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ASTRONAUTICS  AND 
AERONAUTICS,  1968 


CHRONOLOGY  ON 
SCIENCE,  TECHNOIOC: 
AND  POLICY 


DMINISTRATION 


NASA  SP-4010 


ASTRONAUTICS    AND 
AERONAUTICS,     1968 


Chronology  on  Science,  Technology,    and  Policy 


Text  by 

Science  and  Technology  Division 
Library  of  Congress 


Sponsored  by 

NASA  Historical  Division 

Office  of  Policy 


Scientific  and  Technical  Information  Division  1969 

NATIONAL   AERONAUTICS   AND    SPACE   ADMINISTRATION 

Washington,  D.C. 


For  sale  by  the  Superintendent  of  Documents 

U.S.  Government  Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.C.  20402 

Price  $2  (paper  cover) 

Library  of  Congress  Catalog  Card  Number  66-60096 


Foreword 


How  the  voyage  of  Apollo  11  came  to  pass  after  seven  years  of  concerted 
national  effort  will  occupy  the  serious  attention  of  competent  historians  for 
years  to  come.  The  moon  walk  of  Astronauts  Armstrong  and  Aldrin  was  an 
important  achievement  in  the  progress  of  man.  This  dramatic  event  was 
shared  on  live  television  by  half  a  billion  people  around  our  small  planet, 
involving  the  entire  globe  in  a  unique  common  historical  event  of  all  man- 
kind. New  questions  concerning  the  place  of  man  in  the  universe  have  been 
raised,  which  should  stimulate  inquiry  into  the  philosophical  aspects  of 
space  travel  as  well  as  the  scientific,  engineering,  and  organizational  aspects. 
For  such  studies  it  is  hoped  that  this  chronology  of  the  space  events  of  the 
notable  year  of  1968  will  be  of  high  reference  value. 

The  year  preceding  man's  first  landing  and  initial  exploration  of  an  ex- 
traterrestrial body  was  also  the  11th  year  since  Sputnik  became  the  first 
manmade  object  lofted  into  earth  orbit  and  the  10th  anniversary  of  the 
creation  of  the  U.S.  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration.  For 
NASA  it  witnessed  the  conclusion  of  the  great  leadership  of  its  second  Ad- 
ministrator, James  E.  Webb,  who  organized  and  carried  forward  so  vigor- 
ously America's  effort  to  undertake  a  manned  lunar  landing  in  the  decade  of 
the  1960's.  Two  historic  space  flights  in  the  final  months  of  1968  put  the 
work  for  which  he  had  been  responsible  to  the  final  test:  Apollo  7,  the  first 
manned  Apollo  flight,  and  Apollo  8,  man's  first  trip  from  earth  into  orbit 
around  another  celestial  body.  After  an  18-month  hiatus  in  manned  space 
flight,  both  flights  were  carried  out  flawlessly.  Apollo  8's  10-orbit  voyage 
around  the  moon  at  Christmastime  by  Astronauts  Borman,  Lovell,  and  An- 
ders and  their  safe  return  to  "the  good  earth"  was  hailed  as  being  in  the 
historical  and  scientific  tradition  of  Galileo  and  Kepler,  Columbus  and  Ma- 
gellan, Herschel  and  Newton,  Verne  and  Tsiolkovsky,  the  Wright  Brothers 
and  Lindbergh,  Goddard,  and  Gagarin.  With  this  flight,  extraterrestrial 
space  was  opened  to  man's  exploration. 

Other  notable  techno-scientific  space  triumphs  were  made  in  1968,  includ- 
ing the  launching  of  the  Orbiting  Astronomical  Observatory  II,  the  success- 
ful conclusion  of  the  X-15  rocket  research  airplane  program,  and  the  Soviet 
missions  of  the  rendezvousing  Soyuz  III  and  unmanned  circumlunar  flights 
of  Zond  V  and  Zond  VI.  This  chronicle  for  1968  helps  maintain  historical 
perspective  by  including  such  events  in  their  juxtaposition  to  other  threads 
of  history  such  as  the  budgetary  and  policy  problems  besetting  NASA  and  its 
White  House  and  Congressional  overseers.  The  1968  space  program  was 
carried  out  in  a  year  of  national  unrest  and  turbulence  in  the  United  States. 
Major  news  events  included  tragic  assassinations  and  urban  riots  in  the 
United  States,  widespread  campus  disorders,  the  capture  of  the  U.S.S. 
Pueblo  by  North  Korea,  continued  combat  in  South  Vietnam,  war  in  the 
Middle  East,  the  starving  of  thousands  in  Biafra,  and  a  turbulent  presiden- 
tial campaign.  To  many  Americans  U.S.  successes  in  space  provided  much- 

m 


IV  FOREWORD 

needed  reassurance  that  this  mighty  nation  could   still  accomplish  great 
things. 

If  the  engine  of  modern  social  change  is  technology,  perhaps  this  first  col- 
lation of  space  accomplishments  in  1968  will  promote  greater  in-depth  un- 
derstanding of  our  complex  times.  This,  in  turn,  may  help  generate  new  so- 
lutions for  current  and  future  problems  in  those  complex  human  areas 
which  so  badly  need  to  progress  as  rapidly  as  our  science  and  technology. 

Thomas  O.  Paine 

Administrator 

National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administration 

August  20,  1969 


Contents 

PAGE 

Foreword    ni 

Administrator  Thomas  0.  Paine 

Preface   Vli 

January    1 

February    29 

March 53 

April    75 

May    101 

June      126 

July    14^ 

August    175 

September    205 

October    235 

November    269 

December 298 

Appendix  A:  Satellites,  Space  Probes,  and  Manned  Space  Flights, 

1968 339 

Appendix  B:  Major  NASA  Launches,  1968 367 

Appendix  C:  Chronology  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  1967—1968   ....  371 

Appendix  D :  Abbreviations  of  References 375 

Index  and  List  of  Abbreviations  and  Acronyms 379 


Preface 


This  chronicle  covering  aeronautical  and  space  events  in  1968  is,  like  its 
predecessor  volumes,  a  tentative  step  in  the  process  of  documentation  and 
writing  of  history.  Admittedly  a  first  skimming,  it  attempts  to  sort  out  the 
rising  crescendo  of  events,  decisions,  and  personalities  into  the  sequence  of 
their  happening.  It  is  largely  a  collection  process  on  available  sources  rather 
than  a  product  of  research.  Because  of  the  virtual  real-time  basis  on  which 
it  is  compiled  and  written,  it  must  rely  heavily  on  the  most  immediate  and 
available  sources — newspapers,  magazines,  press  releases,  etc. — rather  than 
on  the  in-depth  documentation  that  full  history  requires.  It  is,  in  another 
sense,  a  holding  action  until  the  full  history  can  be  written,  while  at  the 
same  time  providing  early  reference  utility. 

Within  these  limitations,  we  make  a  considerable  effort  to  ensure  accu- 
racy and  comprehensiveness.  Our  NASA  Archives  collects  the  current  docu- 
mentation. Under  an  exchange  of  funds  agreement,  the  Science  and  Tech- 
nology Division  of  the  Library  of  Congress  drafts  the  monthly  segments  in 
comment  edition  form.  These  are  edited  and  augmented  by  the  NASA  Histori- 
cal Division,  published,  and  circulated  for  comment  and  use.  At  the  end  of 
the  year  the  entire  manuscript  is  reworked  and  augmented  by  the  comments 
that  have  come  in  and  by  documentation  that  has  become  available  since  the 
comment  edition  was  prepared.  The  Library  also  prepares  the  extensive 
index. 

This  annual  volume  is  the  result  of  a  number  of  hands.  The  entire  NASA 
Historical  Division  participated  in  source  collection,  review,  and  publica- 
tion. At  the  Library  Mr.  Charles  Thibault  (through  April  1968),  Mrs.  Patri- 
cia Davis  (from  May  on),  Mrs.  Carmen  Brock-Smith,  and  Miss  Shirley 
Medley  prepared  the  monthly  texts  which  were  circulated  throughout  NASA 
for  comments  as  to  completeness  and  accuracy  on  NASA  items.  Mrs.  Davis, 
Mrs.  Brock-Smith,  and  Mrs.  Gay  Arnelle  then  revised  the  monthly  drafts  for 
annual  publication.  Mr.  Arthur  Renstrom  prepared  the  index.  In  the  NASA 
Historical  Division  the  general  editor  was  Dr.  Frank  W.  Anderson,  Jr.,  Dep- 
uty NASA  Historian.  Technical  editor  was  Mrs.  Carrie  Karegeannes.  Appen- 
dix A,  "Satellites,  Space  Probes,  and  Manned  Space  Flights,  1968,"  was 
prepared  by  Leonard  C.  Bruno  of  the  Library.  Appendix  B,  "Major  NASA 
Launches,  1968,"  was  prepared  by  Dr.  Anderson.  Appendix  C,  "Chronology 
of  Manned  Space  Flight,  1967-1968,"  was  prepared  by  William  D. 
Putnam,  Assistant  nasa  Historian  for  Manned  Space  Flight.  Appendix  D, 

VII 


vni  PREFACE 

"Abbreviations  of  References,"  was  prepared  by  Mrs.  Brock-Smith.  Creston 
Whiting  of  NASA's  Information  Services  Branch,  Scientific  and  Technical 
Information  Division,  kept  the  process  abreast  of  Russian  releases.  At  the 
NASA  centers  the  historians  and  historical  monitors  submitted  local  materia" 
for  the  chronology.  Validation  was  the  work  of  many  busy  people  through 
out  NASA  and  in  other  relevant  branches  of  the  Federal  structure. 

A  chronology  is  but  the  first  step  toward  history  as  an  intellectual  disci 
pline  and  even  it  is  never  really  completed.  Comments,  additions,  and  criti 
cisms  are  always  welcomed. 

Eugene  M.  Emme 
NASA  Historian 


January    1968 


January  1 :  nasa  announced  it  would  conduct  29  major  launches  from  etr 
and  WTR  during  1968.  Surveyor-G  launch,  last  in  Surveyor  series,  was 
scheduled  for  Jan.  7.  Launch  of  OGO-E  would  include  last  scheduled 
flight  of  Atlas- Agena  launch  vehicle  from  ETR;  future  unmanned  inter- 
planetary probes  and  high-altitude  earth-orbital  launches  would  use  hy- 
drogen-fueled Centaur.  Two  unmanned  tests  of  Apollo  lunar  module 
and  first  manned  test  of  Apollo  spacecraft  would  use  new  Saturn  IB 
vehicle.  Three  Apollo  tests  employing  Saturn  V  would  be  launched 
from  new  spaceport  complex  at  KSC.  In  addition  to  OGO  and  Surveyor, 
11  scientific  satellites  would  be  launched  from  etr — four  Intelsats, 
ATS-D,  OAO,  oso,  Biosatellite-D,  heos  (launched  for  ESRO),  Pioneer-D 
and  Skynet  comsat  (launched  for  U.K.).  Another  10  scientific  satellites 
would  be  launched  from  WTR — four  Tos  spacecraft  (launched  for  essa), 
OGO-F,  GEOS-B,  Nimbus-B,  IMP-G,  Radio  Astronomy  Explorer- A,  and 
International  Satellite  for  Ionospheric  Studies  (joint  American  and 
Canadian  program). 

About  250  sounding  rockets  and  scientific  probes  of  upper  atmos- 
phere would  be  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Station.  (NASA  Release 
67-315:  KSC  Release  451-67) 

•  President  Johnson  announced  stringent  Government  controls  over  pri- 

vate investments  abroad  and  measures  to  reduce  U.S.  balance-of-pay- 
ments  deficit  by  S3  billion  in  1968.  At  Johnson  City,  Tex.,  news  confer- 
ence, he  said  actions  would  reduce  intolerable  deficit  that  could  "en- 
danger the  strength  of  the  entire  free  world  economy,  and  thereby 
threaten  our  unprecedented  prosperity  at  home."  (Harwood,  W  Post, 
1/2/68,1) 

•  Membership  of  NASA  Historical  Advisory  Committee  was  designated  for 

1968-1969:  Dr.  Melvin  Kranzberg,  Case  Western  Reserve  Univ.,  as 
Chairman;  Dr.  Eugene  M.  Emme,  NASA  Historian,  as  Executive  Secre- 
tary; Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff,  MIT;  Dr.  James  L.  Gate,  Univ.  of 
Chicago ;  Dr.  Earl  H.  DeLong,  American  Univ. ;  Dr.  A.  Hunter  Dupree, 
Univ.  of  California  at  Berkeley;  Dr.  Joe  B.  Frantz,  Univ.  of  Texas;  Dr. 
Louis  Morton,  Dartmouth  College;  and  Robert  L.  Perry,  RAND  Corp. 
(NASA  NMI  1156.3A;  nasa  Special  Release,  1/5/68) 
January  2:  faa  proposed  rule  requiring  all  jet  aircraft  to  operate  under  in- 
strument flight  rules  (ifr)  when  in  controlled  airspace  within  the  con- 
tiguous 48  U.S.  states.  Aircraft  would  come  under  control  of  FAA  air 
traffic  control  (atc)  facilities;  pilots  would  file  flight  plan  and  observe 
ATC  instructions  which  provided  for  separation  between  ifr  aircraft. 
Under  visual  flight  rules  (VFR),  pilots  maintained  separation  on  a  "see 
and  avoid"  basis,  faa  noted  that  rapid  growth  of  total  flight  operations 
was  "creating  demands  for  substantial  expansion  and  improvement  in 
the  nation's  air  traffic  control  system  ...    [so  that]   proposed  action 


January  2  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

should  be  taken  to  maintain  the  desired  level  of  safety  pending  long 
range  solutions."  (faa  Release  68-1) 

•  F— lllA  aircraft  crashed  near  Edwards  AFB,  Calif,,  on  test  flight.  Crew- 

men, Col.  Henry  W.  Brown  (usaf)  and  L/Col.  Joe  B.  Jordon  (usaf), 
parachuted  to  safety  in  escape  compartment.  Crash  was  fourth  for 
F-111;  one  F-lllB  and  two  F-lllAs  had  crashed  previously.  (AP, 
NYT,  1/4/68,  74) 

•  AFSC   awarded   United   Aircraft   Corp.    $3,300,000   initial   increment   to 

$33,476,000  contract  for  advance  development  program  to  demonstrate 
high-performance  reusable  oxygen-hydrogen  rocket  engine,  (dod  Re- 
lease 4-68) 

•  Commercial  irradiation  of  foods  by  gamma  rays  for  protection  against 

spoilage  had  begun  at  Nuclear  Materials  Equipment  Corp.  (numec), 
Apollo,  Pa.  Bacon  would  be  processed  initially,  although  FDA  had  also 
approved  irradiation  for  potatoes,  wheat,  and  wheat  flour.  Bacon  would 
be  treated  by  exposure  to  4.5  million  rads  of  gamma  rays  to  destroy  all 
bacteria;  product  could  be  stored  indefinitely  without  refrigeration. 
Neither  texture  nor  wholesomeness  would  be  ailected,  according  to  AEC 
and  Army  tests  conducted  over  past  15  yr.  {NYT,  1/2/67,  58) 
January  3:  Development  of  blood-pressure  sensors  small  enough  to  pass 
through  dog's  artery  into  heart — invention  of  ARC's  Grant  W.  Coon — 
was  announced  by  NASA.  Sensors  showed  promise  as  diagnostic  and 
monitoring  instrument  for  human  beings,  particularly  infants.  (NASA 
Special  Release;  nasa  Tech  Brief  67-10669;  AP,  NYT,  1/4/68;  UPI,  P 
EB,  1/4/68) 

•  NASA  announced  presentation  of  awards  of  $25  each  to  68  NASA  and  con- 

tractor employees  for  technical  innovations  that  might  be  useful  to  non- 
aerospace  industry.  Awards  were  expected  to  stimulate  reporting  of 
"useful  new  materials,  processes,  products,  tools,  computer  programs, 
and  other  space  technology  developed  in  the  course  of  NASA  work." 
(NASA  Release  68-3) 

•  Cosmos  CLXXXIV,  launched  Oct.  24,  1967,  was  identified  by  U.S.S.R. 

as  operational  meteorological  satellite  which  also  surveyed  Arctic  ship- 
ping conditions.  Satellite  had  completed  its  first  1,000  orbits.  Informa- 
tion obtained  from  mission  would  be  shared  with  U.S.  Cosmos 
CLXXXIV  was  fourth  known  Soviet  meteorological  satellite.  (uPl,  W 
Post,  1/4/68,  A14;  SBD,  1/4/68,  13) 
January  4:  nasa  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  announced  personnel 
changes  for  new  Apollo  Lunar  Exploration  OflSce  [establishment  an- 
nounced Dec.  19,  1967]:  Capt.  Lee  R.  Scherer  (USN,  Ret.),  Assistant 
Director  for  Lunar  Programs  and  Lunar  Orbiter  Program  Manager, 
OSSA,  would  transfer  to  OMSF  to  direct  new  office;  Capt.  William  T. 
O'Bryant  (usn.  Ret.),  Program  Manager  for  Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Ex- 
periment Package,  ossA,  would  head  Flight  Systems  Development  Div. ; 
and  Dr.  Richard  J.  Allenby,  Jr.,  Deputy  Director  of  Manned  Flight  Ex- 
periments, OSSA,  would  head  Lunar  Science  Div.  (nasa  Release  68-5) 

•  Robert  F.  Packard,  Director  of  State  Dept.'s  Office  of  Space  and  Envi- 

ronmental Science  Affairs,  described  prospects  for  international  cooper- 
ative programs  in  space  before  meeting  of  National  Capital  Section  of 
AIAa:  ".  .  .  our  foreign  policy  objectives  clearly  call  for  an  ongoing 
and  successful  space  program  [and]  to  a  surprising  degree  the  Ameri- 
can position  in  the  world  today  may  be  affected  by  the  manner  in 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  January  4 

which  we  conduct  our  space  program.  .  .  .  There  may  be  opportunities 
to  use  space  technology  for  arms  verification  and  arms  control,  and  to 
create  special  opportunities  for  cooperation  between  the  major  space 
powers.  There  will  clearly  be  opportunities  to  extend  the  economic  and 
social  benefits  which  this  technology  offers  and  to  use  these  applica- 
tions, as  well  as  scientific  research  projects,  as  a  means  for  increased 
international  cooperation."  (Text) 
January  5:  Resignation  of  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  as  Deputy  Adminis- 
trator of  NASA,  announced  Oct.  2,  1967,  became  effective.  (NASA  Release 
67-257) 

•  USAF  announced  launch   of  200th   Minuteman   ICBM   from  Vandenberg 

AFB.  Since  September  1962,  Vandenberg  had  been  launch  site  for  mis- 
siles fired  over  Pacific  Ocean  for  crew  training,  reliability  tests,  and  de- 
velopmental work.  (Boeing  Release) 

•  Computer  services  for  1968  would  be  provided  to  major  contractors  op- 

erating at  Michoud  Assembly  Facility  by  Ling-Temco-Vought's  Range 
Systems  Div.  under  $2.7-million  msfc  contract,  msfc  announced.  Sec- 
ond of  three  one-year  renewed  options,  contract  now  had  total  value  of 
$7.6  million.  Services  would  include  operation  and  maintenance  of  a 
large  complex  of  digital  and  analog  computers,  data  transmission  sys- 
tems, data  reduction  systems,  and  related  electronic  equipment,  (msfc 
Release  68-1) 
January  7:  NASA's  Surveyor  VII  (Surveyor  G),  last  spacecraft  in  NASA's  Sur- 
veyor Program  to  analyze  lunar  surface,  was  successfully  launched 
from  ETR  by  Atlas-Centaur  (AC-15)  booster  on  67-hr  lunar  intercept 
trajectory.  Primary  mission  for  2,293-lb  (at  launch)  spacecraft  was  to 
softland  on  the  moon  and  obtain  postlanding  TV  pictures  of  lunar  sur- 
face. As  secondary  mission  spacecraft  would  determine  relative  abun- 
dance of  chemical  elements  in  lunar  soil  with  alpha-scattering  instru- 
ment; manipulate  lunar  material  with  surface  sampler  in  view  of  TV 
camera;  and  obtain  touchdown  dynamics,  thermal,  and  radar  reflectiv- 
ity data  [see  Jan.  9-22].  Surveyor  VII — which  also  carried  magnets 
attached  to  landing  pads,  mirrors  for  viewing  beneath  spacecraft  and 
for  stereo  photography,  and  seven  special  dust-detection  mirrors — was 
first  in  Surveyor  series  to  carry  both  alpha-scattering  instrument  and 
surface  sampler. 

Launch  sequence  for  Surveyor  VII  was  flawless,  and  spacecraft  per- 
formed nominally.  First  of  two  scheduled  midcourse  maneuvers  was  so 
precise  that  second  correction  was  not  necessary;  maneuver  directed 
spacecraft  toward  a  point  1.6  mi  from  center  of  target  area. 

Surveyor  VII  was  seventh  in  series  of  seven  spacecraft  designed  to 
prove  out  design,  develop  technology  of  lunar  softlanding,  obtain  post- 
landing  TV  pictures  of  lunar  surface,  and  provide  basic  scientific  and 
engineering  data  in  support  of  Project  Apollo.  Surveyor  program  was 
directed  by  OSSA  Lunar  and  Planetary  Programs  Div.;  project  manage- 
ment was  assigned  to  JPL;  Atlas-Centaur  launch  vehicle  was  managed 
by  LeRC;  and  prime  contractor  for  spacecraft  development  and  design 
was  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  (nasa  Proj  Off;  nasa  Release  67-316K;  AP, 
NYT,  1/8/68,  14;  upi,  W  Star,  1/8/68,  1;  AP,  B  Sun,  1/8/68,  A3) 
•  USAF  and  United  Technology  Center  announced  that  hybrid  rocket  en- 
gine using  solid  propellant  and  liquid  oxidizer  had  successfully  fired 
Sandpiper  missile  from  F-4  aircraft  in  secret  test  Dec.  12,  1967.  Ac- 


January  7 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS.   1968 


January  7:  Surveyor  VII,  launched  Jan.  7  for  sof Handing  on  moon  Jan.  9,  photo- 
graphed crescent  earth  from  lunar  surface  Jan.  20  and  recorded  two  laser  beams  (arrow) 
aimed  toward  landing  site  from  earth.  Spacecraft  was  last  in  NASA's  Surveyor  program' 


cording  to  UTC  manager  Douglas  D.  Ordahl,  engine  had  performed  well 
during  five-minute  flight  over  Eglin  AFB,  Fla.,  aerial  test  range  and 
"proved  for  the  first  time  that  hybrids  are  practical  and  can  fly."  {W 
Post,  1/7/68,  A7;  Wilford,  NYT,  1/8/68,  3) 
January  8:  Two-volume  Review  Board  report.  Status  of  Actions  Taken  on 
the  Apollo  204,  Vi^as  submitted  to  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and 
Space  Sciences  and  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics' 
NASA  Oversight  Subcommittee  by  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for 
Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller.  According  to  report, 
major   changes   made   in   Apollo    project   included:    installing   quick- 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  January  8 

opening  hatch ;  eliminating  most  combustible  materials  in  cabin ;  remak- 
ing spacesuit,  primarily  of  glass  fiber  instead  of  nylon;  equipping  and 
training  launch  pad  workers  for  fire  fighting;  placing  metal  shielding 
over  exposed  electrical  wiring;  and  replacing  aluminum  oxygen  pipes 
with  more-fire-resistant  stainless  steel  pipes.  NASA  reported  spacecraft 
had  been  modified  by  North  American  Rockwell  Corp.  so  that  it  could 
use  ordinary  air  or  oxygen-enriched  air,  as  well  as  100%  oxygen,  while 
on  launch  pad.  (Text;  Wilford,  NYT,  1/20/68,  1) 

•  Spain  had  submitted   "declaration   of  intent"   to   withdraw   from  ESRO, 

Space  Business  Daily  reported.  Under  March  20,  1964,  eight-year  or- 
ganization plan,  Spain  would  have  contributed  2.66%,  $7.98  million,  of 
ESRO's  total  budget  of  $300  million.  Nine  countries  would  remain  in 
ESRO:  Belgium,  Denmark,  West  Germany,  France,  Italy,  The  Nether- 
lands, Sweden,  Switzerland,  and  U.K.  {SBD,  1/8/68,  27) 

•  Five  or  six  meteorites  landed  on  earth  every  day,  usually  undetected, 

National  Geographic  Society  reported.  Some  8  billion  meteors  actually 
entered  earth's  atmosphere  daily,  but  intense  heat  from  air  friction  va- 
porized all  but  largest.  {NYT,  1/8/68,  47) 
January  9:  NASA  announced  creation  of  Research  and  Technology  Advisory 
Council  to  assist  in  planning  and  evaluation  of  research  and  technology 
for  aeronautics  and  space.  Council  would  assess  relative  importance  of 
ongoing  research,  suggest  additional  work,  and  advise  on  methods  for 
developing  national  resources. 

Headed  by  Dr.  Raymond  L.  Bisplinghoff,  Head  of  MIT  Department 
of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics,  and  supported  by  committees  repre- 
senting seven  major  technology  areas,  Council  included:  Dr.  David  Alt- 
man,  United  Technology  Center;  Dr.  Allen  V.  Astin,  Director  of  Na- 
tional Bureau  of  Standards;  Dr.  Loren  D.  Carlson,  Univ.  of  California 
School  of  Medicine;  Dr.  Howard  W.  Emmons,  Harvard  Univ.;  Gen. 
James  Ferguson,  Commander  of  AFSC;  Dr.  Nicholas  J.  Hoff,  Head  of 
Stanford  Univ.  Dept.  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics;  Dr.  Hans  W. 
Liepmann,  Cal  Tech;  Dr.  John  G.  Linvill,  Head  of  Stanford  Univ. 
Electrical  Engineering  Dept.;  Matthias  E.  Lukens,  Deputy  Executive 
Director  of  Port  of  New  York  Authority ;  Dr.  Ronald  Smelt,  Vice  Pres- 
ident and  Chief  Scientist  of  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.;  Dr.  Chauncey  V. 
Starr,  Dean  of  Univ.  of  California  Engineering  School;  and  Edward  C. 
Wells,  Vice  President,  Product  and  Development,  Boeing  Co.  Dr.  Allan 
E.  Puckett  of  Hughes  Aircraft  Corp.  accepted  appointment  later.  (NASA 
Release  68-4;  nasa  oart) 

•  NASA  said   one   mile   of  coaxial   cable   had   been   laid   in   two-foot-deep 

trench  across  Ascension  Island  in  South  Atlantic  Ocean  to  link  two  an- 
tennas— 30-ft-dia  parabolic  reflector  for  contact  with  Apollo  spacecraft 
and  42-ft-dia  dish  to  link  with  Intelsat  II-C — as  part  of  chain  of 
Manned  Space  Flight  Network  (msfn)  tracking,  telemetry,  and  voice 
communications  facilities.  Also  integrated  in  NASA  communications  cir- 
cuits were  Satellite  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition  Network  (stadan) 
facilities  for  scientific  satellites  and  Deep  Space  Network  (dsn)  facili- 
ties to  support  lunar  and  planetary  probes.  Ascension  Island  cable  was 
"final  link"  in  two  million  miles  of  NASA  Communications  (nascom). 
(NASA  Release  68-1) 

•  Dr.  Robert  C.   Seamans,  Jr.,  former  nasa  Deputy  Administrator,   was 

sworn  in  as  consultant  by  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb.  Webb 


January  9  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

said  Dr.  Seamans  would  "lend  his  talents  and  experience  to  the  com- 
plex problems  we  face  as  the  space  program  moves  into  its  second  dec- 
ade." (NASA  Release  68-7) 

•  AEC  scientists  had  produced  man-made  atoms  of  transuranium  elements 

— artificial  elements  of  californium,  einsteinium,  and  fermium  that 
were  heavier  than  uranium,  heaviest  of  the  92  elements  that  occurred 
naturally.  Man-made  atoms  had  numerous  potential  uses  in  medicine 
and  space,  such  as  providing  power  for  satellites  and  for  electrical 
heart  stimulator.  (Spivak,  WSJ,  1/9/68,  1) 

•  Aerospace  industry  sales  in  1967  totaled  $27.3  billion,  13%  increase  over 

1966  sales.  Aerospace  Industries  Assn.  reported.  {W  News,  1/9/68, 
38) 
January  9—22:  NASA's  Surveyor  VII,  launched  Jan.  7,  became  fifth  U.S. 
spacecraft  to  softland  on  moon  when  it  touched  down  in  Tycho  crater 
ejecta  after  66-hr  35-min  flight  and  began  transmitting  first  of  21,274 
detailed  television  pictures  to  J  PL  Deep  Space  Facilities,  Goldstone, 
Calif. 

Landing  sequence  began  when  Surveyor  VII  shifted  its  normal  cruis- 
ing attitude  to  position  main  retrorocket.  Triggered  by  radar,  main  ret- 
romotor  slowed  spacecraft  to  3I/2  mph;  retromotor  then  ejected.  Ver- 
nier engines  cut  off  at  13  ft  above  lunar  surface  and  spacecraft  landed. 

First  photos  transmitted  showed  Surveyor  VII  was  resting  in  rock- 
strewn  area.  Later  photos  consisted  of  wide  and  narrow  angle  surveys, 
panoramas,  and  special  area  surveys  of  spacecraft  and  landing  area,  in- 
cluding closeups  of  rocky  debris  on  rim  of  Tycho  crater  and  rugged 
landscape  with  prominences  and  boulders  estimated  to  be  three  stories 
high.  Stereo  pictures  were  obtained  with  special  mirrors;  polarization 
pictures  were  taken  of  lunar  surface,  geologically  interesting  rocks,  and 
earth;  and  photos  of  Jupiter  and  earth  were  obtained.  Camera  also 
photographed  laser  beams  directed  at  spacecraft  from  Table  Mountain, 
Calif.,  and  Kitt  Peak,  Ariz.,  observatories,  two  of  six  U.S.  stations 
which  directed  laser  beams.  Test,  first  use  of  light  to  communicate  over 
such  great  distance,  was  considered  highly  significant  for  future  use  of 
lasers  in  communications  and  measurements  in  space  and  on  earth  and 
was  expected  to  permit  distance  between  points  on  moon  and  on  earth 
to  be  measured  with  accuracy  of  six  inches.  Special  surveys  of  dust- 
detection  mirrors  showed  no  accumulation  of  dust.  Footpad  magnets  did 
not  show  a  significant  adherence  to  particles,  but  material  did  accumu- 
late on  surface  sampler  scoop  magnet. 

Only  flaw  in  mission  occurred  Jan.  10  when  alpha-scattering  instru- 
ment failed  to  contact  lunar  surface  after  command  to  deploy  had  been 
issued.  Photos  revealed  that  although  release  squib  had  fired,  instru- 
ment had  remained  in  background  count  position.  Efforts  to  dislodge  it 
by  rocking  solar  panel  were  unsuccessful.  After  satisfactory  bearing- 
strength  data  had  been  obtained,  engineers  positioned  surface  sampler 
on  top  of  alpha-scattering  instrument,  applied  downward  force,  and  suc- 
cessfully released  instrument  without  damage.  Alpha-scattering  instru- 
ment, moved  by  surface  sampler  to  its  initial  position  over  soil,  to 
second  position  over  rock,  and  to  third  position  over  one-half -inch-deep 
trench,  obtained  data  for  63  hr  2  min.  Surface  sampler  conducted  six 
bearing-strength  tests;  excavated  several  trenches,  including  one  16  in 
long  and  over  6  in  deep;  turned  over  large  rock  for  examination  by  TV 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968  January  9-22 

camera;  and  attracted  gravel-size  rock  with  its  magnet.  On  Jan.  22, 
communications  with  spacecraft  were  halted  to  preserve  battery  power 
during  cold  of  lunar  night. 

Performance  of  Surveyor  VII,  final  mission  in  NASA's  Surveyor  pro- 
gram to  analyze  lunar  surface,  was  excellent.  Surveyor  I  (launched  May 
30,  1966),  Surveyor  III  (launched  April  17,  1967),  Surveyor  V 
(launched  Sept.  8,  1967),  and  Surveyor  VI  (launched  Nov.  7,  1967) 
had  all  softlanded  successfully  and  transmitted  photos  to  earth.  Sur- 
veyor II  (launched  Sept.  20,  1966)  had  failed  to  softland  because  of  an 
ignition  failure.  Communications  with  Surveyor  IV  (launched  July  14, 
1967)  were  lost  seconds  before  spacecraft  was  scheduled  to  softland, 
and  its  condition  could  not  be  determined.  (NASA  Proj  Off;  NASA  Re- 
lease 67-316K;  AP,  W  Post,  1/10/68,  Al;  upi,  W  Star,  1/10/68,  A3; 
AP,  B  Sun,  1/11/68,  Al;  SBD,  1/11/68,  56;  Hill,  NYT,  1/12/68,  4; 
r  Post,  1/13/68,  A5;  Clark,  NYT,  1/22/68,  17). 

January  10:  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey,  as  Chairman  of  National 
Aeronautics  and  Space  Council,  had  asked  BOB  to  place  $20  million  in 
FY  1969  NASA  authorization  for  Earth  Resources  Observation  Satellite 
(eros).  White  House  budget-cutters  had  eliminated  EROS  from  new 
budget,  George  C.  Wilson  said  in  Washington  Post.  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior Stewart  L.  Udall  and  NAS  scientists  also  were  expected  to  press 
for  restoration  of  funds.  NAS  report  to  NASA  would  urge  EROS  funding  as 
"one  of  the  potentially  big  pay-offs  for  the  national  space  program." 
(Wilson,  W  Post,  1/10/68,  B7) 
•  Dr.  Frederick  Seitz,  National  Academy  of  Sciences  President,  was 
awarded  dod's  Distinguished  Civilian  Service  Medal  for  outstanding 
contribution  to  DOD  as  Chairman  of  Defense  Science  Board  for  past 
four  years,  (nas-nrc-nae  Neivs  Report,  3/68,  6;  NAS  Info  Off) 

January  11:  NASA  successfully  launched  Explorer  XXXVI — also  called  Geos 
II  (geos-b)  Geodetic  Earth  Orbiting  Satellite — from  wtr  by  Thrust- 
Augmented  Delta  booster  into  orbit  vath  978.4-mi  (1,574.5-km)  apogee; 
670.8-mi  (1,079.5-km)  perigee;  112.18-min  period;  and  105.8°  in- 
clination. 

The  460-lb,  gravity-gradient  satellite,  launched  to  contribute  to 
completion  of  NASA-managed  U.S.  National  Geodetic  Satellite  Pro- 
gram (ngsp),  carried  six  geodetic  systems  for  development  of  a 
more  precise  model  of  earth's  gravitational  field  and  improvement  of 
knowledge  of  earth's  size  and  shape:  (1)  flashing-light  beacons  with 
6,620-candle-sec-per-flash  combined  candle  emittance  to  be  photographed 
against  background  of  stars;  (2)  corner  cube  quartz  reflectors  to  pin- 
point satellite's  position  by  reflecting  a  laser  beam;  (3)  three  radio 
transmitters  to  help  determine  satellite's  line-of-sight  velocity  using 
Doppler  shift  principle  and  USN  tranet  equipment;  (4)  radio  trans- 
ponder to  provide  distance  between  satellite  and  interrogating  USA 
SECOR  network  ground  station;  (5)  range  and  range-rate  transponders 
for  simultaneous  determination  of  satellite-to-ground-station  range  and 
line-of-sight  velocity,  using  NASA's  STADAN  system;  and  (6)  C-band 
transponder  systems  at  STADAN  stations  for  calibration  and  experimen- 
tation to  determine  applicability  of  C-band  radar  tracking  system  to  sat- 
ellite geodesy.  Primary  mission  objectives  were  to  obtain  90  days  of 
precision  spacecraft  position  data,  support  geodetic  positioning  of  40 
reference  control  points  and  64  densification  observation  sites,  and  eval- 
uate accuracy  of  ground-based  C-band  radars. 


January  11  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

Explorer  XXXVI  was  fifth  satellite  launched  in  NGSP  series  and  sec- 
ond in  GEOS  series.  Mission  of  first  CEOS  satellite,  Explorer  XXIX 
(launched  Nov.  6,  1965),  had  ended  in  December  1966,  but  satellite 
was  still  transmitting  weak  signals  on  Doppler  shift.  Geos  II  was  de- 
signed, fabricated,  and  tested  by  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.'s  Applied  Phys- 
ics Laboratory.  Overall  mission  responsibility  was  assigned  to  OSSA. 
(NASA  Release  68-2K;  NASA  Proj  Off;  upi,  NYT,  1/11/68,  30) 

•  SR— 71,  usaf's  fastest  and  highest  flying  aircraft,  crashed  in  northern 

California,  l/c  Robert  G.  Sowers  (usaf),  instructor,  and  Capt.  David  E. 
Fruehaf  (usaf),  trainee,  ejected  safely.  (uPi,  W  Post,  1/13/68,  4) 

•  Malfunction  in  test  equipment  apparently  caused  failure  of  two  modified 

Apollo  drogue  parachutes  during  flight  test  at  usn's  aerospace  research 
facility,  El  Centro,  Calif.  Test  objective  to  demonstrate  structural  in- 
tegrity of  parachutes  to  slow  and  stabilize  spacecraft  before  main  para- 
chute deployment  was  not  realized;  MSC  announced  repeat  of  flight  test 
would  be  made  Feb.  5.  {Aero  Tech,  1/29/68,  10) 

•  NASA  announced  award  of  $4,521,671  contract  to  Honeywell,  Inc.,  for 

management  and  engineering  services  during  1968  for  Centaur  launch 
vehicle  guidance  system.  Atlas-Centaur  booster  had  successfully 
launched  seven  Surveyor  spacecraft  toward  the  moon  and  was  sched- 
uled to  launch  OAO,  ats,  and  two  Mariners.  (LeRC  Release  68-3) 
January  12:  XB-70  research  aircraft,  flown  by  Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr.,  and 
Donald  L.  Mallick,  reached  mach  2.55  and  67,000-ft  altitude  and  ac- 
complished 70%  of  primary  test  objectives  during  1-hr  54-min  flight 
from  Edwards  AFB.  Purpose  of  flight  was  to  take  wing  tuft  photos  and 
check  stability,  control,  and  handling  qualities;  inlet  performance; 
boundary  layer  noise;  friction;  fuselage  bending.   (XB— 70  Proj  Off) 

•  Most  realistic  way  to  reduce  sonic  boom  from  supersonic  aircraft  was  to 

make  successive  small  reductions,  according  to  Generation  and  Propa- 
gation of  Sonic  Boom,  report  of  Subcommittee  on  Research,  nas  Com- 
mittee on  SST-Sonic  Boom.  Reductions  could  be  achieved  by  "refine- 
ments in  conventional  aircraft  design,  a  better  understanding  of  theory, 
and  improvements  in  propulsive  efficiency  and  operating  procedures." 
Future  aircraft  designs  might  yield  significant  reductions.  Studies 
should  be  undertaken  by  both  Government  and  industry  on  "less  con- 
ventional configurations."  (nasa  Release;  nas-nrc-nae  News  Report, 
1/68,  1-2) 

•  NASA  awarded  $7,178,937  contract  to  General  Dynamics  Corp.  Convair 

Div.  to  continue  for  15  mo  contract  now  in  force  for  launch  support 
services  for  Atlas-Centaur  launch  vehicle.  LeRC  had  management  re- 
sponsibility for  Centaur,   (nasa  Release  68-8) 

•  DOD  announced  termination  of  $175-million  Mark  17  reentry  vehicle  pro- 

gram— for  which  $45  million  had  already  been  expended — "before  ad- 
ditional R&D  or  heavy  production  costs  are  incurred."  Funds  originally 
designated  for  Mark  17  would  be  used  for  design  changes  on  Mark  11. 
(DOD  Release  43-68;  AP,  NYT,  1/14/68,  50) 

•  Postdoctoral   research  opportunities  under   one-year  research   associate- 

ships  to  work  in  AFSC's  laboratories  and  research  centers  would  be  of- 
fered by  AFSC  in  1968  and  1969.  Awards  would  be  made  by  NRC's  selec- 
tion board  around  April  1,  1968.  (afsc  Release  4.68) 
January  15:  NASA  announced  personnel  changes:  Samuel  H.  Hubbard,  OMSF 
Special  Assistant,  Gemini  Program,  moved  to  Apollo  Applications  Pro- 

8 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  January  15 

gram  Office  as  Special  Assistant  for  Programs,  responsible  for  ensur- 
ing adequate  communications  and  documentation  were  provided  by 
AAP  in  support  of  organizations  with  program  interfaces. 

Col.  Maynard  E.  White  (usaf,  Ret.),  Director,  msf  Program  Con- 
trol, was  named  Director  of  msf  Management  Operations.  Jerald  K. 
Kubat  of  Apollo  Program  Control  would  succeed  him.   (nasa  Ann) 

•  USAF  Air  Defense  Command  was  redesignated  Aerospace  Defense  Com- 

mand. (SBD,  1/3/68,  1;  AFHF  Netvsletter,  2/68) 

•  Terms  for  development,  production,  and  launch  of  two  comsats  for  U.K. 

under  DOD  contract  announced  March  8,  1967,  were  made  final  in 
$7,535,000  fixed-price-incentive-fee  usaf  contract  v,dth  Philco-Ford 
Corp.'s  Space  and  Re-entry  Systems  Div.  First  satellite  would  be 
launched  into  synchronous,  equatorial  orbit  with  Thor-Delta  booster 
from  ETR  in  1968 ;  second  satellite  would  be  backup.  Philco-Ford  would 
design  satellites  "to  satisfy  certain  defense  communications  require- 
ments of  the  United  Kingdom."  Satellites  would  have  station-keeping  ca- 
pability to  maintain  specific  positions  over  earth.  Space  and  Missile  Sys- 
tems Organization  would  be  contracting  agency,  (afsc  Release  195.67) 
January  16:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CXCIX.  Orbital  parame- 
ters: apogee,  221  km  (137  mi);  perigee,  159  km  (99  mi);  period, 
88.2  min;  inclination,  65.5°.  Satellite  reentered  Feb.  1.  {Krasnaya 
Zoez,  1/18/68;  GSFC  SSR,  1/31/68;  2/15/68) 

•  Two   NASA  Nike-Cajun   sounding   rockets   launched   from   NASA   Wallops 

Station  carried  payloads  to  85-mi  (137-km)  and  88-mi  (141-km)  alti- 
tudes to  investigate  D  region  electron  density  during  solar  x-ray  flare. 
Rocket  and  instrument  performance  was  satisfactory.  Preliminary  data 
indicated  launches  were  accomplished  during  period  of  decreasing 
solar  activity,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  France  had  successfully  test-fired  lex,  improved,  single-stage  experimen- 

tal hybrid  sounding  rocket  which  used  liquid  oxidizer  and  inert  solid 
propellant.  Developed  by  Office  National  d'Etudes  et  de  Recherches 
Aerospatiales  (ONERa),  French  space  agency,  LEX  could  carry  14-lb 
payload  with  meteorological  experiment  to  115-km  (71-mi)  altitude. 
{SBD,  1/16/68,  74) 

•  NASA  awarded  nar  Rocketdyne  Div.  $14,796,400  cost-plus-incentive-fee 

contract  for  engineering  support  services  for  H— 1  engines  to  power  Sat- 
urn IB  1st  stage.  Contract  covered  period  of  July  1967  through  June 
1971.  (msfc  Release  68-9) 

•  British  Prime  Minister  Harold  Wilson,  speaking  to  House  of  Commons 

on  long-range  spending  cuts  to  restore  financial  confidence,  announced 
withdrawal  of  U.K.'s  military  forces  east  of  Suez  by  end  of  1971  and 
cancellation  of  agreement  to  purchase  50  F— 111  aircraft  from  U.S.  for 
$875  million.  F— 111  aircraft  order  cancellation  was  expected  to  have 
adverse  effect  on  cooperation  between  U.K.  and  U.S.  in  defense  produc- 
tion. To  obtain  U.K.  purchase  agreement  of  $2.9  billion  for  F— 111, 
F-4,  and  C-130  aircraft  plus  Polaris  spare  parts,  U.S.  had  agreed  to 
purchase  $425  million  worth  of  defense  items  from  U.K.  by  FY  1977 
and  to  help  U.K.  obtain  additional  $400  million  in  cooperative  arms 
sales  to  third  countries.  (Lewis,  NYT,  1/17/68,  1;  Sheehan,  NYT, 
1/17/68,  15) 
January  17:  usaf  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Thrust-Augmented    Thor-Agena    D    booster    into    orbit    with    335-mi 


January  17  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

(539.1-km)  apogee,  285-mi  (458.6-km)  perigee,  94.5-min  period,  and 
75.1°  inclination.  {Aero  Tech,  1/29/68,  11;  Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Primary  objectives  of  Mariner  V  mission  (launched  June  14,  1967)  had 

been  fulfilled  and  mission  had  been  adjudged  a  success  by  NASA.  Com- 
munications with  spacecraft  had  been  terminated  Dec.  1,  1967,  when 
signal  level  had  been  lowered  because  of  antenna  pointing  angle;  space- 
craft systems  had  operated  normally  during  telemetry  reception,  Nov. 
21,  1967.  Spacecraft  was  expected  to  survive  solar  heat  and  return 
within  range  of  dsn  antennas  in  August  or  September  1968.  Total  life- 
time would  be  three  to  six  years.  (NASA  Proj  Off) 

•  A  21.5-ft-dia,  40-ft-long  mockup  of  Saturn  V  3rd   (S-IVB)    stage  was 

flown  to  MSFC  for  crew  station  design  review;  it  would  be  launched  as 
2nd  stage  of  Saturn  IB  and  as  flight  orbital  workshop,  with  aluminum- 
grid  partitions  rearranged  to  create  separate  rooms.  Modification  pro- 
vided two-story  arrangement  with  separate  rooms  for  sleeping,  food 
preparation,  and  control  center  and  large  open  laboratory  area  for  ex- 
periments, (msfc  Release  68—1] ) 

•  In  Moscow,  U.S.S.R.  and  France  agreed  to  place  French  instruments  on 

board  Soviet  lunar  orbiter  satellite  at  undetermined  future  date,  in 
third  joint  Soviet- French  space  project.  Evert  Clark  reported  in  New 
York  Times.  Projects,  most  significant  cooperative  effort  U.S.S.R.  had 
undertaken  with  any  country,  included  launch  of  French  satellite  on  in- 
terplanetary physics  mission  in  1972  and  use  of  Soviet  Molniya  comsats 
to  exchange  experimental  color  TV  broadcasts.  {NYT,  l/18,/68,  52) 

•  AFCRL  geodesists  hit  Explorer  XXII  satellite  with  multipulse  ruby  laser 

beam  in  daylight  for  second  time.  First  success  in  using  satellite 
as  target  for  reflection  in  daylight  was  on  Dec.  19,  1967,  by  afcrl. 
Explorer  XXII,  launched  by  NASA  Oct.  9,  1964,  carried  special 
reflectors  for  laser  beams.  Experiment  was  designed  to  improve  meas- 
urements of  distance  between  widely  separated  points  on  earth's 
surface  and  improve  knowledge  of  earth's  size  and  shape.  (OAR  Re- 
search Review,  5/68,  13;  Instruments  and  Spacecraft,  NASA  SP— 3028) 

January  17—19:  Rep.  Emilio  Q.  Daddario  (D-Conn.),  Chairman  of  House 
Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Science,  Research,  and  Devel- 
opment Subcommittee,  at  hearings  on  environmental  pollution,  stressed 
crucial  role  for  science  and  technology  in  pollution  abatement.  He 
said  hearings  would  focus  on  research  programs  of  Federal  agencies 
which  "must  produce  an  expanded  basis  of  facts  and  technical  options 
to  make  our  pollution  laws  work."  Testimony  would  show  "that  it  is 
shortsighted  indeed  to  consider  goals  for  restoring  and  maintaining  the 
quality  of  the  environment  apart  from  the  supporting  research  and  de- 
velopment." (Transcript) 

January  18:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Titan  III— B-Agena  D  booster.  Satellite  entered  orbit  with  254-mi 
(408.8-km)  apogee,  77-mi  (132.9-km)  perigee,  89.8-min  period,  and 
111.4°  inclination  and  reentered  Feb.  4.  {SBD,  1/19/68,  98;  GSFC 
557?,  1/31/68;  Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Study  of  Northern  Lights,  auroras,  and  polar  cap  airglow  by  coordi- 

nated use  of  aircraft  flights  from  Churchill  Research  Range,  sounding 
rocket  launches,  satellite  overpasses,  and  ground  observations  was 
begun  by  nasa.  During  two  extended  periods  (Jan.  18-Feb.  8  and  Feb. 

10 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  January  18 

21— March  12)  NASA  airborne  laboratory,  Convair  990  jet  aircraft, 
would  fly  over  Churchill  area  and  beyond,  from  Alaska  to  Greenland. 
Three  flights  would  be  coordinated  with  sounding  rocket  launches  from 
Churchill;  many  flights  would  be  coordinated  with  passes  of  Ogo  IV, 
containing  12  experiments  for  studying  auroral  and  polar  cap  phe- 
nomena. Aircraft  would  carry  spectrometers,  photometers,  wide-angle 
cameras,  radio  frequency  receivers,  and  magnetometer  to  study  mag- 
netic field  activity  and  time  and  space  variations  of  auroras  and  polar 
gap  airglow.  NASA's  1968  Airborne  Auroral  Expedition  would  be  di- 
rected by  arc's  Airborne  Science  Office  and  managed  by  arc's  Louis  C. 
Haughney;  14  universities  and  research  organizations  in  Canada  and 
U.S.  would  participate,  (nasa  Release  68-9) 

•  Complete  draft  of  treaty  to  ban  spread  of  nuclear  weapons  was  submit- 

ted by  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  to  17-nation  U.N.  Disarmament  Conference, 
which  would  report  to  U.N.  General  Assembly  by  March  15.  Agree- 
ment had  been  reached  on  international  inspection  and  controls  to  de- 
tect any  violations  of  treaty's  provisions.  West  Germany  and  other  na- 
tions contended  proposed  controls  would  interfere  with  peaceful  atomic 
development.  European  Atomic  Energy  Community  (euratom)  had 
refused  to  take  part  in  negotiations  and  said  it  would  not  sign  treaty. 
(NYT,  1/19/68,  1;  1/20/68,  8) 

•  Proposal  for  four  additional  basic  Block  II  Apollo  spacecraft  command 

and  service  modules  would  be  made  by  nar  Space  Div.  in  accordance 
with  NASA  request.  Action  would  bring  total  purchase  to  19  for  flights  on 
Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  launch  vehicles.  Delivery  would  start  in  1970. 
(NASA  Release  68-12) 

•  Northrop  Corp.  scientists  G.  M.  Andrew  and  M.  S.  Cahn  told  news  con- 

ference discharge  of  electricity  into  air  ahead  of  supersonic  aircraft 
might  not  only  lessen  sonic  boom  intensity  but  also  reduce  aerodynamic 
drag,  saving  fuel.  Scientists  said  NASA  and  Boeing  Co.  were  interested 
in  new  line  of  SST  research.  Electrical  discharge — up  to  30,000  volts  in 
tests  to  date — would  repel  molecules  of  air  and  remove  them  from  air- 
craft's path;  molecules  would  then  flow  smoothly  around  aircraft  in- 
stead of  bunching  ahead  to  cause  sonic  boom.  Scientists  admitted 
electrical  discharge  could  interfere  with  radio  and  TV  broadcasts  and 
with  communications  between  aircraft  and  ground.  (AP,  W  Post, 
1/19/68,  A5) 

•  Lockheed  Missiles  &  Space  Co.  received  $5,700,000  USAF  contract  for 

Agena  launch  services  at  Vandenberg  AFB  from  Oct  1,  1967,  through 
Sept.  30,  1968.  (dod  Release  64-68) 
January  19:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CC.  Orbital  parameters: 
apogee,  538  km   (334  mi)  ;  perigee,  518  km   (322  mi)  ;  period,  95.1 
min;  inclination,  74°.   [Pravda,  1/21/68;  gsfc  SSR,  1/31/68) 

•  Fiftieth  anniversary  of  USAF  School  of  Aerospace  Medicine,  dedicated 

to  ensuring  that  man  could  perform  efficiently  and  safely  in  air  and 
in  space.  Established  in  1918  at  Hazelhurst  Field  near  Mineola, 
N.Y.,  school  was  currently  headquartered  at  Brooks  AFB,  Tex.,  under 
command    of    Col.    George    E.    Schafer.     {AFHF    Newsletter,    2/68) 

•  Holder  of  world  manned  aircraft  speed  record,  X-15  pilot  Maj.  William 

J.  Knight  (usaf),  received  senior  astronaut  wings  and  Distinguished 
Flying  Cross  from  m/g  Hugh  B.  Manson,  Commander  of  afftc.  Maj. 

11 


January  19  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

Knight  set  4,534-mph  speed  record  Oct.  3,  1967,  in  special  ablative- 
coated  X-15 ;  two  weeks  later  he  reached  277,000-ft  altitude  to  qualify 
as  an  astronaut.  On  June  29,  1967,  after  experiencing  complete  engine 
and  power  failure,  he  had  piloted  X-15  to  safe  landing  to  earn  DFC. 
(afftc  Release  68-1-9) 

•  President  Johnson  named  Clark  M.  Clifford,  lawyer  and  intimate  adviser 

to  three  Democratic  Presidents,  to  succeed  Robert  S.  McNamara  as 
Secretary  of  Defense.  President  praised  Clifford  as  "a  counselor  on 
most  of  the  important  decisions  made  in  many  of  the  international 
fields  from  defense  to  strength  to  weapons  to  actions."  (Frankel,  NYT, 
1/20/68,  1;  PD,  1/22/68,  84-5) 

•  NASA  announced  award  of  $8.5-million  contract  to  Bendix  Field  Engi- 

neering Corp.  to  provide  logistics  support  services  for  NASA's  consoli- 
dated worldwide  spacecraft  tracking  networks,  which  included  50  world- 
wide sites,  ships,  instrumental  aircraft,  communications  switching 
centers,  spacecraft  control  centers,  mobile  units,  and  a  training  center. 
Bendix  would  establish  consolidated  logistics  support  system  by  com- 
bining certain  functions  previously  performed  separately  for  each  net- 
work. Both  networks  were  operational  responsibility  of  GSFC,  under 
NASA's  Office  of  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition,  (nasa  Release  68-10) 

January  20:  NASA  General  Counsel  Paul  G.  Dembling  told  Rutgers  Univ.  au- 
dience: ".  .  .  we  are  moving  toward  the  end  that  the  rule  of  law  will  pre- 
vail in  space."  He  explained  space  law  treaty,  which  entered  into  force 
Oct.  10,  1967,  and  praised  effectiveness  of  U.N.  "as  a  vehicle  for  the  de- 
velopment of  international  law."  Significance  of  space  law  and  space 
rescue  treaties  was  that  they  "indicate  that  international  law  can  develop 
.  .  .  even  among  nations  having  widely  divergent  ideologies  and  na- 
tional interests  .  .  .  [and]  can  evolve  by  gradually  codifying  the 
ground  rules  which  are  considered  by  States  to  be  in  their  common  in- 
terests." (Text) 

January  21:  FRC  announced  cuts  in  FY  1969  budget  dictated  closing  out 
X— 15  aircraft  program  in  fall  1968.  Major  setback  was  Nov.  15,  1967, 
crash  which  resulted  in  death  of  pilot  Maj.  Michael  J.  Adams  (usaf). 
Main  task  in  191  flights  to  date  had  been  study  of  problems  of  manned 
controls  in  high-speed,  high-altitude  aircraft.  Remaining  tasks  con- 
cerned testing  of  atmospheric  reentry  conditions.  As  successor  to  X— 15 
— holder  of  speed  record  of  4,534  mph  and  altitude  record  of  354,200  ft 
— officials  would  consider  aircraft  capable  of  taking  off  from  ground 
under  own  power,  achieving  earth  orbit,  reentering,  and  landing  at  vir- 
tually any  point  on  earth.  (AP,  C  Trih,  1/22/68) 

•  Telescope   at   Univ.    of    Arizona's    Planetary    Laboratory   photographed 

Lunar  Orbiter  V  as  it  appeared  beyond  left  limb  of  moon's  face.  Scien- 
tists believed  experiment  to  be  first  success  in  sending  observable  light 
signals  from  moon's  vicinity  to  earth.  Some  80  photos  were  made 
through  61-in  telescope  by  team  of  three  astronomers  under  Labora- 
tory's Director,  Dr.  Gerard  Kuiper,  in  experiment  conducted  for  NASA 
and  spacecraft's  designer  and  builder,  Boeing  Co.  Satellite  was  visible 
on  52  photos.  Boeing  engineers  oriented  Lunar  Orbiter  V  so  its  shiny 
panels  reflected  sunlight  toward  earth.  Astronomers  reduced  stray  light 
near  very  bright  moon  to  prevent  multiple  reflections  within  telescope 
from  reaching  photographic  plates.  Dr.  Kuiper  explained  that  space- 
craft resembled  12th-magnitude  star  in  brilliance.  These  reference  data, 

12 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  January  21 

used  with  radar  tracking  data,  would  enable  scientists  to  locate  more 
precisely  center  of  mass  of  moon  with  respect  to  its  visible  limb.  Lunar 
Orbiter  V  was  crashed  on  the  moon  Jan.  31.  (nasa  Release  68—34; 
NYT,  2/20/68,  19) 
January  22:  NASA's  Apollo  5  (AS-204)  unmanned  earth  orbital  mission, 
delayed  for  nearly  four  hours  because  of  ground  equipment  malfunc- 
tions, was  successfully  launched  from  KSC  Complex  37  at  5:48  pm  EST 
in  fourth  flight  of  Saturn  IB  and  first  flight  of  31,700-lb  lunar  module 
(LM-1),  designed  to  land  two  astronauts  on  the  moon.  Primary  mis- 
sion objectives  were  to  verify  operation  of  LM  ascent  propulsion  system 
(aps),  descent  propulsion  system  (dps) — including  restart — and  space- 
craft structures;  evaluate  LM  staging;  and  evaluate  2nd-stage  (S— IVB) 
and  instrument-unit  (lu)  orbital  performance. 

Launch  phase  occurred  as  planned ;  S-I VB  ignited  to  insert  spacecraft 
into  orbit  with  138-mi  (222-km)  apogee,  101-mi  (163-km)  perigee, 
88.3-min  period,  and  31.63°  inclination;  nose  cone  jettisoned;  space- 
craft coasted  for  43  min  52  sec;  and  LM  separated  from  spacecraft  LM 
adapter.  LM  entered  orbit  with  138-mi  (222-km)  apogee,  104-mi  (167- 
km)  perigee,  88.4-min  period,  and  31.63°  inclination.  Initial  39-sec  DPS 
burn,  designed  to  simulate  deceleration  for  descent  to  lunar  surface, 
was  automatically  shut  down  after  only  4  sec  because  of  overly  con- 
servative computer  programming.  Ground  controllers  switched  to  mini- 
mum requirement  sequence,  an  alternate  flight  plan  with  shorter  total 
DPS  firing  time  and  no  provision  for  lunar  landing  simulation.  Second 
DPS  engine  firing  occurred  successfully,  with  26-sec  burn  at  10%  thrust 
level  and  7  sec  at  maximum  thrust.  Third  DPS  engine  firing  32  sec  later 
consisted  of  26-sec  burn  at  10%  thrust,  2  sec  at  maximum  thrust,  and 
ascent  stage  fire-in-the-hole  (fith)  burn  during  which  the  two  stages 
separated  and  APS  engine  was  ignited  simultaneously  while  DPS  was 
being  shut  down,  simulating  abort  during  landing  phase.  Duration  of 
initial  APS  burn  during  abort  staging  was  60  sec.  APS  engine  fired  sec- 
ond time  for  6  min  23  sec  until  fuel  was  depleted.  At  end  of  11-hr  10- 
min  test  period,  both  stages  of  the  LM  were  left  in  orbit  eventually  to 
reenter  and  disintegrate. 

Apollo  5  mission,  adjudged  successful  by  NASA  in  spite  of  premature 
DPS  engine  shutdown,  proved  out  structural  integrity  of  LM;  verified 
in-space  operation  of  dps  and  APS;  and  proved  value  of  contingency 
planning.  LM  was  last  major  piece  of  Apollo  hardware  to  have  its  first 
test  in  space.  Command  module  (cm)  had  been  tested  during  AS-203 
mission  (July  5,  1966)  and  with  service  module  (sm)  on  AS-202 
(Aug.  25,  1966)  and  Apollo  4  (AS-501)  (Nov.  9,  1967).  Final  deci- 
sion on  whether  Apollo  5  results  justified  omitting  second  unmanned 
test  and  scheduling  next  mission  to  be  manned  would  be  deferred  until 
March,  pending  final  mission  review.  (NASA  Proj  Off;  NASA  Releases 
68-6K,  68-19;  msc  Release  68-4;  AP,  Strothman,  W  Post,  1/23/68, 
1;  Fahnestock,  W  Star,  1/23/68,  1;  Wilford,  NYT,  1/24/68,  20) 

•  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Sta- 

tion carried  GSFC  payload  to  184-mi  (296-km)  altitude  to  measure  in- 
tensity and  polarization  distribution  of  hydrogen  Lyman  alpha  at 
night.  Although  rocket  performance  was  satisfactory,  instruments  failed 
to  function.  (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  Flammability  characteristics  of  mixed  gas  atmosphere  (60%  oxygen  and 

13 


January  22  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

40%  nitrogen  at  16  psi)  in  Apollo  command  module  had  been  evaluated 
by  MSC  in  24  "enriched  air"  tests,  with  "all  but  two  ignition  points" 
showing  self-extinguishing  characteristics.  Two  ignition  points  on  cir- 
cuit breaker  panels  exhibited  what  MSC  termed  "moderate  fire  propaga- 
tion" because  fire  spread  "beyond  the  point  of  self  extinguishment." 
Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth,  MSC  Director,  retained  three  major  options  for 
"mixed  gas"  for  Apollo  launch  phase:  regular  air,  enriched  air  using 
oxygen  and  nitrogen,   or   pure   oxygen.    (Aero   Tech,   1/29/68,   10) 

•  MSC  had  awarded  $2 -million  contract  extension  to  mit's  Div.  of  Spon- 

sored Research  for  design  and  developmental  support  of  Apollo  guid- 
ance and  navigation  systems,  including  flight  test  and  operational  sup- 
port for  Apollo  command  and  service  modules.  Contract  extension 
brought  total  estimated  value  of  MIT  contract  since  April  1965  to  $48.7 
million,  (nasa  Release  68-15) 

•  In  statement  to  press.  Secretary  of  the  Navy  Paul  R.  Ignatius  and  Chief 

of  Naval  Operations  Thomas  H.  Moorer  refuted  rumors  USN  wanted  to 
drop  controversial  F— lllB  aircraft  in  favor  of  another  type:  "In  early 
October  1967,  representatives  of  the  Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering 
Company  submitted  to  the  Navy  a  design  layout  of  a  new  fighter  type 
aircraft.  The  design  proposal  sought  to  meet  future  fleet  air  defense 
and  fighter  interceptor  requirements  [and]  would  build  on  the  F— lllB 
technology  and  incorporate  most  of  its  basic  components,  including  the 
engines,  and  the  phoenix  missile  [and]  variable  sweep  wing."  They 
stated  that  three  other  proposals  had  been  received  from  aircraft  indus- 
try but  added  that  "evaluation  ...  of  proposals  from  industry  ...  is 
a  continuing  process.  .  .  .  The  Navy  continues  to  support  the  on-going 
aircraft  programs  and  the  funds  in  the  FY  69  budget  request  for  pro- 
duction of  both  F-4  and  F-lllB  aircraft,  as  well  as  the  VFAX  concept." 
(dod  Release  70-68) 
January  23:  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Churchill 
Research  Range  carried  Univ.  of  Alaska  payload  to  examine  spatial 
distribution  of  ionospheric  currents  near  visual  auroral  forms  with 
flashing  light  on  rocket  used  to  locate  position  of  rocket  on  TV  film  of 
aurora.  Rocket  and  instrument  performance  was  satisfactory.  Radar 
did  not  track  vehicle  to  sufficient  altitude  to  obtain  peak  altitude  data. 
(NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  At  AIAa's  6th  Aerospace  Sciences  Meeting  in  New  York  City,  NASA  Asso- 

ciate Administrator,  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  compared  current  space  ac- 
tivities with  those  of  past:  "Today,  as  we  note  the  anniversaries  of 
Sputnik,  Explorer,  and  Vanguard,  we  do  well  to  take  stock  of  where  we 
are  and  where  we  are  going  in  Space,  for  after  a  decade  of  unparalleled 
success  we  find  ourselves  having  to  resell  our  fellow  citizens  this  great- 
est adventure  of  mankind." 

Ten  years  ago  "we  could  only  assert  from  intuition  and  prophecy  the 
value  of  space  techniques  to  science.  Today,  we  can  point  to  a  profound 
influence  that  space  has  had  on  the  geosciences,  is  having  on  astron- 
omy, and  is  beginning  to  have  in  life  sciences."  Ten  years  ago,  plan- 
ning for  future  required  organizational  and  management,  as  well  as 
disciplinary  and  technical,  capability  to  achieve  objectives.  Now  it 
could  be  based  on  established  capability  in  science,  engineering,  and 
administration;  proved  reliability  of  wide  variety  of  launch  vehicles; 
demonstrated  ability  to  use  automatic  techniques  in  space  and  to  con- 

14 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  January  23 

struct  and  fly  new  large  systems  successfully;  and  demonstrated  capa- 
bility of  man  to  operate  in  space.  Major  problem  of  mastering  space 
technology  was  solved,  failures  were  few,  and  success,  once  "rare  and 
precious  commodity,"  became  routine. 

Budget  reductions  and  postponement  of  new  space  missions  would 
continue  until  resolution  of  Vietnam  war,  but  long-term  outlook  for 
space  explorations,  research,  and  applications  was  good:  (1)  "the  in- 
trinsic worth  of  the  program  merits  the  interest  and  support  of  the  .  .  . 
people";  (2)  post  World  War  II  babies  raised  in  midst  of  space  age 
"will  in  the  70's  become  a  powerful  force  of  intelligent,  highly  educated 
people  .  .  .  [who  will]  want  to  continue"  space  exploration;  (3) 
U.S.S.R.  would  continue  vigorous,  expanding  program,  presenting  chal- 
lenge U.S.  would  have  to  meet;  (4)  as  U.S.  economic  growth  continued 
and  military  expenditures  decreased,  resources  would  be  available  and 
need  for  vigorous  U.S.  space  program  recognized;  and  (5)  gap  be- 
tween professionals  and  laymen  would  be  bridged  by  space-oriented 
younger  generation. 

NASA's  key  policies  were  directed  toward  preserving  U.S.  space  capa- 
bility and  laying  groundwork  for  vigorous  program  in  1970s.  NASA 
would  seek  approval  from  Congress  and  Executive  Branch  to  initiate 
programs,  increase  emphasis  on  aeronautics  and  space  applications  and 
practical  applications  on  earth,  and  continue  to  support  development  of 
key  advanced  technologies.   (Text) 

•  aiaa's  highest  award,  Goddard  Award,  was  presented  jointly  to  General 

Electric  Co.  project  managers  Donald  C.  Berkey  and  James  E.  War- 
sham  and  Ernest  C.  Simpson,  Chief  of  Turbine  Engine  Div.  at  usaf's 
Aero  Propulsion  Laboratory,  for  "an  outstanding  contribution  to  air- 
craft propulsion  in  relation  to  development  of  the  high  bypass  ratio 
turbofan  engine"  [TF39  engine  which  would  power  USAf's  C— 5A  jet 
transport  aircraft].  Other  awards:  Sylvanus  Albert  Reed  Award  to  Wil- 
liam H.  Cook,  Boeing  Co.,  for  his  influence  on  development  of  Boeing 
727  and  SST;  Space  Science  Award  to  Prof.  Kinsey  A.  Anderson,  Univ. 
of  California  at  Berkeley,  for  "a  consistent  series  of  major  contribu- 
tions to  the  development  of  space  science  and  the  improvement  of  our 
understanding  of  solar  cosmic  radiation,  the  aurora  and  the  magneto- 
sphere";  and  1968  Dryden  Research  Lecture  Award  to  Hans  W.  Liep- 
mann  for  research  on  laminar  instability  and  transition. 

LaRC  Director  Dr.  Floyd  L.  Thompson  was  elected  aiaa  President, 
succeeding  Harold  T.  Luskin,  (aiaa  News,  1/5/68,  1/15/68,  1/23/68; 
AIAA  Facts) 

•  Honored  at  Chicago's  National   Conference   on   Industrial   Research   as 

Man  of  the  Year  in  research  by  Industrial  Research  magazine,  J  PL 
Director,  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  told  press  at  Illinois  Institute  of 
Technology,  "The  United  States  has  superiority  in  space  exploration 
but  the  Congressional  cutbacks  may  enable  the  Russians  to  get  well 
ahead  of  us."  (Kotulak,  C  Trib,  1/24/68) 

•  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.),  Chairman  of  House  Committee  on  Sci- 

ence and  Astronautics,  said  on  floor  of  the  House,  ".  .  .  these  are  times 
of  stringent  budgetary  considerations  [and]  times  when  fiscal  alloca- 
tions for  our  space  program  must  be  evaluated."  He  referred  to  Jan.  2 
Oakland  Tribune  editorial  which  stated:  "After  the  frustrations  and 
fears  brought  on  by  the  Soviet  Union's  early  space  successes,  this  na- 

15 


January  23  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

tion  resolved  to  bear  the  burdens  and  financial  strain  of  winning  the 
space  race.  We  were  not  going  to  continue  to  be  second  in  space.  That 
commitment  is  as  worthy  today  as  it  was  in  the  early  years  of  this  dec- 
ade. At  stake  is  not  only  national  prestige  but  critical  scientific  knowl- 
edge and  military  advantages.  Fickle  second  thoughts  at  this  late  date 
are  inexcusable."  (CR,  1/23/68,  E139) 

January  23—24:  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  opened 
Ninth  Annual  Seminar  with  Panel  discussion  of  applied  science  and  its 
relationship  to  world  economy.  President  of  International  Bank  for  Re- 
construction and  Development  George  D.  Woods  said  that  "technol- 
ogies do  .  .  .  provide  the  developing  countries  of  the  world  with  the 
basis  for  a  satisfactory  rate  of  economic  growth."  We  should  concen- 
trate efforts  on  education,  agriculture,  population  control,  development 
efforts  on  VTOL  and  STOL  aircraft,  communications  and  geodetic  satel- 
lites, and  sea  water  desalination. 

House  Speaker  John  W.  McCormack  said,  "H  scientific  knowledge  is 
applied  indiscriminately  without  regard  to  social  and  world  costs,  the 
results  over  a  period  of  time  can  be  disastrous  [and]  Congress  must 
have  a  means  for  judging  the  consequences  of  science." 

Dr.  Anthonie  T.  Knoppers,  Senior  Vice  President  of  Merck  &  Com- 
pany, Inc.,  speaking  of  transfer  of  marketable  technology,  said  that  "ev- 
erybody recognizes  .  .  .  problems  of  the  future  the  large  corporation 
cannot  solve"  and  called  for  "new  firms  in  which  the  corporation,  the 
university,  and  the  government  have  to  work  to  better  solve  some  of 
our  sociological  problems."  (Transcript) 

January  24:  USAF  launched  two  unidentified  satellites  from  Vandenberg 
AFB  by  Long-Tank  Thrust- Augmented  Thor  (LTTAT)-Agena  D  booster. 
One  satellite  entered  orbit  with  269-mi  (432.9-km)  apogee,  112-mi 
(180.2-km)  perigee,  90.6-min  period,  and  81.5°  inclination  and  reen- 
tered Feb  27.  Other  satellite  entered  orbit  with  338-mi  (543.9-km)  apo- 
gee, 294-mi  (473.1-km)  perigee,  94.9-min  period,  and  81.7°  inclina- 
tion. Flights  were  fifth  and  sixth  since  lttat  vehicle  was  activated  on 
May  9,  1967.  {SBD,  1/26/68,  137;  Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  NASA's  Explorer  XXXVI  {Geos  II)   satellite,  launched  Jan.  11,  had  com- 

pleted initial  checkout  tests  and  was  ready  for  operational  use.  Support- 
ing ground  systems  were  expected  to  be  ready  to  operate  with  satellite 
in  late  February.  All  six  geodetic  systems  had  responded  to  ground 
commands.  Satellite  had  been  stabilized  by  gravity  gradient  boom  so 
that  it  faced  earth  constantly  with  ±5°  stability.  (NASA  Release  68-16) 

•  ARC  scientists  Dr.  Cyril  A.  Ponnamperuma  and  Fritz  H.  Woeller  said 

gigantic  red  spot  on  Jupiter's  atmosphere  might  be  millions  of  square 
miles  of  red  organic  dye.  Scientists  had  made  large  number  of  electri- 
cal energy  discharges  (lightning)  in  simulated  Jupiter  atmosphere  of 
ammonia  and  methane,  atmosphere  mix  agreed  to  by  most  scientists, 
and  had  produced  quantities  of  amino  acids  and  other  organic  mate- 
rials. Most  common  product  had  been  organic  dyestuff  with  ruby  red 
translucency.  From  experiments  and  spectroscopic  and  theoretical  stud- 
ies, scientists  concluded  red  spot  might  result  from  giant  meteor  craters 
in  solid  hydrogen  surface  of  Jupiter  creating  vortex  in  Jupiter's  atmos- 
phere. Since  atmosphere  might  be  largely  red  dye,  upwelling  caused 
by  vortex  would  create  red  spot  in  top  of  dense  surrounding  white 
clouds.  Jupiter  was  like  huge  dynamo,  rotating  once  every  10  hr;  rapid 

16 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  January  24 

alternation  of  day  and  night,  hence  warm  and  cold,  was  believed  to 
produce  great  atmospheric  turbulence  and  electrical  energy  transfer. 
(arc  Release  68-3) 

•  Pravda  released  description  of  preparations  for  launching  of  Maj.  Yuri 

A.  Gagarin  in  history's  first  manned  space  flight  April  12,  1961.  Songs 
by  110-member  folk  music  choir — instead  of  one  man's  voice — had 
been  selected  for  radio  tests  to  avoid  arousing  rumors  that  U.S.S.R. 
had  put  a  man  into  orbit.  Pravda  reports  were  excerpts  from  The  First 
Four  Stages,  book  recognizing  leading  role  in  Soviet  manned  space 
flight  of  Sergei  P.  Korolev.  U.S.S.R.  acknowledged  malfunction  had  oc- 
curred during  first  unmanned  test  of  Vostok  spacecraft  launched  May 
15,  1960,  as  Sputnik  IV.  Because  of  improper  alignment,  spacecraft  was 
hurled  deeper  into  space  when  retrorockets  fired  instead  of  braking  for 
reentry.   (Anderson,  NYT,  1/25/68;  A&A,  15-60,  123,  147) 

•  JPL  announced  appointment  of  r/a  John  E.  Clark   (USN,  Ret.)    as  JPL 

Deputy  Director,  effective  Feb.  19.  Adm.  Clark  had  retired  as  Comman- 
dant, Twelfth  Naval  District,  in  September  1967.  (jPL  Release) 
January  26:  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  car- 
ried GSFC  payload  to  99-mi  (160-km)  altitude  to  check  instrumentation. 
Random  failure  occurred  in  control  system,  but  pointing  system  ac- 
quired two  of  three  target  stars.  Rocket  performance  was  satisfactory. 
(NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  announced  resignation  of  Edmond 

C.  Buckley  as  Associate  Administrator  for  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisi- 
tion, and  Buckley's  appointment  as  his  Special  Assistant  and  Vice 
Chairman  of  NASA  Post  Apollo  Advisory  Group  (headed  by  LaRC  Direc- 
tor Dr.  Floyd  L.  Thompson).  Gerald  M.  Truszynski,  Deputy  to  Buckley 
for  seven  years,  would  succeed  him.  Webb  said  Buckley  had  been 
"one  of  the  architects  of  this  nation's  great  competence  in  tracking  and 
data  acquisition."  (NASA  Release  68—17) 

•  UCLA  physicist  Dr.  Willard  F.  Libby  believed  icecaps,  similar  to  those  on 

earth,  covered  Venus'  poles  and  might  extend  over  as  much  as  half  of 
planet.  U.S.S.R.'s  Venus  4  probe  had  found  surface  temperatures  reach- 
ing 540°  F  during  landing  of  instrument  package,  Oct.  18,  1967.  Dr. 
Libby,  Nobel  Laureate,  explained  that  temperatures  between  hot  equa- 
torial belt  and  icy  polar  regions  must  grade  off  into  area  of  moderate 
warmth  where  plant  life  might  exist;  gaseous  carbon  dioxide  cloud  cov- 
ering Venus  did  not  permit  animal  life  as  known  on  earth.  (UPI,  NYT, 
1/26/68) 

January  27:  First  flight  test  of  Apollo  lunar  module  {Apollo  5)  Jan. 
22-23  was  adjudged  success.  NASA  officials  were  gratified  with  matu- 
rity of  spacecraft's  hardware;  studies  indicated  LM  showed  more  matu- 
rity in  its  first  flight  than  many  previous  spacecraft,  including  some  de- 
signed to  be  manned.  Although  overly  conservative  programming  of 
guidance  computer  caused  early  shutdown  of  first  descent  propulsion 
system  burn,  data  indicated  no  problems  with  computer  or  system's  en- 
gine. (NASA  Release  68-19) 

January  28:  Airborne  laboratory,  Convair  990  jet  aircraft  Galileo,  had 
completed  more  than  one  week  of  flights  above  Alaskan-Canadian  area 
in  NASA's  1968  Airborne  Auroral  Expedition,  based  at  Churchill  Re- 
search Range.  NASA  reported  [see  Jan.  18].  Scientists  had  obtained 
hundreds  of  unique  color  photos  of  auroras  and  had  reported  unu- 

17 


January  28  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

sually  clear  night  views  of  towering  auroral  displays.  Aircraft  had  pro- 
vided superior  data  at  altitudes  previously  reached  only  by  balloons. 
Expedition  scientists  intended  to  establish  more  precisely  width  and  ex- 
tent of  Auroral  Oval  region — belt  usually  located  below  80°  north  lati- 
tude and  often  extending  as  far  south  as  55°  north  latitude.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 68-18) 
•  Pakistan  Space  and  Upper  Atmosphere  Research  Committee  had  success- 
fully installed  and  tested  Pakistan's  first  satellite  tracking  station  at 
Dacca,  East  Pakistan.  Automatic  Picture  Transmission  (apt)  station 
capable  of  receiving  cloud-cover  photographs  via  U.S.  Nimbus  and  ESSA 
satellites  would  enable  meteorologists  to  forecast  cyclones,  which  fre- 
quently struck  Pakistan.  (AP,  NYT,  1/29/68;  AP,  NYT,  2/20/68,  61) 
January  29:  President  Johnson  sent  message  to  Congress  on  FY  1969 
budget. 

Praising  effectiveness  of  NASA's  cost  reduction  efforts,  he  noted  that 
NASA  by  utilizing  idle,  excess,  and  surplus  Government  property  had 
avoided  expenditures  of  over  $22  million  for  new  equipment  and  facili- 
ties and  had  saved  over  $16  million  by  improving  procurement  prac- 
tices. However,  to  meet  urgent  national  needs  in  other  areas,  further 
reductions  still  had  to  be  made.  "New  obligational  authority  requested 
for  [NASA]  ...  is  about  $220  million  below  the  1968  amount.  Ex- 
penditures will  be  $230  million  below  1968,  $850  million  below  1967, 
and  over  $1.3  billion  less  than  in  1966.  This  reduction  reflects  our 
progress  beyond  the  costly  research  and  development  phases  of  the 
manned  lunar  mission,  as  well  as  the  immediate  need  to  postpone 
spending  for  new  projects  wherever  possible. 

"Based  on  a  careful  examination  of  priorities,  the  1969  budget  pro- 
vides increases  in  some  areas  to  prepare  for  important  advances  in  fu- 
ture years,  while  deferring  other  less  urgent,  new  projects.  The  produc- 
tion of  our  large  Saturn-class  space  boosters  is  continued  but  at  a  re- 
duced rate.  The  development  of  a  nuclear  rocket  engine  to  increase  the 
capability  of  our  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  is  also  continued,  but  at  a 
smaller  size  and  thrust  than  originally  planned,  to  reduce  development 
cost." 

Planetary  exploration  would  be  continued  with  development  of  "a 
new  spacecraft  for  launch  in  1973  to  orbit  and  land  on  Mars.  This 
new  Mars  mission  will  cost  much  less  than  half  the  Voyager  program 
included  in  last  year's  budget.  Although  the  scientific  result  of  this 
new  mission  will  be  less  than  that  of  the  Voyager,  it  will  still  provide 
extremely  valuable  data  and  serve  as  a  building  block  for  planetary  ex- 
ploration systems  of  the  future." 

Request  for  DOD,  increased  "to  assure  that  our  defense  capabilities 
remain  equal  to  any  challenge  or  threat,"  included  funds  to:  (1)  main- 
tain strategic  deterrent  by  converting  from  Minuteman  II  to  Poseidon 
missiles  with  multiple  warheads  and  modernizing  manned  bomber  force 
with  additional  F— lllB  aircraft  and  improved  short-range  attack  mis- 
siles; (2)  proceed  with  procurement  of  Sentinel  missile  defense  system 
for  defense  against  possible  Communist  Chinese  threat  and  revamp  air 
defense;  (3)  augment  firepower,  mobility,  and  readiness  of  general- 
purpose  forces  by  improving  air  defenses  with  new  fixed-wing  aircraft, 
helicopters,  and  weapon  systems;  (4)  improve  airlift-sealift  capability 
by  purchasing  additional  C— 5A  aircraft  and  procuring   fast  deploy- 

18 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968  January  29 

ment  logistics  ship;  and  (5)  continue  vigorous  R&D  effort.  {The  Budget 
of  the  United  States  Government,  FY  1969,  26-9) 

•  President  Johnson  submitted  $186.1-billion  FY  1969  budget  request  to 

Congress,  including  $6.76-billion  total  space  budget.  Of  this  sum,  NASA 
would  receive  $4.37  billion,  smallest  amount  since  1963;  DOD  space  ef- 
forts, $2,216  billion;  aec  space  applications,  $143  million;  and  ESSA 
satellite  system,  $30.6  million. 

NASA  FY  1969  budget,  $218  million  less  than  for  FY  1968,  provided 
for  $3,677  billion  to  be  spent  for  R&D   (down  $233  million  from  FY 

1968  and  $557  million  from  FY  1967)  ;  $45  million  for  construction  of 
facilities;  and  $648  million  for  administrative  operations.  Project 
Apollo  would  be  kept  on  schedule,  development  of  nerva  I  would 
be  continued,  and  launch  plans  would  be  made  for  two  pioneer  flights 
toward  Jupiter  and  one  Sunblazer  probe.  Research  on  Earth  Resources 
Observation  Satellite  would  continue,  but  development  would  be 
postponed.  OGO  program  would  be  phased  out  after  OGO— F.  NASA's 
$2.5-billion  Voyager  program  would  be  replaced  with  a  $500-million, 
four-mission  Mars  orbiter  project.  Although  nasa's  $2.039-billion 
Apollo  budget  request  accounted  for  47%  of  total  NASA  budget,  amount 
for  Apollo  was  $517  million  less  than  for  FY  1968,  reflecting  declining 
expenditures  as  program  neared  its  completion.  Requested  $439.6 
million  for  Apollo  Applications  (aa)  program  was  less  than  half  of 
amount  originally  sought  and  necessitated  cancellation  of  planned 
14-day  AAP-IA  flight.  Some  $76.9  million— a  $10.1-million  in- 
crease over  FY  1968 — was  allotted  for  nasa's  aeronautics  program, 
with  most  of  increase  attributed  to  additional  supporting  research 
in  subsonic  aircraft  technology.  XB— 70  and  X— 15  research  pro- 
grams would  be  phased  out  by  December  1968.  Space  science  and 
applications  were  allotted  $538.2  million,  with  18  major  NASA  launches 
and  13  non-NASA  launches  scheduled  for  1968. 

Major  portions  of  DOD  space  budget  would  be  spent  on  MOL — $600 
million,  compared  with  $431  million  requested  for  FY  1968..  Some 
$60.4  million  was  allocated  for  defense  and  tactical  satellite  communi- 
cations programs,  and  $10.5  million  for  Vela  nuclear  test  detection  sat- 
ellite program. 

AEC  space  budget — $11  million  higher  than  for  FY  1968 — included 
$72  million  for  Project  Rover,  with  $39  million  for  nerva  system.  Most 
of  essa's  funds  would  be  used  for  development  of  sensors  and  satellite 
system  in  support  of  World  Weather  Watch  and  improved  techniques 
for  warning  services,  faa's  request  included  $351  million  for  SST  devel- 
opment, $251  million  increase  over  FY  1968  and  one  of  largest  in- 
creases given  to  any  domestic  program.  It  was  principal  item  in  dot's 
$449-million  request  for  R&D.  (Text;  DOD  Budget  Summary;  JV  Post, 
1/16/68,  A5;  AP,  B  Sun,  1/16/68,  A3;  McNamara  Statement;  DOD 
Background  Briefing;  NASA  Release,  1/29/68;  W  Star,  1/29/68,  A7; 
Clark,  NYT,  1/30/68,  16;  Aero  Tech,  2/12/68,  17-35) 

•  NASA  released  transcript  of  Jan.  27  background  briefing  on   NASA  FY 

1969  budget,  in  which  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  explained  how 
Apollo  program  had  been  kept  close  to  schedule  in  spite  of  severe 
budget  cuts.  Although  budget  had  been  reduced  $600-million  in  1964, 
NASA  had  been  given  great  deal  of  flexibility  to  reprogram  funds.  "This 
in  effect  permitted  the  driving  forward  of  the  program  even  though 

19 


January  29  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

there  were  substantial  reductions  in  the  plan.  I  think  if  you  examine  all 
of  the  very  large  systems  development  in  the  country,  you  will  not  find 
a  one  that  has  kept  more  on  schedule,  given  more  for  the  money,  and 
more  nearly  realized  its  goals  on  time  than  the  Apollo,  in  spite  of  the 
fire,  in  spite  of  the  reductions.  The  kind  of  rolling  readjustment  that  we 
have  had  to  make  .  .  .  has  involved  very  large  problems.  And  the 
projections  we  made  as  to  our  capability  to  meet  problems  of  that  kind 
have  pretty  well  been  borne  out.  .  .  .  The  fact  is  within  this  short  pe- 
riod of  time  the  Saturn  V  has  flown.  The  heat  shield  on  the  Apollo  has 
been  improved.  Service  module  has  been  tested.  LM  has  been  tested. 
And  we  have  I  think  moved  about  as  rapidly  as  any  program — cer- 
tainly more  rapidly  than  any  program  of  a  comparable  complexity." 

Webb  said  NASA  and  DOD  v^ere  studying  closer  cooperation  "in  the 
area  of  orbiting  laboratories,"  such  as  MOL  and  Saturn  V  Workshop. 
He  envisioned  production  of  "a  basic  capability  of  a  rather  primitive 
sort,  something  like  an  Antarctic  base  flown  on  the  Saturn  V  which 
could  be  used  for  any  national  purpose."  (Transcript) 

•  In  statement  on  DOD  FY  1969  budget  released  by  Senate  Armed  Services 

Committee,  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara  said  dod  was  re- 
questing $79  million  more  for  R&D  in  FY  1969  than  in  FY  1968  to 
"support  more  vigorously  many  scientific  fields  that  show  great  prom- 
ise and  clear  relevance  to  our  future  security."  DOD  would  continue 
working  closely  with  NASA  to  ensure  maximum  interchange  of  person- 
nel, ideas,  technology,  and  hardware  and  to  avoid  wasteful  duplication 
of  effort  in  national  space  program.  Under  new  budget  work  on  MOL 
development  would  be  increased  substantially.  "FY  1969  is  expected  to 
be  a  peak  year  of  activity  in  the  MOL  program,  including  the  comple- 
tion of  a  major  portion  of  the  structural  test  programs  on  flight  hard- 
ware, continued  fabrication  of  hardware  for  the  first  three  flights,  de- 
velopmental test  firings  of  the  seven-segment  solid  motors  for  the  Titan 
III-M,  and  installation  of  the  ground  equipment  in  the  launch  com- 
plex." (Text) 

•  Lee  B.  James,  Deputy  Director  of  Apollo  Program  in  omsf,  returned 

to  MSFc's  Industrial  Operations  as  Deputy  Director  for  Special 
Activities,  MSFC  Director  of  Industrial  Operations  b/g  Edmund  F. 
O'Connor  (usaf)  announced.  Before  assignment  with  OMSF,  James 
had  been  manager  of  Saturn  I  and  Saturn  IB  programs  at  MSFC. 
(msfc  Release  68-16;  Marshall  Star,  2/7/68,  4) 
January  30:  President  Johnson  transmitted  to  Congress  his  annual 
report.  United  States  Aeronautics  and  Space  Activities,  1967. 
"The  fruits  of  .  .  .  technology  have  not  been  limited  to  space 
exploration  alone.  The  knowledge  built  through  our  space  program 
has  benefited  our  earthbound  lives.  It  has:  revolutionized  communica- 
tions throughout  the  world;  given  us  better  weather  information  and 
more  accurate  navigational  and  geographic  data;  brought  improved 
medical  instruments  and  techniques,  advanced  education,  and  added 
to  our  store  of  scientific  knowledge;  spurred  the  development  of  more 
sophisticated  aircraft  and  improved  flight  safety;  [and]  strengthened 
both  the  security  of  this  nation  and  our  leadership  in  the  search  for  a 
peaceful  and  secure  world." 

The  President  was  heartened  to  see  that  the  space  program  had 
"moved  forward  in  a  spirit  of  international  cooperation,  giving  new 

20 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


January  30 


January  30:  Engineering  mockup  of  Saturn  I  orbital  workshop  readied  for  crew  station 
review  at  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center.  Space-suited  astronaut  leaves  full-size  model  of 
Saturn  S-IVB  rocket  stage  which  will  contain  individual  sleeping  rooms,  kitchen-din- 
ing area,  laboratory  work  spaces,  and  waste-management  area. 


hope  that  the  conquest  of  space  can  contribute  to  the  establishment 
of  peace."  (Text) 
MSFC  reported  "all  mission  objectives  were  met"  by  Saturn  IB  launch 
vehicle  used  in  first  unmanned  flight  test  of  Apollo  lunar  module,  Jan. 
22.  Flight  was  fourth  consecutive  success  for  Saturn  IB  and  15th  out 
of  15  for  MSFC-developed  Saturn  launch  vehicles.   Flight  events  had 


21 


January  30  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

been  "exactly  on  time  or  within  a  few  hundredths  of  a  second  until 
second  stage  but  still  within  tolerance  limits."  Trajectories  of  both 
stages  had  been  within  expected  tolerances,  and  orbit  insertion  condi- 
tions had  been  met  satisfactorily,   (msfc  Release  68—17) 

•  ARC  scientists  Dr.  Gordon  W.  Hodgson  and  Dr.  Cyril  A,  Ponnamperuma 

had  demonstrated  by  synthesizing  molecules  in  porphyrin  group,  of 
which  chlorophyll  was  a  member,  means  by  which  chlorophyll  might 
have  first  appeared  on  earth.  By  subjecting  ammonia,  methane,  and 
water  in  a  simulated  primitive  atmosphere  to  continuous  lightning 
charges,  scientists  created  new  molecular  combinations,  including 
some  tentatively  identified  as  porphyrins.  Such  a  process  of  chemical 
evolution  to  form  of  self-sustaining  life  probably  occurred  during  bil- 
lion years  of  earth's  4.5  billion  years.  Scientists  confirmed  synthesis 
with  tests,  but  warned  that  materials  might  not  be  true  porphyrins 
but  structurally  related  compounds,   (arc  Release  68-4) 

•  Shipment  of  LM-2,  second  Apollo  lunar  module,  and  associated  Saturn 

IB  launch  vehicle  to  Ksc  had  been  postponed  pending  further  eval- 
uation of  Apollo  5  mission  results  [see  Jan.  27  and  30].  Initial  eval- 
uations of  first  LM  flight,  Jan.  22—23,  had  indicated  that  second 
unmanned  flight  might  not  be  required  to  qualify  spacecraft  for 
manned  flight.  NASA  announced  that  further  "detailed  review  of  Apollo 
5  flight  data  and  deliberations  by  a  [nasa]  design  certification  review 
board  in  March  will  determine  the  final  decision."  (nasa  Release 
68-21). 

•  Orbital  workshop  engineering  mockup   was  readied  for   five-day  crew 

station  review  Feb.  12—16  at  msfc  It  was  second  of  three  design 
reviews.  First  had  been  conducted  Dec.  11—14,  1967.  In  mockup, 
recently  returned  to  msfc  from  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.,  astronauts 
would  carry  out  tasks  on  ground  that  would  later  be  done  in  orbit 
under  zero  gravity  conditions,  including  experiment  installation  and 
operation,  msfc  announced  that  third  and  final  critical  review  in 
July  would  precede  production  of  flight  model  of  orbital  workshop. 
(msfc  Release  68-18) 

•  NASA  announced  award  of  S7.4-million  contract  to  Link  Group,  General 

Precision  Systems,  Inc.,  for  maintenance  and  modification  support  of 
MSc's  simulator  complex,  continuing  services  provided  by  Link  Group 
since  March  1964.  Apollo  mission  simulators,  at  MSC  and  at  KSC,  had 
provided  flight  training  for  astronaut  crews  in  which  nearly  every 
detail  of  flight  except  weightlessness  could  be  simulated,  (nasa  Re- 
lease 68-20). 
January  31:  Tenth  anniversary  of  first  U.S.  satellite.  Explorer  I,  launched 
by  ABMA— JPL  team  with  Jupiter  C  booster.  In  defiance  of  original 
prediction  of  three-year  lifespan,  30.8-lb  stovepipe-shaped  spacecraft 
had  traveled  1^  billion  miles  and  was  expected  to  continue  orbiting 
through  1968,  though  silent.  Explorer  I,  currently  in  orbit  with  771- 
mi  (1,241-km)  apogee,  215-mi  (346-km)  perigee,  and  100-min  period, 
had  stopped  transmitting  data  May  23,  1958,  after  supplying  data  on 
cosmic  rays,  micrometeoroids,  and  temperature  and  discovering  one 
of  earth's  radiation  belts  later  named  after  Dr.  James  A.  Van  Allen, 
designer  of  satellite's  radiation-detection  experiment. 

At  National  Press  Club  Ceremony  in  Washington,  D.C.,  commemorat- 
ing anniversary,  Dr.  William  H.   Pickering,   jpl  Director,   reviewed 

22 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


January  31 


January  31:  Tenth  anniversary  of  first  U.S.  satellite.  Explorer  I,  shown  in  1958  photo 
with  JPL  scientists  before  abma— jpl  launch.  Still  in  orbit,  30.8-lb  80-inch  assembly  of 
instrumented  upper  section  and  final-stage  solid-propellant  rocket  had  traveled  IV2  bil- 
lion miles.  Left  to  right  are  John  Small;  the  late  Dr.  J.  E.  Froelich,  jpl  project 
director;  Dr.  Albert  R.  Hibbs;  Karl  IF.  Linnes;  and  Robert  Victor.   (U.S.  Army  photo) 


American  and  Soviet  space  statistics:  "The  U.S.  has  placed  about  500 
vehicles  in  Earth  orbit  to  250  for  the  USSR.  We  have  had  13  success- 
ful missions  to  the  Moon,  the  USSR  8.  Our  reconnaissance  spacecraft 
have  obtained  about  100,000  high-resolution  photographs  of  the  Moon; 
USSR  craft  have  returned  about  100.  The  U.S.  has  had  three  successful 


23 


January  31  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

missions  to  the  near  planets  in  five  attempts.  Russia  has  successfully 
landed  an  instrumented  package  on  Venus  after  an  estimated  19 
planetary  attempts.  We  have  accumulated  nearly  2,000  hours  of  manned 
space  flight  time,  compared  with  about  530  for  the  USSR.  Our 
astronauts  have  performed  multiple  rendezvous  and  docking  opera- 
tions; the  Soviets  have  demonstrated  one  automatic  docking.  We  have 
logged  over  12  hours  of  extravehicular  activity;  the  USSR  shows  20 
minutes." 

Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  MSFC  Director,  critical  of  cuts  in  NASA 
budget,  noted:  "nasa  has  not  been  able  to  plan  for  post- Apollo  projects 
with  any  degree  of  certainty.  NASA  has  attempted  production  of  the 
Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  at  the  rate  of  two  each  per  year.  Frankly, 
this  rate  is  too  low  to  maintain  the  progress  and  momentum  so  pains- 
takingly acquired  in  the  space  program  over  the  past  decade. 

"The  dismantling  of  the  high  competence  built  up  over  the  years 
at  JPL  and  [msfc]  has  already  begun.  Both  organizations  are  already 
losing  valuable,  highly  trained  people  because  of  the  insecurity  and 
the  lack  of  challenging  work  for  them  to  do.  And  we  face  the  grim 
reality  of  even  further  reductions  and  cutbacks.  .  .  .  The  exploration 
of  space  has  proven  its  worth,  and  has  become  deeply  ingrained  into 
the  everyday  fabric  of  our  society.  .  .  ."  Space  program  would  be 
examined  closely  by  Congress,  Dr.  von  Braun  said,  but  "nasa's  record 
of  accomplishments  and  the  ability  of  its  management  will  bear  up 
well  under  the  scrutiny.  In  determining  what  our  space  program 
should  be  during  the  coming  years  .  .  .  members  of  Congress  .  .  . 
[should]  give  careful  consideration  to  where  we  are  today  in  space, 
at  the  end  of  our  first  decade,  and  where  we  could  be  ten  years  from 
now,  by  building  on  the  accomplishments  of  the  past."  (EH;  Texts; 
msfc  Release  68-14;  Clark,  NYT,  2/1/68,  15) 
•  NASA  announced  end  of  Lunar  Orbiter  project.  Lunar  Orbiter  V,  launched 
Aug.  1,  1967,  had  obeyed  spacecraft  controllers  and  crashed  on  lunar 
surface  after  1,200  orbits.  Final  operation  of  spacecraft  had  consisted 
of  18.9-sec  burn  of  velocity  control  engine  at  apolune  to  decrease  speed 
by  64  mph  for  orbit  decay.  Impact  occurred  at  2:58.5  am,  EST,  near 
equator  on  moon's  western  limb.  Destruction  of  Lunar  Orbiter  V  had 
become  necessary  because  its  supply  of  attitude  control  gas  was  nearly 
depleted.  In  concentrating  on  36  areas  of  moon's  face,  spacecraft  had 
completed  coverage  necessary  for  full  photographic  survey  of  moon's 
hidden  side,  photographing  and  transmitting  212  telephoto  and  212 
wide-angle  pictures  of  lunar  surface.  Spacecraft  had  also  been  used  to 
provide  tracking  target  to  msfn  stations  and  for  crew  training  and 
computer  program  verification. 

Lunar  Orbiters  I,  II,  and  ///  had  been  crashed  on  Oct.  29,  1966, 
Oct.  11,  1967,  and  Oct.  9,  1967,  as  their  control  gas  became  exhausted. 
Communications  were  lost  with  Lunar  Orbiter  IV,  and  it  had  apparently 
crashed  on  lunar  surface.  During  Lunar  Orbiter  project,  since  first 
launch  Aug.  10,  1966,  6,034  orbits  of  moon  had  been  completed  and 
more  than  99%  of  lunar  surface  had  been  photographed  by  orbiting 
cameras  to  provide  data  for  selection  of  eight  candidate  landing  sites 
for  Apollo  project.  Lunar  Orbiter  program  was  directed  by  OSSA  and 
managed  by  LaRC.  Boeing  Co.  was  prime  spacecraft  contractor.  (NASA 
Proj  Off;  NASA  Release  68-23) 

24 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  January  31 

•  Apollo   204   accident   was   reviewed   in   Senate   Report   No.   956,   issued 

by  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences:  "The 
thorough  investigation  by  the  Apollo  204  Review  Board  .  .  .  determined 
that  the  test  conditions  at  the  time  of  the  accident  were  extremely 
hazardous.  However,  the  test  was  not  recognized  as  being  hazardous 
by  either  NASA  or  the  contractor  prior  to  the  accident.  The  committee 
can  only  conclude  that  NASA's  long  history  of  successes  in  testing  and 
launching  space  vehicles  .  .  .  led  to  overconfidence  and  complacency." 
Committee  recommended  that  "safety  ...  be  considered  of  paramount 
importance  in  the  manned  space  flight  program  even  at  the  expense 
of  target  dates"  and  urged  NASA  to  keep  "appropriate  Congressional 
committees  informed  on  significant  problems  arising  in  its  programs." 

Individually,  three  Committee  members — Sen.  Walter  F.  Mondale 
(D-Minn.),  Sen.  Edward  W.  Brooke  (R-Mass.),  and  Sen.  Charles  H. 
Percy  (R-IU.) — filed  more  critical  separate  reports.  Sen.  Brooke  and 
Sen.  Percy  stated:  ".  .  .  nasa's  curious  reticence  to  supply  these 
facts  and  figures  [Phillips  Report]  relevant  to  a  thorough  evaluation 
of  Apollo  program  management  brought  the  credibility  of  NASA  and 
its  top  management  into  sharp  question  [and]  this  initial  lack  of  candor 
as  to  the  existence  and  then  the  status  of  the  Phillips  report  threatened 
one  of  the  essential  assets  of  the  space  program — the  confidence  of 
the  American  public  and  their  elected  representatives."  Sen.  Mondale 
said  NASA  "has  an  unfortunate  habit  of  swamping  Congress  with  en- 
gineering details  and  starving  it  for  policy  and  management  informa- 
tion. .  .  .  Congress  should  be  able  to  count  on  frank  answers  to 
pertinent,  responsible,  and  legitimate  inquiries." 

Criticizing  Committee's  report,  Rep.  William  F.  Ryan  (D-N.Y.) 
said  in  news  release  later,  "Although  the  Senate  Committee  does  charge 
NASA  with  such  misdemeanors  as  overconfidence  and  complacency, 
the  report  remains  a  whitewash  and  an  evasion  of  the  real  issues 
involved."   (Texts) 

•  Senate  Report  No.  957,  Aeronautical  Research  and  Development  Policy, 

sponsored  by  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences, 
concluded  nasa  should  increase  its  aeronautical  effort,  particularly  in 
the  development  phase,  and  carry  it  on  to  "proof-of-concept  testing  as  a 
means  of  providing  a  larger  variety  of  options  to  aircraft  designers 
and  systems  engineers."  Report  called  for  NASC  to  act  as  focal  point 
for  development  of  more  comprehensive  and  better  coordinated  aero- 
nautical R&D  policy  and  recommended  that  NASA's  aeronautical  activity 
be  upgraded  to  major  office  level  and  directed  by  an  Associate  Ad- 
ministrator,     (Text) 

•  In  Annual  Report  to  Congress  of  the  Atomic  Energy  Commission  for 

1967,  AEC  announced  fifth  launch  of  twin  Vela  nuclear  detection 
satellites  was  planned,  with  increased  detection  capabilities.  Earth- 
oriented  spacecraft  would  be  launched  by  Titan  III— C  booster. 

Among  other  programs,  large  heat  source  for  power  system  for  space 
applications  in  mid-1970s  was  being  studied  at  NASA's  request,  with 
scheduled  July  1971  delivery  of  25-kw  heat-source  subsystem  consist- 
ing of  high-temperature  fuel  capsules  integrated  into  safe  flight  pack- 
age. Second  Phoebus  test  reactor,  Phoebus-2A,  was  being  assembled  at 
Nuclear  Rocket  Development  Station  in  Nevada;  testing  was  scheduled 

25 


January  31  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

to  begin  in  second  quarter  of  year.  Work  on  XE  cold-flow  engine  and 
testing  of  first  "hot"  (uranium-fueled)  ground  experimental  engine 
were  scheduled  for  second  quarter.  Power  testing  of  second-generation 
SNAP— 8  reactor  was  planned  and  more  advanced  reactor  systems  for 
space  use  were  being  examined,  including  thermionic  fuel  elements. 

For  treatment  of  "heart  block,"  AEC  was  developing  plutonium- 
fueled  cardiac  pacemaker.  Studies  were  also  under  contract  on  isotopic 
"engine"  for  pumps  to  assist  or  replace  functions  of  damaged  heart. 
(Text;  I  Titer  avia  Air  Letter,  2/1/68,  11) 

•  Fifth  anniversary  of  ComSatCorp  was  noted  by  Sen.  Warren  G.  Magnuson 

(D-Wash.),  Chairman  of  Senate  Committee  on  Commerce,  on  floor  of 
Senate:  "Intelsat  has  grown  from  its  original  membership  of  11  na- 
tions to  a  total  of  61,  including  40  which  qualify  as  among  the  less 
developed  countries.  .  .  .  The  commercial  utilization  of  space  for  com- 
munications purposes — a  dream  for  the  future  when  the  Congress 
passed  the  Satellite  Act — is  today  a  reality."  (NASA  LAR  VII/7;  CR, 
1/31/68,  S676) 

•  President  Johnson  announced  his  intention  to  nominate  Dr.  Thomas  0. 

Paine,  manager  of  General  Electric  Co.'s  Technical  Military  Planning 
Operation  (tempo),  as  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  to  succeed  Dr. 
Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  who  resigned  Jan.  5.  {PD,  2/5/68,  176) 

•  NASA  announced  award  of  $1,769,200  contract  to  Lockheed  Missiles  & 

Space  Co.  for  "adapting  the  Agena  second  stage  rocket  for  use  on  the 
SERT  II  mission  to  test  ion  engines  in  earth  orbit."  SERT  ii  (Space 
Electric  Rocket  Test)  for  at  least  six  months  of  flight  would  evaluate 
"in-flight  performance  of  electron  bombardment  ion  engines  .  .  .  and 
analyze  the  possible  effects  of  the  electric  thrustors  and  their  associated 
electric  fields  on  other  spacecraft  components."  Entire  Agena  2nd  stage 
would  be  used  in  1969  launch  as  bed  of  spacecraft  SERT  II ;  Agena 
would  be  equipped  with  1^/2 -kw  solar  cell  array  to  provide  power  for 
ion  engines  and  other  systems.  LeRC  had  management  responsibility  for 
launch  vehicle  and  spacecraft  in  SERT  II  mission.  (lcrC  Release  68—8) 

•  NASA  personnel  changes:  Thomas  B.  Shillito  of  LeRc's  Office  of  Develop- 

ment Evaluation  and  Management  Review  was  appointed  Supersonic 
Transport  Program  Coordinator  for  NASA  in  Washington,  D.C.  He 
would  have  offices  at  faa  and  would  "stay  abreast  of  technical  progress 
in  the  SST  program  [and]  inform  NASA  ...  of  any  impending  require- 
ments." Shillito  would  report  to  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator 
for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology  (Aeronautics)  Charles  W. 
Harper. 

Harvey  Sherman  and  James  M.  Beggs  were  named  consultants  to 
NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb.  Sherman,  Port  of  New  York  Au- 
thority's Director  of  Organizations  and  Procedures  Dept.,  would  be 
member  of  senior  group  of  advisors  on  management  matters.  Beggs, 
Westinghouse  Electric  Corp.'s  Assistant  Director  of  Purchases  and  Traf- 
fic, would  advise  on  management  concepts  and  policies.  (LeRC  Release 
68-7;  NASA  Release  68-22) 
During  January:  New  knowledge  of  movement  and  state  of  electrons  in 
Van  Allen  radiation  belts  that  explained  movement  of  electrons  into 
and  out  of  belts  and  trapped  electron  activity  was  reported  from  three 
new  discoveries.  Bell  Telephone  Laboratories  used  energetic  particle 

26 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  During  January 

collectors  aboard  NASA's  Ats  I,  launched  Dec.  6,  1966,  to  show  that  high- 
energy  outer  Van  Allen  belt  electrons  exhibited  bunching  phenomenon 
as  they  drifted  around  earth  in  its  magnetic  field.  Bell  scientist  Charles 
S.  Roberts  presented  theory  that  "radio  noise  in  the  charged  particle 
gas"  surrounding  earth  was  "responsible  for  the  loss  of  electrons  from 
the  Van  Allen  belts,  rather  than  the  mere  presence  of  lightning-bolt- 
initiated  whistlers  alone,  as  previously  believed."  At  Nov.  16,  1967, 
meeting,  Dr.  James  A.  Van  Allen  had  presented  satellite-collected  data 
suggesting  that  "both  electrons  and  protons  enter  the  outer  Van  Allen 
radiation  belt"  drawn  by  high  voltage  generated  across  earth's  magnetic 
field,  caused  by  earth's  spin  between  dawn  and  evening  sides  of  earth- 
surrounding  magnetic  envelope.  (Strasser,  Aero  Tech,  1/29/68, 
18-20 ) 

•  U.S.  Arms  Control  and  Disarmament  Agency  released  Technological  In- 

novation in  Civilian  Public  Areas,  study  by  Analytic  Services  Inc. 
which  urged  Government  to  continue  support  of  advanced  R&D  on  do- 
mestic problem-solving  to  prevent  economic  decline  if  disarmament 
agreement  were  reached.  Unless  such  R&D  was  funded,  study  said,  it 
was  questionable  whether  large  demonstration  projects  to  alleviate  do- 
mestic problems  could  be  undertaken  quickly  enough  to  offset  substan- 
tial reductions  in  defense  spending.  Defense  industry  could  help  solve 
civilian  programs,  study  concluded,  but  it  questioned  whether  industry 
noted  for  technological  innovation  would  not  encounter  serious  obsta- 
cles in  orienting  its  activities  to  areas  which  often  had  resisted  innova- 
tion in  any  form.  (Text:  Aero  Tech,  1/15/68,  43) 

•  India  could  be  first  developing  country  to  orbit  her  own  artificial  satel- 

lite, according  to  recommendations  of  five-man  mission  of  UNESCO.  Sat- 
ellite would  be  first  of  "distribution"  communications  design,  more 
powerful  than  current  point-to-point  satellites  such  as  Early  Bird  I  and 
requiring  less  complex  ground  facilities.  Operating  under  long-term 
plan  to  end  in  1981,  India  would  build  56  ground  stations  which  would 
bring  TV  to  25%  of  population.  Network  of  160  stations  could  reach 
80%  of  India's  population.  Mission  recommended  India  produce  50,000 
home  TV  receivers  by  1970-1971  and  enter  into  bilateral  agreement 
with  major  space  power  to  purchase  satellite  and  launching  services. 
{NYT,  1/28/68) 

•  Payoff    from    space    investment    (in    satellite    applications    in    extended 

weather  forecasting,  reduced  cost,  and  extended  range  for  telecommuni- 
cations) was  discussed  in  Space/ Aeronautics.  Government  policy  on  fu- 
ture satellite  applications  would  depend  on  four  "key  study  efforts": 
(1)  study  by  Presidential  Task  Force  on  Communications  Policy  on 
status  of  INTELSAT  and  its  role  in  global  and  foreign  domestic  comsat 
systems:  (2)  study  by  nas  on  potential  of  applications  satellites  and 
"an  effective  cost/benefit  strategy";  (3)  recommendation  by  Presi- 
dent's Commission  and  Council  on  Marine  Sciences  for  consolidation 
of  Federal  efforts  in  marine  engineering  and  oceanography,  and  crea- 
tion of  policy  framework  hospitable  to  applications  satellites;  and  (4) 
European  organization  of  firms'  formulation  of  arguments  advocating 
four  regional  systems  rather  than  one  global  network.  {S/A,  1/68,  80) 

•  History  of  lunar  nomenclature  and  tradition  in  naming  lunar  features 

was  reviewed  by  Director  of  Fels  Planetarium,  Dr.  I.  M.  Levitt,  in  Air 
Force  and  Space  Digest.  Knowledge  from  space  research  had  created 

27 


During  January  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

complications  for  specialists  who  had  to  name  lunar  features.  In  past, 
craters,  mountains,  rills,  and  seas  on  moon  had  been  named  for  scien- 
tists, mathematicians,  and  philosophers.  In  1647,  Johannes  Hevelius 
had  published  Selenographica  in  Danzig,  setting  stage  for  naming 
lunar  features.  Ground  rules  were  set  down  in  1932  by  International 
.  Astronomical  Union  (lAUj,  which  formed  committee  of  astronomers  to 
select  names. 

U.S.S.R.  had  asked  1967  General  Assembly  of  iau  to  pass  on  153 
more  names  for  features  on  moon's  hidden  side.  Levitt  recommended 
that  names  of  dead  astronauts — both  American  and  Russian — be  ac- 
cepted for  lunar  nomenclature;  later,  living  astronauts  could  be  simi- 
larly honored.  Also  pioneers  in  space  research — "such  as  Goddard,  von 
Braun,  Gilruth,  Newell,  Ley,  Lovelace,  Flickinger,  Stehling,  and  so  on" 
— and  astronomers  and;  benefactors  of  mankind  could  be  considered. 
{AF/SD,  1/68,  66-9) 
•  William  Leavitt  in  Air  Force  and  Space  Digest  asked:  "Are  antiballistic 
missile  systems  necessarily  provocative  and  'destabilizing'  in  the  sense 
that  they  will  inevitably  set  off  a  new  spiral  in  the  arms  race?  Many — 
but  by  no  means  all — scientists  answer  'yes'  to  these  questions,  despite 
impressions  to  the  contrary."  Director  of  Oak  Ridge  National  Labora- 
tory Dr.  Alvin  Weinberg,  who  would  answer  "no"  to  ABM  question, 
was  quoted :  "The  deployment  of  ABMs  on  both  sides  has  been  deplored 
as  the  first  step  in  the  unending  arms  spiral  that  eventually  will  con- 
sume everything,  including  our  vision  of  abundance.  But  suppose  ABMs 
and  other  defensive  measures  turn  out  to  be  effective,  and  at  the  same 
time  there  is  no  escalation  of  offense  in  unending  spiral.  The  knife-edge 
of  delicately  balanced  terror  would  then  be  blunted."  (Leavitt,  AF/SD, 
1/68,  72-4) 


28 


February   1968 

February  1 :  NASA  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops 
Station  carried  payload  to  65-mi  (104.4-km)  altitude  to  obtain  vertical 
profile  of  atmosphere  parameters  between  22-  and  59-mi  (35-  and  95- 
kmj  altitudes  with  exploding-grenade  and  falling-sphere  techniques. 
Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed  satisfactorily  except  for  one  of 
the  two  spheres;  other  sphere  was  tracked  for  23  min.  Globe  Explora- 
tion Corp.  and  Superior  Engineering  Co.  experiments  were  correlated 
with  firings  from  Kiruna,  Sweden;  Fort  Churchill,  Canada;  and  Point 
Barrow,  Alaska.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  Ats  III,  launched  by  NASA  Nov.  5,  1967,  was  again  returning  color  and 

black-and-white  pictures  to  ground  stations;  color  camera  had  been 
turned  off  Nov.  29,  and  black-and-white  camera,  Dec.  9.  Latter  had 
been  returned  to  active  photographing  of  cloud  cover  Dec.  30.  Color 
camera  had  operated  since  first  week  of  January,  but  ground  equip- 
ment had  lacked  precise  adjustment.  GSFC  believed  camera  problems, 
possibly  caused  by  gas  seepage,  had  been  corrected,  (nasa  Release 
68-24.) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.   McNamara,  in  annual  report  to   Con- 

gress, stated  before  joint  session  of  Senate  Armed  Services  Committee 
and  Defense  Appropriations  Subcommittee  that  U.S.S.R.  had  nearly 
closed  nuclear  missile  gap  in  1967  by  more  than  doubling  its  IBM  force. 
According  to  intelligence  estimates,  Soviet  buildup  could  give  U.S.S.R. 
capability  of  delivering  about  1,000  nuclear  warheads  and  bombs;  U.S. 
could  deliver  up  to  4^/^  times  that  number.  Both  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  pos- 
sessed strategic  forces  capable  of  withstanding  surprise  attack  and  re- 
taliating overwhelmingly  against  the  other.  "It  is  precisely  this  mutual 
capability  to  destroy  one  another,  and  conversely,  our  respective  inabil- 
ity to  prevent  such  destruction,  that  provides  us  both  with  the  strongest 
possible  motive  to  avoid  a  strategic  nuclear  war."  Communist  China's 
medium-range  missiles,  and  iCBMs  could  be  operational  as  a  "modest" 
force  in  mid-1970s.  (Beecher,  NYT,  2/2/68,  2;  Marder,  W  Post, 
2/2/68,  Al;  NYT,  2/6/68,  42) 

•  v/a  Charles  E.  Weakley  (usn,  Ret.),  former  Commander  of  U.S.  Atlan- 

tic Fleet  Anti-Submarine  Warfare  Force  and  recipient  of  Navy  Distin- 
guished Service  Medal,  became  NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for 
Management  Development  and  took  over  staff  of  Organization  and  Man- 
agement Planning  Div.,  formerly  under  Associate  Administrator  for 
Organization  and  Management.  (NASA  Release  68—11) 
February  1-2:  Tenth  anniversary  of  Explorer  I  [see  Jan.  31]  was  commem- 
orated by  J  PL  and  Cal  Tech  with  two-day  program  including  sympo- 
sium on  First  and  Second  Decades  of  Space  Research  and  J  PL  open 
house.  JPL  Director,  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  leader  of  first  Explorer 
scientific  task  force,  was  chairman.  Speakers  included  Dr.  James  A. 

29 


February   1-2  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

Van  Allen  of  State  Univ.  of  Iowa,  who  had  verified  radiation  belts 
bearing  his  name;  l/g  Austin  W.  Betts  (usa),  Army  Chief  of  Research 
and  Development;  Dr.  John  W.  Findlay,  NASA  Lunar  and  Planetary 
Missions  Advisory  Board  Chairman;  and  Dr.  Joseph  Kaplan  of  UCLA, 
U.S.  Chairman  of  IGY  when  Explorer  I  was  launched  Jan.  31,  1958. 

In  next  10  yr,  "as  an  increasingly  important  area  of  scientific  and 
technical  research  a  balanced  program  in  space  must  certainly  be  part 
of  the  activities  of  our  Nation,"  Dr.  Kaplan  said.  "No  more  noble  and 
useful  service  can  be  conceived  than  one  which  gives  strength  to  .  .  . 
cooperation  among  the  nations  of  the  earth.  Space  certainly  qualifies 
for  such  a  role." 

Dr.  Findlay  outlined  possible  missions  "of  strong  scientific  interest" 
to  Mercury,  Venus,  Mars,  and  Jupiter  in  next  decade.  Gen.  Betts  voiced 
concern  about  attitudes  toward  exploratory  efforts;  he  was  "not  con- 
vinced that  we  remember,  the  lesson"  of  Sputnik  I.  "Only  some  two 
weeks"  after  its  launch,  numerous  programs  were  proposed  for  U.S. 
satellite — possible  only  because  "far-sighted  technical  people  had  been 
planning  for  various  applications  of  space  for  some  time,  and  even 
though  firm  military  requirements  were  not  available."  (jPL  Releases, 
1/22/68,  1/31/68;  Texts;  Wilford,  NYT,  2/2/68,  4;  SBD,  1/26/68, 
38) 
February  2:  NASA  launched  two  Aerobee  150  sounding  rockets  from  WSMR. 
First  carried  American  Science  and  Engineering,  Inc.,  experiment  to 
86.5-mi  (139-km)  altitude  to  collect  data  on  location  and  flux  levels  of 
celestial  x-ray  sources  in  1-  to  20-kev  range  using  collimator,  propor- 
tional counters,  aspect  camera,  and  attitude  control  system  (acs).  ACS 
performance  was  poor  because  of  timer  malfunction;  performance  of 
rocket  and  instrumentation  was  satisfactory. 

Second  rocket  carried  GSFC  payload  to  92.8-mi  (149.3-km)  altitude 
to  measure  spectral  irradiance  of  four  early-type  stars  in  1,100-  to 
4,000-A  interval,  using  uv  stellar  spectrometer  and  strap  system  for  at- 
titude control.  Rocket,  instrumentation,  and  STRAP  performed  satisfac- 
torily. Good  data  were  obtained.  (NASA  Rpt  SRl) 

•  Sen.  Clinton  P.  Anderson   (D-N.Mex.),  Chairman  of  Senate  Committee 
,     on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences,  on  behalf  of  himself  and  Sen. 

Margaret  C.  Smith  (R-Me.),  ranking  member,  introduced  S.  2918,  FY 
1969  NASA  authorization  bill.  Measure  was  referred  to  Committee.  Total 
authorization  of  $4.37  billion  would  provide  R&D,  $3,677  billion;  con- 
struction of  facilities,  $45  million;  and  administrative  operations, 
$648.2  million,  (nasa  LAR  VII/8) 

•  S— II  2nd  stage  for  fifth  Apollo  Saturn  V  mission  left  Seal  Beach,  Calif., 

onboard  USNS  Point  Barrow  en  route  to  Mississippi  Test  Facility  (mtf)  , 
where  stage  would  undergo  static  testing  before  shipment  to  KSC.  Also 
onboard  ship,  to  save  $6,000  in  transportation  charges,  was  F— 1  rocket 
engine.  Engine  would  be  unloaded  for  inspection  at  Michoud  Assembly 
Facility  in  New  Orleans,  then  transferred  to  barge  for  remainder 
of  trip  to  MTF.  (msfc  Release  68-23) 

•  India's  Thumba  Equatorial  Rocket  Launching  Station  (terls)  was  dedi- 

cated as  international  facility  by  Prime  Minister,  Mrs.  Indira  Gandhi. 
NASA  was  represented  by  Assistant  Administrator  for  International  Af- 
fairs Arnold  W.  Frutkin,  Director  of  Space  Applications  Programs 
Leonard  JafTe,  and  NASA  Wallops  Station  Assistant  Chief  of  Flight  Test 

30 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  February  2 

Div.  Robert  T.  Duffy.  Duffy  had  served  as  advisor,  and  Wallops  had 
assisted  by  helping  to  develop  range,  training  scientists  and  engineers, 
and  lending  launching  and  tracking  equipment. 

TERLS  had  been  established  Nov.  21,  1963,  by  Indian  National  Com- 
mission for  Space  Research  (incospar)  and  to  date  had  launched  52 
rockets:  17  American  Nike- Apaches,  29  American  Judi-Darts,  and  6 
French  Centaures.  Rockets  launched  as  part  of  dedication  included  two 
Nike-Apaches,  one  Judi-Dart,  and  one  Centaure.  Payloads  contained  ex- 
periments involving  French,  Soviet,  and  American  collaboration  with 
India.  India's  Dept.  of  Atomic  Energy  planned  Centaure  manufacturing 
unit  at  TERLS,  and  incospar  would  build  space  science  and  technology 
center  at  Veli  (near  TERLS )  to  design  and  develop  space  research  sys- 
tems, including  vehicle,  payload,  instrumentation,  and  ground  support. 

Mrs.  Gandhi  said:  "This  center  represents  only  one  facet  of  the  tre- 
mendous industrial  and  technological  revolution  in  which  we  are 
involved.  .  .  .  Technology  is  a  key.  It  is  a  key  to  knowledge  that  opens 
the  door  to  plenty  as  well  as  power.  In  a  sense  it  is  a  key  to  indej)end- 
ence,  for  it  was  the  failure  to  advance  technologically  which  made 
Asia  and  Africa  dependent  and  poverty-stricken."  (NASA  Release 
6&-14;  WS  Release  68-1;  India  News,  2/2/68,  4;  LA  Times,  2/3/68; 
B  Sun,  6/30/68) 

•  Cornell  Univ.'s  association  with  Cornell   Aeronautical  Laboratory  had 

been  ended  by  Univ.'s  Board  of  Trustees  on  recommendation  of  special 
committee  headed  by  Univ.'s  law  professor  W.  David  Curtiss.  Reasons 
cited  included  overlap  and  potential  conflict  between  Laboratory's  over- 
seas research  projects  and  Univ.'s  expanding  program  of  international 
studies.  {Science,  2/2/68,  515) 

February  3:  Clifford  C.  Furnas,  President  of  Western  New  York  Nuclear  Re- 
search Center  and  member  of  nae,  was  appointed  to  newly  created  po- 
sition of  Vice  Chairman  of  National  Research  Council  (nrc),  in  which 
he  would  "assist  the  Chairman,  NAS  President  Frederick  Seitz,  in  the 
general  administration  of  the  NRC  and  help  coordinate  activities"  be- 
tween nae,  NAS,  and  NRC.  (nas— NRC-NAE  News  Report,  3/68,  5:  nas  pio) 

February  5:  NASA  Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops 
Station  carried  GSFC  payload  to  73.3-mi  (118.5-km)  altitude  to  evaluate 
vehicle  performance  and  measure  payload  environmental  instrumenta- 
tion, including  three-axis  acceleration,  lateral  and  longitudinal  vibration, 
three-axis  gyro,  10  temperatures,  and  motor  pressure.  Rocket  per- 
formed as  predicted  and  was  recommended  for  acceptance  by  NASA.  All 
instruments  operated  to  impact.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  Churchill  Re- 

search Range  carried  Univ.  of  New  Hampshire-Univ.  of  California  at 
San  Diego  payload.  Objectives  were  to  detect  and  identify  energetic 
charged  particles  that  caused  aurora,  measure  local  electron  density 
and  correlate  it  with  ground  measurements  of  ionization,  study  aurora 
light  emissions  at  several  wavelengths  and  detect  related  electric  fields, 
and  investigate  auroral  ionospheric  currents  and  magnetic  fields  driv- 
ing them  in  ranges  1-15  kev  and  2-30  kev  and  protons  from  10-40 
kev  with  electrostatic  curved  plate  analyzers  and  channel  multipliers. 
Launch  was  first  in  series  of  five  to  be  launched  from  Churchill.  Exact 
performance  was  not  calculated  because  of  early  radar  loss;  time  corre- 
lated performance  indicated  rocket  functioned  as  predicted.  Telemetry 

31 


February  5  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

signals  were  strong  throughout  flight.  All  experimental  objectives  were 
achieved,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  NASC  Executive  Secretary,  testified  before  House 

Committee  on  Appropriations'  Subcommittee  on  Independent  Offices 
and  HUD  that  there  would  be  no  duplication  of  experiments  on  DOD's 
Manned  Orbital  Laboratory  (mol)  and  NASA's  Orbiting  Workshop. 
They  would  operate  in  different  orbits,  nasc,  Welsh  said,  was  stressing 
"those  types  of  space  activities  from  which  we  can  see  relatively  direct 
benefits  to  the  general  public,"  (Transcript;  Aero  Daily,  4/23/68, 
11-F) 

•  Rep.   George  P.  Miller    (D-Calif.),   Chairman   of  House   Committee  on 

Science  and  Astronautics,  introduced  H.R.  15086,  FY  1969  NASA  au- 
thorization  bill.    Measure    was    referred   to    Committee.    (NASA   LAR 

vn/9) 

February  6:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCI  into  orbit  with  327-km  (203-rai) 
apogee,  202-km  (126-mi)  perigee,  89.7-min  period,  and  64.9°  inclina- 
tion. Satellite  performed  satisfactorily  and  reentered  Feb.  14.  {SBD, 
2/7/68,  210;  gsfc  SSR,  2/15/68) 

•  Senate  confirmed  nomination  of  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine  as  NASA  Deputy 

Administrator  [see  Jan.  31].  (Transcript;  NASA  LAR  VH/IO;  UPI, 
NYT,  2/8/68,  4) 

•  NASA  announced  appointment  of  five  members  to  its  Aerospace  Safety 

Advisory  Panel:  m/g  Carroll  H.  Dunn,  Director  of  Military  Construc- 
tion in  Office  of  Chief  of  Army  Engineers;  Dr.  J.  A.  Hornbeck,  Presi- 
dent of  Sandia  Corp.;  Dr.  Henry  Reining,  Jr.,  Dean  of  von  KleinSmid 
Center  of  International  Affairs,  USC;  Dr.  Eberhard  F.  M.  Rees,  Special 
Assistant  to  Apollo  Spacecraft  Manager  (detached  from  position  as 
Deputy  Director,  msfc)  ;  and  Bruce  T.  Lundin,  Associate  Director  for 
Development,  LeRC.  Appointments  implemented  Sec.  6,  P.L.  90-67, 
NASA  Authorization  Act  for  FY  1968.  (nasa  Release  68-26) 

•  Dramatic  reversal  in  balance  of  U.K.  aerospace  trade  with  U.S.  had  oc- 

curred in  1967,  I nteraviaAir Letter  reported.  Whereas  in  1966,  U.K.  ex- 
ports to  U.S.  of  $187  million  (predevaluation)  exceeded  imports  by  a 
favorable  $137.2  million  (predevaluation),  U.K.  aerospace  industry's 
1967  dollar  earnings  of  $118.3  million  (new  rate)  were  swamped  by 
imports  from  U.S.  totaling  $149.3  million  (new  rate) .  This  was  highest 
figure  ever  recorded  and  included  $127.2  million  for  aircraft  and  $22.1 
million  for  engines.  {InteraviaAirLetter,  2/6/68,  1) 

February  6-8:  Five  nations — Brazil,  India,  Italy,  Romania,  and  Sweden — 
had  misgivings  about  draft  treaty  to  prohibit  further  spread  of  nuclear 
weapons,  submitted  jointly  at  Geneva  disarmament  conference  by  U.S. 
and  U.S.S.R.  Jan.  18. 

On  Feb.  8,  India,  through  authoritative  source,  announced  she  feared 
neither  U.S.  nor  U.S.S.R.  would  supply  "an  airtight  guarantee  of  its 
territorial  integrity  and  inviolability  once  Communist  China  achieves  a 
second-strike  intercontinental  nuclear  capability,"  according  to  Los  An- 
geles Times.  Sweden  appealed  to  U.S.S.R.  to  match  offers  by  U.S.  and 
U.K.  to  permit  international  inspection  of  their  peaceful  nuclear  activi- 
ties. (Hamilton,  NYT,  2/7/68,  8;  LA  Times  in  W  Post,  2/9/68;  NYT, 
2/9/68,  16) 

February  7:  nasa  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  carried 
special  parachute  and  payload  to  41.7-mi    (67-km)    altitude  to   test 

32 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  February  7 

parachute  deployment  at  high  altitude  and  to  determine  ozone  distribu- 
tion in  12-  to  40-mi  (20-  to  65-km)  region.  Rocket  and  instruments 
performed  satisfactorily;  parachute  deployed  at  approximately  216,000 
ft.  Recovery  attempts,  initially  unsuccessful  because  of  65-mi  off-range 
drift,  would  be  continued  in  attempt  to  recover  onboard  camera.  (NASA 
Rpt  srl) 
•  President's  authorization  request  for  NASA's  FY  1969  budget  was  presented 
by  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  to  House  Committee  on  Science 
and  Astronautics.  At  S4.37  billion,  authorization  request  was  $700 
million  below  FY  1968  request,  almost  $500  million  less  than  FY  1968 
authorization,  and  $200  million  below  FY  1968  appropriation.  Webb 
stated:  "NASA's  expenditures  for  FY  1969  will  be  down  $230  million 
from  this  year,  $850  million  below  last  year,  and  $1.3  billion  less  than 
in  FY  1966.  The  nasa  program  has  been  cut.  I  hope  you  will  decide 
it  has  been  cut  enough  and  will  approve  the  full  amount  recommended 
by  the  President, 

"The  FY  1969  request  does  not  meet  at  all  our  Nation's  needs  in 
aeronautics  and  space.  It  is  a  compromise — one  which  I  fully  support — 
between  needed  work  toward  advances  in  aeronautics  and  space  which 
we  can  and  should  make,  and  other  overriding  requirements.  .  .  . 
During  this  period  when  we  are  reducing  our  effort  by  one-third  the 
U.S.S.R.  is  still  increasing  its  effort.  ...  In  terms  of  scientific  advance 
and  in  applications  of  immediate  economic  use,  such  as  meteorological 
and  communications  systems,  our  program  has  contributed  more  than 
theirs.  But  in  terms  of  the  use  of  large  launch  vehicles  and  in  the  rate 
of  which  future  greater  capabilities  are  being  developed  they  are  and 
will  remain  ahead,  at  our  1969  budget  level.  The  hard  fact  we  now  face 
is  that  just  as  we  have  begun  to  catch  up  in  large-scale  booster  opera- 
tions ...  we  are  cutting  back  our  program  while  they  continue  to 
advance." 

He  listed  guidelines  within  "necessary  fiscal  constraints,"  which 
determined  decisions  on  FY  1969  program  and  budget  estimates.  NASA 
would  continue  1968  operating  plan  for  Apollo  program  while  using  all- 
up  test  concept  for  Saturn  V  and  Apollo.  Complete  success  in  all  remain- 
ing eight  Saturn  V  flights  would  be  needed  for  manned  lunar  landing 
by  "end  of  1969."  nasa  would  reduce  numbers  of  Saturn  IB  and  V  and 
work  out  with  dod  future  requirements  for  large  launch  vehicles  under 
"sharply  limited"  launch  program.  Launch  of  Saturn  I  Workshop  in 
1970  would  be  interim  step  toward  Saturn  V  Workshop  and  would  be 
coordinated  with  later  launch  of  Apollo  Telescope  Mount.  "PracticaUy 
all"  programs  had  been  stretched  out,  and  a  number  of  projects  would 
be  phased  out. 

Scope  of  new  starts  would  be  reduced,  with  nerva  l  replacing  larger 
NERVA  II  and  "less  costly  Mariner  class  spacecraft"  replacing  Voyager 
mission.  Urgent  activities  would  be  expanded  in  aeronautics  and  in 
space  applications;  for  example,  noise  reduction,  vtol  and  STOL,  air- 
craft for  remote  measurement  of  earth  resources,  and  Nimbus  D  for 
charting  atmosphere  parameters. 

NASA  Centers  would  be  reorganized  "to  retain  .  .  .  after  reductions 
[in  work  force]  are  made,  a  limited  but  strong  and  well-balanced  team 
of  scientists,  engineers,  program  and  project  managers." 

33 


February  7  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

Webb  responded  to  questions:  "There  are  no  signs  that  the  Soviets 
are  cutting  back  as  we  are.  New  test  and  launch  facilities  are  steadily 
added  .  .  .  and  a  number  of  spaceflight  systems  more  advanced  than  any 
heretofore  used  are  nearing  completion."  Webb  forecast  Soviet  booster 
with  thrust  greater  than  that  of  Saturn  V,  resumption  of  manned  space 
flights,  and  landing  of  Soviet  instrument  packages  on  Mars  in  1969  and 
1971.  Budget  reductions  in  FY  1968  had  compelled  revisions,  reduc- 
tions, delays  and  cancellations  in  NASA  programs.  "We  can  conduct 
a  viable  and  useful  program  at  these  lower  levels,  but  it  will  be  a  sharply 
reduced  one." 

