.  and  the  U.S.S.R.]  is  a  direct  consequence  of  a 
postponement  of  the  decision  to  proceed  beyond  Project  Mercury  from 
September  1960  until  May  1961."  (Text;  LRC  Release  65-88) 
December  9:  Ground  test  version  of  Saturn  V's  first  stage,  S-IC-T,  was 
captive  fired  for  the  14th  time  at  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight 
Center.  This  was  a  full-duration  firing  in  which  the  unit  developed 
7.5-million  lbs.  thrust  for  150  sec;  it  was  conducted  by  Boeing  Co., 
S— ic  prime  contractor.      ( MSFC  Release  65—301 ) 

•  USAF  launched   an  unidentified   satellite   from  Vandenberg  AFB   with   a 

Thor-Agena  D  booster.      ( Wash.  Post,  12/10/65,  A29) 

•  An  exhibit  showing  the  contributions  to  space  travel  of  scientists  buried 

or  commemorated  in  Westminster  Abbey  would  be  part  of  the  900th 
anniversary  of  the  Abbey's  founding,  Westminster  officials  announced. 
(AP,  NYT,  12/9/65,  70) 
December  10:  At  Austin,  Tex.,  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  announced 
that  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans  would  become  the  Deputy  Administrator 
of  NASA,  filling  the  position  held  by  the  late  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden.  Dr. 
Seamans  joined  NASA  as  Associate  Administrator  of  NASA  on  September 
1,  1960.  In  this  post  he  was  general  manager  of  NASA's  operations, 
including  field  laboratories,  research  centers,  rocket  testing  and 
launching  facilities,  and  a  world-wide  network  of  tracking  stations. 
(eph) 

•  COSMOS   XCIX   unmanned   satellite,    carrying    scientific    instruments    "for 

continued  space  research,"  was  launched  into  orbit  by  the  So- 
viet Union,  Tass  announced.  Initial  orbital  data:  apogee,  320  km. 
(198.7  mi.)  ;  perigee,  199  km.  (123.6  mi.)  ;  period,  89.6  min.;  inclina- 
tion, 65°.     Equipment  was  functioning  normally.      (Tass,  12/10/65) 

•  The  Gemini  6  spacecraft  underwent  final  checkout  of  all  systems;    its 

crew,  Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  and  Thomas  Stafford,  re- 
ceived final  briefings.  NASA  announced  that  Gemini  vi  would  be 
launched  December  12,  one  day  ahead  of  schedule.  {WSJ,  12/10/65, 
1;  Wilford,  NYT,  12/11/65,  1,  C54) 

•  NASA  announced  explorer  xxxi  and  Canadian  alouette   II,  launched 

together  on  the  same  booster  Nov.  28,  were  functioning  as 
planned,  explorer  xxxi's  apogee  was  less  than  a  mile  higher  than 
alouette  ii's  and  its  perigee  less  than  a  mile  lower.  Orbits  were 
some  1,850  mi.  (2,978.5  km.)  at  apogee  and  310  (499  km.)  at 
perigee.  The  13  experiments  on  the  isis  satellites  were  working  well 
with  excellent  data  on  the  ionosphere  being  obtained.  (NASA  Release 
65-377) 

•  Possibility  of  an  atomic-powered  artificial  human  heart  being  developed 

sometime  in  the  future  was  mentioned  by  AEC  Chairman  Glenn  T. 
Seaborg  in  discussion  with  President  Johnson  at  the  LB.T  Ranch: 
"There  is  a  possibility  of  using  isotopes  produced  in  this  way  as  a 
source  of  energy  for  pacemakers  for  the  human  heart,  and  possibly 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  547 

even  as  a  source  of  energy  for  a  completely  artificial  heart  implanted 
in  man.  The  isotope  which  would  be  used  in  this  case  happens  to  be 
the  isotope  plutonium  238.  That  is  the  isotope  that  has  the  best 
qualifications  for  this  purpose."  (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/11/65,  A5) 
December  11:  XB-70  research  aircraft,  flown  from  Edwards  afb  by  North 
American  Aviation  pilots  Alvin  S.  White  and  Van  H.  Shepard,  reached 
1,920  mph  (mach  2.9)  for  five  minutes.  Purpose  of  123-min.  flight 
was  to  test  the  XB-70's  stability  and  control  at  nearly  triple  sonic 
speed  and  the  effect  of  556°C  heat  from  air  friction  on  the  aircraft's 
surface,      (ap,  Virginian-Pilot,  12/15/65) 

•  Oak     Ridge     National     Laboratory     was     investigating     possibility     of 

building  compact,  low-weight,  nuclear-electric  power  plants  for 
space  systems,  the  New  York  Times  quoted  aec  officials  as 
saying.  One  critical  component  of  a  space  reactor  system — a  potas- 
sium vapor  turbine — had  completed  more  than  2,000  hrs.  of  test 
operation.  Reactor  system  would  use  boiling  potassium  to  cool  the 
reactor's  enriched  uranium  fuel  elements.  Potassium  vapor  produced 
in  the  reactor  core  would  drive  a  turbine  generator  to  produce  electric 
power.     [NYT,  12/12/65,  78) 

•  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dry  den,  late  nasa  Deputy  Administrator,  was  among  the  11 

recipients  of  the  1965  National  Medal  of  Science  announced  by  Presi- 
dent Johnson.  Established  by  Congress  in  1959  for  scientists  who  had 
made  outstanding  contributions  in  their  fields,  the  award  never  before 
had  been  made  posthumously. 

President  Johnson  said:  "Hugh  Dryden's  recent  death  ended  nearly 
50  years  of  singleminded  devotion  and  effort  by  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished civil  servants  this  country  has  ever  known.  Beloved  by  all  his 
associates  and  respected  throughout  the  world.  Dr.  Dryden  more  than 
any  other  man  led  us  into  the  age  of  jet  aircraft  and  space 
exploration."  {Pres.  Doc.,  12/20/65,  585;  Wash.  Post,  12/12/65, 
A5;  Pomfret,  NYT,  12/12/65,  78) 

•  In  an  article  discussing  preparations  for  the  Gemini  VI  flight,  William 

Hines  noted  in  the  Washington  Evening  Star:  "Total  propellant  load  of 
a  ready-to-go  Titan  2  consists  of  13,700  gallons  of  a  fuel  called  aero- 
zine-50  and  15,900  gallons  of  an  oxidizer,  nitrogen  tetroxide.  Their 
principal  combustion  product  is  nitric  acid."  (Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
12/11/65,  A2) 
December  12:  Attempt  to  launch  Gemini  VI  from  etr  was  unsuccessful  when 
an  electric  plug  connecting  the  Titan  II  booster  to  the  launch  pad  fell 
loose  2^  sec.  early,  causing  the  automatic  sequencer  to  shut  down  the 
engine  booster  1.2  sec.  after  ignition.  Inside  the  Titan  ii  a  wire  ex- 
tended from  the  tail  plug  to  tap  a  circuit  which  carried  current  from 
the  batteries  to  an  intervalometer — electric  clock — which  controls  the 
first  21/2  min.  of  powered  flight.  When  the  plug  shook  loose  prema- 
turely and  started  the  clock,  signals  that  liftoff  had  occurred  were  sent 
to  the  Titan  li's  automatic  pilot,  local  guidance  stations,  and  an  auto- 
matic sequencing  device  at  KSC  Launch  Control  Center.  The  se- 
quencer registered  the  mishap  and  shut  down  Titan  ii's  engines.  As- 
tronauts Stafford  and  Schirra  remained  calm  throughout  the  misfire 
with  Command  Pilot  Schirra  rejecting  the  option  to  actuate  the  ejec- 
tion seats.     The  astronauts  were  removed  99  min.  later  from  the  space- 


548  ASTRONAUTICS  .\ND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

craft  and  the  launch  rescheduled  for  Dec.  15.  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve. 
Star,  12/13/65,  Al;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  12/13/65,  Al;  msc  GEMINI 
Vn /GEMINI  VI  Fact  Sheet) 
December  12:  Statement  by  President  Johnson  on  the  delay  of  the  Gemini 
VI  flight:  "We  are  all  disappointed  that  Gemini  6  did  not  go  off  as 
expected.  But  our  disappointment  is  exceeded  by  our  pride  in  Astro- 
auts  Walter  Schirra  and  Thomas  Stafford  and  the  flight  directors  of 
NASA.  With  the  world  watching,  they  acted  with  remarkable  courage 
in  the  face  of  danger  and  potential  disaster.  Their  eager  desire  and 
determination  to  try  again  proves  once  more  that  men  are  the  real 
heroes — and  the  essential  factor— in  space  exploration."  {Pres.  Doc, 
12/20/65,587) 

•  Soviet  Cosmonauts  Konstantin  P.  Feoktistov  and  Lt.  Boris  B.  Yegorov, 

two  of  three  crew  members  in  the  24-hr.  spaceflight  of  VOSKHOD  I, 
launched  Oct.  12,  1964,  had  experienced  space  sickness  during  the 
flight,  Tass  reported.  They  felt  nausea  while  in  the  state  of  weight- 
lessness and  imagined  themselves  to  be  suspended  in  strange 
positions.  The  disorders,  Tass  said,  stemmed  from  specific  irritations 
to  the  vestibular  organs  and  were  related  to  the  duration  of  training 
and  what  Tass  called  the  cosmonauts'  "sensitivity  to  imponderability." 
(Tass,  12/12/65;  Grose,  NYT,  12/13/65,  47) 

•  Radio  Prague  disclosed  that  at  a  November  meeting  in  Moscow  of  So- 

viet-bloc countries  the  U.S.S.R.  had  agreed  to  launch  Communist  na- 
tions' artificial  satellites,  sounding  rockets,  and  probes  for  scientific 
research.  Countries  involved  were  preparing  research  programs 
which  would  be  announced  in  1966.      [NYT,  12/12/65,  141) 

•  Sigvard  Eklund,   general   director  of  the   International  Atomic   Energy 

Agency,  told  Tass  that  Soviet  Union  had  a  new  type  of  nuclear  reactor 
that  could  be  used  as  a  power  station  in  space.  He  said  the  Romashka 
(Daisy)  reactor  provided  electricity  "on  the  basis  of  direct  conversion 
of  heat  given  out  by  a  chain  reaction  from  nuclear  fission,"  and  that 
such  a  source  could  "feed  scientific  instruments  on  sputniks  or  satel- 
lites."    {Wash.  Post,  12/12/65,  A28) 

•  Analysts  of  the  1966  budget  of  the  U.S.S.R.  had  suggested  that  the  9.9% 

increase  in  expenditures  for  scientific  research  might  be  aimed  at 
intensification  of  the  space  race,  Harry  Schwartz  reported  in  the  New 
York  Times.  (Schwartz,  NYT,  12/12/65,  Fl) 
December  13:  A  plastic  dust  cover  carelessly  left  in  a  fuel  line  would  have 
blocked  the  Gemini  VI  launch  even  if  an  electrical  plug  had  not  dropped 
out  of  the  tail  and  shut  down  the  Titan  ii  engines,  NASA  officials  re- 
vealed at  a  press  conference.  The  device  apparently  had  been  in- 
stalled at  the  Baltimore  Martin  Co.  plant  and  was  not  removed  due  to 
"human  error."  The  Martin  Co.,  makers  of  the  Titan  ii  booster  for 
Gemini  spacecraft,  could  lose  a  $15,000  bonus  because  of  the  launch 
failure,  (ap,  Bait.  Sun,  12/14/65;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  12/14/65, 
Al) 

•  Abort    Dec.    12    of   the   scheduled    Gemini    vi    flight    received    editorial 

comment  in  the  New  York  Times:  "Disappointing  as  this  was, 
the  event  had  its  brighter  aspects  as  well.  It  gave  a  vivid  demon- 
stration of  the  effectiveness  of  the  failsafe  arrangements.  These  per- 
mitted survival  of  the  rocket  and  its  crew  despite  the  fact  that  ignition 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  549 

and  a  buildup  of  power  had  taken  place  before  the  safety  mechanism 
sensed  trouble  and  shut  down  the  powerful  motor."  {NYT,  12/13/65, 
38) 
December  13:  Missions  currently  performed  at  Vandenberg  afb,  reportedly 
now  busier  than  Cape  Kennedy,  were  listed  by  U.S.  News  and  World 
Report:  launching  "spy"  satellites  into  polar  orbits  to  take  detailed 
photos  of  military  bases  in  Communist  lands ;  testing  Titan  and  Minute- 
man  ICBMS  over  the  Pacific;  launching  weather,  mapping,  navigation, 
and  other  scientific  satellites;  tracking  space  vehicles — U.S.  and 
Soviet.  Programs  projected  included:  launching  of  the  first  Manned 
Orbiting  Laboratory  (Mol)  in  1969  or  1970,  following  unmanned  test 
shots  in  1968;  rapid  buildup  of  manned  military  flights  that  could 
reach  the  level  of  50  military  man-in-space  launches  a  year  by  the 
early  1970s;  establishment  of  regular  shuttle  service  in  small  rockets  to 
and  from  large  orbiting  military  spacecraft.  Vandenberg  was  de- 
scribed as  "a  nest  of  pads  and  silos,  some  underground  and  some 
above,  from  which  every  U.S.  missile  and  satellite  can  be  fired."  In 
the  past  year,  there  were  117  launchings  at  Vandenberg,  compared 
with  93  at  Cape  Kennedy.      ( U.S.  News,  12/13/65,  5) 

•  Dr.  W.  Randolph  Lovelace  ii,  nasa  Director  of  Space  Medicine,  his  wife, 

and  a  pilot  were  reported  missing  on  a  private  plane  flight  from 
Aspen,  Colo.,  enroute  to  Albuquerque,  (ap,  NYT,  12/14/65,  51;  AP, 
Wash.  Post,  12/14/65,  Al;  ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/14/65,  A9) 

•  NASA  had  awarded  a  new  $47,655,103  cost-plus-incentive/award  fee  con- 

tract to  TRW  Inc.,  for  work  on  the  Gemini/ Apollo  mission  trajectory 
control  program  and  the  Apollo  spacecraft  systems  analysis 
program.      ( NASA  Release  65-378) 

•  British  Defense  Secretary  Denis  Healey  told  Parliament  the  U.S.  had 

agreed  to  a  two-month  extension  to  the  original  Jan.  1  option  deadline 
for  decision  on  purchase  of  the  f-111.  Britain  took  the  option  to  buy 
the  F-111  after  scrapping  the  British  TSR-2  low-level  strike-bomber 
early  in  1965  because  of  rising  costs.  (Reuters,  Wash.  Post, 
12/14/65,  A20) 

•  ComSatCorp    had    awarded    three    six-month    study    contracts    totaling 

$240,000  to  the  U.K.  General  Post  Office  (gpo)  for  research  into  cer- 
tain aspects  of  satellite  communications.  Studies  would  be  carried  out 
in  cooperation  with  U.K.  industry — Marconi,  Plessey,  General  Electric 
Co.,  MuUard,  and  Standard  Telephone  Labs. — and  would  involve  re- 
search into  three  major  areas  of  technology  involved  in  commercial 
communications  of  all  types  via  satellite.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  USN    had    completed    tests    at    Kirkland    afb,    N.    Mex.,    of    a    revolu- 

tionary new  airport  concept  employing  a  completely  circular  run- 
way. Under  the  proposed  design,  the  main  runway  would  be  in 
form  of  a  banked  track,  and  would  form  a  perfectly  circular  perimeter 
around  the  airport.  At  the  very  center  would  be  the  control  tower, 
with  an  unobstructed  view  of  every  portion  of  the  runway.  The  pas- 
senger terminal  would  also  be  circular,  ringing  the  control  tower. 

Airport  would  provide  a  number  of  special  advantages:  (1)  aircraft 
would  have  an  infinitely  long  runway;  (2)  airport  would  require  only 
%  the  acreage  needed  for  an  equivalent  conventional  airport;  (3) 
because  crosswind  effect  would  be  minimal,  all  incoming  aircraft  could 
be  brought  in  through  a  single  air  corridor;    (4)   single  approach  air 


550  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

corridor  would  need  only  one  set  of  electronic  landing  guides.  Con- 
struction costs  would  be  slightly  higher  than  for  conventional  runways, 
due  to  requirement  for  precise  banking  of  the  runway.  (Appel,  NYT, 
12/13/65,  33) 
December  13:  Earth's  third  largest  meteorite,  weighing  30  tons,  had  been 
discovered  in  Communist  China's  Gobi  Desert,  the  Washington  Daily 
News  reported.  It  was  said  to  have  been  found  in  northern  Sinkismg 
and  was  on  display  in  Urumchi,  capital  of  Sinkiang.  (Wash.  Daily 
News,  12/13/65) 

•  Group  headed  by  Junkers  Flugzeug-  und  Motorenwerke  AG,  and  includ- 

ing Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co.,  had  been  selected  by  the  Euro- 
pean Space  Research  Organization  (esro)  to  develop  the  Highly  Ec- 
centric Orbit  Satellite  (Heos).  Junkers  team  was  selected  from  eight 
international  groups  competing  to  build  Heos,  which  would  gather  in- 
terplanetary particle  data.  Heos  would  be  the  first  satellite  developed 
in  West  Germany,  but  it  would  include  the  combined  technology  of 
several  nations.  Value  of  the  over-all  contract  for  satellite  develop- 
ment was  about  $6.5  million.      (Av.  Wk.,  12/13/65,  36) 

•  A  new  planetoid  had  been  discovered  by  East  German  astronomer  Cuno 

Hoffmeister,  East  German  news  agency  ADN  reported.  Planetoid  orbit- 
ed the  sun  once  every  3.67  yrs.,  was  56  million  mi.  from  the  earth  at 
its  nearest  point  of  orbit,  and  could  be  seen  only  every  11 
years.  (Reuters,  Houston  Post,  12/14/65) 
December  14:  Lockheed's  156-in.-dia.,  solid-fueled  rocket  motor  fired  for 
approximately  58  sec,  developed  over  3-million-lbs.  thrust,  and  pro- 
duced about  715  psi  of  pressure.  Vector  control  system  went  through 
its  three  programed  cycles  without  flaw.  Fifth  firing  of  a  156,  test 
was  conducted  at  Lockheed's  Potrero,  Calif.,  facilities.  (Av.  Wk., 
12/27/65,61) 

•  Launch  Dec.  15  of  Pioneer  6  sun-orbiting  satellite  was  postponed  to 

avoid  conflict  with  launch  of  Gemini  vi.      (ap,  NYT,  12/15/65,  22) 

•  Four   USAF   officers   emerged    from    a   simulated    space    capsule,    where 

they  spent  56  days  in  an  oxygen-helium  atmosphere  that  would 
have  sustained  them  for  900  revolutions  of  the  earth,  longest  simulated 
space  voyage  to  date  in  an  oxygen-helium  atmosphere.  They  existed 
on  bite-sized  dehydrated  foods  supplemented  by  a  liquid  similar  to  a 
milkshake,  had  television,  radio,  exercise,  and  were  able  to  take  sponge 
baths  and  change  clothing.  They  said  the  thing  they  missed  the  most 
was  a  "home-cooked"  meal,      (upi,  Phil.  Eve.  Bull.,  12/14/65) 

•  NASA  added  a  $13,121,252  renewal  contract  to  the  Mason-Rust  Co.  for 

continued  provision  of  support  services  at  NASA  Michoud  Assembly 
Facility,      (msfc  Release  65-303) 

•  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  awarded  a  $500,000  contract  to  itt 

to  develop  a  lower-altitude  space  weather  camera  for  NASA's  Applica- 
tions Technology  Satellite   (Ats).      (ap,  NYT,  12/15/65,  2) 

•  Between  December  16,  1965,  and  June  11,  1966,  the  Soviet  Union  would 

conduct  tests  of  a  space  vehicle  landing  system,  Tass  announced. 
Some  elements  of  the  booster-rockets  would  fall  in  the  area  of  the 
Pacific  with  the  following  coordinates:  43°44  min.  north  latitude. 
179°7  min.  west  longitude;  44°17  min.  north  latitude,  177°49  min. 
west  longitude;  and  41°33  min.  north  latitude,  177°22  min.  west  longi- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  551 

tude.  U.S.S.R.  asked  government  of  countries  using  sea  and  air  lanes 
in  the  Pacific  to  instruct  ships  and  planes  not  to  enter  this  area  daily 
from  midnight  to  1200  hrs.  local  time.      (Tass,  12/14/65) 

December  14:  FAA  awarded  two  research  contracts  to  obtain  jet  operations 
data  on  atmospheric  turbulence:  General  Dynamics/Convair  Corp.  was 
awarded  a  $30,100  contract  to  develop  a  test  program  for  obtaining 
highly  precise  data  on  the  responses  of  pilot  and  aircraft  to  turbulence 
encountered  in  regular  jet  airline  service;  a  S23,700  contract  was 
awarded  Eastern  Air  Lines  to  conduct  a  meteorological  study  of  clear 
air  turbulence  (Cat),      (faa  Release  65-118) 

December  15-16:  GEMINI  vi,  piloted  by  Walter  Schirra,  Jr.  (Capt.,  USN), 
command  pilot,  and  Thomas  P.  Stafford  (Maj.,  USAf),  pilot,  was  suc- 
cessfully launched  from  etr  with  two-stage  Titan  ii  booster  on  NASA's 
fifth  manned  spaceflight  in  the  Gemini  series  and  first  rendezvous 
mission.  It  achieved  an  elliptical  orbit:  apogee,  161  mi.  (259.7  km.)  ; 
perigee,  100  mi.  (161.1  km.);  inclination,  28.9°;  period,  88.7 
min.  Toward  the  end  of  the  first  revolution,  GEMINI  vi  was  trailing 
GEMINI  VII  by  1,200  mi.  (1,935  km.).  Schirra  began  series  of  posi- 
grade  maneuvers  in  preparation  for  rendezvous  in  the  fourth  revolu- 
tion by  firing  thruster  rockets  18  sec.  to  shorten  the  distance  between 
the  two  spacecraft  to  730  mi.  (1,177  km.).  Schirra  fired  rear  thruster 
rockets  77  sec.  during  the  second  revolution  and  GEMINI  VI  drew 
within  300  mi.  (483  km.)  of  gemini  vii;  30  min.  later  he  fired 
another  brief  burn  to  move  GEMINI  VI  7/lOOOths  of  a  degree  south  to 
the  same  plane  as  GEMINI  vii.  With  the  spacecraft  431  mi.  (695 
km.)  apart,  Schirra  fired  the  thrusters  one  second  to  shift  GEMINI  VI 
into  a  somewhat  higher  orbit — the  only  maneuver  not  prearranged  by 
the  flight  plan.  To  shorten  the  230-mi.  (371 -km.)  distance  between 
the  two  spacecraft  as  GEMINI  vi  entered  its  third  revolution,  Schirra 
fired  his  thrusters  53  sec.  to  shift  into  near-circular  orbit:  apogee,  170 
mi.  (274  km.)  ;  perigee,  165.5  mi.  (267  km.)  ;  inclination, 
89.9°.  Schirra  initiated  terminal  phase  of  the  rendezvous  maneuver 
with  a  32  fps  posigrade  burn  as  GEMINI  vi  entered  its  fourth  revolution. 
GEMINI  VI  and  VII  were  then  flying  nose  to  nose  about  25,000  ft. 
apart.  Schirra  applied  a  posigrade  velocity  of  43  fps  and  GEMINI  VI 
approached  within  six  feet — later  determined  to  be  one  foot — of 
GEMINI  VII.  VI  then  performed  an  in-plane  fly-around  maneuver 
around  VII,  and  later  vii  maneuvered  beside  vi.  Flight  plans  had 
specified  four  hours  of  station  keeping,  but  the  two  Geminis  flew  in 
formation,  keeping  within  20  to  100  ft.  of  each  other,  for  5  hrs.,  19 
min.,  during  which  time  the  astronauts  photographed  each  others' 
crafts,  sighted  a  fire  in  Madagascar,  and  conversed.  All  crewmen 
took  turns  in  the  formation  flying  activities,  to  obtain  rendezvous  ma- 
neuvering experience.  After  15  hrs.,  19  min.,  Schirra  fired  GEMINI 
Vi's  thruster  rockets  to  separate  the  two  spacecraft  about  15  mi.  for 
drifting  flight  during  the  sleep  period. 

On  Dec.  16,  gemini  vi  Astronaut  Schirra  reported  to  Mission  Con- 
trol that  an  unidentified  satellite  in  a  low  trajectory  in  polar  orbit  was 
trying  to  contact  him.  Before  ground  officials  could  respond,  he  and 
Stafford  played  Jingle  Bells  with  a  harmonica  and  bells. 


552  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

GEMINI  VI  began  reentry  northeast  of  Canton  Island  in  the  Pacific 
during  its  15th  revolution;  four  retrorockets  fired  automatically  in  the 
correct  sequence,  each  providing  2,500  lbs.  thrust.  Reentry  was  nor- 
mal and  was  the  first  controlled  reentry  to  a  predetermined  landing 
point  in  the  U.S.  manned  spaceflight  program. 

GEMINI  VI  splashed  down  in  the  Atlantic  at  10:29  a.m.  EST,  700  mi. 
south  of  Bermuda — only  14  mi.  off  target — after  a  26-hr.,  1-min. 
flight.  Assisted  from  the  spacecraft  by  Navy  frogmen,  the  astronauts 
arrived  by  helicopter  at  the  carrier  Wasp  at  11:20  a.m.  for  medical 
debriefing. 

Recovery  and  rendezvous  section  of  the  GEMINI  VI  spacecraft 
splashed  down  near  the  spacecraft  itself  and  was  retrieved  by  another 
team  of  swimmers.  This  was  first  time  the  service  section — complete 
with  rendezvous  radar  equipment — had  been  recovered.  Main  para- 
chute also  was  retrieved,  (nasa  Release  65-362;  NASA  Proj.  Off.: 
Transcript;  NYT,  12/16/65,  1,  28,  29,  30;  12/17/65,  1,  28: 
12/18/65,  1,  16;  12/19/65,  1.  68,  69;  WSJ,  12/17/65.  1;  12/20/65 
1;  Wash.  Post,  12/16/65,  Al,  A14,  A15;  12/17/65,  Al,  A8,  A17 
12/18/65,  Al,  A7;  12/19/65,  Al,  A16,  A17;  12/20/65,  Al,  A3 
Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/16/65,  Al,  A14;  12/18/65,  Al,  A3;  12/19/65, 
Al,  A8,  A9;  Time,  12/24/65,  32-36;  msc  GEMINI  VII /GEMINI  VI 
Fact  Sheet) 
December  15:  Success  of  the  GEMINI  vil-vi  mission  received  worldwide 
acclaim:  newspapers  in  France,  Great  Britain,  Switzerland,  Italy,  and 
Cuba  were  among  those  which  gave  the  flight  front-page  coverage  and 
radio  stations  throughout  the  world  interrupted  regular  programs  to 
broadcast  minute-by-minute  accounts  of  the  historic  rendezvous.  The 
Soviet  newspaper  Izvestia  printed  a  detailed  description  of  the  rendez- 
vous which  it  described  as  "a  great  success."  Communist  China  re- 
mained silent.  (Reuters,  Wash.  Post,  12/16/65,  A14;  UPI,  NYT, 
12/16/65,  29;  Reuters,  Wash.  Post,  12/19/65,  A17;  AP,  NYT, 
12/17/65,  29) 

•  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  the  NASC,  after  watching 

the  successful  GEMINI  vii-vi  rendezvous  on  television,  told  reporters 
that  the  accomplishment  would  lead  to:  (1)  operation  of  manned 
space  stations  with  crews  replaced  and  supplies  renewed  by  rendezvous 
methods;  (2)  assembly  of  large  observatories  and  spacecraft  hundreds 
of  miles  above  earth;  (3)  ability  to  inspect  foreign  spacecraft;  and 
(4)  techniques  for  visiting  and  rescuing  astronauts  stalled  in 
orbit,      (upi,  Wash.  Post,  12/16/65,  A14) 

•  In  a  telegram  of  congratulations  to  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb 

on  the  rendezvous  of  GEMINI  vi  and  GEMINI  vii.  President  Johnson 
said:  "You  have  all  moved  us  one  step  higher  on  the  stairway  to  the 
moon.  By  conducting  this  adventure  for  all  the  world  to  see,  you 
have  reaffirmed  our  faith  in  a  free  and  open  society.  We  invite  those 
throughout  the  world  who  have  shared  our  suspense  and  suffered  with 
us  during  our  temporary  failures  to  share  with  us  this  triumph,  for  it 
belongs  not  just  to  the  United  States  but  to  all  mankind."  {Pres. 
Doc,  12/20/65,  593) 

•  Brazil  successfully  launched  the  first  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  from 

its  Natal  Range  in  a  joint  program  with  NASA  to  investigate  the  lower 
regions   of   the   ionosphere   with   emphasis   on   the   effects   of  cosmic 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  553 

rays.  Launching  was  conducted  by  the  Brazilian  Space  Activities 
Commission  (cnae).  Instrumentation  for  the  rocket  payload  and  the 
telemetry  ground  support  equipment  was  constructed  by  Brazilian  tech- 
nicians at  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center.  (Wallops  Release  65- 
80;  NASA  Release  65-328) 
December  15:  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  Wal- 
lops Station,  boosted  51 -lb.  payload  with  ionosphere  experiment  for 
the  Univ.  of  Illinois  and  the  GCA  Corp.  to  113-mi.  (182-km.)  peak  alti- 
tude. Payload  carried  instrumentation  to  measure  electron  and  ion 
density  and  solar  radiation  in  D  and  E  layers  of  the  ionosphere.  No 
recovery  was  required  since  data  from  the  experiments  were  radioed  to 
ground  stations  during  the  seven-minute  flight.  Experiment  was  last 
NASA  1964-65,  IQSY  project.  (Wallops  Release  65-79;  ap.  Wash.  Post, 
12/17/65,  A8) 

•  Bodies  of  nasa  Director  of  Space  Medicine  Dr.  W.  Randolph  Lovelace 

II,  his  wife,  and  pilot  were  found  near  the  wreckage  of  their  two-en- 
gine aircraft  about  40  mi.  southeast  of  Aspen,  Colo.  Aircraft  had 
been  missing  since  Dec.  12.  Coroner's  report  later  said  that  the  cold 
and  not  injuries  had  apparently  caused  the  deaths. 

A  space  medicine  pioneer.  Dr.  Lovelace  had  parachuted  from  record 
44,000-ft.  ahitude  in  1944,  had  helped  determine  criteria  for  selection 
of  Mercury  astronauts,  and  had  founded  the  famous  Lovelace 
Clinic.  (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/16/65,  A18;  Wash.  Post,  12/16/65, 
A3 ;  NYT,  12/16/65,  50 ;  ap,  NYT,  12/18/65, 16) 

•  AP  quoted   informed   sources   as   saying  that   negotiations   were   in   the 

final  stages  to  allow  the  U.S.  to  fire  Redstone  rockets  in  Austra- 
lia as  part  of  the  development  of  an  antimissile  missile.  Agreement 
would  call  for  about  12  of  the  rockets  to  be  fired  at  the  joint  British- 
Australian  Woomera  Weapons  Research  Range,      (ap,  NYT,  12/16/65, 

12) 

•  Ralph  E.  Cushman  had  been  named  Director  of  the  new  NASA  Facilities 

Management  Office,  reporting  to  the  Deputy  Associate  Administrator 
for  Industry  Affairs.  Cushman  had  been  Director  of  Management  Co- 
ordination in  the  Hq.  Office  of  Administration.  Appointment  was 
effective  immediately,      (nasa  Ann.) 

•  New  NASA  Space  Radiation  Effects  Laboratory,  Oyster  Point,  Va.,  was 

dedicated  in  ceremonies  attended  by  Gov.  Albertis  S.  Harrison, 
Jr.  LaRC  facility  would  provide  LaRC  the  means  to  test  and  study  the 
effect  on  spacecraft  and  their  systems  of  particle  radiation  from  the 
sun  or  in  the  earth's  magnetic  field;  scientists  would  be  able  to  simu- 
late space  radiation  and  conduct  studies  to  increase  reliability  and 
safety  of  spacecraft  and  space  missions.  (LaRC  Release) 
December  16:  NASA's  PIONEER  VI  interplanetary  probe  was  successfully 
launched  into  heliocentric  orbit  from  Eastern  Test  Range  with  an 
Improved  Thrust  Augmented  Delta  booster.  Main  Delta  engine  and 
three  solid  strap-on  motors  fired  together  and  burned  for  43  sec; 
burned-out  casings  were  jettisoned  70  sec.  after  launch;  main  engine 
burned  out  after  two  minutes  45  sec.  Delta  second  stage  ignited  after 
two  minutes  59  sec;  first  stage  separated  and  fell  away;  shroud  was 
jettisoned  at  two  minutes  59  sec.  Second  stage  burned  six  and  two- 
thirds  minutes,  then  stage  coasted  for  some  16  min.     During  coast 


554  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

phase,  spacecraft  was  pointed  in  direction  for  injection  into  solar  orbit 
and,  with  third  stage,  was  spin-stabilized.  Nine  seconds  after  spin-up 
third  stage  separated  from  second,  then  third  stage  ignited  and  burned 
for  23  sec.  Two  seconds  after  third  stage  burnout,  pioneer  vi  sepa- 
rated from  the  burned-out  stage  346  mi.  above  Africa  and  was  now  in 
solar  orbit.  Two  seconds  after  third  stage  separation  (about  25  min. 
after  launch),  spacecraft  booms  automatically  deployed;  automatic 
changes  began  to  orient  the  spacecraft  perpendicular  to  the  sun.  Sun 
orientation  maneuver  took  about  five  minutes. 

The  175-lb.,  drum-shaped  pioneer  vi,  first  of  four  Pioneer  space- 
craft to  be  launched  at  six-month  intervals,  would  study  the  solar 
windstream;  investigate  the  sun's  magnetic  field  and  chart  it  from 
several  locations  in  the  plane  of  earth's  orbit;  attempt  to  differentiate 
between  cosmic  rays  coming  from  the  sun  and  galactic  cosmic  rays 
originating  from  beyond  the  solar  system.  Closest  approach  to  the 
sun  would  be  about  76  million  miles  and  would  be  reached  after  155 
days  of  flight.  The  six  scientific  experiments,  provided  by  four  uni- 
versities and  ARC  and  GSFC,  were  functioning  normally.  (NASA  Release 
65-375;  ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/16/65,  A14;  Wash.  Post,  12/17/65, 
A8;  AP,  NYT,  12/17/65,  29;  WSJ,  12/17/65,  1) 
December  16:  NASA  canceled  for  budgetary  reasons  further  development  of 
the  Advanced  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory  (Aoso).  From  its  1963 
start  through  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1966,  a  total  of  $39 
million  had  been  budgeted  for  Aoso  development;  NASA  said  some  of 
the  $24.9  million  appropriated  for  FY  1966  would  be  recover- 
able. Aoso  was  to  have  been  a  1,250-lb.  satellite  that  would  accurate- 
ly point  250  lbs.  of  scientific  instruments  at  the  sun  to  measure  solar 
radiation.  A  prototype  spacecraft  was  being  developed  and  the  first 
Aoso  flight  had  been  scheduled  for  sometime  in  1969.  (nasa  Release 
65-380) 

•  Successful  41-sec.  test  firing  of  the  Saturn  V  booster   (s-ic-t)    at  NASA 

Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  concluded  a  test  series  underway  since 
April.  15  tests  of  the  booster  were  held,  14  of  them  at  full  thrust  of 
7.5-million  lbs.  The  14  full-power  tests  accumulated  a  running  time 
of  862  sec.  First  test  was  of  only  one  engine  for  17  sec.  (msfc 
Release  65-306;  Marshall  Star,  12/15/65,  2) 

•  Statement  made  by  President  Johnson  on  the  death  of  the  NASA  Director 

of  Space  Medicine:  "A  day  of  great  achievement  in  space  was  marred 
by  news  of  the  death  of  Dr.  William  R.  Lovelace,  II.  His  life  was  too 
short,  although  his  legacy  to  space  medicine  will  endure  and  will  be  a 
resource  of  assurance  to  future  astronauts  whose  names  and  deeds  are 
yet  unknown."      (Pres.  Doc,  12/20/65,  593) 

•  Editorial    commentary    in    Washington    Post    on    GEMINI    VII-VI    flight: 

"On  the  crowded  globe  beneath  the  soaring  astronauts  men  were  still 
fighting  each  other,  cursing  each  other,  starving  each  other  and  mal- 
treating each  other.  Not  yet  have  mortals  risen  above  man's  inhu- 
manity to  man.  Not  yet  have  they  surmounted  the  emotions  that  set 
at  naught  the  generations  of  light  and  learning.  Not  yet  are  they  wise 
enough  to  govern  their  passions.  But  hope  soars  aloft  with  the 
astronauts.  The  creatures  who  can  do  this,  the  beings  who  can  defy 
gravity,  disregard  distance,  conquer  space,  circumnavigate  the  planet 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  555 

and  mingle  with  the  stars,  may  yet  make  the  larger  conquests  of  mind 
and  spirit  that  are  necessary  if  human  beings  are  to  live  together  in 
peace."  ( Wash.  Post,  12/16/65,  A20) 
December  16:  iTT-designed  portable  transmitter  onboard  the  Wasp  sent 
pictures  of  splash-down  and  recovery  of  GEMINI  VI  Astronauts  Schir- 
ra  and  Stafford  to  early  bird  i  comsat  which  relayed  them  to  the 
Andover,  Me.,  ground  station  from  which  they  were  transmitted  to 
major  television  networks  in  U.S.  and  Canada.  It  was  the  first  time 
recovery  of  astronauts  had  been  shown  in  real-time  on  televi- 
sion.    (Gould,  NYT,  12/17/65,  28) 

•  GEMINI  VI  Astronauts  Schirra  and  Stafford  were  "very  healthy,"  report- 

ed Dr.  Howard  Minners  at  the  conclusion  of  their  post-flight  physical 
examination  aboard  the  carrier  Wasp,  (ap,  Wash.  Eve.  Star, 
12/17/65) 

•  152  colleges  and  universities  would  participate  in  the  NASA  graduate 

training  program  during  the  1966-67  academic  year,  NASA 
announced.  In  all,  1,335  graduate  students  would  begin  work  toward 
doctoral  degrees  in  space-related  areas  under  grants  to  be  received  by 
schools  in  all  50  states.  About  3,100  graduate  students  already  were 
in  training  under  this  program.      (NASA  Release  65-379) 

•  NASA  and  FAA  announced   a  cooperative  research   project  to   find  out 

whether  passengers  on  supersonic  airliners  would  be  exposed  to  danger 
from  cosmic  radiation.  To  collect  data,  usaf  would  send  rb-57  jets 
to  the  altitude  between  40,000  and  80,000  ft.  where  the  supersonic 
jetliners  were  expected  to  fly.  (nasa  Release  65-383;  UPI,  NYT, 
12/18/65, 16) 

•  Donald  E.  Gault  and  William  L.  Quaide,  NASA  Ames  Research  Center 

scientists,  believed  the  moon's  surface  was  a  loose  layer  of  fine  sand- 
like material  at  least  10  ft.  and  possibly  "tens  of  meters"  deep,  report- 
ed Associated  Press.  Their  theory  was  based  on  laboratory  experi- 
ments in  which  they  closely  matched  the  moon  crater  pictures 
transmitted  to  earth  by  the  Ranger  spacecraft.  Laboratory  results 
were  confirmed  in  field  tests,      (ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/16/65) 

•  ComSatCorp  announced  it  was  negotiating  with  TRW  Systems,  Inc.,  for 

development  of  at  least  six  and  perhaps  24  satellites  for  use  in  a  global 
system.  ComSatCorp  said  the  global  system  should  be  in  operation  by 
1968,  relaying  telephone,  television,  and  data  messages  between  conti- 
nents. No  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  contract  was  made.  (ComSat- 
Corp Release) 

•  United    Air    Lines    placed    a    S39-million    order    with    Univac    Div.    of 

the  Sperry  Rand  Corp.  for  a  computer  system  that  could  han- 
dle 140,000  transactions  an  hour,  including  passenger  reservations, 
crew  and  aircraft  scheduling,  meal  planning,  cargo  billing,  and  other 
bookkeeping  items.      (O'Toole,  NYT,  12/16/65,  75) 

•  Eight  pioneers  in  aviation  were  enshrined  in  the  Aviation  Hall  of  Fame, 

Dayton,  0. :  Eddie  Rickenbacker,  World  War  I  pilot  who  later  became 
president  of  Eastern  Air  Lines;  Alexander  Graham  Bell,  cited  for  re- 
search on  principles  of  aerodynamic  lift  propulsion  and  control  in  the 
early  1900's;  Eugene  Burton  Ely,  whose  work  led  to  practical  use  of 
aircraft  carrier  ships;  Alfred  Austell  Cunningham,  the  Marine  Corps' 
first  aviator;  Thomas  Etholen  Self  ridge,  first  American  to  die  testing 
an  experimental  aircraft;  Charles  Edward  Taylor,  builder  of  the  first 


556  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

successful  airplane  engine;  A.  Roy  Knabenshue,  pioneer  in  building 
and  flying  steerable  balloons;  and  Albert  Gushing  Read,  participant  in 
the  first  successful  trans-Atlantic  flight,  (ap,  NYT,  12/17/65,  77;  AP, 
Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/17/65,  A4) 

December  16:  Ground-breaking  ceremonies  were  held  for  a  $14  million  sci- 
ence and  mathematics  building  at  the  U.S.  Naval  Academy,  its  first  new 
academic  building  in  25  years.      {NYT,  12/19/65,  58) 

December  16-17:  Scientific  results  of  the  International  Quiet  Sun  Year 
1965  NASA  solar  eclipse  expedition  were  presented  by  experimenters 
from  several  nations  at  NASA  Ames  Research  Genter.  Purpose  of  expe- 
dition was  to  measure  and  study  the  structure,  composition,  and  tem- 
perature of  the  chromosphere  and  corona  of  the  sun.  New  informa- 
tion was  gathered  on  the  atomic  process  in  the  chromosphere  and 
corona,  including  radiation  and  collision  phenomena;  findings  were 
made  on  electron  densities  and  dust  concentration.  Presence  of  a 
number  of  spectral  lines  was  discovered,  and  others  that  had  been 
previously  suspected  were  confirmed.  The  advantages  of  an  airborne 
laboratory  were  demonstrated  in  that  the  corona  of  the  sun  could  be 
observed  out  as  far  as  12  solar  radii,  whereas  ground  observations 
would  have  been  limited  to  about  three  radii;  not  only  could  more 
solar  phenomena  during  a  total  eclipse  be  observed  from  an  airborne 
laboratory,  but  also  the  eclipse  was  visible  for  twice  as  long.  (ARC 
Release ) 

December  17:  JPL  announced  that  PIONEER  VI,  launched  Dec.  16,  had 
made  final  vernier  adjustment  relative  to  pointing  the  high-gain,  nar- 
row-beam antenna  toward  the  earth.  Spacecraft  was  230,000  mi.  from 
earth;  all  systems  were  functioning  normally.  (NASA  Pioneer  Proj. 
Off.;  AP,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/18/65,  A3;  ap,  NYT,  12/19/65,  67) 

•  COSMOS   C,   containing   scientific   equipment,    was   launched    by   the   So- 

viet Union  into  circular  orbit  at  650-km.  (403.7-mi.)  altitude, 
with  97.7-min.  period  and  65°  inclination.  Onboard  equipment  was 
functioning  normally.  [Komsomolskaya  Pravda,  12/18/65-,  ATSS-T 
Trans. ) 

•  NASA   announced   management    assignments   in   the   Apollo    Applications 

area:  MSC  would  be  responsible  for  development  and  procurement  of 
all  standard  and  modified  spacecraft  (Gommand,  Service,  and  Lunar 
Excursion  Modules),  astronaut  activities,  flight  operations,  and  inte- 
gration of  experiments  in  the  command  and  service  modules;  MSFC 
would  be  responsible  for  development  and  procurement  of  launch  vehi- 
cles, integration  of  experiments  into  the  Lunar  Excursion  Module,  Sat- 
urn instrument  units,  and  S-IVB  stages  (top  stages  of  both  Saturn  IB 
and  Saturn  V  vehicles)  ;  KSC  would  assemble,  check  out,  and  launch 
Apollo  Applications  space  vehicles  and  their  associated  payloads. 

Proposals  for  possible  Apollo  Applications  experiments  were  expect- 
ed to  be  submitted  by  the  world  scientific  community,  industry,  other 
Government  agencies,  and  the  entire  NASA  organization.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 65-381) 

•  On  arrival  at  KSC,  Astronauts  Schirra  and  Stafford  personally  thanked 

the  400  men  responsible  for  the  successful  gemini  VI  launching.  The 
astronauts  would  undergo  medical  examinations  and  debriefings  for 
three  days  and  then  fly  to  MSC  for  a  reunion  with  their  families.  (AP, 
Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/18/65,  Al;  upi,  NYT,  12/18/65,  16) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  557 

December  17:  NASA  officials  released  clear,  detailed,  color  and  black  and 
white  photographs  of  the  GEMINI  vii-vi  rendezvous  taken  by  the 
GEMINI  VI  astronauts,      (upi,  Wash.  Post,  12/18/65,  El) 

•  Jerome  Lederer,  director  of  the  Flight  Safety  Foundation,  Inc.,  received 

the  Wright  Brothers  Memorial  Trophy  at  the  Aero  Club's  annual 
Wright  Brothers  Memorial  Dinner  in  Washington,  D.C.  He  was  cited 
for  "35  years  of  distinguished  service  and  unceasing  devotion  to  in- 
creasing the  safety  of  flight  throughout  the  world  .  ,  ."  (naa  News; 
AP,  LA.  Times,  11/27/65) 

•  National  Science  Foundation  announced  that  a  party  of  U.S.  scientists 

had  landed  on  an  icecap  630  mi.  from  the  South  Pole  to  establish  a 
station  that  would  study  Antarctic  weather;  the  earth's  magnetic  field; 
naturally-produced,  very-low-frequency  (Vlf)  radio  waves;  and  the 
aurora  australia.  Project  was  sponsored  by  nsf.  (ap,  NYT, 
12/18/65,  16) 

•  NASA's  decision  to  divert  funds  from  its  basic  science  research  program  to 

Project  Apollo  as  a  budgetary  expediency  was  criticized  by  the  New 
York  Times:  "[nasa]  is  sacrificing  scientifically  important  projects 
whose  sole  defect  is  that  they  lack  the  spectacular  publicity  value  of 
Project  Apollo,  which  already  consumes  most  of  NASA's  huge  appro- 
priation. 

"We  believe  this  is  an  irrational  set  of  priorities,  the  result  of  the 
public-relations  approach.  There  is  no  compelling  scientific  reason 
why  a  man  should  be  landed  on  the  moon  by  1969  rather  than  in  1971 
or  1973.  .  .  ."     {NYT,  12/17/65,  38) 

•  A  160-ft.-tall  Saturn  I  rocket  had  been  erected  in  display  of  missiles  and 

space  vehicles  at  the  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  Orientation 
Center,  (msec  Release  65-305) 
December  18:  President  Johnson  sent  letters  to  Astronauts  James  A.  Lo- 
vell,  Jr.  (Cdr.,  usn),  Walter  M.  Schirra  (Capt.,  USn),  Frank  Borman 
(L/Col.,  usaf),  and  Thomas  P.  Stafford  (Maj.,  usaf),  congratulating 
them  on  successful  completion  of  the  gemini  vi  and  GEMINI  vii 
space  missions  and  advising  them  that  promotions  for  new  astronauts 
would  be  submitted  to  Congress  for  confirmation  in  January.  {Pres. 
Doc,  12/27/65,  606) 

•  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  by  Brazil  from  the  Natal  Range 

reached  an  altitude  of  117  mi.  The  second  Brazilian  sounding  rocket 
launch  in  a  cooperative  meteorological  program  with  NASA,  the  flight 
was  a  nighttime  twin-experiment  of  daytime  experiment  Dec.  15.  (nasa 
Rpt.  srl;  Reuters,  NYT,  12/20/65,  45) 

•  World    records    set    by    NASA's    GEMINI    vii/vi:     (1)     longest    manned 

spaceflight  (vii) — 330  hrs.  35  min.;  (2)  first  rendezvous  of  two 
manned  maneuverable  spacecraft;  (3)  total  man  hours  in  space  for 
one  nation — 1,354  hrs.  38  min.  compared  with  507  hrs.  16  min,  for 
U.S.S.R.;  (4)  individuals  with  most  spaceflight  time — Col.  Borman 
and  Cdr.  Lovell  with  330  hrs.,  35  min.;  (5)  longest  multimanned 
spaceflight;  (6)  most  revolutions  for  a  manned  spaceflight — 206;  (7) 
most  miles  traveled  on  a  manned  spaceflight — 5,129,400;  (8)  most 
manned  flights — U.S.,  11,  U.S.S.R.,  8;  (9)  most  men  sent  into  space — 
U.S.  16  (13  astronauts  with  three  making  two  flights),  U.S.S.R.,  11; 
(10)   most  manned  flights  in  one  year  by  one  nation — 5;    (11)   most 


558  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

men  sent  into  space  in  one  year  by  one  nation — U.S.,  10.      (msc  Gemini 
Proj.  Off.) 

December  17:  All  major  goals  of  the  Gemini  program  except  actual  dock- 
ing of  two  spacecraft  had  been  achieved  with  the  flights  of  Gemini  VI 
and  VII,  MSC  Director  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth  said  at  an  MSC  news 
conference.  Gemini  program  director  Charles  Mathews  said  the  re- 
maining five  Gemini  launchings,  all  scheduled  for  1966,  would  attempt 
to  demonstrate  some  complex  rendezvous  techniques  useful  for  Project 
Apollo,  (ap,  NYT,  12/19/65,  69;  ap,  Wash.  Post,  12/19/65,  A17; 
MSC  Roundup,  12/23/65,  6) 

•  Physical  condition  of  Gemini  vii  Astronauts  Borman  and  Lovell  was 
"better  than  expected,"  reported  Dr.  Charles  Berry,  Gemini  medical 
director.      (Waldron,  NYT,  12/19/65,  68) 

December  18-22:  Dr.  Robert  Jungk,  director  of  the  Institute  for  Research 
into  Problems  of  the  Future  at  Vienna,  told  an  international  gathering 
of  scholars  at  the  Center  for  the  Study  of  Democratic  Institutions  that 
man  cannot  allow  forms  of  technology  that  destroy  nature  rather  than 
cooperate  with  it,  Jungk  said  scientists,  philosophers,  and  experi- 
menters in  technology  must  act  as  intellectual  missionaries  to  the  com- 
mon man  and  to  the  young.  Intellectual  leaders,  he  said,  must  try  to 
influence  the  power  structure  to  harness  technological  development  and 
divert  it  toward  the  needs  of  man.  Dr.  Robert  Maynard  Hutchings, 
president  of  the  center,  in  summing  up  the  five-day  symposium,  said: 
"Technology,  at  this  moment,  in  the  United  States,  is  not  directed 
toward  making  a  decent  habitation  for  man.  ...  It  is  directed  in 
piecemeal  fashion  by  the  wrong  people,  in  the  wrong  direction,  to  the 
wrong  ends."      (ap,  Wash.  Post,  12/24/65,  A2) 

December  19:  The  successful  Gemini  vii-vi  mission  received  extensive 
editorial  comment.  Neiv  York  Times:  "The  exploits  of  astronauts 
Borman,  Lovell,  Schirra  and  Stafford  and  the  extraordinary  pictures 
they  brought  back  from  space  have  thrilled  men  everywhere.  Admira- 
tion for  their  high  achievements  has — if  only  for  the  moment — over- 
come most  of  the  usual  division  of  this  quarrelsome  world.  .  .  . 

"Borman  and  Lovell  in  Gemini  7  took  the  longest  journey  in  history 
— more  than  five  million  miles.  They  showed  that  creatures  of  the 
earth's  surface  can  live  and  work  effectively  for  fourteen  days  in  a 
weightless  environment,  in  which  men  must  encapsulate  themselves  as 
in  the  womb  and  bring  their  own  air,  food  and  water  to 
survive  .  .  .  they  proved  that  a  human  organism  is  up  to  the  task  of 
staying  in  space  long  enough  to  fly  to  the  moon,  to  do  work  there  for 
several  days,  and  then  to  return  to  this  planet. 

"The  unprecedented  precision  navigation  feat  of  Schirra  and 
Stafford  in  Gemini  6  was  important  primarily  because,  for  the  first 
time,  it  brought  two  spaceships  close  enough  together  to  be 
joined.  Their  demonstration  opens  the  way  for  construction  in  space 
and  vastly  expands  the  potentialities  for  human  activity  in  that 
realm.  .  .  ."     [NYT,  12/19/65,  8E) 

Washington  Sunday  Star:  "Now  it  is  all  over,  but  it  will  be  remem- 
bered in  history  as  one  of  man's  finer  achievements.  .  .  ."  (Wash. 
Sun.  Star,  12/19/65,  C2) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  559 

December  19:  U.S.  Ambassador  Arthur  J.  Goldberg  told  the  U.N.  General 
Assembly's  Political  Committee  that  progress  had  been  made  on  a  start 
toward  a  basic  international  law  for  space  and  for  the  assistance  and 
return  of  astronauts  forced  down  on  foreign  soil.  He  said  that  an 
additional  topic  should  be  brought  under  study  by  the  U.N.  Committee 
on  the  Peaceful  Uses  of  Outer  Space:  "Within  a  few  years,  the  need  for 
a  treaty  governing  activities  on  the  moon  and  other  celestial  bodies  will 
be  real.  My  government  plans  to  present  a  definite  proposal  as  to  the 
contents  of  such  a  treaty."      (upi,  Wash.  Post,  12/20/65,  A15) 

•  France    was    exploring    with    the    U.S.    the    possibility    of    establishing 

an  international  space  launching  center  in  French  Guiana,  John 
Finney  reported  in  the  New  York  Times.  Center's  location  near  the 
equator  would  make  it  possible  to  launch  satellites  directly  into  either 
equatorial  or  polar  orbits  valuable  for  both  scientific  and  communica- 
tions satellites.  Preliminary  surveys  were  under  way.  (Finney, 
NYT,  12/20/65,  8) 
December  20:  NASA  announced  it  had  extended  the  Scout  Reentry  Heating 
Project  to  include  one  more  ballistic  flight  and  had  invited  industry  to 
submit  proposals  for  the  design  of  the  spacecraft.  Sub-orbital  reentry 
experiment  was  scheduled  for  1967  and  would  be  sixth  in  the  Langley 
Research  Center  project.  It  would  require  launching  of  a  13-ft.-long, 
pointed  cone  from  Wallops  Island,  Va.,  using  a  modified  three-stage 
Scout  launch  vehicle  with  no  heat  shield.  Reentry  would  take  place 
near  Bermuda  at  a  velocity  between  12,000  and  13,000  mph.  (NASA 
Release  65-384) 

•  In  season's  greetings  to  NASA  employees.  Administrator  James  E.  Webb 

said:  "During  1965  we  have  continued  our  effects  to  place  and  keep 
the  United  States  in  a  position  second  to  none  in  space  and  aeronau- 
tics. This  is  significant  for  many  reasons,  but  the  most  important  of 
these,  perhaps,  is  the  fact  that  our  efforts  constitute  a  very  real  and 
significant  contribution  toward  the  ultimate  realization  of  the  true 
meaning  of  Christmas — peace  on  earth."       (nasa  Hq.) 

•  GEMINI  VII  Astronauts  Frank  Borman  and  James  Lovell  flew  from  the 

carrier  Wasp  to  Ksc  where  they  had  a  brief  reunion  with  gemini 
VI  Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  and  Thomas  P.  Stafford,  who 
were  departing  later  in  the  day  for  msc  for  further  medical 
debriefing.     (  ap,  NYT,  12/20/65,  IOC ) 

•  L/Col.  Pavel  R.  Popovich,  who  orbited  the  earth  48  times  in  VOSTOK 

IV  in  August  1962,  said  in  an  interview  with  Izvestia  that  the  rendez- 
vous of  GEMINI  VI  and  gemini  vii  was  "a  great  achievement  of 
American  cosmonautics  on  the  way  to  exploiting  space  around  the 
earth."     (Reuters,  NYT,  12/22/65, 19) 

•  Dr.    Caryl    P.    Haskins,    president    of    Carnegie    Institution    of    Wash- 

ington, warned  in  his  report  for  1964-1965  against  confusing 
technology  with  science.  He  said  the  main  job  of  technology  was  to 
turn  out  socially  useful  products  while  the  essential  goal  of  science  was 
the  search  for  truth.  iRpt.  of  Pres.,  12/20/65) 
December  21:  usaf  Titan  iii-c,  launched  from  Eastern  Test  Range, 
encountered  trouble  with  its  transtage — third  stage — and  failed  to 
reach  near-synchronous  equatorial  orbit  with  four  pick-a-back  satel- 
lites.    At  lift-off,  the  booster's  two   1.2-million-lb.-thrust  strap-on  en- 


560  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

gines  and  the  Titan  iii-c  core  vehicle  functioned  as  scheduled,  propel- 
ling the  booster  to  400,000-ft.  altitude  at  10,300  mph.  Second  stage 
ignited  and  the  stages  separated  simultaneously  with  first  stage 
burnout.  Ten-second  coast  period  followed  second  stage  shutdown  be- 
fore stage  was  separated;  three  seconds  after  separation,  the  transtage, 
powered  by  twin  engines  rated  at  o,000-lb.  thrust  each,  ran  for  17  sec. 
to  drive  vehicle  into  temporary  parking  orbit  with  apogee,  194  mi. 
(311  km.);  perigee,  103.6  mi.  (167  km.);  inclination,  28.6°;  orbital 
insertion  velocity,  25,609  fps.  About  three-quarters  through  its  first 
orbit  (75  min.  after  lift-off)  guidance  system  commanded  transtage 
engines  to  restart  and  burn  for  297  sec.  to  drive  transtage  and  payload 
upward  toward  synchronous  altitudes;  transtage  entered  transfer  orbit 
with  apogee,  20,948  mi.  (33,725  km.);  perigee,  113.4  mi.  (182.6 
km.).  Vehicle  coasted  in  this  deep  elliptical  orbit  almost  five  hours 
before  transtage  was  scheduled  to  restart  its  engines  for  third  and  final 
time  to  circularize  its  orbit.  For  unknown  reasons,  the  engines  did 
not  restart  and  the  vehicle  entered  a  highly  elliptical  earth  orbit  with 
apogee,  20,900  mi.  (33,649  km.);  perigee,  120.8  mi.  (194.4 
km.).  Telemetry  indicated  the  LES  iii  and  IV  satellites  were  re- 
leased, as  was  the  OSCAR  iv  satellite,  but  all  three  much  later  than 
planned  and  into  the  wrong  orbits.  Fourth  payload,  Ov2-3,  remained 
attached  to  transtage. 

Titan  III,  most  powerful  rocket  currently  in  use  by  the  U.S.,  was 
being  developed  by  USAF  for  use  with  the  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory 
(Mol).  This  was  the  second  time  in  three  Titan  ill  tests  that  the 
transtage  had  failed,  (ap.  Wash.  Post,  12/22/65,  Al;  ap,  NYT, 
12/22/65,  14;  ap,  Houston  Post,  12/22/65;  Av.  Wk.,  12/27/65,  27; 
U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  157-158) 

December  21 :  cosmos  ci  unmanned  satellite  was  launched  by  the  U.S.S.R. 
"to  continue  space  investigations,"  announced  Tass.  Orbital  data: 
apogee,  550  km.  (341  mi.) ;  perigee,  260  km.  (165  mi.) ;  period,  92,4 
min.;  inclination,  49°.  Equipment  was  functioning  normally. 
{Pravda,  12/22/65,  1) 

•  GEMINI  VII  Astronauts  Lovell  and  Borman  completed  the  medical  phase 
of  their  debriefing  at  KSC.  Dr.  Charles  Berry,  Chief  of  Medical  Pro- 
grams for  MSC,  said  that  "a  quick  look  at  data  available  .  .  .  indi- 
cates man  has  fared  extremely  well  in  two  weeks  of  space 
environment."  A  detailed  medical  analysis  would  be  available 
later,  nasa  released  several  terrain  photographs  taken  by  Astro- 
naut Lovell  during  GEMINI  vii's  spaceflight  Dec.  4-18.  (ap,  NYT, 
12/22/65,  14;  ap.  Wash.  Post,  12/22/65,  A3) 

•  In  conversations  with  West  German  Chancellor  Ludwig  Erhard, 
President  Johnson  announced  he  would  send  a  commission  to 
Europe  early  in  1966  to  consult  with  nations  wishing  to  join  the  U.S. 
in  "a  major  endeavor"  in  space  exploration.  The  group  would  be 
headed  by  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb.  The  President  said: 
".  .  .  we  would  like  to  discuss  with  you — and  others — an  even  more 
ambitious  plan  to  permit  us  to  do  together  what  we  cannot  do  so  well 
alone.  Examples  would  be  two  projects  which  stand  high  on  the  space 
agenda.  Both  are  very  demanding  and  complex.  One  would  be  a 
probe  to  the  sun,  and  another  a  probe  to  Jupiter.     To  cooperate  on 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  561 

such  a  major  endeavor  would  contribute  vastly  to  our  mutual  knowl- 
edge and  our  mutual  skills."  (Marder,  Wash.  Post,  12/21/65,  Al) 
December  21 :  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  was  sworn  in  as  NASA  Deputy 
Administrator,  succeeding  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden  who  died  Dec.  2.  Dr. 
Seamans,  who  had  been  Associate  Administrator,  would  also  retain 
that  position  for  an  indefinite  period,      (nasa  Release  65-388) 

•  At  NASA  Industry  Briefing  on  Computer  Procurement,  held  at  Hq.,  NASA 

briefed  representatives  of  14  leading  companies  in  the  automatic  data 
processing  industry  on  NASA's  present  and  future  plans  and  policies  for 
the  procurement  of  large-scale  computing  systems.  William  Rieke, 
NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Industry  Affairs,  pointed  out 
that  NASA's  principal  purpose  in  future  Adp  procurements  would  be  to 
increase  competition  throughout  the  computer  industry.  Citing  the 
growing  concern  in  recent  years  over  expanding  Adp  inventories  and 
increasing  dollar  expenditures  for  computers  throughout  Government, 
Rieke  outlined  a  three-point  plan  to  improve  the  exchange  of  informa- 
tion between  NASA  and  the  computer  industry:  (1)  NASA  would  hold 
annual  industry  briefings  to  inform  computer  firms  of  its  long-range 
plans,  problems,  needs  for  improved  system  technology,  and  projected 
procurements  with  the  first  to  be  held  next  May;  (2)  individual  com- 
puter manufacturers  would  be  given  an  opportunity  to  conduct  annual 
briefing  for  NASA's  personnel  to  inform  NASA  of  their  plans,  prob- 
lems, and  developments;  (3)  in  connection  with  large  or  unusual  Adp 
procurements  with  restrictive  requirements,  NASA  would  hold 
prespecification  briefings  for  interested  companies  in  advance  of  issu- 
ing requests  for  proposals. 

Edmond  C.  Buckley,  director  of  NASA's  Office  of  Tracking  and  Data 
Acquisition,  outlined  NASA's  methods  for  long-range  planning  on  com- 
puter acquisition  and  utilization,  and  emphasized  that  the  agency's 
future  Adp  procurements  would  be  for  computing  systems  rather  than 
just  hardware. 

NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  traced  the  cooperative  history  of 
the  NASA-Industry-University  "team"  in  contributing  to  NASA's  accom- 
plishments since  1958.  He  emphasized  the  importance  of  the  com- 
puter industry's  contribution  to  the  space  effort,  in  particular,  and 
solicited  the  industry's  continued  cooperation  in  carrying  out  NASA's 
mission,      (nasa  Release  65-391) 

•  L/Col.    Frank   Borman    and    Cdr.    James    A.    Lovell,    Jr.,    had    brought 

back  proof  of  the  endurance  records  set  in  space.  Each  had  a 
SI  bill  with  recorded  serial  number  at  lift-off.  Bills  were  turned  over  to 
a  member  of  the  National  Aeronautic  Association  and  then  to  the 
Federation  Aeronautique  Internationale  in  Paris — world  flight  record- 
keeping organization. 

FAI  announced  NASA  had  filed  spaceflight  records  set  by  GEMINI 
VI  and  VII.     ( upi,  NYT,  12/19/65,  67 ;  upi,  NYT,  12/22/65, 4) 

•  GEMINI    VI    Astronauts    Schirra    and    Stafford    were    made    honorary 

members  of  the  American  Federation  of  Musicians  for  their  rendition 
of  Jingle  Bells  during  the  GEMINI  vii-vi  mission,  (ap.  Wash.  Eve. 
Star A2/21/65,  A2) 

•  NASA  had  selected  the  Range  Systems  Div.  of  Ling-Temco-Vought,  Inc., 

to  provide  computer  support  services  for  the  Michoud  Assembly 
Facility.     A  cost-plus-award-fee  contract  would  be  negotiated   for   a 


562  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

one-year  period  with  provisions  for  three  consecutive  one-year 
renewals.  Cost  for  the  first  year  was  estimated  to  exceed  $1.5 
million,  (nasa  Release  65-386;  msfc  Release  65-310) 
December  21 :  Karl  G.  Harr,  president  of  the  Aerospace  Industries  Assn., 
told  the  Aviation-Space  Writers  Assn.  in  Washington,  D.C.,  that  the 
aerospace  industry  would  "jump  at  the  chance"  to  attack  social  prob- 
lems such  as  urban  congestion  and  water  pollution.  He  said  this  was 
so  even  though  space  companies  had  lost  money  in  the  first  experiment 
in  applying  their  techniques  to  urgent  public  problems.  (Clark,  NYT, 
12/26/65,43) 

•  EARLY  BIRD   I  comsat  relayed   pictures   for   a  televised   debate  between 

students  of  Oxford  and  Harvard  on  whether  the  U.S.  should  carry  out 
its  Vietnam  commitment.      (Adams,  NYT,  12/10/65,  87) 

•  New  York's  Mayor-elect  John   V.   Lindsay   announced   formation   of  a 

Science  and  Technology  Advisory  Council  composed  of  representatives 
of  universities,  foundations,  and  corporations.  Council  would  attempt 
to  attract  science-oriented  industries  into  New  York  City  and  assist 
those  already  there.  It  would  meet  monthly  with  the  Mayor  and  con- 
duct studies  into  the  scientific  and  technological  advances  that  might 
affect  industries  in  the  city.      {NYT,  12/22/65,  12) 

•  Second  XB-70a  research  bomber  underwent  a  10-min.  heat-friction  test 

from  Edwards  afb  withstanding  530°C  heat  at  1,900  mph  at  70,000 
ft.  The  air  inlets  control  system  was  also  tested  at  twice  the  speed  of 
sound  at  63,000  ft.  in  the  145-min.  flight,  (ap,  NYT,  12/23/65,  43) 
December  22:  NASA  deferred  the  first  unmanned  Voyager  planetary  ex- 
ploration mission  until  1973  and  scheduled  one  1967  Mariner  flight  to 
Venus  and  two  1969  Mariner  flights  to  Mars.  First  Voyager  mission 
had  been  planned  to  orbit  Mars  in  1971  and  a  second  to  orbit  and 
land  instrumented  capsules  in  1973;  no  further  Mariner  missions  had 
been  scheduled.  Changes  in  the  planetary  exploration  program  were 
being  made  to  obtain  the  greatest  possible  return  from  funds  available 
for  FY  1966,  those  anticipated  for  FY  1967,  and  from  information 
available  from  previous  missions,      (nasa  Release  65-389) 

•  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  payload  with  Scout  booster.      (U.S. 

Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  159) 

•  NASA  had  awarded  a  $67,135  contract  to  the  Univ.  of  Utah  for  a  one-year 

study  of  chemical  processes  occurring  during  combustion  of  solid-pro- 
pellant  rocket  motors.  Study  would  attempt  to  better  understand  the 
interaction  of  gaes  in  the  combustion  zone  by  using  recently  devel- 
oped fast-scanning  spectroscopic  instruments,      (nasa  Release  65-390) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  had  awarded  a  one-year  $1.6-million 

contract  to  Aero  Spacelines,  Inc.,  for  flying  large  rocket  cargoes  in  its 
Super  Guppy  aircraft — the  only  aircraft  in  existence  which  could  fulfill 
the  size  and  weight  requirement  for  the  S-IVB  stage  of  the  Saturn 
vehicle,  the  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  instrument  units,  and  the  Lunar 
Excursion  Module  adapter.  The  agreement  also  provided  for  an  ex- 
tension of  a  previous  NASA-Aero  Spacelines  contract  for  use  of  the 
Pregnant  Guppy  aircraft,  (msfc  Release  65-311 ) 
•  A  German  amateur  radio  station  used  OSCAR  iv,  sent  into  an  unplanned 
orbit  Dec.  21  by  the  Titan  iii-c  rocket,  to  relay  a  signal  to  the  Bo- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  563 

chum  Institute  for  Satellite  and  Space  Research  which  had  spotted  the 
amateur  radio  satellite.  Signal  was  reportedly  loud  and  clear.  USAF 
said  42 -lb.  comsat  was  expected  to  be  useful  to  amateur  radio  opera- 
tors around  the  world  despite  its  poor  orbit.  {Wash.  Post,  12/23/65, 
A6) 

December  22:  Analyzing  President  Johnson's  proposal  for  Europe  to  join 
America  in  a  "major  endeavor"  in  space  exploration.  Howard  Simons 
said  in  the  Washington  Post  that  the  offer  had  three  main  objectives: 
(1)  to  satisfy  European  industrialists  desirous  of  a  share  in  20th 
century  technology;  (2)  to  involve  Europeans  in  developing  complex 
spacecraft  rather  than  launch  vehicles  that  could  be  developed  into 
ballistic  missiles;  (3)  to  generate  interest  in  West  European  scientists 
as  w^ell  as  industrialists  and  engineers.  As  pace  goal  for  a  joint  U.S.- 
European effort,  President  Johnson  had  cited  the  sun  and  the  planet 
Jupiter.      (Simons,  Wash.  Post,  12/22/65,  A6) 

•L/Col.  Frank  Borman  (usaf)  and  Cdr.  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.  (usn),  ar- 
rived in  Houston  to  see  their  families  for  the  first  time  since  the  start 
of  their  14-day  GEMINI  vii  space  mission  December  4.  They  would 
spend  the  Christmas  holidays  at  home.      (UPI,  NYT,  12/23/65,  14) 

•  Gen.  Thomas  Dresser  White,  usaf  Chief  of  Staff  from  1957  to  1961  and 

one  of  the  chief  proponents  of  a  balanced  air-space  defense  system, 
died.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the  naca  1957-58,  and  the  first  U.S. 
military  attache  in  Russia  in  1933.      {Wash.  Post,  12/23/65,  D4) 

•  Spanish  scientists  reported  recovery  near  Seville  of  three  heavy  metal 

spheres  and  other  metal  objects  bearing  Soviet  markings.  Debris  was 
believed  to  be  from  Soviet  spacecraft  or  rockets  which  disintegrated  as 
they  reentered  earth's  atmosphere,      (ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/22/65) 

•  USAF  XB-70a  research  bomber  was  flown   from   Edwards   afb  by   NAA 

pilot  Van  A.  Shepard  for  155  min. — 10  min.  longer  than  on  any  of  its 
previous  28  test  flights,  (ap,  Wash.  Post,  12/23/65,  A3) 
December  23:  GEMINIs  vii  and  vi  apparently  approached  withirj  one  foot 
of  each  other  during  their  rendezvous,  Robert  Aller,  NASA  Chief  of 
Mission  Planning,  told  the  National  Press  Club  in  Washington,  D.C., 
when  he  narrated  films  of  the  rendezvous.  Aller  also  reported  that 
GEMINI  VII  command  pilot  Borman  appeared  to  have  reentered  the 
earth's  atmosphere  without  his  helmet  on.  Mission  rules  ordinarily 
required  astronauts  to  wear  their  suits  and  helmets  during  launchings, 
space  maneuvers,  and  reentry.      (Clark,  NYT,  12/24/65,  1) 

•  NASA  announced  appointment  of  Bernard  Moritz,  NASA  Assistant  General 

Counsel  for  Procurement,  as  Assistant  Deputy  Associate  Administrator 
for  Industry  Affairs.  S.  Neil  Hosenball,  Chief  Counsel  at  NASA  Lewis 
Research  Center,  would  succeed  Moritz.      (nasa  Release  65-387) 

•  An  escalation  of  the  war  in  Vietnam  might  consume  the  military  men 

and  equipment  currently  at  NASA's  disposal  for  spaceflight  recovery 
operations,  suggested  William  Hines  in  the  Washington  Evening 
Star.  He  said  that  L/Gen.  Leighton  I.  Davis  (usaf),  head  of 
spaceflight  recovery  operations,  had  commented  on  the  possibility: 
"I'm  sure  if  there  were  (a  diversion  from  Viet  Nam  to  support  space 
flights)  the  NASA  officials  would  be  the  first  to  relieve  us  of  the  require- 
ment for  support."      (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/23/65,  27) 


564  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

December    24:    usaf    launched    Thor-Agena    D    booster    from    WTR    with 
unidentified  satellite  payload.      (U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act.,  1965,  159) 

•  Article  in  Science  discussed  "factors  pressing  France  toward  greater  em- 

phasis on  international  collaboration"  in  space  exploration,  then  said: 

"Hence  there  was  warm,  if  somewhat  skeptical,  interest  in  France 
when,  in  October,  a  Soviet  scientific  delegation  brought  up  the  idea  of 
launching  French  payloads  on  Soviet  rockets.  It  appeared,  according 
to  the  one  authoritative  account  of  this  proposal  (Le  Monde,  11  No- 
vember), that  the  Soviet  scientists  did  not  envisage  French  requests 
for  precise  knowledge  about  acceleration  and  vibration  from  Soviet 
rockets  so  that  the  payload  design  could  proceed,  nor  did  they  expect 
that  French  scientists  would  wish  to  be  present  in  Soviet  launch-bases 
and  tracking  stations  ...  it  was  expected  that  the  negotiations  would 
be  long  and  delicate.  .  .  ."      ( McElheny,  5cie;ice,  12/24/65,  1700-01) 

•  Commenting  on  election  of  political  scientist  Don  K.  Price  to  presidency 

of  American  Association  of  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Science  editor 
Philip  H.  Abelson  quoted  Price  himself:  "  'The  union  of  the  political 
and  scientific  estates  is  not  like  a  partnership,  but  a  marriage;  it  will 
not  be  improved  if  the  two  become  like  each  other,  but  only  if  they 
respect  each  other's  quite  different  needs  and  purposes.  No  great 
harm  is  done  if  in  the  meantime  they  quarrel  a  bit.'  "  (Science, 
12/24/65,  1669) 

•  Commenting  on  budgetary  considerations  as  they  might  affect  the  Titan 

III-C,  William  Hines  said  in  the  Washington  Evening  Star:  "If  the 
economy  ax  falls  on  the  Titan  3C  program  in  the  wake  of  an  unsuc- 
cessful launching  Tuesday,  it  will  be  sad  indeed.  The  program  is  one 
of  the  few  major  space  efforts  in  recent  memory  to  have  gone  along  so 
far  on  schedule,  close  to  budget  limits,  and  with  a  reasonably  high 
degree  of  success."  (Hines,  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/24/65,  A3) 
December  26:  Planning  Research  Corp.  of  Los  Angeles  received  a  one-year, 
$48,229  contract  from  NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  to  conduct 
an  independent  reliability  assessment  of  the  Radio  Astronomy  Ex- 
plorer satelhte.      (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/26/65,  D6) 

•  Ocean  data  station  buoy  Bravo  was  being  used  by  USN  to  study  influence 

of  the  moon's  tidal  pull  on  the  Gulf  Stream  near  Hollywood,  Fla., 
according  to  General  Dynamics  Corp.,  developer  of  the  buoy.  The 
round  steel  hull,  40  ft.  in  diameter,  was  equipped  with  instruments  and 
a  40-ft.  mast  that  collected  information  on  wave  heights  and  velocity  of 
the  stream  and  transmitted  it  to  a  data  center  on  shore.  (NYT, 
12/26/65,  lOE) 
December  27:  Life  Sciences  Research  Laboratory  dedicated  at  NASA  Ames 
Research  Center.  The  laboratory  was  organized  into  divisions  for 
exobiology,  environmental  biology,  and  biotechnology.  In  the  dedica- 
tion address.  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.)  said  that  "the  work 
done  at  Ames  is  a  reaffirmation  of  the  avowed  goals  and  aspirations  of 
a  world  that  is  painfully  searching  for  peace  and  hope." 

Dr.  Mac  C.  Adams,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Re- 
search and  Technology,  said  during  the  ceremonies:  "This  new  struc- 
ture represents  many  things.  It  represents  efficiency  and  economy  for 
it  brings  together  a  staff  and  associates  numbering  almost  250  who 
formerly  were  scattered  about  in  22  separate  quarters.     It  represents  a 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  565 

grouping  of  new  research  tools  which  can  be  used  for  new  advances  in 
science  and  technology;  but  most  important,  I  believe,  this  Life 
Sciences  Laboratory,  placed  within  the  complex  of  physical  laborato- 
ries, represents  the  interdisciplinary  approach  to  solving  new 
problems."  (nasa  Release  65-394;  Text;  ARC  Astrogram,  1/6/66,  1) 
December  27:  Pocomoke  City,  Md.,  radio  station  WDMV  proposed  that 
Wallops  Island,  Va.,  be  renamed  Dryden  Island  in  memory  of  Dr.  Hugh 
Dryden,  late  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  (ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/ 
27/65,  Bl) 

•  AEC  reported  it  had  decided  not  to  build  a  new  type  of  breeder  nuclear 

power  reactor  that  had  been  considered  as  a  source  of  electricity  for 
pumps  for  California's  water  project.  The  reason  given  was  that  tech- 
nical problems  had  been  encountered  in  research  and  development. 
The  reactor  would  have  used  thorium  as  the  key  fuel.  It  would  have 
been  designed  to  breed  more  fuel  than  it  consumed  and  run  about 
nine  years  on  one  fuel  charge,  (aec  Release  H288;  AP,  NYT,  12/28/ 
65,  4) 

•  William  Hines,  science  writer  and  columnist  for  the  Washington  Evening 

Star,  was  presented  the  AAAs's  top  award  for  science  writing  in  1965  at 
the  Association's  annual  meeting  in  Berkeley,  Calif.  His  award-win- 
ning entry  was  a  series  of  articles  on  the  journey  of  mariner  iv  to 
Mars.  The  articles  appeared  from  Nov.  6,  1964,  to  Aug.  12, 
1965.  (Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/17/65,  A2) 
December  28:  pioneer  vi  interplanetary  probe,  launched  by  NASA  Dec.  16, 
had  completed  shakedown  operations  and  was  encountering  fair  space 
weather  as  it  began  its  long  cruise  around  the  sun,  NASA  announced. 
Scientific  data  telemetered  to  earth  indicated  that  the  solar  wind  was 
blowing  at  relatively  slow  speeds  of  about  670,000  mph  compared  with 
2  million  an  hour  registered  in  periods  of  high  solar  activity;  magnetic 
fields  were  fairly  unfluctuating;  and  comparatively  few  charged  particles 
were  being  encountered.  Information  being  received  from  all  six  ex- 
periments was  reported  to  be  of  excellent  quality.  (NASA  Release  65- 
392) 

•  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  COSMOS  cii  and  cosmos  cm  unmanned 

satellites  to  continue  space  investigations,  Tass  announced.  Orbital 
parameters  for  cosmos  cii:  apogee,  172  mi.  (278  km.);  perigee,  135 
mi.  (218  km.)  ;  period,  89.24  min.;  inclination,  65°.  cosmos  cm  had 
been  placed  in  near-circular  orbit  at  372-mi.  (600-km.)  altitude,  with 
a  period  of  97  min.  It  was  not  specified  whether  the  two  spacecraft 
were  launched  simultaneously  or  whether  there  was  an  interval  between 
launchings.  All  onboard  systems  were  functioning  normally. 
{Pravda,  12/29/65,  1) 

•  LES  IV  communications  satellite,  released  into  an  unplanned  orbit  Dec. 

21  by  Titan  iii-c,  had  been  activated  and  was  operating  well,  Lincoln 
Laboratory  reported.  Tumbling  had  prevented  restart  of  Titan  ill-c 
for  intended  orbit,  (ap,  NYT,  12/30/65,  11) 

•  Formation   of   Institute  for   Oceanography,   part   of  the   Environmental 

Science  Services  Administration,  was  announced  by  Dept.  of 
Commerce.  Interaction  between  ocean,  earth,  and  atmosphere  would 
be  studied  in  programs  designed  to  gain  new  knowledge  of  the 
ocean.     Headed  by  Dr.  Harris  B.  Stewart,  Jr.,  formerly  chief  oceano- 


566  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

grapher  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  the  Institute  had  head- 
quarters in  Washington.  D.C.  (Dept.  of  Commerce  PIO;  NYT, 
12/30/65,  42) 
December  29:  Dr.  John  W.  Salisbury  and  Joel  Adler  of  Cambridge  Labora- 
tories reported  to  132d  meeting  of  the  AAAS  in  Berkeley,  Calif.,  that 
American  astronauts  landing  on  the  moon  might  encounter  lunar  dust 
that  would  stick  like  wet  snow  to  their  windows,  faceplates,  and  cam- 
era lenses.  Salisbury  and  Adler  said  they  had  reached  those  conclu- 
sions by  two  separate  experiments.      {Wash.  Post,  12/30/65,  A4) 

Medical  and  physical  data  from  the  two-week  GEMINI  vii  flight 
indicated  that  man  could  withstand  a  lunar  mission  without  any  seri- 
ous harm,  reported  Dr.  Charles  Berry,  Chief  of  Medical  Programs  for 
NASA  MSC,  at  the  AAAS  meeting.  Dr.  Berry  revealed  that  the  astro- 
nauts' heart  rates  and  blood  pressures  during  the  flight  had  remained 
within  normal  ranges  and  that  within  10  hrs.  after  splashdown,  Bor- 
man  had  regained  4.8  lbs.  of  the  9.6  lbs.  he  had  lost;  Lovell,  who  had 
lost  5.9  lbs.,  had  regained  6.6  lbs.  Berry,  who  doubted  the  astronauts 
could  have  endured  14  days  in  spacesuits,  attributed  much  of  the  suc- 
cess of  the  mission  to  the  freedom  of  flying  in  underwear.  He  report- 
ed that  the  electroencephalogram  studies  recording  brain  wave  activity 
had  shown  no  abnormalities  during  the  first  two  flight  days,  but  that 
the  electrodes  on  the  astronauts'  scalps  had  come  loose  before  the  end 
of  the  planned  4-day  experiment.  As  to  the  radiation  dosage  hazards 
on  the  14-day  flight,  Dr.  Berry  said  the  measured  amounts  were 
"peanuts."  The  calcium  balance  studies  which  required  measurements 
of  calcium  loss  to  sweat,  blood,  urine,  and  feces  might  take  "several 
more  months  to  complete,"  he  added.  Astronaut  Edward  H.  White 
(L/Col.,  usaf)  accompanied  Dr.  Berry  to  the  meeting  to  brief  scien- 
tists on  preparations  necessary  to  plan  and  execute  successful  space 
missions.      (Haseltine,  Wash.  Post,  12/30/65,  Al) 

•  NASA  Hq.  reorganization  plan,  effective  Jan.  2,  1966,  was  disseminated 

throughout  NASA.  Two  main  effects  of  the  changes:  establishment  of 
Office  of  the  Administrator,  in  which  the  Administrator  and  Deputy 
Administrator  would  be  supported  by  the  Associate  Deputy  Administra- 
tor with  a  strong  Secretariat;  and,  establishment  of  operating  pattern 
within  this  office  delegating  authority  and  responsibility  to  the  Deputy 
Administrator,  who  would  serve  as  general  manager  as  well  as  Acting 
Administrator  in  the  Administrator's  absence.  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans, 
Jr.,  Deputy  Administrator,  retained  the  additional  title  of  Associate 
Administrator. 

Other  changes  included :  Director  of  the  Office  of  Tracking  and  Data 
Acquisition  would  be  made  Associate  Administrator  for  Tracking  and 
Data  Acquisition;  heads  of  functional  staff  offices  except  General 
Counsel  would  have  the  title  Assistant  Administrator.  Heads  of  all 
functional  staff  offices  as  well  as  the  four  program  offices  would  be 
responsible  to  the  Deputy  Administrator,      (nasa  Memo) 

•  Article  in  Japanese  newspaper  said   U.S.   Defense   Secretary   Robert  S. 

McNamara's  estimates  of  Red  Chinese  nuclear  potential  were  probably 
conservative,  citing  increasing  appropriations  by  Red  China  for 
scientific  research  as  indication  of  rapid  progress  that  might  be 
expected.  From  $16  million  in  1955,  the  amount  rose  to  $340  million 
in    1959;    it    was    estimated    that    $2    billion    had    been    spent    since 


I 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  567 

1960.  It  was  calculated  that  Red  China  should  have  a  minimum  arse- 
nal of  between  150  and  200  atomic  bombs  by  the  end  of  1967;  produc- 
tion of  delivery  vehicles  should  by  that  time  be  keeping  pace.  (Ele- 
gant, Wash.  Post,  12/30/65) 
December  29:  USAF  awarded  Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.  a  $2,000,000  initial 
increment  to  a  fixed-price  contract  for  production  of  solid  rocket 
motors.     Estimated  final  amount  of  contract  was  $5,000,000. 

General  Dynamics  Corp.  received  from  AFSC  a  $1,655,299  fixed-price 
contract  for  design  and  fabrication  of  reentry  vehicle  instrumentation 
and  range  safety  systems,      (dod  Release  946-65) 

•  Mounting  cost  of  the  Vietnam  war  was  apt  to  slow  the  USAF  Manned 

Orbiting  Laboratory  project,  the  New  York  World  Telegram  quoted 
informed  sources  as  saying.  (Troan,  N.Y.  World  Telegram,  12/29/ 
65) 
December  30:  Astronaut  Walter  Schirra  said  that  he  and  Astronaut  Thom- 
as P.  Stafford  had  maneuvered  the  GEMINI  vi  spacecraft  to  within  one 
foot  of  GEMINI  VII  during  their  Dec.  15  rendezvous  and  that  although 
they  were  backed  up  by  an  advanced  type  of  computer,  they  probably 
could  have  effected  rendezvous  without  it.  Schirra  and  the  three  other 
astronauts  involved  in  the  gemini  vii-vi  flights  gave  reports  on  their 
missions  at  an  MSC  news  conference,  (ap,  Wash.  Post,  12/31/65,  Al; 
MSC  Gemini  VII /Gemini  VI  Fact  Sheet) 

•  Special  NASA  awards  ceremony  was  held  at  MSC,  with  NASA  Administrator 

James  E.  Webb  making  the  presentations.  Rep.  Olin  Teague,  Chair- 
man of  Manned  Space  Flight  Subcommittee  of  the  House  Committee 
on  Science  and  Astronautics,  also  was  present  for  the  occasion. 

NASA  Distinguished  Service  Medal,  nasa's  highest  honor,  was  pre- 
sented to  Donald  K.  Slayton,  Assistant  Director  for  Flight  Crew  Opera- 
tions, MSC,  and  to  Astronaut  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  Command  Pilot 
for  GEMINI  VI  mission.  Slayton's  award  was  for  "his  outstanding 
performance  in  directing  NASA  flight  operations  and  for  his  leadership 
of  the  continuous  and  rapid  adaptation  of  NASA's  astronaut  training 
activities  to  the  experience  gained  from  Mercury  and  Gemini 
flights.  .  .  ."  Schirra's  DSM  cited  "his  courage  and  judgment  in  the 
face  of  great  personal  danger,  his  calm,  precise  and  immediate  percep- 
tion of  the  situation  that  confronted  him  and  his  accurate  and  critical 
decisions  that  made  possible  the  successful  execution  of  the  Gemini  VI 
mission."  This  ceremony  marked  the  first  time  the  top  NASA  medal 
was  presented  away  from  Washington.  (With  these  two  presentations, 
all  seven  original  Mercury  astronauts  had  received  the  Distinguished 
Service  Medal.) 

NASA  Exceptional  Service  Medal  was  presented  to  the  crews  of  GEMINI 
VII  (Astronauts  Borman  and  Lovell)  and  vi  (Astronauts  Schirra  and 
Stafford)  ;  William  C.  Schneider,  Deputy  Director  of  the  Gemini  Pro- 
gram for  Mission  Operations,  omsf;  and  John  T.  Mengel,  Assistant 
Director  for  Tracking  and  Data  Systems  Directorate,  gsfc. 

Group  Achievement  Awards  were  presented  to  the  following  groups 
from  the  Cape:  KSC  Launch  Operations;  KSC  Spacecraft  Operations; 
Martin  Co.  Gemini  program  group;  McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.  Gemini 
program  group;  Gemini  Launch  Vehicle  Div.,  AFSC  6555th  Aerospace 


568  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

Test  Wing:  and  afetr  Test  Operations  Div.  (msc  Gemini  VII/  Gemini 
VI  Fact  Sheet;  Exec.  Secy.,  msc  Awards  Committee;  NASA  Proj.  Off.) 
December  30:  ComSatCorp  invited  design  proposals  for  a  multi-purpose 
satellite  having  at  least  20  times  the  communications  capacity  of  early 
BIRD  I.  Firms  throughout  the  world  were  asked  to  submit  pro- 
posals. ComSatCorp  said  more  than  one  study  contract  could  be 
awarded.  Proposed  new  satellite  would  make  nationwide  and  interna- 
tional distribution  of  television  feasible,  provide  a  sending  and  receiv- 
ing capability  between  ground  stations  and  ships  at  sea  or  aircraft  in 
flight,  provide  complete  interchangeability  from  one  type  of  service  to 
another  within  a  single  satellite,  and  permit  access  to  these  services  by 
any  number  of  earth  stations.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 

•  NASA  and  USAF  announced  agreement  for  extended  XB-70  flight  research 

beginning  next  spring  in  joint  project  to  obtain  supersonic  operational 
flight  information  impossible  to  get  in  ground  facilities.  Among  the 
items  of  interest  were  skin  friction,  stability  and  control,  drag,  bound- 
ary layer  flow,  air  loads,  thermal  environment,  sonic  boom,  landing, 
and  crew  workload,  (nasa  Release  65-393) 
December  31:  Soviet  space  probe  VENUS  ii,  launched  Nov.  12,  would  pass 
"at  the  prescribed  distance"  from  Venus,  Tass  announced.  VENUS 
III,  launched  Nov.  16,  had  been  corrected  in  flight  "in  order  to  bring 
it  closer  to  Venus,"  the  announcement  added.  Telemetered  data 
showed  that  conditions  aboard  both  probes  were  normal;  scientific 
instrumentation  was  functioning  normally.  VENUS  ii  was  15.5-minion 
km.  (9.6-million  mi.)  from  earth;  VENUS  ill  was  14.3  million  km. 
(8.9  million  mi.)  away.      (Tass,  12/31/65) 

•  Cosmonaut  Yuri  Gagarin,  the  first  man  to  fly  in  space,  said  in  an  inter- 

view with  Krasnaya  Zvezda  that  an  increasing  number  of  professions 
would  take  part  in  future  spaceflights.  He  noted  that  pilots,  en- 
gineers, a  scientist,  and  a  doctor  had  already  flown  in  Soviet 
spacecraft.  Gagarin  described  recent  American  spaceflights  as  "a  ma- 
jor achievement,"  but  said  it  would  be  a  simplification  to  interpret 
U.S.  accomplishments  as  "first  steps  on  an  unexplored  way."  He  said 
Soviet  spacecraft  vostok  hi  and  VOSTOK  iv  had  flown  in  formation 
in  August  1962.      (ap.  Wash.  Eve.  Star,  12/31/65,  A2) 

•  U.S.   and  Yugoslavia  would   exchange  visits   and   information   under   a 

new,  non-Governmental  agreement  reached  between  the  U.S.  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  and  the  Yugoslav  Academy  of  Sciences.  Under 
the  terms  of  a  memorandum  of  understanding,  scientists  of  both  coun- 
tries would  be  able  to  take  advantage  of  short-  and  long-term  visits  to 
lecture,  conduct  seminars,  or  carry  out  laboratory  research.  Money 
for  the  exchange  program  would  come  from  the  U.S.  National  Science 
Foundation.      {Wash.  Post,  12/1/65,  A3) 

•  In  a  report  of  shareholders  for  fall  1965,  ComSatCorp  said  it  had  rea- 

lized revenues  of  $966,000  from  the  operation  of  early  rird  I  cover- 
ing a  period  from  June  28,  when  the  satellite  began  commercial  service 
between  North  America  and  Europe,  through  Sept.  30.  As  of  Sept. 
30,  the  Corporation's  total  cash  and  temporary  cash  investments 
amounted  to  $187,767,000.      (ComSatCorp  Release) 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  569 

During  December:  NASA  Flight  Research  Center  had  completed  analysis  of 
flight  handling  characteristics  of  six  representative  light  private  air- 
craft currently  manufactured  in  the  U.S.  Aircraft  flown  in  the  study 
were  considered  a  good  cross-section  of  this  type  of  aircraft  and  in- 
cluded high-  and  low-wing  and  single-  and  twin-engine  configurations. 
Report  would  be  published  as  a  technical  note  in  spring  1966.  {Av. 
Wk.,  12/27/65,  13) 

•  Snap-lOA    nuclear    ground    test    system,    designated    Flight    System-3 

(fs-3)  and  a  flight-qualified  copy  of  the  snapshot  I  orbital  test  sys- 
tem, had  operated  continually  since  January  22,  1965,  exceeding  by 
four  months  the  previous  record  for  continuous  power  operation  of 
any  known  reactor.  By  the  time  of  the  snapshot  i  launch  (April  3), 
FS-3  had  accumulated  more  than  70  days  of  operating  time.  Con- 
tinuing to  operate  throughout  the  remainder  of  the  year,  the  system 
operated  satisfactorily  but  with  a  gradual  degradation  in  power 
output.      {Atomic  Energy  Programs,  1965,  151-152) 

•  The  Council  of  the  NAS  announced  that  a  statement  had  been  placed  in 

the  Minutes  of  the  Council  as  a  memorial  to  the  late  Dr.  Hugh  L. 
Dryden: 

"Although  the  service  and  devotion  of  Hugh  L.  Dryden  to  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Sciences,  where  he  was  ten  years  Home  Secretary, 
twelve  years  our  colleague  in  the  Council,  and  twenty-one  years  a 
member  of  the  Section  of  Engineering,  have  in  our  time  rarely  been 
equalled  and  certainly  not  surpassed,  they  represent  only  a  portion  of 
his  service  and  devotion  to  several  national  institutions  closely  linked 
to  the  welfare  of  our  people.  ...  In  achieving  so  much  for  his 
country  and  its  institutions,  he  gave  of  himself  without  thought  of 
self.  He  was  deeply  admired  and  loved  by  all  who  came  in  associa- 
tion with  him.  The  sorrow  felt  at  his  passing  by  all  members  of  the 
Academy  is  accompanied  by  an  enduring  pride  in  honoring  his  memo- 
ry."    (nas-nrc-nae  Neivs  Report,  12/65) 

•  In  his  book  Galaxies,  Nuclei,  and  Quasars  British  scientist  Fred  Hoyle 

declared  that  on  the  basis  of  new  evidence  the  "steady-state"  theory  of 
cosmology — of  which  he  had  been  a  leading  proponent  since  1948 — 
was  now  untenable.  He  discussed  his  new  theory,  a  variation  of  the 
oscillating-universe  concept.      (Science,  12/24/65,  1708) 

•  NASA  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  ended   1965  with   7,522   employees 

earning  in  excess  of  S82.8  million — about  700  of  whom  were  located 
in  contractor  plants  throughout  the  U.S.  There  were  some  4,280  con- 
tractor employees  working  at  MSFc's  Redstone  Arsenal  complex  with 
estimated  earnings  of  $43  million  bringing  the  Center's  direct  and  in- 
direct payroll  for  1965  (combined  Civil  Service  and  contractor)  to 
about  S125.8  million.  An  estimated  10,000  other  contractor  workers 
were  employed  by  contractors  in  Huntsville  in  connection  with  MSFC 
programs,      (msfc  Release  6.5-313) 

•  Principal  source  of  advanced  technology  in  the  U.S.  had  been  and  would 

remain  the  aerospace  industry,  postulated  an  article  in 
Aerospace.  Only  in  its  programs  were  technical  goals  high  enough 
and  national  requirements  urgent  enough  to  move  forward  in  major 
steps.  As  these  steps  were  completed  and  technical  goals  achieved,  the 
entire  economy  fell  heir  to  the  new  technology.  Key  goals  in  defense 
and  space  programs  were  listed  as:    (1)   lowering  costs;    (2)   improv- 


570  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

ing  the  efficiency  of  motors,  generators,  and  all  other  energy  conver- 
sion devices  and  processes;  (3)  improving  design,  that  is,  reducing  the 
weight  and  increasing  the  strength  of  all  machines,  by  either  improved 
knowledge  of  the  machine  or  by  using  lighter,  stronger  materials;  (4) 
improving  the  accuracies  to  which  machines  could  be  controlled;  (5) 
improving  reliability;  (6)  improving  communications  between  men, 
between  men  and  machines,  and  between  machines.  (Aerospace, 
Winter  1965) 
During  1965:  In  1965,  nasa  attempted  28  missions  with  23  successes,  a 
score  of  82%  mission  success.  Two  spacecraft  were  launched  on  a 
single  booster.  NASA  attempted  30  launches  of  space  boosters  and  had 
26  successes,  a  score  of  87%  launch  vehicle  success. 

Of  the  92  payloads  orbited  by  the  U.S.,  NASA  orbited  25— five  of 
which  were  two-manned  spacecraft  and  four  were  escape-mission 
probes.  U.S.S.R.  orbited  64  payloads,  of  which  one  was  a  manned 
spacecraft  and  seven  were  escape-mission  probes.  France  entered  the 
space  age  with  two  satellites,  one  orbited  by  France  herself  (a-i)  and 
one  by  the  U.S.  (fr-i)  . 

Most  spectacular  of  NASA's  space  missions  were  the  real-time  recep- 
tion of  close-up  lunar  photographs  by  ranger  ix,  first  U.S.  extravehi- 
cular activity  hj  gemini  iv  Astronaut  White,  man's  first  close  look  at 
Mars  (including  21  photographs)  by  mariner  IV,  and  manned  ren- 
dezvous to  within  one  foot  by  GEMINI  VI  and  vii.  The  Gemini  pro- 
gram began  1965  with  GT-2  unmanned  suborbital  flight;  this  was 
followed  by  four  two-man  orbital  flights  which  logged  more  than  1,300 
manhours  in  space,  gemini  v  and  VII,  long-duration  missions  (8 
and  14  days  respectively)  proved  man  can  withstand  extended  condi- 
tions of  spaceflight  and  validated  plans  for  manned  Apollo  lunar 
flights.  At  the  year's  end  Gemini  spaceflights  had  set  for  the  U.S. 
more  than  10  records,  among  them  the  record  for  total  manhours  in 
space:  1,354  hrs.,  38  min.,  vs.  U.S.S.R.'s  507  hrs.,  16  min. 

1965  was  a  year  of  extensive  ground  tests  of  the  Apollo  spacecraft 
and  the  Saturn  launch  vehicles.  There  were  static  firings  of  engines 
for  the  various  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  stages,  highlighted  by 
full-duration  firing  of  all  three  Saturn  V  stages.  Saturn  I  program 
ended  with  a  record  of  10  successes  out  of  10  attempts,  its  three  1965 
launches  orbiting  Pegasus  meteoroid  detection  satellites.  Fire  ii  pro- 
vided valuable  data  for  Apollo  on  reentry  from  simulated  lunar  trajec- 
tory. 

In  lunar  and  planetary  achievement,  rangers  viii  and  IX  provided 
more  than  13,000  lunar  surface  photographs  and  brought  that  project 
to  a  close.  Atlas-Centaur  AC-6  launched  a  dummy  Surveyor  on  a 
simulated  lunar  transfer  orbit  and  proved  itself  capable  of  operational 
Surveyor  missions.  NASA  stepped  up  its  interplanetary  research  with 
pioneer  VI,  first  of  four  projected  interplanetary  satellites. 

TIROS  IX  became  the  first  weather  satellite  to  provide  close  to  100% 
coverage  of  the  earth  daily,  and  tiros  x  was  the  first  in  a  series  of 
interim  operational  satellites  for  the  U.S.  Weather  Bureau.  Five  Ex- 
plorer scientific  satellites,  oso  II,  Canada's  alouette  ii,  and  France's 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  571 

FR-I  were  orbited.  NASA  orbited  SECOR  V  for  the  U.S.  Army,  SOLRAD 
IX  (explorer  XXX)  for  the  U.S.  Navy,  and  early  bird  i  communica- 
tions satellite  for  the  Communications  Satellite  Corporation.  NASA 
turned  over  syncoms  ii  and  ill  to  DOD  for  operational  use  at  the 
completion  of  their  R&D  function. 

The  five  NASA  mission  failures:  vehicle  test  of  Atlas-Centaur  AC-5; 
test  of  Apollo  launch  escape  system  on  a  Little  Joe  ii  booster;  failure 
of  OGO  II,  which  did  return  good  (but  incomplete)  experiment  data; 
failure  to  orbit  a  third  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory;  and  failure  of 
Gemini  6  because  Agena  Target  Vehicle  did  not  achieve  orbit. 

In  39  successful  launches,  dod  orbited  67  satellites.  In  addition, 
there  were  four  unsuccessful  DOD  space  launches,  losing  five 
payloads.  Decision  was  made  that  DOD  proceed  with  the  Manned  Or- 
biting Laboratory,  and  launches  were  begun  of  the  powerful  Titan 
III-C  which  would  eventually  orbit  the  Mol. 

Highlighting  the  U.S.S.R.'s  busy  space  year  was  man's  first  extra-ve- 
hicular space  activity,  by  voskhod  ii's  Cosmonaut  Leonov.  Soviet 
lunar  exploration  intensified,  with  apparent  soft-landing  attempts  by 
LUNAs  V  through  Viii,  as  well  as  photographs  of  the  moon's  hidden 
side  by  interplanetary  probe  ZOND  iii.  U.S.S.R.  launched  VENUS  II 
and  III  on  the  long  flight  toward  the  planet  Venus.  (Western  experts 
speculated  that  COSMOS  LX  was  an  unsuccessful  lunar  soft-landing  at- 
tempt and  COSMOS  xcvi  an  unsuccessful  Venus  probe.)  U.S.S.R.  or- 
bited 52  Cosmos  satellites,  two  heavyweight  Proton  spacecraft,  and  her 
first  communications  satellites — two  Molniyas  I.  (nasa  Release 
65-368;  msec  Release  65-312;  nasa  hhr-8;  nasc  Staff;  nasa  A&A 
1965;  Simons,  Wash.  Post,  12/12/65) 
During  1965:  Some  NASA  research  highlights  of  1965: 

NASA  launched  191  scientific  sounding  rockets  to  obtain  a  variety  of 
scientific  data  and  about  10  for  advanced  research  and  technol- 
ogy. By  the  end  of  the  year,  the  three  X-15  research  aircraft  had 
made  156  flights,  32  of  them  in  1965.  Tests  proceeded  of  the 
modified  x-15  (No.  2),  expected  to  exceed  5,000-mph  flight 
speed.  NASA  supported  the  National  supersonic  transport  program 
and  evaluated  wind  tunnel  models  of  the  two  proposed  Sst 
designs.  NASA  continued  using  USAF  xb-70  aircraft  for  research  in 
flight  problems  of  Sst  and  large  supersonic  aircraft  in  general.  Feasi- 
bility studies  of  adapting  V/Stol  concepts  to  commercial  transportation 
and  wind-tunnel  studies  of  several  V/Stol  designs  continued.  As  part 
of  research  toward  efficient  design  of  hypersonic  aircraft,  comparative 
performance  and  heat  transfer  measurements  were  obtained  on  a  varie- 
ty of  aircraft  wings,  bodies,  and  wing-body  combinations.  Ramjet 
engine  research  was  in  the  engine  design  concept  phase.  NASA  devel- 
oped and  tested  a  new  near-field  theory  useful  in  predicting  sonic 
boom  characteristics  of  Sst  configurations  during  transonic  climb-out. 
FHght  research  of  M-1  lifting  body  was  advanced,  and  construction 
of  HL-10  lifting  body  was  being  completed. 

Solid  propulsion  technology  was  advanced  with  static-firing  of  the 
260-in.  solid-fuel  rocket  motor.  In  nuclear  rocket  technology,  three 
Nerva  reactor  experiments  were  completed  and  the  new  Phoebus  ad- 
vanced graphite  reactor  test  program  was  begun.     The  success  of  a 


572  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 

2,600-hr.  ion  engine  test  provided  evidence  that  life-times  of  10,000 
hrs.  for  electric  rocket  thrusters  may  be  within  reach.  Among  high- 
lights in  electronics  and  control  was  reentry  communications  experi- 
ment on  GEMINI  III  demonstrating  feasibility  of  water  injection  to 
overcome  communications  blackout  during  reentry.  (U.S.  Aeron.  & 
Space  Act.,  1965,  25-38;  ossa  &  oart  S.Rkt.  Proj.  Off.;  nasa  Release 
65-368) 
During  1965:  About  90/^  of  NASA's  budget  was  going  to  contractors  to  pay 
for  work  being  done  by  nearly  400,000  people  of  about  20,000  prime 
and  subcontractors.  In  the  university  program,  NASA  was  doing  busi- 
ness with  about  200  universities  in  every  state  on  space-related  projects 
at  the  year's  end.  NASA's  requirement  to  transfer  its  technology  to 
other  sectors  of  the  economy  had  developed  into  an  information  system 
with  more  than  200,000  technical  documents  abstracted,  indexed,  and 
filed  in  a  computer-based  nationwide  system.      (NASA  Release  65-368) 

•  NASA's  FY  '65  top  100  contractors,  according  to  the  net  value  of  direct 

awards,  were  headed  by  North  American-Downey  ($1,099,448,000), 
Boeing-New  Orleans  ($305,988,000),  Grumman-Bethpage  ($267,226,- 
000),  Douglas-Santa  Monica  ($251,668,000),  GE-Huntsville  ($181,472,- 
000),  McDonnell-St.  Louis  ($166,670,000),  IBM-Huntsville  ($128,312,- 
000),  Aerojet-Sacramento  ($123,186,000).  General  Dynamics/Convair 
($111,148,000),  and  RCA-Princeton  ($106,552,000).  Total  nasa  pro- 
curements for  the  year  totaled  $5,187,000,000  with  the  top  100  firms 
accounting  for  $4,141,434,000  of  that  amount,  (nasa  Ann.  Procure- 
ment Rpt^FY  1965) 

•  Some  highlights  of  the  year  in  physics:  Planet  Mars  has  no  substantial 

magnetic  field,  according  to  scientific  experiments  by  mariner  iv  Mars 
probe.  Because  of  this,  Martian  life-forms  would  have  to  be  able  to 
withstand  intense  radiation,  but  possibility  of  Martian  life  was  not  ruled 
out.  MARINER  IV  also  reported  Mars'  atmosphere  was  too  thin  to 
readily  support  parachute  or  glider-type  descents  for  soft  landings 
on  the  planet. 

Comet  Ikeya-Seki,  the  brightest  comet  to  enter  the  solar  system  this 
century,  was  discovered  Sept.  18  and  subsequently  studied  from  the 
ground,  airplanes,  and  rockets.  The  comet  passed  within  300,000  mi. 
of  the  sun  and  made  a  hairpin  turn  Oct.  21,  when  it  broke  into  three 
pieces. 

Results  of  NASA's  testing  of  public  reaction  to  sonic  booms,  begun  in 
1961,  showed  that  no  serious  psychological  or  physiological  effects 
result  from  sonic  booms.  Commercial  use  of  the  supersonic  transport, 
to  begin  in  early  1970's,  was  expected  to  create  sonic  booms  that,  when 
Sst's  come  into  full  use  in  the  U.S.,  would  be  heard  by  everyone  about 
once  a  day. 