Despite  reductions  allowing  almost  no  flexibility  to  work  around 
problems,  "we  still  have  the  possibility  of  making  the  lunar  landing 
before  1970."  {CR,  2/7/68,  H926-7;  2/12/68,  E708-9) 
•  Testimony  on  NASA's  FY  1969  Budget  request  was  presented  to  House 
Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  by  three  NASA  Associate  Ad- 
ministrators. 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and  Applications, 
Dr.  John  E.  Naugle,  presented  ossa's  budget  for  "an  austere  program 
for  the  immediate  future,"  yet  one  that  would  make  "effective  use  in 
the  years  ahead  of  the  capabilities  we  have  developed  in  the  past 
decade"  and  that  would  advance  scientific  knowledge  and  useful  appli- 
cations. "New  starts  are  at  a  minimum,"  he  said,  "but  if  this  budget 
request  is  approved,  we  can  continue  the  most  useful  of  our  on-going 
programs,  we  can  avoid  abandoning  the  field  of  planetary  exploration, 
and  we  can  hold  together  teams  and  capabilities  to  meet  future  national 
needs.  ..."  Authorization  request  for  OSSA  for  1969  was  for  $538.2 
million,  $14.7  million  below  FY  1968  operating  plan,  with  "the  de- 
crease .  .  .  primarily  in  the  Lunar  and  Planetary  Programs  budget, 
reflecting  the  completion  of  the  initial  automated  phase  of  lunar  ex- 
ploration and  cancellation  of  Voyager."  Space  applications  budget 
request  had  increased  for  FY  1969  (to  $112.2  million)  because  of 
"demonstrated  value  of  communications  and  meteorological  programs 
and  the  potential  value  of  applying  space  technology  on  a  global  basis." 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology, 
Dr.  Mac  C.  Adams,  described  OART  program  as  "the  key  to  tomorrow's 
leadership  in  aeronautics  and  space."  He  explained:  "...  our  FY  69 
budget  request  for  the  R&D  line  items  ...  is  $336,800,000,  up  5.7  per- 
cent over  FY  68.  The  increase  is  primarily  due  to  increases  in  effort  on 
aircraft  technology  [up  to  $10.1  million]  and  nuclear  rockets  [up  $6 
million].  .  .  .  Major  changes  also  included  more  v/stol  research,  noise 
research  for  subsonic  jets,  and  development  of  nerva  I  nuclear  rocket 
engine  at  thrust  level  of  75,000  lb. 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition 
Gerald  M.  Truszynski  presented  FY  1969  budget  request  of  $304.8 
million  for  R&D  and  $21.8  million  for  construction  of  facilities  and 
reported  that  "50  satellites  by  the  end  of  1968"  would  be  supported 
by  network  while  "some  16  new  missions"  would  be  launched  in  FY 
1969.  For  FY  1969,  "the  great  majority  of  funds  requested  will  be 
directed  toward  operating  and  maintaining  present  network  capability. 
Much  of  the  existing  equipment  has  been  operated  almost  continuously 
for  at  least  eight  years  and  must  be  refurbished  or  replaced." 

Construction  of  facilities  budget  would  fund:  two  210-ft-dia  antennas 

34 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  February  7 

for  Spain  and  Australia ;  power  generating  plant  for  Fairbanks,  Alaska, 
tracking  station;  and  Sunblazer  antenna.  (Testimony) 

•  NASA  awarded  Boeing  Co.  $3,226,374  supplement  to  its  Saturn  V  systems 

engineering  and  integration  effort,  bringing  this  portion  of  Boeing's 
three-part  Saturn  V  contract  to  $194.8-million  total.  Boeing  would  be 
responsible  for  propulsion  systems'  preflight  and  postflight  performance 
analysis  for  first  10  launch  vehicles,  (msfc  Release  68—28) 
February  8:  NASA  management  officials  continued  to  testify  on  their  pro- 
grams, within  NASA's  FY  1969  budget  request,  to  House  Committee  on 
Science  and  Astronautics. 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George  E. 
Mueller,  said  OMSf's  $2.815-billion  FY  1969  request  was  lowest  request 
since  FY  1963,  $332.8  million  below  FY  1968,  and  "almost  $700  million 
below  the  peak  Manned  Space  Flight  budget  year.  Fiscal  Year  1966." 
Dr.  Mueller  included  $2,483  billion  for  R&D,  $18.7  million  for  construc- 
tion of  facilities,  and  $313  million  for  administrative  operations.  Over 
80%  of  total  R&D  report  was  committed  to  Apollo.  "The  program  of 
Apollo  and  Apollo  Applications  Flights,  with  the  development  of  the 
Saturn  V  Workshop  and  the  Advanced  Missions  studies  leading  to  a 
space  station  of  longer  duration  and  greater  earth  orbital  capabilities, 
constitute  a  minimum  effort  to  continue  manned  space  flight  into  the 
early  1970s."  Dr.  Mueller  warned  against  failing  "to  capitalize  on  the 
investment  in  the  Apollo  Program"  and  said  it  was  "economically 
prudent  to  proceed  now  with  the  Apollo  Program  and  the  definition 
study  of  the  .  .  .  long  duration  space  station  .  .  .  keystone  in  the  fu- 
ture of  manned  space  flight." 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Organization  and  Management 
Harold  B.  Finger,  citing  27%  decrease  in  procurement  for  first  three 
months  of  FY  1968  below  same  period  in  1967,  predicted  94%  of 
procurement  dollars  going  to  industry  would  decrease  to  less  than 
90%  by  end  of  FY  1969  as  industry-developed  systems  came  into  NASA 
for  testing  and  launch.  Presenting  $10-minion  Sustaining  University 
program  budget — equal  to  1968  budget  but  one-third  1967's  $30  mil- 
lion— Finger  stressed  need  for  university  contributions  and  combining 
universities'  "demonstrated  competence  in  physical  sciences  with  their 
social  science  strengths  to  deal  with  the  total  impact  of  the  nation's 
aerospace  effort."  Finger  submitted  statement  of  Dr.  Richard  L.  Lesher, 
Assistant  Administrator  for  Technology  Utilization,  describing  pro- 
grams "to  experimentally  test  and  develop  methods  for  bringing  about 
the  multiple  use  of  the  new  knowledge  gained  as  a  result  of  NASA 
activities." 

NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for  Administration  William  E.  Lilly 
charged  $7.8-million  increase  in  FY  1969  administrative  operations 
budget  request  (from  $640.4-million  budget  for  FY  1%8)  to  cost  of 
1967  Pay  Act  and  conversion  to  civil  service  of  certain  GSFC  support 
services.  He  cited  personnel  reduction  of  1,704  positions  since  freeze 
on  hiring  new  employees  on  Aug.  24,  1967.   (Testimony) 

•  Five  ellipse-shaped,  three-  by  five-mile  lunar  landing  areas  were  selected 

for  astronaut  safety  considerations  by  NASA  Apollo  Site  Selection 
Board.  First  two  sites  were  in  Sea  of  Tranquility,  third  was  in  Central 
Bay,  and  fourth  and  fifth  were  in  Ocean  of  Storms,  Sites  contained  fea- 
tures of  scientific  interest,  including  small  craters,  raw  material  ejected 

35 


February  8  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

from  craters,  ridges,  and  faults.  Criteria  for  selection  were  area 
smoothness,  approach  path,  propellant  conservation,  countdown  recy- 
cling time,  free-return  trajectory,  optimum  lighting,  and  slope.  Board 
had  studied  Lunar  Orbiter  high-resolution  photos  and  Surveyor  close- 
up  photos  and  surface  data.  (NASA  Release  68-25;  AP,  NYT,  2/5/68, 
13) 

•  NAS     released     Space     Applications     Summer     Study,     1967     Interim 

Report,  Volume  I,  Central  Review  Committee  Conclusions  and  Recom- 
mendations and  Summaries  of  Panel  Reports.  Chaired  by  Dr.  W.  Dem- 
ing  Lewis,  study  treated  aspects  of  space  technology  "likely  to  produce 
practical  benefits  to  large  segments  of  the  American  and  world  econo- 
mies." Report  urged  extensive  and  coherent  program  and  said  NASA 
should  double  $100  million  it  currently  spent  to  develop  technology  of 
space  applications.  (Text;  Clark,  NYT,  2/9/68,  6) 

•  NSF  announced  scientists  and  engineers  from  USA's   Cold  Regions  Re- 

search and  Engineering  Laboratory  in  Hanover,  N.H.,  had  for  first 
time  successfully  drilled  through  Antarctic  icecap,  obtaining  contin- 
uous cores  to  depth  of  7,100  ft  at  Byrd  Station.  Later  studies  of  cores 
and  samples  of  underlying  rock  were  expected  to  provide  insight  into 
climatic  and  atmospheric  history.  Engineers  had  reached  their  immedi- 
ate goal  Jan.  29;  drilling  would  be  resumed  in  October,  (nsf  Release 
68-108;  Reinhold,  NYT,  2/8/68,  C3) 

•  Soviet   Prof.    Georgy   Petrovich,   writing   in   Trud,   praised   U.S.    space 

achievements  but  pointed  to  20  Soviet  "firsts"  since  Sputnik  I.  Past 
neutral  appraisals  had  generally  agreed  with  Petrovich  that  U.S.S.R.'s 
payloads  had  been  heavier  and  U.S.  hardware  more  sophisticated.  Re- 
cent contradiction  had  been  intricate  softlanding  for  Soviet  Venus  IV, 
Oct.  18,  1967,  and  successful  U.S.  test  of  Saturn  V,  world's  largest 
booster,  Nov.  9,  1967.  Petrovich  praised  NASA's  broad  application  of 
space  equipment  in  practical  commercial  use  of  satellite  technology  for 
communication,  meteorology,  and  navigation.  (Winters,  B  Sun,  2/9/68, 
A3) 

February  9:  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  Churchill 
Research  Range  carried  Univ.  of  Pittsburgh-Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  pay- 
load  to  96.3-mi  (155-km)  altitude  to  perform  coordinated  auroral  ex- 
periments with  spectrometers  and  photometers.  Rocket  and  instruments 
performed  satisfactorily.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

February  10:  Second-stage  (S— II)  engine  for  fourth  Apollo/Saturn  V  mis- 
sion was  successfully  static-fired  for  its  full  duration  of  six  minutes  at 
MTF,  with  engine  developing  equivalent  thrust  of  over  1  million  lb. 
(Marshall  Star,  2/14/68,  1) 

•  Sixteen  scientist-astronauts,  from  two  groups  selected  in  June  1965  and 

August  1967,  had  complained  of  dimming  prospects  for  scientific  space 
work  because  of  slowdown  in  spaceflight  schedule.  UPI  said  astronauts 
also  feared  falling  behind  their  colleagues  outside  space  program  be- 
cause flight  training  left  little  time  for  scientific  research.  MSC  Public 
Affairs  Officer  Paul  Haney  had  announced  designation  of  MSC's  Science 
Director  Dr.  Wilmot  N.  Hess  to  find  means  for  relieving  complaints. 
(upi,  NYT,  2/11/68,  55) 
February  11:  Electric  signals  out  of  phase  with  jet  engine  noise  could  be 
introduced  into  exhaust  flame  and  converted  into  sound  waves  to  cancel 
out  engine  noise,  according  to  United  Technology  Center  scientist.  Dr. 

36 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  February  11 

A.  G.  Cattaneo.  Idea,  in  principle,  had  been  demonstrated  by  recent 
laboratory  experiments  in  which  acetylene  torch  flame  converted  elec- 
tric signals  into  sound  with  high  fidelity.  Evaluation  of  combustion  ef- 
ficiency during  rocket  engine  tests  could  be  additional  application. 
(Wilford,  NYT,  2/11/68,  30) 
February  12:  GSFC  technicians  had  moved  NASA's  Ats  III  satellite  to  new 
position  over  Pacific  off  Ecuador's  coast  to  aid  in  U.S.  Coast  and  Geo- 
detic Survey  (C&GS)  mapping  project.  After  movement  from  position 
on  Equator  at  95°  west  longitude  to  location  at  85°  west  longitude,  sat- 
ellite could  provide  precise  timing  signals  to  c&GS  team  on  South  At- 
lantic islands  of  South  Georgia  and  Tristan  de  Cunha.  Ats  111,  carry- 
ing communications,  meteorological,  and  navigational  experiments,  had 
been  launched  Nov  5,  1967,  into  synchronous  equatorial  orbit  at  22,300- 
mi  altitude,  (nasa  Release  68-30) 

•  "Space  Activities  and  the  National  Well-Being"  were  discussed  in  speech 

before  Detroit's  Economic  Club  by  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  NASA  Asso- 
ciate Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight.  "It  is  a  measure  of  how 
far  we  have  come  in  space  in  10  years,"  he  said,  "to  consider  that,  with 
the  flight  of  the  Apollo-Saturn  V  last  November,  and  the  flight  of  the 
lunar  module  on  January  22,  we  have  now  successfully  flight-tested 
and  proven  every  piece  of  the  Apollo-Saturn  space  vehicle,  the  vehicle 
the  United  States  will  use  .  .  .  for  the  exploration  of  space  for  years 
to  come." 

He  warned  that  while  U.S.  was  decreasing  its  rate  of  investment  in 
space  activities,  "Soviets  are  spending  50  per  cent  more  in  terms  of  real 
purchasing  power  than  we  are.  In  percentage  of  gross  national  product, 
they  are  spending  2  or  3  times  as  much  as  we  are." 

He  noted  that  "when  we  launched  our  first  satellite.  Explorer  I,  the 
cost  was  several  millions  of  dollars  per  pound  of  payload  to  get  it  up  in 
orbit.  With  the  Saturn  V,  we  are  now  able  to  put  payloads  into  orbit 
for  only  about  $500  per  pound.  Considering  that  reduction  from  mil- 
lions of  dollars  per  pound  to  hundreds  of  dollars  per  pound  in  orbit 
over  a  period  of  only  10  years,  one  can  foresee  reducing  the  cost  to  $50 
per  pound  or  even  $5  per  pound  for  getting  into  and  out  of  orbit." 

Saturn  V  development  should  move  U.S.  ahead  during  next  year,  but 
U.S.S.R.  would  soon  surpass  U.S.  "as  the  full  impact  of  the  resources 
they  are  putting  into  their  space  program  at  this  time  becomes  evident. 
And  I  would  expect  that  by  1971  or  1972  we  will  be  significantly  be- 
hind them  in  terms  of  all  of  the  aspects  that  we  now  know  will  be  char- 
acteristic of  space  flight."  (Text) 

•  Radar  map  of  planet  Venus  had  been  produced  by  Cornell  Univ.  scien- 

tists from  computer-assembled  data.  Radar-astronomy  data  had  been 
gathered  by  world's  largest  radiotelescope  at  Arecibo  Ionospheric  Ob- 
servatory in  Puerto  Rico.  Principal  scientist  Raymond  F.  Jurgens  said 
map  was  equivalent  to  what  largest  optical  telescope  on  earth  could  ob- 
tain were  it  not  for  thick  cloud  cover  obscuring  Venusian  surface.  Meas- 
urements had  been  made  in  1964  and  1967  when  Venus  was  nearest 
earth,  26  million  miles  away.  Cornell's  Center  for  Radiophysics  and 
Space  Research  Director  Thomas  Gold  concluded  from  measurements 
that  Venus'  surface  material  was  denser  than  moon's.  Scientists  con- 
firmed that  Venus  rotated  with  same  face  toward  earth  each  time  it 
passed  nearest  earth.  Radar  observations  revealed  rough  areas  near  plan- 

37 


February  12  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

et's  equator  and  probable  steep  mountain  range  in  southern  hemis- 
phere. One-third  of  Venus  had  already  been  mapped;  data  needed  for 
map  of  almost  entire  planet  were  available.   (AP,  NYT,  2/13/68,  30) 

•  RFPs  for  two  series  of  advanced  comsats,  Intelsats  III|/2  and  IV,  and  for 

design  and  feasibility  study  of  rotary  joint  for  use  in  Intelsat  III^  sat- 
ellites had  been  issued  by  ComSatCorp.  Two  725-lb  Intelsat  111^2  satel- 
lites planned  for  mid- 1969  launch  would  use  directive  antenna  system 
to  increase  radiated  power  directed  toward  eastern  North  America  and 
Western  Europe  and  would  have  1,900  two-way  voice  circuits.  Rotary 
joint  would  transmit  four  RF  signal  channels  across  interface  between 
spinning  spacecraft  and  mechanically  despun  antenna.  Four  2,430-lb 
Intelsat  IV  satellites  planned  for  launch  beginning  in  mid-1970  would 
be  larger,  more  sophisticated  comsats  with  more  than  5,000  voice  cir- 
cuits and  greater  operational  flexibility  and  versatility.  Both  satellite 
models  would  have  onboard  apogee  motors  and  both  would  be 
launched  into  synchronous  circular  equatorial  orbits.  (ComSatCorp  Re- 
lease 68-4) 

•  XB— 70  research  aircraft  flown  by  NASA  test  pilot  Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr., 

and  l/c  Emil  Sturmthal  (usaf)  reached  41,000-ft  altitude  and  mach 
1.18  during  2-hr  43-min  flight  from  Edwards  AFB.  About  80%  of  pri- 
mary objectives  were  accomplished,  testing  stability,  control,  handling, 
canard  loads,  engine  performance,  airspeed  system  calibration,  fuselage 
bending  photos,  and  runway  noise.  (XB— 70  Proj  Off) 
February  13:  President  Johnson,  presenting  National  Medal  of  Science  to 
12  scientists,  said:  "In  a  democratic  society,  the  public  attitude  toward 
science  must  always  be  a  real  concern  of  the  scientific  community.  If 
that  attitude  is  to  be  favorable,  science  must  be  prepared  to  play  its 
part  in  correcting  the  flaws  in  our  environment." 

Award  winners  were:  Jesse  W.  Beams,  professor  of  physics,  Univ.  of 
Virginia;  Francis  Birch,  professor  of  geological  sciences.  Harvard 
Univ. ;  Gregory  Breit,  professor  of  physics,  Yale  Univ. ;  Paul  J.  Cohen, 
professor  of  mathematics,  Stanford  Univ.;  Kenneth  S.  Cole,  senior  re- 
search biophysicist,  National  Institutes  of  Health,  and  visiting  professor 
of  biophysics,  Univ.  of  California  at  Berkeley;  Harry  F.  Harlow,  pro- 
'  fessor  of  psychology,  Univ.  of  Wisconsin;  Louis  P.  Hammett,  retired 
professor  of  chemistry,  Columbia  Univ.;  Michael  Heidelberger,  profes- 
sor of  immunochemistry,  New  York  Univ.;  George  B.  Kistiakowsky, 
professor  of  chemistry.  Harvard  Univ.;  Edwin  H.  Land,  president,  Po- 
laroid Corp.;  Igor  I.  Sikorsky,  retired  engineering  manager,  Sikorsky 
Aircraft  Div.  of  United  Aircraft  Corp.;  and  Alfred  H.  Sturtevant,  pro- 
fessor of  biology,  emeritus,  Cal  Tech.  National  Medal  of  Science  was 
Government's  highest  award  for  distinguished  achievement  in  science, 
mathematics,  and  engineering.  {PD,  2/19/68,  285—6) 

•  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Aeronautics,  OART,  Charles  W. 

Harper  presented  31st  Wright  Brothers  Lecture,  "Prospects  in  Aero- 
nautics Research  and  Development,"  at  AIAA  meeting  in  Washington, 
D.C.  He  said  potential  of  air  transportation  had  not  been  realized, 
partly  because  aeronautics  R&D  had  not  fully  met  its  challenges,  and 
suggested:  (1)  aeronautics  researchers  and  socioeconomists  coopera- 
tively analyze  possible  air  transportation  approaches  to  provide  basis 
for  most  effective  R&D  program;  (2)  emphasis  on  theoretical  analy- 
sis in  all  sciences  of  concern  to  aeronautics  be  greatly  increased;  and 

38 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  February  13 

(3)  increased  experimental  effort  be  directed  toward  solving  problem 
of  system  integration.  (Program;  AIAA  Paper  68-217;  NASA  LAR 
VII/14) 

•  Air  Force  Chief  of  Stag  Gen.  John  P.  McConnell  announced  renaming  of 

Bunker  Hill  afb,  Ind.,  to  Grissom  afb  in  honor  of  Astronaut  Virgil  I. 
Grissom  (l/c,  usaf)  who  was  born  in  Mitchell,  Ind.,  graduated  from 
Purdue  Univ.,  was  first  astronaut  or  cosmonaut  to  make  a  second  space 
flight,  and  died  in  Apollo  fire  Jan.  27,  1967.  (dod  Release  151-68) 

•  NASA  issued  20  rfps  for  final  design  of  two  ATS  satellites.  Of  two  contract- 

tors  selected  to  develop  final  design,  one  would  be  designated  to  build 
spacecraft.  Planned  for  launch  in  early  1970s,  two  satellites  carrying 
communications,  navigational,  and  meteorological  experiments  would 
be  placed  in  synchronous  equatorial  orbit  at  22,300-mi  altitude  by 
Atlas-Centaur  booster.  Current  program  of  five  ATS  launches  had  two 
successes  in  three  launches;  remaining  two  (ats— D  and  — e)  would  be 
launched  in  June  1968  and  in  mid-1969,  (nasa  Release  68-31) 

•  NASA  awarded  Boeing  Co.  Space  Div.   $3,064,946  cost-plus-incentive-fee 

contract,  effective  through  September,  for  continued  prelaunch  systems 
analysis  and  integration  for  first  manned  Apollo/Saturn  V  launch 
vehicle.  Contract  brought  total  for  Saturn  V  systems  integration  contract 
to  $200  million,  (msfc  Release  68-29) 

•  ERC  scientists  Dr.  Lothar  Frenkel  and  Thomas  E.  Sullivan  and  Bell  Tele- 

phone Laboratories  scientists  M.  A.  Pollack  and  T.  J.  Bridges  had 
measured  frequency  of  laser  light  with  error  margin  of  about  20  parts 
in  1  billion.  They  viewed  experiments  as  important  step  toward  new 
measurement  of  speed  of  light,  a  fundamental  physical  constant,  and  of 
distances  of  space,  (erc  Release  68—3) 
February  15:  Some  25  Mexican  and  Brazilian  scientists  began  four-month 
study  course  at  MSC  to  learn  how  aircraft-borne  sensors  could  enable 
them  to  map  natural  resources.  Program,  initial  step  toward  development 
of  earth  resources  satellites  which  would  carry  sensors  for  international 
exchange  of  data,  included  12-wk  technical  course  taught  by  Univ.  of 
Michigan  instructors  under  $92,000  contract;  6-wk  field  trip  to  Govern- 
ment and  university  sensor  development  centers;  and  additional  2-wk 
study  at  MSC.  After  completing  program,  scientists  would  initiate  test 
programs  for  remote  sensing  techniques  in  their  countries,  first  with 
NASA  aircraft  and  then  with  native-owned  aircraft.  {H.  Chron,  2/15/68; 
AP,/Vyr,  2/16/68,  1) 

•  John  D.  Hodge,  MSC,  and  Dr.  George  F.  Pezdirtz,  LARC,  received  Arthur 

S.  Flemming  Award,  presented  annually  to  10  outstanding  young  men  in 
the  Federal  Government.  Pezdirtz  had  developed  pyrones,  new  family 
of  polymer  plastics,  and  Hodge  had  been  flight  director  of  manned 
flight  missions  beginning  with  Project  Mercury.  (NN;  PD,  2/19/68, 
289-90) 

•  INTELSAT  comsats  had  carried  heaviest  load  of  traffic  across  Atlantic  in 

their  history  during  interruption  of  service  on  two  transatlantic  cables, 
ComSatCorp  announced.  With  cooperation  of  earth  stations  overseas, 
ComSatCorp  used  177  additional  circuits  on  Intelsat  I  and  II-C.  Satel- 
lites and  stations  functioned  precisely.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68-6) 

•  Current     U.S.      aerospace     test     facilities      were      becoming      outdated, 

afsc  Commander,  Gen.  James  Ferguson,  told  Los  Angeles  Chapter  of 

39 


February  15  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

American  Ordnance  Assn.  Warning  that  U.S.  was  "stretching  present- 
day  facilities  to  a  thin  point  and  reaching  a  limit  in  .  .  .  ability  to  'make 
do'  on  a  year  to  year  basis,"  Gen.  Ferguson  urged  that  an  "imaginative, 
comprehensive,  long-range  plan"  be  instituted  for  design,  development, 
and  acquisition  of  new  facilities.  Major  facility  needs,  he  said,  included: 
wind  tunnel  for  testing  VTOL  aircraft  over  entire  performance  range, 
200-ft  vacuum  chamber  capable  of  simulating  space  environment,  shock 
interaction  facility  to  simulate  aerodynamic  flow  and  strong  shock  gener- 
ated over  warhead  models  and  true-temperature  wind  tunnel  (tripl- 
tee)  to  duplicate  flight  conditions  at  hypersonic  speeds  and  tempera- 
tures.  (Text) 

•  Dr.  Stephen  J.  Lukasik,  Director  of  Nuclear  Test  Detection  in  dod's  Ad- 

vanced Research  Projects  Agency  (arpa)  and  Acting  ARPA  Deputy 
Director,  was  appointed  arpa  Deputy  Director,  (dod  Release  157-68) 

•  USAF  Space  and  Missile  Systems  Organization  awarded  General  Electric 

Co.  $2,600,000  increment  to  a  previously  awarded  contract  for  reentry 
vehicle  flight  testing,  (dod  Release  162-68) 
February  16:  President  Johnson  at  news  conference  announced  that  resig- 
nations of  A.  B.  Trowbridge  as  Secretary  of  Commerce  and  Charles 
Murphy  as  member  of  Civil  Aeronautics  Board  had  been  accepted. 
With  Senate  approval,  Trowbridge  would  be  succeeded  by  C.  R.  Smith, 
Chairman  of  Board  of  American  Airlines,  and  Murphy,  who  would  be- 
come consultant  to  President,  by  John  H.  Crooker  of  law  firm  Full- 
bright,  Crooker,  Freeman  &  Bates.  [PD,  2/19/68,  295-300) 

•  National  Sporting  Aviation  Council,  representing  over  80,000  sporting 

aviation  enthusiasts,  was  formed  within  NAA  to  promote  progress  and 
development  of  sport  aviation  in  U.S.  and  to  encourage  worldwide  par- 
ticipation through  FAi.  (naa  News) 
Flight  of  Soviet  heavy  turboprop  Bear  aircraft  had  made  most  southern 
penetration  over  North  American  waters,  coming  close  to  Newfound- 
land coast  in  early  February,  Charles  W.  Corddry  reported  in  Balti- 
more Sun.  According  to  dod  officials,  flight  was  closest  to  date  but  was 
not  first;  several  Soviet  aircraft  had  been  detected  75—100  mi  from 
Newfoundland  coast  since  January.  (Corddry,  B  Sun,  2/17/68,  1) 

February  17:  President  Johnson  announced  appointment  of  Dr.  Philip  Han- 
dler, Chairman  of  Dept.  of  Biochemistry  at  Duke  Univ.  Medical  Center, 
and  Dr.  Herbert  F.  York,  Jr.,  professor  of  physics  at  Univ.  of  Califor- 
nia (San  Diego),  to  four-year  terms  on  President's  Science  Advisory 
Committee.  (PD,  2/26/68,  312-3) 

February  18:  U.S.S.R.  would  increase  pace  of  its  space  program  in  prepara- 
tion for  manned  circumlunar  flight,  John  N.  Wilford  reported  in  New 
York  Times.  Although  no  official  Soviet  flight  schedules  had  been  an- 
nounced, informed  sources  speculated  that  U.S.S.R.  would  conduct 
manned  earth-orbital  flight,  possibly  within  three  months,  during  which 
cosmonauts  in  redesigned  Soyuz  spacecraft  would  practice  rendezvous 
with  another  vehicle;  unmanned  circumlunar  flight  during  summer 
1968;  and  manned  flight  in  fall  1968,  in  which  cosmonauts  or  animals 
would  circle  moon  in  Soyuz  spacecraft  and  return  to  earth.  (Wilford, 
NYT,  2/18/68,  18) 

February  19:  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  fired  its  1,000th  sounding 
rocket.  Aerobee  150  launched  from  WSMR  carried  Lockheed  Missiles  & 
Space  Co.  payload  to  97.9-mi  (160.5-km)  altitude  to  obtain  quantitative 

40 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968  February  19 

measurements  of  spectrum  and  intensity  of  solar  x-ray  flux  in  2-  to  30- 
kev  interval  with  eight  proportional  counter  x-ray  sensors,  solar  aspect 
sensors,  and  yo-yo  despin  unit.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed 
satisfactorily.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL;  GSFC  Historian) 

•  "The  successful  completion  of  the  current  phase  of  the  automated  explo- 

ration of  the  Moon  and  our  planetary  successes  to  date  provide  the  ca- 
pability, experience,  and  framework  for  the  next  step  forward  in  the 
exploration  of  the  planets,"  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space 
Science  and  Applications,  Dr.  John  E.  Naugle,  told  House  Committee 
on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Space  Science  and  Applications  Subcom- 
mittee. Advanced  Planetary  Mission  Technology  (apmt)  effort,  begun 
in  Fiscal  Year  1968  at  the  conclusion  of  the  Mariner  V,  Lunar  Orbiter, 
and  Surveyor  Programs,  and  deferral  of  Voyager  was  "directed  at 
planning  and  technology  for  potential  planetary  missions  in  the  early 
1970's."  Emphasis  had  shifted  from  automated  to  manned  exploration 
and  return  of  lunar  samples.  "Regardless  of  missions  planned  by  the 
U.S.S.R.  during  the  opportunities  in  1969,  1971,  and  1973,"  Dr.  Nau- 
gle said,  NASA's  "systematic  approach  .  .  .  will  be  meaningful  and  more 
likely  to  be  complemented  by  the  U.S.S.R.  missions  than  duplicative." 
(Testimony) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.   George  E. 

Mueller,  in  statement  before  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astro- 
nautics' Manned  Space  Flight  Subcommittee,  stressed  urgency  of  fund- 
ing Apollo  Applications  and  advanced  missions  programs  in  continuing 
"this  country's  position  as  a  space  pioneer."  These  programs,  he  said, 
"are  an  investment  in  our  national  posture  and  the  future  of  manned 
space  flight  .  .  .  [and  provide]  the  opportunity  to  stabilize  the 
manned  space  flight  program  so  that  it  can  effectively  and  efficiently  re- 
spond to  the  challenges  of  the  next  decade.  We  have  the  resources,  the 
facilities,  the  people,  and  the  knowledge  of  Apollo  upon  which  to 
build,  and  the  crucial  question  posed  by  this  minimum  request  for 
Apollo  Applications  is  whether  we  are  going  to  pursue  the  manned  ex- 
ploration of  space.  .  .  .  Man  will  prevail  in  space.  On  that  there  can  be 
no  serious  question.  The  only  question  is  whether  they  will  be  Ameri- 
cans." (Testimony) 

•  Dr.    Abe    Silverstein,    LeRC    Director,    described    progressive    decline    of 

LeRC  funding  from  peak  S389.2  million  in  FY  1965  to  $242.4  million 
in  FY  1967,  to  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Ad- 
vanced Research  and  Technology  Subcommittee.  Dollar  value  of  pro- 
curement had  decreased,  from  S324.5  million  in  FY  1964  to  $211.6 
million  in  FY  1967,  while  workload  was  maintained  and  lead  time  re- 
duced. Power  usage  had  increased  "but  costs  had  declined  signifi- 
cantly." Hovi^ever  in  last  several  years,  "funds  available  for  mainte- 
nance had  been  less  than  those  believed  necessary  for  proper  upkeep 
and  repair."  In  long  run,  Dr.  Silverstein  said,  delays  "may  prove  more 
costly  to  the  Government,"  (Testimony) 

•  USN  Aquanauts  Fernando  Lugo  and  Don  C.  Risk,  wearing  standard  neo- 

prene  wet  suits  and  Mark  VIII  breathing  apparatus,  dived  to  record 
1,025-ft  simulated  ocean  depth  and,  with  three  other  aquanauts,  accu- 
mulated record  48  hr  each  at  825-ft  depth  during  tests  at  Washington, 
D.C.,  Navy  Yard.  Experiment  was  in  preparation  for  usn's  60-day  Sea- 

41 


February  19  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

lab  III  experiment  in  underwater  living  scheduled  to  begin  in  fall  1968. 
(dod  Release  180-68) 

•  r/a  John  E.  Clark   (USN,  Ret.),  former  Commandant  of  Twelfth  Naval 

District  in  San  Francisco,  became  J  PL  Deputy  Director.  He  had  been 
Commander  of  Naval  Air  Missile  Test  Center  (1954),  ARPA  Deputy 
Director  (1958-61),  and  Commander  of  pmr  (1961-65).  {JPL  Lab- 
oratory, 2/68,  3) 

•  Jodrell  Bank  Observatory  Director,  Sir  Bernard  Lovell,   claimed  explo- 

sion of  Soviet  spacecraft  in  orbit  during  1962  Cuban  missile  crisis  led 
U.S.  to  believe  U.S.S.R.  was  launching  massive  ICBM  attack  and  warned 
that  World  War  III  could  be  triggered  by  misidentified  space  debris 
falling  to  earth.  {W  News,  2/20/68,  3;  SBD,  2/20/68,  281) 

•  U.S.S.R.  was  closing  its  missile  gap  and  could  equal  U.S.   1,054-iCBM 

force  by  mid-1969,  according  to  DOD  sources.  Between  October  1966  and 
October  1967  Soviet  ICBM  force  had  increased  from  340  to  720  missiles ; 
currently,  U.S.S.R.  had  more  than  720  ICBM  sites  in  operation  and  about 
280  under  construction.  In  addition,  U.S.S.R  was  reportedly  developing 
new  16-tube  nuclear  submarines,  missiles  that  could  travel  long  dis- 
tances underwater,  mach  3  interceptor  aircraft,  and  mobile,  solid-fueled 
iCBMs.  (Beecher,  NYT,  2/19/68,  1;  2/20/68,  18;  Wilson,  W  Post, 
2/20/68,  1) 

•  Preliminary  to  joint  nasa-USAF  flight  testing,  X-24  manned  lifting-body 

vehicle  built  by  Martin  Marietta  Co.  had  been  sent  to  ARC  for  full-scale 
wind-tunnel  tests,  to  begin  Feb.  26,  FRC  announced.  Prime  purpose  was 
to  verify  aerodynamic  predictions  obtained  from  small-scale  model 
tests,  (frc  Release,  5-68) 
February  20:  U.S.S.R.  launched  tAvo  Cosmos  satellites.  Cosmos  CCII  entered 
orbit  with  456-km  (283.3-mi)  apogee,  21 1-km  (131.1-mi)  perigee,  91.2- 
min  period,  and  48.4°  inclination  and  reentered  March  24.  Cosmos 
CCII  I  entered  orbit  with  1,203-km  (747.5-mi)  apogee,  1,186-km 
(736.9-mi)  perigee,  109.2-min  period,  and  74°  inclination.  Both  satel- 
lites performed  satisfactorily.  (UPI,  P  Inq,  2/21/68;  SBD,  2/21/68, 
294;  2/23/68,  300;  gsfc  SSR,  2/29/68;  3/31/68) 

•  NASA  announced  Apollo  6  would  be  launched  no  earlier  than  March  21 

in  second  unmanned  test  flight  of  command  and  service  modules  on  Sat- 
urn V.  First  Saturn  V  had  been  launched  successfully  Nov.  9,  1967. 

Ten-hour,  earth-orbital  mission  would  include  (1)  5^-min  second 
burn  of  3rd-stage  engine  to  provide  279,000-mi  flight  into  space  on  16- 
day  elliptical  earth  orbit;  (2)  separation  and  flight  of  Apollo  space- 
craft to  13,824-mi  altitude,  using  4-min  retro-burn  of  spacecraft's  main 
propulsion  system;  and  (3)  high-speed  spacecraft  reentry  into  earth's 
atmosphere  simulating  lunar  mission  return.  (NASA  Release  68—37) 

•  Surveyor  VII,  on  the  moon,  stopped  operating  22  hr  before  nominal  sun- 

set time.  Spacecraft,  launched  Jan.  7,  had  responded  to  turn-on  com- 
mands Feb.  12,  transmitted  45  200-line  TV  pictures,  and  obtained  22 
hr  of  useful  data  from  alpha-scattering  instrument,  but  performance  be- 
fore signal  loss  indicated  that  appreciable  functional  degradation  had 
occurred  during  preceding  lunar  night.  (NASA  Proj  Off;  AP,  B  Sun, 
2/22/68,  A5) 

•  Explorer  XXXVI  {Geos  II),  launched  Jan.  11,  became  fully  operational, 

having  achieved  orbit  well  within  specifications.  With  launch  of  this 
spacecraft,  Thrust- Augmented  Delta  had  accomplished  record  23rd  con- 

42 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  February  20 

secutive,  successful  launch.  Spacecraft  would  support  128  global  obser- 
vation stations  which  used  both  electronic  and  optical  geodetic  instru- 
mentation. (NASA  Proj  Off) 

•  Dr.  Bruce  C.  Murray,  Cal  Tech  associate  prefessor  of  planetary  science, 

told  Space  Science  and  Applications  Subcommittee  of  House  Commit- 
tee on  Science  and  Astronautics  it  would  be  tragic  if  U.S.  were  to  "ig- 
nore the  challenge  and  the  opportunity"  of  planetary  exploration.  He 
urged  sustained  exploration  program  competitive  with  U.S.S.R.  "We 
need  not  always  be  first,  but  we  must  not  always  be  second."  He  saw 
"real  possibility  of  Soviet  Mars  lander  attempts  as  early  as  1969"  and 
other  attempts  at  planetary  firsts,  (nasa  Auth  Hearings;  Randal,  W 
Star,  3/7/68,  A12) 

•  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  engineer  John  W.  Jones  was  granted  patents 

3,369,455  and  3.369,485  for  new  rocket-launching  technique  with  po- 
tential military  and  space  applications.  Rockets  encased  in  liquid-filled 
plastic  sheaths  were  fired  from  a  gun,  after  which  sheath  fell  away, 
solid  propellant  ignited,  and  rocket  continued  on  its  own  power.  Jones 
said  high-altitude  research  probes  could  be  conducted  using  seven-  or 
eight-inch  gun  at  one-half  to  one-fourth  cost  of  present  methods.  Pro- 
tective sheath  and  liquid  permitted  use  of  new  thin-walled  military  rock- 
ets which  had  better  flight  performance  and  traveled  twice  as  fast  as 
standard  artillery  shell.  (Jones,  NYT,  2/24/68,  37;  Patent  Off  Pio) 

•  National  Academy  of  Engineering  announced  award  of  its  third  Found- 

ers Medal  to  Dr.  Vladimir  K.  Zworykin,  Honorary  Vice  President  of 
Radio  Corporation  of  America  and  technical  consultant  to  RCA  Labora- 
tories, in  recognition  of  his  many  contributions  to  engineering  and  to 
betterment  of  human  society.  Dr.  Zworykin,  known  as  "Father  of  Tele- 
vision" for  invention  of  iconoscope,  first  practical  picture  transmission 
tube,  was  cited  also  for  "his  role  in  developing  the  first  commercial 
electron  microscope  in  the  western  hemisphere  .  .  .  promoting  the 
cause  of  traffic  safety  through  the  imaginative  concept  of  an  automated 
'electronic  highway,'  and  .  .  .  working  ...  to  bring  about  a  union  of  elec- 
tronics and  medicine."  Medal  would  be  presented  April  24  during  NAe's 
4th  Annual  Meeting,  (nae  Release,  2/20/68) 

•  USA   announced   plans   to   establish   Advanced   Ballistic   Missile    Defense 

Agency  which  would  combine  some  elements  of  dod's  Advanced  Re- 
search Projects  Agency  (arpa)  Office  of  Ballistic  Missile  Defense  and 
Nike-X  advanced  development.  Dr.  Patrick  J.  Friel,  Director  of  arpa 
office,  would  be  appointed  USA  Deputy  Assistant  Secretary  and  Director 
of  new  agency.  He  vvould  be  replaced  by  Dr.  David  E.  Mann,  (dod  Re- 
lease 176^8) 

•  Administration  v,ould  soon  announce  plans  to  slow  pace  of  SST  develop- 

ment. Evert  Clark  reported  in  New  York  Times.  He  said  industry  sources 
believed  that  technical  reasons  would  be  cited  as  cause,  but  "the  real 
reason  was  chiefly  political — an  attempt  to  reduce  the  request  for  funds 
...  for  [FY]  1969  to  a  level  acceptable  to  Congressional  critics  of  the 
program."  (Clark,  A'lT,  2/21/68) 
February  21:  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  was  launched  from 
Churchill  Research  Range  carrying  GSFC  experiment  to  study  auroral 
activity  as  it  developed  and  dissipated  for  comparison  with  data  from 
similar  Nike-Apache  launch.  Flight  was  unsuccessful  because  of  unde- 

43 


February  21  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

termined  failure  related  to  pitch/roll  couple.  Radar  and  loss  of  telemetry 
indicated  payload  breakup.  (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  Sixty-day    simulated    earth-orbited    mission,    using    Douglas    Missile    & 

Space  Systems  Div.'s  12-ft-dia,  40-ft-long  space  cabin  simulator,  had  be- 
gun for  four  California  college  students — Jack  G.  Angaran,  Dennis  Gi- 
roux,  Guy  H.  King,  and  Robert  B.  Zeuschner.  NASA  oart  had  awarded 
$200,000  contract  to  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.  to  conduct  what  was  be- 
lieved first  test  in  which  crew  would  subsist  in  space  cabin  on  "closed 
water  and  oxygen  loop"  for  lengthy  period.  Students  would  use  re- 
claimed water  and  oxygen  from  human  waste.  Additional  missions  to 
evaluation  of  integrated  life  support  system  were  evaluation  of  waste 
management;  crew's  ability  to  maintain,  service  and  repair  life  support 
system;  and  crew's  physiological  and  psychological  reactions.  Life  sup- 
port system  resembled  that  needed  for  three-year  spacecraft  mission. 
Crew's  contact  with  outside  world  would  be  by  radio,  (dac  Release 
67-172;  St.  Louis  G-D,  2/21/68) 

•  Explaining   decision   to   develop  flight-rated   nerva  engine   at   75,000-lb 

rather  than  200,000-lb  thrust  level,  NASA  Manager  of  Space  Nuclear 
Propulsion  Milton  Klein  told  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astro- 
nautics' Advanced  Research  and  Technology  Subcommittee  that  lower 
level  would  be  suitable  for  most  missions  in  which  nuclear  rocket  was 
significantly  advantageous.  It  was  "substantially  off-optimum  for 
manned  planetary  landing  missions,"  but  with  manned  exploration  de- 
layed, "less  emphasis  is  now  properly  placed  upon  that  mission,  and 
the  75,000-pound-thrust  nerva  class  is  appropriate.  .  .  .  The 
75,000-pound-thrust  nerva  gives  somewhat  better  payload  performance 
for  orbital  operations  missions  which  start  from  low  Earth  orbit  and 
involve  a  single  Saturn  V  launch,"  but  its  use  for  manned  planetary 
missions  "entails  a  significant  performance  penalty."  Further  develop- 
ment might  be  required  "to  extend  operating  time  and  to  accommodate 
more  extensive  clustering  and  staging  if  such  a  mission  were  to  be  un- 
dertaken." (Testimony) 

•  Within  limited  budget,  NASA  was  "attempting  increased  emphasis  on  As- 

tronomy" using  manned  spaceflight  capabilities,  NASA  Associate  Admin- 
istrator for  Space  Science  and  Applications,  Dr.  John  E.  Naugle,  told 
House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Space  Science  and  Ap- 
plications Subcommittee.  Advanced  studies  and  supporting  R&T  pro- 
grams would  be  expanded  in  FY  1969  to  lay  "ground  work  for  a  major 
program  in  space  astronomy."  Flight  program  in  space  physics  was 
being  "supported  at  reduced  levels,"  primarily  because  of  OGO  phase- 
out,  but  resources  would  be  needed  "to  capitalize  on  analysis  of  data 
obtained."  Decline  in  data  and  experiments,  despite  output  from  Ex- 
plorer and  Pioneer  programs,  might  be  stemmed,  but  NASA  "considered 
it  much  more  important  to  use  our  requested  resources  to  develop  a 
program  which  will  enable  us  to  fly  new  experiments,  to  make  new  in- 
vestigations, and  to  explore  new  regions  of  interplanetary  space."  De- 
velopment of  two  new  Pioneer  spacecraft  would  be  initiated  in  FY 
1969,  to  reach  past  Mars  and  toward  Jupiter,  with  first  launch  pro- 
posed for  1973.  (Testimony) 

•  NSF  announced  award  of  first  nine  grants  under  National  Sea  Grant  Col- 

lege Program  Act  of  1966  to  encourage  development  of  national  ma- 
rine resources.  Grants,  which  totaled  nearly  $2  million,  included  three 

44 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  February  21 

to  help  higher  education  institutions  develop  broadly  based  major  pro- 
grams for  increasing  utilization  of  marine  resources  and  six  to  support 
individual  sea  grant  projects,  (nsf  Release  68—112) 

•  USAF  awarded  Big  Three  Industrial  Gas  and  Equipment  Co.  $1,156,845 

fixed-price  contract  for  production  of  propellant  nitrogen  to  support 
Project  Apollo  at  KSc.  (dod  Release  183-68) 

February  21-22:  NASA  successfully  launched  six  Nike- Apache  sounding 
rockets  carrying  chemical  cloud  experiments  from  NASA  Wallops 
Station  between  6:17  pm  and  6:02  am  EST.  Seven  launches  had  been 
scheduled,  but  second  launch  was  postponed  because  of  payload  prob- 
lems [see  Feb.  26].  Rockets  ejected  vapor  trails  during  descent  between 
50-  and  90-mi  (81-  and  145-km)  altitudes  to  measure  wind  veloc- 
ities and  directions  at  various  altitudes  in  upper  atmosphere.  Nike- 
Apache  launched  at  dawn  carried  sodium  experiment  which  created  red- 
dish-orange trail.  Other  five  payloads  consisted  of  one  triethylborane 
(teb)  and  four  trimethyl-aluminum  (tma)  experiments  which  formed 
pale  blue  and  green  clouds.  Rocket  carrying  teb  was  equipped  with 
photometer  to  observe  airglow  in  sunlight  for  vertical  profile  of  atomic 
oxygen.  Other  five  payloads  carried  Langmuir  probes  for  measuring 
electron  energy  distribution.  Data  were  obtained  by  photographing 
continuously  motions  of  trails  from  five  ground-based  camera  sites. 
Launches  were  conducted  for  GCA  Corp.  under  GSFC  contract.  (WS  Re- 
lease 68-3;  NASA  Release  68-32;  nasa  Rpt  srl) 

February  22:  SST  prototype  construction  would  be  delayed  one  year  because 
of  design  changes  "which  would  result  in  significant  improvements  in 
the  production  airplane,"  Boeing  Co.  President  William  M.  Allen  an- 
nounced. Detailed  plans  of  recommended  changes  were  being  prepared 
for  FAA  approval.  Although  present  design  could  result  in  airworthy 
flight-test  aircraft,  faa  and  airline  reviewers  had  concluded  that  proto- 
type should  have  more  substantial  range  and  payload  "to  assure  it  is  a 
sound  foundation  for  an  economically  successful  commercial  aircraft." 
First  flights  now  would  be  in  1972.  (Boeing  Release;  W  Post,  2/23/68, 
A3;  WSJ,  2/23/68,  4) 

February  23:  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from 
Churchill  Research  Range  carried  Univ.  of  Alaska  experiment  to  obtain 
data  on  horizontal  and  vertical  spatial  variation  of  auroral  light  emis- 
sions and  relationship  between  their  intensities  and  volume  emission 
rates.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  performance  was  satisfactory  and  ex- 
periment was  successful.  Peak  altitude  was  not  determined  because  radar 
lost  track,  (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  President  Johnson  announced  appointment  of  Gen.  Maxwell  D.  Taylor 

(usA,  Ret.)  as  Chairman  of  President's  Foreign  Intelligence  Advisory 
Board  to  succeed  Clark  M.  Clifford,  who  would  become  Secretary  of 
Defense.  (PD,  2/26/68,  345-6) 

•  President  Johnson  nominated  b/g  Edmund  F.  O'Connor   (usaf),  MSFC 

Director  of  Industrial  Operations,  for  promotion  to  Major  General.  As- 
signed to  NASA  through  special  nasa-dod  personnel  exchange  agree- 
ment in  1964,  Gen.  O'Connor  had  been  responsible  for  technical  and 
administrative  management  of  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  launch  vehicles 
and  Apollo  Applications  program,  (msfc  Release  68—33) 

•  Soviet  Defense  Minister,  Marshal  Audrey  A.  Grechko,  speaking  at  Mos- 

cow ceremony  marking  50th  anniversary  of  Soviet  armed  forces,  con- 

45 


February  23  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

firmed  reports  that  U.S.S.R.  had  greatly  expanded  its  icbm  force  [see 
Feb.  19]  and  emphasized  that  Soviet  armed  forces  had  been  modern- 
ized to  emerge  victorious  in  nuclear  or  non-nuclear  war.  (Anderson, 
NYT,  2/24/68,  C8) 

February  23—24:  Results  of  13  experiments  carried  on  board  Biosatellite  II 
(launched  Sept.  7  and  recovered  Sept.  9,  1967)  were  discussed  by  sci- 
entists at  NASA— NAS  symposium  in  Washington,  D.C.  Experimenters  re- 
ported that  radiation  in  weightless  state  caused  greater  damage  to  plant 
and  animal  organisms  than  radiation  on  earth.  Affected  most  severely 
by  weightlessness  and  radiation  were  young  and  actively  growing  cells 
and  tissues  and  cells  with  high  metabolic  activity.  Animal  cells  were 
least  affected  by  weightlessness.  Generally,  plants  had  difficulty  main- 
taining proper  orientation;  some  plant  structures,  mechanisms,  and 
biochemical  activities  were  affected. 

Analyses  of  effects  of  45-hr  flight  on  individual  experiments,  com- 
pared with  control  group  on  earth,  revealed  that  pepper  plant  leaves 
twisted  and  curled  downward  and  wheat  seedling  roots  grew  upward 
and  sideways.  Radiation  experiments  showed:  wasp  nurse  cells  and 
primitive  egg  cells  slowed  activities,  allowing  time  for  repair  of  radia- 
tion damage;  two  strains  of  bacteria  grew  substantially  faster  and  toler- 
ated radiation  better,  and  viruses  hosted  by  these  bacteria  appeared  to 
be  less  effective  in  harming  bacteria  than  on  earth;  twice  as  many  flour 
beetle  offspring  died,  and  beetles  suffered  50%  more  of  characteristic 
wing  defect;  tradescantia  plant  had  greater  cell  death  and  pollen  abor- 
tion; and  both  adult  and  larval  stages  of  vinegar  gnats  suffered  greater 
chromosome  damage.  (NASA  Release  68—35) 

February  24:  House  Government  Operations  Committee  said  in  report  that 
despite  acute  need  to  eliminate  U.S.  balance  of  payments  deficit,  Govern- 
ment continued  to  make  grants  for  foreign  research  projects  of  about 
$20  million  yearly — more  than  $15  million  being  spent  in  developed 
countries.  Committee  recommended  rigorous  scrutiny  of  dollar-financed 
projects  in  Japan,  Canada,  U.K.,  Sweden,  Italy,  Australia,  France,  and 
West  Germany.  (W  Star,  2/24/68,  B9) 

•  U.S.S.R.  inaugurated  fifth  permanent  Antarctic  research  station,  Bellings- 
hausen station  on  King  George  Island,  according  to  Moscow  newspa- 
pers. U.S.S.R.  thus  joined  U.K.,  Argentina,  and  Chile  in  operating  sci- 
entific bases  in  northernmost  and  warmest  part  of  Antarctica.  {NYT, 
3/6/68,  49) 

February  25:  U.S.S.R.  would  probably  launch  several  spacecraft,  possibly 
containing  dogs,  on  circumlunar  missions  and  return  them  to  earth  be- 
fore launching  manned  lunar  spacecraft.  Cosmonaut  Valery  Bykovsky 
said  in  Hungarian  Army  newspaper  interview.  Quoted  in  Nephadsreg, 
he  said  that  first  Soviet  passengers  around  moon  might  be  offspring  of 
space  dog  Laika.  Manned  spacecraft  would  not  be  launched  until  neces- 
sary experience  had  been  gained.  (AP,  B  Sun,  2/26/68,  A3) 

February  26:  NASA  Nike- Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wal- 
lops Station  ejected  triethylborane  (teb)  vapor  trails  during  descent 
from  95.2-mi  (153.5-km)  altitude  to  study  nighttime  airglow  and  varia- 
tions in  wind  structure,  determine  vertical  profile  of  atomic  oxygen 
with  photometer,  and  measure  electron  energy  distribution  in  normal 
nighttime  ionosphere  with  Langmuir  probe.  Rocket  and  instrumenta- 
tion performance  was  satisfactory.  Launch,  postponed  Feb.  21  to  check 

46 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  February  26 

instrumentation  for  high  voltage  breakdown,  was  one  of  seven  launches 
in   series   conducted    for   GCA   Corp.    under    GSFC    contract    [see    Feb. 

21-22].   (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Aeronautics,  oart,  Charles  W. 

Harper,  in  statement  before  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astro- 
nautics' Subcommittee  on  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  ex- 
plained NASA's  increased  emphasis  on  aeronautics.  Air  transportation 
"has  grown  to  dominate  the  long  range  transportation  systems"  and 
"has  created  an  industry  of  great  importance  to  the  economic  strength 
of  the  nation,"  showing  $850  million  in  export  value  in  first  10  mo  of 
1967,  more  than  any  other  product,  according  to  Dept.  of  Commerce. 
NASA  planned  to  direct  major  effort  at  providing  noise  suppression,  in- 
creasing aerodynamic  and  propulsion  efficiency  and  advanced  avionics, 
while  avoiding  "major  new  airport  complexes"  by  increasing  develop- 
ment efforts  for  v/STOL  aircraft. 

Harper  presented  FY  1969  aircraft  technology  budget:  $91.3  million 
for  R&D,  $20.6  million  for  "other  NASA  support  applicable  to  aeronau- 
tics," and  $54.5  million  for  administrative  operations  (AO)  (for  both 
OART  and  non-OARx).  He  said,  "A  large  part  of  the  most  fundamental 
aeronautics  research  is  carried  out  by  NASA  scientists  using  NASA 
facilities.  .  .  .  Without  this  continued  support  the  foundation  of  the 
whole  program  is  in  jeopardy  and  the  research  supported  by  R&D 
funds  is  much  less  effective."  (Testimony) 

•  Research  on  concepts  for  high  lift  capability  for  STOL  aircraft  and  spe- 

cial hover  and  speed  requirements  for  VTOL  aircraft  would  continue  in 
FY  1969,  NASA  Director  of  Aeronautical  Vehicles,  OART,  Albert  J. 
Evans  reported  to  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Ad- 
vanced Research  and  Technology  Subcommittee.  Aircraft  noise  pro- 
gram would  pursue  efforts  to  suppress  noise  by  acoustic  treatment  of 
engine  nacelles  (with  results  expected  from  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp. 
and  Boeing  Aircraft  Co.  investigations  by  October  1969  and  January 
1970),  by  engine  redesign  (with  construction  of  engine  components  in 
Quiet  Research  Engine  Program  initiated  in  FY  1969),  and  by  opera- 
tional techniques.  Major  NASA  program  in  flight  dynamics  and  propul- 
sion in  support  of  SST  program  would  be  continued.  Phase  IH  of  Hy- 
personic Research  Engine  (hre)  program,  test  of  hre  on  X— 15  in  flight 
as  well  as  on  ground,  would  not  be  conducted  because  of  X— 15  pro- 
gram termination.  Major  emphasis  in  general-aviation  technology 
would  be  on  flight  safety,  with  flight  tests  of  "typical  twin-engine  vehi- 
cle" at  FRC  in  FY  1969.  (Testimony) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and  Applications,  Dr. 

John  E.  Naugle,  presented  nasa's  bioscience  programs  to  House  Com- 
mittee on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Space  Science  and  Applications 
Subcommittee.  Biosatellite  flights  D  and  F,  30-day  earth-orbiting  mis- 
sions to  study  effects  of  space  environment  on  living  organisms,  were 
scheduled  for  second  and  fourth  quarters  of  1969  and  21-day  flights  C 
and  E  for  1970  and  1971.  Flights  would  test  reactions  of  central  ner- 
vous system,  cardiovascular  system,  metabolism,  performance,  and  be- 
havior of  pigtailed  monkey.  Gas  management  system  for  two-gas  atmo- 
sphere would  be  flown  for  first  time  in  U.S.  satellite.  (Testimony) 

•  Discovery  by  MSEC  officials  of  tiny  welding  flaws  in  Saturn  V  2nd  stage 

had   prompted   scheduling   of  new   test  series   before   flight  could   be 

47 


February  26  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

manned,  AP  reported.  Although  none  of  flaws  was  considered  serious 
enough  to  cause  failure,  cryogenic  pro  of  testing  would  be  conducted 
March  18-25  with  Saturn  V  fourth  flight  version.  (AP,  B  Sun, 
2/27/68,  A3;  AP,  W  Star,  2/27/68,  A5) 

•  Harold  T.  Luskin,  chief  advanced  design  engineer  at  Lockheed-Califor- 

nia Co.  and  former  aiaa  President,  was  named  NASA  Deputy  Associate 
Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight  (Technical),  effective  March 
18.  Luskin  would  be  responsible  for  ensuring  technical  excellence  and 
would  share  responsibility  for  overall  planning  and  direction  of 
Manned  Space  Flight  Program  with  Associate  Administrator  for 
Manned  Space  Flight  and  his  other  deputies.  (NASA  Release  68-39) 
February  27:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  began  testimony  on  Pres- 
ident's authorization  request  for  NASA's  FY  1969  budget  before  Senate 
Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences.  He  outlined  significant 
NASA  achievements  and  said  "remarkable  series  of  successes  shows  how 
far  we  have  come  since  the  beginning  of  the  Space  Age  ten  years 
ago.  .  .  .  Today  .  .  .  success  is  treated  almost  routinely,  no  matter 
how  difficult  the  task  or  how  significant  the  achievement." 

Describing  budget  as  "a  compromise,"  he  said  President  "was  forced, 
in  spite  of  his  conviction  as  to  the  importance  of  a  larger  effort  in  aero- 
nautics and  space,  to  accept  reductions.  .  .  .  This  means  that  for  NASA 
1968  and  1969  are  .  .  .  years  in  which  we  will  be  completing  pro- 
grams started  in  previous  years  and  endeavoring  to  make  limited  fur- 
ther advances.  Under  these  conditions  we  will  devote  a  major  effort  to 
stabilizing  our  organization  and  the  resource  base  we  have  built." 
(Testimony) 

•  NASA's  university  program,  operating  at  lower  level  because  of  reduced 

funding,  was  also  changing  to  meet  changing  requirements,  NASA  Asso- 
ciate Administrator  for  Organization  and  Management  Harold  B.  Fin- 
ger told  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences.  Em- 
phasis in  predoctoral  trainee  grants  had  shifted  from  earlier  need  to 
replenish  "national  reservoir  of  engineers  and  scientists  who  had  ad- 
vanced training  in  space  sciences"  to  "current  and  future 
needs  .  .  .  for  engineers  trained  in  design  and  development  of  com- 
plex engineering  systems  .  .  .  and  for  people  trained  in 
management  ...  of  large-scale  research  and  development  programs." 
Finger  declared  "importance  of  the  university  participation  in  the  na- 
tion's space  program  is  equal  to  or  possibly  greater  now  than  in  the 
early  1960's,"  but  cited  decreases  in  predoctoral  trainee  grants  to  75  in 
FY  1968  from  about  800  in  1967  and  over  1,300  in  1966.  No  new 
funding  awards  for  new  university  facilities  were  anticipated  for  FY 
1968  or  FY  1969.  Multidisciplinary  research  had  been  reduced  to 
about  one-half  1967  level. 

In  Technology  Utilization  program.  Finger  believed  some  of  greatest 
benefits  would  come  from  "the  storehouse  of  information  that  we  are 
building  that  permits  easy  public  access  to  the  large  masses  of  data  and 
information"  in  many  disciplines.  (Testimony) 

•  NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for  Administration  William  E.  Lilly  pre- 

sented NASA's  FY  1969  administrative  operations  (AO)  budget  to  Sen- 
ate Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences.  He  said  $648.2  mil- 
lion was  requested  and  "the  same  stringent  measures  that  were  re- 

48 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  February  27 

quired  in  FY  1968  to  operate  at  a  level  of  S628  million  have  been  con- 
tinued into  FY  1969."  (Testimony) 

•  NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and   Applications,   Dr. 

John  E.  Naugle,  testifying  before  House  Committee  on  Science  and  As- 
tronautics' Space  Science  and  Applications  Subcommittee,  said  Nimbus 
B  would  be  launched  in  meteorological  flight  program  in  spring  1968. 
Nimbus  D  continued  on  schedule  for  1970  launch  as  major  step  in 
charting  earth  atmosphere  with  new  techniques.  Nimbus  E  and  F  were 
planned  for  1971  and  1973.  First  of  next-generation  meteorological  sat- 
ellites (Tiros  M)  would  be  available  for  launch  for  essa  in  1969,  pro- 
viding in  single  spacecraft  both  stored  picture  data  for  global  use  and 
local  readout  of  cloud  photos,  day  and  night.  Dr.  Naugle  foresaw  "in 
more  distant  future  the  possibility  that  several  economic  applications  of 
satellite  technology  can  be  combined  on  single,  multiple  purpose  satel- 
lites, thus  achieving  economy  through  the  sharing  of  many  basic  space- 
craft systems."  (Testimony) 

•  British  Minister  of  Technology  Anthony  W.  Benn  announced  in  House 

of  Commons  that  U.K.  would  underwrite  production  of  Anglo-French 
Concorde  supersonic  aircraft  with  S180-  to  $240-million  loan  for  work- 
ing capital,  bringing  total  U.K.  commitment  to  more  than  $1  billion. 
He  later  revealed  first  test  flight  would  be  delayed  until  summer  1968. 
First  flight  of  U.S.  SST  had  been  postponed  until  1972  [see  Feb.  22]. 
(Lee,  NYT,  2/28/68,  5) 

•  MIT  physicist  Dr.  Irwin  I.  Shapiro,  speaking  at  American  Physical  Soci- 

ety meeting  in  Boston,  said  he  and  associates  had  successfully  tested 
refined  radar  technique  that  might  prove  validity  of  Einstein's  general 
theory  of  relativity.  Using  20-ft-dia  Haystack,  Mass.,  dish  antenna,  sci- 
entists observed  impulses  which  they  bounced  off  of  Venus  and  Mer- 
cury as  planets  passed  behind  sun.  Results,  which  confirmed  theory's 
prediction  that  signals  would  be  slowed  down  slightly  by  gravitational 
pull,  were  more  precise  than  those  from  previous  tests  but  were  not 
clear  enough  to  resolve  completely  debate  on  theory's  validity.  Dr. 
Shapiro  believed  greater  precision  could  be  achieved.  (Sullivan,  I^YT, 
2/28/68,  22:  O'Toole,  W  Post,  2/28/68,  1) 

•  NAA  Executive  Director,  m/g  B.  E.  Allen   (usaf,  Ret.),  in  Washington, 

D.C.,  ceremony  presented  awards  to  Allen  Bourdon,  William  Diehl,  and 
Ernest  Hall,  last  three  living  civilian  flight  instructors  of  World  War  I 
air  service,  for  "their  patriotism,  devotion  to  duty,  and  capability  as 
pilots  [Avho  performed]  an  outstanding  service  toward  our  achievement 
of  victory  in  World  War  I."  (naa  News) 
February  28:  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from 
Churchill  Research  Range  carried  Univ.  of  Alaska  experiment  to  183- 
mi  (295-km)  altitude  to  obtain  data  on  horizontal  and  vertical  spatial 
variation  of  auroral  light  emission  and  relationship  between  their  in- 
tensities and  volume  emission  rates.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed 
satisfactorily.  Experiment  was  successful.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  carried  Cor- 

nell Univ.  experiment  to  106-mi  (170.6-km)  altitude  to  study  far  in- 
frared in  spectral  range  from  five  to  several  hundred  microns,  using 
mercury-,  copper-  and  gallium-doped  germanium  and  antimonide  detec- 

49 


February  28  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

tors.  Nikon  F  camera  monitored  instantaneous  rocket  aspect.  Rocket 
and  instrumentation  performance  was  satisfactory,  (nasa  Rpt  SRl) 

•  XB-70  research  aircraft  flown  by  NASA  test  pilot  Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr., 

and  l/c  Emil  Sturmthal  (usaf),  reached  mach  0.50  and  18,500-ft  alti- 
tude. Primary  objectives  were  not  accomplished  because  main  landing 
gear  valve  malfunctioned;  low  speed  stability  data  were  obtained  dur- 
ing 1-hr  51-min  flight.   (NASA  Proj  Off) 

•  Second  anniversary  of  Essa  II,  first  spacecraft  in  Tiros  Operational  Sat- 

ellite (tos)  system  and  first  to  carry  Automatic  Picture  Transmission 
(apt)  equipment  for  cloud-cover  photos.  Satellite  was  still  operating 
satisfactorily,  (gsfc  Historian) 

•  Press  conference  on  preliminary  scientific  results  from  NASA's  Surveyor 

VII,  which  landed  on  moon  Jan.  9,  revealed  spacecraft  could  make  safe 
landing  in  highland  area  with  "major  ejecta  blanket"  (rim  of  debris 
ejected  from  center  of  crater) .  Data  indicated  Tycho  region  of  moon's 
surface  contained  larger  rocks,  fewer  craters,  and  thinner  debris  layer 
than  did  maria.  Fine  particles  and  rocks  near  Tycho  crater  had  higher 
albedo,  or  lighter  color.  Iron  content  was  lower,  accounting  for  lower 
density.  In  Tycho  region,  where  iron  group  of  elements  was  less  con- 
centrated, reflection  of  light  from  moon's  surface  was  greater  than 
from  area  where  iron  group  elements  existed  in  greater  concentration. 
Low  iron  content  was  "probably  strongest  direct  evidence"  that  moon 
had  undergone  chemical  fractionation,  suggesting  it  "has  been  hot,  has 
been  melted  at  least  partially,  and  has  been  differentiated  into  different 
types  of  rock."  (Transcript;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  2/29/68,  AS;  W  News, 
3/21/68) 
February  29:  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and  Applica- 
tions, Dr.  John  E.  Naugle,  described  OSSA  programs  before  Senate 
Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences.  Three-year  budget  his- 
tory of  Space  Applications  program  was  one  of  very  few  in  osSA 
"showing  a  steady  rise"  and  increase  for  FY  1969  was  primarily  due  to 
increase  in  Earth  Resources  Survey  Program. 

"Together  with  user  agencies — the  Departments  of  Agriculture,  Com- 
merce, Interior,  and  Navy — we  are  studying  the  feasibility  of  applying 
,  space  technology  and  techniques  to  such  Earth  resources  disciplines  as 
agriculture  and  forestry  resources;  hydrology  and  water  resources;  ge- 
ography, cartography,  and  cultural  resources;  and  oceanography  and 
marine  resources.  Data  are  now  being  obtained  by  flying  with  elec- 
tronic and  electro-optical  sensors  over  geographical  areas  ...  to  per- 
mit correlation  of  remote  sensor  data  with  actual  conditions.  ...  To 
complement  the  acquisition  of  sample  data  in  preparing  for  future  sys- 
tems, we  intend  to  initiate  a  definition  and  economic  benefit  study  in 
Fiscal  Year  1969  of  an  automated  spacecraft  system  called  Earth  Re- 
sources Technology  Satellite."  (Testimony) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition  Gerald 

M.  Truszynski,  testifying  on  FY  1969  budget  before  House  Committee 
on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Advanced  Research  and  Technology  Sub- 
committee, cautioned:  "The  many  actions  we  have  taken  to  reduce  op- 
erating costs  have,  however,  lowered  the  level  of  support  we  provide  to 
the  flight  projects.  In  our  judgment,  further  reductions  are  not  possible 
without  reducing  network  reliability  to  the  point  of  jeopardizing  the 
success  of  flight  missions."  (Testimony) 

50 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  February  29 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George  E. 

Mueller,  in  statement  before  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and 
Space  Sciences,  pointed  to  "establishment  of  a  Manned  Space  Flight 
Safety  Office  ...  to  focus  all  our  safety  activity  at  the  highest  level  of 
management."  NASA,  he  said,  was  ensuring  "that  quality  assurance  and 
reliability  officials  have  direct  access  to  contractor  management  and 
NASA  management."   (Testimony) 

•  Apollo  and  Apollo  Applications,  staff  study  released  by  House  Commit- 

tee on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  NASA  Oversight,  in- 
cluded statement  by  Rep.  Olin  E.  Teague  (D-Tex.),  Subcommittee 
Chairman:  ".  .  .  the  general  posture  of  the  programs  is  good  [but]  the 
Apollo  program,  with  its  inherent  complexity,  has  had  and  can  be  ex- 
pected to  have  a  variety  of  problems.  Yet  this  study  identifies  the  fact 
that  confidence  in  the  governmental-industrial  team  accomplishing  this 
work  is  well  placed." 

Report  found  "that  the  NASA  industry  team  is  continuing  to  effec- 
tively employ  its  resources  in  the  solution  of  those  problems  which  cur- 
rently face  the  program.  NASA  has  indicated  that,  given  the  stretchout 
in  the  Apollo  program  caused  by  the  Apollo  204  accident,  NASA  is  not 
constrained  by  total  funding  for  the  Apollo  program  during  [FY] 
1968.  The  continued  reduction  in  total  effort  in  the  Apollo  program  as 
the  program  passed  its  peak  effort  in  fiscal  year  1967  is  beginning  to 
cause  dislocation  in  the  contractor  and  NASA  center  effort  to  the  extent 
that  personnel  that  will  be  needed  during  the  flight  portion  of  the  pro- 
gram may  not  be  available  in  the  event  a  major  flight  problem  occurs. 
Timely  support  for  the  Apollo  Applications  program  and  other  post- 
Apollo  effort  could  have  a  major  effect  on  minimizing  this  problem." 
(Text) 

•  President  Johnson  presented  Presidential  Medal  of  Freedom,  highest  ci- 

vilian award,  to  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara  at  White 
House  ceremony.  McNamara,  who  would  head  World  Bank,  was  cited 
for  administering  dod  for  seven  years  and  "unifying  our  strength  so 
that  we  might  respond  effectively  wherever  the  security  of  our  free 
world  was  challenged."  (AP,  NYT,  2/29/68,  3;  PD,  3/4/68,  387-8) 

•  Iowa  State  Univ.  scientist  Dr.  James  A.  Van  Allen  said  that  although  he 

was  not  outright  opponent  of  manned  space  flight,  so  far  man  had  done 
nothing  in  space  but  survive — although  "that  is  not  unimportant."  He 
advocated  Jupiter  exploration  using  unmanned  flyby,  which  he  said 
could  be  accomplished  in  1972.  He  felt  there  was  little  chance  Jupiter 
could  have  life  forms  of  any  sort,  but  he  wanted  this  large  planet  (10 
times  diameter  of  earth)  "put  on  an  equal  footing  with  Mars  and 
Venus  in  U.S.  exploration."  His  opposition  to  man  in  space  was  based 
on  dominance  of  manned  flight  in  national  funding  to  detriment  of  un- 
manned missions  that  could  have  returned  major  scientific  benefits. 
(Miles,  LA  Times,  2/29/68) 

•  LaRC  Director  Dr.  Floyd  L.  Thompson  was  appointed  Special  Assistant 

to  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  and  head  of  NASA  Hq.  Interim 
Working  Group  to  evaluate  future  manned  spaceflight  projects.  LaRC 
Deputy  Director  Charles  J.  Donlan  would  serve  as  Acting  Director  in  Dr. 
Thompson's  absence,   (nasa  Release  68-41;  W  Post,  3/1/68,  A7) 
During  February:  NASA  published  1967  Summer  Study  of  Lunar  Science 

51 


During  February  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

and  Exploration  (nasa  SP— 157),  results  of  July  31— Aug.  13,  1967,  con- 
ference at  Univ.  of  California  in  Santa  Cruz.  Conference  recommended 
NASA:  (1)  develop  lunar  flying  unit  (lfu),  Saturn  V  dual-launch  capa- 
bility, and  dual-mode  local  scientific  survey  module  (lssm)  for  lunar 
surface  mobility;  (2)  make  available  in  1970—75  Block  II  Surveyor  or 
another  system  capable  of  deploying  numerous  experiments;  (3)  in- 
crease total  returned  payload  to  400  lb  so  that  at  least  250  lb  of  lunar 
samples  could  be  returned  on  Apollo  Applications  (aa)  missions;  (4) 
increase  flexibility  of  alsep  stations'  design,  possibly  by  adopting  mod- 
ular concept;  (5)  provide  for  continuous  telemetry  coverage  of  all  pay- 
load  elements  and  operations;  (6)  develop  subsatellite  system  for  de- 
ploying instruments  in  close  lunar  orbit;  (7)  implement  any  extension 
of  Apollo  science  program  by  open  solicitation  of  experiments  from 
scientific  community;  (8)  undertake  strong  programs  in  scientific  in- 
strument definition  and  development  and  in  lunar  supporting  research 
and  technology;  (9)  establish  position  of  Project  Scientist  within 
manned  spaceflight  program;  (10)  include  ability  in  field  geology  as  a 
major  requirement  for  astronauts  who  would  land  on  moon;  (11)  con- 
duct immediate  and  intensive  program  of  detailed  mission  analyses  for 
prime  lunar  landing  sites  and  traverses  suggested  by  the  conference; 
and  (12)  include  in  lunar  surface  studies  observations  of  micrometeor- 
oid  environment,  radio-frequency  noise  levels,  surface  impedance  and 
conductivity,  lunar  ionosphere,  gamma  rays  and  x-rays,  soil  mechanics, 
thermal  effects,  and  contaminants,  (nasa  SP-157;  AP,  NYT,  2/19/68, 
17) 

•  Discovery  of  gamma  radiation  from  celestial  sources  by  AFOSR-supported 

group  at  Rice  Univ.,  using  "gamma-ray  telescope,"  was  reported  by  Dr. 
R.  C.  Haymes  in  OAR  Research  Review.  Telescope  tracked  celestial 
sources  in  diurnal  motions  across  sky  with  pointing  system  also  devel- 
oped by  Rice  group.  The  two  gamma-ray  sources,  discovered  in  1967 
flight  from  Scientific  Balloon  Flight  Station  of  National  Center  for  At- 
mospheric Research,  Texas,  were  found  in  Crab  Nebula  and  Cygnus. 
(oar  Research  Review,  2/68,  1—2) 

•  U.K.  was  urged  to  join  "the  mainstream  of  space  development"  by 
,  Council  of  the  British  Interplanetary  Society.  Council  specifically  criti- 
cized 13th  report  from  Parliamentary  Estimates  Committee,  "Space  Re- 
search and  Development,"  for  its  statement  that  U.K.  "should  not  take 
part  in  the  GETS  [Conference  Europeene  sur  les  Telecommunications 
par  Satellites]  programme  for  a  television  distribution  satellite." 

Council  said  U.K.  should  assess  fully  future  opportunities  for  collab- 
oration with  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  and  recommended  multiaction  course 
for  U.K.  to  conduct  international  and  national  space  activities.  Con- 
cluding that  "lack  of  purpose  at  the  political  level,  and  a  stubborn  re- 
fusal to  establish  a  viable  European  space  programme"  had  caused  pres- 
ent confused,  unplanned,  and  ineffectual  situation,  Council  urged  that 
U.K.  seize  opportunity  to  create  family  of  satellite  launchers  of  maxi- 
mum utility  to  extend  "many  branches  of  space  competence  with  other 
types  of  applications  sateUites."  [S/F,  2/68,  56-7) 


52 


March    1968 


March  1 :  USAF  launched  navigational  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Scout  booster  into  orbit  with  711-mi  ( 1,444.2-km)  apogee,  640-mi 
(1,030.0-km)  perigee,  106.9-min  period,  and  89.9°  inclination,  (gsfc 
557?,  3/15/68:  PresRpt68) 

•  NASA  test  pilot  William  H.  Dana  flew  X— 15  No.  1  rocket  research  air- 

craft to  104,500-ft  altitude  and  2,898  mph  fmach  4.36)  from  Edwards 
AFB  to  check  out  aircraft's  electrical  systems  and  test  newly  developed 
spray  foam  insulation  planned  for  use  on  2nd  stages  of  Saturn  V  rock- 
ets beginning  with  vehicle  eight.  Foam  was  much  lighter  than  insula- 
tion previously  used  to  maintain  low  temperatures  required  for  cry- 
ogenic propellants  used  in  Saturn  V.  (X— 15  Proj  Off;  MSFC  Release 
68-69) 

•  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  decided  on  S153-million 

cut  in  NASA's  authorization  request  of  $4.37  billion  for  FY  1969.  Re- 
ductions included  cut  from  S48.3  million  to  $11.7  million  for  nuclear 
rocket  program  [Advanced  Research  and  Technology  Subcommittee 
had  recommended  cut  of  entire  $48.3  million],  $36.5  million  from  un- 
manned space  program,  and  $60.3  million  from  request  of  $2.8  billion 
for  manned  space  flisht  program.  (AP,  W  Star,  3/2/68,  A3;  W  Post, 
3/2/68,  AlO;  HR  1181,  3/19/68) 

•  President  Johnson,  accompanied  by  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb, 

visited  MSC  and  announced  plans  for  new  Lunar  Science  Institute  to  be 
constructed  under  $580,000  grant  to  nas  and  operated  by  nas  and  Rice 
Univ.  in  Houston.  "We  have  invested  billions  of  dollars  during  the  past 
10  years  in  our  efforts  in  space  .  .  .  [and]  I  am  certain  that  as  future 
generations  look  back  on  our  incredible  decade,  they  will  be  unanimous 
in  their  belief  that  the  treasure  that  we  have  dedicated  .  .  .  was  the 
most  significant  and  important  investment  ever  made  bv  any  people. 
We  are  truly  reaching  for  the  stars."  (PD,  3/11/68,  410-2;  Kilpatrick, 
W  Post,  3/2/68,  1;  AP,  NYT,  3/2/68,  21;  msc  Roundup,  3/15/68,  1) 

•  Former  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  became 

visiting  professor  in  mit's  Dept.  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics  and 
at  Sloan  School  of  Management.  He  would  continue  as  part-time  con- 
sultant to  NASA.  {Boston  Globe,  3/6/68;  SBD,  3/11/68,  51) 

•  Clark  M.  Clifford  was  sworn  in  by  U.S.  Chief  Justice  Earl  Warren  as 

Secretary  of  Defense,  replacing  Robert  S.  McNamara,  new  head  of 
World  Bank.  (Sheehan,  Finney,  NYT,  3/3/68.  E3:  PD,  3/4/68, 
395-6) 
March  2:  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  Church- 
ill Research  Range  carried  Univ.  of  California  payload  to  161.9-mi 
{260.6-km)  altitude  to  study  flux-energy-spectrum  pitch-angle  distribu- 
tion and  time  and  space  variation  of  mirroring  and  precipitating 
charged  particles  in  auroral  zone.  Launch  was  one  of  series  of  four. 
Apogee  was  11%  below  predicted;  telemetry  was  satisfactory.  Electro- 

53 


March  2  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

static  analyzers  performed  satisfactorily  and  good  data  were  obtained. 
Plasma  experiment  on  boom  was  100%  successful.  Boom  deployed  late, 
providing  satisfactory  data  from  last  30%  of  flight.  Electric  field  did 
not  produce  necessary  data,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  Javelin  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Churchill  Research  Range 

carried  Rice  Univ.  payload  to  500-mi  (805-km)  altitude  to  investigate 
auroral  fluxes  and  backscattered  particles.  Rocket  and  instruments  per- 
formed satisfactorily,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Zond  IV  automatic  research  station,  Tass 

announced.  Station  was  placed  in  planned  flight  from  parking  orbit  of 
artificial  satellite  and  was  flying  on  trajectory  close  to  calculated  one  to 
study  "outlying  regions  of  near-earth  space."  Heinz  Kaminski,  Director 
of  Institute  for  Satellite  and  Space  Research  at  Bochum,  West  Ger- 
many, said  mission  "must  be  regarded  as  a  preliminary  phase  for  a 
planned  flight  to  the  moon."  Sir  Bernard  Lovell,  Director  of  Jodrell 
Bank  Experimental  Station,  said  he  had  "hunch"  Zond  IV  was  not  in- 
tended to  fly  around  moon.  Apparently  station  made  no  attempt  to 
orbit  moon.  One  source  said  that  after  journey  of  about  3^4  days,  sta- 
tion reached  "apogee  .  .  .  comparable  to  lunar  altitude." 

Zond  I,  launched  April  2,  1964,  failed  in  attempt  to  reach  Venus, 
and  Zond  II,  launched  Nov.  30,  1964,  suffered  communications  failure 
on  route  to  Mars.  Zond  III,  launched  July  18,  1965,  obtained  photos 
of  far  side  of  moon.  {W  Post,  3/3/68,  A17;  3/4/68,  A14;  3/8/68, 
A12;  AP,  W  Star,  3/4/68,  A3) 

•  President  Johnson — watching  world's  largest  aircraft,  USAF  C— 5A  Gal- 

laxy  jet,  roll  off  production  line — called  event  "a  long  leap  forward  in 
the  effective  military  might  of  America."  President  praised  USAF,  Lock- 
heed-Georgia Co.,  and  General  Electric  Co.  for  carrying  out  "a  great 
new  adventure"  in  aviation  and  completing  the  job  "on  time."  (AP, 
NYT,  3/3/68,  1;  afsc  Neivsreview,  3/68,  1) 

March  3—9:  Radio  signals  which  scientists  speculated  possibly  could  have 
been  from  extraterrestrial  civilization  had  been  received  by  Cornell 
Univ.'s  antenna  at  Arecibo  Ionospheric  Observatory  in  Puerto  Rico. 
U.K.  astronomers  during  February  had  proposed  such  signals  might 
'  originate  with  pulsating  neutron  stars.  Arecibo's  Director,  Dr.  Frank 
D.  Drake,  would  investigate  all  possibilities  of  natural  origin.  He  be- 
lieved four-  to  five-month  study  might  determine  whether  signals  came 
from  planet  in  orbit  around  another  star.  Dr.  Drake  said  Arecibo  ob- 
servations had  confirmed  all  signal  properties  reported  by  U.K.,  includ- 
ing regularity  and  variable  intensity  of  signals.  (Sullivan,  NYT, 
3/10/68,  1) 

March  4-16:  NASA's  1,347-lb  Ogo  V  (ogo-e)  Orbiting  Geophysical  Observ- 
atory, carrying  24  experiments  in  most  comprehensive  study  of  parti- 
cle-wave processes  in  space  during  period  of  maximum  solar  activity, 
was  successfully  launched  at  8:06  am  EST  from  ETR  by  Atlas 
(SLV— 3A)-Agena  D  booster,  being  used  for  first  time.  Spacecraft  en- 
tered highly  elliptical  earth  orbit  with  92,078-mi  (148,186-km)  apogee, 
168-mi  (271-km)  perigee,  63.3-hr  period,  and  31.3°  inclination.  Pri- 
mary mission  objective  y»'as  to  acquire  correlative  scientific  data  at 
high  information  rates  in  magnetic  fields,  energetic  particles,  and 
plasma  disciplines  through  leading  quadrant  of  magnetosphere  into 
geomagnetic  tail,  both  in  interplanetary  medium  and  within  large  sec- 

54 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  March  4-16 

tions  of  magnetosphere.  Secondary  objectives  were  to  demonstrate  tech- 
nological capability  of  OGo's  three-axis  stabilization  system  in  highly  el- 
liptical orbit  for  extended  operations  of  135  days  or  more  and  to  con- 
duct electric-field,  gamma-ray,  and  radioastronomy  observations. 

On  March  16,  second  of  two  30-ft-long  extendable  antennas  was  de- 
ployed to  complete  post-launch  checkout  and  NASA  reported  Ogo  V  was 
operating  satisfactorily.  All  experiments  except  one,  low-energy  elec- 
trons and  protons  experiment,  which  had  stopped  operating  March  11 
when  input  power  apparently  failed,  were  acquiring  data  effectively. 
Data  provided  first  observations  of  hydrogen  cloud  surrounding  earth 
(geocorona),  first  detailed  measurements  of  electric  fields  at  shock  and 
magnetospheric  boundaries,  and  first  spark  chamber  observations  of 
gamma  rays. 

Ogo  V  was  fifth  spacecraft  in  NASA's  six-mission  OGO  series,  last  OGO 
planned  for  highly  eccentric  orbit,  last  spacecraft  to  be  launched  by 
Agena  launch  vehicle,  and  last  to  be  launched  from  Complex  13.  Agena 
would  be  replaced  by  Atlas-Centaur,  and  Complex  13  would  revert  to 
USAF.  Scientific  instrumentation  for  Ogo  V's  24  experiments  had  been 
provided  by  six  U.S.  universities;  four  groups  from  U.K.,  France,  and 
the  Netherlands;  four  Government  centers;  and  two  private  companies. 
Ogo  V  joined  three  other  operational  OGOs — Ogo  I  (launched  Sept.  4, 
1964),  Ogo  111  (launched  June  6,  1966),  and  Ogo  IV  (launched  July 
28,  1967) — in  providing  data  for  studies  of  earth's  environment  and 
solar-terrestrial  interactions  during  period  of  maximum  solar  activity. 
Ogo  II,  launched  Oct.  14,  1965,  had  been  turned  off  in  November 
1967.  Of  85  experiments  assigned  to  four  missions  still  operating,  68 
were  still  obtaining  useful  data,  including  12  for  which  instrumentation 
was  working  after  42  mo  in  space. 

OGO  program  was  managed  by  GSFC  under  OSSA  direction.  LeRC  was 
responsible  for  Atlas-Agena  launch  vehicle,  and  KSC  for  launch  opera- 
tions. (NASA  Proj  Off;  NASA  Releases  68-38,  68-53;  LeRC  Release 
68-14;  UPi,  M  Her,  2/25/68;  W  Star,  2/27/68,  A9;  NYT,  3/5/68,  17; 
W  Post,  3/6/68,  A7) 

March  4:  nasa  Assistant  Administrator  for  Policy,  Dr.  Alfred  J.  Eggers,  Jr., 
told  New  Orleans  aiaa  conference  on  technology  for  manned  planetary 
missions,  "the  manned  planetary  mission  of  first  priority  is  the  mission 
of  man  on  planet  Earth."  He  explained  that  only  "minute"  part  of 
NASA's  funding  went  toward  research  on  manned  planetary  flight  and 
described  overall  nasa  program  as  "lean,  but  .  .  .  by  no  means  lifeless. 
It  is  planned  to  emphasize  the  space  applications  and  the  supporting 
research  and  technology  programs."  He  called  for  best  in  talent  for 
achieving  manned  planetary  flight  "in  the  course  of  man's  exploration 
of  space."  (Text;  AP,  NYT,  3/30/68,  31M) 

•  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever  (usaf.  Ret.),  former  AFSC  Commander,  deliv- 
ered Dr.  Robert  H.  Goddard  Lecture  to  National  Space  Club  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C.  He  warned  the  U.S.S.R.  had  moved  forward  steadily  with 
new  and  more  diversified  strategic  threat  highlighted  by  development 
of  orbital  missile  and  sophisticated  space  systems.  U.S.  comparative 
missile  strength,  he  noted,  was  declining  steadily,  with  emphasis  still  on 
updating  existing  force.  "What  is  missing  so  far  in  our  military  space 
program  is  the  necessary  high  priority  research  and  development  aimed 
at  protecting  us  in  the  high  ground  of  space.  In  space,  as  elsewhere,  the 

55 


March  4  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

Soviets  say  one  thing — even  sign  agreements — but  consistently  do 
whatever  is  in  their  own  self-interest.  The  orbital  missile  is  merely  the 
latest  example  of  their  policy.  In  light  of  their  development  of  an  or- 
bital missile,  it  would  be  totally  irresponsible  ...  to  assume  that  we  do 
not  need  to  initiate  any  R&D  to  prepare  us  to  meet  a  Soviet  space 
threat." 

Attributing  loss  of  endorsement  of  national  space  program  to  change 
in  national  value  scale  because  of  Vietnam  and  domestic  problems, 
Gen.  Schriever  said:  "The  old  criteria,  national  security  and  national 
prestige,  are  no  longer  the  only  justifications  for  our  space  efforts,  im- 
portant though  they  are."  If  public  understood  "the  practical,  dollars 
and  cents  worth  of  the  program  to  this  country  and  to  the  world,"  they 
v/ould  support  it.  U.S.  was  on  verge  of  receiving  annual  return  larger 
than  its  annual  investment  in  space,  and  within  one  decade,  "those  re- 
turns should  be  several  times  our  annual  investment."  (Text;  Aero 
Tech,  3/11/68,  16) 

•  Current  knowledge  of  effects  of  sonic  boom  on  building  materials  and 

structures  was  insufficient  to  assess  accurately  kinds  of  damage  SST 
might  produce,  nas  Physical  Effects  Subcommittee  of  NAS  Committee 
on  the  SST-Sonic  Boom  report  concluded.  Assuming  SSTs  would  fly  over 
land  and  sonic  booms  along  flight  paths  would  be  low  enough  in  intens- 
ity to  be  publicly  acceptable,  probability  of  structural  damage  under 
normal  operating  conditions  would  be  "very  small."  Subcommittee 
stressed,  however,  that  more  meaningful  physical  response  was  neces- 
sary, including  simulator  studies,  laboratory  tests  of  glass,  and  acceler- 
ation and  expansion  studies  of  atmosphere's  bending  and  magnifying 
effects  on  sonic  boom  shock  waves.  {NYT,  3/5/68,  3;  Science,  3/8/68, 
1081) 

•  Sen.  Claiborne  Pell  (D-R.L),  member  of  Senate  Committee  on  Foreign 

Relations,  released  proposed  draft  of  international  treaty  to  govern  ex- 
ploration and  exploitation  of  "ocean  space."  He  said  there  was  "proba- 
ble danger  of  anarchy"  beneath  seas  because  "man's  sea  technology  has 
brought  him  to  the  verge  of  total  undersea  capability."  Treaty  would 
apply  to  undersea  areas  same  freedom- of -the-seas  principles  now  gov- 
erning ocean  surfaces,  create  licensing  body  and  sea  guard,  seek  to 
prevent  development  of  weaponry  on  ocean  floor,  and  provide  for  dis- 
posal of  radioactivity  in  seas.  (Clark,  NYT,  3/5/68,  19;  SR  263, 
3/5/68) 
March  5:  NASA  launched  198-lb  Explorer  XXXVII  (Solar  Explorer  B),  sec- 
ond joint  project  of  NRL  and  NASA  to  measure  solar  emissions,  from 
NASA  Wallops  Station  by  four-stage  Scout  booster.  Orbital  parameters: 
apogee,  545  mi  (877  km)  ;  perigee,  324  mi  (521  km)  ;  period,  98.8 
min  and  inclination  59.4°.  Primary  NASA  objective  was  to  place  satel- 
lite in  planned  orbit  and  provide  tracking  and  telemetry  support.  NRL 
objectives  were  to  continue  and  augment  overall  solar  x-ray  monitoring 
program  into  ascending  portion  of  11-yr  solar  cycle;  perform  temporal 
measurements  of  x-ray  emission  intensity  and  spectral  quality  of  solar 
flare  emission;  correlate  measurements  with  optical  and  radio  ground- 
based  observatories;  and  provide  real-time  solar  monitoring  informa- 
tion. International  scientific  community  had  been  invited  to  acquire 
solar  radiation  data  from  satellite. 

Although  Explorer  XXXVII  did  not  enter  planned  circular  orbit, 

56 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,   1968  March  5 

orbit  achieved  would  satisfy  scientific  objectives.  Expected  lifetime  was 
one  year.  First  nrl-nasa  solar  monitoring  project,  Explorer  XXX 
(iQSY  Solar  Explorer),  had  been  launched  Nov.  18,  1965,  and  had 
ceased  operating  Nov.  20,  1967.  Explorer  program  was  directed  by 
OSSA.  Wallops  Station  was  responsible  for  vehicle  integration  and 
launch  operations,  nrl  was  responsible  for  satellite  development,  con- 
struction, and  testing.  (NASA  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release  68-43;  WS  Re- 
lease 68-5;  AP,  NYT,  3/7/68,  10;  W  Post,  3/7/68,  D21) 

•  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  two  Cosmos  satellites.  Cosmos  CCIV  en- 

tered orbit  with  843-km  (524-mi)  apogee,  271-km  (168-mi)  perigee, 
95.7-min  period,  and  70.9°  inclination.  Cosmos  CCV  entered  orbit  with 
292-km  (181-mi)  apogee,  197-km  (122-mi)  perigee,  89.3-min  period, 
and  65.6°  inclination.  Cosmos  CCV  reentered  March  13.  Cosmos  CCIV 
reentered  March  2,  1969.  (AP,  NYT,  3/7/68,  10;  GSFC  SSR,  3/15/68; 
3/15/69;  SBD,  4/1/68,  174) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology, 

Dr.  Mac  C.  Adams,  told  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space 
Sciences  that  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  cut  of 
$48.3  million  from  request  for  FY  1969  nerva  program  "would  essen- 
tially wipe  out  the  entire  program.  With  the  $11-7  million  authorized 
by  the  House  Committee  [see  March  1] — it  is  not  clear  that  would 
even  cover  termination  of  the  contracts.  .  .  .  We  would  immediately 
have  to  start  termination  of  not  only  the  engine  development,  but  also 
termination  of  the  technology  work.  I  feel  that  we  would  waste  a  very 
valuable  investment." 

Dr.  Adams  described  "substantial  progress"  in  OART  programs  in 
1967:  initial  acoustic  absorber  tests  showed  reduction  in  jet  transport 
noise;  parawing  (steerable  parachute)  showed  promise  for  spacecraft 
and  precise  military  landings;  static  firing  of  260-in-dia  solid  rocket 
motor  had  reached  5.9-million-lb  thrust  in  80-sec  test:  nerva  had  been 
successfully  tested  at  full  power  60  min;  all  major  components  of 
SNAP-8  nuclear  turbo-generator  system  had  completed  1,800  hr  of  en- 
durance tests,  one  exceeding  13,000  hr;  and  new  Beta  cloth  for  astro- 
naut clothing  had  passed  wear  and  flammability  tests.  In  "beneficial 
crossflow  between  engineering  and  life  sciences,"  he  named  develop- 
ment of  garment  to  give  physicians  three-dimensional  data  on  heart  ac- 
tivity, new  blood  velocity  meter,  and  sensor  to  measure  blood  pressure 
in  heart — small  enough  to  be  threaded  through  hypodermic  needle  and 
derived  from  instruments  developed  for  small  flight  models  for  wind- 
tunnel  tests.  (Transcript) 

•  President  Johnson  presented  Goddard  Memorial  Trophy  for  1968  to  Dr. 

Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  former  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  and  now 
NASA  consultant  and  MiT  visiting  professor,  in  White  House  ceremony. 
National  Space  Club  award  named  for  the  late  Dr.  Robert  H.  Goddard, 
"father  of  American  rocketry,"  was  given  Dr.  Seamans  for  helping  "de- 
velop the  policies,  plans  and  programs  that  have  led  to  the  outstanding 
achievements  and  United  States  leadership  in  the  field  of  rocketry  and 
astronautics."  President  Johnson  had  received  trophy  in  1966.  (PD, 
3/1/68,  475;  Program,  Goddard  Memorial  Dinner,  3/5/68;  W  Post, 
3/6/68) 

•  MSEC   Director,   Dr.   Wernher  von   Braun,   discussed   "The   Outlook  for 

Space  Exploration"  addressing  National  Space  Club's  Goddard  Memo- 

57 


March  5 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


March  5:  Rep.  George  P.  Miller  {D-Calif.) ,  Chairman  of  House  Committee  on  Science 
and  Astronautics,  reads  citation  on  Goddard  Trophy  which  President  Johnson  (right) 
presented  to  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.    (center),  former  nasa  Deputy  Administrator. 


rial  Dinner  in  Washington,  D.C.  "The  public's  knowledge  and  under- 
standing of  space  exploration  have  been  broadened  by  the  remarkable 
achievements  of  the  first  decade  of  the  space  age,  but  a  great  many  peo- 
ple in  the  space  program  are  deeply  concerned  about  an  apparent  de- 
cline in  popular  support  of  space  activities."  Space  achievements  had 
been  well  publicized  but  "the  capability  that  made  these  feats  possible, 
the  underlying  science  and  technology,  the  inherent  value  of  delving 
deeper  into  the  mysteries  of  the  atmosphere  and  space,  and  the  mecha- 
nism by  which  increased  scientific  knowledge  enhances  economic  and 
social  progress  are  apparently  little  understood  or  appreciated  on  a 
wide  basis. 

"Up  to  now  we  have  had  to  devote  our  full  energies  to  working  on 
the  means  by  which  we  reach  into  space.  Now  that  the  pipelines  are 
filling  with  space  hardware,  more  and  more  of  our  preoccupation  is 
turning  toward  the  question  of  what  can  be  done  to  assure  that  the  peo- 
ple who  have  supported  our  program  .  .  .  receive  the  full  range  of  ben- 
efits which  can  be  derived  from  space  exploitation."  (Text;  CR, 
3/12/68,  E1769) 
Rep.  Joseph  E.  Karth  (D-Minn.),  Chairman  of  House  Committee  on  Sci- 
ence and  Astronautics'  Manned  Space  Flight  Subcommittee,  told  Sixth 
Goddard  Memorial  Symposium  in  Washington,  D.C,  he  saw  "grave 


58 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  March  5 

danger  to  our  economic  and  social  progress,  as  well  as  to  our  position 
in  the  world,  if  'let  technology  wait'  attitude  becomes  too  prevalent." 
He  advocated  building  sound  foundation  for  economic  growth  by  long- 
term  investment  in  science,  technology,  and  education  and  by  maintain- 
ing technological  leadership  "as  a  necessary  basis  for  our  national  se- 
curity and  economic  strength."  He  called  for  "a  space  program  better 
balanced  between  scientific,  exploratory  and  economic  payoff  mis- 
sions." (Text;  Clark,  A^IT,  3/6/68,  C33;  SBD,  3/6/68,  25) 

•  NASA  awarded  $26,116,200  fixed-price-incentive-fee  contract  to  McDonnell 

Douglas  Corp.  to  provide  launching  and  launch  support  services,  in- 
cluding inspection  and  checkout,  for  improved  Delta  boosters.  Contract 
would  cover  20  launches  from  etr  and  WTR  over  21-mo  period,  (nasa 
Release  68-42 :  JVSJ,  3/6/68,  20) 
March  6:  NASA  awarded  $30.1-million  contract  extension  to  Bendix  Corp. 
for  operation  and  maintenance  services  for  launch  facilities  at  KSC, 
bringing  total  contract  value  to  $76.3  million.  NASA  also  awarded 
$11.6-million  extension  to  Aerojet-General  for  work  on  nuclear  power 
plant,  making  total  of  $76.1  million  awarded  Aerojet-General  through 
Aug.  30,  1969.  iJVSJ,  3/6/68,  20) 

•  LeRC     awarded    $11,600,440    cost-plus-award-fee    contract    to     Aerojet- 

General  Corp.  to  continue  through  Aug.  31,  1969,  development  of 
SNAP-8  nuclear  space  power  system.  (LeRC  Release  68-16) 

•  USAF  Space  and  Missile  Systems  Organization  awarded  North  American 

Rockwell  Corp.  $l-million  initial  increment  to  $4-million  fixed-price 
contract  for  production  of  Thor  propulsion  systems,  (dod  Release 
215-68) 
March  7:  In  draft  U.N.  Security  Council  resolution  at  Geneva  Disarma- 
ment Conference  U.S.,  U.S.S.R.,  and  U.K.  formally  committed  them- 
selves to  take  "immediate  action"  against  nuclear  attack  or  threatened 
attack  on  any  country  that  renounced  nuclear  weapons.  Object  of  big- 
power  cooperation  was  to  reassure  governments  asked  to  ban  spread  of 
nuclear  weapons  by  treaty  signature.  (Hamilton,  NYT,  3/8/68,  1;  Mid- 
dleton,  NYT,  3/10/68,  8;  NYT,  3/8/68,  40;  3/11/68,  14) 

•  Astronauts  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  Charles  M.   Duke,  Jr.,  and  Stuart  A. 

Roosa  were  chosen  prime  crew  for  48-hr  at-sea  checkout  of  Apollo 
spacecraft,  scheduled  to  begin  March  18  in  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Apollo's 
at-sea  post-landing  systems  for  first  manned  mission  would  be  checked 
from  deck  of  NASA's  motor  vessel  Retriever.   {H  Chron,  3/7/68) 

•  MSFC  awarded  $11,096,282  contract  extension  to   Feb.   1969  to   Sperry 

Rand  Corp.  for  engineering  support  in  applied  research,  testing,  and 
design  at  msfc's  Astrionics  Laboratory,  (msfc  Release  68-37) 

•  New  salt  fog  chamber  at  Naval  Missile  Center's  environmental  labora- 

tory in  Point  Mugu,  Calif.,  had  improved  and  speeded  tests  of  missiles 
and  rockets.  Chamber  provided  70-120°  F  environment  for  weapons 
up  to  14  ft  long  and  operated  automatically  for  round-the-clock  tests. 
(PMR  Release  280-68) 

•  U.K.   Defence  Equipment  Minister   Roy  Mason   advised   Commons  that 

military  aircraft  programs  in  1968-69  would  be  worth  more  than 
£100  million  ($240  million)  for  R&D  alone.  Employment  in  the  indus- 
try had  fallen  from  268,000  in  December  1963  to  264,000  in  Decem- 
ber 1967,  but  output  v.as  up  by  £133  million  ($349  million)  and  ex- 
ports by  £90  million   ($216  million),  and  Government  assistance  for 

59 


March  7  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

civil  transport  aircraft  had  quadrupled.  Mason  added  that  current 
offset  agreements  with  U.S.  would  not  now  be  changed  to  affect  exist- 
ing contracts  which  had  provided  high-level  sales  for  aircraft  and  en- 
gine industries.  {I  nteravia  Air  Letter,  3/8/68,  3) 
March  8:  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wal- 
lops Station  carried  GSFC  experiment  to  180-mi  (290-km)  altitude  to 
verify  performance  of  quadrupole  ion-mass  spectrometer  and  measure 
electron  density  by  CU  propagation  technique.  Rocket  and  instruments 
performed  satisfactorily,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  launched  first  two  boosted  Areas  I  sounding  rockets  from  terls 

carrying  gsfc  experiments  to  obtain  data  on  equatorial  electron  density 
in  ionosphere  D  region  by  means  of  radio  propagation  experiments. 
Rockets  reached  52.6-mi  (84.5-km)  and  57.6-mi  (93.7-km)  altitudes 
and  performed  satisfactorily.  Good  data  were  obtained.  (NASA  Rpts 
srl) 

•  ELDO  announced  unanimous  election  of  Gen.  R.  Aubiniere  of  France  as 

new  president  to  succeed  A.  Paternotte  de  la  Vailee  of  Belgium,  named 
Belgium's  ambassador  to  Lebanon.  (SBD,  3/8/68,  43) 

•  U.K.  estimated  space  expenditures  for  FY  1967—68,  ending  March  31, 

1968,  would  total  $73.2  million.  Detailed  amounts:  ESRO,  $9.9  million; 
ELDO,  $23.3  million;  and  intelsat,  $1.4  million.  Largest  other  amount 
M'as  $17.9  million  for  U.K.'s  Skynet  military  comsat  system.  {SBD, 
3/8/68,  A3) 

March  10:  NASA's  Echo  I  (launched  Aug.  12,  1960),  world's  first  passive 
reflector  comsat,  was  being  driven  closer  to  denser  regions  of  earth's 
atmosphere  and  would  reenter  before  summer  1968.  The  100-ft  globe 
of  aluminum-coated  mylar  plastic  had  been  battered  by  space  dust  and 
meteoroids,  its  skin  wrinkled,  and  its  benzoic  acid  and  anthraquinone 
inflating  gas  lost.  Echo  /'s  nearly  circular  orbit  800  mi  above  earth  had 
become  egg-shaped  in  more  than  7^/2  yr  of  operation.  It  had  probably 
been  seen  by  more  people  than  any  other  man-made  object  in  space. 
(NASA  Release  68-44;  P  EB,  2/13/68;  upi,  NYT,  2/14/68,  8) 

March  11:  The  International  Biological  Program — Its  Meaning  and  Needs, 
released  by  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Science,  Re- 
search, and  Development  Subcommittee,  considered  "one  of  the  most 
crucial  situations  to  face  this  or  any  other  civilization — the  immediate 
or  near  potential  of  man  to  damage,  perhaps  beyond  repair,  the  ecolog- 
ical system  of  the  planet  on  which  all  life  depends."  International  Bio- 
logical Program  asked  for  $200  million  over  five  years  to  attack  prob- 
lem; Subcommittee  recommended  $3—5  million  for  FY  1969.  (Text;  W 
Post,  4/5/68,  A24) 

•  President  Johnson  sent  to  Congress  Marine  Science  Affairs — A   Year  of 

Plans  and  Progress;  The  Second  Report  of  the  President  to  the  Con- 
gress on  Marine  Resources  and  Engineering  Development  and  reported 
on  FY  1969  budget,  which  included  $516  million  for  marine  science 
and  technology  programs.  Increased  funding  was  requested  for  pro- 
gram on  application  of  spacecraft  technology  in  oceanography  and  im- 
proved observation  and  prediction  of  ocean  environment.  {PD, 
3/18/68,  489-90) 
March  12:  NASA  awarded  $13,748,200  contract  to  General  Electric  Co.'s 
Missile  and  Space  Div.  for  integration  and  test  of  1,400-lb  Nimbus  D 
meteorological  satellite.  Nimbus  D,  fourth  in  series,  would  be  launched 

60 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  March  12 

in  1970  carrying  10  experiments  to  improve  long-range  weather  fore- 
casting and  further  study  of  earth's  atmosphere,  (nasa  Release  68—46) 

•  MSFC  awarded  $5,779,884  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract  to  Chrysler  Corp., 

bringing  total  to  $14.7  million,  for  ground  support  and  engineering 
equipment  for  Saturn  IB  program,  (msfc  Release  68-41) 

•  DOD   awarded   $456-million   cost-plus-incentive-fee  contract   to   Lockheed 

Missiles  &  Space  Co.  for  development  and  production  of  Poseidon 
(C— 3)  missile  system,  making  definite  March  1966  letter  contract  for 
$26.6  million.  Addition  of  $25  million  had  been  awarded  in  October 
1967  modification  and  total  funding  allocated  to  date  was  $507.7  mil- 
lion. About  $1.2  billion  would  be  spent  through  1971.  (dod  Release 
230-68;  AP,  NYT,  3/13/68,  8) 

•  AFSC  Aeronautical  Systems  Div.  awarded  Bendix  Corp.  $677,500  initial 

increment  to  $1.4-million  contract  for  reentry  vehicle  systems  reliabil- 
ity testing,  (dod  Release  231-68) 

•  Analysis  of  Luna  IX  (launched  Jan.  31,  1966)  TV  photos  showed  lunar 

mass  was  decreasing  because  of  micrometeoroid  bombardment,  Soviet 
scientist  A.  A.  Gurshteyn  reported.  He  explained  that  speed  of  particles 
dislodged  by  falling  micrometeoroids  often  exceeded  second  escape  ve- 
locity for  moon  of  only  2.4  km  per  sec.  {SBD,  3/12/68,  61) 
March  13:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  with 
Titan  III— B-Agena  D  booster.  Satellite  entered  orbit  with  260-mi 
(418.5-km)  apogee,  82-mi  (132-km)  perigee,  89.9-min  period,  and 
99.9°  inclination  and  reentered  March  24.  {Pres  Rpt  68;  SBD, 
3/14/68,  75) 

•  GSFC  selected  Philco  Ford  Corp.  for  negotiations  on  one-year,  $1,200,000 

contract  with  two  one-year  options  for  engineering  and  related  duties 
for  NASA's  2-million-circuit-mi  communications  network  (nascom). 
(gsfc  Release  G-8-68) 
March  14:  USAF  launched  two  unidentified  satellites  from  Vandenberg  AFB 
using  Long-Tank  Thrust- Augmented  Thor  (LTTAT)-Agena  D  booster. 
First  entered  orbit  with  242-mi  (481.0-km)  apogee,  114-mi  (183.5-km) 
perigee,  90.2-min  period,  and  83.1°  inclination  and  reentered  April  10. 
Second  entered  orbit  v.ith  326-mi  (524.6-km)  apogee,  299-mi  (448.2- 
km)  perigee,  94.6-min  period,  and  31.6°  inclination.  {Pres  Rpt  68; 
SBZ),  3/18/68,  91) 

•  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCVI,  carrying  television  and  in- 

frared cameras  for  meteorological  observations.  Orbital  parameters: 
apogee,  640  km  (398  mi)  ;  perigee,  598  km  (372  mi)  ;  period,  97.1 
min;  and  inclination,  81.2°.  (gsfc  SSR,  3/15/68;  AP,  NYT,  3/20/68, 
10) 

•  Spacecraft  for  first  manned  Apollo  mission  would  use  60%  oxygen  and 

40%  nitrogen  cabin  atmosphere  while  on  launch  pad  and  pure  oxygen 
in  orbit,  nasa  announced.  Astronauts  would  continue  to  breathe  pure 
oxygen  in  their  spacesuits  before  and  during  launch  phase,  at  higher 
pressure  than  that  of  cabin  to  avoid  leakage  into  suits.  Spacecraft  envi- 
ronmental control  system  in  orbit  would  gradually  replace  mixed  cabin 
atmosphere  with  pure  oxygen. 

Since  October  1967,  more  than  140  flammability  tests  on  full-scale 
simulated  spacecraft  at  MSC  had  shown  that  spacecraft  modifications 
and  installation  of  fire  extinguisher  and  new  quick-opening  hatch  for 
crew  egress  had  drastically  reduced  fire  hazards. 

61 


March  14  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

Detailed  physiological  review  of  new  mixed  gas  atmosphere  had  in- 
cluded considerations  of  operational  characteristics  of  spacecraft  and 
life  support  equipment.  Astronauts  would  be  adequately  protected  phys- 
iologically during  all  phases  of  atmosphere  change.  Crew  procedures 
during  period  when  diluted  oxygen  atmosphere  would  be  in  cabin  were 
only  slightly  aifected.  (nasa  Release  68-47;  O'TooIe,  W  Post,  3/6/68, 
1;  UPi,A^yr,  3/15/68,41) 

•  NASA's  Ats  III   (launched  Nov.  5,   1967),  in  synchronous  orbit  above 

equator  over  mouth  of  Amazon  River,  was  photographing  cloud  patterns 
with  multicolor  spin-scan  camera  to  identify  possible  tornado-breeding 
storm  clouds.  Scientists  would  prepare  movies  from  photos  in  effort  to 
determine  whether  tornado  breeding  situations  could  be  identified  from 
characteristic  cloud  motions  before  tornadoes  developed.  Ats  III  was  ca- 
pable of  photographing  cloud  patterns  over  northern  hemisphere  every 
15  min.  (essa  Release  68-20;  NYT,  3/14/68,  88) 

•  Sen.  Frank  Carlson  (R-Kan.),  ranking  member  of  Senate  Committee  on 

Post  Office  and  Civil  Service,  addressed  Space  Age  Law  Conference  in 
Cape  Kennedy,  Fla.  "The  continuing  progress  of  our  nation  in  trying 
to  solve  the  age  old  problems  of  poverty,  ignorance  and  disease  simply 
cannot  be  achieved  if  we  neglect  the  basic  strength  of  our  national 
economy — the  advancing  frontier  of  technology.  The  basic  point  to  re- 
member is  not  whether  this  nation  can  have  its  space  program — meet 
the  crisis  in  the  cities  and  fight  a  controversial  war  in  Vietnam — ^but 
rather  how  we  can  possibly  solve  these  problems  unless  we  push  ahead 
into  the  frontiers  of  technology."  Sen.  Carlson  praised  Earth  Resources 
Observation  Satellite  program  which  would  provide  "new  ability  to  im- 
prove harvests — prevent  crop  diseases — attack  air  and  water  pollution 
— inventory  our  agricultural  resources — and  perhaps  even  control 
floods.  Frankly,  I  think  this  program  alone  would  justify  all  that  the 
space  eifort  is  costing!"  {CR,  3/21/68,  S3130-1) 

•  MSFC  awarded  $49,985  nine-month  study  contract  to  Lockheed  Aircraft 

Corp.  to  assess  possible  radiation  damage  to  film  used  on  ATM  to  re- 
cord solar  activity  and  to  consider  radiation  hazards  to  astronauts  in 
Saturn  I  orbital  workshop,  (msfc  Release  68-43) 

•  Geneva  disarmament  conference  completed  draft  of  nuclear  nonprolifer- 

ation  treaty  and  referred  it  to  U.N.  General  Assembly  special  session. 
(Hamilton,  NYT,  3/15/68,  18;  Egli,  W  Post,  3/15/68,  A19) 
March  15:  NASA  launched  two  Aerobee  sounding  rockets  from  WSMR.  One 
carried  American  Science  &  Engineering,  Inc.,  payload  to  96.2-mi 
(154.8-km)  altitude  to  obtain  high-resolution  x-ray  pictures  of  active 
regions  on  sun  and  general  x-ray  emission  of  solar  corona.  Ten  percent 
loss  in  rocket  performance  suggested  sustainer  ruptured;  instruments 
performed  satisfactorily.  Data  would  be  degraded  by  pointing  control 
failure. 

Second  rocket  carried  GSFC  payload  to  95-mi  (152.8-km)  altitude  to 
collect  data  on  x-rays  from  Crab  Nebula  and  its  proximity,  using  six 
collimated  x-ray  detectors.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  performance 
was  satisfactory.  Entire  payload  was  recovered  in  excellent  condition. 

(NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Sta- 

tion carried  GSFC  payload  to  180-mi  (290-km)  altitude  to  verify  per- 
formance of  quadrupole  ion  mass  spectrometer  in  D  and  E  regions  of 

62 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  March  15 

ionosphere  and  measure  electron  density  using  CW  propagation  tech- 
nique. Rocket  and  telemetry  performed  satisfactorily  and  good  results 
were  obtained  from  spectrometer,  but  propagation  experiment  was  lost 
at43.4-mi  (70-km)  altitude.  (NASARptSRL) 

•  NASA's  HL-10  lifting-body  vehicle,  flown  for  first  time  Dec.  22,  1966, 

made  its  second  flight,  following  vertical  tail  fin  modifications  to  direct 
more  airflow  over  its  control  surfaces.  Piloted  by  Maj.  Jerauld  R.  Gen- 
try (usaf),  HL-10  was  air-launched  from  mother  ship  flying  at 
45,000-ft  altitude  and  400  mph.  Rocket  engine  for  craft  was  not  used 
during  4y2-min  flight  and  6,000-lb  HI^IO  was  piloted  through  "U" 
pattern  to  make  a  220-mph  glide  landing.  Built  by  Northrop  Corp.'s 
Norair  Div.,  HL-10  was  flight-tested  in  joint  nasa-USAF  study  of  po- 
tential as  spacecraft  capable  of  maneuvering  in  flight  to  a  ground 
landing  under  pilot  control,  (frc  Release  8—68) 

•  At  background  briefing  on  Apollo  6  mission,  NASA  Apollo  Program  Mis- 

sion Director,  William  C.  Schneider,  described  flight  planning  activities 
for  Apollo  missions  up  to  landing  on  the  moon.  Apollo  6  mission,  orig- 
inally scheduled  for  launch  March  21,  would  be  postponed  until  April 
because  of  "erratic  behavior"  in  service  module's  helium  check  valves. 
Since  Apollo  5  had  been  so  successful,  Apollo  6  objectives  had  been 
"downgraded  to  secondary"  and  primary  objective  would  be  to  evalu- 
ate launch  vehicle.  New  optimum  injection  method  in  which  S— IVB 
would  be  launched  toward  moon  would  be  used  but  rest  of  mission 
would  be  basically  same  as  Apollo  5,  he  said.  NASA  would  continue  mis- 
sion planning,  "so  that  we  have  the  option  to  select  a  lunar  orbit  mis- 
sion if  as  a  result  of  previous  flights  we  felt  it  was  technically  the  best 
thing  to  do."  (Transcript;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  3/16/68,  1) 

•  Univ.   of  Illinois   sociologist   Alexander  Vucinich   in  Science   described 

problem  of  relationship  of  science  to  morality  which  prompted  leading 
Soviet  scientists  to  search  for  broader  cultural  autonomy  of  science. 
"Moral  law  has  become  a  by-product  of  science;  science,  in  official  So- 
viet ideology,  is  a  structural  component  of  Soviet  society,  while  the 
moral  code  is  only  a  superstructural  derivation."  He  traced  growth  of 
critical  reassessment  made  by  individual  members  of  Soviet  Academy 
of  Sciences  who  looked  to  "the  broader  cultural  effects  of  modern  sci- 
ence and  the  ongoing  technological  revolution"  under  stimulation  of 
considerable  relaxation  of  political  and  ideological  controls  which  re- 
sulted from  Stalinist  policies.  (Vucinich,  Science,  3/15/68,  1208—12) 
March  16:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCVII  into  orbit  with 
342-km  (213-mi)  apogee,  210-km  (130-mi)  perigee,  89.8-min  period, 
and  65.6°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  March  24.  [Krasnaya  Zvezda, 
3/19/68,  1;  SBD,  3/19/68,  100;  gsfc  SSR,  3/31/68) 

•  Demonstrated   success   of   lunar   module's    (lm)    initial   unmanned   test 

flight  in  earth  orbit  Jan.  22  and  of  subsequent  ground  test  analysis  by 
NASA  Manned  Space  Flight  Safety  Office  had  eliminated  need  for  second 
unmanned  LM  flight,  NASA  announced.  First  manned  LM  flight  using 
Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  was  planned  for  late  1968.  (NASA  Release 
68-50;  UPi,  W  Star,  3/17/68,  A4) 
March  17:  Tenth  anniversary  of  second  U.S.  satellite.  Vanguard  I,  31/4 -lb, 
61/2-in-dia  spacecraft  that  had  proved  earth  was  slightly  pear  shaped 
and  examined  composition  of  upper  atmosphere.  Satellite  had  stopped 

63 


March  17 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND  AERONAUTICS,    1968 


March  17:   Ten  years  ago  Vanguard  I,  second  U.S.  satellite,  was  launched  from  Cape 

Canaveral  {now  Cape  Kennedy)  into  orbit  expected  to  last  another  200  years.  Satellite, 

6V2  inches  in  diameter,  proved  earth  was  pear  shaped  and  continued  transmitting  until 
May  1964.  {Official  U.S.  Navy  photo) 


transmitting  in  May  1964,  but  was  expected  to  remain  in  orbit  at  least 
200  yr  longer,  (ksc  Release  63-68;  AP,  M  Her,  3/17/68) 
March  17—18:  nasa  Wallops  Station  engineers  launched  three  Nike- Apache 
and  three  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rockets  from  Vega  Baja  launch 
site  in  Puerto  Rico  to  detect  diurnal  changes  in  atmosphere  and  iono- 
sphere. Seventh  planned  firing  was  postponed  because  of  rocket  and 


64 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968  March  17-18 

radar  tracking  difficulties.  Measurements  taken  by  rocket-borne  experi- 
ments, furnished  by  GSFC  and  Univ.  of  Michigan,  would  be  compared 
with  those  taken  by  radiotelescope  at  Arecibo  Ionospheric  Observatory 
in  Puerto  Rico,  and  by  Canadian  Alouette  II  satellite  during  overpass 
for  three-way  comparison  of  rocket,  satellite,  and  observatory  data. 
(WS  Release  68-7) 
March  18:  nasa  launched  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  from  Churchill 
Research  Range  carrying  Univ.  of  California  experiments  to  study  flux- 
energy-spectrum,  pitch-angle  distribution  and  time  and  space  variation 
of  mirroring  and  precipitated  charged  particles  in  auroral  zone  with 
variety  of  detectors.  Good  data  were  received  from  all  experiments  ex- 
cept electric  field  measurement  experiment  which  had  two  damaged 
booms.  (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  announced  personnel  changes  effective  May   1:   Deputy  Associate 

Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight  Edgar  M.  Cortright  would  be- 
come LaRC  Director,  replacing  Dr.  Floyd  L.  Thompson,  who  would 
serve  as  Special  Assistant  to  the  Administrator  until  his  retirement 
Nov.  25  at  age  70  and  would  then  serve  as  part-time  consultant.  Cort- 
right would  be  replaced  by  Charles  W.  Mathews,  Director  of  Apollo 
Applications  Program.  Harold  T.  Luskin,  who  would  serve  as  Deputy 
Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight  (Technical)  until 
May  1,  when  he  would  succeed  Mathews,  would  be  replaced  by  LaRC 
Deputy  Director  Charles  J.  Donlan.  (nasa  Release  68—51) 
March  19:  nasa  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  carried 
ARC  payload  to  98.7-mi  (159-km)  altitude  to  check  Solar  Pointing 
Aerobee  Rocket  Control  System  (sparcs)  and  map  flight-path  magnetic 
field.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed  satisfactorily.  (NASA  Rpt 
srl) 

•  FRC  engineers  had  used  small,  inexpensive,  radio-controlled  model  space- 

craft to  evaluate  concepts  for  possible  advanced  spacecraft  recovery 
systems  in  over  100  successful  flights,  FRC's  planning  engineer  Robert 
D.  Reed  revealed.  In  status  report  to  aiaa's  2nd  Flight  Test,  Simulation 
and  Support  Conference  in  Los  Angeles,  Reed  said  flight  tests  of  mod- 
els, including  heavy  volume  and  slender  lifting-body  vehicles,  with  vari- 
ous advanced  flexible-wing  and  gliding-parachute  recovery  systems, 
were  being  tested  to  determine  their  suitability  for  ground  landings. 
(frc  Release  9-68) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition  Gerald 

M.  Truszynski,  in  statement  before  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical 
and  Space  Sciences,  summarized  1967  activities  and  technical  problems 
and  presented  FY  1969  funding  requirements  for  tracking  and  data  ac- 
quisition program.  He  explained  that  FY  1968  funding  limitations  had 
made  it  necessary  to  defer  important  equipment  procurement  affecting 
network  reliability  and  recounted  efforts  to  realize  savings  and  reduce 
operating  costs.  (Testimony) 

•  NASA  Manager  for  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Milton  Klein  explained  to 

Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  that  AEc's  nu- 
clear space  power  work  would  "establish  technology  in  advance  of  mis- 
sions, with  specific  system  development  undertaken  as  mission  require- 
ments dictate."  He  presented  a  sampling  of  AEc's  activities  as  it  worked 
closely  with  nasa  and  DOD  "to  keep  in  focus  the  types  and  likely  timing 
of  future  mission  needs."  (Testimony) 

65 


March  19  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  ESSA  had  received  its  first  meteorological  photos  from  U.S.S.R.'s  Cosmos 

CCVI,  launched  March  14,  Space  Business  Daily  reported.  All  seven 
pictures  were  "good  quality."  [SBD,  3/20/68,  109) 

•  D.  P.  Nerry  v.^arned  in  Data  that  space  research,  candidate  to  help  allevi- 

ate many  national  problems,  was  "placed  on  a  back  burner  of  the  na- 
tion's stove  of  priorities.  .  .  .  For  the  sad  fact  is  that  after  landing  men 
on  the  moon  this  nation  will  only  have  a  cursory  space  program." 
Nerry  called  for  assessment  of  new  outlook  on  space  for  1970s.  "If,  for 
example.  Congress  should  decide  that  there  should  be  a  permanent 
large-scale  reduction  in  the  resources  allocated  to  space,  NASA  then 
should  be  firmly  advised  to  plan  accordingly."  But  if  slowdown  would 
be  temporary,  NASA  should  plan  to  pursue  space  exploration  "vigor- 
ously" at  end  of  present  delays.  Nerry  urged  that  press  employ  "strong 
debate  and  factual  reporting"  to  provide  "a  reappraisal  of  U.S.  empti- 
ness in  space  in  this  Guns-Butter  Society."  (Nerry,  Data,  3/19/68,  7) 

March  19-20:  More  than  100  scientists  and  engineers  attended  Saturn  I 
Workshop  design  review  board  meeting  at  MSFC  to  discuss  results  of 
previous  reviews.  Workshop,  scheduled  for  launch  in  1970,  would  cons- 
ist of  Saturn  IV— B  stage  modified  for  living  and  working  in  space  for 
better  understanding  of  permanent,  man-made,  island-in-space  require- 
ments, (msfc  Release  68-45) 

March  20:  msfc  Director  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  addressing  National 
Capital  Area  Chapter  of  American  Society  for  Public  Administration, 
praised  U.S.  space  program  for  "unequaled  competence  and  unlimited 
opportunity."  After  10  yr  in  space,  he  noted,  U.S.  had  launched  514 
spacecraft  into  earth  orbit  and  28  to  moon  and  other  planets.  "The 
moon  has  been  completely  mapped,  the  composition  and  texture  of  its 
soil  analyzed,  and  sites  .  .  .  selected  for  manned  lunar  landings.  Our 
scientific  knowledge  of  Mars  and  Venus  .  .  .  has  been  advanced  tre- 
mendously by  .  .  .  unmanned,  instrumented  probes.  .  .  .  American  as- 
tronauts, who  have  a  total  of  almost  2,000  hours  in  space  to  their  credit 
in  the  Mercury  and  Gemini  Projects,  will  begin  the  third  phase  of 
manned  space  flight  this  year  with  the  first  manned  launches  in  Project 
Apollo.  These  achievements  in  space,  fruits  of  the  advanced  science  and 
technology  of  our  times,  mark  the  first  decade  of  the  Space  Age  as  one 
of  the  finest  periods  in  American  history.  And  they  are  forerunners  of 
even  greater  discoveries  and  widespread  applications  to  come  during 
our  second  decade  in  space." 

Dr.  von  Braun  credited  NASA  Administrator  James  Webb's  direction 
with  adaptation  of  systems  approach  to  space  research  without  which 
"we  would  never  be  able  to  go  to  the  moon."  Approach,  Dr.  von  Braun 
believed,  could  also  be  tested  on  river  pollution  and  satellite  communi- 
cations. (Text;  JV  Post,  3/21/68,  H14) 

•  AiAA  named  Maj.  William  J.  Knight  (usaf)   winner  of  Octave  Chanute 

Award  for  notable  contribution  to  hypersonic  and  reentry  flight.  Maj. 
Knight  flew  X— 15  research  aircraft  at  mach  6.72  (4,534  mph)  Oct.  3, 
1967.  Annual  award  of  $500  and  travel  stipend  of  $1,000  would  be  pre- 
sented at  AIAA  Second  Flight  Test,  Simulation  and  Support  Conference 
in  Los  Angeles  March  26.  (afns  Release  3-8-68-165;  aiaa  Release, 
3/20/68;  afsc  Newsreview,  5/68,  9) 

•  m/g  J.  C.  Maxwell,  director  of  SST  development  for  faa,  told  Wings 

Club  in  New  York  SST  would  have  "tremendous  significance"  on  U.S. 

66 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  March  20 

balance  of  payments  in  international  trade.  One  SST  would  "pay  for 
20,000  Volkswagens."  He  explained  Boeing  Co.'s  Feb.  22  announcement 
of  one-year  delay  in  prototype  construction:  "Our  prototype  design 
simply  wasn't  good  enough,  not  yet.  .  .  .  We  are  convinced  that  we 
can  get  what  we  need  but  we  want  to  stop  now  to  make  certain  that  we 
do  get  it." 

Very  reason  for  existence  of  SST  program  was  belief  "that  this  is 
next  logical  step  in  development  of  civil  aeronautics."  Supersonic  travel 
was  first  step  toward  hypersonic  flight,  he  said.  "Unless  we  take  it  now 
it's  going  to  be  many  years  before  civil  aviation  advances  beyond  sub- 
sonic flight — if  ever."  Biggest  problem  facing  ssT  program  was 
sonic  boom.  "We  have  made  all  our  program  decisions  ...  on  assump- 
tion that  supersonic  flights  over  land  may  not  be  permitted.  We  are  rea- 
sonably certain  ...  we  can  operate  over  the  oceans  on  an  inter-conti- 
nental basis,"  and  have  sufficient  market  to  assure  profitable  program." 
(Text;  Seattle  Times,  3/21/68;  Hudson,  NYT,  3/21/68,  3/24/68,  23) 

•  PMR  Aero-mechanical  Branch  announced  development  of  new  cold-gas 

rocket-launching  system  consistently  more  reliable,  less  expensive,  and 
more  efficient  than  old  cartridge  system.  New  system,  being  used  for 
launches  of  Areas  meteorological  rockets,  consisted  of  modified  launcher 
door  incorporating  550-cu-in  tank  of  compressed  air.  Ignition  forces 
opened  valve  which  released  air  into  launch  chamber,  increasing  liftoff 
power  and  peak  altitude.  (PMR  Release  350—68) 
March  21:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCVIII.  Orbital  parame- 
ters: apogee,  278  km  (173  mi)  ;  perigee,  202  km  (126  mi)  ;  period, 
89.2  min;  and  inclination,  64.9°.  Satellite  reentered  April  2.  (UPI, 
NYT,  3/22/68,  5;  SBD,  3/22/68,  125;  gsfc  SSR,  3/31/68;  4/15/68) 

•  NASA    Nike-Tomahawk    sounding    rocket    launched    from    Churchill    Re- 

search Range  carried  Univ.  of  Maryland  experiment  to  150-mi  (241- 
km)  altitude  to  study  dissipation  processes  and  electron  acceleration 
mechanisms  in  aurora.  Four  experiments  measured  energy  spectrum  of 
electrons  from  1  ev  to  200  kev.  Photometers,  UV  emissions,  and  plasma 
probes  were  included.  Three  of  four  electron  experiments  returned  data 
on  energy  spectra;  no  data  were  acquired  from  optical  and  plasma  ex- 
periments because  clamshell  nose  cone  failed  to  deploy,  (nasa  Rpt  SRL) 

•  XB— 70  research  aircraft  was  flown  to  15,500-mi  altitude  by  Col.  Joseph 

F.  Cotton  (usaf)  and  nasa  test  pilot  Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr.  Primary 
goals  were  not  achieved  because  main  landing  gear  valve  malfunc- 
tioned. Low-speed,  gear-dov/n  handling  qualities,  propulsion  system, 
and  performance  tests  were  accomplished  during  2-hr  30-min  flight 
from  Edwards  afb.  (XB-70  Proj  Off) 
March  22:  Cosmos  CCIX  was  successfully  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit 
with  945-km  (587-mi)  apogee,  871-km  (541-mi)  perigee,  103.1-min  pe- 
riod, and  65.3°  inclination.  {SBD,  3/25/68,  136;  gsfc  SSR,  3/31/68) 

•  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  w^smr  carried  GSFC 

payload  to  129.4-mi  (208.2-km)  altitude  to  measure  spectral  irradiance 
of  Gamma  star  in  constellation  Vela  and  of  Zeta  star  in  constellation 
Puppis  using  UV  stellar  spectrograph.  Rocket  performance  was  satis- 
factory. Instrumentation  performance  was  marred  by  loss  of  fine  point- 
ing 17  sec  before  end  of  second  exposure,  (nasa  Rpt  SRl) 

•  NASA  authorized  partial  restoration  of  primary  structure  of  M2— F2  lift- 

ing-body vehicle  so  it  could  be  removed  from  inspection  jig  used  to  de- 

67 


March  22  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

termine  damage  sustained  in  landing  accident  May  10,  1967.  It  would 
be  returned  by  builder,  Northrop  Corp.'s  Norair  Div.,  to  FRC  by  late 
summer.  OART  would  determine  future  research  work  on  M2-F2  from 
"flight  results  and  other  experience  obtained  from  both  the  M2  and  the 
HL-10."  (frc  Release  10-68;  arc  Astrogram,  3/28/68,  2) 

•  Sen.  Gaylord  Nelson   (D-Wis.),  member  of  Senate  Committee  on  Inte- 

rior and  Insular  Affairs,  on  Senate  floor  praised  construction  of  Wis- 
consin Regional  Space  Center  as  "a  place  where  the  layman  can  ac- 
quire information  about  the  developments  and  our  accomplishments  in 
the  space  age."  He  inserted  in  Congressional  Record  article  by  Barbara 
E.  Kocjan,  stenographic  coordinator  of  projects  for  Center,  describing 
Center  as  "a  highly  effective  teaching  laboratory  that  can  readily  be 
tied  into  the  on  going  programs  of  tens  of  thousands  of  elementary  and 
secondary  schools  and  hundreds  of  colleges  and  universities."  {CR, 
3/22/68,  E2 151) 

March  24—25:  NASA  launched  series  of  three  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rockets 
from  Natal,  Brazil,  carrying  GSFC  payloads  to  obtain  data  on  diurnal 
temperature  variations  as  a  function  of  latitude  using  grenade  tech- 
nique. Rockets  performed  satisfactorily  and  grenades  exploded  at 
planned  intervals.  (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

March  25:  Solar  Wind  Composition  Experiment,  developed  by  Swiss  scien- 
tific team  headed  by  Univ.  of  Berne's  Dr.  Johannes  Geiss,  was  first  for- 
eign experiment  accepted  for  NASA's  Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Experiments 
Package  (alsep).  Swiss  experiment  would  require  astronaut  to  deploy 
on  lunar  surface  aluminum  foil  sheet  oriented  toward  sun  to  entrap 
solar  wind  ions;  foil  sheet  would  be  packaged  for  return  to  earth  by 
astronauts,  providing  in  this  one-pound  experiment  first  opportunity  to 
capture  ions  for  earth  analysis. 