On  the  subject  of  antimatter,  two  items:  Swedish  physicist  Hannes 
Alfven  theorized  such  cosmic  phenomena  as  quasi-stellar  radio  sources 
("quasars"),  radio  stars,  and  supernovae  may  be  powered  by  matter- 
antimatter  annihilations;  and,  antideutrons  were  produced  in  the  labo- 
ratory by  scientists  of  Columbia  Univ. 

Unwanted  noise  from  a  btl  horn-reflector  antenna  being  used  in 
Comsat  research  may  have  been  radiation  from  the  birth  of  the 
universe.     This  interpretation  was  based  on  the  "big  bang"  theory  of 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965  573 

the  universe's  formation  and  was  propounded  by  a  group  of  Princeton 
Univ.  scientists. 

Decision  was  believed  near  on  which  of  the  three  principal  models 
of  the  universe  was  correct — the  steady-state,  expanding,  or  oscillating 
universe  theory.  Results  in  astronomy  based  on  red-shifts  of  "blue- 
galaxies"  (discovered  in  1965)  and  quasars  hinted  at  an  oscillating 
universe.  {MP  News,  12/22/65) 
During  1965:  Among  highlights  in  the  U.S.  communications  satellite  pro- 
gram were:  initiation  of  commercial  comsat  operations,  with  early 
BIRD  I  in  synchronous  orbit  over  the  Atlantic;  initiation  of  a  syn- 
chronous-orbit comsat  program  to  furnish  communications  for  Project 
Apollo  and  for  expanded  commercial  service;  and  growth  of  the  In- 
ternational Telecommunications  Satellite  Consortium  to  48  member 
nations,  representing  every  continent.  Communications  Satellite  Corp. 
represented  the  U.S.  and  served  as  manager  for  the  consortium.  (Com- 
SatCorp  Release) 

•  LRC  completed  10  experiments  to  explore  nuclear  engine  chilldown  (cool- 

ing by  liquid  hydrogen  propellant)  and  to  determine  the  range  of 
conditions  for  which  flow  oscillations  would  occur  in  an  engine 
system.  An  additional  16  runs  were  conducted  to  obtain  data  on  the 
"bootstrap"  starting  of  a  nuclear  engine.  Results  of  these  tests  indi- 
cated that  nuclear  rocket  engines  should  be  able  to  start  smoothly  and 
stably  over  a  wide  range  of  startup  conditions.  {Atomic  Energy  Pro- 
grams, 1965, 148-49) 

•  Nearly  390,000  visitors  toured  NASA  Kennedy  Space  Center  and  Cape 

Kennedy.  The  Space  Center's  doors  were  first  opened  to  visitors  Jan. 
3,  1965.  In  its  first  year,  the  Center  was  host  to  visitors  from  all  50 
states  and  57  countries.      {NASA  Space  Sheet,  3/31/66) 

•  Visitor  attendance  at  the  MSFC  Space  Orientation  Center  was  202,445,  an 

increase  of  about  37%  over  1964.      (msfc  Historian) 

•  In  the  last  half  of  the  year,  USAF  doubled  its  airlift  to  Southeast  Asia, 

mainly  Vietnam.  In  the  first  six  months  of  1965  the  Military  Air 
Transport  Service  (mats)  airlifted  37,684  tons  of  cargo  and  91,994 
passengers  to  the  area.  In  the  last  half,  it  flew  in  58,858  tons  of  cargo 
and  183,132  passengers. 

USAF  flew  10,570  tactical  sorties  over  North  Vietnam  and  37,940 
over  South  Vietnam  (compared  to  764  for  1964)  ;  vnaf  flew  an  addi- 
tional 23,700  sorties  during  1965,  mostly  over  South  Vietnam.  (Wat- 
son, Bait.  Sun,  1/6/66;  Brownlow,  Av.  WL,  1/10/66) 


Appendix  A 


SATELLITES,   SPACE  PROBES,  AND  MANNED  SPACE 
FLIGHTS 

A  CHROMCLE  FOR  1965 

The  following  tabulation  was  compiled  from  open  sources  by  Dr.  Frank 
W.  Anderson,  Jr.,  Deputy  NASA  Historian.  Sources  included  the  United 
Nations  Public  Registry,  the  Satellite  Situation  Report  issued  by  the  Space 
Operations  Control  Center  at  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  public  informa- 
tion releases  of  the  Department  of  Defense,  NASA  and  other  agencies,  and 
the  Report  to  the  Congress  from  the  President  of  the  United  States:  United 
States  Aeronautics  and  Space  Activities,  1965.  Russian  data  are  from  the  U.N. 
Public  Registry,  the  Satellite  Situation  Report,  translations  from  Tass  News 
Agency  statements  in  the  Soviet  press,  and  international  news  services'  reports. 

It  might  be  well  to  call  attention  to  the  terms  of  reference  stated  or 
implied  in  the  title  of  this  tabulation.  This  is  a  listing  of  payloads  that 
have  (a)  orbited,  (b)  as  probes,  ascended  to  at  least  the  4,000-mile  altitude 
that  traditionally  has  distinguished  probes  from  sounding  rockets,  etc.,  or 
(c)  conveyed  one  or  more  human  beings  in  space.  Furthermore,  only 
flights  that  succeeded — or  at  least  are  not  known  to  have  failed — in  doing 
one  of  the  above  are  listed.  Date  of  launch  is  referenced  to  local  time  at 
the  launch  site.  An  asterisk  by  the  date  marks  those  dates  that  are  one  day 
earlier  in  this  tabulation  than  in  listings  which  reference  to  Greenwich  time. 

In  terms  of  numbers,  ambitiousness,  and  complexity,  the  world  space 
effort  continued  to  gain  momentum.  A  total  of  160  payloads  was  success- 
fully orbited  in  a  total  of  102  launches.  Thus  more  than  one  third  of  the 
payloads  was  in  multiple-payload  launches.  The  U.S.  program  was  up  to 
94  payloads  in  61  launches  in  1965  from  76  payloads  in  60  launches  in 
1964  (dod:  67  payloads  in  39  launches,  compared  with  53/38;  nasa:  27 
payloads — counting  2  rendezvous  pods  ejected  from  manned  Gemini  space- 
craft— in  22  launches,  compared  with  23/22).  The  U.S.S.R.  once  again 
almost  doubled  its  program  from  a  numerical  standpoint,  with  66  payloads 
in  50  launches,  compared  with  35/30  in  1964.  Multiple  payload  launches 
increased:  the  U.S.  had  46  payloads  on  15  multiple-payload  launches;  DOD 
had  40  payloads  on  its  12  multi-payload  launchings  and  NASA  had  6  on  3; 
U.S.S.R.  had  23  on  7.  Areas  of  concentration  were  also  obvious:  the  U.S. 
took  the  absolute  lead  in  manned  spaceflight,  with  five  2-manned  Gemini 
flights  to  the  one  Soviet  2-manned  flight.  But  the  Soviets  more  than  dou- 
bled the  U.S.  deep-space  effort,  with  5  lunar  flights  and  two  planetary 
flights  to  the  U.S.  2  and  1. 

As  we  have  cautioned  in  previous  years,  the  "Remarks"  column  of  these 
appendixes  is  never  complete  because  of  the  inescapable  lag  behind  each 
flight  of  the  analysis  and  interpretation  of  scientific  results. 

575 


576 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


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functioned  well,  but  oso  ii  did 
not  achieve  all  its  primary  ob- 
jectives.  Satellite  was  turned 
off  in  11/65,  after  exceeding  its 
lifetime    expectancy    by    50% 
and  returning  some  9,020,000,- 
000  bits  of  data.  Still  in  orbit. 

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to  its  own  operation.  Ion  pro- 
pulsion unit  did  not  perform 
adequately.  Still  in  orbit. 

ninary  orbit  was  excellent; 
ays  before  schedule,  on  4/9, 
nniunications  Satellite  Cor- 
ation,      for     whom     nasa 
[iched    the   satellite,    could 
the  apogee  motor  to  go  into 
chronous  orbit.    Within   a 
■k  of  launch  kari.y  bird  i 
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ween    Europe    and    North 
icrica;  has  offered  contiuu- 
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sion    over    its   240   duplex 
nnels.  Still  in  orbit. 

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;2 

Still  in  orbit. 

Still  in  orhit. 

In      3d      vehicle     development 
flight  for  Titan  IIIC,  the  tran- 
stage was  to  have  attained  low 
circular  orbit  (which  it  did,  at 
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tric  orbit    (which    it   did,    as 
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Still  in  orbit. 

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IIIC  transtage.  Still  in  orbit. 

LKS   IV   was   released    from    the 
transtage,  telemetry  indicated. 
After  a  few  days  in  orbit,  in- 
ternal power  built  up  to  the 
point  where  the  satellite  could 
be  used.  Still  in  orbit. 

OHCAR  IV  was  released  from  the 
transtage,  telemetry  indicated. 
It  was  functioning  well.  Orbital 
parameters  took  some  time  to 
determine;  those  given  are  as 
of  1/15/66.  Still  in  orbit. 

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Appendix  B 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  MAJOR  NASA  LAUNCHINGS 
JAISVARY  1,  1965,  THROUGH  DECEMBER  31,  1965 

This  chronology  of  major  NASA  launchings  in  1965  is  intended  to  provide 
an  accurate  and  ready  historical  reference,  one  compiling  and  verifying 
information  previously  scattered  over  several  sources.  It  includes  launch- 
ings of  all  rocket  vehicles  larger  than  sounding  rockets  launched  either  by 
NASA  or  under  "nasa  direction"  (e.g.,  NASA  provided  vehicle,  launch  facili- 
ties, tracking  facilities,  and  performed  the  launch  for  the  French  satellite, 

FR-1). 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  classify  the  performance  of  both  the  launch 
vehicle  and  the  payload  and  to  summarize  total  results  in  terms  of  primary 
mission.  Three  categories  have  been  used  for  vehicle  performance  and 
mission  results — successful  (S),  partially  successful  (P),  and  unsuccessful 
(U).  A  fourth  category,  unknown  (Unk),  has  been  provided  for  payloads 
where  vehicle  malfunctions  did  not  give  the  payload  a  chance  to  exercise  its 
main  experiments.  These  divisions  are  necessarily  arbitrary,  since  many 
of  the  results  cannot  be  neatly  categorized.  Also  they  ignore  the  fact  that 
a  great  deal  was  learned  from  shots  that  may  have  been  classified  as  unsuc- 
cessful. 

A  few  unique  items  require  separate  treatment.  Their  dates  have  been 
kept  in  sequence  but  their  history  has  been  relegated  to  footnotes.  Date  of 
launch  is  referenced  to  local  time  at  the  launch  site. 

Sources  used  were  all  open  ones,  verified  where  in  doubt  from  the  project 
offices  in  NASA  Hq.  and  from  the  NASA  Centers.  For  further  information  on 
each  item,  see  Appendix  A  of  this  volume  and  the  entries  in  the  main  chro- 
nology as  referenced  in  the  index.  Prepared  January  1966  by  Dr.  Frank 
W.  Anderson,  Jr.,  Deputy  NASA  Historian  (eph). 

605 


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Appendix  C 

CHRONOLOGY  OF  MANNED  SPACE  FLIGHT  1961-1965 

This  chronology  contains  basic  information  on  manned  spaceflights  by 
the  United  States  and  the  Soviet  Union  through  1965.  The  information 
was  compiled  by  William  D.  Putnam,  Assistant  nasa  Historian  for  Manned 
Space  Flight.  The  scope  and  pace  of  the  manned  spaceflight  efltort  has 
increased  to  the  extent  that  a  table  devoted  exclusively  to  manned  flights 
seems  a  useful  reference  tool. 

By  the  end  of  1965,  the  United  States  had  conducted  11  manned 
spaceflights,  nine  of  these  orbital,  with  a  total  of  13  different 
crewmen.  Three  of  the  13  American  astronauts  had  participated  in  two 
flights.  The  Soviet  Union  had  conducted  eight  manned  flights,  all  orbital, 
with  11  different  crewmen.  No  Soviet  cosmonaut  had  yet  experienced  two 
space  flights.  Cumulative  totals  for  manned  spacecraft  hours  in  flight  had 
reached  704  hours,  4  minutes  for  the  United  States  and  431  hours,  53 
minutes  for  the  Soviet  Union.  Cumulative  total  manhours  in  space  were 
1,354  hours,  14  minutes,  and  506  hours,  29  minutes,  respectively.  The 
American  lead  in  this  area  came  from  two-man  Gemini  flights;  these  in- 
creased in  length  from  almost  five  hours  in  March  1965  to  over  330  hours 
for  the  two-week  mission  of  GEMINI  Vii  in  December. 

Data  on  United  States  flights  are  the  latest  available  to  date  within 
NASA.  Soviet  data  are  unofficial  and  derived  from  open  sources,  relying 
heavily  on  the  excellent  work  done  on  this  subject  by  Dr.  Charles  S.  Shel- 
don II,  professional  staff  member  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space 
Council.  Details  are  always  subject  to  revision  as  information  is  refined, 
but  the  major  aspects  of  United  States  flights  have  been  subject  to  direct 
observation  by  the  interested  citizens  of  the  world  and  scientific  findings 
have  been  presented  to  professional  audiences  at  symposia  and  in  the 
professional  literature. 

Since  specific  astronaut-cosmonaut  ranks  and  titles  are  subject  to  change 
over  time,  they  are  omitted  from  the  chronology  in  the  interest  of 
simplicity.  All  crew  members  listed,  except  Feoktistov  and  Yegorov  of 
VOSKHOD  I,  held  military  rank.  Weight  given  is  the  weight  of  the  total 
spacecraft  as  placed  in  orbit.  Maximum  altitude  is  chosen  from  many 
possible  measurements  because  it  represents  a  world  record  category  as 
recognized  by  the  Federation  Aeronautique  Internationale. 

609 


610 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


B 

First  man  in  space,  conducted  radio  and  television 
communication  with  earth.   Spacecraft  contained 
life  support  systems,  telemetry,  ejection  seat,  and 
recovery  system.  Cosmonaut  and  spacecraft  landed 
at  "preselected"    area.    Automatic   control   with 
cosmonaut  availalile  as  backup.  Two-gas  air  supply 
at  sea-level  pressure. 

Mercury   spacecraft   launched    in    ballistic   sub- 
orbital trajectory  by  Redstone  booster   (Mer- 
cury-Redstone 3).   Downrange  distance  302  st. 
mi.  First  U.S.  man  in  space;  weightless  for  5  m in. 
with  no  ill  efTeets.  Astronaut  exercised  manual 
control  of  spacecraft. 

Mercury  spacecraft  launched  into  ballistic  sub- 
orbital trajectory  by   Redstone  booster   (Mer- 
cury-Redstone 4).  Downrange  distance  303  st. 
ml.  Five  minutes  of  weightlessness  with  no  ill 
effects.  Hatch  opened  prematurely  during  re- 
covery, spacecraft  filled  with  water  and  sank  in 
2,500  fathoms  of  water  in  Atlantic  Ocean.  Astro- 
naut was  recovered  safely. 

First  test  of  prolonged  weightlessness;  cosmonaut  ale, 
worked,  and  slept  in  space.  Monitored  liy  TV  and 
radio.    Vestibular   disturbances   produced   motion 
sickness  but  apparently  no  significant  after-effects. 

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Appendix  D 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  REFERENCES 

Listed  here  are  abbreviations  for  sources  cited  in  the  text.  This  list  does 
not  include  all  sources  provided  in  the  chronology,  for  some  of  the  refer- 
ences cited  are  not  abbreviated.  Only  those  references  which  appear  in 
abbreviated  form  are  listed  below.  Abbreviations  used  in  the  chronology 
entries  themselves  are  cross-referenced  in  the  Index. 


A&A 

A&A  65 

ABC 

AEC  Release 
AF  Info.  Pol.  Ltr. 
AF/SD 
AFOSR  Release 
AFSC  Release 
AiAA  Release 

AIP  News 

AP 

ARC  Release 

Atlanta  J /Const. 

Atomic  Energy  Programs, 

1965 
ATSS-T  Trans. 

Av.  Daily 
Av.  Wk. 
Bait.  Sun 

CBS 

Chic.  Trib. 

CNS 

Commerce  Dept.  Release  '^ 
ComSatCorp  Release 
CR 
CSM 

CTNS 

DAC  Release 

DJNS 

DMSSD  Apogee 

DOD  Release 

FAA  Release 

FonF 

FR 

FRC  Release 

FRC  X-Press 

GE  Forum 

Goddard  News 


AIAA  magazine,  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics 

NASA  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  1965  [this  pub- 
lication] 

American  Broadcasting  Company 

Atomic  Energy  Commission  News  Release 

Air  Force  Information  Policy  Letter  for  Commanders 

Air  Force  and  Space  Digest  magazine 

Air  Force  Office  of  Scientific  Research  News  Release 

Air  Force  Systems  Command  News  Release 

American  Institute  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics 
News  Release 

American  Institute  of  Physics  News 

Associated  Press 

NASA  Ames  Research  Center  News  Release 

Atlanta  Journal  and  Constitution  newspaper 

AEC  Major  Activities  in  the  Atomic  Energy  Pro- 
grams, 1965 

Translation  by  nasa  Scientific  and  Technical  Infor- 
mation Div.,  Translators 

Aviation  Daily  newsletter 

Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology  magazine 

Baltimore  Sun  newspaper 

Columbia  Broadcasting  System 

Chicago  Tribune  newspaper 

Copley  News  Service 

Dept.  of  Commerce,  Weather  Bureau,  News  Release 

Communications  Satellite  Corporation  News  Release 

Congressional  Record 

Christian  Science  Monitor  newspaper 

Chicago  Tribune  News  Service 

Douglas  Aircraft  Co.  News  Release 

Dow  Jones  News  Service 

Douglas  Missile  and  Space  Systems  Div.  Apogee 

Dept.  of  Defense  News  Release 

Federal  Aviation  Agency  News  Release 

Facts  on  File 

Federal  Register 

NASA  Flight  Research  Center  News  Release 

NASA  Flight  Research  Center  FRC  X-Press 

General  Electric  Forum  magazine 

NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  Goddard  News 

619 


620 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


csFC  Release 
CSFC  SSR 

HHR-8 

Houston  Chron. 

HTNS 

Ind.  Off.  Approp.  Hearings 

Int.  Sci.  &  Tech. 
JAMA 

J /Armed  Forces 

J /Spacecraft  and  Rockets 

Ksc  Release 

Langley  Researcher 

LARC  Release 

L.A.  Times 

Lewis  News 

LRC  Release 

M&R 

Marshall  Star 

Miami  Her. 
Milwaukee  J. 
Minn.  Trib. 
Msc  Release 
Msc  Roundup 

M/S  Daily 

NAA  Release 

NAA  S&ID  Skywriter 

NANA 

NASA  Ann. 

NASA  Auth.  Hearings 

NASA  Hq.  Bull. 

NASA   LAR   IV/50 

NASA  Off.  Int.  Aff. 
NASA  Release 

NASA  Rpt.  SRL 
NASA  SP-5018 
NASA  Proj.  Off. 
NASA  x-15  Proj.  Off. 
NASC  Release 

NAS-NRC-NAE  News  Report 


NBC 

NSC  Newsletter 
N.Y.  Her.  Trib. 
N.Y.  J.  Amer. 
NYT 

NYTNS 

OAR  Release 

Orl.  Sent. 

ossA,  OART  S.  Rkt.  Proj.  Off. 


Phil.  Eve.  Bull. 
Phil.  Inq. 
Pres.  Doc. 

Sat.  Eve.  Post. 


NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  News  Release 
NASA   Goddard   Space   Flight   Center  Satellite  Situa- 
tion Report 
NASA    (eph)    Chronology  of  Major  NASA  Launches 

(HHR-8) 

Houston  Chronicle  newspaper 

New  York  Herald  Tribune  News  Service 

U.S.  Congress,  Hearings  on  Independent  Offices  Ap- 
propriations [FY  1966] 

International  Science  and  Technology  magazine 

Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Association 

Journal  of  the  Armed  Forces 

Journal  of  Spacecraft  and  Rockets 

John  F.  Kennedy  Space  Center,  nasa.  News  Release 

NASA  Langley  Research  Center  Langley  Researcher 

NASA  Langley  Research  Center  News  Release 

Los  Angeles  Times  newspaper 

NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  Lewis  News 

NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  News  Release 

Missiles  and  Rockets  magazine 

NASA  George  C.  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  Mar- 
shall Star 

Miami  Herald  newspaper 

Miltvaukee  Journal  newspaper 

Minneapolis  Tribune  newspaper 

NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  News  Release 

NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  Space  Netvs  Round- 
up 

Missile  Space  Daily  newsletter 

North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  News  Release 

North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  Space  and  Informa- 
tion Systems  Div.  S&ID  Skytvriter 

North  American  Newspaper  Alliance 

NASA  Announcement 

U.S.   Congress,   Hearings   on   NASA    Authorization 
[FY  1966] 

NASA  Headquarters  Weekly  Bulletin 

NASA  Legislative  Activities  Report,  Vol.  iv.  No.  50 

NASA  Office  of  International  Affairs 

NASA  Headquarters  News  Release 

NASA  Report  of  Sounding  Rocket  Launching 

NASA  Special  Publication  #5018 

NASA  Project  Office 

NASA   (Headquarters)   x-15  Project  Office 

National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council  News  Re- 
lease 

National  Academy  of  Sciences-National  Research 
Council-National  Academy  of  Engineering  News 
Report 

National  Broadcasting  Company 

National  Space  Club  Newsletter 

New  York  Herald  Tribune  newspaper 

New  York  Journal  American  newspaper 

New  York  Times  newspaper 

New  York  Times  News  Service 

Office  of  Aerospace  Research   (usaf)    News  Release 

Orlando  Sentinel  newspaper 

NASA  Office  of  Space  Science  and  Applications,  OfiRce 
of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology  Sounding 
Rocket  Project  Offices 

Philadelphia  Evening  Bulletin   newspaper 

Philadelphia  Inquirer  newspaper 

National  Archives  and  Records  Service  Weekly  Com- 
pilation of  President  Documents 

Saturday  Evening  Post  magazine 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1965 


621 


SBD 

Sci.  Amer. 

Sci.  Serv. 

S.F.  Chron. 

SR 

Testimony 

Text 

Transcript 

UPI 

U.S.  Naval  Inst.  Proc. 

U.S.  News 

U.S.  Aeron.  &  Space  Act., 

1965 
Wallops  Release 
Wash.  Daily  News 
Wash.  Eve.  Star/Wash.  Sun. 

Star 
Wash.  Post 
WBE  Sci.  Serv. 

rs/ 


Space  Business  Daily  newsletter 

Scientific  American  magazine 

Science  Service 

San  Francisco  Chronicle  newspaper 

Saturday  Review  magazine 

Congressional  testimony,  prepared  statements 

Prepared  report  or  speech  text 

Official  transcript  of  news  conference  or  Congres- 
sional hearing 

United  Press  International 

U.S.  Naval  Institute  Proceedings 

U.S.  News  and  World  Report  magazine 

President's  Report  to  Congress,  United  States  Aero- 
nautics and  Space  Activities,  1965 

NASA  Wallops  Station  News  Release 

Washington  Daily  News  newspaper 

Washington  Evening/Sunday  Star  newspaper 

Washington  Post  newspaper 

World  Book  Encyclopedia  Science  Service 

Wall  Street  Journal  newspaper 


Index 


A-l  (French  sateUite),  456,  526,  527, 
570 

A-7   (attack  aircraft),  20 

AAAs.  See  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science. 

Aafss.  See  Advanced  Aerial  Fire  Sup- 
port System. 

AAS.  See  American  Astronautical  So- 
ciety. 

Abbot,  Dr.  Charles  G.,  335 

ABC.     See  American  Broadcasting  Co. 

Abelson,  Dr.  Philip  H.,  97,  337 

ABL.  See  Automated  Biological  Labora- 
tory. 

Able,  Charles  R.,  446 

Abraham,  Karl,  183 

Abres.  See  Advanced  Ballistic  Reentry 
Systems. 

Acceleration,  20,  23,  123,  181,  191 

Accident,  123,  204,  302,  345,  373,  377, 
398,  414,  492 

Achilles,  Theodore  C,  94 

Acs.     See  Attitude  Control  System. 

AC  Spark  Plug  Div.  (General  Motors 
Corp.),  139 

Actuator,  14,  156 

Adams,  Rep.  Brock,  46 

Adams,  Dr.  Mac  C,  386,  460,  564 

Adams,  Maj.  Michael  J.   (usaf),  514 

Adenosine  triphosphate   (Atp),  371 

Adler,  Joel,  566 

adn   (E.  German  press  agency),  232 

Adp.     See  Automatic  data  processing. 

Advanced  Aerial  Fire  Support  System 
(Aafss),  504 

Advanced  Ballistic  Reentry  Svstems 
(Abres),  144 

Advanced  Flight  Simulation  Laboratory, 
311 

Advanced  Manned  Strategic  Aircraft 
(Amsa),  84,  333,  4S5 

Advanced  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory 
(Aoso),  332,  554 

Advanced  Research  Projects  Agency 
(arpa),  157,  345,  373,  525 

Advanced  Vidicon  Camera  System 
(Avcs),  408 

"Advances  in  Aircraft  Technology,"  518 

AEC.     See  Atomic  Energy  Commission. 

AEDC.  See  Arnold  Engineering  Develop- 
ment Center. 

Aero  Club  of  Washington,  364,  491 

Aero  Spacelines,  Inc.,  234,  437,  562 


Aerobee  (sounding  rocket),  215,  321 

150—108,  127,  132,  170,  264,  455,  521, 
534 

150a— 15,  261,  439,  449.  483 

300a— 139 

350—289,  450 
Aerojet-General   Corp.,   49,   55,   192,   270, 
286,  347 

Aetron  Div.,  115 

contract,  274,  282,  572 

strike,  248,  260 
Aeronautics,  33,  77,  90,  327 

award,  32,  186,  292 

research,    18-19,    35-37,    40-42,   49-50, 

57,  77-78,  84,  89,  90,  112,  170,  176, 

178,    231,    294,    463-465,    482,    496, 

497,  518,  519,  524,  543,  568 

Aeronutronic   Div.,   Philco   Corp.,  485 

Aerospace    (subject).     See  entries  under 

Space. 
Aerospace,  407,  569 
Aerospace  Corp.,  216,  221,  419^20 
Aerospace      Industries      Association      of 

America,  Inc.,  407,  415,  562 
Aerospace   industry,   13,  52,  54,   70,   110, 
111,  113,  114,  141,  152,  175,  569 

contracts,  123,  572 

employment,  418 

exports,  7,  164 

market  forecast,  110 
Aerospace     Instrumentation     Symposium, 

461 
Aerospace  Research  Laboratory,  237 
Aerospace  Research  Satellite    (Ars),  461 
Aerospace  Research  Vehicle    (Arv)    (sat- 
ellite), 24 
Aerospace  Transporter    (spacecraft),  206 
Aerozine-50,  547 

aes.     See  Apollo  Extension  System. 
Aetron  Div.,  Aerojet-General  Corp.,  115 
AFA.     See  Air  Force  Association. 
AFCMD.     See  USAF  Contract  Management 

Division. 
AFCRL.     See    Air    Force    Cambridge    Re- 
search Laboratories. 
Africa,  554 

AFSC.     See  Air  Force  Systems  Command. 
AFSSD.     See    Air    Force    Space    Systems 

Div. 
Agena    (booster)     (see  also  Atlas-Agena, 
Thor-Agena),  23,  165,  166,   190 

B,  142 

D,  5,  269,  289 

623 


624 


INDEX 


Agena  Review  Board,  491 

Agena  Target  Vehicle,  23,  347,  487,  489, 

491,   502,   509,  511,   524,   571 
Agriculture,  Dept.  of  (usda),  174 
AGU.     See  American  Geophysical  Union. 
AiAA.     See   American    Institute   of   Aero- 
nautics and  Astronautics. 
Aiken,  Sen.  George  D.,  46 
AiP.     See  American  Institute  of  Physics. 
"Air  bus"   (transport  aircraft),  314 
Air  cushion  vehicle,  34,  374 
Air  Density  Explorer   (spacecraft),  486 
Air  Force  and  Space  Digest,  361,  498 
Air   Force   Association    (afa),   304,   440, 

442 
Air   Force   Cambridge   Research   Labora- 
tories   (afcrl),    24,    117,    124,    149, 
206,  456,  566 

balloon  launch,  47,  78 

Space  Physics  Laboratory,  47 
Air    Force/Industry    Planning    Seminar, 

147 
Air  Force  Scientific  Advisory  Board,  451 
Air   Force   Space   Systems  Div.    (afssd), 

490 
Air  Force  Systems  Command   (afsc),  18, 
66,  114,  128,  147,  170,  264,  354,  384, 
406,  408 

Aeronautical  Systems  Div.,  84 

Aerospace  Test  Wing,  6595th,  144 

Agena   (booster),  23,  166,  190 
Review  Board,  491 
Target  Vehicle,  23,  524 

agreement,  484 

airspace    defense    control    system,    241, 
411 

Apollo   (program),  484 

astronaut  training,  246,  399 

contract,  8,  84,  121,  166,  190,  537 

Contract  Management  Div.,  5 

Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory,  231,  483 

research 

aeronautical,  84,  121,  204,  381,  537 
space  systems,  58,  105-107,  204,  537 

rocket  engine,  23,  157,  165 

test,  84,  157,  182 
Air  France,  237 
Air  India,  237 
Air  pollution,  271 

Air  Products  and  Chemicals,  Inc.,  445 
Air  Rescue  Service,  390 
Air  Research  Manufacturing  Co.,  438 
Air  traffic  control,  152,  174,  353,  384,  500 
Air    Transport    Association    of    America 

(ata),  114,  118 
Air    transportation,    175,    205,    264,    335, 

345,  481,  518 
Aircraft,  2,  106,  128,  165,  222,  322,  350, 
361.  480,  555 

bomber,  6,  18,  34,  73,  84,  87,  168,  189, 
278,  290,  291,  329,  333,  381,  484,  544 

cargo,  18,  20,  41,  50,  121,  283-285,  406, 
481,  562 

fighter,  6,  19,  52,  63,  109,  178,  288,  393, 
433,  510,  512 


supersonic,  6,  14,  18,  19,  20,  52,  90, 

109,   121,   122,   172,   178,  180,   183, 

241,  307,  325,  474,  500,  537,  549 

foreign,    18,   34,   52,   63,   87,    189,    196, 

234,  241,  275,  283-285,  292,  314,  315, 

316,  318,  329,  337,  360-361,  372,  383, 

393,  528 

helicopter,   32,  39,   114,   122,  231,  254, 

297,  315,  371,  372,  382,  504,  521 
hovercraft,  33,  374,  528 
hypersonic  35,  90,  203,  349,  464,  543 
interceptor,  19,  144,  213,  221 
reconnaissance,    18,    52,    87,    124,    504, 

537 
record,    122,    144,    150,    189,   213,   221, 

233,  245,  371,  453 
research,  18-19,  40-41,  77,  84,  170,  191, 

204-206,  231,  242,  352,  518 
Stol,  50,  52,  63,  197 
training,  234,  245,  275 
transport    (see   also   Aircraft,   Stol,  V/ 
Stol,    and    Vtol;    Aircraft,    super- 
sonic transport),  52,  63,  115,  121, 
124,   157,  275,  294,  314,  315,  318, 
337 
jet,  14,  73,  84,  94,  131,  189,  222,  241, 
258,  292,  302,  340,  393,  469,  516, 
555 
military,  52,  335,  454,  482 
variable-sweep-wing,    14,   59,    121,   234, 

241,  307,  334 
V/Stol,    15,   41,   50,   54,   90,   204,  24fi, 

322  349  387  399 
Vtol,  15,  36,  41,  50,  52,  63,  69,  178,  393 
x-15    (rocket    research).    See    x-15. 
Aircraft  Noise  Research  Program,  242 
Aircraft  Operating  Problems  Committee, 

228 
Aircraft,  supersonic  transport   (Sst)    (see 
also  Concorde    (U.K.-France)    super- 
sonic   transport),    25,    90,    228,    287, 
330,  417,  481,  490,  521 
airworthiness,  48,  73 
benefits,  58,  185 
contract,  8,  257,  312 
criticism,  545 
development,  33-34,  37,  40,  50,  59,  297, 

309,  316,  491,  516 
Fausst  group,  48,  73 
foreign,   73,   87-88,   204,   205-206,   237, 
279,  315-316,  318-319,  336,  417,  479, 
490 
hazards,  555 

sonic  boom,  15,  48,  73,  199,  237,  571 
L'Aire  Liquide,  202 
Airglow,  157 

Airlines,  25,   49,  83,   112,    114,   185-186, 
237,  469,  501,  514,  517 
safety,  233 
Airlock,  153,  157,  231,  430 
The  Airman,  534 

Airport,  198,  275,  335,  415,  420,  495,  549 
Airport  surveillance  radar  (Asr) ,  513 
Akron,  Ohio,  131 
Akulinichev,  Dr.  I.,  3 


INDEX 


625 


Alabama,  173,  255 
Alabama,  Univ.  of,  232-233 
Alamogordo,  N.  Mex.,  332 
Alaska,  58.  214,  233,  276 
Alaska,  Univ.  of,  525 
Albert,  Rep.  Carl,  325 
Albuquerque,  N.  Mex.,  237,  241,  514,  549 
Alcock  (comet),  452 
Alcock,  G.  E.  D.,  452 
Aldebaran  (star),  57,  366 
Alden  Electronics  Corp.,  282 
Aldrin,  Edwin  E.,  Jr.,  10,  321 
Alessandrini,  Federico,  152 
Alexander,  W.  M.,  330 
Alexandria,  Va.,  294 
Alfven,  Hannes,  198,  573 
Algatron   (life  support  system),  232 
Algeria,  76,  151 
Alitalia,  25 

Alkaid   (star),  215,  261 
AU-Union  Conference  on  Planetary  Cos- 
mogony (Moscow),  343 
AUdredge,  Dr.  Leroy  R.,  523 
Allen,  H.  Julian,  444,  462 
AUen,  J.  Denton,  355 
Allen,  John  G.,  Jr.,  360 
Allen,  William  M.,  37 
Aller,  Dr.  L.  H.,  221 
Aller,  Robert,  563 
Allis-Chalmers  Research  Div.,  238 
Alloy,  535 
ALOUETTE  (Canadian  satellite) 

I,  239,  448,  452 

II,  523,  527,  546,  570 

Alphonsus  (moon  crater),  140,  143,  146, 
148,  149,  515 

Alsep.  See  Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Ex- 
periments Packages. 

Alter,  Dinsmore,  357 

Amazonis   (Martian  desert),  68 

Amchitka  Island,  495,  525 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
119 

American  Airlines,  59,  237 

American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  (aaas),  3,  11,  564, 
566 

American  Association  of  Clinical  Chem- 
ists, 410 

American  Astronautical  Society  (aas), 
59,  62,  64,  133,  154,  216,  383,  488 

American  Bar  Association,  371 

American  Broadcasting  Co.  (abc),  229, 
249,  254,  271,  445 

American  Car  and  Foundry  Co.,  Inc.,  282 

American  Chemical  Society,  168,  229, 
425,  427,  436 

American  College  of  Preventive  Medi- 
cine, 494 

American  Congress  on  Surveying  and 
Mapping,  159 

American  Electric  Power  Co.,  407 

American  Federation  of  Musicians,  561 

American  Geophysical  Union  (agu),  189, 
190,  191,  193,  194,  196,  414 


American  Heart  Association,  9 

American   Helicopter  Society,  231 

American    Institute    of    Aeronautics    and 
Astronautics   (aiaa),  35,  154 
awards,  471,  507 

International  Aerospace  Abstracts,  471 
meeting,  5,  22,  101-102,  119,  173,  194- 

195,  347,  492,  505,  519 
Research  Award,  32 

Wyld,    James    H.,    Propulsion    Award, 
286 

American    Institute    of    Chemical    Engi- 
neers, 63 

American    Institute    of    Industrial    Engi- 
neers, 138 

American  Institute  of  Physics   (aip),  310 

American  Legion,  101,  371 

American  Machine  and  Foundry  Co.,  92, 
191,  341 

American  Management  Association,  106 

American  Meteorological  Society,  38 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  78 

American    Newspaper    Publishers    Asso- 
ciation, 495,  532 

American  Nuclear  Society-Atomic  Indus- 
trial Forum,  516,  517 

American  Ordnance  Association,  494 

American  Physical  Society,  38,  202,  '. 
209,  495 

American  Society  for  Testing  and  Mate 
rials   (astm),  283 

American    Society    of    Mechanical    Engi 
neers   (asme),  128,  131,  463,  512 

American  Society  of  Newspaper  Editors 
423 

American     Society     of     Photogrammetry 
159 

American    Society    of    Tool    and    Manu 
facturing  Engineers,  156 

American   Telephone  and  Telegraph   Co 
(AT&T),  81,  201,  265,  278,  334,  532 

American  Trial  Lawyers  Association,  351 

American  Univ.,  514 

Ames,  Milton  B.,  Jr.,  107,  233,  234,  310 

Ames  Research  Center  (arc),  36,  49,  50, 
64,  77,  78,  93-94,  119,  138,  169,  295, 
443,  518,  556 
award,  356,  462 
Biosatellite,  59,  138 
contract,  191,  311 
experiments,  36,  207 
facilities,  311,  565 
Mission  Analysis  Division,  69 
research,   69,   323,   352,   425,   449,   468, 

555 
test,  41,  516 

AMR.     See    Atlantic    Missile    Range    and 
Eastern  Test  Range. 

Amsa.     See  Advanced  Manned  Strategic 
Aircraft. 

amse.     See  American  Society  of  Mechan- 
ical Engineers. 

An-22    (U.S.S.R.  transport  aircraft),  283, 
337,  361 

An-24B    (U.S.S.R.  transport  aircraft),  361 


626 


INDEX 


Anders,  Edward,  448 

Anders,  William,  321 

Anderson,  C.  A.,  78 

Anderson,  Sen.  Clinton  P.,  62,  155 

Anderson,  Omer,  32 

Anderson,  Orvil  A.,  513 

Anderson,  Rep.  Williiun  R.,  46 

Andes,  416 

Andover,  Me.,  172,  180,  197,  228,  555 

Andre,  l/c  Daniel   (usaf),  213 

Andrews  afb,  Md.,  532 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  283 

ANNA  IB   (geodetic  satellite),  274 

Anniversary,  1,  7,  42,  107,  121,  127.  138, 

147,  162-163,   165,  222,  243,  297,  298, 

325,  335,  360,  371,  381-382,  512,  527, 

546 
Anniversary  of  the  Bolshevik  Revolution, 

512,  527 
Antarctic  Treatv,  531 
Antarctica,   56,    115,    174,    181,   523,   531, 
532,  557 

dust  "core  sampling,"  191 
Antares  (rocket),  244 
Antenna,    16,   30,   67,   92,    108,   115,    126, 

139,  149,  197,  228,  348,  364,  386,  467, 

492,  510,  537,  556,  573 
Anticosmos,  107 
Antideuteron,  107,  279,  573 
Antimatter,  107,  258,  279,  573 
Antimissile  missile,  39,  86,  156,  161,  310, 

447,  452,  522,  541,  553 
Antirock,  258 
Antisatellite  defense,  242 
Antiworld,  279 
Antonov,  Oleg,  283,  361 
Aonius  Sinus  (Mars),  68 
Aoso.     See  Advanced  Orbiting  Solar  Ob- 
servatory. 
AP.     See  Associated  Press. 
APL.     See  Applied   Physics   Laboratory. 
Apollo    (program),  29-30,   109,  115,  174, 
177,  482,  506 

astronaut,  10,  56,  133 

criticism,  11,  97,  181 

experiment,  45,  524 

facilities,  11,  490,  502 

funds  for,  27,  75,  109,  171,  204,  219. 
482,  557 

impact,  394 

lunar  landing  program,  5,  7,  45,  75,  97, 
109,  165,  246,  351,  467 

management,  1,  20,  80,  479 

plans  for,  7,  27,  29,  43,  75,  171,  174, 
295,  335,  341,  346,  358-359,  367,  418, 
429,  447,  469-470 

progress,  23-24,  29-30,  43,  96,  100,  116, 
123,  129,  162,  188,  198,  209,  301,  325, 
348,  478,  490,  517 

space  hazards,  160,  196 

test,  7,  27,  43,  54,  55,  72,  73,  80,  112, 
162 

tracking,  92,  107,  120,  174,  466 
Apollo  (spacecraft),  77,  92,  113,  174,  227 

Apollo-X,  27,  29-30,  77,  174 


boilerplate  model,  55,  72,  193,  365,  485 

contract,  33.  91.  94,  109,  117,  139,  174, 
177,  182,  185,  549 

equipment,   115  160-161,  165 

escape  system.  112,  238,  540 

facilities,  11.  48.  52,  54,  92,  115,  119, 
178-179,  184 

launch  vehicle,  29-30,  39,  54,  56,  72, 
73,  80,  82,  91,  93.  96,  97,  100,  123, 
162.  177,  182,  188,  191,  197,  198,  209 

module,  55,  185 

command,  72,  113,  139,  174,  177,  193, 

244.  247,  301,  490,  492,  540 
lunar  excursion   (lem),  7,  33,  48,  75, 
112,   113,   119,  139,  152,  160,  177, 
186,  315,  345,  352 

test,   43,   54,   55,   56,   79-80,    110,   112, 
162,  177,  186,  188,  197,  198,  228,  238, 
540.  570 
Apollo   Extension   System    (aes),  27,  29, 

77,   174,  217,  302,  341,  343,  434,  444, 

449 
Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Experiments  Pack- 
ages (Alsep),  366,  476 
Appel,  Frederick.  222,  289 
Applications  Technology  Satellite    (Ats), 

275,  289,  519,  5.50 
Applied  Physics  Laboratory  (apl)  (Johns 

Hopkins  Univ.),  508,  515 
Apt.    See    Automatic    Picture    Transmis- 
sion system. 
Aquanaut,   402,   417,  421,   425,   434,   443, 

450,  467,  471 
Aral  Sea,  369 

arc.     See  Ames  Research  Center. 
Areas   (meteorological  rocket),   121,  236, 

420 
Arctic  and  Antarctic  Institute  (U.S.S.R.), 

387 
Arctic  Circle,  35,  58 
Arecibo,  Puerto  Rico,  194 
Arecibo     Ionospheric     Observatory,     109, 

194,  229 
Argentina,   58,   225,   236,   307,   370,   416, 

511 
Argo   D-4    (Javelin)     (sounding   rocket), 

15,  239,  249,  447,  468 
Argo  D-8  (sounding  rocket),  184,  302 
ARIEL  11  (UK  satellite),  328 
Aristarchus    (moon  crater),  515 
Arizona,  Univ.  of,  4,  57,  84,  85 
Arkansas,  255 

Armed  Forces  Communications  and  Elec- 
tronics Association,  249 
Armed  Forces  News  Service,  473 
Armed  Forces  Week,  233 
Arms  control,  32,  105,  416,  427 
Armstrong,    Neil   A.,   58,   334,   339,   382, 

444 
Army  Air  Corps,  513 
Army  Corps  of  Engineers,  88 

contract,  14,  37,  105,  175,  453 

SECOR  V,  374 
Arnold   Engineering  Development  Center 

(aedc),  80,  535 


INDEX 


627 


Arnold,  James  R.,  448 

ARPA.  See  Advanced  Research  Projects 
Agency. 

Ars.  See  Aerospace  Research  Satellite. 

Artemyev,  Yevgeny,  129 

Artificial  life.  427,  436,  466 

Artron   (artificial  neuron),  204 

Artsimovich,  Lev  A.,  183 

Arv.  See  Aerospace  Research  Vehicle. 

Asahi  Shimbum,  236 

Ascension  Island,  39 

ASME.  See  American  Society  of  Mechan- 
ical Engineers. 

Aspen,  Colo.,  549,  553 

Asr.     See  Airport  surveillance  radar. 

Asset,  Project,  88,  92,  106 

Associated  Press  (ap),  96,  186,  452,  527, 
553,  555 

Association  of  Military  Surgeons  of  the 
U.S.,  517 

Asteroid,  472,  506,  507 

ASTM.  See  American  Society  for  Testing 
and  Materials. 

Astrogeologist,  496 

Astronaut     (see    also    Cosmonaut),    363, 

402,  442,  461,  535,  562 
extravehicular   activity,    190,   208,   247, 

248,  255,  256,  265,  269.  273,  510,  570 
former,  5,  345,  460,  474,  476 
goodwill  tour,  424,  438,  440,  441,  446, 

448,  452,  460,  463,  474 
GT-3  flight,  15,  152 
GEMINI   VI   flight,   483,   493,   511,   547, 

551-552,  554,  556.  558 
GEMINI   VII   flight,   493,   511,   538,   554, 

558,  560 
Gemini  viii  flight,  444 
Gemini  ix  flight,  510 
honored,  155,   156,   158,  159,  259,  278, 

283,  286,  404,  433,  437,  448^49,  472, 

474,  476,  51&-519,  567 
message  to,  147,  271,  403,  548 
performance,  147,  512,  566,  567 
physical    examination,    118,    377,    382, 

403,  533,  567 
pilot/astronaut,  423 
press  conference,  470,  500 
promotion,  294,  331,  548 
scientist-astronaut,    5,    299,    300,    343, 

383   398   423 

scientists,  5,  63,  102,  123,  132-133 

selection,    19-20,    118,    123,    269,    299, 
495,  514,  535 

training,  10,  97,  246,  321,  334,  399,  530 

women  as,  63,  123 
Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  44,  98,  305 
Astronautics  Award,  471 
Astronomical  Journal,  401 
Astronomical  Unit   (au),  258 
Astronomy,  4,  43,  67,  108,  126,  183,  223, 

261,  264,  281,  311,  319,  321,  342,  343, 

344 
Astrophysical     Observatory,     Cambridge, 

Mass.,  67,  82,  376 


ATA.     See   Air   Transport   Association   of 

America. 
AT&T.     See     American     Telephone     and 

Telegraph  Co. 
Athena   (missile),  49,  67,  426,  473 
Athena   (reentry  program),  290 
Athens,  Greece.  390 
Atlantic  City,  N.J.,  238,  353,  488 
Atlantic  Council,  94 
Atlantic  Missile  Range    (amr)    (see  also 

Eastern  Test  Range),  87 
Atlantic  Ocean,  22,  39,   116,  132,  146 
Atlantic  Research  Corp.,  97 
Atlas   (booster),  106,  132,  144,  275,  289 

D,  244,  461 

SLV-3,  183 

SLV-3X,  123,  275 
Atlas  (missile),  57,  66,  73,  161,  254,  257, 

522 
Atlas-Agena   (booster)    (see  also  Agena), 
165,   206,  332,  339,  490,  509 

B,  140 

D,  27,  120,  206,  341,  454 
Atlas-Centaur    (booster)     (see    also    Cen- 
taur),   103,    120,    197,    348,    374,    421, 

570 
Atluri,  C.  R.,  258 
Atmosphere 

artificial,  36,  128 

contamination  of,  305 

density,  6,  15,  55,  78 

oxygen-nitrogen,  145 

pressure,  78 

temperature,  55.  78,  124,  374 

upper   measurement,   35,   58,    110,    121, 
132,  262 
Atom,  517 
"Atomic  age,"  335 
Atomic  bomb,  232,  236,  332,  527 
Atomic  clock,  284 

Atomic  Energy  Commission  (aec),  3,  18, 
39,  44,  45.  63,  107,  122,  135,  180, 
325,  332,  536,  546 

Brookhaven    National   Laboratory,   107, 
279 

cooperation,  61,  240,  243,  292 

Division  of  Space  Nuclear  Systems,  292 

funds,  3,  28,  62,  98,  279 

launch,  166 

Mound  Laboratory,  99 

Oak    Ridge   National    Laboratory,    167, 
547 

reactor 

Kiwi,  13,  25,  117,  306,  519 
NRX,  240,  255,  306 
Phoebus,  49,  282,  296,  519 
Snap,  7,  28,  30,  59,  62,  100,  141,  166, 
172,  243,  292,  306,  510.  569 

satellite,  39^K),  242,  341 

spacecraft,  167,  172 
Atomics  International,  18,  30,  272 
Atp.     See  Adenosine  triphosphate. 
Ats.     See    Applications    Technology    Sat- 
ellite. 


628 


INDEX 


AT&T.     See     American     Telephone     and 

Telegraph  Co. 
Attitude  Control  System   (Acs),  15,  261 
Atwood,  J.  L.,  336,  514 
Auburn,  Mass.,  121 
Ault,  G.  Mervin,  283,  519 
Aurora,  525 

AURORA  7  (spacecraft),  173 
Austin,  Tex.,  546 

Australia,  76,  85,  353,  520,  540,  545 
Australian  National  University,  85 
Auter,  Henry  F.,  505 
Autoflare     (automatic    landing    system), 

275 
Automated  Biological  Laboratory    (Abl), 

60,  201 
Automatic  data  processing   (Adp),  561 
Automatic    Picture    Transmission   System 

(Apt),  408 
Avco  Corp.,  460,  536 
Avcs.     See     Advanced    Vidicon     Camera 

System. 
Aviaexport  (U.S.S.R.),  314 
Aviation,  49,  77 

commercial,   49,   50,   84,   88,    114,    118, 
185 
Aviation    and    Space    Conference,    asme, 

129 
Aviation  Daily,  447 
Aviation  Hall  of  Fame,  555 
Aviation/Space  Writers'  Association,  50 

meeting,  183,  455 
Aviation/Space  Writers'  Association  Con- 
ference, 237,  241,  244,  245,  545,  562 
Aviation    Week    and    Space    Technology, 
3,  20.  86,  124,  142,  170,  190,  215,  235, 
300,  364,  380,  405,  418,  427,  444,  451, 
481,   482,   498,   500,   501,   541 
Aviatsiya  i  Kosmonavtika,  372,  532 
Awards,  156,  199,  472 
civic,  156,  199,  472 

government,  15,  17,  48,  57,  58,  71,  134, 
194,  195,  239,  256,  290,  295,  301,  343, 
406,  431,  453-454,  478 
industry,  101,  331,  411 
institutions,   25,   30,  73,   129,   156,  283, 

485 
society,  9,  17,  101 

aeronautics,   292,   486,   506-507 
astronautics,  131,  390,  431,  486,  506- 

507 
astronomy,  43,  67,  202-203 
aviation,   13,  32,   186,  292,  526 
engineering,  156,  209 
foreign,  73,  448-449,  474 
space,  .32,  98,  471 
Azores,  327 

Azores  Weather  Bureau,  324 
Azusa,  Calif.,  260 

B-17  (Fortress),  284 

B-52    (Stratofortress),  84,  278,  290,  329, 

333    544 
B-58  (Hustler,  bomber),  6,  189,  284,  316, 

544 


B-70  (bomber),  232 

XB-70,  19,  77.  84,  206,  284,  547,  568 

XB-70A,    72,    150,    191,   284,    308,   336, 
351,  453,  478,  482,  562,  563 
BAC-111   (jet  airliner),  318 
Backup  Interceptor  Control   (Buic),  411 
Bader,  Dr.  Michel,  490 
Baffles,  107 
Bahamas,  260 
Baikonur    Cosmodrome,     131,     139,     140, 

155,  189 
Bain,  Gordon,  386 
Baker-Nunn  Camera  Station,  528 
Bakinskiy  rabochiy,  372 
Balakshin,  Leonid,  386 
Balboa,  Panama  Canal  Zone,  121 
Balch,  Jackson  M.,  221,  505 
Baldwin,  Hanson,  45 
Ball   Brothers   Research   Corp.,   188,  405, 

447 
Ballard,  William  F.  R.,  495 
Balloon 

flight,  78,  326,  513,  520 

launch  facilities,  350 

record,  243 

recovery  system,  456 

steerable,  556 

weather,  47,  175,  220,  271 
Baltimore,  Md.,  317 
Baltimore  Sun,  106,  441,  527 
Bandung,  West  Java,  375 
Barbados,  501-502 
Barbour,  Laura  Taber,  Air  Safety  Award, 

186 
Barking   Sands   missile   tracking   facility, 

49 
Barling,  Walter  Henry,  168 
Barnes  Engineering  Co.,  414 
Bartlett,  Sen.  E.  L.,  276 
"Basic     Research     and    National    Goals" 

(report),   199 
Bassett,    Capt.    Charles    A.    (usaf),   321, 

510 
Bates,  Dr.  Thomas  F.,  124 
Battelle  Memorial  Institute,  187,  283,  408 
Baumann,  Robert  C,  544 
Baxter  Construction  Co.,  453 
Bazooka,  127 

BBC.     See  British   Broadcasting  Co. 
BEA.     See  British  European  Airways. 
Bealmear,  Sister  M.  Margaret,  124 
Bean,  Allen,  10 
Bedford,  Mass..  220 
Behavioral  studies,  174 
"Belching    spider"    (lunar   landing   simu- 
lator), 360 
Belgium,  259 
Belgrade,  Yugoslavia,  401 
Bell  Aerospace  Corp.,  157,  161,  375 
Bell  Aerosystems  Co.,  165,  186,  210,  342, 

360,  374,  399,  465 
Bell,  Alexander  (Graham,  555 
Bell  Telephone  Laboratories,  Inc.,  2,  228, 

261 
Bell  Telephone  System,  236 


INDEX 


629 


Beller,  William  S.,  380,  450 

Belyayev,    Col.    Pavel     (U.S.S.R.),    131, 

132,   134,   136,  139,  140,  141,   147,  153, 

154,   156,  222,  323,  395,  430,  438-439, 

457,  460,  473 
Ben   Bella,   President  Ahmed    (Algeria), 

151 
Bendix  Corp.,  131,  240,  342 

Bendix  Systems  Div.,  367 
Bendix  Field  Engineering  Corp.,  70,  448, 

461 
Benioff,  Hugo,  193 
Bennett,  Dr.  Geoffrey,  204-205 
Berg,  b/g  Russell  A.   (usaf),  406 
Bergman,  Jules,  271,  438 
Berkeley,  Calif.,  77,  281,  565,  566 
Berkner,  Dr.  Lloyd  V.,  397 
Berkone   (Sealab  support  ship),  450 
Berl,  Dr.  Walter  G.,  99 
Berlin,  Germany,  188 
Berliner  Zeitung,  346,  379 
Bermuda,  12,  175,  559 
Berry,  Dr.  Charles  A.,  201,  267,  405,  424. 