Swiss  National  Committee  for  Space  Research  had  already  built  pro- 
totype. NASA  would  provide  qualification  tests  for  prototype  and  con- 
struction and  acceptance  tests  for  flight  hardware,  (nasa  Release 
68-55;  Marshall  Star,  3/27/68,  10) 

•  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine  was  sworn  in  as  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  in 

NASA  Hq.  ceremony.  Nomination  had  been  confirmed  by  Senate  Feb.  7. 
(NASA  Ann) 

•  MSFC  av^arded  Univ.  of  California  $929,000  contract  to  develop  and  test 

prototype  balloon  flight  system  for  NASA's  High  Altitude  Particle  Exper- 
iment (happe)  program.  Primary  objective  of  happe  was  to  use  natu- 
rally occurring  radiation  in  investigating  interactions  of  elementary 
particles  at  90,000-ft  altitude.  Balloon  payload  for  prototype  flight, 
scheduled  for  late  summer,  would  be  50  ft  tall  and  8  ft  in  dia  and 
would  weigh  10,000  lb.  (msc  Release  68-26;  Aero  Tech,  4/8/68,  3) 

•  Use  of  260-in  solid  rocket  motor  as  1st  stage  for  advanced  manned  launch 

vehicle  was  advocated  by  MSFC  Director,  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun, 
Aerospace  Technology  reported.  Dr.  von  Braun,  whose  support  for 
motor  was  revealed  in  Oct.  11,  1967,  testimony  released  by  House 
Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  NASA  Over- 
sight, said  concept  was  advantageous  for  resupply  of  flights  to  space 
stations  and  for  space  rescue  systems  where  80%  of  emergencies  in 
manned  spacecraft  in  earth  orbit  were  "time  critical."  NASA  and  DOD,  in 
joint  study,  were  considering  use  of  260-in  motor  and  its  development 

68 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 


March  25 


March    25:    nasa    Administrator    James    E.    Webb    shakes    hands    with    Dr. 
0.  Paine  {left)  after  swearing  him  in  as  Deputy  Administrator  of  nasa. 


Thomas 


but  questioned  whether  there  would  be  enough  missions  for  booster  to 
justify  high  development  costs.   (Text;  Aero  Tech,  3/25/68,  12) 

•  Four  F— lllA  jet  aircraft  flew  first  mission  from  Ta  Khli  afb  in  Thai- 

land under  radar  control  to  target  areas  northwest  of  Dong  Hoi,  North 
Vietnam,  according  to  unofficial  sources,  AP  reported.  Aircraft  con- 
ducted successful  nighttime  strike  and  encountered  no  enemy  aircraft 
or  surface-to-air  missiles.  (AP,  B  Sun,  3/26/68,  A2) 
March  26:  ComSatCorp  in  fourth  annual  report  announced  1967  net  in- 
come of  $4.6  million.  Highlights  in  1967  included  successful  launch  of 
three  satellites  (in  four  attempts)  into  synchronous  orbit  to  extend 
full-time  service  to  Pacific  and  expand  capability  in  Atlantic,  beginning 
of  construction  on  three  U.S.  ground  stations,  completion  of  new 
ground  stations  by  Italy  and  Spain,  and  increase  in  Intelsat  member- 
ship to  61  with  addition  of  Uganda  in  January.  (Text;  ComSatCorp 
Release  68-11) 

•  Director  of  Defense  Research  and  Engineering,  Dr.  John  S.  Foster,  Jr., 

in  statement  before  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sci- 
ences, described  dod  activities  in  space  and  aeronautics.  "Military 
launches,"  he  stated,  "were  intended  to  implement  in  part  the  functions 
of  navigation,  communication,  nuclear  detection,  space  defense,   and 


69 


March  26  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

meteorology,  or  to  furnish  scientific  and/or  development  support." 
NASA's  work,  he  said,  had  contributed  "heavily"  to  science  and  technol- 
ogy base  for  DOD  effort.  In  mol  activities  "considerable  progress"  had 
been  made;  feasibility  of  the  MOL  system  was  affirmed,  technical  risks 
were  assessed  in  some  detail,  and  full  scale  development  was  initiated." 
He  described  coordinated  DOD— NASA  range  and  network  efforts  and 
other  cooperative  programs  in  which  DOD  made  its  resources  available 
to  NASA  on  reimbursable  basis.  (Testimony;  Aero  Tech,  4/8/68, 
10-11) 
March  27:  Cosmonaut  Yuri  A.  Gagarin — who  became  first  man  in  space 
when  he  orbited  earth  once  in  U.S.S.R.'s  Vostok  I  April  12,  1961 — and 
engineer  Col.  Vladimir  S.  Seryogin  were  killed  when  their  MiG— 15  jet 
aircraft  crashed  northwest  of  Moscow  during  training  flight.  Gagarin, 
who  had  been  commander  of  Soviet  Corps  of  Cosmonauts  and  officer  in 
charge  of  cosmonaut  training,  was  second  cosmonaut  to  die  in  an  acci- 
dent. Cosmonaut  Vladimir  M.  Komarov  had  died  when  Soyuz  I  crash- 
landed  after  reentry  April  24,  1967.  Bodies  of  Cosmonaut  Gagarin  and 
Col.  Seryogin  would  be  cremated  and  buried  in  Kremlin  wall.  (UPI, 
W  Star,  3/28/68,  1;  Reston,  W  Post,  3/29/68,  1) 

•  First   launch   of   British   Aircraft    Corp.-built    Skylark   sounding    rocket 

from  ESRANGE  near  Kiruna,  Sweden,  carried  London  Imperial  College 
experiment  to  105-mi  (170-km)  altitude  to  investigate  relationship  be- 
tween auroral  events  and  polar  "electro jet."  Rocket  and  instrumenta- 
tion performance  was  satisfactory.  (SBD,  4/4/68,  199) 

•  USAF  was  testing  thermal  preconditioner  with  promethium-147  radioiso- 

tope heat  source  to  reduce  aircraft  guidance-system  errors  caused  by 
temperature  changes,  AFSC  announced.  Unit,  which  eliminated  warmup 
time  required  by  orthodox  heaters,  had  been  developed  by  AEC  and 
USAF.  (afsc  Release  7.68) 

•  Rep.  Henry  S.  Reuss  ( D-Wis. ) ,  Chairman  of  House  Committee  on  Gov- 

ernment Operations'  Research  and  Technical  Programs  Subcommittee, 
released  Scientific  Brain  Drain  from  the  Developing  Countries  (dated 
March  28).  Immigration  to  U.S.  of  scientific  manpower  from  develop- 
ing countries  had  more  than  quadrupled  in  past  12  yr.  Report,  based  on 
Subcommittee  hearings  held  Jan.  23,  said,  "the  long-sustained  U.S.  for- 
eign aid  program  has  devoted  substantial  sums  and  given  high  prior- 
ity" to  educating  and  training  professional  manpower.  When  these 
countries  "suffer  an  emigration  drain  of  the  very  skills  and  talents  they 
are  attempting  to  increase,  an  important  part  of  the  foreign  aid  pro- 
gram is  undermined."  (Text;  NYT,  3/28/68,  33) 
March  28:  NASA  Nike- Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops 
Station  carried  GSFC  experiment  to  100.2-mi  (161.2-km)  altitude  to  test 
flight  models  of  impedance  measuring  instruments  to  be  flown  on 
RAE— A  satellite.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  performance  was  satisfac- 
tory. (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  Apollo  6  mission,  second  flight  of  Apollo/Saturn  V  space  vehicle,  would 

be  launched  from  etr  on  or  after  April  3,  NASA  announced.  Primary 
mission  objective  v/ould  be  qualification  of  launch  vehicle  for  future 
manned  flights;  spacecraft  objectives,  including  recovery,  would  be  sec- 
ondary.  (NASA  Release  68-54) 

•  ARC  Director  H.  Julian  Allen  had  been  elected  Fellow  of  U.K.'s  Royal 

70 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  March  28 

Aeronautical  Society  for  outstanding  contributions  to  aeronautics,  ARC 
Astrogram  announced.  Allen,  who  had  served  naca  and  its  successor 
NASA  since  1936,  had  received  naca  Distinguished  Service  Medal  for 
originating  concept  of  bluntness  as  aerodynamic  technique  for  avoiding 
severe  reentry  heating,  aiaa  Sylvanus  A.  Reed  Award,  Air  Force 
Assn.'s  Air  Power  Trophy,  and  NASA  Exceptional  Scientific  Achieve- 
ment Medal,  (arc  Astrogram,  3/28/68,  1) 

•  DOD  announced  loss  of  F— lllA  aircraft  with  two  crew  members,  pre- 

sumably on  mission  to  North  Vietnam.  According  to  Hanoi  radio  broad- 
cast, F-lllA,  one  of  six  based  at  Thailand,  had  been  shot  down  near 
Laotian  border.  (AP,  B  Sun,  3/29/68,  1;  AP,  W  Star,  3/29/68,  A4; 
Kumpa,  B  Sun,  3/30/68,  A2;  Wilson,  JV  Post,  3/30/68,  A14) 

•  USN  announced  compromise  plan  to  purchase  8  F— lllB  aircraft  instead 

of  original  30  planned  and  to  consider  building  alternate  aircraft  light- 
er and  more  maneuverable  than  F— lllB.  However,  Senate  Armed  Serv- 
ices Committee  voted  11  to  2  against  additional  funds  for  F— lllB, 
dimming  chances  of  continuing  program  at  all.  (Finney,  NYT, 
3/29/68,  1;  MafFre,  W  Post,  3/29/68,  1;  JFSJ,  3/29/68,  6) 

March  27-28:  GSFC  team  headed  by  Dr.  Henry  H.  Plotkin  hit  orbiting  sat- 
ellite Explorer  XXXVI  {Geos  II)  with  laser  beam  but  failed  for  two 
successive  nights  to  relay  Morse  code  on  laser  beam  to  satellite  for 
replay  to  earth.  First  test  to  carry  modulated  13-kc  signal  into  space 
for  detection  by  spacecraft  was  unsuccessful  because  satellite  was  so 
low  on  horizon  it  passed  out  of  range  before  scientists  had  time  to 
send  coded  message.  Second  attempt  at  message  delivery  failed  be- 
cause of  overcast,  (nasa  Release  68-56;  W  Star,  3/28/68,  1;  W  Post, 
3/29/68,  A18) 

March  29:  FAA  released  12-yr  forecast  of  aviation  activity.  Number  of  air- 
line passengers  was  expected  to  triple,  from  126  million  in  FY  1967  to 
444  million  in  FY  1979;  revenue  passenger  miles  would  quadruple, 
from  86  billion  to  342  billion;  and  airline  fleet  would  increase  from 
2,272  aircraft  to  3,860.  General  aviation  fleet  would  double,  from 
104,706  aircraft  on  Jan.  1,  1967,  to  203,000  by  1979,  and  its  flying 
hours  would  increase  from  21.9  million  to  40.5  million  hr.  Total  flights 
under  instrumented  flight  rules  (ifr)  would  increase  from  5.8  million 
in  1967  to  18.7  million  in  1979.   (faa  Release  68-21) 

•  naa  announced  award  of  1967  Frank  G.  Brewer  Trophy  to  New  York 

Univ.  Professor  Emeritus  Dr.  Roland  H.  Spaulding  for  "continuous, 
outstanding,  and  pioneering  contributions  in  aerospace  education  to  the 
youth  of  the  nation.  .  .  ."  (naa  News,  3/29/68) 

•  Sen.  Karl  E.  Mundt  (R-S.D.),  ranking  member  of  Senate  Committee  on 

Government  Operations,  praised  March  28  decision  of  Senate  Commit- 
tee on  Armed  Services  to  disapprove  additional  funds  for  F— lllB  air- 
craft and  urged  that  F-lllAs  in  combat  zone  "be  brought  back  imme- 
diately .  .  .  and  not  returned  to  combat  until  they  are  fully  tested  and 
ready."  He  said  it  was  "imperative  that  the  production  line  be  held  up 
until  the  design  of  the  airplane  number  160  configuration  is  completed 
and  tested  and  can  be  incorporated  into  the  very  next  plane  the  Air 
Force  buys.  H  this  drastic  step  is  not  taken,  then  we  will  truly  be  com- 
mitting another  billion  dollar  blunder  in  this  TFX  program  which  al- 
ready has  cost  the  American  taxpayers  many,  many  fruitless  billions  of 
dollars."  (CR,  3/29/68,  S3657-60) 

71 


March  29  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  USA    and    Western    Electric    Co.,    prime    contractor,    signed    six-month, 

$85,480,628  initial  production  contract  for  Sentinel  ABM  system.  West- 
ern Electric  would  receive  $28  million  of  total;  balance  would  be 
shared  by  eight  subcontractors.  Contract  would  be  managed  by  Senti- 
nel System  Command,  Redstone  Arsenal,  Ala.  (dod  Release  284—68) 

•  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  announced  orders  for  144  triple-jet  L— 1011  air- 

buses totaling  $2.16  billion.  Eastern  Airlines,  Trans  World  Airlines, 
and  U.K.'s  Air  Holdings,  Ltd.,  ordered  50,  44,  and  50  aircraft.  Order, 
largest  in  history  for  aircraft,  was  dramatic  reentry  for  Lockheed  into 
commercial  aircraft  industry,  which  it  left  in  1962  at  conclusion  of  tur- 
boprop Electra  production.  U.K.'s  Rolls-Royce,  Ltd.,  was  selected  to 
build  engines  for  250-  to  275-passenger  aircraft,  which  would  be  deliv- 
ered starting  in  fall  1971.  (Hudson,  NYT,  3/30/68,  1) 

•  U.N.  Secretary  General  U  Thant  presented  to  U.N.  Economic  and  Social 

Council  Resources  of  the  Sea,  urging  world  action  to  regulate  use  of 
sea's  largely  unexplored  riches.  (Brewer,  NYT,  3/30/68,  16) 

•  Nearly  200,000  mourners  filed  past  biers  of  Cosmonaut  Yuri  A.  Gagarin 

and  Col.  Vladimir  Seryogin  in  Soviet  Army  House  in  Moscow.  Premier 
Alexey  Kosygin,  President  Nikolay  V.  Podgorny,  and  Communist  Party 
leader  Leonid  L  Brezhnev  briefly  joined  honor  guard  of  soldiers  near 
biers.  (Winters,  B  Sun,  3/30/68;  NYT,  3/31/68,  21) 
March  30:  USA  successfully  conducted  first  test- firing  of  Spartan  long-range 
interceptor  missile  at  Kwajalein  Test  Site  in  Marshall  Islands,  (dod  Re- 
lease 289-68;  upi,  W  Post,  3/2/68,  A7) 

•  Second  combat  loss  of  F— lllA  aircraft  in  Vietnam  conflict  occurred 

when  aircraft  crashed  in  Thailand  after  an  "in-flight  emergency."  Two 
crewmen  were  rescued.  First  F— lllA  was  reported  missing  March  28. 
{NYT,  3/31/68,  1;  4/1/68,  1;  W  Post,  3/31/68,  1;  AP,  W  Star, 
3/31/68,  1;  Wilson,  W  Post,  4/1/68) 
March  31:  NASA's  six-week  1968  Airborne  Aurora  Expedition  had  accom- 
plished most  intensive  studies  ever  made  of  northern  lights  and  had 
proved  dramatically  value  of  high-altitude  observatory  jet  transport 
aircraft  to  "stop  time"  near  poles  [see  Jan.  18].  Expedition,  based  at 
Fort  Churchill,  Canada,  with  cooperation  of  National  Research  Council 
of  Canada  and  managed  and  directed  by  arc's  Louis  C.  Haughney,  had 
ended  in  mid-March.  Convair  990  jet  transport,  carrying  13  experi- 
ments, followed  underneath  auroras  at  550  mph,  making  frequent  trips 
to  north  magnetic  pole,  north  of  Greenland;  took  40,000  auroral  pho- 
tos; and  recorded  instrument  readings  on  180,000  ft  of  magnetic  tape. 
Jet  aircraft  canceled  out  speed  of  earth's  rotation  by  flying  against  it 
and  holding  constant  position  on  night  side  of  earth  opposite  sun  at 
latitudes  above  60°  north. 

Aircraft  on  three  occasions  crossed  same  spot  on  arctic  north  pole 
end  of  earth's  magnetic  field  as  did  NASA's  Ogo  IV  satellite  at  south 
pole  end,  in  400-mi-altitude  orbit  over  Antarctica.  Measuring  instru- 
ments on  both  satellite  and  aircraft  were  nearly  identical.  In  another 
aircraft-satellite  combination,  on  six  passes  aircraft  measured  group  of 
auroras  from  below  at  40,000-ft  altitude  while  Ogo  IV  measured  same 
group  from  above,  (nasa  Release  68-^5;  ARC  Release  68-8) 

•  Cost  of  spaceflight  was  discussed  by  space  writer  Arthur  C.  Clarke.  As 

with  aviation,  cost  would  decrease  as  techniques  improved.  Reusable 
spacecraft,  orbital  refueling,  and  nuclear  propulsion  would  make  travel 

72 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  March  31 

to  moon,  at  least,  "comparable  in  cost  to  that  of  global  jet  transport 
today." 

If  conquest  of  space  served  no  other  purpose,  it  would  provide  "new 
mental  and  emotional  horizons  which  our  age  needs  more  desperately 
than  most  people  yet  realize."  Yet  there  were  signs  U.S.  space  effort 
was  "grinding  to  a  halt,  as  its  initial  crisis-induced  momentum  is  ex- 
hausted." U.S.  might  well  be  "Sputniked"  again  in  early  1970s. 
(Clarke,  H  Chron,  3/31/68;  LA  Times,  3/31/68) 
During  March:  Special  ESSA  task  force  recommended  environmental  science 
and  service  agencies  take  early,  joint  steps  toward  national  effort  for 
development  and  use  of  earth-oriented  space  technology.  In  Man's  Geo- 
physical Environment:  Its  Study  from  Space,  task  force  predicted  fu- 
ture space  platforms  would  be  able  to  acquire  global  geophysical  data 
on  unprecedented  scale  for  environmental  disciplines.  It  recommended 
combination  of  manned  and  unmanned  space  vehicles — rather  than  ei- 
ther alone — and  warned  that  orbiting  environmental  observatories 
might  provide  data  too  rapidly  for  effective  use  unless  data  handling 
and  display  improvements  were  begun  in  immediate  future.  It  rated 
highly  spacecraft  capability  to  service  and  repair  manned  spacecraft  in 
orbit,  to  provide  semiautomatic  mode  to  operate  manned  spacecraft 
after  flight  crew  left,  and  to  launch  subsatellites,  special  probes,  and  re- 
coverable capsules  from  orbit. 

Among  proposals  for  missions  were  continuous  monitoring  of  space 
disturbances  to  predict  spaceflight  hazards,  global  ionospheric  map- 
ping, global  noise  and  interference  survey,  global  measurements  of  ab- 
solute ground  and  sea  surface  temperatures  and  surface  roughness,  and 
surveys  of  snow  areas,  river  and  lake  ice  distribution,  rain  and  river 
gauging,  shoals,  and  sea  states.  (Text) 

•  NRC  Committee  on  Polar  Research,  established  in  1958  to  continue  re- 

search begun  by  nas  during  International  Geophysical  Year,  began  re- 
view of  significant  results  of  past  research  efforts,  to  pinpoint  scientific 
questions  that  should  be  studied  in  either  of  polar  regions  during  next 
few  years,  and  to  make  recommendations  on  national  research  goals. 
(nas-nrc-nae  News  Report,  3/68,  2) 

•  Strong  arguments  in  favor  of  Europe's  making  comsats  "focal  point"  of 

space  activity  were  presented  in  Spaceflight  by  spacewriter  Arthur  C. 
Clarke,  former  chairman  of  British  Interplanetary  Society.  "Reliable 
domestic  radio  services  are  not  available  over  most  of  the  world.  Long 
distance  services  are  of  poor  quality  .  .  .  [and]  by  1970,  there  will  be 
130  million  VHF  sets  in  the  world,  many  of  which  could  pick  up  direct 
radio  broadcasts  from  satellites."  U.K.,  he  said,  "certainly  cannot  do 
everything  in  space.  But  what  we  should  not  tolerate  is  the  apparently 
invincible  ignorance  of  those  who  think  that  nothing  in  space  is  worth 
doing.  .  .  .  Our  space  achievements  will  be  our  greatest  legacy  to  the 
future.  Indeed  they  will  create  that  future.  They  will  make  it  possible  to 
have  a  future."  (Clarke,  SF,  3/68,  78-84) 

•  Effects   of  manned   space   flight   program   on   communities   surrounding 

NASA  space  flight  centers  were  discussed  in  Monthly  Labor  Review. 
South  had  gained  most  from  1967  decision  to  proceed  with  Apollo  Pro- 
gram. Total  civil  service  and  contractor  employment  increase  of  66,000 
in  five  states  bordering  Gulf  of  Mexico  was  about  5%  of  area's  in- 
crease in  total  nonagricultural  employment.  However,  economic  signifi- 

73 


During  March  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

cance  of  program  had  not  been  uniform.  Employment  at  Mississippi 
Test  Facility  exceeded  half  of  total  employment  in  Hancock  County  in 
1966,  while  space  employment  in  Houston,  Texas,  was  less  than  2%  of 
total  employment.  Space  employment  accounted  for  slightly  more  than 
7%  of  total  employment  growth  in  Alabama,  Louisiana,  and  Missis- 
sippi since  1961. 

Employment  growth  brought  population  growth,  caused  expansion  of 
school  facilities  and  faculties,  raised  per  capita  income,  and  increased 
retail  sales.  Beginning  decline  of  employment  in  program  in  1966  had 
moderated  economic  growth,  and  if  funding  continued  to  decline  after 
1968  communities  would  have  to  adjust  to  sharply  contracting  employ- 
ment. (Holman,  Konkel,  Monthly  Labor  Review,  3/68,  30-6) 


74 


April   1968 

April  1:  Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth,  Director  of  NASA's  Manned  Spacecraft  Cen- 
ter, was  elected  member  of  National  Academy  of  Engineering  "in  rec- 
ognition and  in  honor  of  his  important  contributions  to  engineering 
and  of  his  leadership  in  the  field."  He  was  cited  for  development  and 
operation  of  manned  spacecraft,  (nae  pio;  msc  Roundup,  4/12/68,  1) 

•  USAF  F-lllA  aircraft  had  been  grounded  by  usaf  pending  results  of  in- 

vestigation of  March  28  and  30  crashes,  Associated  Press  reported.  (W 
Star,  4/1/68,  A3) 

•  New   York  Times  editorial  on  F-lllA  aircraft:   "The  difficulties  that 

have  beset  the  contfoversial  F— 111  swing-wing  plane  recently  provide 
new  evidence  of  the  folly  of  allowing  political  factors  to  veto  or  dilute 
technical  judgment. 

"These  additional  blows  to  a  plane  that  still  has  great  potential 
promise  emphasize  what  most  experts  have  been  saying  for  seven  years 
— the  F-111  has  been  built  the  wrong  way  from  the  beginning.  It  re- 
flected former  Secretary  of  Defense  McNamara's  insistence,  in  the 
name  of  'commonality'  and  savings,  that  the  Navy  and  the  Air  Force 
buy  one  plane  for  two  entirely  different  missions. 

"But,  though  the  Navy's  version  may  never — as  Congress  believes — 
meet  the  Navy's  needs,  the  Air  Force  model  has  great  potential  capabil- 
ities as  a  supersonic  high-  and  low-level  all-weather  fighter-bomber  .  .  . 

[and]  must  be  developed,  tested  and  utilized  to  its  fullest  capability." 

(NYT,  4/1/68) 

•  AEC-NASA  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office  awarded  Aerojet-General  Corp. 

extension  of  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract  for  nuclear  propulsion  work. 
Extension  covered  period  through  Sept.  30,  but  NASA  funding 
would  be  restricted  to  effort  through  July  31  pending  Congressional  ac- 
tion on  NASA's  FY  1969  budget  request.  Extension  brought  total  esti- 
mated cost  to  $59,413,790  for  Oct.  1,  1967,  through  Sept.  30,  1968,  in- 
cluding $25,845,000  NASA  share,  (nasa  Release  68-57;  WSJ,  4/2/68, 
12;  56Z),  4/2/68,  179) 

•  MSFC  contract  awards:  $2,056,360  contract  modification  to  RCA  for  con- 

tinued support  of  RCA  llOA  computers  for  use  in  checkout  and  launch 
of  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  launch  vehicles,  bringing  total  contract 
value  to  $12.7  million;  and  $11,750,000  follow-on  contract  to  Sanders 
Associates,  Inc.,  to  provide  logistics  and  engineering  support  to  Saturn 
V  operational  display  systems  at  MSEC,  bringing  total  value  of  contracts 
to  $3,899,548.  (msec  Releases  68-57,  68-58) 

•  USAF  awarded  RCA  $100,000  initial  increment  to  $1.5-million  fixed-price 

contract  for  study,  evaluation,  and  testing  of  advanced  electro-optical 
techniques  for  surveillance  of  high-altitude  space  vehicles.  (doD  Release 
288-68) 
April  2:  NASA    and    German    Federal    Ministry    for    Scientific    Research 
(bmwf)  were  conducting  series  of  four  sounding  rocket  launches  from 

75 


April    2  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

Thumba  Equatorial  Rocket  Launching  Station  (terls)  to  study  upper 
atmosphere  near  Equator.  NASA  Nike- Apache  sounding  rockets  ejected 
barium  clouds  between  90-  and  120-mi  altitudes  to  investigate  electric 
fields  in  upper  atmosphere  region  of  intense  electric  current.  Results 
would  be  available  to  world  scientific  community.  BMwF  was  responsi- 
ble for  chemical  payloads,  photographic  equipment,  and  cloud  observa- 
tion; Indian  National  Committee  for  Space  Research  provided  launch 
services;  and  NASA  supplied  sounding  rockets  and  rocket  launcher. 
(NASA  Release  68-58) 

•  President  Johnson,  in  letter  transmitting  to  Congress  Fifth  Annual  Re- 

port on  Communications  Satellite  Act  of  1962,  said:  "[Report]  reflects 
.  .  .  steady  progress  toward  the  ultimate  goal  of  providing  mankind 
with  new  capabilities  for  worldwide  communication.  In  the  brief  span 
of  five  years,  satellite  technology  has  grown  dynamically.  The  possibili- 
ties envisioned  in  1962  have  been  greatly  exceeded."  Communications, 
he  said,  must  provide  "  'netv/ork  for  knowledge'  so  that  all  peoples  can 
share  the  scientific,  educational,  and  cultural  advances  of  this 
planet.  .  .  . 

"Failure  to  reach  these  goals  can  only  contribute  to  apathy,  igno- 
rance, poverty  and  despair  in  a  very  large  part  of  the  world.  Success  in 
our  telecommunications  policies  can  be  a  critical  link  in  our  search  for 
the  understanding  and  tolerance  from  which  peace  springs.  Communi- 
cation by  satellite  is  a  tool — one  of  the  most  promising  which  mankind 
has  had  thus  far— to  attain  this  end."  (Text;  AP,  W  Star,  4/3/68,  A7; 
PD,  4/8/68,  637) 

•  Senate  Armed  Services  Committee,  after  hearing  DOD  witnesses  in  closed 

session,  voted  to  appropriate  $297  million — including  $170  million  for 
contract  definition  of  Navy  VFX— 1  as  possible  replacement  for  F— lllB 
— for  continuation  of  usn's  fighter-bomber  program  and  procurement 
of  F— 4J  Phantom  jet  aircraft.  Committee  had  voted  March  28  to  deny 
the  funds.  Contract  definition  phase  was  expected  to  take  8—12  mo.  (W 
Star,  4/3/68,  A8) 

•  Dr.  John  C.  Houbolt,  Executive  Vice  President  of  Aeronautical  Research 

Associates  of  Princeton,  Inc.,  received  AIAA  Structures  and  Materials 
Award  for  his  "original,  definitive,  and  continuous  research  leading  to 
the  use  of  random  processes  in  aircraft  gust  loads  design."  {SBD, 
4/4/68,  199) 
April  3:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCX  into  orbit  with  374- 
km  (232.4-mi)  apogee,  198-km  (123-mi)  perigee,  90.2-min  period,  and 
81.3°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  April  11.  [SBD,  4/4/68,  197; 
GSFc  SSR,  4/15/68) 

•  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  Churchill  Research 

Range  carried  GSFC  payload  to  81-mi  (129-km)  altitude  to  gather  data 
on  charged  particle  flux  associated  with  aurora  and  to  investigate  dis- 
tribution of  electric  fields  in  ionosphere,  occurrence  of  radio  noise,  and 
ionospheric  electron  densities  during  auroral  displays.  Experimental  re- 
sults were  70%  successful,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  National    Academy    of    Sciences    president.    Dr.    Frederick    Seitz,    was 

elected  president  of  Rockefeller  Univ.  to  succeed  Dr.  Detlev  W.  Bronk, 
who  would  retire  July  1.  Dr.  Seitz  would  divide  his  time  between 
NAS  and  University  until  early  1969,  when  he  would  assume  his  full- 
time  educational  duties.  Member  of  President's  Science  Advisory  Com- 

76 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  3 

mittee  and  of  dod's  Defense  Science  Board,  which  he  chaired  four 
years  ending  in  March,  Dr.  Seitz  had  succeeded  Dr.  Bronk  as  NAS  pres- 
ident in  1962.  (Farber,  NYT,  4/4/68;  nas-nrc-nae  News  Report^ 
4/68) 

•  Dr.  Harold  A.  Rosen,  Assistant  Manager  of  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  Space 

Systems  Div.  and  Manager  of  Hughes  Satellite  Systems  Laboratories, 
was  named  recipient  of  aiaa's  first  Aerospace  Communications  Award 
for  his  "leadership  in  making  synchronous  satellite  communications  a 
global  reality,  thereby  opening  a  new  challenge  for  the  progress  of 
mankind."  Award  also  honored  late  Don  Williams,  former  Chief  Scien- 
tist for  Communications  Satellite  Systems  at  Hughes,  for  "his  early 
recognition,  technical  judgment,  inventiveness,  and  singular  dedica- 
tion in  pioneering  the  development  and  design  of  synchronous  com- 
munications satellites."  (aiaa  A^ei^5;  aiaa  pio) 

•  usaf  was  flight-testing  tactical  photographic  image  transmission  (tapit) 

subsystem  which  would  enable  tactical  fighter  aircraft  to  perform  as 
reconnaissance  vehicles,  tapit,  self-contained  in  pod  mounted  under 
aircraft  wing  with  small  control  box  in  cockpit,  took  panoramic  pic- 
tures from  low  altitudes;  developed  film  in  seven  seconds;  electroni- 
cally scanned  photos;  and  transmitted  signals  to  ground  stations  within 
100-mi  radius,  f  afsc  Release  24.68) 

•  Marshall   Space   Flight   Center   awarded   IBM's   Space   Guidance   Center 

$1,303,758  contract  for  spare  parts  and  logistics  support  of  instrument 
units  that  guided  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  launch  vehicles,  (msfc  Re- 
lease 68—63 ) 
April  4:  NASA's  Apollo  6  (AS-502)  was  successfully  launched  from  KSC 
Complex  39 A  at  7:00  am  est  on  mission  to  qualify  Saturn  V  launch 
vehicle  for  future  manned  space  flights.  Primary  objectives  were  to 
demonstrate  structural  and  thermal  integrity  and  compatibility  of 
launch  vehicle  and  spacecraft;  confirm  launch  loads  and  dynamic  char- 
acteristics; demonstrate  S-H/S-IC  and  S-IVB/S-II  stage  separations; 
verify  operation  of  propulsion  (including  S-IVB  restart),  guidance 
and  control  (optimum  injection),  and  electrical  systems;  evaluate 
performance  of  emergency  detection  system  (eds)  in  closed -loop 
configuration;  and  demonstrate  mission  support  facilities  and  oper- 
ations required  for  launch,  mission  conduct,  and  command  module 
(cm)   recovery. 

Launch  vehicle  Ist-stage  performance  was  near  nominal,  but  two  of 
five  2nd-stage  J2  engines  shut  down  prematurely,  causing  remaining 
2nd-stage  engines  and  3rd-stage  engine  to  burn  longer  than  planned.  As 
result,  spacecraft  and  3rd  stage  entered  elliptical  parking  orbit  with 
223.1-mi  (395.1-km)  apogee,  107-mi  (172.1-km)  perigee,  and  89.8-min 
period  instead  of  planned  circular  orbit  of  115-mi  (175-km)  altitude. 
When  3rd  stage  failed  to  reignite  on  command  after  two  orbits  as 
planned,  NASA  switched  to  alternate  mission,  firing  service  propulsion 
system  (sps)  to  place  spacecraft  into  trajectory  with  13,823-mi 
( 22,225. 4-km)  apogee.  Since  insufficient  propellant  remained  after  ex- 
tended burn,  second  SPS  burn  was  not  attempted  and  CM  reentered  at 
22,376  mph,  just  under  planned  25,000-mph  rate.  Spacecraft  splashed 
down  50  mi  off  target  in  Pacific  9  hr  50  min  after  launch  and  was  re- 
covered in  good  condition  by  U.S.S.  Okinawa.  Preliminary  assessment 
indicated  four  of  five  primary  objectives  were  attained,  even  though 

77 


April  4  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

launch  vehicle  performance  and  S-IVB  restart  and  guidance  control 
(optimum  injection)  were  not  fully  successful  [see  April  11  and  24]. 
Apollo  6  was  second  Hight  for  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  and  boilerplate 
lunar  module  (lm)  and  fourth  for  operational  Block  I  command/serv- 
ice module  (csm).  Spacecraft  had  been  modified  to  include  Block  II 
heatshield  and  instrumentation  for  unmanned  configuration,  delete 
crew  provisions,  incorporate  new  unified  quick-operating  hatch  and 
movie  camera  to  record  launch  escape  system  (les)  jettison  and  reentry 
conditions,  and  relocate  sequence  camera  for  earth  landmark  photogra- 
phy. Apollo  4  (launched  Nov.  9,  1967)  and  Apollo  5  (launched  Jan. 
22,  1968)  had  both  been  highly  successful,  completing  inflight  tests  of 
all  major  pieces  of  Apollo  hardware.  Apollo  program  was  directed  by 
NASA  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight;  MSC  was  responsible  for  Apollo 
spacecraft  development,  msfc  for  Saturn  launch  vehicle  development, 
and  KSC  for  launch  operations.  Tracking  and  data  acquisition  was  man- 
aged by  GSFC  under  overall  direction  of  NASA  Office  of  Tracking  and 
Data  Acquisition,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release  68-54K;  W  Post, 
4/5/68,  A18;  upi,  W  Star,  4/5/68,  A3) 

•  NASA  test  pilot  William  H.  Dana  flew  X-15  No.  1  to  187,500-ft  altitude 

and  3,546  mph  (mach  5.27)  to  test  spray-on  foam  insulation,  much 
lighter  than  previously  used  insulation,  for  use  on  Saturn  V  2nd  stage. 
Test,  from  Edwards  afb,  was  satisfactory,  with  X— 15  performing  in 
maximum-heating  design  trajectory  close  to  that  of  Saturn  V  and  sus- 
taining temperatures  of  up  to  1,500 °F.  (X-15  Proj  Off;  msfc  Release 
68-69 ;  AP,  P  Inq,  4/5/68) 

•  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  was  launched  by  NASA  from  Churchill 

Research  Range  carrying  GSFC  payload  to  gather  data  on  charged  parti- 
cle fluxes  associated  with  aurora  and  to  investigate  distribution  of  elec- 
tric fields  in  ionosphere,  occurrence  of  radio  noise,  and  ionospheric 
electron  densities  during  auroral  displays.  Rocket  and  instruments  per- 
formed satisfactorily;  good  data  were  acquired.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  ARC  scientists  Dr.  William  L.  Quaide  and  Verne  R.  Oberbeck  had  developed 

method  of  calculating  lunar  soil  depths  using  measurements  based  on 
Lunar  Orbiter  photos  and  Surveyor  photos  and  surface  analyses,  NASA 
announced.  Studies  indicated  that  many  of  moon's  smaller  craters  and 
much  of  soil  and  fragmental  material  on  lunar  surface  were  result  of 
meteoroid  impacts.  By  simulating  impacts  in  laboratory  and  comparing 
results  with  photos  of  lunar  craters  scientists  identified  four  crater 
types:  (1)  craters  with  up  to  12-ft  dia,  round  bottoms,  and  depths  25% 
of  their  diameter;  (2)  craters  with  12-  to  22-ft  dia,  flat  bottoms,  and 
central  mound;  (3)  craters  with  22-  to  30-ft  dia,  flat  bottoms,  and  no 
mound;  and  (4)  craters  with  diameter  greater  than  30  ft  with  second 
crater  gouged  in  flat  bottom.  Thick  layer  of  fragmented  material, 
calculated  by  new  method  to  be  up  to  20  yd  deep,  coincided  with 
densely  cratered  areas  to  support  impact  theory,  (nasa  Release  68-59; 
SBD,  4/5/68,  202) 

•  Model  of  wheel-shaped  planetary  landing  craft,  sterilized  by  heat  and 

dropped  from  250-ft  altitude  by  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory,  operated 
successfully  after  impacting  dry  lake  in  Mojave  Desert  at  80  mph — ma- 
jor step  in  demonstrating  feasibility  of  sending  lightweight  scientific 
landing  capsule  to  Mars.  Craft's  radio  transmitter  turned  on  30  sec 
after  craft  struck  surface  and  operated  20  min.  Anemometer  deployed 

78 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  4 

automatically  3  min  after  impact,  to  measure  wind  velocity.  Following 
mission  profile  identical  to  projected  Mars  surface  operations,  radio 
turned  on  again  22  hr  after  initial  transmission  (when  earth  would 
again  be  in  view).  Signals  from  three-watt  transmitter  were  received  for 
another  40  min  to  conclude  test.  Craft  was  powered  by  12-cell,  silver- 
zinc  battery,  first  known  to  survive  both  heat  sterilization  and  high-ve- 
locity impact.  (NASA  Release  68-69;  jpl  Release  473;  JPL  Pio) 

•  usaf's  Lincoln  Experimental  Satellite  (Les  V)    (launched  July  1,  1967), 

first  all  solid-state  uhf  band  comsat,  had  been  used  in  first  network  of 
tactical  terminals  to  include  a  comsat,  first  air-to-air  link  via  satellite 
relay,  and  first  communications  link  from  high  latitudes  via  satellite  as 
part  of  USAF  program  to  improve  communications  between  aircraft.  Les 
V  was  testing  uhf  teletype  system  which  relayed  60-wpm  messages  over 
ground  distances  of  up  to  8.000  mi.  Satellite's  20,000-mi-altitude  orbit 
allowed  line  of  sight  stretching  nearly  halfway  around  the  world.  USAF 
proposed  using  system  for  communications  between  low-altitude  attack 
aircraft  and  rear  area  controllers,  for  USAF  worldwide  logistic  control 
and  status  reporting  system,  and  for  strike  and  reconnaissance  report- 
ing, (afsc  Release  23.68) 

•  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  Director  of  Cal  Tech's  Jet  Propulsion  Labora- 

tory, spoke  at  Space  Forum  sponsored  by  American  Institute  of  Aero- 
nautics and  Astronautics,  American  Astronautical  Society,  and  Institute 
of  Environmental  Sciences  in  Washington,  D.C.  Describing  first  decade 
in  space  as  "most  productive  ...  in  history  of  technology,"  he  forecast 
manned  lunar  operations  including  lunar  laboratories  before  end  of 
second  decade;  tour  of  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune  by  single 
spacecraft  in  1977:  and  dramatic  yield  from  growing  applications  of 
near-earth  satellites. 

He  urged  initiation  of  "orderly  planning  cycle"  to  replace  major 
programs  being  phased  out.  Emphasis  of  next  phase  was  likely  to  be 
"gleaning  more  benefits"  from  space  dollar  expenditure.  National 
Space  Council  estimated  annual  return  from  space  would  markedly 
exceed  expenditures  in  10  yr.  (Text) 

•  NASA  would  negotiate  $3.5-million,  one-year,  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract 

with  General  Electric  Co.'s  Apollo  Systems  Div.  for  Apollo  Applica- 
tions engineering  support.  GE,  under  direction  of  NASA  Hq.  Apollo  Ap- 
plications Program  Office,  would  provide  engineering  support  in  areas 
of  quality  and  reliability,  configuration  and  data  management,  test,  and 
checkout,  (nasa  Release  68—61) 

•  MSFC  contract  activity:  rca  was  awarded  $1,293,640  contract  to  modify 

RCA  110  computer  module  boards,  by  systematically  incorporating  im- 
proved solder  design. 

IBM  was  issued  $1,523,282  supplemental  agreement  for  adjustment 
and  implementation  of  configuration  management  for  fabrication,  as- 
sembly, checkout,  and  delivery  of  27  Apollo/Saturn  instrument  unit 
stages  and  other  support  equipment. 

Air  Products  and  Chemicals.  Inc.,  received  $2,249,364  contract  ex- 
tension to  supplv  12  million  lb  liquid  hydrogen  by  March  31,  1969,  to 
MSFC,  purchasing  agent  for  Government  agencies  and  their  supporting 
contractors  in  eastern  U.S. 

Three  one-year  contract  renewals,  effective  through  March  31,  1969, 
were  awarded  for  MSFC  support  services:  $10.5  million  to  Brown  Engi- 

79 


April  4  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

neering  Co.  for  services  in  Propulsion  and  Vehicle  Engineering  Labo- 
ratory, $4,504,000  to  SPACO  Inc.  for  services  in  Quality  and  Reliability 
Assurance  Laboratory,  and  $2,273,000  to  Hayes  International  for 
services  in  Manufacturing  Engineering  Laboratory,  (msfc  Releases 
68-64,  68-65,  68-66,  68-67) 
April  5:  ComSatCorp,  on  behalf  of  International  Telecommunications  Sat- 
ellite Consortium  (INTELSAT),  leased  antenna  and  related  facilities  at 
Fucino,  Italy,  earth  station  from  Telespazio,  Italian  space  communica- 
tions company.  Fucino  facilities,  approved  by  Intelsat's  Interim  Com- 
munications Satellite  Committee  (icsc),  would  be  used  for  tracking,  te- 
lemetry, and  command  duties  for  Intelsat  comsats.  (ComSatCorp  Re- 
lease 68-15) 

•  MSEC  announced  award  to  Harvard  Univ.  of  $1,942,300  supplementary 

contract  for  development  of  UV  scanning  spectrometer  to  be  flown  as 
solar  experiment  on  first  launch  of  Apollo  Telescope  Mount.  Award  in- 
creased total  value  to  $6,458,544  for  experiments  for  use  with  manned 
solar  observatories,  (msfc  Release  68-68;  SBD,  4/8/68,  210) 

•  Crash  of  F-lllA  in  Thailand  March  30  had  been  caused  by  failure  in 

terrain  radar  guidance  system,  newspapers  said  reliable  sources  re- 
ported. Aircraft  had  reportedly  bucked  and  gyrated  severely,  forcing 
two  crew  members  to  eject.  USAF  team  was  conducting  on-site  investiga- 
tion and  was  expected  to  report  findings  in  two  weeks.  (Horton,  AP, 
W  Star,  4/5/68,  A6;  Beecher,  NYT,  4/6/68,  10) 
April  6:  USAF  launched  two  Orbiting  Vehicle  research  satellites  pickaback 
from  Vandenberg  AFB  by  Atlas-F  booster.  OV  1-13  entered  orbit  with 
5,789-mi  (9,316.2-km)  apogee,  346-mi  (556.7-km)  perigee,  199.5-min 
period,  and  100.5°  inclination  to  determine  flexibility  of  cadmium  sul- 
fide solar  cells  in  space  and  to  measure  proton/electron  energy  spectra 
and  angular  distribution  of  electrons.  OV  1—14,  launched  to  obtain 
high-resolution  measurements  of  proton/electron  flux,  spectra,  decay, 
and  time  variations,  entered  orbit  with  6,173-mi  (9,934.2-km)  apogee, 
348-mi  (560.0-km)  perigee,  207.8-min  period,  and  100.0°  inclination. 
(upi,  C  Trib,  4/8/68;  SBD,  4/9/68,  220;  gsfc  SSR,  4/15/69;  Pres 
.     Rpt  68) 

•  Third  anniversary  of  launch  of  85-lb    {Early  Bird),  world's  first  com- 

mercial Comsat,  owned  by  INTELSAT  and  managed  by  ComSatCorp. 
Originally  designed  as  experimental-operational  satellite  with  18-mo  life 
expectancy,  comsat  launched  by  NASA  into  22,300-mi-altitude  synchro- 
nous orbit  over  Atlantic,  was  still  providing  service  between  North 
America  and  Europe  with  100%  reliability.  Intelsat  I  had  received  and 
transmitted  more  than  200  hr  of  TV  and  thousands  of  telephone  calls, 
data  and  record  messages,  and  other  general  communications  without 
satellite  service  outage.  TV  use  of  Intelsat  I  increased  from  31  pro- 
grams consuming  31  hr  leased  time  in  1965  to  160  programs  and  125 
hr  in  1967.  Highlights  of  TV  broadcasts  included  live  coverage  of  At- 
lantic splashdowns  of  Gemini  spacecraft,  sports  events,  public  affairs, 
and  news  programs.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68—16) 

•  New  York  Times  editorial  on  Apollo  6  mission:  "What  was  illustrated 

.  .  .  was  the  extraordinary  difficulty  of  assuring  that  every  one  of  the 
literally  millions  of  components  in  such  an  extremely  complicated  sys- 
tem as  the  Saturn  5  Vvorks  perfectly.  But  the  complexity  of  the  total 
Apollo  mechanism  for  the  planned  manned  voyage  to  the  moon  ...  is 

80 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  6 

even  greater.  .  .  .  This  fact  argues  for  a  slow  but  sure  approach  to  fu- 
ture Apollo  tests,  rather  than  an  adventuresome  policy  aimed  primarily 
at  completing  the  job  by  the  end  of  1969. 

"Regrettable  as  were  Saturn  5's  deficiencies  as  demonstrated  in 
this  week's  test,  they  provide  a  useful  warning  against  renewed  over- 
confidence  and  the  costs  it  could  again  impose."  (NYT,  4/6/68,  36) 

•  In  New  Republic,  Louis  J.  Halle  wrote  "\^Tiy  I'm  for  Space  Explora- 

tion." It  was  less  than  12  yr  since  life  on  earth  had  emerged  "from  our 
planet's  atmospheric  envelope  into  outer  space."  He  was  puzzled  to  find 
"marked  lack  of  enthusiasm  ...  at  the  prospect  of  man's  liberation 
from  this  earthly  prison."  Many,  he  felt,  were  moved  by  "spiritual  hor- 
ror" at  notion  of  looking  beyond  earth.  "Now  .  .  .  that  we  are  at  last 
beginning  to  escape  from  our  native  confines,  there  is  no  telling  what 
light  we  may  find  in  the  larger  universe  to  dissipate  the  darkness  of 
our  minds."  There  was  also  possibility  "that  we  may  begin  to  populate 
new  planets  as,  after  1492.  we  began  to  populate  a  new  continent.  Sud- 
denly man's  fate  seems  boundless."  (AF/SD,  7/68,  51—4) 
April  7:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Luna  XIV  unmanned  spacecraft 
toward  moon  "to  conduct  further  studies  of  near-lunar  space,"  Tass  an- 
nounced. All  systems  were  functioning  normally  and  spacecraft  was 
traveling  close  to  planned  trajectorv.  [See  April  10  and  11.]  (Ander- 
son, NYT,  4/8/68,  1:  AP,  W  Star,  4/8/68,  A3;  gsfc  SSR,  4/15/68) 

•  Long-nosed  usaf  C— 131  research  aircraft  was  being  developed  for  Air 

Force  Systems  Command  by  Cornell  Aeronautical  Laboratory,  Inc.,  as 
unique  flying  simulator  to  test  controls,  instruments,  and  aircraft  con- 
figurations of  advanced  aircraft  such  as  Advanced  Manned  Strategic 
Aircraft  (amsa),  military  C— 5A  cargo  and  passenger  aircraft,  and  SST. 
Total  In-Flight  Simulator  (tifs)  configuration — with  nose  length  vary- 
ing to  simulate  advanced  aircraft  and  with  second  cockpit  below  and 
ahead  of  main  cockpit  and  six  independent  controls — would  realisti- 
cally reproduce  handling  conditions  of  modeled  aircraft  and  enable 
USAF  to  determine  inexpensively  in  advance  correct  design  and  instru- 
mentation for  advanced  aircraft,  (afsc  Release  45.68) 

•  In  Perception  of  Space  and  Time  in  the  Cosmos,  published  in  U.S.S.R., 

Cosmonaut  Aleksey  A.  Leonov,  who  made  first  space  walk  from  Vos- 
khod  II  spacecraft  March  18,  1965,  and  Soviet  space  medicine  special- 
ist Vladimir  Lebedev  claimed  pilots'  distorted  perceptions  of  dimen- 
sions and  time  were  frequent  factors  in  aircraft  accidents.  In  space 
flights  such  miscalculation  could  cause  incineration  during  reentry  or, 
conversely,  divert  spacecraft  into  an  orbit  of  no  return.  Authors  di- 
vided people  into  three  categories:  those  who  suffered  no  ill  effects 
from  weightlessness,  those  who  required  time  for  adjustment,  and  those 
who  were  unable  to  adjust  and  should  be  permanently  grounded.  They 
suggested  spacecraft  of  future  protect  against  monotony  of  unbroken 
routine  by  carrying  well-stocked  libraries,  cinema,  and  discotheque. 
(Stevens,  W  Star,  4/7/68,  F6) 

•  Washington  Sunday  Star  editorial   on   Apollo   6  mission:    ".   .   .  Saturn 

5's  latest  performance  .  .  .  suggests  that  our  astronauts  may  not  be 
able  to  carry  out  their  lunar  mission  until  considerably  later  than  opti- 
mists have  suggested — possibly  not  until  1971,  if  then.  .  .  .  However 
...  it  is  better  to  be  safe  than  sorry.  Saturn  5's  deficiencies  must  be 
eliminated,  no  matter  how  long  the  job  takes,  before  it  is  used  to  lift  a 

81 


April  7  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

manned  Apollo  spacecraft  to  the  moon.  Despite  loose  talk  about  a  So- 
viet-American 'space  race,'  there  should  be  no  all-out  drive,  no  sense- 
less rush,  to  score  a  first  in  this  field."  (W  Star,  4/7/68,  Fl) 
April  8:  NASA  announced  publication  of  Teleoperators  and  Human  Augmenta- 
tion (NASA  SP-5047),  NASA-AEC  technology  survey  issued  by  NASA 
Office  of  Technology  Utilization  and  written  by  Edwin  G.  Johnsen  and 
William  R.  Corliss.  It  covered  work  of  both  agencies  in  development  of 
teleoperators,  including  history  of  the  robot-like  machines,  assessment 
of  their  impact  on  technology,  and  explanation  of  principal  subsystems 
of  those  in  use.  Since  1948  "some  3,000  manipulator  arms"  had  been 
built  in  U.S. —  "the  advance  guard  of  an  army  of  man-machine  systems 
now  assembling  to  serve  man  in  a  variety  of  ways."  (NASA  Release 
68-62) 

•  NASA  selected  Teledyne  Systems  Co.  for  negotiation  of  $950,000  15-mo 

contract  to  design  and  construct  prototype  airborne  digital  computer 
unit  for  Centaur  launch  vehicle's  guidance  and  control  system.  Con- 
tract, which  would  include  option  for  five  additional  units  with  re- 
quired ground  support  equipment  and  spare  parts,  would  be  managed 
by  LeRC.  (NASA  Release  68-64) 

•  Harold  D.  Babcock,  40-yr  member  of  Mt.  Wilson  and  Mt.  Palomar  Ob- 

servatory staffs,  died.  He  was  specialist  in  study  of  spectra  of  sunspots 
and  discoverer  of  fact  that  magnetic  field  of  sun  reversed  polarity  peri- 
odically, (nas-nrc-nae  News  Report,  5/68,  10) 
April  9:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXI.  Orbital  parame- 
ters: apogee,  1,545  km  (960  mi)  ;  perigee,  199  km  (123.6  mi)  ;  period, 
102.1  min;  and  inclination,  81°.  Satellite  reentered  Nov.  10.  {SBD, 
4/10/68,  266;  gsfc  SSR,  4/15/68;  11/15/68) 

•  NASA  launched  two  Javelin  sounding  rockets  from  NASA  Wallops  Station. 

One  carried  GSFC  payload  to  497-mi  (800-km)  altitude  to  observe  he- 
lium ionization  levels  in  exosphere  with  vacuum-ion  chamber  and  to 
observe  helium  and  oxygen-ion  resonance  dayglow  with  filtered  pho- 
tometer. Rocket  and  instrumentation  performance  was  satisfactory.  Te- 
lemetry signal  was  received  for  16  min  40  sec.  Second  rocket  carried 
Syracuse  University  Research  Corp.  vacuum-ion  chamber  to  observe 
helium  ionization  levels  in  exosphere  and  Univ.  of  Southern  California 
filtered  photometer  to  observe  helium-  and  oxygen-ion  resonance  day- 
glow  to  497-mi  (800-km)  altitude.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed 
satisfactorily,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  FAA   awarded   $3.8-million   contract   to   IBM's   Federal   Systems   Div.   to 

modernize  air  traffic  control  at  100  U.S.  facilities  by  installing  printers 
and  keyboards  for  faster  coordination  and  reduction  of  controllers' 
oral  and  manual  workload.  Delivery  of  equipment,  to  begin  April  15, 
would  be  coordinated  with  delivery  of  other  automation  components 
for  National  Airspace  System.  (  faa  Release  68—24) 
April  9—10:  Electronic  signals  on  medical  condition  of  USMC  volunteer  pa^ 
tient  in  Tokyo  were  transmitted  between  Tokyo,  Houston,  and  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  via  satellite  and  ground  equipment  to  show  how  world- 
wide diagnosis  of  complex  medical  problems  could  be  achieved  by  ad- 
vanced communications.  Intelsat-II  F-2  (Pacific  I)  comsat  and  AT&T 
landline  facilities  were  used  in  demonstration  for  1968  National  Telem- 
etry Conference  of  ieee  in  Houston.  Signals  were  relayed  from  Brew- 
ster Flat,  Wash.,  earth  station  to  Conference  and  to  computer  centers  at 

82 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968  April  9-10 

U.S.  Public  Health  Service  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  Univ.  of  Texas. 
Demonstration  was  directed  by  itt  World  Communications,  Inc.,  with 
cooperation  of  ComSatCorp  and  Kokusai  Denshin  Denwa  Co.,  Ltd., 
Japan.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68-17:  AP,  W  Star,  4/10/68,  A18;  UPI, 
r  Po5f,  4/12/68,  A15) 
April  10:  U.K.'s  Jodrell  Bank  Experimental  Station  reported  U.S.S.R.'s 
Luna  XIV  spacecraft  had  apparently  entered  lunar  orbit  and  was  trans- 
mitting telemetry  but  no  photographic  signals.  U.S.S.R.  had  made  no 
official  statement  since  April  7  launch,  (upi,  NYT,  4/11/68,  4;  Cohn, 
r  Post,  4/11/68,  A27) 

•  Ernest  W.  Brackett,  Special  Assistant  to   NASA  Assistant  Administrator 

for  Industry  Affairs,  was  appointed  Chairman  of  NASA  Board  of  Con- 
tract Appeals,  succeeding  E.  M.  Shafer,  who  became  Chairman  of  NASA 
Contract  Adjustment  Board.  GSFc's  Matthew  J.  McCartin  was  appointed 
Vice  Chairman,  (nasa  Release  68-65) 
April  11:  U.S.S.R.'s  Luna  XIV  had  entered  orbit  around  moon  "close  to  the 
calculated  one"  to  study  correlation  between  earth  and  moon  and  col- 
lect data  necessary  for  landing  cosmonauts  on  moon,  Tass  announced 
in  first  official  statement  since  April  7  launch.  Satellite  had  entered 
lunar  orbit  April  10  with  870-km  (540.6-mi)  apolune,  160-km  (99.4- 
mi)  perilune,  and  2-hr  40-min  period,  (upi,  W  Star,  4/11/68,  A3;  SBD, 
4/12/68,  239-40;  Reuters,  NYT,  4/14/68,  8) 

•  MSFC  issued  report  on  preliminary  results  of  April  4  Apollo  6  flight.  Al- 

though "basic  source  of  the  difficulties"  had  not  yet  been  determined, 
scientists  and  engineers  speculated  that  wires  carrying  cutoff  commands 
to  the  malfunctioning  engines  were  interchanged.  First  stage  had  per- 
formed as  planned  and  stage  thrust  was  near  predicted  during  first  por- 
tion of  flight.  Second  stage  had  performed  satisfactorily  through  1st- 
stage  boost,  2nd-stage  ignition,  and  early  portion  of  2nd-stage  powered 
flight.  First  indications  of  anomaly  were  decreasing  temperatures  on 
main  oxidizer  valve  and  its  control  line  on  fifth  engine  and  steady  de- 
crease in  second  engine's  yaw  actuator  pressure.  Third  stage  performed 
satisfactorily  through  first  burn  and  orbital  coast.  Although  engine  and 
stage  prestart  conditions  appeared  normal,  engine  received  start  signal, 
and  valves  opened  properly,  engine  did  not  restart.  Initial  data  sug- 
gested that  leak  in  one  of  two  propellant  lines  to  engine's  augmented 
spark  igniter  might  have  caused  insufficient  or  inadequately  mixed  pro- 
pellant for  proper  start  condition.  Investigations  were  continuing  on 
longitudinal  oscillation  of  vehicle.  Guidance  and  other  instrumentation 
functions,  telemetry  performance,  and  onboard  TV  camera  operation 
were  satisfactory,  (msfc  Release  68-74;  AP,  NYT,  4/12/68,  20) 

•  USAF  and  nasa  had  agreed  to  consolidate  their  photographic  operations 

at  ETR  under  one  contractor  to  save  estimated  $1  million  first  year. 
Single  contractor,  selected  by  competitive  bid,  would  report  to  ETR  con- 
tract manager.  USAF  and  NASA  each  would  provide  one  technical  man- 
ager to  monitor  performance.  New  operation  would  be  effective  Jan.  1, 
1969.  (ksc  Release  68-151) 

•  v/a  Hyman  G.  Rickover   (usn),  testifying  before  House  Committee  on 

Banking  and  Currency  hearings  on  H.R.  15683  to  renew  Defense  Pro- 
duction Act  of  1950  as  amended,  warned  against  emergence  of  "fourth 
branch  of  government,"  partnership  of  Federal  bureaucrats  and  giant 
corporations  "with  men  exerting  power  without  political  responsibil- 

83 


April  11  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

ity."  dod's  industry-oriented  philosophy,  lack  of  inhouse  capability, 
and  absence  of  standardized  accounting  procedures  permitted  Govern- 
ment subsidization  of  civilian  business  of  defense  contractors  and  cost 
U.S.  taxpayers  billions  of  dollars,  he  said.  (Transcript:  Porter,  W  Post, 
■    5/2/68,  G2) 

April  12:  NASA  would  negotiate  $900,000,  one-year,  cost-plus-fixed-fee  con- 
tract with  Chrysler  Corp.'s  Space  Div.  to  study  needs  and  configuration 
alternatives  for  an  intermediate  payload  launch  vehicle  in  post-1973 
space  operations.  Payloads  under  consideration  included  long-duration 
manned  operations  in  low  earth  orbit,  unmanned  satellites  in  synchro- 
nous orbit,  logistic  support  for  manned  lunar  exploration,  and  un- 
manned planetary  and  deep  space  probes.  Contract  would  be  managed 
by  OMSF.  (NASA  Release  68-67;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  4/13/68) 

April  14:  Cosmos  CCXII  was  successfully  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit 
with  200-km  (124.3-mi)  apoge^,  180-km  (111.8-mi)  perigee,  88.3-min 
period,  and  51.6°  inclination.  Satellite  docked  with  Cosmos  CCXIII 
April  15  and  reentered  April  19.  (AP,  B  Sun,  4/15/68;  UPI,  NYT, 
4/15/68,  86;  gsfc  SSR,  4/15/68;  4/30/68) 

April  15:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXIII  into  orbit  with 
254-km  (157.8-mi)  apogee,  186-km  (115.6-mi)  perigee,  89,1-min  pe- 
riod, and  51.6°  inclination.  At  1:21  pm  Moscow  time  (3:21  Baikonur 
time)  satellite  was  automatically  docked  with  Cosmos  CCXII  (launched 
April  14) .  Tass  later  announced  that  satellites  used  "special  closing-in 
systems,  radio,  technical  and  computing  devices,  to  carry  out  an  auto- 
matic mutual  search,  closing-in,  docking,  and  rigid  coupling  to  each 
other."  Maneuver  was  second  automatic  docking  in  space  and  was  filmed 
by  TV  cameras  on  board  both  satellites.  U.S.S.R.  had  successfully  ac- 
complished first  automatic  docking  Oct.  30,  1967.  First  successful 
manned  docking  had  been  conducted  by  U.S.  March  16,  1966.  Cosmos 
CCXII  and  Cosmos  CCXIII  remained  docked  in  near-circular  orbit  3  hr 
50  min  and  were  then  separated  automatically  by  ground  command  and 
placed  into  different  orbits.  Cosmos  CCXII  reentered  April  19  and  Cos- 
mos CCXIII,  April  20.   {W  Post,  4/16/68;  NYT,  4/16/68;  B  Sun, 

.       4/16/68;  SBD,  4/16/68,  255-6;  gsfc  SSR,  4/15/68;  4/30/68) 

•  Flight  reenactment  had  revealed  that  USAF  F— lllA  aircraft  crash  March 

30  had  been  caused  by  malfunction  of  flight  control  system,  press  said 
informed  sources  reported.  Second  F— lllA,  which  North  Vietnam 
claimed  to  have  shot  down,  was  still  missing;  U.S.  officials  speculated 
that  aircraft  had  crashed  in  Thailand  jungle  area.  (uPi,  NYT,  4/16/68, 
22;  1V  News,  4^/16/68,1) 

•  Defense  Projects  Support  Office   (dpso)   was  established  in  Special  Pro- 

grams Office  at  NASA  Hq.  to  manage  specialized  tasks  where  NASA's 
unique  capabilities  could  provide  needed  support  to  a  limited  number 
of  DOD  projects.  M.  J.  Raffensperger,  Director  of  Advanced  Manned 
Missions  Planning  and  Operations,  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  was 
appointed  Deputy  Director  of  Special  Programs  Office  and  Acting 
Director  of  dpso.  (nasa  Release  68-66;  NASA  Ann,  4/17/68) 

•  Lawrence  A.  Hyland,  Vice  President  and  General  Manager  of  Hughes 

Aircraft  Co.,  was  selected  by  NAA  to  receive  Robert  J.  Collier  Trophy 
for  significant  achievement  in  aeronautics  and  astronautics  in  1967  as 
Hughes  Surveyor  program  director.  Trophy  would  be  presented  May  7. 
(NAA  Release;  AP,  W  Post,  4/16/68,  A3) 

84 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  15 

•  Tass  announced  issuance  of  three  stamps  commemorating  Soviet  space 

achievements:  March  18,  1965,  space  walk  by  Aleksey  A.  Leonov;  Oct. 
30,  1967,  automatic  docking  of  two  Cosmos  satellites;  and  Oct. 
18,  1967,  softlanding  of  Venus  4  on  Venus.  [W  Post,  4/15/68,  C20) 
April  16:  NASA  Associate  Administrator,  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  summarized 
Earth  Resources  Survey  program  at  Fifth  Symposium  on  Remote  Sens- 
ing of  Environment  at  tjniv.  of  Michigan's  Institute  of  Science  and 
Technology  in  Ann  Arbor.  Prospects  in  field  were  promising.  Greatest 
use  of  satellites  for  earth  survey  to  date  was  for  meteorological  data, 
including  global  cloud-cover  photos,  cloud  motion,  and  ocean  tempera- 
tures, but  U.S.  still  lacked  "much  of  the  data  essential  for  worldwide 
long-range  weather  forecasting,"  such  as  data  on  three-dimensional 
fields  of  density,  w^ind  velocity,  temperature,  and  water  vapor  within 
the  atmosphere. 

Major  contributions  expected  from  research  in  other  fields  included: 
completion  of  geodetic  programs  which  would  permit  determination  of 
relative  positions  of  any  two  points  on  earth  with  improved  accuracy; 
monitoring  of  sea  surface  state,  evaluation  of  marine  biological  re- 
sources, and  surface  observations  of  conditions  of  interest  to  oceanog- 
raphers;  and  improved  identification  of  spectral  signature  of  various 
species  for  agriculture,  forestry,  and  geology.  (Text;  SBD,  4/19/68, 
280) 

•  John  N.  Wilford  described  in  New  York  Times  front  page  article  decline 

in  U.S.  space  expenditures  since  1966:  "Under  pressure  from  the  war 
in  Vietnam,  civilian  space  spending  has  dropped  from  $5.9-billion  in 
the  peak  year  of  1966  to  $4.8-billion  this  year,  and  it  is  expected  to 
drop  much  lower  in  the  fiscal  year  starting  in  July.  Employment  in 
space  work  at  private  companies,  universities  and  Government  centers 
has  declined  from  420,000  in  1966  to  fewer  than  300,000  today,  and  it 
is  still  dropping  at  the  rate  of  4,000  a  month."  Signs  of  decline  were 
clearly  visible,  in  "ghost  towns"  that  were  once  test  sites,  and  in  re- 
moval of  numerous  projects  from  NASA's  post- Apollo  plans.  Fortunately, 
impact  of  cutback  was  softened  because  NASA  had  not  replaced  many 
personnel  who  ordinarily  left  agency  each  year  and  because  personnel 
dismissed  were  absorbed  by  growing  aircraft  industry  and  expanding 
military  space  program.  But  there  was  a  growing  feeling  "that  once  as- 
tronauts have  landed  on  the  moon,  they  will  have  no  other  place  of  sig- 
nificance to  go  for  several  years  because  of  sharp  budget  cuts.  These 
cuts  have  trimmed  to  the  bone  all  preparations  for  future  missions.  It  is 
as  if  the  astronauts  are  heading  for  a  dead-end  on  the  moon."  {NYT, 
4/16/68,  1) 

•  U.K.  Minister  of  Technology  Anthony  W.   Benn  announced  that  U.K. 

would  withdraw  from  European  Conference  on  Satellite  Communica- 
tions and  would  make  no  new  commitments  to  ELDO,  though  it  would 
increase  its  contribution  to  ESRO  by  up  to  6%.  U.K.  officials  reportedly 
said  decision  not  to  participate  in  proposed  project  for  experimental 
European  TV  relay  satellite  was  made  in  effort  to  avoid  unrealistic  proj- 
ects and  concentrate  on  nonspace  aircraft  and  computer  industries. 
(Shuster,  NYT,  4/17/68,  79;  Mott,  W  Post,  4/17/68,  All) 

•  MSFC  awarded  Ball  Brothers  Research  Corp.  $134,500  contract  for  six 

solar  sensor  systems,  including  one  prototype  and  five  flight  units,  for 

85 


April  16  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

Apollo  Telescope  Mount  pointing  control  system,  (msfc  Release 
68-76) 
April  17:  usaf  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  afb  using 
III-B-Agena  D  booster.  Satellite  entered  orbit  with  262-mi  (421.6-km) 
apogee,  79-mi  (127.1-km)  perigee,  89.9-min  period,  and  111.4°  incli- 
nation and  reentered  April  29.  {Pres  Rpt  68;  upi  W  Post,  4/18/68; 
SBD,  4/18/68,  275;  gsfc  SSR,  4/30/68) 

•  NASA  Marc  42A2  Areas  booster  launched  from  nasa  Wallops  Station  car- 

ried GSFC  payload  to  4.8-mi  (7.8-km)  altitude  in  ballistic  performance 
evaluation  test.  Booster  and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily;  bal- 
listic parameters  agreed  closely  with  predictions,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  Charles  W.  Mathews,  Director  of  NASA  Apollo  Applications  Program,  told 

National  Space  Club  in  Washington,  D.C.,  NASA's  manned  space  plan, 
beyond  first  Apollo  landing,  "contemplates  a  balanced  activity  of  lunar 
exploration  and  extension  of  man's  capabilities  in  earth  orbit."  Pro- 
gram had  been  designed  for  flexibility  so  activities  could  be  conducted 
in  harmony  with  available  resources.  "We  are  also  prepared  to  move 
forward  at  an  increased  pace  when  it  is  desirable  and  possible  to  do 
so."  Both  civil  benefits  and  national  security  implications  of  space  pro- 
gram warranted  continued  strong  support.  Contingency  planning  would 
leave  more  room  for  budgetary  or  goal  changes,  thus  placating  critics  in 
Congress  who  claimed  NASA  had  not  provided  them  with  sufficient  flexi- 
bility. (Text:  Lannan,  W  Star,  4/18/68,  A5;  AP,  B  Sun,  4/18/68, 
All) 

•  Sen.  Margaret  C.  Smith  (R-Me.),  ranking  member  of  Senate  Committee 

on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences,  on  Senate  floor  presented  General 
Accounting  Office  review  of  source  selection  and  award  of  major 
subcontract  by  NASA  and  its  prime  contractor,  Grumman  Aircraft  Engi- 
neering Corp.,  for  development  of  landing  and  rendezvous  radar  equip- 
ment for  Apollo  lunar  module,  compiled  at  her  request.  Sen.  Smith  ex- 
plained that  although  another  electronics  firm  had  expressed  interest  in 
performing  under  fixed-price  contract,  RCA  had  received  contract  be- 
cause of  agreement  between  Grumman  and  RCA  "before  the  require- 
ments and  specifications  for  the  radar  components  had  been  defined." 
Noting  that  RCA  estimated  cost  of  $23.4  million  had  now  increased  to 
about  $112  million,  she  suggested  that  if  Grumman  radar  subcontract 
was  illustrative  of  how  NASA  "maintains  surveillance  over  its  appro- 
priated funds,  it  would  appear  that  substantial  savings  could  be  real- 
ized merely  by  strengthening  the  agency's  contracting  practices."  (NASA 
LAR  VII/36;  CR,  4/17/68,  S4138-46;  AP,  B  Sun,  4/23/68,  A5) 

•  NASA  had  awarded  Aerojet-General  Corp.'s  Space  Div.  $316,776  contract 

to  perform  preliminary  design  of  spacecraft  for  basic  research  on 
frog's  balance  mechanism  (otolith)  under  weightlessness  and  repeated 
acceleration.  Project,  initial  step  in  NASA's  Human  Factor  Systems  pro- 
gram to  investigate  primary  balance  mechanism  within  inner  ear, 
would  be  managed  by  NASA  Wallops  Station  under  direction  of  Office  of 
Advanced  Research  and  Technology.  ARC  would  be  responsible  for  oto- 
lith experiment  package  designed  by  Johns  Hopkins  Applied  Physics 
Laboratory.  (WS  Release  68-8;  nasa  Release  68-71) 

•  msfc  awarded  nine-month,  $99,000  contract  to  Raymond  Loewy/William 

Snaith,  Inc.,  to  conduct  habitability  studies  of  planned  earth  orbital 
space  stations.  Basic  goal  would  be  to  ensure  that  workshop  configura- 

86 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  17 

tions  were  comfortable  and  functional  structures  in  which  to  live  and 
work,  (msfc  Release  68-79) 

•  Naval  Research  Laboratory  scientist,  Dr.  Richard  C.  Henry,  speaking  at 

dedication  of  nrl's  new  E.  0.  Hulburt  Center  for  Space  Research  in 
Washington,  D.C.,  presented  data  strongly  supporting  closed  universe 
concept.  Aerobee  sounding  rocket  launched  from  White  Sands  Missile 
Range  Sept.  7,  1967,  carrying  soft  x-ray  detector,  had  detected  radia- 
tion from  large,  unexpected  amount  of  thinly  spread  intergalactic  hy- 
drogen gas,  evidence  of  existence  of  intergalactic  matter  previously 
supposed  but  undetected.  Amount  detected  indicated  presence  of  100 
times  as  much  matter  between  galaxies  as  in  all  stars  in  universe — 
enough  to  fill  up  all  space  and  satisfy  all  theoretical  requirements  for  a 
closed  universe.  (Text;  Cohn,  W  Post,  4/18/68,  1) 

•  Editorial  comment   on   Soviet   space   achievements,   including   successful 

orbiting  of  Luna  XIV  and  docking  of  Cosmos  CCXII  and  CCXIII, 
urged  U.S.  to  acknowledge  challenge: 

"The  Soviet  Union's  sense  of  purpose  in  space  is  apparently  as 
steady  and  unwavering  as  it  ever  was.  The  U.S.  .  .  .  after  coming  up 
fast  from  behind  in  a  wave  of  feverish  anxiety  and  enthusiasm,  now 
seems  to  have  lost  interest.  That  could  be  a  dangerous — even  fatal — 
tendency  in  an  age  where  space  is  of  key  importance  to  the  security  of 
the  Nation.  It  should  be  reversed,  before  great  harm  is  done."  (P  Inq, 
4/17/68) 

"If  we  muff  what  now  looks  like  a  good  chance  to  beat  the  Russians 
to  the  moon  with  manned  space  ships,  the  prestige  loss  to  this  nation 
will  probably  be  immeasurable.  And  if  our  space  people  aren't  paying 
at  least  as  much  attention  as  the  Russians  to  the  military  possibilities  of 
space,  then  we  are  in  grave  danger  and  growing  more  so.  All  of  which 
adds  up  .  .  .  to  a  whole  string  of  dire  warnings  to  Congress  not  to  be 
stingy  about  space  projects  of  any  description."  (NY  News,  4/17/68) 

•  USAF  F-lllA  aircraft  crash  March  30  in  Thailand  had  been  caused  by 

"a  mechanic's  mistake,  not  by  a  flaw  in  design,"  U.S.  military  com- 
mand announced.  Recovered  aircraft  revealed  that  pilots  lost  control  of 
aircraft  because  tube  of  sealant  normally  used  to  seal  fuel  tanks  was 
left  loose  in  aircraft,  hardened  during  low-temperature  flight,  and 
jammed  flight-control  system.  Loss  of  another  F-lllA  March  28  re- 
mained mystery  and  search  in  Thailand  area  where  it  presumably 
crashed  had  ended  unsuccessfully.  (UPI,  W  Post,  4/16/68,  A8;  Carroll, 
B5aAi,  4/18/68,  A5) 
April  18:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXIV  into  orbit  with  370-km  (229.9j 
mi)  apogee,  199-km  ( 123.6-mi )  perigee,  90.1-min  period,  and  81.3° 
inclination.  Satellite  reentered  April  26.  (gsfc  SSR,  4/30/68) 

•  LaRC  selected  Northrop  Corp.'s  Norair  Div.  for  negotiations  on  $2-mil- 

lion  contract  to  design  and  construct  differential  maneuvering  simula- 
tor. System,  two  identical  piloted  flight  simulators  linked  electronically 
through  central  computing  equipment,  would  be  used  to  study  future 
aerospace  vehicle  concepts,  (nasa  Release  68-74) 

•  NASA  announced  appointment  of  two  new  members  to  Aerospace  Safety 

Advisory  Panel:   Dr.  C.  D.  Harrington,  President  of  Douglas  United 
Nuclear,  Inc.,  for  six-year  term;  and  S.  T.  Harris,  Officer  of  the  Board, 
Texas  Instruments,  Inc.,  for  four  years,  (nasa  Release  68—72) 
April  19:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXV  into  orbit  with  403-km  (250.4- 

87 


April  19  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

mi)  apogee,  255-km  (158.4-mi)  perigee,  91.1-min  period,  and  48.4° 
inclination.  Satellite  reentered  June  30.  {SBD,  4/22/68,  292;  GSFC 
SSR,  4/30/68;  7/15/68) 

•  Sixty-day    simulated    earth-orbital    mission    for    four    UCLA    students 

ended  when  they  left  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.  Missile  &  Space  Sys- 
tems Div.  space  cabin  simulator  [see  Feb.  21].  Although  students  had 
tired  of  food  and  missed  female  companionship,  attending  doctor 
said  they  remained  in  good  health.  Leaving  simulator  they  first  noticed 
extreme  humidity  and  "myriad  smells  and  odors  in  normal  air."  Ex- 
periment had  included  cycles  of  rest  and  work,  testing  air-water 
samples,  and  manning  scientific  equipment.  (AP,  B  Sun,  4/20/68,  A3) 

•  Page  Communications  Engineers,  Inc.,  and  government  of  South  Viet- 

nam were  negotiating  agreement  to  permit  Page  to  finance  and  con- 
struct $7-million  earth  station  in  Vungtau.  Station,  which  would  be 
used  with  ComSatCorp  satellite  to  be  launched  in  November,  would 
have  60-channel  capacity  initially  and  would  be  able  to  expand  to  120. 
South  Vietnamese  government  would  receive  20%  of  gross  revenues — 
expected  to  total  $4—5  million  annually — for  first  five  years  and  50% 
for  second  five  years,  after  which  operation  would  be  turned  over  to  a 
South  Vietnamese  corporation.  (Page  PIO;  Wilson,  W  Post,  4/19/68) 

•  NATO's  Nuclear  Planning  Group  had  concluded  that  construction  of  Eu- 

ropean ABM  defense  system  was  not  justified  under  present  circum- 
stances, Robert  C.  Doty  reported  in  New  York  Times.  Recommenda- 
tion, he  said,  "which  appears  certain  to  be  endorsed  by  the  alliance  as  a 
whole,  ends  for  the  foreseeable  future  European  interest  in  any  multi- 
billion-dollar  project  to  match  the  antimissile  screen  now  under  con- 
struction by  the  Soviet  Union."  U.S.  decision  in  1967  to  build  Sentinel 
ABM  system  to  protect  against  possible  Chinese  Communist  attack  had 
promoted  NATO  review  of  Europe's  nuclear  defense.  {NYT,  4/20/68,  2) 
April  20:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXVI.  Orbital  parame- 
ters: apogee,  265  km  (164.7  mi)  ;  perigee,  195  km  (121.2  mi) ;  period, 
89.1  min;  and  inclination,  51.8°.  Satellite  reentered  April  28.  (Ander- 
son, NYT,  4/21/68,  28;  W  Star,  4/21/68,  A5;  gsfc  SSR,  4/30/68) 

•  NASA  Astrobee  1500  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Sta- 

tion carried  Univ.  of  Minnesota  experiment  to  776-mi  (1,250-km)  alti- 
tude to  study  levels  of  electric  and  magnetic  field  variations  in  magne- 
tosphere,  check  operation  of  antenna  systems  for  use  on  satellite,  and 
verify  vehicle  design  changes.  Rocket  performed  satisfactorily.  Instru- 
mentation suffered  partial  failure,  but  cause  had  not  been  determined. 
(NASA  Rpt  srl) 

April  20-22:  Technical  review  of  Saturn  launch  vehicles,  attended  by  about 
140  scientists,  engineers,  and  administrators,  and  held  at  MSFC.  Partici- 
pants investigated  status  and  flight  schedule  of  Saturn  launch  vehicles. 
(MSFC  Release  68-77;  UPI,  W  Star,  4/21/68,  A5) 

April  21 :  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  eighth  Molniya  I  comsat,  Molniya 
1-8.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  39,719  km  (24,680.2  mi)  ;  perigee, 
414  km  (257.2  mi)  ;  period,  11  hr  53  min;  and  inclination  65°.  (uPl, 
NYT,  4/23/68,  34;  gsfc  SSR,  4/30/68) 

•  Soviet  scientists  reported  that  automatic  docking  of  Cosmos  CCXII  and 

CCXIII  April  15  had  occurred  only  47  min  after  pursuit  vessel  was 
launched.  Cosmos  CCXII  (launched  April  14)  was  orbiting  earth  at 
225.3-km  (140-mi)  altitude  and  17,500  mph  when  Cosmos  CCXIII  en- 

88 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  21 

tered  orbit  three  miles  from  it.  According  to  Tass,  satellites  repeatedly 
changed  their  orbits,  reoriented,  maneuvered  in  space,  and  conducted 
various  scientific  experiments  during  four  days  in  orbit.  Soviet  scien- 
tists had  reportedly  developed  three  launch  systems  for  spacecraft  in- 
tended for  automatic  docking  in  orbit:  (1)  simultaneous  side-by-side 
launch  with  docking  maneuvers  beginning  immediately  after  spacecraft 
separated  from  launch  vehicles;  (2)  separate  launches  from  same  or 
different  sites  with  second  spacecraft  launched  as  close  as  possible  to 
first  spacecraft  in  orbit  as  it  passed  over  launch  site  [method  used  for 
April  15  docking];  and  (3)  separate  launches  of  spacecraft  into  same 
plane,  but  with  distances  between  them  great  enough  to  require  several 
orbital  corrections  and  maneuvers  to  close  gap.  (Anderson,  NYT, 
4/22/68,  9;  SBD,  4/23/68,  296-7) 

•  NASA  announced  appointment  of  Dr.  Henry  J.  Smith,  Deputy  Director  of 

Physics  and  Astronomy  Programs,  OSSA,  as  Deputy  Associate  Adminis- 
trator for  Space  Science  and  Applications  (Science),  replacing  Dr. 
John  E.  Naugle  who  was  named  Associate  Administrator  for  Space 
Science  and  Applications  Oct.  1,  1967.  Dr.  Smith  would  be  Chief 
Scientist  for  osSA,  responsible  for  obtaining  and  implementing  scien- 
tific advice  for  the  national  space  program,  (nasa  Release  69—70) 

•  JPL  soil  sciences  group,  headed  by  Dr.  Roy  E.  Cameron,  reported  tests 

and  cultures  of  Antarctic  soil  samples  in  J  PL's  walk-in  freezer  labora- 
tory to  determine  what  micro-organisms  lived  in  extreme  cold  and  to 
help  determine  whether  life  existed  on  Mars.  Samples  had  come  from 
high,  dry  valleys  in  Victorialand  near  U.S.  base  at  McMurdo,  Antarc- 
tica. Scientists  discovered  bacteria,  yeasts,  molds,  and  algae,  which 
began  to  grow  within  two  weeks  when  Antarctic  soil  kept  laboratory- 
frozen  for  over  one  year  was  subjected  to  temperature  68°  F  or  above. 
Studies  were  sponsored  by  NASA  and  NSF.  (NASA  Release  68-73) 

•  Dept.  of  Commerce  announced  that  "the  exploration  of  Antarctica  has 

now  been  virtually  completed,"  with  conclusion  of  two-month,  815-mi 
scientific  journey  led  by  C&GS  geophysicist  Norman  W.  Peddie. 
"There  are  now  no  major  areas  [of  Antarctica]  which  have  not  been 
explored,"  Peddie  said. 

Expedition,  which  started  Dec.  5  and  ended  Jan.  30,  was  made  by 
nine-man  party  of  Belgian,  Norwegian,  and  American  scientists.  Trip 
covered  region  in  Queen  Maud  Land  between  South  Pole  and  Princess 
Ragnhild  Coast  in  direction  of  Africa  {W  Post,  4/21/68,  A12) 

•  Dr.  Kurt  H.  Debus,  KSC  Director,  and  Jpl  Director  William  H.  Picker- 

ing had  been  named  cowinners  of  American  Astronautical  Society's 
1967  Space  Flight  Award  for  outstanding  achievement  in  advancement 
of  space  flight  and  space  science.  (AP,  W  Star,  4/21/68,  A5) 
April  22:  Representatives  of  43  nations  signed  space  rescue  treaty  at  sepa- 
rate ceremonies  in  Washington,  D.C.,  London,  and  Moscow.  At  State 
Dept.  ceremony  in  Washington,  D.C.,  President  Johnson  said  he  hoped 
treaty  would  end  wasteful  competitive  spacemanship  between  U.S.  and 
U.S.S.R.  and  that  next  decade  in  space  would  increasingly  become  a 
partnership.  Treaty,  which  provided  for  assistance  to  astronauts  in 
emergency  and  safe  return  of  astronauts  and  space  hardware,  had  been 
unanimously  approved  by  U.N.  General  Assembly  Dec.  19,  1967.  Secre- 
tary of  State  Dean  Rusk  signed  for  U.S.   It  would  become  effective 

89 


April  22  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

when  ratified  by  U.S.,  U.S.S.R.,  U.K.,  and  two  other  countries.  (Ward, 
B  Sun,  4/23/68,  1;  PD,  4/29/68,  1108) 

•  New  York  Times  editorial  on  cuts  in  NASA  FY  1969  budget:  "Now  that 

the  desired  space  research  capability  has  been  created,  it  is  merely 
good  sense  to  shift  some  of  the  resources  thus  employed  to  other  and 
more  urgent  national  needs  .  .  .  [such  as]  cleaning  up  the  nation's 
polluted  air  and  water,  providing  high-speed  land  transportation,  or 
working  out  faster  and  cheaper  ways  to  build  new  housing  to  replace 
the  noxious  and  overcrowded  slums.  .  ,  . 

"None  of  this  means  .  .  .  that  the  United  States  will  or  should 
abandon  the  effort  to  explore  space  and  exploit  space  technology.  .  .  . 
But  for  the  moment  the  new  relatively  svelte — though  still  very  ade- 
quate— space  program  meets  the  nation's  needs  quite  generously." 
(NYT,  4/22/68;  CR,  5/1/68,  E3646) 
April  23:  nasa  launched  two  sounding  rockets  from  Churchill  Research 
Range.  Nike-Tomahav/k  carried  Univ.  of  New  Hampshire-Univ.  of  Cali- 
fornia at  San  Diego  payload  to  166.5-mi  (268-km)  altitude.  Objectives 
were  to  measure  electric  field,  ionospheric  currents,  auroral  light  in- 
tensity and  location,  and  proton  and  electron  fluxes  in  1-  to  10-kev  re- 
gion while  payload  was  passing  through  or  close  to  visible  auroral  dis- 
play. Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily;  all  scientific  ob- 
jectives were  achieved.  Launch  was  second  in  series  of  four  [see  Feb. 
5]. 

Nike-Apache  carried  Univ.  of  Michigan  payload  to  6-mi  (9.6-km)  al- 
titude to  study  atmospheric  parameters  of  temperature,  pressure,  and 
density  using  Pitot-static-probe  technique  and  measure  extreme  UV 
emission  to  determine  energy  disposition  with  altitude  of  incoming 
particles.  No  scientific  data  were  obtained  because  of  vehicle  malfunc- 
tion. (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  from  White  Sands  Missile 

Range  carried  Univ.  of  Colorado  experiment  to  111,9-mi  (185.4-km) 
altitude  to  measure  intensity  of  spectral  lines  in  3,400-1, lOOA  band. 
Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed  satisfactorily.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  heard  testimony 

in  support  of  NASA  FY  1969  budget  from  U.S.  scientists.  Dr.  Harry  H. 
Hess  of  Princeton  Univ.  presented  statement  for  record  by  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  President  Dr.  Frederick  Seitz.  Space  program, 
Dr.  Seitz  said,  was  "the  latest  and  one  of  the  greatest  human  explora- 
tory adventures  in  a  long  sequence  that  has  enriched  mankind.  It  offers 
us  the  promise  of  extending  the  range  of  our  domain  ...  to  the  entire 
solar  system.  We  can  expect  many  benefits  along  the  way,  some  of  con- 
ceptual and  some  of  direct  material  value  .  .  .  but  those  which  will 
prove  to  be  the  most  rewarding  are  probably,  in  the  main,  still  hidden 
from  us  over  the  horizon." 

Dr.  John  A.  Simpson  of  Enrico  Fermi  Institute  and  Univ.  of  Chicago 
noted:  "Researches  in  space  have  made,  through  the  bold  programs 
which  NASA  established  with  universities  in  the  early  1960s,  major  con- 
tributions to  the  critical  problems  of  generating,  developing  and  re- 
taining first-class  scientific  manpower.  .  .  .  The  great  fear  at 
present  ...  is  that  the  momentum  established  will  be  dissipated  by 
the  preferentially  deep  budgetary  cuts  made  by  NASA  in  those  areas 
which  most  affect  the  universities."  He  stressed  "deeply  felt  conviction" 

90 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  23 

that  U.S.  was  "in  danger  of  unwittingly  destroying  what  we  wish  to 
save  and  need  .  .  .  pre-eminence  in  science  and  technology  which  is 
crucial  for  each  major  problem  of  the  nation,  from  poverty  to  war." 
Actions  taken  in  Congress  in  1968  might  "largely  determine  whether 
the  U.S.  will  retain  its  leadership  in  the  space  sciences." 

Dr.  Simpson  urged  early  start  of  Pioneer  concept  since  it  was  "abso- 
lutely clear  that  discoveries  important  for  the  progress  of  science  and 
technology  may  be  made  by  .  .  .  experiments  and  observations  on 
spacecraft  moving  outward  from  the  orbit  of  the  Earth  ,  .  .  the  pro- 
gram is  not  a  gamble  and  a  hope,  but  an  objective  of  high  importance 
and  certain  to  produce  fruitful  results."  (Testimony;  NYT,  4/24/68, 
24;  W  Star,  4/24/68,  A21) 

•  Eleventh   Saturn   IB   booster   was   successfully   static    fired   at   Marshall 

Space  Flight  Center  at  1.6-million-lb  thrust  for  145  sec  by  Chrysler 
Corp.  personnel.  It  would  be  returned  to  Michoud  Assembly  Facility 
for  post-static  checkout,  (msfc  Release  68—85) 

•  At  American  Physical  Society  Meeting  in  Washington,   D.C.,   Stanford 

Univ.  physicist.  Dr.  William  M.  Fairbank,  described  experiments  on  su- 
perconducting accelerators  that  would  enable  scientists  to  accelerate 
electrons  faster  and  for  longer  periods  and,  possibly,  to  produce  10 
times  as  much  energy  as  world's  most  powerful  existing  accelerator,  2- 
mi-long,  20-bev  Stanford  Linear  Accelerator  (slac).  By  immersing  ac- 
celerator in  liquid  helium  cooled  to  absolute  zero,  energy  loss  could 
be  reduced  so  much  that  electrons  could  be  fired  continuously  and  ac- 
celerator kept  at  constant  temperature,  slac  currently  could  be  fired 
for  only  0.001  sec  because  of  excess  heat  generated  by  pulse.  Experi- 
ments, preliminary  to  construction  of  $5-million,  500-ft-long  prototype 
accelerator,  had  been  conducted  on  5-ft  model.  (Sullivan,  NYT, 
4/24/68,  26:  O'Toole,  W  Post,  4/24/68,  A17) 

R.  F,  Taschek  of  aec's  Los  Alamos  (N.  Mex.)  Scientific  Laboratory 
presented  "Space-Based  Detection  of  Radiations  from  Nuclear  Detona- 
tions and  Other  Sources."  Eight  test-detection  satellites — launched  two 
at  a  time  in  joint  DOD-AEC  Vela  Hotel  program,  Oct.  17,  1963;  July  17, 
1964;  July  20,  1965;  and  April  28,  1967— were  still  orbiting  earth  at 
69,000-mi  altitude.  They  had  not  spotted  any  detonations  to  date  but 
provided  "undoubtedly  the  best  information"  about  solar  winds,  Tas- 
chek said.  Information  would  "eventually  allow  us  to  understand  and 
perhaps  control  our  environment  more  readily."  (Test;  EH;  P  Inq, 
6/5/68,5) 

•  Capt.  J.  Laurence  Pritchard   (raf),  pioneer  in  British  aircraft  industry, 

died  in  U.K.  at  age  83.  First  textbook  on  airplane  structural  analysis. 
Aeroplane  Structures,  which  he  wrote  jointly  with  A.  J.  Sutton  Pip- 
pard,  was  used  all  over  the  world  and  served  as  model  for  many  later 
books  on  subject.  He  was  editor  of  Journal  of  the  Royal  Aeronautical 
Society  26  yr.  (A&A,  7/68,  69) 

•  MSEC   announced  award   of  $1,400  to   MSEC  Test  Laboratory  Engineer 

John  A.  Hauser  for  invention  of  five-module  system  for  purifying  and 
filtering  gas  to  purity  necessary  in  development  of  Saturn  rockets. 
(msec  Release  68-82) 

•  NASA  announced  swearing  in  of  Dr.  Waino  W.  Suojanen,  Chairman  of 

Univ.  of  Miami's  Dept.  of  Management,  as  a  consultant  to  Administra- 
tor James  E.  Webb.  Dr.  Suojanen  would  serve  as  member  of  NASA  Man- 

91 


April  23  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

agement  Advisory  Panel  which  reviewed  NASA's  pattern  of  administra- 
tion and  advised  on  specific  aspects  of  organization  and  management. 
(NASA  Release  68-78) 

•  MSFC  announced  appointment  of  M.  Keith  Wible,  chief  of  MSFc's  Man- 

power Utilization  and  Administration  Office,  as  head  of  new  manpower 
utilization  system  for  NASA  Hq.  Operations  Management  Office,  OMSF. 
He  would  be  succeeded  by  Paul  L.  Styles,  head  of  MSFc's  Labor  Rela- 
tions Office,  (msfc  Release  68-83;  Marshall  Star,  4/24/68,  1) 

•  NASA  announced  that  Astronaut  Brian  T.  O'Leary  had  withdrawn  from 

astronaut  training  program  because  he  disliked  piloting  aircraft.  Dr. 
O'Leary,  who  had  completed  15  hr  flying  time  in  training  program  at 
Williams  afb,  Ariz.,  hoped  to  remain  with  space  program  as  researcher 
in  planetary  astronomy.  Astronaut  F.  Curtis  Michel  had  received  spe- 
cial permission  to  spend  80%  of  his  time  teaching  and  studying  at  Rice 
Univ.  and  20%  in  astronaut  training  for  one  year,  (msc  Release  68—32; 
AP,  W  Star,  4/24/68,  A2;  Jf  Post,  4/24/68,  4) 

•  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  had  included  "little-publicized  sanctions"  in  proposed 

nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty,  John  W.  Finney  reported  in  New  York 
Times.  "Unless  they  sign  the  treaty  or  accept  its  requirements  for  inter- 
national inspection  over  all  their  atomic  activities,  nations  may  find 
themselves  cut  off  from  assistance  in  developing  the  peaceful  uses  of 
atomic  energy."  Such  nations  would  not  be  able  to  purchase  atomic 
power  plants  or  to  obtain  nuclear  fuel  from  U.S.  or  U.S.S.R.  Further, 
European  Atomic  Energy  Community  would  not  receive  fuel  unless  it 
entered  into  inspection  agreement  within  two  years  with  International 
Atomic  Energy  Agency.  {NYT,  4/24/68,  1) 
April  24:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXVII  into  orbit  with 
182-km  (113.1-mi)  apogee,  150-km  (93.2-mi)  perigee,  87.6-min  pe- 
riod, and  62.2°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  April  26.  (gsfc  SSR, 
4/30/68) 

•  NASA  Apollo  Program  Director  m/g  Samuel  C.  Phillips  (usaf)  told  press 

at  NASA  Hq.  briefing  that  Apollo  6  mission,  in  spite  of  anomalies,  was 
"a  safe  mission  from  a  crew  safety  standpoint"  as  demonstrated  by 
spacecraft's  recovery  in  excellent  condition  after  performing  an  alter- 
nate mission.  He  cited  three  substantial  technical  problems — J— 2  en- 
gine failure  because  of  fuel  leak,  amplitude  of  oscillations  during  1st- 
stage  burn  (pogo  effect),  and  apparent  separation  of  large  piece  of 
paint  or  skin  from  lunar  module  adapter  during  ascent — and  one  pro- 
cedural problem — premature  shutdown  of  second  of  two  2nd-stage  en- 
gines because  of  wiring  error  made  by  North  American  Rockwell  Corp. 
which  was  not  discovered  by  NASA  in  prelaunch  tests.  He  said  all  could 
be  corrected. 

From  demonstrations  of  Apollo  4  (launched  Nov.  9,  1967)  and  in- 
formation gained  from  Apollo  6  Gen.  Phillips  said  he  had  determined 
"the  course  of  action  .  .  .  necessary  to  correct  and  demonstrate  the 
correction  of  the  problems  and  .  .  .  recommended  to  the  Administra- 
tor of  NASA  that  we  proceed  with  preparations  for  the  manned  flight  of 
205  with  the  101  spacecraft  which  is  planned  to  be  the  first  manned 
flight  in  Apollo,  and  ...  a  Saturn  IB."  He  also  recommended  that 
NASA  prepare  third  Saturn  V  (No.  503)  for  manned  flight  in  late  1968 
with  option  to  revert  to  unmanned  mission  if  necessary  corrections  did 
not  meet  requirements  to  ensure  crew  safety  on  manned  mission.  NASA 

92 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  24 

Administrator  James  E.  Webb's  decision  on  Gen.  Phillips'  recommen- 
dation was  expected  shortly.  (Transcript;  W  Post,  4/25/68,  A9) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  urged  Senate  Committee  on  Aero- 

nautical and  Space  Sciences  to  restore  $48.3  million  cut  by  House  from 
NASA  FY  1969  budget  request  for  nuclear  rocket  program  [see  March 
1].  Webb  stressed  importance  of  proceeding  with  U.S.  development  of 
nuclear  rocket  propulsion  as  part  of  total  capability  in  aeronautics  and 
space  to  ( 1 1  meet  potential  civil  or  military  requirements  for  space  ve- 
hicles and  missions,  (2)  avoid  short-sighted  cutoffs  or  constraint  on 
promising  new  technological  developments  because  they  had  no  specific 
justification  in  advance,  (3)  prove  that  U.S.  "does  not  intend  to  limit 
its  development  of  large  launch  vehicles  and  payload  capabilities"  to 
Saturn  V  class,  and  (4)  serve  as  "central  focus  for  continuing  advance 
in  nuclear  and  other  technologies  involved." 

Responding  to  questions,  Webb  cited  recent  Soviet  development  of 
fractional  orbital  bombardment  system,  automatic  docking  flights,  and 
maneuvering  of  heavy  payloads  in  orbit  as  evidence  U.S.S.R.  was  "not 
neglecting  any  important  capabilities.  .  .  .  Everything  I  know  ...  in- 
dicates they  are  still  probing  for  those  areas  that  will  put  them  ahead 
the  fastest  and  give  them  the  lead  over  us  that  we  cannot  overcome  in 
a  short  time."  (Testimony;  SBD,  4/25/68,  309;  A^IT  4/25/68,  16) 

•  Univ.  of  Wisconsin  professor  Dr.  William  Kraushaar,  speaking  at  dedi- 

cation of  new  S4.3-million  Center  for  Space  Research  at  MIT,  reported 
discovery  by  nasa's  Oso  III  of  high  intensity  of  gamma  rays  flowing 
from  center  of  Milky  Way.  Dr.  Kraushaar  said  finding  was  first  obser- 
vation to  support  theory  that  galaxy  centers  were  rich  reservoirs  of 
cosmic  rays.  (Wilford,  NYT,  4/27/68,  40) 

•  U.S.  leadership  in  physics  "very  likely"  would  be  overtaken   soon  by 

U.S.S.R.  and  Western  Europe,  Dr.  Marvin  L.  Goldberger,  professor  of 
physics  at  Princeton  Univ.,  said  at  105th  Annual  Meeting  of  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  in  Washington,  D.C.  Dr.  Goldberger,  chairman  of 
symposium  on  current  advances  in  high-energy  physics,  and  other  physi- 
cists attributed  threatened  loss  of  leadership  to  budget  cutbacks  and 
U.S.  failure  to  develop  apparatus  for  producing  coUiding  beams  of 
high-energy  particles  which  would  permit  exploration  of  realms  of 
physics  inaccessible  by  other  experiments.  Plans  for  accelerators  at 
Stanford  Univ.  and  at  Weston,  111.,  provided  for  storage  rings  for  ex- 
periments, but  there  seemed  to  be  no  early  prospect  for  their  construc- 
tion. (Text;  Sullivan,  NYT,  4/25/68,  17) 

•  ComSatCorp  reported  $1.8-million  net  income   (18  cents  per  share)    for 

first  quarter  of  1968— $569,000  (6  cents  per  share)  more  than  for  first 
quarter  of  1967 — and  operating  revenues  of  record  $6.9  million.  As  of 
March  31,  ComSatCorp  was  leasing,  full-time,  equivalent  of  754  half 
circuits,  453  m.ore  than  on  March  31,  1967.  Of  number  leased  in  1968, 
421  were  through  two  Atlantic  sateUites  and  333  were  through  two  Pa- 
cific satellites.  One  year  ago  only  two  sateflites  were  in  service,  one 
over  Atlantic  and  one  over  Pacific.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68-19) 
April  25:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXVIII  into  orbit  with  209.2-km 
(130-mi)  apogee,  143.2-km  (89-mi)  perigee,  and  50°  inclination. 
Period  was  not  disclosed.  Satellite  reentered  same  day.  Simultaneously, 
U.S.S.R.  disclosed  April  24  launch  of  Cosmos  CCXVII. 

There  was  widespread  speculation  that  U.S.S.R.  would  soon  attempt 

93 


April  25  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

new  space  spectacular.  Evert  Clark  had  suggested  in  New  York  Times 
that  U.S.S.R.  was  secretly  testing  "a  maneuverable  rocket  stage  that 
could  be  used  to  guide  bombs  down  from  orbit  or  to  send  instruments 
to  the  moon."  AP  said  Soviet  failure  to  reveal  period  of  Cosmos 
CCXVIII  suggested  spacecraft  might  have  reentered  before  completing 
one  orbit  to  test  fractional  orbital  bomb  system  (fobs)  described  by 
Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara  Nov.  3,  1967.  (Clark,  NYT, 
4/3/68,  1;  AP,  B  Sun,  4/26/68,  2;  gsfc  SSR,  4/30/68) 

•  NASA   Nike-Tomahawk    sounding    rocket   launched    from    Churchill    Re- 

search Range  carried  TRW,  Inc.,  experiment  to  measure:  total  flux  en- 
ergy, including  spectrum  of  precipitated  energetic  H  atoms;  spectrum 
of  precipitated  energetic  protons  and  electrons;  fluctuating  and  DC 
electron  fields;  H  light-intensity  altitude  profile;  and  location  and  in- 
tensity of  ionospheric  current  systems.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  per- 
formance was  satisfactory,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  In  statement  to  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences, 

Milton  Klein,  Manager  of  nasa— aec  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  Office, 
summarized  progress  of  nuclear  rocket  program.  Major  milestone  has 
been  achieved  with  "operation  in  late  1967  of  a  single  reactor  for  60 
minutes  at  its  design  power  of  1,100  megawatts,  a  duration  capability 
adequate  for  most  missions."  Technology  phase  of  nerva  program  was 
nearing  completion  and  next  step  was  to  develop  engine  to  flight  capa- 
bility, funds  for  which  were  included  in  FY  1969  budget  request,  he 
said.  No  action  deferring  this  step  could  be  taken  without  losing  a 
major  portion  of  capability  in  this  field.  Nuclear  rocket  was  "a  focal 
point  for  pushing  forward  frontiers  of  technology  .  .  .  [and]  only 
major  advanced  propulsion  program  in  the  Nation." 

High  performance  of  nuclear  rockets  had  been  demonstrated  in  nine 
consecutive  power  reactor  tests.  Solid  base  of  data  and  underrating  had 
been  built  for  development  of  flight-rated  nerva  engine.  "Development 
of  the  nerva  engine  at  this  time,"  Klein  stressed,  "would  capitalize  on 
this  investment  and  provide  a  major  fundamental  advance  in  propul- 
sion capability.  Its  high  specific  impulse  will  provide  a  broad  mission 
versatility  for  the  high-payload,  high-energy  missions  .  .  .  inevitably 
included  in  a  viable  space  program."  (Testimony) 

•  Dr.  Norris  E.  Bradbury,  Director  of  Los  Alamos  Scientific  Laboratory, 

testified  at  Rover  Program  Hearing  of  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronauti- 
cal and  Space  Sciences  that,  since  project's  basic  reactor  performance 
goals  had  been  demonstrated  along  with  basic  elements  of  complete 
engine  system,  major  emphasis  of  Rover  Program  should  shift  to  devel- 
opment of  overall  flight  engine,  lasl  would  continue  to  support  nerva 
program  chiefly  in  development  and  evaluation  of  improved  fuel  ele- 
ments and  other  reactor  core  components.  "Deep  space  has  always 
been  known  to  be  the  true  domain  of  nuclear  energy  for  both  power 
and  propulsion;  it  is  my  belief  that  the  atom  will  be  the  work  horse 
of  near  space  as  well."  (Text) 

•  Addressing  Women's  National   Democratic   Club  in  Washington,   D.C., 

Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  Director  of  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center, 
said:  ".  .  .  we  must  not  seriously  impair  or  hamper  our  progress  in 
space  because  we  cannot  foresee  immediate  payoffs  to  offset  the  invest- 
ment we  are  making."  He  urged  that  U.S.  "come  to  grasp  the  unlimited 
opportunities   and   the   promise   of   space   exploration."    (Text;    SBD, 

94 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  25 

4/26/68,  321;  W  Post,  4/26/68,  C3) 

•  ESRO  announced  cancellation  of  TD-1  and  TD-2  solar  astronomy  satel- 

lites, which  were  to  have  been  built  under  $20-million  contract  by  an 
international  consortium  and  launched  from  U.S.  by  Thor-Delta  rock- 
ets. Italy  had  refused  to  pay  its  share  of  costs,  feeling  its  share  of  work 
too  slight  to  justify  contribution,  John  L.  Hess  later  reported  in  New 
York  Times.  Earlier  U.K.  had  refused  to  contribute  to  proposed  budget 
expansion  of  eldo,  partner  with  ESRO  in  plans  for  European  satellite 
communications  system  [see  April  16J.  (Reuters,  NYT,  4/26/68,  16; 
Hess,  NYT,  4/28/68,  24) 

•  FAA  announced   allocations   of  S74.7   million   for   construction   and   im- 

provement of  397  public  civil  airports  under  Federal-Aid  Airport  Pro- 
gram (faap)  for  FY  1969.  Program,  developed  from  record  773  re- 
quests for  aid  by  public  agencies,  provided  $67.7  million  to  improve 
356  existing  airports  and  $7  million  to  construct  41  new  public  air- 
ports. (FAA  Release  68-28) 

•  FAA  awarded  $57,345  to  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.,  $52,663  to  Western 

Co.,  and  $28,000  to  Bureau  of  Mines  for  additional  research  on  use  of 
thickened  safety  fuels  to  reduce  chances  and  severity  of  post-crash  fires 
in  survivable  aircraft  accidents.  (FAA  Release  T  68—15) 
April  26:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXIX—lOth.  Cosmos  in  April  and  9th 
spacecraft  in  12  days — into  orbit  with  1,747-km  (1,085.5-mi)  apogee, 
225-km  (139.8-mi)  perigee,  104.7-min  period,  and  48.4°  inclination. 
Soviet  scientist  Prof.  Georgi  Pokrovsky  in  Nedelya,  Sunday  supplement 
to  Izvestia,  predicted  that  interlinked  satellites  might  some  day  form  ar- 
tificial Saturn  rings  around  earth. 

NASA  Executive  Secretary  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh  said  U.S.S.R.'s 
launch  activity  April  14-26  made  most  active  12  days  in  space  history 
of  any  nation  and  "a  great  acceleration"  of  Soviet  space  effort.  "For 
some  time  we've  had  indications  that  they're  putting  in  an  increasing 
rate  of  men  and  resources." 

James  J.  Haggerty,  Jr.,  wrote  in  Journal  of  the  Armed  Forces  that 
U.S.S.R.  satellite  launches  in  1968  might  for  the  first  time  since  1957 
exceed  U.S.  spacecraft  orbited.  Launches  in  Cosmos  series,  which  in- 
cluded a  variety  of  spacecraft,  had  continued  to  accelerate,  he  noted, 
with  34  Cosmos  launches  in  1966  and  59  in  1967. 

Satellite  reentered  March  2,  1969.  (Cohn,  W  Post,  4/27/68,  A15; 
UPi,  NYT,  4/27/68,  15;  J/AF,  4/27/68,  9;  gsfc  SSR,  4/30/68; 
3/15/69) 

•  Maj.  William  J.  Knight  (usaf)   flew  X-15  No.  1  to  209,600-ft  altitude 

and  3,545  mph  (mach  5.05)  from  Edwards  AFB.  Purposes  of  test  flight 
were  to  check  Saturn  insulation  horizon  scanner  and  fixed  ball  nose. 
(NASA  Proj  Oil) 

•  A  15-lb  pig-tailed  monkey,  like  one  scheduled  to  orbit  earth  for  30  days 

on  board  Biosatellite  D  in  1969,  had  successfully  completed  simulated 
space  flight  fully  instrumented  with  some  two  dozen  separate  biological 
sensors.  Test,  first  joining  of  instrumented  primate  and  its  complete 
array  of  biological  instrumentation  with  flight-type  spacecraft,  met 
all  objectives,  including  15-day  medical  countdown,  3-day  simulated 
flight,  and  5-day  monitoring,  (nasa  Release  68-76;  JF  Post,  4/26/68, 
A19) 

•  NASA  established  Aerospace  Safety  Research  and  Data  Institute  at  LeRC  to 

95 


April  26 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 


April  26:  Pig-tailed  monkey  was  in  good  health  after  3-day  simulated  test  flight,  with 
15-day  medical  countdown  and  5-day  postflight  monitoring.  Monkey,  identical  to  one 
scheduled  for  30-day  orbit  of  earth  on  nasa's  Biosatellite  D  in  1969,  had  been  instru- 
mented with  two  dozen  sensors.  In  photo,  primate  is  seated  in  test  fixture. 


maintain  highest  safety  standards  possible  in  national  aerospace  pro- 
gram by  solving  technical  safety  problems  and  providing  NASA  and  its 
contractors  with  current  information  on  safety  data  and  procedures.  In- 
stitute would  be  directed  by  I.  Irving  Pinkel,  consultant  on  aircraft 
safety  to  USAF  and  FAA  and  former  Apollo  204  accident  investigator 
and  consultant,  (nasa  Release  68-79;  LeRC  Release  68-32) 


96 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  26 

•  NASA   published   Constructing  Inexpensive   Automatic   Picture-Transmis- 

sion Ground  Stations  (nasa  SP— 5079),  providing  instructions  for 
building  from  surplus  parts  $500  ground  station  that  could  receive 
local  cloud-cover  pictures  anyv.here  in  the  world  from  U.S.  meteorolog- 
ical satellites.  Booklet  was  available  from  Clearinghouse  for  Federal 
Scientific  and  Technical  Information,  (nasa  Release  58—77) 
April  27:  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  approved  April  24  recommen- 
dation of  Apollo  Program  Director  m/g  Samuel  C.  Phillips  (usA,  Ret.) 
that  NASA  proceed  with  preparation  of  third  Saturn  V  Launch  Vehicle 
for  manned  mission  in  late  1968  and  retain  option  for  another  un- 
manned mission  "if  further  analysis  and  ground  testing  indicate  that 
it  is  the  best  course." 

Astronauts  James  A.  McDivitt,  David  R.  Scott,  and  Russell  L. 
Schweickart  were  scheduled  to  be  launched  on  Saturn  V  in  second 
manned  Apollo  space  flight.  First  manned  Apollo  mission,  Apollo  7 
with  Saturn  IB  booster,  would  carry  Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr., 
Donn  F.  Eisele,  and  R.  Walter  Cunningham  into  earth  orbit  in  third 
quarter  of  1968.  (nasa  Release  68-81;  W  Star,  4/28/68) 

•  NASA  successfully  launched  600-lb  Reentry  F  payload  by  Scout  booster 

from  NASA  Wallops  Station  to  obtain  inflight  fundamental  research  data 
on  aerodynamic  heating  and  transition  from  laminar  to  turbulent  flow 
in  boundary  layer.  Payload,  graphite-tipped  beryllium  cone  13  ft  long, 
tapering  from  0.01  in  at  nose  to  27.3  in  at  base,  was  designed  to  meas- 
ure heat  transfer  in  slender  cone  at  hypersonic  speeds  for  comparison 
with  ground  studies.  Three  of  Scout's  four  stages  were  used:  1st  and  2nd 
stages  fired  during  ascent,  boosting  3rd  stage  and  payload  to  115-mi 
(175-km)  altitude;  and  3rd  stage  drove  payload  at  up  to  13,500  mph 
through  earth's  atmosphere.  Impact  occurred  800  mi  downrange,  north- 
east of  Bermuda. 

Reentry  F  experiment,  sixth  mission  in  NASA's  Reentry  Heating  Pro- 
ject, was  designed  and  directed  by  LaRC  under  sponsorship  of  NASA 
Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology.  Payload  was  constructed 
by  General  Electric  Co.'s  Re-Entry  Systems  Div.  (WS  Release  68-9) 

•  Aerobee    150   MOD    I    sounding    rocket   launched    from   WSMR   carried 

Naval  Research  Laboratory  experiment  to  103.2-mi  (166.1-km)  alti- 
tude to  photograph  solar  corona  for  streamers  and  to  photograph  inter- 
planetary dust  shadows  using  two  externally  occulated  coronagraphs 
and  one  solar  pointing  control.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satis- 
factorily. (NASARptSRL) 

•  Crash  of  USAF  F-lllA  aircraft  near  Bowie,  Tex.,  Oct.   19,   1967,  had 

been  caused  by  failure  of  experimental  speed  break — only  one  ever  in- 
stalled on  F— 111 — USAF  reported.  Investigation  had  indicated  hydraulic 
system  tubing  ruptured  and  flight  control  system  was  disrupted  when 
bracket  assembly  failed  at  1,000  mph.  (AP,  W  Post,  4/27/68) 

•  Tass  reported  Moscow  scientist  had  compared  "spectrometric  analysis" 

of  cactus  growing  in  cold  areas  with  spectrographs  of  "dark  areas"  of 
Mars  and  concluded  areas  on  Mars  were  covered  with  cactus-like  vege- 
tation. Other  tests  on  cactus,  scientists  said,  proved  it  could  stand  ex- 
tremes of  temperature  and  other  conditions  similar  to  those  on  Mars. 
(uPi,W5far,  4/28/68,  A3) 
April  29:  NASA  awarded  $25,847,000  one-year,  cost-plus-fee  contract  to  Ben- 
dix  Field  Engineering  Corp.  for  continued  maintenance  and  operation 

97 


April  29  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

of  major  portion  of  NASA's  Manned  Space  Flight  Network,  including 
11  facilities  of  14-station  unified  8-band  network  for  Apollo.  Contract 
extended  original  two-year  agreement  containing  three  options.  (NASA 
Release  68-82) 
April  30:  NASA  launched  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  from  Churchill  Re- 
search Range  carrying  Univ.  of  New  Hampshire-Univ.  of  California  at 
San  Diego  payload  to  66.4-mi  (109.7-km)  altitude  to  measure  electric 
field,  ionospheric  currents,  auroral  light  intensity  and  location,  and 
proton  and  electron  fluxes  (1—10  kev)  while  passing  through  or  close  to 
auroral  display.  Rocket  did  not  perform  as  expected;  spin  rate  was 
below  that  anticipated.  Payload  broke  away  from  rocket  and  no  useful 
data  were  received  from  experiment.  Launch  was  third  in  series  of 
four  [see  April  23].  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  Director  of  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  told 

Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  he  was  greatly 
concerned  about  future  of  entire  space  program  without  propulsion  ca- 
pability of  nuclear  rocket  program.  Nuclear  propulsion  was  "a  must 
for  our  future  space  needs."  Failure  to  proceed  into  development  phase 
would  result  in  "losses  of  experienced  personnel  and  cost-increase  ef- 
fects on  the  total  program.  ...  A  one-year  delay  in  funding  could  re- 
sult in  as  much  as  two  years  delay  in  having  an  operational  nuclear 
engine." 

Nuclear  vehicle  as  3rd  stage  on  Saturn  V  could  significantly  improve 
payload  and  mission  versatility,  and  improved  capability  could  be  uti- 
lized "to  improve  mission  effectiveness,  to  increase  the  mission  and 
payload  reliability,  and  to  extend  the  spectrum  of  potential  missions  in 
the  late  1970's  and  the  1980's.  Equally  important  ...  for  high  energy 
missions  requiring  the  launch  of  two  or  more  Saturn  V's,  with  subse- 
quent rendezvous  in  earth  orbit,  we  will  be  able  to  reduce  the  number  of 
Saturn  V's  needed  through  the  utilization  of  a  nuclear  vehicle,"  at  sub- 
stantial cost  savings. 

In  response  to  questions  by  Sen.  Howard  W.  Cannon  (D-Nev.),  Dr. 
von  Braun  said  space  program  was  "cutting  edge  of  our  technology  ad- 
'  vancements  and  of  many  advances  in  the  applied  sciences  .  .  .  [be- 
cause] no  other  program  .  .  .  involves  so  many  branches  of  tech- 
nology and  science."  Reduction  in  NASA's  $60-million  nerva  request 
to  $11  million  recommended  by  House  would  be  disastrous  because 
to  make  manned  space  operations  useful,  "plenty  of  payload"  was 
required.  AEC  funding  for  nerva  had  been  approved,  but  if  cuts 
were  made  in  NASA  funding,  program  would  be  nonexistent.  (Testi- 
mony; Transcript;  O'Toole,  W  Post,  5/1/68,  A3) 

•  Secretary    of   Defense    Clark   M.    Clifford    asked    House    Committee    on 

Armed  Services  to  restore  funds  cut  by  Senate  for  compromise  develop- 
ment program  for  Navy  F— lllB  aircraft.  According  to  compromise 
plan,  USN  would  continue  tests  on  F— lllB  experimental  models  and 
exploratory  work  on  alternate  aircraft,  VFX— 1,  until  March  1969  and 
then  decide  whether  to  proceed  with  F— lllB  or  to  cancel  program 
after  first  eight  models  and  develop  alternate.  If  VFX— 1  were  chosen, 
F— 11  IBs  already  produced  would  provide  sophisticated  air  defense 
until  alternate  aircraft  became  operational  in  1973.  DOD  had  requested 
$425  million  for  8  F-lllBs  and  60  Phoenix  missiles  and  $30  million 
for  R&D  on  VFX— 1.   Senate  instead  had  approved  $170  million  for 

98 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  April  30 

VFX-3L  (Testimony;  Sheehan.  NYT,  5/1/68,  4;  UPI,  W  Star,  5/1/68, 
A12) 

•  Univ.    of   Colorado   physicist   Dr.    Edward   U.    Condon    announced   that 

Univ.  $500,000  UFO  study  for  usaf  had  been  completed  on  schedule. 
Dr.  Condon  declined  to  discuss  conclusions  and  said  final  report  would 
be  submitted  to  nas  in  September.  He  protested  May  14  Look  magazine 
article,  which  called  project  fiasco,  but  said  completion  of  field  investi- 
gations were  not  related  to  controversy. 

Rep.  J.  Edward  Roush  (D-Ind.),  citing  article  on  House  floor,  ques- 
tioned scientific  profundity  and  objectivity  of  project  and  urged  Con- 
gress to  take  over  UFO  investigation  from  usaf.  {CR,  4/30/68,  H3087; 
Clark,  A^yr,  5/1/68,  5) 

•  Republican        Coordinating        Committee        released        statement        on 

U.S.— U.S.S.R.  relations,  including  policy  on  space:  "Outer  space 
should  be  seen  as  the  focus  for  ever  increasing  United  States-Soviet  col- 
laboration rather  than  as  the  site  of  an  endless  series  of  increasingly  ex- 
pensive prestige  races.  Because  our  society  is  open,  so  much  is  known 
about  our  space  program  that  inviting  Soviet  participation  in  the  non- 
military  projects  would  be  unlikely  to  endanger  national  security.  By 
insisting  upon  reciprocal  privileges  we  would  acquire  much  additional 
knowledge  about  their  space  efforts,  thus  achieving  a  net  gain  for 
United  States  security.  At  the  same  time,  we  must  not  intimate  that  the 
Soviets  and  ourselves  have  an  exclusive  role  to  play  in  this  area.  We 
must  constantly  reiterate  our  willingness  to  collaborate  with  NATO  and 
other  Allies  in  space  technology."  (Text;  UPi,  NYT,  4/30/68,  95; 
Unna,  W  Post,  4/30/68,  A5;  SBD,  5/1/68,  2) 

•  NASA  awarded  General  Dynamics  Corp.  Convair  Div.  $4,771,390  supple- 

mental agreement  for  construction  of  two  additional  Centaur  launch  ve- 
hicles to  be  used  with  Atlas  boosters  to  launch  two  Orbiting  Astronomi- 
cal Observatories  (OAo)  in  1960  and  1970.  (nasa  Release  68-83) 
During  April:  In  MIT  Technology  Review,  Gen.  Bernard  A.  Schriever 
(usaf,  Ret.),  President  of  B.  A.  Schriever  Associates,  and  Dr.  William 
W.  Seifert,  Assistant  Dean  of  MIT  School  of  Engineering,  wrote  "Air 
Travel  Threatens  to  Become  Hard-to-Get."  Unless  we  "begin  now  to 
take  steps  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  future,  sheer  growth  in  population 
and  the  accompanying  economic  demands  could  so  saturate  our  trans- 
portation system,  especially  the  air  system,  that  mobility  could  become 
a  premium  service  instead  of  a  routine  accommodation."  Median  fore- 
casts were  that  by  1980  number  of  domestic  revenue  passengers  carried 
by  airlines  would  quadruple,  with  air  cargo  growing  10  times,  (mit 
Tech  Rev,  Vol.  70,  No.  6;  W  Post,  10/15/68,  B4) 

•  House    Committee    on    Science    and    Astronautics    published    Survey    of 

Views  of  Leading  Industrial  Executives  on  the  National  Space  Pro- 
gram. Rep.  Olin  E.  Teague  (D-Tex.),  Chairman  of  Subcommittee  on 
NASA  Oversight,  had  queried  750  U.S.  senior  executives;  449  had  re- 
plied. Majority  considered  $5  billion  annually  for  NASA  funding  to  be 
"about  right" ;  54%  favored  maintaining  goal  of  manned  lunar  landing 
in  this  decade;  96%  ranked  national  defense  high-priority  assignment; 
69%  felt  NASA  had  made  "much"  scientific  and  utilitarian  contribution. 
In  context  of  Vietnam  War,  47%  favored  same  level  of  funding  for 
space  program  on  basis  of  contribution  to  national  security.  (Text) 

•  National  Science   Foundation's  Reviews   of  Data   on  Science  Resources 

99 


During  April  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

presented  information  on  scientific  and  technical  personnel  in  Govern- 
ment in  1966.  Federal  Government  had  employed  149,300  civilian  sci- 
entists and  engineers  in  October  1966,  increase  of  4%  over  December 
1964  figure  and  annual  gain  of  2% — substantially  below  5%  annual 
gain  in  1962-64  and  in  entire  1959-64  period.  There  were  72,500  scien- 
tists on  rolls  in  October  1966,  increase  of  6%  over  total  68,300  reported 
two  years  earlier,  and  average  gain  of  3%  per  year,  only  half  the  6% 
average  increase  in  1959—64.  Approximately  13%  of  natural  scientists 
and  8%  of  engineers  in  U.S.  were  employed  in  Federal  Government  in 
1966,  accounting  for  9%  of  total  U.S.  employment  in  those  occupations. 
DOD  continued  as  largest  employer  of  scientists  and  engineers,  with 
total  of  66,000. 

Women  professional  scientific  and  technical  personnel  increased 
more  than  3%  between  1964  and  1966,  to  32,300,  17%  of  total  profes- 
sional scientific  and  technical  personnel  in  both  years,  (nsf  Release 
68-16) 


100 


May   1968 


May  1 :  USaf  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  afb  by  Thor- 
Agena  D  booster.  Satellite  entered  orbit  with  176-mi  (273.2-km)  apogee, 
115-mi  (185.1-km)  perigee,  88.6-min  period,  and  83.1°  inclination  and 
reentered  May  15.  {Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  House  Republican  Policy  Committee  recommended  S353-million  cut  in 

Administration's  requested  $4.37-million  NASA  FY  1969  authorization 
and  said  unless  Government  spending  was  dramatically  reduced,  "the 
cost  of  living  may  reach  the  moon  before  our  astronauts."  Committee 
urged  reductions  in  Apollo  Applications  program,  administrative  oper- 
ations, and  public  relations  and  suggested  that  NASA  place  greater  em- 
phasis on  R&D  programs  leading  to  future  space  advances.  "Stockpiling 
of  expensive  hardware  that  may  be  obsolete  by  the  time  it  is  finally 
needed"  could  not  be  justified.  (Text:  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  5/2/68,  A6; 
55D,  5/7/68,  31) 

•  NASA,  USN,  Dept.   of  the  Interior,  and  General  Electric   Co.   announced 

plans  for  Operation  Tektite,  60-day  study  of  ocean  floor  by  four  U.S. 
scientists  isolated  at  50-ft  depth  in  Greater  Lameshur  Bay,  Virgin  Is- 
lands, in  February  1969.  Project,  first  such  program  undertaken  jointly 
by  Government  agencies  and  private  industry,  would  be  longest  contin- 
uous undersea  study  by  a  diving  team.  Previous  record  was  45  days. 

NASA  would  acquire  data  on  human  endurance;  USN,  on  engineering, 
marine  science,  and  human  behavior;  and  Interior,  on  marine  geology, 
underwater  mapping,  and  fish  life.  GE  would  build  laboratory.  (Abra- 
ham, P  EB,  5/1/68;  Wilford,  NYT,  5/2/68,  18;  arc  Astrogram, 
5/23/68,  3) 

•  Second  stage  of  vehicle  expected  to  be  first  manned  Apollo/Saturn  V 

space  vehicle  was  shipped  from  Kennedy  Space  Center  launch  site  to 
Mississippi  Test  Facility  for  cryogenic  proof  pressure  test  by  North 
American  Rockwell  Corp.  personnel.  Test,  scheduled  for  June,  would 
further  certify  integrity  of  stage's  liquid-hydrogen  tank  and  would  be 
conducted  on  all  2nd  stages  for  manned  Apollo  Saturn  missions.  Stage 
would  be  reshipped  to  KSC  about  July  1.  (msfc  Release  68-93) 

•  Edgar  M.   Cortright,  former   NASA   Deputy  Associate   Administrator   for 

Manned  Space  Flight,  assumed  duties  as  Director  of  NASA  Langley  Re- 
search Center.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Floyd  L.  Thompson,  who  was  serving 
as  Special  Assistant  to  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb.  Cortright 
had  served  at  Lewis  Research  Center  from  1948  to  1958  and  at  NASA 
Hq.  since  1958.  (Langley  Researcher,  5/17/68,  1) 

•  President's  Office  of  Science  and  Technology  released  National  Atmos- 

pheric Sciences  Program — Fiscal  Year  1969,  report  describing  total 
S200-million  Federal  investment  in  atmospheric  science  in  terms  of 
priority  areas  and  programs  of  10  participating  Federal  agencies.  Re- 
port was  prepared  by  Interdepartmental  Committee  for  Atmospheric 

101 


May  1  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

Sciences  of  Federal  Council  for  Science  and  Technology.  Planned  NASA 
share  of  funding  for  FY  1969  was  $84,573,  dropping  from  $123,406  in 
FY  1968.  Allocation  included  $50,594  for  meteorological  studies; 
$4,313  for  aeronomy,  including  ionospheric  physics  atmospheric  chem- 
istry, rocket  and  satellite  instrumentation ;  and  $29,666  for  study  of  plan- 
etary atmospheres. 

During  past  year  efforts  had  increased  on  weather  modification  and 
space  environmental  forecasting.  Special  effort  had  been  made  to  in- 
crease support  of  university  research  groups  in  connection  with  U.S. 
participation  in  Global  Atmospherics  Research  Program.  ESSA  and  NSF 
had  increased  meteorology  program  slightly.  ESSA,  DOD,  and  NSF  had  in- 
creased solar-terrestrial  research.  (Text:  OST  Release,  5/1/68) 

•  NASA  personnel  changes:    m/g  Robert  H.   Curtin    (uSA,   Ret.)    was   ap- 

pointed Director  of  Facilities,  reporting  to  Assistant  Administrator  for 
Administration.  He  had  been  Director  of  Civil  Engineering,  Office  of 
Deputy  Chief  of  Staff,  Programs  and  Resources,  USAF  Hq. 

Ralph  E.  Cushman,  who  joined  National  Advisory  Committee  for 
Aeronautics  in  1939,  was  appointed  Special  Assistant  to  NASA  Assistant 
Administrator  for  Administration,  (nasa  Ann) 

•  Oakland  Tribune  editorial,  "Space  Race  Has  Big  Stakes":  "The  orbital 

bomb  is  one  chilling  example  of  the  potential  military  threat  posed  by 
the  Soviet  space  program.  Yet,  so  far,  the  only  officially  announced  U.S. 
reaction  .  .  .  has  been  reports  of  plans  for  an  over-the-horizon  radar  to 
lengthen  the  warning  time  against  orbital  devices  and  missiles. 

"It  would  be  more  reassuring  to  the  nation  if  the  Pentagon  were 
given  the  authority  to  devote  whatever  resources  it  requires  to  counter 
the  orbital  bomb  threat,  not  simply  with  defensive  measures  but  with  an 
offensive  military  capability  of  our  own.  .  .  .  The  ultimate  prize  in  the 
space  race  may  be  national  survival."  {Oakland  Trib,  5/1/68) 

•  USAF  announced  modification  of  F— lllA  flight  control  system  to  correct 

"binding  action  in  the  actuator  mechanism."  F— 111  As  in  U.S.  and 
Thailand  had  been  grounded  briefly  until  "precautionary  measures" 
had  been  taken.  DOD  could  not  ascertain  if  problem  had  contributed  to 
loss  of  two  of  three  F— 111  As  in  Southeast  Asia  during  past  10  wk  be- 
cause wreckage  had  not  been  found.  USAF  said,  however,  F— lllA's 
safety  record  was  superior  to  that  of  other  supersonic  fighters  during 
early  flights.  (Corddry,  B  Sun,  5/2/68,  A3;  NYT,  5/2/68,  15) 

•  Twenty   nations,    including   U.S.,   U.S.S.R.,    and   U.K.,    presented   draft 

resolution  in  U.N.  General  Assembly  urging  "widest  possible  ad- 
herence" to  U.S.— U.S.S.R.  nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty  and  to  pur- 
sue urgent  negotiations  on  further  measures  to  halt  nuclear  arms  race. 
(deOnis,  NYT,  5/2/68,  12) 
May  2:  House  passed,  by  262-to-105  vote,  nasa  FY  1969  authorization  bill 
(H.R.  15856)  of  $4,031  billion,  including  $3,383  billion  for  R&D,  $45 
million  for  construction  of  facilities,  and  $602  million  for  administra- 
tive operations.  NASA  had  requested  $4.37  billion.  House  cut  $142.4 
million  from  Apollo  Applications  program — ^leaving  $252.2  million, 
$186.4  million  less  than  NASA  had  requested  for  orbiting  workshop  and 
lunar  exploration.  Administrative  operations  allocation  was  cut  by 
$43.5  million,  making  total  of  almost  $186-million  reduction  in  $4,217- 
billion  authorization  recommended  by  House  Committee  on  Science 
and  Astronautics. 

102 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  2 

During  floor  debate  Rep.  Olin  E.  Teague  (D-Tex. ),  Chairman  of 
House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on 
Manned  Space  Flight,  answered  Apollo  Applications  program  critics' 
charge  that  nasa's  Orbiting  Workshop  would  duplicate  usaf's  Manned 
Orbiting  Laboratory,  explaining  that  projects  differed  in  nature  and 
purpose.  MOL  objectives  were  to  develop,  operate  and  evaluate  special- 
ized experiments  and  military  equipment  requiring  manned  space  opera- 
tions, and  DOD  would  draw  on  NASA  experience  in  systems  involved  in 
Mercury,  Gemini,  and  Apollo.  MOL  was  "example  of  utilization  by  an- 
other department  ...  of  NASA-developed  space  technology."  {CR, 
5/2/68,  H3229-661;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  5/3/68,  1;  Lannan,  W  Star, 
5/3/68;  Griffin,  H  Chron,  5/3/68;  SBD,  5/3/68,  15;  Aero  Daily, 
5/7/68) 

•  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  Churchill  Re- 

search Range  carried  Univ.  of  New  Hampshire-Univ.  of  California  at 
San  Diego  payload  to  161-mi  (258-km)  altitude.  Objectives  were  to 
measure  electric  field,  ionospheric  currents,  auroral  light  intensity  and 
location,  and  proton  and  electron  fluxes  in  1-  to  10-kev  region  while  pay- 
load  was  passing  through  or  close  to  visible  auroral  display.  Rocket 
and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily;  useful  data  were  obtained 
from  all  experiments.  Launch  was  last  in  series  of  four  [see  April  30]. 
(NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  New  Tanay  earth  station  near  Manila  participated  in  U.S. -Philippines 

commercial  satellite  television  inaugural  with  telecast  between  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  and  Manila  via  landline  to  satellite  earth  station  at  Brews- 
ter Flat,  Wash.  Facility  functioned  through  Intelsat-II  F-2  at  22,300- 
mi  altitude  over  Pacific.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68—22) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George  E. 

Mueller,  at  dedication  of  Grissom  and  Chaffee  Halls  at  Purdue  Univ. 
said,  "The  pressing  sociological  problems  besetting  this  nation  will  re- 
quire a  high  order  of  technological  skill  to  solve."  Space  program  was 
contributing  to  "fundamental  solution"  of  problems  of  poverty  and 
human  welfare  by  bringing  "advancement  in  economic  and  technologi- 
cal grov.th."  Space  flight  would  help  public  understand  ability  of  indus- 
try, science,  and  government  to  work  together  to  mobilize  resources. 
Honoring  late  astronauts  Virgil  L  Grissom  and  Roger  B.  Chaffee,  Dr. 
Mueller  predicted  space  program  would  "help  to  shape  our  future"  and 
U.S.  would  continue  "to  rely  upon  the  vision  and  dedication"  of  such 
men.  Conquest  of  space  would  be  "our  most  enduring  memorial  to 
these  men."  (Text) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  delivered  first  of  three  McKinsey 

Foundation  lectures,  "Reflections  on  Government  Service,"  before  Co- 
lumbia Univ.  Graduate  School  of  Business:  "Our  society  has  reached  a 
point  where  its  progress  and  even  survival  increasingly  depend  upon 
our  ability  to  organize  the  complex  and  do  the  unusual.  We  cannot  do 
the  things  we  have  to  do  except  by  employment  of  large  aggregations 
of  power  in  highly  specialized  forms." 