431,  488,  533,  558,  560,  566 
Beta    (U.S.S.R.    nuclear   power   system), 

123 
Betelgeuse  (star),  57,  366 
Bethesda,  Md.,  368 
Bhabha,  Dr.  Homi  J.,  527 
Bikle,  Paul  F.,  278,  464 
Bilhorn,  Thomas,  349 
Billings,  Mont.,  473 
Bioastronautics,    59,    115,    132,    146,    181, 

188,  373.  410,  4S3 
Bioletti,  Carlton.  138 
Biological  clock,  116,  281,  470 
Biology.  281,  297,  470 
Bioluminescence,  119 
Biomedicine,  174,  196,  201,  266,  267,  283, 

313,  443 
Bionics,  204 

Biophysical  Society.  481 
Biosatellite   (program),  59,  133,  138,  150, 

207 
Bioscience.  4,  54,  115,  132,  344 
BIS.     See   British  Interplanetary  Society. 
Bisplinghoff,   Dr.   Raymond  L.,   103,  206, 

231,  252,  253,  295,  349,  350,  379,  386, 

498 
Black  Brant   (rocket),  277,  290 
Black  Knight    (research  rocket),  526 
Blagonravov,  Dr.  Anatoli  A.,  Ill,  227,  262 
Bleymaier,    b/g    Joseph    S.     (usaf),    12, 

107,  183,  290,  291,  354,  406 
Blind,  aids  for,  90 
Blizard.  Dr.  Jane,  202 
Blount  Brothers  Corp.,  26,  312 
Blue  Angels  (Aerial  Team),  316 
Blue  Book  Project,  38,  327 
Blue  Scout   (rocket),  157 
Blue    Scout,   Jr.    (rocket),   39,    176,   227, 

272 
Blue   Streak    (British   rocket),    143,   365, 

545 
Blumenthal,  Fred,  259 


Blumrich,  Josef  F.,  165 

BMwF.     See    Federal    German    Ministry 

for  Scientific  Research. 
BOAc.     See     British     Overseas     Airways 

Corp. 
Boat,  solar,  299 
BOB.     See  Budget,  Bureau  of. 
Bochum  Institute  for  Satellite  and  Space 

Research,  562-563 
Bochum     Observatory      (W.     Germany), 

292,  311,  336 
Boeing  377   (Stratocruiser) ,  234 
Boeing  707    (Stratoliner) ,   109,   131,  228, 

302,  334 
Boeing  707-349C   (jet  aircraft),  516 
Boeing  720  (jetliner),  131 
Boeing  727-22   (jetliner),  221 
Boeing  727-QC   (jet  aircraft),  346 
Boeing  737  (jetliner),  84 
Boeing  Co.,  41,  55,  84,  100,  120,  231,  314, 
428,  430 

contract,  315,  393,  435,  447,  572 

landing  system,  131 

Molab,  218 

Saturn  V,  191,  447,  525,  546 

sonic  boom  study,  65 

strike,  437,  445,  462-463 

supersonic  transport,  37,  59,   163,  214, 
257,  309,  515 
Boeing   Scientific   Research   Laboratories, 

8 
Bogard,  l/g  Frank  A.    (usaf.  Ret.),  368 
Bolender,  Col.  C.  H.   (usaf),  297 
Bollerud,  Col.  Jack   (usaf),  297 
Bomber  aircraft,  6,  34,  84,  168,  189,  190, 
290,  291,  329,  333,  381,  484,  544 

foreign,  17,  34,  87 

noise,  6,  72 

supersonic,    19,   72,   84,    150,    191,    199, 
232,  264,  308,  336,  478,  482,  562,  563 
Bombsight,  284 

Bond,  Capt.  George  (usn),  471 
Bone,  demineralization,  489,  540 
Bonn,  W.  Germany,  178 
Bonney,  Walter  T.,  350 
Boosted-Dart   (sounding  rocket),  236 
Borisov,  T.,  230 
Borman,    l/c    Frank     (usaf),    208,    308, 

317,  493,  500,  511,  530,  533,  557,  558, 

560,  563  567 
Boron  compounds,  19,  170 
Boston,  Mass.,  292,  505 
Boston  College,  198 
Boston  Sunday  Globe,  2 
Bostrom,  Dr.  C.  0.,  118 
Bothmer,  Clyde,  68 
Bourdeau,  Robert  E.,  375 
Bowie,  William,  Medal,  193 
Bowman,    b/g    Julian    H.     (usaf,    Ret.), 

324,  368 
Boy  Scouts,  109 

Boyden  Station,  South  Africa,  516 
Brademas,  Rep.  John,  399 
Bradley,  Gen.  Mark  E.   (usaf.  Ret.),  477 
Bradley,  Gen.  Omar  N.   (usa.  Ret.),  352 


630 


INDEX 


Brandeis  Univ.,  509 

Brandt,  Mayor  Willie,  188 

Branscomb,  Dr.  Lewis,  169 

Bravo  (buoy  station),  564 

Brazil,   58,  307,  325,  365,  370,   513,  515, 

553,  557 
Brazilian  Space  Commission  (cnae),  220, 

307,  515,  553 
Breaux,  John  J.,  179 
Breguet   121    (French  aircraft),  234 
Brennan,  Dr.  John  J.,  Jr.,  12 
Brevard  Engineering  College,  519 
Brewster  Flat,  Wash.,  320,  326,  385,  462, 

463,  500,  527,  537 
Brezhnev,  Leonid  L,  140,  313 
Bridge,  Dr.  H.  S.,  330 
Brigham  City,  Utah,  32 
British  Aircraft  Corp.,  87,  121,  215,  234, 

237,  413 
British  Association  for  the  Advancement 

of  Science,  413,  492 
British  Broadcasting  Co.   (bbc),  246,  277 
British  European  Airways   (bea),  275 
British  Interplanetary  Society   (bis),  154 
British  Overseas  Airways  Corp.    (boac), 

237,  314,  357 
Broglio,  Prof.  Luigi,  340 
Brookhaven     National     Laboratory,     107, 

279 
Brooklyn  College,  182 
Brooks  afb,  Tex.,  305,  494,  532 
Brooks,  Harvey,  125,  310 
Brouwer,  Prof.  Dirk,  416 
Brown  Engineering  Corp.,  109,  319 
Brown,  Gov.  Edmund  G.,  9,  113,  406,  457 
Brown,  Dr.  Frank  A.,  Jr.,  115-116,  495 
Brown,  Rep.  George  E.,  46 
Brown,    Dr.    Harold,   46,    158,    322,    424, 

458,  498 
Brown,  Samuel  P.,  102 
Brown  Univ.,  269 
Brunn,  Robert  R.,  312,  475 
Brussels,  Belgium,  76 
Bryson   Construction  Co.,  Inc.,  533 
Buchanan,  Don,  517 
Buckley,  Edmond  C,  88,  105,  561 
Bucyrus-Erie,  422 
Budapest,  Hungary,  272 
Budget,  Bureau  of    (bob),  45,  77,   192 
Budiardjo,  Air  v/a   (Indonesia),  6 
Bueche,  Dr.  Arthur  M.,  410 
Buell,  David  N.,  244 
Buffalo,  N.Y.,  240 

Buic.     See  Backup  Interceptor  Control. 
Building     Products     Executives     Confer- 
ence, 463 
Bull,  Dr.  Gerald  V.,  502 
Bull  Pup  (missile),  315 
Bulova  Watch  Co.,  352 
Bunker-Ramo  Corp.,  484 
Buoy,  564 

Buoy  network,  38,  220-221 
Burch,  John  L.,  455 
Burcham,  Dr.  Donald  P.,  533 
Bureau  of  Naval  Weapons   (usn),  453 
Burgers,  Dr.  Johannes  M.,  466 


Burgess,  Eric,  378 

Burke,  Walter  F.,  493 

"Burner  ii"   (launch  vehicle  stage),  435 

Burns,  Gov.  Haydon,  394,  404 

Burton,  Dr.  Russell  R.,  181 

Buryy,  V.  V.,  345 

Bush,  Robert  A.,  505 

Butler,  Ralph,  326 

Bykovsky,  Valentina  F.,  66,  182 

Bykovsky,  Valery  F.,  66,  182,  397 

Byrd  Station,  Antarctica,  174 

Byram,  E.  T.,  212 

c-1  (rocket  engine) ,  65 

c-5a  (cargo  transport),  20,  120,  335,  454, 

481,  484,  491 
c-119   (Flying  Boxcar)    (cargo  aircraft), 

116,  358 
c-130     (Hercules)      (transport    aircraft), 

52,  63,  112,  114,  124 
c-130e    (transport    aircraft),   63 
C-133B     (Cargomaster)      (transport     air- 
craft), 490 
c-141    (Starlifter)    (cargo  jet),  2,  198 
c-141a   (cargo  jet),  41 
CAB.     See  Civil  Aeronautics  Board. 
Cabell,    Gen.    Charles    P.    (usaf,    Ret.), 

312 
Cabot,  Godfrey  L.,  Award,  292 
Cadiz,  Ohio,  243 
Cairo,  U.A.R.,  8,  187 
Caldecote,  Lord,  215 
Calhoun,  Dr.  John  C,  Jr.,  124 
California,  9,  106,  135,  216,  405,  457 
California    Institute   of   Technology    (Cal 

Tech),  61,  67,  206,  371,  481,  495,  507, 

520 
California,  Univ.  of,  85,  96,  103,  232,  258, 

439,  448,  502,  566 
California,     Univ.    of,    at     Los    Angeles 

(UCLA),  161,  221,  431 
Callahan,  Fred,  179 
Calle,  Paul,  202 
Cal    Tech.     See    California    Institute    of 

Technology. 
Calverton,  N.Y.,  307,  530 
Calvin,  Melvin,  223 
Cambodia,  381 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  12,  49,  67,  376,  382 
Cambridge  Redevelopment  Authority,  186 
Cambridge    Research    Laboratories.     See 

Air  Force  Cambridge  Research  Labora- 
tories. 
Camera,  233 

Cosmos,  86 

GEMINI  IV,  255 
MARINEK  IV,  68 
RANGER  VIII,  73 
RANGER    IX,    140,    149 

television,  68,  73,  132,  149 

TIROS  IX,  168 

ZOND  III,  392 
Campbell,  Joseph,  95,  216,  221 
Canada,  14,  58,  75,  81,  325,  328 

aircraft,  197 

ALOUETTE,  239,  523,  527 


INDEX 


631 


Black  Brant,  277,  290 

EXAMETNET,    370 

launch,  277,  527 
Mid-Canada  Warning  Line,  165 
National  Defence  Research  Council,  91 
Canadian  Defence  Research  Board,  528 
Capacitor,  311 
Canary  Islands,  76,  130 
Canaveral  Council  of  Technical  Societies, 

Space  Congress  of,  171 
Canberra,  Australia,  108,  337 
Cannon,  Sen.  Howard  W.,  453 
Canoga  Park,  Calif.,  30,  101,  132 
Canopus  (star),  164 
Canopus  sensor,  65,  102 
Canton  Island,  48,  552 
Cape    Kennedy,    Fla.    (see    also    Eastern 
Test  Range  and  Kennedy  Space  Cen- 
ter), 57,  59,  89,  120,  162,  164,  168, 
177,    186.    189,    193,   208,   242,   266, 
460,  549 
construction  37,  52,  54,  80,  92,  119 
labor  relations,  49 
organization,  1,  177 
strike,  39,  49,  133,  157,  447 
test,  136 

visit  86,  146-147,  188 
Capella  (star),  366 
Caravelle   (jet  transport),  318 
Carbon, 10,  258 
Carbon  dioxide,  134-135 
Career  Service  Av/ard,  194,  240 
Cargo    aircraft,   2,    17,   20,   41,    120,   198, 

283,  346,  406,  481,  562 
Carlson,  Harry  W.,   15,  241 
Carnarvon,  Australia,  89,  269 
Carnegie   Institution   of   Washington,   97, 

177,  559 
Carpenter,    Cdr.    M     Scott     (usn),    128, 

299,  339,  389,  402,  425,  450,  518,  540 
Carroll,  Thomas,  545 
Carronade   (rocket  launching  ship),  459 
Carswell  afb,  N.  Mex.,  6 
Case   Institute  of  Technology,   376,  379- 

380,  503 
Case   Laboratory   for   Space   Engineering 

Research,  376 
Casey,  Rep.  Robert,  108 
Cassani,  John  R.,  462 
Castro,  Raul,  134 
Cat.     See  Clear  Air  Turbulence. 
Catholic  Univ.,  134,  258 
CBS.     See     Columbia    Broadcasting    Sys- 
tem. 
Ccms.     See    Central   Cardiac   Monitoring 

System. 
Celescope,  82 
Celestial  mechanics,  68 
Centaur    (booster)     (see   also    Atlas-Cen- 
taur), 60,  77,   103-104,  130,   197,  204, 
227,  237,  374 
Centaure   (French  sounding  rocket),  352, 

543 
Center   for    European    Nuclear   Research 
(cern),  57 


Center  for  Sensory  Aids  Evaluation  and 

Development,  mit,  90 
Center  for  the  Study  of  Democratic  In- 
stitutions, 103,  558 
Central      Cardiac      Monitoring      System 

(Ccms),  532 
Central    Computer    Facility,   Slidell,    La., 

105 
Central  Connecticut  State  College,  536 
Central    Inertial    Guidance    Test    Facility 

(cigtf),31 
Central    Intelligence    Agency    (cia),    45, 

463 
Central    Radio    Propagation    Laboratory, 

229,  322-323,  326,  410 
Centre      National      d'Etudes      Spatiales 

(CNES),  519,540 
Centrifuge,  63,  311 
CERN.     See  Center  for  European  Nuclear 

Research. 
Cernan,    Lcdr.    Eugene    M.    (usn),    321, 

510 
Ceylon,  59 
CGA  Corp.,  553 
Chaffee,  Roger,  10,  321 
Chamical,  Argentina,  236,  243,  370,  511 
Chang,  Dr.  C.  C,  134 
Chanute,  Octave,  Award,  471 
Chao,  Dr.  E.  C.  T..  507 
Chapman,  Dr.  Sydney,  382 
Charlotte,  N.C.,  37 

Charyk,  Dr.  Joseph  V.,  42,  249,  254 
Chebotarev,  Gleb,  372 
Cheryomuckhin,  Aleksey,  372 
Chicago,  111.,  6,  83,  159,  216,  222,  236,  278 
Chicago  Bridge  and  Iron  Co.,  26,  159 
Chicago,  Univ.  of,  32,  245,  473 
Chico,  Calif.,  47,  78 
Childe.  V.  Gordon,  50 
China-Burma-India  World  War  ii  Service 

Group,  372 
China,  Communist,  398,  405,  553 

meteorite,  550 

nuclear  bomb,  206-207,  232,  236,  243, 
24«,  567 

nuclear   test,   178 

rocket  program,  260-261 

U.S.  aircraft  shot  down,  504 
China  Lake,  Calif.,  66 
Christensen,  E.  E.,  382 
Christensen,  Charles  H.,  414 
Christiakov,  Dr.  N.  I.,  545 
Christian  Science  Monitor,  4,  39,  105,  177, 

312  475.  533 
Chrysler  Corp.,  94,  96,  115,  123,  129,  244, 

250,  319,  378,  434,  490,  543 
Chubb,  T.  A.,  212 
Churchill,  Manitoba,  91 
Churchill  Research  Range,  Canada,  321 
Churchill,  Sir  Winston,  41 
Cibola  National  Forest,  514 
ciGTF.     See     Central     Inertial     Guidance 

Test  Facility. 
Cincinnati,  Univ.  of.  Observatory,  202-203 


632 


INDEX 


Civil  Aeronautics  Board   (cab),  118,  131, 

222,  297,  374,  501 
Civilian-Military        Liaison        Committee 

(CMLC),351 

Clarion    River    (rocket    launching    ship), 
459 

Clark  AFB,  Philippines,  139 

Clark,  Dr.  Barry,  371 

Clark,  David,  Co.,  407^08 

Clark,  Evert,  314,  316,  335,  424 

Clark,  Dr.  John  F.,  188,  343,  375 

Clark,  Ramsey,  416 

Clark  Univ.,  419,  478 

Clarke,  Arthur  C,  22,  244 

Clarson,  R.  E.,  Inc.,  37,  52 

Clear   Air   Turbulence    (Cat),   161 

Clearinghouse  for  Federal  Scientific  and 
Technical  Information,  425 

Clemence,  Gerald  M.,  82 

Clermont  (nasa  tugboat),  483 

Cleveland  Natural  Science  Museum,  406 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  545 

Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,  291 

Clock,  atomic,  284 

Cloud  photographs,  25-26,  81,  124,  163 

Cloudcroft,  N.  Mex.,  280 

"Cluge"    (photographic   device),  330 

CMLC.     See  Civilian-Military  Liaison  Com- 
mittee. 

CNAE.     See  Brazilian  Space  Commission. 

CNES.     See     Centre     National     d'Etudes 
Spatiales. 

CNIE.     See     Comision     Nacional     de     In- 
vestigaciones  Espaciales. 

CNRS.     See    National    Center    for    Radio- 
activity Research. 

Coating,  98,  319 

Cochran,  Jacqueline,  134,  246 

Cocoa  Beach,  Fla.,  405 

Coesite,  96 

Cohen,  William,  98 

Colburn,  Robert,  456-457 

Coleman.  Sidney,  262 

College  Park,  Md.,  368 

Colleges.   See  Universities. 

Collier  Trophy,  486, 

Collier,  W.  A.,  364 

Collins,  Maj.  Michael  (usaf),  308,  511 

Collins  Radio  Co.,  92 

Colorado  Springs,  Colo.,  286 
Colorado,  Univ.  of,  483,  488 
Columbia     Broadcasting     System     (CBs), 

240,  282,  444 
Columbia  Univ.,  223, 

Nevis  Cyclotron  Laboratory,  279.  572 
Columbus   Association,    Genoa,   448-449 
Columbus  Prize,  448-449 
Combustion  Engineering,  18 
Comet,  67,  452,  502,  509,  513,  516,  518 
Comision     Nacional     de     Investigaciones 

Espaciales   (cnie),  236,  511 
Comissao    Nacional    de    Atividades     Es- 
paciais    (cnae).     See    Brazilian    Space 
Commission. 


Commerce,  Dept.  of,  174,  425,  517,  565 
Awards  Program,  71 
metric  system  study,  328,  395 
patent  system,  299 
Committee  on  Space  Research   (cosparI, 

225,  226,  227 
Commoner.  Dr.  Barry,  3 
Commonwealth    Scientific    and    Industrial 
Research  Organization  (Australia),  321 
Communication    (see  also  Communication 
satellite   systems),   4,   121,   201,  207, 
440 
blackout,  126,  143,  146 
deep  space,  1,  377,  434 
global,  30,   58,  87,   172,  246,  314^315, 

361,  381,  393,  428.  440,  555 
international,   51,   76,   186,  204 
laser  use  in,  73,  434,  538 
NASA    facilities,   75,   87,   107,    136,   175. 

496,  502,  520 
satellites,  1,  22,  57,  65,  81,  95,  101,  105, 
114,   136,  147.  172,  176,  197,  229, 
232,  236,  385,  440-441 
system,  2,  249,  492 

balloon-satellite,  41-42 
military,  27,  102.  441 
transmissions  via,  1,  22,  41,  180,  197, 
214,  246,   250,   268.  273,  277,  282, 
449-450,  478,  484,  530.  555 
S-band  method,  92,  363 
tests.  110,  136,  172,  180,  197,  214,  436 
Communications  Satellite  Act,  186,  249 
Communications  Satellite  Corp.  (ComSat- 
Corp),69,  128,272 
contract,  31,  51,  81,  283,  381,  412.  527, 

549,  555,  568 
criticism,  51,  146 

EARLY  BIRD.  42,  95,  101,  122.  128,  172, 
176,   180,  184,   193,  197,  214,  240, 
246,  260,  267,  271,  282,  289,  300, 
303,  334,  344,  451,  571 
tariff,  245.  256-257.  277.  282.  343 
ground  station,  197,  201,  228,  232,  278, 
314,  320,  326.  343.  344.  359,  360,  385, 
393,  412,  462,  463,  503,  527 
international  applications.  58,  250,  268, 

278  300  322 
management.  66,  169,  204.  318.  479 
military   applications,  31,  51,  80,  93 
rates,  245,  256-257,  277,  282,  343 
satellite  program  (see  also  early  bird), 
7,  30,  80,  95,  101,  122,  229.  249,  254, 
303.  358-359.  455,  555,  568 
services,   186.   289.  334,  451,  495,  500, 

532 
test.  172,  180,  197 
Communications  satellite  system,  interna- 
tional     (see     also      Communications 
Satellite  Corp.).  2,  7.  22.  58.  81.  93, 
121-122,  128,  147-148,  412,  428,  462, 
464,  465,  480,  495 
military  use,  31,  51,  93,  102 
Composites,  structural,  274 
Compressed  Gas  Association,  21 


INDEX 


633 


Computers,  131,  175,  228,  275,  555 
foreign  use,   110.   119 
NASA,  105,  177,  295,  337,  485,  542,  561 
spacecraft,  266,  275,  293,  295,  522.  542 
universities,  9,  100.  108,  193 
use  of,  in  Federal  Government,  13,  14. 
280 
ComSatCorp.     See  Communications  Satel- 
lite Corp. 
Conable,  Rep.  Barber  B..  Jr.,  46 
Concord.  N.C.,  520 

Concorde  (U.K.-France)  supersonic  trans- 
port, 73,  204,  206.  237,  316.  319,  337, 
417,  479,  490 
Confer,   Harold  E.,  189 
Conference    on    Aerospace    Engineering, 

129 
Conference   on   Aircraft   Operating   Prob- 
lems, 223 
Conference  on  Civilian  and  Military  Uses 

of  Aerospace,  16 
Conference    on    Selected    Technology    for 

the  Petroleum  Industry,  545 
Conference    on     the     Peaceful     Uses    of 

Space,  251,  252,  253 
Congo  Brazzaville,  76 
Congress,  218.  351,  557 
conference  committee,  366 
Joint    Committee    on    Atomic    Energy, 

61.  63.  107 
Joint   Economic   Committee,   161 
NASA  budget,  28,  29,  61.  74,  75,  76,  81. 
100,  108.  109-110,  114,  139.  141,  192 
report  to,  39-40,  69,  246,  487 
Congress,   House   of   Representatives,   72, 
134,  397,  446 
bills  introduced,  357,  422 
bills  passed,  218 

Committee  on  Appropriations,  232,  275. 
276,  438,  481 
Subcommittee    on    Dept.    of    Defense 

Appropriations,  158,  160,  169,  173 
Subcommittee  on  Independent  Offices, 
169,  172,  173,  276 
Committee  on  Armed  Services,  86,  377, 
419,  481 
Special   Investigations  Subcommittee, 

216,  221 
Subcommittee  on  Real  Estate,  257 
Committee  on  Education  and  Labor.  530 
Committee   on  Foreign  Affairs,  34 
Committee  on   Government  Operations, 
Subcommittee  on  Foreign  Operations 
and  Government  Information,  144 
Subcommittee  on  Military  Operations, 
267 
Committee   on    Interstate    and   Foreign 

Commerce,  292 
Committee  on  Rules,  422 
Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics, 
40,  46,  89,  123,  164,  171,  198,  199, 
204,  242,  255,  271,  290,  419,  465, 
478,  509 


hearings  33,  74,  75,  76,  79,  81,  89, 

90,  119 
Panel    on    Science    and    Technology, 

175 
seminar,  33 
Subcommittee  on  Advanced  Research 

and  Tracking,  105 
Subcommittee     on      Manned     Space 

Flight,  404,  567 
Subcommittee     on     nasa     Oversight, 

501,  502 
Subcommittee  on   Science,  Research, 

and   Development,   205 
Subcommittee  on  Space  Sciences  and 
Applications,   107,   108,   125,   130 
Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  434 
Congress.   Senate,   40,   84,  249,   270,   296, 
303,   324,   327,   453,  478,  487 
bills  introduced,   7,   51,   117,   202,   216, 

276,  287,  487 
bills  passed,  107,  264,  287,  325 
Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space 
Sciences,  24,  36,  40,  46,  62,  110,  112, 
116,  164,  242,  397,  398 
Committee  on  Armed  Services,  159,  331 
Committee  on  Commerce,  129,  204,  328, 
438 
Subcommittee  on  Aviation,  114,  118, 
231 
Committee  on  the  Judiciary,  7 

Subcommittee     on     Patents,     Trade- 
marks and   Copyrights,  264 
Congressional   Record,   32,   89,   315,   320, 

399,  422,  487,  488 
Connor,  John   T..   439 
Conrad,    Lcdr.    Charles,   Jr.    (usn),   415, 
433 
GEMINI  V  flight,  58,  317,  339,  382,  385, 
387,  391,  402,  412,  415,  420,  422,  500 
Gemini  viii  flight,  444 
goodwill  tour,  435,  437,  438-439,  441, 

442,  446,  448,  452 
honors,  403,  431,  449 
news  conference,  339,  421 
physical  examination,  404,  405,  410,  411 
training,  10,  334 
Washington,  D.C.,  visit,  433,  437 
"Conrad"   (radio  navigation  aid),  448 
Considine,  Bob,  300 
Consolidated  Systems  Corp.,  68,  476 
Constantine,  King  of  Greece,  440 
Consultants  and  Designers,  Inc.,  309 
Conte,  Rep.  Silvio,  32 
Continental  Airlines,  237 
Contract    (see  also  under  agencies,  such 
as  NASA,  USAF,  etc.),  141,  572 
cost-plus-award-fee,    70,    94,    195,    308, 

368,  447,  474,  561 
cost-plus-fixed-fee,   80,   334,   447,  484 
cost-plus-incentive-fee,    5,    66,    91,    109, 
383 


634 


INDEX 


Contract — Continued 

fixed  price,  73,  228,  240,  272,  274,  283, 
297,  312,  454,  502 

geographical  distribution  of,  106,  115, 
134 

incentive.  5,  40.  49,  77,  91,  139 

letter,  91,  121 

military,  5,  121,  240,  264,  265,  274,  283, 
297,  302,  447,  448,  450.  453,  454,  485, 
492,  536,  565 

space,  141,  234,  239,  297,  319,  450,  494, 
562,  564 

university,   4,    56,    149,    182,   274,    311, 
370,  562 
Control  Data  Corp.,  334,  375 
Convair  990  A  (jet  transport ).  258 
Coobv  Creek.  Australia.  543 
Cooke,  Richard  P.,  241 
Cooney,  Capt.  James  (usaf),  213 
Cooper,  Maj.  Gordon  L.  (usaf),  415,  433 

GEMINI  V  flight,  58,  317,  334,  339,  382, 
385,  387.  391,  402,  412,  420,  422,  500 

goodwill  tour,  435,  437,  438-439,  441, 
442,  446,  448,  452 

honors,  403,  431,  449 

news  conference,  339,  421 

physical    examination,    404,    405,    410, 
411,  415 
Cooper's  Island,  Bermuda,  175 
Coordinating  Research  Council  (cRc),  18 
Coral  Gables,  Fla.,  30 
Coralie    (rocket  engine),  495-496 
Corliss,  William  R.,  47 
Gorman,  Rep.  James  C,  223 
Cornell   Aeronautical   Laboratory.  524 
Cornell  Univ.,  1,  187,  194,  206,  229 
Corona,   10 
Coronograph,  107 
Corps    of    Engineers     (usa).     See    Army 

Corps  of  Engineers. 
Corpus  Christi,  Tex.,  363,  544 
Correale,  James  V.,  470 
Corrosion  detector,  274,  381 
Cortright,  Edgar  M.,  102,  356 
Cosmic  dust,  342,  502 
Cosmic  radiation,  56,  211,  372,  431,  554, 

555 
Cosmonaut,  19,  31,  45,  98,  139,  140,  141, 
151,  156,  323,  413,  512.  514.  528,  548. 
559 

death,  173,  505 

extravehicular  activity,  132.  135,  138, 
140-141,  154,  571 

interview,  161,  270,  419,  480,  491,  568 

visits,  473,  491 
Cosmos  (U.S.S.R.  satellite  program),  86 
COSMOS  III,  217 
COSMOS  IV,  217 
COSMOS  XLI,  217 
COSMOS  L,  125 
COSMOS  LII,  12 
COSMOS  LIII,  41 
COSMOS  LIV,  86 
COSMOS  LV,  86 


COSMOS   LVI,  86 

COSMOS  Lvii,  86.  124-125,  159 

COSMOS   LVIII,  94 
COSMOS  LIX,   109 

COSMOS  Lx,  120,  571 
COSMOS  Lxi,  123,  238 
COSMOS  Lxii,  123,  238 
COSMOS  Lxiii,  123,  238 

COSMOS   LXIV,   152 
COSMOS  LXV,   189 

COSMOS  Lxvi,  221,  238 

COSMOS  LXVII,  248 
COSMOS  LXVIII,  282 
COSMOS  LXIX,  296 
COSMOS  LXX,  311 
COSMOS  LXXI,  333 
COSMOS  LXXII,  333 
COSMOS  LXXIII,  333 
COSMOS  LXXIV,  333 
COSMOS  LXXV,  333 
COSMOS  LXXVI,  345 
COSMOS  LXXVII,  364 
COSMOS  LXXVIII,  377 
COSMOS  LXXIX,  397 
COSMOS  LXXX,  413 
COSMOS  LXXXI,  413 
COSMOS  LXXXII,  413 
COSMOS  LXXXIII,  413 
COSMOS   LXXXIV,  413 
COSMOS  LXXXV,  421 
COSMOS  LXXXVI,  441 
COSMOS  LXXXVII,  441 
COSMOS  LXXXVIII,  441 
COSMOS  LXXXIX,  441 

COSMOS  xc,  441 

COSMOS  xci,  448 

COSMOS  xcii,  479 

COSMOS  xciii,  483 

COSMOS  xciv,  492 

COSMOS  xcv,  504 

COSMOS  xcvi,  525.  571 

COSMOS  xcvii,  526 

COSMOS  xcviii,  527 

COSMOS  xcix,  546 

COSMOS  c,  556 

COSMOS  CI,  560 

COSMOS  cii,  565 

COSMOS  cm,  565 

cosPAR.  Sec  Committee  on  Space  Re- 
search. 

Cost  Reduction  and  Management  Im- 
provement Seminar,  248 

Cotton,   Col.   Joseph    (usaf).  336 

Cotton,  Paul  E.,  368 

Coughlin,  William  J.,  101,  144,  180,  203, 
215,  235,  501,  524 

Council  of  the  National  Economy. 
U.S.S.R.,  119 

Courter,  Robert  F.,  Jr.,  4«5 

Cousteau,  Capt.  Jacques-Yves,  280,  475 

Couve  de  Murville,  Maurice,  502 

Covell,  Charles,  425 

Cowan,  Dr.  Clyde,  258 

Cowen,  Robert  C,  4 


INDEX 


635 


Crabhill.  Donald  E..  192 

Crane,  Les,  Show  (tv),  27 

Crawler-transporter,  381,  422,  481,  517 

CRC.     See  Coordinating  Research  Council. 

Cressman,  Dr.  George  P.,  420,  471 

Crews,  Maj.  Albert  H.   (usaf),  514 

Crimean  Astrophysical  Observatory 
(U.S.S.R.),    462 

"Criteria  for  Federal  Support  of  Re- 
search  and   Development,"   10 

Cromley,  Ray,  541 

Cronyn,  Willard  M.,  137 

Crossfield,  A.  Scott,  134 

Crvomagnet,  256 

CTA-102   (radio  source),  180,  182,  236 

Cuba,  1,  134,  398,  405,  552 

Cubic  Corp.,  457 

Culbertson,  Philip  E.,  426 

Culver  City,  Calif.,  39 

Cumberland,  U.K.,  365 

Cunaingham,  Alfred  Austell,  555 

Cunningham,  R.  Walter,  125,  321,  341 

Curtiss-Wright  Corp.,  275 

Cushman,  Ralph  E.,  553 

cv-7a   (Stol  transport),  197 

Cybernation,  103 

Czechoslovak  Academy  of  Science,  157 

D-1   (French  satellite),  456 

D-lB,  456 

D-558   (research  aircraft),  350 

Daddario,  Rep.  Emilio  Q.,  205 

Daily  Express  (London),  8 

Dallas,  Tex.,  132,  186 

Dumpier   (survey  vessel),  525 

Dana,  William  H.,  347,  504 

Daniel,  Orville  H.,  211 

Daniel,  Maj.  Walter  F.   (usaf),  213 

Data,  305 

Data  acquisition  system,  174,  177 

Data  processing,  105 

D'Auitolo,  Charles  T.,  376 

Davis,  l/g  W.  a.   (usaf),  66 

Davenport  Times-Democrat,  89 

David,  Heather  M.,  450 

Davies,  David  Arthur,  162 

Davis,  L/C  Leighton  I.   (usaf),  563 

Davis-Monthan  afb,  Ariz.,  14,  84 

Day,  LeRoy  E.,  479 

Dayton,  Ohio,  147 

DC-8-61  (jet  liner),  189 

DC-9  (jet  liner),  14,  94 

Dearborn,  Mich.,  243 

Dearing,  Waldo  H.,  505 

Debus,  Dr.  Kurt  H.,  183,  331,  333 

Deep  Space  Net  communications  system, 

364,  377 
Deep  Space  Planetary  Probe  System,  197 
Deer  Vallev,  Ariz.,  176 
Defelice,  J.,  191 

Defender,   Project,    (arpa),   531 
Defense     Communications     Agency,     66, 

283,  441 


Defense,   Dept.   of    (dod)     (see   also  usA, 
usaf,  usn),  5,  14,  45,  131,  223,  301, 
360,  398,  473 
aircraft,  63,  232,  544 
budget,  27,  109,  158,  159 
communications  satellite  system,  1,  28, 

51,  80,  82,  283,  319,  571 
contract,  5,  14,  51,  120,  131,  157,  190, 

197,  228,  283,  474 
cooperation,  174,  486 

NASA,  1,  29,  45,  68,  74,  77,  88,  102, 
111,  123,  182,  203,  207,  268,  298 
criticism,  63,  153,  168 
expenditures,  125,  218,  232 
Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory,  267,  398, 

401,  514 
missiles,  16,  86 
personnel,  458 
R&D,  99,  153 

space  projects,  106,  123,  217,  268,  384, 
531,  541 

Defense  Electronic  Products,  283 

Defense    Satellite    Communications    Sys- 
tem, 66 

Defense  Supply  Agency   (dsa),  207,  294 

DeFrance,  Dr.  Smith  J.,  443,  462 

DeGaulle,    President    Charles     (France), 
205,  291 

Delorme,  Jean,  202 

Delta   (booster),  25,  28,  74,  380,  397 

Delta,  Thrust  Augmented    (tad)    (boost- 
er), 172 

Delta,      Thrust      Augmented      Improved 
(booster),  507,  553 

Denmark,  170,  466 

Denver,  Colo.,  59,  62 

Denver  Post,  210 

Denver,  Univ.  of,  157,  424 

De  Orsey,  C.  Leo,  210 

Dept.    of    Scientific    and    Industrial    Re- 
search, U.K.,  110,  164 

Derring,  Eldridge  H.,  27 

Detroit,  Mich.,  25 

Deuterium,  269 

Diamant   (French  booster),  98,  113,  229, 
272,  436,  456,  526 

Dicke,  Dr.  Robert  H.,  261,  401 

"Dictionary  of  Scientific  Biography,"  110 

Dietz,  David,  244 

Dimona   (nuclear  reactor),  122 

Disher,  John  H.,  370 

Distinguished     Civilian     Service     Award 
(dod),  223 

Distinguished  Lecture  Series   (Metropoli- 
tan Washington  Board  of  Trade),  486 

Distinguished     Service     Medal      (nasa), 
155,  567 

Dixon,  Dr.  Franklin  P.,  174 

DKfw.     See      German      Space      Research 
Commission. 

DMS,  Inc.,  109 

Dna  (nucleic  acid),  323 

Dobrynin,  Ambassador  Anatoli  F.,  544 


636 


INDEX 


Docking,  444,  510 
Documentation,  Inc.,  334,  368 
DOD.     See  Defense,  Dept.  of, 
Dominick,  Sen.  Peter  H.,  438 
Donn,  Dr.  Bertram,  182 
Donn,  Dr.  William  I.,  182 
Donner,  Frederick  G.,  169,  204 
Doolittle,   Gen.   James   H.    (usafr),   134, 

540 
Dornberger,  Walter  R.,  210,  499 
Douglas  Aircraft  Co.,  Inc.,  8,  446 

air  bus,  314 

contract,  80,  120,  296,  397,  572 

DC-8,  189 

DC-9,  14,  94 

f-5d,  41 

Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory,  396 

Missile  and  Space  Systems  Div.,  191 

s-ivB  stage,  209,  296,  426,  533 

Saturn  V  test,  182 

studies,  63 
Douglas,  Col.  William  K.   (usaf),  471 
Douglas,  Justice  William  0.,  186 
Dragon   (French  sounding  rocket),  413 
Drake,  Frank,  1 
Draper,  Dr.  Charles  S.,  58,  94,  390,  429, 

431 
Draper,  Henry,  Medal,  203 
Drop  test,  110 
Drummond,  Dr.  A.  J.,  31 
Dryden,  Dr.  Hugh  L.,  122,  127,  146,  158, 
409,  532,  561 

awards  to,  73,  283,  547 

death,  534,  539,  540,  565,  569 

international  cooperation.  111 

space  program,  75,  119,   133,  162,  251, 
346,  426,  458,  512,  546 
DSA.     See  Defense  Supply  Agency. 
Dubinin,  Nikolay  P.,  372 
DuBridge,  Dr.  Lee  A.,  263 
Duke  Univ.,  198 
Dulk,  George  A.,  1 

Dulles  International  Airport,  164,  292 
Dupree,  Prof.  A.  Hunter,  281 
Durham,  Franklin  P.,  306 
Dutton,  Richard  E.,  178 
Dwarf  star,  70 

Dwight,  Capt.  Edward  J.,  Jr.  (usaf),  269 
Dyce,  Dr.  Rolf  H.,  194 
Dyson,  Freeman  J.,  321 

E-22   (U.S.S.R.  jet  trainer),  245-246 

E-166   (U.S.S.R.  aircraft),  213 

E-266    (U.S.S.R.  aircraft),   189 

Ea-1   (U.S.S.R.  helicopter),  372 

Eaker,  l/g  Ira  C.   (usaf.  Ret.),  122,  309, 

329,  491 
Earhart,  Amelia,  134 

EARLY  BIRD  I  (ComSatCorp  communica- 
tions satellite),  42,  122,  176,  225, 
303,  434,  502,  568,  571 

channels,  lease  of,  271,  334 

launch,  101,  172 


license,  272,  334 
orbit,  176 

performance,  180,  184,  197,  214 
rates,  245,  25^257,  277,  289,  343 
use  of,  95,  128,  240,  246,  260,  267,  282, 
289,  300-301,  340,  360,  436,  484,  555, 
562 
Earth 

age,  182-183 
gravity,  124 
magnetosphere,  81 
Mohole,  Project,  37-38 
origin,  37-38 
photograph,  101,  142 
shape,  174 
structure,  37-38 
Earthquakes,  37-38,  523,  525,  529 
"East  Meets  West"  (British  tv  program), 

147-148 
Eastern  Air  Lines,  189,  551 
Eastern  Test  Range  (etr)  (see  also  Cape 
Kennedy    and   Kennedy    Space   Cen- 
ter), 12,  290,  458,  490 
contract,  66,  340 
launch,  87,  242 
Asset,  88 

Blue  Scout,  Jr.,  272 
booster,    64-65,    219-220,    260,    288, 
477,  559 
Saturn  I,  71-72,  247,  357 
Fire  II,  244,  254 
Gemini  spacecraft,  103 
CT-2,  21 
GT-3,  145 
GT-4,  265 

GEMINI  V,  387 

GEMINI  VI,  489,  547,  551 

GEMINI   VII,  537 

Polaris,  513 

PIONEER  VI,  553 

satellite,   25,   26,   53,   64^5,   71,   72, 
172,  247,  310,  341,  357,  396 
Explorer,  257,  507,  521,  528 
test,  88,  110,  136 
Eaton,  William  W.,  299 
Ebony  magazine,  269 
Eccles,  Sir  John,  85 
Echo    (communications  satellite),  233 
ECHO  I,  376 
ECHO  II,  41,  76 
Eclipse 

lunar,  8 

solar,  126,  258,  259 
Economic  Club  of  Detroit,  70-71 
Economichesky  Gazetta,  591 
The  Economist,  121-122 
Ecumenical  Council,  448 
Eddington    Medal     (Royal    Astronomical 

Society),  43 
Edelson,  Dr.  Burton  I.,  22 
Edmonson,  Dr.  Frank  K.,  95 
Education,  103 

computer,  use  of,  in,  9 


INDEX 


637 


space,  impact  of,  on,  17 

space  science  courses,  134 

television,  use  of,  in,  57 

U.S.S.R.,  147 
Edwards  afb,  Calif.,  41,  94,  210,  300 

Aerospace  Research  Pilot  School,  246, 
399 

flights,  72-73,  191,  206,  284,  287,  293, 
302,  308,  336,  351,  453,  478,  562, 
563 
record,  213 

test,  322,  414,  449 
Eggers,  Dr.  Alfred  J.,  Jr.,  50,  455,  470- 

471 
Eglin  AFB,  Fla.,  240,  511 
Egypt.     See  United  Arab  Republic. 
Ehricke,  Dr.  Kraft  A.,  498 
Eisenhower,    President    Dwight    D.,    163, 

232,  445 
Eisele,  Donn  F.,  10 
Eklund,  Sigvard,  548 
El  Centro,  Calif.,  112 
El  Diablo   (meteorite  crater),  290 
El  Segundo,  Calif.,  64 
ELDO.     See   European  Launcher  Develop- 
ment Organization. 
Electric  propulsion,  16,  44,  116-117 
Electro-Mechanical   Research,   Inc.,  309 
Electro-Optical    Systems,    Inc.    (eos),    5, 

255   348   375 
Electron,  il8,  139,  167,  169,  337,  438 
Electron  (U.S.S.R.  satellite),  217 

ELECTRON  I,  360 
ELECTRON  II,  360 

Electronic  clock,  352 

Electronic  Industries  Association,  124 

Electronics,  503,  569 

research,  2,  24,  49 
Electronics,  87 
Electronics       Research      Center       (erc) 

(NASA),  2,  11,  49,  186,  207,  303,  349, 

382,  468,  593 
Electrophylic  gas,  127 
EUingson,  Col.  Harold  V.    (usaf),  494 
EUington  afb,  Tex.,  97,  275,  411 
Ellis,  Lt.  Frank  K.  (usn),  495,  535 
Elms,  James  C,  368 
Ely,  Eugene  Burton,  555 
Emeraude  (French  rocket  stage),  98,  113, 

229 
Emme,  Dr.  Eugene  M.,  176 
Empire  State  Building,  124 
Engine 

aircraft,  32,  121,  283,  519 

cryogenic,  398 

electric,  30,  55,  116-117,  519 

gas  turbine,  32,  482 

hypergolic,  65,  186,  474 

hypersonic,  169,  203,  349,  464,  593 

ion,  5,  116,  167,  172,  243,  255,  349,  472 

jet,  18,  41,  84,  254,  486 

liquid  fuel,  33,  65,  92,  127,  219,  315 
fluorine-oxygen,  132 
hydrogen,  31,  141,  358,  365,  526 
hydrogen-oxygen,  81,  104,  322,  375 


ramjet,  169,  203,  464,  543 
rocket,  2,  13,  24,  27,  32,  40,  42,  49,  52, 
60,  64,  81,  95,  107,  108,  112,  116,  157, 
165,  179,  180,  192,  219,  247,  269-270, 
291,  319,  320,  321,  339,  373,  496 
supersonic  transport,  214,  257,  311 
vernier,  119 

Engineer  of  the  Year,  98 

Engineers 

awards,  58,  98,  156 
education,  9,  57 
women,  92 

England.     See  United  Kingdom. 

Engle,  Capt.  Joseph  H.  (usaf),  13,  49, 
197,  255,  284,  302,  331,  374,  417,  476 

Engstrom,  Elmer  W.,  209 

Environment     (see    also    Space    environ- 
ment;  Weightlessness),  59-61 
atmospheric    pressures,    115-116,    134- 

135,  313 
heart  research,  9 
oxygen  tests,  128 
temperature,  116,  313 

Environment,    hazards   of,    59,    104,    132- 
133,  372 
acceleration,  19,  23,  181,  191 
isolation,  66,  121,  170 
motion  sickness,  70 
oxygen,  63,  135,  158,  190,  494 
radiation,  7,  59,  167,  202 
space  cabin,  simulation,  129,  173,  190, 

550 
space,  simulation,  36,  159,  181 

Environmental  Science  Services  Admin- 
istration  (essa),  229,  326,  386,  565 

Eniwetok,  48 

Eniwetok  Lagoon,  511 

EOS.     See  Electro-Optical  Systems. 

Eppley  Laboratory,  Newport,  R.I.,  31 

Epstein,  Julius,  3{)0 

ERC.     See  Electronics  Research  Center. 

Escape  system,  66,  301,  513 

Eshkol,  Premier  Levi   (Israel),  6 

ESRO.  See  European  Space  Research  Or- 
ganization. 

Esro  1  (ESRO  satellite),  182 

Esp.     See  Extravehicular  Support  Pack. 

ESSA.  See  Environmental  Science  Serv- 
ices Administration. 

Esso  Research  and  Engineering  Co.,  87 

ETR.     See  Eastern  Test  Range. 

Europa  I   (eldo  booster),  365,  496 

Europe,  214,  215,  224,  267,  354,  361,  534, 
563 

European  Broadcasting  Union,  245 

European  Launcher  Development  Organ- 
ization (eldo),  68,  76,  143,  365,  418, 
496 

European  Organization  for  Nuclear  Re- 
search, 95 

European  Post  and  Telecommunications 
Congress,  277 

European  Space  Research  Organization 
(esro),  68,  76,  80,  182,  276,  353,  354, 
375,  434,  543,  550 


638 


INDEX 


Eurospace,  202,  205,  209,  215 

Eurovision,  148 

Eva.     See  Extravehicular  activity. 

Evans,  b/g  Harry  L.  (usaf),  4€6 

Evans,  Dr.  John  W.,  223 

Evanston  College,  498 

Evensen,  Jean,  434 

Everett,  W.  L.,  204 

Evvard,  Dr.  John  C,  16,  519 

Exactel  Instrument  Co.,  93 

EXAMETNET.  See  Inter-American  Experi- 
mental Meteorological  Sounding  Rock- 
et Network. 

Exceptional  Scientific  Achievement  Medal 
(nasa),  155 

Exceptional  Service  Medal  (nasa),  155, 
431 

Exhibit,  156,  173,  202,  292 

Exobiology,  344 

Explorer  (U.S.  satellite),  104,  154,  370 

EXPLORER   I,   42 

Explorer  ii  (balloon),  513 
EXPLORER  XVI,  311,  376 
EXPLORER   XVIII,    193 
EXPLORER    XX,    76 

EXPLORER  XXII,  24,  27,  36,  67,  276 
EXPLORER  XXIII,  233,  311,  376 
EXPLORER  XXVII,  207,  276 
EXPLORER  XXVIII,  257 

EXPLORER  XXIX,  507,  521,  528 

EXPLORER  XXX,  521,  571 
EXPLORER  XXXI,  527,  546 
Explosion 
meteorite,  2 

nuclear,  2,  18,  39-40,  81,  232,  236,  242, 
243,  248,  258 
Extraterrestrial  life,  4,  17,  36,  47,  61,  168, 

180,  182,  214,  246,  571 
Extravehicular   activity    (Eva),   141,   152, 
172,  190,  208,  317,  339,  500,  510,  531 
Leonov,    Aleksey,    132,    135,    138,    140, 

153,  155,  171,  216,  278,  571 
White,  Edward  H.,  248,  255,  256,  266, 
269,  273,  286 
Extravehicular  Support  Pack   (Esp),  522 
Eyeball   Mark   One    (navigational   instru- 
ment), 318 
"Eyewitness  to  Space"   (exhibit),  202 
Eyring,  Henry,  488 

F-1    (engine),    100,    112,    178,    188,   219, 

275,  291,  319 
F-4   (Phantom  II)    (fighter  aircraft),  52, 

63,  510 
F-4c  (Phantom),  287 
f-5a   (supersonic  aircraft),  438 
f-5d   (aircraft),  41 
F-104  (Starfighter)    (aircraft),  178 
F-111   (supersonic  fighter),  14,  17,  19,  20, 

52,   90,    109,    121,    172,   234,  474,   500, 

537  544  549 
F-lllk,  6,' 121,  179,  180,  183,  537 


F-lllB,  183,  241,  307,  500,  537 
FAA.     See  Federal  Aviation  Agency. 
FAi.     See  Federation  Aeronautique  Inter- 
nationale. 
Fairbanks,  Alaska,  76,  276 
Fairchild  Killer  Corp.,  309 
Fairhall,   Minister  of  Supply  Allen,  520, 

543 
Falcon    (fanjet  aircraft),  131 
Falmouth,  Mass.,  341 
Fang,  Dr.  P.  H.,  484 
Fausst.     See  French-Anglo-United   States 

Supersonic  Transport. 
FCC.     See  Federal  Communications  Com- 
mission. 
Federal   Aviation   Agency    (faa),   6,   41, 
49,  131,  164,  188,  194,  259,  345,  386, 
488 
Administrator,  205,  237,  303,  309 
air  traffic  control,  152,  353,  500,  513 
aircraft  certification,  41,  188 
airports,  198,  415 
award,  186,  302 

contract,  8,  164,  176,  214,  345,  513,  550 
cooperation,  40,  131,  231 
regulations,  5,  144,  296,  455 
statistics,  49,  152,  198,  475 
test,  176 

sonic  boom,  48,  65,  274 
transport,    supersonic,    25,    48,    58,    73, 
210,  214,  297,  309,  311 
design   and    development,   8,   34,   59, 
163,  214,  297,  492,  515 
Federal    Civil    Service    Employee    of    the 

Year,  14 
Federal      Communications      Commission 
(fcc) 
applications  to,  186,  271,  303 
approvals,  228,  232,  289,  463 
briefs  filed  with,  495,  500,  532 
ComSatCorp,  249,  344 

contract,  31,  51,  80,  81 
ground  stations,  201 
requests  to,  268,  271,  277,  303,  445,  451 
Federal  Electric  Co.,  308 
"Federal    Funds    for    Research,    Develop- 
ment,  and   other   Scientific   Activities" 
(report),  99 
Federal    German    Ministry    for   Scientific 

Research  (bmwf),  339 
Federal    Housing    and    Home    Financing 

Agency,  495 
Federal  Mediation  and  Conciliation  Serv- 
ice, 523,  525-26 
Federal   Urban   Renewal   Administration, 

186 
Federation     Aeronautique    Internationale 

(FAi),  18,  213,  561 
Fedotov,  A.  N.,  189 
Fedynskiy,  V.  V.,  345 
Fellowship  of  Reconciliation,  103 
Fels  Planetarium,  19 


INDEX 


639 


Feoktistov,  Konstantin  P.,  548 
Ferguson,  Gen.  James   (usaf),  160,  369 
Fermi,     Enrico,     Institute     of     Nuclear 

Studies,  32 
Fermi,  Enrico,  Medal,  17 
Feynman,  Richard,  487 
Filshner  Ice  Shelf,  532 
Findlay,  John  W.,  109 
Fine,  Dr.  Samuel.  168 
Finger,  Dr.  Harold  B.,  3,  116,  305,  520 
Finley,  Lt.  John  L.  (usn),  514 
Finney,  John,  559 
Fire  ii  (reentry  test),  244,  570 
Firefly   (life  detection  instrument),  107 
Fireman,  E.  L.,  191 
Fish  Bowl,  Project,  337 
Fisher  Construction  Co.,  175 
Flagstaff,  Ariz.,  509 
Flare,  solar,  126,  163,  224 
Flax,  Dr.  Alexander,  36 
Fleming,  John  Adam,  Award,  193 
Flemming,  Arthur  S.,  Award,  57 
Flight  Research  Center  (frc)  (nasa),  48, 
163,  360,  518 

aircraft  research,  73,  169,  464,  524,  569 

award,  82 

contract,  105,  209 
Flight    Safety    Foundation,    9,    176,    186, 

557 
Florida,  460 

Florida  Research  and  Development  Cen- 
ter, 137 
Florida,  Univ.  of,  353,  460 
Flox  (liquid  flourine  and  liquid  oxygen), 

132 
Flying  belt,  485 
Flying  saucers,  25,  38,  52,  324,  326,  366, 

374,  438 
Fog  dispersal,  387 
Fokker  (aircraft),  131 
Foothill  Jr.  College,  Calif.,  114 
Ford  Foundation,  416 
Ford,  Henry,  331 
Foreign  Affairs  Journal,  45 
Forrestal,  James,  Memorial  Award,  153 
Ft.  Benning,  Ga.,  179 
Ft.  Campbell,  Ky.,  473 
Ft.  Churchill,  Canada,  167,  439,  510,  511, 

525 
Ft.  Monmouth,  N.J.,  73 
Ft.  Wingate,  N.Mex.,  514 
Fortune  magazine,  361 
Fortune,  W.  C,  275 
Foss,  Dr.  Ted,  10 
Foster,  Dr.  John  S.,  Jr.,  424,  458 
Foster,  William  C,  134 
Fowler,  William  A.,  206 
FR-1    (French    satellite),    437,    439,   449, 

540,  544,  571 
France,  38,  381,  519,  552 

agreement,  205,  254 


aircraft,  234 

supersonic       transport       "Concorde" 
(France-U.K.),    48,    73,    205,   417, 
479 
Atomic  Energy  Commission,  329 
booster,    98,    113,   229,    272,    436,   456, 

467,  526 
isolation  test,  66,  121 
launch,  113,  98,  229,  413,  467,  478,  519, 

525,  526,  540 
Ministry  of  Scientific  Research,  27 
satellite,  437,  525,  526,  527,  540,  544, 

570,  571 
sounding  rocket,  413,  478 
space  program,  229,  272,  320,  486,  564 
tracking,  14,  76 
Frangible  Areas   (sounding  rocket),  97 
Frank,  Paul,  12 
Franklin  Institute,  23,  399 
FRC.     See  Flight  Research  Center. 
Freche,  John  C,  56 

FREEDOM  7,  461 

Freeman,  Faith  L.,  25 

Freeman,    Capt.    Theodore    C,    Memorial 

Library  of  Astronautics,  25 
Freitag,  Capt.  Robert  F.  (usn,  Ret.),  228 
French-Anglo-United     States     Supersonic 

Transport   (Fausst)   meeting,  48 
French,  l/c  Frederic  C.   (usa),  505 
French  Guiana,  38,  320,  559 
French  National  Weather  Center,  282 
Friedl,  George  Jr.,  90,  91,  264 
Friedman,  Dr.  Herbert,  196,  206 
Friendly,  Fred  W.,  387 
Friendship   (Dutch  aircraft),  318 
FRIENDSHIP   7,   82 
Fritz,  Dr.  Sigmund,  71 
Frutkin,  Arnold  W.,  226,  544 
Fryklund,  Richard,  221,  250 
Fubini,  Dr.  Eugene  G.,  301,  535 
Fuel    (see   also   Propellant;    Propulsion), 
112,  127,  132,  135-136 

hydrogen,  81,  171 

hypergolic,  65,  186,  474 

liquid,  27,  31,  65,   127,  132,   141,  315, 
365,  474,  526 

nuclear,  269 

solid,   24,   27,   81,    107,   210,   219,   223, 
269,  288,  297,  435,  449,  550,  562 

thorium,  135,  565 
Fuel  cell,  87,  113,  207,  365,  391,  410,  521, 

523,  538, 
Fuji  (icebreaker),  523 
Fulbright,  Sen.  J.  W.,  167 
Fulgham,  Maj.  Dan    (usaf),  112 
Fulton,  Rep.  James  G.,  218 
Fulton,  Langdon  H.,  156 
Funk,  m/g  Ben  I.  (usaf),  290,  490 
Future  Space  Programs  panel,  503 


640 


INDEX 


Gagarin,  Col.  Yuri  A.,  273,  275.  290.  292, 

314,  568 
Gainesville,  Fla.,  159 
Galaxy.  223.  277,  281 
"Galileo"   (jet  aircraft),  480 
Galitskava,  E.  B.,  318 
Gallup  Poll,  343 
Galveston  Bay,  Tex.,  97,  394 
Gamma  Cassiopeia   (star),  319 
GAO.     See  Government  Accounting  Office. 
Gape,    Project     (General    Aviation    Pilot 

Education),  345 
Garrett  Corp.,  169 
Garriott,  Owen  K.,  299,  300 
Garrison,  Lindley  M.,  165 
Gatland,  Kenneth,  154 
Gatv.     See   Gemini   Agena   Target   Vehi- 
cle. 
Gault,  Donald  E.,  555 
Gazenko,  Dr.  0.  Z.,  225 
GCA.     See  Geophysics  Corp.  of  America. 
GEAv.     See  Guidance  Error  Analysis  Ve- 
hicles. 
Geiger-Mueller  tube,  102 
Gemini    (program),  29,  79,  89,  141,  171, 
173,  177,  214,  289,  325,  567 

criticism,  142,  265 

development  of,  116,  557,  570 

experiments,  21,  146 

management,  177,  297,  314,  479 

plans   for,   68,   79,    109,    146,   234,   248, 
291   339  346 

tests,  22,  23,  65,  66,  79,  110,  112,  114, 
116 

tracking  stations,  107,  130 
Gemini    Agena    Target    Vehicle    (Gatv), 

487,  509,  524,  571 
Gemini   gt-3    (flight),    15,   68,    110,    130, 
142,  148,  151,   152,  172,  177 

astronaut  honors,  155,  156,  159 

experiment,  144,  145,  146,  483 

landing,  145,  193,  214 

launch,  145 

mission  simulation,  110,  116,  136 

spacecraft,  3,   116,   130,   145,   177,   186, 
193,  289 
Gemini  gt-4  (flight),  177,  190,  196,  208, 
229,  245,  254,  267,  268,  270,  276,  277, 
288,  308 

astronaut  honors,  283,  286 

experiment,  483 

extravehicular   activity,   265,   269,   273, 
570 

landing,  267,  275,  293 

launch,  265-67 

news  coverage,  196,  276,  288 

plans  for,  168,  229,  245,  248,  256,  260, 
288 

rendezvous,  265,  322 

spacecraft,  190,  248,  254,  255,  260,  275, 
308,  322,  331,  366 
GEMINI  V  (flight),  412,  420,  421 


achievement.  395.  402,  452 
criticism,  394,  427 
launch,  387-390 
postponed,  385 
medical    aspects,    377,    410,    412,    421, 

422,  426,  433,  4S8-459 
plans  for,  58,   152,  208.  297,  317,  365, 

382,  383 
record,  391,  404 

spacecraft.  290,  317,  340,  344,  360,  387- 
389,  391 
GEMINI  VI  (flight),  552,  570 
launch,  551 

failure,  547,  548 
postponed,  489,  491,  501,  509 
plans  for,  49,   170,  317,  436,  449,  500, 

505,  511,  546,  550 
spacecraft,  317,  318,  546,   571 
U.S.S.R.  invitation  to  observe,  396,  397, 
412,  420 
GEMINI  VII  (flight),  500,  533,  544,  552 
achievement,  539,  570 
launch,  538 
plans  for,  308,  317,  456,  493,  500,  505, 

511,  521 
spacecraft,    308,    317,    467,    523 
Gemini  viii    (flight),  444,  522 
Gemini  ix   (flight),  510 
Gemini    (spacecraft),  40,  48,  65,  76,  97, 
128,  130,  156,  173 
astronaut  training,  334,  530 
escape  system,  238 
extravehicular  equipment,  522,  531 
GT-2,  21,  239 
parachute  landing  system,  65,  112,  114, 

116 
photographic  equipment,  254,  483 
rendezvous.  23,  49,  170,  255,  265,  322, 
340,  444,  493,  500,  501,  509,  510,  537, 
551,  552,  557,  558,  563,  567,  570 
test,  21,  23,  65,  66,  112,  114,  116 
General    Aviation    Pilot    Education.     See 

Gape,  Project. 
General  Dynamics/Convair,  454,  551,  572 
General  Dynamics  Corp.,  2,  6,  498 
Atlas  SLV  x3,  123 
Bravo  (buoy),  564 
contract,  121,  417,  567 
F-111,  14,  17,  19,  20,  52,  90,  109,  121, 

172,  500 
F-lllA,  179,  180,  183,  121 
life  support  system,  359 
General   Electric   Co.,   98,    120,   163,   169, 
214,  231,  257,  283,  308,  309,  312,  396, 
410,  454,  531,  549 
General  Motors  Corp.,  190,  139,  342,  443 
General  Precision,  Inc.,  513 
General      Purpose     Airborne     Simulator 

(Gpas),  524 
General    Services    Administration    (gsa), 
415 


INDEX 


641 


Generator,  nuclear,  7,  87 

Geneva  Agreement,  25 

Geneva,  Switzerland,  85 

Geodesy,  208,  374,  523 

Geodetic  satellite  (Geos),  36,  503,  507, 
521 

Geological  Society  of  America  Bulletin, 
183 

Geological  Society  of  America  Sympo- 
sium, 507 

Geomagnetism,  76,  267,  523 

Geophysics,  344 

Geophysics  Corp.  of  America  (cca),  220, 
287 

George  Washington  Univ.,  517 

Program  of  Policy  Studies  in  Science 

and  Technology,  351 
School  of  Medicine,  45 

Geos.     See  Geodetic  satellite. 

German-Soviet  Friendship  Society,  473 

German     Space     Research     Commission 

(DKfw),  417 

Germany,  East,  379,  460,  550 

Germany,  West,  6,  33,  318,  321,  325,  337, 

354,  369,  393,  417,  523,  550,  560 

Bochum  Observatory,  292.  311,  336 

Defense  Ministry,  393 

Ministry  for  Scientific  Research,  339 

Gerstenkorn,  H.,  198 

Gessow,  Alfred,  21 

Getlein,  Frank,  202 

Getting,  Dr.  Ivan  A.,  221 

Getze,  George,  221 

GGSE  II  (Gravity  Gradient  Stabilization 
Experiment),  114 

GGSE  III,   114 

Gibson,  Edward  G..  299,  300 

Gillespie,  Dr.  Charles  C,  110 

Gillett,  Horace  W.,  283 

Gilruth,  Dr.  Robert  R.,  54,  108,  129,  208, 
211,  372,  409,  421,  491,  493,  558 

GIMRADA.  See  U.S.  Army  Engineer  Ge- 
odesy, Intelligence  and  Mapping  Re- 
search and  Development  Agency. 

Ginzburg,  Vitaly,  125 

Giovinetto,  M.  B.,  191 

Glassey,  Eugene  A.,  93 

Glenn,  Col.  John  H.  Jr.,  (USMC,  Ret), 
5,  82,  95,  134,  345,  441,  452,  460,  474, 
533,  540 

Glennan,  Dr.  T.  Keith,  163,  231,  462,  540 

Glew,  Dr.  Donald  H.,  517 

Glider,  88,  92,  106,  414,  506 

Gluhareff,  Michael,  32 

Gobi  Desert,  550 

Goddard  Institute  for  Space  Studies,  23 

Goddard  Memorial  Dinner,  137 

Goddard,  Dr.  Robert  Hutchings,  7,  121, 
127,  131,  144,  239,  332,  419 

Goddard,  Mrs.  Robert  H.,  127,  131,  137 

Goddard,  Robert  Hutchings,  Day,  107, 
121,  127 


Goddard,    Robert    Hutchings,    Memorial 

Library,  240,  335 
Goddard,    Robert    H.,   Memorial   Trophy, 

137 
Goddard     Space    Flight     Center     (gsfc) 
(NASA),  30,  44,  57,  62,  83,  85,  95,  %, 
100,  127,  182,  187,  190,  193,  210,  220, 
229,  328,  343,  371,  450,  484,  537 

award,  193.  462 

contract,  45.  48,  174,  177,  272,  308,  332, 
374,  375,  474,  550,  564 

experiment,  62,  82,  107,  110,  120,  121, 
132,  136,  180,  215,  276,  289 

management,  44,  53,  375 

Magnetic   Field    Components   Test    Fa- 
cility, 318 

National    Space    Science    Data    Center, 
125 

satellite  monitoring,  106,  136,  168 

strike,  308,  353 

test,  85,  100,  334,  437 

tracking,  174 
Goelet,  Robert  G.,  297 
Goett,  Dr.  Harry  J.,  343 
Gold,  Prof.  Thomas,  104,  187,  194,  281 
Goldberg,  Arthur  J.,  559 
Goldberger,  Marvin  L.,  169 
Goldhaber,  Dr.  Maurice,  107 
Goldstein,  Charles  M.,  401 
Goldstone    Tracking    Station,     149,    337, 

364,  404,  467 
Goldwater,  Barry,  367 
Goleta,  Calif.,  78 
Golueke,  Dr.  Clarence  G.,  232 
Goodrich,  B.  F.,  Corp.,  125 
Goonhilly  Downs,  England,  180.  197 
Gordon,  Lcdr  Richard  F.,  Jr.   (usn),  10, 

444 
Gordon,  William  E.,  109 
Gorki  Univ.,  U.S.S.R.,  43 
Gould,  Jack,  224 
Gould,  R.  Gordon,  545 
Government  Accounting  Office  (gao),  44, 

98 
Governor's   Conference  on   Oceanography 

and  Astronautics,  458 
Gpas.     See     General     Purpose    Airborne 

Simulator. 
Graduate  Research  Center  of  the  South- 
west, 369 
Grand  Prairie,  Tex.,  54 
Grand  Turk  Island,  146 
Grants 

facilities,  353,  376,  420,  424 

Federal,  185,  327,  426 

multidisciplinary,  103 

Predoctoral  Traineeship,  103 

summer  space  science  program,  223 

Technical  Utilization  Program,  96 

universities,  229,  232,  274,  371 
Graphite,  117,  274 


642 


INDEX 


Grasse,  France,  121 

Graveline,  Dr.  Duane  E.,  299,  300,  383 

Gravimeter,  124 

Gravity,  100,  181,  274 

Gravity  Gradient  Stabilization  Experi- 
ment.    See  GGSE  II. 

Gray,  Dr.  Edward  Z.,  172,  351 

Gray,  Harold  E.,  292 

Graybiel,  Capt.  Ashton   (usn),  70,  120 

Great  Britain.     See  United  Kingdom. 

Great  Falls,  Mont.,  535 

Great  Lakes,  129 

Greater  Akron  Safety  Conference,  131 

GREB  VI  (solar  x-ray  monitor  satellite), 
114 

Green  Bank,  W.  Va.,  109,  371,  475 

Green  River,  Utah,  18,  49,  67,  386,  504 

Greenbelt,  Md.,  187 

Greenland,  233,  466 

Greenstein,  Jesse  L.,  206 

Grenade  experiments,  35,  54,  58,  372 

Grey,  Robert,  458 

Grigorov,  Nikolai  I.,  342,  390 

Grissom,  Maj.  Virgil  I.  (usaf),  68,  116, 
130,  142,  145,  146,  148,  150,  153,  155, 
156,  158,  159,  170,  171,  172,  193,  259, 
268,  298,  449 

Gromyko,  Andrei  A.,  502 

Groom,  Nelson  J.,  143 

Ground  effects  machine,  34 

Ground  station,  197,  201,  228,  232,  278, 
314,  320,  326,  343,  344,  359,  360,  385, 
393,  412,  462,  4^3,  503,  527 

Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering  Corp., 
177,  224,  228,  474,  500,  530,  572 

GSA.  See  General  Services  Administra- 
tion. 

GSFC.     See  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center. 

Guimarro,  Constance,  261 

GT-2-Gemini  ix.     See  Gemini. 

Guam,  318 

Guaymas,  Mex.,  107 

Guggenheim,  Daniel,  Medal,  131 

Guggenheim,  Daniel  and  Florence,  Foun- 
dation, 532 

Guggenheim,  Daniel  and  Florence,  Inter- 
national Astronautics  Award,  431 

Guggenheim,  Harry  F.,  32 

Guidance  and  control,  103,  176-177,  177 

Guidance  Error  Analysis  Vehicles 
(geav),  31 

Gulf  Stream,  564 

Gun,  light-gas,  207 

Gursel,  President  Cemal   (Turkey),  442 

H-1    (rocket   engine),   71,   92,    197,   291, 

490 
Hafnium,  535-536 
Hafstad,  Dr.  L.  R.,  190 
Hagerty,  Dr.  William  W.,  435 
Haggerty,  James  J.,  Jr.,  42,  168,  449 
Haifa,  Israel,  189 
Haile  Selassie,  Emperor  of  Ethiopia,  446 


Halaby,  Najeeb  E.,  6,  34,  41,  58,  73,  131, 

164,  194,  199,  204,  237,  274,  303,  435 
Hall,  Dr.  Albert  C,  343,  350,  411 
Hall,  Lawrence  B.,  61 
Hamilton  Standard  Div.   (United  Aircraft 

Corp.),  125,  363,  506,  540 
Hammaguir    Range    (Algeria),    98,    229, 

467,  478,  526,  527 
Hampton     County     (S.C.)      Watermelon 

Festival,  297 
Hampton,  Va.,  512 
Hancock  County,  Miss.,  483 
Handley  Page  Herald    (British  aircraft), 

318 
"Handling  Hazardous  Materials,"  498 
Hanes,  Maj.  Gen.  Horace  A.  (usaf),  233 
Haney,  Paul  P.,  196,  317,  371,  421,  444, 

510,  520 
Hanscom  Field,  Mass.,  67 
Hardy,  Rep.  Porter,  Jr.,  221 
Harald,  Crown  Prince   (Norway),  467 
Harper,  Charles  W.,  50 
Harr,  Dr.  Karl  G.,  70,  407,  419,  562 
Harriman,  W.  Averell,  339 
Harris,  Sen.  Fred.,  325 
Harris,  Rep.  Oren,  292 
Harris  poll,  501 
Harris,  R.  J.,  306 

Harrison,  Gov.  Albertis  S.,  Jr.,  553 
Harrison,  Lewis  P.,  71 
Hart,  Sen.  Phillip  A.,  487-88 
Hartford  Courant,  234 
Hartford  Rotary  Club,  460 
Harvard     Business     School     Club,     New 

York,  184 
Harvard  College  Observatory,  4,  106,  505 
Harvard  Divinity  School,  168 
Harvard  Engineers  Club,  49 
Harvard   Univ.,   125,   262,   310,  373,  481, 

487,  562 
Harvey,  Dr.  Mose  L.,  100 
Haseltine,  William  A.,  96 
Haskins,  Dr.  Caryl  P.,  559 
Hasler  Research  Center,  78 
Hasp  (meteorological  rocket),  420 
Hatcher,  Norman  M.,  143 
Hatheway,  E.  A.,  Co.,  311 
Haughton,  Daniel  J.,  347 
Havana,  Cuba,  1 
Hawaii,  42,  319,  320 
Hawk  (missile),  189 
Hawker  Siddeley  Aviation  Co.,  275 
Hawker  Siddeley  group,  52 
Haworth,  Leland,  70 
Hayes,  Al  J.,  186,  248 
Hayes,  Dr.  Wallace  D.,  32 
Hayes  International  Corp.,  109 
Hays,  Edward  L.,  190 
Hazleton  Laboratories,  60 
Healey,  Denis,  17,  178,  549 
Health,  Education  and  Welfare,  Dept.  of 
(hew),  131 


INDEX 


643 


Heart,  9,  63 

Heart,  artificial,  547 

Heat  probe,  244 

Heat  shield,  222,  231,  239 

Heidelberg,  Germany,  321 

Helicopter,  254,  271,  521 

Advanced  Aerial  Fire  Support  System, 

504 
commercial  lines,  83,  113,  118,  231,  297, 

354 
crane,  275 
multipurpose,  32 
pressure  jet,  39 
record,  35,  275,  371,  372 
Sperry  Award,  32 

Heliostation,  318 

Heller,  Dr.  John  H.,  514 

Hellyer,  Paul,  165 

Helwan  Observatory,  Cairo,  8 

Henderson,  C.  Williams,  430 

Henry,  Thomas,  453 

Heos.  See  Highly  Eccentric  Orbit  Sat- 
ellite. 

Herget,  Dr.  Paul,  202-203 

Hess,  Dr.  Harry  H.,  397 

HEW.  See  Health,  Education,  and  Wel- 
fare, Dept.  of. 

Hibex.  See  High  Acceleration  Experi- 
mental Booster. 

Hickam  afb,  Hawaii,  480 

Hicks,  Jim,  438 

High  Acceleration  Experimental  Booster 
(Hibex),  94 

High  Resolution  Infrared  Radiometer 
(Hrir),  408 

High-Speed  Ground  Transportation  Act 
of  1965,  454 

High  Temperature  Instruments  Corp.,  334 

Highly  Eccentric  Orbit  Satellite  (Heos), 
550 

Hilburn,  Earl  D.,  462 

Hildred,  Sir  William,  490 

Himmel,  Seymour  C,  462 

Hindsight,  Project,  482 

Hindustani  Times,  273 

Hines,  William,  52,  191,  268,  288,  332, 
342,  410,  422,  431,  44S,  477,  486,  505, 
536,  547,  563,  565 

Hiroshima,  Japan,  371 

Hixon,  S.  Walter,  14 

Hjornevik,  Wesley  L.,  57 

Hodgkins  Medal,  381 

Hoffman,  David  H.,  143,  244 

Hoffmeister,  Cuno,  550 

Holex,  Inc.,  315 

Holland,  Sen.  Spessard,  394 

Holloman  afb,  N.  Mex.,  339 

Hollomon,  J.  Herbert,  366 

Holloway,  Dr.  John  T.,  533 

Hollywood,  Fla.,  564 

Holmdell,  N.  J.,  261 

Holmes  and  Narver,  Inc.,  393 

Holter,  Edward  F.,  202 


Honest  John-Nike  Hydac   (research  rock- 
et), 511 
Honeysuckle  Creek,  Australia,  353,  543 
Honeywell,  Inc.,  421,  535 
Hoover  Institute  of  War,  Revolution,  and 

Peace,  300 
Hopkins,  H.  Z.,  Jr.,  453 
Hopkins,  R.  U.  F.,  510 
"Hopper"   (Lunar  Flying  Vehicle),  342 
Horizon  scanner,  126,  255,  302,  370,  399, 

421,  451,  476,  492,  505 
Horner,  Richard  E.,  35 
Hornig,  Dr.  Donald  F.,  13,  160,  452,  536 
Horowitz,  Dr.  Norman  H.,  474 
Hosenball,  S.  Neil,  563 
Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  517 
Hotz,  Robert,  20,  181,  215,  235,  292,  380, 

418,  427,  444,  501 
Hound  Dog  (missile),  504,  514 
House  of  Commons,  U.K.,  117 
Housing  and  Urban  Redevelopment  Act, 

495 
Houston,  Tex.,  17,  25,  63,  159,  208,  506, 

510,  563 
Houston  Baptist  College,  25 
Houston  Chronicle,  17,  201,  228 
Houston   Junior   Chamber  of   Commerce, 

18 
Houston  Post,  436,  440 
Hovercraft,  34,  374,  528 
Howard,  Larry  Dean,  101 
Howard  Univ.,  530 
Howe,  Dr.  Everett  D.,  77 
Hoyle,  Prof.  Fred,  110,  206,  269,  467 
Hrir.     See     High      Resolution      Infrared 

Radiometer. 
HS-681   (British  military  transport),  52 
Hsinhau   (press  agency),  165,  232 
Hughes  Aircraft  Co.,  51,  54,  64,  80,  121, 

232,  283,  302,  466,  483,  500 
Hughes  Tool  Co.,  39,  521 
Human  Events,  390 

Humphrey,    Vice    President    Hubert    H., 
40,  105,  127,  198,  295,  394 

astronauts,  visits  with,  278,  431 

Dryden,  Dr.  Hugh  L.,  tribute,  535 

International  Air  Show,  290,  291,  292, 
314,  315 

NASA  visit,  92,  122,  145,  163,  325 

research  institutions,  541 

space   program,   85-86,    137,    147,    186, 
243-4,  432,  517,  529 
Hungary,  272 

Hunsaker,  Dr.  Jerome  C,  249 
Huntington  Beach,  Calif.,  182 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  173 
Huntsville  Times,  23,  365 
Hurricane  Betsy,  420,  422,  425,  428,  478 
Hurricane  Qeo,  142 
Hurricane  Dora,  142 
Hurricane  Ethel,  142 
Hurricane  Florence,  142 
Hurricane  research,  307,  308 


644 


INDEX 


Huss,  Pierre  H.,  320 

Huston,  m/g  Vincent   (usaf),  490 

Hutchins,  Dr.  Robert  Maynard,  558 

Hyatt,  Abraham,  129 

Hydra-Iris   (sounding  rocket),  31 

Hydrogen,  125,  179 

fuel,  81,  104,  171 

gun,  207 

liquid,  49,  141,  385 
Hydrogen  bomb,  337,  495 
Hydroskimmer,  34 
Hydrotest,  179 
Hypersonic  aircraft,  35,  90,  203,  349,  464, 

543 
Hypersonic  flow  theory,  32 
Hypersonic   Ramjet   Experiment   Project, 

169 

IAEA.  See  International  Atomic  Energy 
Agency. 

lAM.  See  International  Association  of 
Machinists. 

lAU.  See  International  Astronomical  Un- 
ion. 

IBM.  See  International  Business  Ma- 
chines Corp. 

Icarus  (asteroid),  507 

Icarus,  261 

ICBM.  See  Missile,  ballistic,  intercon- 
tinental. 

Iceland,  321,  413 

icsc.  See  Interim  Communications  Sat- 
ellite Committee. 

IEEE.  See  Institute  of  Electrical  and 
Electronics  Engineers. 

ICY.     See  International  Geophysical  Year. 

IIT  Research  Institute  (Illinois  Institute 
of  Technology) ,  216,  536 

Ikeya-Seki  (comet),  447,  4S0,  454,  485, 
490,  502,  509,  513,  516,  572 

iL-62  (jet  liner),  241,  275,  318 

Iliff,  Robert,  24 

Illinois,  134 

Illinois  Institute  of  Technology.  See  IIT 
Research  Institute. 

Illinois,  Univ.  of,  435,  553 

Imp  (Interplanetary  Monitoring  Plat- 
form), 257,  258 

"The  Impact  of  Space  Exploration  on 
Society,"  383 

Incentive  contract,  5,  40,  49,  77,  80,  91, 
139 

India,  307,  325,  527 

Indian  Aviation,  161 

Indian  National  Commission  for  Space 
Research,  307 

Indian  Ocean,  106,  136 

Indiana,  95,  134 

Indiana,  Univ.  of,  95 

Indianapolis,  323 

Indianapolis  Star,  45,  277,  323 

Indonesia,  6,  21,  59,  312,  373,  375 


Information 

distribution  and  dissemination  of,  107 
exchange  of.  111,  131 
retrieval,  484 

Infrared  detector,  97 

Infrared  Interferometer  Spectrometer 
(Iris),  374 

Infrared  sensing  instrument,  143 

Initial  Defense  Communications  Satellite 
Project,  102 

Injun  Explorer  (satellite),  485 

Institute  for  Advanced  Study  (Prince- 
ton, N.J.),  321 

Institute  for  Earth  Sciences,  523 

Institute  for  Research  into  Problems  of 
the  Future,  558 

Institute  for  Satellite  and  Space  Re- 
search, Bochum,  W.  Germany,  311 

Institute  of  Air  and  Space  Law  (McGill 
Univ.),  536 

Institute  of  Earth  Physics  (U.S.S.R.), 
187 

Institute  of  Electrical  and  Electronics 
Engineers   (ieee),  143,  519 

Institute  of  Navigation,  208 

Institute  of  Oceanography,  565 

Institute  of  Space  and  Aeronautical  Sci- 
ence, Japan,  200 

Institute  of  Strategic  Studies,  522 

Institute  of  Theoretical  Astronomy,  U.K., 
110,  447 

Institute  on  Man  and  Science,  346 

Instrument,  461 
coronograph,  107 
gravimeter,  124 
infrared,  26,  97,  143,  374 
life  detector,  107 
penetrometer,  82 
seismometer,  149,  473 
spectrograph,  120,  132 
spectroheliograph,  179 
spectrometer,  62,  106,  215,  485 
spectrophotometer,  62 

Intelsat.  See  International  Telecommu- 
nications Satellite  Consortium. 

Interact  Conference   (Rotary),  178 

Inter-American  Experimental  Meteoro- 
logical Sounding  Rocket  Network 
(exametnet),   236,   307,  365 

Inter-American  Skyway,  529 

Interavia  Air  Letter,  447 

Interim  Communications  Satellite  Com- 
mittee (icsc),  502 

Interior,  Dept.  of,  174 

"Interlopers"  (stellar  objects),  38 

Internal  Zero  Defects  Program,  afsc,  114 

International  Academy  of  Astronautics, 
390,  431 

International  Aerospace  and  Science  Ex- 
position, 164 

International  Aerospace  Hall  of  Fame, 
San  Diego,  134 


INDEX 


645 


International  Air  Show  (Paris),  275,  279, 
283,  284,  290,  291,  292,  314,  315,  318, 
337 
International    Air   Transport    Association 

(iata),  490 
International  Alliance  of  Theatrical  and 

Stage  Employees,  295,  301 
International    Association    of    Machinists 

(iam),  186,  248,  260,  295,  447,  520 
International    Association    of    Machinists 

and  Aerospace  Workers,  437 
International      Astronautical     Federation 
Congress,  390,  429,  437,  440,  448,  470 
International  Astronomical  Union    (iau), 

187 
International     Atomic     Energy     Agency 

(IAEA),  69,  122,548 
International    Business    Machines    Corp. 

(IBM),  173,  275 
International  Christian  Leadership  World 

Conference,  320 
International  Civil  Aviation  Organization 

(iCAo),  233 
International   Commission   for  Space  Re- 
search, 418 
International    Committee    on    Space    Re- 
search, 68 
International  Conference  on  Aircraft  De- 
sign and  Technology,  519 
International   Conference   on    Phenomena 

in  Ionized  Gases,  Seventh,  401 
International    Congress   on   Air   Technol- 
ogy, 517 
International  cooperation,  129 
aircraft,  314 

astronomy,  3,  183,  187,  338 
civil  aviation,  8,  48,  73 
communications,  22,  31,  58,  69,  95,  121, 
249,  278,  322,  428,  434,  503,  541,  545, 
568 
iQSY,  10,  163,  226,  511,  553 
meteorology,  24^5,  147,  162,  220,  282, 

307,  365,  453 
military,  96,  178,  347 
nuclear,  57,  69,  95,  122 
science  and  technology,  314,  339,  568 
space     (see    also    International    space 
programs),  27.  35,  55,  58,  75,  77, 
151,  286,  321,  370,  375,  431,  528, 
531,  545 
U.S.-Argentina,  243,  511 
Australia,  353 
Brazil,  220,  515,  553 
Canada,  546 

Europe,  75,  143,  182,  361,  563 
France,  437,  540 
Germany,  West,  339 
India,  307 
U.K.,  549 

U.S.S.R.,  9,  24,  76,  111,  153,  272, 
279  446 
U.S.S.Ri-France,  486,  502,  519 
tracking,  418 

tracking  station,  89,  136,  543 
International  Cooperation  Year,  220 


International   Federation   for  Documenta- 
tion, 471 
International  Geophysical  Year  (icy),  67 
International  Latex  Corp.,  125,  506 
International  law,  559 
International    Lunar    Geological    Confer- 
ence, 401 
International  Powder  Metallurgy  Confer- 
ence, 285 
International    Radio    and    Television    So- 
ciety, 466 
International    Satellites    for    Ionospheric 

Studies  (Isis-X),  523,  528 
International    Science    and     Technology, 

47,  211,  456 
International  Scientific  Radio  Union,  196 
International    Space    Electronics    Sympo- 
sium, 503 
International  Space  Patrol,  105 
International   space   programs     (see   also 
International  cooperation,  space),  68, 
75,  182,  202,  210,  321,  352-54,  370, 
375,    418,    466,    528,    543,    549,    560, 
562 
U.K.-U.S.S.R.,  76 
U.S.-Argentina,  243,  365,  421 
Australia,  353,  543,  545 
Brazil,  220,  365,  421,  515,  553 
Canada,  81,  91,  528,  546 
France,  282,  437,  540 
Germany,  West,  339 
India,  325,  527 
iMexico,  107 
Netherlands,  23 
South  Africa,  300 
U.K.,  75,  486 

U.S.S.R.,  9,  76,   111,  272,  279,  429, 
465,  470 
U.S.S.R.-France,  486,  502,  519,  564 
International  Symposium  on  Advances  in 

Gas  Chromatography,  Third,  482 
International    Symposium    on    Basic    En- 
vironmental     Problems     of     Man     in 
Space,  Second,  279 
International    Telecommunications    Satel- 
lite Consortium   (Intelsat),  502 
International   Telecommunications   Union 

(ITU),  545 
International    Telephone    and    Telegraph 
Corp.    (ITT),   182,  217,   308,  334,  340, 
344 
International  Transport  Fair,  333,  411 
International     Union     of     United     Plant 

Guard  Workers  of  America,  308 
International    Year    of    the    Quiet    Sun 
(IQSY),    10,    161,    163,    195,    196,    226, 
521,  523,  553,  556 
Interplanetary  Monitoring  Probe   (Imp), 

257 
Inventions,  8,  156 
Ion,  132 

Ion  propulsion,  167,  472 
Ion  thrusfor,  5,  116 
lona  College,  129 


646 


INDEX 


Ionization,  126 
Ionized  gas,  401 
Ionosphere,  30 

measurement,    53,    110,    169,   249,   289, 
523   546 

research,  121,  163,  207,  220 
Iowa,  85,  134 
Iowa,  Univ.  of,  485 
IQSY.     See     International     Year     of    the 

Quiet  Sun. 
Iraq,  59 

Iris.     See    Infrared   Interferometer   Spec- 
trometer. 
Iris.     See    Interrogation    Recording    and 

Location  System. 
Irradiation,  146 
Isayeva,  L.,  371 
Iselin,  Dr.  Columbus,  348 
Isis.     See     International     Satellites     for 

Ionospheric  Studies. 
Isolation  test,  66,  237,  314 
Isotope,  radioactive,  197 
Israel,  6,  189,  321,  325 

atomic  energy,  122 
Italian    National     Committee    on    Space 

Research,  340 
Italy,  25,  75,  259,  552 

Air  Force,  340,  375 

Defense  Ministry,  375 

launch,  543 

SAN  MARCO  I,  2 
Itokawa,  Dr.  Hideo,  200 
ITT.     See    International    Telephone    and 

Telegraph  Corp. 
ITT  World  Communications,  Inc.,  201 
ITU.     See    International    Telecommunica- 
tions Union. 
Ivanchenko,  Prof.  V.,  467 
Ives,  Whitehead  &  Co.,  Inc.,  297 
hvestia,  138,  269,  467,  492,  552,  559 

j-2    (rocket   engine),  31,   198,  209,  322, 

527,  535,  543 
Jackass  Flats,  Nev.,  49,  240,  255 
Jackson,  Sen.  Henry  M.,  232 
Jackson,    Nelson    P.,    Aerospace    Award, 

137 
Jacksonville,  Fla.,  353,  389 
Jacquet,  Mark,  73 
Jafle,  Leonard,  57,  384 
James,  Jack  N.,  245,  356 
Jane's  All  the  World's  Aircraft,  528 
Japan,  477 

launch,  42 

Ministry  of  Telecommunications,  2 

nuclear  capability,  325 

satellite,  21,  227 

sounding  rocket,  42,  133-4,  312,  375 

space  program,  200,  227,  260 

U.S.  missile  practice  firing,  463 
Japan  Society  for  Aeronautical  and  Space 

Sciences,  519 
Japanese  Trade  Ministry,  312 
Jarry  Hydraulics,  Ltd.,  14 


Jastrow,  Dr.  Robert,  23,  57,  531 

Javelin     (sounding    rocket).     See    Argo 

D-4. 

Jeffries,  John,  Award,  471 
Jenkins,  Dale  W.,  59 
Jenkins,  Roy  W.,  73,  117,  314,  486 
Jenks,  Arthur  E.,  186 
Jeppson,  John,  336 
Jet  engine  analyzing  system,  84 
Jet    Propulsion    Laboratory     (jpl)     (Cal 
Tech),  61,  303,  382,  461,  511,  556 
award,  137,  462 
Deep  Space  Network,  364,  377 
Goldstone   Tracking   Station,   149,  337, 

364,  467 
Mariner  project,  1,  64,  67,  81,  92,  102, 
184,    189,    190,    326,    330,    336,    337, 
363,  364,  497 
Ranger   project,  4,   73,  78,  80,  84,  89, 

92,  140,  148,  175,  245 
Surveyor,  466,  524 
Voyager,  341,  533 
Jetport,  292 

JMSPO.     See   Joint   Meteorological   Satel- 
lite Program  Office. 
Jodrell       Bank      Experimental       Station 

(U.K.),  78,  180,  222,  464,  542 
Johannesburg,  South  Africa,  55,  327,  330 
Johannesburg  Sunday  Times,  297 
John  xxiii,  Pope,  103 
Johns  Hopkins  Univ.,  99,  118,  508,  515 
Johnson,  Katherine,  428 
Johnson,  David,  71 
Johnson  City,  Tex.,  534 
Johnson,  Gifford  K.,  369 
Johnson,  John  A.,  434 
Johnson,    President   Lyndon   B.,   22,   138, 
161,  164,  246,  280,  286,  296,  370,  377, 
413,  436,  446,  450,  509 
appointments,   169,  204,  206,  287,  294, 

359 
astronaut,  423,  431,  460 
awards  by,  48,  58,  286,  355,  431,  547 
budget  request,  27,  100,  301 
Civilian-Military     Liaison     Committee, 

351 
communications  satellite  system,  69,  92, 

343 
defense,  20,  39,  242 
EARLY  BIRD  I  message,  225,  282 
Environmental     Science     Services    Ad- 
ministration   (proposed),  229 
Gemini  space  flight 
GT-3,  147,  152,  155 
GT^,  254,  289 
GEMINI  V,  390,  402,  404,  405 
GEMINI  VI,  395,  397 
GEMINI  VII,  493,  538,  552 
Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory,  325,  395, 

400,  410,  424,  427 
NASA  visit,  92,  122,  276 
proclamations,  120,  501 
science,  101,  298,  473 
Science  Advisory  Committee,  169 


INDEX 


647 


space  program,  136,  139,  150,  160,  171, 
177,  286,  366,  396,  4fi7 

international  cooperation,  650 
supersonic  transport,  237,  287,  309,  312, 

316,  336 
transportation,  198,  237,  454 
tributes,  423,  533,  547 

VOSKHOD   II,    138 

Johnson,  Richard  L.,  6 

Johnson,  Roy  William,  345 

Johnson,  Vern  W.,  &  Sons,  Inc.,  527 

Johnston  Island,  49 

Johnston,  Richard  S..  325,  470 

Joint    Meteorological    Satellite    Programs 

Office   (JMSPO),  182 
Jonas,  Rep.  Charles  R.,  173 
Jones,  David  M.,  370 
Jones,  J.  A.,  Construction  Co.,  478 
Jordan,  59 

Jordan,  Sen.  Len  B.,  46 
Jordan,  Sen.  B.  Everett,  449 
Journal  of  Spacecraft  and  Rockets,  456 
Journal  of  the  Armed  Forces,  168,  449 
Journeyman   (sounding  rocket),  184,  302 
jp-4  jet  fuel,  18 

JPL.     See  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory. 
Jungk,  Dr.  Robert,  558 
Junkers  Flugzeug  und  Motorenwerke  AC, 

550 
Jupiter  (planet),  181,  197,  261,  348,  366, 

374,  382,  399 
Jupiter  Calibration  Exj>eriment,  528 
Justice,  Dept.  of,  359 

Kaanapali,  Hawaii,  42 

Kaiser  Aluminum  and  Chemical  Sales,  92 

Kaminin,    l/g    Nikolai    (U.S.S.R.),    173, 

395,  457,  489 
Kaminski,  Heinz,  311 
Kanowski,  cwo  Mitch   (usn),  112 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  106 
Kansas  City  Times,  109 
Kaplan.  Dr.  Joseph,  382 
Kaplanov,  Prof.  M.,  480 
Kappa   8L    (Japanese   sounding   rocket), 

375 
Kardashev,  Dr.  Nikolai,  180 
Karst  formation,  95 

Karth,  Rep.  Joseph  E.,  115,  422,  466,  501 
Kazakhstan,  U.S.S.R.,  131 
KC-135  (Stratolifter),  340 
Keil,  Dr.  Klaus,  112 
Keldysh,  Prof.  Mstislav  V.,  113,  156,  390, 

392,  405,  420,  431 
Kelley,  Dr.  Albert  J.,  304 
Kelly,  Lloyd  L.,  357 
Kennedy,  President  John  F.,  76,  509 
Kennedy,  Dr.  Joseph  W.,  305 
Kennedy,  Sen.  Robert  F.,  118,  474 
Kennedy   Space   Center,   nasa    (ksc),   3, 
115,  193,  210,  245,  269,  331,  353,  366, 
381,  390,  513 

astronaut  debriefing,  410,  411 

award,  331,  568 


contract,  12,  91,  118,  158,  163,  311,  340, 
450 

facilities,  11,  37,  178,  345,  454 

Launch   Operations   Div.,  GSFC,  458 

Pacific  Launch  Operations  Office,  458 

Saturn,  96,  162,  224,  250,  298,  319,  341, 
406,  426,  437,  443,  533 

spacecraft,  3,  168,  467,  490,  492 

spaceport,  178,  422 

strike,  39,  49,   118,   133,  159,  248,  277, 
295,  302 
Kenton,  Frank,  527 

Kenyatta,  President  Jomo   (Kenya),  448 
Kepler  (lunar  crater),  467 
Kerch  Strait,  141 
Kerr,  Breene  M.,  223 

Kerwin,  Lcdr  Joseph  P.    (usn),  299,  300 
Keshishian,  Dr.  John  M.,  45 
Khabarovsk,  U.S.S.R.,  88 
Kharchenko,  Boris  I..  24,  382 
Khodarev,  Yuri,  392 
Khrushchev,   Premier   Nikita    (U.S.S.R.), 

98.  480 
Kiev  Institute  of  Civil  Aviation  Engineers 

(U.S.S.R.),  345 
Kiewit,  Peter,  Sons  Co.,  14 
Kiilsgaard,  Thor  H.,  97 
Kiladze,  Rolan,  329 
Kilauea,  Hawaii,  10 
Kilgour,  Frederick  C,  108 
Kimes,  Capt.  Charles  H.,  302 
Kimmons,  William  L.,  455 
Kimzey,  John  H.,  63 
Kinard,  William  H.,  376 
Kincheloe,   Iven   C,  Award,  454 
King,  Dr.  Jean  L  F.,  220 
King  Salmon  afb,  Alaska,  298 
Kirchner,  Dr.  Werner  R.,  192,  286 
Kirkland  afb,  N.  Mex.,  549 
Kiruna,  Sweden,  352 
Kiselev,  M.  I.,  318 
Kistiakowsky,   Dr.   George   B.,   200,   206, 

310 
Kiwi   (nuclear  reactor),  13,  112,  306,  519 
Klein,  Dr.  Edmund,  168 
Kleinknecht,  Kenneth  S.,  346,  347 
Klemperer,  Dr.  Wolfgang  B.,  154 
Kliore,  Dr.  A.  J.,  414 
Klokov,  Ivan  V.,  478,  492 
Klystra,  Dr.  Johannes  H.,  240 
Knabenshue,  A.  Roy,  556 
Knight,    Capt.   William   J.    (usaf),   346, 

454 
Knoblock,  l/c  Edward  C.  (usa),  410 
Knoxville  News-Sentinel,  244 
Kock,  Dr.  Winston  E.,  49,  208,  349,  382 
Kolcum,  Edward  H.,  86,  517 
Komarov,    Col.    Vladimir    (U.S.S.R.),    1, 

436 
Kondratief,  Prof.  K.  I.,  85 
Konecci,   Dr.   Eugene  B.,  70,  216,  471 
Konrad,  John,  54 
Konstantinov,  B.,  3 
Korea,  245 


648 


INDEX 


Korff,  Dr.  Serge  A.,  516 

Kosberg,  Semyon  A.,  3 

Kosygin,   Premier  Alexi    (U.S.S.R.),   542 

Kozlovskaya,  Sofia,  342 

Kozyrev,  N.,  515 

Kraft,  Christopher  C,  68,  177,  265,  397, 
411,  512,  520 

Krakow,  Poland,  257 

Krasnaya  Zvezda,  (See  also  Red  Star) 
57,  197,  367,  398,  568 

Krichagin,  Vladimir,  134 

Krumb,  Henry,  School  of  Mines  (Colum- 
bia Univ.),  124 

Krylov,  Marshal  Nikolai  I.  (U.S.S.R.),  57 

KTyVya  rodiny,  360 

KSC.     See  Kennedy  Space   Center,  nasa. 

Kuczma,  Julius  E.,  8 

Kuettner,  Dr.  Joachim  P.,  386 

Kuhn,  Richard  E.,  463 

Kuiper,  Dr.  Gerard  P.,  84,  95,   149,   187 

Kuo,  Dr.  John  T.  F.,  124 

Kurzweg,  Dr.  Herman  N.  H.,  126 

Kuwait,  58 

Kuzmin,  Dr.  Arkady,  371 

Kybal,  Dalimil,  361 

Kyushu,  Japan,  42 

Labor,  Dept.  of,  131 

Labor  relations,  8,  39,  49,  133,  157,  186 
Laboratoire    Central    de   Telecommunica- 
tions (lct),  182 
LaChance,  Dr.  Paul,  455 
LaGow,  Herman  E.,  375 
Laika  (dog,  U.S.S.R.),  445 
LaJolla,  Calif.,  95,  299,  389 
Lalli,  Vincent  R.,  17 
Lally,  Eugene,  348 

Lamda   (Japanese  sounding  rocket),  133 
Lamda  iii-2   (Japanese  sounding  rocket), 

42 
Lamont  Geological  Observatory,  182 
Lance   (missile),  125 
Landing  pads,  165 
Landing  system,  automatic,  131 
Lange,  Dr.  Oswald  H.,  450 
Langley  Research  Center  (LaRC)    (nasa), 
12,  283,  314,  518 

awards,  14,  494 

contract,  35,  80,  82 

experiment,  169,  559 

Lunar  Landing  Research  Facility,  303 

management,  80,  82 

meeting,  223,  271 

research,    127,   143,  468,  553 

Research  Staff  Office,  27 

sonic  boom  study,  15,  65 

supersonic  transport   experiments,  334, 
516 
Langway,  C.  C,  Jr.,  191 
Lansbergh,  Dr.  M.  P.,  23 
Lapp,  Dr.  Ralph  E.,  536 
LaRC.     See  Langley   Research   Center. 
Laredo,  Tex.,  389,  538 
Largos.     See   Laser   Activated   Reflecting 

Geodetic  Optical  Satellite. 


Larsen,  Dr.  Finn  J.,  535 

Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex.,  22 

Las  Vegas,  Nev.,  541 

Laser,  168 

deep  space,  207,  503 

tracking  techniques,  24,  27,  276 
patent,  545 

use  of,  67,  73,  168,  209,  227,  228,  276, 
317,  497,  517 

Laser  Activated  Reflecting  Geodetic  Op- 
tical Satellite  (Largos),  24 

Lasker.  Albert,  Medical  Journalism 
Awards,  243 

Launch  Complex  16,  11,  54 

Launch  Complex  19,  523,  539 

Launch  Complex  34,  37,  52,  92,  94,  118, 
345 

Launch  Complex  36B,  103 

Launch  Complex  37,  92,  94,  312,  385 

Launch  Complex  39,  48,  94,  164,  184,  319, 
346,  454,  544 

Launch  vehicle,  178,  501 

Launch  sites,  deactivation,  57 

operations  and  capability,  19,  54,  72, 

75.  80,  82 
reliability  36,  60,  71-72 
U.S.S.R.,  73,  137,  222,  345,  348,  532 
military,  29,  66,  74,  287,  288,  291 
cost,  33,  77,  384 

development,  60,  74,  77,  88,  130,  132, 
163,  191,  210,  275,  301,  352,  365 
contract,  5,  80,  182,  274,  275,  289, 
296,  340,  526 

Laures,  Josiane,  66,  121 

Lawrence,  David,  438 

Lawyer,  Capt.  Richard  E.   (usaf),  514 

Lcs  II  (radar  calibration  sphere),  477 

LCT.  See  Laboratoire  Central  de  Tele- 
communications. 

Lear,  John,  104 

Lear,  William,  361 

Lebanon,  59,  76 

Lebedev,  Victor,  119 

Lebedev  Institute  of  Physics,  Moscow, 
371 

Lebedinskiy,  Prof.  Aleksandr,  479 

LeBourget,  France,  275 

Lederberg,  Dr.  Joshua,  372 

Lederer,  Jerome,  526,  557 

Ledford,  Col.  Otto  C,   (usaf),  290 

Lee,  John  G.,  209 

Lee,  Dr.  William  A.,  7 

Legion  of  Merit,  519 

Leighton,  Dr.  Robert  B.,  354,  355,  356 

Lem.     See  Lunar  Excursion  Module. 