Present  technological  revolution  was  "the  most  decisive  event  of  our 
times."  Great  issue  of  the  age  was  whether  U.S.  could,  within  frame- 
work of  acceptable  institutions,  "organize  the  use  and  development  of 
advanced  technology  as  effectively  as  the  USSR  with  its  totalitarian 
system  of  allocating  and  utilizing  human  and  material  resources."  Webb 

103 


May  2  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

believed  capabilities  of  U.S.  system  had  "immense  advantage  over  all 
other  systems."  (Text) 

•  U.S.  military  sources  in  Saigon  said  USAF  F— lllA  aircraft  had  been  re- 

stricted to  training  flights  in  Thailand.  Three  aircraft  had  been  lost  on 
war  zone  flights  since  being  sent  to  Southeast  Asia  in  mid-March.  (UPI, 
W  Star,  5/2/ 68,  I) 

•  Arthur  E.  Raymond  of  rand  Corp.  presented  Lester  D.  Gardner  lecture 

at  MIT,  reviewing  "Air  Transport  History  and  a  Glimpse  into  the  Fu- 
ture" :  "Looking  back,  one  sees,  ever  since  the  1920s,  nothing  but  rapid 
progress  in  speed,  range,  reliability,  operating  altitude,  carrying  capac- 
ity, and  volume  of  operations  .  .  .  but  seldom  if  ever  in  human  affairs 
does  this  kind  of  growth  continue  without  a  slowing  at  some 
point.  .  .  .  The  days  are  gone  forever  when  airplanes  could  be  de- 
signed and  purchased  without  simultaneously  making  provision  for 
solving  the  problems  introducing  them  will  create."  For  "practical,  util- 
itarian air-transport  systems,"  he  saw  little  advantage  in  speeds  above 
those  currently  associated  with  SSTs  or  ranges  above  those  associated 
with  subsonic  jets.  He  foresaw  coupling  of  these  speeds  and  ranges.  He 
saw  little  advantage  in  larger  payloads  than  would  be  carried  in  Boeing 
747  or  C— 5  aircraft  because  of  terminal  congestion  and  high  aircraft 
cost.  {A&A,  7/68,  60-9) 

•  Donald  A.  Hall,  designer  of  Lindbergh  aircraft.  Spirit  of  St.  Louis,  died 

in  San  Diego,  Calif.,  at  age  69.  (NYT,  7/3/68,  33) 
May  3:  NASA  launched  two  Aerobee  150  sounding  rockets  from  WSMR.  First 
carried  Princeton  Univ.  Observatory  payload  to  106.4-mi  (171.2-km) 
altitude  to  point  two  spectrographs  toward  hot  stars  in  Scorpius  to 
study  their  EUV  radiation  with  1  A  resolution  and  0.3  A  resolution. 
Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed  satisfactorily.  Second  Aerobee 
150,  launched  30  min  later,  carried  Columbia  Univ.  experiment  to  2.1- 
mi  (3.3-km)  altitude  to  search  for  x-ray  emission  irom  known  extraga- 
lactic  objects  in  radio  galaxy  M— 87  and  in  quasi-stellar  object  3C273. 
Rocket  performance  was  unsatisfactory  because  sustainer  did  not  ig- 
nite. Instrumentation  performance  was  satisfactory.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA    Lewis    Research    Center    announced    organizational    changes:    Dr. 

Seymour  C.  Himmel,  Assistant  Director  for  Launch  Vehicles,  was 
named  Chief  of  new  Special  Projects  Div.  for  jet  noise  and  v/STOL  air- 
craft study  and  to  new  post  of  Assistant  Director  for  Aeronautics.  New- 
ell D.  Sanders,  Chief  of  Chemistry  and  Energy  Conversion  Div.,  would 
assume  additional  duties  as  Assistant  Chief  of  Special  Projects  Div. 

Milton  A.  Beheim,  Chief  of  Aerodynamics  Branch,  Advanced  Sys- 
tems Div.,  was  appointed  Chief  of  new  Wind  Tunnel  and  Flight  Div. 

Edmund  R.  Jonash,  Chief  of  Centaur  Project  Office,  was  named  Chief 
of  new  Launch  Vehicles  Div.,  which  would  include  previously  separate 
Centaur,  Agena,  and  Atlas  Project  Offices.  William  R.  Dunbar  would 
become  Project  Manager  for  Centaur.  H.  Warren  Plohr  and  Edward 
F.  Baehr  continued  as  Agena  and  Atlas  Project  Managers.  (lcRC 
Release  68-29) 

•  NASA  awarded  $73-million  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract  to  Boeing  Co.  for 

technical  integration  and  evaluation  in  support  of  Apollo  program. 
Agreement  v/as  an  addition  to  Boeing's  previously  contracted  Saturn  V 
work  and  could  be  extended  as  necessary,  (nasa  Release  68—85) 

•  Air  Force  Academy  announced  selection  of  Gen.  Carl  A.  Spaatz   (usaf, 

104 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  3 

Ret.)  to  receive  its  Thomas  D.  White  Award,  given  annually  for  contri- 
bution to  national  defense  and  security.  Gen.  Spaatz  was  fighter  pilot  in 
World  War  I.  During  World  War  II  he  helped  plan  strategic  bombing 
of  Germany  and  commanded  air  forces  in  North  Africa,  U.S.  Strategic 
Air  Forces  in  Europe,  and  final  bombing  operations  against  Japan. 
{Rocky  Mountain  News,  5/4/68,  13) 
May  4:  Preliminary  "pathfinder"  flights  could  delay  U.S.S.R.'s  first  manned 
lunar  and  planetary  flights,  according  to  Soviet  scientist  Vasili  Parin  in 
Sovetskaya  Rossiya.  "Experiments  with  animals,"  preceding  interplane- 
tary flight,  he  said,  "will  take  many  months  and  perhaps  many  years." 
(upi,  NYT,  5/4/68,  66) 

•  Sen.  Claiborne  Pell    (D-R.I.)    told  33rd   American  Assembly  in   Harri- 

man,  N.Y.,  "The  proportion  of  government  expenditures  in  oceanology 
must  be  brought  much  closer  to  our  outer  space  program."  Increased 
Federal  investment  in  oceanology  was  justified  by  promise  of  economic 
returns,  he  said.  Material  benefits  from  space  program  were  more  re- 
mote. (Text;  JV  Post,  5/5/68,  A25) 
May  5:  U.K.'s  Ariel  III,  launched  by  nasa  from  etr  May  5,  1967,  com- 
pleted successful  year  in  orbit.  It  has  traveled  around  earth  5,500  times 
and  transmitted  more  than  400  million  bits  of  usable  data  on  upper  at- 
mosphere. All  five  experiments  were  still  working  well.  [Interavia- 
Air  Letter,  6/11/68,  9) 

•  Two  prototypes  of  20-ton   DO   31   VTOL  transport   aircraft,   capable   of 

carrying  40  fully  equipped  servicemen  or  80  civilian  passengers,  made 
first  public  appearance  at  Hanover  Air  Show,  West  Germany.  Using 
combination  of  vectored-thrust  turbofans  and  pods  of  lift  engines,  jet 
transport  rose  vertically  and  changed  in  air  to  horizontal  flight  in  first 
public  demonstrations.  Built  by  Dornier  Works,  Munich,  at  |50-million 
cost,  prototypes  were  financed  by  West  German  Defense  Ministry, 
Avhich  now  saw  no  requirement  for  transport.  Financing  would  be  with- 
drawn at  close  of  1968,  with  five  years  required  for  completion  of 
production  design.  Thus  far  no  civilian  interest  in  production  had  been 
shown.  (Wyr,  577/68,  95) 
May  6:  Republican  Coordinating  Committee  report  charged  "technology 
gap"  existed  between  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  Military  space  systems  empha- 
sis had  been  on  passive  satellites  until  approval  of  Manned  Orbiting 
Laboratory  program — delayed  for  years.  Administration,  "fearful  lest 
new  developments  might  provoke  undesirable  Soviet  reactions,"  had 
failed  to  exploit  boldly  new  concepts  in  science  and  technology.  U.S. 
R&D  had  not  been  aggressively  pursued,  with  consequential  slowdown  in 
new  weapons  development.  (Text;  AP,  NYT,  5/27/68,  8;  Golden,  P 
Inq,  5/27/68) 

•  Astronaut   Neil   A.   Armstrong   ejected   and   parachuted   to   safety   from 

NASA's  $2.5-million  Lunar  Landing  Research  Vehicle  (llrv)  while 
flying  simulated  lunar  landing  at  Ellington  AFB,  Tex.  Vehicle,  which 
had  reached  500-ft  altitude,  crashed  and  burned  on  impact.  Cause  of 
accident  was  unknown.  (C  Trih,  5/7/68;  B  Sun,  5/7/68;  MSC  Round- 
up, 5/10/68,  1) 

•  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  nasc  Executive  Secretary,  defended  space  activity 

before  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  section  of  aiaa:  "There  are  .  .  .  those  who  are 
trapped  by  the  illogical  proposition  that  if  the  money  involved  were  not 
spent  on  space,  it  would  automatically  flow  into  projects  in  which  they 

105 


May  6  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

are  more  interested.  ...  I  do  not  agree.  It  is  not  an  'either/ or'  situa- 
tion. In  my  judgment,  if  this  country  is  great — and  I  know  it  is — it  has 
the  will,  the  ability,  and  the  responsibility  to  handle  both  a  vigorous 
space  program  and  the  social  and  economic  problems  which  confront 
it.  In  fact,  our  competence  to  solve  the  issues  of  the  city  is  greater  be- 
cause of  the  space  program."  {CR,  6/17/69,  S7314) 
May  7:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXX  into  orbit  with  755- 
km  (469.1-mi)  apogee,  677-km  (420.7-mi)  perigee,  99-min  period,  and 
74°  inclination.  All  equipment  was  functioning  normally.  {SBD, 
5/8/68,  39;  AP,  NYT,  5/8/68,  93;  gsfc  SSR,  5/15/68) 

•  NASA  successfully  launched  Canadian  Black  Brandt  IV  sounding  rocket 

from  NASA  Wallops  Station  to  510-mi  (820-km)  altitude.  Primary  ob- 
jective was  to  check  out  instrumentation  to  be  carried  later  in  1968  on 
International  Satellite  for  Ionospheric  Studies  (isis  a),  Canada's  third 
ionosphere-probing  satellite,  and  to  confirm  results  of  similar  1967 
launch.  Secondary  objectives  were  to  explore  spectrum  of  VLF  electro- 
magnetic waves,  measure  electron  density  and  temperature,  and  meas- 
ure thermal  gradients  in  vicinity  of  a  skin  depression.  Launch  was 
conducted  when  Canada's  Alouette  II  was  passing  overhead,  to  permit 
comparison  of  data  telemetered  to  earth  by  both  vehicles.  Good  data 
were  obtained,  (nasa  Rpt  SRL;  WS  Release  68-10) 

•  Lawrence  A.  Hyland,  Vice  President  and  General  Manager  of  Hughes 

Aircraft  Co.,  received  naa's  Robert  J.  Collier  Trophy  for  1967  on  behalf 
of  Hughes  Surveyor  Program  Team,  JPL,  and  other  companies  and 
organizations  involved  in  project  which  citation  said,  ha<l  "put  the  eyes 
and  hands  of  the  United  States  on  the  Moon."  Award  was  presented  by 
Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey  for  greatest  annual  achievement 
in  aeronautics  or  astronautics  in  U.S. 

In  ceremonies  at  Smithsonian  Institution's  Air  and  Space  Museum, 
Humphrey  called  U.S.  space  program  "a  splendid  challenge  and  a 
noble  mission  .  .  .  one  whose  practical  benefits  for  today  are  exceeded 
only  by  its  promise  for  tomorrow.  "I  urge  every  American  to  support 
the  future  development  of  our  space  program,  and  I  .  .  .  shall  do  so 
with  pride  and  vigor." 

Humphrey  said  Nation  had  decided  to  commit  resources  "to  venture 
in  space  for  one  primary  reason:  We  believe  that  this  mission  to  the 
far-out  will  produce  many  down-to-earth  benefits  for  men.  ...  In 
fact  .  .  .the  nation  that  is  first  in  science  and  technology  has  a  chance 
to  be  the  first  to  overcome  some  of  the  perplexing  problems  that  have 
beset  mankind  since  the  beginning  of  civilization."  Space  research 
"has  vastly  expanded  our  capabilities  in  navigation,  communication 
and  meteorology.  It  has  given  us  new  products  and  processes  in  such 
fields  as  agriculture,  photography,  metallurgy,  and  oceanography." 
Techniques  "that  are  going  to  put  a  man  on  the  moon  are  .  .  .  exactly 
the  techniques  that  we  are  going  to  need  to  clean  up  our  cities  .  .  .; 
the  systems  analysis  approach  ...  is  the  approach  that  the  modern 
city  of  America  is  going  to  need  if  it's  going  to  become  a  livable  social 
institution. 

"So  maybe  we've  been  pioneering  in  space  only  to  save  ourselves  on 
earth  .  .  .  maybe  the  nation  that  puts  a  man  on  the  moon  is  the  nation 
that  will  put  man  on  his  feet  first  right  here  on  earth.  .  .  . 

"I  think  a  certain  extravagance  of  objectives — a  will  to  push  back 

106 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


May  7 


May  7:  Lmvrence  A.  Hyland  (right),  Vice  President  and  General  Manager  of  Hughes 
Aircraft  Co.,  looks  at  Surveyor  model  with  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey  at 
Smithsonian  Institution.  Vice  President  presented  Hyland  1967  Robert  J.  Collier  Trophy 
(background)  in  Smithsonian,  ceremonies  honoring  Hughes  Surveyor  team.  Jet  Propul- 
sion Laboratory,  and  General  Dynamics  Corp.  for  program  which  "put  the  eyes  and 
hands  of  the  United  States  on  the  moon." 

the  frontiers  of  the  unknown — is  the  test  of  a  vital  society,  a  nation 
that  intends  to  meet  the  challenge  of  tomorrow."  (Text;  AP,  W  Star, 
5/8/68,  A4;  Aero  Tech,  5/20/68,  19) 

•  U.S.  patent  No.  3,381,917  was  awarded  to  Wendell  F.  Moore,  assistant 

chief  engineer  at  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.,  and  Edward  G.  Ganczak,  re- 
search associate,  for  Bell  Pogo  and  Flying  Chair,  flying  platforms  on 
which  pilot  could  stand  or  sit  on  fuel  tank.  Engine  was  kerosene  turbo- 
jet. Both  had  arm  pieces  with  which  pilot  directed  thrust.  Pilot  could 
disembark  without  encumbrance,  advantage  useful  to  soldiers,  police- 
men, or  firemen.  (Jones,  NYT,  5/11/68,  45) 

•  Juan  T.  Trippe,  founder,  Chairman,  and  Chief  Executive  Officer  of  Pan 

American  World  Airways,  Inc.,  announced  his  retirement  at  annual 
meeting  in  New  York.  Board  of  Directors  selected  President  Harold  E. 
Gray,  Chairman  and  Chief  Executive  Officer,  and  Senior  Vice  President 
Najeeb  E.  Halaby,  President. 

Citing  Trippe's  41-yr  service  with  paa,  New  York  Times  termed  him 
"last  of  the  aviation  pioneers"  to  retire.  One  of  four  who  forged  major 
U.S.  trunk  airlines  in  industry's  infancy,  Trippe  had  led  paa  to  be  first 
airline  to  fly  across  Pacific,  first  to  fly  across  Atlantic,  first  to  order 


107 


May  7  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

and  fly  American-made  jets,  first  to  order  Boeing  747,  and  first  to 
order  SSTs.  New  Chairman  Gray,  hired  by  paa  in  1929  as  its  10th  pilot, 
had  made  first  scheduled  transatlantic  flight,  in  1938.  He  had  served  as 
President  since  1964.  Halaby,  pilot  since  age  17  and  former  faa  Ad- 
ministrator, had  joined  airline  as  senior  vice  president  in  1965.  (Ham- 
mer, NYT,  5/8/68,  63;  5/12/68,  16) 

•  AEC  refused  comment  on  Science  and  Citizen  report  U.S.  had  set  off  3 

and  U.S.S.R.  22  undisclosed  underground  atomic  tests  in  1964  through 
1967,  bringing  total  underground  tests  to  168  for  past  three  years. 
Magazine,  published  by  Committee  for  Environmental  Information  in 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  said  source  of  information  was  publication  of  Research 
Institute  of  Swedish  National  Defense  and  that  three  undisclosed  U.S. 
tests  had  occurred  in  1964.  All  subsequent  U.S.  tests  had  been  reported. 
(rPo5«,  5/7/68,  7) 
May  8:  House  passed  by  record  353-to-37  vote  H.R.  17023,  FY  1969  Inde- 
pendent Offices  and  hud  appropriations  bill.  Before  floor  debate,  H.R. 
1164,  with  points  of  order  against  NASA  provisions  waived,  was  passed 
by  voice  vote.  As  passed,  H.R.  17023  provided  $4,008  billion  for  NASA 
—$959,777  million  below  FY  1967  level  and  $580,677  million  below 
FY  1968  (C/?,  H3458-502) 

•  ESRO  successfully  launched   first  two-stage   Centaure   rocket   fired   from 

Italy  at  Perdasdefogu,  Sardinia,  carrying  Max  Planck  Institute  (Lan- 
dau, Germany)  payload  to  88.5-km  (55-mi)  altitude  in  118  sec.  (AP, 
W  Post,  5/9/68) 

•  Arrival  of  Prime  Minister  Thanom  Kittikachorn  of  Thailand  at  White 

House  marked  first  transpacific  satellite  telecast  of  visiting  head-of-state 
to  his  home  country.  Telecast  also  inaugurated  television  from  U.S.  to 
Sri  Racha  earth  station  in  Southeast  Asia.  (ComSatCorp  Release 
68-24) 

•  USAF  F-lllA  aircraft  crashed  on  training  flight  60  mi  north  of  Las 

Vegas,  Nev.  Instructor  and  student  pilot  escaped  injury.  USAF  said 
cause  of  crash  was  not  known.  F— 111  As  had  been  criticized  after  three 
of  six  sent  to  Thailand  were  lost  within  weeks.  (UPI,  JV  Post,  5/9/68, 
A8 ;  AP,  W  Star,  5/9/68,  D7 ;  UPi,  W  News,  5/9/68,  2 ) 

•  Director  of  Defense  Research  and  Engineering,  Dr.  John  S.  Foster,  Jr., 

testified  before  House  Committee  on  Armed  Services  on  FY  1969  de- 
fense research,  development,  test,  and  evaluation  program.  "We  have  a 
strong  technical-military  position  today  only  because  we  built  a  strong 
research  and  technology  base  in  the  past.  .  .  .  Yet  there  are  some  indi- 
cations that  the  program  is  eroding."  The  "net  effect  of  continuing  this 
trend  will  be  a  serious  weakening  of  our  long-term  national  security 
position."  Research  and  technology  funding  in  FY  1968  was  "about 
70%  of  the  FY  1964  level,  a  critical  30%  reduction."  (Text;  P  SB, 
6/9/68) 

•  Charles  W.  Mathews,  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned 

Space  Flight,  addressed  Society  of  Automotive  Engineers  Space  Tech- 
nology Conference  in  Washington,  D.C.:  "A  major  goal  of  the  Apollo 
Applications  Program  is  to  accelerate  the  evolution  of  the  utility  of 
space  flight  using  the  very  major  capability  that  has  been  developed  in 
the  Apollo  Program.  .  .  .  First,  our  experience  to  date  leads  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  utility  of  space  flight  will  be  greatly  enhanced  by 
the  participation  of  men  onboard  the  spacecraft.  Second,  in  manned 

108 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  8 

space  flight  our  ability  to  maintain  operations  for  durations  considera- 
bly in  excess  of  those  now  obtained  is  necessary  for  efficient 
operations.  .  .  .  The  initial  step  in  this  approach  is  the  establishment 
of  a  workshop  in  earth  orbit." 

Saturn  IB  orbiting  workshop,  manned  after  launch  by  three-man 
crew,  would  be  followed  by  manned  Apollo  Telescope  Mount,  which 
would  dock  with  workshop  for  56-day  mission  to  study  solar  phenom- 
ena— "first  application  of  man  in  space  to  conduct  advanced  scien- 
tific experiments."  Features  and  operating  modes  of  Saturn  V  work- 
shop, to  follow,  would  be  based  on  information  gained  from  Saturn  IB 
workshop.  (Text) 
May  9:  U.S.  reconnaissance  satellite,  orbiting  at  altitudes  of  several 
hundred  miles,  had  discovered  that  U.S.S.  Pueblo  was  no  longer 
moored  in  North  Korean  port  of  Wonsan.  Vessel  had  occupied  that 
berth  since  her  capture  by  North  Koreans  Jan.  23.  State  Dept.  con- 
firmed absence  of  vessel  but  would  not  discuss  source  of  information. 
(Goulden,  P  Inq,  5/10/68,  2) 

•  In  second  McKinsey  Foundation  lecture  at  Columbia  Univ.,  NASA  Ad- 

ministrator James  E.  Webb  discussed  "Goal  Setting  and  Feedback  in 
Large  Scale  Endeavors."  NASA  had  created  "in-house  technical  and  ad- 
ministrative competence"  making  possible  "correct  judgments"  and 
thus  could  move  "to  the  voter- judgment  arena  with  confidence."  NASA's 
"integrated  system"  approach  had  proved  more  effective  than  "indepen- 
dent components"  approach  of  past  in  solving  problems  of  space  devel- 
opment. Successful  working  partnership  of  universities,  industry,  and 
government  had  yielded  product,  in  usable  resources,  "greater  than  the 
sum  of  its  parts."  Scientific  R&D  expenditures  in  large  endeavors  could 
contribute  more  to  economic  growth  in  next  decade  than  any  other  sin- 
gle factor.  Maximum  transfer  of  technology  to  nonspace  use  should  be 
"purposefully  and  systematically  sought."  Costs  of  space  accomplish- 
ments had  been  "less  than  three  percent  of  the  total  of  our  federal  ex- 
penditures" for  first  10  yr  and  "less  than  five  one  thousandths  of  our 
gross  national  product."  jVIore  than  90%  went  to  laboratories  and  facto- 
ries, outside  NASA.  (Text) 

•  Dr.   Charles  A.   Berry.    Director   of  Medical   Research   and   Operations, 

MSC,  was  elected  1969  President  of  Aerospace  Medical  Assn.  at  39th 
Annual  Meeting  in  Bal  Harbour,  Fla.  Astronaut  Edwin  E.  Aldrin  was 
named  honorary  member.  (  MSC  Roundup,  5/24/68,  1) 

•  USAF  restricted  all  F-lllA  flights  in  U.S.  and  in  Southeast  Asia  pending 

investigation  of  crash  in  Nevada  May  8.  Five  F— lllAs  in  Thailand 
would  conduct  no  air  strikes.  (AP,  W  Post,  5/10/68,  1;  AP,  W  Star, 
5/10/68,  A7;  NYT,  5/11/68,  2) 
May  9—10:  nasa  held  Second  Conference  on  Sonic  Boom  Research  at  Head- 
quarters to  review  status  of  nasa  university  program  on  sonic  boom 
research,  survey  research  program  at  nasa  centers,  determine  most 
pressing  areas  of  research  for  SST,  and  determine  most  promising  ave- 
nues of  research  on  sonic  boom  overpressure  reduction.  Appraising 
proceedings,  I.  R.  Schwartz,  NASA  OART  Research  Div.,  said  that  "sig- 
nificant progress  has  been  made  during  the  past  year  in  our  under- 
standing and  analysis  of  the  generation  and  propagation  of  sonic 
boom.  Further,  it  has  been  analytically  demonstrated  in  the  NASA 
program  .  .  .  that  the   utilization  of  a   particular   aerodynamic   tech- 

109 


May    9-10  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

nique  can  result  in  large  reductions  in  sonic  boom  overpressures.  .  .  . 
[This]  allows  us  to  expect  vast  improvements  in  future  SST  conceptual 
designs."  (nasa  SP-180) 
May  10:  MSFC  contract  activity:  Brown  Engineering  Co.  received 
$1,007,000  one-year  contract  renewal  for  support  services  at  MSFC 
Space  Sciences  Laboratory.  A.  L.  Mechling  Inc.  was  awarded  $556,416 
one-year  contract  for  barge  towing  service  on  the  Tennessee,  Missis- 
sippi, and  Ohio  rivers.  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  Atlantic  intercoastal  water- 
ways. ( MSFC  Releases  68-100,  68-101) 

•  Special  Assistant  to  President  for  Science  and  Technology,  Dr.  Donald 

F.  Hornig,  on  receipt  of  first  Mellon  Institute  Award  at  Carnegie-Mel- 
lon Univ.  for  "the  application  of  science  to  the  betterment  of  man- 
kind," discussed  "A  Crisis  for  Science."  After  two  decades  of  progress, 
"Congress  and  the  public  ask  whether  we  can  afford  it  after  all.  We 
now  find  ourselves  pulling  back  from  the  exploration  of  space,  slowing 
down  on  the  development  of  universities,  and  even  holding  back  on 
health  research."  Scientific  community,  however,  had  "done  much  to 
alienate  itself  from  the  society  which  supports  it."  (Text;  Science, 
7/19/68, 248)  > 

May  11:  NASA's  Goddard  Satellite  Tracking  Center  reported  upper  stage  of 
Molniya  1-8  booster,  launched  April  21  by  U.S.S.R.,  had  reentered 
earth's  atmosphere  and  disintegrated  over  Florida.  (AP,  NYT, 
5/12/68,  87) 

May  12:  At  dedication  ceremony  attended  by  19,000,  USAF  officially  re- 
named Bunker  Hill  afb,  Indiana,  Grissom  afb  in  honor  of  Astronaut 
Virgil  I.  Grissom  who  died  Jan.  27,  1967,  in  Apollo  fire.  {NYT, 
5/13/68) 

•  Nearly  fallout-free  nuclear  explosive  appeared  within  U.S.  grasp  as  re- 

sult of  two  AEC  Plowshare  nuclear  excavation  tests  Jan.  26  and  March 
12  at  Nevada  test  site.  Small  size  of  explosives  used  had  confined  fall- 
out within  few  hundred  yards  of  craters,  with  radiation  at  source  un- 
detectable after  three  days.  (O'Toole,  W  Post,  5/12/68) 
May  13:  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  approved 
$4,151  billion  nasa  FY  1969  authorization,  adding  $119,137  million  to 
H.R.  15856,  which  had  authorized  $4,031  billion.  Figure  still  was  ap- 
proximately 5%  below  $4.37  billion  requested  by  President  Johnson. 
Senate  voted  $350  million  for  Apollo  Applications,  against  $253.2  mil- 
lion by  House,  and  $55  million  for  nerva  program,  as  against  $11.7 — 
increasing  R&D  funds  to  $3,475  billion.  Both  houses  agreed  on  alloca- 
tion of  $2,025  billion  for  Apollo  program.  Senate  committee  cut  con- 
struction of  facilities  funds  by  $5.4  million  to  $39.6  million,  but  in- 
creased administrative  operations  by  $32.4  million  to  $635.6  million. 
(NASA  LAR  VII/48;  AP,  NYT,  5/14/68;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  5/14/68) 

•  ESSA  was  studying  solar  flare  prediction  technique  and  ground  observa- 

tory support  for  NASA's  Apollo  Telescope  Mount  flight  scheduled  for 
1971.  NASA  had  transferred  $30,000  to  essa  for  six-month  investigation 
to  enable  astronauts  to  know  when  and  where  solar  flare  would  occur 
within  accuracy  of  1,000  mi  out  of  860,000-mi-wide  face  of  sun.  ESSA 
also  would  study  data  required  for  maximum  results  from  ATM  mission 
and  examine  existing  data  collection  networks  and  observing  proce- 
dures. Effort  would  be  monitored  by  ATM  Project  Office  and  Space  Sci- 
ences Laboratory  at  MSFC.  (msfc  Release  68-103;  SBD,  5/15/68,  73) 

110 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  13 

•  Free  world's  largest  experimental  comsat  was  being  built  by  Hughes  Air- 

craft Co.  under  usaf  Space  and  Missile  Systems  Organization  manage- 
ment. The  1,600-lb  satellite — designed  to  provide  testing  for  tactical 
conununications  between  military  units  in  the  field,  ships  at  sea,  and 
aircraft — was  scheduled  for  late  1968  delivery.  It  would  be  launched  by 
Titan  III-C  booster  into  22,300-mi-altitude  orbit  and  would  be 
equipped  with  three  antenna  systems.  During  orbital  tests,  standard 
military  UHF  band  would  be  used  for  air-ground  communications  and 
super-high-frequency  portion  of  X  band  for  military  satellite  communi- 
cations, (afsc  Release  64.68) 

•  National   Sporting   Aviation   Council,   formed   Feb.    16,   adopted   official 

charter  at  first  meeting  held  in  Washington,  D.C.,  affirming  its  original 
mission  to  promote  progress  and  development  of  all  forms  of  sport  avi- 
ation in  U.S.  through  National  Aeronautic  Assn.  and  worldwide 
through  Federation  Aeronautique  Internationale,   (naa  News) 

•  Dr.  Walter  Haeussermann  was  selected  to  Fellowship  in  American  Astro- 

nautical  Society  for  "direct  and  significant  contribution  to  the  field  of 
astronautics,"  as  Director  of  Astrionics  Laboratory,  msfc.  (msfc  Re- 
lease 68-102) 

•  John  B.  Tuke  had  assembled  operable  weather-picture  receiving  station 

at  his  home  in  Stranraer,  Scotland,  out  of  spare  electronic  parts,  old 
antenna,  electric  motor,  and  tuning  fork  for  about  $480.  One  of  first 
amateurs  to  construct  homemade  receiving  set,  Tuke  was  able  to  re- 
ceive pictures  from  essa  and  Nimbus  satellites  for  15  min,  from  lower 
Spain  to  Arctic,  on  each  pass.  Interest  in  amateur  stations  had  grown  to 
point  that  NASA  had  published  booklet  of  instructions  for  building 
ground  stations  [see  April  26]  and  Electro-Mechanical  Research  Co. 
in  College  Park,  Md.,  had  begun  selling  packaged  sets  for  $5,000.  (Wil- 
ford,  NYT,  5/13/68) 
May  14:  ComSatCorp  Chairman  James  McCormack  submitted  Annual  Re- 
port to  shareholders'  meeting  at  Washington,  D.C.  Intelsat  I,  II  F-2,  II 
F-3,  and  //  F^  were  reasonably  loaded  with  commercial  communica- 
tions traffic.  Intelsat  III  series  was  scheduled  for  late  summer  delivery 
and  launching  during  fall  1968  and  spring  1969.  Intelsat  IV  series 
would  be  presented  for  Government  approval  shortly.  It  was  hoped  de- 
velopment could  be  under  way  before  end  of  1968.  More  than  half  the 
40  earth  stations  anticipated  to  be  in  operation  by  1969  were  expected 
to  be  operating  by  end  of  1968.  Despite  technical  problems,  satellite  op- 
erating circuits  maintained  100%  reliability.  Total  of  48  nations  were 
represented  by  Interim  Communications  Satellite  Committee,  to  which 
ComSatCorp  had  submitted  several  U.S.  proposals:  relating  investnients 
of  global  members  directly  to  amount  of  their  use  of  system;  limiting 
voting  pov.er  to  50%  maximum  with  substantive  issues  decided  by  two- 
thirds  majority:  ComSatCorp's  continuing  as  Consortium  manager 
with  contractual  obligations  made  more  specific. 

ComSatCorp  opposed  authorization  by  Federal  Communications 
Commission  of  separate  satellite  system  for  broadcast  distribution  as 
had  been  proposed. 

With  first  quarter  operating  income  of  $372,000  and  investment  in- 
come of  $1,426  million,  ComSatCorp  realized  net  income  of  $1,798  mil- 
lion. At  close  of  first  quarter  1968,  investments  in  conmiunications  fa- 

111 


May  14  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

cilities  amounted  to  $73  million.  CoraSatCorp  expected  this  to  exceed 
$100  million  at  end  of  1968.  (Text) 

•  NASA's  Test  and  Training  Satellite  Tts  I,  carried  pickaback  as  secondary 

payload  on  Pioneer  VIII  and  ejected  into  orbit  Dec.  13,  1967,  reen- 
tered atmosphere  and  was  believed  to  have  burned  up  over  Easter  Is- 
land in  Pacific.  Spacecraft  supplied  14-station  worldwide  tracking  net- 
work training  for  Apollo  flights.  (NASA  Release  68-86;  AP,  P  EB, 
5/15/68;  SBD,  5/15/68,  75) 

•  Dr.  Harold  Brown,  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force,  told  Los  Angeles  Junior 

Chamber  of  Commerce  that  if  U.S.S.R.'s  long-range  bomber  force  im- 
proved, U.S.  might  need  new  2,000-mph  F— 12  interceptor  rejected  by 
Secretary  of  Defense  Robert  S.  McNamara  in  1967.  Although  U.S.S.R. 
had  about  155  long-range  bombers  and  U.S.  had  680,  USAF  officials 
feared  U.S.S.R.  might  build  advanced  manned  aircraft  to  overpower 
what  McNamara  had  acknowledged  to  be  an  obsolete  conventional  air 
shield.  DOD  had  announced  major  cutbacks  in  existing  air  defense  units 
May  13.  (Text;  Omaha  W-H,  5/15/68,  21) 

•  Parafoil,  steerable  parachute  being  developed  and  tested  by  Notre  Dame 

Univ.  under  contract  with  USAF's  Flight  Dynamics  Laboratory,  brought 
Sgt.  Robert  McDermott  (usa)  down  from  35,000-ft  altitude  in  demon- 
stration at  Wright-Patterson  afb.  Parafoil  had  glide  of  nearly  three  feet 
for  each  foot  of  vertical  drop,  enabling  jumper  to  steer  toward  target. 
Steerable  parachutes  normally  used  for  spot  landings  glided  only  about 
1/2  ft  for  each  foot  of  fall.  (AP,  NYT,  5/15/68,  24) 

•  Dr.  Walton  L.  Jones,   Chief  of  NASA's  Biotechnology  and  Human  Re- 

search Div.,  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  in  an  inter- 
view reported  study  of  3,500  residents  of  Chicago,  Denver,  Dallas,  and 
Los  Angeles  had  indicated  some  were  more  annoyed  by  aircraft  noise 
than  others.  Noise  was  more  objectionable  inside  the  house  than  out. 
The  deeper  people  slept,  the  more  boom  it  took  to  wake  them.  People 
could  adapt  to  sonic  boom,  but  data  compiled  thus  far  did  not  indicate 
to  what  extent.  Dr.  Jones'  work  on  improving  safety  of  aircraft  seats 
showed  "many  injuries  could  be  avoided  if  seats  were  designed  to  dissi- 
pate more  energy."  Good  forward-facing  seat,  possibly  with  shoulder 
harness,  would  be  better  than  rear-facing  seats.  {CSM,  5/14/68;  CR, 
5/28/68,  E4743) 

•  Dr.  Arthur  Rudolph,  Saturn  V  Manager  at  MSFC  for  past  4^4  Y^,  was  re- 

tiring after  38  yr  in  rocketry,  MSFC  Director,  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun, 
announced.  He  would  be  succeeded  by  Lee  B.  James,  Deputy  Director 
of  Apollo  program  in  NASA  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  (msfc  Re- 
lease 60-106;  AP,  NYT,  5/15/68,  5;  AP,  W  Star,  5/15/68,  A2) 
May  15:  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  NASC  Executive  Secretary,  told  National 
Space  Club  in  Washington,  D.C.,  U.S.S.R.  in  1968  had  been  surpassing 
its  1967  payload  successes  numerically  and,  "what  is  more  significant 
.  .  .  surpassing  substantially  the  number  of  successful  payloads 
launched  this  year  by  the  United  States.  While  our  activity  curve  is 
moving  down  .  .  .  theirs  is  headed  up."  U.S.S.R.  had  "orderly,  persist- 
ent, and  well  planned  space  program,  including  a  vigorous  project  for 
a  manned  landing  on  the  lunar  surface."  U.S.  had  operational  lead  in 
communications,  navigation,  and  meteorology  but  U.S.S.R.  showed 
"considerable  activity"  in  those  fields.  U.S.  had  been  generally  more 

112 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968  May  15 

successful  in  unmanned  lunar  and  planetary  performance,  but  U.S.S.R. 
was  more  active.  ( Text ) 

•  Fiftieth  anniversary  of  U.S.  Airmail  Service  was  celebrated  in  Washing- 

ton, D.C.,  with  gathering  at  National  Air  and  Space  Museum  of  pioneer 
airmail  pilots  and  presentation  by  Postmaster  General  W.  Marvin  Wat- 
son of  commemorative  10-cent  postage  stamp.  Watson  observed  that, 
from  small  beginning,  "virtually  all  first  class  mail  which  can  be  effec- 
tively airlifted  is  now  so  moved  and  almost  80  per  cent  of  all  letter 
mail  now  travels  by  air."  (Text;  Lidman,  NYT,  5/16/68,  30;  Aero- 
space, Spring  68) 

•  NASA  Javelin  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Churchill  Research  Range 

carried  Univ.  of  Iowa  experiment  to  500-mi  (805-km)  altitude  to  ob- 
serve frequency-time  spectra  and  measure  relative  phase  and  amplitude 
of  magnetic  and  electric  fields  of  VLF  radio  noise  in  30  hz-10  khz 
range;  measure  electric  field  amplitude  of  naturally  occurring  radio 
noise  from  7—70  khz;  measure  differential  energy  spectra  for  protons 
and  electrons  over  5  ev— 50  kev  energy  range;  and  measure  DC  electric 
field  perpendicular  to  payload  spin  axis.  Rocket  and  instrument  per- 
formance was  satisfactory  and  all  scientific  objectives  were  met.   (NASA 

Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA  announced  that  sinus  condition  that  was  aggravated  by  pressure 

changes  and  had  not  responded  to  treatment  led  to  grounding — perhaps 
permanently — of  Astronaut  John  S.  Bull.  Astronaut  Robert  A.  R.  Par- 
ker had  suffered  spine  fracture  during  parachute  training  at  Williams 
AFB.  Ariz.,  but  injuries  were  not  thought  to  be  serious.  (AP,  B  Sun, 
5/16/68,  A3;  W  Star,  5/16/68;  H  Post,  5/16/68,  8) 

•  NASA  awarded  North  American  Rockwell  Corp.  $2. 5 75 -million  contract 

modification  to  continue  Saturn  V  (S-II)  "battleship"  or  ground  test 
program  at  Santa  Susana,  Calif.,  test  center  through  July.  Modification 
increased  total  contract  for  S-II  stage  development  testing  and  facility 
maintenance  planning  to  S1.281  billion,  (msfc  Release  68-109) 
May  16:  Iris  I  {Esro  II-B)  International  Radiation  Investigation  Satellite, 
designed,  developed,  and  constructed  by  European  Space  Research  Or- 
ganization under  July  8,  1964,  nasa-esro  agreement,  was  successfully 
launched  by  NASA  from  wtr  by  four-stage  Scout  booster.  Orbital  par- 
ameters: apogee,  673.7  mi  (1,084.2  km)  ;  perigee,  204.1  mi  (328.5 
km)  ;  period,  98.9  min  and  inclination,  97.2°.  Primary  NASA  mission 
objectives  were  to  place  Iris  I  into  planned  polar  orbit  and  provide 
tracking  and  telemetry  support.  The  164-lb,  35y2-in  high,  30-in-dia 
cylindrical  satellite  carried  seven  experiments  for  solar-astronomy  and 
cosmic-ray  studies  representing  six  different  organizations  from  U.K., 
France,  and  the  Netherlands.  Six  experiments  were  operating  as  planned 
and  their  scientific  objectives  were  being  achieved. 

Iris  I  was  backup  spacecraft  to  ESRO  II-A,  which  had  been  launched 
May  29,  1967,  but  had  failed  to  achieve  orbit  because  of  Scout  3rd 
stage  malfunction.  ESRO  was  responsible  for  experiment  instrumenta- 
tion, delivery  of  spacecraft  to  launch  site,  equipment  and  personnel 
necessary  to  mate  spacecraft  to  launch  vehicle,  and  spacecraft  testing. 
NASA  provided  Scout  launch  vehicle,  conducted  launch  operations,  and 
supplied  data  and  trackina;  acquisition  support.  (NASA  Proj  Off;  NASA 
Release  68-75:  UPi,  W  Post,  5/17/68,  D13:  W  News,  5/17/68,  5;  gsfc 
SSR, 5/31/68) 

113 


May  16 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


May  16:  In  cooperative  program,  nasa  launched  Iris  I  (Esro  II-B)  International  Ra- 
diation Investigation  Satellite,  for  European  Space  Research  Organization  from  wtr  by 
four-stage  Scout  booster.  In  April  photo.  Iris  I  is  prepared  for  mission  to  orbit  seven 
solar-astronomy  and  cosmic-ray  experiments  from  six  organizations. 


First  recording  of  pulsar  signals  at  short  wavelengths,  2293  mc,  was 
made  by  Drs,  Alan  Moffet,  Ronald  D.  Ekers,  and  Richard  M.  Goldstein 
of  Cal  Tech,  using  210-ft  Mars  dish  antenna  at  Goldstone  Tracking  Sta- 
tion operated  by  J  PL  for  NASA.  Signals'  energy  indicated  origin  from 
natural  source  such  as  white  dwarf  stars  or  neutron  stars.  CP— 1919, 
one  of  three  pulsars  observed,  was  weakest  source  ever  recorded.  At 


114 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  16 

2293  mc,  signal  was  one-hundredth  that  of  other  two,  though  at  longer 
wavelengths  signal  was  one  of  two  strongest  of  four  known  pulsars. 
("CP"  referred  to  Cambridge  pulsar  list;  number  indicated  location.) 
Dr.  Moffet  placed  pulsars  100  to  10,000  light  years  from  earth,  in 
Milky  Way  Galaxy.  Although  signal  strengths  varied,  periods  remained 
constant.  (Cal  Tech  Release;  Pasadena  Independent,  5/15/68) 

•  President  Johnson  announced  intention  to  nominate  following  for  ap 

pointment  to  six-year  terms  on  National  Science  Board:  R.  H.  Bing 
Chairman,  Dept.  of  Mathematics,  Univ.  of  Wisconsin;  Harvey  Brooks 
Dean  of  Engineering  and  Applied  Physics,  Harvard  Univ.;  William  A 
Fowler,  professor  of  physics,  Cal  Tech;  Norman  Hackerman,  President 
Univ.  of  Texas  at  Austin ;  Philip  Handler,  Chairman,  Dept.  of  Chemis 
try,  Duke  Univ.  Medical  Center;  James  G.  March,  Dean  of  Social  Sci 
ences,  Univ.  of  California  at  Irvine:  Grover  Murray,  President,  Texas 
Tech;  and  Frederick  E.  Smith,  professor  of  zoology,  Univ.  of  Michi- 
gan. (P£>,  5/20/68,  802) 

•  In    last    of    three    McKinsey    Foundation    lectures    NASA    Administrator 

James  E.  Webb  discussed  "Executive  Performance  and  Evaluation." 
NASA  program  at  peak  level  had  employed  more  than  400,000  full-time 
workers  and  20,000  contractors,  subcontractors,  and  suppliers  and 
drawn  on  more  than  150  universities,  in  addition  to  8,000  NASA-sup- 
ported professors,  scientists,  and  technicians.  It  had  worked  with  urban 
communities  on  problems,  reclaimed  wasteland,  constructed  massive 
buildings,  and  developed  new  transportation  means.  NASA  would  not  be 
viewed  in  history  as  unique  but  was  likely  "to  prove  a  prototype." 

As  Administrator,  Webb  said,  his  purpose  was  to  work  toward  envi- 
ronment within  which  NASA  could  be  as  innovative  in  the  management 
of  all  its  activities  as  it  was  in  its  scientific  and  technical  work.  Large- 
scale  endeavor  required  executives  of  unusual  type  and  had  to  be  de- 
signed to  enable  executives  to  perform  in  an  unusual  way.    (Text) 

•  Neiv  York  Times  editorial  urged  congressional  passage  of  legislation  to 

ban  sonic  booms:  "While  technical  and  budgetary  difficulties  have 
slowed  development  of  an  American  supersonic  aircraft,  the  British  and 
French  are  progressing  with  their  joint-venture  model.  It  is  important 
to  have  some  protection  on  the  law  books  before  the  booms  come 
crashing  down  on  the  nation's  ears.  .  .  .  Developers  .  .  .  say  they  'as- 
sume' it  will  fly  at  supersonic  speed  only  over  water  but  this  is  too  im- 
portant an  issue  to  be  left  to  anyone's  assumption."  {NYT,  5/16/68, 
46;  5/25/68,32) 
May  17:  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  WSMR 
carried  GSFC  experiment  to  102.5-mi  (165-km)  altitude  to  measure  UV 
radiation  from  several  early-type  stars.  Rocket  and  instruments  per- 
formed satisfactorily,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  announced  it  had  notified  agency  elements  to  hold  permanent  em- 

ployment to  onboard  strength  at  close  of  May  13,  to  minimize  impact 
of  potential  manpower  adjustments  necessitated  by  cuts  in  FY  1969 
budget.  Field  centers  had  been  advised  of  possible  further  reduction  by 
75%  of  attrition  May  11— June  30  (one  replacement  for  every  four 
losses).  FY  1969  budget  included  positions  for  32,727  permanent  civil 
service  employees,  nasa  installations  had  been  requested  to  assess  pro- 
gram impact  of  continued  reduction,  which  could  exceed  1,000  if  cur- 
rent limitations  continued.  Actual  supportable  employment  level  for  FY 

115 


May  17  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

1969  depended  on  final  appropriation  approved.  (NASA  Release  68—91; 
AP,  NYT,  5/19/68,  80;  SBD,  5/23/68,  114;  Kluttz,  W  Post,  5/27/68, 
A21) 

•  House  Committee  on  Interstate  and  Foreign  Commerce  approved  bill  to 

control  aircraft  noise  levels  and  sonic  boom.  Committee,  by  voice  vote, 
agreed  on  provisions  empowering  FAA  to  set  standards  for  measurement 
and  regulations  for  control.   (H.R.  1463;   W  Post,  5/17/68,  5) 

•  NASA  named  five-man  board  with  counsel  to  investigate  crash  of  Lunar 

Landing  Research  Vehicle  piloted  by  Astronaut  Neil  Armstrong  at  El- 
lington AFB,  Tex.,  May  6.  Board  would  determine  probable  cause  of  ac- 
cident, identify  and  evaluate  corrective  actions,  and  evaluate  implica- 
tion for  LLRV  and  lunar  module  design  and  operations.  (NASA  Release 
68-90) 

•  LaRC  Associate  Chief  of  Flight  Mechanics  and  Technology  Div.,  John  P. 

Campbell,  had  been  selected  by  American  Helicopter  Society  to  receive 
its  Paul  E.  Haueter  Award  for  1968,  Langley  Researcher  announced. 
Award  was  given  annually  for  significant  contributions  to  development 
of  vertical  lift  aircraft  other  than  helicopters.  Campbell  was  cited  "for 
his  personal  contributions  to  and  direction  of  NASA  research  programs 
which  have  provided  a  sound  technology  base  for  a  large  number  of 
VTOL  designs."  (Langley  Researcher,  5/17/68, 1) 

•  NASA  announced  organizational  change  effective  May  19.  Functions  and 

personnel  of  Procurement  Management  Div.  of  Management  Opera- 
tions Directorate,  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  was  transferred  to 
Office  of  Industry  Affairs.  Procurement  Office  would  become  Program 
Support  Div.  (omsf),  reporting  to  Director  of  Procurement,  (nasa 
Ann) 
May  18:  Nimbus  B  spacecraft  launched  by  NASA  from  WTR  failed  to  enter 
orbit  because  of  malfunction  in  booster.  Thorad-Agena  D  booster  and 
spacecraft  were  destroyed  by  Range  Safety  Officer.  Satellite,  third  in 
Nimbus  meteorological  series,  contained  two  25-w  SNAP— 19  radioiso- 
tope electric  power  generators  fueled  with  plutonium  238  to  supplement 
solar  panels  and  enclosed  in  capsules  designed  to  withstand  impact  and 
corrosion.  Debris  fell  into  Pacific  between  Vandenberg  AFB  and  San 
Miguel  Island,  (wtr  Release;  AP,  W  Star,  5/18/68;  P  EB,  5/18/68; 
AP,  W  Post,  5/19/68,  A3;  AP,  NYT,  5/18/68;  5/25/68) 

•  NASA  successfully  launched   Stratoscope   II,   Princeton   Univ.'s  balloon- 

borne  telescope,  from  Scientific  Balloon  Flight  Station,  Palestine,  Tex., 
to  altitude  of  80,000  ft.  Purpose  was  to  photograph  sky  from  altitude 
above  95%  of  earth's  atmosphere.  (NASA  Release  68—93) 

•  U.S.S.R.  would  conduct  "further  tests  of  the  landing  system  of  space  ap- 

paratuses" from  May  20  to  June  30  in  two  Pacific  areas,  Tass  an- 
nounced. Aircraft  and  ships  were  warned  not  to  enter  80-mi-dia  circu- 
lar area  1,200  mi  south  of  Hawaii  near  Christmas  Island  and  90-  by 
180-mi  rectangular  area  1,600  mi  south  of  Hawaii  between  noon  and 
midnight  local  time  each  day.  (AP,  New  Orleans  Times-Picayune, 
5/19/69;  SBD,  5/21/68,  99-100) 

•  Entire  thrust  of  Soviet  space  program  pointed  to  circumlunar  flight  by 

cosmonauts  before  U.S.,  according  to  former  astronaut  Cdr.  M.  Scott 
Carpenter  (usn).  Speaking  at  Beloit  College  symposium  on  oceanogra- 
phy, he  predicted  NASA  might  try  to  send  crew  around  moon  in  autumn 

116 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  18 

as  counter  to  Soviet  manned  space  spectacular.  (Lewis,  B  News, 
5/19/68) 

•  NASA,  NAS,  and  NRC  would  be  "taking  a  long  close  look"  at  applied  satel- 

lites capable  of  producing  concrete  benefits  to  mankind,  James  J.  Hag- 
gerty,  Jr.,  wrote  in  Journal  of  the  Armed  Forces.  Study,  recommended 
in  NAS  report  released  Feb.  8,  would  focus  on  economic  aspects.  Among 
new  areas  of  application  proposed  were:  forestry-agriculture  satellite  to 
survey  and  identify  vegetation  resources  through  standard  and  infrared 
photography;  oceanographic  satellite  to  predict  fish  locations,  isolate 
plankton  areas,  and  improve  ship  routing  and  weather  detection 
through  use  of  sensors;  hydrological  satellite  to  aid  in  management  of 
water  resources  and  to  facilitate  weather  forecasting;  and  geological 
satellite  to  extend  process  of  using  airborne  sensors  to  detect  minerals, 
oil,  and  gas.  Group  also  would  study  economic  benefits  of  advances  in 
existing  applied  spacecraft,  such  as  "advanced  weathersat"  to  interro- 
gate high-altitude  weather  balloons  and  broadcast  satellite  to  promote 
"extremely  broad  program  of  education  and  culture." 

NAS  report  had  set  dollar  values  on  benefits:  savings  of  $8  billion  an- 
nually in  agriculture  and  construction  alone  from  two-week  weather 
forecasting;  $5  million  in  management  of  municipal  water  supplies; 
and  "hundreds  of  millions"  in  potential  saving  to  shipping,  fishing,  and 
coas*al  engineering  industries,  but  satellites  would  have  to  be  developed 
at  "considerable  investment."   (Haggerty,  J/AF,  5/18/68,  9,   19) 

•  AEC  Chairman,  Dr.  Glenn  T.  Seaborg,  presented  first  Swords  Into  Plow- 

shares Award  for  major  contributions  in  nuclear  science  to  Columbia 
Univ.  in  New  York.  Occasion  marked  opening  of  Nuclear  Week,  spon- 
sored by  private  foundations,  industry,  and  government,  to  attract 
young  people  to  careers  in  nuclear  science.  (NYT,  5/19/68,  81) 

•  Fifth  International  Congress  for  Noise  Abatement,  meeting  in  London, 

adopted  resolution  urging  governments  to  prohibit  supersonic  flights 
over  their  territories.  Dr.  Charles  Wakstein,  Dartmouth  College  scien- 
tist, said  if  overland  SST  flights  were  permitted,  about  50  million  Amer- 
icans could  be  exposed  to  average  of  15  sonic  booms  daily.  Flights 
could  cost  $100  million  annually  in  damage  to  homes.  However,  evi- 
dence thus  far  indicated  little  psychological  harm  to  those  surrounded 
by  constant  noise.  (Shuster,  NYT,  5/19/68,  3) 

•  NASA  had   named   Wade   St.   Clair,   former   consultant   and   director   on 

radio  and  television  programs.  Director  of  Special  Events,  Office  of 
Public  Affairs,  succeeding  Brian  M.  Duff,  who  had  joined  Urban  Coali- 
tion staff.  St.  Clair  most  recently  had  served  as  Duff's  deputy.  (NASA 
Release  68-88) 

•  F— lllA  supersonic  aircraft  participating  in  air  show  at  HoUoman  AFB, 

N.  Mex.,  crashlanded,  without  injuring  crew  or  spectators.  USAF  said 
ban  on  F— 111  flights  was  still  in  effect  but  did  not  apply  in  this  case 
since  aircraft  was  still  owned  by  manufacturer.  General  Dynamics 
Corp.  (JVPost,  5/19/68,  1 :  W  Star,  5/19/68,  A12) 

•  Man's  "most  rewarding  new  frontier  for  the  next  generation"  might  lie 

in  ocean  space,  according  to  New  York  Times  editorial.  "Imminent 
opening  of  the  deep-sea  bed  for  commercial  exploitation  offers  exciting 
possibilities  for  the  enrichment  of  mankind  .  .  .  but  unregulated 
rush  to  cash  in  on  the  wealth  of  the  ocean  floor  could  provoke  serious 
international  conflicts."  U.S.  caution,  however,  in  approaching  U.N.  es- 

117 


May  18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

tablishment  of  international  control  had  merit  because  "knowledge  of 
the  potential  of  ocean  space  is  still  fragmentary  and  vital  national  in- 
terests are  at  stake."  {NYT,  5/18/68,  30) 

•  President  Habib  Bourguiba  of  Tunisia  visited  MSC  for  general  orienta- 

tion and  tour  during  two-day  visit  to  Houston.  (AP,  New  Haven  Regis- 
ter, 5/17/68) 
May  20:  NASA  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  car- 
ried GSFC  experiment  to  102.6-mi  (165.1-km)  altitude  to  obtain  mon- 
ochromatic picture  of  sun  using  spectroheliograph  and  to  measure  solar 
spectral  irradiance  using  photoelectric  radiometers.  Rocket  and  instru- 
mentation performance  was  satisfactory,  (nasa  Rpt  SRl) 

•  ESRO    successfully    launched    Centaure    rocket    from   Kiruna    Range    in 

Sweden  to  collect  micrometeoroid  data.  {SBD,  5/23/68, 118) 

•  In  "remote  sensing"  experiment  by  NASA  and  U.S.  Geological  Survey, 

pilots  and  scientists  began  two-week  air-ground  sweep  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia in  search  of  solutions  to  environmental  problems.  Area  had  been 
selected  because  of  variety  of  geographic  features.  Aircraft  would  test 
sensors  for  later  use  in  satellite  surveys  of  land,  water,  mineral,  human, 
and  energy  resources.  (Copley  News  Service,  San  Diego  Union, 
5/20/68) 

•  Australian  Air  Force  was  sending  technical  team  to  U.S.  to  investigate 

airworthiness  of  F— 111  aircraft.  Australian  government  had  ordered  24 
F— Ills  in  1963  for  estimated  $112  million.  Cost  had  already  increased 
to  $266  million,  and  additional  increases  were  expected.  Delivery 
would  be  refused  until  Australia  was  satisfied  mechanical  faults  had 
been  eliminated.  {NY  Post,  5/20/68,  21) 

•  NASA  and  British  Ministry  of  Technology  began  month-long  tests  of  de- 

vices for  predicting  performance  of  aircraft  brakes  at  NASA  Wallops 
Station  on  runway  modified  to  include  varied  surface  conditions. 
Under  direction  of  Walter  B.  Home,  LaRC,  tests  in  which  FAA  and  USAF 
also  were  participating,  would  enable  engineers  to  establish  system  for 
runway  length  requirements  to  bring  landing  aircraft  to  safe  stop. 
(NASA  Release  68-89) 
May  21 :  NASA  announced  it  would  launch  two  Mariner  spacecraft,  F  and  G, 
on  flyby  missions  to  Mars  in  1969.  Project  responsibility  was  assigned 
to  J  PL;  LeRC  would  be  responsible  for  launch  vehicle. 

Deep  Space  Network  stations  would  provide  tracking  and  communica- 
tions during  launch  period  scheduled  between  mid-February  and  mid- 
April.  Spacecraft  would  reach  Mars  between  end  of  July  and  mid-Au- 
gust. Arrival  dates  of  two  spacecraft  would  not  be  less  than  five  days 
apart.  Atlas-Centaur  combination  would  for  first  time  be  used  as  launch 
vehicle  for  planetary  exploration.  Spacecraft  would  weigh  approxi- 
mately 900  lb.  Mariner  III  (Nov.  5,  1964)  weighed  575  lb.  (nasa  Spe- 
cial Release) 

•  NASA  announced  that  Dr.  Mac  C.  Adams,  Associate  Administrator  for 

Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  would  resign  July  1  to  return  to 
private  industry.  He  would  be  succeeded  by  James  M.  Beggs,  Director 
of  Purchases  and  Traffic,  Westinghouse  Electric  Corp.,  who  would  join 
NASA  June  1.  Bruce  T.  Lundin,  Associate  Director  for  Development, 
LeRC,  was  named  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced 
Research  and  Technology.  Commenting  on  Dr.  Adams'  departure,  NASA 
Administrator  James  E.  Webb  said,  "He  brought  to  NASA  strong  man- 

118 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  21 

agement  and  engineering  competence  .  .  .  [and]  gave  us  brilliant 
leadership  in  critical  times."  (nasa  Release  68—92) 

•  USAF  grounded  42  F-lllAs  to  repair  defective  hydraulic  valve.  Aircraft 

had  been  under  restrictions  since  May  8  accident  at  Nellis  afb,  Nev.,  of 
which  defective  valve  was  "the  most  probable  cause."  Twelve  earlier 
model  F-lllAs  not  containing  defective  part  were  not  grounded.  Ac- 
tuator valve  problem  was  suspected  in  third  F-lllA  crash  in  Thailand, 
attributed  to  capsule  of  sealant  lodged  in  flight  control  system.  Modifi- 
cations should  be  completed  in  June,  (dod  Release  472-68;  AP,  NYT, 
5/22/68,  5 ;  AP,  W  Star,  .5/22/68,  A20) 

•  Scientists  from  Stanford  Univ.  and  Univ.  of  California,  using  telescope 

at  Lick  Observatory  atop  Mt.  Hamilton,  Calif.,  and  telescopes  on  Kitt 
Peak,  Ariz.,  had  found  one  of  four  recently  discovered  pulsars  flashed 
visible  wavelengths  of  light  at  half  the  rate  of  its  radio  pulse.  Discovery 
was  disclosed  by  Univ.  of  California  at  Berkeley  astronomer.  Dr.  David 
Cudaback,  at  pulsar  meeting  in  New  York  sponsored  jointly  by  NASA 
Institute  for  Space  Studies  and  Belfer  Graduate  School  of  Science, 
Yeshiva  Univ.  (Sullivan,  NYT,  5/21/68,  14;  5/22/68,  24;  5/26/68, 
12) 

•  Sen.  Mark  0.  Hatfield  (R-Ore.),  addressing  ieee  Region  Six  Conference 

in  Portland,  criticized  order  of  priorities  by  which  "survival"  was  su- 
perseded by  "our  desire  to  explore  new  technological  frontiers.  .  .  . 
We  must  rationally  decide  if  our  goal  of  promoting  the  well-being  of 
man  is  better  served  through  huge  expenditures  to  beat  the  Russians  to 
the  moon  or  through  developing  methods  to  feed  a  hungry  world.  It  is 
a  very  black  mark  on  our  sense  of  values  and  a  contradiction  of  man's 
quest  for  progress  when  one  part  of  the  world  competes  for  the  moon 
while  the  other  part  competes  for  a  loaf  of  bread."  (Text) 

•  Arthur  C.  Clarke,  co-author  of  2001:  A  Space  Odyssey,  told  Los  Altos 

Morning  Forum  proposed  Federal  cuts  in  NASA  budget  would  curtail 
progress  in  "medicine,  agriculture,  weather  forecasting,  communication 
and  other  endeavors."  NASA  budget  now  was  "smaller  than  the  amount 
American  women  spend  on  cosmetics  in  a  year."  (Anderson,  San  Jose 
Mercury,  5/23/68) 

•  Soviet  space  experts  Dr.  Georgii  Pokrovskii  and  Aleksandr  Yavnel  be- 

lieved automatic  docking  of  Cosmos  CCXII  and  CCXIII  April  15  had 
brought  U.S.S.R.  closer  to  day  when  it  could  establish  large  permanent 
earth-orbiting  stations  and  planetary  laboratories.  In  Moscow  inter- 
views, they  claimed  docking  had  cleared  way  for  launching  segments  of 
large  spacecraft  by  individual  rockets,  then  assembling  them  in  com- 
mon orbit.  (Macomber,  5^  Louis  G—D,  5/21/68) 
May  22:  First  public  demonstration  of  satellite  communications  between 
merchant  ship  and  shore  was  given  before  Propeller  Club  of  Port  of 
Baltimore,  Md.  Civic  officials  conversed  via  NASA's  Ats  II  with  captain 
of  vessel  off  Valparaiso,  Chile,  coast.  Conversation  was  transmitted 
over  telephone  lines  to  GSFC  and  relayed  to  Rosman,  N.C.,  to  satellite, 
and  to  ship.  {NYT,  6/26/68,  86) 

•  Post-launch  investigations   at   MSEC   and  at   Rocketdyne   Div.   of  North 

American  Rockwell  Corp.,  J-2  manufacturer,  had  revealed  J-2  rocket 
engine  malfunctions  on  April  4  Apollo  6  mission  had  been  caused  by 
ruptures  of  small-diameter  fuel  lines  feeding  engine  igniters.  Improved 
designs  for  lines  had  been  completed  and  new  lines  were  being  man- 

119 


May  22  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

ufactured  for  extensive  testing  before  use  in  next  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn 
V  launch  vehicles.  {Marshall  Star,  5/22/68,  1) 

•  Aerospace  Industries  Assn.  released  its  1967  Annual  Report,  reviewing 

"industry's  continuing  pattern  of  growth":  11%  increase  in  sales  over 
1966,  to  $27.2  billion;  maintenance  of  1,400,000-nian  work  force,  mak- 
ing aerospace  industry  largest  U.S.  manufacturing  employer;  and 
$575-million  increase  in  exports,  to  $2.2  billion,  including  42.9%  in- 
crease in  civilian  aircraft,  to  $789  million.  (Text) 

•  NASA  selected  Fairchild-Hiller  Corp.,  General  Electric  Co.,  and  Lockheed 

Missiles  &  Space  Co.  for  competitive  negotiations  for  $5-million  fixed- 
price  contract  to  develop  designs  for  basic  spacecraft  configuration  of 
F  and  G  models  of  Applications  Technology  Satellite.  Firms  would 
provide  complete  specifications  and  versions  of  critical  spacecraft  sys- 
tems. (NASA  Release  68-95) 

•  MSFC  awarded  third  one-year  contract  extension,  at  $6,448  million,  to 

RCA  Services  Co.  for  institutional  support  services  at  MSFC.  (msfc  Re- 
lease 68-112) 

•  NASA  established  Office  of  Facilities,  merging  facility  functions  and  appli- 

cable staff  elements  of  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  Office  of  Space 
Science  and  Applications,  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technol- 
ogy, Office  of  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition,  and  Facilities  Manage- 
ment Office.  New  office,  under  direction  of  m/g  Robert  H.  Curtin 
(USAF,  Ret.),  would  encompass  planning,  design,  acquisition,  construc- 
tion, repair,  alteration,  maintenance,  operations,  utilization,  and  dis- 
posal of  facilities  including  land  and  collateral  equipment,  it  would  re- 
port to  the  Assistant  Administrator  for  Administration.  (NASA  Ann) 
May  23:  World's  first  passive  satellite,  Echo  I,  launched  by  NASA  Aug.  12, 
1960,  reentered  earth's  atmosphere  and  disintegrated  over  southeastern 
Pacific.  Launched  as  passive  communications  and  air-density  research 
satellite,  Echo  I  also  served  geodesists  determining  accurate  continental 
and  intercontinental  distances,  (upi,  W  Post,  5/24/68;  W  News, 
5/24/68,  3;  Newsweek,  5/27/68;  SBD,  5/28/68, 138) 

•  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  afb  by  Thor-Burner 

II  booster  into  orbit  with  561 -mi  (902.8-km)  apogee,  509-mi  (819-km) 
perigee,  102.1-min  period,  and  98.9°  inclination.    {Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Smithsonian    Institution   scientists   positively   identified   as    a   meteorite, 

fist-size  black  stone  which  damaged  Denver,  Colo.,  warehouse  roof  in 
July  1967.  It  was  "first  recovered  fresh-fall"  meteorite  in  U.S.  since 
Bells,  Tex.,  meteorite  Sept.  9,  1961.  (Cleveland  Plain  Dealer,  5/24/68) 
May  24:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXXI  into  orbit  with 
2,082-km  (1,293.7-mi)  apogee,  214-km  (133-mi)  perigee,  108.3-min 
period,  and  48.4°  inclination.  {SBD,  5/27/68,  132;  gsfc  SSR, 
5/31/68) 

•  First  satellite  telephone  link  between   U.S.   and   Australia   began   with 

opening  of  earth  station  at  Moree,  Australia.  (W  Star,  5/26/68) 

•  Mathematical  tools  used  to  predict  lunar  motions  were  so  imprecise  that 

they  hampered  evaluation  of  lunar  flights  and  use  of  moon  as  time- 
piece, according  to  two  articles  in  Science  by  group  of  JPL  scientists. 
Amplifying  report,  Dr.  J.  Derral  Mulholland,  JPL  scientist  in  charge  of 
revision  of  methods  of  prediction,  said  errors  seemed  to  derive  largely 
from  inadequate  emphasis  on  gravital  influence  of  other  planets,  partic- 
ularly Jupiter  and  Venus.  JPL  was  preparing  computer  program  to  pre- 

120 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  24 

diet  lunar  position  for  future  space  flights.  {Science,  5/24/68,  874—8; 
Sullivan,  A^IT,  5/24/68,  47) 

•  James  T.  Murphy,  Deputy  Manager  in  NASA  Saturn  V  Program  Office  at 

MSFC,  was  named  Director  of  MSFc's  Safety  Office.  He  would  also  serve 
as  member  of  msfc  Flight  Readiness  Review  Board.  E.  W.  Neubert 
would  continue  as  Chairman  of  msfc  Safety  Board,  (msfc  Release 
68-114:  Marshall  Star,  5/29/68,  1) 

•  Before  Los  Angeles  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Sen.  Thomas  H.  Ku- 

chel  (R-Calif.)  said,  "What  we  need  and  what  we  lack  is  an  adminis- 
tration which  will  allocate  space  dollars  according  to  the  skills  and 
manpower  and  brain  power  available,  rather  than  on  the  basis  of  politi- 
cal preference."  No  Federal  program  was  more  in  need  of  public  un- 
derstanding than  space  and  its  relationship  to  balanced  economy,  he 
said.  When  looking  at  future  space  investment  we  needed  to  count 
"payoff"  already  gained.  Spinoff  from  space  technology  was  providing 
"enormous  boon  to  both  soldier  and  civilian."  We  needed  space  goals 
which  clearly  stated  potential  benefits  of  program  to  people,  he  said, 
"or  the  public  will  justifiably  fight  a  single  penny  being  thrown  into 
space."  ( UPi,  San  Diego  Union,  5/25/68;  CR,  6/10/68) 

•  Six-month  slippage  in  launch  date  of  U.K.'s   Skynet  comsat  to  spring 

1969  was  due  to  "normal  R&D  problems,"  according  to  USAF  Space  and 
Missile  Systems  Organization.  Philco-Ford  Corp.'s  Space  and  Re-entry 
Systems  Div.  was  building  two  Skynets  compatible  with  U.S.  Initial  De- 
fense Communications  Satellite  Program  for  delivery  to  U.K.  While 
Skynet  program  was  linked  with  U.K.'s  latest  defense  review,  Defense 
and  Technology  Ministry  sources  said  its  cancellation  was  not  expected, 
though  U.K.'s  military  withdrawal  from  Asia  would  substantially  affect 
its  use  and  scope.  (Aero  Daily,  5/24/68) 
May  25:  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  wsmr 
carried  GSFC  photometers  and  objective-grating  wide-angle  camera  to 
105-mi  (168.9-km)  altitude  to  measure  radiation  from  celestial  bodies 
in  X2800— >^1300  spectral  range.  Payload  instrumentation  performed 
satisfactorily;  Aerobee  pointing  control  system  (acs)  malfunctioned. 
(NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  Unexpected  solar  flares  could  cause  serious  radiation  damage  to  SST  pas- 

sengers and  lead  to  aircraft  navigation  errors,  according  to  Dr.  Adolph 
Razdow,  President  of  Yardney  Electric  Corp.,  Razdow  Laboratories 
Div.  Global  solar  watch,  he  said,  could  provide  10-min  warning  of 
strong  solar  flares,  enabling  pilot  to  descend  to  safer  altitude.  NASA's 
Solar  Particle  Alert  Network  (span)  could  give  20-min  flare  warning 
to  unprotected  astronauts  on  moon,  who  could  then  take  shelter  or  take 
antiradiation  drugs.  Peak  year  in  solar  flare  cycle  would  be  1969.  (uPl, 
NYT,  5/25/68,  59) 

May  26:  nasa  appointed  H.  Kurt  Strass,  Chief  of  Earth  Orbital  Mission 
Office,  Advanced  Spacecraft  Technology  Div.,  to  head  newly  established 
Office  of  Aerospace  Safety  Research  Programs.  New  office,  which  would 
operate  within  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  would  re- 
port to  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technol- 
ogy through  Director,  Space  Vehicles  Div.,  OART.  (nasa  Ann) 

May  27:  U.S.S.R.  announced  successful  completion  of  rocket  tests  in  two  Pa- 
cific areas  to  test  equipment  for  spacecraft  landings  at  sea.   Series, 

121 


May  27  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

which  began  May  20,  had  been  scheduled  to  last  until  June  30.  {SBD, 
5/29/68, 144) 

•  FAA  announced  Washington  National  Airport  was  first  in  U.S.  to  equip 

main  instrument  runway  with  color-coded  centerline  lights  cautioning 
pilots  entering  last  3,000  ft  of  runway  during  takeoffs  and  landings. 
(faa  Release  T  68-18) 

•  Aerospace  Daily  survey  showed  most  experts  considered  military  R&D 

funds  prime  candidate  for  budget  cuts.  Services  had  been  told  to 
slash  $900  million  from  FY  1969  requests  as  their  part  in  $6-biUion  re- 
duction demanded  by  Congress,  which  exhibited  little  support  for  ei- 
ther Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory  program  or  Sentinel  ABM  system. 

Federal  Contract  Research  Center  also  was  likely  to  be  cut,  though 
Pentagon  sought  $48  million,  $3  million  less  than  FY  1968.  Government 
was  spending  estimated  $17  billion  annually  on  research  and  there  was 
"rising  general  Congressional  reluctance  to  approve  more  funds  or 
even  to  provide  additional  money  merely  to  keep  pace  with  the  inflation 
of  the  economy."  {Aero  Daily,  5/27/68,  26) 

•  Charles  J.  Donlan  was  named  Acting  Director,  Advanced  Manned  Mis- 

sions Program,  NASA  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight,  replacing  Edgar  M. 
Cortright.  He  would  serve  in  addition  to  his  duties  as  Deputy  Associate 
Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight  (Technical) .  (nasa  Ann) 

•  May  28:  In  second  Mars  lander  experiment  [see  April  23]  NASA  concluded 

JPL  R&D  program  demonstrating  feasibility  of  sending  lightweight 
scientific  capsules  to  Mars  by  successful  250-ft  free-fall  drop  of  63-lb 
heat-sterilized  planetary  landing  craft  from  hovering  helicopter  onto 
asphalt  pavement  at  Goldstone  Tracking  Station.  Capsule,  which  struck 
at  80  mph,  or  impact  of  2,500  g,  was  powered  by  12-cell  silver-zinc  bat- 
tery which  produced  sufficient  electricity  after  impact  to  extend  wind 
gauge  and  to  operate  radio  transmitter  and  timer  aboard  Mars  lander. 
Battery  was  believed  to  be  toughest  yet  developed,  (nasa  Release  68— 
152;  W  Star,  9/8/68,  A17;  Pasadena  Independent  Star-News,  9/8/68; 
NYT,  10/15/68,  34;  jpl  Lab-Oratory  7/68,  8) 

•  Gen.  John  P.  McConnell,  USAF  Chief  of  Staff,  was  awarded  National  Ge- 

ographic Society's  Gen.  Thomas  D.  White  Space  Trophy  for  1967  for 
"effective  leadership  and  direction  of  U.S.  Air  Force  in  development 
and  utilization  of  aerospace  vehicles."  Award  was  presented  annually  to 
military  or  civilian  member  of  USAF  who  made  most  outstanding  con- 
tribution to  U.S.  progress  in  aerospace,  (ngs  Release;  AP,  NY  News, 
5/29/68,  22) 

•  MSFC    announced   it   had    extended    for    one   year    $3,647,603    cost-plus 

award-fee  contract  held  by  Management  Services,  Inc.,  for  technical  serv- 
ices at  MSFC.  (msfc  Release  68-116) 
May  29:  Command  module  for  Apollo  7,  first  manned  Apollo  flight,  left 
North  American  Rockwell  Corp.'s  Downey,  Calif.,  plant  enroute  to 
Kennedy  Space  Center.  Service  module  had  arrived  at  KSC  May  17. 
(NASA  Release  68-100) 

•  Saturn  V  2nd  stage  planned  for  first  manned  Apollo/Saturn  V  mission 

passed  cryogenic  proof  pressure  test  at  NASA  Mississippi  Test  Facility. 
(msfc  Release  68-119) 

•  NASA    announced    changes    in    Aerospace    Safety    Panel    personnel:    Dr. 

Charles  D.  Harrington,  President  of  Douglas  United  Nuclear,  Inc.,  was 
elected  Chairman.  Dr.  Eberhard  F.  M.  Rees,  Deputy  Director  (Techni- 

122 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968  May  29 

cal)  at  MSFC  and  Special  Assistant  to  Apollo  Spacecraft  Manager,  re- 
signed from  panel  to  devote  full  time  to  these  assignments.  Newly 
named  to  panel  were:  Frank  C.  Di  Luzio,  President  of  Raynolds  Elec- 
trical and  Engineering  Co.,  Inc.,  and  Vice  President  of  EG&G,  Inc.;  Gen. 
Orval  Cook  (USAF,  Ret.)  ;  and  Dr.  Harold  Agnew,  Weapons  Div. 
Leader,  Los  Alamos  Scientific  Laboratory.  Dr.  William  A.  Mrazek,  As- 
sistant Director  for  Engineering  and  Chief  Engineer  for  Industrial  Op- 
erations at  MSFC,  was  named  consultant,  (nasa  Release  68—98) 

•  NASA  selected  Computer  Sciences  Corp.,  Lockheed  Electronics  Co.,  Com- 

puter Applications,  Inc.,  and  Service  Technology  Corp.  (ltv),  for  com- 
petitive negotiations  on  $l-million  one-year  renewable  contract  to  pro- 
vide computer  support  services  at  Electronics  Research  Center,  (nasa 
Release  68-99) 
May  31:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXXII  into  orbit  with 
520-km  (323.1-mi)  apogee,  281 -km  (174.6-mi)  perigee,  91.3-min  pe- 
riod, and  70.9°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Oct.  11.  (AP,  NYT, 
6/2/68;  GSFC  55/?,  5/31/68;  10/15/68) 

•  U.K.    successfully    launched    Skylark    sounding    rocket    from    Adelaide, 

Australia,  to  altitude  of  149  mi  (239.8  km)  after  initial  delays  caused 
by  weather.  (Reuters,  NYT,  6/2/68,  55) 

•  Roderick  W.  Spence,  Los  Alamos  Scientific  Laboratory,  outlined  advan- 

tages of  nuclear  rockets  and  offered  chronological  resume  of  Rover  pro- 
gram in  Science.  Thirteen  years  had  produced  reliable  reactor  ready  for 
development  into  flyable  engine.  Development  of  complete  nuclear-elec- 
tric propulsion  system  would  be  difficult  and  expensive,  "but  if  man 
wants  to  continue  to  explore  space  to  the  best  of  his  ability,  such  a  de- 
velopment seems  inevitable."  (Science,  5/31/68,  953—9) 

•  NASA  announced  LaRC  and  LTV  Aerospace  Corp.  would  negotiate  unified 

contract  valued  in  excess  of  $14  million  to  provide  complete  system 
management  for  Scout  launch  vehicle  for  24-mo  period  beginning  Nov. 
1.  (NASA  Release  68-101) 

•  NASA  announced  extension  until  Feb.  13,  1969,  of  contract  with  Sperry- 

Rand  Corp.  for  mission  support  services  to  Systems  Reliability  Director- 
ate at  GSFC.  Value  of  extended  cost-plus-award-fee  agreement  with  two 
one-year  options  was  approximately  $3.5  million.  Included  in  services 
were  operation  and  maintenance  of  test  facilities  such  as  large  space 
chambers,  laboratory  equipment,  and  instrumentation,  (gsfc  Release 
G-35-68) 

•  USN  told   Pratt  &  Whitney   Div.,   United   Aircraft  Corp.,   it  would   pay 

approximately  $180  million  less  than  $1.2-billion  contract  price  for 
1,640  F-111  engines  ordered  in  February  1967.  Adjustment  of  approx- 
imately $19  million  in  price  of  engines  already  delivered  brought  dif- 
ference between  USN  and  Pratt  &  Whitney  prices  to  almost  $200  million. 
USN  believed  more  efficient  operation  could  produce  engines  at  lower 
cost.  (Kelley,  W  Star,  6/4/68,  5) 

•  USAF  awarded  Lockheed  Missiles  &  Space  Co.  $1.174-million  initial  in- 

crement to  $2.959-million  cost-plus-incentive-fee  contract  for  launch 
services  at  ETR.  (dod  Release  511—68) 

•  In  response  to  pressure  from  smaller  countries,  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  agreed 

to  make  changes  in  proposed  nonproliferation  treaty:  stronger  guaran- 
tees to  small  countries  which  would  benefit  from  peaceful  use  of  nuclear 
power,  more  urgent  efforts  to  end  world  arms  race,  and  enforcement  of 

123 


May  31 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


During  May:  Project  engineer  W.  B.  Home,  with  T.  J.  Yager,  examines  effects  of  Con- 
vair  990  landing  on  grooved  runway  at  Wallops  Station.  Grooves — one  inch  apart,  one- 
fourth  inch  wide,  and  one-fourth  inch  deep — increased  friction  on  wet  runways. 


U.N.  charter  authority  against  use  of  force  generally.  (Brewer,  NYT, 
6/1/68,  1) 
During  May:  Karl  G.  Harr,  Jr.,  President  of  AIA,  commented  in  spring  issue 
of  Aerospace  on  preliminary  report  of  space  applications  study  being 
conducted  by  NASA  and  nas.  "Concept  of  funding  space  research  as  an 
investment  has  not  yet  found  wide  acceptance."  Intangibility  of  benefits 
— renewed  national  prestige,  expanding  technological  capability,  and 
enormous  scientific  gain — was  to  blame.  Report  indicated,  however, 
that  "investment  will  pay  far  greater  bonus  .  .  .  monetary  value  alone 


124 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  During  May 

may  run  into  billions."  Advantages  of  applications  program  superseded 
dollar  value.  Potential  contributions  to  "welfare  of  the  planet"  included 
possibilities  of  greater  food  availability,  enhancement  of  air  safety, 
more  effective  management  of  natural  resources,  higher  general  educa- 
tion level,  closer  relations  among  nations  with  cooperative  management 
of  earth's  total  resources.  Opportunity  to  harvest  these  gains  was  pres- 
ent but  "we  must  pursue  .  .  .  program  aggressively"  by  increasing 
our  investment.   {Aerospace,  Spring  68,  3) 

•  LaRC  was  conducting  operational  research  program  at  NASA  Wallops  Sta- 

tion to  evaluate  runway  grooving  as  a  means  of  reducing  aircraft  hy- 
droplaning, loss  of  friction  during  high-speed  landing  because  of  water 
or  slush  film.  Aircraft  landed  on  specially  prepared  runways  with 
grooves  Yi  in  wide,  y^  in  deep,  and  1  in  apart  and  braking  effectiveness 
was  recorded  by  instruments  on  aircraft  and  on  ground.  Research  indi- 
cated grooving  helped  to  alleviate  all  known  phenomena  which  resulted 
in  low  tire-ground  friction,  but  scientists  were  concerned  that  undesira- 
ble vibrations  might  be  introduced  into  aircraft.  {Langley  Researcher, 
5/17/68,  4) 

•  Lt.  Gen.  Ira  C.  Eaker  (usaf,  Ret.)  wrote  in  Data  he  believed  sonic  boom 

problem  would  be  eliminated,  permitting  transcontinental  flight  and 
realization  of  estimated  1,200  ssTs  in  service  by  1990.  "No  federal  pro- 
gram since  World  War  II  had  ever  had  the  thorough  analysis,  careful 
examination  and  close  scrutiny  accorded  the  present  SST  plan."  (Data, 
5/68,  8) 


125 


June   1968 


June  1:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXXIII  from  Plesetsk  Cosmodrome 
into  orbit  with  979-km  (608.3-mi)  apogee,  221-km  (137.3-mi)  perigee, 
89.9-min  period,  and  72.9°  inclination.  Satellite  performed  satisfactorily 
and  reentered  June  9.  (upi,  P  EB,  6/3/68;  SBD,  6/4/68,  168;  gsfc 
SSR,  6/15/68,  7/15/68) 

June  2:  New  York  Times  editorial  criticized  Administration's  failure  to  sup- 
port International  Biological  Program's  proposal  to  conduct  five-year 
worldwide  study  of  spoilage  and  near  exhaustion  of  earth's  resources 
by  chemical  pollution.  "One  would  think  that  the  urgency  and  im- 
portance of  these  matters  would  quickly  rally  general  support  to  these 
and  related  efforts  to  meet  the  worldwide  challenge  .  .  .  [but]  Ivan 
L.  Bennett,  Jr.,  Deputy  Director  of  the  Office  of  Science  and  Technology, 
opposed  congressional  appropriation  of  $5  million  .  .  .  for  American 
participation  .  .  .  during  fiscal  1969.  The  parochial  priorities  im- 
plied .  .  .  must  deepen  concern  as  to  whether  Spaceship  Earth  can 
be  saved  for  its  proliferating  cargo  of  fragile  organisms  whose  in- 
creasingly ravenous  demands  steadily  deplete  and  damage  the  ecological 
basis  of  life  on  this  planet."  (NYT,  6/2/68) 

June  3:  U.S.S.R.  planned  to  test-fly  Tu-144  supersonic  aircraft  during  1968, 
possibly  within  few  months,  Soviet  Vice  Minister  for  Air  Industry  Al- 
exander Kobzarez  told  press  at  Third  International  Air  and  Space 
Salon  in  Turin,  Italy.  Tu-144  would  carry  120  passengers  up  to  1,500 
mph  over  4,000-mi  range.  Soviet  aircraft  on  display  included  $6.4-mil- 
lion,  long-range,  186-passenger  11-62  jet  aircraft  and  S2-million  Mi-6 
and  Mi- 10  heavy-duty  helicopters.  (NYT,  6/4/68,  93) 

•NASA  and  DOD  would  spend  estimated  $1,406  billion  during  next  decade 
for  parachutes,  aerodynamic  decelerators,  aerial  recovery  systems,  plan- 
etary landing  devices,  and  spacecraft  escape  systems,  according  to 
Frank  A.  Burnham  in  Aerospace  Technology.  Technology  was  marked 
by  rapid  growth  and  widespread  applications,  including  drogue  chutes 
for  supersonic  aircraft;  personnel  parachutes  capable  of  being  "flown" 
to  spot  landings;  recovery  systems  for  Apollo,  MOL,  military  spacecraft, 
drones,  and  test  missiles;  systems  to  drop  cargo  from  altitude  and  de- 
posit it  on  ground  from  aircraft  in  flight;  and  air  "snatch"  rescue  sys- 
tems. {Aero  Tech,  6/3/68,  26) 

June  4:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXXIV  from  Baikonur  Cosmodrome 
into  orbit  with  311-km  (193.2-mi)  apogee,  167-km  (103.8-mi)  perigee, 
89.1-min  period,  and  51.8°  inclination.  Satellite  functioned  normally 
and  reentered  June  12.  (AP,  NYT,  6/5/68,  7;  SBD,  6/5/68,  172;  gsfc 
SSR,  6/15/68) 

•  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  WSMR  carried 
145-lb  GSFC  payload  to  80.8-mi  (130-km)  altitude  to  evaluate  parachute 
recovery    system   for    Nike- Apache    and    Nike-Cajun   launch   vehicles. 

126 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968  June  4 

Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed  satisfactorily;  excellent  data 
were  obtained  from  all  telemetry  channels.  (NASA  Rpt  SRl) 

•  MSFC  awarded  Boeing  Co.  $1,123,591  contract  modification  to  perform 

failure  eifects  analysis,  components  criticality  determination,  and  relia- 
bility report  on  Saturn  V  launch  vehicles  through  SA— 510,  10th  flight 
vehicle,  (msfc  Release  68-121) 

•  At  Glassboro  (N.J.)  State  College  commencement,  President  Johnson  dis- 

cussed developments  in  U.S. -Soviet  relations  during  past  year:  comple- 
tion of  space  law  and  space  rescue  treaties,  new  consular  treaty,  bilat- 
eral air  agreement,  and  negotiations  on  agreement  to  avoid  costly  abm 
race.  He  proposed  International  Council  on  Human  Environment,  accel- 
erated efforts  to  develop  global  satellite  communications  system,  con- 
ducting of  Arctic  and  Antarctic  exploration,  and  study  of  possible 
productive  uses  of  rain-rich  tropical  forest.  (PD,  6/10/68,  903;  NYT, 
6/5/68,  IF) 

•  Rep.  Silvio  0.  Conte  (R-Mass.)  inserted  in  Congressional  Record  results 

of  questionnaire  mailed  to  his  constituents  which  showed  3,857  out  of 
8,145  would  reduce  Government  spending  on  space  program.  Second 
and  third  most  popular  candidates  for  cuts  were  public  works  (2,298) 
and  poverty  program  (2,070) .  (nasa  LAR  Vn/55) 

•  NASA  announced  that  North  American  Rockwell  Corp.  Rocketdyne  Div. 

injector  would  be  used  in  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.  engine  of  first  manned 
lunar  module.  Decision  on  whether  to  use  Bell  or  NAR  injector  for  lunar 
mission  had  not  yet  been  made,  (msc  Release  68-4-1) 

June  4-28:  Seventh  session  of  Legal  Subcommittee  of  U.N.  Committee  on 
Outer  Space  met  in  Geneva,  Switzerland.  U.S.  delegation  included  two 
NASA  officials,  Paul  G.  Dembling,  General  Counsel,  NASA,  Alternate  Rep- 
resentative; and  Daniel  M.  Arons,  Attorney- Adviser,  NASA,  as  adviser. 
(NASA  Hq,  10/14/68) 

June  5:  usaf  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  afb  by  Titan 
ni-B  booster.  Satellite  entered  orbit  with  262-mi  (421.6-km)  apogee, 
85-mi  (126.8-km)  perigee,  89.9-min  period,  and  110.5°  inclination  and 
reentered  June  17.  {Pres  Rpt  68;  SBD,  6/25/68,  272) 

•  Rep.   Emilio  Q.  Daddario   (D-Conn.)    inserted  in  Congressional  Record 

address  he  had  planned  to  deliver  to  House,  deploring  1969  budgetary 
cuts  in  research  field,  particularly  20%  reduction  in  National  Science 
Foundation  funds.  Tendency  in  times  of  stress  to  "jump  on  research  as 
the  vulnerable  part  of  the  Federal  budget"  came  from  thoughtlessness, 
but  slashing  research  funds  was  particularly  serious  "in  view  of  the  ad- 
ministrative cutbacks  in  basic  research  funds  being  made  by  the  so- 
called  mission-oriented  agencies."  America's  "tortuous  new  physical, 
social  and  security  problems"  could  not  be  resolved  without  "new  tools, 
new  methods,  new  approaches"  and  only  way  to  develop  them  was  by 
research.  (C/?,  6/5/68,  H4572) 

•  President  Johnson,  in  accordance  with  Senate  Concurrent  Resolution  67 

approved  May  29,  bade  Secretary  of  Commerce  C.  R.  Smith  to  continue 
coordination  of  national  efforts  in  World  Weather  Watch  program  by 
providing  forum  for  consultation  among  interested  Federal  agencies 
and  departments,  requiring  submission  of  plans  for  following  fiscal 
year  to  Congress  annually  on  March  1,  and  developing  arrangements  to 
further  international  participation  and  cooperation  in  weather  pro- 
gram. (PD,  7/8/68, 1057-8) 

127 


June  5  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  NASA  announced  appointment  of  R.  Emerson  Harris,  Supervisor  of  System 

Safety,  Boeing  Co.,  as  Assistant  Director  of  Safety  (System),  reporting 
to  Bob  P.  Helgeson,  Director  of  Safety.  Harris  also  would  serve  as 
Deputy  Executive  Secretary  to  the  Aerospace  Safety  Advisory  Panel. 
(NASA  Ann) 
June  6:  NASA  investigation  board  reported  that  primary  cause  of  Oct.  5, 
1967,  crash  of  T— 38  jet  trainer  near  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  was  "a  jam  in  the 
lateral  control  system  (ailerons)  from  unknown  source."  Accident  had 
claimed  life  of  pilot.  Astronaut  Clifton  C.  Williams.  Board  recom- 
mended improvement  in  T— 38  inspection  procedures.  (NASA  Release 
68-102;  UPi,  r  Post,  6/7/68,  A2;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  6/7/68,  A3) 

•  NASA  appointed  Jerome  Freibaum,  Assistant  Executive  Secretary,  Office 

of  the  Administrator,  to  succeed  l/c  Wayne  Mathews  (usaf,  Ret.)  as 
Program  Manager  of  ComSatCorp-related  activities  in  Space  Applica- 
tions Programs  Office.  Col.  Mathews  had  joined  Lockheed  Aircraft 
Corp.  (NASA  Ann) 

•  New   York  Times  editorial  praised  U.S.-U.S.S.R.   cooperation  on  revi- 

sion of  nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty.  Textual  changes  "are  substan- 
tively important,  but  their  psychological  impact  is  even  greater."  The 
way  Soviet- American  agreement  was  reached  "was  itself  extraordinary. 
The  two  co-chairmen  of  the' Geneva  conference  came  to  New  York  de- 
termined to  accept  no  amendments,  but  midway  through  the  debate 
.  .  .  they  realized  concessions  might  be  essential.  They  prepared  a  joint 
contingency  plan  which  contained  the  treaty  changes  they  both  would 
accept  if  necessary."  When  changes  had  to  be  made,  "they  were  able  to 
negotiate  details  in  a  few  hours.  The  flexibility  of  United  States  and  the 
Soviet  Union  .  .  ,  should  make  [U.N.  majority  for  treaty]  a  virtual 
certainty."  {NYT,  6/6/68,  46) 
June  8:  NASA  successfully  launched  two  Aerobee  150  sounding  rockets  from 
WSMR.  First  rocket  carried  Naval  Research  Laboratory  and  Univ.  of 
Maryland  payload  to  111.3-mi  (179-km)  altitude  to  flight-test  flight  de- 
sign verification  unit  (fdvu)  of  high-resolution  spectroheliograph 
planned  for  use  on  Apollo  Telescope  Mount-A.  Second  rocket  carried 
American  Science  and  Engineering,  Inc.,  payload  to  93.7-mi  (151-km) 
altitude  to  obtain  high-resolution  x-ray  pictures  of  active  region  of  sun 
during  solar  flare  and  general  x-ray  emission  of  solar  corona.  Rocket 
and  instrumentation  performed  satisfactorily,  but  payload  of  first 
rocket  failed  to  separate,  preventing  functioning  of  parachute  recovery 
system,  (nasa  Rpts  srl) 

•  Univ.   of  California  scientist   Dr.   David   Cudaback,   in   telephone   inter- 

view, said  rhythmic  light  flashes  coming  from  one  of  newly  discovered 
pulsars,  which  he  described  at  NASA  pulsar  meeting  May  21  in  New 
York,  had  turned  out  to  be  rhythmic  effect  from  his  tape  recorder. 
Hov/ever,  Kitt  Peak  National  Observatory,  which  reported  flashes  at 
same  meeting,  still  argued  they  seemed  real.  (Sullivan,  NYT,  6/8/68, 
32) 
June  9:  Cosmos  CCXV,  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  April  18,  had  carried  tele- 
scopes to  observe  stars  without  interference  from  earth's  atmosphere, 
Pravda  announced.  Orbiting  astronomical  observatory  had  trained  its 
eight  mirror  telescopes  and  one  x-ray  telescope  on  specific  hot  stars  long 
enough  for  adequate  study,  partially  by  slowing  satellite's  rotation  to 
0.01  usual  rate  with  magnetic  anchor  that  fixed  itself  on  earth's  mag- 

128 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  June  9 

netic  field.  Data  received  in  150  radio  sessions  was  being  processed  by 
computer.  Satellite  reentered  June  30.  (Anderson,  NYT,  6/10/68,  C14; 
Reuters,  W  Post,  6/10/68,  A3;  SBD,  6/11/68,  199;  GSFC  SSR, 
7/15/68) 

•  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Churchill  Research  Range 

carried  GSFC  payload  to  92.7-mi  (149.5-km)  altitude  to  measure  inten- 
sity and  energy  spectra  of  low  energy  protons  helium  nuclei  and  heavier 
nuclei  present  during  Polar  Cap  Absorption  (pca)  event.  Launch  was 
first  of  six  scheduled  during  solar  event.  Parachute  failed  to  deploy  ap- 
parently because  of  technician's  failure  to  connect  flight  system  pyro- 
techniques.  Extendable  nose  cone  malfunctioned  for  undetermined  rea- 
son. Telemetry  functioned  for  full  flight  duration,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  JPL  Historian  R.  Cargill  Hall  had  been  selected  for  inclusion  in   1968 

edition  of  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America,  compiled  annually  by 
14-man  national  board  of  editors.  {LA  Times,  6/9/68) 

•  Univ.  of  Colorado  electrical  engineer,  Dr.  Warren  L.  Flock,  was  using 

radar  to  monitor  migration  of  birds  in  study  to  help  Government  air- 
craft controllers  predict  bird  migrations  or  establish  aircraft  guidance 
system  eliminating  hazards  of  collisions  between  aircraft  and  birds. 
[NYT,  6/9/68) 

•  "The  seven  fat  years  of  the  space  effort  are  ended,  and  the  seven  lean 

years  have  begun,"  William  Hines  wrote  in  Washington  Sunday  Star. 
During  FYs  1962-1968  Congress  had  granted  NASA  more  than  $30  bil- 
lion. In  FY  1969  agency  would  be  limited  to  slightly  under  $4  billion. 
Transition  from  fat  to  lean  was  "completely  understandable."  NASA  had 
received  favored  treatment  because  it  had  high-priority  goal,  but  with 
attainment  now  in  sight,  NASA  was  no  longer  in  priority  position.  "Be- 
ginning of  the  end"  came  in  FY  1967  when  funding  fell  nearly  $250 
million  from  1966  level.  Budget  for  FY  1968  was  down  $400  million 
from  FY  1967,  and  cut  from  FY  1968  to  1969  probably  would  be  close 
to  half  billion  dollars.  With  current  inflation  added,  NASA  "will  be 
lucky  to  have  $4  billion,"  he  said.  Agency  would  be  operating  in  1969 
"at  an  economic  level  lower  than  that  of  six  years  ago  when  the  moon 
program — and  the  fat  years — were  just  getting  started."  (W  Star, 
6/9/68,  E7) 
June  10:  Senate  passed  by  vote  of  66  to  4  H.R.  15856,  NASA  FY  1969  au- 
thorization bill  of  $4,013  biUion — $357  million  less  than  Administra- 
tion's requested  $4.37  billion,  $18  million  less  than  sum  voted  by 
House,  and  $136.4  million  less  than  sum  recommended  by  Senate  Com- 
mittee on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences.  Bill  provided  $3.37  million 
for  R&D,  $39.6  million  for  construction  of  facilities,  and  $603.17  mil- 
lion for  administrative  operations.  During  debate  Sen.  Carl  T.  Curtis 
(R.-Neb.)  successfully  proposed  amendment  to  bar  NASA  space  research 
grants  to  colleges  and  universities  that  refused  to  allow  armed  forces  re- 
cruiters on  their  campuses.  {CR,  6/10/68,  S6943-77;  W  Post, 
6/11/68,  A3;  B  Sun,  6/11/68,  1;  SBD,  6/11/68,  198;  AP,  NYT, 
6/12/68,  11) 

•  Nike-Apache   sounding   rocket    launched    by    NASA   from   WSMR    carried 

115-lb  Dudley  Observatory  payload  to  95-mi  (152.4-km)  altitude  to 
collect  micrometeoroid  particles  during  meteor  shower  and  recover 
payload  for  analysis  and  flux  determination.  Rocket  and  instruments 
performed  satisfactorily;  good  data  were  obtained  from  telemetry.  Pay- 

129 


June  10  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

load  parachuted  successfully  but  early  efforts  at  recovery  were  not  suc- 
cessful. (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  House  passed  H.R.  3400  giving  FAA  authority  to  set  standards  and  make 

regulations  for  control  and  abatement  of  aircraft  noise  and  sonic  boom. 
Bill  amended  Title  VI  of  Federal  Aviation  Act  of  1958.  (nasa  LAR 
VII/59;  Science,  6/21/68,  1321) 

•  NASA  awarded   $200,000   fixed-priced   contract  to   Lockheed   Missiles   & 

Space  Co.  Space  System  Div.  for  eight-month  study  of  earth  orbital 
flight  emergency  escape  device.  Contract  called  for  development  of  con- 
ceptual design  of  three-man  entry  vehicle  for  emergency  escape  from  ve- 
hicle in  earth  orbit  up  to  300  mi.  Device  could  be  launched  into  orbit 
with  future  space  vehicles  and  remain  in  orbit  until  needed.  (NASA  Re- 
lease 68-103) 

•  Press  reported  recently  released  testimony  at  February  hearings  of  House 

Committee  on  Appropriations'  Subcommittee  on  Department  of  De- 
fense. Air  Force  Chief  of  Staff  Gen.  John  P.  McConnell  had  described 
Foxbat  as  only  Soviet  fighter  aircraft  "that  we  cannot  match,"  Un- 
dergoing late  stages  of  testing,  it  had  estimated  mach  3  maximum  speed, 
70,000-  to  75,000-ft  maximum  altitude,  1,600-mi  combat  range  with- 
out external  fuel  tanks,  and  1,400-mph  cruise  speed  at  50,000-ft  alti- 
tude. U.S.  observers  believed  fighter-bomber  version  could  be  opera- 
tional in  1969  or  1970;  advanced  radar-equipped  interceptor  version 
with  internally  carried  missiles  could  be  in  squadron  service  by  1970 
or  1971.  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force,  Dr.  Harold  Brown,  had  testified 
that  U.S.  was  not  behind  U.S.S.R.  in  aircraft  development,  while  Gen. 
McConnell  had  said  that  F— X  (fighter  experimental),  U.S.  fighter  in 
Foxbat  class,  was  still  being  designed  and  was  "a  little  late."  (Tran- 
script; Corddry,  B  Sun,  6/11/68,  1) 

•  U.N.  General  Assembly's  Political  Committee  by  vote  of  92-4,  with  22 

abstentions,  endorsed  draft  treaty  to  halt  spread  of  nuclear  weapons. 
Chief  U.S.  delegate  Arthur  Goldberg  called  vote  "a  milestone  on  the 
road  to  a  more  peaceful  and  secure  international  order."    (de  Onis, 

yvyr,  6/11/68, 1) 

•  Pratt  &  Whitney  Div.  of  United  Aircraft  Corp.  announced  it  had  reached 

agreement  with  USN  on  prices  covering  all  military  aircraft  engine  pro- 
grams during  1968—1970.  Week  before,  USN  had  informed  the  company 
that  top  price  it  was  prepared  to  pay  for  1,640  jet  engines  built  for  the 
F— 111  v/as  $180  million  less  than  asked  by  the  company.  (Text:  WSJ, 
6/11/68,  34;  Kelly,  W  Star,  6/11/68,  B5) 
June  11:  Cosmos  CCXXV  was  launched  from  Kapustin  Yar  by  U.S.S.R.  into 
orbit  with  519-km  (322.3-mi)  apogee,  248-km  (154.1-mi)  perigee, 
92.1-min  period,  and  48.4°  inclination.  Instruments  functioned  nor- 
mally and  satellite  reentered  Nov.  2.  {SBD,  6/13/68,  215;  GSFC  SSR, 
6/15/68;  11/15/68) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Kiruna,  Sweden,  car- 

ried Max  Planck  Institute  (Germany)  experiment  to  114.2-mi  (183.5- 
km)  altitude  to  measure  micrometeoroids  by  sensitive  microphone  de- 
tectors and  electron  emission  and  to  measure  electrical  fields  in  iono- 
sphere by  static  voltmeter.  Good  data  were  received.  Rocket  and  instru- 
mentation performance  was  satisfactory.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  Canadian  Black  Brandt  IV  sounding  rocket  was  launched  by  NASA  from 

Barreria  do  Inferno  Range  near  Natal,  Brazil.  It  carried  MSC  Space 

130 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  June  11 

Physics  Div.  80-lb  South  Atlantic  Anomaly  Probe  (saap)  experiment 
package  containing  spec'^'-ometer,  magnetometers,  ion  chambers,  and 
heavy  ion  detector  to  502-mi  (806-km)  altitude  to  provide  fast  re- 
sponse capability  for  measuring  radiation  dose  and  dose  rate  at  orbital 
altitude  over  South  Atlantic.  Project,  cooperative  effort  of  NASA  and 
Brazilian  Comissao  Nacional  de  Atividades  Espaciais  (cnae)  in  sup- 
port of  Apollo  program,  would  use  data  to  study  dynamics  of  inner 
Van  Allen  belt  and  possible  radiation  hazard  to  astronauts  on  low-alti- 
tude missions.  (NASA  Releases  68-94,  68-97K;  NASA  Rpt  srl;  SBD, 
6/13/68,213) 

•  XB-70  No.  1,  flown  by  NASA  test  pilots  Donald  L.  Mallick  and  Fitzhugh 

L.  Fulton,  Jr.,  reached  9,500-ft  altitude  and  316.5  mph  to  obtain  in- 
flight data  for  SST  program.  Flight  ended  prematurely  after  71  min  be- 
cause of  hvdraulic  system  malfunction.  (XB— 70  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release 
68-105;  SBD,  6/17/68,  229) 

•  NASA's   HL-10  lifting-body  vehicle,   flown  by   NASA  test  pilot   John   A. 

Manke,  successfully  acconiplished  eighth  flight  after  being  air-launched 
from  B— 52  aircraft.  During  four-minute  pilot-checkout  flight  Manke 
tested  limit  cycle  characteristics  and  performed  stability  and  control 
maneuvers,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release  68-105;  SBD,  6/17/68, 
229) 

•  NASA  and  AEC  successfully  completed  intermediate  power  run  of  Phoebus 

2 A  nuclear  reactor  at  Jackass  Flats,  Nev.  Level  of  approximately  2,000 
mw,  highest  achieved  in  program  to  date,  was  held  about  30  sec  to  ver- 
ify satisfactory  operation  of  all  equipment.  In  future  test,  reactor  was 
expected  to  be  operated  at  power  level  of  4,000—5,000  mw.  (aec/nasa 
Release  L— 131) 

•  U.S.  patent  No.  3,380,687  was  granted  to  Edwin  H.  Wrench,  staff  scien- 

tist at  Convair  Div.,  General  Dynamics  Corp.,  and  five  associates  for 
satellite  dispenser  designed  to  release  cluster  of  satellites  into  orbit. 
Launched  by  rocket-powered  booster  and  propelled  by  its  own  engine 
after  separation,  dispenser  would  release  satellites  one  at  a  time  upon 
radio  commands  from  ground.  (Patent  Off  Pio;  Jones,  NYT,  5/4/68, 
53) 

•  President    Johnson    submitted    to    Senate    nomination    of    GSFC    Deputy 

Director,  Dr.  John  W.  Townsend,  Jr.,  as  Deputy  Administrator  of 
Environmental  Science  Services  Administration.  He  would  succeed  Dr. 
Werner  A.  Baum,  who  had  accepted  presidency  of  Univ.  of 
Rhode  Island.  Dr.  Townsend,  scientific  administrator  and  ion- 
ospheric physicist,  had  been  head  of  Naval  Research  Labora- 
tory's Rocketsonde  Branch  and  Deputy  Science  Coordinator  of  Project 
Vanguard  before  he  joined  nasa  in  1958  as  Chief  of  Space  Sciences 
Div.^iPD,  6/17/68,  960;  essa  Release  ES  68-38;  W  Star,  6/11/68;  W 
Post,  6/11/68) 

•  Joseph  E.  Karth  (D-Minn.)   criticized  general  public's  "let  it  wait"  atti- 

tude toward  science  and  technology  in  Dandridge  M.  Cole  Memorial 
Lecture  before  aiaa  Greater  Philadelphia  Section:  Poll  after  poll 
showed  "strong  inclination  to  slow  down  or  cut  back  R&D — particularly 
the  space  program.  .  .  .  Indeed,  sentiment  has  grown  that  drastic  cuts 
should  be  made  in  r&d  to  finance  a  variety  of  requirements — Vietnam 
to  urban  renewal.  ...  In  April  Senate  turned  down  "by  only  two 
votes"  move  to  reduce  dod  r&d  budget  half  million  dollars  on  top  of 

131 


June  11  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

committee  cut  of  $240  million.  In  House,  space  budget  was  cut  to  $4- 
billion  level,  $1.25  billion  less  than  16  mo  before. 

Technology  seemed  major  factor  in  economic  and  social  progress 
and  was  essential  to  maintaining  international  position,  but  it  needed  to 
be  more  responsive  to  urgent  social  problems.  "A  strong  case  can  be 
made  to  continue  supporting  vigorous  R&D  efforts  in  the  U.S.,  although 
directions  and  priorities  must  change  to  suit  our  needs  from  time  to 
time."  {A&A,  7/68,  4^-5) 
June  12:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXXVI  from  Plesetsk.  Orbital  par- 
ameters: apogee,  519  km  (398.9  mi)  ;  perigee,  597  km  (370.9  mi) ;  pe- 
riod, 96.8  min;  and  inclination,  81.1°.  Equipment  was  functioning  nor- 
mally. {SBD,  6/13/68,  217;  gsfc  SSR,  6/15/68) 

•  X-15  No.  1,  flown  by  nasa  test  pilot  William  H.  Dana,  reached  3,545 

mph  (mach  4.96)  and  214,000-ft  altitude  to  measure  earth's  horizon  at 
40-mi  altitude.  Data  obtained  would  be  used  to  redefine  horizon  as  nav- 
igational reference  for  Apollo  spacecraft  on  return  flight  from  moon. 
(X-15  Proj  Off;  nasa  Release  68-105;  SBD,  6/17/68,  229) 

•  In  what  President  Johnson  described  as  "the  most  important  interna- 

tional agreement  in  the  field  of  disarmament  since  the  nuclear  age 
began,"  U.N.  General  Assembly  endorsed  nuclear  nonproliferation 
treaty  by  vote  of  95  to  4  with  21  abstentions.  Making  surprise  ap- 
pearance. President  told  Assembly  Geneva  Disarmament  Conference 
should  begin  early  discussions  on  "limitation  of  strategic  offensive  and 
defensive  nuclear  weapons  systems."  He  promised  quick  U.S.  action  in 
ratifying  and  carrying  out  treaty,  which  provided:  nuclear  nations 
would  not  transfer  arms  or  explosive  devices  to  any  nonnuclear  nations 
or  assist  them  in  obtaining  or  manufacturing  such  items;  nonnuclear 
nations  would  not  receive  such  weapons  or  accept  assistance  in  manu- 
facturing them;  nonnuclear  nations  would  accept  inspection  system 
under  International  Atomic  Energy  Agency;  research,  production,  and 
use  of  nuclear  energy  for  peaceful  purposes,  except  for  development  of 
nuclear  explosives,  would  be  made  available  through  international 
body;  nuclear  nations  would  pursue  negotiations  for  early  end  to  nu- 
clear arms  race  and  for  complete  disarmament  treaty. 

Twenty-five-year  treaty  would  be  in  force  when  ratified  by  U.S., 
U.S.S.R.,  U.K.,  and  40  nonnuclear  countries,  (de  Onis,  NYT,  6/13/68, 
1;  Kilpatrick,  W  Post,  6/13/68,  1;  PD,  6/17/68,  954-6) 

•  June  13:  USAF  Titan  III-C  booster  launched  from  ETR  inserted  eight 

Initial  Defense  Communications  Satellite  Program  (iDCSP)  jam-resis- 
tant repeater  satellites  into  separate,  random,  near-synchronous,  21,000- 
mi-altitude  equatorial  orbits.  Addition  of  8  comsats  to  18  IDCSP 
comsats  launched  since  June  16,  1966,  was  expected  to  boost  average 
satellite-availability  time  between  Vietnam  and  Hawaii  from  92%  to 
98%  for  top-priority  messages  and  from  60%  to  85%  for  lower  priority 
and  to  considerably  extend  expected  lifetime  of  communications  sys- 
tem. {W  Post,  6/14/68;  AP,  P  Inq,  6/14/68,  2;  Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Ogo  V  mission,  launched  from  ETR  March  4,  was  adjudged  successful  by 

NASA.  Initial  results  provided  first  evidence  of  electric  fields  in  bow 
shock.  Other  data  indicated  presence  of  electric  field  discontinuities  in 
solar  wind  and  observations  of  new  particle  and  field  phenomena.  Per- 
formance of  three-axis  stabilization  system  had  been  excellent  and,  ex- 
cept for   several  unexplained   transmitter   anomalies,   performance   of 

132 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  June  13 

other  subsystems  was  satisfactory.  During  first  three  months  in  orbit 
Ogo  V  had  accumulated  over  47,000  hr  of  experiment  operations  and 
was  continuing  to  provide  high-quality  data  for  21  of  24  onboard  ex- 
periments. (NASA  Proj  Off) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Kiruna,  Sweden,  car- 

ried Max  Planck  Institute  (Germany)  experiment  to  114.2-mi  (183.5- 
km)  altitude  to  measure  micrometeorites  and  electrical  fields  in  ionos- 
phere. Preliminary  analyses  indicated  good  data  were  received.  Rocket 
and  instrumentation  performance  was  satisfactory.   (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Organization  and  Management  Harold 

B.  Finger  received  aiaa's  James  H.  Wyld  Propulsion  Award — including 
certificate  and  $500  honorarium — for  "outstanding  achievement  in  the 
development  of  the  technology  required  for  a  nuclear  flight  propulsion 
system."  Award  was  presented  at  Honors  Luncheon  during  4th  Propul- 
sion Joint  Specialist  Conference  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  (aiaa  Release) 

•  Chicago   Tribune   criticized   "ridiculously   small"   congressional   cuts   in 

NASA  FY  1969  authorization  bill:  "Of  all  the  ways  in  which  the  govern- 
ment has  found  to  spend  taxpayers'  money,  the  space  program  is  the 
most  expendable.  ...  It  is  irrelevant  to  the  war  in  Vietnam  .  .  .  irrele- 
vant to  the  problems  of  poverty,  crime,  violence,  and  urban  decay."  It 
could  be  "scrapped  in  its  entirety  without  seriously  affecting  any  of  the 
critical  problems  we  face  today."  However,  "today's  space  research  does 
have  a  bearing  on  tomorrow's  defense.  It  is  better  to  keep  the  machinery 
running  in  low  gear  than  to  shut  it  down  and  then  try  to  start  it  up 
again."  (C  Trib,  6/13/68) 

•  U.N.  endorsement  of  nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty  had  "turned  back 

the  doomsday  clock,"  said  New  York  Times  editorial.  Broad  support 
for  it  would  impose  political  restraints  on  all  nations  and  reinforce  na- 
tional leaders  in  resisting  demands  for  nuclear  arms  development. 
Treaty  put  "a  particular  duty"  on  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  to  "move  rapidly 
to  check  their  own  dangerous  nuclear  arras  race  and  to  find  new  ways 
to  prevent  international  conflicts."  (ISYT,  6/13/68,  46) 

•  Sen.  John  S.  Cooper  (R-Ky.)  led  bipartisan  drive  in  Senate  to  deny  DOD 

FY  1969  funds  to  begin  deployment  of  Sentinel  ABM  system.  There  was 
"no  present  threat  to  American  security  from  a  Chinese  interconti- 
nental ballistic  missile  attack,"  he  said,  and  it  was  "difficult  to  believe 
they  would  invite  the  certain  destruction  of  their  country  by  a  nuclear 
attack  upon  the  U.S."  when  they  attained  the  capability.  Coalition 
hoped  to  postpone  Sentinel  deployment  for  at  least  one  year  by  striking 
approximately  $600  million  for  further  R&D.  (Finney,  NYT,  6/14/68, 
18;  AP,  W  Post,  6/14/68,  A28) 
June  13—15:  NASA  successfully  accomplished  first  radar  tracking  of  asteroid 
Icarus,  which  passed  close  to  earth  once  every  19  yr.  Using  85-ft-dia 
and  210-ft-dia  antennas  at  Goldstone  Tracking  Station,  scientists  fol- 
lowed Icarus'  approach  and  June  14  flyby  of  earth  at  3,945,000  mi  and 
66,215  mph,  logging  15^2  hr  of  radar  contact  to  obtain  data  on  aster- 
oid's size,  velocity,  rotation,  and  composition.  Preliminary  results  of 
observations  by  Harvard  Univ.  and  Univ.  of  Arizona  suggested  aster- 
oid might  be  composed  of  iron  and  have  two-  to  four-hour  rotation  pe- 
riod. (NASA  Release  68—106;  LA  Times,  6/16/68;  Pasadena  Independ- 
ent Star-News,  6/16/68;  Glendale  News-Press,  6/18/68;  Sullivan, 
A^yr,  6/27/68,41) 

133 


June  14  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

June  14:  nas  announced  establishment  of  12 -member  Computer  Science  and 
Engineering  Board  chaired  by  Dr.  Anthony  G.  Oettinger  of  Harvard 
Univ.  to  assess  implications  of  rapid  evolution  of  computers  and  their 
increasingly  pervasive  influence  on  individual  lives  and  on  the  national 
welfare,  (nas  Release;  UPi,  NYT,  6/15/68,  20) 

•  AIA  President  Karl  G.  Harr,  Jr.,  spoke  before  House  Ways  and  Means 

Committee  in  support  of  H.R.  17551,  Administration's  proposed  1968 
Trade  Expansion  Act.  "It  is  no  accident  that  the  U.S.  supplies  more 
than  72  percent  of  the  transport  aircraft  in  airline  use  throughout  the 
free  world.  .  .  .  World  markets  have  been  won  by  designing  and  build- 
ing products  that  are  safe,  reliable,  economical,  easy  to  maintain  and 
backed  by  a  vast  network  of  manufacturers'  service  organizations."  In- 
dustry's 1967  gross  sales  had  been  $27.2  billion,  of  which  a  record  $2.2 
billion  or  8.3%  of  total  were  exported.  In  1967,  industry  had  accounted 
for  more  than  40%  of  U.S.  merchandise  trade  surplus.  Annual  interna- 
tional sales  revenue  had  exceeded  $1  billion  in  10  of  past  12  yr.  Recent 
Dillon,  Read  &  Co.  forecast,  Harr  said,  showed  U.S.  commercial  jet 
transport  export  sales  would  exceed  $13  billion  over  next  decade,  antic- 
ipated gain  of  300%  over  $3.2  billion  in  past  decade.  (Text) 

•  USAF  announced  it  had  authorized   resumption   of   flights  by  some   of 

42  F— lllA  aircraft  grounded  since  May  8,  after  series  of  crashes.  Tail 
control  assembly  rod,  suspected  cause  of  last  crash,  had  been  modified 
and  installed  in  aircraft  released.  (AP,  W  Post,  6/15/68,  A15;  AP,  W 
Star,  6/15/68,  AlO) 

June  15:  Rare  photographic  zenith  tube,  PZT,  which  provided  almost  exact 
measurement  of  astronomical  time,  had  been  installed  at  Dominion  Ob- 
servatory, Priddis,  Alberta,  Canada.  It  would  be  used  in  conjunction 
with  another  pzt  at  Royal  Greenwich  Observatory  near  Herstmonceux, 
U.K.,  to  study  continental  drift  by  establishing  exact  measurements  be- 
tween two  points  on  same  latitude  and  observing  whether  distance 
changed  with  time.  (Can  Press,  NYT,  6/15/68,  20) 

June  16:  Astronauts  Joseph  P.  Kerwin,  Vance  D.  Brand,  and  Joe  H.  Engle 
began  177-hr  simulated  space  journey  with  Apollo  2TV— 1  model  space- 
craft inside  giant  vacuum  chamber  at  MSC,  to  prove  spacecraft  struc- 
ture and  inner  pressure  vessel  and  verify  Apollo's  environmental  con- 
trol system  in  temperature  and  vacuum  extremes.  (West,  H  Chron, 
6/17/68;  H  Post,  6/18/68,  2;  nar  Skywriter,  6/21/68,  1) 

•  NASA  and  France's  Office  National  d'Etudes  et  de  Recherches  Aerospa- 

tiales  (onera)  had  agreed  on  cooperative  research  project  on  tilt-ro- 
tors for  vertical-flying  aircraft.  Data  were  expected  to  assist  in  design 
of  rotors  and  propellers  for  v/sTOL  aircraft.  NASA  would  provide  rotors, 
hardware,  and  instrumentation  for  tests,  minimum  engineering  support, 
and  basic  computations  of  structural  strength;  onera  would  conduct 
tests  in  Modane,  France,  wind  tunnel  at  no  cost  to  NASA,  (nasa  Release 
68-104) 

•  Pearl  I.  Young,  first  woman  technical  employee  of  National  Advisory 

Committee  for  Aeronautics,  died  at  age  72  in  Hampton,  Va.  Author  of 
technical  editing  manual  used  throughout  NASA,  head  of  NASA  technical 
editing  staffs  at  LaRC  and  LeRC  for  28  yr,  and  engineering  teacher  for 
12  yr.  Miss  Young  had  retired  from  NASA  in  1961  and  at  time  of  her 
death  was  completing  a  biography  of  Octave  Chanute.  (Newport  News 

134 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  June  16 

Daily  Press,  6/17/68;  W  Star,  6/18/68,  B4;  Denver  Post,  6/23/68, 
33) 
June  17:  Tests  to  evaluate  propellant  lines  for  J-2  engine  had  been  success- 
fully conducted  in  vacuum  chamber  at  Arnold  Engineering  and  Devel- 
opment Center,  B.  J.  Richey  reported  in  Huntsville  Times.  Engineers 
had  discovered  that  frosting  which  enveloped  lines  and  provided  extra 
protection  when  engine  was  fired  at  ground  temperatures  failed  to  form 
in  vacuum  or  simulated  vacuum,  so  lines  burned  through.  Lines  leading 
to  engine's  augmented  spark  indicator,  believed  to  have  caused  engine 
shutdowns  and  restart  failure  during  Apollo  6  flight  April  4,  had  been 
redesigned  and  strengthened  without  affecting  engine  performance. 
(Richey,  Huntsville  Times,  6/17/68) 

•  Tests  at  arc  vtol  Static  Test  Facility  had  shown  that  inverted  "V"  fence 

of  porous  metal  could  prevent  soil  erosion  around  landing  pads  for 
VTOL  aircraft.  Fence,  developed  for  usaf  Aero  Propulsion  Laboratory 
by  Northrop  Corp.  Norair  Div.,  was  less  than  16  in  high;  placed  be- 
tween aircraft  and  edge  of  pad,  it  permitted  some  of  blast  to  flow 
through  and  deflected  some  upward  at  45°,  diffusing  downblast.  (afsc 
Release  83.68) 

•  Subcommittee    on    Science,    Research,    and    Development    submitted    to 

House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics  its  report  Managing  the 
Environment.  Subcommittee  recommended  development  of  national 
policy  for  environment,  including:  use  of  environment  for  benefit  of  all 
mankind;  maximized  productivity  consistent  with  continued  usage  into 
very  long-term  future;  systematic  management  of  applied  science  and 
technology;  incentives  to  industry,  land  developers,  and  local  govern- 
ments; international  agreement  on  projects  with  widespread  or  long- 
term  effects;  assessment  of  new  and  extended  applications  of  science; 
avoidance  of  speculative  statements  and  emotional  appeals;  and  in- 
creased education  and  information  program  in  ecological  principles, 
(Text) 

•  Washington   Post    editorial    suggested    House-approved    bill    H.R.    3400 

granting  FAA  authorization  to  control  aircraft  noise  might  cause  con- 
flict of  interests  by  instructing  FAA  to  consider  safety,  "technical  prac- 
ticability," and  "economic  reasonableness"  as  well  as  noise.  Many  citi- 
zens would  feel  FAA  already  considered  these  criteria  "too  much."  Nor 
could  it  be  ignored  that  faa  also  was  charged  with  building  U.S.  SST 
potential  "boom  maker."  House  bill  merited  Senate  support,  however, 
as  a  first  step.  Its  significance  was  "that  finally  the  demands  of  the 
public  are  being  heard  in  Congress  over  the  roar  of  aircraft,  airline, 
airport,  air-traveler  and  air-bureaucrat  interests  too  little  concerned 
with  noise."  iW  Post,  6/17/68,  A18) 
June  18:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXXVII  from  Baikonur  into  near-cir- 
cular orbit  with  271-km  (168.4-mi)  apogee,  202-km  (125.5-mi)  peri- 
gee, 89.2-min  period,  and  51.8°  inclination.  Satellite  performed  satis- 
factorily and  reentered  June  26.  (SBD,  6/19/68,  244;  GSFC  SSR, 
6/30/68) 

•  House    unanimously    accepted    $4.013-billion    Senate    version    of    NASA 

FY  1969  authorization  biU  (H.R.  15856)  [see  June  10]  without  con- 
ference and  sent  to  President  Johnson  for  signature.  Final  bill, 
$357,027  million  less  than  NASA  request,  reduced  funds  asked  for 
Apollo  program  by  $13.8  million,  to  $2,025  billion;  cut  Apollo  Appli- 

135 


June  18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

cations  from  requested  $439.6  million  to  $253.2  million;  and  halved 
advanced  missions  funds,  to  $2.5  million.  It  increased  House  figure  of 
$11.7  million  for  nerva  program  to  $55  million,  still  $5  million  under 
request.  Lunar  and  planetary  exploration  funds  were  cut  from  re- 
quested $107.3  million  to  $92.3  million,  and  space  applications  from 
$112.2  to  $98.7  million.  Final  authorization  figures  were  $3.37  billion 
for  total  R&D,  $603,173  million  for  administrative  operations  ($45,027- 
million  reduction),  and  $39.6  million  for  construction  of  facilities.  All 
items  were  subject  to  appropriations  bills,  not  yet  passed.  {CR, 
6/18/68,  H5052-3;  Lannan,  W  Star,  6/19/68,  D9;  SBD,  6/19/68, 
239;  Science,  6/28/68,  1432) 

•  Apollo    7   spacecraft,    which   would   carry   three    astronauts    on    11-day 

earth-orbital  mission  in  late  1968,  was  undergoing  combined  systems 
tests  at  KSC.  Unmanned  and  manned  altitude  runs  would  follow,  before 
spacecraft  would  be  sent  to  Cape  Kennedy  to  be  placed  on  Saturn  IB 
launch  vehicle.  Saturn  had  undergone  tests  and  checkout  on  Launch 
Complex  34  for  several  months. 

NASA  announced  Apollo  mission — which  would  demonstrate  perform- 
ance of  spacecraft's  command  module  (cm),  service  module  (sm), 
crew,  and  support  facilities — would  begin  with  mid-morning  launch, 
carrying  commander  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  CM  pilot  Donn  F.  Eisele, 
and  LM  pilot  Walter  Cunningham  into  earth  orbit.  During  second  revo- 
lution, crew  would  separate  Apollo  from  rocket's  upper  stage  and  per- 
form transposition  and  simulated  docking  maneuver  similar  to  one  to 
be  performed  on  lunar  mission.  Reentry  under  manual  control  of  crew 
would  culminate  in  splashdown  in  Atlantic  at  approximately  7  am  EDT 
on  11th  day.  (nasa  Release  68-108;  KSC  Release  285-68) 

•  ARC  reported  that  90  U.S.  scientists  at  ARC  working  group  sessions  had 

agreed  electromagnetic  systems  would  provide  best  data  on  moon's  in- 
terior and  recommended  three  techniques,  magnetometer  systems,  ra- 
dio-frequency systems,  and  radar.  Magnetometer  systems  could  meas- 
ure blocking  of  fluctuating  solar  magnetic  field  borne  by  solar  wind 
by  using  network  of  emplacements  on  moon's  surface.  Highly  conduc- 
tive hot  lunar  core  would  cut  off  field  completely,  while  cold  core 
would  let  most  of  field  pass  through.  Magnetometer  on  lunar  crawler 
could  make  similar  measurements  to  find  highly  conductive  masses  of 
water,  lava,  or  ore.  Radio-frequency  probes  could  make  inexpensive 
subsurface  surveys  through  spacecraft  radio  signals  which  would  pene- 
trate moon's  surface  and  bounce  back  to  be  measured  as  to  wave  char- 
acteristics. Wave-change  data  could  help  define  ore,  ice  deposits,  or 
permafrost.  High-frequency  radar  systems  could  study  lunar  surface 
through  radar  bounced  off  moon  from  earth  with  return  signal  received 
by  earth  antennas,  or  beamed  from  spacecraft  in  lunar  orbit  or  from 
lunar  crawler  at  lunar  surface,  with  return  signals  received  by  space- 
craft or  crawler,  (arc  Release  68—9) 

•  Opening  session  of  3rd  Eurospace  U.S. -European  Conference  at  Munich 

discussed  disparity  between  U.S.  and  European  space  funding.  Total 
spent  on  Western  European  space  research  in  1967  was  $300  million, 
0.005%  of  gross  national  product  of  cooperating  countries;  NASA 
budget  was  14  times  that  amount.  West  German  Minister  for  Scientific 
Research,  Dr.  Gerhard  Stoltenberg,  proposed  merger  of  eldo  and  ESRO, 
10%  increase  in  total  funding,  and  possible  cooperation  with  U.S.  in 

136 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  June  18 

developing  launch  vehicle  for  use  after  1975.  International  Space  Re- 
search Committee  Vice  President  Richard  W.  Porter  urged  increased  co- 
operation with  NASA,  which  already  had  concluded  bilateral  agreements 
with  several  countries  for  scientific  satellite  launchings,  eight  of  which 
had  proved  successful  thus  far.  Some  42  countries  were  working  with 
U.S.  on  meteorological  satellite  programs;  11  were  cooperating  on 
communications  projects.  There  were  20  tracking  stations  in  11  coun- 
tries cooperating  in  U.S.  launching  projects  and  395  foreign  techni- 
cians, engineers,  and  scientists  had  worked  in  U.S.  space  centers.  Euro- 
pean industrial  sources  expressed  hope  system  could  be  evolved  for 
joint  U.S. -European  work  on  projects.  {InteraviaAirLetter,  6/19/68,  1) 

•  Dr.  Gardiner  L.  Tucker,  Deputy  Director  of  Defense  Research  and  Engi- 

neering (Electronics  &  Information  Systems),  told  Military  Operations 
Subcommittee  of  House  Committee  on  Government  Operations  dod 
would  proceed  with  new  phase  of  Defense  Satellite  Communicatio/is 
System  (dscs),  procuring  more  than  three  advanced  synchronous  satel- 
lites and  developing  over  six  new  ground  terminals.  Funding  of  satel- 
lites, which  would  use  very  narrow-beam  steerable  antennas  illuminat- 
ing 1,000-  to  2,000-mi-dia  area  of  earth,  would  start  in  FY  1969.  DSCS 
satellites  would  be  comparable  to  Intelsat  IV  series  under  consideration 
for  commercial  service. 

New  DOD  phase  represented  technological  advance  over  advanced 
DSCS  considered  in  1967  but  was  less  ambitious  in  cost  and  size,  with 
cost  range  of  $100—200  million,  contrasted  with  earlier  $500  million. 
Current  system  had  25  satellites  in  orbit  and  operational,  each 
equipped  with  switch  to  turn  it  off  after  six  years  in  orbit.  Number  of 
terminals  had  grown  from  original  two  in  field  and  seven  transportable 
to  worldwide  operational  system  with  terminals  near  Washington,  D.C., 
and  in  New  Jersey,  Colorado,  California,  Hawaii,  Guam,  Australia, 
Korea,  Okinawa,  Philippines,  South  Vietnam,  Thailand,  Ethiopia,  and 
Western  Germany,  plus  six  shipboard  terminals. 

Cooperative  programs  with  Allies  in  satellite  communications  in- 
cluded procurement  of  two  synchronous  Skynet  satellites  for  U.K.  as 
part  of  Initial  Defense  Communications  Satellite  Program  (iDCSP)  with 
first  launch  scheduled  for  mid-1969.  Joint  efforts  were  under  way  to 
ensure  operability  of  U.S.  and  U.K.  satellites  and  terminals,  and  work 
was  under  way  to  procure  two  Skynet  satellites  for  NATO  under  pro- 
gram similar  to  that  of  U.K.  First  launch  was  planned  for  late  1969, 
with  U.S.  controlling  satellite.  U.S.  had  signed  Memorandum  of  Under- 
standing with  six  NATO  countries  establishing  joint  testing  program  uti- 
lizing Les  V  experimental  satellite,  launched  July  1,  1967.  (Transcript: 
DOD  Release  603-68;  Johnson,  Av  Wk,  6/24/68) 

•  Secretary  of  Transportation  Alan  S.  Boyd  testified  before  Senate  Com- 

merce Committee's  Aviation  Subcommittee  in  support  of  S.  3645,  pro- 
posing airport  development  and  airways  systems  improvement.  By 
1974,  revenue  passenger-miles  flown  by  U.S.  airlines  were  expected  to 
rise  to  200  billion,  more  than  double  1967  level;  hours  flown  by  car- 
riers, from  5.2  million  in  1967  to  8.6  million,  increasing  65%;  and 
general  aviation  hours  flown,  50%,  from  21.9  million  to  31.8  million. 
Air  carrier  fleet  would  increase  from  2,272  aircraft  to  3,320  and  gen- 
eral aviation  fleet  would  increase  from  104.706  to  160,000.  Aircraft 
handled  by  faa  towers  would  more  than  double,  as  would  those  han- 

137 


June  18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

died  by  faa  route  control  centers.  Increase  in  speed  and  quality  of  air- 
craft also  would  increase  demand  for  use  of  faa  facilities. 

S.3645  would  authorize  direct  loans  for  potentially  viable  airports 
when  reasonable  private  financing  was  unobtainable  and  grant  up  to 
50%  of  cost  for  projects  attributable  to  service  by  subsidized  carriers. 
Federal  assistance  would  be  available  only  for  development  projects  re- 
lated to  landing  areas  and  safety  facilities.  DOT  would  be  required  to 
submit  National  Airport  System  Plan  within  two  years.  (Testimony) 

•  Response  from  U.S.S.R.  and  other  nations  to  proposal  for  international 

decade  of  ocean  exploration  in  1970s  had  been  "quite  favorable,"  Vice 
President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey,  Chairman  of  National  Council  on  Ma- 
rine Resources  and  Engineering  Development,  said  in  report  released 
by  council.  "I  welcome  the  enthusiasm  with  which  the  Decade  is  being 
received.  .  .  .  We  look  forward  to  a  continuation  of  this  spirit  of  close 
collaboration,  for  the  seas  can,  and  must  serve  the  interest  of  man- 
kind." (Text;  NCMRED  Rpt,  5/68;  Madden,  NYT,  6/18/68, 16) 
June  19:  U.N.  Security  Council  approved  security  guarantee  by  U.S.,  U.K., 
and  U.S.S.R.  to  provide  immediate  assistance  to  nonnuclear  nations 
facing  nuclear  attack,  completing  U.N.  action  on  nonproliferation 
treaty  endorsed  by  U.N.  General  Assembly  June  12.  Ten  voted  in  favor 
of  guarantee;  France,  India,  Brazil,  Pakistan,  and  Algeria  abstained, 
(de  Onis,  NYT,  6/20/68,  IOC) 

•  In  letter  to  Sen.  Richard  B.  Russell  (D-Ga.),  Chairman  of  Senate  Armed 

Services  Committee,  Secretary  of  Defense  Clark  M.  Clifford  said  that 
"it  would  be  a  serious  mistake  to  eliminate  constructioji  and  procure- 
ment funds  in  fiscal  year  1969  for  the  deployment  of  the  Sentinel  Sys- 
tem." Program  represented  12  yr  of  R&D  at  cost  of  $3  billion,  he  said, 
and  time  had  come  "when  we  can  no  longer  rely  merely  on  continued 
research  and  development  but  should  proceed  with  actual  deployment 
of  an  operating  system."  Congressional  decision  to  eliminate  deploy- 
ment funds  would  disrupt  work  under  way  and  lose  two  years  in  avail- 
ability of  operating  system  which  was  important  to  U.S.  security. 