LeMay,  Gen.  Curtis  E.  (usaf.  Ret.),  42, 
48,  84,  153,  250,  486 

Leningrad,  31,  372,  387 

Leningrad,  Univ.  of,  85 

Leonid  meteor  shower,  518,  520,  521 

Leonov,  l/c  Aleksey  (U.S.S.R.),  131, 
132,  134,  135,  138,  139,  140,  147,  150, 
153,  155,  156,  216,  217,  225,  270,  278, 
395,  419,  430,  438,  442,  457,  460,  473, 
514,  571 


INDEX 


649 


LES  I     (Lincoln  Laboratory  Experimental 

Satellite),  65 
LES  III,     560 
LES  IV,    560,  565 
Lesher,  Dr.  Richard  L,  223 
Levin,  Boris  J.,  187 
Levin,  Gilbert  V.,  60 
Levin,  Kenneth  L.,  360 
Levitt,  Dr.  I.  M.,  19 
Lewis,  David  S.,  363 

Lewis  Research  Center  (lrc)    (nasa),  17, 
49,  63,  123,  275,  519 
Centaur,  103,  377,  417 
contract,  26 
experiment,  158,  237 
Plum  Brook  Station,  26,  180 
research,  49,  56,  96,  169,  256,  258,  285, 

334  438 
test,  128,  132,  296,  357,  377 
Lewis.  Richard,  23 
Lfv.     See   Lunar  Flying  Vehicle. 
Libby,  Dr.  Willard  F.,  103,  210,  258,  461 
Libraries,  25,  108 
Library  of  Congress,  487 

Legislative  Reference  Service,  271 
Science  Policy  Research  Div,,  259 
Libya,  58 

Lick  Observatory,  502 
Life  magazine,  178,  244,  288,  438 
Life   science    (see    also    Bioscience),   70, 
118,  120,  246,  334,  538,  564 
acceleration  forces,  123,  181,  191 
artificial  life,  427,  466 
atmospheric  pressures,  115-116,  134-135, 

173,  475 
blood  pressure,  190,  566 
ear,  23,  70,  345,  421,  443 
environment,    effects   of,   66,    115,    129, 

132-133,  190,  452,  470 
extraterrestrial   life,   contamination   by, 

246 
heart,  9,  63,  267,  566 

artificial,  546 
isolation  experiment,  237,  314 
life  support  system,  359,  363,  430,  476, 

494,  506,  540 
nutrition,  56,  128,   153,   172,  237,  421, 

422 
radiation,  59,  167,  202,  217,  248,  266, 

313,  450,  566 
temperature,  116,  313 
weightlessness,  19,  45,  55,  59,  63,  132, 
138,  146,  267,  279,  412,  527,  531,  540 
Life  Sciences  Research  Laboratory  (nasa) 

564 
Life  support  system,   132,  232,  363,  506, 

540 
Lifting  body  vehicle,  209 
Lil.     See  Lunar  International  Laboratory. 
Lilly,  William,  462 
Lima,  Peru,  121 
Limonite,  330 
Lincoln  Laboratory,  mit 
LES   I,  65 


LES  III,  560 

LES  IV,  560,  565 
Lindberg,  Charles  A.,  131,  134,  331 
Linde  Co.,  445 
Lindsay,  Mayor  John  V.,  562 
Ling-Temco-Vought,  15,  54,  80,  119,  195 

contract,  447,  502,  561 

Lance,  125 

Scout,  502,  541 

XC-142A,  15,  54,  322 
Liquid  hydrogen,  445 
Lisbon,  Portugal,  277 
Little,  Arthur  D.,  Inc.,  13,  52 
Little  Joe  ii    (booster),  238,  513,  571 
Little  John  (missile),  463 
Little  Rock  afb.  Ark.,  14 
Livingston  Electronic  Co.,  128 
Llrv.     See   Lunar  Landing  Research  Ve- 
hicle. 
Local  Scientific  Survey  Module  (Lssm), 

315 
Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.,  264,  309,  414, 
550 

c-5a,  454,  491 

c-130,    52,    63,    112,    114,    124 

c-141,  2,  41,  198 

contract,  120,  214,  257,  393,  454 

helicopter,  315,  504 

Orion,  2 

707-349C,  516 

supersonic  transport,  41,  163 

u-2,  124 
Lockheed-California  Co.,  525 
Lockheed  Electronics  Co.,  195,  309,  474 
Lockheed  Jet  Star,  524 
Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co.,  5,  23, 

165,  190,  269,  289,  361,  491,  524,  550 
Lockheed  Propulsion  Co.,  24,  32 
Loewe,  Dr.  Erhard,  205 
Loewy,  Robert  G.,  451,  457 
Logandale,  Nev.,  78 
London,   U.K.,   17,  67,  73,  95,  275,  314, 

492 
Long,  Sen.  Russell  B.,  216 
Longshot,  Project,  495,  525 
Los  Alamos,  N.  Mex.,  335 
Los    Alamos    Scientific    Laboratory,    306, 

450 
Los  Angeles,  Calif.,  54,  68,  78,  83,  170, 

222,  228,  272,  454,  514,  564 
Los  Angeles  Air  Force  Station,  Calif.,  5 
Los  Angeles  Times,  221 
Losey,   Robert  M.,  Award,  471 
"Loss  of  a  Leader"  (editorial),  539 
Louisiana,  255 
Louisville,  Univ.  of,  9 
Lovelace  Clinic,  553 
Lovelace  Foundation,  435 
Lovelace,  Dr.  W.  Randolph,  ii,  118,  296, 

549,  553,  554 
Lovell,  Sir  Bernard,  222,  464,  542 
Lovell,   Cdr.   James  A.    (usn),  208,  308, 

317,  493,  500,  511,  530,  533,  557,  558, 

560,  563 


650 


INDEX 


Lovelock,  Dr.  J.  E.,  482 
Low,  Charles  A.,  Jr.,  258 
Low,  Dr.  Frank  J.,  57 
Lowell  Observatory,  96 
LRC.     See  Lewis  Research  Center. 
Lssm.     See  Local  Scientific  Survey  Mod- 
ule. 
Lubell,  Samuel,  143 
Lucas,  Dr.  William  R.,  506 
Lucet,  Charles,  544 

Luftfahntechnik,  Raumfahrttechnik,  456 
Lufthansa  German  Airlines,  84 
LUNA  V  (U.S.S.R.  lunar  probe),  222,  223, 

227,  230,  232,  234,  235,  571 
LUNA  VI,  272,  274,  284,  571 
LUNA  VII,  460,  464,  467,  571 
LUNA  viii,  536,  539,  542,  571 
Lunar  (see  also  Moon) 

base,  174,  239 

crater,  143,  149,  154,  187,  194,  323,  379, 
392,  507,  515,  555 

dust,  85,  187,  194 

eclipse,  8,  525 

exploration,  143,  152,  174,  179,  180, 
252,  253,  342,  358,  380 

laboratory,  327,  430,  431 

landing  research  facility,  303 

landing  research  vehicle,  360 

law  530 

photographs,  8,  68,  80,  84,  89,  95,  97, 
100,  104,  108,  137,  143,  148,  153,  175, 
232,  325,  379,  382,  392,  570 

probe,  4,  74,  79,  84,  140,  146,  148,  222, 
223,  227,  232,  272,  274,  285,  379,  382, 
460,  463,  464,  477,  536,  539,  540,  542, 
570,  571 

surface,  10,  27,  43,  80,  81,  84,  85,  96, 
104,  143,  153,  160,  187,  227,  234,  298, 
392,  474,  487,  496,  555,  565 
Lunar  and  Planetary  Laboratory,  Univ.  of 

Arizona,  57 
Lunar  Excursion  Module   (Lem),  33,  48, 
75,  152,  160,  187,  196,  352 

contract,  139,  177,  315,  345 

test,  113,  186 
Lunar  exploration  vehicle,  530 
Lunar  Flying  Vehicle  (Lfv) ,  342 
Lunar    International    Laboratory     (Lil), 

431 
Lunar  laboratory,  3,  27,  430 
Lunar  Landing  Research  Facility  (LaRC), 

303 
Lunar  Landing  Research  Vehicle   (Llrv), 

82,  360,  465 
Lunar  materials,  27,  209 
Lunar    Mission    and    Space    Exploration 

Facility,  175 
Lunar  Mobile  Laboratory  (Molab),  315 
Lunar  Orbiter  program,  5,  181,  204,  275, 

487 
Lunar  program    (U.S.)      (see  also  Moon 
and   Lunar),  23,  27,  29,  40,  43,   75, 
80,  151,  160,  173,  181 

appropriations,  171 


cost  of,  175,  530 

criticism,  97,  164,  178,  186,  530 

importance  of,  29,  97 

manned  flight  and  landing  75,  77,  152 
Lundin,  Bruce  T.,  462 
LUNK  III   (U.S.S.R.  lunar  probe),  379 
Lupenko,  Trofim  D.,  297 
Luster,  Project,  518,  521 
Luyten,  Dr.  Willem  J.,  70 

M-l  (rocket  engine),  27,  100,  141 
m1^  (Russian  helicopter),  122 
m2-f2   (manned  lifting  body  research  ve- 
hicle), 278 
M-110  (helicopter),  275 
McAdams,  Alfred,  202 
McCall,  G.  J.  H.,  401 
McCall,  Dr.  J.  C,  359 
McClellan,  Sen.  John  L.,  359 
McCollum,  John  S.,  464 
McCoUum-Pratt  Institute,  119 
McConnell  afb,  Kan.,  14 
McConnell,  Gen.  John  Paul    (usaf),  48, 

217,  331,  440 
McCormack,  m/g  James  (usaf.  Ret.), 479 
McCormack,  Rep.  John  W.,  33,  155 
McCullough,  Warren,  281 
McCusker,  Donald  F.,  414 
McDivitt,  l/c  James  A.  (usaf) 

GT-4  spaceflight,  268,  269,  371,  375 
launch,  266,  267,  268 
plans,  168,  229,  248,  254,  255,  256 

honors,  270,  278,  283,  286,  331 
International    Air    Show    visit,    290,    292, 
314,  316 

interview,  196,  208 

messages  to 

Gagarin,  Yuri,  273 

Johnson,  President  Lyndon  B.,  271 

promotion,  276 

United  Nations  visit,  463 
McDonald,  Adm.  David  L.  (usn),  535 
McDonald,   Dr.   Gordon  J.  F.,   169,   193, 

397 
McDonnell  Aircraft  Corp.,  40,  363,  493, 
567 

contract,  209,  393,  524,  572 

f4c,  2,  287 

GT-2,  239 

GT-4,  168 

Phantom  ii,  52 

strike,  510,  520,  523,  525 
Macelwane,  James  B.,  Award,  193 
McElroy,  Dr.  William  D.,  119 
McGill  Univ.,  502,  536 
McKay,  John  B.,  94,  206,  236,  293,  319, 

411,  433,  451,  492 
MacKay  Trophy,  340 
McKee,   Gen.  William   F.    (usaf.   Ret.), 

287,  294,  303,  309,  322,  4«1,  491 
McKinney,  Marion  0.,  Jr.,  463 
McLean,  Francis  E.,  15,  241 
McLean,  George,  161 
Macleay,  Capt.  Lachlan  (usaf),  598 


INDEX 


651 


MacLeod,  Norman  E.,  167 
McLeod,  Norman  J.,  228 
McMillan,  Dr.  Brockway,  322 
McMurdo  Station,  Antarctica,  174 
McNamara,  Robert  S.,  14,  27,  39,  86,  144, 
168,  172,  221,  235,  316,  346,  347,  367, 
438,  451,  454,  458,  474,  486,  537,  566 
Macomber,  Frank,  241,  346 
Macy,  John  W.,  Jr.,  455 
Madagascar   (Malagasy  Republic),  551 
Madison,  Stuart,  15 
Madrid,  Spain,  330 
[  Maeda,  K.,  227 

Magnesium-lithium  alloys,  408 

Magnetic    field,   36,    110,    157,    207,   223, 

256,  257,  267,  318,  553,  557 
Magnetic  Field  Components  Test  Facility 

(GSFC),  318 
Magnetometer,  36 
Magnitogorsk,  U.S.S.R.,  369 
Magnuson,  Sen.  Warren  G.,  51,  309 
Malvern,  U.  K.,  41 
Management,  1,  14,  77,  91,  185,  190 
Management  Services,  Inc.,  109 
La  Mahana,  25 
t         Manchester  Guardian,  273,  480 
"  Maneuvering   Ballistic   Re-entry   Vehicle, 

383 
Manned  Flying  System  (Mfs),  342 
Manned  maneuvering  unit  (Mmu),  510 
Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory   (Mol),  29, 
115,  267,  290,  295,  299,  325,  346,  441, 
484,  514,  567 
cooperation,  484,  494 
criticism,  269,  423,  427,  544 
design  studies,  27,  28,  66,  231 
Gemini,  171,  183,  239 
launch  plans,  549 
news  censorship,  410,  488 
purpose,  86,  101,  102,  330, 416, 424, 488, 

494 
test,  183,  531,  549,  560,  571 
Manned  space  flight,  1,  11,  222 

achievements,   146,   150,   151,  153,   156, 
265,  268,  403,  418,  538,  550-553,  570 
appropriations,  28,  75 
capability,  29,  77,  177,  410 
cost  of,  177,  457 
criticism,  142,  172,  271 
extravehicular   activity,    132,   135,    138, 

152.  155,  171,  190,  208,  570 
hazards,  19,  63,  133,  139,  372,  375,  536 
lunar    landing    (see    also    Lunar    pro- 
gram), 3,  45,   143,  181,  383,  429, 
436 
cost  of,  7,  62,  457 
criticism,  97,  164,  167,  177,  185 

I  goal,  7,  28,  29,  75,  79,  108,  160 

hazards,  19,  59,  63,  70,  104,  196 
man's  role  in,  196,  396,  414,  416 
objectives,  25,  79,  177,  211,  429,  456. 
461,  528 
program,  7,  15,  23,  27,  40,  68,  108, 
116,  139,  151,  168,  170,  171,  174, 


177,  188,  251,  317,  365,  367,  382, 
461,  549 
R&D,  317 

support  of,  62,  97,  509 
training,  10,  133 
Manned  Spacecraft  Center  (msc)  (nasa), 
10,  54,  115,  128,  168,  196,  208,  276, 
297,  347,  367,  371,  394,  440,  493 
astronaut,  68,  129,  159,  170,  196,  298, 
510 
debriefing,  412,  415 
training,  10,  56,  97,  321 
awards,  57,  301,  372 
contract,  308,  474 
facilities,  1,  54,  175,  177,  308 
manned  space  missions,  7,  80,  116,  177, 
195 
Apollo,  55,  56,  109,  113,  185 
Gemini,  58,  65,  67,  109,  116,  170,  314, 
347 
GT-2,  21,  239 
GT-3,  68 
GT-4,  168,  190,  196,  208,  265,  268, 

276,  322 
GEMINI  V,  58,  152,  208,  339 
GEMINI  VI,  49,  170,  523 

GEMINI  VII,  523 
research,  63,  160,  358,  456,  476 
scientist-astronaut  program,  563 
spacecraft,  160,  201,  485,  522 
Mantz,  Paul,  321 
Mao  Tze-tung,  140 
Mars  (planet) 

atmosphere,  36,  244,  313,  328,  338,  354, 

414,  482,  507,  572 
canals,  109,  336,  378 
contamination  of,  36,  60,  97,  246,  262 
craters,  336,  354,  448,  507 
exploration,  62,  77,  201,  213  238,  252, 

338,  382,  399,  429 
flight  to 
cost,  356,  394,  429 
manned,  160,  194,  342,  351,  394,  429, 

469,  472 
unmanned,  1,  2,  7,  17,  18,  24,  39,  55, 
61,  68,  73,  75,  81,   112,  160,  184, 
189,   190,  201,  228,  235,  245,  258, 
277,  293,  300,  311,  317,  323,  326, 
328,  329,  333,  336,  338,  339,  359, 
380,  382,  384,  398,  440,  519 
life  on,  4,  17,  36,  64,  96,  97,  158,  202, 
281,  324,  330,  336,  355,  372,  443,  474 
magnetic  field,  190,  330,  355,  572 
photographs,  293,   300,   328,   330,   336, 

338.  342,  346,  354,  355,  363,  378 
study  of,  32,  120,  200,  201,  262 
surface,  355,  481 

water  on,  4,  244,  324,  354,  372,  448,  507 
Mardel  Plata,  Argentina,  225 
Marconi  Company,  Ltd.,  549 
Mare  Sirenum   (Mars),  68 
Margaret,    Princess    (U.K.),   11 
Mariana  Islands,  42,  134 
Marine  Contracting,  Inc.,  407 


652 


INDEX 


Mariner  (program) ,  102 

MARINER  II  (Venus  probe),  184,  241,  258, 

323 
MARINER  IV  (Mars  probe),  1,  66,  67,  73, 
81,  92,  113,  156,  326,  337,  355,  565 
experiment,  129,  444 
performance,  2,  7,  17,  24,  39,  55,  64,  82, 
83,  102,  108,  118,  152,  165,  174,  184, 
190,  207,  218,  228,  242,  244,  258,  316- 
317,  323,  333,  435,  443,  497 
photographs,  1,  68,  245,  293,  300,  325- 
326,  329,  330,  336,  338,  346,  348,  354, 
360,  404,  474,  570 
progress  report,  190 
results,  354^355,  359,  497,  572 
Markov,  Prof.  Alexander,  153,  323 
Marion  Power  Shovel   Co.,  39,  381,  422, 

517 
Markow,  Edward  G.,  530 
Marmain,  J.,  361 
Marquardt  Corp.,  169 
MARS  I  (U.S.S.R.  probe),  207 
Mars  spacecraft,  16 
Mars  station,  467 

Marshall    Space    Flight    Center     (msfc) 
(NASA),  8,  94,  96,  128,  165,  239,  253, 
255,  275,  319,  373,  411,  429,  573 
award,  411,  455,  506 
Computer  Operations  Office,  179 
Computation  Laboratory,  312 
contract,  92,  526 

study,  302,  342,  343,  358 
support  services,  115,  173,  179,   191, 
204,  234,  312,  315,  319,  447,  533 
3-2  (rocket  engine)  facilities,  105,  319 
launch  vehicle,  8 

Saturn,  39,   54,   100,    123,    162,    178, 
188,  197,  198,  219,  241,  275,  292, 
296,  319,  326,  348,  363,  373,  458, 
459,  490,  525,  543,  554,  557 
Lunar  Flying  Vehicle,  342 
management,  248,  446 
Manpower  Utilization  and  Administra- 
tion Office,  340 
meeting,  194,  248,  255 
Mississippi  Test  Facility,  220,  482,  505 
Office  of  TecTinology  Utilization,  503 
personnel,  173,  273,  340,  359,  569 
personnel  honored,  129,  156,  326,  506 
Technical  Systems  Office,  359 
West  Test  Area,  54,  319 
Marsography,  423 
Martin    Co.,  58,   87,   106,   157,   246,   344, 

347,  387,  524,  536,  548,  567 
Martin,  Minta,  Lecture,  129 
Martz,  Emmett  L.,  455 
Maryland,  Univ.  of,  129,  202,  486 
Masevich,  Alia,  392 
Mason,  Dr.  B.  H.,  78 
Mason,  John  F.,  87 
Mason-Rust  Co.,  179,  550 
Mass  spectrometer,  68,  76 
Massachusetts,  106 

Massachusetts  Department  of  Commerce 
and  Development,  468 


Massachusetts     Institute    of    Technology 
(MIT),  73,  545 

Center  for  Sensory  Aids  Evaluation  and 
Development,  90 

Dept.  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics, 
94 

Lincoln  Laboratory,  65 
Masursky,  Harold,  507 
Materials,  170,  274,  570 

composite,  157,  170 

heat-resistant,  56,  92 

high  temperature,  19,  519,  535 

lightweight,  19 
"Materials   and   Tomorrow's  Air   Force," 

274 
Materials  testing,  65,  533 
Mathews,  Charles  W.,  286,  325,  558 
Mathias,  Rep.  Charles  McC,  357 
MATS.     See  Military  Air  Transport  Serv- 
ice. 
Mauna  Kea,  Hawaii,  10 
Mauna  Loa,  Hawaii,  10 
Max  Planck  Institute  (Germany),  321 
Maxwell,  b/g  Jewell  C.  (usaf)  ,  387,  515 
Mechling  Barge  Lines,  Inc.,  239 
Medical  electronics,  488^89 
Medical    Society    of    the    State    of    New 

York,  70 
Melbourne,  Australia,  269 
Melbourne,  Fla.,  45 
Melpar,  Inc.,  310 
Memorandum  of  understanding 

international,  236,  339,  568 

national,  74,  135 
Mendel,  Gregor,  297 
"Mendel  Rivers  Day,"  298 
Mengel,  John  T.,  567 
Menzies,  Sir  Robert,  136 
Mercury  (planet),  194,  229,  382 
Mercury,  Project,  12,  68,  82,  89,  133,  146, 

501,  546 
Mercury    (spacecraft),  21,  173,  183,  394, 

462 
Meredith,  Leslie  H.,  462 
Merritt     Island     Launch     Area     (mila) 
(Ksc),57,  179,188,245 

facilities,  199 
construction,  157 
support  services,  48 

launch  complex,  92,  164,  184 

strike,  8,  39,  49,  133,  157 
Mesoscale  structures,  124 
Mesosphere,  226 
Meteor,  8,  221 

Meteorite,  2,  85,  100,  258,  415,  421,  550 
Meteoroid,  117,  216,  247,  248,  249,  376, 

507 
Meteoroid  detection,  71,  90,  94,  97,  100, 
106,505,511 

micrometeoroid,  193 
Meteorological  Institute  (Sweden),  321 
Meteorological  Satellite  Laboratory  (U.S. 

Weather  bureau),  71 
Meteorology   (see  also  Weather),  38,  65, 
71,  126,  220,  332,  516 


INDEX 


653 


cooperation,  77,  112,  182,  243,  307,  365 

forecasting,  228-229,  267 

probe,  216,  257 

sateUite,  28,  81,  147,  175,  220,  226,  301, 
570 
achievement,  81,  208 
communications,  use  of,  282 
manned,  85 

sounding  rocket  experiments,  214,  227, 
239,  249,  289,  294 
Methanol,  87 

Metric  system,  246,  329,  365,  393 
Metropolitan  Washington  Board  of  Trade, 

486,  514 
Mettler,  Dr.  Ruben  F.,  492 
Mexico,  107,  370 

Mfs.     See  Manned  Flying  System. 
Miami,  Fla.,  366 
Miami  Beach,  Fla.,  274 
Miami  Herald,  71 
Miami,  Univ.  of,  30 

Center     for     Advanced     International 
Studies,  100 
Miami  Weather  Bureau,  366 
Michel,  Dr.  Frank  C,  299,  300,  341 
Michelson,  Albert  A.,  Award,  485 
Michigan,  134 
Michigan,   Univ.   of,   121,   136,  283,  372, 

510,  511 
Michigan  Education  Association  Meeting, 
Michoud  Assembly  Facility,  308,  319,  340, 

504 

363,  428,  478,  512,  543,  550,  561 
Michoud    Operations    (nasa),    105,    123, 

130,  162,  179,  250,  308 
Mickelsen,  William  R.,  258 
Micrometeorite,  421 
Micrometeoroid,  507 
Micrometeoroid  detection,  24,  193 
Microwave  research,  543 
Mid-Canada  Warning  Line,  165 
Middle  East  Airlines,  237 
Midway  Island,  49 
Midwest,  399 

MiG-17   (U.S.S.R.,  jet  fighter),  287,  291 
Mikhailov,  Alexander  A.,  342,  392 
Mikoyan,  Anastas,  138,  153,  405 
MiLA.     See  Merritt  Island  Launch  Area. 
Military  Air  Transport   Service    (mats), 

573 
Military  Electronics  Convention,  54 
"The    Military    Implications    of    Space," 

459 
Military  Review,  260 
Military  technology,  151 
Miller,  Col.  David  V.  (usaf),  290 
Miller,  Rep.  George  P.,  72,  89,  108,  155, 

198,  255,  422,  509,  564 
Mils.     See  Missile  Impact  Location  Sta- 
tion. 
Milwaukee  Public  Museum,  391 
Mines,  Bureau  of,  209 
Mining,  extraterrestrial,  312 
"Minilab,"  157 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  119,  174,  312,  353 


Minners,  Dr.  Howard,  555 
Minnesota,  134,  223 
Minnesota,  Univ.  of,  129,  184 
Minuteman  (missile),  16,  312,  313 

contract,  197 

Guidance   Error  Analysis  Vehicle   use, 
31 

launch,  24,  54,  63,  101,  152,  511 
II,  19,  541 

launch  vehicle  use,  203,  541 
Minuteman  Mark  iia  reentry  vehicle,  536 
Mirage  iv  (French  aircraft),  329 
Mirny  Observatory,  387 
Missile,  16,  20,  31,  49,  57,  67,  125,  203, 
257,  315,  479,  527,  531 

air-to-surface,  504,  514 

antimissile,  39,  86,  156,  224,  235,  310, 
447,  452,  522,  541,  553 

ballistic,  16,  37,  224 

intercontinental  (Icbm),  16,  24,  31, 
54,  63,  101,  109,  144,  152,  229,  250, 
310,  312,  515,  522,  527,  528 

military  application,   foreign,  189,  312, 
347 

nuclear,  463,  512 

orbital,  512,  521,  543-544 

reliability,  59,  125 

tracking,  49,  233,  414 

U.S.S.R.,  222,  224,  235,  250,  312,  313, 
321,  515,  521,  528,  544 
Missile  Impact  Location  Station    (Mils), 

49 
Missile  launch  sites,  88,  257 
Missile  launching  submarine,  59 
Missile  Sites  Labor  Commission,  49,  302 
Missile  Space  Daily,  351,  352,  354,  463 
Missiles   and   Rockets,   31,   60,   113,    144, 

203,  210,  215,  217,  227,  235,  373,  380, 

450,  456,  461,  517,  524 
Mississippi,  255 
Mississippi  Test  Facility  (mtf),  220,  275, 

308,  425,  482,  505,  512 
Mississippi  Test  Facility  Task  Force,  220 
Mississippi  Test  Operations,  105,  115,  131, 

308 
Missouri,  255 
MIT.     See      Massachusetts     Institute      of 

Technology. 
Mitcham,  Grady  L.,  430 
Mitchell,  Ind.,  259 

Mmu.     See  Manned  maneuvering  unit. 
Mobile  Range  Facility,  110 
Molab.     See  Lunar  Mobile  Laboratory. 
Mock,  Jerrie,  453 

Mod  1  (computer  guidance  system),  445 
Moeller,  Rep.  Walter  H.,  46 
Mohole,  Project,  38,  346,  452 
Mojave    Desert    Ground    Station,    Calif., 

450 
Mol.     See  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory. 
"Molly  Brown"  (gemini  hi),  130,  145 
MOLNIYA     I      (communications     satellite, 

U.S.S.R.),  197,  221,  228,  254,  259,  260, 

313,  456,  478,  492,  530,  571 
Monaco,  58 


654 


INDEX 


Mondale,  Sen.  Walter  F.,  46 

Le  Monde,  456 

Monroney,  Sen.  A.  S.  Mike,  34,  83,  114, 

185,  231,  302 
Monrovia,  Calif.,  68 
Monsanto  Chemical  Co.,  237 
Monsanto  Research  Corp.,  157 
Monsoon,  226 
Montevideo,  Uruguay,  31 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  26 
Montreal,  Canada,  3 
Monument,  space,  178 
Moon  (see  also  Lunar  program) 

atmosphere,  507 

composition,  100,  221 

crater,  8,  143,  148,  149,  194,  379,  392, 
507,  515,  555 

eclipse,  8,  525 

exploration  of,  142,  174,  180,  181,  253, 
262,  342,  358,  530 

landing,  487 

manned,  3,  29,  75,  97,  113,  160,  227, 

232,  246,  252,  324,  398,  491,  509 
soft,  227,  230,  232,  465,  524,  536,  542 
unmanned,  228,  275,  303 

mapping  of,  495,  507 

meteoroid  effect  on,  117,  507 

origin,  85,  187,  474 

photographs,  9,  67,  74,  80,  84,  89,  95, 
97,  100,  108,  137,  153,  175,  232,  325, 
378,  379,  382,  392,  570,  571 

probe,  222,  223,  272 

surface  of,  8,  10,  43,  44,  80,  81,  84,  85, 
96,  104,  143,  187,  227,  234,  290,  298, 
378,  392,  434,  474,  487,  507,  555,  566 

water  on,  507 
Moonport,  178 
Moore,  Wendell  F.,  399 
Moorhead,  Rep.  William  S.,  446 
Moritz,  Bernard,  563 
Moro,  Prime  Minister  Aldo  (Italy),  476 
Morocco,  59 
Morris,  Thomas  D.,  458 
Morse,  Thomas  M.,  113 
Morse,  Sen.  Wayne,  287 
Moscovsky  Komsomolets,  66 
Moscow,  78,  98,  134,  135,  140,  147,  222, 

241,  371,  379,  502,  509,  512,  521 
Moscow  News,  486 
Mossbauer  radiation,  208 
"Mother-daughter"  experiment,  15 
Motion  sickness,  70 
Motor,  brushless,  48 
Mound  Laboratory,  99 
Moyers,  William  D.,  420,  493 
Mt.  Fuji,  Japan.  463 
Mt.  Hamilton,  Calif.,  502 
Mt.   Palomar   Observatory,   38,   206,   236, 

277,  516 
Mount  Siple,  532 

Mt.  Wilson  Observatory,  38,  206,  277,  495 
Msc.     See  Manned  Spacecraft  Center. 
MSFC.     See  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center. 
MTF.     See  Mississippi  Test  Facility. 
Mu  (rocket),  227 


Mu  Cephei  (star),  57 
Mueller,  Dr.  George  E. 

Apollo,  79,  80,  351 

extravehicular  activity,  172,  208 

Gemini,  79,  255,  267,  283 

Saturn  V,  188 

space  flight,  manned,  116,  177,  195,  1%, 
251,  282,  483 

space  program,  460,  461 
Mullard,  Ltd.,  549 
Mundt,  Sen.  Karl  E.,  487 
Munich,  57,  331,  333 
Murphy,  Dr.  Charles  H.,  501 
Murphy,  Daniel,  400 
Murray,  Prof.  Bruce  C,  61,  355,  507 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  483 
Myers,  Myron  L.,  505 

NACA  See  National  Advisory  Committee 
for  Aeronautics. 

Nadge  (nato  Air  Defense  Ground  En- 
vironment system),  96 

NAS.     See  National  Academy  of  Sciences. 

NASA.  See  National  Aeronautics  and 
Space  Administration. 

NASA  Advanced  Technology  Program,  438 

NASA-AEC  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office, 
541 

NASA-AIAA  Manned  Space  Flight  Meeting, 
469 

NASA  Apollo  Applications  Office,  469 

NASA  Applications  Technology  Satellite 
Program,  102 

NASA  Communication  and  Navigation 
Programs,  384 

NASA  Conference  on  Aircraft  Operating 
Problems,  223 

NASA  Deep  Space  Network,  458 

NASA  Design  Certification  Review  Board, 
510 

NASA  Exceptional  Service  Award,  286 

NASA  Facilities  Management  Office,  553 

NASA  Future  Programs  Task  Group,  164 

NASA  Manned  Space  Flight  Field  Center 
Development,  228 

NASA  Mission  Analysis  Div.,  69,  77 

NASA  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and 
Technology,  69,  306,  376,  472 

NASA  Office  of  Grants  and  Research  Con- 
tracts, 103 

NASA  Office  of  Industry  Affairs,  68 

NASA  Office  of  Lunar  and  Planetary  Pro- 
grams, 108,  356 

NASA  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  27, 
297,  370 

NASA  Office  of  Space  Science  and  Appli- 
cations, 59,  341,  344,  356 

NASA  Office  of  Technology  Utilization, 
161,  408,  498 

NASA  Office  of  Tracking  and  Data  Ac- 
quisition, 105,  561 

NASA  Pacific  Launch  Operations  Office, 
458 

NASA  Predoctoral  Traineeship  Grant,  103 

NASA  Science  Advisory  Committee,  348 


INDEX 


655 


NASA    Scientific    and   Technical    Informa 

tion  Facility,  368 
NASA  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office,  3 

292,  305 
NASA  Space  Radiation  Effects  Laboratory 

553 
NASA  Technology  Utilization  Div.,  457 
NASA    Technology    Utilization     Program. 

408,  545 
NASA-Univ.  of  Alabama  Educational  Sym 

posium,  255 
NASA-Univ.   of   Virginia   Bio-Space   Tech 

nology  Training  Program,  373 
NASA   University   Explorers   Program,  56. 

94 
NASA-University    Program    Review    Con 

ference,  103,  106 
NASA-Western  University  Conference,  510 
NASC.     See     National     Aeronautics     and 

Space  Council. 
Nascom      (nasa     Communications     Net- 
work), 136 
Natal,  Brazil,  220,  370 
Natal  Range,  Brazil,  552,  557 
Nathan,  Dr.  Robert,  100 
National   Academy   of   Engineering,   206, 

209,  4fi7 
National    Academy    of    Sciences    (nas), 
129,    193,   203,   205,   226,   339,   432, 
474,  569 

Committee  on  Science  and  Public 
Policy,  310 

Mars  exploration,  201,  213 

report,  200,  397 

scientist-astronaut 
recommendations,  63,  299 

Space    Science    Board,    17,    200,    246, 
293,  397 
National    Aeronautics    and    Space    Act, 

291 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration (NASA)  (see  also  under 
NASA  centers,  programs,  and  satel- 
lites such  as  Ames  Research  Cen- 
ter,    Apollo,     MARINER     IV,     etC.) 

agreement,  29,  74,  294,  558 

international,     91,     106,     307,     365, 
466,  515,  520 

anniversary,    127,   162,   164,  506 

appropriations,  204,  218,  219,  251,  264, 
324,  325,  366-7,  487 

astronaut,  5,  10,  15,  25,  49.  58,  59,  117, 
124,  152,  155,  158,  168,  172,  196,  208, 
209,  294,  308,  321,  322,  500,  509,  510, 
514,  519,  529,  533,  535.  537,  539,  547, 
550,  552,  554,  555,  557,  559-562, 
566-7,  569 

award,  8,  14,  57-8,  73-4,  119,  156, 
193-4,  239,  256,  282,  285,  287,  291, 
295,  301,  335,  356,  372,  406,  462-3, 
494,  506,  509,  513,  529,  539,  543,  547, 
567 

budget,  17,  27-29,  61,  74-76,  100,  103, 
108-9,  114,  133,  139,  141,  168,  178, 


192.  218-19,  231,  251,  404,  481,  535, 
545,  571 
conference,  102,  105,  223,  251,  255,  520 
contract,  9,  570,  571 

administration,  91,  114,  130,  141 
engine,  49,  65,  92,  163,  169,  173,  182, 

269-70,    275,    289,    296,   474,    526, 

535 
facilities,  52,  105,  115,  175,  191,  465, 

533 
incentive,  5,  40,  49,  76,  91,  133 
nuclear  power,  282,  476 
spacecraft,    40,    138,    176,    188,    195, 

228,  494,  525,  549,  563 
space   equipment,   63,   82,   498,   524, 

549-50 
study,  9,  18,  48,  158,  209,  301-2,  562 
support  services.  48,  67,  72,  80,  91-2, 

109,  117,  138,  164,  179,  234,  239, 
308,  311,  447,  512,  561 

tracking,  69,  174,  460,  466 
cooperation,  53,  110,  174,  515 
AEC,  240,  291,  296 
DOD,    1,   29-30,   45,   68,   74,  88,    102, 

110,  174,  182,  203,  207,  267,  298, 
329 

FAA,    555 

USA,  68,  295 

usAF,  177,  218,  300,  305,  444,  464 

usN,  177 

Weather  Bureau,  25,  162 
cooperation,  international,  76,  226,  370, 
529,  544,  556 

Argentina,  236,  243,  511 

Australia,  545 

Brazil,  220,  307,  365,  553,  557 

Canada,  81,  91,  527 

Europe.  214,  563 

France,  75,  437,  540 

Germany,  West,  339 

India,  307 

Italy,  2 

Mexico,  107 

Netherlands,  441 

U.K.,  76,  525 

U.S.S.R.,  10,  76,  111,  152,  466,  470 
criticism  of,  1,  3,  5,  11,  44-5,  61,  64, 

95,  140,  141,  167,  172,  180,  211,  231, 

293,  302,  324,  397,  423,  465,  495 
economy,  11,  54,  76,  98,  455 
education,  14,  17,  57 
exhibit,  156,  173,  502,  557 
expenditures,  3,  29,  105,  192,  276,  324 
experiments,  1,  15,  36,  45,  58,  60,  62, 

68,  75,  76,   103,   112,   114,  143,  146, 

190,   215,   249,   289,   294,   302,   321, 

325,  437,  439,  443,  449,  475,  483,  515, 

530,  540,  546,  552,  559,  564 
facilities,  123,  175,  179,  533,  553,  564 

construction,  11,  25,  49,  105 
funds,   17,  40,  75,   100,  103,  123,   130, 

141,  192 
grants,  96,  102,  222,  232,  275,  300,  466, 

529,  537,  546 


656 


INDEX 


National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration (Continued) 
information  dissemination,  96,  98,  102, 
114,  140,  141,  170,  194,  203,  209,  401 
information  exchange,  112 
information  retrieval,  471,  484,  560 
labor  relations,  39,  49,  133,  156 
launch,  7,  510-11,  569 
balloon,  6 
booster,  188,  373-4 
failure,  39,  102-3,  120,  141,  322,  468, 

489,  491-2,  509,  547-8 
manned,  145,  265,  387,  537,  551 
postponed,   154,   301,  383,  4S9,   503, 

522,  549 
probe,  lunar,  73,  140 
satellite,  25,  54,  65,  73,  140,  172,  207, 
257,  307,  357,  475,  489,  503,  507, 
515,  519,  520,  546,  553,  569,  570 
sounding   rocket,   6,    15,   35,   53,   58, 
108,  112,   132,  140,  167,   169,  179, 
184,   195,  213,  215,  238,  239,  249, 
287,  289,  302,  396,  437,  439,  443, 
447,  473,  484,  511,  520,  525,  534, 
552,  570,  571 
test 
Apollo,  27,  55,  56,  72,  73,  185,  521, 

522 
Gemini,  22,  23,  64,  66,  71,  521 
reentry,  244 

Saturn,  162,  197,  207,  247,  368,  491 
management,    1,    14,   78,   80,    112,    123, 

184,  294,  504,  505,  532,  553,  556 
organization,  1,  68,  69,  76,  176,  458,  566 
patents,  8,  92,  164,  264,  288 
personnel,  1,  22,  23,  27,  30,  57,  58,  75, 
76,  77,  79,  80,  81,  85,  88,  89,  90, 
217,  220,  231,  239,  255,  282,  296, 
335,  367,  373,  380,  443,  511,  512, 
533,  534,  546,   547,   552,  554,  559 
appointments,   7,  68,  69,  70,  94,  95, 
100,   138,  209,  222,  264,  296,  297, 
312,  324,  340,  368,  371,  385,  458, 
478,  505,  553,  563 
procurement,  68,  110,  115,  185,  302 
programs,  121,  164,  173,  200,  275,  294, 
455,  458 
Apollo,  23,  27,  29,  30,  45,  75,  79,  80, 
97,    112,    116,    164,   167,   173,  351, 
363,  468,  478,  502,  506,  517,  524, 
526,  557,  570 
astronomy,  27,  29,  30,  36,  53,  54,  62, 
68,  82,  119,  177,  188,  228,  275,  332, 
529,  554 
bioscience    program,    3-4,    115,    132, 

181,  196 
Centaur,  130,  375 

Gemini,  68,  79,  97,  110,  116,  143, 
145,  147,  151,  168,  193,  196,  208, 
234.  265-268,  288,  289,  325,  387, 
397,  493,  500^1,  505,  509,  521,  522, 
533,  537,  540,  544,  546,  548,  551, 
552,  554,  557,  559,  563,  570 
geodetic  satellite,  35,  125 
Lunar  Orbiter,  5,  177,  181,  204,  487 


Mars,  213,  355,  398 

meteorology,  26,  44^5,  72,   156,  162, 

182 
Mol,  28,  29,  66,  86,  101,  115,  171 
nuclear  propulsion,  3,  13,  44,  49,  87, 

104,  116,  296,  305 
Pegasus,  72,  89,  94,  97,  106,  193 
Ranger,   4,   5,   9,   84,    100,    108,    148, 

149,  175,  181,  188 
rocket  motor,  solid  propellant,  40,  44, 

95,  100 
Saturn,  7,  27,  30,  71,  72,  75,  112,  357, 

365,  472 
sounding  rocket,  169,  195 
space,  7,  24,  27,  28,  29,  35,  43,  54, 
55,  60,  75,  77,  79,  86,  101,  112,  137, 
138,   151,  173,  185,  227,  461,  463, 
471,  518,  538,  570 
Surveyor,    135,    181,    204,    374,   466, 

477,  501 
Syncom,  1,  2,  88,  102,  106,  136,  147, 

173 
tracking    and    data    acquisition,    89, 

174,  448,  461 
Voyager,  4,   18,  27,  60,  61,  75,   130, 
200,  444,  476,  533,  562 
research  74,  219,  229,  555,  570 

aeronautical,  36.  49,  56,  68,  78,  90, 
92,    112,    176,   177,   231,  295,  303, 
463,  482,  519,  524,  543,  569 
electronics,  2,  24,  49,   126,  543 
fuel,  112,  132 
nuclear,  13,  112 
propulsion,  16,  169 
sonic  boom,  15,  572 
Science  Advisory  Committee,  348 
scientist  astronaut,  5,  63,  300 
studies,  8,  18,  29,  48,  103 
supersonic  transport,  73,  90,  515,  571 
test,  27,  41,  209 

booster,  23,  27,   104,   112,  155,   186, 
188,   197,  219,  241,  248,  386,  449, 
490,  522,  526,  533,  546,  554 
communications,  42,  76,  127,  136 
nuclear,  13 

spacecraft,  17,  21,  27,  65,   104,   116, 
126,  227,  238,  244,  293,  328,  522, 
523 
tracking  station,   70,   76,  89,   107,   174, 

497,  520 
universities,  56,  103,  106,  111,  130,  185, 
213,  255,  468,  510,  521,  541,  555, 
561,  572 
grants,  96,  103,  223.  233,  303,  311 
x-15,  13,  15,  49,  56,  74,  94,   112,  169, 
173,  191,  197,  206,  464,  482,  503,  504 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council 
(NAsc),    11,   27,   52,    70,    73,   85,    105, 
113,  127,  216,  243,  252,  295,  366,  444, 
463,  471,  494,  497,  503,  516,  517,  535 
National    Aeronautics    Association,    526, 

561 
National  Air  Museum,  43,  55,   128,   156, 

162 
National  Aircraft  Noise  Symposium,  274 


INDEX 


657 


National  Association  of  Broadcasters,  151 
National  Association  of  Retail  Druggists, 

471 
National  Association  of  Science  Writers, 

205 
National  Aviation  Facilities  Experimentd 

Center,  488 
National  Broadcasting  Co.    (nbc),  268 
National  Bureau  of  Standards,  169,  326, 

365,  534 
National    Center    for    Atmospheric    Re- 
search (ncar),  1,  350,  520 
National    Center    for    Radioactivity    Re- 
search  (CNRS),  France,  321 
National  Citizens'   Commission  on  Inter- 
national Cooperation,  528 
National  Civil  Service  League,  194,  239, 

240 
National    Commander's   Award    for    Dis- 
tinguished Service  (American  Legion), 
101 
National     Commission     on     Technology, 
Automation    and    Economic    Progress, 
40 
National  Communications  System,  428 
National  Conference  on  Spacecraft  Ster- 
ilization  Technology,  520 
National    Conference    on    the    Peaceful 

Uses  of  Space,  Fifth,  251 
National    Defense    Transportation    Asso- 
ciation, 37 
National   Engineers'   Week,   98 
National    Foundation    on    the    Arts    and 

Humanities    (proposed),  117,  202 
National  Gallery  of  Art,  121,  202 
National  Geodetic  Satellite  Program,  528 
National  Geographic  Society,  414,  513 
National  Goals  in  Space,  1971-1985,  397 
National  Governor's  Conference,  353 
National  Humanities  Foundation,  185 
National  Labor  Relations  Board   (nlrb), 

157 
National  Medal  of  Science,  58,  547 
National  Merit  Scholarship  Award,  531 
National  Oceanographic  (Council,  51,  129 
National  Operational  Meteorological  Sat- 
ellite System  (Nomss),  71 
National  Park  Service,  269 
National  Press  Club,  217,  518,  563 
National    Radio   Astronomy   Observatory, 

109,  371,  475 
National  Research  Council,  125 
National  Research  Council  (Canada),  91 
National  Science  Fair,  179 
National   Science  Foundation    (nsf),  56, 
69,  115,  191,  205,  362 
annual  report,  70,  106,  246 
Antarctic  station,  557 
budget,  27 

grant,  67,  108,  110,  174,  212,  274,  426 
memorandum  of  understanding,  Yugo- 
slavia, 568 
Mohole  Project,  37 
R&D  funds  report,  99 
role  of,  191,  271 


National  Science  Teachers  Association, 
136 

National  security,  18,  19,  38,  55,  105,  137, 
144,  147,  153,  236,  270,  298 

National  Security  Industrial  Association, 
66,  153,  186 

National  Space  Club,  31,  82,  137,  192, 
239,  240,  282,  343,  382,  446,  484 

National  Space  Science  Data  Center,  125 

National  Symposium  on  Reliability  and 
Quality  (Control,  17 

National  Weather  Satellite  Center  (nwsc), 
28,  38,  386 

National  Youth  Science  Camp,  320 

National  Youth  Science  Congress,  136 

National  Zeitung,  318 

NATO.  See  North  Atlantic  Treaty  Or- 
ganization. 

Nature,  467 

Naval  Air  Engineering  Center,  128,  190 

Naval  Air  Facility,  112 

Naval  Aviation  Center,  230 

Naval  Ordnance  Laboratory,  421 

Naval  Ordnance  Test  Station,  66 

Naval  Research  Laboratory  (nrl),  10, 
106,  196,  206,  212,  484,  521 

Naval  School  of  Aviation  Medicine,  23 

Navigation  satellite  system,  13 

Navy  Oceanographic  and  Meteorological 
Automatic  Device  (Nomad),  59 

NBC.     See  National  Broadcasting  Co. 

NCAR.  See  National  Center  for  Atmos- 
pheric Research. 

NCNA.     See  New  China  News  Agency. 

Nebraska  Wesleyan  Univ.,  55 

Nedelin,  Marshal  Mitrofan  L  (U.S.S.R.), 
480 

Nedelya,  383 

Nellis  AFB,  Nev.,  84 

Neon,  435 

Nerva.  See  Nuclear  Engine  for  Rocket 
Vehicle  Application. 

Ness,  Norman  F.,  193 

Netherlands,  23,  259,  541 

Netherlands  Organization  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Pure  Research  (zwo), 
541 

Neubeck,  Capt.  F.  Gregory  (usaf),  514 

Neumann,  Robert  J.,  376 

Neumann,  Temple  W.,  60 

Neutron,  53 

Nevada,  536 

Nevis  Cyclotron  Laboratory,  279 

New  China  News  Agency  (ncna),  21 

New  England,  124 

New  England  Aero  Club,  292 

New  Guinea,  525 

New  Hampshire,  Univ.  of,  121 

New  Mexico,  161,  538 

New  Mexico  State  Univ.,  174 

New  Orleans,  La.,  58 

New  Orleans  Times-Picayune,  377 

The  New  Republic,  424 

The  New  Scientist,  41,  154 

New  York,  106 


658 


INDEX 


New  York,  N.Y.,  7,  9,  83,  92,  184,  185, 

222,  541 
New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  12,  502, 

533 
New  York  Airways,  297 
New    York    City    Planning    Commission, 

495 
New  York  City  Youth  Board,  531 
New  York  Herald  Tribune,  244 
New  York  Journal  American,  320 
New  York  State  Atomic   and  Space  De- 
velopment Authority,  341 
New  York,  State  Univ.  of,  240 
New  York  Times,  21,  121,  213,  235,  236, 
279,  290,  379.  382,  383,  395,  398,  414, 
417,  427,  436,  479,  488,  489,  523,  530, 
542,  547,  548,  559 
New  York  Univ.,  516 
New  York  World  Telegram,  541,  567 
New  York  World's  Fair,   173,  327,  366, 
402 
Space  Park,  173,  327,  366 
New  Zealand,  58,  85 
Newcomb,  Arthur  L..  Jr.,  143 
Newell,  Dr.  Homer  E.,  44,  194,  202,  211, 
239  521 
budget,  81,  108,  114,  130,  142 
moon,  181 
space  programs,  scientific,  3,  4,  60,  81, 

108,  125-126,  132-133,  177 
space  results,  81,  208,  344,  503 
Newell,  N.  Dak.,  101 
Newport,  R.I.,  31 
Newport   News   Shipbuilding  &   Drydock 

Co.,  179,  269 
Newsweek,  144 
Newton,  Dr.  Robert  R.,  274 
Niagara  Falls,  N.Y.,  248 
Nickel,  170 
Nicks,  Oran  W.,  356 
Nicolaides,  Dr.  John  D.,  31 
Nicolet,  Prof.  Marcel,  382 
Nightglow,  455 

Nike- Apache  (sounding  rocket) 
launch,  110,  132,  158 
Argentina,  511 
Brazil,  557 
Canada,  167 
Netherlands,  441 

U.S.,  6,  53,  169,  195,  278,  287,  289, 
294,  393,  410,  413,  439,  510,  511, 
521,  525,  553 
Nike-Cajun  (sounding  rocket) 
launch 

foreign,  372 

U.S.,  35,  54,  58,  195.  214,  372,  511 
Nike-Tomahawk  (sounding  rocket),  136 
Nike-X    (antimissile    missile    system),   5. 

39,  86,  452 
Nike-Zeus    (antimissile    missile    system), 

144,  310,  452 
Nikolayev,  l/c  Andrian   (U.S.S.R.),  139, 

491 
Nikolayeva-Tereshkova,     Valentina,     151, 
491 


Nimbus      (meteorological     satellite     pro- 
gram), 142 
NIMBUS  I,  142,  408,  532 
Nimbus  B,  44,  45,  87 
Nitric  acid,  547 
Nitrogen  tetroxide,  547 
Nitze,  Paul  H.,  214 
NLRB.     See     National     Labor     Relations 

Board. 
Nobel  Prize,  487 
Noise  level  studies,  228,  242,  243 
Nomad.     See    Navy    Oceanographic    and 

Meteorological  Automatic  Device. 
Nomss.     See  National  Operational  Mete- 
orological Satellite  System. 
N'ORAD.     See    North    American    Air    De- 
fense Command. 
North   American   Air  Defense   Command 

(norad),  13,  366,  543 
North    American    Aviation,   Inc.,   56,    84, 
110,  272,  336,  342,  453,  457,  471 
contract,  84,  121,  264,  572 
H-1  rocket  engine,  31,  92,  197 
labor,  435,  436,  468 

program,  Apollo,  56,  325,  485,  490,  492 
Rocketdyne  Div.,  31,  92,  132,  197,  291, 

490,  526 
test  laboratory,  198,  373 
XB-70,  72,  84,  150,  191,  206,  478,  547 
North  Atlantic  Search  and  Rescue  Semi- 
nar, 230 
North      Atlantic      Treaty      Organization 

(NATO),  34,  96,  347,  523 
Nordberg,  Dr.  William,  220,  462 
Norden,  Carl  L.,  284 
Norman,  Okla.,  366 
Normyle,  William  J.,  170 
North    Star    Research    and    Development 

Institute,  96 
North  Vietnam,  291,  398,  573 
Northeast  Electronics  Research  and  Engi- 
neering Meeting,  505 
Northeastern  Univ.,  168 
Northrop  Corp.,  5,  109,  438 
Northrop-Norair,  209,  278 
Northrop  Space  Labs.,  358,  524 
Northwestern  Univ.,  497 
Norton  afb,  Calif.,  16 
Norway,  80,  81,  466,  467 
Notre  Dame,  Univ.  of,  31 
Novosti  Press,  161 
Nozzle,  49,  96,  112 
NRDS.     See  Nuclear  Rocket  Development 

Station. 
NRL.     See  Naval  Research  Laboratory. 
NRX  A-2  (nuclear  reactor),  306 
NRX  A-3  (nuclear  reactor),  197,  240,  255 
NSF.     See  National  Science  Foundation. 
Nuclear  bomb,  206-207,  232,  236,  243 
Nuclear  Detection  Program,  459 
Nuclear  energy,  13,  17 
Nuclear  Engine   for  Rocket  Vehicle  Ap- 
plication   (Nerva),   116-117,    197,  240, 
255,  519,  541 
Nuclear  explosion,  2,  3,  18,  39,  40,  81 


INDEX 


659 


Nuclear  generator,  87 

Nuclear  propulsion,  3,  16,  17,  28,  63,  64, 

104,  243,  296,  305,  306 
Nuclear   reactor,    13,    122,    135-136,    180, 

227,  240,  243,  255,  272,  282,  305,  548, 

565 
Nuclear  research  center,  57 
Nuclear     Rocket     Development     Station 

(nrds),  49,  282,  296 
Nuclear  submarine,  59.  78 
Nuclear  test,  178,  536-537 
Nuclear  test  ban  treaty,  3,  34,  39,  40,  81, 

341 
Nucleotides,  323,  324 
Nutrition,  56,  128,  153,  172,  237,  421,  422, 

449,  456 
Nwsc.     See    National    Weather    Satellite 

Center. 

Oahu,  Hawaii,  326 

Oak  Park,  111.,  26 

Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory,  167,  547 

Oakland,  Calif.,  374 

Oao.  See  Orbiting  Astronomical  Obser- 
vatory. 

OAR.  See  USAF  Office  of  Aerospace  Re- 
search 

Oba,  King  of  Benin,  452 

Obata,  Gyo,  43 

Oberth,  Hermann,  332 

Oberth,  Hermann,  Award,  506-507 

O'Brien,  Dr.  Brian  J.,  56 

Ocean  Science  and  Ocean  Engineering 
Conference,  280 

Oceanography,  37-38,  51-52,  129,  175, 
299,  332-333,  346,  525,  471,  487,  518, 
519,  529 

O'Connor,  b/g  Edmund  F.  (usaf),  347-48 

OECD.  See  Organization  of  Economic  Co- 
operation and  Development. 

Office  of  Aerospace  Research  (oar),  525 

Office  of  Science  and  Technology  (Presi- 
dent's), 13,  46,  271 

Ogden,  Dr.  Eric,  9 

Ogo.  See  Orbiting  Geophysical  Observa- 
tory. 