Senate  coalition  responded  with  letter  from  Assistant  Defense  Secre- 
tary Paul  C.  Warnke  acknowledging  one-year  delay  in  Chinese  ICBM 
program  and  that  Sentinel  ballistic  missile  defense  system  had  "also 
slipped  a  little."  (Text;  Finney,  NYT,  6/20/68,  24;  Corddry,  B  Sun, 
6/20/68,  A8) 
June  20:  USAf  launched  two  unidentified  satellites  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Thor-Agena  D  booster.  One  entered  orbit  with  251-mi  (403.9-km)  ap- 
ogee, 113-mi  (181.8-km)  perigee,  90.3-min  period,  and  85°  inclination 
and  reentered  July  16.  Second  entered  orbit  with  322-mi  (518.2-km) 
apogee,  273-mi  (439.3-km)  perigee,  94.1-min  period,  and  85.1°  incli- 
nation. {SBD,  6/25/68,  272;  Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Analysis  of  data  returned  by  Pioneer  VIII  had  led  ARC  scientists  to  spec- 

ulate that  earth's  magnetic  tail,  extension  of  its  magnetic  envelope 
(magnetosphere)  blown  out  by  solar  wind  to  resemble  comet's  tail, 
might  be  shorter  than  the  200  million  mi  suggested  by  certain  theoreti- 
cal calculations.  When  Pioneer  VII  flew  through  tail  region  at  3.5-mil- 
lion-mi  distance  from  earth  after  Aug.  17,  1966,  launch,  it  found  long 
period  when  solar  wind  was  completely  or  partially  blocked  out,  sug- 
gesting spacecraft  had  observed  end  of  organized  tail  region.  Condi- 
tions encountered  in  tail  area  by  Pioneer  VIII  at  1.75  million  mi  from 

138 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  June  20 

earth  after  Dec.  13,  1967,  launch,  were  similar.  However,  instead  of 
smooth  cylindrical  structure  expected  at  smaller  distance,  Pioneer  VIII 
found  conditions  resembling  turbulent  wake,  leading  some  scientists  to 
conclude  tail  was  shorter.  Others,  including  Pioneer  Project  Scientist, 
Dr.  John  Vi'olfe.  believed  tail  misht  include  successively  turbulent  and 
smooth  areas,  (arc  Astrogram,  6/20/68:  AP,  NYT,  6/22/68,  53) 

•  Eastern  Air  Lines  and  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.  announced  joint  pro- 

gram to  evaluate  propeller-driven  STOL  aircraft  for  use  on  300-  to  500- 
mi  intercity  flights  by  trial  of  64-passenger  French  Breguet  941 
(McDonnell  Douglas  188)  aircraft.  Beginning  in  September,  perform- 
ance of  STOL  aircraft,  which  could  take  off  from  1.000-ft  runway  and 
cruise  at  250  mph,  would  be  compared  with  that  of  conventional  jet 
aircraft  on  regular  commercial  air  shuttle  routes  on  same  schedule  to 
determine  time  saved  bv  using  separate  runways  and  terminal  airspace. 
(Hudson,  NYT,  6/21/68:  W^ost,  6/21/68,  A20:  WSJ,  6/21/68,  28) 

•  U.K.   withdrew   from   S420-million   European   Nuclear   Research   Center 

project  because  of  financial  difficulties  resulting  from  devaluation  of 
pound  Nov.  18,  1967.  Officials  said  U.K.  could  not  afford  to  contribute 
its  S93.6-million  share  in  proposed  300-bev  European  nuclear  accelera- 
tor. U.K.  withdray.al  from  European  Conference  on  Satellite  Communi- 
cations had  been  announced  April  16.  (W  Post,  6/21/68.  A16) 

•  NATO   planned  establishment  by  early   1970   of  comsat  network  of  ad- 

vanced relay  spacecraft  in  synchronous  orbit  21,000  mi  over  Atlantic 
for  communications  between  its  military  units  in  Europe  and  U.S.  Re- 
portedly $7.9-million  contract  calling  for  delivery  in  autumn  1969  of 
two  spacecraft  had  already  been  signed.  ( AP,  W  Post,  6/21/68,  A7) 

•  Commenting    on    reductions    in    NASA    authorization    bill,    Kansas    City 

Times  editorial  said:  "We  have  supported  the  space  program  in  the 
past,  not  as  a  window  dressing  but  as  an  expression — and  a  catalyst — 
of  the  inventiveness  and  technical  energies  of  the  American  people.  We 
still  support  it,  and  believe  it  is  beneficial. 

"We  recognize,  nonetheless,  that  it  is  but  one  of  many  costly  and 
sometimes  competing  activities.  Congress  has  decided  that  in  a  time  of 
burdensome  military  expenditure,  and  of  pressing  domestic  needs,  the 
space  budget  is  one  logical  place  to  apply  the  knife  of  economy.  NASA 
planners  will  simply  have  to  find  creative  ways  to  live  with  that  deci- 
sion." (KC  Times,  6/20/68) 
June  21:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXXVIII.  Orbital  par- 
ameters: apogee,  241  km  (149.8  mi)  ;  perigee,  203  km  (126  mi)  ;  pe- 
riod. 88.9  min:  and  inclination,  51.6°.  Satellite  reentered  July  3. 
(SBD,  6/24/68,  260:  gsfc  SSR,  6/30/68,  7/15/68) 

•  NASA's  HL-10  lifting-body  vehicle,  piloted  by  Maj.  Jerauld  R.  Gentry, 

successfully  completed  ninth  flight.  Purposes  were  to  obtain  stability 
and  control  data  through  pitch  and  rudder  pulse  maneuvers,  verify  yaw 
rate  measurements,  investigate  pilot  limit  cycle,  and  verify  predicted 
optimum  use  of  landing  rockets  during  landing  flare,   (nasa  Proj  Off) 

•  Nearly  1,000  scientists  and  educators  attended  "crisis"  meeting  called  by 

New  York  Academy  of  Sciences  to  demand  science  be  declared  "disas- 
ter area"  because  of  threatened  $6-billion  Federal  budget  cut.  Federal 
R&D  funding,  after  decade  of  average  229^  annual  expansion,  had  risen 
only  2.5%  annually  since  1964,  while  number  of  scientists  had  risen 
20%.  It  was  feared  resulting  crush  would  damage  U.S.  leadership  in  sci- 

139 


June  21  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

ence  and  technology.  MIT  Provost  Dr.  Jerome  B.  Wiesner  said,  "If  the 
Congress  continues  to  do  what  it  is  now  doing  we'll  wake  up  with  an- 
other sputnik  in  a  decade."  Federal  R&D  funding  had  risen  from  $74 
million  in  1940  to  $16.9  billion  in  1968  with  October  1957  "shock  of 
Sputnik"  giving  greatest  impetus.  Cut  of  $6  billion  would  mean  "we're 
going  to  cut  not  only  into  the  fat,  but  into  the  flesh  of  lots  of  areas," 
Dr.  Donald  F.  Hornig,  President's  Science  Adviser,  said.  NASA's  sus- 
taining' university  program  had  been  one  of  chief  casualties  of  recent 
cutbacks  with  budget  slashed  from  $45  to  $10  million  yearly,  forcing 
drop  from  1,300  to  50  training  grants  which  had  produced  more  than 
1,000  Ph.D.s  since  1961.  Government  officials  had  chided  scientists 
for  being  ill-prepared  for  leveling  of  Federal  support  and  for  alleged 
detachment  from  political  realities.  (Reinhold,  NYT,  6/21/68,  1) 

June  22:  Alexandru  Birladeanu,  Deputy  Prime  Minister  of  Romania  and 
president  of  Romanian  National  Council  of  Scientific  Research,  visited 
KSC  for  general  orientation  and  tour,  (ksc  Release  290-68) 

June  24:  nasa  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  testified  before  Senate  Com- 
mittee on  Appropriations'  Subcommittee  on  Independent  Offices  that 
NASA  was  still  uncertain  as  to  exact  levels  at  which  a  number  of  pro- 
jects could  be  included  in  FY  1969  operating  plan  and  that  at  House- 
passed  $4.008-billion  appropriations  level  NASA's  aeronautical  and 
space  activities  would  have  to  be  sharply  curtailed.  "We  will  have  to 
reduce  and  stretch  out  ongoing  programs  and  eliminate  or  defer  the 
work  that  would  have  enabled  us  to  continue  the  research  and 
development  .  .  .  looking  toward  a  future  resumption  of  tests  and  mis- 
sions which  will  soon  grind  to  a  halt."  Because  of  reduced  budget, 
Webb  said,  NASA  would  have  to  accept  one-year  gap  in  Saturn  V  pro- 
duction, discontinue  production  of  Saturn  IBs,  delay  initiation  of  NERVA 
development,  either  severely  limit  all  proposed  planetary  orbiter  mis- 
sions or  eliminate  1971  or  1973  missions,  and  curtail  work  toward 
using  space  systems  for  direct  economic  benefits. 

If  NASA  budget  were  further  reduced  under  Revenue  and  Expenditure 
Control  Act  of  1968,  requiring  $6-billion  reduction  in  Federal  expendi- 
tures in  FY  1969,  result  could  be  disastrous  to  goals  of  national  space 
program.  Although  NASA  would  do  everything  possible  to  fulfill  com- 
mitment to  Apollo  program  and  would  continue  on  smaller  scale  pro- 
grams of  greatest  and  most  immediate  national  importance,  further 
budget  cuts  would  require  complete  termination  of  Saturn  production 
and  cancellation  of  production  of  associated  manned  spacecraft;  elimi- 
nation of  Titan-Mars  1973  missions  and  possible  elimination  of  Mari- 
ner-Mars 1971  missions;  and  further  delays,  curtailments,  and  cancella- 
tions which  might  require  more  harsh  steps  such  as  canceling  orders 
for  hardware  already  under  contract  and  mothballing  entire  installa- 
tions. (Testimony;  NASA  LAR  VII/65) 

•  House  Committee  on  Government  Operations  issued  report  urging  imme- 
diate curtailment  of  Federal  grants  to  foreign  scientists,  especially  in 
developed  countries,  to  conduct  nonessential  research.  Committee  said, 
despite  balance  of  payments  deficit,  Government  grants  for  foreign  re- 
search projects  amounted  to  $20  million  yearly,  more  than  $15  million 
in  developed  countries.  Committee  recommended  limiting  funds  to  proj- 

140 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  June  24 

ects  urgently  needed  by  U.S.  until  end  of  emergency.  (H.R.  1578;  AP, 
W5<ar,  6/24/68) 

•  NASA  Aerobee  150  A  sounding  rocket  successfully  launched  from  NASA 

Wallops  Station  carried  300-lb  payload  containing  two  white  rats  to 
89-mi  (143.2-km)  altitude  in  second  of  four  experiments  to  study  rats' 
behavior  in  artificial  gravity  field  and  determine  minimum  level  of 
gravity  needed  by  biological  organisms  during  space  flight.  During  five 
minutes  of  free  fall,  rats  selected  artificial  gravity  levels  created  through 
centrifugal  action  by  walking  along  tunnel  runway  in  extended  arms  of 
payload.  Data  on  their  movement  and  position  were  telemetered  to 
ground  stations.  Payload  impacted  53  mi  downrange  in  the  Atlantic; 
no  recovery  was  attempted.  (WS  Release  68-11:  NASA  Release  68-112; 
NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  House   passed   by   269-to-42    vote   H.R.    3136   authorizing   study   of   in- 

creased use  of  metric  system  in  U.S.  (CR,  6/24/68,  H5341-6;  AP,  W 
Post,  6/25/68) 

•  Denver  Post  editorial:  "With  the  goal  of  the  project — landing  of  men  on 

the  moon  by  1970 — so  close  at  hand,  it  would  be  sad  indeed  if  NASA 
lost  some  key  people  now  because  of  budget  and  morale  problems.  .  .  . 
There  are  future  manned  flights  and  space  experiments  to  consider,  and 
these  will  surely  be  crippled  at  infancy  if  NASA's  budget  is  cut  back  too 
severely."  (Denver  Post,  6/24/68) 
June  24—27:  Fourth  International  Symposium  on  Bioastronautics  and  the  Ex- 
ploration of  Space  was  held  in  San  Antonio.  Tex.,  under  sponsorship  of 
AFSc's  Aerospace  Medical  Div. 

In  keynote  address  Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of 
NASC,  noted  no  other  program  had  given  such  impetus  to  technological 
and  economic  growth  as  national  space  program.  "Those  who  oppose 
adequate  spending  on  space  technology  are  deliberately  or  inadver- 
tently campaisfnins;  for  a  lower  standard  of  living  for  our  people,  a  de- 
dinins;  Gross  National  Product  for  our  Nation,  and  a  secondary  posi- 
tion in  strength  to  that  of  the  Soviet  Union."  U.S.  investment  in  space 
to  date,  he  said,  "has  mostly  been  an  investment  in  the  future,  the  re- 
turns of  which  can  be  lost  in  large  measure  if  we  lack  the  vision  and 
the  vigor  and  the  desire  to  keep  this  country  great  by  maintaining  a 
vigorous  space  effort. 

"Every  major  power  and  every  nation  eager  to  raise  its  standard  of 
living  and  world  influence  strives  to  participate  in  space  technology 
and  space  exploration.  It  certainly  would  be  ironic  if  the  United  States, 
as  the  world's  leader  in  international  cooperation  and  the  world's 
leader  in  standard  of  living,  were  to  abandon  or  even  neglect  the 
source  of  such  strength.  I  believe  it  might  be  labeled  the  worst  mistake 
in  history."  (Text:  CR,  6/24/68,  E5775-6:  SBD,  6/25/68,  267;  Aero 
Daily,  6/25/68) 

Gen.  James  Ferguson,  afsc  Commander,  said  bioastronautics  prob- 
lems and  provisions  could  have  serious  impact  on  mission  performance, 
space  station  design,  cost,  and  operations.  Principal  problems  included 
those  of  crew  rotation,  crew  size,  compartment  volume  per  crew  mem- 
ber, radiation  exposure,  versatility  of  astronauts,  station  atmosphere, 
and  prolonged  weightlessness.  In  one  study,  savings  from  doubling 
crew  rotation  intervals  from  30  to  60  days  ranged  from  $220  million  to 
$470  million  per  year,  depending  on  altitude.  Savings  from  increasing 

141 


June  24-27  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

from  60  to  90  days  were  another  $100  million  a  year.  For  same  cost, 
slightly  longer  interval  could  support  two  more  astronauts.  Crew  rota- 
tion intervals  of  two  or  more  months  should  be  goal.  "If  a  future  sta- 
tion can  be  expected  to  be  useful  over  a  period  of  many  years  and  its 
cost  can  be  amortized  accordingly  .  .  .  efforts  to  achieve  long  crew  ro- 
tation intervals  have  a  very  large  potential  payoff."  (Text;  Aero  Daily, 
6/28/68) 

Dr.  Robert  R.  Gilruth,  msc  Director,  described  100-man  orbital 
workshop  that  could  be  operational  by  late  1970s.  Proposed  615-ft- 
long,  1 -million-lb  vehicle,  carrying  10,000  lb  of  experiments,  would  be 
launched  in  three  separate  parts  by  three  Saturn  V  boosters  and  assem- 
bled in  space.  Baton-shaped  station  would  revolve  around  hub  in  center 
which  would  serve  as  spaceport  and  zero-gravity  laboratory.  Crew 
would  live  and  perform  some  work  in  240-ft  arm  on  one  side  of  hub. 
On  other  side,  375-ft  arm  would  house  engine  which  would  spin  entire 
station  at  3.5  rpm,  creating  centrifugal  force  to  serve  as  artificial  grav- 
ity. (Maloney,  H  Post,  6/26/68;  AP,  W  Star,  6/26/68;  CSM, 
6/28/68) 

Arthur  C.  Clark,  co-author  of  2001:  A  Space  Odyssey,  suggested 
that  most  earth  inhabitants  could  not  be  very  objective  about  possi- 
bility of  extraterrestrial  life  because  they  were  too  "geocentrically 
minded,"  still  considering  earth  the  center  of  the  universe.  "The  whole 
history  of  astronomy  teaches  us  to  be  cautious  of  any  theory  purporting 
to  show  that  there  is  something  special  about  the  earth.  In  their  various 
ways,  the  other  planets  may  have  orders  of  complexity  as  great  as  ours. 
Even  the  moon — which  looked  a  promising  candidate  for  geophysical 
simplicity  less  than  a  decade  ago — has  already  begun  to  unleash  an 
avalanche  of  surprises. 

"The  discovery  that  Jupiter  is  quite  warm  and  has  precisely  the  type 
of  atmosphere  in  which  life  is  believed  to  have  arisen  on  earth  may  be 
the  prelude  to  the  most  significant  biological  findings  of  this  century." 
If  we  discover  no  trace  of  extraterrestrial  life,  he  said,  "even  such  a 
negative  finding  would  give  us  much  sounder  understanding  of  the  con- 
ditions in  which  living  creatures  are  likely  to  evolve — and  this  in  turn 
would  clarify  our  views  on  the  distribution  of  life  in  the  universe  as  a 
whole."  (Leavitt,  AF/SD,  8/68,  59-62) 
June  25:  nas  Committee  on  SST-Sonic  Boom's  Subcommittee  on  Human  Re- 
sponse reported  that  although  studies  indicated  little  cause  for  physio- 
logical concern,  psychological  impact  of  sonic  boom  would  be 
discouraging  for  supersonic  flight  over  land  by  present  SST  configura- 
tions. Report  stressed,  however,  that  although  no  damage  to  hearing  or 
other  direct  physical  damage  was  expected,  indirect  physiological  re- 
sponses could  be  caused  by  startle  produced  by  even  moderate  booms. 
Committee's  recommendations  to  develop  "commercial  SST  which  will 
be  able  to  fly  supersonically  over  populated  areas  at  frequent  intervals 
without  undue  annoyance  to  the  residents"  included:  further  develop- 
ment of  concept  of  "utility"  in  comparing  monetary  and  nonmonetary 
costs  and  benefits  of  flights;  continuation  of  laboratory  studies  of 
booms;  construction  of  additional  boom-simulation  facilities  and  im- 
provement of  existing  ones;  continuation  of  studies  of  human  reaction 
to  varied  boom  levels;   and  studies  of  human  response  during  sleep 

142 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  June  25 

and  effects  of  repeated  awakenings,  (nas  Release;  Schmeck,  NYT, 
6/26/68,  41;  nas-nrc-nae  News  Report,  6-7/68,  1) 

•  NASA  awarded  $36,271,376  three-year  cost-plus-award-fee  contract  to  RCA 

Service  Co.  for  maintenance  and  operation  of  Satellite  Tracking  and 
Data  Acquisition  Network  (STADAN)  facilities  at  GSFC;  Rosman,  N.C.; 
and  Fairbanks,  Alaska.  Contract  carried  two  one-year  extension  op- 
tions. (NASA  Release  68-110) 

•  MSFC  had  brought  22  Super  Loki  Dart  rockets  from  Space  Data  Corp.  to 

replace  larger,  costlier  Cajun-Dart  sounding  rockets  in  high-altitude  at- 
mospheric research  at  KSC.  Super  Loki,  costing  $800,  in  contrast  to 
$2,800  for  Cajun,  would  deliver  similar  performance  in  taking  high-al- 
titude wind  measurements  before  and  after  Saturn  launch  vehicle 
flights.  (MSFC  Release  68-139) 

•  USN  announced   selection   of  54  men   to   serve   as   aquanauts   in  60-day 

Sealab  III  experiment  in  underwater  living,  scheduled  to  begin  in  Octo- 
ber. Former  Astronaut  M.  Scott  Carpenter  (Cdr.,  USn),  team  leader  for 
Sealab  II  (Aug.  28-Sept.  26,  1965),  would  serve  as  Senior  Aquanaut. 
Ocean  floor  experiments  would  be  conducted  at  620-ft  depth  off  San 
Clemente  Island  by  40  aquanauts  in  5  teams  serving  12  days  each.  Re- 
maining 14  men  would  serve  as  alternates  and  backup  surface  support 
divers,  (dod  Release  579-68;  Aero  Daily,  6/26/68) 

•  President   Johnson   announced   he   would   nominate   AEC    Chairman,    Dr. 

Glenn  T.  Seaborg,  to  fill  unexpired  term  of  Dr.  Samuel  M.  Nabrit,  who 
had  resigned  from  AEC  Aug.  1,  1967.  Term  would  end  June  30,  1970. 
Dr.  Seaborg's  current  term  would  expire  June  30,  1968.  President  also 
would  nominate  James  T.  Ramey,  AEC  member  since  1962,  to  new  five- 
year  term  expiring  June  30,  1969.  {PD,  7/1/68, 1012-3) 

•  U.S  patent  No.   3,390,336  was  issued  to  Dr.  Michael  J.  DiToro,  Vice 

President  for  Science  of  Cardion  Electronics,  for  Adapticom,  instru- 
ment that  corrected  multipath  reception  or  time-spread  responsible  for 
fuzziness  and  consequent  errors  in  high-speed  radio  and  telephone  com- 
munications and  eliminated  ghosts  from  facsimile  transmission.  (Jones, 
A^yr,  6/15/68,  49) 

•  Senate  by  vote  of  78  to  3  passed  H.R.  16703,  authorizing  construction  at 

military  installations,  including  funds  for  ABM  land  acquisition  and 
construction.  Approximately  $1.2  billion  for  Sentinel  program  was  in- 
cluded in  various  budget  requests  of  DOD  and  AEC  for  FY  1969.  During 
final  day  of  debate  Sentinel  system  advocates  had  warned  more  of 
U.S.S.R.  missile  threat  and  less  of  Red  Chinese  missile  threat  which 
Sentinel  had  been  designed  to  counter.  (CR,  6/25/68,  S7721;  W  News, 
6/25/68,  4) 
June  26:  Cosmos  CCXXIX  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  from  Plesetsk  into 
orbit  with  328-km  (203.8-mi)  apogee,  222-km  (137.9-mi)  perigee, 
89.8-min  period,  and  72.9°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  July  4. 
(SBD,  6/27/68,  286;  gsfc  SSR,  6/30/68,  7/15/68) 

•  Phoebus  2A  nuclear  rocket  reactor  was  successfully  tested  by  NASA  and 

AEC  at  Jackass  Flats,  Nev.  During  32-min  ground  test,  reactor  reached 
peak  power  level  of  approximately  4,200  mw,  operating  for  about  12 
min  at  above  4,000  mw.  Power  density  exceeded  that  required  for  75,- 
000-lb-thrust  nerva  (Nuclear  Engine  for  Rocket  Vehicle  Application). 
Test  was  part  of  nasa/aec  nuclear  rocket  program,  (aec/nasa  Release 
L-148;  W  News,  6/27/68,  3) 

143 


June  26  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

•  NASA  issued  Apollo  Status  Summary.  In  preparation  for  first  manned 

Apollo  flight,  Apollo  7  spacecraft  command  module  (cm)  and  service 
module  (sm)  had  been  mated  in  KSC  altitude  chamber  to  confirm  com- 
patible operation  systems.  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle  2nd-stage  engine 
was  being  modified  to  strengthen  propellant  feed  lines  to  augmented 
spark  igniter.  Apollo/Saturn  503  mission  might  be  first  manned  Saturn 
V  flight. 

Astronauts  Joseph  P.  Kerwin,  Vance  D.  Brand,  and  Joe  H.  Engle  had 
successfully  completed  eight-day  vacuum  chamber  test  of  Apollo  2TV-1 
CM  and  SM  at  msc  June  24.  All  tests  necessary  to  help  verify  Apollo  for 
first  manned  flight  had  been  completed,  with  review  of  test  data  in 
progress. 

Last  of  seven  scheduled  verification  tests  of  modified  Apollo  earth 
landing  system  had  been  postponed  to  complete  analysis  of  all  possible 
test  conditions  before  drop  of  13,000-lb  full-scale  Apollo  CM  from 
aircraft  at  Naval  Air  Facility,  El  Centro,  Calif.  Test  would 
simulate  severe  landing  condition  using  one  of  two  drogue  parachutes 
and  two  of  three  main  parachutes.  Ultimate  load  test  of  two  modified 
Apollo  drogue  parachutes  in  reefed  condition  was  scheduled  no  earlier 
than  June  27.  Repeat  of  unsuccessful  test,  it  would  be  conducted  from 
13,00-lb  parachute  test  vehicle  at  aircraft  altitude  of  46,000  ft.  (Text; 
upi,  JV  Post,  6/22/68,  A8;  SBD,  6/25/68,  270;  6/27/68,  285) 

•  In  GSFC  tests  using  Omega  Position  Location  Equipment   (ople),  track 

of  specially  equipped  automobile  had  been  located  repeatedly  within 
1,000  ft  of  its  actual  route  on  Baltimore- Washington  Parkway  by 
Ats  III,  in  22,300-mi-altitude  orbit.  Satellite  had  also  tracked  and 
located  boat  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  NASA  calibration  aircraft,  and  Coast 
and  Geodetic  Survey  ship,  Discoverer,  in  Caribbean.  Meteorologists 
believed  OPLE  system,  designed  primarily  as  meteorological  experiment 
for  tracking  balloons  and  floating  buoys,  might  produce  new  data  on 
wind  circulation  in  atmosphere  and  its  effect  on  weather,  (nasa  Release 
68-111;  AP,  B  Sun,  6/27/68) 

•  NASA  awarded  Teledyne  Systems   Co.   $1,358,728  incentive  contract  to 

design  and  construct  prototype  airborne  computer  unit  for  Centaur 
launch  vehicle.  NASA  would  have  option  to  purchase  five  additional 
units,  support  equipment,  and  spare  parts  for  $759,872.  Contract  would 
be  managed  by  LeRC.  (lcRC  Release  68-44) 
June  27:  NASA  successfully  launched  four-stage  Pacemaker  rocket  carrying 
52-lb  spacecraft  from  NASA  Wallops  Station  to  test  performance  of 
phenolic  nylon  charring  ablation  material,  foamed  quartz  material, 
MOD  V  ablation  material,  and  foamed  Teflon  material.  Spacecraft 
reached  7,200  mph  and  was  lowered  into  Atlantic  by  parachute  after 
four-minute  flight.  Recovery  helicopter  retrieved  payload,  which  would 
be  evaluated  at  LaRC.   (WS  Release  68-12) 

•  House  Appropriations  Committee  struck  all  funds  for  SST  development 

from  Administration's  FY  1969  budget  and  asked  return  of  $30-million 
carryover  to  Treasury.  President  Johnson  had  requested  authori- 
zation of  $223  million.  Cut  was  unlikely  to  postpone  development  of 
project,  which  would  be  continued  during  FY  1969  entirely  with 
carryover  funds.  First  flight  had  been  scheduled  for  first  quarter,  1972. 
(CR,  6/27/68,  H5766^7;  Hoffman,  W  Post,  6/28/68,  A3) 

144 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  June  27 

•  NASA  awarded  one-year  $1,250,000  cost-plus-award-fee  contract  with  two 

one-year  renewal  options  to  LTV  Service  Technology  Corp.  for  computer 
support  services  at  ERC.  (erc  Release  68—9) 

•  MSC    engineers    Edwin   Samfield   and   William   C.    Huber   were    granted 

patent  No.  3,389,877  for  inflatable  tether  to  connect  orbiting  spacecraft 
or  to  connect  astronauts  and  spacecraft.  Tether,  which  became  semirigid 
when  inflated  to  avoid  problems  of  flexible  tether,  consisted  of  nylon 
tube  with  aluminum  end  pieces  and  shock-absorbing  struts  for  attach- 
ment to  spacecraft.  It  could  be  folded  and  stowed  in  end  piece  and 
expanded  with  compressed  gas  when  needed.  Prototypes  were  being 
constructed  at  MSC.  (Patent  Off  Pio;  Jones,  A^}T,  6/29/68,  37) 

•  Jet  flying  belt  designed  to  propel  wearer  for  minutes  over  multimile  range 

at  speeds  from  hovering  to  70  mph  and  at  varying  altitudes  was  de- 
scribed by  manufacturer.  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.,  at  Washington,  D.C., 
press  briefing.  Miniature  turbojet  engine  using  kerosene  fuel  was 
designed  by  Williams  Research  Corp.  for  DOD  Advanced  Research 
Projects  Agency.  (Schmeck,  NYT,  6/28/68,  18) 

•  Westinghouse  Defense  and  Space   Center  engineer   Paul   J,   Kiefer  had 

received  aiaa  annual  award  for  "outstanding  contribution  to  aerospace 
sciences  or  technology"  for  overall  mechanical  design  and  development 
of  Gemini  rendezvous  radar  system  and  for  development  of  lunar  TV 
camera  for  use  in  Apollo  series.  (Westinghouse  Release;  AP.  W  Star, 
7/5/68,  A3) 

•  Soviet   Foreign    Minister   Andrey   A.    Gromyko    announced    at   Supreme 

Soviet  meeting  in  Moscow  that  U.S.S.R.  was  ready  to  open  discussions 
with  U.S.  on  mutual  limitation  of  antiballistic  missile  defense  systems. 
U.S.S.R.,  he  said,  was  anxious  to  sign  immediately  international  docu- 
ment prohibiting  use  of  nuclear  weapons  and  to  reach  agreement  on 
mutual  restriction  and  subsequent  reduction  of  strategic  nuclear  vehicles, 
(upi,  W  News,  6/27/68,  3;  Anderson,  NYT,  6/28/68,  1) 
June  28:  NASA  test  pilots  l/c  Emil  Sturmthal  and  Col.  Joseph  F.  Cotton 
flew  XB-70A  to  39,400-ft  altitude  and  mach  1.23  in  flight  from  Ed- 
wards AFB.  Purpose  was  to  check  exciter  vane  function,  aeroelasticity, 
stability,  control,  and  gust  and  canard  loads  and  determine  ground  ef- 
fects during  load  approaches.  (XB— 70  Proj  Off) 

•  NASA  announced  probable  spring  1969  launch  of  Nimbus  B2  to  replace 

Nimbus  B  experimental  weather  satellite  intentionally  destroyed  after 
launch  May  18.  Primary  meteorological  objective  would  be  to  obtain 
data  from  advanced  sensors  to  demonstrate  infrared  sounding  tech- 
niques for  determination  of  temperature  profiles.  Replacement  mission 
would  cost  1/3  of  S61.9-million  cost  of  Nimbus  B  and  would  eliminate 
critical  21-mo  gap  in  U.S.  meteorology  satellite  program.  Nimbus  I, 
launched  Aug.  28,  1964.  operated  26  days.  Nimbus  II,  launched  May 
15.  1966.  was  still  transmitting,  but  with  inoperable  tape  recorders. 
(NASA  Release  68-114) 

•  Third  anniversary  of  beginning  of  commercial  service  by  ComSatCorp's 

Intelsat  I  (Early  Bird),  launched  April  6,  1965.  Service  had  been 
inaugurated  by  President  Johnson  in  25-min,  six-nation  conference 
call  with  European  officials.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68—31:  a&a  65) 

•  Presidential    memorandum    advised    agency    and    department    heads    to 

achieve  provisions  of  P.L.  90-364.  Revenue  and  Expenditure  Control 

145 


June  28  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

Act  of  1968,  calling  for  reduction  in  Federal  spending  and  lending  of 
at  least  $6  billion  below  original  1969  fiscal  estimates  and  restriction 
of  hiring  until  Federal  civilian  employment  was  reduced  to  June  1966 
level.  {PD,  7/8/68,  1041) 

•  NASA   awarded    three-year,    $20,126,224   cost-plus-award-fee    contract   to 

Bendix  Field  Engineering  Corp.  for  maintenance  and  operation  of 
Satellite  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition  Network  (stadan)  facilities  at 
GSFC,-  Fort  Myers,  Fla.;  Lima,  Peru;  Tananarive,  Malagasy  Republic; 
Mojave,  Calif.;  Quito,  Ecuador;  and  Santiago,  Chile. 

NASA  also  awarded  $27.6  million  cost-plus-incentive-award-fee  con- 
tract to  TRW  systems  group  for  work  on  mission  trajectory  control  pro- 
gram and  Apollo  spacecraft  systems  analysis  program  for  MSC.  (nasa 
Releases  68-113,  68-115) 

•  Wall  Street  Journal  reported  interview  with  Prof.  Edwin  L.  Resler,  Jr., 

Director  of  Cornell  Univ.  Graduate  School  of  Aerospace  Engineering, 
on  possibility  of  reducing  sonic  boom  created  by  supersonic  transports 
to  tolerable  level  by  changing  design  of  engines  for  big  aircraft  to  slow 
down  expansion  of  exhaust  stream.  "We  can  .  .  .  reduce  the  shock 
wave  effect  and  its  consequent  boom  to  a  tolerable  level  so  that  over- 
land flights  of  supersonic  transports  would  be  feasible,"  Prof.  Resler 
said.  (r5/,  6/28/68) 

•  House  Appropriations   Committee  released  hearings  on  dod  appropria- 

tions for  FY  1969  which  helped  explain  why  Vietnam  war  had  produced 
strain  on  President  Johnson's  budget.  USAF  was  now  paying  $2.4  million 
for  single  rescue  helicopter;  during  World  War  II,  each  B-17  aircraft 
that  had  bombed  Germany  had  cost  $190,000  and  each  B-29  used 
over  Japan  had  cost  $635,000.  Government  had  bought  200  World  War 
II  fighters  for  the  $1.1  million  it  cost  uSAF  for  technical  manuals  for 
single  type  of  aircraft  in  1968.  USN  was  spending  $30,000  for  single 
torpedo  and  $20.3  million  for  ammunition  for  battleship  U.S.S.  New 
Jersey  to  fire  at  Vietnam  shore  targets.  It  was  requesting  $51.8  million 
for  one-year  supply  of  aerial  targets.  Super  Jolly  helicopter  which  USAF 
was  introducing  in  Vietnam  was  twice  as  expensive  as  predecessor. 
Jolly  Green  Giant,  and  could  carry  60  passengers  or  18,500-lb  cargo  at 
195  knots.  F-111  was  being  produced  at  $8  million  each;  C-5A, 
world's  largest  aircraft,  had  a  unit  cost  of  $25  million,  with  USAF  re- 
questing 120  aircraft.  (Transcript;  AP,  B  Sun,  6/30/68,  2) 
June  30:  Lockheed-Georgia  Co.  test  pilot  Leo  J.  Sullivan  successfully  flew 
C-5  Galaxy,  world's  largest  aircraft,  on  94-min  first  test  flight  from 
Dobbins  afb  over  Georgia  countryside  at  speeds  ranging  from  143-mph 
takeoff  to  230  mph  and  reaching  10,000-ft  altitude.  No  attempt  was 
made  to  reach  maximum  speed  of  550  mph.  C— 5,  powered  by  four 
TF-39  turbofan  jet  engines,  each  delivering  41,000  lb  of  thrust,  could 
carry  265,000-lb  payload  over  2,875-mi  range  or  100,000-lb  payload 
over  6,325-mi  range  at  cruising  speed  of  506  mph.  Military  version 
would  carry  350  fully  equipped  troops.  USAF  had  ordered  58.  "We  like 
to  talk  about  a  commercial  plane  similar  to  the  C— 5  which  could  carry 
nearly  1,000  passengers,"  said  Lockheed-Georgia  President  T.  R.  May, 
but  he  found  idea  of  carrying  both  passengers  and  freight  attractive. 
"We  have  preliminary  plans  for  airplanes  weighing  over  a  million 
pounds.  But  it  is  fairly  clear  that  the  world  is  not  quite  ready  for  a 

146 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 


June  30 


June  30:  VSAF-Lockheed  C-5  Galaxy,  world's  largest  aircraft,  takes  off  from  Dobbins 
AFB  on  first  test  flight.  C-5  reached  230  mph  and  10,000-foot  altitude  on  94-minute 
flight,  not  attempting  maximum  speed  of  550  mph.   (afsc  photo) 

commercial  plane  of  this  size."  (afsc  Newsreview,  6/68,  1 ;  Witkin, 
NYT,  7/1/68,  1;  AP,  W  Star,  7/1/68,  1;  AFHF  Neivsletter,  8/68,  1) 
•  Dr.  Robert  Jastrovv,  Director  of  GSFC  Institute  for  Space  Studies,  reviewed 
Arthur  C.  Clarke's  Tlie  Promise  of  Space.  Clarke  had  described 
chronology  of  Apollo  decision  as  "politics  and  astronautics  combined" 
and  had  written:  "The  verdict  of  history  may  well  be  that  the  United 
States  made  the  correct  decision  even  if  from  dubious  motives."  Dr. 
Jastrow  said  Clarke  "seems  to  betray  a  point  of  view  that  the  primary 
purpose  of  the  space  program  is,  or  should  be,  the  exploitation  of  its 
scientific  potential  and  the  search  for  knowledge  in  the  space  around 
the  earth  and  on  the  other  bodies  of  the  solar  system. 

"My  own  view  is  that  he  is  mistaken.  Spacecraft  have  yielded 
important  scientific  discoveries  .  .  .  but  it  seems  clear  to  me  that  pres- 
ervation of  national  security,  and  not  scientific  research  per  se,  was 
the  motivation  for  the  Kennedy  proposal.  Kennedy  acted  out  of  a  deep 
gut  instinct,  shared  by  the  Congress  and  the  American  people,  that 
the  United  States  had  been  presented  with  a  major  challenge  to  which 
it  must  respond  effectively  or  pay  a  heavy  penalty.  The  decision  on  the 


147 


June  30  ASTRONAUTICS  AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

expanded  space  program  may  have  been  accelerated  by  the  events  of 
the  spring  of  1961,  but  the  Soviet  challenge  .  .  .  was  permanent." 

Dr.  Jastrow  saw  promise  of  space  as  "dollars-and-cents  return  in 
increased  productivity  in  the  U.S."  To  Clarke  it  was  "the  universe — or 
nothing."  {W  Post,  Book  World,  6/30/68,  1;  CR,  7/9/68,  E6290) 
During  June:  Last  of  11  JC— 130  Hercules  turboprop  aircraft  left  Patrick 
AFB,  Fla.,  to  be  replaced  by  larger,  high-speed  jet  EC— 135N  Apollo 
Range  Instrumentation  aircraft.  With  complex  electronic  instrumenta- 
tion, Air  Force  Eastern  Test  Range  Hercules  had  supported  hundreds  of 
Cape  Kennedy  space  and  missile  launches,  including  Atlas,  Titan,  Po- 
laris, Minuteman,  Saturn,  Mercury,  Gemini,  and  Apollo.  When  fully 
operational  in  1961,  they  had  replaced  earlier  C-54s.  (afsc  Newsre- 
view,  6/68,  4) 

•  Scientists  were  pressing  NASA  to  prepare  "Grand  Tour"  mission  of  succes- 

sive unpowered  flybys  of  Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune  to  take 
advantage  of  configuration  which  occurred  once  in  179  yr.  Alignment 
of  planets  would  permit  trip  time  as  low  as  8  yr  rather  than  30.  Next 
opportunity  would  occur  during  1975-1981  period,  with  1978  and 
1979  regarded  as  best  launch  years.  Tour  was  described  by  Lockheed 
Missiles  &  Space  Co.  engineer  Brent  W.  Silver  in  Journal  of  Spacecraft 
and  Rockets  as  "feasible  and  worthwhile."  It  would  be  "waste  of  natural 
resources  to  pass  up  this  opportunity,"  he  said.  Studies  indicated 
mission  could  be  mounted  with  existing  technology,  but  NASA,  because 
of  budgetary  cuts,  had  yet  to  authorize  it.  JPL  study  had  postulated 
nine-year  tour  including  use  of  electric  propulsion  for  sustained  power 
between  planets.  MIT  project,  beginning  with  exploratory  Jupiter  probes 
in  1972,  would  cost  $80  million  annually  over  17  yr  and  would  use 
1,000-lb  spacecraft  launched  by  Titan  III— C  with  Centaur  upper  stage. 
U/ Spacecraft  and  Rockets,  6/68,  633-7;  Wilford,  NYT,  6/20/68,  16) 

•  Evert  Clark  in  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics  praised  Report  to  the  Congress 

from  the  President  of  the  United  States:  United  States  Aeronautics  and 
Space  Activities,  1967  [see  Jan.  30].  It  was  "small  encyclopedia,  re- 
vealing information  that  appears  nowhere  else  in  the  public  record  .  .  . 
a  valuable  addition  to  the  shelf  of  the  careful  collector."  Presidential 
reports,  he  said,  served  "as  signposts  for  the  road  ahead  as  well  as 
irreplaceable  records  of  the  recent  past"  and  provided  "only  complete, 
official  accounting  of  American  appropriations  and  expenditures  for 
military  and  civilian  space  since  1955."   {A&A,  6/68,  6) 

•  Cosmonaut  Valentina  Nikolayeva-Tereshkova,  who  became  first  woman  to 

fly  in  space  when  she  orbited  earth  June  16—19,  1963,  on  board 
U.S.S.R.'s  Vostok  VI,  was  elected  President  of  the  Presidium  of  the 
Soviet  Women's  Committee.  {Moscow  News,  6/22—29/68,  1) 


148 


July   1968 

July  1:  Eighth  anniversary  of  NASA's  largest  Center,  Marshall  Space  Flight 
Center.  It  became  operational  July  1,  1960,  with  4,400  employees  and 
facilities  valued  at  estimated  $100  million.  On  eighth  anniversary 
MSFC  had  6,500  employees.  Plant  value  was  estimated  at  $400  million, 
with  real  property  values  accounting  for  $140  million  and  capital  equip- 
.ment  for  remaining  $260  million.  Achievements  during  first  eight  years 
included  development  and  successful  flight  of  Saturn  I,  Saturn  IB,  and 
Saturn  V  launch  vehicles,  (msfc  Release  68—143) 

•  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.  received  $9,666,800  NASA  contract  for  10  addi- 

tional Improved  (Long-Tank)  Delta  launch  vehicles  for  use  in  variety 
of  launches,  including  TOS— E  for  essa  in  August,  Intelsat  III  for  Com- 
SatCorp  in  September,  idscp/a  for  dod  in  May  1969,  heos  (Highly 
Eccentric  Orbiting  Satellite)  for  esro  in  late  1968,  and  ISIS-A  (Inter- 
national Satellite  for  Ionospheric  Studies)  in  late  1968.  North  American 
Rockwell  Corp.  was  awarded  $6,968,038  contract  extension  for  material, 
facilities,  manpower  and  equipment  for  XB— 70  flight  operations,  and 
General  Electric  Co.  was  awarded  $1,957,323  extension  for  maintenance 
of  XB-70  engines.  Both  extensions  covered  July  1,  1968,  through  June 
30,  1969.  (NASA  Release  68-116;  frc  Release  19-68) 

•  At  signing  in  Washington,  D.C.,  of  nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty,  Presi- 

dent Johnson  said:  "The  conclusion  of  this  treaty  encourages  the  hope 
that  other  steps  may  be  taken  toward  a  peaceful  world.  And  ...  I  have 
described  this  treaty  as  the  most  important  international  agreement 
since  the  beginning  of  the  nuclear  age.  .  .  .  After  long  seasons  of  patient 
and  painstaking  negotiation,  we  have  concluded  just  within  the  past  five 
years,  the  limited  test  ban  treaty,  the  outer  space  treaty,  the  treaty 
creating  a  nuclear-free  zone  in  Latin  America.  And  the  march  of  man- 
kind is  toward  the  summit  and  not  the  chasm." 

Agreement  had  also  been  reached  between  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.,  Presi- 
dent Johnson  announced,  "to  enter  in  the  nearest  future  into  discussions 
on  the  limitation  and  the  reduction  of  both  offensive  strategic  nuclear 
weapons  delivery  systems  and  systems  of  defense  against  ballistic 
missiles." 

At  Moscow  signing  of  treaty,  Soviet  Premier  Alexey  N.  Kosygin 
called  agreement  a  "major  success  for  the  cause  of  peace."  He  disclosed 
contents  of  LI.S.S.R.  memorandum  to  all  nations  proposing  nine-point 
disarmament  and  arms  control  program  and  called  on  18-nation  Geneva 
disarmament  conference  to  take  up  proposal.  (PD,  6/8/68;  Sherman, 
W  Star,  7/1/68,  Al;  UPI,  7/1/68;  Grose,  NYT,  7/2/68,  1,  2) 

•  Sudden  affirmative  response  by  U.S.S.R.  to  President  Johnson's  longstand- 

ing offer  for  discussion  of  limiting  missiles  may  have  substantial 
meaning,  said  William  S.  White  in  W^ashington  Post.  "If  this  should 
turn  out  to  be  the  case  it  would  be  ironic,  indeed.  It  would  mean  that 
only  after  renouncing  his  office  had  the  President  been  able  to  convince 

149 


July  1  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

the  Russians  .  .  .  that  this  country  was  honestly  prepared  to  make  ac- 
commodations with  Moscow,  so  long  as  they  were  realistic  and  enforcea- 
ble accommodations  to  reduce  a  possibility  of  nuclear  holocaust  that 
still  hangs  over  the  world  and  will  so  hang  whatever  may  or  may  not 
happen  in  the  Vietnams."  {W  Post,  7/1/68,  A21) 

•  Boeing  Co.  submitted  SST  progress  report  to  FAA  which  indicated  Gov- 

ernment might  have  to  guarantee  $2  billion  in  production  costs,  de- 
pending on  ultimate  number  of  aircraft  sold.  Manufacturer  estimated 
production  and  certification  could  cost  $2.96  billion,  assuming  produc- 
tion of  500  aircraft.  Airline  advance  payments  could  account  for  $905 
million;  suppliers,  including  Boeing  and  General  Electric  Co.,  could 
raise  $595  million,  leaving  $1.5  billion  in  capital  to  be  acquired  from 
other  sources.  Boeing  said  this  capital  probably  would  not  be  available 
unless  Government  guaranteed  repayment.  Total  cost  of  each  aircraft 
was  estimated  at  $41.2  million,  with  probable  50%  advance  payment 
by  airlines  required.  Since  first  flight  tests  were  planned  for  September 
1972,  further  studies  would  be  conducted,  Boeing  said,  before  final 
recommendations  on  SST  financing  were  made.  (Taylor,  Am  Av, 
9/16/68,  22^;  AP,  B  Sun,  9/17/68,  A9) 

•  Resignation   of  Dr.  Mac   C.   Adams,   NASA  Associate  Administrator  for 

Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  announced  May  21,  became  effec- 
tive. He  rejoined  Avco  Corp.,  where  he  had  worked  from  1955  to  1965, 
as  Corporate  Vice  President  and  Deputy  Group  Executive  of  Govern- 
ment Products  and  Services  Group.  {NYT,  7/2/68,  63) 

•  NASA  appointed  m/g  Daniel  F.  Callahan  (usaf,  Ret.),  Manager  of  Florida 

Missile  Operations  for  Chrysler  Corp.,  to  position  of  Deputy  Director 
of  Administration,  Kennedy  Space  Center,  vacated  in  October  1967  by 
Frederic  Miller,  who  became  Director  of  Installation  Support,  (ksc 
Release  KSC-331-68) 

•  White  House  announced  that  Gen.  William  F.  McKee   (usaf,  Ret.)  had 

submitted  his  resignation  as  head  of  FAA,  effective  July  31.  There  was 
no  indication  of  successor.  (F  News,  7/2/68,  12;   ^5/,  7/2/68) 

•  New  subdivision  of  Air  Force  Systems  Command,  Air  Force  Human  Re- 

sources Laboratory  (afhrl),  became  operational  at  Brooks  afb,  Tex., 
as  focal  point  for  usaf  R&d  effort  to  satisfy  technology  needs  in  human 
resources  education,  training,  and  management.  It  would  also  provide 
technical  and  management  assistance  in  support  of  studies,  analyses, 
development  planning  activities,  acquisition,  test  evaluation,  modifica- 
tion, or  operation  of  aerospace  systems  and  related  equipment,   (afsc 

Release  93.68)  ,.      .  i  j 

•  Commenting  on  C-5  maiden  flight,  New   York  Times  editorial  noted: 

"Of  the  many  technological  advances  required  for  yesterday's  aviation 
breakthrough,  the  most  important  was  the  quantum  leap  in  jet  propul- 
sion capabilities  represented  by  the  C-5's  motors.  The  enormous  size  of 
the  new  plane  forced  extraordinary  use  of  light  metals  ...  to  keep 
down  weight.  It  also  posed  unprecedented  manufacturing  problems 
whose  brilliantly  successful  solution  was  proved  by  yesterday's  path- 
breaking  flight. 

"But  will  the  airports  of  this  country— and  the  world,  for  that  matter 
—be  capable  of  meeting  the  challenges  .  .  .?  By  1978,  "it  may  be 
commonplace  for  a  few  enormous  planes  landing  minutes  apart  to  de- 

150 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  1 

posit  5,000  or  10,000  passengers  on  the  ground  almost  simultane- 
ously. .  .  .  Now  is  none  too  soon  to  begin  planning  for  handling 
such  masses  of  people.  .  .  .  The  vast  size  of  the  giant  new  planes 
ahead  is  dwarfed  only  by  the  enormity  of  the  unprecedented  problems 
they  pose."  (NYT,  7/1/68,  30) 

•  Surveyor  Project  Office  at  JPL  officially  closed  after   directing  one  of 

U.S.'s  most  successful  space  exploration  programs.  Program  director, 
Howard  H.  Haglund,  recipient  of  1968  Astronautics  Engineer  Award, 
had  been  accepted  as  Alfred  P.  Sloan  Fellow  and  would  attend  Stan- 
ford Univ.  (JPL  Pio;  SBD,  7/8/68,  10) 
July  2:  USAF  had  attributed  March  3  UFO  reports  over  eastern  U.S.,  includ- 
ing 70  eyewitness  accounts,  to  reentry  of  booster  rocket  or  other 
launching  components  of  Zond  IV  spacecraft  launched  by  U.S.S.R. 
March  2  on  apparently  unsuccessful  mission.  Despite  March  flurry,  there 
had  been  sharp  decline  in  UFO  reports;  they  were  reaching  USAF  at 
one-fourth  the  monthly  rate  of  1967.  As  of  previous  weekend,  156  UFO 
reports  had  been  received  since  Jan.  1,  1968;  21  were  attributed  to  as- 
tronomical objects,  19  to  aircraft,  10  to  balloons,  8  to  satellites,  and  22 
to  other  known  causes.  There  were  35  cases  pending  and  41  as  yet  uni- 
dentified. (Sullivan,  NYT,  7/2/68,  1) 

•  West    Germany's    major    aerospace    companies — Messerschmitt-Bolkow, 

Vereinigte  Flugtechnische  Werke  of  Bremen,  Hamburger  Flugzeugbau, 
and  Dornier — formed  subsidiary  to  coordinate  all  long-range  aircraft 
and  space  projects.  They  met  under  auspices  of  West  German  govern- 
ment which  had  been  urging  greater  concentration  of  the  nation's  aero- 
space capacity.  Experts  termed  new  organization  nucleus  of  eventual 
merger  of  the  four  companies  to  increase  West  German  competition  in 
world  markets.  (Shabecoff,  NYT,  7/3/68,  12) 

•  NASA   awarded    contracts   valued    at    $579,000   to    Lockheed    Missiles    & 

Space  Co.  and  $568,313  to  Northrop  Systems  Laboratories  to  build  and 
test  nonflight  demonstration  models  for  Orbiting  Primate  Experiment, 
as  continuation  of  preliminary  conceptual  design  studies  made  during 
1967.  Research  had  been  begun  to  gain  better  understanding  of  physio- 
logical changes  anticipated  in  long  manned  flights.  To  assess  effects  of 
weightlessness  on  relatively  high  order  mammal,  NASA  was  studying  ex- 
periment which  might  place  two  unrestrained  rhesus  monkeys  in  orbit 
and  return  them  for  detailed  examination  after  extended  period  to  iso- 
late weightlessness  as  a  variable  while  maintaining  all  other  factors 
near  normality.  Postflight  examinations  could  reveal  changes  resulting 
from  absence  of  gravity.  Orbiting  Primate  Experiment  was  part  of 
NASA's  Human  Factors  Systems  program  to  provide  technology  re- 
quired to  support  man  in  space  during  extended  periods.  (NASA  Release 
68-119) 

•  Univ.    of   Virginia    announced    it   would    use    $100,000   NASA   grant   to 

finance  construction  of  40-in  astrometric  telescope  at  its  observatory 
south  of  Charlottesville,  Va.  Additional  funding  would  come  from  es- 
tate of  Leander  McCormick,  who  provided  funds  for  its  26-in  telescope 
built  in  1882.  ( AP,  W  Star,  7/3/68,  A20) 

•  U.S.  patent  No.  3,390,853  was  issued  to  North  American  Rockwell  Corp. 

mechanical  engineer  Raymond  P.  Wykes  for  inflatable  drag  balloon 
(ballute)  to  be  released  behind  reentry  vehicle  or  lifting-body  vehicle 
at  end  of  a  cable  which  pulled  spacecraft's  wings  out  from  its  body  on 

151 


July  2  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

reentry  and  slowed  it  down  for  landing.  Patent  No.  3,390,492  was  is- 
sued to  General  Electric  Co.  engineer  Edwin  T.  Myskowski  for  glass 
deep-submergence  module  in  titanium  alloy  frame  usable  as  laboratory 
or  living  quarters  on  ocean  floor  in  anchored  or  mobile  form.  (Patent 
Off  Pio;  Jones,  NYT,  7/6/68,  25) 

•  N.  Whitney  Matthews,  Chief  of  GSFC's  Spacecraft  Technology  Div.,  died 

in  Alexandria,  Va.,  at  age  52.  Pioneer  in  space  research,  he  had  been 
with  NASA  10  yr  and  had  helped  see  Goddard  through  planning  stages. 
He  had  worked  with  Projects  Vanguard,  Ariel,  and  Echo  and  with 
number  of  Explorer  programs.  He  had  specialized  in  electronic  and 
solid-state  instrumentation  and  control  circuitry.  {W  Post,  7/5/68,  B8) 

•  In  editorial  critical  of  June  25  NAS  report  on  sonic  boom,  Washington 

Evening  Star  said:  "There  comes  a  time  when  the  convenience  of  the 
few  and  the  profit  of  the  even  fewer  simply  have  to  be  made  secondary 
to  the  sanity  of  the  many.  That  time  is  arriving  in  the  sonic  boom  busi- 
ness. There  is  no  imaginable  excuse  for  unleashing  the  boom  against 
defenseless  citizens."  (W  Star,  7/2/68,  3) 
July  3:  President  Johnson  signed  H.R.  15856,  NASA  FY  1969  Authorization 
Act,  which  had  been  designated  P.L.  90—373  [see  June  18].  {PD, 
7/15/68,  1099;  nasa  LAR  VII/71) 

•  Washington  Post  editorial  commented  on  complaints  of  scientists  about 

deceleration  of  Federal  funding  for  R&D.  Since  Federal  expenditures  had 
risen  every  year,  there  would  not  be  "much  lay  sympathy  for  scientists 
who  complain  they  are  not  getting  their  annual  increase  of  15  per 
cent.  .  .  .  Rather  than  crying  'crisis'  .  .  .  scientists  ought  to  accept  an 
ongoing  obligation  to  help  public  officials  devise  better  ways  of  decid- 
ing how  to  support  the  level  of  science  that  the  national  welfare  re- 
quires." (F  Po5f,  7/3/68) 

•  Did  it  matter  in  1968,  asked  New  York  Times  editorial,  that  Italian  as- 

tronomer Galileo  after  three  centuries  might  be  cleared  of  heresy  by 
commission  authorized  by  the  Pope?  "His  astronomical  theories  and 
discoveries  have  long  since  been  accepted;  in  a  real  sense,  it  is  the 
spirit  of  scientific  inquiry  that  will  be  'retried'  by  the  Vatican  Tribu- 
nal. 

".  .  .  it  still  matters  in  1968  that  the  intellectuals,  the  scientists  and 
the  students  be  granted  full  freedom  of  inquiry  and  participation  in 
modern  life  and  government.  That  is  the  meaning  of  Galileo,  the  indi- 
vidual and  heretic,  for  today."  {NYT,  6/3/68) 

•  Senate  approved  reappointment  of  Gen.  John  P.  McConnell  as  Air  Force 

Chief  of  Staff  effective  Aug.  1,  1968.  (CR,  7/3/68;  S8200;  W  Post, 
7/4/68,  4) 
Aluminum  Co.  of  America  and  Ocean  Science  and  Engineering,  Inc.,  an- 
nounced they  would  invest  more  than  $5  million  in  Alcoa  Seaprobe 
project  calling  for  construction  of  ship  permitting  search,  science,  and 
salvage  work  at  depths  to  6,000  ft  and  able  to  hoist  to  surface  loads 
weighing  up  to  200  tons.  Planned  for  launch  by  May  1970,  vessel 
would  search  ocean  floor  by  lowering  streamlined  sensor,  carrying 
side-looking  sonar,  at  end  of  long  semirigid  pipe.    (W  Star,  7/3/68, 

^^[/^^^^^^^^^  Laboratory  announced  appointment  of  Dr.  Robert  V. 
Meghreblian,  Manager  of  jpl  Space  Sciences  Div.,  to  newly  established 
post  of  Deputy  Assistant  Laboratory  Director  for  Technical  Divisions. 

152 


1 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  3 

Dr.  Donald  P.  Burcham,  Deputy  Manager  of  Space  Sciences  Div., 
would  succeed  him.  (jpl  Release) 

•  French  government  announced  imminent  start  of  new  atomic  test  series 

in  Pacific  amid  indications  France  would  attempt  her  first  explosion  of 
hydrogen  bomb  in  late  summer  or  early  autumn.  Bulletin  warned  ships 
to  avoid  danger  zone  around  Mururoa  Atoll,  about  750  mi  southeast  of 
Tahiti.  (A^yf,  7/4/68,  1) 

•  French  Armed  Forces  Ministry  announced  successful  testing  of  two  new 

long-range  ballistic  missiles  during  preparation  for  Pacific  nuclear  test 
series.  First  missile,  sea-to-ground,  two-stage,  remote-controlled  rocket, 
would  be  used  on  France's  first  nuclear  submarine,  to  enter  service  in 
early  1970.  (Reuters,  NYT,  7/5/68,  13;  W  Post,  7/5/68,  A27) 
July  4-8:  nasa  launched  417-lb  Explorer  XXXVIII,  Radio  Astronomy  Ex- 
plorer (rae-a),  from  wtr  by  three-stage  Thrust-Augmented  Delta 
booster  in  first  of  two  missions  to  measure  frequency,  intensity,  and 
source  direction  of  radio  signals  from  solar,  galactic,  and  extragalaclic 
sources. 

Spacecraft  entered  elliptical  transfer  orbit,  where  it  was  spin-stabi- 
lized v,'ith  3,656.1-mi  (5,884-km)  apogee,  397.7-mi  (640-km  )  perigee, 
157-min  period,  and  59.4°  inclination.  Apogee  motor  was  fired  July  7, 
placing  Explorer  XXXVIII  into  planned  near-circular  orbit  with 
3,654.3-mi  (5,881-km)  apogee,  3,641.2-mi  (5,860-km)  perigee,  224.4- 
min  period,  and  59.2°  inclination.  On  July  8,  yo-yo  despin  mechar.ism 
reduced  spin  rate  from  93  rpm  to  2.8  rpm.  As  primary  objective,  space- 
craft would  measure  intensity  and  direction  of  radio  signals  from 
cosmic  sources  in  0.5-  to  10-mhz  range,  not  normally  observable  from 
earth.  Secondary  objectives  were  to  place  spacecraft  into  circular  orbit 
of  about  3,728-mi  (6,000-km)  altitude  and  to  obtain  useful  data  during 
first  30  days  in  orbit,  for  detailed  study  of  dynamic  spectra  and  decay 
rates  of  sporadic  radio  bursts.  Spacecraft  was  expected  to  provide  first 
low-frequency  radio  map  of  Milky  Way  and  additional  data  on  low-fre- 
quency signals  from  Jupiter  and  sun. 

Explorer  XXXVIII  was  equipped  with  unique  antenna  system  con- 
sisting of  two  antennas  made  of  four  l/^-in-dia  booms  which  could  be 
deployed  up  to  750  ft  each,  to  form  X-shaped  array.  Configuration  was 
to  be  gravity-gradient  stabilized  [see  July  22].  Spacecraft  was  also 
equipped  with  damper  boom,  dipole  antenna,  and  TV  cameras  to  moni- 
tor spacecraft  performance  and  determine  source  of  radio  signals  moni- 
tored with  upper  array.  Radio  Astronomy  Explorer  project  was 
managed  by  gsfc  under  OSSA  direction,  gsfc  constructed,  designed,  and 
tested  spacecraft  and  provided  scientific  instrumentation.  (NASA  Proj 
Off;  NASA  Release  68-109K;  Schmeck,  NYT,  6/29/68;  8;  AP,  ^  Star, 
7/5/68;  AP,  NYT,  7/5/68,  26;  JV  Post,  7/8/68,  A6;  7/9/68,  A7) 

•  July  4:  Explorer  XXVIII,  Interplanetary  Monitoring  Platform  launched 

by  NASA  May  29,  1965,  to  investigate  earth's  magnetosphere  and  study 
earth-sun  relationships,  reentered  atmosphere  as  had  been  predicted  at 
GSFC  August  1967.  Mrs.  Barbara  Lowrey  of  gsfc  Laboratory  for  Theo- 
retical Studies  had  found  in  analysis  of  satellite's  orbit  that — during 
perigee  pass  on  July  4  (actually  early  next  day  in  Indian  Ocean  reentry 
area) — joint  effect  of  sun  and  moon  would  alter  orbit  and  cause  Ex- 
plorer XXVIII  to  make  high-angle  reentry  and  burn  up  in  earth's  at- 

153 


July  4  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

mosphere.  Computer  tests  had  verified  analysis,  (gsfc  SSR,  7/15/68; 
NASA  Release  68-117;  Marshall  Star,  3/6/68) 
July  5:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXXX  from  Kapustin  Yar, 
Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  544  km  (338  mi)  ;  perigee,  283  km  (175.8 
mi)  ;  period,  92.8  min;  and  inclination,  48.4°  Satellite  reentered  Nov. 
2.  (upi,  NYT,  7/6/68;  SBD,  7/10/68,  26;  gsfc  SSR,  7/15/68; 
11/15/68) 

•  AEc's  High  Energy  Physics  Advisory  Panel  report  in  Science   decried 

cutbacks  in  funds  for  high-energy  physics  "one  of  main  fronts  of 
science"  and  recommended  budget  increase  to  avert  decline  in  U.S. 
effort  and  construction  of  giant  bubble  chamber  at  Brookhaven  Lab- 
oratory and  electron-positron  storage  ring  at  Stanford  Linear  Accelerator 
(SLAc).  Work  on  200-bev  accelerator  at  Weston,  111.,  should  continue 
"at  highest  priority,"  report  stressed,  and  provision  should  be  made 
to  finance  joint  research  with  U.S.S.R.  using  present  most  powerful 
accelerator  in  world  at  Serpukhov,  near  Moscow. 

Lack  of  approval  of  bubble  chamber  and  SLAG  storage  ring  in  1968 
and  1969  budgets  meant  "for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  this  field, 
U.S.  physicists  will  be  unable  to  make  use  of  some  of  the  most  modern 
means  of  research."  Further,  there  was  "clear  and  present  danger"  that 
U.S.  would  lose  its  leadership  in  this  fundamental  field,  "an  ominous 
step"  toward  situation  of  1930s,  "when  most  of  the  major  discoveries 
in  fundamental  science  were  made  in  Europe."  {Science,  7/5/68,  11—9; 
Sullivan,  NYT,  1/1/6Q,  17) 

•  J  PL  scientist  Dr.  Robert  Nathan,  who  had  devised  method  using  comput- 

ers to  improve  spacecraft  photos  of  moon  and  Mars,  planned  to  link 
computers  with  electron  microscopes  to  photograph  single  atom. 
Within  six  months  much  of  connection  work  should  be  done,  he  said, 
and  "with  luck,  we  could  be  taking  pictures  of  atoms  in  a  year  or  so." 
(Dighton,  Glendale  News-Press,  7/5/68,  1) 

•  NASA  awarded  16-mo,  $178,844  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract  to  Lockheed 

Missiles  &  Space  Co.  for  computer  software  to  operate  nasa/recon  re- 
mote-console information  retrieval  system.  Consoles  would  be  installed 
at  field  centers  and  NASA  Hq.  and  linked  to  central  computer  at  NASA 
'  Scientific  and  Technical  Information  Facility  in  College  Park,  Md.  They 
would  provide  real-time  access  to  NASA's  worldwide  collection  of  scien- 
tific and  technical  documents  on  aerospace.  Users  would  need  no  special 
skill.  (NASA  Release  68-118) 

•  FCC  ruled  that  rates  charged  TV  networks  for  overseas  service  via  satel- 

lite were  not  excessive  and  that  companies  providing  service — AT&T, 
RCA  Communications,  Inc.,  ITT  World  Communications,  Inc.,  and  West- 
ern Union  International — were  no  longer  required  to  place  payments 
for  services  in  deferred  credit  fund.  (AP,  NYT,  1/1/68,  10) 

•  Danish   government   announced   it   had   banned   U.S.    rocket   flights   to 

probe  sunspot  effects  at  high  altitudes  over  Greenland  during  1968  be- 
cause of  popular  apprehension  which  followed  January  crash  of  nu- 
clear-armed USAF  B-52  aircraft  near  Thule  AFB.  Disappointed  scientists 
noted  1968  was  peak  in  11-yr  sunspot  cycle;  1969  would  offer  hardly 
enough  sunspots  for  study.  (C  Trih,  7/6/68,  5) 

•  Sonic  booms  from  USAF  test  flights  were  threatening  prehistoric  Indian 

cliff  dwellings  and  natural  rock  formations  in  Arizona.  Log  kept  at 
Canyon  de  Chelly  National  Monument  had  recorded  16  booms  in  April 

154 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  5 

1967,  19  in  April  1968,  20  in  May  1968,  and  9  in  June  1968.  Nat- 
ural Environment  Panel,  participating  in  Interagency  Aircraft  Noise 
Abatement  Program  under  dot,  planned  to  place  data  recorders  at  Yel- 
lowstone, Yosemite,  Bryce,  and  Mesa  Verde  national  parks  to  extract 
information  on  which  to  base  plea  for  "adjustment"  from  USAF.  (Blu- 
menthalA'yr,  7/5/68,  11) 

July  5—12:  High-quality  weather  data  were  moved  from  Suitland,  Md.,  by 
wire  to  nasa's  Mojave,  Calif.,  relay  station  and  beamed,  for  first  time, 
to  stations  in  the  Netherlands  and  West  Germany  via  NASA's  Ats  III 
Applications  Technology  Satellite.  Transmissions,  including  cloud 
maps,  charts,  and  photo-mosaics,  were  received  "in  good  form,"  ac- 
cording to  ESSA.  WEFAX  (Weather  Facsimile  Experiment)  project  was 
part  of  World  Weather  Watch  program  to  develop  economical  world- 
wide weather  data  distribution  system.  Further  experiments  scheduled 
for  September  included  relay  via  Ats  III  of  weather  data  to  more  than 
150  Automatic  Picture  Transmission  (apt)  stations  in  30  countries. 
(ESSA  Release  ES-68-43,  upi,  NYT,  7/19/68,  35:  W  Star,  7/24/68, 
A14) 

July  6:  Ninth  Molniya  I  comsat,  Molniya  1—9,  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  to 
"ensure  the  operation  of  the  long-range  system  of  .  .  .  communication" 
and  TV  transmission  to  far  northern  and  far  eastern  U.S.S.R.,  accord- 
ing to  Tass.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  39,806  km  (24,  734.2  mi)  ; 
perigee,  396  km  (246.1  mi)  ;  period,  11  hr  9  min;  and  inclination,  65°. 
Equipment,  including  instruments  for  transmission,  command,  and  sat- 
ellite operation,  was  functioning  normally.  (AP,  NYT,  7/9/68,  6;  SBD, 
7/10/68,  26:  gsfc  SSR,  7/15/68) 

•  Japanese  astronomer  Minori  Honda  of  Kurashiki  Astronomical  Observa- 

tory, Okayama,  discovered  new  comet  south  of  Capella  in  Auriga  con- 
stellation. Tokyo  Astronomical  Observatory  said  July  14  discovery  had 
been  confirmed  by  three  American  observatories.  Comet  was  named 
Honda  Comet  No.  6.  (AP,  C  Trib,  7/15/68) 

•  DOD  released  April  23-24  testimony  before  Senate  Committee  on  Armed 

Services'  Preparedness  Investigating  Subcommittee.  Dr.  John  S.  Foster, 
Jr.,  Director  of  Defense  Research  and  Engineering,  had  said  F-lllA 
wings  had  broken  off  during  Jan.  23  ground  test — under  load  greater 
than  expected  in  flight  but  less  than  stipulated  50% -overload  safety 
margin — before  introduction  into  Vietnam  combat,  where  aircraft  had 
operated  under  protective  restrictions. 

General  Dynamics  Corp.  President  Frank  W.  Davis  later  termed 
ground  testing  which  broke  wings  off  USAF  F-lllA  "normal."  Tests, 
he  indicated,  were  made  to  determine  stress  limitations.  "We've  had  no 
failures  ...  at  stress  simulation  to  be  expected  in  combat.  ( 1  ran- 
script;  Kelly,  W  Star,  1/1/62,,  A3;  AP,  W  Post,  1/1/62,,  A22; 
7/8/68,  A15;  Corddry,  B  Sun,  1/1/62,  1) 

•  Washington  Evening  Star  editorial  praised  USAF  C-5  Galaxy  jet  aircraft 

and  its  "impressive"  civilian  potential;  "According  to  Toni  [T.R.] 
May,  Lockheed's  president,  all  the  experimental  evidence  indicates 
there  are  virtually  no  engineering  limitations  to  building  stnkmgly 
larger  C-5s  than  those  scheduled,"  but  its  commercial  use  would  cause 
passenger  and  baggage  congestion.  "If  the  Galaxy  is  to  become  a  com- 
mercial plane,  then,  at  the  most,  only  a  third  of  its  space  should  be  for 
passengers;  the  rest  should  be  for  cargo.  .  .  .  Although  [May  is]  con- 

155 


July  6  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

fident  that  bigger  and  bigger  C— 5s  can  be  made,  he  doubts  that  the 
world  is  ready  for  them.  We  doubt  it,  too."  (W  Star,  7/6/68) 
July  7:  Melbourne,  Fla.,  engineer  Duane  Brown  had  applied  for  patent  on 
Survey  Satellite  (sursat),  system  of  four  low-cost  satellites  which 
would  enable  surveyors  to  plot  boundaries,  route  highways,  make 
maps,  and  monitor  earth's  crust  to  accuracies  of  a  few  inches.  System 
included  regional  center  for  processing  survey  data  and  portable  receiv- 
ing and  recording  units  for  field  use  and  could  be  operational  by  mid- 
1970's,  Brown  said,  (upi,  W  Star,  7/7/68,  A7) 

•  Successful   test-firing   of   Phoebus   2A,   world's   most   powerful   reactOT, 

June  26  might  have  been  catalyst  needed  to  bring  DOD  into  partnership 
with  NASA  and  AEC  in  development  of  nuclear  energy  for  space  propul- 
sion, Frank  Macomber  wrote  in  San  Diego  Union.  Not  only  was  USAF 
becoming  interested  in  military  applications  for  nuclear  engine,  so  were 
scientists  and  engineers  representing  aerospace  industry.  Phoebus  firing 
would  be  followed  in  fall  by  first  test  of  smaller  nerva  XE— 1  nuclear 
engine.  Both  were  vital  phases  of  NASA— AEC  Rover  program.  (.SD 
Union,  7/7/68, 12) 

•  Sun  Shipbuilding  and  Dry  Dock  Co.  announced  plans  for  new  Guppy, 

4,000-lb,  low-cost,  undersea  research  vehicle  to  be  tethered  to  surface 
ship  by  electric  cable  and  capable  of  carrying  two  men  to  2,000-ft 
depth  for  up  to  48  hr.  First  vehicle  would  be  completed  in  March  1969. 
{NYT,  7/8/68,  66) 

•  France  began  1968  nuclear  test  series  with  detonation  of  conventional 

atomic  warhead  over  Mururoa  Atoll  in  Pacific.  Device  was  fired  to  test 
complex  measuring  instruments  installed  for  tests  scheduled  to  culmi- 
nate in  explosion  of  France's  first  hydrogen  bomb.  (uPi,  NYT,  7/7/68, 
7;  W  Post,  7/8/68,  A12) 
July  8:  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  Special  Consultant  to  nasa  Administra- 
tor and  former  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  had  been  elected  to  board  of 
trustees  of  Aerospace  Corp.  (Aerospace  Release;  SBD,  7/8/68,  10) 

•  Approximately  36  Soviet  Air  Force  flights  with  more  than  85  bombers 

had  been  identified  off  northern  coasts  of  North  America  during  first 
half  of  1968,  six  times  scale  of  operations  reported  during  last  half  of 
1967,  according  to  Charles  W.  Corddry  in  Baltimore  Sun.  Soviet  air- 
craft had  cruised  over  international  waters.  DOD  reportedly  considered 
flights  routine.  (B  Sun,  6/9/68,  1) 

•  In  joint  communique,  Dr.  Donald  F.   Hornig,  Special  Assistant  to  the 

President  for  Science  and  Technology,  and  Alexandru  Birlandeanu, 
member  of  Romanian  Politburo  touring  U.S.  scientific  institutions,  an- 
nounced agreement  to  broaden  scientific  and  technological  ties,  including 
exchange  of  scientists  and  possible  collaboration  in  atomic  energy  field. 
Romania  had  asked  U.S.  for  technical  and  financial  aid  toward  construc- 
tion of  its  first  nuclear  power  plant  by  1973.  (Grose,  NYT,  7/9/68,  1) 

•  New  York  Times  editorial  on  June  21  emergency  meeting  of  scientists  to 

protest  cuts  in  Federal  support  for  basic  research:  ".  .  .  deep  slashes  in 
basic  research  funds  are  likely  to  be  extremely  costly  in  the  years 
ahead.  The  fundamental  lesson  of  the  history  of  science  is  that  basic 
research  is  the  indispensable  seed  bed  for  all  future  technology,  the  ul- 
timate source  of  the  new  wealth  and  of  the  improved  capacity  to  save 
lives  that  future  technology  could  bring.  .  .  .  Those  in  Congress  and 
the  Executive  Branch  who  are  now  applying  the  axe  to  Government 

156 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  8 

spending  would  be  wise  to  proceed  as  gently  as  possible  in  this  small 
area  that  is  so  essential  for  the  nation's  future."  (NYT,  7/8/68,  36) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George  E. 

Mueller,  addressed  joint  meeting  of  American  Institute  of  Aeronautics 
and  Astronautics  (aiaa)  and  Canadian  Aeronautics  and  Space  Institute 
(cASi)  in  Montreal:  Systems  engineering  concept  applied  to  manage- 
ment "was  pioneered  and  developed  in  aerospace  programs  and  is 
being  increasingly  applied  as  a  powerful  tool  in  the  management  of 
other  major  enterprises."  In  NASA  most  extensive  application  was  in 
Apollo  program.  Factors  unique  to  manned  space  flight  had  contrib- 
uted to  management  approach,  including  "sheer  size  of  Apollo  pro- 
gram, larger  in  .  .  .  lead  time,  money,  organization  and  technological 
development  than  any  previous  program."  Special  feature  was  high  re- 
liability and  safety  required.  And  space  program  had  been  executed 
under  scrutiny  of  press,  public.  Congress,  and  scientific  community. 

Weight  and  volume  budgeting  were  critical.  High  cost  of  flight-test- 
ing space  vehicles  made  maximum  ground  testing  necessary,  as  well  as 
all-up  (concurrent  rather  than  sequential)  flight  testing.  Vehicle  was  as 
complete  as  practicable  for  each  flight,  to  obtain  maximum  information 
from  minimum  number  of  flights  and  provide  earliest  possible  system 
readiness.  Open-ended  mission  concept  was  used  to  accomplish  as  many 
flight  objectives  per  vehicle  as  consistent  with  safety  and  mission  suc- 
cess. Review  of  status  throughout  mission  determined  length  of  mis- 
sion. Redundant,  or  alternate,  means  of  operation  reduced  ability  of 
single  failure  to  endanger  crew  or  mission.  Prime  design  consideration 
in  all  manned  space  flights  was  safety.  (Text;  UPI,  H  Chron,  7/10/68) 

•  NASA   board    investigating   fatal   accident   at   North    American   Rockwell 

Corp.'s  Downey,  Calif.,  plant  Oct.  5,  1967,  announced  it  had  found  that 
laboratory  employees  had  ignored  important  safety  procedures.  "Most 
probable  cause"  of  explosion  which  had  killed  two  workmen  and  in- 
jured 11  was  "frictional  or  impact  force  created  while  barium- Freon 
TF  slurry  was  being  transferred  from  a  laboratory  container  to  a  ship- 
ping container."  Although  nar  had  issued  safety  instruction  requiring 
barium — used  in  NASA  sounding  rocket  experiments — be  handled  only 
under  dry  argon  atmosphere,  it  had  been  washed  and  sieved  in  open 
air.  Board  recommended  full  recognition  of  chemical  hazards  of  com- 
bining metals  and  chemicals  such  as  Freon  TF  and  upgrading  of  pre- 
cautions, manuals,  and  procedures,  nar  had  altered  procedures,  would 
process  barium  only  under  remote  control.  (NASA  Release  68—122;  AP, 
NYT,  7/9/68,  27) 

•  Inauguration  of  direct  air  service  between  New  York  and  Moscow  had 

been  set  for  "on  or  after  July  15"  by  letters  between  U.S.  Moscow  Em- 
bassy and  U.S.S.R.  Foreign  Ministry.  Soviet  airline  Aeroflot  announced 
11-62  jet  aircraft  service  would  start  from  Moscow  July  15.  U.S.  car- 
rier Pan  American  World  Airways  expected  to  start  Boeing  707  service 
from  New  York  same  date.  Bilateral  air  agreement  of  Nov.  4,  1966, 
had  stipulated  once-weekly  return  flights  over  4,700-mi  route.  May  6, 
1968,  agreement  added  intermediate  stop  at  Montreal,  Copenhagen, 
Stockholm,  or  London,  (cab  Docket  6489;  State  Dept  Release  94;  AP, 
NYT,  7/9/68,  65;  Ward,  B  Sun,  7/9/68,  1;  AP,  JF  Post,  7/9/68,  A15) 
July  8—9:  Two  major  solar  flares  were  detected  within  25-hr  interval  by 
U.S.  Space  Disturbance   Forecast  Center  scientists  in  Boulder,   Colo. 

157 


July  8-9  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

First  had  interfered  v>fith  short-wave  transmissions  worldwide,  accord- 
ing to  ESSA  Chief  of  Forecast  Services,  Robert  Docker;  second  had 
seemed  weaker.  Scientists  were  watching  for  effect  of  cloud  of  electrons 
spawned  by  first  solar  flare,  biggest  and  brightest  since  1966.  (AP,  LA 
Her-Exam,  7/10/68;  AP,  NYT,  7/10/68,  17) 

•  Nine  astronauts  participated  in  life  support  training  for  aircraft  pilots  at 

Perrin  afb,  Tex.  They  were  second  astronaut  group  to  attend  USAF 
course,  (nasa  Apollo  Status  Summary,  7/10/68) 
July  9:  British  physicist  Samuel  Tolansky,  appointed  special  investi- 
gator for  Apollo  program,  had  predicted  discovery  of  industrial  dia- 
monds among  40  lb  of  matter  Apollo  spacecraft  would  bring  back  from 
moon.  Theory  was  based  on  supposition  that  lunar  craters  had  been 
caused  by  meteor  impact  or  volcanic  eruptions  producing  shock  waves. 
"You  can  create  diamonds  by  passing  a  shock  wave  through  carbon," 
he  said.  "And  there  has  to  be  carbon  on  the  moon."  (nana,  Pasadena 
Independent,  7/9/68) 

•  Lockheed   Missiles  &   Space   Co.   scientists  were  studying  use   of  small 

charcoal  beds  to  remove  contaminants  in  space  capsules  where  pollu- 
tion hazards  had  been  found  to  be  "more  serious  than  those  for  the 
man  on  the  street."  Studies  had  isolated  150  contaminants,  most  of 
which  could  be  extremely  toxic.  {WSJ,  7/9/68,  23) 

•  President  Johnson  transmitted  Treaty  on  the  Non-Proliferation  of  Nu- 

clear Weapons  to  Senate  for  ratification  and  urgently  recommended 
that  Senate  "move  swiftly"  to  enhance  U.S.  and  world  security.  "The 
treaty,"  he  said,  "does  more  than  just  prohibit  the  spread  of  nuclear 
weapons.  It  would  also  promote  the  further  development  of  nuclear  en- 
ergy for  peaceful  purposes  under  safeguards."  Treaty  had  been  passed 
by  U.N.  General  Assembly  June  12  and  opened  for  signature  July  1. 
{PD,  7/15/68,  1090-2) 

•  Fixed-wing   SST   design   aerodynamically   similar   to    one   unsuccessfully 

submitted  to  USAF  by  Boeing  in  1957  XB-70  competition  but  featuring 
more  titanium,  new  flight  control  system,  and  more  powerful  turbojets 
was  presented  to  customer  airlines  at  faa  SST  program  briefing.  Model 
was  undergoing  wind-tunnel  tests  to  determine  its  ability  to  exceed 
mach  1  without  perceptible  sonic  boom.  (Hoffman,  W  Post,  7/9/68,  1) 
July  10:  NASA  issued  Apollo  Status  Summary:  Apollo  7  spacecraft  was  being 
prepared  for  unmanned  altitude  chamber  tests  at  210,000  ft  for  15  hr. 
If  successful,  manned  tests  might  be  scheduled  to  begin  July  15  with 
Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  Donn  F.  Eisele,  and  R.  Walter  Cun- 
ningham in  command  module.  In  Apollo/Saturn  503  program,  combined 
systems  tests  would  continue  through  mid- July  on  Lunar  Module  3. 

In  Apollo  spacecraft  loading  tests,  drogue  parachutes  would  be  tested 
within  several  days  at  Naval  Air  Facility,  with  13,000-lb  test  vehicle 
dropped  from  aircraft  at  46,000-ft  altitude,  subjecting  parachutes  to 
"ultimate  loads"  in  reefed  condition  before  they  opened  fully.  Drop,  re- 
peat of  previous  test  which  failed,  was  to  complete  verification  test  se- 
ries which  had  begun  in  1967.  (Text) 

•  Cosmos    CCXXXI    was     launched     from    Baikonur     Cosmodrome     by 

U.S.S.R.  into  orbit  with  391-km  (243-mi)  apogee,  206-km  (128-mi) 
perigee,  89.6-min  period,  and  64.9°  inclination.  Equipment  functioned 
normally  and  spacecraft  reentered  July  18.  (UPI,  W  Star,  7/11/68,  A5; 

158 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  July  10 

UPi,  NYT,  7/12/68,  7;  SBD,  7/12/68,  41;  gsfc  SSR,  7/15/68, 
7/31/68) 

•  Soviet  Stalin  Prize  physicist,  Prof.  Andrey  D.  Sakharov,  contributor  to 

development  of  U.S.S.R.  hydrogen  bomb,  had  issued  plea  for  full  intel- 
lectual freedom,  U.S.— U.S.S.R.  cooperation,  and  worldwide  rejection  of 
"demagogic  myths,"  in  unpublished  essay  entitled  "Thoughts  About 
Progress.  Peaceful  Coexistence  and  Intellectual  Freedom,"  which  was 
circulating  in  Moscow.  Expressing  fear  that  world  was  on  brink  of  dis- 
aster, he  urged  worldwide  implementation  of  scientific  method  and 
freedom  of  thought  in  politics,  economic  planning  and  management, 
education,  arts,  and  military  affairs  and  denounced  Soviet  censorship. 
(Anderson,  NYT,  7/11/68,  1) 

•  DOD  formally  ordered  work  stoppage  on  USN  F— lllB  development  work 

being  conducted  by  General  Dynamics  Corp.  Action  followed  Congres- 
sional cuts  of  S460  million  in  program.  (General  Dynamics  PIO;  SBD, 
7/11/68,  30) 

•  Sen.  Eugene  J.  McCarthy  (D-Minn.),  candidate  for  Democratic  nomina- 

tion for  President,  in  position  paper  urged  that  U.S.  delay  deployment 
of  Sentinel  ABM  system  and  Poseidon  and  Minuteman  III  missiles,  to 
facilitate  agreement  with  U.S.S.R.  on  defensive  and  offensive  armament 
limitation.  Delay  would  not  jeopardize  U.S.  security,  he  said,  since 
neither  Chinese  nuclear  threat  nor  Soviet  ABM  development  is  "mov- 
ing ahead  perceptibly."  Paper  was  prepared  by  Harvard  Univ.  chemistry 
professor  Dr.  George  B.  Kistiakowsky  and  mit  Provost,  Dr.  Jerome 
B.  Wiesner.  (Text;  Kenworthy,  NYT,  7/11/68,  25:  CR,  7/11/68, 
S8439-42) 

July  10—12:  Hearings  were  held  by  Senate  Foreign  Relations  Committee  and 
Senate  members  of  Joint  Committee  on  Atomic  Energy  on  U.S.  ratifi- 
cation of  nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty.  Secretary  of  State  Dean  Rusk 
affirmed  treaty  would  bind  U.S.  to  no  more  atomic  defense  action  than 
already  set  forth  in  existing  treaties  and  by  membership  in  U.N.  Secu- 
rity Council. 

Gen.  Earle  G.  Wheeler,  Chairman  of  Joint  Chiefs  of  Staff,  and  Dep- 
uty Secretary  of  Defense  Paul  H.  Nitze  in  joint  testimony  said  U.S. 
would  give  up  nothing  under  terms  of  treaty  but  would  benefit  from 
major  step  to  reduce  tensions.  (AP.  NYT,  7/11/68,  16;  Roberts.  W 
Post,  7  11  '68.  All:  upi.  NYT,  7/12/68,  4;  Sherman,  W  Star, 
7/12/68.  A5) 

July  11 :  USAF  successfully  launched  OV  1-15  and  OV  1-16  research  satellites 
pickaback  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by  Atlas-F  booster.  OV  1-15  entered 
orbit  with  1,032-mi  (1,660.8-km)  apogee,  94-mi  (151.3-km)  perigee, 
103.0-min  period,  and  89.8°  inclination  and  reentered  Nov.  6.  OV  1-16, 
nicknamed  "Cannonball,"  was  600-lb,  23-in-dia  Low  Altitude  Density 
Satellite  (loads)  launched  to  measure  atmospheric  density  between 
90-  and  110-mi  altitudes  for  25-30  days.  Densest  satellite  U.S.  had  or- 
bited, OV  1-16  had  162-lb-per-cu-ft  density,  which  enabled  it  to  orbit 
closer  to  earth  than  any  previous  spacecraft.  Orbital  parameters: 
apogee,  286  mi  (460.3  km)  ;  perigee,  82  mi  (132.0  km)  ;  period,  90.4 
min;  and  inclination,  89.8°.  OVI-16  reentered  Aug.  19.  (O'Toole, 
W  Post,  7/12/68,  A21;  SBD,  7/15/68,  44;  gsfc  SSR,  7/15/68; 
8/31/68;  PresRpt68) 

159 


July  11  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  DOD   directive  that   General   Dynamics   Corp.   halt   development   of   USn 

F— lllB  aircraft  because  of  weight  problem  would  not  affect  usaf's 
F— lllA  program  or  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  development  of  Phoenix  air- 
to-air  missile,  which  presumably  would  be  installed  in  replacement  air- 
craft, Wall  Street  Journal  reported.  Of  17  F— lllB  prototypes  planned, 
8  had  been  produced  and  6  delivered  (one  of  which  had  crashed).  Gen- 
eral Dynamics  was  uncertain  how  many  of  remaining  nine  would  be 
completed.  USN  had  originally  requested  30  aircraft.  {WSJ,  7/11/68, 
29) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Clark  M.  Clifford  announced  USN  would  proceed 

with  construction  of  one  of  two  advanced  nuclear  submarines  advo- 
cated by  v/a  Hyman  G.  Rickover  to  combat  Soviet  submarine  threat. 
Authorization  was  for  "super  high-speed"  version;  "quiet"  electric- 
powered  craft  was  still  under  consideration  although  its  development 
had  been  stopped  in  May.  Congressional  committees  had  supported 
Adm.  Rickover  and  urged  development  of  both  types.  (Dale,  NYT, 
7/12/68,  1;  Kelly,  WStar,  7/12/68,  A5) 
July  12:  Last  USN  flying  boat,  SP— 5B  Martin  Marlin,  was  formally  retired 
from  active  service  and  turned  over  to  Smithsonian  Institution  at  cere- 
mony at  U.S.  Naval  Air  Station,  Patuxent,  Md.  Aircraft  would  be  placed 
in  proposed  National  Armed  Forces  Museum.  {CR,  7/18/68,  E6671) 

•  Dr.  Stephen  B.  Sweeney,  governmental  administration  professor  at  Univ. 

of  Pennsylvania's  Wharton  School  and  Executive  Director  Emeritus  of 
Univ.'s  Eels  Institute  of  Local  and  State  Government,  and  Dr.  Harold 
Asher,  manager  of  General  Electric  Co.'s  TEMPO  section  and  former 
Deputy  Assistant  Secretary  of  Defense,  had  been  sworn  in  as  consult- 
ants to  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb.  Dr  Sweeney  would  special- 
ize in  university  affairs,  public  administration,  and  application  of  science 
and  technology  to  urban  problems.  Dr.  Asher  would  review  and 
analyze  NASA's  systems  for  resource  management,  (nasa  Release 
68-124) 
July  13:  USAF  C-5  Galaxy  jet  aircraft,  flown  by  Lockheed-Georgia  Co.  test 
pilot  Walter  E.  Hensleigh,  completed  successful  2-hr  44-min  second 
flight  with  takeoff  weight  of  520,000  lb — believed  to  be  10  tons  heavier 
than  any  previous  aircraft  takeoff  weight.  During  ascent  to  1,000  ft, 
crew  cut  each  of  four  GE  TF39  engines  individually  and  restarted  them 
in  air.  Auxiliary  units  also  underwent  cut-restart  checks.  (AP,  W  Star, 
7/14/68,  14) 

•  FB— lllA,    bomber    version    of    F— 111,    successfully    completed    30-min 

maiden  flight  from  Carswell  AFB,  Tex.,  reaching  20,000-ft  altitude  and 
up  to  660  mph.  Equipped  with  advanced  avionics,  including  onboard 
computers  enabling  pilots  to  alter  missions  in  flight  automatically, 
FB-lllA's  design  incorporated  basic  fuselage  of  USAF  F-lllA  tactical 
fighter  recently  grounded  after  three  crashes  in  Southeast  Asia,  (dod 
Release  652-68;  AP,  W  Star,  7/14/68,  A2;  AP,  W  Post,  7/14/68,  A5) 

•  Team  of  NASA  and  Max  Planck  Institute  scientists  completed  28-day  tour 

of  Argentina,  Chile,  Netherlands  Antilles,  Peru,  and  Venezuela. 
They  had  explored  potential  sites  for  optical  observation  of  high-alti- 
tude ionized  cloud  experiment  proposed  as  cooperative  project  of  Ger- 
man Ministry  for  Scientific  Research  and  NASA.  Release  of  barium 
vapor  at  12,000-  to  20,000-ft  altitudes  by  Scout  rocket  launched  from 
NASA  Wallops  Station  was  being  considered.  Barium  cloud  would  be 

160 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  13 

visible  from  large  area  of  Western  Hemisphere.  (NASA  Release  68—121) 
July  14:  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  had  exchanged  private  messages  which  raised 
hope  initial  talks  on  limiting  nuclear  missiles  would  begin  in  few 
weeks,  according  to  Geneva  sources  quoted  by  Washington  Pastes  Mur- 
rey Marder.  Possible  obstacle  was  Warsaw  meeting  of  U.S.S.R.  and 
Eastern  European  officials  over  Czechoslovakian  advance  toward  liber- 
alization. U.S.— U.S.S.R.  accord  on  nuclear  missile  production  presuma- 
bly would  interact  on  Soviet  strength  in  Eastern  Europe,  weakening  it 
as  East- West  tension  subsided.  (JV  Post,  7/15/68,  Al) 

•  George  Alexander  reviewed  in  Washington  Post  Erik  Bergaust's  Murder 

on  Pad  34,  story  of  Jan.  27.  1967,  Apollo  fire.  Book  was  "characterized 
by  sloppy  errors  of  omission  and  commission,  innuendo  and  pointless- 
ness,"  Alexander  said.  "It  was  good  fortune,  nothing  else,  that  the  var- 
ious mechanical  flaws  and  human  faults  that  occurred  in  the  .  .  .  Mer- 
cury and  Gemini  programs  did  not  coincide  ...  as  they  did  inside 
Apollo-one.  Foresight  tries  to  prevent  such  coincidence,  but  .  .  .  not  all 
possible  coincidence  can  be  foreseen.  .  .  .  Accidents  .  .  .  will  happen. 
And  the  searching  investigation  conducted  by  the  National  Aeronautics 
and  Space  Administration  into  Apollo-one  could  find  no  evidence  that 
the  fatal  fire  was  anything  but  an  accident."  (Book  World,  W  Post, 
7/14/68,4^5) 
July  15:  President  Johnson  formally  asked  Senate  to  ratify  space  rescue 
treaty  endorsed  by  U.N.  General  Assembly  Dec.  19,  1967,  and  signed 
by  43  nations  April  22,  terming  it  "another  step  toward  stable  peace  on 
this  threatened  earth."  Astronaut  assistance  and  return  agreement 
looked  "beyond  the  old  divisions  of  history  and  ideology  to  recognize 
the  challenge  of  common  peril  and  the  benefits  of  common  action.  .  .  . 
Our  laws  and  treaties  must  always  keep  pace  with  our  science.  But  the 
value  of  this  Agreement  goes  beyond  the  protection  it  offers  to  those 
who  venture  into  space."  It  also  "helps  protect  the  peace  of  this  planet. 
Surely  two  nations  who  aspire  to  the  stars  can  realize  the  common  dan- 
ger and  act  in  the  common  interest  here  on  earth."  (Text;  W  Post, 
7/16/68.  A9:  AP,  W  Star,  7/16/68,  A8;  Nordlinger,  B  Sun,  7/16/68, 
1) 

•  Harvard  College  Observatory  scientists  Dr.  George  R.  Huguenin  and  Dr. 

J.  H.  Taylor  became  first  U.S.  scientists  to  identify  a  neAv  pulsar  when 
they  discovered  HP  1506  in  northern  sky  near  Little  Dipper.  Pulsar, 
similar  to  four  pulsars  discovered  in  1967  by  U.K.  scientists,  had  pulse 
rate  of  one  every  0.7397  sec,  each  lasting  0.020  sec.  Pulse  rate  of  other 
four  pulsars  ranged  from  0.25  to  1.4  sec,  with  each  pulse  lasting  0.020 
sec.  Harvard  scientists  used  National  Radio  Astronomy  Observatory  an- 
tenna at  Green  Bank,  W.  Va.   (Sullivan,  NYT,  7/19/68,  20) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  discussing  implications  of  FY  1969 

budget  reductions  at  aas  Symposium  in  Denver,  Colo.,  said  he  did  not 
find  public  support  for  space  program  declining.  Rather,  "many  people 
who  in  the  years  following  1961  ascribed  to  the  space  program  a  sepa- 
rate, special,  top  priority  status  are  now  realizing,  as  the  national 
leadership  in  the  space  program  has  understood  all  along,  that  the 
space  program  must  be  regarded  as  only  one  of  a  number  of  essential 
activities  of  high  priority  to  which  the  country  must  devote  substantial 
resources.  .  .  .  The  investments  made  in  NASA  may  well  add  greatly  to 
the  value  of  investments  we  will  have  to  make  in  these  other  fields." 

161 


July  15  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

NASA  was  "very  much  in  business,  and  it  will  stay  in  business.  We 
are  accepting  the  challenge  of  the  time  and  will  continue  a  hard-hitting, 
technically  sound  program  aimed  at  the  most  important  objectives  of 
the  future."  But  he  described  cutbacks  as  well  as  elements  of  strength. 
"We  are  doing  all  ^ve  can  to  avoid  terminating  completely  such  impor- 
tant activities  as  the  unmanned  planetary  exploratory  program,  but  it  is 
not  likely  that  we  will  be  able  to  proceed  with  the  Titan/Mars  1973 
missions."  Saturn  I  Workshop  would  be  delayed  and,  "for  a  number  of 
years  to  come,  missions  to  use  the  manned  space  flight  capabilities  de- 
veloped in  the  Apollo  program  will  be  very  limited."  Reductions  to  a 
budget  already  "sharply  reduced  will  have  many  very  serious  effects  on 
the  U.S.  position  in  aeronautics  and  space.  They  are  only  the  most  re- 
cent in  a  series  of  cutbacks  and,  in  effect,  constitute  something  like 
final  ratification  of  a  decision  .  .  .  that  the  United  States  will  not,  at 
this  time,  take  the  steps  necessary  to  continue  the  advances  of  the  re- 
cent years." 

Outlining  NASA's  program,  Webb  said  two  flyby  missions  to  Mars  in 
1969  were  largely  paid  for.  "Even  at  our  reduced  levels,  I  believe  we 
can  follow  the  1969  missions  with  two  orbiter  missions  in  1971,  but 
will  probably  have  to  postpone  for  another  year  the  start  of  work  on 
the  two  Titan-launched  orbiter  and  lander  missions  which  we  had 
hoped  to  fly  in  1973."  The  1969  missions  "were  initiated  three  or  more 
years  ago.  We  are  approaching  the  end  of  our  approved  flight  pro- 
grams. The  number  of  new  projects  started  each  year  has  sharply  dwin- 
dled since  1966  and  we  will  soon  see  years  go  by  when  we  will  have 
very  few  flights.  We  may  see  a  gap  of  2  years  in  our  manned  flight 
program  after  the  landing  on  the  moon,  and  a  second  gap,  equally 
long,  after  the  Saturn  I  Workshop. 

"Perhaps  the  most  fundamental  decisions  ahead  lie  in  the  field  of 
large  launch  vehicles.  Can  we  gap  the  production  of  Saturn  V  or  will 
we  have  to  terminate  it?"  Question  required  reexamination  of  uses  of 
Titan  III  and  of  possible  development  of  new,  less  costly  launch  vehi- 
cles. 

"Especially  important"  in  this  period  was  continuation  of  broad  pro- 
gram of  advanced  research  for  future  national  needs,  including  broad 
university  program.  (Text) 

Sen.  Gordon  AUott  (R-Colo.)  told  AAS  Symposium:  ".  .  .  in  the 
thirty  minutes  I  spend  talking  about  the  space  program  this  morning 
four  Tiros  satellites  .  .  .  will  have  monitored  10  cloud  covers  above  40 
million  square  miles  of  the  earth's  surface.  .  .  .  During  this  same 
period,  the  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  .  .  .  will  have  received  340 
minutes  of  data  from  37  active  satellites;  and  the  NASA  communications 
network  around  the  globe  will  have  sent  and  received  over  750  messages 
dealing  with  information   obtained   from  these   satellites.  .  .  . 

"Already  the  beneficial  changes  wrought  by  man's  incredible  inven- 
tive genius  have  made  their  mark.  When  NASA  launched  Early  Bird  for 
Comsat  three  years  ago,  for  example,  it  boosted  the  capacity  of  the 
transatlantic  telephone  system  by  50%.  The  AIAA  has  already  estimated 
that  this  new  industry  will  be  grossing  $200  million  by  1975.  .  .  . 

"Obviously,  this  is  not  all.  Too  often,  it  seems,  those  interested  in  giv- 
ing an  accounting  of  the  $30  billion  invested  in  the  space  program  stop 
once  they  have  demonstrated  technological  spin-off  or  .  .  .  unmanned 

162 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  15 

communication  and  weather  satellites.  The  crowning  achievement  of 
the  space  program  has  really  been  what  man  himself,  in  space,  has  ac- 
complished during  this  past  decade.  For  man  has  ventured  into  the  hos- 
tile, mysterious  world  of  space."  iCR,  7/18/68,  S8901-3) 

Martin  Marietta  Corp.  planetary  scientist  Allan  R.  Barger,  who  was 
doing  theoretical  work  on  balloon-borne  Venus  probe,  told  AAS  that 
U.S.S.R.  data  released  after  Oct.  18,  1967,  Venus  probe  was  incorrect. 
Soviet  report  had  set  planet's  surface  temperature  at  about  520°  F  and 
surface  pressure  at  about  18  times  that  on  earth.  Barger  said  his  con- 
clusions, based  on  analysis  of  Soviet  report  and  on  data  gathered  by 
NASAS's  Mariner  V  space  probe  as  it  flew  by  Venus'  upper  atmosphere, 
set  planet's  surface  temperature  at  about  890°  F  and  pressure  at  100  or 
more  times  that  on  earth.  {Denver  Post,  7/15/68) 

•  usaf's  Arnold  Engineering  Development  Center  was  conducting  research 

with  5-million-w  arc  heater  to  determine  temperature  and  pressure  limi- 
tations of  ablative  materials  used  to  prevent  military  reentry  vehicles 
from  burning  up  on  encountering  earth's  atmosphere.  Military  reentry 
vehicles  had  to  withstand  conditions  similar  to  high-speed  reentry  of 
interplanetary  vehicles  on  return  to  earth,  far  more  severe  than  those  to 
be  met  by  lunar  astronauts.  Data  had  been  produced  for  civilian  and 
military  agencies,  (afsc  Release  117.68) 

•  House  Committee  on  Government  Operations'  Special  Studies  Subcom- 

mittee, chaired  by  Rep.  Porter  Hardy,  Jr.  (D-Va.),  ordered  NASA  to 
make  every  effort  to  cut  escalating  costs  of  its  June  16,  1967,  contract 
with  Boeing  Co.  for  technical  integration  and  evaluation  in  assembly  of 
Apollo  spacecraft's  three  modules  with  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle.  Con- 
tract, negotiated  by  NASA  in  drive  to  improve  safety  after  Jan.  27,  1967, 
Apollo  fire,  had  been  listed  tentatively  as  costing  $20  million;  NASA  of- 
ficials now  placed  cost  of  carrying  work  through  1968  at  $73.4  million. 
(Transcript;  UPI,  W  Post,  7/16/68,  A6) 

•  Food,  land,  and  raw  material  shortages  might  compel  man  to  establish 

mining  operations  on  other  planets  and  to  grow  food  in  space  stations, 
according  to  Dr.  K.  A.  Ehricke,  North  American  Rockwell  Corp. 
scientist.  He  said  farms  growing  food  in  chemicals  could  be  established 
in  earth-orbiting  stations  fertilized  by  chemicals  produced  on  Mars 
and  other  planets.   (AP,  NYT,  7/15/68,  6) 

•  Boyd  C.  Myers  II,  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Operations, 

Office  of  Advanced  Research  and  Technology,  became  NASA  Deputy  As- 
sistant Administrator  for  Administration.  (NASA  Release  68-125;  AP, 
NYT,  7/16/68,  7) 

July  15-16:  Commercial  air  service  between  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  was  inaugu- 
rated with  Moscow  departure  July  15  of  Ilyushin-62  aircraft  belong- 
ing to  Soviet  flag  carrier  Aeroflot.  Aircraft,  carrying  97  Soviet  officials 
and  commercial  passengers,  landed  at  Kennedy  International  Airport 
in  New  York  July  16,  after  13-hr  17-min  flight  via  Montreal  (including 
1  hr  35  min  circling  New  York  area  because  of  air  traffic).  U.S.  flag 
carrier.  Pan  American  World  Airways,  flew  two  Boeing  707  aircraft 
from  New  York  to  Moscow's  Sheremetyevo  Airport  via  Copenhagen 
July  16.  First  carried  U.S.  officials  and  press;  second  carried  revenue 
passengers.  (W  Star,  7/15/68,  All;  7/16/68,  A7;  Witkin,  NYT, 
7/17/68,  28) 

July  16:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Cosmos  CCXXXII  into  orbit  with 

163 


July  16  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

355-km  (220.6-mi)  apogee,  200-km  (124.3-mi)  perigee,  89.4-min  pe- 
riod, and  65.3°  inclination.  Spacecraft  reentered  July  24.  (upi,  NYT, 
7/17/68,  30;  gsfc  SSR,  7/31/68) 

•  Maj.  William  J.  Knight  (usaf)  piloted  X-15  No.  1  to  218,500-ft  altitude 

,  and  3,409  mph  (mach  4.74)  in  flight  from  Edwards  afb.  Objective  of 
flight,  exposure  and  satisfactory  retraction  of  wtr  experiment,  was  not 
accomplished  because  abnormally  low  hydraulic  pressure  and  severe  vi- 
brations prevented  aircraft's  reaching  required  altitude.  (X— 15  Proj 
Off) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technology 

James  M.  Beggs  dedicated  new  $3.5-million  Flight  Control  Research 
Facility  at  LaRC.  Facility,  connected  to  LaRc's  data  analysis  and  com- 
putation center,  would  be  used  for  guidance  and  control  research  in 
support  of  manned  flight. 

During  ceremony.  Center's  Digital  Computer  Complex  Group  re- 
ceived LaRC  Group  Achievement  Award  for  "outstanding  performance 
and  dedicated  efforts  in  combining  unique  concepts  in  computer  orga- 
nization and  operating  systems"  contributing  to  "one  of  the  most  out- 
standing research  computer  installations  in  the  United  States."  (Lang- 
ley  Researcher,  7/26/68,  1,  4) 

•  MSC  officials  announced  resignation  of  Astronaut  John  S.  Bull  (L/Cdr., 

USN ) ,  third  astronaut  to  leave  space  program  because  of  medical  prob- 
lem. Dr.  Charles  A.  Berry,  MSC  Chief  of  Medical  Programs,  told  news 
conference  Astronaut  Bull  had  rare  respiratory  disease  for  which  there 
was  no  known  cure  and  no  medical  name.  It  was  characterized  by 
chronic  sinus  difficulties,  lung  obstruction,  and  sensitivity  to  aspirin. 
(upi,  W  Post,  1/n/ 68,  All) 

•  Global  warning  system  operational  since  January  was  providing  airline 

pilots  with  as  much  as  two  months,  notice  of  reentry  of  spacecraft  de- 
bris, which  had  been  averaging  one  reentry  a  day.  Chances  of  damage 
by  fragment  to  aircraft,  while  small,  would  increase  with  operation  of 
ssTs  at  70,000-  and  80,000-ft  altitudes.  System,  outgrowth  of  Volunteer 
Flight  Officer  Network  formed  in  1963,  included  more  than  38,000 
flight  crews  attached  to  117  airlines,  which  received  reentry  data  from 
NORAD  computers  via  United  Air  Lines  communications  facilities  at 
Denver,  Colo.  (Sullivan,  NYT,  7/17/68,  27) 

•  President  Johnson  informed  Geneva  disarmament  conference  that  agree- 

ment was  expected  "shortly"  on  time  and  place  of  U.S.— U.S.S.R.  talks 
to  limit  nuclear  missile  production.  In  message  read  to  opening  of  new 
session  of  conference,  President  said  if  progress  could  be  made  on  lim- 
iting strategic  delivery  systems,  U.S.  "would  be  prepared  to  consider 
reduction  of  existing  systems."  (Text;  W  Post,  7/17/68,  A15;  NYT, 
7/17/68,1) 
July  17:  Investigation  of  Nov.  15,  1967,  X-15  accident  by  NASA  board  indi- 
cated that  pilot,  Maj.  Michael  J.  Adams  (usaf)  who  died  in  crash,  had 
suffered  disorientation  and  operated  controls  improperly.  Mistaking 
roll  indicator  for  heading  indicator,  he  had  increased  heading  error, 
causing  aircraft  to  spin  uncontrollably  at  mach  5  and  230,000-ft  alti- 
tude and  then  to  go  into  severe  pitch  oscillation  and  disintegrate  at  alti- 
tude above  60,000  ft.  Board  requested  that  Government  report  on 
MH— 96  control  system  experience  and  recommended  use  of  telemetry 
for  directional  readings  by  NASA  X— 15  ground  control  center,  careful 

164 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  July  17 

checkout  of  experiments  and  equipment  for  next  X— 15  flight,  inclusion 
in  pilot's  physical  examination  of  special  tests  for  tendency  toward  ver- 
tigo, and  development  of  additional  methods  to  maintain  proper  head- 
ing under  ballistic  flight  conditions,  (frc  Release  20—68;  NASA  Release 
68-126) 

•  James  C.  Elms,  Director  of  ERC,  discussed  "the  NASA  Biomedical  Pro- 

gram in  Perspective"  before  Third  Annual  Meeting  of  Assn.  for  the 
Advancement  of  Medical  Instrumentation  in  Houston.  "Despite  the 
rapid  advance  of  biomedical  techniques  since  World  War  II,  the  main 
thrust  of  the  activities  was  directed  toward  studying  sick  individuals  in 
a  normal  environment.  The  manned  space  program  has  provided  the 
opportunity  for  intensive  controlled  study  of  a  select  group  of  normal 
and  healthy  individuals  in  an  abnormal  and  stressful  environment.  By 
so  doing,  we  have  achieved  a  better  definition  of  the  range  of  normality 
of  the  healthy  organism  which,  in  turn,  is  useful  in  the  study  and  un- 
derstanding of  disease." 

Interaction  of  space  and  medicine  had  led  to  many  medical  appli- 
cations of  aerospace  hardware.  Application  of  electron  probe  micro- 
analyzer — used  for  chemical  analyses  of  microelectronic  circuits — xo 
study  of  red  blood  ceUs  had  led  to  unexpected  clues  in  study  of  blood 
cancer.  System  to  monitor  heart  rate,  respiration,  and  galvanic  skin 
response  was  being  considered  for  use  in  measuring  efficiency  of  dental 
anesthetics  on  children  and  in  training  teachers  for  retarded  childien. 
Accomplishments  of  bioelectronics  research  in  interdisciplinary  elec- 
tronics environment  included  remote  measuring  technique  for  eye- 
pointing  direction,  meaningful  measurement  of  aerosol  concentration 
and  size  distribution,  and  automatic  tracking  system  to  identify  thresh- 
olds of  mental  alertness.  (Text) 

•  Univ.  of  California  physicist  Dr.  Edward  Teller,  at  hearing  on  nuclear 

nonproliferation  treaty  before  Senate  Foreign  Relations  Committee, 
urged  Congress  to  preserve  option  of  giving  nonnuclear  allies  control 
over  "purely  defensive"  nuclear  weapons  systems.  He  was  referring,  he 
said,  to  system  that  could  be  exploded  only  over  a  nation's  territory, 
one  involving  "time-lock"  of  monthly  inspection  by  donor  nation,  and 
one  which  would  be  proof  against  tampering  or  analysis  designed  to 
develop  it  into  offensive  system.  (Maifre,  W  Post,  7/18/68,  A4;  Sher- 
man, W  Star,  7/18/68,  A12) 

•  U.K.,  West  Germany,   Italy,  and  the   Netherlands  signed  agreement  to 

cooperate  in  $4.8-million  project  to  develop  and  produce  advanced 
combat  aircraft  for  their  air  forces.  Aircraft,  scheduled  to  enter  service 
in  1975,  would  replace  U.S.  Lockheed  F-104  Starfighter  currently 
being  used.  Orders  for  new  aircraft  were  expected  to  reach  1,000. 
(Reuters,  B  Sun,  7/18/68,  2) 
July  18:  Cosmos  CC  XX  XI 1 1  was  launched  from  Plesetsk  Cosmodrome  by 
U.S.S.R.  into  orbit  with  1,505-km  (935.2-mi)  apogee,  199-km  (123.6- 
mi)  perigee,  101.9-min  period,  and  81.9°  inclination.  Satellite  reen- 
tered Feb.  7,  1969.  {SBD,  7/22/68,  32;  gsfc  SSR,  7/31/68;  2/15/69) 

•  Senate  passed  unanimously  H.R.   17023,   FY   1969  Independent  Offices 

and  HUD  appropriations  bill,  including  $4,008  billion  for  NASA.  Total 
for  NASA  agreed  with  House-passed  total,  but  Senate  adopted  committee 
amendments  increasing  funds  for  construction  of  facilities  by  $12.95 
million  and  decreasing  R&D  funds  by  same  amount.  As  passed  by  Sen- 

165 


July  18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

ate,  bill  provided  $3.37  billion  for  R&D,  $34.75  million  for  construction 
of  facilities,  and  $603.17  million  for  administrative  operations.  Senate 
requested  conference  with  House  on  amendments,  (nasa  LAR  VII/76; 
CR,  S8910-38;  SBD,  7/19/68,  71) 

•  House  Appropriations  Committee  cut  $550.5  million  from  DOD  FY  1969 

appropriations,  including  $85  million  from  USAF  Manned  Orbiting  Lab- 
oratory (mol)  program.  {CR,  7/18/68;  SBD,  7/19/68,  71) 

•  Defense  Communications  Agency  had  declared  operational  eight  satellites 

added  to  Defense  Satellite  Communications  System  (dscs)  by  success- 
ful June  13  launch  from  ETR,  final  launch  of  Initial  Defense  Communi- 
cations Satellite  (iDSCP)  Project.  Total  of  24  satellites  were  in  normal 
use,  orbiting  eastward  in  21,000-mi-altitude  synchronous  orbit.  They 
would  remain  in  use  until  1971.  (dod  Release  668—68) 

•  NASA  had  completed  tests  to  find  solution  to  "longitudinal  oscillations" 

of  Saturn  V  booster  which  had  occurred  during  April  4  Apollo  6  mis- 
sion. Tests  revealed  that  natural  frequency  of  vehicle  structure  and 
propulsion  system  frequently  had  coincided,  multiplying  amplitude  of 
oscillations.  Problem  would  be  corrected  by  using  accumulators,  small 
gas  reservoirs,  in  Ist-stage  liquid-oxygen  prevalves  to  change  propulsion 
system  frequency.  Minor  modifications  necessary  to  allow  helium  in- 
jection into  prevalves  were  being  made  on  1st  stages  of  third  and  sixth 
Saturn  Vs.  (nasa  Release  68-128;  msfc  Release  68-158) 

•  Ryan  Vertifan,  jet  v/sTOL  aircraft  designated  XV-5B  by  NASA,  was  un- 

dergoing flight  tests  at  Ryan  Aeronautical  Co.  in  San  Diego  before 
delivery  to  arc  for  use  in  aeronautical  research.  Aircraft's  counter-rotat- 
ing fans  submerged  in  wings  and  driven  by  jet  exhaust  provided  lift 
for  vertical  takeoff,  hovering,  and  vertical  landing.  XV— 5B  was  im- 
proved version  of  Ryan  Aeronautical  Co.  research  aircraft  built  for 
USA;  modifications  and  renovations,  after  damage  from  October  1966 
emergency  landing  at  Edwards  afb,  were  made  under  $l-million  NASA 
contract,  (arc  Astrogram,  7/18/68,  1) 

•  With  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  ready  to  discuss  possible  mutual  restriction  on 

production  of  strategic  missiles,  research  and  testing  of  advanced  spec- 
trometer designed  to  police  agreement  had  been  delayed  because  of 
congressional  cuts  in  DOD  funds  for  Arms  Control  and  Disarmament 
Agency  program.  Device,  which  analyzed  missile  characteristics  from 
their  exhaust  trails  at  launch  sites,  had  been  developed  at  cost  of 
$574,000  after  1964  proposal  by  U.S.  for  missile  agreement  with 
U.S.S.R.  Device  could  be  manned  by  international  inspectors  posi- 
tioned one  mile  from  launch  site  or  read  by  remote  control  through 
transmission  cable  already  developed  for  additional  $200,000.  Field 
testing  under  simulated  U.S.S.R.  conditions  had  been  postponed  one 
year  until  summer  1969.  (Oberdorfer,  JV  Post,  7/18/68,  04) 

•  The  Security  of  Japan  and  Prospects  for  1970,  study  produced  for  Japa- 

nese Defense  Agency  by  Security  Research  Council,  said  Japan  had 
technical  and  economic  resources  to  produce  uranium  and  plutonium 
bombs  and  iCBM-producing  capability  similar  to  that  of  France.  Japa- 
nese policy  to  date  had  banned  construction  and  importation  of  nuclear 
weapons.  {W  Post,  7/18/68,  A3) 

•  Dr.  Ernest  Harry  Vestine,  expert  on  geomagnetism  who  had  joined  RAND 

Corp.  in  1957  after  20  yr  with  Carnegie  Institution,  died  in  Santa  Mon- 
ica, Calif.,  of  heart  attack  at  age  62.  He  had  been  an  originator  of 

166 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  18 

1957-58  International  Geophysical  Year  and  had  served  as  consultant 
to  DOD,  NASA,  and  Dept.  of  Commerce.  He  had  been  one  of  leaders  of 
1933  International  Polar  Year  expedition,  which  established  observa- 
tory to  measure  earth's  magnetic  field.  (JV  Post,  7/19/68,  B6) 
July  19:  NASA  test  pilots  Donald  L.  Mallick  and  Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr., 
flew  XB-70A  to  42,000-ft  altitude  and  mach  1.62  in  flight  from  Ed- 
wards AFB.  Purpose  of  flight  was  to  evaluate  performance  at  variety  of 
speeds,  check  exciter  vane  function,  determine  ground  effects  during 
low  approach,  and  evaluate  pilot  proficiency  during  touch-and-go  land- 
ing. (XB-70  Proj  Off ) 

•  Astronauts  James  A.  McDivitt,  David  R.  Scott,  and  Russell  L.  Schweick- 

art  successiuUy  completed  checkout  of  Apollo  spacecraft  cabin  flight 
equipment  provisions  under  simulated  mission  conditions  at  North 
American  Rockwell  Corp.'s  Downey,  Calif.,  facility,  (nar  Skywriter, 
7/26/68,1) 

•  USN  awarded  five  .$l-million  contracts  for  preliminary  design  and  engi- 

neering work  on  FB-lllB  replacement  to  Grumman  Aircraft  Engi- 
neering Corp.,  LTV  Aerospace  Corp.,  General  Dynamics  Corp.,  North 
American  Rockwell  Corp.,  and  McDonnell  Douglas  Aircraft  Corp.  Sub- 
stitute for  F-lllB,  designated  VFX-1,  would  have  vertical  sweep 
wings  and  same  jet  engine.  (AP,  NYT,  7/20/68,  27;  W  Post,  7/21/68) 

July  20:  Senate  by  vote  of  67  to  3  passed  H.R.  17903,  FY  1969  public 
works  and  atomic  energy  appropriations  bill,  which  included  $36  mil- 
lion for  NERVA  and  total  of  $68  million  for  space  propulsion  systems. 
Senate  also  passed  H.R.  13781,  authorizing  $15  million  for  sea-grant 
colleges  and  ocean  exploration  in  FY  1969  and  $15  million  in  FY 
1970^;  (NASA  LAR  VII/77;  CR,  S9047,  S9069-87) 

July  21:  USN  had  awarded  $143.5-million  contract  to  Newport  News  (Va.) 
Ship  Building  Co.  for  two  nuclear-powered  guided-missile  frigates, 
which  would  bring  to  five  USn's  total  atomic-powered  escort  vessels,  {W 
Fos^  7/21/68,  HI) 

July  22:  Partial  extension  of  Explorer  XXXV Ill's  antennas,  delayed  be- 
cause of  unexpected  spacecraft  oscillations  and  ground  computer  fail- 
ure, was  successfully  conducted  by  NASA  after  series  of  complex 
maneuvers  which  permitted  successful  gravity-gradient  capture  and 
three-axis  stabilization.  Antenna  array's  four  booms  would  be  held  at 
planned  455-ft  length  for  at  least  two  weeks  while  data  was  collected  and 
then,  if  spacecraft  performed  satisfactorily,  antennas  would  be  extended 
to  full  750-ft  length.  Damper  boom  was  deployed,  experiments  were 
turned  on,  and  all  spacecraft  support  systems  were  functioning  nor- 
mally. Dipole  antenna  was  deployed  July  23  and  satellite  was  declared 
fully  operational.  Spacecraft  had  been  launched  July  4.  (nasa  Proj 
Off;  NASA  Releases  68-123,  68-132;  W  Post,  7/18/68,  D21) 

•  Explorer  XXXV  (imp-e),  sixth  spacecraft  in  Interplanetary  Explorer 
series,  completed  one  year  of  operation  in  lunar  orbit.  Seven  of  eight 
onboard  experiments  and  all  spacecraft  systems  were  100%  opera- 
tional. Eighth  experiment  had  5%  degradation  in  performance.  Since 
July  19,  1967  launch,  satellite  had  shown  that  positive  ions  from  solar 
wind  crashed  directly  into  lunar  surface  and  had  verified  existence  of 
solar  wind  void  directly  behind  moon,  enabling  scientists  to  deduce  in- 
formation on  moon's  electrical  conductivity  and  internal  temperature. 
(NASA  Proj  OfE) 

167 


July  22  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  Despite  sharp  budget  cuts  NASA  was  not  contemplating  layoff  of  Civil 

Service  Commission  personnel,  columnist  Jerry  Kluttz  reported  in 
Washington  Post.  As  Government  agencies  searched  for  ways  to  meet 
cuts  ordered  by  Congress,  NASA  appeared  to  be  only  major  agency  with 
,  no  problem  of  excess  employees.  But  because  of  "big  money  problems," 
NASA  hoped  to  save  dollars  by  abolishing  half  of  its  currently  vacant 
positions,  possibly  making  some  "selective"  layoffs  at  MSFC  and  GSFC, 
and  continuing  major  cutbacks  in  contractor  personnel.  NASA  would  re- 
program  its  activities  and  transfer  funds  to  finance  CSC  positions.  {W 
Post,  7/22/68,  A20) 

•  In  Project  Cold  Flare,  joint  NASA— faa— USAF  program  to  assess  radiologi- 

cal effects  of  solar  activity  on  future  SST  passengers  and  crews,  radia- 
tion-measuring flights  were  being  flown  from  Eielson  AFB,  Alaska,  near 
North  Pole,  where  solar  and  galactic  charged  particles  were  normally 
concentrated,  to  gather  data  on  radiological  phenomena  during  solar 
flares.  {NYT,  7/22/68,  61) 

July  22—23:  Arthritic  growth  on  spine  of  Astronaut  Michael  Collins 
(Maj.,  usaf),  scheduled  to  pilot  command  module  on  third  manned 
Apollo  mission  early  in  1969,  had  led  to  his  being  grounded.  usAF  sur- 
geons successfully  removed  bone  spur  from  near  base  of  his  neck  but 
speculated  convalescence  might  take  up  to  four  months.  MSC  officials  de- 
clined conjecture  on  his  future  flight  status.  Collins  had  piloted  two- 
man  Gemini  mission  July  18-21,  1966,  during  which  he  had  performed 
two  space  walks.  (AP,  W  Star,  7/23/68,  A4;  W  Post,  7/23/68,  A5; 
7/24/68) 

July  23:  Senate  passed  H.R.  18188,  Dept.  of  Transportation  appropriations 
bill,  by  vote  of  82  to  2  after  approving  addition  of  $153  million  for 
FAA  to  hire  3,627  air  traffic  controllers  to  relieve  congestion  at  nation's 
busiest  airports.  {CR,  S9226-47;  AP,  W  Star,  7/24/68,  A21) 

•  Guidance  and  control  equipment  used  during  Gemini  XI  reentry  Sept. 

15,  1966,  was  being  flight-tested  at  NASA  Wallops  Station  to  set  up  sys- 
tem performance  requirements  for  automated  landing  for  v/stol  air- 
craft. Tests  were  part  of  long-range  NASA  research  program  to  develop 
all-weather  aviation  electronics  systems  for  v/STOL  aircraft,  (erg  Re- 
'      lease  68-12 ;  WS  Release  68-14;  Marshall  Star,  8/14/68,  2) 

July  23-24:  nasa  launched  series  of  11  sounding  rockets  from  NASA  Wal- 
lops Station  between  8:19  pm  July  23  and  5:55  pm  July  24  to  gather 
upper-atmosphere  data  for  weather  research.  Carried  on  six  Nike- 
Apache  and  five  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rockets,  experiments  included: 
two  Univ.  of  Colorado  experiments  to  obtain  vertical  profile  of  nitric  acid 
density,  with  two  spheres  to  measure  daily  density  change;  four  pay- 
loads  instrumented  by  gca  Corp.  and  Univ.  of  Illinois  to  measure  elec- 
tron and  ion  density  and  solar  radiation  in  ionosphere;  three  joint 
GSFC-Univ.  of  Michigan  grenade  launches  to  obtain  temperature,  pres- 
sure, and  wind  data;  and  two  Univ.  of  Michigan  payloads  to  measure 
ambient  air  density  by  tracking  two  small  spheres  as  they  fell  from  dif- 
ferent altitudes.  Experiments  were  expected  to  yield  new  information 
about  interrelationship  of  ionosphere  and  neutral  atmosphere  between 
30-  and  70-mi  altitudes,  (nasa  Release  68-134;  WS  Release  68-15) 

July  24:  Iris  I  (Esro  II-B)  satellite  launched  May  16  by  NASA  for  ESRO 
completed  its  1,000th  revolution  of  earth.  Two  of  seven  scientific  exper- 
iments malfunctioned  in  first  days  after  launch  but  were  turned  off 

168 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  24 

and  turned  on  again  weeks  later.  Behavior  was  now  satisfactory.  Three 
other  experiments  had  been  disconnected  in  July  after  anomalies  were 
observed.  By  July  15,  2.200  commands  had  been  executed  by  space- 
craft. {Spaceflight,  12/68,  417) 

•  ComSatCorp  reported  $3.3  million  net  income  (33  cents  per  share)   for 

first  half  of  1968,  of  which  $1.5  million  (15  cents  per  share)  was  in 
second  quarter.  Earnings  for  first  half  of  1967  were  $2  million  (21 
cents  per  share )  and  for  second  quarter  of  1967,  $859,000  (9  cents  per 
share) .  (ComSatCorp  Release  68—35) 

•  IBM  physicists  Dr.  Peter  P.  Sorokin  and  J.  P.  Lankard  had  designed  and 

built  pulsed  laser  which  produced  100,000-w  bursts  of  light  lasting  2.5 
millionths  of  a  second  and  varying  in  color  according  to  commercial  liq- 
uid dye  used.  It  could  be  built  in  home  workshop  with  materials  worth 
$25  to  $50.  By  changing  dye  used,  thereby  selecting  new  molecule, 
light  of  new  frequency  was  produced,  enabling  scientists  to  investigate 
energetic  properties  of  molecules  and  atoms.  (Stevens,  NYT,  7/26/68, 
55) 

•  Joint  Committee  on  Atomic  Energy  said  no  valid  reason  had  been  of- 

fered for  dod's  May  28  halt  in  spending  for  quiet  electric  drive  sub- 
marine and  urged  that  all  restraints  on  its  design  and  construction  be 
removed.  Recommendation  accompanied  release  of  June  21  testimony 
in  which  v/a  Hyman  G.  Rickover  strongly  supported  submarine  and 
criticized  DOD  for  delaying  its  development  [see  July  11].  (Transcript; 
AP,  NYT,  7/28/68,  54) 
July  25:  nasa  was  entering  competitive  negotiations  with  Informatics  Inc. 
and  Leasco  Systems  and  Research  Corp.  for  one-year,  $4-million  con- 
tract with  two  one-year  options  for  operation  of  its  Scientific  and  Tech- 
nical Information  Facility  at  College  Park,  Md.  (nasa  Release  68—133) 

•  President  Johnson   appointed   15-member  Federal   Air  Quality   Advisory 

Board — chaired  by  Secretary  of  Health,  Education,  and  Welfare  Wilbur 
J.  Cohen — to  advise  Government  of  effective  state  and  community 
air  quality  control  programs.  (PD,  7/29/68,  1153;  Science,  8/2/68, 
447) 
July  26:  NASA  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR,  car- 
ried Columbia  Radiation  Laboratory  experiment  to  88.3-mi  (142-km) 
altitude  to  examine  x-ray  polarization  of  Sco  XR— 1  in  10-  to  25-kev 
region  with  x-ray  polarimeter.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satis- 
factorily. Experiment  worked  as  expected,  but  some  counter  or  electronic 
failure,  or  both,  occurred  during  early  part  of  flight.  (NASA  Rpt  SRl) 

•  uSAF-sponsored  unidentified  flying  object    (uFO)    investigation  by  Univ. 

of  Colorado  concluded  April  30  had  become  "mired  in  controversy," 
said  Science.  Its  Director,  Dr.  Edward  U.  Condon,  had  refused  to  dis- 
cuss situation  and  critics  were  saying  project  was  "biased  and  less  than 
diligent  investigation."  Chief  targets  for  criticism  were  Dr.  Condon  and 
project  coordinator  Robert  J.  Low,  while  "most  substantial"  critics 
were  James  E.  MacDonald,  Univ.  of  Arizona  senior  physicist,  and 
Northwestern  Univ.  astronomer  Dr.  J.  Allen  Hynek,  USAF's  chief  UFO 
consultant,  who  feared  Dr.  Condon  would  recommend  against  further 
serious  UFO  study.  Dr.  Condon's  supporters  had  noted  criticism  was 
based  on  newspaper  quotes,  on  his  delight  in  humorous  UFO  anecdotes, 
statements  from  project  members  who  had  been  fired,  and  memo  writ- 

169 


July  26  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

ten  by  a  subordinate  before  project  began.  They  did  not  find  evidence 
convincing,  Science  said.  (Boffey,  Science,  7/26/68,  339-42) 

•  Air  Force  Cambridge  Research  Laboratories  scientists   John  W.   Salis- 

bury and  Graham  R.  Hunt  reported  in  Science  they  had  found  hypothe- 
sis of  particle-size  control  of  albedo  incompatible  with  hypothesis  of 
abundant  limonite  on  Mars.  Their  observations  indicated  that  proposal 
that  polarimetric,  spectrometric,  color,  and  albedo  measurements  of 
light  and  dark  areas  on  Mars  proved  limonite  was  major  soil  constitu- 
ent was  irreconcilable  with  proposal  that  variations  in  size  of  particle 
could  be  responsible  for  albedo  difference  between  light  and  dark 
areas.  They  showed  relative  albedo  was  reversed  from  blue  to  red  for 
limonite  samples  with  different-sized  particles.  Observations  of  Mars  re- 
Vfsaled  no  blue-red  albedo  reversal  between  areas.  Although  evidence 
was  insufficient  for  choice  between  hypotheses,  they  believed  Mars  soil 
was  most  likely,  for  geological  reasons,  to  be  composed  of  silicates 
stained  or  coated  with  ferric  oxides.  {Science,  7/26/68,  365—6) 
July  27:  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  WSMR 
carried  MIT  payload  to  84.1-mi  (135.3-km)  altitude  to  obtain  data  on 
celestial  locations  and  energy  spectra  of  discrete  x-ray  sources  in  three 
regions  and  to  search  for  weak,  undiscovered  x-ray  sources  using  pro- 
portional counters.   Rocket  and  instruments  performed   satisfactorily. 

(NASARpt  SRL) 

•  Sen.  Clinton  P.  Anderson  (D-N.  Mex.),  Chairman  of  Senate  Committee  on 

Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences,  inserted  into  Congressional  Record 
his  report  "Legislative  History  of  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion  for  Fiscal 
Year  1969,"  which  confirmed  "the  continued  vigorous  support  of  the 
Congress  for  this  space  research  and  development  activity"  and  that 
"appropriate  agencies  should  proceed  with  the  development  of  the 
NERVA— 1  nuclear  rocket  engine."  Final  Congressional  action  on  AEC 
and  NASA  FY  1969  authorizations  strongly  supported  nuclear  propul- 
sion development,  he  said. 