Ogonek,  313 

O'Keefe,  Dr.  John  A.,  537 

O'Keefe,  Dr.  Walter,  85 

Oklahoma  City,  Okla.,  65,  190 

Oliver,  Bernard  M.,  348 

Olson,  Dr.  Walter  T.,  334 

Operation  Firefly,  371 

"Operation  Moon  Harvest,"  100 

Operation  Zero  Defect,  363 

"Opportunities  for  Participation  in  Space 
Flight  Investigations,"  455 

Optical  Technology  Satellite   (Ots),  302 

Orbit,  12,  24 
geostationary,  81 
libration,  113 
lunar,  113 
sun-synchronous,  25 


Orbiting  Astronomical  Observatory  (Oao), 
82,  204,  228,  275 

Oao  A-2,  1,  177 
Orbiting  Geophysical  Observatory  (Ogo), 
60,  126,  204,  275 

OGO  I,  107,  184,  440 

OGO  II,  475-476,  489,  491,  571 
Orbiting    Solar    Observatory     (Oso),    53, 
62,  405 

OSO  I,  396 

oso  II,  106-107,  396,  529,  571 

Oso  C,  126,  383,  396,  571 

Oso  D,  188 

Oso  E,  188 
Order  of  Merit,  476 
Organization    for    Economic    Cooperation 

and  Development  (oecd),  534 
Orion  (barge),  209 

Orion  (constellation),  108,  120,  132,  474 
Orion,  Project,  3,  321,  322,  390,  391,  461 
Orlando,  Fla.,  178,  199 
Orlando  Evening  Star,  367 
Orroral  Valley,  Australia,  353 
ORS  (Octahedron  Research  Satellite),  341 
Oscar   (Orbiting  Satellite  Carrying  Ama- 
teur Radio),  238 
OSCAR  III  (communications  satellite),  114 
OSCAR  IV,  560,  562 
Osmundeen,  John  U.,  398 
Oso.     See  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory. 
L'Osservatore  della  Domenica,  152,  273 
Ostrander,  m/g  Don  R.   (usaf),  62,  171, 

203,  281,  478 
Oswald,  Dr.  William  J.,  232 
Ots.     See  Optical  Technology  Satellite. 
Otto,  E.  W.,  63 
Ousley,  Gilbert  W.,  9 
Outstanding    Leadership   Medal    (nasa), 

256 
ov2-l  (radiation  sensor  satellite) ,  477 
Overseas  Writers  Club,  206 
Owen,  Kenneth,  161 
Owings  Mills,  Md.,  70 
Owl  (satellite),  56,370 
Oxford  Univ.,  England,  562 
Oxidation  reduction,  305 
Oxygen,  63 

deficiency,  158 

environmental  test,  129 

FAA  regulation,  455 

physiological  effect,  190,  494 
Oyster  Point,  Va.,  553 
Ozernoi,  Leonid,  125 
Ozone,  121 

p-1154  (vertical-take  off  fighter) ,  17,  52 
Pacem  in  Terris  (encyclical),  103 
Pacific  Crane  and  Rigging  Co.,  48 
Pacific   Missile   Range    (pmr)     (see   also 

Western  Test  Range),  49 
Pacific  Ocean,  9,  42,  109,  110,  134,  473, 

495,526,550 
Pads,  landing,  165 


660 


INDEX 


Page    Communications    Engineers,    Inc., 

490 
Page,  m/g  Jerry  D.  (usaf),  504 
Pageos  (passive  geodetic  satellite),  35 
Pais,  Dr.  Abraham,  38 
Pake,  Dr.  George,  169 
Pakistan,  78,  322,  337 
Palace  of  Pioneers,  Moscow,  514 
Palaemon    (nasa  barge),  239,   363,  437, 

459,  543 
Palestine,  Texas,  326,  520 
Palmdale,  Calif.,  72 
Palo  Alto,  Calif.,  203 
Pan  American  World  Airways,  131,  222, 

237,  273,  292,  302,  335,  346,  434 
Parachute 
jumping,  300 
landing  system,  22,  358 
test,  21,  22,  65,  112 
use  of,  456 
Paraglider,  414,  506 
Paris,  France,  121,  279,  541,  545 
Paris   Convention   for   the    Protection   of 

Industrial  Property,  129 
Park,  President  Chung  Hee  (Korea) ,  245 
Parke-Bernet  Galleries,  246 
Parker,  Dr.  Eugene  N.,  32 
Parkinson's  disease,  334 
Parsons,  John  F.,  444 
Particle  accelerator,  57 
Passive  Geodetic  Satellite.     See  Pageos. 
Patents,  359 
application,  8,  545 
award,  2,  123,  156,  304,  305,  360,  414, 

485,  506 
convention,  129 
international,  299 
legislation,  216,  249,  264,  487 
license,  93,  94 
Patrick  AFB,  Fla.,  57,  490 
Patterson,  Richard  C.,  156 
Patterson,  W.  A.,  545 
Paul  VI,  Pope,  9,  138,  271,  362,  451,  474 
Paul,  Norman  S.,  458 
Paumalu,  Hawaii,  385,  503,  534 
Payne,  James,  456 
PDP-5  (computer),  280 
Peace,  103,  362,  559 
Peconic,  L.I.,  224 
Pegasus,  Project,  502,  505 
PEGASUS  I  (meteoroid  detection  satellite), 
72,  89,  94,  97,  106,  193,  234,  247,  311, 
319,  376 
PEGASUS  II,  247,  249,  311,  319,  358,  376 
PEGASUS  III,  357-58,  376 
Pegasus     B      (micrometeoroid     detection 

satellite),  193 
Pegasus  C,  294,  319 
Peking  Aeronautical  Engineering  College, 

261 
Peking,  China,  165,  504 
Pell,   Sen.   Claiborne,   117,  202,   246-247, 

328-329 
Pelligra,  Dr.  Ralph,  449 
Pendray,  G.  Edward,  127 


Penetrometer,  82 

Penkovsky,  Col.  Oleg  V.,  480,  505 

Pennsylvania  State  Univ.,  124,  239 

Pensacola  Air  Station,  Fla.,  23 

Pensacola,  Fla.,  70 

Pentagon,  458 

"The   Pentagon,   the   'Madmen,'   and   the 

Moon,"  10 
Penzias,  Dr.  Arno  A.,  261 
Pepin,  Dr.  I.,  429 
Perkin-Elmer  Corp.,  434,  476 
Perkinson,  William  J.,  512 
Perm,  Russia,  136,  140,  155 
Perry,  Robert,  350 
Pershing  (missile),  224 
Peru,  370 

Petrovich,  Prof.  Georgi  V.,  479,  532 
Petrushkin,  I.  P.,  313 
Pettingill,  Dr.  Gordon  H.,  194 
Pfaffe,  H.,  379 

Phaethontis  (Martian  desert),  68 
Phantom  II  (fighter  aircraft) ,  52,  63 
Phased  Project  Planning,  91 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  128,  186,  190,  205,  229 
Philadelphia  Aquarama,  531-532 
Philadelphia  Evening  Bulletin,  284 
Philadelphia  Inquirer,  19,  442 
Philadelphia  Rotary  Club,  186 
Philadelphia     Society     for     Paint    Tech- 
nology, 229 
Philco  Corp.,  51,  54,  60,  80,  82,  93,  194, 

283,  375,  485,  494 
Philippines,  552 

Phillips,  M/G  Samuel  C.  (usaf),  27,  295 
Phoebus   (nuclear  reactor),  49,  282,  296, 

306,  519 
Phoenix,  Ariz.,  9 
Phoenix  (missile),  500 
Photographs,  cloud,  163,  168-169,  175 
Photography 

computer  use  in,  100-101 
of  Earth,  101,  142 

Ranger,   100,   101,   104,   108,   137,  148- 
149,  152,  153,  156 
Photovoltaic  Specialists  Conference,  484 
Physical  Review  Letters,  279 
Physics,  183,  344,  573 
fluid,  127 
history,  310 
Nobel  prize,  487 
plasma,  125 
Piccard,  Dr.  Jeanette,  243 
Pickering,  Dr.  William  H.,  43,  137,  146, 
325,  328,  330,  336,  347,  355,  356,  382, 
409,  431,  440,  461 
Pieper,  George  F.,  Jr.,  375 
Pillsbury  Co.,  422 
Pilot-astronaut,  423 
Pilz,  Prof.  Wolfgang,  6,  321 
Pimentel,  George  C,  96 
PIONEER  VI    (interplanetary   probe),  553- 

554,  565,  570 
Pioneer  Chain  of  the  Compass  Card  with 

Diamonds   (aviation  decoration),  411 
Pioneer  of  the  Wind-Rose  Award,  333 


INDEX 


661 


Pittendrigh,  Dr.  Colin,  200,  281,  443 

Pittsburgh,  Univ.  of,  521 

Pitzer,  Kenneth,  169 

Planetoid,  550 

Planets,  life  on.  3,  4,  17,  36,  47,  61,  97- 

98,   133,  168,   180,  182,  214,  246,  261- 

262,  572 
Planning  Research  Corp.,  564 
Plasma  sheath,  127,  146 
Platner,  John  L.,  238 
Plessey-UK,  Ltd..  549 
Pleumer-Bodou,  France,  180,  197 
Plotkin,  Dr.  Henry,  276 
Piss.     See  Portable  Life  Support  System. 
Plum  Brook  Reactor  Facihty   (lrc),  26- 

27,  180 
Pluto  (nuclear  reactor  program) ,  28 
Pluto  (planet),197,  217,  372 
Plutonium,  304-305 
PMR.     See     Pacific    Missile    Range    and 

Western  Test  Range. 
Pocomoke  City,  Md.,  565 
Pogo.     See    Polar    Orbiting    Geophysical 

Observatory. 
Pohn,  Howard,  509,  516 
Point  Arguello,  Calif.,  48 
Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  35,  54,  299 
Point  Mugu,  Calif.,  13 
Point  Pillar  tracking  station,  Calif.,  48 
Poland,  257.  284 
Polar   Orbiting   Geophysical   Observatory 

rPogo),  174 
Polaris    (missile)     (usn),   57,  339,   513- 
514 

A-1,  184 

A-3,  59,  210,  538 

Poseidon  (b-3),  20 
Polaris  (star),  184,513 
Polish  Astronautical  Society,  257 
Ponnamperuma,  Dr.  Cyril  S.,  36,  323,  425 
Ponomarev,  Leonid,  391,  394 
Poodle  (rocket  engine),  197 
Pope  AFB,  N.C.,  340 
Popovich,  L/C  Pavel  R.,  135,  559 
Port  Tobacco,  Md.,  515 
Portable  Life  Support  System  (Piss),  363 
Porter,  Dr.  Richard  W.,  226 
Portugal,  324,  327 
Poseidon  (nasa  barge),  544 
Poseidon  (Polaris  B-3  missile),  20 
Potassium,  547 

"Potential   Hazards   of   Back   Contamina- 
tion from  the  Planets,"  246 
Potomac  Electric  Power  Co.,  95 
Potrero,  Calif.,  550 
Potter,  V.  R.,  51 
Pound,  Prof.  Robert  V.,  43 
Powell,  Rep.  Adam  Clayton,  530 
Power  Source  Conference,  238 
Prague,  Czechoslovakia,  228 
Prahl,  Val  E.,  6 

Pratt    and    Whitney    Div.     (United    Air- 
craft), 137 

contract,  120,  163,  214,  257,  309,  312 
Pravda,  3,  390,  412,  467,  544 


Pravda  Ukrainy,  346 

Pre-Continent    in     (underwater    sphere), 
475 

Pregnant  Guppy  (aircraft),  224,  234,  294, 
347,  492.  562 

Presidential  Citation,  301 

President's    Advisory    Committee   on   Su- 
personic Transport,  309 

President's    Science   Advisory   Committee 
(PSAC),  119,  169 

Press  conference,  36,  182, 

extravehicular  activity,  135,  208 
Gemini  flights 
GT-3,  147,  152 
GT-4,  248,  255,  276 
GEMINI  V,  385,  397 

GEMINI  VIII,  444 
GEMINI  IX,  510 

lunar  landing,  62,  227,  389,  436,  444 
nuclear  test,  522 
supersonic  transport,  287 
U.S.S.R.  military  strength,  78,  489,  521 
U.S.S.R.  space  activities,  140,  154,  345 
Press  Wireless,  Inc.,  282 
Preston,  G.  Merritt,  490 
Pretoria,  South  Africa,  14 
Price,  Dr.  Charles  C,  427,  436 
Price,  Don  K.,  564 
Price,  Capt.  F.  H.,  Jr.  (usn),  14 
Price,  Rep.  Melvin,  63-64,  481 
Princess  Martha  Coast,  532 
Princeton   Univ.,  32,   112,    169,   202,  211, 

261,  281,  283,  326,  443,  573 
Princeton  Univ.  Observatory,  108,  264 
Probe,  136,  139,  334 
lunar,  4,  73,  78,  84,  142,  143,  222,  223, 
227,  232,  272,  274,  460,  463,  464,  477 
Lunar  Orbiter,  5,  181,  204.  275,  487 
Mars,  4,  17,  24,  36,  55,  61,  64,  67,  68, 
82,  83,  108,  112.  118,  129.  152,  174, 
184,  201,  207,  216.  228,  235,  241,  244, 
258,  277,  293,  386,  398,  435,  533 
planetary,  73,   81,   113,   197,  216,  570, 

571 
solar,  102,  244 
space,  67,  81,  177,  179 
Venus,  4,  61,   81,  513,  515,  518,  535, 
568,  571 
Problems  of  Space  Biology,  419 
Project  Fire  ii  (spacecraft),  244,  254 
Prokhanova,  Natasha,  245 
Promise  (nasa  barge),  96,  239,  250,  376, 

378,  425 
Propellant,  65,  95,  96,  474 
Propulsion,    16,    112,    128-129,    137,    156, 
352 
chemical,  16,  464,  519 
electric,  16,  30,  44,  55,  116,  521,  547, 

571,  572 
ion,  5,  116,  166,  172,  348-349,  472,  571, 

572 
jet,  18,  78,  84.  465,  486 
nuclear,  3,   17,  28,  44,  49,  63-64,  116, 
122,  165-66,  282,  296,  305,  321,  322, 
461,  464,  472,  517,  519,  520,  571 


662 


INDEX 


Propulsion  (Continued) 

ramjet,  169,  203,  349,  571 

rocket,  2,  13,  24,  28,  32,  40,  42,  49,  52, 
60,  63,  64,  81,  95-96,  107,  108,  112, 
116,  117,  157.  165,  178,  179,  180,  192, 
288,  291,  292,  321,  322,  490-91 
Propulsion,    Fourth    Symposium    on    Ad- 
vanced Concepts,  203 
Propulsion  Joint  Specialists'  Conference, 

286 
Proton,  196,  279 
PROTON   I    (U.S.S.R.  space  station),  333, 

336.  339,  342,  343,  345,  348,  356,  369, 

371,  431,  571 
PROTON  II,  502,  571 
Proxmire  amendment,  324 
Proxmire,  Sen.  William  F.,  118,  324,  327 
PSAC.    See    President's    Science    Advisory 

Committee. 
Psurtsev,  Nikolai  D.,  216 
Publishers'  Lunch  Club,  7 
Pucinski,  Rep.  Roman  C,  397 
Puerto  Rico,  109 
Pulkovo  Observatory  (U.S.S.R.),  153,  343, 

392 
Pulse  motor,  24,  321 
Purdue  Univ.,  185,  195 
Purdy,  William  G„  348 

Qantas  Airlines,  109,  237 
Quaide,  William  L.,  555 
Quantum  electrodynamics,  487 
"Quarks"  (matter  theory),  38 
Quarles,  Donald  A.,  445 
Quasar  (quasi-stellar  object),  38,  67,  206, 
236-237,  467,  569,  572 

CTA-102,  236 

3c-9,  236 
Quatinetz,  Max,  285 
Queens  Chamber  of  Commerce,  292 
Quinn  Construction  Co.,  105 

Radar,  41-42,  50,  175,  240,  241,  317,  322, 
420,  513 
Pinetree  system,  165 
Radar  calibration  sphere.     See  lcs  ii. 
Radiation,  8,  118,  146,  160-161 
cosmic,  30,  56,  555,  572 
effects,  59,  167,  226,  202,  215,  217,  337, 

450,  553 
Mars,  4,  572 
measurement,    56,    102,    129,    157,    169, 

184,  266 
nuclear,  7,  13,  167,  206 
solar,  10,  53,  56,  67,  80,  106,  126,  169, 
196 
shielding  from,  160-161,  202 
space,  217,  553 

Van  Allen  belt,  31,  56,  81,  157,  184 
Radiation,  Inc.,  45,  272,  492 
Radiation  spectrometer,  330 
Radio  astronomy,  1,  13,  14,  42,  43,  370-71 
Radio  Astronomy  Explorer  (radio  astron- 
omy satellite),  564 
RAE-A,  30 


RAE-B,  30 

Radio  attenuation,  127 
Radio    Corporation    of    America     (rca), 
156,  174,  209,  249,  268,  283,  440,  572 

Communications  Systems  Div.,  201,  268, 
334 

Service  Co.,  109 
Radio  Prague,  548 
Radio  signal,  13,  41-42,  65,  67,  81,  180, 

182,  210,  277,  278,  494,  510,  515,  562- 

563 
Radio  waves,  261 
Radioactive  fallout,  34,  248,  522 
Radioactive  isotope,  99,  197,  258 
Radiodiffusion-Television  Frangaise,  260 
Radiotelescope,  475 
Radnofsky,  Matthew  I.,  470 
Rads.     See  Ryukyu  Air  Defense  System. 
rae.     See  Radio  Astronomy  Explorer. 
RAF.     See  Royal  Air  Force. 
Raisting,  W.  Germany,  180,  197 
Ram,  Project,  143-144 
Ramjet,  169,  203,  349,  571 
RAND  Corp.,  350 
Ranger    (program),   4-5,    100,    108,    148, 

149,  150,  175,  180-181,  188,  300,  497 
Ranger  I  (lunar  probe),  148-149 
Ranger  II,  148-149 

RANGER  III,  149 
RANGER  IV,  149 
RANGER  V,  149 
RANGER  VI,  149,  160 

RANGER  VII,  4,  137,  160,  187,  360 

photographs,  9,  68,  74,  80,  84,  143,  153, 
360 

RANGER  VIII,  4,  92,  156 

launch,  73-74  78-79 

impact,  84,  188 
photographs,   84,   89,   95,   97,    104-105, 
143,  570 
RANGER  IX,  4,  101,  156,  181 
launch,  140 

impact,  148,  149,  188 
performance,  142,  146 
photographs,    149-150,    152,    175,   187- 
188,  570 
Rao,  M.  S.  v.,  226 
Rapid  City,  S.  Dak.,  513 
Raymond,  Arthur  E.,  32 
Raymondville,  Tex.,  228 
Raytheon  Co.,  117,  368 
RCA.     See  Radio  Corporation  of  America. 
RCA    Communications   Systems   Div.,   201, 

268,  334 
Reactor 
atomic,  122 
graphite,  117 

nuclear,  13,  87,  122,  135-136,  180,  227. 
240,  243,  255.  272,  282,  304-305,  571 
organic-cooled,  18 

space,  27-28,  30,  44^5,  61-62,  63-64 
112,117,166-167,197 
Read,  Albert  Cushing,  556 
Rebka,  Dr.  Glen  A.,  Jr.,  43 
Rechtin,  Eberhardt,  462 


INDEX 


663 


Record 

altitude,  213,  245 

flight  of  visible  object,  207 

helicopter,  122 

space  communication,  184,  207 

spacecraft,  18,  131,  557,  561 

speed,  144,  150,  189,  213,  453 

weight,  150 

women's,  245 
Recoverable  spacecraft  booster,  8 
Recovery  technique,  12 
Red   Star    (See    also   Krasnava   Zvezda) , 

147,  390,  427 
Redlands,  Calif.,  24 
Redstone  (missile) ,  373,  445,  531,  553 
Redstone  Arsenal,  Ala.,  569 
Reed  College,  245 
Reed,  Sylvanus  Albert,  Award,  32 
Reeder,  John  P.,  463 
Reentry 

control,  139-140,  141,  145-146,  147,  552 

Gemini,  539,  552 

glider,  88,  92 

heating,  127,  244,  254 

research,  18,  570 

Scout  Reentry  Heating  Project,  559 

Start  program,  106 

vehicle,  18,  20,  48,  106,  278,  414^15 

Venus  gravity  field,  use  of,  19 
Reese,  David  E.,  Jr.,  64 
Refractory  metals,  283 
Reiger,  Siegfried  H.,  172 
Reinartz,  Stanley  R.,  237 
Relay  (communications  satellite),  173 
RELAY  r,  2 
Relay,  Md.,  344 
Reliability,  17,  37,  60,  113,  123,  385,  503, 

533,  553,  564,  570 
Religion  and  space,  168 
Rendezvous,  23,   141-142,  289,  444,  501, 
557 

CT-4,  255,  265,  322 

GEMINI  V,  339 

GEMINI  VI,  49,  170,  493,  500,  509-510, 
538,  551-552,  554,  557,  563,  567,  568, 
570 

GEMINI  VII,  493,  500,  509-510,  538,  551- 
552,  554,  557,  563,  567,  568,  570 

GEMINI  VIII,  444 
GEMINI  IX,  510 

Rendezvous,  210 

Rendezvous  Evaluation  Pod   (Rep),  317- 

318,  340 
Rennels,  Col.  Fred  L.,  Jr.  (usaf),  5,  408 
Rensselaerville,  N.Y.,  346 
Rep.     See  Rendezvous  Evaluation  Pod. 
Reporter,  288 

Republic  Aviation  Corp.,  332,  393 
Rescue  device,  230 

Research   and   development,   2,   9,  49-50, 
69,  446,  473,  534 

aeronautical,  36,  41,  50,  77,  90,  112,  177 

benefits,  198,  446 

Federal  support,  10,  125,  426 


funds  for,  12,  39,  74,  106,  134,  185,  200, 
262 
geographic  distribution,  115,  134 
NASA  grants,  3,  90,  lOa,  182,  193,  206 
industry,  130,  190,  262,  305 
information,  distribution  of,  128 
management,  77,  190 
weapon  systems,  5,  39,  130,  170 

Research  Institute  for  Advanced  Studies, 
344 

Research  Triangle,  217 

Reston,  James,  542 

Retrorocket,  47,  68,  464,  467 

Reusable     Orbital     Module-Booster     and 
Utility  Shuttle  (Rombus),  8 

Re-Usable     Orbital     Transport      (rocket 
"plane"),  253 

Revolucion,  405 

Reynolds,  James,  159 

Reynolds,  Robert  V.,  322 

RF-lllA    (supersonic   reconnaissance   air- 
craft), 537 

Ribonucleic  acid    (rna),  323,  425 

Rice  Univ.,  56,  370 

Richard,  L.  G.,  359 

Richardson,  Charles  E.,  450 

Rickenbacker,  Edward  V.,  555 

Rickover,  v/a  Hyman  G.    (usn),  7,  135, 
423,  492 

Riehlman,  R.  Walter,  7,  264,  506 

Rieke,  William  B.,  564 

Riesel,  Victor,  133,  277 

Rigel  (star),  366 

Ritchey,  Harold  W.,  107 

Ritland,  m/g  0.  J.  (usaf),  101,  530 

Rivers,  Rep.  L.  Mendel,  298 

rna.  See  Ribonucleic  acid. 

Roanoke,  Va.,  407 

Roberts,  Chalmers  M.,  189 

Robertson,  Sen.  A.  Willis,  309 

Robinson,   Maj.   Hugh    (usa),  424 

Robinson,  John  H.,  301 

Robinson,  Thomas,  520 

Rochelle,  Dr.  Robert  W.,  544 

Rochester,  Univ.  of,  223,  376 

Rock,  Dr.  Vincent  P.,  351 

Rockefeller,  Gov.  Nelson,  341 

Rockefeller  Institute,  38 

Rocket,  2,  9,  313 
braking,  230,  232,  389,  467 
chemical,  16 

design,  multi-stage,  52,  127 
foreign,  9.  42,  372,  375,  478,  557 
nuclear,  13,  28,  44,  112,  272,  282,  426, 

510,  517,  520,  541,  548 
solid,  2,  24,  81,  107,  179,  210,  219,  223, 
244,  270,  288,  297,  435,  449,  550,  562 

Rocket  engine,  19,  157, 165,  179,  291 
clustering,  365,  491 
electric,  30,  519 
hypergolic,  65,  186,  474 
ion,  116,  166,  172,  255,  472 
liquid  fluorine-oxygen,  132 
liquid  hydrogen,  27,  31,  141,  365,  526 
liquid  propellant,  33,  65,  127,  315,  474 


664 


INDEX 


Rocket  engine  (Continued) 
nuclear,   13,  28,  49,  63,   112,   117,   141, 
243,  255,  272,  510,  519,  520,  541,  548 
radioisotope,  197 

solid  propellant,  24,  27,  32,  40,  81,  95, 
98,  107,  141,  192,  210,  219,  223,  269, 
288,  297,  435,  449,  550,  562 
U.S.S.R.  "new  type,"  42,  52,  479 

Rocket  Engine  Test  Site  (msfc),  291 

Rocketdyne  Div.  See  North  American 
Aviation,  Inc.,  31,  526 

Rockets  in  Defense  of  Peace  (Soviet  TV 
film),  226 

Rockwell  Standard  Corp.,  516 

Rodewisch,  E.  Germany,  232 

Rolls  Royce,  Ltd.,  234 

Roma,  Tex.,  228 

Romashka  (Daisy)  nuclear  reactor,  548 

Rombus.  See  Reusable  Orbital  Module- 
Booster  and  Utility  Shuttle. 

Rose  Polytechnic  Institute,  213 

Rosen,  Dr.  Harold,  232 

Roswell  Park  Memorial  Institute  for 
Cancer  Research,  168 

Rotational  stress,  120 

Roth,  Dr.  Emmanuel,  435 

Roush,  Rep.  J.  Edward,  106 

Rover  (nuclear  rocket  engine),  204,  541 

Royal  Aeronautical  Society,  519 

Royal  Air  Force  (raf),  172 

Royal  Astronomical  Society,  43,  67 

Royal  Institute  of  Technology,  Stock- 
holm, 198 

Royal  Radar  Establishment,  41 

Rozenberg,  Prof.  Georgiy,  318 

RS-70  (bomber),  34 

Rudnev,  Konstantin  N.,  339 

Rumsfeld,  Rep.  Donald,  327 

Rumford  Prize,  119 

Rushworth,  l/c  Robert  (usaf),  74,  341, 
365 

Rusk,  Secretary  of  State  Dean,  369 

Russell,  Sen.  Richard  B.,  40 

Russiyan,  T.,  371 

Rust  Engineering  Co.,  109 

Ryan  Aeronautical  Co.,  204 

Ryle,  Martin,  203 

Ryukyu  Air  Defense  System  (Rads),  241 

Ryukyu  Islands,  241 

SAC.     See  Strategic  Air  Command. 

Sacramento,  Calif.,  533 

Sacramento  Test  Center,  409 

SAE.  See  Society  of  Automotive  Engi- 
neers. 

Safety,  18,  68,  84,  131 

Safety  Steel  Services,  Inc.,  544 

Sagan,  Dr.  Carl,  262,  372,  481 

Sage  (Semi-Automatic  Ground  Environ- 
ment), 411 

Sahara,  113,  229 

St.  Francis  River  (rocket  launching  ship), 
459 

St.  Joseph's  Day,  138 


St.  Louis,  Mo.,  3,  157,  179,  363 

St.  Louis  Bicentennial  Space  Symposium, 

251,  252,  253,  254 
St.  Nicholas  Island,  1 
St.  Petersburg,  Fla.,  52 
Salisbury,  Australia,  106 
Salisbury,  Dr.  John  W.,  566 
Salpeter,  Edwin  E.,  206 
Salto  di  Quirra,  Sardinia,  375,  543 
Saltonstall,  Sen.  Leverett,  7 
Samos  (satellite) ,  416,  451,  486,  524 
Sampson,  m/g  George  P.  (usa),  66,  344 
San  Antonio  Express,  309 
San  Clemente  Island,  49 
San  Diego,  Calif.,  133 
San  Diego  Evening  Tribune,  133 
San  Diego  Express,  492 
San  Diego  Union,  122,  183 
San   Francisco,  CaHf.,  83,   109,  255,  374, 

383,  535 
San  Francisco  Sunday  Chronicle,  179 
SAN  MARCO  I  (Italian  satellite),  2 
San  Salvador,  261 
Sandage,  Dr.  Allan  R.,  38,  237,  277 
Sanders,  Myrl  E.,  505 
Sands,  b/g  H.  J.  (usaf),  479 
Santa  Clara  County,  Calif.,  50 
Santa  Fe  Engineers,  Inc.,  105 
Santa  Susana,  Calif.,  198,  373 
Saphir  (French  rocket),  467 
Sardinia,  Italy,  375,  543 
Sarnoff,  David,  101,  249,  250,  440 
Satellite    (see  also  under  names  of  indi- 
vidual   satellites    and    satellite    proj- 
ects),  42,  82,  417,  461,  567 
armed,    interception    and    destruction, 

210,  512 
cooperation,  international,  2,  38,  58-59, 

77,  111-112,  246 
destruction  of,  124,  183 
foreign,    12,   21,   41,    76,   86,   94,    109, 
120,  123,  124,  152,  189,  197,  216,  227, 
260,  282,  311,  337,  339,  364,  379,  421, 
483,  504,  525,  526,  527-528,  546,  556, 
560,  565 
multiple  launching,  238,  341 
surveillance  system,  86,  179,  271,  390, 

416,  451,  486,  524 
tracking,  12,  14,  89,  105,  114,  119,  174, 
202,  228,  236,  276,  292,  363,  418,  497 
use  of,  10,  13,  24,  25,  72,  80,  82,  85,  89, 
94,  101,  105,  106,  112,  118,  142,  147, 
162,    168-169,    193,    197,    207,    226- 
227,  232,  234,  273,  278,  282,  313,  384, 
424 
Satellite,   communications,  2,   7,  65,  224, 
240,  244,  250 
contract,  31,  51,  81,  172,  283,  381,  393, 

483,  490,  534,  537 
cooperation,  international,  7,  58-59,  95, 
250,  254,  322,  502,  545,  555,  570-571 
design,  254,  260,  283,  506 


INDEX 


665 


Satellite,  communications  (Continued) 
foreign,   204,   216,   229,   249.   260,   313, 

361,  476,  480,  492 
ground  stations,  201,  232,  315,  320,  385, 
393,  412,  462,  463,  490,  497,  503,  527, 
534,  537 
military  use  of,  1,  31,  51,  81,  93,  101, 

241-242,  283,  319,  441-442 
performance,   172,    176,    180,    197,   214, 

221,  228,  236,  313 
rates,  245,  250,  257,  277,  282,  289 
television  channels,  lease  of,  268,  271, 

334,  364 
use  of,  2,  22,  31,  81,  186,  193,  214,  226, 
229,  240,  246,  254,  268.  277,  289,  300- 
301,  313,  334,  344,  440,  446,  449-450, 
495,  532.  541,  562,  569 
Satellite,  geodetic,  35,  158,  274 
Satellite,  ionosphere,  24,  207 
Satellite,  meteoroid  detection.     See  Pega- 
sus. 
Satellite,  meteorological,  72,  156,  173 
cooperation, 

international,  76,  162,  215 
NASA-Weather  Bureau,  26,  163 
funds  for,  44 

Nimbus,  44,  45,  87,  144,  532 
plans  for,  45,  104,  162,  220 
TIROS  IX,  26,  162,  168, 169 
TIROS  X,  307,  570 
use  of,  81,  162,  169,  226,  245,  424 
U.S.S.R.,  76,  85,  245 
Satellite,  military,  179,  210,  238 
Satellite,  navigational,  14,  215,  226,  384, 

453 
Satellite,    orbiting    observatory    (see    also 

Oao,  Ogo,  Oso),  12,28,82,  126 
Satellite,  polar  orbit,  35 
Satellite,  radio  astronomy,  28,  30 
Satellite,    reconnaissance,    86,    157,    175, 

179, 189,  271,  353 
Satellite  Situation  Report,  144,  159 
Satellite,  solar-powered,  140 
Satellite,  solar  x-ray  monitor,  10 
Satellite  Telemetry  Automatic  Reduction 

System  (Stars),  105 
Satellite,  unidentified 
U.S., 

launch  vehicle, 

Atlas-Agena  D,  27,  206,  254,  341, 

454,  509 
Scout,  562 

Thor-Able-Star,  119,  295,  377 
Thor-Agena   D,    18,   93,    114,    152, 
207,  236,  238,  336,  447-448,  462, 
493,  546,  564 
Thor  f4ws,  240,  423 
Satellite,  weather.     See  Satellite,  meteor- 
ological. 
Saturday  Evening  Post,  10,  211 
Saturday  Review,  1 
Saturn  (planet),  197,  216 
Saturn  (program), 
achievements,  72,  97 


contracts,  37,  48,  52,  91,  92,  94,   109, 

115,  118,  173,  182,  204 
facilities,   construction    of,   37,   39,   48, 

115 
plans  for,  7,  43,  54,  60,  75,  79,  130 
progress,  31,  39.  54,  56,  96,  100,  112, 

123,  129,  162,  178,  188,  191,  197,  209 
propulsion,  30,  82 
Saturn   I    (booster),   112,   239,   288,   365, 

373,  502,  570 
contract,  94 
launch,  72,  227,  294,  570 

SA-7,  261 

SA-8,  247 

SA-9,  72,  97 

SA-10,  227 
stage,  96,  250 
Saturn  IB  (  booster) ,  31,  82,  237,  377 
contract,  37,  52,  92,  94,  118,  173,  204, 

292,  296,  527,  562 
development,  30,  60,  112,  115,  123,  347- 

348 
engine, 

H-1,  92,  197,  291-292,  490 

j-2,  31,  209,  322,  527 
equipment,  37,  173,  204,  239,  459 
facilities,  37,  311-312,  345 
plans  for,  7,  43,  54,  60,  75,  79,  130,  298, 

472,  533,  556 
stage,  556,  570 

s-iB-1,   123,   129-130,   162,  341,   376, 
377,  543 

s-iB-2,  363 

s-iB-3,  437,  491 

s-ivB,  31,  182,  191,  209,  296,  298,  373, 
406,  562 
test,  319,  543 
Saturn  V  (booster) ,  54,  56,  75,  79,  80,  82, 

106,  123,  178,  326,  348,  467,  473,  517 
contract,  48,  92,  109,  115,  173,  182,  204, 

447,  527 
development,  30,  348 
engine, 

F-1,  112,  178,  188,  219,  291,  368 

j-2,  198,  322,  527,  535 
equipment,  39,  173,  182,  204,  319,  373 
facilities,   39,   48,    115,   239,   381,   422, 

447  544  562 
plans 'for, '7,  43,  54,  295,  429,  476,  533, 

556 
stage,  112,  570 

s-ic,  54,  188,  219,  291,  450,  544 

s-ic-T,  54,  100,  241,  275-276,  368,  525, 
554 

s-ii,  56,  198,  298,  322,  326,  373,  421, 
451,  492 

s-ivB,   191,  224,  296,  298,   386,  406, 
535,  562 
Savage,  Melvyn,  370 
Savenko,  Prof.,  431 
Saxon,  D.  R.,  306 
Scads.     See    Scanning    Celestial   Attitude 

Determination  System. 
Scanner,  horizon,  126,  255,  302,  370,  374, 
399,  421,  476,  505 


666 


INDEX 


Scanning  Celestial  Attitude  Determination 

System  (Scads),  334 
Schawlow,  Dr.  Arthur  L.,  545 
Scheer,  Julian,  356,  438-439,  514 
Schirra,  Capt.  Walter  M.,  Jr.,   (usn),  49, 

170,  294,  325,  449,  489,  493,  511,  547, 

548,  550-553,  556,  557,  567 
Schisler,  Rep.  Gale,  46 
Schjedahl,  G.  T.,  Co.,  35 
Schmidhauser,  Rep.  John  R.,  89 
Schmidt,  Dr.  Maarten,  237 
Schmidt,  R.  A.,  191 
Schmitt,  Dr.  Harrison  H.,  299,  300,  341 
Schneider,  William  C,  479,  567 
Schneiderman,  Dan,  102,  356,  448,  462 
Schriever,  Gen.  Bernard  A.  (usaf),  5,  18- 

19,  106,   128,  147,  151,   170,  203,  241- 

242,  264,  274,  320,  382,  406,  408,  452, 

459,  484 
Scriven,  b/g  George  P.  (usa),  165 
Schult,  Eugene,  494 
Schurmeier,  Harris  M.,  155,  341 
Schutt,  Dr.  John  B.,  229 
Schwartz,  Harry,  280,  339,  427,  548 
Schwartz,  Leonard,  105 
Schweickart,  Russell,  321 
Schwinger,  Julian,  487 
Schwinghammer,  Robert  J.,  156 
Science,  10,  21,  33,  69,  101,  185,  213,  262, 

271,  280,  360,  426,  461,  473,  493,  516, 

529,  531,  560,  562 
Science    (magazine),   97,    198,   322,   337, 

415,  441,  448,  488,  496,  564 
Science  and  Technology  Advisory  Council 

(New  York  City),  562 
Science  Fair,  Greater  St.  Louis,  179 
"Science  in  the  Sixties"   (seminar) ,  280- 

281 
Science  Museum,  London,  461 
Science  teachers,  Soviet,  123 
Scientific  American,  360 
Scientific   and    Technical   Aerospace   Re- 
ports (star),  472 
Scientific    Engineering   Institute,   Boston, 

280 
Scientific    Research    Radiophysics    Insti- 
tute, Gorki,  U.S.S.R.,  434 
Scientists,  531 

and  engineers,  190 

as  astronauts,  5,  63,  132,  299,  300,  383 

awards,  58,  67,  73 

interdisciplinarian,  514 

President's    Science   Advisory    Commit- 
tee, 119,  169 

space  program,  17,  30 

training,  88,  133 

training,  lunar  mission,  10 
Scorpio  (rocket  engine),  157 
Scott,  Maj.  David  R.  (usaf),  10,  321,  444 
Scout    (booster),  113,  207,  370,  373,  486, 
521,  540,  541,  544,  562 

system  management,  80 
Scout  Evaluation  Vehicle  (Sev),  373 


Scout  Reentry  Heating  Project,  559 
Scr.     See  Silicone-controlled  rectifier. 
Scramjet.     See     Supersonic     combustion 

ramjet. 
Scribner,  110 

Sea  of  Clouds  (moon),  85,  227 
Sea  of  Storms  (moon),  467 
Sea  of  Tranquillity  (moon),  74,  84-35,  95 
Sea  Test  Range,  49 
Sea  Vixen  (British  aircraft),  52 
Sea  Water  Conversion  Laboratory,  Univ. 

of  Calif.,  77 
Seaborg.  Dr.  Glenn  T.,  135,  304-305,  325, 

546-547 
Sealab   ii,  299,  340,  389,  402,  417,  421, 

425,  434,  450,  467,  471,  519 
Seals  274 
Seam'ans,  Dr.  Robert  C,  Jr.,  9,  77,  112, 

146,  155,  156,  292,  402,  421,  460,  520, 

546,  561,  566 
Searcy,  Ark.,  373 
Seattle,  Wash.,  55 
Secor    (Sequential   Collation   Of   Range) 

(geodetic  satellite)    (usa),  457 
SECOR  II,  118 

SECOR  in,  114 

SECOR  V,  374,  571 

Sedov,  Prof.  Leonid  1.,  431 

See,  Elliot  M.,  Jr.,  334,  339,  382 

Sehlstedt,  Albert,  Jr.,  106 

Seife,  Alvin,  64 

Seismology,  18,  57,  523,  525 

Seismometer,  149,  473 

Scitz,  Dr.  Frederick,  185 

Seleznez,  Vasily,  135 

Selfridge  afb,  Mich.,  233 

Selfridge,  Thomas  Etholen,  555 

Seliakov,  Leonid,  87-88 

Semantics,  423 

Semipalatinsk  region,  U.S.S.R.,  18 

Senni,  Antoine,  66,  170 

Senter,  Raymond,  424 

Sequential     Collation     Of     Range.     See 

Secor. 
Serling,  Robert  J.,  316 
Sert    (See   Space   Electric   Rocket  Test), 

17 
SERT  I  (spacecraft),  17,  116 
Servo-system,  93 

Ses.     See  Space  Environment  Simulator. 
SETP.   See   Society   of   Experimental   Test 

Pilots. 
Sev.     See  Scout  Evaluation  Vehicle. 
Seville,  Spain,  563 
Seychelles  Islands   (West  Indian  Ocean), 

319 
Shai,  Charles  M.,  229 
Shank,  Robert  J.,  231 
Shapley.  Willis  H.,  343-344 
Sharp,  Prof.  Robert  P.,  355,  507 
Sharpless,  Dr.  Stewart,  223 
Shea,  Dr.  Joseph  F.,  43,  57,  113,  185,  238, 

325 


INDEX 


667 


Sheldon,  Dr.  Charles  S.,  ii,  27,  73,  113, 

497,  505 
Shepard,  Capt.  Alan  B.,  Jr.   (usn),  443, 

461 
Shepard,  Van,  150,  206,  453,  547,  563 
Sherman,  Windsor  L.,  12 
Shinn,  r/a  Allan  M.  (usn),  275 
Shirk,  James  S.,  96 
Shklovsky,  Dr.  I.  S.,  199 
Shneour,  Elie  A.,  61 
Shoemaker,    Dr.    Eugene,    175,    187,   496, 

507 
Shorthill,  Dr.  Richard,  8 
Short  Range  Attack  Missile   (Sram),  20, 

24 
Siegel,  Dr.  Peter,  387 
Siegel,  Dr.  Sanford  M.,  158 
Sight  Lecture,  Second  Annual,  249 
Sigma    Delta    Chi    National    Convention, 

514 
Sikorsky  (aircraft),  131 
Sikorsky,  Igor  I.,  32,  372 
Silicon-controlled  rectifier    (Scr),  308 
Silliman,  Benjamin,  Jr.,  331 
Simkin,  William  E.,  523 
Simons,  Howard,  11,  189,  246,  401,  412, 

434,  528,  563 
Simpson,  Dr.  George  L.,  Jr.,  217,  296 
Simpson,  Dr.  John  A.,  189,  245 
Simpson,  Ron,  322 
Sims,  Theo  E.,  143 
Simulator,  flight,  191 
Singer,  Dr.  S.  Fred,  71,  288 
Sinkiang,  China,  550 
Sinoite,  78 

Sinton,  Dr.  William  M.,  96 
Sissakian,  N.  M.,  313 
Sjogren,  W.  L.,  160 
Skogasandur,  Iceland,  414 
Skua   (U.K.  sounding  rocket),  161 
Skuridin,  Gennadii,  216 
Skylark  (U.K.  sounding  rocket),  226,  352 
Skyraider  (bomber  aircraft),  291,  381 
Slayton,  Donald  K.,  567 
Slidell,  La.,  105 
Slish,  Vyacheslev,  494 
Sloan,  Richard  K.,  190,  355 
Sloop,  John  L.,  131 
"Slowdown  in  the  Pentagon,"  45 
Small  Unified  Reactor  Facility  with  Sys- 
tems for  Isotopes  (Surfside),  341 
Smathers,  Sen.  (George,  394 
Smith  and  Sapp  Construction  Co.,  228 
Smith  and  Sons,  Ltd.,  275 
Smith,  C.  R.,  59 
Smith,  Francis  B.,  164 
Smith,  Gerald  L.,  119 
Smith,  Joan  Merriam,  78 
Smith,  Sen.  Margaret  Chase,  24,  238 
Smith  Mountain  Dam,  Va.,  407 
Smith,  William  D.,  489 
Smithson,  James,  296 
Smithsonian    Astrophysical    Observatory, 

67,  82,  262,  372,  376,  447,  505,  528 


Smithsonian  Institution,  255,  296,  502 
Bicentennial  Celebration,  436 
Museum    of    History    and    Technology, 

445 
National  Air  Museum,  43,  55,  128,  156, 
162,  329 

Smoluchowski,  Dr.  Roman,  202 

Smull,  Dr.  Thomas  L.  K.,  103,  533 

Snap     (System     for     Nuclear    Auxiliary 
Power),  122,292 
funds  for,  28 

Snap-7D,  59 

Snap-8,  27,  61,  100,  141,  219,  272 

Snap-9A,  7 

Snap-lOA,  30,  166,  172,  243,  511,  569 

Snap-19,  197 

Snap-50,  63 

SNAPSHOT  (satellite),  167,  243,  569 

Snowden,    Earl    of    (Antony    Armstrong- 
Jones),  511 

SNPO.      See     Space    Nuclear     Propulsion 
Office. 

"Social    Implications    of    Space    Explora- 
tion," 384 

Societe    des     Ateliers     d'Aviation     Louis 
Brequet,  234 

Societe   Generale  Aeronautique   Marcelle 
Dassault,  234 

Society  of  Automotive   Engineers    (sae), 

^  185,  368,  463 

Society     of     Experimental     Test     Pilots 
(set?),  453-454 

Society  of  Women  Engineers,  92 

Sodium,  liquid,  296 

Sodium-vapor  experiment,  6 

Soesterberg,  Netherlands,  23 

Sofar.     See    Sound   Fixing   and   Ranging 
Device. 

Soffen,  Gerald  A.,  61 

Sofia,  Bulgaria,  228 

Sohl,  Gordon.  348 

Sohn,  Robert  L.,  19,  61,  429 

Sokolovsky,    Marshal    Vasily    (U.S.S.R.), 
78 

Solar  boat,  299 

Solar  cell,  67,  74,  484 

Solar  eclipse,  126,  154 

Solar  energy,  3 

Solar  flare,  55,  80,  163,  224 

Solar  mill,  318 

Solar  plasma  probe,  102,  217 

Solar  Radiation  satellite.     See  Solrad. 

Solar  still,  77-78 

Solar  system,  60,  62,  312,  372 

Solar  wind,  32,  36,  257,  330 

Solid  propellant,  2,  32,  40,  81,  95,  98,  100, 
104,  141,  192,  288,  321,  335 

Solomon  Islands,  525 

Solrad   (Solar  Radiation  satellite),  10 

SOLRAD  IX,  521,  571 

Sonic  boom  (see  also  Noise),  65,  199,  379 
supersonic  bomber,  6,  73,  159 
supersonic    transport,    15,   48,   73,    199, 
241,  572 


668 


INDEX 


Sound      Fixing     and      Ranging     Device 

(Sofar),  230 
Sounding  rocket 
experiments,  6,  15,  31,  35,  53,  58,  108, 
120,  132,  167,  169,  180,  184,  195,  214, 
215,  239,  249,  264,  278,  287,  289,  294, 
302,  397,  439,  447-448,  534 
international   programs,   163,   195,   236, 

243,  439,  443,  447-448 
launch,  112,  163,  571 
Brazil,  557 
France,  478 
Indonesia,  21,  373,  375 
Italy,  375 

NASA,  6,  15,  35,  53,  58,  108,  120,  132, 
139,  167,  169,  180,  184,  195,  196, 
214,  215,  239,  249,  264,  278,  287, 
294,  302,  397,  439,  447^48,  473, 
484,  510,  511,  525,  534,  571 
Netherlands,  443 
USAF,  39 

USN,  31,  132,  163,  169 

use  of,  6,  15,  31,  35,  53,  58,  120,  132, 
161,  167,  169,  180,  184,  195,  211,  450 
Soundovac,  179 
South  Africa,  14,  55,  58,  76,  297,  300,  347, 

438,  497 
South  Atlantic  anomaly,  266 
South  Pole,  57,  387,  557 
South  Vietnam,  290,  314,  573 
Southern  Governor's  Conference,  164 
Southern  Interstate  Nuclear  Board,  164 
Sotheby's,  246 
Soudan  Formation,  223 
Southern  Methodist  Univ.,  414 
Southwest  Center  for  Advanced  Studies, 

410 
Sovetskaya  Rossiya,  382 
Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences,  45,  76,  78, 

183,  187,  225,  278,  313,  335,  342,  379, 

390,  392,  396,  405,  412,  415,  420,  431, 

462 
Soviet  Central   Scientific  Research  Insti- 
tute of  Communications,  497 
Soviet  Life,  262 

Soviet  Space  Law  Commission,  367 
Soviet  Union.     See  U.S.S.R. 
Sovietsky  Patriot,  323 
Space  Business  Daily,  519 
Space  Conference,  Fifth  Annual,  393 
Space  Congress  of  the  Canaveral  Council 

of  Technical  Societies,  Second,  171 
Space  Corp.,  164 
Space  Defense  Center,  210 
Space    Detection    and    Tracking    System 

(SPADATS)    (norad),  210,  228 
Space   Electric   Rocket  Test.   See   Sert. 
Space  environment,  62,  81,  129,  137,  385 

simulated,  36,  129,  134-135,  181 

testing,  68 
Space  Environment  Simulator   (Ses),  328 
Space,  exploration  of,  177,  178,  384,  461, 

471,  488 
Space  Fair,  San  Diego,  134 
Space  garden,  188 


Space-General  Corp.,  289,  348,  367,  405 
Space,  impact  of,  17,  27,  29,  30,  119,  137- 

138,  142,  151,  153,  179,  185,  208 
Space  junk,  13,  57,  456,  543,  563 
Space  laboratory,  102 
Space  law,  367,  531-532,  536,  559 
Space  medicine,  45,  55,  70,  412,  415,  433, 

489,  494,  533,  538,  548,  566 

Space,  military  use  of  (see  also  Manned 

Orbiting    Laboratory),    10,    46,    102, 

137,  168,  238,  365,  369,  459,  475,  534 

anti-satellite  defense,  241-242 

manned  space  flight,  42,  171,  241-242, 

544 
missile  detection  and  warning,  241-242 
nuclear  detonation  detection,  241-242 
objectives,  62,  239,  327,  459 
space  station,  151,  290 
U.S.S.R.,  78,  153,  171 
Space  Monument,  Moscow,  178 
Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office   (sNPO) 

(nasa-aec),  3,  44 
Space,  peaceful  use  of,  35,  55,  69,  75,  105, 

138,  245,  251-254,  413 
Space  program,  national 

accomplishments,  4,  35,  36,  43,  54,  69, 
72,  76-77,  82,  83,  89,  108,  117,  118, 
147,  150,  163,  226-227,  245,  251,  252, 
267,  323,  336,  358,  371,  380,  432,  459, 
503,  549-550,  552,  558,  559 
budget,  28-29,  40,  62,  75,  100,  141,  192, 

219    535 
cost  of,  4,  54,  91,  96-97,  106,  177,  191- 
192,  210,  217,  250,  276,  356,  380,  501, 
530 
criticism,  1,  3,  11,  44,  46,  63-64,  66,  97, 
121-122,  139,  167-168,  210,  254,  273, 
420,  438,  487,  495,  499,  530,  534,  545, 
557 
economic  impact,  460,  569 
future  developments,  228,  251,  253,  279, 

331,  348,  382,  393,  460,  464,  498 
military,  20,  27,  88,  102,  108,  137,  153, 
168,  182,  218,  242,  290,  347,  350,  366, 
367,  369,  371,  400,  401,  438,  504 
need,  119-129,  133,  138,  446,  514 
objectives,  27,  60,  69,  77,  86,  97,  101, 
102,  125-126,  137,  139,  174,  201,  210, 
214,  240,  255,  293,  350,  351-352,  371, 
396,  431,  520,  529,  539,  560-561 
policy,  13,  55,  123,  182,  217-218,  366- 

367,  401,  444,  487 
support  of,  62,  86,  89,  150,  228,  433 
universities,  103,  213,  504 
"Space  Programs  and  the  Federal  Budg- 
et," 192 
Space  race,  11,  243,  283,  471,  473 
booster,  73,  347 
manned  space  flight,  143,  278 

moon,    181,   228,   280,   327,  457,  466, 
545 
military,    154,   159,   168,   177,  278,  313, 

327,  488 
payload,  252,  348 
probe,  32 


INDEX 


669 


U.S.-U.S.S.R.,  32,  56,  73,  142,  144,  151, 
178.  204,  214,  235-236,  252,  278,  486, 
548 
Space  Radiation  Effects  Laboratory,  553 
Space    research,   90,    102,    104,    105,    115, 

136,  146,  147.  151,  156,  161.  179,  534 

Space  Research  Coordination  Center,  521 

Space  Research  Summer  Study.  293,  397 

Space  results,  54,  81.  101.   112,  114,  150, 

270,  344,  383,  384,  405,  407,  459,  483, 

488,  492,  499,  518-519.  534,  570 

astronomical  data,  15,  55.  81,  108,  129, 

226,  344,  359,  431,  442,  483,  571 
bioscience.  115,  132-133,  146,  167,  267, 

483.  503 
communication,  226,  273,  313,  483,  503 
education,  213,  270,  503 
geology,  344,  359,  432,  532 
laser  signals,  24,  67 
lunar   topography.   4,  43,   80,   84,    104, 

108,  149,  153.  187,  379,  380,  392 
Mars,  36,  293,  326,  327,  330,  333,  335, 

338,  355 
meteorology,    110,   216,   226,   245,   267, 

318.  424,  432,  455,  483,  503. 
micrometeoroid  density,  193,  310,  376, 
navigation,  226.  384,  504 
radiation,  80,  81,  94,  106-107,  118,  157, 

483 
science,  179,  262,  503 
Space  science,  27,  30-31,  78,  82,  214,  344, 
384,  412,  461 
curriculum,  134 
Space  Science  Award,  32 
Space  Science  Board  (nas),  17,  201,  246, 

293,  397 
Space  station,  manned,  151,  174,  318,  383, 
464,  499,  536,  544,  554 
foreign,  346,  442 
inspection  of,  105 

Mol,  28,  29,  30,  66,  86,  101-102,  115, 

171,  183,  549,  560,  567 

Space  suit,  125,  128,  132,  134,  138,  152, 

190,  208,  216,  237,  248,  421,  430,  470, 

500,  506,  512,  540 

Space      Surveillance      Calibration.      See 

SURCAL. 

Space   Technology    Laboratories,    19,  33, 

61,  65,  229,  283,  429 
Space    Tracking    and    Data    Acquisition 

Network  (stadan),  448,  461 
Space  World,  161 
Spacecraft 

braking,  19,  68,  232,  467,  542 

design,  18,  94,  104,  123,  126,  142,  153, 

157,  222,  231,  247,  387,  517,  528 
development  testing,  21-22,  25,  55,  79, 
88,  97,   110,   128,  182,  227-228,  239, 
244,  293-294,  301,  383 
electrical  equipment,  503,  547 
environment,   simulated,   173,  432,  501, 

550 
escape  system,  66,  301,  513 
exhibit,  156,  173,  366,  461 


experiments  pallet,  524 
extravehicular  equipment,  522,  531 
heating,  21,  22,  36,  222,  230,  239,  244, 

254,  323 
instrumentation,  143,  494-495,  509,  515 
landing  system,  65,  112,  228,  323,  358, 

506,  550-551 
maneuverability.  68,  79,   145,   151,   155, 

216,  318,  388,  464 
military   missions,   20,   29,   62,  66,  369, 

416,  451,  459,  504 
propulsion  systems,  16,  40,  42,  44,  83, 
296,  347,  358,  391,  417,  435,  438, 
464,  472,  476,  519,  523 
nuclear.  390,  461,  510,  517 
record,  131,  403,  427,  447,  557 
recovery  systems,  12,  87,  563 
reliability,  17,  60,  503 
rendezvous,  388,  449,  493,  500,  501,  563, 

567 
reusable,  268,  398,  464 

Spacecraft  Technology  and  Advanced  Re- 
entry Tests  program  (Start),  106 

Spaceport,  178,  422,  464 

Spaco,  Inc.,  92,  109,  503 

spadats.      See     Space      Detection     and 
Tracking  System    (norad). 

Spadeadam    Rocket    Establishment,   Eng- 
land, 365 

Spain,  325,  563 

Spangler,  Eugene,  470 

Sparrow-Areas  (sounding  rocket),  511 

Spectrogram,  264,  299 

Spectrograph,  120,  132 

Spectroheliograph,  107,  179 

Spectrometer,  62,  107,  215,  485 

Spectrophotometer,  62 

Spectroscopy,  215 

Speed  Scientific  School,  9 

Spence,  Roderick  W.,  306 

Spero,  Donald,  279 

Sperry,  Elmer  A.,  Award,  32 

Sperry  Farragut,  48 

Sperry  Rand  Corp.,  109 
contract,  121 
Univac  Div.,  73,  555 

Sphere  experiment,  372 

Spica  (star),  215,  261 

Der  Spiegel,  318-319 

Spilhaus,  Dr.  Athelstan,  129 

Spirit  of  St.  Louis  Medal,  129 

Spitsbergen,  76,  80-81 

Spray,  Norm,  201 

Sprint  (antimissile  missile),  156,  522 

Sputnik  (U.S.S.R.  satellite),  52,  56 

SPUTNIK  I,  139,  445,  460 

SPUTNIK   II,   139 

Sram.     See  Short-range  attack  missile. 
S.S.  France,  278 
SSt.     See  Supersonic  transport. 
ssT  Development  Corp.,  297 
Stability  and  control,  127 
Stabilization,  attitude,  227,  236 
Stack,  John,  350 


670 


INDEX 


STADAN.  See  Space  Tracking  and  Data 
Acquisition  Network. 

Staff.  See  Stellar  Acquisition  Flight  Fea- 
sibility Test. 

Stafford,  Maj.  Thomas  P.  (usaf),  170, 
449,  489,  510,  511,  547-548,  551-552, 
556,  557,  567 

Stalony-Dobrzanski,  J.,  5 

Stamford  Museum  and  Nature  Center, 
233 

Standard  Telephone  Labs.,  549 

Stanford,  Neal,  39 

Stanford  Research  Institute,  514 

Stanford  Univ.,  61,  174,  300,  372,  420, 
545 

Stanton,  Dr.  Frank,  240 

Stanyukovich,  K.,  507 

Star,  30,  38,  206 
dwarf,  70 
halved,  57 
intensity,  82 
radiation,  215,  261 
study  of,  223,  512 
variable,  223 

STAR.  See  Scientific  and  Technical  Aero- 
space Reports. 

Star  collision,  281-282 

■'Starfish"  electrons,  337-338 

Stars.     See    Satellite    Telemetry    Auto- 
matic Reduction  System. 

Start.  See  Spacecraft  Technology  and 
Advanced  Reentry  Tests  program. 

Stassinopoulos,  E.  G.,  338 

State  Committee  of  Inventions,  U.S.S.R., 
129 

State,  Dept.  of,  121,  435,  517,  522 
Policy  Planning  Council,  100 

Staten  Island  Public  Health  Service,  527 

Statistical  standards,  354 

Stecker,  E.  J.,  315 

Steel  Executive  (cargo  vessel),  406,  443 

Steg,  Dr.  Leo,  98 

Steinmetz,  Charles  Proteus,  Centennial 
Medal,  209 

Stellar  Acquisition  Feasibility  Flight 
(Staff)  program,  184,  513 

Stellar  Inertial  Guidance  System  (Stings), 
184,  513 

Stendahl,  Dr.  Krister,  168 

Stennis,  Sen.  John,  84 

Stephens,  Col.  Robert  L.   (usaf),  213 

Sternberg  Astronomical  Institute,  Mos- 
cow, 180,  182,  199 

Stevens,  Capt.  Albert  W.   (usa),  513 

Stewart,  Dr.  Harris  B.,  Jr.,  565-566 

Still,  solar,  77-78 

Stings.  See  Stellar  Inertial  Guidance 
System. 

Stockholm,  Sweden,  198 

Stoiko,  Michael,  429-430,  536 

Stol  aircraft,  50,  52,  63,  197 

Stormfury,  Project,  308 

Stormy  Spring,  Project,  124 

Strategic  Air  Command,  (sac),  63,  304, 
391 


"Strategies  for  Survival  in  the  Aerospace 
Industry,"  13,  52 

Stratoscope  ii   (balloon),  326 

Stratosphere,  318 

Strebig,  James  J.,  Memorial  Award,  244 

Stress  analysis,  17 

Stress,  Rotational,  120 

Strikes 

Boeing  Co.,  444-445,  447,  462 

Cape  Kennedy,  8,  39,  49,  133,  157,  159, 

295,  301,  302 
Goddard  Space  Flight  Center,  308 
Kennedy  Space  Center,  277,  437,  444- 

445,  447,  527 
McDonnell    Aircraft    Corp.,    510,    512- 

513,  520,  523,  524 
Mississippi  Test  Operations,  131 
North  American  Aviation,  Inc.,  435-436 

Strong,  Dr.  John,  393 

Strother,  Fred  P.  109 

Strughold,  Dr.  Hubertus,  324^325 

Stuhlinger,  Dr.  Ernst,  505 

su-6  (behavior  of  matter  theory),  38 

Submarine 

missile  bearing,  541 
nuclear,  59,  78,  538 

Sud-Aviation  (France),  237,  479 

Sudan,  59 

Suitland,  Md.,  24 

Sudets,  Soviet  Air  Marshal  Vladimir 
Aleksandrovich,  383 

Sullivan,  Francis  J.,  225 

Sullivan,  Walter,  213,  237,  326,  338 

Sulphuric  oxide,  318 

Summerfield,  Martin,  211 

Sun    (see   also   Solar  cell,   etc.),   31,   47, 
182,  188,  259 
exploration,  217,  243,  563 
iQSY,  10,  163,  194,  196,  197,  226,  511, 

521,  523,  553,  555,  556 
magnetic     field,     223-224,     565 
radiation,   10,  53,  56,  67,  80,  107,  126, 

169,  196 
satellite  data,  10,  521 

"The  Sunday  Show"   (tv  program),  85 

Sunspots,  163,  196 

Super    Guppy    (aircraft),   406,    449,    562 

Supernovae,  573 

Supersonic  combustion  ramjet  (Scram- 
jet),  203-204,  543 

Supersonic  flow  theory,  32 

Supersonic  transport  (Sst)  (see  also  air- 
craft, supersonic  transport),  8-9,  15, 
16,  28.  34,  36,  41,  228,  309,  310,  311, 
316,  417,  481,  490,  491,  515,  522,  545. 
555,  571 

suRCAL  (Space  Surveillance  Calibration 
satellite),  114,238,  377 

Surfside.  See  Small  Unified  Facility 
with  Systems  for  Isotopes. 

Surveillance,  airspace,  241 

Surveyor  (program),  118,  181,  204,  342, 
466,  477,  501 


INDEX 


671 


Surveyor  (spacecraft),  64,  103,  188,  374, 
570. 

Sutro,  Louis,  281 

sv-5  (wingless  aircraft),  106 

Sweden,  325,  352,  466 

Swiss  Federal  Institute  of  Technology,  73 

Switzerland,  325,  552 

Sydney,  Australia,  109 

Sylvania  Electric  Products,  Inc.,  537 

Sylvester,  Arthur,  474 

Symington,  Sen.  Stuart,  103,  127,  513 

Symmetry  group  theory,  38 

Symposium  on  Advanced  Propulsion  Con- 
cepts, Fourth,  203 

Symposium  on  Fluid  Dynamics  and 
Plasma,  466 

Symposium  on  Meteor  Orbits  and  Dust, 
376 

Symposium  on  Post-Apollo  Space  Ex- 
ploration, 216,  235 

Symposium  on  Space  and  Ballistic  Mis- 
sile Technology,  366 

Symposium  on  Unmanned  Exploration  of 
the  Solar  System,  59,  60,  61,  62,  64 

Synchroton,  279 

Syncom  (communications  satellite),  106, 
147,  173 

SYNCOM  II,  1,  88,  102,  106,  136,  319,  570 

SYNCOM  III,  1,  2,  82,  88,  319,  570 

Syria,  38 

Syverton,  Clarence  A.,  69 

T-33  (jet  trainer) ,  222 

T-38  Talon   (jet  trainer),  246 

Tabanera,  Teofilo,  236 

Tactical  Air  Command   (tac),  340 

Tactical  Fighter  Experimental  (Tfx), 
See  F-111. 

Tad.     See  Delta,  Thrust  Augmented. 

Talcott,  Rep.  Burt  L.,  315 

Tanner,  Carol  S.,  228 

Tantalum,  535-536 

Tascher.  John,  137 

Tass,  42,  43,  125,  221,  222,  223,  254,  274, 
311,  313,  318,  329,  337,  342,  343,  356, 
364,  371,  377,  378,  387,  391,  394,  413, 
418,  460,  462,  463,  473,  479,  483,  494, 
509,  512,  513,  526,  527,  530,  535,  539, 
540,  548,  550,  560,  568 

Tate,  Mayor  James  H.  J.,  472 

Taylor,  Charles  Edward,  555-556 

Taylor,  Capt.  James  M.   (usaf),  514 

Taylor,  Rep.  Royal  A.,  46 

Taylor,  William  B.,  469 

Taz-8  (alloy),  56 

Teague,  Rep.  Olin  E.,  108,  171,  219,  404, 
567 

Tech/Courier  Corp.,  334 

Technology,  7,  10,  16,  18,  21,  33,  41,  185, 
213,  250,  260-261,  281,  473,  492,  498, 
516,  529,  534,  558,  559,  562 

Technology  and  Culture,  127 

Technology  Status  and  Trends  Sympo- 
sium, 194 


Technology  utilization,  space,  14,  27,  30- 
31,   35,   90,    101,   114,    118,   125-126, 
162,  171,  174,  175-176,  185,  194,  503 
Technology    Utilization    Program,    96, 
161,  369,  456,  571 
Tektite,  85,  96,  507 
Tel  Aviv,  Univ.  of,  321 
Telecommunication,  108 
Telecomputing  Services,  Inc.,  474,  512 
Telefunken,  205 

Telemetry,  1,  15,  92,  105,  136,  142,  243 
Telescope,  4-5,  311 

orbiting,  12,  82 
Television,  41,  57,  128,  132,  214,  245,  246, 
250,  254,  360,  383,  387,  456,  484,  503, 
530,  539,  555,  562 
color,  254,  383 
Television  Infrared  Observation  Satellite. 

See  Tiros. 
Telstar    (communications   satellite),   173, 
221 

TELSTAR  II,  41,  236 

Temm,  Peter,  200 

Tennessee,  255 

Tennis,  Richard,  186 

Teplinskiy,  m/g  G.  (U.S.S.R.),  10 

Tepper,  Dr.  Morris,  163,  225 

Test  facility,  26,  100,  105,  115,  123,  160, 

533 
Texas  Instruments,  Inc.,  374,  513 
Texas  Women's  Univ.,  540 
Textron  Corp.,  165 
Tfx     (Tactical     Fighter     Experimental). 

See  F-111. 
Thayer,  Sylvanus,  88 

Theoretical    Astronomy    Institute,    Lenin- 
grad, 372 
Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.,  65,  95,  107,  179, 
492 

contract,  197,  270,  297,  315,  453,  474, 
567 

Reaction  Motors  Div.,  315 

Wasatch  Div.,  32 
Thomas,  Rep.  Albert  D.,  172,  276 
Thomas,  David  D.,  303 
Thomas,  John  E.,  159 
Thomas,  Lowell,  408 
Thompson,  Dr.  Floyd  L.,  16,  518 
Thompson,  Milton  O.,   15,  247,  287,  370, 

397 
Thompson-Ramo-Wooldrige,  Inc.  (see  also 
TRW,  Inc.),  61,  65,  197 

Space    Technology    Laboratories    Di\., 
19,  33,  61,  195 
Thompson,  Robert  F.,  297,  314 
Thompson,  Thomas  W.,  193 
Thor  (missile),  57 
Thor-Able  (booster),  163 
Thor-Able-Star    (booster),    13,    74,    118. 

295,  377 
Thor-Agena  (booster),  332 

launch,  272.  546 

B,  527 

D,  18,  93,  114,  152,  207,  236,  238,  336, 
339,  382,  447,  462,  493,  546,  564 


672 


INDEX 


Thor-Altair  (booster),  20,  132 
Thor-Delta  (booster),  257 
Thor  Fw4s  (booster) ,  240,  423 
Thorium,  135 

Thrust-Augmented  Improved  Delta,  507 
Thumba,  India,  experiments,  226 
Thunderbird  Aerial  Team,  316 
Thurmond,  Sen.  Strom,  320 
Thurston,  Robert,  Lecture,  511 
Tidbinbilla,  Australia,  136,  337,  353 
Tides,  505,  564 
Tillich,  Paul,  362 
Tilton,  Thomas  D.,  156 
Time  magazine,  232 
Tipton,  Stuart  G.,  114,  118,  469 
Tiros    (meteorological  satellite),  72,  156, 
162,  173,  307 

TIROS  I,  162 

TIROS  VII,  290,  420 

TIROS  VIII,  42() 

TIROS  IX,  26,  162,  168,  169,  282,  307,  420, 

570 
TIROS  X,  301-302,  307,  413,  420 
Tiros  Operational  Satellite  system  (Tos), 

26,  162 
Tischler,  Adelbert  0.,  472 
Tison,  r/a  James  C.  (usn),  420 
Titan  I  (missile),  16,  57,  109,  161 
Titan  II   (booster),  21,  57,  66,  128,  145, 
288,  347,  373,  493,  538,  547,  548,  551 

launch  facility,  11,  14 
Titan  II  (missile),  304,  377 
Titan  iii  (booster),  12,  28,  66,  89 

cost,  385 
Titan  iii-a   (booster),  12,  19,  65,  220,  227 
Titan  iii-c,  287,  288,  290,  291,  295,  329, 

347,  348,  396,  459,  477,  498-499,  559- 

560,  562-563,  564,  571 
Titan  iii-x,  274 
Titanium,  58 

Tito,  Pres.  Josip  Broz,  413 
Titov,  l/c  Gherman  S.,  272 
Tnt.     See  Transient  Nuclear  Test. 
Tokyo  Japan,  523 
Tokyo,  Univ.,  260 

Tokyo  Univ.  Aeronautical  Institute,  133 
Tolansky,  Samuel,  290 
Tolubko,  Col.  Gen.  Vladimir,  423,  515 
Tombaugh,  Dr.  Clyde  W.,  109 
Tomonaga,  Shinichero,  487 
Topaze  (rocket),  229 
Torrejon  AFB,  Spain,  284 
Tos.     See  Tiros  Operational  Satellite. 
Townes,  Dr.  Charles  H.,  209,  545 
Townsend,  Dr.  John  W.,  344,  375 
Towson,  Md.,  240 
Tracking,  13,  89,  114,  119,  202,  363,  450 

deep  space,  174,  364,  377 

laser  beam,  276 

missile,  49,  233 

stations,  114,  117,  160 
Alaska,  276 

Australia,  89,  108,  136,  337,  520,  543 
Denmark,  170 


France,  14,  75 

Germany,  West,  292,  377 

Mexico,  107 

Norway,  81 

South  Africa,  14,  55,  297,  497 

Spitsbergen,  80-81 

U.K.,  78 

U.S.,  48-49,  87,  89,  174,  228,  467 
training,  418 
Trampoline  bed,  55 
Transient  Nuclear  Test  (Tnt),  13 
Transit  (satellite),  14 
Transponder,  456 
Transportation,  198,  237,  454,  457 
Trans-World  Airlines,  119,  297 
Trask,  D.  W.,  160 
Travis  afb,  Calif.,  198,  302 
Treaty,  nuclear  test  ban,  3,  34,  40-41,  81 
Treib,  Albert  J.,  366 
Tri-State  Roofing  Co.,  478 
Trident  (aircraft),  275 
Troitsky,  Vsevolod,  43,  434 
Trud,  497 

Truly,  Lt.  Richard  H.  (usn),  514 
Truszynski,  Gerald  M.,  88 
TRW,    Inc.     (see    also    Thompson-Ramo- 

Wooldridge,  Inc.),  229,  367,  492,  549, 

555 
Space    Technology    Laboratories    Div., 

229 
Trybura  Ludu,  339 

Tschudi,  President  Hans  Peter   (Switzer- 
land), 301 
Tsinghua  Univ.,  261 

TSR-2    (tactical  strike-reconnaissance  air- 
craft), 17,52,87,549 
Tu-134  (jetliner) ,  17,  52,  87,  549 
Tu-144   (supersonic  transport),  279,  318, 

337 
Tula,  Russia,  300 
Tullahoma,  Tenn.,  535 
Tulsa,  Okla.,  185 
Tunguska  (meteorite),  258 
Tunisia,  59 

Tupolev,  Andrei  N.,  87,  372 
Turbocompressor,  438 
Turbomeca,  234 
Turbulence,  atmospheric,  551 
Turkey,  441,  442 
Twiss,  Peter  M.,  456 
Tycho  (lunar  crater),  8 
Tydings,  Sen.  Joseph,  46 
Typhoon  Ruby,  142 
Typhoon  Sally,  142 

u-2  (photographic  airplane),  124 

u-235,  243 

U.A.R.     See  United  Arab  Republic. 

UAW.     See  United  Auto  Workers. 

Uchinoura,  Japan,  133-134 

Uchitel'skaya  Gazeta,  345 

UCLA.     See   California,   Univ.   of,   at   Los 

Angeles. 
Udall,  Interior  Secretary  Stewart  L.,  124 
Ufo.     See  Unidentified  flying  objects. 


INDEX 


673 


U.K.     See  United  Kingdom, 

Ulrich,  Dr.  Bruce  T.,  495 

U.N.     See  United  Nations. 

Underground  nuclear  test,  18,  34,  81,  466, 

524 
UNESCO      (United     Nations     Educational, 

Scientific   and   Cultural   Organization), 

541,  545 
Unidentified    flying    objects     (Ufo),    38, 

52,  324,  327,  366,  374,  438 
Union  Carbide  Corp.,  157,  445 
Union    Carbide    Research   Institute,    157, 

261 
Union  of  Soviet  Socialist  Republics.     See 

U.S.S.R. 
United   Aerospace   Workers    Union,   435, 

468 
United  Aircraft  Corp.,  209 

Hamilton  Standard  Div.,  125,  506,  540 

Pratt  and  Whitney  Div.,  120,  137,  163, 
309,  312 

Vtol  study,  393 
United  Airlines,  189,  221,  387,  545,  555 
United  Arab  Republic    (U.A.R.),  6,  32, 

59,  187,  325,  393 
United  Association  of  Plumbers  and  Pipe- 
fitters, 159 
United  Auto  Workers   (uAw),   115,  186- 

187,  295 
United  Kingdom   (U.K.),  2,  75,  117,  164, 
234,  246,  267,  522,  525 

aircraft,  2,  17,  34,  52,  63,  87,  188,  274, 
314,  318,  357,  486 

Defense  Ministry,  17,  34 

Dept.  of  Education  and  Science,  164 

Dept.  of  Scientific  and   Industrial  Re- 
search, 110,  164 

General  Post  Office,  549 

House  of  Commons,  117 

launch,  143,  526 

Meteorological  Office,  161 

military,  63,  178,  234,  426,  486 

Ministry  of  Aviation,  117,  486 

Ministry  of  Technology,  164 

rocket,  2,  143,  365,  526,  545 

Science  Research  Council,  164 

space  program,  164,  354 

supersonic  transport,  48,  413 

Concorde,  73,  204,  237,  316,  319,  337, 
417,  479 
United  Nations  (U.N.),  68,  147,  298,  344, 
418,  424,  463,  474 

Committee  on  Peaceful  Uses  of  Outer 
Space,  254 

General  Assembly,  163,  367,  559 

resolution    against    weapons    in    space, 
521-522,  544 
United    Press    International    (upi),    246, 

401 
United  States  (U.S.)    (see  also  appropri- 
ate government  agencies) , 

budget,  12,  27,  54,  60,  61,  74,  75,  86, 
90,  192,  313 

defense,  13,  102 
economy,  86,  98 


expenditures,  9,  536 

goal,   17,  69,  200,  201,  246,  366,  371, 

427 
Government 
criticism  of,  142,  152,  167,  177,  423, 

427,  558 
R&D,   10,  92,  97,  124,   134,  185,  190, 

203,  360,  426.  473,  536 
science   and   technology,   20,   69,   92, 
101,   103,  119,  169,  185,  271,  298, 
357,  426,  434,  497,  515 
information,  exchange  of,  121,  131,  273, 

343,  494 
information,  freedom  of,  128,  203 
international   relations,    121,    259,   299, 

517 
manpower,  131,  147 
military,  20,  21,  37,  39,  42,  45,  69,  74, 

84,  105,  170,  210,  369 
patents,  264,  287,  299,  359,  487 
peace,  55,  86,  103,  366,  432 
policy,  92,    121-2,   128,   181,  216,  237, 

264,  432,  446 
security,    national,    19,    20-21,    38,    55, 
105,  137,  144,  147,  153,  241,  270,  298 
space 

accomplishments,   4,   36,   43,   51,  54, 

72,  81,  105,  112,  146,  149,  152,  155, 

227,  252,  279,  380,  383,  412,  414, 

418,  458-9 

activities,  35,  75,  79,  94,  116 

capability,   29,  42,   54,  80,   105,  138, 

175,  252,  335,  390,  416 
censorship,  410 
power,  79,  153,  171 

race,  11,  31,  73,  108,  110,  113,  137, 
138,  142,  144,  150,  153,  167,  182, 
211,  235,  243,  251,  278,  292,  312, 
321,  327,  351,  403-4,  427,  441,  445, 
473 
United    Technology    Center    (uTc),    288, 

297,  541 
Universe,  416,  569,  572-573 
Universities,  57,  111,  213,  223,  226,  239, 
240,  261,  264,  269,  273,  279,  281,  299, 
311,  321,  326,  435,  473,  486,  509,  554, 
572 
computer  use  by,  9,  108 
graduate  training  program,  130,  555 
grants,  96,  103,  134,  185,  223,  232-233, 
274,  303,  327,  353,  370,  376,  420,  424, 
530,  538 
NASA-Western     University     Conference, 

510 
space  exploration,  impact  on,   17,  255, 

260,  270,  373,  468 
University  Explorers  Program,  56,  94 
University     Program     Review     Confer- 
ence, 103,  106 
Unmanned  Spacecraft  Meeting,  101-102 
UPI.     See'  United  Press  International. 
Upper  Volta,  76 
Uranium,  305 

Urey,  Dr.  Harold  C,  58,  85,  95,  149,  187, 
206,  474 


674 


INDEX 


Uruguay,  25 

Urumchi,  Sinkiang,  China,  550 

U.S.     See  United  States. 

USA.     See  U.S.  Army. 

USA  Ballistic  Research  Laboratories,  501 

USAF.     See  U.S.  Air  Force. 

USAF  Contract  Management  Div.  (afcmd), 

408 
USAF  Flight   Safety   Review  Board,  509- 

510 
USAF  Office  of  Aerospace  Research  (usaf 

oar),  62, 478 
usaf  San  Bernardino  Air  Materiel  Area, 

161 
USAF  School  of  Aerospace  Medicine,  167, 

173,  305,  494,  532 
U.S.  Air  Force  (usaf)    (see  also  Defense, 
Dept.   of,   and   individual   commands 
and  laboratories),  48,  153,  440,  442, 
453,  458,  550,  563,  573 
Aerospace  Corporation,  377,  419 
Agena  Target  Vehicle,  55,  166,  509,  524 
aircraft,  15,  19,  54,  144,  178,  191,  198, 
213,  221,  248,  284,  290,  322,  329, 
333,  454,  481,  484,  491,  515,  537 
F-111,  14,  17,  19,  20,  52,  90,  109,  121, 

172,  325,  333,  429,  537 
F-lllA,  6,  121,  179,  180,  183,  537 
XB-70,  19,  73,  77,  84,  111,  191,  206, 

568 
XB-70A,  77,  150,  284,  308,  351,  482, 
562 
aircraft  defense,  411 
astronaut,  302,  331,  399,  406,  514 
Atlas  SLv-3  (booster),  123,  183 
awards,  13,  223,  354,  471 
contract,  5,  84,  144,  160,  240,  302,  377, 
387,  408,  451,  492 
booster,  8,  32,  66,  165,  183,  265,  274, 
297,  435,  498,  559,  567 
cooperation, 
AEC,  243 

NASA,   178,  218,  300,  305,  444,  452, 
464,  482,  483,  493 

NASA-USN,  41,  178 

USA,  473 
laser  program,  24,  67 
launch, 

failure,  39,  184,  254,  287 
missile,  49,  101,  144,  310,  426,  514 
operational,  24,  54,  63,  67,  152 
R&D,  49,  109 
nuclear  reactor,  243 
probe,  176,  227,  272 
reentry  vehicle,  18,  88,  92 
rocket,  64,  114,  220,  511 
satellite,  18,  20,  24,  27,  93,  114,  118, 
120,  132,  152,  207,  237,  238,  240, 
254,  272,  295,  296,  336,  341,  423, 
447,  448,  454,  462,  493,  510,  546, 
562,  564 
management,  4,  114,  456 
meeting,  147,  274 

missile  program,  48,  57,  101,  161,  184, 
304,  377,  473,  479,  514,  541 


Mol,  28,  29,  66,  86,  171,  183,  290,  295, 

329-330,  346,  367,  396,  400,  401,  406, 

416,  424,  441,  463,  484,  494,  498,  549 

rocket  motor,  solid  propellant,  321,  157, 

165,  297 
Scramjet,  203,  543 
sonic  boom  tests,  6,  73,  159 
space    program,    12,    58,   97,    106,    144, 
145,  147,  152,  160,  167,  217,  242,  353, 
368,  459,  475,  498,  549 
test,  63,  65,  84,  88,  106,  183,  184,  219, 

513 
Titan  ii  (booster),  21,  66,  128 
Titan  III,  12,  66,  89,  274,  385,  471 
Titan  iii-A,  12,  19,  65,  229 
Titan  iii-c,  287,  288,  290,  291,  295,  329, 
347,  348,  396,  459,  498,  560,  564,  565, 
571 
Ufo,  38,  52,  327,  366,  374 

U.S.  Air  Force,  Aerospace  Research  Pilot 
School,  246 

U.S.  Air  Force  Scientific  Advisory  Board, 
451 

U.S.  Arms  Control  and  Disarmament 
Agency,  34 

U.S.  Army  (usa)  ,  256,  450,  506 

Advanced  Aerial  Fire  Support  System, 

504 
antimissile  missile,  156,  309,  452,  522 
contract,  4,  46,  452,  454,  521 
helicopter,  39,  254,  521 
missile,  125,  373,  444,  463,  531,  553 
research,  73,  295 
satellite,  118,  373,  571 
satellite  communications,  319,  441-442 
V/Stol  aircraft,  41,  90,  204,  248 

U.S.  Army  Ballistic  Research  Labora- 
tories, 501 

U.S.  Army  Electronics  Command,  73 

U.S.  Army  Materiel  Command,  69,  295 

U.S.  Army  Engineer  Geodesy,  Intelli- 
gence and  Mapping  Research  and  De- 
velopment  Agency    (gimrada),  457 

U.S.  Army  Nike-X  Project  Office,  447,  450 

U.S.  Army  Satellite  Communications 
Agency,  102 

U.S.  Army  Strategic  Communications 
Command,  319 

U.S.  Army  Transportation  Research  Com- 
mand, 39 

U.S.  Bureau  of  Mines,  312 

U.S.  Chamber  of  Commerce,  10 

U.S.  Civil  Service  Commission,  455 

U.S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  229,  326, 
565-66 

U.S.  Coast  Guard  (usee),  230 

U.S.  Court  of  Customs  and  Patent  Ap- 
peals, 545 

USDA.     See  Agriculture,  Dept.  of. 

U.S.  Dept.  of  Defense.  See  Defense, 
Dept.  of. 

U.S.  Dept.  of  Labor.  See  Labor,  Dept. 
of. 

U.S.  Geological  Survey,  97,  149,  187,  496, 
507 


INDEX 


675 


U.S.  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce,  13 
U.S.       Labor-Management       Government 

Commission,    8 
U.S.  Marine  Corps   (usMC).  190,  555 

astronaut,  406 
U.S.  xMilitary  Academy,  88 
USN.     See  U.S.  Navy. 
U.S.  National  Museum,  506 
U.S.  Naval  Academy,  175,  556 
U.S.  Naval  Air  Engineering  Center,  128, 

190 
U.S.     Naval    Air    Facility     (El     Centro, 

Calif.),  112 
U.S.  Naval  School  of  Aviation  Medicine, 

70,  120 
U.S.  Navy  (USN),  59,  190,  284,  346,  453, 
549  564 
aircraft,  20,  34,  177,  248,  308,  500,  515, 

537 
astronaut,  214,  411,  535 
launch, 

missile,  58,  513,  537 
sounding  rocket,  31,  120,  169,  177 
Pacific  Missile  Range,  48,  210 
Polaris,  340,  512 
A-1,  513 
A-3,  210,  537 
B-3  (Poseidon),  20 
rocket  launching  ships,   121,   163,   170, 

176,  196 
satellite,  7,  10,  13,  66,  452,  570 
Sealab  ii,  402,  425,  467,  475 
tracking  station,  48,  228 
U.S.  Navy  Electronics  Laboratory,  510 
U.S.   Navy   Field   Office   for  Manned   Or- 
biting Laboratory.  115 
U.S.  Navy  Pacific  Missile  Facility,  210 
U.S.  News  and  World  Report,  171,  278, 

325,  438,  530,  545 
USNS  Coastal  Sentry,  136,  147 
USNS  Croatan,  110,  121,  163,  169,  195 
USNS  Intrepid,  146 
USNS  Kingsport,  136 
USNS  Point  Barrow,  298,  458 
U.S.     Public     Health     Service,     Div.     of 

Radiological  Health,  248 
U.S.S.  Benjamin  Franklin,  538 
U.S.S.  Lake  Champlain,  22,  340,  389,  403 
U.S.S.  Long  Beach,  14 
U.S.S.R.    (Union   of  Soviet  Socialist   Re- 
publics)    (see  also    Soviet   Academy 
of  Sciences),  78,  81.   171,   178,  360, 
380,  387,  405,  413,  421,  426,  489 
aircraft,  241,  283,  314,  315,  337,  360, 

382,  392,  528 
antiaircraft  defense,  78,  382-3 
astronomy,    43,    123,    153-4,    180,    182, 

183,  199,  343,  372,  392,  495 
bioscience,  19,  45,  278,  313,  372,  413, 

419 
capability,  167,  288,  400,  544 
communications  system,  204,  249,  478, 
480,  490 


computers,  119,  346 
cooperation,  3,  9,  76,  339 

agreements,  25,  76,  204 

communications,  76,  545 

meteorology,  24,  76 

space,  9,  153,  156,  273,  279,  429,  465, 
564 
cosmonaut,  1,   19,  31,  45,  66,  98,   134, 

135,  139,  141,  147,  151,  154,  173,  217, 

225,  314,  323,  419,  460,  473,  491,  505, 

548,  559,  568 
Council  of  the  National  Economy,  119 
environmental  effects  tests,  19,  252 
launch    (.see  also  cosmos  l-ciii;   luna 

V-VIII;       MOLNIYA      I;       PROTON      I; 

VENUS  II  and  iii;  voskhod  ii; 
ZOND  II  and  III) 
cosmos,  12,  41,  86,  94,  109,  123,  125, 
189,  221,  248,  282,  296,  311,  333, 
345,  364,  377,  397,  421,  483,  504, 
525,  526,  527,  546,  556,  560,  565 

LUNA  V,  222 
LUNA  VI,  272 
LUNA  VII,  460 
LUNA  VIII,  536 
MOLNIYA  I,  197,  476 

"new  type"  booster,  42 
proton  I,  333,  532 
VENUS  II,  513 
VENUS  III,  518 
voskhod  II,  131 

ZOND  II,  112 

ZOND  III,  337 
launch  vehicles,  230,  338,  348 
lunar    flight,   manned,    1,    3,    181,   201, 

227,  252,  392,  455,  491,  498 
military   space   program,   86,    158,   179, 

424,  427,  428,  541,  544 
missile   and    rocket    program,   78,   222, 

224,    236,    312,    313,    320,   509,    512, 

515,  521,  522,  541 
Ministry  of  Communications,  313 
Navy,  78 

nuclear  power,  58,  78,  313 
nuclear  testing,  18,  31,  81 
probe,  73,  113,  216,  236,  329,  337,  339, 

379,  442,  492,  535,  540,  571 
record, 

air,  122,  189,  245,  300 

spacecraft,  442 
satellite  program,  57,  85,  87,  179,  183, 

197,  200,  216,  252,  338,  476,  505 
science,  123,  140,  297,  336 
space  activities,  147,  151,  216,  351,  444, 

445,  520,  534,  551 
space  boosters,  108,  147,  371,  479,  526, 

550 
space  effort,  31,  139,  486,  501,  542,  570, 

571 
space   failure,   31,    157,    173,   216,   274, 

285,  300,  338,  464,  467 
space    flight,   manned,    1,   18,   98,    112, 
157,  252,  418,  570,  571 


676 


INDEX 


U.S.S.R.    (Union  of  Soviet  Socialist   Re- 
publics)   (Continued) 
vosKHOD  II,  124,  131,  132,  134,  136, 
138,   139,   140,   142,   147,   153,   156, 
157,  254 
space   plans,  200,   210,   419,   429,   497, 

507,  542 
space  station,  346 
spacecraft,  56,  209,  230,  323,  338,  419, 

528 
State  Committee  of  Inventions,  129 
supersonic  transport,  279,  315,  316 
weapons,  57,  78,  153,  252,  288,  320,  321 
U.S.  Space  Park,  327 
U.S.S.  Wasp,  267,  273,  484,  552,  555,  559 
U.S.  Weather  Bureau,  26,  27,  38,  71,  229, 
259,  308,  326,  370,  412,  420,  471,  516 
Tiros,  26,  72,  156,  163,  169,  307,  570 
Utah,  Univ.  of,  488,  562 
UTC.     See  United  Technology  Center. 
U   Thant,  U.N.  Secretary  Gen.,   156-157, 
463 

v-2  (missile),  50 

VAB.     See  Vehicle  Assembly  Building. 
Vacuum  test  chamber,  160 
Vaeth,  J.  Gordon,  38 
Valentine,  Dr.  Wilbur  G.,  182 
Valiant  (U.K.  bomber) ,  34 
Vallat,  Sir  Francis,  536 
Valparaiso,  Chile,  195 
Valve  technology,  161 
Van  Allen,  Dr.  James  A.,  190,  330,  486 
Van  Allen  radiation  belt,  31,  56,  81,  157 
Van  Winkle,  G.  W.  G.,  98 
Vandenberg  afb,  Calif.,  189,  332,  401,  549 
launch,  145 

AEC  spacecraft,  167 
missile. 
Atlas,  24 
Atlas  D,  310 
Minuteman,  24,  63,  389,  510,  538, 

542 
Titan  ii,  304 
satellite, 
ARV,  24 

Atlas-Agena,  206,  296,  510 
Thor-Able,  295 

Thor-Agena   D,   18,   114,   152,   206, 
207,    236,    272,    339,    382,    448, 
475,546 
Thor-Altair,  20 
Vanguard  (satellite),  233,  380,  445,  501 

VANGUARD  I,  67 

Vanguard  Computing  Center,  203 
Variable-sweep  wing,   59,   121,  234,  307, 

325 
Varian  Associates,  284 
Vatican  City,  9,  58 
VC-10  (U.K.  transport),  314,  318 
Vechernaya  Moskva,  87-88 
Vega  program,  497 
Vehicle  Assembly  Building   (vab),  mila, 

184 


Vela  (satellite),  40,  158,  242,  341 
Vela    Hotel    (Sentry).     See   Vela    (satel- 
lite). 
Velikovsky,  Immanuel,  416 
Venus  (planet), 

atmosphere,  269,  370-371,  393 

flights  to,  81,  238,  325,  382,  384,  399, 
497,  518,  562 

gravity  field,  19 

life  on,  370-371 

study  of,  32,  262,  342 

surface,  242,  370-371 
VENUS  II  (U.S.S.R.  interplanetary  probe), 

513,  515,  535,  568,  571 
VENUS  III,  518,  535,  568,  571 
"Venus  Flytrap,"  321 
Vernon,  France,  496 
Vernov,  Prof.  S.  N.,  342 
Verwoerd,     Prime     Minister     Henrik     S. 

(South  Africa),  297,  300,  497 
Vesta  (sounding  rocket),  478 
Vienna,  Austria,  558 
Vierling,  Bernard  J.,  522 
Viet  Nam,  314,  398,  438,  563,  573 
Virginia  Polytechnic  Institute,  167,  393 
Virginia    Technological    Institute    Space 

Conference.  399 
Vitro  Corp.  of  America,  109,  309 
Vivian,  Rep.  Weston  E.,  46,  115 
Vladivostok,  U.S.S.R.,  228,  313,  513 
Vlasic,  Prof.  Ivan  A.,  435 
Vnukovo  Airport  (Moscow),  241 
Volcanoes,  318 
Von  Braun,  Dr.  Wernher,  129,  134,  239, 

240,  253,  320,  357,  373,  411,  440,  506 
Von  Eshleman,  R.,  414 
Van  Hassel,  Kai  Uwe,  178 
Von  Karman,  Theodore,  Lecture,  349 
Von  Karman,  Theodore,  Memorial  Semi- 
nar, 228 
Vortex  flow,  41 
Vose,  Dr.  George  P.,  540 
Voskhod  (program),  56 
VOSKHOD  I    (U.S.S.R.  spacecraft),  1,  18, 

98,  230,  288,  548 
VOSKHOD  II,  124,  131,  132,  134,  136,  137, 

138,  139,  140,  141,  142,  147,  153,  154, 

156,  157,  178,  216,  226,  230,  231,  254, 

278,  288,  323,  447,  571 
Vostok     (U.S.S.R.    spacecraft),    56,    157, 

209,  223,  230,  315 
VOSTOK  I,  230,  380,  528 
VOSTOK  III,  568 
VOSTOK  IV,  559,  568 
VOSTOK  VI,  230,  318 

Voyager    (spacecraft),   3-4,   27,   75,   200, 
341,  468,  482 

contract,  18,  195 

experiment,  60,  325,  440 

launch  vehicle,  60,  130,  417,  476,  533 
V/Stol   aircraft,   15,  41,  50,  54,  90,  204, 

248,  349,  387,  399 
Vtol  aircraft,  15,  36,  41,  50,  52,  69,  178, 

393 


INDEX 


677 


Wackenhut  Services,  Inc.,  308,  353 

Waging  Peace,  1956-1961,  445 

Wagner,  Mayor  Robert  (N.Y.),  156 

Wahl,  Dr.  Arthur  C,  304-305 

Wake  Island,  49 

Wakelin,  Dr.  James  H.,  280 

Waldheim,  Dr.  Kurt,  254 

Walker,  Joseph  A.,  518 

Wall  Street  Journal,  241,  335,  422-423, 

545 
Wallis,  Dr.  Barnes,  234,  413 
Wallops  Island,  Va.,  565 
Wallops  Station    (nasa),   123,   243,  307, 
365,  458,  477,  559 

Bio-Space    Technology    Training    Pro- 
gram, 373 

Inter-American   Experimental   Meteoro- 
logical Rocket  Network  meeting,  370 

launch, 
satellite, 

EXPLORER  XXIII,  233 
EXPLORER  XXVII,  154 
EXPLORER  XXX,  521 

SECOR  V,  373 
sounding  rocket,  220,  226,  239 
Aerobee,  139 

Aerobee  150a,  15,  261,  439 
Aerobee  300a,  139 
Aerobee  350,  289 
Argo  D-4   (Javelin),  15,  235,  302, 

447 
Argo  D-8  (Journeyman),  184,  302 
Nike-Apache,  6,  53,  132,  158,  195, 
278,  287,  289,  294,  410,  413,  552 
Nike-Cajun,  54,  58,  195 
Nike-Tomahawk,  136 
Owl  satellite,  56,  370 
Scout  Evaluation  Vehicle,  373 
Walter  Reed  Army  Institute  of  Research, 

410 
Ward,  Bob,  365 
Walter,  Louis,  96 
Wark,  Dr.  D.  Q.,  220 
Warren  afb,  Wyo.,  304 
Warren,  Chief  Justice  Earl,  529 
Warsaw  Convention,  517 
Warsaw,  Poland,  228 
"Was  the  Ranger  Worth  the  Cost?"  4 
Washington  Board  of  Trade,  227 
Washington,   D.C.,   73,   278,   540,   565 
exposition,  164 

meetings,  31,  34,  128,  133,  136,  186,  189, 
193,  196,  206,  217,  232,  239,  249,  264, 
324,  382,  505,  520.  537,  563 
museum,  43,  55,  255 
news  conference,  208 
Washington  Daily  News,  543,  550 
Washington    Evening   Star,   52,    191-192, 
221,  250,  288,  291.  369-370,  394,  410, 
422,  425,  431,  437,  453,  477,  486,  491, 
512,  536,  563,  564 
Washington  National  Airport,  545 


Washington  Post,  11,  189,  246,  279,  360, 

374,  395,  401,  412,  416-417,  434,  486, 

488,  528,  534,  554,  563 
Washington   Sunday  Star,   200,   539-540, 

558 
Washington  Univ.,  157,  169 
Water  desalinization,  77-78,  370 
Water  pollution,  280 
Waters,  Capt.  John  M.  (usee) ,  230 
Waters,  William  J.,  56 
Watson,  James  Craig,  Medal,  203 
Wayne  State  Univ.,  25 
WDMV  (radio  station),  565 
Weapon  system,  20,  512 

laser,  517 

nuclear,  57-58,  78,  125 

space,  153,  288,  320-321 
Weather  (see  also  Meteorology;  Satellite, 
meteorological),  65-66,  101,  111,  122, 
124,  142,  143,  175,  213,  220,  243,  246, 
259,  271,  282 

modification,  312,  357,  434 
Weather     Bureau.     See     U.S.     Weather 

Bureau. 
Weather  satellite.     See  Satellite,  meteoro- 
logical. 
Weather  station,  162 

nuclear  powered,  59,  123 
Weaver,  Robert  C,  495 
Weaver,  Dr.  Warren,  530,  545 
Webb,  Jack  G.,  488 

Webb,  James  E.,  88,  95,  122,  146,  155, 
159,  172,  175,  190,  200,  203,  209,  231, 
264,  303,  312,  335,  343,  369,  443,  477, 
535 

appropriations,  74,   100,   139,   169,  173, 
284 

award  by,  462,  530,  567 

award  to,  25,  30,  509 

Gemini  program,  289,  297,  402 

GT-3  flight,  15,  152 

GEMINI  VI  flight,  396,  493,  552 

GEMINI  VII  flight,  410,  552 

International  Air  Show,  290,  316 

launch  vehicles,  25,  227 

lunar  landing,  manned,  40,  152,  389 

Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  255,  173 

nuclear  propulsion,  61,  209-210 

space  cooperation,  88,  218,  298 

space  flights,  244 

space    program,   54,   56,   105,    111-112, 
137-138,  184-185,  294,  356,  546 

space  program,  military,  168 

university  program,  213,  232-233,  353, 
420,  561 
Weber  Aircraft  Co.,  65-66 
Webster,  Grove,  264 
Weddell  Sea,  532 
Wehr  und  Wirtschaft,  361 
Weightlessness,  effects  of, 

animals,  59 

humans,   19,  45,  55,  63,  132,  138,  146, 
216,  267,  279,  412,  527,  531 


678 


INDEX 


Weightlessness,  effects  of,  (continued) 

plants,  59 

primate,  59 

space   flight,   107,    132,   138,  267,  279, 
480,540 
Weizman  Institute  of  Science,  541 
Welsh,  Leo  D.,  318,  479 
Welsh,  Dr.  Edward  C,  11,  46,  252,  270, 

333,  335,  366,  444,  463,  494,  503,  517, 
535,  552 

Wendover    Air    Force    Auxiliary    Field, 

Utah,  531 
West,  Charles  F.,  462 
West  Germany.     See  Germany,  West. 
West  Java,  21,  375 
West  Point,  N.Y.,  88 
West  Test  Area  (msfc),  54,  319 
Western  Australia,  Univ.  of,  401 
Western  Electric  Co.,  5,  447 
Western  Reserve  Univ.,  231 
Western  Test  Range  (wtr), 
Vandenberg  afb,  66, 189,  458 
launch,  74,  144 

AEC  spacecraft,  166 
missile,  24,  63 

satellite,   18,   20,   24,   27,  93,  114, 

118,  120,  132.  152,  158,  206,  240, 

254,  336,  365,  377,  423,  447,  454, 

462,  493,  528,  540,  545,  564 

test,  97 

Western    IJnion   International,   Inc.,   201, 

334,  436 

Westinghouse    Electric    Corp.,    121,    317, 

358 
Westinghouse  scholarship,  101 
Westinghouse  science  talent  search,  101 
Westminster  Abbey,  546 
Wetherill,  John  Price,  Medal,  399 
Wharton,  U.K.,  87 
Wheaton,  Elmer  P.,  215,  361 
Whipple,  Dr.  Fred  L.,  188,  505 
Whitaker,  Dr.  Ewan  A.,  85,  149,  187 
White,  Alvin  S.,  150,  206,  454,  471,  547 
White,   L/C   Edward   H.,   ii    (usaf),   168, 
255,  363 

GT-4  flight,  265-268,  269,  375,  402,  570 
plans,  168,  229,  248,  256 

GEMINI  VII  flight,  309,  511 

honors,  270,  278,  283,  286,  331 

International  Air  Show  visit,  290,  293, 
314,  316 

interview,  196,  208 

messages  to 

Gagarin,  Yuri,  273 

Johnson,  President  Lyndon  B.,  271 

promotion,  276 
White  House,  48,  155,  169,  287,  309,  325, 

390,  424,  431,  434,  454,  493 
White  House  Conference  on  International 

Cooperation,  528-529,  530 
White,  m/c  M.  S.  (usaf),  387 
White,  Marvin  L.,  47 

White  River  (rocket  launching  ship),  459 
White,  Dr.  Robert  M.,  163,  517 


White  Sands  Missile  Range   (vfsmr),  N. 

Mex.,  18,  49,  67,  161,  290,  447,  514, 

538, 
launch, 

Aerobee,    108,    120,    132,    179,    264, 
299,  474,  518 

Nike-Apache,  132,  521,  534 
test, 

Apollo,  55,  238,  301 

Athena,  49,  426 

Biosatellite,  149,  207 

Hibex,  94 

Lance,  125 

Lem  engine,  185 

sonic  boom,  188 

Sprint,  156,  522 
White  Sands  Operations,  308 
White  Sands  Test  Facility,  308,  345 
Whithaus,  Douglas  A.,  179 
Whitney,  John  Hay,  297 
Whittle,  Sir  Frank,  32 
Wible,  Keith,  340 
Wiesner,  Dr.  Jerome  B.,  509 
Wilcox  Electric  Co.,  500 
Williams,  Qifton  C,  10,  321 
Williams,  Dr.  D.  J.,  118 
Williams,  Franklin,  326 
Williams,  Walter  C,  350 
Wilson,  (iharles,  445 
Wilson,  Charles  A.,  138 
Wilson,  George  C,  500 
Wilson,  Prime  Minister  Harold,  52,  301 
Wilson,  Richard,  428 
Wilson,  Dr.  Robert  W.,  261 
Wilson,  President  T.  Woodrow,  165 
Wilson,  l/g  Walter  K.  (usa),  256 
Wind  tunnel,  112,  121 
Windsor,  Duke  of,  477 
Wing,  design, 
"s"-shaped,  41 

supersonic  transport,  36,  41,  59 
variable  geometry,  170 
variable-sweep,  59,  121,  234,  307 
V/Stol,  15,  54 
Wingrove,  Rodney  C,  356 
Wings  Club,  249 
Winston,  Jay  S.,  71 
Wirtz,  W.  Willard,  524 
Wisconsin,  134 

Wisconsin,  Univ.  of,  82,  176,  260 
Wiswell,  George  C,  Jr.,  407 
Witkin,  Richard,  121 
Wittanen,  Theodore,  24 
Witze,  Claude,  499 
Wolff,  Rep.  Lester  L.,  46 
Wolfle,  Dael,  360 
Women  as  scientist-astronauts,  63 
Women  as  scientists,  92 
Wood,  L/C  James  W.  (usaf)  ,  224 
Woods  Hole,  Mass..  293,  382 
WooUard,  Dr.  George  P.,  293 
Woomera   Rocket  Range,   Australia,  353, 

526,  545 
Woomera  Weapons  Research  Range,  Aus- 
tralia, 553 


INDEX 


679 


Worcester,  Mass.,  128 

Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute,  128 

World  Affairs  Council,  170 

World  Book  Encyclopedia  Science  Serv- 
ice, Inc.,  104 

World  Exhibition  of  Transport  and  Com- 
munications, First,  331 

"World  Geophysical  Intervals,"  161 

World  Meteorological  Day,  147 

World  Meteorological  Organization,  147, 
163 

World  Peace  through  Law  Conference, 
435,  440 

"World  Was  There"  (film),  121 

World's  Fair,  173 

Wright  Brothers  Day,  501 

Wright  Brothers  Medal,  463 

Wright  Brothers  Memorial  Dinner,  557 

Wright  Brothers  Memorial  Trophy,  527, 
557 

Wright,  Orville,  134 

Wright-Patterson  AFB,  Ohio,  160,  237, 
455^66 

Wright,  Wilbur.  134 

WTOP  (radio  station),  278 

WTR.     See  Western  Test  Range. 

Wuhan.  China,  261 

Wydler,  Rep.  John  W.,  290-291,  502 

WyTnan-Gordon  Co.,  345 

Wyman,  Louis  C,  438 

x-1  (rocket  aircraft),  350 
x-2  (rocket  airplane),  350 
XV-5A  (V/Stol  aircraft) ,  41,  90,  204 
xv-9a  (pressure  jet  helicopter) ,  39 
x-15   (rocket  research  aircraft),  13,  169, 
173,    191-192,    253,    319,    331,    347, 
349,  464,  570 
flight,  112,  177 
No.   1,  247-248,  287,  370,  421,  445, 

447,  454,  476.  504-505 
No.  2,  74,  94,  206,  236,  293,  319,  365. 

411 
No.   3,    15,   49,   255,   284.   302,    374. 
433,  451,  471,  492,  503 
pilots,  331,  347,  417 

test,   15,   197,  255,  374,  421,  433,  451, 
503 
atmospheric  pressure,  476,  504^505 
heat-resisting  materials,  49,  56 
inertial     guidance     system,    247-248, 

287 
infrared    horizon    scanner,    255,   302, 
370,  374,  399,  421,  451,  476,  492, 
504-505 
landing  gear,  206,  236,  293.  411 
noise,  255,  284,  374,  399,  451,  492 


reaction  augmentation,  365,  411 
skin  friction,  15,  374 
stability,  206,  236,  293,  370,  492 
X-15  Technical  Conference,  464 
x-19  (V/Stol  aircraft),  399 
X-22A  (V/Stol  aircraft),  248 
XB-70    (supersonic  aircraft),   19,   73,   77, 

84,  111,  206,  228,  547,  568 
XB-70A     (supersonic    aircraft),    77,    150, 
191,  284,  308,  336,  351,  453,  478,  482, 
562,  563 
XC-142A   (V/Stol  aircraft),  15,  54,  322 
XH-51A  (helicopter) ,  254 
xs-1  (rocket  aircraft),  350 


Yaffee,  Michael  L.,  482 

Yale-Columbia  Observatory,  416 

Yale  Univ.,  67-68 

Yarborough,  Sen.  Ralph,  128,  249 

Yardley,  John  F.,  493 

Yegorov,  Dr.  Boris  B.,  161,  480,  548 

Yemen,  322 

YF-12A  (A-11  aircraft) ,  19,  144,  213,  221 

Young,  Andrew  T.,  4 

Young,  Dr.  Donald,  449 

Young,  Dr.  John,  36 

Young,  Cdr.  John  W.  (usn),  68,  116, 
130,  142,  145,  147-148,  151,  153,  155, 
156,  158,  159,  170,  171,  199,  214,  268, 
294,  298,  449 

Young,  John,  Award,  199 

Youth  Opportunity  Campaign,  255 

Youth  Science  Congress,  136 

Yugoslav  Academy  of  Sciences,  568 

Yugoslavia,  325,  401,  568 

Yuma,  Ariz.,  321 

Za  Rubezhom,  423 

Zehnder,  Dr.  Alfred,  73 

Zeitschrift  fur  Astrophysik,  198 

Zeus  1  (amateur  rocket),  179 

Zeus  2  (amateur  rocket),  179 

Zeus  (antimissile  missile),  452,  522 

Zharikov,  Vyacheslav,  300 

Zhukov,  Genadii,  367 

Zhurkov,  Serafim  Nikolayevich,  336 

Zimmer,  Harold,  369 

Zoeckler,  b/g  John  L.  (usaf),  224 

Zolnierz  Wolnosci,  419 

ZOND  II   (U.S.S.R.  space  probe),  73,  112- 

113,  216,  235,  329,  494 
ZOND  III,  337,  339,  379,  442,  492,  571 
Zuckert,  Eugene  M.,  6,  329,  377,  406,  442, 

453 
zwo.     See   Netherlands   Organization   for 

the  Advancement  of  Pure  Research. 


NASA  HISTORICAL  PUBLICATIONS 


Histories 
An  Administrative  History  of  NASA,  1958-1963,  by  Robert  L.  Rosholt, 
with  Foreword  by  James  E.  Webb,  NASA  SP-4101,  1966;  for  sale 
by  Supt.  of  Documents  ($4.00). 

Historical  Studies 

History  of  Rocket  Technology,  special  issue  of  Technology  and  Culture 
edited  by  the  NASA  Historian,  Fall,  1963,  republished  as  book  by 
Society  for  the  History  of  Technology  (Detroit:  Wayne  State 
Univ.,  1964). 

Space  Medicine  in  Project  Mercury,  by  Mae  Mills  Link,  with  Fore- 
word by  Hugh  L.  Dryden  and  Introduction  by  W.  Randolph 
Lovelace,  H,  NASA  SP-4003,  1965;  for  sale  by  Supt.  of  Docu- 
ments ($1.00). 

Chronologies  and  Special  Studies 

Project  Mercury:  A  Chronology,  by  James  Grimwood,  with  Foreword 
by  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  NASA  SP-4001,  1963,  for  sale  by  Supt.  of 
Documents  ($1.50). 

Aeronautics  and  Astronautics:  An  American  Chronology  of  Science 
and  Technology  in  the  Exploration  of  Space,  1915-1960,  with 
Foreword  by  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  Washington:  GPO,  1961;  for  sale 
by  Supt.  of  Documents  ($1.75). 

Aeronautical  and  Astronautical  Events  of  1961,  with  Foreword  by 
James  E.  Webb,  published  by  the  House  Committee  on  Science 
and  Astronautics,  1962  (out  of  print). 

Astronautical  and  Aeronautical  Events  of  1962,  with  Foreword  by 
George  L.  Simpson,  Jr.,  published  by  the  House  Committee  on 
Science  and  Astronautics,  1963;  for  sale  by  Supt.  of  Documents 
($1.00). 

Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  1963,  with  Foreword  by  Hugh  L.  Dry- 
den, NASA  SP-4004,  1964;  for  sale  by  Supt.  of  Documents  ($1.75): 

Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  1964,  with  Foreword  by  Robert  C.  Sea- 
mans,  Jr.,  NASA  SP-4005,  1965;  for  sale  by  Supt.  of  Documents 
($1.75). 

A  Historical  Sketch  of  NASA,  prepared  by  the  NASA  Historical  Staff, 
NASA  EP-29,  1965;  for  sale  by  Supt.  of  Documents  ($.25). 

TwT    U.S.      GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE:     1966 O    2t8-66B 

681 


i 


"The  aeronautical  and  space  activities  of  the  United  States  shall  be 
conducted  so  as  to  contribute  .  .  .  to  the  expansion  of  human  knowl- 
edge of  phenomena  in  the  atmosphere  and  space.  The  Administration 
shall  provide  for  the  widest  practicable  and  appropriate  dissemination 
of  information  concerning  its  activities  and  the  results  thereof." 

— National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Act  of  1958 


NASA  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  PUBLICATIONS 


TECHNICAL  REPORTS:  Scientific  and  technical  information  considered 
important,  complete,  and  a  lasting  contribution  to  existing  knowledge. 

TECHNICAL  NOTES:  Information  less  broad  in  scope  but  nevertheless  of 
importance  as  a  contribution  to  existing  knowledge. 

TECHNICAL  MEMORANDUMS:  Information  receiving  limited  distribu- 
tion because  of  preliminary  data,  security  classification,  or  other  reasons. 

CONTRACTOR  REPORTS:  Technical  information  generated  in  connection 
with  a  NASA  contract  or  grant  and  released  under  NASA  auspices. 

TECHNICAL  TRANSLATIONS:  Information  published  in  a  foreign 
language  considered  to  merit  NASA  distribution  in  English. 

SPECIAL  PUBLICATIONS:  Information  derived  from  or  of  value  to  NASA 
activities.  Publications  include  conference  proceedings,  monographs,  data 
compilations,  handbooks,  sourcebooks,  and  special  bibliographies. 

TECHNOLOGY  UTILIZATION  PUBLICATIONS:  Information  on  tech- 
nology used  by  NASA  that  may  be  of  particular  interest  in  commercial  and  other 
nonaerospace  applications.  Publications  include  Tech  Briefs;  Technology 
Utilization  Reports  and  Notes;  and  Technology  Surveys. 


Details  on  fhe  availability  of  these  publications  may  be  obtained  from: 

SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  INFORMATION  DIVISION 
NATIONAL    AERONAUTICS    AND    SPACE   ADMINISTRATION 

Washington,  D.C.     20546