NASA  authorization  had  been  $55  million  for  Nuclear  Rockets  Pro- 
gram. .Joint  Committee  on  Atomic  Energy  had  recommended  $69  mil- 
lion for  AEC  Nuclear  Space  Propulsion  Systems  and  strongly  recom- 
mended program  proceed.  AEC  had  requested  $72  million  for  Project 
Rover,  including  $49  million  for  development  of  nerva  I  rocket  engine. 
Final  action  of  both  Senate  and  House  Appropriations  Committees  on 
Independent  Offices  bill  and  AEC  appropriations  bill  had  restored  funds 
cut  by  House  earlier.  It  was  clear,  said  Sen.  Anderson,  "that  the  view 
of  the  Congress  is  that  the  Nuclear  Rockets  Program  for  fiscal  year 
1969  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  highest  priority  programs  in 
NASA  and  should  move  forward  as  planned.  .  .  ."  Amount  finally  ap- 
propriated for  NASA  R&D  for  FY  1969  would  not  be  less  than  $3.3703 
billion,  including  $55  million  for  the  Nuclear  Rockets  Program.  "The 
conference  committee  on  the  AEC  appropriations  .  .  .  agreed  to  $53 
million  on  the  AEc's  program  in  Reactor  Development — Space  Propul- 
sion Systems,  a  figure  more  than  halfway  between  the  House  lower 
figure  [$31  million]  and  the  Senate  higher  figure  [$68  million]." 
(CR,  7/27/68,  S9582-4;  t^asa  LAR  VII/81) 

•  Army  Electronics  Command  had  produced  new  battery-operated  nuclear 

clock  which  would  gain  or  lose  only  one  second  every  3,000  yr.  It 
would  be  used  by  USA,  NASA,  USAF,  and  usn  primarily  in  aviation-elec- 

170 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  27 

tronic  systems  and  had  potential  use  in  U.S.,  U.K.,  Canadian,  and  Aus- 
tralian digital  communications  systems.  (AP,  NYT,  7/28/68,  30) 
July  28:  JPL  astronomers  Dr.  Richard  M.  Goldstein  and  Dr.  Shalhav  Zohar 
had  located  and  mapped  three  rugged  sectors  on  northwest  face  of 
Venus  using  Goldstone  Tracking  Station's  210-ft  antenna.  Beta,  most 
clearly  defined,  appeared  roughly  circular  with  150-mi  dia  and  17,000- 
sq-mi  area.  Two  other  irregular  features  almost  as  large  had  appeared 
on  radar  map  which  covered  triangular  area  of  estimated  160,000  sq 
mi,  equal  to  area  of  northeastern  U.S.  Dr.  Goldstein  inclined  to  theory 
that  prominences  were  mountains,  but  he  had  not  yet  been  able  to  meas- 
ure their  heights.  "We  know  these  features  are  permanent,"  he  said 
"because  they  have  appeared  on  all  our  tests"  for  past  six  years.  (jPL 
Release  BB-483) 

•  German  scientist  Dr.  Otto  Hahn,  who  had  won  1944  Nobel   Prize  for 

chemistry  for  his  1938  discovery  of  nuclear  fission,  died  at  Goettingen, 
Germany,  of  heart  failure  at  age  89.  He  had  been  consistent  opponent 
of  use  of  atomic  weapons,  urging  scientists  to  concentrate  on  peaceful 
uses  of  nuclear  energy.  (UPI,  W  Post,  7/29/68,  B4) 

July  28— August  3:  Australian  astronomers  using  Mills  Cross  antenna  array 
at  Univ.  of  Sydney  had  detected  first  two  pulsars  to  be  found  in  southern 
sky.  They  brought  to  nine  total  pulsars  discovered  to  date.  Pulse  rates 
of  once  every  0.56  and  1.96  sec  were  similar  to  all  others,  which 
ranged  between  0.25  and  2  sec.  Cornell  Univ.  astronomer.  Dr.  Yervent 
Terzian,  had  observed  that  two-second  pulse  rate  made  it  appear  un- 
likelv  that  pulsating  neutron  stars  could  account  for  the  signals.  Calcu- 
lations indicated  that,  if  they  were  quivering,  or  "ringing"  like  bell,  it 
should  be  at  much  shorter  intervals  than  those  observed.  Pulse  rates 
were  more  compatible,  he  said,  with  proposal  that  they  emanated  from 
white  dwarfs,  "cinders"  of  stars  that  had  consumed  their  nuclear  fuel 
but  were  larger  and  less  dense  than  neutron  stars.  (Sullivan,  NYT, 
8/8/68,  30) 

July  29:  Aviation  Week  reported  anticipated  $100-million  cut  in  FY  1969 
funding  could  halt  contractors'  work  on  USAF  Manned  Orbiting  Labora- 
tory (mol)  in  September,  with  slippage  of  flight  schedule  into  1972. 
Boeing  Co.  was  working  on  new  launch  vehicle  at  NASA's  Michoud  As- 
sembly Facility  under  Project  Scrimp.  Booster  would  be  vehicle  75  ft 
in  dia  and  80  ft  high  and  use  TRW  engine  based  on  Boeing  lunar  mod- 
ule ascent  engine  experience,  with  2-million-lb  operational  thrust — al- 
though USAF  had  not  decided  to  abandon  Titan  III-M  as  launch  vehi- 
cle. (Av  Wk,  7/29/68) 

•  House  passed  H.R.  18785,  military  construction  appropriations  bill  for 

FY  1969,  which  included  $263.3  million  for  Sentinel  ABM  facilities.  It 
had  rejected  by  vote  of  106  to  37  motion  to  delete  missile  funds.  {CR, 
H7710-35;  Crowther,  B  Sun,  7/20/68,  A5;  AP,  NYT,  7/30/68,  62) 

•  Aviation   Week  reported   DOD  concern   over   advanced   U.S.S.R.   tactical 

fighters  [see  June  10] — particularly  new  Soviet  mach  2.8  MiG— 23 
(Foxbat) — might  result  in  approval  of  long-delayed  USAF  and  USN  proj- 
ects including  usn  VFX-1  and  follow-on  VFX-2  interceptors  for  fleet 
defense,  USAF  fx  air  superiority  fighter,  and  USAF/Lockheed  F-12  inter- 
ceptor. USAF  originally  had  wanted  next-generation  continental  defense 
interceptor  force  composed  entirely  of  F— 12s  but  would  accept  mixed 

171 


July  29  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

force  of  F— 12s  and  modified  Convair  F— 106  interceptors  designated 
F-106X.  (Av  Wk,  7/29/68) 

•  Panel  of  scientists  testified  before  House  Committee  on  Science  and  As- 

tronautics symposium  on  unidentified  flying  objects  (uFOs)  in  unani- 
mous support  of  further,  more  detailed  UFO  research.  Northwestern 
Univ.  astronomer  Dr.  J.  Allen  Hynek  said  U.S.  should  seek  U.N.  coop- 
eration in  setting  up  "international  clearing  house"  for  scientifically  re- 
spectable UFO  reports  because  there  was  almost  a  total  lack  of 
quantitative  data  about  the  phenomenon.  Cornell  Univ.  exobiologist  Dr. 
Carl  Sagan  told  Committee  it  was  not  inconceivable  that  there  were  other 
planets  with  civilizations  and  technologies  more  advanced  than  earth's, 
but  he  cautioned  against  a  widespread  UFO  investigation  program 
which  would  require  "some  harder  evidence  than  is  now  present,"  thus 
being  expensive. 

Computer  Science  Corp.  mathematician  and  celestial  mechanics  spe- 
cialist, Dr.  Robert  L.  Baker,  Jr.,  revealed  space-based  sensor  system  op- 
erated from  Colorado  Springs  Air  Defense  Command  Hq.  had  received 
several  anomalous  UFO  alarms  that  had  not  been  explained.  Dr.  James 
A.  Harder,  Univ.  of  California  at  Berkeley  engineer,  suggested  that 
power  which  permitted  UFOs  to  undertake  their  reportedly  incredible 
maneuverings  might  depend  on  a  theoretically  possible  "second  gravita- 
tional field"  interacting  with  electrical  field  in  a  manner  corresponding 
to  reaction  between  conventional  electrical  motors  and  generator?.. 
(Transcript;  Lyons,  NYT,  7/30/68,  10;  Lannan,  W  Star,  7/30/68,  A3) 

•  NASA  had  extended,  for  $29,130,524,  one-year  contract  with  Trans  World 

Airlines,  Inc.,  for  installation  support  services  at  KSC,  bringing  total  of 
cost-plus-award-fee  contract  to  $101,017,194.  (ksc  Release  KSC-364- 
68) 
July  30:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXXXIV  from  Baikonur  Cosmo- 
drome into  orbit  with  295-km  (183.3-mi)  apogee,  208-km  (129.2-mi) 
perigee,  89.5-min  period,  and  51.8°  inclination.  Equipment  functioned 
normally.  Satellite  reportedly  softlanded  in  its  home  territory  Aug.  5. 
(gsfc  SSR,  7/31/68;  8/15/68;  SBD,  7/31/68,  129;  AP,  NYT, 
7/31/68,  3;  8/7/68) 

•  NASA  announced  addition  of  $35,048,000  to  contract  with  General  Elec- 

tric Co.  for  continuation  of  design,  fabrication,  and  testing  for  four  re- 
maining Biosatellite  spacecraft,  associated  experiment  hardware,  and 
aerospace  ground  equipment — bringing  total  value  of  contract  to 
$136,662,157.  (nasa  Release  68-136) 

•  Cone-shaped  instrumented  payload  of  French  Veronique  rocket  released 

at  114-mi  altitude  fell  into  Atlantic  164  mi  off  French  Guiana  and  was 
swept  away  by  currents,  French  National  Space  Center  announced. 
(Reuters,  W  Post,  7/31/68,  A14) 

•  Bernhardt  L.  Dorman  had  resigned  as  NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for 

Industry  Affairs  to  return  to  Aerojet-General  Corp.,  NASA  announced. 
He  would  be  succeeded  Aug.  5  by  Philip  N.  Whittaker,  Vice  President 
of  IBM  Federal  Systems  Div.  (nasa  Release  68-137) 

•  U.S.  patent  No.  3,395,565  was  issued  to  Norton  Research  Corp.  for  cali- 

brator developed  for  NASA  to  enable  crew  of  space  vehicle,  or  ground 
control  personnel  in  unmanned  flight,  to  check  accuracy  of  pressure 
gauges.  Prototype  instrument,  containing  quantity  of  helium,  had  been 
delivered  to  nasa.  (Patent  Off  PIO;  NYT,  8/10/68,  33) 

172 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  July  30 

•  USAF  Space  and  Missile  Systems  Organization  issued  Lockheed  Aircraft 

Corp.  S2-million  initial  increment  to  S4,131,785  cost-plus-fixed-fee  con- 
tract for  reentry  vehicle  technology  and  observables  program,  (dod  Re- 
lease 706-68) 
July  31 :  NASA  issued  Apollo  Status  Summary :  Apollo  7  prime  crew,  Astro- 
nauts Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr..  Donn  F.  Eisele,  and  R.  Walter  Cun- 
ningham, successfully  completed  nine-hour  test  in  spacecraft  in  KSC  alti- 
tude chamber  July  26  at  226.000-ft  simulated  ahitude,  with  cabin 
pressurized  first  with  60%  oxygen  and  40%  nitrogen,  then  with  lOO'^r 
oxygen  at  5  psi,  normal  orbital  atmosphere.  Astronauts  Thomas  P.  Staf- 
ford. John  W.  Young,  and  Eugene  A.  Cernan  had  completed  successful 
manned  altitude  test  in  KSC  chamber  July  29  with  cabin  pressurized 
with  60/40  mixture  at  start  and  oxygen  to  replenish  atmosphere  during 
test.  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle  stages  were  mated  at  Complex  34  with 
sequence  malfunction  tests  scheduled  for  Aug.  1.  Propellant  utilization 
system  modifications  had  been  completed  on  2nd  stage. 

In  Apollo/Saturn  503  program.  Lunar  Module  3  ascent  and  descent 
stages  were  being  modified  to  correct  radar  lock-on  problem  in  rendez- 
vous radar  subsystem.  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  1st  and  2nd  stages  were 
mated,  with  pogo  suppressor  modification  kits  on  1st  stage  being  verified. 
Third-stage  propulsion  subsystem  checks  were  in  progress. 

In  South  Atlantic  Anomaly  Probe,  computer  analysis  had  confirmed 
radiation  levels  presented  no  hazard  to  low-altitude  manned  Apollo  or- 
bital flights.  (Text) 

•  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Station 

carried  Univ.  of  Maryland  and  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  experiments  to 
186-mi  (300-km)  altitude  to  investigate  role  of  electrons  in  producing 
day  airglow.  Rocket  and  instrumentation — which  included  five-wave- 
length filter-wheel  photometer  with  special  sunshade,  3-  to  800-ev  elec- 
tron spectrometer,  and  electron  retarding-potential  analyzer — per- 
formed satisfactorily.  Data  correlating  ionospheric  electron  density 
distribution  with  day  airglow  emissions  in  ionosphere  were  obtained. 
(NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  announced  award  of  $31,270,300  contract  to  General  Electric  Co. 

for  continuance  of  general  support  services  at  Mississippi  Test  Facility 
through  September  1969.  bringing  total  value  of  basic  contract  to 
$190,810,713.  (msfc  Release  68^170) 

•  Dr.  Henry  J.  Reid,  former  Director  and  Senior  Staff  Associate  at  NASA 

Langley  Research  Center,  died  in  Gloucester,  Va.,  after  heart  attack  at 
age  72.  He  had  become  LaRC  Director  in  1926  and  retired  in  June 
1961.  after  34  yr  continuous  service.  (AP,  W  Post,  8/1/68,  BIO) 
During  July:  Ralph  Kinney  Bennett  in  Data  scored  U.S.  complacency  in 
year  which  might  "see  some  of  the  greatest  Soviet  space  spectaculars  of 
the  decade."  In  U.S.,  he  said,  early  glamour  of  space  race  had  faded 
and  NASA  projects  were  neither  as  ambitious  nor  as  well-funded  as  they 
once  were.  In  contrast,  he  noted,  U.S.S.R.  showed  signs  of  "a  new  spurt 
of  activity,  new  technical  accomplishments  above  our  planet,  an  accel- 
erated assault  on  the  moon  and  dark  rumblings  of  advanced  military 
uses  of  the  threshold  of  space.  The  time  for  a  Soviet  resurgence  could 
hardly  be  better. 

".  .  .  Soviets  are  badly  in  need  of  a  great  techno-propaganda  feat  to 
reassert  their  influence  on  world  public  opinion.  .  .  ."  Soviet  hold  on 

173 


During  July  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

European  satellite  nations  had  shown  evidence  of  advanced  erosion. 
"Their  position  in  relation  to  the  rest  of  the  communist  world  is  no 
longer  clearly  defined."  U.S.S.R.  was  spending  estimated  $9  billion  a 
year  on  space  and  half  that  sum  went  toward  military  applications  of 
space  technology.  "There  is  an  American  attitude  ...  of  waiting  until 
you  get  burnt  before  you  shed  complacency.  When  Sputnik  I  burnt  us, 
we  came  back  with  a  vengeance.  Now  complacency  has  set  in  again. 
Perhaps  we  will  feel  the  fire  from  the  Soviets  in  space  before  this  year 
is  out  and  react  accordingly.  But  in  space  technology  .  .  .  it's  a  tough 
way  to  play  the  ball  game."  {Data,  7/68) 
•  Paul  G.  Thomas  discussed  "Earth-Resource  Survey  from  Space,"  in  Space/ 
Aeronautics.  Program  called  for:  first  mapping  of  earth  to  ultimate 
scale  level  of  1:25,000;  first  mapping  of  global  sea  state  and  surface 
temperature  to  help  shipping,  fishing,  and  weather  forecasters;  moni- 
toring hydrological  cycle  to  assist  watershed  planning  and  prediction 
of  botanical  responses;  measuring  plant  vigor  and  impact  on  supply 
and  price  of  earth's  food;  measuring  geographical  surface  phenomena 
to  permit  geologists  to  home  in  on  mineral  deposits  and  further  argu- 
ments in  morphology  of  planet  earth.  Signatures  and  their  rapid  analy- 
sis were  major  stumbling  blocks  in  program.  "Although  there  are 
about  50  geological  signatures  on  record  and  about  100  for  agriculture 
and  forestry,  each  represents  a  one-of-a-kind  situation  .  .  .  and,  oddly 
enough,  there  is  often  more  variance  within  a  species  than  there  is  be- 
tween species." 

As  remote  sensing  concepts  emerged,  it  was  "apparent  that  successful 
earth-resource  surveillance  will  not  be  simply  a  matter  of  lashing  to- 
gether existing  technology  into  pseudo-systems  and  hoping  for  benefits. 
The  human  effort  and  development  funding  needed  to  fully  implement 
a  system  for  earth  observation  from  space  will  make  the  lunar  landings 
look  like  a  walk  to  the  corner  candy  store.  Thus  the  shift  in  emphasis 
to  cost/benefit  studies,  new  to  the  space  age,  is  certainly  not  without 
foundation.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  an  optimized  system  cannot — or 
should  not — be  realized,  we  should  be  willing  to  stumble  a  bit  to  find 
'     out."  {S/A,  7/68,  46-54) 


174 


August   1968 

August  1:  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  Churchill 
Research  Range  carried  ARC  luster  sampling  instrument  with  collection 
modules,  camera,  and  electronics  package  to  71.3-mi  (114.7-km)  alti- 
tude to  sample  material  from  noctilucent  clouds  as  luster  instrument 
passed  through  them.  Sampling  instrument  was  successfully  flown  and 
recovered.  Instrument  malfunction  caused  loss  of  four  modules,  but  re- 
maining eight  were  recovered  in  excellent  condition.  Experiment  was 
considered  highly  successful,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  Senate  passed  by  voice  vote  H.R.  18785,  FY  1969  military  construction 

appropriation  bill  which  contained  $36  million  for  Sentinel  planning, 
after  defeating  46  to  27  amendment  to  cut  $227.3  million  in  Sentinel 
deployment  funds  from  its  $1.7  billion  FY  1969  appropriation.  (CR, 
8/1/68,  S9965;  Wilson,  W  Post,  8/2/68,  AlO;  SBD,  8/2/68, 137) 

•  Groundbreaking  ceremony  marked  start  of  construction  on  Hall  of  the 

National  Academy  of  Sciences,  symposia  facility  to  be  shared  with  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Engineering  and  National  Research  Council.  An  ad- 
dition to  present  nas  structure,  new  building  would  contain  700-seat 
auditorium,  lounge  area,  40  research  and  administration  offices,  and 
research  archive  file.  Design  and  construction  funds  had  come  from 
contributions  to  Hugh  L.  Dryden  Memorial  Fund  and  from  other  pri- 
vate and  Government  sources,  including  large  gift  on  behalf  of  nae. 
Total  cost  of  structure  was  estimated  at  $3.8  million.  Dr.  Dryden,  who 
died  in  December  1965,  had  served  10  yr  as  Home  Secretary  with  NAS, 
12  yr  as  a  nas  Council  member,  and  21  yr  as  member.  He  had  joined 
NACA,  NASA  predecessor,  in  1947  and  had  been  named  Director  of  naca 
in  1949.   (nas  Release) 

•  President  Johnson  announced  appointed  of  David  D.  Thomas,  Deputy 

Administrator  of  faa,  as  Acting  Administrator,  (PD,  8/5/68,  1190) 

•  British  Railways  inaugurated  commercial  service  across  English  Channel 

with  165-ton  SRN4  Hovercraft,  cutting  time  of  30-mi  crossing  between 
Dover  and  Boulogne  from  l|/2  hr  by  fastest  ferry  to  35  min.  (Lee, 
NYT,  8/2/68.  54;  Wentworth,  W  Post,  8/5/68,  A3) 
August  2:  NASA  launched  two  boosted  Areas  I  sounding  rockets  from 
Resolute  Bay,  Canada,  carrying  GSFC  payloads  to  measure  D-region  elec- 
tron density  profiles  in  Polar  Cap  ionosphere  and  measure  simulta- 
neously solar  proton  spectra.  Rockets  and  instruments  performed  satis- 
factorily. Minimum  altitude  required  (52.8  mi)  (85  km)  was  obtained, 
allowing  excellent  data  recovery.  Peak  altitudes  were  not  determined 
because  of  lack  of  radar  support.  (NASA  Rpts  srl) 

•  NASA  was  stopping  work  on  Saturn  IB  vehicles  215  and  216  "to  the  ex- 

tent possible  without  involving  uneconomical  terminations."  Contractors 
had  been  instructed  to  terminate  work  on  long-lead-time  items  being 
procured  for  Saturn  V  vehicles  516  and  517;  halt  would  cause  time 
gap  should  decision  be  reached  later  to  resume  production.  Boosters 

175 


August  2 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 


August  2:  NASA  introduced  new  fireproof  Apollo  spacesuits  at  press  showing  in  Dover, 
Del.  In  earlier  photo,  test  subject  Ronald  C.  Woods  tvears  integrated  thermal  microme- 
teorite  garment  (tmg)  to  be  worn  by  astronauts  during  extravehicular  activities.  ILC 
Industries  suit  has  back-pack  life-support  system  developed   by   United   Aircraft   Corp. 


had  been  requested  in  nasa  FY  1969  budget  for  follow-on  utilization  of 
Apollo  capacity  beyond  manned  lunar  landing.  Steps  were  taken  after 
Congressional  cuts  in  budget,  in  anticipation  of  final  decisions  on  fu- 
ture production.  (NASA  Release  68-139;  W  Post,  Q/S/6Q,  A2) 
At  press  showing  in  Dover,  Del.,  NASA  introduced  fireproof  Apollo  space- 


176 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  August  2 

suits  developed  after  Jan.  27,  1967,  Apollo  fire  to  protect  astronauts 
against  extreme  heat,  cold,  and  flash  fires.  Beta  cloth  of  glass  fiber  was 
nonflammable,  with  1,200°  F  melting  point.  Former  spacesuit  fabric 
would  melt  at  700°  F  and  would  burn  if  ignited.  New  54-lb  suits  were 
22  lb  heavier  but  more  flexible,  consisting  of  inner  layer  of  cotton  un- 
derwear and  cover  layer  of  Beta  cloth,  nylon,  and  aluminized  Kapton 
to  protect  against  micrometeoroids  and  temperatures  between  310°  F 
and  —250°  F.  Intermediate  garment  contained  ventilation  unit  which, 
for  astronauts  participating  in  extravehicular  activity,  would  be  cooled 
with  continuous  flow  of  water  while  wearer  was  outside  capsule  and 
with  pure  oxygen  inside  capsule.  Suits  and  cloth  helmet  to  be  worn  after 
removal  of  plastic  headwear  were  manufactured  by  ICL  Industries,  Inc., 
and  cost  S175,000-S200,000  each,  nasa  had  ordered  100.  (Lyons, 
NYT,  8/3/68,  3;  Lannan,  W  Star,  8/3/68,  A2) 

•  Ryan  XV— 5B  Vertifan  aircraft  made  first  vertical  and  hovering  flights  at 

ARC,  piloted  by  Ryan  chief  test  pilot  William  Anderson  in  airworthiness 
tests.  These  were  first  vertical  flights  since  extensive  modifications  con- 
verted aircraft  from  original  XV— 5A  to  new  version  for  NASA  research 
[see  July  18].  Aircraft  made  three  vertical  lift-offs,  reaching  20-ft  alti- 
tude and  remaining  stationary  in  air  up  to  one  minute,  (arc  Astro- 
gram,  8/15/68,  3)  '' 

•  Data  collected  for  17  mo  by  five  Lunar  Orb  iters  indicated  rate  of  pene- 

tration of  0.025-mm  beryllium  copper  surface  of  pressurized  cells  by 
meteoroids  in  near-lunar  environment  was  approximately  half  the  rate 
in  near-earth  environment  as  measured  by  similar  detectors  aboard 
Explorer  XVI  and  Explorer  XXIII.  Each  experiment  used  20  pressur- 
ized-cell  detectors  with  total  exposed  area  of  0.186  sq  m,  carried  aboard 
spacecraft  in  both  equatorial  and  polar  orbits  at  altitudes  between  18.6 
and  3,852.5  mi  (30  and  6,200  km).  Estimates  of  hazard  near  moon  had 
ranged  from  less  to  much  greater  than  hazard  near  earth.  Major  uncer- 
tainty had  been  contribution  by  secondary  meteoroids  created  by  im- 
pacts of  primary  meteoroids  on  moon,  according  to  report  by  NASA 
LaRC  scientists  C.  A.  Gurtler  and  Gary  W.  Grew.  Data  showed  no  evi- 
dence of  increase  in  hazard  from  such  "backsplash."  (Science,  8/2/68, 
462-4) 

•  Univ.  of  Minnesota  scientists  J.  G.  Sparrow  and  E.  P.  Ney  reported  in 

Science  results  of  experiment  on  NASA's  Oso  II  Orbiting  Solar  Observa- 
tory designed  primarily  to  measure  zodiacal  light  and  continuum  air- 
glow.  From  February  to  November  1965,  Oso  II  had  been  able  to  pick 
up  and  distinguish  between  such  earth  light  sources  as  lightning,  gas 
flares  in  Middle  East  oil  fields,  and  nighttime  lights  of  major  U.S.  cit- 
ies. Most  significant  was  recognition  of  10  other  satellites  in  low  earth 
orbit.  "In  principle,  each  satellite  could  have  been  identified."  (Science, 
8/2/68,  459-^0;  JV  Post,  8/2/68,  AlO;  SBD,  8/5/68, 145) 

•  NAS  and  NAE  would  collaborate  on  initial  study  of  scientific  and  engi- 

neering aspects  of  U.S.  participation  in  International  Decade  of  Ocean 
Exploration  planned  for  1970s,  Science  reported.  (Science,  8/2/68, 
447) 
August  4:  NASA  had  concluded  agreements  for  cooperative  scientific  experi- 
ments with  space  and  upper  atmosphere  research  authorities  of  Brazil, 
Norway,  Spain,  and  Sweden.  Brazilian  Comissao  Nacional  de  Ativi- 
dades  Espaciais  (cnae)   and  NASA  project  would  include  four  sounding 

177 


August  4  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

rocket  launches  into  upper  atmosphere  to  measure  micrometeoroid  flux 
and  its  variations  with  latitude  in  early  autumn.  Royal  Norwegian 
Council  for  Scientific  and  Industrial  Research  and  NASA  project  would 
observe  earth's  magnetic  and  electrical  fields  and  charged  particle  envi- 
ronment during  stages  of  auroral  activity  by  launch  in  September  and 
October  of  three  barium-release  ion-cloud  payloads  followed  by  instru- 
mented payloads. 

Spanish  Comision  Nacional  de  Investigacion  del  Espacio  (conie) 
and  NASA  project  would  require  launch  of  24  Boosted-Dart  meteorologi- 
cal sounding  rockets  to  30-  to  60-km  (18.6-  to  37.3-mi)  altitudes  at  two- 
week  intervals  throughout  1969  to  obtain  synoptic  wind  and  tempera- 
ture data  on  structure  and  circulation  of  upper  atmosphere  and  wind 
oscillations.  Swedish  Space  Research  Committee  and  NASA  project 
v,^ould  study  D  and  E  ionospheric  layers  with  instrumented  payloads  or 
four  Boosted- Areas  II  sounding  rockets  in  autumn  1968. 

In  all  projects,  principal  experimenters  would  have  first  rights  to 
data  which  subsequently  would  be  made  available  to  world  scientific 
community.  Each  agency  would  bear  full  cost  of  its  agreed  responsibili- 
ties without  exchange  of  funds,  (nasa  Release  68—138;  SBD,  8/5/68, 
148) 
August  5:  U.S.S.R.  was  expected  to  make  more  successful  launches  than 
U.S.  during  1968  for  first  time  since  1957,  with  both  nations  emphasiz- 
ing military  goals,  Howard  Benedict  of  Associated   Press  wrote.   In 

1957,  U.S.S.R.  had  launched  two  Sputniks,  U.S.  had  launched  none.  In 

1958,  U.S.  had  launched  five  to  U.S.S.R.'s  one;  thereafter,  U.S.  had 
maintained  substantial  edge,  building  to  73—46  margin  in  1966.  In 
1967,  U.S.  had  led  by  only  one  launch,  67-66.  Through  1967,  U.S.  had 
had  400  successful  launches,  with  532  payloads  orbited.  U.S.S.R.  had 
had  240  launches  with  289  payloads.  In  1968  to  date,  U.S.S.R.  had  suc- 
cessfully launched  40  rockets  with  40  payloads;  U.S.  had  launched  22 
rockets  with  31  payloads,  23  fewer  than  in  1967,  while  U.S.S.R. 
launches  had  increased  by  five. 

Reasons  for  decline  in  U.S.  launch  rate  were  NASA  budget  cuts  and 
improved  instrumentation  and  data  recovery  in  military  launches 
(60%  of  U.S.  firings) .  U.S.  military  payloads  in  1968  numbered  22  to 
U.S.S.R.'s  24  out  of  total  40.  Tracking  experts  had  reported  16  of  1968 
U.S.S.R.  satellites  on  reconnaissance  assignments,  with  13  reentering 
after  8-day  orbit,  two  after  12  days  and  one  still  aloft.  Sole  U.S.S.R. 
Fractional  Orbital  Bombardment  System  (fobs)  test,  Cosmos 
CCXVIII,  had  been  launched  and  returned  to  earth  in  less  than  one 
orbit  April  25.  Drop  from  nine  FOBS  tests  in  1967  indicated  U.S.S.R. 
might  have  perfected  at  least  first  stage  in  FOBS  development. 

Neither  U.S.  nor  U.S.S.R.  had  launched  men  into  space  in  1968  but 
experts  listed  Cosmos  CCXII  and  CCXIII  launchings  April  15  as 
forerunners  of  manned  lunar  mission.  In  1968,  U.S.S.R.  had  launched 
nine  scientific  satellites,  three  for  navigation,  and  two  each  for  com- 
munications, weather,  and  deep  space  probes.  U.S.  had  made  two  un- 
manned Apollo  rocket  and  spacecraft  tests,  five  scientific  payloads,  and 
one  moon  shot.  {Huntsville  Times,  8/5/68) 
•  Committee  on  Resolutions  of  1968  Republican  National  Convention 
meeting  in  Miami  Beach,  Fla.,  proposed  platform  plank  on  science:  "In 
science  and  technology  the  nation  must  maintain  leadership  against  in- 

178 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  August  5 

creasingly  challenging  competition  from  abroad.  .  .  .  We  regret  that 
the  Administration's  budgetary  mismanagement  has  forced  sharp  re- 
ductions in  the  space  program.  The  Republican  party  shares  the  sense 
of  urgency  manifested  by  the  scientific  community  concerning  the  ex- 
ploration of  outer  space.  We  recognize  that  the  peaceful  applications  of 
space  probes  in  communications,  health,  weather,  and  technological  ad- 
vances have  been  beneficial  to  every  citizen.  We  regard  the  ability  to 
launch  and  deploy  advanced  spacecraft  as  a  military  necessity.  We  de- 
plore the  failure  of  the  Johnson-Humphrey  Administration  to  empha- 
size the  military  uses  of  space  for  America's  defense."  {NYT,  8/5/68, 
25) 

•  First    short-takeofF-and-landing    strip    for    commercial    aircraft    in    U.S. 

opened  at  La  Guardia  Airport  in  New  York.  Called  STOLport,  it  was 
1,095  ft  long.  Shortest  regular  runway  at  La  Guardia  was  4,000  ft.  FAA 
said  STOLport  would  be  used  for  visual  flying  only,  stol  aircraft  landed 
and  took  off  at  60  mph,  rather  than  regular  commercial  aircraft's  105 
mph.  Three  more  stolports  were  to  open  Sept.  1  to  provide  taxi  service 
between  National  and  Dulles  Airports  in  Washington,  D.C.,  and  Friend- 
ship Airport  in  Bahimore.  (Shipler.  NYT,  8/6/68,  1;  AP,  W  Star, 
8/6/68,  A5;  W  Post,  8/14/68,  1) 

•  NASA  planned  flight  test  of  relatively  inexpensive  general-aviation  colli- 

sion-avoidance system,  flight  test  of  six  or  more  general-aviation  air- 
craft, and  series  of  wind-tunnel  tests  of  Learjet  at  ARC  under  five-year 
program  to  improve  light  aircraft  technology  with  FY  1969  funding  of 
$500,000.  General-aviation  research  program's  main  current  emphasis 
was  on  flight-testing   Piper  Twin   Comanche   on   twin-engine   aircraft 
characteristics  for  comparison  with  measurements  obtained  during  wind 
tunnel  tests.   ERC    and   LaRC   work   on   collision-avoidance  system   was 
aimed  at  cooperative  system  costing  below   $1,000  commercially,   in 
which  pilot  would  be  warned  of  impending  collision  if  other  aircraft 
was  similarly  equipped.  LaRC  was  using  randomly  coded  Doppler  radar 
system,  to  be  flight  tested  late  in  autumn,  while  ERC  was  developing  op- 
tical system  using  xenon  strobe  light  to  illuminate  aircraft.  Light  would 
be  picked  up  by  silicon  detectors.   ERC   had  not  yet   developed  fully 
integrated  system.  {Am  Av,  8/5/68,  6) 
August  6:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  with  Atlas- Agena  D  booster 
from  ETR  into  orbit  with  24,769-mi   (39,866.8-km)   apogee,  19,685-mi 
(31,556-km)   perigee  1,436.0-min  period,  and  9.9°  inclination,  usaf's 
first  unannounced  etr  launching  in  five  years  (uSAF  usually  launched 
from  WTr)  ;  satellite  carried  payload  described  by  USAF  as  "experimen- 
tal." AP  story  in  Washington  Post  said  payload's  primary  purpose  re- 
portedly was  to  test  improved  sensing  devices  and  other  equipment  de- 
signed to  locate  missile  and  other  military  installations  and  provide 
warning  of  rocket  attacks  from  unfriendly  nations.  AP  sources  had  in- 
dicated launch  was  from  ETR  so  satellite  could  achieve  high-altitude 
orbit  where  it  could  "dwell  for  a  longer  period  over  a  desired  area  of 
the  globe."    (AP,   W  Post,  8/7/68,  A14;   SBD,  8/7/68,   156;   gsfc 
SSR,  8/15/68;  Pres  Rpt  68) 
•  USAF   launched    unidentified    satellite    from   Vandenberg    afb    by    Titan 
III-B-Agena  D  booster.  Satellite  entered  orbit  with  266-mi  (428.1-km) 
apogee,  88-mi  (141.6-km)   perigee,  90.5-min  period,  and  109.5°  incli- 

179 


August  6  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

nation  and  reentered  Aug.  16.  {SBD,  8/12/68,  177;  GSFC  SSR, 
8/15/68;  8/31/68;  Pres  Rpt68) 

•  Washington  Post  article  by  George  C.  Wilson  logged  significant  changes 

in  U.S.S.R.  space  program:  Cosmos  CCVIII  and  Cosmos  CCXXVIII, 
■  launched  March  21  and  June  21,  had  been  first  Soviet  "spy"  satellites 
to  stay  up  for  12  days  instead  of  usual  7  or  8.  U.S.  space  experts  had 
said  they  would  have  to  watch  pattern  of  future  satellites  before  con- 
cluding whether  purpose  of  longer-lived  satellites  was  peaceful. 
Launches  had  been  logged  without  comment  in  GSFC  Satellite  Situation 
Report  but  West  had  evidence  that  U.S.S.R.  had  recovered  photographs 
taken  by  them.  U.S.  analysts  also  had  noted  overlapping  by  U.S.S.R.  of 
reconnaissance  flights,  possibly  to  ensure  backup  if  one  failed.  Cosmos 
CCXXXIV  marked  100th  Soviet  reconnaissance  launch  July  30.  Cos- 
mos CCXXXI  had  been  launched  July  10  at  time  appropriate  for  pho- 
tographing French  nuclear  tests  in  Pacific  near  Tahiti.  {W  Post, 
8/6/68,2) 

•  Republican    presidential   contender    Richard    M.    Nixon    told    group    of 

Southern  delegates  to  nominating  convention  U.S.  must  restore  balance 
of  power  in  missile  and  space  programs.  "This  Administration  has  al- 
lowed it  to  deteriorate.  That  is  why  I  am  opposed  to  any  kind  of  pro- 
gram— such  as  defensive  missiles — which  allows  the  United  States  to 
take  second  place  to  the  Soviet  Union.  We  are  going  to  restore  our 
strength  in  the  missile  program." 

In  the  space  program,  he  said,  "We  have  sort  of  a  budget  problem 
.  .  .  and  we  may  have  to  trim  it  in  some  places.  But  as  far  as  these 
great  and  important  objectives  that  involve  national  defense  .  .  . 
[and]  prestige,  we  have  got  to  be  sure  that  the  United  States  is  first 
and  never  second  in  space  .  .  .  [for]  any  great  nation,  to  remain  great, 
must  explore  the  unknown.  ...  As  far  as  I  am  concerned  .  .  .  there  is 
a  research  gap  at  the  present  time.  We  aren't  putting  enough  money 
into  basic  research  to  keep  ahead  of  the  Soviet  Union.  We  are  going  to 
close  that  gap — and  then  create  one  where  they  are  behind  us  all 
around  the  world."  (M  Her,  8/7/68,  A22;  Cocoa,  Fla.,  Today,  8/7/68; 
SBD,  8/8/68, 162) 

•  In  policy  statement  on  science  New  York  Governor  Nelson  B.   Rocke- 

feller, campaigning  for  Republican  presidential  nomination,  had  recom- 
mended that  U.S.  postpone  manned  space  program  after  Apollo.  He 
warned  against  treating  space  program  as  contest  between  U.S.  and 
U.S.S.R.  and  advocated  use  of  unmanned  satellites  for  direct  benefits 
on  earth,  to  explore  planets,  and  to  study  sun.  Gov.  Rockefeller  said  if 
he  were  President  he  would  appoint  commission  "to  review  the  whole 
field  of  government  science."  He  recommended  President  make  annual 
report  to  Congress  on  science  and  technology.  {SBD,  8/6/68, 149) 

•  House  Committee  on  Government  Operations  report.  Government  Use  of 

Satellite  Communications — 1968,  endorsed  DOD  decision  to  proceed 
with  Phase  II  of  Defense  Communications  Satellite  System  [see  June 
18]  and  urged  immediate  action  in  reprogramming  and  procurement. 
"The  initial  system,  established  partly  on  an  experimental  basis  and 
without  the  benefit  of  more  recent  technological  advances,  needs  to  be 
supplemented  and  ultimately  replaced."  It  recommended  DOD  planning 
to  develop  facilities  and  methods  for  emergency  communications  by 
satellite,  to  provide  satellite  services  when  possible  instead  of  expand- 

180 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  August  6 

ing  conventional  systems,  and  to  improve  ground  terminals  and  de- 
velop new  ones.  (Text;  Aero  Daily,  8/6/68) 

•  NASA   successfully   completed   month-long  laboratory   test   of   Biosatellite 

capsule  which  would  maintain  primate  in  space  for  30  days  in  1969. 
Fully  instrumented,  15-lb,  pigtailed  monkey  which  made  simulated 
space  flight  was  alert  and  responsive  when  removed  and  was  undergo- 
ing postflight  examination  and  physiological  measurements  identical  to 
those  planned  to  follow  actual  flight.  Test  had  been  terminated  after  28 
days  when  biomedical  instrumentation  measured  less  urine  than  mon- 
key would  normally  secrete. 

Biosatellite  D  primate  flight  would  duplicate  most  routines  of 
manned  flight  to  provide  data  on  effects  of  prolonged  weightlessness. 
During  simulated  flight,  monkey  ate  pellets,  drank  water,  and  per- 
formed two  30-min  tasks  each  day.  Test  was  conducted  by  Biosatellite 
experimenters  at  UCLA  with  support  from  NASA  and  General  Electric  Co. 
ARC  was  managing  project.  (NASA  Release  68—142;  AP,  B  Sun, 
8/29/68,  A4) 

•  USAF  experiments  in  human  reactions  to  extreme  heat  had  indicated  as- 

tronauts could  survive  reentry  through  earth's  atmosphere  if  their 
cabin  cooling  system  failed.  In  tests  at  Wright-Patterson  AFB,  Ohio,  air- 
men were  being  subjected  to  300° F  and  400 °F  heat  in  four-foot-high 
oven  three  times  daily.  Some  could  stand  up  to  15  min  at  300°F;  limit 
at  400° F  had  been  two  or  three  minutes.  (AP,  LA  Times,  8/6/68) 

•  Apollo  7  prime  crew  successfully  completed  water  egress  training  in  Gulf 

of  Mexico.   (NASA  Apollo  Status  Summary,  8/7/68) 
August  7:   USAF  launched  unidentified   satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Thor-Agena  booster  into  orbit  with  161-mi  (257.2-km)   apogee,  100-mi 
(160.9-km)  perigee,  88.7-min  period,  and  82.1°  inclination.  Satellite  re- 
entered Aug.  27  (GSFc  SSR,  8/15/68;  8/31/68;  Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  WaUops  Station 

carried  Rice  Univ.  payload  to  121.6-mi  (195.6-km)  altitude  to  measure 
vector  magnetic  field  in  region  between  90  and  130  km  during  electron 
current  flow  with  sufficient  continuity  and  signal  strength  to  deduce  al- 
titude profile  and  absolute  strength  of  current  layer.  Rocket  and  instru- 
mentation performed  satisfactorily.  Clear  magnetometer  data  were  re- 
ceived during  payload  ascent  and  descent.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA   issued    Apollo    Status    Summary:    Apollo    7    spacecraft   had    been 

moved  from  altitude  chamber  at  KSC.  During  week  it  would  be  mated 
with  lunar  module  adapter  and  prepared  for  mechanical  mate  with  Sat- 
urn IB  launch  vehicle.  In  Apollo  Saturn  503  project,  radar  lock-on 
problem  in  Lunar  Module  3  ascent  and  descent  stages'  rendezvous  radar 
subsystem  was  being  isolated.  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  1st  and  2nd 
stages  had  been  mated. 

Last  in  series  of  seven  water  impact  tests  in  support  of  first  manned 
Apollo  mission  was  scheduled  for  Aug.  13.  (Text) 
•  AEC  and  U.S.  Geological  Survey  experiments  had  shown  that  neutrons 
from  man-made  californium-252  hitting  gold  and  silver  atoms  excited 
atoms  to  radioactive  state;  atoms  then  emitted  characteristic  gamma 
rays  by  which  they  were  identified.  With  californium,  irradiation 
equipment  for  technique  already  known  could  be  reduced  about 
200,000  times,  making  it  ideal  for  sea  bottom  probes  and  for  devices  to 
analyze  materials   on   moon's  surface   as  well   as  for   mining   and   in- 

181 


August  7  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

dustrial  purposes.  Geological  Survey  was  working  with  GSFC  on  use  for 
study  of  moon,  (nea,  W  News,  8/8/68) 

•  St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat  editorial  said:  "The  principal  criticism  of  the 

proposed  cuts  in  the  space  budget  is  that  they  aren't  deep  enough.  NASA 
will  be  left  with  an  expenditure  of  nearly  $4  billion  in  the  current  fiscal 
year.  With  the  nation  in  a  financial  bind  and  the  Administration 
pledged  to  prune  $6  billion  from  the  federal  budget,  it  seems  that  a 
good  deal  more  than  now  suggested  should  be  lopped  off  the  space  pro- 
gram." (St.  Louis  G-D,  8/7/68) 
August  8:  Explorer  XXXIX  (Air  Density  balloon)  and  Explorer  XL 
{Injun  V)  were  successfully  launched  by  NASA  from  wtr  by  single 
four-stage  Scout  booster.  Primary  mission  objective  was  to  place  space- 
craft in  near  polar  orbits  to  extend  studies  of  atmospheric  density,  geo- 
magnetically  trapped  particles,  and  down-flux  of  these  particles  into  at- 
mosphere. Expected  lifetimes  v^^ere  one  year  each. 

Explorer  XXXIX  entered  orbit  with  1,548-mi  (2,492. 3-km)  apogee, 
425-mi  (683-km)  peri2:ee,  117.9-min  period,  and  80.6°  inclination. 
The  20.5-lb,  12-ft-dia  inflatable  sphere  was  covered  with  aluminum  foil 
to  reflect  sunlight  and  radio  beacons  and  was  coated  with  painted  white 
spots  for  temperature  control.  It  would  extend  measurements  of  latitu- 
dinal, seasonal,  and  solar  cycle  variations  in  upper  air  density  and 
compare  previous  satellite  measurements  for  further  insight  into 
sources  of  atmospheric  heating. 

Explorer  XL,  29-in-high,  30-in-dia,  153.1-lb  hexagon,  entered  orbit 
with  1,573-mi  (2,530-km)  apogee,  424-mi  (677-km)  perigee, 
118.3-min  period,  and  80.6°  inclination.  Satellite's  primary  purpose 
was  to  measure  directly  down-flux  of  charged  particles  into  atmos- 
phere; study  geomagnetically  trapped  charged  particles,  emphasizing 
spectra,  spatial  distribution,  and  time  variations;  and  correlate  VLF 
radio  emissions  and  measurements  of  low-energy  positive  electrons 
with  more  energetic  particle  measurements. 

Mission  was  second  NASA  launch  of  two  spacecraft  by  one  Scout 
booster.  First  dual  launch  successfully  injected  Explorer  XXIV  (Air 
Density  balloon)  and  Explorer  XXV  {Injun  IV)  into  orbit  Nov. 
21,  1964.  LaRC  desi2;ned,  developed,  and  constructed  Air  Density  Ex- 
plorer and  Univ.  of  Iowa  designed,  developed  and  constructed  Injun  V 
and  provided  all  but  one  of  its  experiments.  Program  was  managed  by 
LaRC  under  ossA  direction,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  SBD,  8/12/68,  177;  gsfc 
SSR,  8/15/68) 

•  NASA   announced   "interim   operating   plan"   for   FY    1969   designed   to 

achieve  $3.85-billion  budget.  Agency  would  reduce  staff  by  1,600  and 
contract  employees  by  2,000.  Purchase  or  construction  of  four  Saturn 
boosters  had  been  canceled  [see  Aug.  2],  plans  for  1973  instrument 
payloads  on  Mars  had  been  substantially  reduced,  lunar  exploration 
programs  had  been  halted,  and  development  of  nerva  nuclear 
rocket  engine  would  be  put  back  until  next  fiscal  year,  at  least.  Apollo 
Applications  program  would  be  reduced  $300  million  from  budget  re- 
quest of  $440  million  and  would  include  only  two  spacecraft — Saturn  I 
Workshop  and  Apollo  Telescope  Mount — with  boosters  and  backup 
equipment.  "Work  toward  post-Apollo  lunar  exploration  and  toward 
Saturn  V  Workshop  will  be  limited  to  studies."  (nasa  Release  68—141) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Station 

182 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  August  8 

carried  Univ.  of  Michigan  payload  to  94.7-mi  (152.4-km)  altitude  to 
measure  neutral  atmosphere  density  and  temperature  profile  in  17.4-  to 
63.4-mi  (28-  to  120-km) -altitude  range,  compare  day  measurements 
with  night  measurements  by  rocket  to  be  launched  Aug.  9,  and  flight- 
test  and  evaluate  new  second-generation  Pitot  probe  system  flown  with- 
out ejectable  nose  tip.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed  satisfac- 
torily. Pitot  tube  performed  well  and  seemed  capable  of  reaching 
higher  apogees,  even  without  nose-cone  tip,  than  old  system,  (nasa  Rpt 

SRL) 

•  NASA  announced  Astronaut  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  had  replaced  Astronaut 

Michael  Collins  as  prime  command  module  pilot  for  third  manned 
Apollo  mission.  Lovell  had  held  same  position  on  mission's  backup 
crew.  Collins  had  undergone  successful  spinal  surgery  July  23  and 
would  require  three  to  six  months  recuperation.  Edwin  E.  Aldrin,  Jr., 
backup  lunar  module  pilot,  had  been  moved  to  command  module  pilot 
position  on  backup  crew.  Astronaut  Fred  W.  Haise,  Jr.,  had  been  as- 
signed to  backup  crew  as  lunar  module  pilot.  Lovell  joined  Astronauts 
Frank  Borman  and  William  A.  Anders  on  prime  crew  for  mission 
scheduled  for  first  quarter  1969.  (msc  Release;  KSC  Release 
KSC-374^68;  AP,  NYT,  8/9/68,  14;  upi,  W  Star,  8/9/68;  W  Post, 
8/9/68,  A7;  SBD,  8/9/68,  169;  msc  Roundup,  8/16/68,  1) 

•  GSFC  team  headed  by  Peter  Minott  was  studying  amount  of  energy  ab- 

sorbed by  atmosphere  through  experiments  with  laser  beam  directed  at 
Explorer  XXXVI.  Reflectors  on  satellite  returned  beam  to  its  starting 
point  on  earth  while  laser  detector  on  satellite  radioed  back  data  on  the 
strength  of  its  light  as  it  passed  through  atmospheric  conditions,  nasa 
laser  expert  Dr.  Henry  Plotkin  said,  "Some  day  we  figure  that  with  a 
laser  we  can  build  a  space-to-earth  communications  link  that  won't  fade 
the  way  radio  waves  do."  Laser  experiments  also  were  being  conducted 
with  Explorer  XXII,  XXVII,  and  XXIX,  and  two  French  satellites. 
(Kehoe,  W  Post,  8/8/68,  Fl) 

•  ComSatCorp,  on  behalf  of  INTELSAT,  issued  RFP  for  aeronautical  com- 

munications satellites  for  two-way  simplex  voice  communication  be- 
tween transoceanic  aircraft  and  fixed  earth  stations.  Spacecraft  were  to 
be  active  repeater  VHF  comsats  with  minimum  five-year  life  for  em- 
placement in  synchronous  equatorial  orbit.  (ComSatCorp  Release 
68-38) 

August  8—9:  Two  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rockets  launched  from 
NASA  Wallops  Station  reached  178-mi  (286.5-km)  and  199-mi  (320- 
km)  altitudes  in  Univ.  of  Michigan  experiments  to  obtain  thermo- 
sphere  structure  measurements  of  N^  density  and  temperature.  Rockets 
and  instrumentation  performed  satisfactorily.  All  scientific  objectives 
appeared  to  have  been  met.   (nasa  Rpts  srl) 

August  9:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXXXV  from  Baikonur  Cosmo- 
drome into  orbit  with  283-km  (175.8-mi)  apogee,  203-km  (126.2-mi) 
perigee.  89.3-min  period,  and  51.8°  inclination.  Satellite  performed  sat- 
isfactorily and  reentered  Aug.  17.  (W  Star,  8/9/68,  1;  SBD,  8/12/68, 
177;  GSFC  SSR,  8/15/68;  8/31/68) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Station 

carried  Univ.  of  Michigan  payload  to  90.9-mi  (146.3-km)  altitude  to 
measure  neutral  atmospheric  density  and  temperature  profile  at  alti- 
tudes of  12.4-74.6  mi  (20—120  km) ,  compare  night  measurements  with 

183 


August  9  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

day  measurements  by  rocket  launched  Aug.  8,  evaluate  lunar  position 
sensing  device  for  use  in  resolving  payload  altitude,  and  measure  wind 
velocities.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed  satisfactorily;  data 
were  obtained  as  planned.  Launch  was  to  be  last  of  this  Pitot  static 
.  payload  configuration.  New  Pitot  probe  system  would  be  used  in  fu- 
ture. (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA  selected  Nortronics  Div.   of  Northrop  Corp.   and   Fecker  Div.   of 

Owens-Illinois  Co.  for  competitive  negotiations  for  S2.5  million  cost- 
plus-incentive-fee  contract  to  design,  build,  and  install  36-in  aperture  in- 
frared telescope  in  nasa's  high-altitude  observatory  aircraft.  Aircraft, 
modified  Convair  990  jet  transport,  was  operated  by  ARC  as  national 
facility  for  astronomers  and  other  scientists.  Telescope  would  provide 
information  on  planets,  comets,  asteroids,  solar  surface,  stars,  nebulae, 
and  galactic  phenomena.  Above  interference  of  most  of  earth's  atmos- 
phere, it  would  gather  information  in  infrared  portion  of  spectrum  not 
available  from  ground  observatories,  (nasa  Release  68—144) 

•  Naval  Research  Laboratory  scientists  Dror  Sadeh,  Stephen  Knowles,  and 

Benjamin  Au  reported  in  Science  observations  made  in  two  experi- 
ments in  which  an  apparent  decrease  in  frequency  of  radio  or  light 
waves  was  detected  v.'hen  optical  path  was  in  vicinity  of  a  mass.  Radio 
waves  skirting  earth  and  sun  appeared  to  increase  in  wavelength,  lead- 
ing scientists  to  reason  that  all  lights  crossing  portions  of  universe 
would  be  similarly  affected  by  mass  of  objects  along  the  way.  Effect 
could  account  for  part  of  "red  shift"  (shift  in  spectra  of  distant  gal- 
axies as  they  receded  from  earth) ,  chief  tool  for  measuring  expansion 
rate  of  universe  which,  in  turn,  was  used  to  measure  age  of  universe. 
Thus,  if  observations  by  NRL  scientists  were  confirmed,  they  could  ne- 
cessitate revision  of  long-standing  estimates  of  age  and  expansion  rate 
of  universe.  Experimenters,  however,  indicated  their  findings  appeared 
inconsistent  with  results  from  "round-trip"  experiments,  such  as  those 
obtained  during  past  year  when  radar  impulses  were  bounced  off 
Venus  and  Mercury.  {Science,  8/9/68,  567-9;  Sullivan,  NYT, 
8/10/68,  27) 

•  ComSatCorp,  on  behalf  of  INTELSAT,  announced  it  had  requested  pro- 

posals for  design  of  120-in  parabolic  spacecraft  antenna  for  experi- 
ments to  evaluate  feasibility  of  deployable,  narrow-beam,  parabolic  an- 
tenna for  use  on  spacecraft  in  synchronous,  equatorial  orbit  in  research 
on  communications  at  15  ghz.  Antenna  would  be  designed  to  provide 
0.5°  width  beam.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68-40) 
August  10:  NASA's  860-lb  Ats  IV  (ats-d)  (Applications  Technology  Satel- 
lite) was  launched  from  etr  by  Atlas-Centaur  booster  on  mission  to 
evaluate  gravity-gradient  system  for  spacecraft  stabilization  in  syn- 
chronous orbit  and  to  obtain  data  on  experiments  during  first  30  days 
in  orbit. 

Centaur  ignited,  successfully  injecting  spacecraft  into  elliptical  park- 
ing orbit  with  475.8-mi  (765.7-km)  apogee,  115.4-mi  (175.7-km)  peri- 
gee, and  29.1°  inclination.  Centaur  engines,  which  were  to  have  reig- 
nited  to  inject  spacecraft  into  22,300-mi-altitude  synchronous  equa- 
torial orbit  west  of  South  America,  failed  to  ignite.  Since  programmer 
did  not  receive  accelerometer  burn  indication,  it  did  not  issue  com- 
mand to  separate  and  spacecraft  and  Centaur  stage  remained  joined, 
tumbling  uncontrollably,  in  parking  orbit.  Three  attempts  to  fire  apo- 

184 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  August  10 

gee  kick  motor  were  unsuccessful  because  firing  was  inhibited  by  sepa- 
ration switches.  Efforts  vvould  be  made  to  operate  all  experiments  possi- 
ble, but  information  beyond  proof  of  operation  was  not  expected.  Al- 
though exact  rate  and  direction  of  tumble  had  not  been  determined, 
preliminary  assessment  indicated  rate  was  too  high  for  successful  boom 
deployment. 

Ats  IV  was  fourth  in  series  of  seven  satellites  designed  to  improve 
spacecraft  technology,  develop  long-life  control  systems,  advance  space- 
craft communications,  and  improve  long-range  weather  predictions. 
First  spacecraft  to  be  placed  in  earth  orbit  by  Centaur  booster,  Ats  IV 
was  56  in  in  dia.  72  in  long,  and  would  have  been  251  ft  across  with 
gravity-gradient  rods  fully  deployed.  Spacecraft  carried  four  appli- 
cations technology  experiments — gravity-gradient  stabilization  system, 
day-night  Image  Orthicon  Camera  (loc),  microwave  communications 
experiment,  and  ion  engine — and  no  science  experiments.  Ats  I 
(launched  Dec.  6,  1966)  had  exceeded  its  test  objectives  and  was 
still  operating  satisfactorily.  Ats  II  (launched  April  5,  1967),  though 
judged  a  failure  because  of  eccentric  orbit,  had  transmitted  some  useful 
data.  Ats  III  (launched  Nov.  5,  1967) ,  last  ATS  spacecraft  scheduled  to 
be  launched  by  Atlas-Agena  D  booster,  had  operated  successfully  and 
transmitted  color  photos  of  earth,  ats  program  was  managed  by  GSFC 
under  ossa  direction,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release  68-127;  UPI,  MYT, 
8/12/68,  34;  AP,  P  Inq,  8/12/68;  Lewis  News,  8/16/68, 1) 

•  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space 

Flight,  told  British  Interplanetary  Society  in  London:  "I  believe 
that  the  exploitation  of  space  is  limited  in  concept  and  extent  by 
the  very  high  cost  of  putting  payload  into  orbit,  and  the  inaccessibility 
of  objects  after  they  have  been  launched.  Therefore  I  would  forecast 
that  the  next  major  thrust  in  space  will  be  the  development  of  an  eco- 
nomical launch  vehicle  for  shuttling  between  earth  and  the  installations, 
such  as  the  orbiting  space  stations  which  will  be  operating  in  space." 
Dr.  Mueller  said  efficient  earth-to-orbit  transportation  system  would  be 
needed  to  shuttle  thousands  of  tons  of  material  in  and  out  of  space, 
operating  in  mode  similar  to  that  of  large  commercial  air  transports 
and  compatible  with  airports.  Same  technology  could  be  applied  to  ter- 
restrial point-to-point  transport.  (Text) 

•  New  York  Neivs  editorial  criticized  severe  cut-backs  in  space  funding: 

"Most  ominous,  we  think,  are  the  delays  and  curtailments  likely  to  be 
economy-compelled  in  the  Apollo  moon  program  .  .  .  too-drastic  cut- 
backs in  funds  for  space  programs  and  researches  would  be  foolish  at 
best,  and  suicidal  at  worst,  considering  Russia's  known  efforts  to  de- 
velop space  weapons  for  world  blackmail.  What  if  Queen  Isabella  had 
limited  Christopher  Columbus  to  one  little  ship  and  a  skeleton  crew?" 
(N^'/VeM;5,  8/10/68) 

August  11:  Photographic  evidence  from  U.S.  satellites  had  indicated 
U.S.S.R.  construction  of  Moscow  antimissile  defense  had  been  slowed 
down,  if  not  halted.  U.S.  intelligence  officials  had  been  satisfied  from 
photographs  that  Tallinn  defense  across  northeast  approaches  to 
U.S.S.R.  was  against  U.S.  bombers,  not  missiles.  {W  Post,  8/11/68,  1) 

August  12:  NASA  Nike- Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  carried 
Dudley   Observatory,   Albany,   N.Y.,    payload   to   96.5-mi    (155.2-km) 

185 


August  12  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

altitude  to  collect,  recover,  and  evaluate  micrometeoroid  particles  dur- 
ing approximate  maximum  of  Perseid  meteor  shower.  Rocket  and 
instruments  performed  satisfactorily  and  telemetry  data  were  obtained 
during  entire  flight  time.  Preliminary  data  indicated  excellent  experi- 
,  mental  results.  Payload  was  not  damaged  and  was  recovered  within 
one  hour,  (nasa  Rpt  SRl) 

•  Simplified   instrumentation   technique   using    miniaturization,    developed 

by  NASA's  FRC  for  monitoring  pilots  of  XB-70  aircraft  and  wingless 
lifting-body  vehicles,  had  been  adapted  to  make  possible  almost  instan- 
taneous transmission  of  electrocardiograms  taken  of  ambulance  pa- 
tients enroute  to  hospital  doctors  awaiting  their  arrival.  In  procedure 
taking  total  two  minutes,  data  obtained  from  patient  were  flashed  over 
ambulance  radio  to  control  center,  relayed  by  telephone  to  cooperating 
hospital,  and  fed  to  ECG  recorder.  System  had  been  successfully  tested 
by  a  Los  Angeles  ambulance  service  for  several  months.  (NASA  Release 
68-U5;  W  Post,  8/15/68) 

•  New  York  Times  reported  interview  in  which  General  Electric  Co.  engi- 

neers described  arms  (Application  of  Remote  Manipulators  in  Space), 
concept  being  pursued  under  $68,000  NASA  contract  to  study  feasibility 
of  orbiting  robots  to  refuel,  resupply,  and  repair  crippled  spacecraft  on 
signals  from  earth.  They  could  be  in  operation  by  mid-1970s  and,  if 
successful,  could  extend  useful  lifetimes  of  communications  and 
weather  satellites  and,  possibly,  could  inspect  or  disable  hostile  space- 
craft. One  plan  was  to  launch  600-lb  robot  attached  to  1,000-lb  tender 
or  "home  base"  satellite.  With  repair  kit  orbited  on  distress  signal 
from  regular  satellite,  robot  would  rendezvous  and  repair  disabled  sat- 
ellite directed  by  a  ground  controller  by  radio  signals  transmitted  via 
the  tender.  After  each  repair  robot  would  return  to  tender.  Engineers 
estimated  robot  could  remain  in  orbit  four  to  five  years  and  would 
have  paid  for  itself  after  12  repairs.  (Wilford,  NYT,  8/13/68,  4) 
August  13:  Apollo  7  spacecraft  had  been  mechanically  mated  to  Saturn  IB 
launch  vehicle  at  Complex  34,  NASA  announced.  Apollo  7  prime  or 
backup  crew,  or  both,  would  participate  in  10-hr  network  simulation  of 
first  six  revolutions  of  mission  and  8-hr  launch  simulations  during 
week. 

Spacecraft  2TV-1  command  and  service  modules  successfully  com- 
pleted manned  checkout  Aug.  9  and  10  in  preparation  for  five-day 
manned  thermal-vacuum  test  at  MSC  in  September  to  help  verify  space- 
craft in  simulated  space  environment  for  Apollo  earth-orbital  and  lunar 
missions.  Two-minute  captive  firing  of  6th  Saturn  V  booster  stage  at 
MTF  Aug.  13  would  try  out  "fix"  for  Saturn  V  longitudinal  oscillations 
— conversion  of  liquid  oxygen  prevalves  into  gas-filled  shock  absorbers. 
{Text;  CTrib,  8/IS/68) 

•  NASA  issued  request  for  quotations  for  design,  development,  fabrication, 

test,  qualification,  and  delivery  of  actuator  system  for  Apollo  Telescope 
Mount  (atm),  calling  for  completion  within  nine  months.  System,  ex- 
pected to  weigh  20  lb,  would  be  contained  in  cylinder  18  in  long  and  1 
ft  in  dia.  It  would  be  used  to  deploy  solar  panels  of  ATM  which  would 
be  placed  in  orbit  and  docked  with  Saturn  I  workshop,  (msfc  Release 
68-178) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Flight,  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller, 

had  told  Apollo  project  contractors  that  U.S.S.R.  was  developing  a 

186 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  August  13 

"large  booster,  larger  by  a  factor  of  two.  than  our  Saturn  V,"  New 
York  Times'  John  N.  Wilford  reported.  Wilford  said  estimate  was  part 
of  warning  to  Apollo  team  that  unless  they  speeded  their  efforts, 
U.S.S.R.  might  beat  U.S.  to  manned  lunar  landing.  With  Dr.  Mueller  in 
Europe,  NASA  spokesman  had  said  he  did  not  know  basis  of  informa- 
tion. Previously,  there  had  been  no  public  statement  indicating 
U.S.S.R.  might  be  workins  on  rocket  with  greater  than  10-million-lb 
thrust.  Saturn  V  had  7.5-million-lb  thrust.  {NYT,  8/14/68,  11) 

•  nae's  Aeronautics  and  Space  Engineering  Board  called  for  review  of  air 

transport's  part  in  U.S.  transportation  network,  urging  that  dot  and 
faa  take  systems  approach  to  study  of  R&D  goals  while  leaving  R&D  it- 
self to  enlarged  NASA  role.  Board  report.  Civil  Aviation  and  Develop- 
ment: An  Assessment  of  Federal  Government  Involvement,  recom- 
mended, "NASA's  role  should  be  expanded  to  involve  not  only  flight 
vehicles  and  their  propulsion  systems,  which  have  traditionally  oc- 
cupied its  principal  attention  .  .  .  but  all  aspects  of  research  and  devel- 
opment of  importance  to  civil  aeronautics." 

First  project  of  Board  organized  in  1967,  study  said  NASA  work 
should  include  "development  of  new  technologies  relating  to  air  traffic 
control  as  well  as  to  airports  and  their  support  facilities."  In  addition 
to  NASA's  background  in  vehicle  technology  and  growing  avionics  capa- 
bility, "developments  in  space  technology,  including  the  use  of  satellites 
for  communications  and  navigation,  offer  new  opportunities  for  im- 
proving air  navigation."  (Text;  NAE  Release:  Lannan.  \^  Star, 
8/13/68,  A8:   Sehlstedt.  B  Sun,  8/14/68:  A&A,  8/68) 

•  U.S.  patent  No.  3.396,921  was  issued  to  Francis  M.  Rogallo,  head   of 

low-speed  vehicle  branch  at  LaRC,  for  control  devices  to  regulate  pitch 
and  roll  of  paraglider  planned  for  Apollo  Applications  flights.  Rogallo 
and  his  wife  Gertrude  had  developed  paraglider — called  Rogallo  wing 
— under  NASA  contract.  It  was  free-flight  vehicle  with  flexible  wings 
which  could  be  extended  upon  reentrv  to  carry  astronauts  to  a  landing. 
(Pat  Off  Pio;  NYT,  8/17/68,  37) 

•  DOD  announced  second  $l-million  installment  on  contracts  for  design  of 

Navy  VFX,  substitute  aircraft  for  F— lllB.  held  by  Grumman  Aircraft 
Engineering  Corp.,  General  Dynamics  Corp.,  LTV  Aerospace  Corp., 
McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.,  and  North  American  Rockwell  Corp.  [see 
July  19].  Five  contractors  would  eventually  get  S3  million  each  under 
contract  definition  phase  to  end  Oct.  1.  (dod  Press  Off:  W  Post, 
8/14/68,  D9) 

•  USN  had  announced  selection  of  General  Dynamics  Corp.  and  Lockheed 

Aircraft  Corp.-LTV  Aerospace  Corp.  team  to  make  contract  definition 
studies  of  vsx,  carrier-based  antisubmarine  aircraft  to  replace  15-yr-old 
S2,  Wall  Street  Journal  reported,  vsx,  powered  by  turbofan-jets. 
would  have  twice  S2's  speed,  10  times  its  efficiency  because  of  its  digi- 
tal computers  which  could  analyze  underwater  sound  and  present  data 
on  TV-like  displays.  Contract  could  eventually  reach  SI  billion.  (WSJ, 
8/13/68.2) 

•  In  closed  meeting  at  Civil  Aeronautics  Board,  Washington,  D.C.,  75  air- 

line and  U.S.  Government  officials  discussed  possible  solutions  to  avia- 
tion congestion  crisis,  including:  elimination  of  peak-hour  charter 
flights:  adoption  of  minimum  flight  distance  rule  for  scheduled  services 
from  New   York's   Kennedy   International   Airport:    rollback  to    1967 

187 


August  13  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1%8 

level  of  Kennedy  schedules;  limitation  of  aircraft  movements  in  peak 
hours,  including  general  aviation;  diversion  of  flights  to  other  air- 
ports; and  blackout  of  discount  fares  at  peak  periods.  Trans  World 
Airlines  President  Charles  C.  Tillinghast,  Jr.,  disagreed  with  Port  of 
New  York  Authority  view  that  basic  solution  to  air  congestion  was  con- 
struction of  fourth  New  York  airport.  Solution,  he  said,  was  expanding 
Kennedy's  capabilities  to  meet  traffic  demand.  (Tolchin,  NYT,  8/14/68, 
30;  W5far,  8/14/68,  A18) 

•  New   York  Times  editorial  advocated  priority  for  passenger  transports 

over  private  aircraft  during  peak  hours  at  major  airports — New  York, 
Washington,  Chicago,  Los  Angeles — until  longer-range  measures  could 
be  provided  to  alleviate  congestion.  "Such  a  solution  will  be  strongly 
opposed  by  .  .  .  general  aviation  which  now  numbers  112,000  private 
planes  [including]  4,000  business  jets.  .  .  .  The  contention  will  be  ad- 
vanced that  it  is  unfair  to  bar  them  from  airports  built  with  public 
funds  through  a  system  of  preference  for  the  2,200  commercial  airlin- 
ers now  in  service.  Yet  no  one  can  argue  that  it  is  in  the  public  interest 
to  keep  a  commercial  airliner  with  120  passengers  aboard  circling  for 
.  .  .  hours  .  .  .  while  airport  tower  time  and  runway  space  are  occupied 
by  planes  which  may  carry  only  two  or  three  persons.  .  .  .  Where  lim- 
ited airport  facilities  necessitate  a  choice,  common  carriers  should  have 
preference  over  private  planes.  Delay  in  making  that  choice  is  an  invi- 
tation to  disaster."  {NYT,  8/13/68,  34) 

•  Washington  Evening  Star  editorial  praised  U.S.  decision  to  test  Multiple 

Independently  Targetable  Reentry  Vehicle  (mirv)  despite  suggestions 
that  experimentation  be  suspended  as  token  of  U.S.  readiness  to  negoti- 
ate with  U.S.S.R.  on  international  control  of  missile  production:  ".  .  . 
negotiations  .  .  .  are  still  in  the  future  and  will  be  drawn  out.  .  .  . 
Meanwhile,  since  neither  party  is  subjecting  itself  to  any  kind  of  con- 
trol .  .  .  and  since  the  technology  of  missiles  continues  a  sort  of  ex- 
plosive advance,  nothing  could  be  more  foolish  or  more  dangerous  than 
a  unilateral  suspension  ...  of  the  testing  that  is  clearly  necessary  to 
the  defense  of  the  nation."  (W  Star,  8/13/68,  A6) 

•  Prof.  J.  Hoover  Mackin,  one  of  four  experts  chosen  by  NASA  to  examine 

first  rock  samples  to  be  returned  from  moon,  died  in  Houston,  Tex.,  at 
age  62.  He  had  held  William  Stamps  Farish  Chair  in  Geology  at 
Univ.  of  Texas.  ( AP,  W  Post,  8/14/68,  B6) 

•  Ralph   Hazlett  Upson,   aeronautical   engineer   who   won   James   Gordon 

Trophy  in  1913  International  Balloon  Race  from  Paris  to  England  and 
American  National  Balloon  Races  in  1913,  1919,  and  1921,  died  in 
Burien,  Wash.,  at  age  80.  {NYT,  8/15/68,  35) 
August  14:  NAS-NRC  Space  Science  Board  urged  nasa  to  use  developing 
technology  of  fully  automated  systems  in  planetary  exploration  rather 
than  manned  flights,  which  it  felt  were  not  "essential  for  scientific  plan- 
etary investigation  at  this  stage."  Recommendations  on  priorities  were 
made  in  Planetary  Exploration,  1968-1975,  prepared  by  panel  of  23 
scientists  who  met  during  week  of  June  9  to  reappraise  1965  study  in 
light  of  rapid  development  in  science  and  severe  cuts  in  NASA  budget. 

Report  called  2%  for  planetary  exploration  out  of  NASA  FY  1969 
budget  "totally  inadequate."  It  recommended  diversion  of  funds  from 
manned  missions  to  instrument  exploration,  including  biennial  flights 
to  orbit  Venus  and  Mars  until  1975 ;  dropping  capsule  on  Mars  in  1973 

188 


< 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  August  14 

to  detect  life  signs  and  a  major  lander  later,  perhaps  in  1975;  multi- 
ple-drop probe  of  Venus'  surface  in  1975 ;  Mercury  flight  in  1973 ;  and 
priority  Jupiter  flybys  in  1972  and  1973.  Panel  advocated  pursuit  of 
planets  in  economical  way:  use  of  existing  Pioneer  spacecraft  in  Venus 
and  Jupiter  missions,  elimination  of  second  spacecraft  in  all  missions 
unless  "clear  gain  .  .  .  will  result  from  such  double  launches,"  and  use 
of  single  launch  for  both  Venus  and  Mercury  missions  by  scheduling 
them  when  planets  were  in  alignment  (same  technique  could  be  used 
for  "Grand  Tour"  of  major  planets  in  1977,  when  they  would  be 
aligned  in  space).  Referring  to  U.S.S.R.  exploration,  report  said,  "We 
certainly  believe  we  cannot  abandon  this  broad  area  of  space  activities 
to  our  competitors." 

Report  also  recommended  strong  support  for  radioastronomy,  in- 
cluding development  of  major  new  observatory  primarily  for  planetary 
study,  and  continued  support  of  ground-based  optical  planetary  astron- 
omy. It  proposed  coordinated,  informal  contact  with  Soviet  scientists 
on  possibility  of  joint  planning  of  planetary  exploration.  (Text;  NRC 
Release;  Lyons.  NYT,  8/15/68,  17;  O'Toole,  W  Post,  8/15/68,  Al; 
Lannan,  W  Star,  8/15/68,  C8;  Carter,  Science,  8/16/68,  671-3) 

•  Secretary  of  Transportation  Alan  S.  Boyd  said  Government  would  limit 

both  commercial  and  general  aviation  traffic  at  New  York's  major  air- 
ports unless  aviation  industry  imposed  its  own  limitations.  Banishment 
of  general  aviation  from  Kennedy  International  or  La  Guardia  Airport 
was  "an  extreme  possibility";  problem  of  "spiderweb"  of  connecting 
flights  would  be  tackled  by  diverting  some  international  flights  to  air- 
ports at  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  Washington.  (Tolchin,  NYT, 
8/15/68, 1) 

•  Taccomsat  1,  world's  largest  synchronous  orbit  satellite,  was  scheduled 

for  launch  by  USAF  Titan  III-C  booster  in  February  1969,  Aerospace 
Daily  reported.  Spacecraft  would  be  six  times  as  powerful  as  any  other 
comsat.  Initial  command  and  control  of  satellite,  to  be  positioned  near 
Galapagos  Islands  for  undetermined  checkout  period,  would  be  accom- 
plished by  Air  Force  Satellite  Control  Facility  (afscf).  Taccomsat  1 
would  have  6  kv.-  of  effective  radiated  power.  Intelsat  II  satellites  had 
50  w.  Its  1  kw  of  raw  dc  solar  power  was  10  times  that  available  in 
Intelsat  II.  While  Intelsat  II  communications  bandwidth  was  125  mhz, 
Taccomsat  1  would  have  down-link  bandwidth  of  10  mhz  at  X-band  and 
500  khz  at  uhf  frequencies.   (Aero  Daily,  8/14/68) 

•  Recorded  aircraft  highjackings  had  totaled  14  in  past  year,  with  13  U.S. 

airliners  over  southern  U.S.  forced  to  land  in  Cuba,  Andrew  Wilson  of 
London  Observer  reported.  ( W  Post,  8/14/68,  A3) 
August  14-27:  At  U.N.  Conference  on  Exploration  and  Peaceful  Uses  of 
Outer  Space  held  in  Vienna  and  attended  by  500  delegates  from  74 
nations,  Soviet  Premier  Alexey  N.  Kosygin  announced  U.S.S.R.  and 
"other  Socialist  countries"  would  establish  comsat  network  "Inter- 
sputnik"  to  compete  with  INTELSAT.  Draft  agreement  had  been  submit- 
ted in  New  York  to  U.N.  Secretary-General  U  Thant  by  U.S.S.R.,  Bul- 
garia, Czechoslovakia.  Hungary,  Poland,  Romania,  Mongolia,  and 
Cuba.  Vladimir  Minashin,  head  of  comsat  div.  of  Soviet  Ministry  of 
Communications,  said  Intersputnik  satellite  would  have  same  synchro- 
nous orbit  used  by  the  four  U.S.-provided  Intelsat  satellites.  U.S.  Dept. 
spokesman  said  U.S.  had  no  need  to  join  U.S.S.R.-sponsored  system; 

189 


August  14^27  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

INTELSAT,  with  62  member  nations,  was  already  operating  successfully, 
handling  95%  of  total  international  telecommunications  traffic.  U.S. 
was  not  opposed  to  Soviet  proposal  for  political  reasons,  but  on  grounds 
there  would  be  economic  problems  in  creation  of  two  worldwide  comsat 
systems.  {W  Post,  8/14/68,  12;  O'Toole,  W  Post,  8/15/68,  A21;  Hamil- 
ton, NYT,  8/15/68,  18;  8/20/68,  18;  WSJ,  8/15/68,  1;  Sehlstedt,  B 
Sun,  8/15/68,  1) 

Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned 
Space  Flight,  at  Vienna  conference  discussed  three  results  of  U.S. 
manned  space  flight  program  to  illustrate  contributions  to  space  explo- 
ration. Program  had  proved  man  could  live  in  space  and  man  could  do 
useful  work  in  space  and  it  had  created  technology  to  make  these  possi- 
ble. In  first  category,  NASA,  NAS— NRC  Space  Science  Board,  NSF,  arpa, 
DOD  groups,  universities,  and  others  had  conquered  problems  of  weight- 
lessness in  space,  heavy  acceleration  and  deceleration  forces,  air  supply 
and  pressure  required  for  breathing  in  space,  psychological  problems 
presented  by  isolation,  and  problem  of  radiation. 

Successful  termination  of  Mercury  and  Gemini  programs  had  proved 
man  capable  of  existing  in  space.  His  capability  to  do  useful  work  in 
space  had  been  proved  by  successful  rendezvous  and  docking  of  space- 
craft, by  space  photography,  and  by  extravehicular  activity.  Pervasive- 
ness of  space  technology  had  been  demonstrated  by  range  and  variety 
of  thousands  of  products,  including  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle,  world's 
largest  flight  vehicle,  and  integrated  circuit,  one  of  world's  smallest 
manufactured  items. 

Dr.  Mueller  said:  "Our  civilization  has  been  built  upon  our  accumu- 
lated knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  of  our  environment.  All  of  our  in- 
ventions have  been  the  result  of  the  application  of  these  natural  laws. 
Advances  in  our  civilization  have  always  followed  after  discovery  of 
some  one  of  the  missing  links  in  our  chain  of  knowledge.  .  .  .  We 
know  that  many  of  the  missing  links  .  .  .  will  be  supplied  ...  as  we 
move  man  with  his  accumulation  of  experience  and  his  sophisticated 
equipment  for  exploration,  into  a  new  laboratory  .  .  .  the  laboratory 
of  the  moon  and  outward  to  our  solar  system.  .  .  .  H  all  of  us,  from 
all  nations,  are  sufficiently  creative,  abundantly  inventive,  and  freely 
adaptive,  we  have  it  within  our  power  to  improve  the  lives  of  every 
man,  woman,  and  child."  (Text) 

U.S.S.R.  Cosmonaut  Aleksey  A.  Leonov  at  Vienna  conference  pro- 
posed Aug.  15  that  Ocean  of  Storms,  prominent  feature  of  lunar  land- 
scape, be  renamed  Ocean  of  Gagarin  in  honor  of  Soviet  Cosmonaut 
Yuri  A.  Gargarin,  who  made  first  manned  earth  orbit  April  12,  1961. 
Leonov,  who  took  man's  first  walk  in  space  in  1965,  read  Gagarin 
paper  which  emphasized  similarity  between  experience  of  Soviet  astro- 
nauts and  that  of  crews  of  deep-sea  exploratory  craft.  He  said  all  actions 
taken  in  Soviet  space  vehicles  were  tried  first  in  underwater  craft. 

Large  Soviet  exhibit  at  conference  showed  full-scale  model  of  original 
Soviet  spacecraft  and  listed  Soviet  space  firsts.  U.S.  exhibit,  small 
because  of  cut  in  NASA  funds,  depicted  benefits  space  exploration  would 
produce  for  developing  countries.  (Hamilton,  NYT,  8/16/68) 

J.  L.  Blondstein  of  British  National  Industrial  Space  Committee  told 
group  meeting  at  conference  Aug.  20  that  production  of  U.S.  military 

190 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968  August  14-27 

satellites  capable  of  direct  TV  broadcasts  to  military  units  was  "immi- 
nent." He  said  U.S.  had  spent  between  $80  million  and  $100  million 
on  development  but  denied  information  was  being  withheld  for  military 
security  reasons.  DOD  spokesman  in  Washington  had  said  he  knew  of 
no  plans  for  direct  TV  broadcasts  by  military  satellites.  (Hamilton,  NYT, 
8/21/68,  3) 

W.  T.  Pecora,  Director,  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  said  Aug.  23  that 
worldwide  volcano  and  earthquake  monitoring  network  might  be  pro- 
vided within  a  few  years  by  space  satellites  carrying  cameras  and 
sensing  devices  to  give  up  to  one  hour  advance  notice  of  strong  earth 
shocks.  (AP,  C  Trib,  8/23/68) 
August  15:  At  closed  meeting  at  Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering  Corp.  in 
July,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George 
E.  Mueller,  had  said  contractors'  disregard  of  planned  delivery  dates 
for  Apollo  equipment  amounted  to  a  "disease"  in  the  project,  New 
York  Times  reported.  Apollo  Program  Director  l/g  Samuel  C.  Phillips 
was  quoted  as  saying,  "The  lunar  landing  next  year  is  within  our  grasp, 
but  we  don't  have  a  hold  of  it  because  of  the  disease  Dr.  Mueller  cited." 
Project  was  running  two  years  behind  schedule,  with  first  manned 
Apollo  flight  expected  no  earlier  than  mid-October  and  earliest  lunar 
landing  in  a  year.  Dozens  of  contractors  in  $24-million  program,  urged 
to  meet  tough  specifications  for  mission  safety  and  success  at  same  time, 
were  obsessed  with  checking  and  double  checking  all  systems  as  result 
of  Jan.  24,  1967,  Apollo  fire.  Lunar  module  (lm)  regarded  as  pacing 
item  of  project,  had  undergone  only  one  flight  test.  First  LM  for  manned 
flight  had  developed  problems  in  rendezvous  equipment.  Dr.  Mueller 
had  said  rate  of  changes  in  lm  was  three  times  that  of  Apollo  command 
module,  whose  rate  of  changes,  in  turn,  was  four  times  that  of  Saturn  V 
rocket.  He  said  changes  placed  added  burden  on  technicians  who  should 
be  concentrating  on  launching  operations,  not  on  vehicle  modifications. 
(Wilford,  A^yr,Vl5/68,  16) 

•  Washington  Post  editorial  saw  scheduled  mirv  test  as  threat  to  success 
of  missile-limitation  talks  between  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  "Perhaps  it  will 
prove  possible  to  level  off  the  arms  race  despite  MiRV,  although  it  is 
generally  acknowledged  that  this  weapon  raises  special  inspection  and 
stability  issues  of  its  own.  If  talks  do  stick,  however,  the  Administration 
must  be  prepared  to  bend  on  MiRV.  .  .  .  No  one  seriously  claims  that 
there  is  any  immediate  military  justification  for  it;  deterrence  works 
without  it  and  the  antimissile  system  it  was  designed  to  penetrate  evi- 
dently is  in  low  gear.  It  may  be  acceptable  for  MIRV  to  be  tested  in  order 
to  ease  the  Administration's  internal  tensions  and  electoral  exigencies. 
.  .  .  But  it  would  be  intolerable  to  let  MIRV  spoil  the  missile  talks.  They 
hold  more  promise  of  mutual  security — the  only  genuine  kind  there 
is — than  any  new  weapon  can  provide."  (W  Post,  8/15/68,  A20) 

August  16:  NASA  successfully  launched  Essa  VII  (tos-e),  seventh  mete- 
orological satellite  in  essa's  Tiros  Operational  Satellite  (tos)  system, 
from  WTR  by  two-stage  Thrust-Augmented  Long-Tank  Thor-Delta 
booster.  This  was  first  use  of  long-tank  Thor  for  a  NASA  Delta  mission, 
first  use  of  two-stage  vehicle  for  TOS  spacecraft,  and  first  operational 
two-burn  mission  for  2nd  stage. 

Primary  nasa  mission  objective  was  to  place  and  operate  spacecraft 

191 


August  16 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 


August  16:  NASA  launched  meteorological  satellite  Essa  VII  for  Environmental  Science 
Services  Administration.  Satellite  relayed  photo  of  tropical  storm  Shirley  Aug.  19. 


in  sun-synchronous  orbit  with  local  equator  crossing  time  between  2:35 
pm  and  2:55  pm  so  that  daily  Advanced  Vidicon  Camera  System 
(avcs)  pictures  of  entire  globe  could  be  obtained  regularly  and  de- 
pendably. Satellite  achieved  nearly  polar,  sun-synchronous,  circular 
orbit  with  918-mi  (1,477.9-km)  apogee,  895-mi  (1,440-km)  perigee, 
114.9-min  period,  and  101.7°  inclination.  Drift  of  only  0.002°  per  day 
out  of  sun-synchronous  orbit  meant  it  would  take  perhaps  15  yr  to 
change  equator  crossing  time  by  1  hr  and  added  considerably  to  ex- 
pected useful  lifetime. 

An  advanced  version  of  cartwheel  configuration,  325-lb  cylindrical 
Essa  VII  carried  two  AVCS  cameras  for  global  weather  coverage.  Photos 
would  be  stored  onboard  satellite  on  magnetic  tape  until  readout  by 
essa's  Command  and  Data  Acquisition  (cda)  stations  at  Fairbanks, 
Alaska,  and  Wallops  Island,  Va. 

During  first  42  orbits,  spacecraft  underwent  orientation  maneuver  to 
place  it  in  wheel  mode  and  spin  rate  was  adjusted.  By  Aug.  23  all 
spacecraft  systems  had  been  successfully  programmed  and  excellent  pic- 


192 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  August  16 

tures  had  been  read  out  directly,  as  well  as  sequences  stored  for  remote 
readout. 

ESSA  financed  and  managed  TOS  system  and  would  operate  spacecraft 
after  NASA  completed  checkout  later  in  month.  GSFC  was  responsible  for 
procurement,  launch,  and  initial  checkout  of  spacecraft  in  orbit.  Essa  I 
was  launched  Feb.  3.  1966;  Essa  II,  Feb.  28,  1966;  Essa  III,  Oct.  2, 
1966;  Essa  IV,  Jan.  26,  1967;  Essa  V,  April  20,  1967;  and  Essa  VI, 
Nov.  10,  1967.  Essa  VII  was  17th  Tiros  satellite  launched  successfully 
since  Tiros  I,  first  weather  satellite,  April  1,  1960.  All  from  Tiros  III 
on  had  equaled  or  exceeded  designed  operation  lifetimes.  Millionth 
weather  satellite  photo  had  been  received  May  27,  1968.  (nasa  Proj 
Off;  ESSA  Release  ES  68-48) 

•  USAF  attempt  to  launch  record  12  satellites  from  Vandenberg  afb  with 

single  Atlas-Burner  II  booster  failed  when  heat  shield  apparently  did 
not  separate  as  planned.  Telemetry  during  launch  indicated  Atlas  and 
Burner  II  stages  performed  as  scheduled,  but  confirmation  of  heat 
shield  separation  was  not  received.  USAF  was  still  investigating  launch 
attempt.  Upper  stage  had  been  designed  to  eject  small  satellites  to  meas- 
ure size  and  shape  of  earth,  provide  targets  for  radar  experiments,  and 
test  atmospheric  drag  in  near  space.  (JV  Post,  8/18/68;  Boeing  Release 
S-9805) 

•  NASA's  Reentry  VI  mission — launched   April  27  to  obtain  fundamental 

inflight  research  data  on  aerodynamic  heating  and  transition  from  lam- 
inar to  turbulent  flow  in  boundary  layer — was  adjudged  successful  by 
NASA.  Boosted  flight  trajectory  was  nominal  and  spacecraft  was  placed 
on  desired  trajectory  with  three  sigma  dispersion  limits.  Separation  of 
spacecraft  from  Scout  launch  vehicle  occurred  as  planned,  with  all  sys- 
tems fully  operational.  Maximum  spacecraft  velocity  (19,820  fps),  alti- 
tude, and  reentry  angle  were  near  nominal.  Telemetry  records  indicated 
flight  instrumentation  performance  was  satisfactory  throughout  flight. 
Large  unexpected  amount  of  signal  attenuation  occurred  at  altitudes 
below  90,000  ft,  but  because  of  high  design  margins,  no  data  were  lost. 
Transitional  and  fully  developed  heating  data  were  obtained  during 
reentry,  (nasa  Proj  Off) 

•  DOD  successfully  launched  first  Poseidon  and  Minuteman  III  long-range 

missiles  from  etr.  usn's  two-stage,  solid-fuel  Poseidon,  designed  as 
submarine-launched  missile,  weighed  65,000  lb — twice  as  much  as  Po- 
laris it  would  replace — and  could  carry  up  to  10  nuclear  warheads  in 
one  Multiple  Independently  Targetable  Reentry  Vehicle  (mirv)  cluster. 
Missile  traveled  1,000  mi  downrange  over  Atlantic. 

usaf's  76,000-lb  Minuteman  III,  more  powerful  version  of  Minute- 
man  I  and  II  missiles  and  capable  of  carrying  three  warheads,  traveled 
5,000  mi  downrange.  (dod  Release  753-68;  W  Star,  8/16/68,  A9;  Wil- 
ford,  NYT,  8/17/68,  1;  AP,  B  Sun,  8/17/68,  1;  W  Post,  8/17/68,  1) 

•  J  PL  scientists  Paul  M.  Muller  and  William  L.  Sjogren,  using  tracking 

data  from  Lunar  Orbiter  V,  had  discovered  mass  concentrations  of 
dense  material  beneath  moon's  surface,  centered  below  all  five  circular 
seas  on  moon's  near  face.  They  had  caused  acceleration  in  speed  of 
Lunar  Orbiter  V  spacecraft,  while  irregular  seas  had  only  small  effects 
on  satellite's  orbital  velocity.  Source  and  nature  of  concentrations  were 
not  known,  but  their  presence  under  circular  seas  indicated  relationship 
to  these  seas.  Further  analysis  was  expected  to  yield  more  positive  in- 

193 


August  16  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

formation  on  size  and  depth  of  masses,  which  might  aid  Apollo  naviga- 
tion and  shed  light  on  moon's  origin  and  evolution,  (nasa  Release 
68-143;  JPL  Release  486;  Sullivan,  NYT,  8/16/68,  42;  Cohn,  W  Post, 
8/16/68,  A3) 

•  U.S.S.R.'s  Tu-144  supersonic  aircraft  had  been  completed  and  was  being 

prepared  for  maiden  flight.  Associated  Press  reported.  According  to 
Moscow  radio,  aircraft  was  at  an  airfield,  would  soon  start  flight  tests, 
and  would  become  operational  "in  the  nearest  future."  (AP,  NYT, 
8/17/68,  44) 

•  Washington  Post  editorial  on  nas— nrc  Space  Science  Board's  recommen- 

dation that  NASA  follow  manned  lunar  exploration  v/ith  unmanned  plan- 
etary exploration:  "The  program  they  project  would  require  more 
funds  than  so  far  given  NASA  but  certainly  would  be  more  economical 
than  preparation  for  manned  flights  to  other  planets.  Without  settling 
the  basic  issues  dividing  the  exponents  of  manned  flights  and  those  in 
favor  of  unmanned  flights,  this  program  v/ould  be  a  logical  preliminary 
to  either  alternative  .  .  .  [and]  seems  consistent  with  both  scientific 
objectives  and  financial  realities.  And  if  success  in  this  program  justi- 
fies going  on  to  manned  flights,  that  can  be  decided  later."  {W  Post, 
8/16/68,  20) 

•  At  DOT  press  conference  Secretary  of  Transportation  Alan  S.  Boyd  and 

Acting  FAA  Administrator  David  D.  Thomas  outlined  proposed  restric- 
tions on  air  traffic  at  major  U.S.  airports  to  ease  increasing  congestion: 
limit  aircraft  movements  in  peak  periods  to  65  per  hr  at  Kennedy  In- 
ternational, 60  per  hr  at  Newark  and  La  Guardia,  130  per  hr  at  Chi- 
cago's O'Hare,  and  70  per  hr  at  Washington  National;  require  all  air- 
craft operating  to  and  from  those  airports  to  file  advance  flight  plans; 
and  restrict  use  of  those  airports  to  aircraft  meeting  performance  and 
equipment  requirements  which  would  eliminate  many  general-aviation 
planes.  DOT  said  it  planned  to  implement  its  proposals  only  if  aviation 
community  could  not  agree  on  alternative  plans.  (WSJ,  8/19/68,  3; 
Lyons,  A^yr,  8/20/68,  1) 

•  Goodyear  Tire  &  Rubber  Co.  and  medical  researchers  were  developing 

artificial  heart  of  natural  rubber  and  semirigid  polyurethane  with 
pumps  and  monitoring  systems  developed  by  NASA.  Although  rubber 
heart  had  been  tried  in  animals,  artificial  heart  was  still  experimental 
and  was  not  expected  to  be  available  for  use  in  man  until  1975.  [WSJ, 
8/16/68,  4) 

•  USAF    Space    and    Missile    Systems    Organization    awarded    Philco-Ford 

Corp.  $2-minion,  cost-plus-incentive-fee  contract  for  work  on  ejection 
equipment  for  reentry  vehicles,  (dod  Release  772—68) 

•  Howard  H.  Haglund,  J  PL  Surveyor  Project  Manager,  had  been  named 

Stanford-Sloan  Fellow  for  1968-69.  Recipient  of  National  Space  Club 
Astronautics  Engineer  Award  and  NASA  Exceptional  Service  Medal, 
Haglund  would  attend  special  nine-month  Stanford  Univ.  graduate 
course  in  advanced  management.  (Pasadena  Star-News,  8/16/68;  Glen- 
dale  News-Press,  8/19/68) 
August  17:  In  letter  to  President  Johnson,  Rep.  Emilio  Q.  Daddano  (D- 
Conn.),  Chairman  of  House  Subcommittee  on  Science,  Research  and 
Development,  urged  reorganization  of  environmental  science  activities 
of  Federal  Government  and  asked  that  responsibility  for  development 
of  weather  modification  programs  be  given  to  Environmental  Science 

194 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  August  17 

Services  Administration  (essa).  His  committee,  originator  of  NSF 
Amendments  Act  of  1968  which  became  effective  July  18,  was  inter- 
ested in  implementing  section  which  relieved  NSF  of  that  responsibility 
as  of  Sept.  1. 

Rep.  Daddario  stated  three  beliefs:  "1.  The  weather  modification  pro- 
gram involves  the  development  of  environmental  understanding  which 
is  crucial  to  the  protection  of  our  planetary  resources:  it  should  be  sup- 
ported and  pursued  without  significant  hiatus.  2.  In  light  of  the  nature 
of  the  program  and  the  present  administrative  organization  of  the  exec- 
utive branch,  it  seems  clear  that  weather  modification  should  become 
part  of  the  portfolio  of  the  Environmental  Science  Services  Administra- 
tion. 3.  At  the  same  time,  there  is  considerable  doubt  whether  the  Envi- 
ronmental Science  Services  Administration  should  remain  part  of  the 
Department  of  Commerce:  therefore  consideration  should  be  given  to 
executive  reorganization  which  might  either  relocate  the  Administra- 
tion or  give  it  independent  status."  (Text;  W  Star,  8/23/68,  A4) 

•  Neiv   York  Times  editorial   said   first   flight  tests  of  Multiple  Independ- 

ently Targetable  Reentry  Vehicle  (MiRv)  and  prototype  missile  car- 
riers Poseidon  and  Minuteman  III  had  taken  U.S.  "into  a  new  nuclear 
arms  race — with  itself.  The  critical  question  now  is  whether  the  Soviet 
Union  will  feel  sufficiently  challenged  to  run  along.  Future  generations 
undoubtedly  will  look  back  ^vith  disbelief  at  the  way  the  United  States 
again  has  invented,  publicized  and  tested  a  deadly  new  weapon  w^hich, 
instead  of  improving  American  security,  creates  an  added  threat  to  it 
by  putting  the  Soviet  Union  under  pressure  to  produce  the  same 
Aveapon  and  aim  it  at  the  United  States."  (NYT,  8  17/68.  26) 
August  18:  U.S.S.R.  had  begun  using  new  supersonic  jet  fighter,  described 
by  Trud,  Soviet  trade  union  paper,  as  "similar  to  a  triangle,  split  in 
two  by  the  fuselage."  Aircraft,  thought  by  U.S.  sources  to  be  MiG— 23 
(Foxbat),  had  reportedly  undergone  more  than  1.000  hr  of  flight  test- 
ing. (Reuters.  :V1T,  8  18  '68.  50^) 

•  U.S.S.R.  celebrated  Aviation  Day  by  extolling  its  supersonic  bombers, 

but  no  new  aircraft  had  been  unveiled — in  contrast  to  1967  celebration, 
which  featured  several  new  jets  and  missiles.   (W  Post,  8/19/68,  A13) 

•  DOD  attributed  May  8  crash  in  Nevada  of  USAF  F-lllA  and  "possibly" 

three  other  F— lllA  accidents  in  Southeast  Asia  between  March  28  and 
April  22  to  break  in  weld  holding  together  two  pieces  of  metal,  totaling 
six  inches,  in  hydraulic  fluid  control  valve  in  aircraft's  tail.  In  early 
F— Ills  part  was  forged  from  single  piece  of  high-grade  steel  but  in 
subsequent  models  it  was  made  from  two  pieces  welded  together. 
F— Ills,  grounded  after  Mav  8  crash,  had  resumed  flying  in  mid-June 
after  replacement  of  t\\o-piece  rod  end  assemblies  with  original  one- 
piece  forging.  (DOD  Press  Off:  Welles,  NYT,  8/18/68:  W  Post, 
8/19/68.  B7') 

•  Soviet  economist  Dr.   Viktor   A.   Cheprakov  had   published   in   Izvestia 

what  appeared  to  be  rebuttal  to  prognosis  by  Soviet  nuclear  physicist 
Prof,  Andrey  D.  Sakharov  of  convergence  of  communism  and  capital- 
ism by  year  2000  [see  July  22].  In  "Problems  of  the  Last  Third  of  the 
Century,"  translated  bv  New  York  Times,  Dr.  Cheprakov  foresaw 
sharpening  of  struggle  between  the  two  ideologies  and  discussed  role  of 
science.  "Science  and  technology  are  endowed  with  tremendous  possi- 
bilities. ...  a  ncAv  achievement  ...  is  being  recorded  every  25  sec- 

195 


August  18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

onds.  We  have  figures  on  what  and  how  much  can  be  extracted  from 
the  earth,  on  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  new  methods  of  food 
production  .  .  .  and  on  the  undoubtedly  vast  prospects  of  using  the  re- 
sources of  seas  and  oceans.  But  the  realization  of  all  these  potentialities 
will  require  the  victory  of  socialism  .  .  .  for  only  socialism  makes  it 
possible  to  funnel  vast  funds  into  scientific  research  and  into  the  practi- 
cal use  of  its  results  in  the  interest  of  the  peoples."  (Anderson,  NYT, 
8/19/68,1) 

•  Washington  Post  editorial  called  DOT  and  FAA  decision  to  deal  with  air 

traffic  congestion  "long  overdue."  Public  had  become  aware  that  "satu- 
ration point  had  been  passed  early  in  July  and  those  who  use  the  air — 
passengers  and  pilots  alike — have  been  suffering  ever  since.  This  suffer- 
ing is  going  to  go  on  for  some  time  unless  the  FAA  and  the  Department 
of  Transportation  move  much  faster  in  the  future  than  they  have  in  the 
last  six  weeks.  The  hope  .  .  .  that  the  aviation  industry  can  solve  this 
congestion  problem  within  itself  seems  to  be  just  wishful  thinking.  The 
airlines  and  the  general-aviation  people  have  not  shown  the  slightest 
sign  of  producing  constructive  proposals  either  jointly  or  separately." 
(W  Post,  8/18/68,  B6) 
August  19:  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  announced 
elimination  of  lunar  module  (lm)  operations  from  first  manned  Apollo/ 
Saturn  V  flight,  Apollo  8.  MSF  would  begin  planning  and  training  for 
alternate,  low-earth-orbit,  manned  command  and  service  module  (csm) 
mission  for  December  launch  but  no  final  decision  on  precise  mission 
plan  would  be  made  until  after  Oct.  11  Apollo  7  flight  results  were  evalu- 
ated. LM  3,  delayed  in  checkout,  would  be  flown  in  1969  on  fourth  Sat- 
urn V  with  CSM  104  since  preliminary  studies  had  indicated  many 
Apollo  objectives  scheduled  for  later  flights  could  be  obtained  by  using 
Apollo  8  CSM  mission.  Two  problems  in  Saturn  Apollo  systems — verti- 
cal oscillation,  or  pogo  effect,  in  1st  stage  of  Saturn  V  and  rupture  of 
small  propellant  lines  in  upper  stages — had  been  corrected  and  solu- 
tions verified  in  extensive  ground  tests. 

Plans  and  changes  were  discussed  in  detail  at  NASA  Hq.  news  confer- 
ence by  Apollo  Program  Director  l/g  Samuel  C.  Phillips  (usaf),  who 
blamed  checkout  problems  for  six-week  delay  in  Apollo  schedule.  "It  is 
our  view,"  he  said,  ".  .  .  that  the  probable  flight  readiness  of  LM  3  is 
perhaps  in  February,  but  it  is  in  the  February-March  time  period."  He 
said  important  advantage  of  flying  Apollo  8  in  1968  was  opportunity 
for  earlier  experience  in  operation  of  Saturn  V  and  CSM  than  could 
otherwise  be  obtained.  In  response  to  questions  Gen.  Phillips  said  lunar 
landing  next  year  was  "clearly  possible."  He  also  announced  reassign- 
ment of  crews:  redefined  Apollo  8  mission  would  have  crew  of  Frank 
Borman,  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  and  William  A.  Anders;  crew  originally 
assigned  to  this  mission — James  A.  McDivitt,  David  R.  Scott,  and  Rus- 
sell L.  Schweickart — would  fly  on  Apollo  9  with  LM.  New  backup  crew 
for  Apollo  8  was  Neil  A.  Armstrong,  Edwin  E.  Aldrin,  Jr.,  and  Fred 
W.  Haise,  Jr.  (Text;  NASA  Release  68-148;  AP,  C  Trib,  8/20/68; 
O'Toole,  W  Post,  8/20/68,  A3;  Wilford,  NYT,  8/20/68,  19;  Sehlstedt, 
B  Sun,  8/20/68,  1;  msc  Roundup,  8/30/68, 1) 

•  U.S.  was  negotiating  with  India  on  use  of  one  visual   and  two  voice 

channels  on  NASA  ATS  satellite  to  be  launched  by  1971  into  fixed  posi- 
tion 22,400  mi  above  Indian  Ocean.  In  her  pilot  comsat  project,  India 

196 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  August  19 

would  broadcast  several  hours  of  educational  TV  weekly  to  seven  areas 
with  total  50  million  population.  Remaining  channels  would  be  used  to 
broadcast  NASA  scientific  data.  India  hoped  eventually  to  transmit  edu- 
cational TV  from  Comsat  to  community  receivers  in  her  560,000  vil- 
lages. (NASA  Proj  Off;  NYTNS,  LA  Her-Exam,  8/19/68) 

•  NASA  would  ask  industry  to  submit  proposals  on  $50-million  "quiet  jet 

engine"  development  program,  said  Hal  Taylor  in  American  Aviation. 
Contractor  would  be  selected  early  in  1969  with  fabrication  of  compo- 
nents to  begin  shortly  after.  Development  would  take  three  years.  While 
engine  would  have  takeoff  thrust  rating  of  about  23,000  lb,  larger  than 
JT3D  engine  in  Boeing  707  and  McDonnell  Douglas  DC-8,  NASA 
officials  had  emphasized  technology  used  would  be  applicable  to  all 
sizes  of  jet  engines.  Allison  and  Pratt  &  Whitney  had  performed  pre- 
liminary design  contracts  and  NASA  felt  General  Electric  Co.  had  facili- 
ties and  personnel  to  undertake  the  advanced  technology.  Initial  objec- 
tive was  minimum  noise  reduction  below  existing  turbofan  engines  of 
at  least  15  pndb  on  takeoff  and  20  pndb  at  landing.  Once  engine  was 
developed  and  run  successfully,  technology  would  be  turned  over  to  in- 
dustry to  be  incorporated  into  future  jet  engines.  (Am  Av,  8/19/68, 
23) 

•  President  Johnson  signed  H.R.  3136,  bill  authorizing  three-year  study  of 

proposed  increased  use  of  metric  system  in  U.S.  by  National  Bureau  of 
Standards  on  year-to-year  basis  out  of  already  appropriated  funds  at 
cost  up  to  $500,000  for  current  fiscal  year.  (White  House  PIO;  Science, 
8/23/68,  772;  PZ),  8/26/68) 

•  Univ.  of  Colorado  professor  Dr.  George  Gamow,  leading  theoretical  phy- 

sicist, astronomer,  and  author,  died  at  age  64  of  circulatory  illness. 
Winner  of  1956  UNESCO  Kalinga  Award  for  his  nontechnical  books  on 
atomic  energy  and  other  scientific  subjects.  Dr.  Gamow  had  published 
quantum  theory  of  atomic  nucleus  in  1928,  formulated  Gamow-Teller 
selection  rule  for  beta  emissions,  and  been  one  of  chief  proponents  of 
"big  bang"  theory  of  universe.  (NYT,  8/22/68,  35;  AP,  W  Post, 
8/23/68,  BIO) 
August  20:  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  WSMR 
carried  Dudley  Observatory  experiment  to  95.8-mi  (154.3-km)  altitude 
to  determine  micrometeoroid  flux  in  absence  of  an  active  meteoroid 
shower  from  comparison  with  data  from  Aug.  12  launch  during  meteor- 
oid shower.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily.  Payload 
was  recovered  undamaged,  (nasa  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA   issued    Apollo    Status    Summary:    Apollo    7    spacecraft    would   be 

electrically  mated  to  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle  at  KSC  Complex  34  next 
week.  In  Apollo  503  program,  command  module  was  scheduled  to  be 
mated  to  service  module  after  Aug.  20.  The  three  stages  and  instrument 
unit  of  Apollo  8  launch  vehicle  were  mated  at  Complex  34  and  under- 
going tests.  Modification  and  retests  continued  on  Lunar  Module  3 
ascent  and  descent  stages  and  modification  and  checkout  on  Saturn  V 
2nd  stage  for  504  mission.  (Text) 

•  Los  Angeles  International   Airport   officials  had  initiated  $300,000  test 

program  to  insulate  25  nearby  houses  against  noise  from  jet  aircraft 
taking  off  and  landing  1,700  times  per  day.  In  effort  to  meet  increasing 
resentment  which  had  resulted  in  lawsuits  against  airport  totaling  more 
than  $300  million  in  past  six  years,  airport  officials  would  soundproof 

197 


August  20  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,  1968 

roofs,  walls,  doors,  windows,  and  floors.  Airport  would  also  construct 
$170,000  "hush  house"  with  four-inch-thick  fiber  glass  panels  where  jet 
engines  could  be  run  at  full  power  without  disturbing  nearby  residents. 
(AP,  W  Star,  8/20/68,  All) 

•  Three  scientists  were  named  winners  of  1967  Atoms  for  Peace  Award: 

Sigvard  Eklund  of  Sweden,  Director-General  of  International  Atomic 
Energy  Agency  (iaea)  ;  Abdus  Salam  of  Pakistan,  Director  of  IAEA's 
International  Center  for  Theoretical  Physics  in  Trieste;  and  Henry  De- 
Wolf  Smyth,  U.S.  Representative  to  IAEA  and  former  AEC  Commis- 
sioner. Presentation  of  gold  medal  and  $30,000  honorarium  to  each 
would  be  made  in  New  York  Oct.  14.  (AP,  NYT,  8/22/68,  61) 

•  French  test  pilot  Andre  Turcat  successfully  piloted  Anglo-French  super- 

sonic transport  Concorde  in  1.2 -mi  first  formal  runway  test  at  Tou- 
louse-Blagnac.  Aircraft,  equipped  with  Sud-Aviation  fuselage  and  four 
Bristol- Siddely  engines,  was  scheduled  for  fall  maiden  flight  and  1971 
production  delivery.  {W  Post,  8/21/68,  A16;  Av  Wh,  8/26/68) 
August  21 :  NASA  successfully  launched  three  Nike- Apache  sounding  rockets 
from  NASA  Wallops  Station  carrying  GSFC  experiments  to  determine  D- 
region  electron  density  profile  during  solar  flare.  Rockets — launched 
into  active  electron  density  profile  after  flare  was  reported  and,  subse- 
quently, into  declining  activity — reached  117.6-mi  (189-km),  119.8-mi 
(192.7-km),  and  119.6-mi  (192-km)  altitudes.  All  rockets  and  instru- 
mentation performed  satisfactorily.  Good  data  were  obtained.  Radar 
data  showed  remarkable  continuity  for  all  three  trajectories,  indicating 
that  rockets  carried  payloads  to  same  ionospheric  region,   (nasa  Rpts 

SRL) 

•  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  NASA  Wallops 

Station  carried  Univ.  of  Maryland-Geophysics  Corp.  of  America  experi- 
ment to  163-mi  (262-km)  altitude.  Primary  objectives  were  to  evaluate 
capabilities  and  accuracies  of  pulse  and  thermal  equalization  probes, 
investigate  electron  energy  distribution  in  normal  daytime  ionosphere, 
and  evaluate  use  of  wing-slope  techniques  with  Langmuir  probes. 
Rocket  trajectory  was  nominal,  but  despin  was  higher  than  predicted. 
Problems  were  encountered  in  telemetry.  GCA  antennas  broke  off  at  de- 
ployment and  no  data  were  received.  Clamshell  deployed  properly  and 
exposed  pulse  probe  as  planned,  but  motor  for  boom  deployment  mal- 
functioned. No  useful  data  were  obtained,  (nasa  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA  test  pilot  William  H.  Dana  flew  X-15  No.  1  to  264,000-ft  altitude 

and  3,443  mph  (mach  4.71)  during  flight  from  Edwards  AFB  to  con- 
duct WTR  experiment  and  check  horizon  scanner,  sky  brightness,  fluidic 
probe,  and  fixed  alpha  ball.  (X— 15  Proj  Off) 
August  22:  Cone-shaped  RAM  c— ii  spacecraft  was  successfully  launched 
from  NASA  Wallops  Station  by  four-stage  Scout  booster  at  11:16  am 
EDT.  After  reentering  earth's  atmosphere  at  17,000  mph,  264-lb  space- 
craft completed  its  eight-minute  ballistic  flight  by  impacting  725  mi 
downrange  150  mi  northeast  of  Bermuda.  No  recovery  was  attempted. 
Primary  mission  objective  of  RAM  C-ii — 15-in-long,  26-in-dia  space- 
craft with  12-in-dia  hemisphere  nose — was  to  measure  electron  concen- 
trations in  flow  field  at  discrete  locations  along  spacecraft  during  reen- 
try at  medium  velocity.  Secondary  objectives  were  to  measure  ion 
concentrations  in  flow  field  as  function  of  distance  from  spacecraft, 
measure  antenna  performance  and  signal  attenuation  during  reentry 

198 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968  August  22 

under  specified  conditions,  and  measure  spacecraft  environmental 
parameters,  including  accelerations,  pressures  and  temperatures. 

Launch  was  second  in  nasa's  Project  RAM  (Radio  Attenuation  Meas- 
urement) to  study  methods  for  preventing  loss  of  radio  signals  from 
reentering  spacecraft.  RAM  c— I,  launched  Oct.  19,  1967,  had  success- 
fully demonstrated  effectiveness  of  water  addition  to  flow  field  and  use 
of  X-band  telemetry  signals  in  maintaining  communications  through 
ionized  plasma  sheath,  ram  program  was  managed  by  LaRC  under  OART 
direction.  r.\m  c— ii  spacecraft  was  designed,  fabricated,  and  tested  by 
LaRC.  (NASA  Proj  Off;  LaRC  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release  68-146,  ws 
Release  68-17) 

•  JPL  researchers  Dr.  Arvydas  J.  Kliore  and  Dan  L.   Cain  in  Journal  of 

Atmospheric  Sciences  reported  findings  similar  to  July  15  findings  of 
Martin  Marietta's  Allan  R.  Barger  that  surface  air  pressure  on  Venus 
might  be  75  or  100  times  greater  than  that  on  earth,  or  four  to  five 
times  greater  than  that  reported  by  L.S.S.R.  scientists  from  data 
supplied  by  Venus  IV  spacecraft.  Kliore  and  Cain  concluded  that 
Venus  IV  either  had  landed  on  15-mi-high  Venusian  peak  undetected 
by  earth  radar  or  had  stopped  transmitting  before  it  reached  olanet's 
solid  surface. 

Precise  radio  tracking  of  Mariner  V — U.S.  spacecraft  which  had 
completed  flyby  mission  by  crossing  Venus  orbit  Oct.  19,  1967,  24  hr 
after  L.S.S.R.  had  reported  parachute  landing  on  Venus — had  enabled 
Kliore  and  Cain  to  calculate  position  of  spacecraft's  rad^'o  beam, 
relative  to  Venus'  center.  Resulting  profiles  indicated  Soviet  probe 
had  penetrated  to  radial  distance  of  3,774  mi  from  Venus'  center,  which 
point  Soviets  had  taken  to  be  Venus'  surface.  U.S.  radar  studies  had 
shown  Venus  radius  of  only  3,759  mi.  If  radar  data  were  accurate, 
Venus  IV  measurements  were  made  at  15-mi  altitude  and  reported 
conditions  far  less  extreme  than  on  surface.  U.S.  measurement  of  Venus 
surface  temperature  greater  than  890° -900°  F  was  consistent  with 
estimates  from  passive  radio  astronomy  and  with  results  of  radiometer 
experiment  conducted  by  Mariner  II  in  1962.  when  surface  temperature 
was  found  to  be  800°  F.  (nasa  Release  68-147;  Pasadena  Independent, 
8/22/68;  Parker,  Denver  Post,  8/22/68) 

•  NASA  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  ac- 

cepting 1968  Veterans  of  Foreign  Wars  Space  Award  in  Detroit,  Mich., 
said:  "The  long-term  outlook  for  space  is  good.  I  have  just  returned 
from  the  first  UN  Conference  on  the  Peaceful  Uses  of  Space.  There  has 
been  a  world-wide  increase  in  awareness  of  the  values  and  practicality 
of  space  flight.  The  nations  of  the  world  have  become  more  conscious 
of  the  economic  benefits  of  the  space  program,  and  the  public  is  becom- 
ing increasingly  aware  of  the  values  derived  from  space  technology. 
With  the  increase  in  public  awareness  of  the  importance  of  space  tech- 
nology to  the  future  well-being  of  the  Nation,  I  believe  that  the  new 
Congress  and  the  new  President  will  and  must  reaffirm  support  for  a 
dynamic  U.S.  Space  Program.  .  .  .  Man  will  prevail  in  space.  On  that 
there  can  be  no  serious  question.  The  only  question  is  whether  this  Na- 
tion will  prevail  in  space."  (Text) 

•  Wall  Street  Journal  commented  on  DOT  plan  for  easing  air  traffic  conges- 

tion: "Many  people  are  flying  100  or  200  miles,  or  even  shorter  dis- 
tances, only  because  reasonably  rapid  and  reliable  rail  service  simply  is 

199 


August  22  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1%8 

no  longer  available.  Before  building  airports  still  farther  from  where 
people  want  to  go — and  further  jamming  the  highways  leading  to  them 
— someone  should  start  looking  at  the  broader  picture.  While  the  Gov- 
ernment's new  air  traffic  plan  may  represent  necessary  movement  on  a 
problem  that  demands  action,  it  scarcely  qualifies  as  transportation 
progress."  (WSJ,  8/22/68,  14) 
August  23:  After  meeting  privately  with  more  than  100  representatives  of 
aviation  industry.  Secretary  of  Transportation  Alan  S.  Boyd  said  Gov- 
ernment would  propose  regulations  in  September  to  unsnarl  traffic  jam 
over  Washington,  New  York,  and  Chicago.  (Lardner,  W  Post,  8/24/68, 
A3) 

•  NASA  announced  Astronaut  John  A.  Lewellyn  had  withdrawn  from  as- 

tronaut training  program  because  of  inability  to  progress  sufficiently 
with  jet  flight  training  at  Reese  AFB,  Tex.  After  discussions  with  NASA 
and  USAF  officials,  he  had  withdrawn  to  consider  several  opportunities 
within  NASA  and  elsewhere.  His  departure  reduced  total  number  of  NASA 
astronauts  to  52.  Nine  of  eleven  scientist-astronauts  selected  in  1967 
were  in  flight  training.  Dr.  Brian  T.  O'Leary  had  withdrawn  April  23 
because  he  disliked  flying,  (msc  Release  68-63;  AP,  NYT,  8/24/68, 
12) 

•  Dr.  Alan  H.  Barrett  and  Dr.  William  J.  Wilson  of  mix  reported  in  Sci- 

ence discovery  of  hydroxyl  radio  emissions  from  four  infrared  stars  in 
Cygnus  constellation,  observed  from  National  Radio  Astronomy  Observ- 
atory in  West  Virginia.  They  speculated  that  emissions  indicated  defi- 
nite stage  in  stars'  evolution.  (The  older  a  star  gets  the  hotter  it  be- 
comes, until  it  has  almost  no  oxygen  and  hydrogen.)  Further  studies, 
supported  partially  by  NASA,  would  be  conducted  during  next  few  years 
in  attempt  to  determine  how  far  young  stars  had  progressed  in  process 
of  evolution  by  observing  hydroxyl  emissions.  (Science,  8/23/68, 
778-9;  Wilford,  NYT,  8/25/68,  19) 

August  24:  France  became  fifth  nation  to  explode  hydrogen  bomb — joining 
U.S.,  U.S.S.R.,  U.K.,  and  Communist  China — when  she  detonated  two- 
megaton  balloon-borne  device  1,800  ft  above  Fangataufa  Atoll  in  Pa- 
cific. French  Defense  Minister  Pierre  Messmer  later  told  press  confer- 
ence device  weighed  1V2~2  tons  and  compared  favorably  with  devices 
detonated  by  U.S.  in  1956.  He  stressed  that  fallout  would  be  minimal 
because  of  explosion's  altitude  and  "particularly  satisfactory"  weather 
conditions.  He  also  revealed  that  France's  new  submarine  missile  had 
become  operational  with  final  explosion  July  16  and  predicted  that 
French  armed  forces  could  be  equipped  with  nuclear  weapons  within 
several  years.  (AP,  W  Post,  8/25/68,  Al;  Hess,  NYT,  8/28/68,  4; 
Fenton,  B  Sun,  8/28/68,  A2 ) 

August  25:  U.S.S.R.'s  leading  geneticist.  Prof.  Nikolay  P.  Dubinin,  told  In- 
ternational Symposium  on  Genetic  Effects  of  Space  Environment  m 
Tokyo  biological  experiments  on  various  Soviet  satellites  beginning 
with  Sputnik  I  had  disclosed  that  space  flight  caused  higher  frequency 
of  mutation,  chromosome  damage,  and  disruptions  in  normal  cell  divi- 
sion mechanisms.  "Dynamic  flight  factors,"  he  said,  were  responsible; 
doses  of  cosmic  radiation  registered  were  too  small  to  account  for  all 
genetic  changes  observed.  Symposium  was  held  in  conjunction  with 
12th  International  Congress  of  Genetics.  American  scientists  also  sug- 
gested "dynamic  flight  factors"  of  vibrations,  acceleration,  and  weight- 

200 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  August  25 

lessness  mia;ht  be  factors  in  genetic  damage  observed  aboard  American 
spacecraft,  meinhold,  NYT,  8/26/68) 

•  St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch  editorial  on  nas— NRC  Space  Science  Board  rec- 

ommendation that  NASA  "embark  on  an  ambitious  program"  of  inter- 
planetary flights  and  expand  other  areas:  "The  program  would  be 
costly,  of  course,  but  nowhere  near  as  costly  as  war,  and  the  benefits,  if 
the  goals  were  reached,  would  be  incalculable.  Expenditures  for  pur- 
poses such  as  this  must  be  fitted  into  the  schedule  of  national  priorities. 
Certainly  outlays  to  relieve  the  plight  of  our  cities  and  to  end  poverty 
come  first.  But  the  United  States  is  uniquely  qualified  to  take  the  lead 
in  the  sort  of  peaceful  scientific  endeavor  that  requires  both  technical 
skills  and  money,  and  it  should  not  lose  sight  of  its  obligation  to  ex- 
pand the  area  of  human  knowledge."  {St.  Louis  P—D,  8/25/68) 

August  26:  New  comet  of  undetermined  size  had  been  discovered  by  ama- 
teur astronomers  John  Bally-Urban  and  Pat  Clayton,  who  were  attend- 
ing Southwest  Astronomical  Conference  at  New  Mexico  State  Univ. 
Using  10-in  telescope,  they  made  discovery  while  observing  comet 
Honda.  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observatory  had  confirmed  sighting 
of  comet,  which  had  been  given  official  name  of  Bally  Clayton  comet. 
(AP,  W  Star,  8/26/68,  A2)^ 

August  27:  U.S.S.R.  launched  two  Cosmos  satellites.  Cosmos  CCXXXVI  en- 
tered orbit  with  627-km  f389.6-mi)  apogee,  590-km  (366.6-mi)  perigee, 
96.8-min  period,  and  56°  inclination.  Cosmos  CCXXXVII  entered  orbit 
with  323-km  (200.7-mi)  apogee,  199-km  (123.6-mi)  perigee,  89.7-min 
period,  and  65.4°  inclination  and  reentered  Sept.  4.  (gsfc  SSR, 
8/31/68:  9/15/68) 

•  NASA  issued  Apollo  Status  Summary:  Integrated  Systems  Test  had  been 

completed  on  Apollo  7  command  and  service  module  (csm),  Apollo  8 
CSM  would  undergo  combined  systems  tests  at  KSC  early  in  week.  Sat- 
urn 503  had  been  erected  on  mobile  launcher.    (Text) 

•  USAF  announced  actions  to  reduce  FY  1969  expenditures  by  $219  mil- 

lion in  accordance  with  Revenue  and  Expenditures  Control  Act  of 
1968.  Savings  of  $18  million  would  be  achieved  by  deactivating  seven 
F— 101  squadrons  earlier  than  planned  and  closing  Paine  Field,  Wash. 
Early  phase-out  would  reduce  military  space  authorizations  by  2,661 
and  civilian  authorizations  by  372  and  would  remove  126  aircraft  from 
active  inventory.  Revised  production  schedules  and  stretch-out  of 
F— lllA  and  FB— 111  programs  would  save  $201  million.  Production 
would  be  leveled  off  at  combined  production  rate,  below  previously  ap- 
proved rates  for  each  aircraft,  causing  extended  force  buildup,  but  not 
delaying  initial  deliveries,  (dod  Release  800—68;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun, 
8/28/68,  A2;  AP,  P  Inq,  8/28/68,  10) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  conferred  with  West  German  Sci- 

ence Minister  Gerhard  Stoltenberg  in  Bonn  on  U.S. -German  space  proj- 
ects. (AP,  Min  Trib,  8/28/68) 

•  USAF  awarded  United  Aircraft  Corp.'s  Pratt  &  Whitney  Div.  and  General 

Electric  Co.  separate  letter  contracts  and  $ll-million  initial  obligations 
to  develop  and  test  prototype  of  high-performance  afterburning  turbo- 
fan  engine  for  USAF  FX  air  superiority  fighter  and  USN  VFX  advanced 
fighter.  Funded  jointly  by  USAF  and  uSN,  18-mo  competitive  contracts 
were  valued  at  $100  million,  (dod  Release  799-68) 
August  28:  Cosmos  CCXXXVII  I  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit  with 

201 


August  28  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

210-km  (130.5-mi)  apogee,  203-km  (126.1-mi)  perigee,  88.6-min  pe- 
riod, and  51.7°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Sept.  1.  (gsfc  SSR, 
8/31/68; 9/15/68) 

•  NASA  announced  award  to  Bendix  Corp.  of  $1,567,550  cost-plus-incen- 
tive-fee contract  for  development,  test,  and  delivery  of  one  prototype 
and  five  flight-model  ATM  star  trackers  in  15-mo  period.  ATM,  part  of 
Apollo  Applications  program,  would  be  launched  into  earth  orbit  and 
docked  with  Saturn  I  Workshop  being  developed  by  MSFC  for  28-  to 
56-day  astronaut  stays  in  space.  Astronauts  would  use  ATM  to  study  sun 
from  above  earth's  atmosphere,  (msfc  Release  68—196) 

August  28—30:  aiaa  and  American  Bar  Assn.  held  joint  Impact  of  Aerospace 
Science  and  Technology  on  Law  and  Government  Conference  in  Wash- 
ington, D.C. 

Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  nasc  Executive  Secretary,  asserted  U.S.  could 
afford  multibillion  dollar  space  program;  "at  least  as  much  as  Presi- 
dent Johnson  proposed  this  year — nearly  $7,000,000,000 — and  perhaps 
an  appreciable  amount  more."  (Figure  included  all  Government  spend- 
ing, not  just  NASA  funds.)  Persons  advocating  big  cuts  in  space  pro- 
gram were  "doing  this  country  a  disservice."  Much  of  high  U.S.  gross 
national  product  was  result  of  prior  investment  in  R&D.  "This  Nation 
invests  more  per  capita  in  research  than  any  other  nation  in  the  world 
and  that  is  a  major  reason  why  we  have  a  higher  standard  of  living. 
The  space  program  is  the  most  active,  economical,  and  productive  stim- 
ulus to  research  and  development  in  history.  We  cannot  afford  to  slow 
it  down  .  .  .  unless  we  think  we  can  afford  less  investment  in  the  elimi- 
nation of  poverty,  less  expenditure  for  health  improvement,  less  income 
for  an  expanding  population,  and  less  readiness  in  the  realm  of  na- 
tional security."  Space  program  cost,  though  large,  was  "not  really  so 
expensive  when  we  figure  that  we  are  spending  less  than  1%  of  our 
Gross  National  Product  for  a  technological  capability  that  increases  the 
rate  at  which  this  Nation  becomes  wealthier  and  more  powerful  by 
many  times  1%."  (Text;  B  Sun,  8/29/68,  A5;  AP,  LA  Times, 
8/29/68) 

Dr.  Charles  S.  Sheldon  II,  Library  of  Congress  Research  Specialist, 
said  U.S.S.R.  was  launching  more  military  espionage  satellites  than  any 
other  spacecraft  and  therefore  had  softened  complaints  about  U.S.  es- 
pionage satellite  activity.  Tracing  political  and  social  implications  of 
Soviet  space  program,  Dr.  Sheldon  said  U.S.S.R.  accepted  "importance 
of  basic  research  on  the  cosmic  scale"  and  vigorous  exploitation  of 
space  applications  for  civil  purposes  was  definite  goal.  In  long-term 
outlook,  U.S.S.R.  talked  of  "future  automated,  cybernetics-aided  in- 
dustrial state  ...  in  which  space  applications,  space  travel,  and  use  of 
extraterrestrial  resources  play  a  vital  part."  He  also  credited  NASA  pro- 
gram of  international  cooperation  with  some  influence  on  recent  Soviet 
shift  toward  increased  cooperation  within  and  without  Soviet  bloc, 
though  joint  U.S.— U.S.S.R.  program  for  space  exploration  would  prob- 
ably prove  inoperable  even  if  it  could  be  established,  (aiaa  Paper 
68-900;  AP,  NYT,  8/30/68,  7) 

m/g  Jewell  C.  Maxwell  (usaf),  director  of  faa  sst  development, 
said  cost  of  designing  and  developing  two  prototype  commercial  SSTs 
would  amount  to  $1,587  billion.  Government  share  in  total  spending 
from  1963  through  1972  would  be  $1,239  billion,  or  78%.  Contractors, 

202 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  August  28-30 

Boeing  Co.  and  General  Electric  Co.,  would  pay  $287.8  million,  or  18%, 
and  customer  airlines  would  contribute  $59.5  million,  or  4%.  Principal 
problem  in  financing,  he  said,  was  protection  of  manufacturers  against 
catastrophic  failure.  This  would  require  "some  limitation  of  recourse  of 
creditors  ...  in  event  of  program  failure." 

In  addition.  Gen.  Maxwell  forecast  $2.5-billion  to  $5-billion  market 
risk  for  period  starting  in  1972  and  $15  billion  commercial  risk  for 
period  between  start  of  sales  and  end  of  century,  (aiaa  Paper  68-916; 
AP,A^yr,  9/1/68,  22) 
August  29:  NASA's  Pegasus  I,  II,  and  ///  meteoroid  technology  satellites 
launched  Feb.  16,  May  25,  and  July  30,  1965,  were  turned  off  by 
ground  command  after  more  than  three  years  successful  operation.  De- 
signed for  18-mo  lifetime,  Pegasus  satellites,  by  detecting  meteoroids, 
had  confirmed  protective  adequacy  of  Apollo  spacecraft  for  manned 
lunar  missions  but  indicated  that  spacecraft  for  longer  missions  might 
encounter  protection  design  problems.  Spacecraft  also  provided  data  on 
Van  Allen  belts,  earth  reflectivity,  solar  constant,  orbital  and  gyro- 
scopic motions  of  rigid  bodies,  degradation  of  surface  coatings  in  space, 
thermal  control  systems,  and  lifetime  of  electronic  components  in  space 
operations.  Pegasus  program  had  been  managed  by  MSFC  under  OART 
direction,  (nasa  Releases  68-149,  68-149 A,  68-149B;  Marshall  Star, 
8/21/68,1) 

•  NASA  scientists  working  with  Deep  Space  Network  (dsn)  had  quadrupled 

distances  over  which  signals  from  three  Pioneer  spacecraft  currently  in 
interplanetary  space  could  be  heard.  Pioneers  could  view  sun  from 
every  side.  Improvements  in  dsn  receivers  so  far  had  allowed  return  of 
50%  more  of  their  data  than  had  been  planned.  All  three  Pioneers — 
now  29,  116,  and  182  million  mi  from  earth — could  be  heard  through 
DSN  antennas,  ensuring  return  of  data  until  they  wore  out.  Together 
they  had,  to  date,  amassed  55  mo  in  orbit,  measuring  particles  and 
fields  of  sun's  atmosphere  and  returning  seven  billion  bits  of  data. 
Change  of  polarization  of  tracking  antennas  from  circular  to  linear  had 
doubled  received  signal  power,  (arc  Release  68-13;  ARC  Astrogram, 
8/29/68,  1)  " 

•  President  Johnson  signed  Executive  Order  11424  ensuring  "flight  pay" 

to  military  personnel  flying  spacecraft  and  incentive  pay  for  hazardous 
duty  on  same  basis  as  for  those  flying  in  conventional  aircraft.  Order 
further  ensured  incentive  pay  for  personnel  injured  in  an  "aviation  ac- 
cident" for  three  months  without  their  completing  performance  require- 
ments. Order  included  word  "spacecraft"  in  previous  Executive  Order 
related  to  hazardous  duty  pay  for  "aerial  flight"  and  "aviation  acci- 
dent." (PD,  9/2/68,  1285) 

•  National    Pilots    Assn.    issued    statement    defending    "first-come,    first- 

served"  principle  of  air  traffic  control  and  opposed  priorities  for  air 
carriers  as  solution  to  mounting  congestion  at  major  airports.  Instead, 
NPA  recommended  upgrading  pilot  and  aircraft  requirements  for  using 
New  York,  Chicago,  and  Washington  terminals.  It  specifically  advo- 
cated requiring  IFR  equipment  including  transponder  for  aircraft,  in- 
strument rating  for  pilots,  and  aircraft  capable  of  maintaining  specified 
approach  speeds,  (npa  Release) 

•  Library  of  Congress  had  acquired  from  former  astronaut  John  H.  Glenn, 

Jr.,  The  John  Glenn  Papers,  90,000  items  representing  national  and  in- 

203 


August  29  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1%8 

ternational  response  to  his  first  manned  space  flight,  Feb.  20,  1962.  Ma- 
jority of  letters  covering  1962-64  were  from  ordinary  citizens,  largely 
elementary  school  children.  Other  items  included  subject  files,  space 
manuals,  news  clippings,  scrapbooks,  invitations,  certificates,  awards, 
maps,  and  charts  which  Library's  Information  Bulletin  said  "reflect  the 
contemporary  need  for  a  popular  hero — one  who  can  be  held  up  to  the 
young  and  who  at  the  same  time  must  undergo  the  rigorous  pressures 
brought  about  by  'instant'  fame  and  worldwide  recognition."  Papers 
provided  "many  insights  into  contemporary  social  history."  Glenn  had 
been  asked  for  his  opinion  on  every  conceivable  topic.  (Sifton,  LC  Info 
Bull,  8/29/68) 

August  30:  Apollo  7  spacecraft  and  launch  vehicle  were  electrically  mated  at 
KSC  Launch  Complex  34.  (nasa  Apollo  Status  Summary,  9/4/68) 

•  ComSatCorp  had  notified  FCC  of  its  intention  to  award  $270,000  fixed- 
price  contract  to  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  for  installation,  operation,  and 
maintenance  of  transportable  earth  station  in  California  to  transmit, 
via  Intelsat  II  satellite,  TV  coverage  of  Mexican  Olympics  to  Pacific 
area  in  October.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68—45) 

During  August:  In  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics  editorial  AIAA  President 
Floyd  L.  Thompson  heralded  U.N.  Conference  on  Exploration  and 
Peaceful  Uses  of  Outer  Space  in  Vienna,  August  14-27.  Against  back- 
ground of  new  developments  in  arms  control,  it  would  emphasize  prac- 
tical benefits  of  space  exploration,  especially  as  to  how  they  could  aid 
developing  nations.  "This  action  by  the  UN  points  up  the  continuing 
concern  of  many  about  the  need  for  cooperation  among  nations  in  the 
exploration  of  space.  It  recognizes  that  space  represents  an  important 
element  of  national  power,  a  force  for  growth,  particularly  in  advanced 
technology  and  education."  {A&A,  8/68,  17) 


204 


September   1968 

September  1:  In  Baltimore  Sun  William  J.  Perkinson  warned  against  "A 
Czechoslovakia  In  Space."  He  said  experts  explained  U.S.  and  other 
free-world  nations  "must  insure  that  future  Russian  leaders  will  never 
be  able  to  blackmail  nations  or  whole  continents  of  nations  into  submit- 
ting to  the  will  of  such  Soviet  leaders  the  way  the  leaders  of  the  Krem- 
lin forced  Czechoslovakia  to  yield  through  the  invasion  of  that  country 
on  the  night  of  August  21." 

By  marrying  technology  of  "spook,"  or  hovering,  satellite  with  that 
used  to  produce  MIRV  and  by  use  of  more  powerful  rockets,  "it  would 
be  possible  to  launch  truly  'orbiting  men-of-war'  that  could  be  used  far 
more  effectively  to  cow  any  nation  than  the  most  powerful  of  gunboats 
were  able  to  do  in  the  days  of  'gunboat  diplomacy.'  "  Blackmail  might 
not  occur,  if  arms  limitation  treaties  granted  each  nation  right  to  board 
and  inspect  all  heavy  satellites  in  orbit.  "But  even  that  right  would 
have  to  be  backed  up  by  means  of  spacecraft  and  spacemen  capable  of 
exercising  that  right.  That  ...  is  why  the  invasion  of  Czechoslovakia 
is  certain  to   spark  new   interest   in   manned   space   flight."    (B   Sun, 
9/1/68,  3) 
September  2:  John  Lannan  in  Washington  Evening  Star  called  GSFC  "home 
base"  for  Apollo  7  astronauts.  All  their  communications  would  pass 
through   Center.    Communicating   with   some   or    all   lunar   spacecraft 
would  be  14  land  stations,  4  ships,  and  8  aircraft  around  the  world, 
manned  by  4,000  persons.  All  circuits  used  would  be  put  together  from 
GSFC  switching  centers.  Except  for  astronaut's  electrocardiagram  and 
his  voice,  all  mission  data  would  be  channeled  in  digital  form,  which 
meant  vast  bulk  of  detail  controlling  system  itself,  in  addition  to  mis- 
sion data  from  Houston  or  spacecraft,  could  be  handled  rapidly  by 
computers.  (W  Star,  9/2/68,  1) 
•  AEG   was   developing   plans    for   "nuplexes,"   giant   agro-industrial   com- 
plexes built  around  nuclear  reactors  and  using  advanced  agricultural 
and  industrial  technologies,  said  AEC  Chairman,  Dr.  Glenn  T.  Seaborg, 
in  U.S.  News  &  World  Report.  While  "modest  type"  could  be  built 
using  reactors  of  type  under  construction,  eventually  feasible  $l-billion 
nuplex  could  sustain  100,000  farmers,  laborers,  and  their  families  and 
feed  5  million  others,  while  exporting  fertilizer  to  grow  food  for  addi- 
tional 50  million  people.  Nuplexes  would  generate  own  electricity  and 
pump  oceans  for  unlimited  quantities  of  water  for  irrigation  and  in- 
dustrial uses.  Seaborg  saw  India  and  Middle  East  as  specific  areas  for 
nuplexes.  (W  Post,  8/26/68,  A12;  US  News,  9/2/68,  62) 
September  3:  Lunar  Test  Article    (LTA  2R) — carried   onboard   Apollo  6 
flight  April  4  to  measure  vibration,  acoustics,  and  structural  integrity 
for  lunar  module — reentered  earth's  atmosphere  and  splashed  into  Pa- 
cific. Tracking  station  lost  contact  with  debris  in  orbit  at  about  10  am 

205 


September  3  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

EDT  but  calculated  its  trajectory  to  landing  area,  (nasa  Release 
68-155;  AP,  B  Sun,  9/11/68,  A3) 
September  4:  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  car- 
ried National  Center  for  Atmospheric  Research  experiment  to  77-mi 
(124-km)  altitude  to  retrieve  high-intensity  air  sample  from  26.7-  to 
40.4-mi  (43-  to  65-km)  altitude,  using  low-temperature  condenser.  All 
cryogenic  heat  exchange  and  sampler  functions  performed  satisfac- 
torily; recovery  parachute  deployed  and  payload  survived  impact.  Sam- 
ple of  eight  moles  of  air  was  recovered  between  26.8-mi  (43.2-km)  and 
38.9-mi  (62.8-km)  altitudes,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  issued  Apollo  Status  Summary:  Apollo  7  crew  was  participating  in 

verification  test  of  electrically  mated  spacecraft  and  launch  vehicle.  For 
Apollo  8  mission,  combined  systems  test  on  Command  and  Service 
Module  103  and  checkout  of  Apollo  Saturn  503  launch  vehicle  would 
continue  through  week  at  KSC.  (Text) 

•  FAA  issued  notice  of  proposed  rule  to  restrict  number,  type,  and  equip- 

ment of  aircraft  using  "high  density"  airports.  New  York's  Kennedy 
International  and  La  Guardia,  Newark,  Chicago's  O'Hare,  and  Wash- 
ington National  would  be  allocated  80,  60,  60,  135,  and  60  operations 
per  hr  from  6:00  am  to  midnight.  Rule  would  set  minimum  airspeed  of 
150  knots  while  under  air  traffic  approach  control  and  require  all  air- 
craft to  be  equipped  with  radar  beacon  transponder  with  64-code  capa- 
bility and  two  pilots  while  under  reservations  plan.  Prior  approved 
departure  or  arrival  reservations  would  be  required  for  each  flight  oper- 
ated under  IFR  or  from  designated  high-traffic  airport.  Public  hearing 
on  proposed  rule  would  be  held  at  FAA  Hq.  Sept.  25.  (faa  Release 
68-53) 

•  At  Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  ceremonies,  Australian  Minister  for  Defence  Allen 

Fairhall  accepted  first  of  Australia's  24  F— lllC  aircraft  on  order  from 
General  Dynamics  Corp.  U.S.  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force,  Dr.  Harold 
Brown,  told  assembled  dignitaries  F— 111  "institutes  a  new  generation 
of  aircraft.  .  .  .  We  have  discovered  .  .  .  that  when  compared  to  fixed- 
wing  aircraft,  the  variable  geometry  wing  requires  far  fewer  compro- 
mises to  obtain  the  desired  performance."  (dod  Releases  779—68, 
812-68;  AFSC  Newsreview,  9/68, 1) 

•  Dr.  George  Kozmetsky,  dean  of  Univ.  of  Texas  College  of  Business  and 

of  Graduate  School  of  Business,  had  been  sworn  in  as  consultant  to 
NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb,  NASA  announced.  Specialist  in  sys- 
tem analysis,  organization  theory,  quantative  methods,  and  system 
management.  Dr.  Kozmetsky  would  serve  on  NASA's  Management  Advis- 
ory Panel,  (nasa  Release  68-153) 
September  5:  Cosmos  CCXXXIX  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit  with 
262-km  (162.8-mi)  apogee,  198-km  (123-mi)  perigee,  89.1-min  period, 
and  51.8°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Sept.  13.  (gsfc  SSR, 
9/15/68) 

•  Washington  Daily  News  story  by  London  Express  Service  said  scientists 

"have  told  the  military  that  a  new  infra-red  sensing  device  tested  in  a 
secret  American  reconnaissance  satellite  may  be  able,  from  space,  to 
detect  the  elusive  submarines  as  they  lurk  under  water.  And  the  inven- 
tion is  said  to  v/ork  whether  the  quarry  is  moving,  hovering  in  mid- 
water,  or  even  lying  silently  on  the  bottom.  .  .  .  More  tests  are  to  be 

206 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  5 

made.  But  it  .  .  .  seems  fairly  certain  that  the  system  will  be  put  into 
full  operation  soon."  (IF  News,  9/5/68,  6) 

•  USAF  announced  Aug.  25  discovery  of  new  F-lllA  problem  during  fa- 

tigue test  at  General  Dynamics-Convair  plant,  San  Diego,  Calif.,  would 
extend  restrictions  on  aircraft.  Problem  was  failure  of  steel  fitting  on 
which  swing-wings  pivoted.  Technical  officers  believed  crack  in  metal 
plate  was  caused  by  faulty  bolt  hole  rather  than  serious  design  defi- 
ciency. DOD  said  it  would  take  10  to  14  days  to  complete  analysis. 
{Aero  Daily,  9/6/68;  If  Post,  9/6/68,  1;  AP.  W  Star,  9/6/68,  C5; 
Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  9/7/68,  A7) 

•  President  Johnson  issued  Executive  Order  11428  terminating  President's 

Advisory  Committee  on  Supersonic  Transport,  which  had  been  estab- 
lished April  1,  1964.  (PD,  9/9/68,  1309) 
September  6:  NASA  announced  it  had  terminated  production  of  60  H— 1  en- 
gines for  post-Apollo  Saturn  IB  missions  under  contract  with  North 
American  Rockwell  Corp.'s  Rocketdyne  Div.  Delivery  of  32  engines  to 
MSFC  had  already  been  completed.  Of  remaining  28  engines,  1  would 
be  complete;  1,  complete  without  firing;  6,  assembled;  and  hardware 
for  20,  delivered  in  present  production  state,  (nasa  Release  68—154; 
Msc  Roundup,  9/13/68,  1) 

•  Charles  G.  Haynes,  Director  of  NASA  Inspections  Div.,  had  been  assigned 

additional  duties  as  Acting  Director  of  Headquarters  Administration, 
NASA  announced.  He  would  replace  Alfred  S.  Hodgson,  who  was  on  ex- 
tended leave.  (NASA  Ann,  9/6/68) 

•  Col.  Robert  L.  Stevens  (usaf),  holder  of  four  of  nine  new  world  speed 

and  altitude  records  set  in  Lockheed  YF— 12A  jet  interceptor,  was 
named  technical  adviser  to  faa  SST  Program  Director,  m/g  Jewell  C. 
Maxwell  (usaf).  (faa  Release  68-32) 
September  7:  During  visit  to  msfc,  Republican  presidential  candidate  Rich- 
ard M.  Nixon  said  of  space  program,  "I  would  have  this  clearly  un- 
derstood: that  I  consider  this  program  as  one  of  our  national  impera- 
tives, that  it  must  be  supported  at  a  level  assuring  efficient  and  steady 
progress,  that  the  ups  and  downs  ...  in  planning,  programming  and 
financing  must  be  brought  to  a  halt,  and  that  as  President  I  will  make 
certain  our  country  retains  leadership  in  this  great  endeavor.  .  .  .  It  is 
an  inescapable  fact  of  our  national  life  today  that  we  cannot  afford  to 
do  all  we  wish.  But  we  must  do  all  we  can.  ...  I  assert  my  conviction 
that  among  the  claimants  for  Federal  support  I  consider  the  space  pro- 
gram both  indispensable  and  of  major  importance  to  our  country.  .  .  . 
In  every  area  of  science — in  every  area  of  knowledge — the  United 
States  must  continue  to  probe  the  unknown.  In  terms  of  our  long-range 
security  and  growth,  the  most  critical  gap  which  we  could  allow  to  de- 
velop would  be  a  research  gap."  (Text;  NYT,  9/7/68,  1;  UPI,  W  Post, 
9/7/68  [photo] ;  B  Sun,  9/7/68) 

•  Max  Conrad,  holder  of  world  record  for  straight-line  distance   (7,688.5 

mi)  in  light  aircraft,  set  June  2—4,  1959,  claimed  new  world  distance 
record  of  4,968  mi  in  closed-circuit  route.  He  landed  his  twin-engine 
Piper  Aztec  at  Lambert  Field  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  after  flying  621-mi  tri- 
angular route  between  St.  Louis,  Des  Moines,  Iowa,  and  Kansas  City, 
Mo.,  eight  times  in  37  hr  50  min.  (World  Almanac,  68,  752;  UPi,  W 
Post,  9/9/68,  C5) 
September  8:  France  exploded  second  hydrogen  bomb — believed  to  be  less 

207 


September  8  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

than  two  megatons — suspended  above  Mururoa  Atoll  in  the  Pacific. 
First  test  had  been  conducted  Aug.  24.  (AP,  B  Sun,  9/2/68,  2;  W  Post, 
9/9/68,  A22) 
September  9:  Apollo  7  prime  and  backup  crews  successfully  completed 
egress  test  at  KSC.  Astronauts  performed  both  aided  and  unaided  egress 
from  spacecraft  under  simulated  emergency  conditions.  At  MSC  three 
astronauts  completed  five-day  vacuum  chamber  tests  in  spacecraft  simi- 
lar to  command  and  service  modules  to  be  flown  on  second  manned 
Apollo  mission  and  lunar  flights.  (NASA  Apollo  Status  Summary, 
9/10/69) 

•  U.S.  News  &  World  Report  said  story  of  how  U.S.  had  been  steadily 

stripping  away  "some  of  the  most  valuable  military  secrets  of  Soviet 
Russia  for  the  past  five  years"  was  being  revealed  in  bits  and  pieces.  At 
heart  of  story  were  spy  satellites  orbiting  earth.  Powerful  spaceborne 
cameras  could  photograph  in  detail  objects  less  than  one  foot  in  diame- 
ter from  150-mi  altitude.  "Ultramodern"  radar  circling  in  outer  space 
now  penetrated  cloud  covers  and  forest  vegetation  to  reveal  hidden  mis- 
sile sites,  tanks,  and  even  troops.  Infrared  sensors  could  detect  subma- 
rines and  missile  launching.  Electronic  sensors  could  monitor  atomic  ex- 
plosions and  pick  up  telephone  messages  from  deep  within  U.S.S.R.  or 
Communist  China.  President  Johnson  had  said  spy  satellites  alone 
made  U.S.  space  investment  worthwhile. 

USAF  had,  to  date,  launched  more  than  200  classified  payloads.  At 
least  one  intelligence  satellite  was  always  ready  for  orbit.  Most  stayed 
operational  for  1  to  25  days.  Even  more  useful.  Manned  Orbiting  Lab- 
oratory (mol)  was  yet  to  come.  U.S.S.R.  was  particularly  concerned 
about  its  intelligence  implications.  "The  Russians  are  starting  now  to 
understand  that  one  of  their  centuries-old  weapons  against  the  rest  of 
the  world — their  secrecy — is  rapidly  beins;  removed."  {US  News, 
9/9/68,  2) 
September  10:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB 
by  Titan  III-B  booster  into  orbit  with  200-mi  (321.9-km)  apogee,  89- 
mi  (143.2-km)  perigee,  89.1-min  period,  and  106°  inclination.  Satellite 
reentered  Sept.  25.  [Pres  Rpt  68;  GSFC  SSR,  9/15/68,  9/30/68) 

•  XB-70A,  flown  by  nasa  test  pilots  Donald  L.  Mallick  and  Fitzhugh  L.  Ful- 

ton, Jr.,  reached  63,000-ft  altitude  and  mach  2.54  in  flight  from  Ed- 
wards AFB.  Accomplished  successfully  were  ILAF  systems  check;  exciter 
vane  tests;  evaluation  of  stability,  control,  and  handling  qualities;  and 
observation  of  duct  turbulence,  (nasa  Proj  Off) 

•  USAF  announced  successful  completion  on  Aug.  6  of  initial  flight  phase 

of  C-5A  jet  transport,  after  which  aircraft  had  been  put  into  six  week 
planned  layup  for  "configuration  update  and  instrumentation  for  flutter 
testing."  It  had  accumulated  23  hr  48  min  in  flights  on  June  30;  July 
13,  20,  25,  and  31;  and  Aug.  1  and  6.  During  evaluation,  C-5A  had 
flown  at  maximum  gross  weight  of  557,000  lb,  logged  gross  maxmium 
taxi  weight  of  732,000  lb,  and  reached  250-knot  top  speed  and  11,000- 
ft  maximum  altitude.  C-5A  Galaxy  was  designed  to  operate  at  long- 
range  cruise  speed  of  440  knots  with  basic  mission  weight  of  712,000 
lb.  (Aero  Daily,  9/11/68)  ,  t,  j.      * 

•  Astronomer  Dr.  Gerritt  L.  Verschuur,  with  aid  of  National  Radio  As- 

tronomy Observatory,  had  measured  for  first  time  strength  of  Milky 
Way's  magnetic  field  as  it  existed  in  far  reaches  of  the  galaxy,  to  help 

208 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  September  10 

explain  theories  of  star  formation,  radio  wave  propagation,  and  cosmic 
ray  acceleration  unprovable  previously.  (W  Post,  9/10/68,  AlO) 

•  Col.  Albert  J.  Wetzel   (usaf,  Ret.),  Director  of  Sponsored  Programs  at 

Tulane  Univ.,  was  sworn  in  as  consultant  to  NASA  Administrator  James 
E.  Webb.  Former  technical  assistant  to  Director  of  Defense  Research 
and  Engineering  and  former  Titan  ICBM  program  director,  Col.  Wetzel 
would  advise  Webb  on  NASA  Project  Management  System  and  other 
technical  and  personnel  management  activities,   (nasa  Release  68—156) 

•  NASA  Deep  Space  Network  celebrated  1,000th  tracking  and  data  acquisi- 

tion support  pass  of  Pioneer  VI  spacecraft,  launched  Dec.  16,  1965,  as 
first  of  successful  series.  Pass  v»'as  monitored  by  2 10- ft  antenna  at  Gold- 
stone,  Calif.,  where  Pioneer  Tracking  and  Data  Systems  Manager,  Dr. 
N.  A.  Renzetti,  congratulated  members  of  J  PL  Pioneer  Operations 
Team.  (jPh  Lab -Oratory,  10/21/68,  2) 

•  NAA  selected  Sen.  Warren  G.  Magnuson   (D-Wash.)    to  receive  its  1968 

Wright  Brothers  Memorial  Trophy  for  "more  than  two  decades  of  dy- 
namic leadership  in  developing  national  and  international  policy  that 
has  assured  United  States  preeminence  in  aeronautics  throughout  the 
world  and  has  contributed  immeasurably  to  the  health  and  vitality  of 
America's  economic  structure."  Trophy  would  be  presented  Dec.  17  at 
Annual  Wright  Brothers  Memorial  Dinner  in  Washington,  D.C.  (naa 
Release) 

•  George  C.   Wilson   in   Washington  Post  wrote:    "No   one  is   willing  to 

predict  what  form  a  new  Soviet  psychological  sputnik  would 
take  .  .  .  [but]  it  was  a  gut  feeling  among  space  leaders  that  the 
United  States  will  pay  the  price  eventually  for  cutting  back  on  its  space 
program  v,'hile  the  Soviets  move  right  ahead  on  all  fronts  with  theirs." 
Even  Saturn  V  rocket  "does  not  look  big  enough  to  close  the  thrust 
gap.  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb — one  of  the  most  underrated 
administrators  in  Washington — warns  that  the  Soviets  are  about  to  fly 
a  rocket  much  bigger.  .  .  ." 

By-product  of  big  boosters  was  luxury  of  weight  they  allowed  com- 
sats.  U.S.  was  using  satellites  weighing  357  lb  at  launch  and  192  lb  in 
orbit.  U.S.S.R.  was  talking  about  1,000-lb  comsats  for  competing  inter- 
national communications  system.  "The  Soviet  Union's  bigness  in  boost- 
ers and  payloads  will  be  an  advantage  in  this  contest  between  the  two 
AT&Ts  of  space."  {JV  Post,  9/10,/68,  ]4) 
September  11:  nasa  selected  Fairchild  Hiller  Corp.  and  General  Electric 
Co.  to  develop  spacecraft  designs  for  Applications  Technology  Satellites 
(ats)  F  and  G  under  $4.6-million  fixed-price  contracts.  Configuration 
would  consist  of  30-ft-dia  deployable  antenna  and  precision  control  sys- 
tem. Both  spacecraft  v.ould  carry  advanced  communications,  naviga- 
tion, weather,  technical,  and  scientific  experiments.  They  were  sched- 
uled for  1972  and  1973  synchronous  orbits  at  22,300-mi  altitude.  Each 
company  would  design  and  develop  basic  configuration  for  both  space- 
craft and  provide  specifications,  drawings,  and  test  procedures,  (nasa 
Release  68-157) 

•  Air  Force  Cambridge  Research  Laboratories  launched  largest  research 

balloon — 28.7-million-cu-ft  polyethylene  sphere — to  record  158,000-ft  al- 
titude from  WSMR.  Flight  carried  instruments  for  atmospheric  measure- 
ments near  stratopause  and  terminated  near  Needles,  Calif.,  after  18  hr. 
Previous  record  size  for  polyethylene  balloon  was  13.5  million  cu  ft. 

209 


September  11  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

Previous  balloon  record,  26  million  cu  ft,  was  held  by  five  fiber-rein- 
forced Mylar  balloons  flown  by  afcrl  for  NASA  in  1966  and  1967.  (oAR 
Research  Review,  1-2/69,  8-9) 

•  Republican  Presidential  candidate  Richard  M.   Nixon  announced  deci- 

sion to  request  Senate  postponement  of  approval  of  nuclear  nonprolif- 
eration  treaty.  "Despite  my  concern  over  some  of  its  provisions,  I  have 
endorsed  [the  treaty].  ...  I  hope  that  it  can  be  universally  adopted. 
But  the  Soviet  invasion  of  Czechoslovakia  has  seriously  damaged  the 
prospects  for  early  ratification  of  the  treaty." 

Nixon  statement  came  as  Republicans  blocked  meeting  of  Senate 
Foreign  Relations  Committee  for  second  day,  preventing  voting  on 
treaty  approval.  (Semple,  Finney,  NYT,  9/12/68,  1;  Oberdorfer,  W 
Po5«,  9/12/68, 1) 
September  12:  Institute  for  Strategic  Studies  in  London  issued  report,  "The 
Military  Balance,"  which  said  U.S.S.R.  had  rushed  construction  of 
land-based  iCBMs  and  now  had  almost  as  many  as  U.S.  By  end  of  1968 
Soviet  total  was  expected  to  reach  U.S.  total  of  1,054.  (Shuster,  NYT, 
9/13/68,  9) 

•  Slide-wire  escape  way,  1,200-ft-long,  from  215-ft  level  to  ground  at  KSC 

Complex  34  was  declared  man-rated  following  tests  by  five  dummies 
and  five  men.  Slide  wire  was  designed  as  last  means  of  escape  from  top 
of  Saturn  IB  gantry  for  astronauts  and  close-out  crews  if  emergency 
should  shut  off  other  routes.  {Spaceport  News,  9/12/68, 1) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George  E. 

Mueller,  told  World  Affairs  Council  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.:  "The  U.S. 
space  program  was  undertaken  in  1958,  and  accelerated  by  three  Presi- 
dents and  six  Congresses  who  considered  it  basic  to  our  national 
strength  and  essential  to  our  continued  leadership  of  the  Free  World.  It 
is  .  .  .  significant  to  note  that  this  has  been  a  bipartisan  effort,  with 
Republican  as  well  as  Democratic  support.  .  .  .  Space  expenditures 
contribute  significantly  to  the  national  power  of  the  United  States  in  a 
world  where  military  and  economic  security  increasingly  rest  upon 
technology."  U.S.  space  program  "has  been  deliberately  oriented  to- 
ward cooperation  with  other  countries.  It  is  providing  opportunities  for 
foreign  scientists  to  contribute  and  develop  their  talents  and,  at  the 
same  time,  gives  other  nations  a  chance  to  share  not  only  in  the  pub- 
lished results  of  space  research,  but  in  the  accomplishment  of  these 
achievements  as  well.  .  .  ."   (Text) 

•  Senate  adopted  S.R.  391,  changing  assignments  of  minority  Senators  to 

standing  committees.  Measure  excused  Senators  Edward  W.  Brooke 
(R-Mass.)  and  Charles  H.  Percy  (R-IU.)  from  Senate  Committee  on 
Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  and  assigned  Senators  Mark  0.  Hat- 
field (R-Ore.)  and  Charles  E.  Goodell  (R-N.Y.)  to  Committee,  (nasa 
LAR  VII/90) 
September  13:  Explorer  XXXVIII  (rae-a),  launched  from  WTR  July  4,  was 
adjudged  successful  by  NASA.  Satellite  had  completed  30  days  of  suc- 
cessful three-axis  gravity-gradient-stabilized  operation  in  orbit  as  of 
Aug.  22.  Experiment  instrumentation  and  all  spacecraft  support  sys- 
tems were  operational  and  functioning  satisfactorily.  Recording  of  vari- 
ations in  galactic  emission,  low-frequency  solar  bursts,  and  radio  sig- 
nals from  earth  had  been  acquired.  Some  evidence  had  been  found  of 
enhanced  noise  bands  at  medium  frequencies  within  magnetosphere, 

210 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  13 

and  strong  noise  enhancement  had  been  observed  in  vicinity  of  South 
Atlantic  anomaly,  (nasa  Proj  Off) 

•  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  portable  launcher 

at  WSMR  carried  GSFC  payload  to  3.1-mi  (5.05-km)  altitude.  Objectives 
were  to  flight-qualify  production  lot  of  VAM— 20  variboosters,  demon- 
strate Aerobee  rail  launch  feasibility,  determine  exiting  loads  on  rail 
launcher,  establish  procedures  for  rail  launching,  and  verify  boost- 
phase  dispersion  calculations.  Booster  web  burning  time,  booster  pres- 
sure, acceleration,  velocity,  and  system  impact  were  as  predicted.  (NASA 
Rpt  srl) 

X-15  No.  1  was  successfully  flown  by  Maj.  William  J.  Knight  (usaf) 
to  254,100-ft  altitude  and  3,716  mph  (mach  5.26)  in  test  from  Edwards 
AFB.  Primary  objectives  were  to  conduct  wtr  experiment  and  check  out 
horizon  scanner,  fixed  alpha  cone,  and  fluidic  probe.  (X— 15  Proj  Off) 

•  President   Johnson   selected   Dr.   Glenn   T.    Seaborg,   AEC    Chairman,   to 

head  U.S.  delegation  to  12th  conference  of  International  Atomic  En- 
ergy Agency,  which  would  open  in  Vienna  Sept.  24.  (UPI,  NYT, 
9/15/68,  34) 
September  14:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXL  into  orbit  with  283-km 
(175.8-mi)  apogee,  203-km  (126.1-mi)  perigee,  89.3-min  period,  and 
51.8°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Sept.  21.  (gsfc  SSR,  9/15/68, 
9/30/68) 

•  While  Soviet  scientists  believed  in  use  of  some  drugs  to  help  man  adapt 

to  long  space  flights,  U.S.  medical  experts  wanted  to  avoid  use  of  medi- 
cation in  orbit  because  of  unpredictable  side  effects  they  sometimes 
produced.  Associated  Press  reported.  U.S.  astronauts  had  carried  only 
nonbromide,  antimotion  sickness  pills  and  these  had  been  used  only 
once,  by  Gemini  VIII  pilots  Neil  A.  Armstrong  and  David  R.  Scott 
when  stuck  thruster  caused  spacecraft  to  roll  and  forced  emergency 
landing.  Soviet  representatives  at  Vienna  U.N.  Conference  on  Peaceful 
Uses  of  Outer  Space  had  indicated  most  U.S.S.R.  cosmonauts  had  used 
depressants  for  sleeping  in  orbit  and  stimulants  to  counteract  fatigue. 
To  avoid  need  for  drugs,  NASA  selected  only  highly  qualified  astronaut 
candidates  and  trained  them  to  cope  with  situations  they  might  find  in 
space.  (B  Sun,  9/16/68,  8) 

•  Joint  Committee  on  Atomic  Energy  called  for  prompt  DOD  action  to  re- 

vive work  on  quiet  electric-drive  nuclear  submarine  halted  in  May  by 
DOD  order  when  it  decided  to  proceed  with  new  high-speed  nuclear  sub- 
marine [see  July  24].  (Transcript;  Greene,  NY  News,  9/20/68,  8) 
September  15—22:  Zond  V  automatic  space  station  was  launched  by 
U.S.S.R.  and  placed  on  lunar  trajectory  from  parking  orbit  of  another 
satellite  to  explore  outer  space  and  test  spacecraft  systems,  Tass  an- 
nounced. All  systems  were  functioning  normally.  Speculation  in  Mos- 
cow, later  confirmed,  was  that  spacecraft  would  attempt  to  circle  moon. 
On  Sept.  18  Sir  Bernard  Lovell,  Director  of  U.K.'s  Jodrell  Bank  Experi- 
mental Station,  said  spacecraft  had  passed  within  1,000  mi  of  moon 
and  was  returning  to  earth  and  predicted  U.S.S.R.  would  attempt  to  re- 
cover it.  West  Germany's  Bochum  Observatory  agreed  that  Zond  V  was 
returning  but  insisted  spacecraft  had  circled  moon.  U.S.S.R.  initially 
denied  both  reports,  but  two  days  later,  confirmed  that  Zond  V  had  cir- 
cled moon  Sept.  18  and  was  continuing  its  flight.  Tass  said  spacecraft 
had  flown  within  1,200  mi  of  moon  and  obtained  data  on  physical 

211 


September  15-22  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

characteristics  of  outer  space  near  moon.  Research  mission  had  been 
completed  and  spacecraft  was  continuing  to  relay  information  to  space 
stations. 

Zond  V's  reentry  and  splashdown  in  Indian  Ocean  Sept.  21  was  re- 
corded by  U.S.,  U.K.,  and  West  German  space  scientists,  but  U.S.S.R. 
made  no  official  announcement  until  Sept  22.  Tass  then  said  Zond  V 
had  circled  moon,  explored  space  near  moon,  reentered  at  11,000  mi  per 
sec,  softlanded  by  parachute  in  predetermined  area,  and  was  recovered 
by  Soviet  recovery  ship — becoming  first  circumlunar  spacecraft  recov- 
ered on  earth.  "During  the  flight  the  station's  systems  and  aggregates 
for  maneuvering  on  the  trajectory  and  for  returning  to  the  Earth  were 
tested.  Flight  control  systems  of  the  station  and  the  radio-engineering 
means  for  measuring  the  parameters  of  its  trajectory  ensured  the  suc- 
cessful execution  of  the  programme. 

"The  successful  flight  of  the  'Zond— 5'  automatic  station  over  the 
Earth-Moon-Earth  route,  and  its  return  to  the  predetermined  area  are 
an  outstanding  achievement  of  Soviet  science  and  engineering.  Another 
scientific-engineering  problem  has  been  solved,  and  broad  prospects 
have  been  opened  up  for  further  research  of  outer  space  and  planets 
of  the  solar  system  by  automatic  space  stations  which  bring  back  re- 
search data  to  the  Earth." 

Tass  announcement  that  atmosphere  and  pressure  "remained  within 
the  limits  of  their  present  range"  supported  earlier  speculation  that 
Zond  V  carried  prototype  passenger  cabin  with  atmosphere  of  artificial 
helium  mixture  which  would  be  used  by  cosmonauts  on  future  flights. 
Later  Tass  report  quoted  Soviet  Prof.  Leonid  L  Sedov  as  saying  space- 
craft had  special  heat  shield  and  was  slowed  down  during  reentry  by 
"air  resistance"  and,  "at  a  comparatively  small  height,"  by  parachute. 

Zond  V  was  fifth  spacecraft  in  Zond  series  and  first  Soviet  spacecraft 
to  land  in  water.  Zond  I  (launched  April  2,  1964)  had  failed  in  at- 
tempt to  reach  Venus  and  Zond  II  (launched  Nov.  30,  1964)  had  suf- 
fered communications  failure  enroute  to  Mars.  Zond  III  (launched  July 
18,  1965)  had  obtained  photos  of  far  side  of  moon;  Zond  IV  (launched 
March  2,  1968)  apparently  had  reached  apogee  comparable  to  lunar 
altitude  and  had  burned  in  earth's  atmosphere  on  reentry,  (gsfc  SSR, 
9/15/68;  9/30/68;  W  Post,  9/16/68,  A17;  9/19/68,  A25;  9/23/68, 
Al;  NYT,  9/16/68,  29;  9/21-23/68,  1;  Moscow  News,  10/5-12/68, 
3)  _ 

September  16:  At  White  House  press  conference  NASA  Administrator  James 
E.  Webb  announced  his  resignation,  effective  Oct.  7,  his  62nd  birthday. 
He  wished  to  retire  to  devote  his  time  to  interests  in  education  and  for- 
eign and  urban  affairs  after  25  yr  in  Government  and  nearly  8  yr  as 
NASA  chief.  President  Johnson  would  name  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  NASA 
Deputy  Administrator,  to  succeed  him  as  Acting  Administrator.  Webb 
would  remain  as  consultant  to  Dr.  Paine  until  Jan.  20,  1969. 

Webb  told  press:  "I  leave  NASA  well  prepared  and  with  a  conserva- 
tive financial  structure  to  carry  out  the  missions  that  have  been  ap- 
proved. They  will  go  forward.  What  we  have  not  been  able  to  do  under 
the  pressures  on  the  budget  has  been  to  fund  new  missions  for  the 
1970's.  So,  there  is  going  to  be  a  period  when  there  will  be  fewer 
flights  than  would,  in  my  view,  have  been  important  to  do.  .  .  .  We 
planned  with  the  President's  leadership  in  1961  and  his  recommenda- 

212 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  September  16 

tions  to  President  Kennedy  to  develop  an  ability  to  fly  six  Saturn  V's 
per  year  and  six  Saturn  I's  per  year.  .  .  .  Under  the  reductions  in  the 
budget  beginning  in  1964  ...  we  have  reduced  that  anticipated  flight 
schedule,  or  production  schedule,  [until]  we  have  now  cancelled  the 
production  lines  on  both  these  boosters.  .  .  .  what  we  will  have  to  do 
is  develop  a  new  base  of  technology  for  the  next  generation  of  boosters 
[and]  .  .  .  the  country  will  have  to  look  with  great  care  into  what  it  is 
it  v>'ants  to  do  with  those  boosters  that  will  be  in  storage." 

Answering  query.  Webb  said,  "I  am  not  satisfied  with  the  program.  I 
am  not  satisfied  that  we  as  a  nation  have  not  been  able  to  go  forward 
to  achieve  a  first  position  in  space.  What  this  really  means  is  that  we 
are  going  to  be  in  a  second  position  for  some  time  to  come.  ...  I  am 
satisfied  with  what  we  have  developed  in  every  field  and  that  we  have 
been  flying  three  successful  generations  of  spacecraft.  ...  I  think  now 
the  question  is  what  v.ill  the  fourth  .  .  .  be.  We  have  a  vast  amount  of 
capability.  As  the  U.S.S.R.  proceeds  to  fly  and  remains  in  the  number 
one  position,  we  will  have  the  capability  to  start  new  programs  as  the 
need  is  clearly  indicated.  .  .  .  We  have  worked  up  to  a  work  force  of 
420,000  people.  At  the  end  of  this  fiscal  year,  we  will  be  down  to  just 
over  200,000,  So  we  have  shown  the  administrative  capability  to  build 
up  and  then  to  reduce  Vrithout  losing  pace  in  the  program."  Webb  said 
NASA  had  decided  to  man  third  Saturn  V  flight  in  December.  "We  did 
calculate  that  we  needed  15  Saturn  V's  in  program  to  make  sure  we 
would  do  the  Lunar  landing.  We  have  funded  eight.  .  .  .  Now  we  can 
only  fly  seven.  So  the  real  question  is  can  we  make  the  landing  by  num- 
ber seven?" 

A  good  many  people.  Webb  said,  have  tended  to  use  space  program 
"as  a  sort  of  whipping  boy.  .  .  .  But  in  essence,  if  it  were  not  for  the 
fiscal  problems  faced  by  the  President  and  the  Director  of  the  Budget  I 
would  believe  that  the  program  Vrould  have  been  supported  in  the  Con- 
gress and  in  the  country  at  a  higher  level  than  it  has  been."  Webb 
thought  U.S.  had  reached  parity  with  U.S.S.R.  2^/4  yr  earlier  except  in 
large  boosters  and  spacecraft.  If  U.S.  could  have  had  12  Saturns  a  year 
in  late  1967  or  1968,  "I  think  we  would  have  forged  ahead."  Instead, 
"while  we  are  reducing  down  to  half  to  two-thirds  of  our  program,  they 
are  still  increasing."  Webb  said  current  U.S  space  program  had  created 
capability  that  could  be  used  for  major  efforts  in  exploration  if  ade- 
quately funded.  "Any  danger  to  the  United  States  that  would  come 
from  the  Russian  program  would  be  visible  in  time  to  use  this  capabil- 
ity to  start  out.  But  they  are  going  to  have  the  reality  and  the  image  of 
being  out  in  front  for  a  number  of  years  to  come.  How  dangerous  that 
is,  you  v.ill  have  to  judge  yourself."  (Transcript;  Sheehan,  NYT, 
9/17/68,  1:  Kilpatrick.  O'Toole,  W  Post,  9/17/68.  Al;  Dobbin,  B  Sun, 
9/17/68,  A9) 

•  U.S.S.R.  successfufly  launched  Cosmos  CCXLI  into  orbit  with  326-km 

(202.6-mi)  apogee,  198-km  (123-mi)  perigee,  89.7-min  period,  and 
65.4°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Sept.  24.  (C  Trih,  9/17/68;  GSFC 
55/?,  9/30/68 1 

•  NASA  launched  series  of  three  sounding  rockets  from  NASA  Wallops  Sta- 

tion. First  Nike-Cajun  carried  GSFC  experiment  to  42.6-mi  (68.6-km) 
altitude  to  determine  ozone  concentration  and  water  vapor  distribution 
as  a  function  of  altitude  and  obtain  finite  data  during  parachute  de- 

213 


September  16  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

scent  from  43.4-mi  (70-km)  altitude.  Basic  payload  design  proved  op- 
erational. Rocket  performance  was  good;  peak  altitude  was  6%  below 
predicted.  Instrumentation's  tone  ranging  was  lost  after  payload  despin 
and  new  AB  signal  replacing  FM  signal  slowly  deteriorated  after  lift- 
off. Radar  tracked  all  systems  from  liftoff  to  impact.  Although  para- 
chute was  not  fully  deployed  during  descent  and  aluminum  oxide 
hydrometer  failed  to  project  because  of  spring  malfunction,  key  events 
occurred  within  two  seconds  of  predicted  times  and  significant  data 
were  obtained.  Midair-retrieval  attempt  was  not  successful,  but  payload 
and  parachute  were  recovered. 

Second  Nike-Cajun  carried  GSFC  payload  to  73.1-mi  (117.6-km)  alti- 
tude to  obtain  vertical  profile  of  temperature,  pressure  density,  and 
wind  data  between  21.8-  and  59-mi  (35-  and  95-km)  altitudes  by  deto- 
nating 19  grenades  and  recording  their  sound  arrivals  at  ground. 
Rocket  performed  satisfactorily.  Grenade  timer  malfunctioned  and  in- 
stead of  ejecting  19  grenades  during  ascent,  vehicle  ejected  1  grenade 
after  apogee  during  descent  and  12—14  grenades  which  detonated  at 
sporadic  intervals  during  descent.  Final  destruct  grenade  destroyed 
payload  before  impact.  Some  significant  data  could  be  correlated  from 
ground  arrivals. 

Areas  sounding  rocket  carried  U.S.  Naval  Ordnance  Test  Station 
payload  to  34.5 -mi  (55. 5 -km)  altitude  to  measure  ozone  concentration 
at  18.6-  to  37.5-mi  (30-  to  60-km)  altitudes  by  observing  solar  UV 
light  attenuation  by  ozone  during  parachute  descent.  Rocket  performed 
nominally;  altitude  achieved  was  within  10,000  ft  of  predicted.  Instru- 
ments performed  satisfactorily  and  good  data  were  obtained.  Parachute 
deployed  properly  and  payload  was  tracked  by  radar  and  retrieved  in 
midair,  (nasa  Rpts  srl) 

•  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  portable  launcher 

at  WSMR  carried  GSFC  experiment  to  .3.14-mi  (5.05-km)  altitude  to: 
(1)  flight-qualify  production  lot  of  VAM— 20  variboosters,  (2)  demon- 
strate feasibility  of  Aerobee  rail  launch,  (3)  determine  exit  loads,  (4) 
establish  rail-launching  procedures,  and  (5)  verify  boost-phase  disper- 
sion calculations.  System  was  ballasted  with  water  and  lead  to  produce 
mass  and  mass  distribution  of  fully  loaded  rocket  with  200-lb  net  pay- 
load.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily.  Booster  web 
burning  time,  booster  pressure,  acceleration,  velocity,  and  system  im- 
pact occurred  as  predicted,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  German  scientists  at  Max  Planck  Institute — using  U.S.,  U.K.,  and  French 

rockets — ^had  shown  that  borders  of  magnetic  energy  extending  from 
earth  could  be  made  visible  directly  to  persons  on  earth,  Neiv  York 
Times  reported.  Release  of  barium  clouds  in  space  produced  glowing, 
colored  filaments  outlining  magnetic  field.  Technique  showed  influence 
of  electric  fields  in  space.  Preparations  were  being  made  to  release  bar- 
ium cloud  in  heart  of  inner  radiation  belt  around  earth  before  year's 
end.  Cloud  would  inscribe  in  space  magnetic  lines  of  force  which  held 
radiation  belt  in  place.  ESRO  had  prepared  Highly  Eccentric  Orbiting 
Satellite  (heos)  for  launch  by  U.S.  booster  in  experiment  which  would 
be  too  high  for  naked  eye  to  observe.  Telescopic  Schmidt  cameras  were 
to  be  used.  {NYT,  9/17/68,  1) 

•  NASA  awarded  $3,290,500  contract  to  Pittsburgh  Des  Moines  Steel  Co. 

for  fabrication  and  installation  of  heavy  steel  test  chambers  and  related 

214 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  16 

systems  as  part  of  second  phase  in  expansion  of  Propulsion  Systems 
Laboratory  at  LeRC.  (LeRC  Release  68—56) 
September  17:  Presidium  of  Supreme  Soviet  ratified  space  rescue  treaty 
signed  by  U.S.  and  U.S.S.R.  April  22,  according  to  Tass  report.  Presid- 
ium took  care  of  legislative  matters  when  Supreme  Soviet  was  not  in 
session.   (AP,  W  Star,  9/19/68,  AlO) 

•  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  whom  retiring  Ad- 

ministrator James  E.  Webb  had  said  would  be  named  Acting  NASA  Ad- 
ministrator by  President  Johnson,  represented  "new  breed  of  scientist- 
administrators  making  their  way  into  government,"  said  John  Lannan 
in  Washington  Evening  Star.  Unlike  Webb,  he  was  new  to  Government, 
having  come  up  through  "the  scientific  ranks  of  the  sprawling  General 
Electric  Co.  over  a  period  of  19  years."  As  Webb's  chief  deputy  since 
March,  Dr.  Paine  had  been  authorizing  and  signing  major  announce- 
ments but  had  yet  to  confront  Congress.  He  and  Webb  saw  eye-to-eye, 
he  had  said,  on  agency's  current  program  emphasis,  which  had  been 
criticized  as  too  heavily  oriented  to  manned  flight.  "I  am  a  very  strong 
supporter  of  doing  as  much  as  we  can  in  planetary  areas."  Dr.  Paine 
said,  "but  it's  one  of  those  cases  where  you've  got  limited  resources 
and  you're  trying  to  do  all  the  things  you  can.  You've  got  to  do  things 
in  aeronautics;  we've  got  to  finish  up  the  Apollo  program;  and  we've 
got  to  do  more  in  earth  resources  (surveying  them  from  space)  here  on 
this  planet."  A  lot  of  NASA's  future  "is  in  the  questions  that  we'll 
be  raising  as  we  continue  to  probe  the  planets." 

On  balancing  space  needs  against  problems  of  cities,  Dr.  Paine  felt 
U.S.  suffered  from  "what  I  Vvould  call  almost  a  national  hypo- 
chondria ...  in  many  ways  crippling  some  of  the  forward-looking 
things  we're  able  to  do.  ...  I  feel  that  one  of  the  very  highest  prior- 
ity matters  is  the  war  on  poverty  and  the  problems  of  the  cities.  But  in 
the  meantime,  we're  making  ...  a  lot  of  progress  in  the  civil  rights 
area  and  really,  this  nation  is  a  good  deal  healthier  than  we're  giving  it 
credit  for  today."  He  was  confident  of  a  resurgence  of  public  interest 
in  space  once  the  Apollo  program  got  underway.  (W  Star,  9/17/68, 
A4) 

•  Under  Administrator  James  E.  Webb's  leadership,  Don  Kirkman  com- 

mented in  Washington  Daily  News,  NASA  had  "put  John  Glenn  in  orbit 
in  the  Mercury  capsule,  brought  back  all  the  Gemini  spacemen  without 
mishap,  and  intended  to  put  U.S.  astronauts  on  the  moon  before  the 
1960s  ended."  Unmanned  spaceships  had  photographed  moon  and  Mars 
and  probed  Venus  host  of  weather,  communications,  and  navigation 
satellites  had  been  launched.  But  since  Jan.  27,  1967,  Apollo  fire  and 
with  needs  of  Vietnam  war,  "every  new  budget  brought  new  blows."  {W 
News,  9/17/68,  9) 

•  U.S.  patent  No.  3,402.295  was  issued  to  Robert  W.  Astheimer,  Vice  Pres- 

ident of  Barnes  Engineering  Co.,  for  process  by  which  aircraft  pilot 
could  spot  clear  air  turbulence  (cat)  far  enough  ahead  to  avoid  danger. 
To  discover  rise  in  temperature  which  marked  CAT,  pilot  would  scan 
ahead  v,'ith  radiometer  to  detect  significant  heat  radiation  from  carbon 
dioxide  uniformly  distributed  through  air.  (Pat  Off  Pio;  Jones,  NYT, 
9/21/68,45) 
September  17-18:  Senate  Foreign  Relations   Committee  approved  nuclear 

215 


September  17-18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

nonproliferation  treaty  by  vote  of  13  to  3  after  three  previous  meetings 
failed  to  attract  majority  of  members.  Senate  Democratic  leaders  ex- 
pressed hope  treaty  could  be  brought  to  vote  on  Senate  floor  before 
mid-October   Congressional    adjournment.    In    formal    statement    after 
Committee  approval,  Vice  President  Humphrey,  Democratic  Presidential 
candidate,  called  upon  Republican  Presidential  candidate  Richard  M. 
Nixon  to  support  ratification.  U.S.S.R.'s  occupation  of  Czechoslovakia, 
Humphrey  said,  should  not  deter  Senate  approval  of  "crucial"  treaty.  It 
was  not  agreement  between  Washington  and  Moscow,  but  a  treaty  al- 
ready signed  by  81  nations  and  developed  among  many  signers  as  well 
as  the  United  Nations.  (Sherman,  W.  Star,  9/17/68,  A5;  Unna,  W.  Post, 
9/18/68,  1;  Finney,  NYT,  9/18/68,  1;  Furgurson,  B  Sun,  9/19/68,  1) 
September  18:  NASA  launch  from  etr  of  Intelsat-III  F-1,  first  of  four  Intel- 
sat III  comsats  scheduled  for   1968-69,  failed   to  reach  orbit  when 
three-stage  Long-Tank  Delta  booster,  on  maiden  flight,  pitched  back- 
ward and   was  exploded  several  thousand  feet  above  Atlantic.   NASA 
Launch  Director  Robert  Gray  said  booster  encountered  trouble  in  gyro- 
scope system  controlling  pitch  rate  20  sec  after  blastoff.  Launch  vehicle 
became  erratic  and  uncontrollable,  pitching  backward  1  min  2  sec  into 
flight,  and  6  sec  later  etr  safety  officer  sent  signal  to  destroy  vehicle. 
Delta  fuel  tanks  had  already  begun  to  tear  apart  and  burst  into  flame. 
Pieces  of  booster  and  satellite  fell  into  ocean  12  mi  off  Florida.  Experts 
were  studying  radio  data  to  determine  cause  of  failure,  which  ComSat- 
Corp  said  would  not  have  significant  effect  on  1968  revenue.  Delay  in 
completing  cycle  of  four  Intelsat  Ills  would  be  felt  in  1969;  ComSat- 
Corp  officials  termed   it   "major  blow"   to   plans  for  early  full-scale 
global  system. 

To  be  owned  by  63-nation  INTELSAT  consortium,  each  of  satellites 
was  designed  to  have  1,200-voice  capacity  or  four  TV  channels;  com- 
pleted series  of  four  was  to  make  coverage  available  around  the  world. 
First  had  been  planned  for  synchronous  equatorial  orbit  above  Atlan- 
tic. (ComSatCorp  PIO;  ComSatCorp  Release  68-46;  AP,  W  Post, 
9/19/68,  A3;  Dimond,  W  Star,  9/19/68,  A21;  CSM,  9/20/68) 

•  USAF   launched    two    unidentified    satellites    from    Vandenberg    AFB    by 

Thor-Agena  D  booster.  One  entered  orbit  with  243-mi  (391.1-km)  ap- 
ogee, Ill-mi  (178.6-km)  perigee,  90.1-min  period,  and  83°  inclination 
and  reentered  Oct.  8.  Second  satellite  entered  orbit  with  318-mi 
(511.8-km)  apogee,  312-mi  (502.1-km)  perigee,  94.7-min  period,  and 
83.2°  inclination.  (Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  Churchill  Research 

Range  carried  gsfc  payload  to  12-mi  (19-km)  altitude  to  obtain  varia- 
tions in  temperature  profile  and  atmosphere  structure.  Launch  was  one 
of  series  scheduled  for  winter  1968-69  at  Churchill,  Point  Barrow, 
Alaska,  and  nasa  Wallops  Station.  Nineteen  grenades  deployed  and  ex- 
ploded as  planned.  Second  stage  failed  to  ignite  causing  low  apogee, 
which  prevented  acquisition  of  useful  data.  (NASA  Rpt  SRl) 

•  At  international  symposium  in  Washington,  D.C.,  sponsored  by  NAS  and 

GSFC,  Univ.  of  California  scientist  Dr.  W.  Ian  Axford  explained  new 
phenomenon,  "polar  wind,"  which  was  constantly  blowing  away  small 
portions  of  earth's  atmosphere  and  losing  them  in  space.  In  polar  re- 
gions, earth's  magnetic  lines  of  force  plunged  almost  straight  down, 
leaving  considerable  area  "accessible  to  space."  Charged  particles  mov- 

216 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  18 

ing  rapidly  could  escape  local  entrapment  by  planet's  field.  U.S  satel- 
lites had  observed  such  particles  rising  toward  space  at  supersonic 
speeds.  They  climbed  vertical  magnetic  force  lines  and  wound  up  in 
long  tail  which  protruded  from  earth  on  side  away  from  sun  (distor- 
tion of  earth's  magnetic  field  by  solar  wind  of  charged  particles  flowing 
continuously  from  sun).  Univ.  of  California  scientist  Peter  M.  Banks 
was  credited  with  deducing  existence  of  polar  wind.  {W  News, 
9/18/68,  18) 

•  Four  NAVSATS  (satellites  resembling  comsats)   in  synchronous  equatorial 

orbit  could  control  entire  air  traffic  of  U.S.  and  18  could  handle  entire 
world's  air  traffic,  according  to  TRW  Systems  Div.,  which  demonstrated 
system  during  Air  Force  Assn.  meeting  in  Washington,  D.C.  Satellites 
would  serve  as  reference  points  for  aircraft  in  flight,  ships  at  sea,  or 
mechanized  ground  equipment  and  could  locate  user's  longitude  and 
latitude  to  accuracy  within  60  ft  and  his  altitude  to  within  120  ft.  They 
would  operate  like  comsats  but,  instead  of  relaying  messages  from 
point  to  point,  would  beam  signals  to  aircraft.  By  taking  bearings  on 
any  two  satellites,  computerized  unit  in  aircraft  could  pinpoint  air- 
craft's location  by  radio.  Militarily,  system  could  lead  to  accurate  all- 
weather  bombing  capability  and  armored  column  movements  in  poor 
terrain  or  weather,  or  help  infantrymen  in  the  field.  For  civilian  air 
traffic  control,  it  could  overlap  existing  equipment  and  eventually 
phase  it  out.   (Lannan,  W  Star,  9/18/68) 

Boeing  Co.  confirmed  it  was  most  likely  to  submit  conventional 
fixed-wing  design  resembling  large  F— 4  Phantom  fighter  as  design  for 
U.S.  SST  when  firm's  final  proposal  became  due  at  Faa,  no  later  than 
Jan.  15.  If  approved,  aircraft  would  start  moving  from  paper  to  titanium, 
Boeing  President  T.  A.  Wilson  told  Air  Force  Assn.  seminar,  m/g  Jew- 
ell C.  Maxwell,  faa's  sst  Program  Director,  said  aircraft  could  fly  in 
first  half  of  1972  and  be  ready  for  passenger  service  as  early  as  1974 
(1976  if  Government  decided  to  test  prototype  before  starting  produc- 
tion line) .  A.  H.  C.  Greenwood,  Assistant  Managing  Director  for  Brit- 
ish Aircraft  Corp.,  said  Anglo-French  Concorde  would  fly  in  1968  and 
be  in  commercial  operation  by  summer  1972.  (Wilson,  W  Post, 
9/19/68,  Dl) 

•  Prototype  four-engine  turboprop  STOL  aircraft  built  in  France  as  Bre- 

guet  III  and  in  U.S.  as  McDonnell  Douglas  188  was  demonstrated  for 
press  in  flight  over  Washington,  D.C,  metropolitan  area.  Eastern  Air- 
lines, McDonnell  Douglas,  and  FAA  were  testing  aircraft  as  possible  re- 
placement for  jet  aircraft  on  Eastern's  crowded  shuttle  service  between 
Washington,  New  York,  and  Boston.  When  fully  developed,  aircraft 
would  carry  100  passengers  at  400  mph  with  all-weather  capability.  It 
would  take  off  and  land  on  less  than  800-ft  runway  and  operate  on 
more  direct  routes  closed  to  conventional  aircraft  under  noise-abate- 
ment rules.  Airline  spokesman  had  said  aircraft  could  be  operational  in 
"early  1970."  (Yarborough,  W  Star,  9/18/68,  Al;  Valentine,  W  Post, 
9/19/68,  Bl) 

•  AEC  Chairman,  Dr.  Glenn  T.  Seaborg,  was  named  1968  winner  of  Arches 

of  Science  Award  presented  annually  by  Pacific  Science  Center  of  Seat- 
tle, Wash.,  to  American  who  had  contributed  to  public  understanding 
of  science.  Award  of  $25,000  would  be  presented  Oct.  16  to  Dr.  Sea- 

217 


September  18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

borg,  who  won  Nobel  Prize  in  chemistry  in  1951  and  was  codiscoverer 
of  Plutonium.  {W  Post,  9/18/68,  B5;  AP,  NYT,  9/18/68,  12) 

•  Washington  Post  commented  on  resignation  of  James  E.  Webb  as  NASA 

Administrator:  "Virtually  from  scratch,  with  the  country  in  a  ewivet 
over  Soviet  prowess,  James  E.  Webb  took  over  the  Nation's  feeble 
space  program  and  drove  the  United  States  firmly  into  the  space 
age.  ...  he  created — in  the  civilian  space  agency — the  largest 
and  most  labryrinthine  engineering  organization  in  American 
history.  ...  In  his  eight-year  stewardship,  NASA  proceeded  under 
presidential  and  Congressional  flogging  toward  the  goal  of  a  manned 
lunar  landing  'in  this  decade.'  It  achieved  repeated  successes  and  but  a 
single  important  failure — the  fire  that  claimed  the  lives  of  three  astro- 
nauts last  year. 

"It  is  characteristic  of  this  self-effacing,  organization-minded  man 
that  he  should  choose  to  retire  now  at  his  62nd  birthday,  practically  on 
the  eve  of  the  Apollo  launching — a  career-capping  event  if  ever  there 
was  one.  His  purpose  is  to  hand  NASA  over  to  his  lieutenants  before  the 
change  of  administration,  on  the  theory  that  the  agency  will  thereby 
have  a  better  chance  of  riding  out  next  year's  power  transfer.  The 
country  is  fortunate  that  Mr.  Webb  is  in  good  health  and  determined  to 
apply  himself  vigorously  to  further  the  Nation's  understanding  of  the 
space  age.  For  him  this  is  far  more  than  a  matter  of  projectiles  and 
orbits;  it  goes  to  the  heart  of  the  necessities  and  the  aspirations  of  a 
great  modern  society. 

"Whereas  Mr.  Webb  leaves  nasa  with  its  current  mission  adequately 
funded  and  its  capabilities  well  formed,  he  does  not  leave  it  with  a  set 
mission  beyond  landing  on  the  moon.  This  is  hardly  his  fault.  The  fad- 
ing American  taste  for  competition  with  the  Russians  in  space  and  the 
rising  competition  of  other  claimants  for  Federal  funds  explain  NASA's 
uncertain  estate;  its  budget  has  been  cut  $1.4  billion  in  four 
years.  ...  it  will  be  up  to  the  next  Administration  and  the  next 
Congress  to  chart  America's  future  in  space.  That  they  have  a  choice  is 
the  singular  achievement  of  Jim  Webb."  (W  Post,  9/18/68,  A22) 
September  19:  House  adopted  conference  report  on  H.R.  17023,  FY  1969 
Independent  Offices  and  HUD  Appropriations,  which  allocated  $3,995 
billion  to  NASA.  [See  Sept.  25].  {CR,  H8970-1;  ^asa  LAR  VII/95) 

•  In  12-yr  NASA-sponsored  experiments  with  roosters  spinning  at  130  rpm 

up  to  15  mo  on  double-deck  centrifuge,  Univ.  of  California's  Davis 
Chronic  Acceleration  Laboratory  gravity  experts  had  noted  possible  ad- 
verse effects  of  long-term  weightlessness  on  astronauts.  Without  steps  to 
counter  effects,  "man  in  space  for  long  periods  will  find  his  body  decal- 
cified," said  Dr.  Arthur  H.  Smith.  "He  will  not  be  able  to  stand  up 
without  fracturing  bones.  All  his  muscles  will  shrivel  up  including 
those  around  his  blood  vessels.  He  will  be  overloaded  with  fat  which  he 
may  not  be  able  to  use."  Among  methods  being  developed  to  offset  dis- 
turbances to  human  body  in  space  were  drugs  which  stabilized  proper 
balance  of  red  cells  and  steroids  which  helped  maintain  calcium  metab- 
olism. Roosters  were  used  in  tests  since  their  upright  posture,  heart-to- 
head  distance,  and  circulatory  systems  were  similar  to  man's.  (Hillin- 
ger,rPo5i,  9/19/68,  Gil) 

•  NASA  said   it  had   reassigned   management   responsibility   for   Saturn   I 

Workshop  airlock  module  and  modified  lunar  module  ascent  stage  for 

218 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  19 

Apollo  Telescope  Mount  from  MSC  to  MSFC,  to  establish  satisfactory 
balance  between  Apollo  Applications  and  Apollo  programs.  Move 
placed  AA  program  design  and  integration  responsibilities  under  single 
NASA  center.  Management  responsibilities  encompassed  systems  engi- 
neering, including  development  test  and  integration,  to  ensure  compati- 
bility of  flight  hardware  and  ground  support  equipment.  Airlock  mod- 
ule, mounted  on  Saturn  IB  vehicle,  would  provide  65-in-dia  airlock 
tunnel  for  Apollo  astronauts  between  spacecraft  and  living  area  of 
workshop  inside  hydrogen  tank  of  rocket's  2nd  stage.  Lunar  module 
ascent  stage  was  being  modified  as  control  station  for  ATM.  AA  program 
would  further  develop  space  capability  in  series  of  earth-orbital  long- 
duration  flights  using  Apollo  hardware  and  other  facilities,  (nasa  Re- 
lease 68-159) 

•  NAS  published  report  of  NASA-sponsored  two-year  study  of  planetary  as- 

tronomy by  NAS-NRC  Space  Science  Board's  16-scientist  panel  headed 
by  Dr.  John  S.  Hall,  Director  of  Lowell  Observatory,  Ariz.  Planetary 
Astronomy:  An  Appraisal  of  Ground-Based  Opportunities  recom- 
mended assignment  of  high  priority  to  erection  of  60-in  optical  tele- 
scope in  mountains  of  northern  Chile,  where  atmospheric  conditions 
permitted  favorable  view  of  Mais,  in  time  to  observe  planet's  closest 
approach  to  earth  in  almost  50  yr,  August  197L  Also  recommended 
were  construction  of  large  dish  antenna  in  U.S.  for  planetary  radar  as- 
tronomy; two  large  radiotelescope  arrays  in  California  and  West  Vir- 
ginia, plus  third  planetary  radio  facility  to  pick  up  signals  at  short 
wavelengths;  and  120-in  infrared  telescope  in  desert  region  where 
vapor  would  be  less  likely  to  interfere  with  infrared  radiation.  (Text; 
Wilford,  NYT,  9/20/68,  29) 

•  Boeing  Co.  dedicated  $8-million  low-speed  wind-tunnel  complex  for  de- 

velopment of  helicopters  and  STOL  and  v/sTOL  aircraft  at  its  Vertol 
Div.,  Eddystone,  Pa.  (P  EB,  9/19/68) 
September  20:  Cosmos  CCXLII  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  Orbital  parame- 
ters: apogee,  404  km  (251  mi)  ;  perigee,  269  km  (167.2  mi)  ;  period, 
91.2  min;  and  inclination,  70.9°.  Satellite  reentered  Nov.  13.  (UPI, 
NYT,  9/21/68,  14;  gsfc  SSR,  9/30/68;  11/15/68) 

•  NASA  Aerobee   150   MI    sounding   rocket  launched   from  WSMR  carried 

NAS-Univ.  of  Wisconsin  experiment  to  107.7-mi  (173-km)  altitude  to 
measure  radiation  from  celestial  objects  in  spectral  regions  2,800— 
1,200  A,  60-40A,  and  15-2  A  using  photometers  and  gas-filled  propor- 
tional counters  as  x-ray  detectors.  Both  x-ray  and  UV  payloads  func- 
tioned well  and  acquired  data,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  Boosted  Areas  II  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Sta- 

tion carried  GSFC  experiment  to  26.5-mi  (42.7-km)  altitude  to  deter- 
mine feasibility  of  launching  Boosted  Areas  II  from  Areas  tube 
launcher  and  to  obtain  data  on  complete  system  flight.  Booster  pressure 
and  acceleration  were  nominal  throughout  flight.  Pressure  transducer 
produced  data  until  2nd  stage  ignition.  However,  there  was  no  drag 
separation  after  booster  burnout.  Separation  occurred  at  2nd  stage  ig- 
nition. Radical  coning  occurred  during  burn  and  predicted  altitude  of 
71.5-mi  (115-km)  was  not  attained,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Andoya,  Norway, 

carried  GSFC  experiment  to  analyze  electric  fields  from  observed  mo- 
tions of  neutral  and  ionized  barium  clouds  during  auroral  condition. 

219 


September  20  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

Preliminary  results  indicated  good  photographic  coverage  was  obtained 
from  all  sites,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  Apollo  7  prime  crew — Astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  Donn  F.  Eisele, 

and  R.  Walter  Cunningham — held  news  conference  at  MSC.  Crew  saw 
no  reason  to  delay  Apollo  7  launch  beyond  scheduled  lift-off  on  Oct.  11 
but  results  of  flight  readiness  test  following  week  would  determine  defi- 
nite plans. 

Questioned  about  safety,  mission  commander  Schirra  said,  "when  we 
go  over  the  sill  for  launch  day,  we  will  consider  that  all  those  risks  that 
are  appropriate  for  this  type  of  mission  are  either  understood  by  us  or 
that  they  are  low  enough  that  we  have  a  very,  very  high 
probability.  .  .  .  We  would  like  10.8  days  and  we  will  do  our  best  to 
do  it.  .  .  .  We've  had  a  goal  that  is  rather  a  hard  one  to  achieve,  par- 
ticularly one  that  we  have  to  follow  on  when  we  lost  three  of  our  com- 
patriots, and  we  don't  want  any  mistakes  ...  to  happen  again.  We 
have  not  been  the  'kid-around'  types  that  we  might  have  been  in  the 
past,  we're  much  more  serious  about  it,  because  this  is  a  much  more 
complicated  machine  and  there  are  many,  many  more  people  involved 
in  it.  ...  I  think  you  will  find  that  you  will  see  a  good  performance 
out  of  this  total  crew  and  we  have  tried  very  hard  to  make  this  machine 
work  just  the  way  it  should.  We  have  basically  lived  with  it  at  the 
plant  [and]  at  the  Cape  .  ,  .  and  if  somebody  even  takes  a  small  com- 
ponent off  it,  we  become  furious  and  say,  'Why  did  you  remove  it?' 
We  expect  answers  immediately  .  .  .  that  is  the  way  we  are  working." 

In  answer  to  question,  Schirra  said  it  had  taken  1  min  5  sec  for  all 
three  to  exit  from  spacecraft  to  white  room  in  simulated  emergency, 
while  still  being  careful  not  to  damage  equipment.  In  real  emergency, 
crew  could  probably  exit  in  45  sec.  (Transcript) 

•  Astronaut  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  announced  he  would  retire  as  NASA  as- 

tronaut after  commanding  Apollo  7  mission.  At  45,  Schirra  would  be 
world's  most  experienced  astronaut,  having  flown  six  orbits  Oct.  3, 
1962,  on  Sigma  7  in  Mercury  mission  and  having  commanded  two-man 
Dec.  15-16,  1965,  Gemini  VI  mission,  which  had  participated  with 
Gemini  VII  in  first  rendezvous  of  spacecraft  in  space.  He  would  remain 
in  space  program,  he  said,  "until  we  effect  the  job  we  set  out  to  do" — 
to  land  men  on  moon  and  return  them.  (W  Post,  9/21/68,  A7;  W  Star, 
9/21/68,  A2) 

•  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  has  passed   Design  Certification  Review  con- 

ducted over  communication  facilities  linking  NASA  and  contractor  per- 
sonnel at  Washington,  D.C.,  Houston,  Tex.,  Cocoa  Beach,  Fla.,  and 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  into  one  conference.  Purpose  was  to  certify  overall  de- 
sign of  rocket,  including  engineering  modifications  after  two  previous 
Saturn  flights.  Certification  for  manned  mission  was  issued,  subject  to 
verification  of  data  in  minor  areas  in  later,  limited  review.  Under  parti- 
cular consideration  were  engineering  changes  to  correct  pogo,  or  exces- 
sive oscillations,  during  second  Saturn  V  flight  and  anomalies  experi- 
enced by  J— 2  engines  on  upper  stages.  Solutions  had  been  tested  to  sat- 
isfaction. Major  efforts  on  both  items  would  continue,  (msfc  Release 
68-216) 

•  Commenting  on  expected  Boeing  Co.  decision  on  fixed-wing  design  for 

SST,  Washington  Evening  Star  editorial  said:  "America's  first  fumbling 
rush  into  the  field  of  supersonic  transportation  now  appears  destined  to 

220 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  20 

end  not  with  a  boom,  but  with  a  whimper  .  .  .  from  the  company 
which,  after  years  of  effort  and  a  few  hundred  million  dollars  expendi- 
ture, has  apparently  decided  to  scrap  the  swing-wing  concept  and  re- 
treat to  the  drawing  board.  ...  It  was  the  boldness  and  originality  of 
the  variable  wing  that  won  the  contract  for  Boeing,  so  there  would 
seem  to  be  room  for  complaint  if  it  now  develops  that  the  system  is  too 
heavy  to  be  practical."  ( W  Star,  9/20/68,  AlO) 

•  AEC  announced  selection  of  Dr.  John  Archibald  Wheeler  of  Princeton 

Univ.  to  receive  its  $25,000  Enrico  Fermi  Award  for  1968  for  "his  pio- 
neering contributions  to  understanding  nuclear  fission,  and  to  develop- 
ing the  technology  of  plutonium  production  reactors,  and  his  continu- 
ing broad  contributions  to  nuclear  science."  Award  would  be  presented 
in  ceremony  Dec.  2.  26th  anniversary  of  first  sustained  controlled  nu- 
clear reaction,  (aec  Release  I.— 224) 

•  Dr.  Dinsmore  Alter,  astronomer,  first  to  provide  evidence  that  moon  was 

not  as  inactive  as  had  been  thought,  died  in  Oakland,  Calif.,  at  age  80. 
He  had  been  director  of  Griffith  Planetarium  in  Los  Angeles  from  1935 
until  his  retirement  in  1958.  On  Oct.  26,  1956,  from  Mt.  Wilson,  Calif., 
he  had  seen  apparent  mistiness  at  bottom  of  crater  which  later  led  to 
re-evaluation  of  concepts  of  moon.  (NYT,  9/24/68,  47) 

September  21:  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from 
Andoya.  Norway,  carried  GSFC  payload  to  analyze  electric  fields  from 
observed  motions  of  neutral  and  ionized  barium  clouds  during  an  au- 
roral condition.  All  four  barium  clouds  were  released  in  visible  aurora 
as  planned.  Good  photographic  coverage  was  obtained  from  all  sites. 
Peak  altitude  would  be  determined  from  triangulation  of  photos.  (NASA 
Rpt  srl) 

September  22:  nasa  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  car- 
ried NRL  experiment  to  117.4-mi  fl88.9-km)  altitude  to  obtain  UV 
photographs  of  sun's  disk  and  white  light  photographs  of  outer  solar 
corona  in  conjunction  with  measurements  made  by  others  during  total 
solar  eclipse.  Payload  contained  two  externally  occulting  coronagraphs, 
with  Univ.  of  Colorado  solar  pointing  control.  Solar  pointing  control 
operated  properly,  with  exceptionally  steady  pointing;  white  light  co- 
rona and  streamers  were  recorded  in  both  coronagraphs  with  excellent 
resolution,  xuv  heliograph  and  spectroheliograph  were  recorded  with 
excellent  resolution.  (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  Washington  Sunday  Star  commented  on  resignation  of  NASA  Administra- 

tor James  E.  Webb:  "The  abrupt  announcement,  which  was  notably 
lacking  in  the  customary  ceremonial  niceties,  was  the  final  confirmation 
that  NASA's  honeymoon  is  definitely  over.  The  relationship  between  the 
space  agency  and  Congress  must  rank  as  perhaps  the  longest,  and  in 
many  ways  the  happiest,  official  honeymoon  on  record.  For  six  years, 
hardly  a  frown  or  a  cross  word  came  between  the  blossoming  agency 
and  the  guardians  of  the  nation's  treasure.  The  amiable  and  loquacious 
Webb  proved  himself  an  able  administrator  who  knew  his  way  around 
in  the  bureaucratic  jungle.  Through  Mercury  and  Gemini  programs, 
NASA  virtually  had  only  to  ask,  and  Congress  was  ready  to  give.  Then 
came  the  Apollo  tragedy."  But  Jan.  27,  1967,  fire  did  not  cause  the 
change  of  heart.  "It  was  ...  a  catalyst  that  speeded  the  process.  But  a 
growing  coolness  was  bound  to  develop  .  .  .  for  the  basic  economic 

221 


September  22  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

fact  is  that  America  simply  cannot  continue  to  meet  NASA's  ever-ex- 
panding economic  demands — not,  at  least,  without  a  critical  weighing 
of  those  demands  against  the  nation's  existing  domestic,  diplomatic  and 
military  obligations.  .  .  . 

"Long  before  the  tragedy  that  threw  the  timetable  into  a  shambles, 
the  conflict  between  America's  technical  ability  to  move  men  into  space 
and  America's  ability  to  pay  the  freight  could  be  seen  by  those  who 
cared  to  look  ahead.  .  .  .  Congressional  reluctance  to  commit  the  na- 
tion to  further,  open-ended  expenditures  in  manned  space  flight  is 
therefore  inevitable.  But  equally  inevitable  is  the  dismay — and  in  some 
cases  the  bitterness — of  NASA  officials.  Webb  and  his  lieutenants  can 
take  justifiable  pride  in  what  has  been  accomplished  in  the  brief  span 
of  the  space  age.  .  .  .  They  have  solved  problems  quickly  and  accu- 
rately that  men  have  never  faced  before.  In  the  process,  they  pulled  to- 
gether a  scientific  and  technical  team  unequalled  in  the  peacetime  his- 
tory of  this  country.  Now  they  are  watching  that  massive  army 
disband.  .  .  . 

"Man  will  someday  go  to  the  planets  and  beyond.  But  that  day  must 
wait  until  the  breakdown  of  nationalistic  barriers  makes  possible  a 
truly  united  world  space  program.  Meanwhile,  the  United  States  should 
concentrate  on  the  development  of  more  sophisticated  machines,  less 
costly  rocket  systems  and  closer  cooperation  between  the  military  and 
civilian  space  programs  to  avoid  wasteful  duplication.  America's  space 
effort  must  not  end  with  the  Apollo  program.  It  must  be  diverted  into 
equally  exciting  and  frequently  more  rewarding  channels  of  unmanned 
space  exploration."  (W  Star,  9/22/68,  CI) 

•  Associated  Press  roundup  of  comment  by  space  authorities  on  U.S.S.R.'s 

Zond  V  mission: 

NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb:  "The  most  important  demon- 
stration of  total  space  capability  up  to  now  by  any  nation." 

Rep.  Olin  E.  Teague  (D-Tex.),  Chairman  of  House  Committee  on 
Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Manned  Space  Flight: 
Hoped  U.S.S.R.  achievement  would  "cause  some  stir  in  Congress.  .  .  . 
The  Russians  again  did  something  we  have  not  done.  We  slept  until  the 
Sputnik.  That  may  be  what  we're  doing  now." 

Sir  Bernard  Lovell,  Director  of  U.K.'s  Jodrell  Bank  Experimental 
Station:  "I  think  it  is  a  very  considerable  achievement  and  I  expect 
that  a  human  being  will  be  placed  in  a  similar  spacecraft  in  a  matter  of 
months." 

Heinz  Kaminski,  Chief  of  West  Germany's  Bochum  Observatory: 
"Still  in  this  year  or  at  latest  in  first  quarter  of  1969  a  three-man 
spacecraft  of  the  Soyuz  type  will  circle  the  moon.  After  that  [in  a  later 
flight]  they  will  land  on  the  moon." 

In  Moscow,  unidentified  Western  expert  on  U.S.S.R.'s  space  program 
said  that,  because  of  seasonal  factors,  best  time  for  Soviet  manned 
lunar  circumnavigation  would  be  no  later  than  early  November — or 
spring  1969.  "They  are  now  in  a  position  to  send  a  man  around  the 
moon  and  back  to  earth,  without  landing  him  on  the  moon.  They  might 
try  one  more  unmanned  shot,  just  to  be  sure,  and  then  they  could  send 
up  a  man."  (AP,  NYT,  9/23/68,  E8) 

•  In  This  Week,  Erik  Bergaust  discussed  improvements  in  safety  made  by 

NASA  since  Jan.  27,  1967,  Apollo  fire.  Though  NASA  leaders  in  Washing- 

222 


I 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  22 

ton  and  at  MSC  believed  this  was  "doing  the  job,  other  experts  in  and  out 
of  NASA  privately  are  expressing  their  doubts,"  he  said.  They  felt  "nasa 
had  been  slow  to  correct  [and]  ...  its  solutions  have  been  more  po- 
litical than  practical."  Experts  insisted,  "that  while  progress  has  been 
made,  there  have  been  very  few  significant  improvements  in  NASA's  own 
management.  .  .  .  reports  circulating  in  Washington  [since]  the  acci- 
dent indicated  the  conditions  that  led  to  the  Apollo  fire  may  not  have 
been  corrected."  (This  Week,  W  Star,  9/22/68,  7) 
September  23:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXLIII  into  orbit  with  297-km 
(184.6-mi)  apogee,  206-km  (128-mi)  perigee,  89.5-min  period,  and 
71.3°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Oct.  4.  (GSFC  SSR,  9/30/68; 
10/15/68) 

•  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Andoya,  Norway, 

carried  GSFC  experiment  to  analyze  electric  fields  from  observed  mo- 
tions of  neutral  and  ionized  barium  clouds  during  auroral  condition. 
All  four  barium  clouds  were  released  in  visible  aurora  as  planned,  and 
good  photographic  coverage  was  obtained  from  all  sites,  (nasa  Rpt 
srl) 

•  NASA  Apollo  Program  Mission  Director  William  C.  Schneider  told  news 

conference  astronaut  training  for  possible  manned  moon-orbiting  mis- 
sion later  in  1968  was  under  way.  "We  will  do  the  maximum  the  sys- 
tems will  allow,"  he  said,  "and  the  maximum  you  could  foresee  would 
be  lunar  orbit."  Decision  in  November,  after  evaluation  of  Apollo  7 
data,  would  determine  if  Apollo  8  crew — Astronauts  Frank  Borman, 
William  A.  Anders,  and  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr. — were  to  attempt  lunar 
orbit  in  December.  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine, 
pointed  out  that  plans  for  possible  manned  lunar  mission  had  been 
made  long  before  U.S.S.R.'s  Zond  V  circumlunar  flight. 

In  Oct.  11  Apollo  7  launch,  Schneider  said,  earth  orbital  flight  was 
set  to  run  up  to  10  days  19  hr  at  altitudes  from  120  to  150  mi.  Primary 
objectives  were  tests  of  command  and  service  modules  with  crew,  tests 
of  ground  control  facilities,  demonstration  of  capability  for  rendezvous 
with  spent  rocket  section,  and  eight  firings  of  service  propulsion  sys- 
tem. Schneider  said  he  would  rate  Apollo  7  a  success  if  "we  get  rendez- 
vous and  stay  up  three  days  to  accomplish  our  main  objectives." 

Discussing  plans  to  follow  Apollo  program  with  lunar  exploration 
program  Dr.  Paine  said,  if  forced  to  choose  between  Apollo  Applica- 
tions program  in  earth  orbit  or  lunar  exploration,  NASA  "would  be  most 
reluctant  to  give  up  manned  lunar  exploration,"  as  an  area  "man  is 
uniquely  qualified  to  contribute  to"  and  one  "of  enormous  scientific  in- 
terest and  importance."  (Transcript:  Wilford,  ATT^,  9/24/68,  26; 
Cohn,  W  Post,  9/24/68,  Al) 

•  New  York  Times  editorial  on  U.S.S.R.'s  Zond  V  mission:  "Until  the  na- 

tion [U.S.]  has  a  better  idea  of  the  progress  achieved  during  this  long 
interval  between  American  manned  flights,  it  is  premature  to  conclude 
that  the  Russians  have  a  significant  over-all  lead  in  space  capability 
and  that  Soviet  citizens  will  certainly  paint  their  flag  on  the  lunar  sur- 
face before  American  astronauts. 

"In  any  event,  as  the  Soviet  rape  of  Czechoslovakia  has  recently  re- 
minded the  world  so  dismayingly,  a  nation's  image  and  prestige  depend 
primarily  upon  what  it  does  here  on  earth,  not  on  its  feats  in  space." 
{NYT,  9/23/68,  32) 

223 


September  23  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  Senate  Preparedness  Investigating  Subcommittee  of  Senate  Armed  Serv- 

ices Committee  recommended  continuing  expansion  and  improvement 
of  U.S.  nuclear  submarine  fleet  to  meet  "serious  challenge"  from 
U.S.S.R.,  which  was  "giving  major  emphasis  to  qualitative  improve- 
ment of  its  submarine  fleet."  Committee  recommended  U.S.  continue 
building  nuclear  submarines  after  1970  and  proceed  with  high-speed, 
electric-drive,  and  advanced-design  submarines.  (Text;  Finney,  NYT, 
9/24/68,  1) 

•  William   E.    Stoney,   Jr.,   former   Chief   of   MSC's   Advanced   Spacecraft 

Technology  Div.,  became  nasa  Deputy  Director  (Engineering)  of 
Apollo  program,  (nasa  Release  68—151) 

September  23-24:  USAF  halted  all  F-lllA  flights  for  second  time  in  1968 
day  after  Sept.  23  crash  at  Nellis  afb,  Nev.,  in  which  two  pilots,  includ- 
ing Australian  trainee,  escaped  serious  injury  by  triggering  escape  cap- 
sule. It  was  11th  F— lllA  accident  since  aircraft's  inception.  USAF  was 
investigating  crash  in  which  aircraft  had  plummeted  300  ft  to  runway 
after  "slow  pull-up  maneuver"  during  which  pilots,  on  routine  training 
mission,  were  unable  to  maintain  aircraft  control.  (UPI,  W  Post, 
9/24/68,  A18;  Witkin,  NYT,  9/25/68,  1;  AP,  F  Post,  9/25/68,  A8; 
WSJ,  9/25/68,  1 ;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  9/25/68, 1) 

September  23—25:  Washington  Airlines  inaugurated  nation's  first  regularly 
scheduled  short-takeoff-and-landing  STOL  service  linking  Friendship, 
National,  and  Dulles  Airports  in  Washington,  D.C.,  area,  16  twin-en- 
gine Dornier  flights  daily.  In  other  STOL  developments,  McDonnell 
Douglas  Corp.  and  Eastern  Airlines  had  started  evaluation  of  Model 
188  STOL  over  Eastern's  shuttle  routes  [see  Sept.  18] ;  MIT  scientists 
Rene  H.  Miller  and  Robert  W.  Simpson  in  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics 
said  series  of  studies  of  VTOL  and  STOL  transportation  systems  for  U.S. 
Northeast  Corridor  started  in  1964  showed  need  for  cooperation  among 
states  and  Federal  Government  to  pave  way  for  v/sTOL  as  essential 
mode  of  transportation;  production  arrangements  had  been  announced 
for  32-  to  36-passenger,  short-field,  turboprop  transport  by  General 
Aircraft  Corp.;  Rutgers  Univ.  was  getting  Federal  grant  to  continue 
studies  of  feasibility  of  low-altitude  air  shuttle  service  in  New  York- 
New  Jersey-Connecticut  area;  and  Boeing  Co.  had  dedicated  advanced 
R&D  facilities  for  testing  v/sTOL  aircraft  at  its  Vertol  Div.  near  Phila- 
delphia. (Stout,  W  Post,  9/23/68,  B2;  Yarborough,  W  Star,  9/23/68, 
Bl;  9/25/68,  A53;  A&A,  9/68,  28-34) 

September  24:  NASA  doubled  resolution  capability  of  Explorer  XXXVIII  to 
map  radio  sources  in  space  by  extending  each  of  satellite's  four  anten- 
nas to  600  ft  by  ground  command.  Antennas,  which  could  be  extended 
to  750-ft  maximum,  had  been  initially  deployed  to  455  ft  each  July  22. 
Satellite,  launched  July  4,  had  monitored  solar  radio  emissions,  variety 
of  emissions  across  Milky  Way,  radio  emissions  apparently  related  to 
earth's  magnetosphere,  and  possible  emission  from  earth's  radiation 
belt.  (NASA  Release  68-162;  AP,  W  Star,  9/25/68,  A5) 

•  NASA  Aerobee  150  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR  carried  Har- 

vard College  Observatory  experiment  to  111.9-mi  (180-km)  altitude  to 
scan  sun  in  1,400—1,875  A  spectral  region  using  photo-electronic  detec- 
tor and  BB  solar  pointing  control.  Solar  pointing  control  malfunc- 
tioned, changing  signal  on  experiment  detector.  (NASA  Rpt  SRl) 

•  NASA's  HL-10  lifting-body  vehicle,  piloted  by  Maj.  Jerauld  R.   Gentry 

224 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  24 

(usaf),  successfully  completed  10th  flight  from  Edwards  AFB.  Primary 
objectives  were  to  check  out  vehicle  systems,  evaluate  new  nonlinear 
longitudinal  gearing  to  control  stick,  obtain  stability  and  control  data, 
and  evaluate  modified  cabin  pressure  system.  (NASA  Proj  Off) 

•  NASA  was  conducting  three  separate  studies  to  determine  reasons  for  fail- 

ures of  May  18  launch  of  Nimbus  B,  Aug.  10  launch  of  Ats  IV,  and 
Sept.  18  launch  of  Intelsat  III — -which  had  brought  its  launch  record 
down  to  0.500  average.  Before  May  failure,  agency  had  compiled  "al- 
most incredible"  launch  record,  said  Thomas  O'Toole  in  Washington 
Post.  Sources  close  to  NASA  had  said  agency  was  conducting  fourth  in- 
vestigation to  determine  whether  there  was  "something  systemic  at 
the  root  of  the  trouble."  One  theory  was  that  decline  in  NASA  launch 
activity  in  1968,  with  42  attempted  launches  thus  far  compared  to  69  at 
same  time  in  1967,  had  caused  similar  drop  in  attention  to  detail.  Sec- 
ond theory  was  that  layoffs  and  turnover  in  launch  crews  had  cut 
down  efficiency  and  introduced  element  of  inexperience.  Third  theory 
was  that  NASA  was  suffering  from  "a  sudden  case  of  overconfidence 
brought  on  by  its  long  string  of  launch  successes." 

Seven-man  board  to  investigate  failure  of  first  Intelsat  III  mission 
met  for  organization  session.  Board,  convened  by  Dr.  John  E.  Naugle, 
NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and  Applications, 
would  have  five  observers  in  addition  to  seven  voting  members  and 
would  be  chaired  by  Daniel  G.  Mazur,  Assistant  Director  for  Technol- 
ogy at  GSFC.  (NASA  Release  68-160;  NYT,  9/21/68,  14;  W  Post, 
9/24/68,  AlO) 

•  Senate  Foreign  Relations  Committee  approved  space  rescue  treaty  pro- 

viding for  rescue  and  recovery  of  astronauts  down  in  foreign  lands. 
U.S.S.R.  had  given  final  approval  along  with  73  other  nations.  (AP, 
NYT,  9/25/68,  17;  JVSJ,  9/25/68,  1;  upi,  W  Post,  9/25/68,  A6) 

•  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  told  House  Commit- 

tee on  Science  and  Astronautics'  Subcommittee  on  Advanced  Research 
and  Technology  that,  while  NASA  was  "maximizing  .  .  .  technical  sup- 
port of  the  DOD  within  the  framework  of  their  systems  approach  to  new 
military  aircraft,"  major  changes  in  civil  aeronautics  made  that  situa- 
tion "more  complicated  for  NASA  and  the  nation."  Growth  of  air  trans- 
portation, decline  in  development  of  military  aircraft  whose  technology 
was  directly  applicable  to  civilian  use,  and  ground  transportation's  sat- 
uration had  created  era  in  which  "it  is  not  simply  enough  to  build  air- 
craft which  are  bigger  or  fly  faster;  rather,  future  advances  in  aeronau- 
tics must  also  take  the  form  of  aircraft  which  complement  the  nation's 
overall  transportation  systems  while  operating  harmoniously  with  the 
constraints  imposed  by  urban  environments." 

Basic  issue  facing  NASA  and  U.S.  in  civil  aeronautics  R&D  was  proper 
role  of  Government  in  fostering  its  advances.  "In  my  view,  government 
actions  to  stimulate  the  development  of  advanced  aircraft  transporta- 
tion system  should  be  such  as  to  leave  the  maximum  initiative  and  busi- 
ness risk  in  the  hands  of  industry.  The  government  [might]  carry 
promising  new  technological  principles  .  .  .  into  experimental  hard- 
ware, but  only  to  the  point  of  demonstrating  the  soundness  of  the  prin- 
ciple involved,  and  only  when  this  demonstration  is  essential  and  would 
not  be  otherwise  undertaken. 

NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Aeronautics   Charles  W. 

225 


September  24  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

Harper  told  Committee  accelerated  research  was  needed  not  only 
on  supersonic  and  hypersonic  aircraft,  but  in  development  of  quiet  sub- 
sonic jets  with  steeper  landing  patterns,  helicopters  with  greater  safety 
and  less  noise,  and  STOL  aircraft  for  interurban  transport.  He  said  air 
traffic  control  systems  bogging  down  at  major  airports  were  based  on 
technology  developed  in  1940.  He  doubted  "continued  evolutionary 
modernization"  of  this  system  would  suffice  in  future.  (Transcript;  AP, 
W  Star,  9/25/68,  1;  Cohn,  W  Post,  9/25/68,  D8;  upi,  NYT,  9/25/68, 
93) 

•  General  Accounting  Office  revealed  in  report  to  Congress  that  Bendix 

Corp.  had  agreed  to  lower  by  $520,000  fees  it  would  have  collected 
under  $465-million  NASA  contract  for  construction  of  Saturn  V  plat- 
form. GAO  had  found  that  target  cost  included  overstated  amounts  for 
certain  materials  in  relation  to  pricing  data  available  to  contractor  be- 
fore start  of  negotiations.  (Text) 

•  United    Press    International    quoted    Soviet    scientists    interviewed    by 

U.S.S.R,  Army  newspaper  Krasnaya  Zvezda  (Red  Star)  as  saying  they 
would  aim  more  space  vehicles  for  sea  landings  because  of  successful 
recovery  of  Zond  V  from  Indian  Ocean.  Before  Zond  V,  all  Soviet 
probes  had  been  brought  down  in  Siberia.  Sea  landing  in  warm  cli- 
mates would  allow  year-round  launchings.  Although  Soviet  ships  did 
not  recover  spacecraft  till  day  after  landing,  scientist  N.  Melnikov  told 
newspaper,  "The  time  and  place  of  Zond's  landing  were  calculated  be- 
forehand with  precision.  Everyone  .  .  .  knew  the  exact  hour,  minute, 
and  even  second  of  Zond's  landing."  Krasnaya  Zvezda  said  even  slight- 
est deviation  "would  have  resulted  in  tremendous  overloads  [on  Zond 
V]  which  could  have  gone  again  into  outer  space."  (W  Post,  9/25/68, 
All) 

•  Washington     Post     editorial     praised     "magnificent     achievement"     of 

U.S.S.R.'s  Zond  V :  "In  its  own  way,  Zond-5  should  serve  to  shake  this 
Nation's  complacency  once  again.  Our  national  goals  in  space  explora- 
tion are  fuzzy,  our  hopes  have  been  out  of  line  with  our  commitments. 
From  President  Kennedy's  glowing  picture  of  Americans  in  space  we 
have  slipped  into  a  program  put  together  in  fits  and  starts — fits 
brought  about  by  a  realization  of  how  much  it  would  cost  to  do  it  right 
and  starts  caused  by  a  basic  desire  never  to  be  second  to  anybody.  Be- 
cause of  this,  there  is  no  use  in  seizing  upon  Zond-5  as  a  reason  to  go 
all-out  to  beat  the  Russians  in  a  race  for  men  on  the  moon.  Our 
program  .  .  .  ought  to  move  at  its  own  pace.  If  that  pace  is  sufficiently 
rapid  to  bring  American  astronauts  to  the  moon  first,  fine.  If  it  is  not, 
so  be  it.  The  Russians  will  deserve  the  honor  and  praise  they  will  win 
if  their  men  make  the  first  landing.  In  space  exploration,  it  is  more  im- 
portant to  do  things  right  than  to  do  them  first."  {W  Post,  9/24/68, 
A16) 

•  Washington  Evening  Star  editorial  commented  on  "Soviet  Spectacular," 

U.S.S.R.  had  scored  impressive  advance  with  "boomerang-style"  Zond 
V.  "Congratulations  are  in  order.  But  handwringing  assertions  that  the 
Russians  will  be  indisputable  masters  of  the  universe  are  decidedly  pre- 
mature. The  shot  demonstrated  two  major  steps  forward  in  the  space 
sciences :  A  degree  of  accuracy  in  the  guidance  and  navigational  systems 
that  is  new  for  Russian  spacecraft,  and  a  re-entry  system  capable  of 
withstanding  the  searing  heat  of  a  25,000-mile-an-hour  plunge  into  the 

226 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  24 

atmosphere.  .  .  .  But  the  essential  fact  is  that  neither  Russia  nor  the 
United  States  has  yet  successfully  flown  its  third  generation  spacecraft 
— the  ships  that  will  eventually  carry  men  to  the  moon.  The  outcome  of 
the  'space  race'  .  .  .  will  depend  on  what  happens  in  the  Apollo  mis- 
sions immediately  ahead  and  the  Soviet  manned  flights  still  to  come." 
(W  5far,  9/24/68,  A12) 

•  Television  sequences  showing  Apollo  7  astronauts  working  in  spacecraft 

as  it  passed  Corpus  Christi,  Tex.,  and  Cape  Kennedy,  Fla. — as  well  as 
shots  of  terrain  more  than  130  mi  below  and  views  of  anything  inter- 
esting in  space  would  be  telecast  by  three  major  U.S.  networks  "live" 
Oct.  12  through  Oct.  19,  nasa  said.  Pictures  would  be  transmitted  from 
camera  in  space  capsule  to  MSC  for  instant  showing  over  TV  networks. 
Neither  launch  day  nor  splashdown  day  would  be  included  in  11  am  to 
12  pm  series.   (Kirkman,  W  News,  9/24/68,  7) 

•  USN  had  selected  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  design  for  its  first  Deep  Sub- 

mergence Search  Vehicle.  Craft  would  be  able  to  descend  to  20,000  ft 
to  locate  objects  and  recover  small  ones  with  claw-like  projecting  arm. 
It  would  be  able  to  submerge  for  40  hr  and  would  have  maximum 
speed  of  five  knots.   (NYT,  9/24/68) 

•  Press  said  WSMR  Public  Information  Office  had  denied  reports  by  Ohio 

newspaperman  that  disc-shaped  practice  parachute  platform  used  in  five 
Voyager  space  vehicle  tests  at  wsMR  had  inspired  reports  of  unidenti- 
fied flying  objects  over  southwestern  U.S.  in  1966  and  1967.  Vehicle 
had  been  tested  only  five  times.  Acting  Chief  of  Information  Gabe  Bril- 
lante  had  said:  there  had  been  many  more  UFO  sightings  during  period. 
He  said  wsmr  would  have  acknowledged  tests  if  it  had  had  inquiries 
about  sishtings.  (UPi,  W  Star,  9/24/68,  4;  Auerbach,  W  Post,  9/24/68, 
A5) 
September  25:  Senate  adopted  Senate-House  Conference  report  on  H.R. 
17023,  FY  1969  Independent  Offices  and  hud  appropriations  bill,  clear- 
ing it  for  White  House  action.  In  addition  to  S500,000  for  NASC  and 
$400  million  for  nsf,  bill  agreed  to  by  Conference  included  $3,995  bil- 
lion for  NASA — $12.95  million  below  amount  passed  earlier  by  House 
and  Senate  and  $375.12  million  below  original  budget  request.  NASA  al- 
locations were  $3.37  billion  for  R&D,  $21.8  million  for  construction  of 
facilities,  and  $603.17  million  for  administrative  operations.  {CR, 
9/25/68,  S11393-402:  nasa  LAR  VII/98) 

•  Rep.  Seymour  Halpern   (D-N.Y.)    on  behalf  of  himself  and  14  sponsors 

introduced  H.R.  19990,  Sonic  Boom  Damage  Recovery  Act  of  1968,  to 
protect  public  against  anticipated  damage  from  sonic  boom  from  mili- 
tary and  civilian  aircraft.   iCR,  9/25/68,  H9149;  nasa  LAR  VII/98) 

•  NASA    issued    Apollo    Status   Summary:    Apollo    7    space   vehicle    Flight 

Readiness  Test  was  under  way  at  KSC,  with  prime  crew — Astronauts 
Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  Donn  F.  Eisele,  and  R.  Walter  Cunningham — to 
participate  without  spacesuits  and  with  hatch  open.  Apollo  8  manned 
altitude  runs  had  been  successfully  completed,  with  prime  crew  spend- 
ing I3I/2  hr  in  its  spacecraft  Sept.  20  and  backup  crew  spending  lOy^  hr 
Sept.  22.  (Text) 

•  NASA  announced  it  had  selected  North  American  Rockwell  Corp.  Rocket- 

dyne  Div.  to  provide  injector  for  Apollo  lunar  module  ascent  engine 
under  $10-million  subcontract  with  Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering 
Corp.  Bell  Aerosystems  Co.,  also  under  subcontract  to  Grumman,  would 

227 


September  25  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

continue  to  provide  engine  hardware  for  assembly  with  the  injector. 
(NASA  Release  68-164;  Msc  Release  68-71;  WSJ,  9/26/68,  3) 

•  AEC  Chairman  Dr.  Glenn  T.   Seaborg  told  12th  General  Conference  of 

International  Atomic  Energy  Agency  in  Vienna  that  U.S.  planned  reali- 
.  zation  of  terms  of  nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty.  "We  shall  continue 
to  conduct,  within  the  limitations  of  available  funds,  an  active  research 
and  development  program  both  on  nuclear  explosive  devices  .  .  . 
particularly  suited  for  peaceful  uses  and  on  various  peace  appli- 
cations for  which  nuclear  explosions  can  be  used.  Concurrently,  we  will 
provide  available  information  and  data  and  technical  advice  and  assist- 
ance to  those  nonnuclear  weapon  parties  to  the  Treaty  seeking  such  as- 
sistance." (aec  Release  S— 34^68) 

•  Sen.  Henry  M.  Jackson   (D-Wash.),  Chairman  of  Senate  Nuclear  Safe- 

guards Committee,  in  Senate  review  of  implementation  of  limited  nu- 
clear test-ban  treaty  safeguards  reported  possibility  of  black-out  of 
communications,  radar,  and  missile  systems  by  electromagnetic  pulse 
(emp)  emitted  by  nuclear  explosion.  If  absorbed  in  electronic  equip- 
ment, this  surge  of  electricity  could  blow  fuses  or  disrupt  electronic 
components.  Scientists  had  warned  of  insufficient  data  on  emp  and  its 
possible  effects  on  intercontinental  and  other  missile  systems.  U.S.  would 
spend  third  more  on  underground  nuclear  testing  in  1968  than  in  1967. 
Five-year-old  treaty.  Sen.  Jackson  said,  was  being  observed,  U.S.  sat- 
ellites kept  watch  from  space  "to  the  earth's  surface"  to  guard  against 
violation.  (Text;  AP,  W  Star,  9/25/68,  A6;  Finney,  NYT,  9/26/68) 

•  EDP  Technology,  Inc.,  of  Washington,  D.C.,  independent  concern  provid- 

ing technical  support  in  computer  use  and  technology,  had  announced 
it  would  purchase  Cornell  Aeronautical  Laboratory,  Buffalo,  N.Y.,  from 
Cornell  Univ.  for  $25  million,  (nyt,  9/26/68) 
September  26:  USAF  Titan  III— C  booster  launched  from  ETR  successfully  in- 
serted four  satellites  into  separate  earth  orbits.  Satellites  were  one  Lin- 
coln Experimental  Satellite  {Les  VI),  two  Envirorunental  Research 
Satellites  [Ers  XXI,  also  called  OV  V-4;  and  Ers  XXVIII,  also  called 
OV  V-2),  and  one  Orbiting  Vehicle  research  satellite  {OV  II— 5). 

Powered  flight  of  Titan  III-C  was  very  close  to  planned  parameters, 
according  to  preliminary  figures.  First  transtage  burn  placed  transtage 
and  payload  into  parking  orbit  with  107.5-mi  (173-km)  apogee  90.8- 
mi  (146.2-km)  perigee,  87.7-min  period,  and  28.6°  inclination.  Second 
transtage  burn  moved  stage  and  payload  into  elliptical  transfer  orbit 
with  22,241-mi  (35,792.4-km)  apogee,  112.7-mi  (181.4-km)  perigee, 
631-min  period,  and  26.2°  inclination. 

Booster  ejected  Ers  XXVIII  {OV  V-2)  into  orbit  with  22,236-mi 
(35,777.7-km)  apogee,  115-mi  (185-km)  perigee,  630.8-min  period, 
and  26.4°  inclination,  where  satellite  would  investigate  radiation  in 
Van  Allen  belts.  Third  transtage  burn  put  satellite  dispenser  frame  and 
remaining  three  satellites  into  final  orbit  with  22,201.9-mi  (35,729.5- 
km)  apogee,  22,037.4-mi  (35,464.9-km)  perigee,  1,428-min  period,  and 
3°  inclination. 

Ers  XXI  {OV  V—4) ,  which  would  conduct  research  on  heat  transfer 
in  liquids  at  zero  gravity,  was  ejected  into  circular  orbit  with  22,225- 
mi  (35,760-km)  apogee,  22,220-mi  (35,771.9-km)  perigee,  1,435.8-min 
period,  and  3°  inclination. 

OV  II— 5,  synchronous-altitude  research  satellite  equipped  with   10 

228 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  26 

sensors  to  investigate  radiation,  entered  separate  orbit  with  22,232-mi 
35,771.2-km)  apogee,  21,827-mi  (35,771.2-km)  perigee,  and  1,418-min 
period. 

Les  VI,  major  payload,  entered  synchronous  orbit  with  22,236-mi 
(35,777.7-km)  apogee,  22.233-mi  (35,772.9-km)  perigee,  1,435.9-min 
period,  and  2.9^  inclination.  Second  all  solid-state  UHF-band  comsat, 
Les  VI  would  transmit  radio  signals  to  test  communications  to  aircraft, 
ships,  and  ground  troops.  First  Lincoln  Experimental  Satellite,  Les  V, 
had  been  launched  July  1,  1967.  USAF  officials  reported  all  satelHtes 
were  functioning  properly,  (dod  Proj.  Oif;  UPI,  NYT,  9/26/68,  8; 
AP,  W  Star,  9/26/68,  Al;  B  Sun,  9/27/68,  A3;  gsfc  SSR,  9/30/68; 
Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Univ.  of  Wisconsin  meteorologist  Verner  E.  Suomi  said  weather  satellite 

research  could  reduce  critical  hours  needed  to  identify  tornado-produc- 
ing cloud  systems  and  warn  public  of  threat.  Photos  from  Ats  III  had 
shown  it  was  possible  to  observe  rapid  expansion  at  top  of  tornado- 
producing  clouds,  while  radar  and  ground  observation  tended  to  show 
only  their  "stems."  With  adequate  facilities,  Suomi  saw  possibility  of 
satellite  tornado  forecasts  presented  directly  to  the  public  via  television. 
•  (UPI,  r  Post,  9/26/68,  K3) 

•  In  Washington  Post  Rudy  Abramson  of  Los  Angeles  Times  described  re- 

tiring NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  as  "a  huckster.  A  good  one. 
Maybe  the  best  Washington  has  ever  seen."  Even  when  he  could  talk 
politicians  into  putting  up  S5  billion  in  a  year  for  civilian  space  pro- 
gram, "he  left  many  of  them  feeling  a  little  guilty  because  they  had  not 
done  enough."  Congressional  opponents  had  charged  he  was  overzeal- 
ous  to  point  of  dishonesty  in  protecting  his  empire  at  NASA.  "Space 
buffs  were  piqued  because  Webb  continued  calling  the  Apollo  space- 
craft a  'capsoole'  and  publicly  seemed  to  view  the  astronauts  with  child- 
like adoration.  But  Webb  had  it  where  it  counted.  President  Johnson 
ranked  him  with  Robert  S.  McNamara  as  an  administrator.  Influential 
Congressmen  sided  with  him  against  their  colleagues  who  challenged 
the  wisdom  of  the  space  program  and  the  quality  of  the  Webb 
management.  .  .  . 

"If  Richard  Nixon  is  elected  President,  it  is  a  dead  certainty  that  he 
would  not  want  to  keep  Webb  on  as  NASA  Administrator.  Hubert  Hum- 
phrey might  also  v.'ant  his  own  man.  But  even  if  Webb  could  stay  in 
the  job,  it's  probably  all  for  the  better  that  he  quit  now.  The  investiga- 
tion following  the  Apollo  accident  permanently  soured  his  relations 
with  some  members  of  Congress.  One  has  to  suspect  that  Webb  is  leav- 
ing the  space  program  because  the  country  seemed  less  and  less  inter- 
ested in  listening  to  its  evangeHst."   (W  Post,  9/26/68,  K4) 

•  Commenting  on  retirement  of  James  E.  Webb  as  NASA  Administrator, 

Rep.  Olin  E.  Teague  (D-Tex.)  on  House  floor  said:  "I  share  with  Mr. 
Webb  his  continuing  concern  that  the  Soviets  are  determined  to  be  the 
No.  1  power  in  space.  Jim  Webb  has  counseled  us  often  and  with  great 
clarity  on  the  seriousness  of  such  a  situation.  We  must  heed  Jim 
Webb's  warning  that  the  United  States  should  be  first  in  space. 
.  .  .  [He]  is  to  be  congratulated  for  his  unselfish  dedication  and  great 
skill  in  leadership.  ...  It  will  be  difficult  for  any  man  to  fill  those 
large  and  capable  shoes."  (CR,  9/20/68,  E8135) 
September  27:  In  Christian  Science  Monitor,  Robert  C.  Cowen  asked,  "Is 

229 


September  27  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

U.S.  space  ability  eroding?"  and  warned,  "Even  if  it  beats  the  Soviet 
Union  to  the  moon,  the  American  space  capability  relative  to  that  of 
the  Soviet  Union  may  have  atrophied."  At  Boeing  Co.  Space  Div.  some 
valuable  space  teams  were  splitting  up.  "It  will  take  time  as  well  as 
money  to  buy  this  kind  of  asset  back,  if  and  when  it  is  wanted."  At 
JPL,  officials  had  said  personnel  cutbacks  now  were  "reaching  the 
bone."  More  than  any  other  facility,  jPL  "embodies  American  compe- 
tence in  this  challenging  field,"  Plight  of  Boeing,  as  an  industrial  con- 
tractor, and  JPL,  "as  an  outstanding  government  space  laboratory, 
typify  the  peril  the  American  space  program  faces.  Loss  of 
funds  .  .  .  means  more  than  postponement  of  certain  projects.  ...  It 
threatens  also  at  least  partial  loss  of  the  competence  to  carry  out  such 
projects  in  the  future."  {CSM,  9/27/68) 

•  Dedication  ceremonies  were  held  for  ComSatCorp's  new  high-capacity 

earth  station  for  satellite  communications  at  Etam,  W.  Va.  Station 
would  serve  as  major  U.S.  East  Coast  facility  for  sending  and  receiving 
all  forms  of  communications  via  satellite  between  U.S.  mainland, 
Puerto  Rico  and  Caribbean,  Europe,  Latin  America,  and  other  Atlantic 
points.  It  was  designed  to  work  with  INTELSAT  satellites  stationed  in 
synchronous  orbits  22,300  mi  over  Atlantic.  (ComSatCorp  Release; 
AP,  B  Sun,  9/28/68,  A3) 

•  Senate   Committee   on    Foreign   Relations   urged    President   Johnson   to 

delay  formal  ratification  of  nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty  until  ma- 
jority of  nations  "nearest  to  a  nuclear  weapons  capability"  had  prom- 
ised to  join  it,  although  it  urged  immediate  Senate  approval  of  treaty. 
(Unna,  W  Post,  9/28/68, 1;  NYT,  9/28/68, 1) 

•  NASA   appointed  Ronald   J.   Philips   Director   of  Technology  Utilization 

Div.,  succeeding  George  J.  Howick,  who  had  resigned  to  join  Inter- 
national Research  and  Marketing  Corp.  Philips,  who  had  joined  NASA 
in  1964  as  management  intern  at  MSC,  had  been  principal  staff  assistant 
to  NASA  Administrator  and  Executive  Assistant  to  Associate  Administra- 
tor for  Organization  and  Management,  (nasa  Release  68—166) 
September  28:  U.S.S.R.'s  Zond  V  automatic  research  station  had  apparently 
suffered  series  of  errors  during  reentry  that  could  have  been  fatal  if 
men  had  been  on  board,  John  Lannan  reported  in  Washington  Evening 
Star.  According  to  one  unidentified  U.S.  source,  Zond  V  had  entered 
atmosphere  and  "skipped"  back  out  as  planned,  but  then  skipped  along 
top  of  atmosphere  and  reentered  "at  a  peculiar  angle."  Reentry  caused 
g  forces  and  heat  loads  that  would  have  been  fatal  to  crews  if  aboard, 
and  spacecraft  landed  thousands  of  miles  short  of  its  intended  landing 
area,  which  was  probably  on  land  in  Soviet  territory. 

Chicago  Tribune  later  supported  theory  that  Zond  Ps  reentry  was  a 
disaster  and  reported  that  U.S.  sources  said  evidence  indicated  space- 
craft had:  (1)  failed  to  circle  as  close  to  moon  as  intended,  and  was 
thus  unable  to  obtain  useful  photos  of  possible  landing  sites;  (2)  reen- 
tered earth's  atmosphere  at  angle  much  steeper  than  planned,  causing 
friction  temperatures  that  would  have  killed  cosmonauts;  and  (3) 
landed  in  water  accidentally  instead  of  in  Soviet  territory  as  plarmed. 
(W  Star,  9/28/68,  Al;  C  Trib,  10/1/68) 

•  Civilian  pilot  Bernie  J.  Dvorscak  flew  USAf's  XV-4B  Hummingbird  II 

VTOL  research  aircraft  on  maiden  flight  from  Dobbins  AFB,  Ga.,  for  28 

230 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  September  28 

min  at  7,600-ft  altitude  and  240  mph  with  conventional  takeoff  and 
landing.  First  Hummingbird  II  vertical  flight  was  scheduled  for  early 
November.  Aircraft  had  four  J85-19  lift  engines  mounted  vertically  in 
center  fuselage  and  two  J85— 19  cruise  engines  mounted  in  nacelles, 
providing  total  thrust  of  18,000  lb.  (afsc  Netvsreview,  10/68,  3) 

•  Senate  Committee  on  Armed  Services'  Preparedness  Investigating  Sub- 

committee called  for  rapid  development  of  new  strategic  bomber  to 
supplement  "obvious  and  admitted  shortcomings"  of  F— 111  aircraft. 
Report,  U.S.  Tactical  Air  Power  Program,  said:  "During  the  past  dec- 
ade the  Soviet  Union  has  introduced  at  least  one  new  type  operational 
fighter  every  2  years — a  total  of  six,  with  11  models.  .  .  .  United 
States  does  not  have  a  single  STOL  airplane  even  in  contract  definition, 
[while]  the  Soviets  are  now  flying  three  supersonic  STOL  models  and 
also  one  VTOL."  New  U.S.  fighter  "designed  to  achieve  air  superiority 
is  a  vital  and  urgent  requirement,  should  be  optimized  for  its  prime 
mission,  not  compromised  by  assigning  it  multipurpose  roles,"  and 
should  receive  "highest  priority."  (Text;  UPI,  W  Star,  9/29/68,  A2) 

•  DOD  had  approved  purchase  by  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  of  $113,886,000 

Government  plant  at  Marietta,  Ga.,  world's  largest  aircraft  assembly 
area  under  one  roof.  USAF  had  declared  it  in  "excess"  of  its  needs  and 
would  sell  it  only  to  Lockheed,  which  had  been  using  facility  to  produce 
C-5A  cargo  transports  under  $1.4-billion  USAF  contract.  Lockheed 
would  continue  work  on  the  huge  aircraft  and  could  be  required  to 
produce  an  additional  172  on  priority  basis  under  USAF  agreement. 
(Wilson,  W  Post,  9/28/68,  1) 
September  29:  Highly  sophisticated  "multispectral  analysis"  under  develop- 
ment at  Space  and  Re-entry  Systems  Div.  of  Philco-Ford  Corp.  was  en- 
abling scientists  to  extract  additional  information  from  photos  taken  by 
satellites.  Assigning  color  ratings  to  gradations  of  gray  in  pictures  and 
filtering  out  color  levels  as  many  as  18  times,  to  create  series  of  trans- 
parencies in  vivid  hues,  allowed  details  previously  undetectable  in  gray 
to  be  distinguished.  Technique  could  be  applied  to  all  black  and  white 
photos,  enabling  scientists  to  map  ocean  bottom,  prospect  for  precious 
metal,  and  explore  composition  of  sun  without  leaving  darkroom.  (UPI, 
NYT,  9/29/68,  28) 

•  In   New    York    Times    Magazine    article.    "The    Universe    Is    Not    Ours 

Alone,"  Walter  Sullivan  recounted  discovery  of  pulsars,  "strange 
.  .  .  radio  pulsations  coming  from  certain  spots  in  the  sky."  Ten  had 
been  discovered  to  date.  Radioastronomers  leaned  toward  natural  ex- 
planation, yet  there  were  "tantalizing  questions  that  remain  unan- 
swered." It  was  possible  "that  evidence  for  the  existence  of  superior 
civilizations  lies  hidden  in  the  archives  of  magnetic  tape  at  our  radio 
astronomy  observatories."  (NYT  Magazine,  9/29/68,  40-1  ff) 

•  FAA  released  Kling  Report  outlining  four  plans  for  possible  moderniza- 

tion of  Washington  National  Airport.  Four  options,  offered  to  extend 
National's  short-haul  role  through  1970s,  envisioned  no  major  expan- 
sion except  for  22-acre  river  fill.  All  proposed  designs  emphasized  peo- 
ple-handling or  terminal  side  of  airport.  Report  was  prepared  by  Vin- 
cent Kling  and  Associates,  Philadelphia,  with  James  Buckley,  New 
York,  and  Jackson  and  Moreland,  Boston,  under  $297,000  FAA  contract 
awarded  in  May  1966.  (faa  Release  T  68-38;  W  Star,  9/29/68,  Al; 
Eisen,  W  Post,  9/29/68,  Al) 

231 


September  30  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

September  30:  NASA  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR 
carried  GSFC  experiment  to  126.5-mi  (203-km)  altitude  to  obtain  solar 
extreme  UV  spectra  from  40  to  390  A  and  from  10  to  390  A  using 
BBRC— SPG  300D  solar  pointing  control  and  recovery  system.  Despite 
better  than   expected   performance,   no   solar   spectrum  was   detected. 

(NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  delivered  John  Diebold  Lecture  on 

Technological  Change  and  Management  at  Harvard  Univ.  Graduate 
School  of  Business  Administration.  Speaking  on  "nasa  as  an  Adaptive 
Organization,"  he  emphasized  "how  as  well  as  what"  in  NASA's  buildup 
of  capabilities  and  learning  to  "apply  new  ways  of  organizing  and  ad- 
ministering human  and  material  resources." 

'  Capabilities  demonstrated  during  one  week — second  week  of  Novem- 
ber 1967 — in  launching  Ats  III,  Surveyor  VI,  Saturn  V,  and  Essa  IV 
represented  "better  than  90%  of  everything  we  would  need  to  carry  out 
almost  any  mission  that  even  the  most  daring  have  placed  on  our  space 
agenda  for  the  next  decade."  Measurements  made  by  experimental 
spacecraft  plus  essa's  24-hr-per-day  operations  were  providing  hand- 
some returns  in  understanding  and  predicting  weather.  "This  is  one 
way  our  country  says  to  every  other  country,  every  day,  that  we  as  a 
people  want  to  use  our  new  power  over  the  forces  of  nature  in  a  joint 
effort  with  them,  with  benefits  to  both  of  us,  and  not  to  threaten  or  to 
coerce  them  to  follow  some  pattern  laid  down  by  us." 

Magnification  capability  of  Ranger  and  Surveyor  opened  way  "for 
lunar  and  planetary  investigations  of  a  type  and  scope  undreamed  of 
before  we  learned  to  use  the  rocket  technology."  Saturn  V  launch 
"demonstrated  that  we  can  have  .  .  .  the  big-booster  capability  and 
the  launch  rate  capability  in  which  we  have  been  behind  the  U.S.S.R." 
Utility  of  Essa  IV  was  "far  beyond  any  we  can  achieve  in  any  other 
way.  It  works  ...  all  around  the  world,  and  feeds  information  into 
something  like  296  stations  in  the  United  States  and  about  86  in  45 
other  countries.  It  is  truly  a  working  bird.  .  .  , 

"I  do  not  believe  our  Nation  could  have  long  continued  as  a  great 
power  if  we  had  not  built  up  the  means  to  conduct  operations  in 
space.  ...  I  believe  we  would  have  sacrificed  our  chances  to  keep 
pace  in  the  technological  competition  that  is  the  crucial  test  of  our 
times.  .  .  .  We  would  have  denied  to  ourselves  the  tools  and  the 
knowledge  necessary  .  .  .  [for]  problems  that  beset  us  and  the  rest 
of  mankind  the  benefits  that  surely  will  follow  from  the  full  develop- 
ment of  space  applications."  (Text;   JV  Post,  10/13/68,  B5) 

•  World's  largest  commercial  jet — 360-  to  490-passenger  Boeing  747  with 

mach  0.84  to  0.90  cruising  speed — was  rolled  from  factory  for  first 
time  in  ceremony  at  Everett,  Wash.  The  $20-million  aircraft  was  sched- 
uled for  first  flight  in  December  1968  and  first  passenger  service,  with 
Pan  American  World  Airways,  Inc.,  one  year  later.  (Boeing  PIO;  AP, 
W  Post,  9/30/68,  A22;  10/1/68,  A9;  Witkin,  NYT,  10/1/68,  upi,  W 
Star,  10/1/68,  A6) 

•  USAF  announced  it  had  called  for  proposals  from  eight  aircraft  compa- 

nies for  contract  definition  of  advanced  tactical  fighter  aircraft  des- 
ignated FX,  highly  maneuverable,  single-place,  twin-engine  jet  with  ini- 
tial operational  capability  in  mid-1970s.  Engine  development  contracts 

232 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  September  30 

had  been  announced  Aug.  27.  Maiden  flight  was  expected  in  1972.  FX 
would  have  significantly  better  air-to-air  performance  than  any  known 
fighter  aircraft,  (dod  Release  891-68) 

•  Newsweek  commented  on  break-up  of  European  Launcher  Development 

Organization:  "The  seven-nation  .  .  .  [eldo]  which  never  really  got 
off  the  pad,  will  be  buried  early  in  October.  Efforts  to  get  Britain  to 
remain  only  made  clear  the  reason  for  her  withdrawal:  France  refused 
to  accept  Britain  as  a  member  of  Euromart  and  the  British  pulled  out. 
The  Netherlands  backs  Britain's  move  in  the  face  of  De  Gaulle's  stub- 
bornness, and  Italy  has  already  expressed  reservations  about  the  project. 
If  Western  Europe  wants  launchers  for  scientific  space  exploration  in 
future,  it  will  have  to  buy  them  from  the  U.S."  {Newsweek,  9/30/68, 
20) 

•  Gen.  William  F.  McKee  (USAF,  Ret.),  President  of  Schriever  and  McKee 

Associates,  had  been  sworn  in  as  consultant  to  NASA  Administrator 
James  E.  Webb,  nasa  announced.  Former  faa  Administrator  and 
former  NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for  Management  Development, 
Gen.  McKee  would  advise  NASA  on  management,  aeronautics,  and  coor- 
dination with  other  Government  agencies,  (nasa  Release  68—169) 

•  Dr.  Hubertus  Strughold  retired  as  Chief  Scientist  of  Aerospace  Medical 

Div.,  at  Brooks  afb,  Tex.  He  had  been  associated  with  usaf  aerospace 
medical  program  since  1947  and  was  known  as  father  of  space  medi- 
cine. (Brooks  AFB  Pio;  AFSC  Newsreview,  10/68,  3) 

•  House,  by  voice  vote,  passed  H.R.  12012  to  encourage  worldwide  inter- 

est in  U.S.  developments  and  accomplishments  in  military  and  related 
aviation  and  equipment  by  authorizing  Federal  sponsorship  of  an  In- 
ternational Aeronautical  Exposition  in  U.S.  [CR,  9/30/68,  H9254;  NASA 
L^/?  VTl/101) 

•  LeRC  began    18-mo  program  to   flight-test  advanced  inlets  and  exhaust 

nozzles  for  supersonic  transport  engines.  Tests,  conducted  in  modified 
USAF  F— 106B  jet  aircraft,  would  study  performance  of  nozzles  and  in- 
lets in  transonic  speed  range,  (nasa  Release  68—163) 
During  September :  Bureau  of  the  Budget  released  Summer  Review  of  the 
Budget.  From  action  taken  on  five  regular  appropriations  bills  to  date, 
Congress  was  expected  to  reduce  remaining  appropriations  by  approxi- 
mately $9.3  billion.  On  completion,  further  reductions  required  to  com- 
ply with  Revenue  and  Expenditure  Control  Act  of  1968  would  be  deter- 
mined by  President.  For  portion  of  budget  covered  by  required  reduc- 
tion under  P.L.  90-364,  total  outlays  were  estimated  at  $6  billion 
below  January  budget  estimate.  Overall  $6-billion  reduction  would  be 
made  approximately  50%  in  DOD  and  50%  in  civilian  agencies.  NASA  out- 
lays beyond  those  for  manned  lunar  landing  would  be  held  to  SlOO-mil- 
lion  level  below  that  resulting  from  Congressional  action.  (Text) 

•  Astronautics   &  Aeronautics   noted  that   NASA-sponsored   translations   of 

Russian  historical  works  compiled  1963—68  were  available  from  Clear- 
inghouse for  Federal  Scientific  and  Technical  Information,  Springfield, 
Va.  22151.  It  was  a  credit  to  nasa's  historians  "that  they  have  not  ne- 
glected bringing  to  our  attention  the  products  of  their  opposing  num- 
bers." (Stehling,  A&A,  9/68,  76) 

•  Astronautics  &  Aeronautics  published  letter  from  J.  Gordon  Vaeth  of 

essa's  National  Environmental  Satellite  Center:  With  emphasis  of  space 
technology  on  applications  and  practical  benefits,  it  was  "curious  that 

233 


During  September  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

.  .  .  little  is  apparently  being  said  or  done  about  using  communications 
satellites  to  'carry'  the  mail  over  intercontinental  distances."  Facsimile 
techniques  were  available  for  scanning  and  electronic  transmission  of 
letter  mail  by  geostationary  spacecraft.  "In-depth  professional  consider- 
ation of  this  satellite  application  is  overdue"  {A&A,  9/68,  17-20) 

•  P.   J.   Parker  listed   in   Spaceflight  "typical  examples   of  space-inspired 

technology"  which  had  either  appeared  or  were  expected  to  emerge 
from  future  space  activity:  low-weight,  high-calorie  "spacefoods"  devel- 
oped for  mass-feeding  undernourished  peoples;  adaptation  of  Saturn  V 
air-bearing  to  other  large  items  such  as  refrigerators;  use  of  spacecraft 
automatic  monitoring  unit  in  hospitals  for  relaying  data  on  patient's 
heart  condition  to  central  point;  use  of  high-pressure  oxygen  in  astro- 
nauts' suits  to  reduce  lung  collapse  and  to  save  lives  of  premature  ba- 
bies; potential  cure  for  stuttering  from  examination  of  voice  communi- 
cation problems;  electric  switch  adapted  for  use  by  paralyzed  patients 
to  operate  hospital  call  boards  and  wheelchairs;  and  lunar  exploration 
vehicle  redesigned  into  walking-chair  with  reciprocating  legs. 

Industrial  applications  included  solar  cells  used  to  drive  small  out- 
board motorboats  and  "outback"  telephone  booster  units;  heat-resist- 
ant coatings  for  spacecraft  used  in  furnaces,  aircraft,  and  domestic 
cookers ;  and  new  precision  tooling  methods  that  worked  to  nearest  mil- 
lionth of  an  inch.  {Spaceflight,  9/68,  306-7) 

•  National  Science  Foundation  issued  Employment  of  Scientists  and  Engi- 

neers in  the  United  States,  1950—1966.  Such  employment  had  risen 
from  550,800  in  1950  to  1,412,500  in  1966— 156%.  Scientific  occupa- 
tions had  increased  by  185%,  from  146,300  to  416,800,  engineering  had 
increased  146%,  from  404,600  to  996,000.  Chemists  accounted  for  more 
than  25%  of  scientists  in  1966,  while  medical  scientists  more  than  dou- 
bled rate  for  all  scientific  occupations. 

Between  1950  and  1966,  number  of  R&D  scientists  and  engineers  rose 
242%.  Proportion  of  R&D  personnel  grew  from  28%  of  all  scientists  and 
engineers  in  1950  to  37%  in  1966.  Private  industry  employed  71%  of 
total  scientists  and  engineers;  government,  16%;  universities  and  col- 
leges, 13%;  and  nonprofit  institutions  about  1%.  Employment  increased 
more  rapidly  in  nonprofit  sector  (359%  between  1950  and  1966) .  Gov- 
ernment employment  (excluding  public  educational  institutions) 
showed  lowest  growth— 106%.  (Text) 


234 


October   1968 


October  1:  NASA  10th  Anniversary:  National  Space  Club  presented  special 
award  to  President  Johnson  at  White  House  citing  his  legislative  and 
executive  leadership  of  national  space  program.  At  Space  Club  dinner 
in  Washington,  D.C.,  Sen.  Clinton  P.  Anderson  (D-N.  Mex.)  and  Rep. 
George  P.  Miller  (D-Calif.)  presented  retiring  NASA  Administrator 
James  E.  Webb  award  for  his  outstanding  contributions  to  national 
space  effort.  In  telegram  tribute  to  Webb,  President  Johnson  said,  "The 
Nation  is  in  his  debt.  He  will  be  deeply  missed  but  gratefully  remem- 
bered as  his  dreams  continue  to  become  reality  in  the  years  ahead." 

Telegram  from  Vice  President  Hubert  Humphrey  said,  "The  span  of 
achievement  which  measures  a  decade  of  space  progress  is  one  which 
should  be  a  source  of  pride  to  all  of  us.  Now  a  new  decade  beckons, 
with  new  challenges,  and  new  opportunities.  And,  such  is  the  nature  of 
the  space  age  that  Ave  dare  not  become  complacent  about  our  rate  of 
progress  or  the  scope  of  our  past  accomplishments.  It  is  unthinkable 
that  we  would  allow  ourselves  to  be  surpassed  in  technology  by  any 
other  nation.  I  have  never  questioned  that  space  endeavors  have  con- 
tributed significantly  to  the  strengthening  and  enrichment  of  our  whole 
society,  through  a  teamwork  approach  by  private  industry,  our  univer- 
sities, and  the  Federal  Government.  By  means  of  this  program  we  have 
vitalized  our  economy,  developed  improved  methods  of  management, 
stimulated  our  educational  system,  produced  new  goods  and  services, 
added  to  our  store  of  scientific  knowledge,  and  buttressed  our  national 
security."  Telegram  from  Republican  Presidential  candidate  Richard 
M.  Nixon  said,  "The  space  program  must  continue  to  be  one  of  our 
national  imperatives,  and  it  must  be  supported  at  a  level  assuring 
efficient  and  steady  progress." 

Anniversary  ceremonies  also  included  open  house  and  annual  awards 
presentation  at  MSFC  Sept.  28—29.  (nsc  Newsletter;  Texts;  Marshall 
Star,  9/25/68,  4) 

In  anniversary  statement  issued  by  White  House  President  Johnson 
said:  ".  .  .  not  all  of  nasa's  accomplishments  have  been  out  of  this 
world.  Satellites  have  given  us  a  new  look  at  the  world's  weather.  .  .  . 
They  have  given  us  intercontinental  television  broadcasts,  and  broken 
down  the  technical  barriers  to  worldwide  communications.  NASA  has 
brought  us  advances  in  medical  science,  education,  mapmaking,  geol- 
ogy, transportation,  and  a  host  of  other  areas  that  promise  a  better  life 
for  us  here  on  Earth.  Its  intensive  research  and  development  efforts 
have  given  us  new  materials,  products  and  processes;  raised  our  stand- 
ards of  reliability  and  advanced  managerial  techniques.  These  ad- 
vances, together  with  the  useful  facilities  it  has  built,  will  be  lasting  na- 
tional assets  long  after  the  Moon  landing  is  ancient  history.  .  .  . 

"In  the  years  ahead — as  in  the  past  decade — -our  foremost  motive  is  to 
make  men  wiser  and  life  on  earth  more  meaningful.  And  on  the  mile- 

235 


October  1 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


October  1:  Ten  years  ago  NASA  officially  came  into  being.  In  photo.  President  Dwight 
D.  Eisenhower  hands  commissions  to  heads  of  new  agency  after  Sept.  8,  1958,  swearing 
in  ceremonies.  At  President's  left  is  Dr.  T.  Keith  Glennan,  first  nasa  Administrator. 
Accepting  commission  is  first  Deputy  Administrator,  the  late  Hugh  L.  Dryden. 

stone  of  this  rewarding  effort,  we  renew  our  dedication  to  the  guiding 
principle  we  expressed  10  years  ago  at  NASA's  launching:  that  our  fur- 
ther mastery  of  space  may  continue  to  be  'for  the  benefit  of  all 
mankind.'  "  {PD,  10/7/68,  1435-1436) 

During  its  first  10  yr  NASA  had  completed  234  major  U.S.  and  inter- 
national launches  plus  thousands  of  sounding  rocket  launches.  Of  234 
major  launches,  189  were  launch-vehicle  successes  and  174  were  space- 
craft or  mission  successes,  with  two  missions  still  under  evaluation.  For 
these  launches  NASA  had  developed  rockets  ranging  from  ^  88,000-lb 
thrust  to  Saturn  V  with  7.5-million-lb  thrust  capable  of  sending  nearly 
100,000-lb  payload  to  moon. 

First  phase  of  manned  flight  program,  Project  Mercury,  had  begun 
seven  days  after  nasa  was  established.  Six  manned  Mercury  flights  had 
proved  man  could  go  into  space  and  function  as  pilot-engineer-experi- 
menter for  up  to  34  hr  weightless  flight  before  returning  to  earth.  Gem- 
ini program  announced  in  1961  had  demonstrated  work  could  be  per- 
formed in  orbit  outside  spacecraft  in  more  than  12  hr  extravehicular 
activity.  Gemini  included  52  experiments,  among  them  17  scientific — in 
astronomy,  biology,  geology,  meteorology,  and  physics.  Seven  rendez- 
vous techniques  and  nine  dockings  had  been  accomplished  during  Gem- 
ini. More  than  2,000  hr  manned  spaceflight  experience  gained  through 


236 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  1 

Mercury  and  Gemini  had  contributed  heavily  to  Apollo,  including  16 
flights  of  unmanned  Saturn  launch  vehicle  which  had  confirmed  Apollo 
engineering  concepts  and  qualified  all  systems  for  manned  missions. 
Although  Apollo  fire  on  Jan.  27,  1967,  had  delayed  manned  missions, 
it  had  resulted  in  safer  spacecraft  and  improved  suits  for  astronauts. 

Ahead  were  two  manned  missions  for  1968  and  possibly  five  for 
1969,  culminating  in  landing  of  U.S.  astronauts  on  moon.  Facilities  at 
NASA  installations  in  U.S.  were  worth  more  than  $2.5  billion  and  peak 
35.000  staff  included  some  of  Nation's  top  scientists.  Industrial  work 
force  had  peaked  at  400,000  and  was  dropping  to  200,000.  NASA  had 
established  global  tracking  network  capable  of  communicating  with  ve- 
hicles as  far  away  as  far  side  of  sun.  Its  aeronautics  program  con- 
ducted R&D  on  noise  abatement,  flight  safety,  supersonic  and  hypersonic 
aircraft,  lifting-body  vehicles,  and  v/stol  aircraft.  NASA's  technologi- 
cal advances  included  development  of  new  electronic  parts,  alloys,  ad- 
hesives,  lubricants,  valves,  and  pumps,  as  well  as  progress  in  miniaturi- 
zation. More  than  2,500  technical  innovations  applicable  in  industry, 
medicine,  and  other  nonaerospace  activities  had  resulted  from  10  yr  of 
NASA  progress.  In  Christian  Science  Monitor,  Neal  Stanford  said,  "It  is 
.  .  .  science  satellites  and  the  new  technology  developed  that  are 
counted  on  to  return  to  the  tax-paying  public  the  dividends  that  some 
say  will  make  space  the  best  investment  man  ever  made."  (Marshall 
Star,  9/25/68,  5;  Wilford,  NYT,  10/1/68;  CSM,  10/5/68) 

In  Washington  Sunday  Star  special  report,  "A  Decade  in  Space," 
John  Lannan  commented  on  NASA's  10th  anniversary:  ".  .  .  the  space 
agency's  real  promise  for  improving  the  general  welfare  of  mankind  as 
set  forth  in  the  Space  Act  which  brought  it  into  being  has  apparently 
been  too  slow  in  being  fulfilled.  The  fact  that  the  space  investment  is 
only  now  starting  to  pay  off,  and  at  an  increasingly  rapid  pace,  is 
going  unnoticed  in  the  glare  of  present  problems,  past  mishaps  and  the 
imminence  of  the  Apollo  venture.  Where  NASA's  real  goals  lie  are  in  the 
future — the  near  future  and  the  near  earth.  Spin-off,  the  serendipity  of 
technology,  has  long  been  used  as  a  justification  for  the  vast  sums 
poured  into  space,  but  little  beyond  Teflon-coated  frying  pans  have  im- 
pinged on  the  tax-payer's  mind."  (W  Star,  9/29/68,  Al) 

NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for  DOD  and  Interagency  Affairs  Jacob 
E.  Smart  wrote  in  Space  Digest:  "The  tenth  anniversary  .  .  .  marks 
the  end  of  a  decade  of  concerted  effort  across  a  broad  front  to  advance 
the  nation's  capabilities  in  aeronautics  and  space.  It  has  been  a  decade 
of  accomplishment  that  has  few  peers  in  this  country's  history.  .  .  .  the 
good  working  relationships  .  .  .  between  NASA  and  DOD  have  been  of 
immeasurable  benefit  to  them  both,  and  the  nation's  space  effort  is  the 
stronger  for  it.  .  .  .  with  the  prospect  of  tighter  budgets  likely,  the 
maintenance  of  such  relationships — and  their  improvement — assumes 
an  increasing  importance.  The  need  to  stretch  the  appropriations  dol- 
lars to  the  maximum  may  be  partly  met  by  fresh  efforts  to  find  com- 
mon ground  where  cooperation  will  produce  economies  as  well  as  mu- 
tual benefits."  (Space  Digest,  10/68,  68-70) 

In  Space  Digest  Gen.  James  Ferguson,  Commander  of  AFSC,  de- 
scribed "A  Decade  of  Cooperation — The  Military-NASA  Interface." 
AFSc's  FY  1969  NASA  support  expenditures  "amounted  to  millions  of 
dollars  and  thousands  of  man-years  in  effort.  The  sums  of  money,  and, 

237 


October  1  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

more  important,  the  human  technological  resources  we  are  currently 
expending  on  the  nation's  space  programs  are  of  great  consequence 
since  they  are  the  foundations  of  our  future  benefits.  ...  we  are 
acutely  aware  that  the  fate  of  future  generations  lies  in  space.  ...  It  is 
a  sad  commentary  to  state  that  technology  has  provided  us  with  the 
means  to  conduct  wars.  But  it  is  heartening  to  realize  that  one  day 
technology  will  provide  us  with  the  means  to  prevent  wars.  (Space  Di- 
gest, 10/68,  71-3) 

•  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  WSMR  carried 

Univ.  of  Colorado  experiment  to  108-mi  (173.8-km)  altitude  to  meas- 
ure height  profile  of  nitric  oxide  and  nitrogen  and  test  Mariner  Mars 
UV  spectrometer.  UV  spectrometer  measured  earth's  day-glow  and  day- 
light between  1,100  A  and  4,300  A.  Inertial  ACS  successfully  maneu- 
vered payload  until  scat  eye  took  control  and  caused  instrument  to  scan 
through   10°.   Experiment's   measurements   and   tests  were  successful. 

(NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  Dr.  Finn  J.  Larsen,  dod  Deputy  Director  of  Defense  Research  and  Engi- 

neering, testified  before  House  Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics' 
Subcommittee  on  Advanced  Research  and  Technology:  "If  our  civil 
aviation  is  to  continue  its  dramatic  progress,  the  greatest  single  re- 
quirement is  to  accomplish  .  .  .  complete  system  engineering.  The  .  .  . 
planning  must  consider  not  only  the  aircraft  in  flight  as  a  system,  but 
also  the  entire  problem  of  moving  people  from  destination  to  destina- 
tion," requiring  "planning  and  resources  on  a  considerably  larger  scale 
than  are  now  available." 

NASA's  responsibility  for  U.S.  aeronautical  research  "should  con- 
tinue." DOD  had  used  NASA  research,  augmenting  it  for  defense  as  neces- 
sary, with  "excellent  coordination  for  many  years."  Military  R&D  was 
specialized,  but  much  was  transferable  to  civil  aviation.  Long-term 
goals  of  smokeless  combustors  and  silent  aircraft  would  be  of  mutual 
benefit.  SAGE  air  defense  computer  system  had  contributed  to  FAA  radar 
beacon  system  and  new  national  standards.  Much  improved  altimetry 
reporting  came  from  DOD  development  for  high-performance  jet  air- 
craft. Common  digitizer  was  joint  DOD— FAA  project,  as  was  TPX— 42 
airport  traffic  control  facility.  Eleven  aircraft  carriers  had  pilot 
"hands-off"  capability  for  blind  landing.  Microwave  scanning-beam 
landing  systems  were  in  testing.  Collision  avoidance,  v/sTOL,  and 
cargo-handling  R&D  had  civil  application.  (Text) 

•  Dr.  Frank  D.  Drake,   Director  of  Cornell  Univ.'s  Arecibo  Ionospheric 

Observatory  in  Puerto  Rico,  said  he  had  detected  first  distinct  pattern 
to  radio  signals  from  two  pulsars.  He  told  radioastronomy  seminar  at 
National  Radio  Astronomy  Observatory  at  Green  Bank,  W.  Va.,  pulse 
rate  could  be  explained  only  if  source  were  star  of  extraordinary  den- 
sity spinning  at  incredible  speed — such  as  neutron  star.  If  correct,  find- 
ings would  be  first  scientific  proof  that  hypothetical  neutron  stars  ac- 
tually existed.  (Wilford,  NYT,  10/2/68;  Lannan,  W  Star,  10/2/68, 
A20) 

•  MIT  physicist  and  radioastronomer.  Dr.   Bernard  Burke,  and  teams  of 

scientists  using  140-ft  "Big  Dish"  antenna  at  National  Radio  Astron- 
omy Observatory  began  first  radioastronomy  test  of  Einstein's  general 
theory  of  relativity  in  attempt  to  discover  gravity's  effect  on  universe. 
Among   three    basic    tests    proposed    by    Einstein    to    test   his    theory 

238 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  1 

to  account  for  action  of  all  bodies  under  gravitational  force  was 
one  to  measure  bending  of  light  from  distant  source  as  it  passed  an 
energetic  body  like  the  sun.  Dr.  Burke's  experiment  measured  signals 
from  newly  discovered  quasars  to  determine  amount  of  bending  they 
underwent  in  passing  the  sun.  If  light,  in  form  of  quasar  radiowaves, 
was  bent,  Einstein  theory  would  receive  added  support;  if  it  was  not 
bent  as  much  as  he  predicted,  or  if  astronomers  were  unable  to  detect 
significant  bending,  theory  would  remain  intact  until  further  proof  was 
provided,  (nrao  Proj  Off;  Lannan,  W  Star,  10/1/68,  A9) 

•  MSFC  announced  it  had  selected  RCA  for  negotiation  of  $5.1-million  cost- 

plus-fixed-fee  contract  for  logistics  and  engineering  support  for  Saturn 
ground  computer  systems  and  associated  equipment.  Contract  would 
cover  Oct.  1,  1968,  through  June  30,  1970.  (msfc  Release  68-231) 

•  President  Johnson  announced  resignation  of  Leonard  H.  Marks  as  Direc- 

tor of  U.S.  Information  Agency  in  time  to  head  U.S.  delegation  to  ne- 
gotiate permanent  arrangements  for  Intelsat  at  February  1969  confer- 
ence in  Washington,  D.C.  {PD,  10/7/68,  1433;  Halloran,  W  Post, 
10/2/68,  A8;  AP,  NYT,  10/2/68,  23) 

•  Arnold  W.  Frutkin,  since  Feb.  1  Special  Assistant  to  NASA  Associate  Ad- 

ministrator, resumed  his  duties  as  Assistant  Administrator  for  Interna- 
tional Affairs,  (nasa  pao;  nasa  Ann,  10/2/68) 
October  2:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXLIV  into  orbit  with  158-km 
(98.2-mi)  apogee,  140-km  (87-mi)  perigee,  87.4-min  period,  and  49.6° 
inclination.  Satellite  reentered  same  day.  U.S.  press  later  reported  U.S. 
observers  said  launch  appeared  to  have  been  13th  test  of  Soviet  frac- 
tional orbital  bombardment  system  (fobs).  Orbit  followed  pattern  of 
previous  tests  identified  as  FOBS  by  U.S. — very  low  earth  orbit  with 
satellite  reentering  before  completing  first  revolution  of  earth,  (gsfc 
SSR,  10/15/68;  upi,  NYT,  10/9/68,  12;  W  Post,  10/8/68,  AlO) 

•  Sen.  Clinton  P.  Anderson   (D-N.  Mex.),  Chairman  of  House  Committee 

on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences,  told  Senate:  "Ten  years  from  now 
NASA  will  be  celebrating  its  20th  anniversary.  I  hope  that  the  chairman 
of  the  Committee  ...  at  that  time  will  be  able  to  stand  here  and  con- 
gratulate the  agency  and  its  people  for  20  years  of  accomplishment  and 
say  that  the  United  States  is  still  first  in  space  and  in  aeronautics.  But 
unless  we  are  vigilant  and  supply  the  agency  with  the  needed  authoriza- 
tions and  appropriations,  that  statement  will  not  be  made."  {CR, 
10/2/68,  SI 1844) 

•  NASA  awarded  Chrysler  Corp.'s  Space  Div.  $10,545,753  cost-plus-award- 

fee  extension  to  $77,877,486  contract  for  KSC  support  services.  Exten- 
sion, for  July  1  through  Dec.  31,  covered  manpower  and  material  to 
design  and  sustain  engineering,  modification,  testing,  refurbishing,  and 
launch  support  of  KSC-designed  equipment  and  Saturn  IB  launch  oper- 
ations. ( KSC  Release  KSC-418-68) 
•  Sen.  Stuart  Symington  (D-Mo.)  said  on  Senate  floor:  "In  the  past  ten 
years,  money  expended  by  the  Defense  Department  for  R&D  has  almost 
doubled,  from  $4  billion  to  about  $8  billion.  Yet  since  1955,  the  United 
States  has  not  produced  a  single  modern  fighter;  in  fact,  it  has  pro- 
duced no  combat  plane  except  the  tfx  series.  The  Navy  version  of  that 
plane  has  already  been  abandoned;  and  the  Air  Force  has  once  again 
found  it  necessary  to  ground  their  version  because  of  technical  diffi- 
culties." Despite  "all  those  billions  we  have  developed  no  air  superior- 

239 


October  2  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

ity  fighter  capable  of  competing  against  a  first-class  air  force  such  as 
the  Soviets  possess  today."  He  said  U.S.  was  losing  its  lead  on  seas  as 
well  because  "our  various  Government  branches  produce  arguments, 
whereas  the  Soviets  produce  the  submarine."  (Text;  NY  News, 
10/3/68, 18) 

•  MSFC   announced  it  had   awarded   American   Science   and   Engineering, 

Inc.,  $5,413,000  addition  to  contract  for  final  design,  fabrication,  as- 
sembly, integration,  test  qualification,  and  acceptance  of  prototype  and 
flight  unit  x-ray  spectrographic  telescope  for  Apollo  Telescope  Mount. 
Award  brought  total  value  of  contract  to  $11,617,471.  (NASA  Release 
68-170;  MSFC  Release  68-234) 

•  National  Center  for  Atmospheric  Research  and  Information  announced 

10-ft-dia  Global  Horizontal  Sounding  Technique  (ghost)  plastic  bal- 
loon launched  from  Christchurch,  New  Zealand,  Sept.  29,  1967,  had 
broken  all  balloon  flight-duration  records  by  remaining  aloft  for  one 
year.  (AP,  St.  Louis  G-D,  10/3/68) 
October  3:  Aurorae  [Esro  I)  satellite,  designed,  developed,  and  constructed 
by  European  Space  Research  Organization  under  July  8,  1964,  NASA— 
ESRO  agreement,  was  successfully  launched  by  NASA  from  WTR  by 
four-stage  Scout  booster.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  952.1  mi  (1,532.2 
km)  ;  perigee,  158.9  mi  (255.8  km)  ;  period,  102.8  min;  and  inclina- 
tion, 93.8°.  Primary  NASA  mission  objectives  were  to  place  Aurorae  into 
planned  orbit  and  provide  tracking  and  telemetry  support.  The  185-lb 
cylindrical  satellite  carried  eight  experiments  to  study  aurora  borealis 
(Northern  Lights)  and  other  related  phenomena  of  polar  ionosphere, 
representing  six  different  organizations  from  U.K.,  Denmark,  Sweden, 
and  Norway.  vVll  experiments  were  operating  as  planned,  and  their  sci- 
entific objectives  were  being  achieved. 

Aurorae  was  second  successful  ESRO  satellite  launched  by  NASA.  Iris 
I,  launched  May  16  to  replace  ESRO  II— A  which  had  failed  to  achieve 
orbit  May  29,  1967,  had  entered  planned  orbit  and  conducted  solar- 
astronomy  and  cosmic-ray  studies.  ESRO  was  responsible  for  experi- 
ment instrumentation,  delivery  of  spacecraft  to  launch  site,  equip- 
ment and  personnel  necessary  to  mate  spacecraft  to  launch  vehicle, 
and  spacecraft  testing.  NASA  provided  Scout  launch  vehicle,  con- 
ducted launch  operations,  and  supplied  data  and  tracking  acquisition 
support.  (NASA  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release  68-158;  AP,  W  Star,  10/4/68; 
GSFC  SSR,  10/15/68) 

•  Cosmos    CCXLV   was   launched    by   U.S.S.R.    into    orbit    with    481-km 

(298.9-mi)  apogee,  272-km  (169-mi)  perigee,  92-min  period,  and 
70.9°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Jan.  15,  1969.  (CSFC  SSR, 
10/15/68;  1/31/69) 

•  NASA's  HL-10  lifting-body  vehicle,   flown  by  NASA  test  pilot  John   A. 

Manke,  successfully  completed  eleventh  flight  from  Edwards  afb.  Vehi- 
cle with  full  load  of  fuel  was  carried  to  altitude,  where  successful  jetti- 
son test  was  performed  before  launch  from  B— 52  aircraft.  (NASA  Proj 
Off) 

•  NASA  Deputy  Administrator,  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  presented  NASA  FY 

1969  interim  operating  plan  to  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and 
Space  Sciences.  Although  President  Johnson  had  not  yet  signed  appro- 
priations bill.  Bureau  of  the  Budget  had  indicated  NASA's  share  of  $6 
billion   expenditure   reduction   might   amount   to    $350   million.    This 

240 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  October  3 

meant  limitation  of  use  of  FY  1969  appropriations  to  $3.85  billion,  Dr. 
Paine  said.  "Our  actions  also  have  had  to  be  constrained  by  our  cur- 
rent instructions  within  the  Executive  Branch  to  hold  expenditures  to  a 
minimum  in  1970  as  well  as  in  1969,  and  to  be  prepared  for  the  even- 
tuality of  budgetary  limitations  in  FY  1970  even  more  restrictive  than 
those  in  FY  1969.  I  am  personally  convinced  that  the  nation's  space 
program  requires  an  increase  in  funding  in  FY  1970  and  I  am 
hopeful  .  .  .  we  will  succeed  in  establishing  the  need  for  a  significant 
increase.  Until  this  decision  is  made  ...  we  have  no  alternative  but  to 
proceed  with  an  interim  operating  plan  .  .  .  which,  where  possible, 
holds  open  options  we  can  exercise  in  FY  1970  if  the  budget  is  higher 
but  which  does  not  overcommit  us  if  the  FY  1970  budget  is  lower." 

Plan  retained  $2,025  billion  authorized  for  Apollo  program — $14 
million  below  budget  request.  It  reduced  authorized  $253.2  million  for 
Apollo  Applications  to  $150  million,  amount  "required  to  work  toward 
the  important  but  sharply  limited  and  deferred  Apollo  Applications 
program  we  now  propose."  This  would  include  cessation  of  Saturn  IB 
launch  vehicle  production  after  completion  of  14th  (Saturn  214)  and 
discontinuation  of  Saturn  V  at  completion  of  first  15  vehicles.  Single 
Saturn  I  workshop  and  single  Apollo  Telescope  Mount  (atm)  would 
be  launched  in  early  1970s.  Authorized  $5  million  for  advanced  mis- 
sions would  be  cut  to  $2.5  million,  for  continued  studies  related  to 
manned  earth-orbital  and  lunar  missions.  Authorized  $136.9  million 
would  be  reduced  to  $132.1  million  for  physics  and  astronomy,  with 
level  of  effort  in  supporting  research  and  technology  and  data  analysis 
approximately  10%  lower  than  in  FY  1968. 

The  $92.3  million  authorized  for  lunar  and  planetary  exploration 
would  be  cut  to  $75.8  million,  with  $6.8  million  for  lunar  and  $69  mil- 
lion for  planetary — to  support  Mariner-Mars  1969  mission,  reacquisi- 
tion  of  telemetry  from  Mariner  V,  and  Mariner-Mars  1971  mission. 
Plan  also  supported  in  FY  1969,  at  reduced  funding  level,  capability  to 
conduct  Mars  mission  during  1973  opportunity  in  keeping  with  NAS 
recommendation  [see  Sept.  19].  Overall  scope  of  mission  would  be  re- 
duced and  schedule  compressed.  Operating  plan  provided  for  construc- 
tion of  two  210-ft  antennas  for  Mars  and  other  missions  during  1970s. 
Launch  vehicle  procurement  authorization  of  $115.7  million  would  be 
cut  to  $100.2  million  and  bioscience  from  $33  million  to  $32.7  million, 
which  was  $15  million  below  budget  request  and  required  slip  of  6—12 
mo  in  21-day  Biosatellite  missions. 

Space  applications  authorization  of  $98.7  million  would  be  retained; 
program  change  necessitated  by  May  18  destruction  of  Nimbus  B 
would  result  in  launch  of  replacement,  Nimbus  B2,  in  spring  1%9. 
Aeronautics  R&D  budget  would  remain  at  authorized  $74.9  million, 
while  FY  1969  effort  in  nuclear  rockets  would  be  limited  and  nerva 
development  deferred  until  1970,  when  $7.5  million  withheld  in  FY 
1969  could  be  added  to  allow  total  of  $39.5  million.  Interim  plan. would 
provide  $178.4  million  for  basic  research,  space  vehicle  systems,  elec- 
tronics systems,  human  factor  systems,  space  power  and  electric  propul- 
sion systems,  and  chemical  propulsion — at  reduction  of  $21.5  million 
from  NASA's  budget  request.  Work  in  long-endurance  life-support-equip- 
ment technologies  would  proceed  as  planned  but  in  other  areas  re- 
search and  technical  development  would  be  reduced,  especially  efforts 

241 


October  3  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

in  support  of  advanced  space  missions.  Tracking  and  data  acquisition 
budget  v/ould  be  reduced  from  $289.8  million  authorized  to  $280  mil- 
lion, providing  full  Apollo  schedule  support  but  limiting  support  for 
spacecraft  aloft  and  on  future  missions. 

Construction  of  facilities  funds  had  been  reduced  from  $39.6  million 
authorized  to  $21.8  million  appropriated.  Operating  plan  would  in- 
crease figure  to  $35.7  million  by  transferring  funds  from  R&D  appropri- 
ation. Facility  planning  and  design  funds  were  reduced  from  $3  million 
requested  to  $1  million.  Interim  operating  plan  anticipated  transfer  of 
.1  million  from  R&D  to  administrative  operations,  bringing  total  to 
.3  million  instead  of  $603.2  million  in  authorization  and  appropri- 
ations acts  and  $648.2  million  requested  by  NASA  in  budget.  Dr.  Paine 
emphasized  that  administrative  operations  appropriation  did  not  cover 
only  "administrative"  expenses;  it  covered  direct  costs  of  operating 
NASA  laboratories,  research  centers,  development  centers,  and  launch 
centers. 

NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  told  Committee:  ".  .  .  when  you 
use  words  such  as  'Congress  consistently  has  supported  the  Apollo  pro- 
gram,' you  must  add  'at  a  minimum  level.'  We  have  clearly  indicated  in 
every  budget  that  the  basis  on  which  we  were  going  forward  with  this 
support  by  Congress  was  one  that  did  not  take  into  account  unusual 
risks  and  happenings  and  was,  in  effect,  based  on  success  in  all  these 
efforts."  Webb  said  NASA  Apollo  funding  was  related  to  success  on  vari- 
ous operations  and  did  not  include  "a  return  to  test  flight  on  the  Saturn 
IB  should  we  not  be  able  to  make  the  shift  to  the  big  rocket  after  this 
next  flight."  From  1961  to  1969,  Webb  said,  "we  have  not  had  the 
funds  to  proceed  except  in  a  manner  that  would  permit  us,  within  the 
total  budget,  to  do  this  lunar  landing  within  this  decade  and  on  an  all-up 
systems  test  basis.  So  the  excruciatingly  painful  period  of  all-up  testing 
on  the  Saturn  V  is  yet  ahead  of  us."  (Testimony;  Transcript) 

Senate  by  vote  of  55  to  2  passed  H.R.  18707,  defense  appropriations  bill 
containing  initial  funds  for  deployment  of  "thin"  missile  system,  al- 
ready under  construction.  (CR,  10/3/68,  S11951-79) 

Senate,  after  secret  session,  defeated  by  vote  of  45  to  25  amendment  by 
Sen.  John  S.  Cooper  (R-Ky.)  to  eliminate  from  $71.8-billion  defense 
appropriations  bill  the  $387.4  million  requested  by  Administration  to 
start  deployment  of  Sentinel  antiballistic  missile  system.  Final  action 
on  largest  defense  appropriations  bill  in  U.S.  history  was  deferred. 
{CR,  10/2/68,  SI  1872-85;  AP,  W  Star,  10/2/68,  A4;  Finney.  NYT, 
10/3/68,  1 ;  Lardner,  W  Post,  10/5/68, 1 ) 

NASA  said  spacecraft  and  parts  of  Agena  2nd  stage  of  Nimbus  B  weather 
satellite  launched  unsuccessfully  May  18,  including  two  SNAP~19  nu- 
clear power  generators,  had  been  found  Sept.  30  by  crew  of  research 
submarine  four  miles  south  of  San  Miguel  Island  off  California  coast. 
Pictures  taken  by  submarine  indicated  three-  by  six-inch  graphic  cores 
of  generators  were  intact;  surrounding  magnesium-thorium  alloy  cas- 
ings were  almost  completely  decayed  since  they  dissolved  in  sea  water 
almost  immediately.  Each  core  contained  three  pounds  of  plutonium. 
AEC  had  spent  $200,000  searching  for  missing  nuclear  sources.  Nimbus 
B  had  been  destroyed  shortly  after  launch  when  it  veered  off  course. 
(NASA  Release  68-171;  Lannan,  W  Star,  10/4/68,  A16) 

Boeing  Co.  said  it  would  build  one-fifth  size  thermal  models  of  manned 

242 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  3 

space  stations  under  $156,500  NASA  contract  to  determine  their  feasibil- 
ity for  predicting  temperatures  in  full-size  earth-orbiting  station. 
(Boeing  Release  S-9840) 
October  4:  nasa— usaf  review  board  report  said  failure  of  Nimbus  B  mis- 
sion May  18  had  been  caused  by  improper  installation  of  yaw-rate  gyro 
90°  from  design  position  in  Thorad-Agena  launch  vehicle.  Board  rec- 
ommended revision  of  test  procedures  which  failed  to  discern  error  and 
redesign  of  gyro  mounting  brackets  to  make  improper  installation  im- 
possible. Repeat  mission,  Nimbus  B2,  would  be  launched  in  spring 
1969  because  of  flight's  importance  to  meteorological  research,  (nasa 
Release  68-171;  UPI,  //  Chron,  10/5/68) 

•  President    Johnson    signed    H.R.    17023    as    P.L.    90—550,    Independent 

Offices  and  Dept.  of  Housing  and  Urban  Development  Appropriations 
Act,  1969,  which  included  NASA  appropriations  of  $3,995  billion.  Con- 
ference report  on  bill  had  been  adopted  by  Senate  Sept.  25  and  by 
House  Sept.  19.  (PD,  10/14/68,  1484) 

•  At  NASA  Pasadena    (Calif.)    Office  third   annual  awards  ceremony.   Dr. 

John  E.  Naugle,  NASA's  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and 
Applications,  said:  "During  the  next  few  years  .  .  .  our  efforts  in  as- 
tronomical observations,  in  space  applications  and  in  planetary  explo- 
ration, should  receive  priority.  ...  In  astronomy,  perhaps  more  than 
in  any  other  scientific  discipline,  major  progress  has  been  achieved 
when  a  new  observing  technique  is  used.  In  the  next  several  years  we 
will  provide  our  astronomers  with  such  new  observational  tools — tele- 
scopes and  detectors  in  space  above  the  absorbing  and  obscuring  effect 
of  the  earth's  atmosphere.  .  .  .  we  envision  a  complementary  program 
using  both  manned  and  automated  observational  platforms  leading  to 
permanent  observatories  in  space  in  the  next  10  to  15  years.  On  the 
other  hand,  OAO,  oso,  and  the  small  astronomy  satellite  will  carry  the 
burden  of  automated  observation,  while  the  Apollo  Telescope  Mount 
provides  us  with  early  experience  in  the  contribution  man  can  make  in 
astronomy.  Before  very  many  years,  it  should  be  possible  for  us  to 
move  into  astra-type  systems  in  which  we  combine  the  best  of  both 
techniques,  i.e.,  long-term  automated  instruments  in  orbit  of  a  cost  and 
complexity  which  justify  their  being  serviced  and  maintained  by 
man.  .  .  . 

"Although  .  .  .  post  Apollo  plans  are  much  more  modest  than  pre- 
viously announced,  even  at  these  reduced  levels,  it  should  be  possible  to 
carry  out  some  important  near-earth  and  extended  lunar  missions  fol- 
lowing the  Apollo  landings.  However,  there  remains  no  clear  picture  as 
to  the  future  of  manned  space  flight  beyond  the  use  of  the  launch  vehi- 
cles and  rockets  left  over  from  Apollo.  The  resolution  of  the  future 
goals  of  manned  space  flight  must  await  the  .  .  .  next  administration." 
"(Text) 

•  NASA's  Oso  IV  spacecraft   (launched  Oct.  18,  1967 »   had  obtained  valu- 

able new  data  on  three-dimensional  structure  of  sun's  atmosphere,  Leo 
Goldberg,  Robert  W.  Noyes,  William  H.  Parkinson,  Edmond  M. 
Reeves,  and  George  L.  Withbroe  of  Harvard  College  Observatory's 
Solar  Satellite  Project  reported  in  Science.  During  five  weeks  of  experi- 
ment operation — before  electronic  failure  of  instrument  detection  sys- 
tem— more  than  100  solar  flares  were  recorded.  More  than  4,000  UV 
images  in  52  different  wavelengths  over  wide  range  of  temperatures 

243 


October  4  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

and  heights  in  solar  atmosphere  were  obtained.  Most  of  emission  lines 
represented  had  not  been  observed  before  with  spatial  resolution  on 
solar  disk. 

New  instrument  was  being  prepared  for  flight  on  OSO— G  in  1969,  to 
have  twice  spatial  resolution  and  10  times  time  resolution  of  in- 
strument on  Oso  IV.  (Science,  10/4/68,  95-9) 

•  ComSatCorp,  on  behalf  of  Intelsat,  awarded  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  $72- 

million  contract  for  Intelsat  IV  advanced  comsats.  Hughes  would  de- 
liver within  22  mo  four  flight  spacecraft,  one  prototype,  associated 
spacecraft  test  equipment,  and  necessary  ground  equipment.  (ComSat- 
Corp Release  68-52;  WSJ,  10/7/68,  3) 

•  AFSc's   Space   and   Missile   Systems   Organization   awarded   Philco-Ford 

Corp.'s  Space  and  Re-Entry  Systems  Div.  $7,805,000  fixed-price-incen- 
tive-fee contract  for  development,  production,  and  launch  of  two  com- 
sats for  NATO.  First  satellite  would  be  launched  from  ETR  in  late  1969 
by  Thrust-Augmented  Thor-Delta  booster  into  20,000-mi-altitude  syn- 
chronous orbit.  Second  v^ould  be  backup,  (afsc  Release  145.68) 
October  5:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Thor-Agena  D  booster  into  orbit  with  316-mi  (508.5-km)  apogee,  300- 
mi  (482.8-km)  perigee,  94.5-min  period,  and  74.9°  inclination.  (Pres 
Rpt  68) 

•  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Molniya  I— 10  to  relay  telephone  and  tele- 

graph communications  and  TV  programs  to  far  northern  and  far  east- 
ern U.S.S.R.  and  to  central  Asia.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  39,639 
km  (24,630.5  mi)  ;  perigee,  429  km  (266.6  mi)  ;  period,  711.9  min; 
and  inclination,  64.8°.  (uPi,  W  Star,  10/7/68,  A9;  AP,  NYT,  10/8/68, 
2;  GSYcSSR,  10/15/68) 

•  Republican  Presidential  candidate  Richard  M.  Nixon  issued  policy  state- 

ment, "The  Research  Gap:  Crisis  in  American  Science  and  Technol- 
ogy": U.S.  was  "shortchanging"  its  scientific  community  and  risking 
research  gap  between  U.S.  effort  and  that  of  U.S.S.R.  "Faced  with  dy- 
namic possibilities  for  science,  the  current  Administration  is  hobbled 
by  the  static  philosophy  that  technological  potentialities  are 
limited.  .  .  .  This  attitude  is  particularly  perilous  in  the  realm  of 
defense.  ...  In  few  areas  of  development  is  activity  so  intense  and 
productive  as  in  Soviet  military  research  and  development."  While 
U.S.S.R.  graduated  twice  as  many  scientists  annually  as  U.S.,  American 
scientific  community  was  "demoralized"  by  wavering  attitudes  toward 
R&D.  "Scientific  activity  cannot  be  turned  on  and  off  like  a  faucet.  The 
withdrawal  of  support  disperses  highly  trained  research  teams,  closes 
vital  facilities,  loses  spinoff  benefits,  and  disrupts  development 
momentum.  .  .  .  The  United  States  must  end  this  depreciation  of  re- 
search and  development  in  its  order  of  national  priorities.  ...  It 
would  be  an  urgent  goal  of  my  administration  to  devise  effective  means 
by  which  it  could  cooperate  with  industry  and  the  academic  community 
in  an  effort  to  make  maximum  use  of  scientific  advances  to  help  solve 
major  national  problems.  .  .  .  Our  goal  is  to  make  the  United  States 
first  again  in  the  crucial  area  of  research  and  development."  (Text; 
Walsh,  Science,  10/18/68,  335-7) 
October  6:  In  Washington  Sunday  Star  William  Hines  commented  on 
James  E.  Webb's  resignation  as  NASA  Administrator:  "Yes  .  .  .  there 
was  a  James  Webb.  He  had  his  faults,  God  knows,  and  a  peculiar  style. 

244 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  6 

Most  people  would  have  done  the  job  differently.  But,  on  balance,  it  is 
difficult  to  see  how  anyone  could  have  done  it  much  better."  (W  Star, 
10/6/68,  C4) 
October  7:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXLVI  into  orbit  with  317-km 
(197-mi)  apogee,  145-km  (90.1-mi)  perigee,  89.1-min  period,  and 
65.3°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Oct.  12.  [I nteraviaAir Letter, 
10/8/68,  11;  GSFC  SSR,  10/15/68) 

•  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  issued  order  dissolving  Apollo  204 

Review  Board  established  Jan.  27,  1967,  to  investigate  accidental 
Apollo  fire  of  that  date.  (Text) 

•  Resignation  of  James  E.  Webb  as  NASA  Administrator,  announced  Sept. 

16,  became  effective.  Deputy  Administrator,  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  as- 
sumed duties  as  Acting  Administrator,  (nasa  Off  of  Administrator;  Off 
of  Acting  Administrator) 

•  In  National  Observer,  Peter  T.  Chew  criticized  Americans  as  "uncertain, 

timid  farers  in  space."  During  "19-month  interregnum  in  manned 
space  flight"  occasioned  by  Jan.  27,  1967,  Apollo  fire,  "Americans  have 
become  obsessed  with  the  race  question  at  home  and  the  Vietnam  Wai 
abroad.  ...  If  some  doomsayers  are  to  be  believed,  the  vast  U.S. 
space  science  and  technology  establishment  put  together  during  the  last 
decade  will  be  systematically  dismantled  once  the  manned  Apollo  land- 
ing has  been  accomplished  because  NASA  has  'no  clear  mandate'  to  j,'o 
on;  cornfields  will  reclaim  the  great  rocket  and  spacecraft-testing 
sites  .  .  .;  the  solar  system  will  become  the  exclusive  playground  of 
Soviet  cosmonauts."  Yet  NASA's  mandate  to  explore  space  "for  the  bene- 
fit of  all  mankind"  had  been  set  down  in  legislation  establishing  the 
agency  and  did  not  end  with  the  moon.  If  anything,  "the  moon  is  the 
first  stepping  stone."  Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun  "stands  almost  alone 
among  the  country's  leaders  in  his  ability  to  express  in  understandable 
terms  just  why  we  are  going  to  the  moon — and  beyond.  ...  To  critics 
of  the  space  program  he  replies,  'Man  was  born  with  an  insatiable  nosi- 
ness  about  his  natural  environment.  ...  it  seems  to  pay  off  hand- 
somely, but  often  in  the  most  unexpected  way,  to  keep  satisfying  his 
curiosity  about  the  world  around  him."  (Natl  Obs,  10/7/68) 

•  NASA   announced   it   had    awarded   Technical    Information    Services    Co. 

$4.3-million  cost-plus-award-fee  contract  for  continued  operation  of 
NASA's  Scientific  and  Technical  Information  Facility  at  College  Park, 
Md.  Contract  would  extend  through  November  1969  with  two  one- 
year  options.  Current  contractor  was  Leasco  Systems  and  Research 
Corp.  (NASA  Release  68-173) 

•  Newsweek  said  nerva  project  had  "become  one  more  casualty  of  cut- 

backs in  the  space  program."  Workers  at  Nevada  test  site  "say  only  a 
skeleton  staff  will  be  left  on  the  project  by  spring."  {Newsweek, 
10/7/68) 

•  Sen.    Stuart    Symington    (D-Mo.)    said    on    Senate    floor:    "I    am    now 

confident  .  .  .  serious  consideration  should  be  given  to  canceling  the 
entire  Air  Force  F— 111  series.  ...  If  the  plane  is  fundamentally  un- 
sound— and  that  would  now  appear  to  be  the  case — its  termination 
would  prevent  the  loss  of  additional  billions  of  dollars — and  what  is 
more  important,  save  the  lives  of  many  pilots."  He  said  October  report 
of  Preparedness  Investigating  Subcommittee  of  Senate  Committee  on 
Armed  Services  "points  up  the  grave  security  deficiencies  that  have  re- 

245 


October  7  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

suited  from  the  Department  of  Defense  forcing  the  Air  Force  and  Navy 
to  put  all  the  eggs  of  their  aircraft  development  into  one  unfortunate 
basket."  (Text;  CR,  10/7/68,  S12148-51;  Witkin,  NYT,  10/8/68,  18; 
rPo5f,  10/8/68,  All) 
October  8:  Antennas  on  NASA's  Explorer  XXXVIII  (launched  July  4) 
were  each  successfully  extended  to  750-ft  maximum  length  and  damper 
boom  to  maximum  630  ft  by  ground  command.  Satellite's  antennas  had 
been  initially  deployed  to  455  ft  each  July  22  and  extended  to  600-ft 
each  Sept.  24.  Maximum  extension  completed  planned  antenna  deploy- 
ment sequence,  (nasa  Release  68-174;  NASA  Proj  Off) 

•  Senate  unanimously  approved  space  rescue  treaty,  providing  for  rescue 

and  return  of  astronauts  downed  on  foreign  soil.  It  had  been  signed  by 
'75  nations.  (CR,  10/8/68,  S12215-6;  AP,  B  Sun,  10/9/68,  AlO) 

•  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George  E. 

Mueller,  addressed  Ninth  National  Conference  of  United  Press  Interna- 
tional Editors  and  Publishers  in  Washington,  D.C. :  "For  the  conception 
and  construction  of  the  equipment  necessary  to  the  safe  transport  of 
men  into  space  and  for  their  accomplishment  of  productive  tasks  in 
that  nev/  atmosphere,  a  new  mix  of  professional  and  scientific  disci- 
plines has  been  created  which  has  forced  cooperation  between  engi- 
neers and  medical  doctors.  Many  of  the  technologies  which  are  essen- 
tial to  our  sending  three  men  to  the  moon  and  back  did  not  exist  a  few 
years  ago.  They  had  to  be  invented,  adapted  or  developed.  .  .  . 

"We  now  have  the  giant  boosters  which  have  released  man  from  his 
atmosphere,  and  .  .  .  life  support  systems  that  can  maintain  him  in 
space.  As  a  result  of  the  cleanliness  requirements  of  the  space  program 
we  have  the  largest  'clean  rooms'  in  the  world — rooms  which  hospitals 
are  now  emulating.  .  .  .  Over  600  computers  now  comprise  the  largest 
and  most  advanced  communications  system  in  the  world.  The  fuel  cell, 
which  had  lain  dormant  for  many  years,  was  activated  to  power  space- 
craft in  orbit.  Thirty  public  utility  companies  now  have  a  $27,000,000 
program  for  the  adaptation  of  the  fuel  cell  for  home  power  units.  We 
had  to  know  on  a  real-time  basis  how  fast  the  hearts  of  the  astronauts 
were  beating  while  they  were  in  space  .  .  .  how  much  oxygen  they 
were  using,  and  how  their  muscles  were  responding  ...  so  we  in- 
vented another  new  system,  biosensor  to  computer  to  data  gathering 
equipment,  and  through  communications  network  to  the  Manned 
Spacecraft  Center  at  Houston — from  100  ...  or  800  ...  or  from  1/4 
of  a  million  miles  out  in  space.  And  a  half  a  dozen  newly  formed  com- 
panies are  now  manufacturing  these  adapted  space-created  instruments 
for  the  use  of  doctors  and  hospitals  here  on  earth." 

In  conclusion  Dr.  Mueller  quoted  the  late  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Dryden,  first 
Deputy  Administrator:  "None  of  us  knows  what  the  final  destiny  of 
man  may  be — or  if  there  is  any  end  to  his  capacity  for  growth  and 
adaptation.  Wherever  this  venture  leads  us,  we  in  the  United  States  are 
convinced  that  the  power  to  leave  the  Earth — to  travel  where  we  will  in 
space— and  to  return  at  will — marks  the  opening  of  a  brilliant  new 
state  in  man's  evolution."  (Text) 
•  Commenting  on  James  E.  Webb's  retirement.  Sen.  John  Stennis  (D- 
Miss.)  said  on  Senate  floor,  "I  have  been  a  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  since  about  the  time  Mr.  Webb 
was  appointed  to  head  NASA.  I  am  not  given  unduly  to  praise  a  man.  I 

246 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  8 

am  not  impressed  by  a  title.  I  am  impressed  by  a  record.  But  I  am 
certainly  impressed  with  the  fact  that  Mr.  Webb  carried  out  his  respon- 
sibilities for  NASA  with  an  expenditure  of  $34  billion,  in  what  might  be 
called  a  crash  program;  and  I  have  not  seen  any  evidence  of  any  activ- 
ity of  his  except  that  clothed  in  the  highest  degree  with  integrity,  hon- 
esty, frankness  and  openness  in  his  dealings  with  the  committee,  with 
Congress,  as  well  as  with  the  public."  [CR,  10/8/68,  S12227-8) 

•  Dept.  of  State  said  it  would  issue  visas  to  35  Soviet  space  scientists  to 

attend  19th  Congress  of  International  Astronautical  Federation  (iaf) 
in  New  York  Oct.  13—19.  However,  it  might  recommend  cancellation  of 
sightseeing  tour  of  KSC  arranged  with  NASA  by  AIAA  for  scientists  from 
34  countries  attending  both  iaf  Congress  and  aiaa  annual  meeting  in 
Philadelphia  Oct.  21-25.  No  Soviet  scientist  had  yet  visited  KSC,  "ap- 
parently out  of  concern  that  the  United  States  would  ask  for  reciprocal 
rights  in  Russia  for  American  scientists,"  said  New  York  Times.  Rep. 
Paul  G.  Rogers  (D-Fla.),  in  letter  to  Secretary  of  State  Dean  Rusk,  had 
said  visit  was  inappropriate  in  light  of  U.S.S.R.'s  invasion  of  Czecho- 
slovakia, imprisonment  of  Pueblo  crew  by  North  Korea,  Soviet  aid  to 
North  Vietnam,  and  existence  of  Communist  regime  in  Cuba.  {NYT, 
10/9/68) 

October  8—10:  NASA  held  conference  at  LaRC  on  progress  of  NASA  research 
on  noise  alleviation  of  large  subsonic  jet  aircraft.  It  dealt  with  nacelle 
acoustic  treatment  technology  and  application,  noise  generation  and  re- 
duction at  source,  operational  considerations,  and  subjective  reaction. 
In  introductory  remarks,  NASA  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for 
Aeronautics  Charles  W.  Harper  said  NASA  support  for  research  pro- 
grams on  noise  had  risen  from  less  than  $1  million  per  year  to 
nearly  $18  million  in  1968,  most  of  which  was  used  to  obtain  industry 
support  for  program,  (nasa  SP-189) 

October  9:  Univ.  of  California  at  Los  Angeles  astronomer  Dr.  Kurt  Riegel 
and  graduate  student  Mark  Jennings  reported  discovery  of  cloud  of  in- 
tensely cold  interstellar  hydrogen  gas  near  region  of  galaxy  where  star 
formation  was  known  to  be  taking  place,  about  3,000  light  years  from 
earth  in  direction  of  Milky  Way.  Dr.  Riegel  said,  "The  implication  is 
that  the  process  of  star  formation  may  in  some  way  depend  on  the  cool- 
ing of  the  gas  floating  around  between  the  stars."  (Getze,  LA  Times, 
10/9/68) 

•  NASA  was  completing  tests  for  USAF  Cambridge  Research  Laboratories  in 

which  individual  plastic  hailstone  models  were  dropped  from  20,000-  to 
25,000-ft  altitudes  near  NASA  Wallops  Station  to  study  speed  at  which 
hailstones  fell  to  earth  and  its  effect  on  their  size  and  growth  rate  in 
atmosphere.  Wind-tunnel  tests  had  confirmed  that  size  and  weight  to 
which  naturally  formed  hailstones  would  grow  was  related  to  speed 
they  fell  and  thus  to  length  of  time  spent  in  storm  clouds.  Shape  and 
surface  roughness  affected  fall  speed  by  changing  drag  characteristics. 
Wallops  test  data  would  check  tunnel  results  and  would  be  applied  in 
predicting  growth  of  real  hailstones,  (nasa  Release  68—172) 
October  10:  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from  v^^SMR 
carried  Naval  Research  Laboratory  experiment  to  109.2-mi  (174.7-km) 
altitude  to  obtain  stellar  spectra  in  Scorpius  in  1,000—1,600  A  far  UV 
range  and  photometric  data  on  stellar  fluxes.  Rocket  performed  satis- 
factorily. Scientific  objectives  were  not  achieved  because  attitude  con- 

247 


October  10  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

trol  system  (acs)  malfunctioned  and  vehicle  failed  to  capture  and  point 
at  desired  targets.  Experiment  performed  as  expected,  but  because  of 
ACS  malfunction  no  film  was  advanced  by  spectrograph  or  aspect  cam- 
era. Some  photometric  data  were  obtained  by  Geiger  tube  photometers, 

(NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  Australian  House  of  Representatives,  by  60-30  vote,  defeated  opposition 

Labor  Party  motion  to  condemn  government  for  ordering  24  F— lllC 
fighter-bombers  from  U.S.  Crashes,  delays,  and  cost  increases  had  led 
to  major  criticism  of  government.  Deliveries  of  aircraft  were  18  mo  be- 
hind schedule.  Latest  U.S.  estimate  of  cost,  including  spares  and 
ground  equipment,  was  $294.63  milHon,  about  one-fourth  Australian 
defense  budget  for  1968—69.  There  was  no  ceiling  price  on  aircraft  and 
no  way  Australia  could  cancel  contract  without  $200-million  penalty. 
(AP,  W  Post,  10/11/68,  All;  NYT,  10/9/68,  12) 

•  NASA  announced  it  had  requested  proposals  by  Nov.  18  for  two  experi- 

mental turbofan  jet  engines  for  extensive  test  program  [see  Aug.  18]. 
Objective  was  to  reduce  two  major  sources  of  noise — interaction  of  jet 
exhaust  with  outside  air  and  noise  created  by  fan — ^to  produce  turbofan 
demonstrator  engine  operational  at  noise  level  at  least  15—20  db  below 
those  powering  DC-8  and  Boeing  707  aircraft.  Specifications  were  de- 
veloped at  LeRC  with  assistance  on  contract  from  Allison  Div.  of  Gen- 
eral Motors  Corp.  and  Pratt  &  Whitney  Div.  of  United  Aircraft  Corp.; 
McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.  studied  feasibility  of  integrating  quiet  engine 
with  DC-8.  (NASA  Release  68-175) 

•  Sen.  John  J.  Sparkman  (D-Ala.)  on  Senate  floor  said:  "President  John- 

son is  properly  called  the  principal  architect  of  America's  space  pro- 
gram. As  Senator  and  Vice  President  he  worked  unceasingly  to  assure 
this  country  a  role  of  leadership  in  the  exploration  of  space.  .  .  . 
Under  President  Johnson's  leadership  in  the  Senate  the  Space  Act  was 
passed  in  1958,  creating  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space 
Administration  .  .  .  setting  up  a  charter  to  win  for  this  country  a  pre- 
eminence in  the  peaceful  exploration  of  space.  NASA  pulled  to- 
gether widely  scattered  efforts  in  space  and  built  an  organization 
unique  in  this  country's  history.  It  has  contributed  to  the  technological 
competence  so  vital  to  modern  industrial  society."  (nasa  LAR  VII/108; 
CR,  10/10/68,  S12423) 

•  faa  published  report,  SRDS  Program  Goals,  Achievements  and  Trends, 

on  50  Systems  Research  and  Development  Service  projects  undertaken 
in  FY  1968.  Beacon  tracking  level  of  terminal  automation  would  pro- 
vide aircraft  identity,  altitude,  and  computed  ground  speed  on  air  traffic 
control  radarscopes.  Over  three  years,  automated  radar  tracking  system 
ARTS  III  would  be  installed  at  62  busiest  airports.  Computer-aided  ap- 
proach spacing  (CAAS)  system  would  give  more  consistent  spacing  of 
landing  aircraft.  R&D  eventually  would  lead  to  Category  III  all-weather 
landing  systems  (awls)  at  major  airports,  permitting  aircraft  to  land 
with  zero  ceiling  and  runway  visual  range,  (faa  Release  T— 68— 39) 
October  11:  Cosmos  CCXLVII  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit  with 
343-km  (213.1-mi)  apogee,  215-km  (133.6-mi)  perigee,  89.9-min 
period,  and  65.4°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Oct.  19.  (gsfc  SSR, 
10/15/68;  10/31/68) 

•  U.S.S.R.'s  Zond  V  could  be  precursor  to  next  step  in  flying  complex  un- 

manned missions  to  Venus  or  Mars  as  well  as  to  carrying  men  to  moon, 

248 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  11 

RAND  Corp.  Scientist  Merton  E.  Davies  and  Cal  Tech  scientist  Bruce  C. 
Murray  wrote  in  Science.  Soviet  descriptions  of  Zond  V  suggested 
U.S.S.R.  might  plan  to  send  pair  of  spacecraft  to  Mars  in  late  February 
or  early  March.  One  might  land  on  Mars  and  cast  off  satellite  to  orbit 
it  and  relay  signals  to  earth;  other  might  fly  by  Mars  and  return  to 
earth  with  film  of  Mars  surface.  Speculations  were  based  on  Pravda 
and  Krasnaya  Zvezda  (Red  Star)  articles  by  Soviet  Prof.  A.  Dmitriyev, 
which  said  "information  from  space"  must  be  delivered  "directly  to  the 
scientists'  laboratory"  free  of  "encumbrances  and  distortions  of  ra- 
dioed signals."  He  said  Zond  V  had  successfully  completed  assignment 
of  developing  means  and  methods  for  returning  space  devices.  Also, 
U.S.S.R.  had  previously  sent  pair  of  spacecraft  on  planetary  mission 
and  might  repeat  mission  to  take  advantage  of  favorable  Mars  or 
Venus  positions  for  flyby  or  landing  attempts.  {Science,  10/11/68, 
245-6;  Cohn,  W  Post,  10/11/68,  A9) 

•  President  Johnson  transmitted  NASA's  15th,  16th,  and  17th  Semiannual 

Reports  to  Congress  covering  July  1,  1966,  to  Dec.  31,  1967.  President 
wrote,  "I  commend  these  reports  to  your  attention.  They  contain,  I  be- 
lieve, concrete  evidence  that  NASA  is  moving  forward,  and  that  America 
is  contributing  mightily  in  the  worldwide  effort  to  conquer  space  for 
the  benefit  of  all  mankind." 

In  letter  accompanying  17th  report,  NASA  Administrator  James  E. 
Webb  wrote,  "This  period  was  overshadowed  by  the  Apollo  fire  which 
took  the  lives  of  three  of  our  astronauts.  The  thorough  investigation  of 
the  accident  and  the  steps  that  were  initiated  to  improve  safety  by 
changes  in  design  and  procedures  have  previously  been  made  matters  of 
public  record.  This  report  shows  that  the  same  period  was  also  one  of 
progress  in  aeronautics  and  space  as  evidenced,  for  example,  by  the 
successful  flights  of  Surveyor,  Lunar  Orbiter,  and  many  other  space- 
craft. It  was  a  difficult  time  for  NASA,  but  one  in  which  the  agency 
showed,  I  believe,  that  it  could  react  maturely  to  failure  as  well  as  suc- 
cess, and  continue  to  deserve  the  confidence  and  support  of  the  nation." 
(Text;  nasaL^/?  VII/III) 

•  Republican  Presidential  candidate  Richard  M.  Nixon  said  in  TV  pro- 

gram to  viewers  in  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arkansas,  and  Oklahoma,  Re- 
publican administration  v/ould  strive  to  make  U.S.  "first  in  space."  "I 
don't  want  the  Soviet  Union  or  any  other  nation  to  be  ahead  of  the 
United  States.  .  .  .  Let's  emphasize  the  moon  shot  and  others  where  we 
can  make  a  direct  break-through."  (W  Star,  10/12/68,  Al) 

•  President  Johnson  vainly  urged  Senate  ratification  of  nuclear  nonprolif- 

eration  treaty:  "If  the  treaty  does  not  go  into  effect  soon,  an  increasing 
number  of  countries  will  see  it  in  their  national  interest  to  go  nuclear." 
He  said  if  Senate  found  it  impossible  to  remain  in  session  to  act  on 
ratification,  he  might  call  special  session  after  election.  However,  after 
consulting  with  President  Johnson,  Senate  Majority  Leader  Mike  Mans- 
field (D-Mont.)  announced  he  was  laying  treaty  aside  for  this  session 
of  Congress  because  to  call  it  up  during  closing  days  would  result  in  "a 
devisive  political  dispute"  that  could  convert  it  into  partisan  issue  and 
imperil  its  eventual  approval.  (PD,  10/14/68,  1481;  CR,  10/11/68, 
S12685-90;  Finney,  NYT,  10/11/68,  12;  Kilpatrick,  W  Post, 
10/12/68,  A14) 

•  NASA  task  force  appointed  by  Assistant  Administrator  for  University  Af- 

249 


October  11  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

fairs  Francis  B.  Smith  announced  publication  of  A  Study  of  NASA  Uni- 
versity Programs,  containing  assessment  of  programs  and  their  benefit 
to  NASA  and  academic  community.  NASA  university  programs  had 
"made  major  contributions  to  aeronautics  and  space  program.  Re- 
search sponsored  .  .  .  has  generated  new  concepts,  has  developed  new 
technology,  and  has  created  unique  facilities  for  further  education  and 
research.  Over  50  percent  of  all  experiments  flown  on  NASA  satellites 
have  been  generated  by  university  programs.  Universities  have 
awarded  at  least  500  graduate  degrees  and  provided  continuing  educa- 
tion opportunities  to  thousands  .  .  .  [and]  university  consultants  have 
given  policy,  scientific,  and  engineering  advice  to  NASA  at  all  levels." 
(Text;  NASA  Release  68-177) 

•  NASA  had  asked  its  contractors  to  cut  KSC  personnel  10%  in  effort  to  save 

$40  million  by  July  1.  Boeing  Co.  had  already  announced  plans  to  re- 
duce 4,400-man  force  to  4,000.  Chrysler  Corp.  would  keep  1,000  of  its 
1,200.  Cutbacks  were  due  to  NASA  budget  cuts  and  affected  only  2%  of 
work  force,  (nasa  pao;  W  Star,  10/11/68,  A3) 

•  Comparison  of  infrared  images  of  lunar  eclipses  of  Dec.  19,  1964,  and 

April  13,  1968,  showed  thermal  anomalies  of  lunar  maria  unchanged 
after  31/2  yr.  Air  Force  Cambridge  Research  Laboratories  researchers 
reported  in  Science.  Graham  R.  Hunt,  John  W.  Salisbury,  and  Robert 
K.  Vincent  wrote  that  hundreds  of  hot  spots  that  cooled  more  slowly 
than  surroundings  were  strikingly  similar  in  images  from  both  eclipses. 
One  new,  linear  thermal  anomaly  had  been  discovered,  whose  close  re- 
lation to  lunar  crustal  fracture  line  suggested  it  might  be  of  internal 
origin.  Origin  could  give  clue  to  formation  of  craters.  {Science, 
10/11/68,  252-4) 
October  11—22:  NASA's  Apollo  7  (AS-205),  first  manned  mission  in  Apollo 
lunar  landing  program,  was  successfully  launched  from  KSC  Launch 
Complex  34  at  ll:02  am  edt  by  Saturn  IB  booster.  Primary  objectives 
were  to  demonstrate  command  and  service  module  (csm)  and  crew 
performance;  demonstrate  crew,  space  vehicle,  and  mission  support  fa- 
cilities; and  demonstrate  csm  rendezvous  capability.  All  launch  events 
occurred  as  planned  and  spacecraft,  carrying  Astronauts  Walter  M. 
Schirra,  Jr.  (commander),  Donn  F.  Eisele  (cm  pilot),  and  R.  Walter 
Cunningham  (lm  pilot),  entered  initial  orbit  with  177.8-mi  (286.1 -km) 
apogee,  138.2-mi  (222.4-km)  perigee,  89.9-min  period,  and  31.6°  incli- 
nation. Saturn  IB  2nd  stage  (S— IVB)  manned  control  test  was  com- 
pleted with  excellent  results,  and  S— IVB  separated  from  cSM  on  sched- 
ule. Crew  successfully  transposed  CSM  and  simulated  docking  by 
maneuvering  csM  to  within  four  or  five  feet  of  S-IVB. 

President  Johnson  sent  message  to  Apollo  7  crew:  "Everything  in 
the  Presidential  office  came  to  a  halt  as  Foreign  Minister  Debre  of 
France  and  I  watched  with  mounting  excitement  the  magnificent 
launch  of  the  Saturn.  .  .  ."  Message  was  relayed  from  Air  Force  I  as 
President  flew  from  Washington  to  visit  former  President  Harry  S. 
Truman. 

On  second  day  Schirra  told  ground  controllers  crew  was  too  busy  to 
set  up  portable  camera  for  live  TV  coverage  because  of  minor  but 
time-consuming  difficulties.  Astronauts  had  to  pump  waste  water  manu- 
ally from  spacecraft,  Schirra  and  Eisele  had  trouble  with  their  biomedi- 
cal harnesses,  Schirra  had  head  cold  symptoms,  spacecraft  evaporator 

250 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  October  11-22 

system  required  maintenance,  and  hatch  windows  blurred  and  were 
bordered  by  mysterious  "small  hairs  like  fuzz."  Crew  fired  SPS  engine 
for  10  sec  and  8  sec  to  set  up  rendezvous  and  maneuvered  CSM  to 
within  70  ft  of  tumbling  spent  2nd  stage,  simulating  techniques  to  be 
used  on  future  flights  if  LM  were  to  become  disabled  in  lunar  orbit. 
Crew  took  close-up  photos  of  LM  adapter  attached  to  2nd  stage.  S— IVB 
reentered  earth's  atmosphere  Oct.  18  and  splashed  into  Indian  Ocean. 

On  third  day  crew,  which  had  already  accomplished  half  its  objec- 
tives, photographed  clouds  and  earth  and  continued  checking  out  space- 
craft systems.  Power  faiiure  in  spacecraft's  AC  electrical  system  was 
quickly  restored,  but  overloading  prompted  officials  to  reschedule  third 
SPS  burn  20  hr  sooner  than  planned.  Burn  positioned  and  sized  ellipse 
for  CM  reaction  control  system  deorbit  in  case  of  emergency  and  set  up 
auxiliary  gaging  system  test.  Astronauts,  all  with  head  colds,  appeared 
on  national  TV  for  7  min  for  first  time  live  from  space.  Crew  displayed 
hand-printed  signs  bearing  greetings  from  "the  lovely  Apollo  room 
high  atop  everything." 

Second  live  telecast  for  11  min  Oct.  15  showed  closeups  of  spacecraft 
interior  and  astronauts  so  clear  that  observers  could  read  astronauts' 
lips.  Third  TV  appearance  Oct.  16,  which  included  nine-minute  tour  of 
spacecraft,  won  astronauts  honorary  membership  in  American  Federa- 
tion of  Television  and  Radio  Artists.  Later,  crew  successfully  fired  SPS 
engine  for  fourth  burn,  demonstrating  20,500-lb-thrust  engine's  mini- 
mum impulse  capability.  As  spacecraft  passed  over  Hurricane  Gladys 
in  Gulf  of  Mexico,  astronauts  photographed  storm  and  relayed  data  to 
Weather  Bureau  hurricane  center.  They  also  took  pictures  of  "long 
plume"  of  air  pollution.  Crew  continued  spacecraft  checkout,  guidance 
and  navigation  procedures,  and  TV  operations  on  seventh  day,  but 
fourth  telecast  was  smudgy.  Successful  67-sec  fifth  SPS  burn — longest  to 
date — was  performed  out  of  plane  to  test  auxiliary  gaging  system  and 
readjust  ellipse  for  lifetime  and  CM  reaction  control  system  deorbit. 

On  ninth  day  astronauts  showed  viewers  exceptionally  sharp  pictures 
of  main  control  panels  in  fifth  TV  broadcast  and  performed  close-order 
drill  to  demonstrate  movement  in  weightless  environment.  Sixth  SPS 
burn,  essentially  duplicate  of  fourth  minimum  impulse  test  burn,  was 
successfully  conducted.  Seventh  burn,  on  following  day,  adjusted  time 
phasing  for  backup  SM  reaction-control-system  deorbit  burns.  At 
259:39  get  astronauts  fired  SPS  engine  for  eighth  time,  to  deorbit  csM 
for  reentry,  cm/sm  separation,  parachute  deployment,  and  other  reen- 
try events  were  nominal,  and  spacecraft  splashed  down  in  Atlantic 
eight  miles  north  of  recovery  ship  U.S.S.  Essex  at  7:11  am  edt  Oct.  22 
after  completing  163  revolutions.  Crew  was  picked  up  by  helicopter 
and  flown  to  recovery  ship  within  one  hour  after  splashdown. 

All  primary  Apollo  7  mission  objectives  were  achieved,  as  well  as 
every  detailed  test  objective  and  three  not  originally  planned.  Crew  com- 
fort and  safety  were  enhanced  by  change  in  cabin  atmosphere  to  100% 
oxygen  in  flight,  hot  meals,  and  relatively  complete  freedom  of  motion  in 
spacecraft.  Engineering  accomplishments  included  live  TV  from  space 
and  drinking  water  produced  as  by-product  of  fuel  cells.  NASA's  Ats  III 
applications  technology  satellite  relayed  TV  pictures  to  Europe.  Service 
module  SPS  main  engine,  largest  thrust  engine  to  be  manually  thrust- 
vector  controlled,  proved  itself  by  accomplishing  longest  and  shortest 

251 


October  11-22 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


October  11-22:  Bearded  Apollo  7  astronauts  emerge  from  recovery  helicopter  which 
carried  them  from  landing  point  to  deck  of  U.S.S.  Essex  after  11  days  in  orbit  on  first 
manned  mission  in  Apollo  Program.  Left  to  right  are  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.  (com- 
mander), Donn  F.  Eisele  (cm  pilot),  and  R.  Walter  Cunningham,  (lm  pilot)  4.5 
million  miles  and  163  revolutions  after  launch. 

manned  SPS  burns,  and  largest  number  of  inflight  restarts.  Manual 
tracking,  navigation,  and  control  achievements  included  full  optical 
rendezvous,  daylight  platform  realignment,  optical  platform  alignments, 
pilot  control  of  launch  vehicle  attitude,  and  orbital  determination  by 
sextant  tracking  of  another  vehicle.  Mission  also  accomplished  first 
digital-autopilot-controlled  engine  burn  and  first  manned  S-band  com- 
munications. 

All  launch  vehicle  systems  performed  satisfactorily;  spacecraft  sys- 
tems functioned  with  some  minor  anomalies,  countered  by  backup  sub- 
system, change  in  procedures,  isolation,  or  careful  monitoring  so  that 
no  loss  of  systems  support  resulted. 

Apollo  7  spacecraft  had  been  redesigned  for  safety.  Original  two- 
piece  side  hatch  had  been  replaced  by  a  quick-opening,  one-piece  hatch. 
Flammability  within  CM  had  been  reduced  by  extensive  materials  sub- 
stitution, and  systems  redundancy  had  been  expanded  to  reduce  single 
failure  points.  Saturn  IB  launch  vehicle  carried  less  telemetry  and  in- 
strumentation equipment,  to  lower  weight  and  increase  payload  capa- 
bility. New  propellant  lines  to  augmented  spark  igniter  had  been  in- 
stalled in  J— 2  engine  to  prevent  failure  which  had  occurred  on  Apollo 
6. 


252 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  11-22 

Earlier  unmanned  Apollo  flights  had  yielded  all  spacecraft  informa- 
tion possible  without  crew  on  board.  Apollo  4  (launched  Nov.  9, 
1967)  and  Apollo  5  (launched  Jan.  22,  1968)  had  both  been  highly 
successful,  completing  inflight  tests  of  all  major  pieces  of  Apollo  hard- 
ware. Apollo  6  (launched  April  4),  despite  launch  vehicle  problems, 
had  attained  four  of  five  primary  objectives  and  had  been  recovered  in 
excellent  condition.  Apollo  program  was  directed  by  NASA  Office  of 
Manned  Space  Flight;  MSC  was  responsible  for  Apollo  spacecraft  devel- 
opment, and  KSC  for  launch  operations.  Tracking  and  data  acquisition 
was  managed  by  GSFC  under  overall  direction  of  NASA  Office  of  Track- 
ing and  Data  Acquisition,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  NASA  Releases  68-168K, 
68-179;  MSC  Historical  Off;  W  Post,  10/12-23/68;  B  Sun,  10/12/68; 
10/23/68;  W  Star,  10/13-19/68;  PD,  10/21/68,  1492) 
October  12:  Washington  Post  editorial  noted  total  cost  of  space  program  to 
date  was  upwards  of  $20  billion:  "The  expenditure  of  sums  of  money 
like  these  cannot  be  justified  in  terms  of  the  military  or  civilian  spin- 
off, although  both  have  been  substantial,  or  of  the  knowledge  we  have 
gained  about  the  atmosphere  surrounding  our  planet.  But  they  can  be 
justified  in  terms  of  the  national  prestige  that  is  to  be  won  or  lost  in 
space  and  of  the  inevitable  fate  of  man  to  pursue  knowledge  towards  its 
ultimate  end  in  hope  of  some  day  achieving  a  better  understanding  of 
what  the  earth  and  universe  are  all  about.  It  is  in  this  latter  hope  that 
we  cheer  the  astronauts  on,  wish  them  well  in  their  planned  163  orbits 
of  the  earth,  pray  for  their  safe  return,  and  urge  those  who  make  the 
crucial  decisions  about  the  future  space  program  to  proceed  with  all 
deliberate  speed  to  reach  the  goal  President  Kennedy  put  before  us." 
{W  Post,  10/12/68,  A12) 
•  "NASA's  10th  anniversary  was  celebrated  with  appropriate  fanfare,  but 
the  11th  anniversary  of  the  Space  Age,  which  came  during  the  same 
week,  slipped  by  with  barely  a  nod  of  recognition,"  James  J.  Haggerty, 
Jr.,  charged  in  Armed  Forces  Journal.  "It  should  have  been  given  more 
attention.  The  U.S.  needs  a  continual  reminder  that  we  were  dragged 
kicking  and  screaming  into  space  exploration,  that  the  U.S.  space  pro- 
gram was  born  only  out  of  reaction  to  the  accomplishments  of  another 
nation.  .  .  . 

"The  summary  for  11  years  of  space  launchings  shows  a  total  of  881 
launches  through  the  Oct.  4  anniversary  date.  About  400  of  all  the 
spacecraft  launched  still  are  in  orbit. 

"The  U.S.  enjoyed  a  considerable  quantitative  lead  at  the  end  of  the 
11-year  period.  It  sent  into  orbit  564  spacecraft,  or  64%  of  the  total, 
compared  with  298  spacecraft,  or  33%,  for  the  USSR.  .  .  . 

"Manned  flights,  of  course,  were  confined  to  the  U.S.  and  the  USSR. 
Through  the  anniversary  date  the  U.S.  had  launched  14  flights  involv- 
ing 24  astronauts  and  1,993  man-hours;  the  USSR  had  made  nine 
flights  with  12  cosmonauts  piling  up  532  man-hours."  {AFJ,  10/12/68, 
13) 
October  13:  New  observations  from  U.K.'s  Jodrell  Bank  Experimental  Sta- 
tion indicated  distance  estimates  to  pulsars  had  been  30  times  too 
short.  Observations  from  Australia's  Molonglo  Radio  Observatory  had 
identified  pulsar  PSR  1749—28,  believed  to  be  three  times  more  distant 
than  10  others  observed  to  date.  Despite  great  distance,  its  pulses  were 
more  powerful  than  those  of  all  but  one  other.  From  these  observa- 

253 


October  13  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

tions,  Jodrell's  Dr.  Graham  Smith  believed  pulsars  lay  in  distant  halo, 
not  in  Milky  Way.  (Sullivan,  NYT,  10/13/68,  74) 
October  13-19:  At  19th  Congress  of  lAF  in  New  York,  Dr.  Edward  C. 
Welsh,  NASC  Executive  Secretary,  read  message  from  Vice  President 
Hubert  H.  Humphrey,  Chairman  of  NASC:  "We  take  considerable  pride 
in  the  United  States  with  the  generally  open  nature  of  our  space  pro- 
gram and  in  the  manner  in  which  we  have  attempted  to  cooperate  with 
other  nations  in  space  participation  as  well  as  in  the  dissemination  of 
facts  and  theories  gleaned  from  our  space  experience.  .  .  .  man  has 
now  begun  to  make  the  space  far  beyond  the  Earth's  surface  a  part  of 
his  library  of  education  and  his  scope  of  achievement.  Now  more  than 
ever  before  the  way  of  the  future  must  be  the  way  of  nations  working 
together  to  harness  the  forces  of  nature  so  that  the  peaceful  pursuits  of 
mankind  may  flourish." 

Dr.  Welsh  said:  "I  would  place  high  on  the  list  of  benefits  those 
which  flow  from  increased  international  cooperation  in  the  field  of 
space.  .  .  .  stimulated  by  the  universal  desire  for  knowledge  [it]  has 
brought  somewhat  closer  together  the  peoples  of  the  world.  ...  as  the 
practical  applications  of  space  become  more  evident  in  the  form  of 
weather  predictions,  communications,  and  increased  knowledge  of  the 
world's  limited  natural  resources,  additional  strength  is  added  to  the 
foundation  for  peace."  (Text) 

Daniel  and  Florence  Guggenheim  International  Astronautics  Award 
of  $1,000,  made  annually  by  International  Academy  of  Astronautics  in 
recognition  of  outstanding  contribution  to  progress  of  space  research 
and  exploration  over  five-year  period,  was  presented  Oct.  18  at  lAF 
Congress  banquet  to  Dr.  Zdenek  Svestaka  of  Astronomical  Institute  of 
Czechoslovak  Academy  of  Sciences.  He  was  Chairman  of  Commission 
on  Solar  Activity  of  the  International  Astronomical  Union,  (iaf  iaa  Re- 
lease 34;  AIAA  Release  10/13/68) 

Soviet  scientist  Prof.  Leonid  I.  Sedov  in  news  conference  said 
U.S.S.R.  was  not  in  race  to  moon  with  U.S.  "The  question  of  sending 
astronauts  to  the  moon  at  this  time  is  not  an  item  on  our  agenda.  The 
exploration  of  the  moon  is  possible,  but  it  is  not  a  priority."  Prof. 
Sedov  said  Soviet  timetable  for  manned  expeditions  would  depend  on 
next  series  of  flight  tests  using  Zond  rocket.  Zond  V  was  successful,  he 
said,  "because  the  capsule  returned  safely,  which  was  the  purpose  of 
the  flight."  Regarding  U.S.— U.S.S.R.  scientific  cooperation,  "its  suc- 
cessful implementation  is  very  much  dependent  on  international  rela- 
tions." At  present,  he  said,  close  relations  did  not  exist.  {NYT, 
10/15/68,  48) 

Informal  meeting  of  international  space  scientists,  organized  by 
Northwestern  Univ.  UFO  expert.  Dr.  J.  Allen  Hynek,  in  conjunction 
with  IAF  Congress,  discussed  advisability  of  world  cooperation  on  UFOs. 
Several  speakers  urged  international  cooperation  such  as  uniform  UFO 
report  forms,  but  it  was  agreed  that  no  action  should  be  taken  until 
after  appearance  of  Univ.  of  Colorado  report  expected  later  in  year. 
(Sullivan,  NYT,  10/16/68,  12) 

Dr.  Harold  Masursky,  U.S.  Geological  Survey  astrogeologist,  re- 
ported to  IAF  analysis  of  data  from  spacecraft  that  had  orbited  and 
crashed  into  or  landed  intact  on  moon  had  shown  side  facing  earth  was 
largely  a  basin  similar  to  that  of  Pacific  Ocean.  It  seemed  more  like 

254 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  October  13-19 

earth  than  had  been  previously  believed.  Lunar  interior  had  been  mol- 
ten. Deep  cracks  in  its  crust  were  lined  with  craters  where  molten  mate- 
rial had  erupted  from  below.  Study  of  remains  of  giant  crater  in  west- 
ern Texas  had  shown  features  analogous  to  lunar  craters  wath  mountain 
in  center.  (Sullivan.  NYT,  10/19/68,  19) 
October  14:  nasa  successfully  launched  two  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rockets 
two  hours  apart  from  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  to  80- mi  (128.8-km)  alti- 
tudes. Purpose  of  launches  was  to  obtain  data  on  variation  of  tempera- 
ture, pressure,  and  wind  profile  by  detonating  19  grenades  per  rocket 
at  prescribed  times  and  recording  sound  arrivals  on  ground.  Data 
would  be  compared  with  data  from  two  launches  to  be  conducted  from 
Churchill  Research  Range  Oct.  15.  Rockets  and  instruments  performed 
satisfactorily;  sound  arrivals  were  recorded  for  all  grenade  ejections. 
Good  data  were  anticipated,  (nasa  Rpts  SRL) 

•  NASA  FY  1970  budget  request,  totaling  $4,698  billion,  was  submitted  to 

Bureau  of  the  Budget.  Subsequently,  Acting  Administrator  Thomas  0. 
Paine  met  with  bob  Director  Charles  J.  Zv>'ick,  and  bob  staff  members 
held  budget  hearings  with  NASA  officials,  (nasa  Off  of  Admin) 

•  Special   committee    of    National    Academy    of    Sciences   had    nominated 

Duke  Univ.  biochemist  Dr.  Philip  Handler,  Chairman  of  National  Sci- 
ence Foundation's  National  Science  Board,  to  succeed  Dr.  Frederick 
Seitz  as  nas  president.  Election  by  mail  ballot  would  be  held  in  Decem- 
ber. (NYT,  10/14/68,  33 1 

•  Barron's  editorial  criticized  concentration  of  space  funding  on  manned 

lunar  program  rather  than  on  military:  "Congress  in  its  wisdom  al- 
ready has  curtailed  funds  for  manned  flights  after  the  lunar  landing — 
the  so-called  Apollo  Applications  Program — and  it  could  usefully  wield 
an  even  sharper  axe.  The  money  might  far  better  go  toward  the  mili- 
tary exploitation  of  space,  which,  for  the  past  seven  years,  has  suffered 
from  dangerous  neglect.  Thus,  out  of  the  vast  sums  spent  on  space,  at 
most  one  dollar  in  six  has  had  a  military  bearing.  In  turn,  with  the 
possible  exception  of  the  Manned  Orbital  Laboratory  .  .  .  nearly 
every  cent  of  the  so-called  military  budget  has  gone  for  hardware  with 
a  passive  or  defensive  aim,  notably  satellites  for  reconnaissance,  com- 
munications, navigation  and  weather  forecasting.  In  striking  contrast, 
the  Soviet  Union  has  developed  and  tested  ...  a  weapon  aptly  known 
as  Scrag,  which  can  hurl  a  guided  missile  carrying  a  nuclear  payload 
of  15  megatons  or  more  into  a  partial  orbit  (hence,  fractional)  round 
the  earth.  To  anyone  in  his  right  mind,  fobs  constitutes  a  gross  viola- 
tion of  the  outer  space  treaty,  which  prohibits  the  placing  of  nuclear 
warheads  in  orbit.  However,  according  to  the  confused  legal  eagles  in 
the  State  Department  and  Pentagon  (if  not  to  some  future  hapless  pop- 
ulace which  finds  itself  on  ground  zero),  anything  less  than  a  full 
orbit  goes.  ...  In  the  interest  of  survival,  here  is  one  balance  the  U.S 
must  move  swiftly  to  redress.  .  .  .  The  first  duty  of  government  is  to 
protect  its  people.  Neither  the  Kennedy  nor  the  Johnson  Administration 
has  honored  that  trust."  (Barron's,  10/14/68,  15) 

•  Christian  Science  Monitor  editorial  listed  purchases  bought  by  S32.4  bil- 

lion spent  on  national  space  program  in  past  10  years:  manned-space- 
craft program  that  should  put  men  on  the  moon  within  a  year;  un- 
manned-satellite program  of  234  major  launches:  stable  of  space  rock- 
ets ranging  from  workhorse  Scout  with  thrust  of  88,000  lb,  to  Saturn  V 

255 


October  14  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

with  7,500,000  lb  of  thrust;  facilities  at  NASA's  15  installations  worth 
over  S2.5  billion;  staff  of  35,000  nasa  employees,  including  some  of  the 
nation's  top  scientists,  physicists,  and  engineers;  industrial  work  force 
that  peaked  at  more  than  400,000  (now  down  to  about  200,000)  ; 
global  tracking  network  stretching  around  the  world  that  can  track,  re- 
ceive telemetry,  control,  and  communicate  with  vehicles  as  far  away  as 
other  side  of  sun;  aeronautics  program  largely  unpublicized  but  con- 
stantly growing;  advances  in  technology  that  have  developed  new  elec- 
tronic parts,  power  sources,  alloys,  adhesives,  lubricants,  and  highly  re- 
liable hardware  components. 

"This  is  just  a  bare-bones  receipt  for  the  American  tax  payers'  $32 
billion.  But  it  represents  an  investment  that  is  already  producing  a  ci- 
vilian 'spinoff'  of  incalculable  value."  {CR,  10/14/68,  E9524) 
October  15:  NASA  launched  two  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rockets  from  Church- 
ill Research  Range  to  obtain  data  on  variation  of  temperature,  pres- 
sure, and  wind  profile  by  detonating  19  grenades  per  rocket  at  pre- 
scribed times  and  recording  sound  arrivals  on  ground.  Rockets  reached 
78.8-mi  (126.8-km)  and  77.8-mi  (123.5-km)  altitudes  and  performed 
nominally.  Sound  arrivals  were  recorded  from  all  grenades.  Data  would 
be  compared  with  data  from  Oct.  14  Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  launches. 
(NASA  Rpts  srl) 

•  NASA  Nike-Tomahawk  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wallops  Sta- 

tion carried  Univ.  of  Michigan  payload  to  211-mi  (340-km)  altitude  to 
investigate  role  of  quenching,  dissociative  recombination,  ionospheric 
decay,  and  nonthermal  electrons  on  airglow  during  decay  period  imme- 
diately following  sunset.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satisfac- 
torily; peak  altitude  was  as  predicted,  and  570  sec  of  telemetry  was 
received.  All  measuring  systems  functioned  properly  and  scientific  ob- 
jectives were  met.  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  Dr.  Kurt  Debus,  Director  of  KSC,  said  Saturn  IB  Launch  Complexes  34 

and  37  would  be  put  on  standby  basis  until  beginning  of  Apollo  Appli- 
cations program  in  late  1970,  with  reduction  of  1,315  personnel.  Shut- 
down, forced  by  space  budget  cuts,  would  save  NASA  $20  million.  Some 
10%  of  2,400  contract  work  force  would  be  affected,  with  1,000  engi- 
neers and  technicians  continuing  to  work  in  other  areas.  Complexes 
were  to  have  been  maintained  in  event  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle  encoun- 
tered serious  development  problems,  but  Dr.  Debus  said  this  insurance 
was  no  longer  needed,  (ksc  Release  463-68;  AP,  B  Sun,  10/16/68, 
A7) 

•  U.K.  Minister  of  State  in  Ministry  of  Technology,  J.  P.  W.  Mallalieu, 

told  House  of  Commons  U.K.  would  have  to  pay  U.S.  equivalent  of  $60 
million  in  cancellation  fees  and  other  expenses  connected  with  termina- 
tion of  its  order  for  50  F-111  aircraft  Jan.  16,  1968.  Order  was  valued 
at  $650  million  but  this  would  have  risen  to  $1  billion  with  computa- 
tion of  spares  and  10-yr  interest.  (WSJ,  10/15/68,  17) 
October  16:  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from 
WSMR  carried  Lockheed  Missiles  &  Space  Co.  experiment  to  96.6-mi 
(155-km)  altitude  to  obtain  quantitative  measurements  of  spectrum 
and  intensity  of  solar  x-ray  flux  in  2-  to  30-kev  range,  determine  distri- 
bution on  sun,  and  observe  galactic  x-ray  sources.  Rocket  and  instru- 
ments performed  satisfactorily.  All  detection  systems  on  payload 
acquired  useful  data.  Communications,  maintained  with  both  satellite  x- 

256 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  16 

ray  monitor  and  ground-based  optical  observer,  indicated  sun  was  in 
nonflaring  state  with  increasing  activity  on  west  limb,   (nasa  Rpt  SRl) 

•  Ray  Cromley  commented  in  Washington  Daily  News:  "It  is  one  of  the 

tragedies  of  the  moon  race  that  earth  satellite  programs  which  could 
revolutionize  certain  aspects  of  agriculture,  mineral  exploration,  TV 
broadcasting,  navigation,  weather  forecasting  and  flood  control  are 
being  squeezed  unmercifully  by  Apollo.  It  is  now  clear  that  these  un- 
publicized,  unromantic  programs  promise  unbelievably  large  payoffs. 
The  U.S.  return  .  .  .  has  been  conservatively  estimated  at  $400  million 
to  $1  billion  for  every  $100  million  invested  after  feasibility  research  is 
completed.  The  investments  could  be  private,  public  or  a  mixture  of 
both."  (W  Neivs,  10/16/68,  31) 

•  U.S.  and  Australia  signed  five-year  agreement  in   Canberra  to  expand 

scientific  cooperation  through  exchanges  of  scientists  and  information, 
to  participate  in  joint  research  projects,  and  to  include  scientists  and 
institutions  from  other  countries  in  some  projects.  (Reuters,  NYT, 
10/17/68,  14) 

•  MSFC  issued  to  nar's  Rocketdyne  Div.  two  contract  modifications  to  ex- 

tend engine  production  and  delivery.  An  $8.4-million  supplement  was 
awarded  for  extension  of  J— 2  engine  production  through  April  30, 
1970,  because  of  overall  stretch-out  of  launch  vehicle  production. 
Under  extension,  J— 2  engine  production  would  be  cut  from  three  en- 
gines per  month  to  one.  Contract  for  F-1  engine  deliveries  was  ex- 
tended through  June  1970  under  $4-million  modification  which  de- 
creased F— 1  production  rate  from  two  engines  per  month  to  one. 
(msfc  Releases  68-246,  68-247) 
October  17:  nasa's  Ats  IV  applications  technology  satellite  reentered 
earth's  atmosphere  over  South  Atlantic  southwest  of  St.  Helena  island. 
Spacecraft,  launched  Aug.  10,  had  remained  in  parking  orbit,  tumbling 
uncontrollably,  when  Centaur  engines  failed  to  reignite  for  second 
burn.  (NASA  Release  68-188) 

•  NASA  issued  summary  of  combined  findings  of  Accident  Board  and  Re- 

view Board  appointed  to  investigate  May  6  accident  which  destroyed 
Lunar  Landing  Research  Vehicle  (llrv)  at  Ellington  AFB.  Pilot,  Astro- 
naut Neil  A.  Armstrong,  had  to  eject  few  seconds  after  loss  of  helium 
pressure  in  propellant  tanks  caused  premature  shutdown  of  attitude 
control  rocket  system.  Helium  had  been  inadvertently  depleted  earlier 
than  usual  in  flight.  Armstrong  incurred  minor  injuries.  Review  Board, 
appointed  by  then  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine  to 
study  accident's  possible  impact  on  Apollo  program,  discovered  no  un- 
favorable effects  on  lunar  landing  project,  particularly  lunar  module.  It 
agreed  with  Accident  Investigation  Board  in  calling  for  improvements 
in  design  and  operating  practices  in  llrv  and  urged  more  stringent 
control  over  such  flying  programs  and  greater  attention  to  all  NASA 
lunar  landing  simulators.  (NASA  Release  68—182) 

•  Atmospheric  scientists  at  J  PL  and  Ohio  State  Univ.  announced  successful 

high-altitude  test  of  balloon-borne  spectrometer  to  measure  atmospheric 
radiation  emitted  in  four-micron  region.  Data,  obtained  on  flight  from 
National  Center  for  Atmospheric  Research  and  Information  station  at 
Palestine,  Tex.,  indicated  sunlight  reflected  from  earth  would  pose  no 
significant  obstacle  to  continuous  effective  operation  of  radiation  sen- 
sors on  spacecraft  in  earth  orbit.  Researchers  concluded  satellite-borne 

257 


October  17  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

instrument  could  probe  earth's  lower  atmosphere  for  global  weather 
prediction.  Test  marked  step  in  NASA  program  to  define  experiments  for 
manned  earth-orbiting  missions  in  Apollo  Applications  program.  (NASA 
Release  68—176;  Pasadena  Star-News,  10/17/68) 

October  17—18:  lAF  International  Institute  of  Space  Law  held  Xlth  Collo- 
quium on  the  Law  of  Outer  Space  in  New  York.  Lawyers  and  jurists 
from  17  countries  presented  papers  on  Treaty  on  Outer  Space,  Treaty 
on  Rescue  and  Return  of  Astronauts  and  Space  Objects,  telecommuni- 
cations by  satellites,  and  next  steps  in  space  law.  NASA  General  Counsel, 
Dr.  Paul  G.  Dembling,  presided.  (NASA  Hq  Memo) 

October  18:  RAM  c— II  radio  attenuation  measurement  mission  launched 
Aug.  22  was  adjudged  successful  by  NASA.  Good-quality  measurements 
of  electron  and  ion  concentrations  in  flow  field  were  obtained  at  dis- 
crete locations  along  the  spacecraft  during  reentry.  (NASA  Proj  Off) 

•  XB— 70A,  flown  by  nasa  test  pilot  Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr.,  successfully 

reached  52,000-ft  altitude  and  mach  2.18  in  flight  from  Edwards  afb  to 
evaluate  iLAF-exiter  vane  systems,  air  vehicle  performance,  and  han- 
dling qualities.  (XB-70  Proj  Off) 

•  USAF  announced  lifting  of  three-week  ban  on  F— lllA  flights  but  reim- 

posed  severe  limits  on  speeds  and  maneuvers  in  force  before  halt.  Re- 
strictions would  be  lifted  following  reinforcement  of  high-stress  area  of 
wing  box  to  distribute  load  more  evenly.  Investigation  of  Aug.  27 
ground  fatigue  testing  failure  had  shown  it  was  "due  to  an  isolated 
small  crack  induced  during  manufacturing  process  in  the  metal  sur- 
rounding a  bolt  hole."  No  other  such  imperfections  had  been  found. 
USAF  said  Sept.  23  F-lllA  accident  at  Nellis  AFB  had  occurred  when 
pilot  lost  control  because  of  excessive  rearward  shift  of  aircraft's  center 
of  gravity  following  fuel  transfer  to  which  crew  had  given  inadequate 
attention,  (dod  Release  947-68;  Witkin,  NYT,  10/19/68,  1;  B  Sun, 
10/19/68,  4;  AP,  W  Post,  10/19/68,  All;  W  Star,  10/22/68,  A9) 

•  ComSatCorp  reported  net  income  of  $5,054,000  (50  cents  per  share)  for 

first  nine  months  of  1968.  Income  included  $1,750,000  (17  cents  per 
share)  for  third  quarter.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68— 56) 

•  NASA  announced   it  had   released   tracking   ship   USNS    Watertown  from 

priority  role  of  reentry  support  for  Apollo  missions,  thus  effecting  re- 
duction in  operational  costs  required  by  budgetary  curtailments. 
Manned  Space  Flight  Network  land  stations  in  Pacific,  Apollo  tracking 
ship  Huntsville,  and  Apollo  range  instrumentation  aircraft  would  serve 
returning  Apollo  spacecraft  landing  in  preselected  Pacific  area,  (nasa 
Release  68-181) 

•  Sen.  Gordon  L.  Allott  (R-Colo.)  in  letter  to  Science  scored  "Understand- 

ing Gap"  between  scientific  community  and  Congress  and  taxpayers  on 
Federal  R&D  funding:  "We  are  limited  to  a  great  degree  by  revenue 
taken  in  by  the  Treasury  if  we  are  to  make  the  financing  of  our  na- 
tional debt  manageable.  Within  our  admitted  lack  of  expertise,  coupled 
with  an  appalling  lack  of  national  goals  or  a  system  of  priorities,  I 
think  we  do  a  fair  job  of  spreading  out  the  federal  dollar.  We  could  do 
better,  though,  with  some  constructive  help  from  the  scientific  commu- 
nity from  an  objective  and  realistic  appraisal  of  the  circumstances  and 
of  existing  realities,  and  we  could  benefit  from  the  establishment  of 
some  system,  either  a  Joint  Committee  or  something  similar,  which 
would  view  research  on  an  overall  basis,  which  would  review  national 

258 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  18 

goals  and  aspirations  and  which  might  .  .  .  make  a  stab  at  setting  up 
some  type  of  priority  list."  U.S.  "might  well  benefit  if  .  .  .  the  scien- 
tific community  would  become  'involved,'  would  drop  the  cloak  of  mys- 
terv,  and  take  the  time  to  explain,  not  just  to  us  in  Congress,  but  to  Mr. 
Taxpayer  as  w^ell,  just  what  it's  all  about."  {Science,  10/18/68, 
214^8) 
October  19:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCXLVIII  into  orbit  with  543-km 
(337.4-mi)  apogee,  473-km  (293.9-mi)  perigee,  94.7-min  period,  and 
62.2°  inclination.  (InteraviaAirLetter,  10/21/68,  6;  UPI,  W  Post, 
10/21/68,  All;  gsfc  SSR,  10/31/68) 

•  USAF  test  pilot  Maj.  William  J.  Knight  was  named  1968  winner  of  Har- 

mon International  Aviator's  Trophy  as  "world's  outstanding  pilot  for 
exceptional  individual  piloting  performance."  He  had  piloted  X-15  No. 
2  to  4,520  mph  Oct.  3,  1967.  Maj.  Knight  held  both  command  pilot  and 
USAF  astronaut's  command  wings,  having  piloted  research  aircraft  to 
280,000-ft  altitude.  (NYT,  10/20/68,  84;  CSM,  10/21/68) 

October  20:  Cosmos  CCXLIX  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit  with 
2,158-km  (1,340.9-rni)  apogee,  491-km  (305.1-mi)  perigee,  112.1-min 
period,  and  62.3°  inclination.  (AP,  B  Sun,  10/21/68,  A4;  gsfc  SSR, 
10/31/68) 

October  21:  GSFC  used  ruby  laser  to  track  Explorer  XXXVI  (Geos  II)  sat- 
ellite during  daylight,  a  significant  milestone  in  development  of  laser 
satellite-tracking  system.  (Cambridge  Research  Lab  PAO;  NASA  Release 
68-219) 

•  ComSatCorp,  on  behalf  of  INTELSAT  consortium,  signed  $72-million  con- 

tract \\ith  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  for  construction  of  Intelsat  IV  series  of 
advanced  comsats — four  spacecraft  and  one  prototype,  with  test  and 
ground  equipment.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68—57) 

•  Richard  Witkin  in  New  York  Times  quoted  "reliable  sources"  as  saying 

Assistant  Secretary  of  Defense  for  Systems  Analysis,  Dr.  Alain  C.  Ent- 
hoven,  had  forwarded  paper  to  Deputy  Secretary  of  Defense  Paul  H. 
Nitze  proposing  further  cuts  in  F-111  production,  including  cancella- 
tion of  interim  bomber  version.  Dr.  Enthoven,  specialist  in  calculating 
cost  effectiveness  of  competing  weapons  systems,  claimed  many  pro- 
jected F-111  missions  could  be  performed  by  much  cheaper  aircraft 
such  as  Ling-Temco-Vought  A-7.  {NYT,  10/21/68,  25;  Business 
Week,  10/26/68) 

October  21-23:  Tenth  National  Trendex  Poll  sponsored  by  Thiokol  Chemi- 
cal Corp.  reported  public  support  for  space  program  was  17%  higher 
than  in  1967.  Taken  after  successful  Apollo  7  mission,  it  showed  68%  of 
U.S.  public  favored  Apollo  program  to  land  man  on  moon  by  1970, 
21%  did  not,  and  11%  was  undecided  (in  September  1967  poll,  Apollo 
had  51%  support,  with  35%  opposed  and  14%  undecided).  Public  de- 
sire for  increased  Government  spending  on  space  was  at  its  highest  point 
in  five  years,  with  18%  in  favor,  as  against  7%  in  1967.  Support  for 
program  was  highest  among  college-educated,  those  under  35,  and  men; 
49%  favored  manned  space  exploration,  versus  25%  for  instrumented 
program;  60%  backed  planetary  exploration,  with  30%  opposed.  Fa- 
vored programs  after  Apollo  were:  (1)  reusable  space  system,  (2) 
lunar  exploration,  (3)  manned  space  stations,  (4)  manned  Mars  explo- 
ration. {CR,  1/6/69,  E64-6;  SBD,  12/16/68,  197-8) 

October  21-25:  At  Fifth  Annual  Meeting  and  Technical  Display  of  aiaa  in 

259 


October  21-25 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


October  19:  Test  pilot  Maj.  WiUiam  J.  Knight  (USAF)  was  named  winner  of  Harmon 
International  Aviator's  trophy.  In  photo,  he  inspects  connection  between  external  tank 
and  rocket-powered  X—15  No.  2,  which  he  flew  to  record  4,520  mph  Oct.  3,  1967.  Two 
tanks  supplied  additional  engine  propellant  for  increased  speed.  On  Oct.  24,  1968,  nasa 
test  pilot  William  H.  Dana  took  X—15  No.  1  on  last  flight  of  research  program. 


Philadelphia,  Boeing  Co.  Vice  President  John  M.  Swihart  announced 
abandonment  of  swing-wing  design  for  SST  in  favor  of  fixed-delta-wing 
aircraft  with  four  independently  mounted  engines  under  triangular  tail. 
Final  detailed  design  would  be  given  to  FAA  by  Jan.  15,  1969,  deadline. 
New  design  differed  from  delta-winged  Anglo-French  Concorde  and 
Soviet  Tu-144  in  wider  wing  span  and  horizontal  tail  which,  according  to 
Boeing  Vice  President  in  charge  of  SST  H.  W.  Withington,  made  pos- 
sible superior  control  at  low  speeds  and  compensated  for  more  drag  en- 
countered with  sweep-back  angle  of  wing.  Aircraft  cost  would  be  same 
as  swing-wing,  $40  million.  It  would  carry  same  number  of  passengers, 
280  or  more,  at  same  maximum  speed,  1,800  mph.  (Witkin,  NYT, 
10/22/68,  77;  UPI,  W  Post,  10/22/68,  All;  AP,  W  Star,  10/22/68, 
A3) 

Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  JPL  Director,  received  $5,000  AIAA  Louis 
W.  Hill  Space  Transportation  Award  "for  devising,  developing  and  su- 
pervising significant  space  and  satellite  programs  for  military  and  civil- 
ian agencies  of  the  United  States  Government."  ARC  Director  H.  Julian 
Allen  was  named  Honorary  Fellow  of  AIAA,  highest  membership  award 
given  by  Institute.  It  was  presented  annually  to  two  Americans  and  one 
foreign   national.   Other   1968   recipients  were   James   S.   McDonnell, 


260 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  October  21-25 

Chairman  of  Board,  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.,  and  England's  Sir 
Frank  Whittle,  often  called  father  of  jet  engine,  (aiaa  Releases;  ARC 
Release  68—15;  arc  Astrogram) 

October  22:  DOD  Systems  Analysis  Office  cost-effectiveness  proposal  submit- 
ted to  Secretary  of  Defense  Clark  M.  Clifford  called  for  elimina- 
tion from  budget  of  new  nuclear  submarines  requested  by  Adrc. 
Hyman  Rickover,  reduction  in  funds  already  approved  for  purchase  of 
antisubmarine  weapons,  and  retirement  of  more  than  20  diesel-powered 
submarines,  said  George  C.  Wilson  in  Washington  Post.  Proposal,  ac- 
cording to  sources,  was  to  postpone  high-speed  submarine  and  cancel 
development  of  "quiet"  one.  Its  severity  "illustrates  the  money  pinch 
the  Pentagon  finds  itself  in  as  it  tries  to  cut  billions  from  its  fiscal  1969 
budget  as  well  as  the  new  budget."  (W  Post,  10/22/68,  AlO) 

October  23:  usaf  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Thor-Burner  II  booster  into  orbit  with  529-mi  (838.3-km)  apogee, 
497-mi  (799.8-km)  perigee,  101.3-min  period,  and  99.0°  inclination. 
(Pres  Rpt68) 

•  NASA  successfully  deployed  40-ft-dia  parachute  with  predicted  10-lb-per- 

cubic-ft  dynamic  pressure  at  mach  3.5.  Parachute  was  ejected  from  five- 
foot-long  canister  which  had  been  propelled  to  33-mi  altitude  by 
three-stage  rocket  launched  from  WSMR.  Test  was  to  determine  possible 
use  of  parachute  for  aerodynamic  deceleration  in  planetary  entry  mis- 
sions. Another  test  in  Project  shape  (Supersonic  High  Altitude  Para- 
chute Experiments)  was  scheduled  for  November.  (NASA  Release 
68-185;  AP,  NYT,  10/27/68,  66) 

•  Ats   IV  mission    (launched   Aug.    10   and   reentered   Oct.    17)    was   ad- 

judged a  failure  by  NASA.  Satellite  had  remained  in  elliptical  parking 
orbit  instead  of  entering  planned  synchronous  orbit  when  Centaur  en- 
gines failed  to  reignite  for  second  burn.  Resulting  highly  elliptical  orbit 
precluded  meaningful  return  of  gravity  gradient  data.  Day-night  camera 
operated,  but  attitude  dynamics  precluded  reception  other  than  smeared 
unintelligible  pictures.  Electrical  operation  of  ion  engines,  microwave 
multiple  access,  and  microwave  wide  band  was  verified.  Boom  camera 
returned  good  photos,  including  some  of  earth.  (NASA  Proj  Off) 

•  NASA's  HL-10  lifting-body  vehicle,  piloted  by  Maj.   Jerauld  R.   Gentry 

(usaf),  failed  to  climb  to  desired  45,000-ft  altitude  after  air-launch 
from  B-52  aircraft,  apparently  because  of  rocket  engine  malfunction. 
Vehicle  glided  to  smooth  225-mph  emergency  landing  on  Rosamond 
Dry  Lake.  Flight  from  Edwards  AFB  was  to  have  been  HL— lO's  first 
powered  flight,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  LA  Times,  10/24/68) 

•  ^po//o  7  editorial  comment: 

Washington  Post:  ".  .  .  as  the  men  in  the  space  program  go  over 
the  data  on  Apollo  7  and  consider  the  alternatives  of  manned  or  un- 
manned flight  on  Apollo  8,  they  must  not  allow  anyone's  desire  to  beat 
the  Russians,  or  to  get  around  the  moon  by  the  end  of  1968,  or  to  fan 
public  interest  in  the  future  of  space  exploration  to  enter  into  their  cal- 
culations. Only  if  they  are  convinced  that  our  knowledge  is  sufficient, 
our  spacecraft  is  totally  adequate,  and  our  men  are  ready  should  they 
give  the  go  to  Astronauts  Borman,  Lovell  and  Anders  for  a  Christmas 
trip  into  space."  (F  Post,  10/23/68,  A24) 

Washington  Evening  Star:  "To  those  who  have  made  a  close  study 
of  the  space  program,    [Walter  M.]    Schirra  is  the  astronaut's  astro- 

261 


October  23  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

naut;  the  man  whose  ability  stands  out  in  that  company  of  the  super- 
able.  To  those  in  the  know,  Schirra  is  the  mischievous  perfectionist,  the 
naval  officer  who  lives  by  the  book  when  he  isn't  too  busy  carrying  out 
an  elaborate  practical  joke.  But  Schirra  will  surely  be  remembered  by 
the  public  as  the  astronaut  who  caught  cold,  who  growled  when  the 
alarm  clock  rang,  and  who  blew  up  when  he  was  pushed  too  far.  And  it 
may  be  that  Schirra's  greatest  contribution  to  the  space  program  is  that 
he,  the  most  superlative  of  the  supermen,  forcefully  demonstrated  to  the 
world  that  his  is  completely  and  refreshingly  human,"  (W  Star, 
10/23/68,  A20) 

Baltimore  Sun:  "The  toting  up  and  analysis  of  all  the  information 
brought  home  this  time  must  be  left  to  the  teams  of  experts.  So  must 
the  decisions  as  to  what  comes  next,  and  the  planning  such  decisions 
call  for.  The  public  is  content  to  know  that  three  men  in  a  spaceship 
have  added  another  brave  and  brilliant  chapter  to  a  history  of  which 
all  of  us  are  unreservedly  proud."  (B  Sun,  10/23/68,  A6) 

•  MSFC  issued  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.  $2,395,955-supplemental-contract 

agreement  for  qualification  test  program  to  verify  capability  of  main- 
taining S— IVB  stage  auxiliary-propulsion-system  modules  for  up  to  90 
days  with  propellants  loaded.  Award  brought  total  value  of  contract  to 
$965,568,493.  (msfc  Release  68-252) 

•  Smithsonian    Astrophysical    Observatory    dedicated    multipurpose    astro- 

nomical station  at  Mount  Hopkins,  Ariz.  Station,  supported  by  NASA 
Office  of  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition  and  Office  of  Advanced  Re- 
search and  Technology,  would  be  site  of  experimental  series  on  laser 
communications  to  be  conducted  by  NASA  and  Smithsonian.  (Smithson- 
ian PAO) 
October  24:  X-15  No.  1,  flown  from  Edwards  AFB  by  NASA  test  pilot  Wil- 
liam H.  Dana,  successfully  reached  255,000-ft  altitude  and  3,682  mph 
(mach  5.04)  in  199th  and  last  flight  of  program.  Purpose  was  to  con- 
duct WTR  experiment  and  check  out  fixed  alpha  cone  and  fluidic  probe. 
Flight  scheduled  for  Dec.  20  was  later  canceled  because  of  adverse 
weather.  It  was  not  rescheduled  because  NASA  announced  completion  of 
program  [see  Jan.  21  and  Dec.  20].  (X-15  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release 
68-221;  AP,  W  Post,  10/25/68;  SBD,  10/29/68,  289) 

•  Boosted    Areas    II    sounding    rocket   launched    by    NASA    from   Kiruna, 

Sweden,  carried  Uppsala  (Sweden)  Ionospheric  Observatory  payload  to 
65.2-mi  (104.3-km)  altitude.  Objectives  were  to  measure  electron  den- 
sity profile,  distribution  of  positive  and  negative  ions  and  secondary  x- 
rays  in  D  region  and  lower  E  region  of  ionosphere  during  auroral  glow, 
quiet  arc,  and  violent  and  pulsating  auroral  conditions  and  to  study  its 
effects  on  radio  wave  propagation.  Rocket  was  launched  in  conjunction 
with  three  others.  Rocket  performance  was  12%  below  predicted.  Exper- 
imental results  were  successful,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  was  negotiating  with  General  Electric  Co.  for  data  management  sys- 

tem costing  in  excess  of  $750,000  for  15  mo.  It  would  be  used  to  moni- 
tor data  from  Barbados  Oceanographic  Meteorological  Experiment 
(bomex),  in  which  NASA  would  assist  essa  during  1969.  Data  from  sat- 
ellites, five  to  seven  ships,  many  buoys,  and  from  high  in  atmosphere  to 
bottom  of  ocean  would  be  processed  by  system,  (nasa  Release  68—251) 

•  Rep.    Alphonzo    Bell    (R-Calif.)    told    American    Astronautical    Society 

meeting  in  Los  Angeles:  "In  evaluating  space  spending  as  a  budget 

262 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  24 

priority,  it  is  vital  to  consider  the  relationship  of  space  to  defense. 
.  .  .  Both  Russia  and  the  United  States  have  advance  surveillance  ca- 
pacity. ...  As  long  as  the  threat  of  nuclear  war  from  any  source  con- 
tinues, Russia  and  the  United  States  will  be  producing  ever  more  sophis- 
ticated orbital  'spies  in  the  skies'.  .  .  .  That  is  why  the  space  program 
of  the  United  States  never  is  going  to  be  abandoned.  It  will  always  be 
high  on  the  list  of  spending  priorities.  The  reason  is  not  charming,  but 
basic.  We  need  to  be  in  space  to  protect  ourselves.  ...  In  the  some- 
what more  distant  future  the  harvest  of  human  rewards  .  .  .  now  only 
beginning  .  .  .  will  prove  that  space  research  and  space  applications 
justify  a  continuing  high  priority."  (Text;  Aero  Daily,  10/29/68) 
October  25:  Soyuz  II  was  successfully  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit  with 
229-km  (142.3  mi)  apogee,  191-km  (118.7-mi)  perigee,  88.6-min  pe- 
riod, and  51.7°  inclination.  Satellite  later  was  used  in  rendezvous  ma- 
neuvers with  manned  Soyuz  III  [See  Oct.  26—30]  and  reentered  Oct.  28. 
(Lannan,  W  Star,  10/27/68.  Al;  SBD,  10/28/68,  279:  GSFC  SSR. 
10/31/68) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Clark  M.  Clifford  announced  decision  to  proceed 

with  program  for  turbine  electrical  drive  (quiet)  submarine.  He  had 
ordered  construction  of  high-speed  nuclear-propelled  attack  submarine 
July  1.  "The  close  re-examination  .  .  .  just  completed  has  convinced 
me  that  costly  as  it  is  [$150  to  S200  million  compared  with  $78  million 
for  new  Sturgeon  class  nuclear  attack  submarine],  there  is  no  cheaper 
and  effective  way  to  achieve  in  equal  time  desired  progress  in  noise 
suppression."   (dod  Release  971—68) 

•  NASA  announced  that  H.  Julian  Allen,  Vv'ho  joined  NACA  in  1936,  would 

retire  as  Director  of  Ames  Research  Center  Nov.  15.  ARC  Associate 
Director  John  F.  Parsons  would  serve  as  Acting  Director.  Leading  au- 
thority on  supersonic  and  hypersonic  wind-tunnel  design,  Allen  had 
originated  concept  of  bluntness  for  reentry  shapes — as  used  in  Apollo 
spacecraft — and  had  received  naca's  Distinguished  Service  Medal, 
NASA  medal  for  Exceptional  Scientific  Achievement,  AIAA  Sylvanus  A. 
Reed  AAvard,  and  Air  Force  Assn.'s  Air  Power  Trophy.  After  his  retire- 
ment Allen  would  be  available  to  NASA  as  a  consultant,  (nasa  Release 
68-183;  SBD,  10/28/68,  272;  nasa  Ann) 

•  New  York  Times  editorial  commented  on  failure  of  swing-wing  design 

for  SST:  "More  than  ever  now  the  burden  of  proof  is  on  those  who  urge 
that  billions  of  taxpayers'  dollars  be  spent  on  an  American  SST.  The  fal- 
libility of  their  judgment  has  been  demonstrated  in  the  loss  of  the 
swing-wing  gamble.  Is  there  reason  to  suppose  that  their  optimistic 
forecasts  about  the  profits  to  be  made  from  such  an  airplane  are  any 
sounder?  The  aerodynamics  of  different  wing  configurations  is  not  the 
only  thing  that  needs  to  be  assessed  in  the  current  re-examination  of 
the  SST."  ^(NYT,  10/25/68,  46) 

•  In  Washington  Evening  Star  Carl  T.  Rowan  wrote:  "Some  disenchanted 

Americans  shake  their  heads  as  they  note  the  poverty,  the  hunger,  the 
sickness,  the  ignorance  that  plague  the  earthlings  about  them,  and  they 
ask  what  logic  provokes  our  government  to  ignore  critical  problems  at 
hand  while  investing  vast  sums  in  space  ventures  of  doubtful  value. 
...  we  have  become  an  'either/or'  society.  .  .  .  Even  though  our  gross 
national  product  is  now  running  at  a  fantastic  level  of  $871  billion  a 
year,  it  is  absolutely  inconceivable  to  most  taxpayers  that  we  can  have 

263 


October  25  ASTRONAUTICS  AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

guns  and  butter,  space  spectaculars  and  dramatic  domestic  change.  .  .  . 
Well,  no  man  of  vision,  imagination,  or  hope  can  possibly  believe  that 
we  are  v.'rong  to  search  the  darkest  reaches  of  outer  space.  .  .  .  Who 
can  say  that  contributions  to  medicine,  to  weather  control,  to  science  in 
.  general,  to  the  problems  of  feeding  man,  to  national  defense,  and  ulti- 
mately to  peace  may  flow  from  the  space  program?"  Space  program 
was  "inherently  and  intrinsically,  justification  enough  for  spending 
$340  for  every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  America.  But  are  we  not  wise 
to  ask:  what  is  man  profited  if  he  harness  the  universe  and  yet  fail  to 
conquer  the  meanness  .  .  .  the  hatreds,  that  dog  those  who  inhabit  the 
earth?  .  .  .  Much  of  the  public  is  not  in  a  mood  to  finance  anything 
else.  So  we  shall  be  stuck  with  the  ordeal  of  setting  priorities  where 
there  is  scant  room  for  making  choices."   (W  Star,  10/25/68,  A15) 

•  MSFC  announced  Boeing  Co.  contract  modifications  totaling  $4,652,364 

for  Saturn  V  R&D,  to:  install  over  4,000  instrumentation  and  data 
acquisition  systems  in  special  2nd  stage  structural  test  verification  pro- 
gram to  confirm  design  of  lighter  weight,  more  powerful  2nd  stage 
for  fourth  Apollo/Saturn  V  and  subsequent  vehicles;  perform  an  abort 
and  alternate  mission  analysis  for  Apollo/Saturn  vehicles  503  through 
510;  and  perform  reliability,  quality,  and  component  qualification  pro- 
gram, special  prelaunch  analysis,  telemetry  systems,  and  Saturn  V/ 
Apollo  operations  system  safety  program.  Total  value  of  Boeing  Saturn 
V  systems  engineering  and  integration  contract  was  now  $213,443,238. 
(msfc  Release  68-253) 

•  USAf's  Space  and  Missile  Systems  Organization  announced  award  of  ini- 

tial increments  to  cost-plus-fixed-fee  contracts  with  McDonnell  Douglas 
Corp.:  $5-million  increment  was  awarded  to  $9,829,177  contract  for 
reentry  vehicle  developmental  flight  tests;  $756,285  increment  was 
av/arded  to  $1,739,105  contract  for  reentry  vehicle  environmental  com- 
ponents tests,  (dod  Release  974^68) 

•  Edward   J.    Schmidt,   Special   Assistant   to   General   Electric   Co.'s   Vice 

President  for  r&d,  was  sworn  in  by  NASA  Acting  Administrator,  Dr. 
Thomas  0.  Paine,  as  consultant  to  the  Administrator  in  management 
operations  as  affected  by  scientific  and  technical  information,  (nasa 
Release  68-189) 

October  26:  Business  Week  editorial:  ".  .  .  since  the  tragedy  on  the  launch 
pad  .  .  .  [Jan.  27,  1967]  nasa  and  its  thousands  of  supporting  compa- 
nies have  done  a  tremendous  job  in  rebuilding  the  spacecraft  and  in 
perfecting  the  safety  and  reliability  of  the  entire  Apollo  system.  The 
clear  message  of  Apollo  7  is  that  NASA  now  has  a  spacecraft  that  can 
take  men  to  the  moon  and  back  safely.  This  is  a  triumph  for  NASA  and 
for  U.S.  science,  engineering,  and  management.  {Bus  Wk,  10/26/68) 

October  26-30:  U.S.S.R.  successfully  launched  Soyuz  III,  carrying  Cosmo- 
naut Georgy  T.  Beregovoy,  from  Baikonur  Cosmodrome  with  "a  pow- 
erful rocket-booster,"  Tass  announced.  Spacecraft  entered  orbit  "close 
to  the  preset  one,"  with  205-km  (127.4-mi)  apogee,  183-km  (113.7-mi) 
perigee,  88.3-min  period,  and  51.7°  inclination;  all  equipment  was 
functioning  normally.  Launch  was  first  manned  Soviet  mission  since 
Soyuz  I  (April  23-24,  1967),  in  which  Cosmonaut  Vladimir  M.  Koma- 
rov  was  killed  when  spacecraft  crashlanded  following  reentry. 

Tass  later  announced  that  during   first  revolution  Soyuz  III   "ap- 
proached" to  within  200  m  (656  ft)  of  unmanned  Soyuz  II  (launched 

264 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  October  26-30 

Oct.  25),  initially  by  "an  automatic  system";  subsequent  operations 
were  performed  manually  by  Beregovoy.  On  Oct.  27,  Tass  said,  Berego- 
voy  "independently  oriented  the  ship  in  space  and  switched  on  the 
motor,"  to  alter  spacecraft's  orbit;  continued  conducting  scientific, 
technical,  medical,  and  biological  experiments  and  research;  transmit- 
ted TV  pictures  of  cabin  interior ;  and  approached  Soyuz  II  for  second 
time  before  it  reentered  Oct.  28.  Soyuz  III  remained  in  orbit  until  Oct. 
30,  completing  94  hrs  51  min  and  64  orbits,  before  it  softlanded  "with 
the  use  of  aerodynamics,"  in  a  preset  area  in  Soviet  territory.  (Lannan, 
W  Star,  10/27/68,  Al;  O'Toole.  IF  Post,  10/27/68,  Al;  Kamm,  NYT, 
10/27/68;  SBD,  10/28/68,  279;  10/31/68,  297;  AP,  IF  Post, 
10/28/68,  Al;  gsfc  SSR,  10/31/68) 
October  27:  Lightweight  plastic  foam  invented  by  ARC  scientists  Dr.  John 
A.  Parker  and  Salvatore  Riccitiello  showed  promise  for  industrial  fire 
protection,  particularly  fuel  fires.  Extremely  light  polyurethane  with  ad- 
ditives formed  tough,  protective  char  layer  when  exposed  to  flame, 
while  simultaneously  releasing  fire-extinguishing  gases  which  helped  to 
quench  flame.  Used  to  fill  airspaces  within  structures,  foam  would  pre- 
vent oxygen  from  reaching  and  feeding  a  fire.  Demonstrations  had 
shown  it  suitable  for  fire  protection  in  aircraft,  spacecraft,  homes,  and 
other  structures.  Other  possible  uses  included  automobiles,  boats,  trains, 
oil  refineries,  paint  and  chemical  processing,  and  laboratories.  Foam  was 
resistant  to  heat  flow,  making  it  an  excellent  insulator.  (NASA  Release 
68-187) 

•  In  New  York  Times  John  N.  Wilford  said  some  NASA  Hq.  officials  were 

"hesitant  to  approve  a  lunar  orbit  mission  out  of  fear  of  being  criti- 
cized for  taking  undue  risks  by  skipping  preliminary  test  flights.  They 
are  worried  about  the  spacecraft's  electrical  system,  which  developed 
some  minor  'bugs'  during  Apollo  7,  and  the  propulsion  system,  even 
though  the  on-board  rocket  apparently  performed  well  in  eight  firings 
during  Apollo  7."  If  lunar  mission  was  decided  on,  it  would  probably 
be  launched  Dec.  21  when  moon's  position  to  earth  would  require  mini- 
mum midcourse  rocket  firing  maneuvers  for  landing  and  light  condi- 
tions would  give  good  view  of  potential  lunar  landing  site.  First  astro- 
nauts on  moon  were  expected  to  stay  less  than  24  hr,  to  demonstrate  it 
could  be  done.  In  time  astronauts  would  make  many  return  trips  and 
would  roam  moon's  surface  in  "moon  buggies."  Day  might  come  when 
people  would  establish  lunar  colonies.  (NYT,  10/28/68,  12E) 

•  Dr.  Lise  Meitner,  nuclear  physicist  who  was  for  30  yr  scientific  partner 

of  Dr.  Otto  Hahn,  Nobel  Prize  winning  discoverer  of  nuclear  fission, 
died  in  Cambridge,  England,  at  age  89.  She  had  been  forced  to  leave 
her  work  with  Dr.  Hahn  and  flee  Nazi  Germany's  antisemitism  in 
March  1938,  nine  months  before  he  announced  results  of  experiments 
which  indicated  atom  could  be  split.  Dr.  Meitner  was  credited  with 
having  laid  much  of  theoretical  groundwork  for  atomic  bomb.  Though 
it  was  she  who  named  the  phenomenon  "nuclear  fission,"  she  took 
pains  to  disassociate  her  work  from  the  bomb  itself,  {NYT,  10/28/68, 

1) 
October  28:  NASA  outlined  six  steps  which  would  lead  to  final  decision  dur- 
ing week  of  Nov.  11  on  next  Apollo  manned  mission.  Apollo  8,  sched- 
uled for  December,  was  planned  as  manned  earth-orbital  mission  on 
Saturn  V  vehicle.  Because  of  Apollo  7  success,  nasa  was  considering 

265 


October  28  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

alternative  mission  possibilities:  earth-orbital  mission  deeper  into 
space,  circumlunar  flyby,  and  lunar  orbit. 

Steps — laid  out  by  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space 
Flight,  Dr.  George  E.  Mueller,  and  Apollo  Program  Director,  l/g  Sam- 
uel C.  Phillips — were:  detailed  analysis  and  review  of  Apollo  7  results 
to  determine  any  necessary  spacecraft  changes ;  final  certification  of  so- 
lutions to  Apollo  6  problems;  certification  of  strengthened  Saturn  V 
2nd  and  3rd  stage  fuel  lines  and  elimination  of  pogo  in  1st  stage ;  com- 
pletion of  ground  tests  before  Apollo  8  command  and  service  module 
(csm)  certification  for  lunar  flight;  completion  of  flight  computer  pro- 
grams for  deep  space  and  lunar  missions;  rehearsal  of  CSM  operations 
tests  with  mathematical  models  and  delivery  of  Apollo  8  CM  computer 
program;  and  completion  of  design  certification  reviews  of  launch  ve- 
hicle and  spacecraft  subsystems. 

Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  NASA  Acting  Administrator,  said,  "The  final 
decision  on  whether  to  send  Apollo  8  around  the  Moon  will  be  made 
after  a  thorough  assessment  of  the  total  risks  involved  and  the  total 
gains  to  be  realized  in  this  next  step  toward  a  manned  lunar  landing. 
We  will  fly  the  most  advanced  mission  for  which  we  are  fully  prepared 
that  does  not  unduly  risk  the  safety  of  the  crew."  (NASA  Release 
68-190;  upi,  NYT,  10/29/68,  14) 

•  Washington   Evening  Star  editorial:    "The  Russians   are   going   to   the 

moon  just  as  fast  as  their  technology  will  carry  them.  ...  It  is,  of 
course,  impossible  to  judge  what  lies  ahead  or  guess  what  problems  ei- 
ther nation  may  encounter  before  the  lunar  landings  are  carried  out. 
But  if  all  goes  well  it  looks  as  though  both  nations  might  be  ready  to 
go  in  about  a  year.  We  would  have  no  objection  at  all  if  a  way  could 
be  found  to  'fix'  the  race,  and  an  agreement  reached  to  make  the  land- 
ings literally  simultaneous.  It  would  be  one  way  of  assuring  that  nei- 
ther nation  would  pursue  the  goal  of  national  prestige  to  the  point  of 
tragedy."  (W  Star,  10/25/68,  AlO) 
October  29:  ESSA  said  "very  minor"  solar  flare  reported  at  7:18  am  EST  was 
accompanied  by  large  radio  burst  that  could  interfere  with  radio  com- 
munication. It  was  too  small  to  affect  U.S.S.R.  Cosmonaut  Georgy  T. 
Beregovoy  in  orbit.  (uPi,  JV  Post,  10/30/68,  A23) 

•  Army  Map  Service  technicians  were  building  22-  by  14-ft  hand-carved 

model  of  landing  site  astronauts  would  see  on  approaching  lunar  "tar- 
get area,"  to  assist  NASA  in  simulating  manned  landings  on  moon. 
Model,  part  of  lunar  module  simulator  (lms),  would  be  constructed 
from  high-fidelity  lunar  relief  map  made  from  Orhiter  IV  and  V  pho- 
tography, (dod  Release  966—68) 

•  NASA  announced  retirement,  effective  Nov.  1,  of  Werner  R.  Kuers,  Direc- 

tor of  MarshaU  Space  Flight  Center's  Manufacturing  Engineering  Lab- 
oratorv  since  1961.   (msfc  Release  68-257;  Marshall  Star,  10/30/68, 

•  msfc  awarded  Boeing  Co.  $1,404,548  contract  modification  to  predict 

and  evaluate  orbital  heating  effects  of  liquid-hydrogen  boil-off,  supply 
thermal  criteria  and  profiles  related  to  Saturn  V  2nd  stage,  assist  with 
Saturn  V  preflight  reviews,  and  provide  configuration  accounting. 
Award  brought  total  contract  to  $212,128,585.  (msfc  Release  68-256) 
October  30:  Award  of  $70,000  Nobel  Prize  in  physics  to  Univ.  of  Califor- 
nia at  Berkeley  Prof.  Luis  W.  Alvarez  and  in  chemistry  to  Yale  Univ. 

266 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  October  30 

Prof.  Lars  Onsager  meant  U.S.  had  won  all  three  Nobel  science  catego- 
ries for  1968,  as  it  had  in  1946.  Awards  in  medicine  and  physiology 
[see  Oct.  16|  went  to  U.S.  geneticists.  Dr.  Alvarez  was  cited  for  "deci- 
sive contributions"  in  early  1960s  to  physics  of  subatomic  particles  and 
techniques  for  their  detection.  Dr.  Onsager  was  honored  for  findings 
published  in  1931  and  sometimes  regarded  as  fourth  law  of  thermody- 
namics, "the  reciprocity  relations  of  Onsager,"  which  could  determine 
interrelation  between  voltage  and  temperature  as  electric  current  flowed 
through  metal  wire.  Awards  would  be  presented  in  Stockholm  Dec.  10. 
(Lannan,  W  Star,  10/30/68,  Al;  Lee,  NYT,  10/31/68,  1;  O'Toole,  W 
Post,  10/31/68,  A25) 
October  31:  U.S.S.R.  launched  two  Cosmos  satellites.  Cosmos  CCL  entered 
orbit  with  845-km  (525.1-mi)  apogee,  735-km  (467.8-mi)  perigee, 
100.6-min  period,  and  74°  inclination.  Cosmos  CCLI  entered  orbit  with 
226-km  (140.4-mi)  apogee,  170  km  (105.6-mi)  perigee,  88.3-min  pe- 
riod, and  64.7°  inclination  and  reentered  Nov.  18.  Both  satellites  func- 
tioned normally,  (gsfc  SSR,  10/31/68;  11/30/68;  SBD,  11/4/68,  12) 

•  Dr.  William  H.  Pickering,  J  PL  Director,  and  Dr.  Lee  A.  DuBridge,  Cal 

Tech  President,  presided  at  unveiling  of  historical  marker  at  JPL  com- 
memorating test-firing  of  rocket  engine  Oct.  31,  1936,  by  students  of 
Cal  Tech's  Guggenheim  Aeronautical  Laboratory  under  the  late  Dr. 
Theodore  von  Karman.  With  firing,  Cal  Tech  had  become  first  univer- 
sity actively  to  sponsor  rocket  research.  Its  work  had  gained  Govern- 
ment sponsorship  and  later  had  led  to  establishment  of  JPL.  (JPL  Re- 
lease 492;  Diebold,  LA  Times,  11/1/68) 

•  NAS  President  Dr.  Frederick  Seitz  announced  William  W.  Rubey,  profes- 

sor of  geology  and  geophysics  at  Univ.  of  California  at  Los  Angles  had 
been  named  Director  of  Lunar  Science  Institute,  Houston,  Tex.  NAS  had 
accepted  interim  responsibility  for  operation  of  Institute  until  consor- 
tium of  universities  could  be  formed  to  assume  its  direction.  Formation 
of  Institute  had  been  announced  by  President  Johnson  March  1,  1968, 
to  provide  base  for  academic  scientists  participating  in  lunar  explora- 
tion program,  working  in  Lunar  Receiving  Laboratory,  or  using  other 
facilities  of  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  devoted  to  study  of  the  moon.  It 
was  to  serve  also  as  center  for  analysis  and  study  of  lunar  data  ob- 
tained from  NASA  unmanned  missions,  (nasa  Release  68—191;  NAS  Re- 
lease) 
October  31— November  1:  Soviet  academician  and  aerospace  scientist.  Prof. 
Leonid  I.  Sedov,  visited  Univ.  of  Tennessee  Space  Institute  during 
AiAA-sponsored  tour  of  U.S.  At  press  conference  he  said  U.S.S.R.  would 
reach  moon  from  orbital  station  but  this  was  not  crux  of  Soviet  effort 
in  space.  "Other  planets  are  just  as  important."  Zond-type  satellites 
would  circumnavigate  other  planets  and  return.  In  question  and  answer 
period  following  lecture  he  said  U.S.S.R.  would  not  conduct  manned 
lunar  space  operation  within  following  six  months. 

In  lecture.  Prof.  Sedov  said  it  was  "obvious  that  space  technology 
and  the  associated  research  have  a  pronounced  stimulating  effect  on  the 
development  of  the  technological  fields  .  .  .  essential  for  large-scale 
progress — particularly  in  the  development  of  automatic  control  sys- 
tems; in  radio  engineering,  television,  and  telemetry;  in  computer  tech- 
nology ;  in  the  preparation  of  new  materials  and  new  devices ;  in  minia- 

267 


October  31-November  1  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

turization  and  minimum- weight  design;  in  problems  associated  with 
accuracy  and  reliability  of  automatic  systems.  .  .  ."  It  was  clear  that 
"space  technology  has  become  pivotal  in  modern  industry  in  the  broad- 
est sense  of  the  word." 

Dr.  G.  G.  Chernyi,  Moscow  Univ.  professor,  also  participated  in  semi- 
nar. (Transcripts;  Aero  Daily,  11/7/68,  29) 

During  October:  Soviet  Science  in  the  News,  Electro-Optical  Systems,  Inc., 
publication,  said  review  of  Soviet  technical  press  indicated  U.S.S.R. 
would  attempt  to  orbit  manned  space  station  within  the  year  and  that  it 
possessed  "well-devised  and  thoroughly  realizable  designs."  First 
"rooms"  of  station  would  comprise  Cosmos  or  Proton  booster  joined 
with  Soyuz  spacecraft.  Additional  rooms  would  combine  solid  and  in- 
flatable elements  like  polyethylene.  Tests  of  water  recovery  systems  in 
Pacific  indicated  broadening  of  Soviet  techniques.  Six  vessels  had  been 
completed  for  ocean  recoveries  of  spacecraft.  Conclusion  of  Soviet  sci- 
entists that  weightlessness  had  adverse  effect  on  human  skeletal  compo- 
sition seemed  to  indicate  space  station  would  use  artificial  gravity. 
'Rotation  of  space  station  of  from  40  to  60  meters  in  diameter  would 
generate  sufficient  artificial  gravity  to  allow  large  number  of  scientists 
to  work  in  space."  [SSN,  10/68,  1;  Aero  Daily,  10/16/68) 

•  Dr.  Robert  C.  Seamans,  Jr.,  former  NASA  Associate  Administrator 
(1960-67)  and  now  mit  professor  and  consultant  to  the  NASA  Adminis- 
trator, was  nominated  as  AiAA  President  for  1969.  [A&A,  10/68,  106) 


268 


November   1968 


November  1 :  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCLII  from  Baikonur  Cosmodrone 
into  orbit  with  2.148-km  ( L334.7-mi)  apogee,  531-km  (330-mi)  peri- 
gee. 112.4-min  period,  and  62.3°  inclination.  (W  Star,  11/1/68; 
SBD,  11/4/68,  12;  gsfc  SSR,  11/15/68) 

•  NASA  XB-70,  flown  by  nasa  test  pilots  Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr.,  and  Fmil 
Sturmthal,  reached  41,000-ft  altitude  and  mach  1.62  in  flight  from  Ed- 
wards AFB  to  obtain  stability  and  control  data  and  to  test  ilaf.  (XB— 70 
ProjOff) 

November  2:  President  Johnson  presented  NASA  Distinguished  Service 
Medal,  nasa's  highest  award,  to  recently  retired  NASA  Administrator 
James  E.  Webb  at  ceremony  in  Johnson  City,  Tex.  He  also  awarded 
cluster  to  NASA  Exceptional  Service  Medal  held  by  Apollo  7  commander 
Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  and  Exceptional  Service  ]\Iedals  to  Apollo  7  As- 
tronauts R.  Walter  Cunningham  and  Donn  F.  Eisele. 

President  said  U.S.  was  "ready  to  take  that  first  great  step  out  into 
the  solar  system  and  on  to  the  surface  of  the  nearest  of  the  many  mys- 
terious worlds  that  surround  us  in  space."  Noting  that  Apollo  7  had 
logged  more  than  780  man-hours  in  space — more  than  had  been  logged 
"in  all  Soviet  manned  flights  to  date" — and  had  accomplished  56  mis- 
sion objectives,  as  many  "in  this  one  flight  as  were  accomplished  in  the 
first  five  manned  flights  of  the  Gemini  spacecraft,"  he  said:  "This  is 
not  important  as  either  a  game  or  a  contest.  But  it  is  important  because 
the  United  States  of  America  must  be  first  in  technology  if  it  is  to  con- 
tinue its  position  in  the  world.  I  believe  today,  as  I  did  when  we  had 
our  original  hearings  that  created  the  Space  Administration,  that  the 
United  States  must  be  first." 

President  read  citation,  presenting  Medal  to  Webb  for  "outstanding 
leadership  of  America's  space  program  from  1961  to  1968.  .  .  .  More 
than  any  other  individual  he  deserves  the  credit  for  the  great  achieve- 
ments of  the  United  States  in  the  first  decade  of  space,  and  for  helping 
man  to  reach  outward  toward  the  stars." 

Webb  responded:  "The  citation  and  medal  .  .  .  should,  in  my  view, 
be  converted  into  some  kind  of  holographic  substance  so  it  could  be 
divided  into  thousands  of  parts  .  .  .  and  each  part  should  really  go  to 
an  outstanding  person  in  NASA,  in  our  scientific  group,  working  in  our 
universities,  and  in  the  great  industrial  organizations  of  this  country 
that  have  really  done  the  work."  (Transcript:  Citation:  PD,  11/8/68, 
1568-71) 
•  In  Prague  newspaper  Mlaba  Fronta,  Czechoslovak  Academy  of  Sciences' 
astronomer  Dr.  L.  Krivsky  said  "very  dangerous"  radiation  from  solar 
radio  storm  might  have  forced  premature  ending  of  U.S.S.R.'s  Soyuz 
III  mission  Oct.  30.  He  implied,  said  Neiv  York  Times,  that  U.S.S.R. 
had  either  been  unaware  or  had  failed  to  consider  radio  storm  forecast 
for  late  October.  iNYT,  11/3/68,  35) 

269 


November  2 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


November  2:  President  Johnson  reads  citation  before  presenting  NASA's  Distinguished 
Service  Medal  to  James  E.  Webb,  who  retired  as  nasa  Administrator  Oct.  7.  Medal  was 
given  for  outstanding  leadership  of  America's  space  program. 


Business  Week  commented  on  results  of  "two  bad  decisions  by  agencies 
of  the  federal  government."  Boeing  Co.  was  scrapping  swing-wing  con- 
cept on  SST  in  favor  of  fixed-wing  and  "word  seeped  out  of  the  Penta- 
gon that  a  real  fight  has  developed  over  whether  to  cut  back  production 
of  .  .  .  F— 111."  How  were  such  mistakes  to  be  prevented  in  future? 
"One  lesson  that  emerges  ...  is  that  the  government  must  learn  to 
avoid  premature  commitment  to  any  huge-scale  project.  .  .  .  Another 
lesson  is  that  in  such  major  decisions,  an  independent,  technologically 
competent  judgment  should  be  brought  to  bear  on  the  issue.  On  the 
F— 111,  the  President's  Science  Advisory  Council  did  not  even  look  at 
the  design  features  of  the  aircraft.  On  the  SST,  a  Special  Presidential 
Advisory  Committee  was  set  up,  but  it  was  chaired  by  [then  Secretary 
of  Defense  Robert  S.]  McNamara  and  was  dominated  by  top  Adminis- 
tration officials.  Such  changes  in  procedures  may  not  wipe  out  all  mis- 
takes, but  they  could  greatly  reduce  the  chances  of  astronomically 
costly  blunders."  {Bus  Wk,  11/2/68) 


270 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  November  3 

November  3:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Thor-Agena  D  booster  into  orbit  with  177-mi  (284.8-km)  apogee,  108- 
mi  (173.8-km)  perigee,  88.8-min  period,  and  82.1°  inclination.  Satel- 
lite reentered  Nov.  23.  iPres  Rpt  68) 

November  4:  President  Johnson  released  Noise — Sound  Without  Value,  re- 
port of  Federal  Council  for  Science  and  Technology  task  force,  and 
challenged  industry,  universities,  and  public  authorities  to  attack  noise 
in  environment  from  many  sources.  He  directed  Federal  departments 
and  agencies  to  undertake  or  expand  noise  abatement  programs. 
Among  recommendations  endorsed  by  President,  report  said:  NASA 
should  complete  studies  of  community  response  to  airport  noise,  in  ad- 
dition to  HEW,  DOT,  and  hud  studies  of  effects;  NASA  and  DOT  should 
continue  air  transport  noise  abatement  research;  DOD  and  NASA  should 
continue  to  study  and  set  standards  for  noise  in  special  situations;  and 
DOT  should  develop  sonic-boom-control  standards.  (Text;  PD, 
11/11/68,  1575-6) 

•  Neiv  York  Times  editorial  commented  on  award  of  all  1968  Nobel  Prizes 

in  science  and  medicine  to  U.S.  citizens:  ".  .  .  there  are  real  and  im- 
portant roots  of  American  scientific  prowess  which  need  to  be  under- 
stood and  fostered  so  that  future  achievement  may  match  or  excel  that 
of  the  past.  This  country's  hospitality  to  refugees  from  political  tyranny 
and  to  those  seeking  to  better  themselves  economically  has  brought 
rich  rewards  particularly  in  science  and  technology.  The  nation's  huge 
investment  in  education  has  permitted  able  young  people  to  develop 
their  talents.  Generous  Government  support  of  basic  research  has  given 
the  nation's  scientists  the  tools  and  the  material  security  needed  for  the 
realization  of  their  potential  excellence.  The  abundant  returns  from 
these  policies  provide  good  reason  for  maintaining  them  so  that  Ameri- 
can science  can  continue  to  flower."  (NYT,  11/4/68,  46) 

•  In  Aviation  Week  &  Space  Technology  editorial,  Robert  Hotz  said:  "The 

element  of  sharp  competition  between  the  U.S.  and  the  USSR  in 
manned  space  flight  has  unquestionably  forced  progress  at  a  much 
more  rapid  pace  than  if  either  nation  were  going  it  alone.  .  .  .  Much 
has  already  been  learned  by  these  competitors  from  each  other.  It  is  a 
pity  that  the  Soviets'  obsession  with  secrecy  bars  them  from  a  more 
fruitful  international  exchange  of  technology.  .  .  . 

"Events  of  the  past  month  have  put  the  space  race  into  high  gear 
again.  With  a  lunar  window  opening  in  December,  it  is  a  strong  possi- 
bility that  both  the  U.S.  and  the  USSR  can  launch  a  manned  circumlu- 
nar  mission  as  another  step  towards  the  ultimate  lunar  landing.  With  a 
Soyuz  and  an  Apollo  carrying  the  Hammer  and  Sickle  and  the  Stars 
and  Stripes,  respectively,  around  the  moon  at  about  the  same  time,  it 
would  require  a  phlegmatic  world  indeed  not  to  get  excited  at  these  ex- 
traterrestrial Olympics."  (Av  Wk,  11/4/68,  11) 
November  5:  Republican  candidate  Richard  M.  Nixon  was  elected  Presi- 
dent of  United  States,  with  302  electoral  votes  from  32  states  and  popu- 
lar vote  of  30,041,582,  or  43.42%.  Democratic  candidate  Hubert  H. 
Humphrey  polled  191  electoral  votes  from  14  states  and  29,817,385  pop- 
ular votes,  or  43.10%.  American  Independent  Party  candidate  George 
C.  Wallace  won  45  electoral  votes  and  9,242.950  popular  votes,  or 
13.36%.  While  space  had  not  been  major  issue  in  election,  candidates 

271 


November  5  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1960 

had  made  statements  in  support  of  space  program  in  campaign 
speeches,   (nasa  eh;  CQ  Weekly  Rpt,  11/8/68,  3071) 

•  Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences  President  Mstislav  V.  Keldysh  told  Moscow 

news  conference  Soyuz  III  spacecraft  flown  by  Cosmonaut  Georgy  T. 
Beregovoy  Oct.  30  was  intended  only  for  earth  orbit.  He  said  U.S.S.R. 
might  send  animal  on  lunar  mission  before  sending  human  to  ascertain 
that  cosmic  radiation  was  not  too  dangerous.  (AP,  B  Sun,  11/6/68, 
A2) 

•  USAF  awarded  separate  $3,941,500  contracts  to  Westinghouse   Electric 

Corp.  and  Hughes  Aircraft  Co.  for  20-mo  competition  to  develop  new 
attack  radar  system  for  ZF— 15A  (formerly  FX)  advanced  air  superior- 
ity fighter  aircraft.  Awards  were  initial  obligations  of  contracts  which 
would  total  $22  million  during  FY  1969  and  FY  1970,  Winner  would 
be  selected  after  flight  tests  and  evaluation  of  both  radar  prototypes. 
(dod  Release  1006-68;  WSJ,  11/6/68, 13) 
November  6:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Titan  III— B  booster  into  orbit  with  249-mi  (400.7-km)  apogee,  90-mi 
(144.8-km)  perigee,  89.8-min  period,  and  106°  inclination.  Satellite 
reentered  Nov.  20.  {Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  National  Radio  Astronomy  Observatory  astronomers  at  Green  Bank,  W. 

Va.,  disclosed  discovery  of  first  pair  of  pulsars,  near  Crab  Nebula,  6,000 
light  yr  from  earth.  Through  association  with  the  decayed  star,  they 
might  provide  clue  as  to  pulsars'  identity.  (Cohn,  W  Post,  11/7/68, 
A4) 

•  With  task  of  designing  equipment  for  U.S.  space  program  largely  over 

and  because  of  cuts  in  NASA  spending,  hundreds  of  scientists  and  engi- 
neers were  losing  their  jobs  or  getting  out  "while  the  getting  is  good," 
said  Peter  H.  Prugh  in  Wall  Street  Journal.  Boeing  Co.  was  laying  off 
several  hundred  at  New  Orleans  and  Cape  Kennedy;  its  Huntsville 
work  force  was  down  from  4,600  in  1966  to  3,000,  with  more  cuts  com- 
ing. Chrysler  Corp.  had  cut  employment  at  New  Orleans  from  3,300  to 
1,500  and  most  of  its  900  Cape  Kennedy  employees  faced  layoffs  or 
shifts  to  other  cities.  Huntsville  office  of  Alabama  State  Employment 
Service  said  area  employment  had  declined  3,500  in  past  year  with  big- 
gest drop  in  aerospace  field. 

Space  scientists  and  engineers  were  finding  even  mundane  jobs  difii- 
cult  to  land  because  of  their  specialized  skills  and  relatively  high  salary 
demands.  Exodus  was  worrying  space  experts,  "who  fret  that  a  new 
emphasis  on  U.S.  space  efforts  or  new  military  needs  would  leave  com- 
panies hard  pressed  to  fill  the  rows  of  desks  being  vacated  now." 
{WSJ,  11/6/68, 1) 

•  AFSC    Commander,   Gen.    James   Ferguson,    addressing   Fourth   Biennial 

Guidance  Test  Symposium  at  HoUoman  afb,  N.  Mex.,  cited  missile 
guidance  needs  and  said  U.S.S.R.  was  "working  night  and  day  to  upset 
the  status  quo.  There  are  a  number  of  possible  advances  or  even  break- 
throughs that  would  give  them  decided  advantages  over  us.  We  would 
be  most  unwise  to  let  them  take  a  lead  in  technology  through  our  lack 
of  decisive  effort.  We  must,  at  all  times,  maintain  a  technical  momen- 
tum in  order  for  our  nation  to  maintain  adequate  strength  across  the 
entire  spectrum  of  deterrence."  (Text) 

•  NASA  announced  appointment  of  Dr.  Mathias  P.   Siebel  as  Director  of 

MSFc's  Manufacturing  Engineering  Laboratory,  replacing  W.  R.  Kuers, 

272 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  November  6 

who  retired  Nov.  1.  Dr.  Siebel  had  been  Deputy  Director  of  Laboratory 
since  going  to  MSFC  in  1965.  (msfc  Release  68-262) 

•  Ham,  first  chimpanzee  successfully  launched   on  space   flight    [Jan.   31, 

1961],  and  now  11  yr  old,  was  among  five  great  apes  at  National  Zoo 
who  reacted  positively  to  tuberculosis  tests,  according  to  zoo  veteri- 
narian. Dr.  Clinton  W.  Gray.  Animals  were  under  treatment  and  ex- 
pected to  be  fit  for  exhibiting  again  within  60  to  90  days.  (Schaden,  W 
Star,  11/6/68,  B2;  Elsberg,  W  News,  2/14/69,  5) 
November  7 :  NASA  Nike- Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA  Wal- 
lops Station  carried  GSFC  payload  to  64.4-mi  (103.6-km)  altitude  to  de- 
termine absolute  value  of  positive  ion  concentration  in  D  and  E  regions 
of  ionosphere.  Quadrupole  mass  spectrometer  for  measuring  relative 
abundance  of  positive  ions  malfunctioned  and,  consequently,  launch  of 
two  supporting  rockets  was  postponed.  Vehicle  performance  and  trajec- 
tory were  good  and  experimental  related  events  functioned  well  and  on 
time.  (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  Nike-Apache  sounding  rocket  launched  from  Thumba   Equatorial 

Rocket  Launching  Station  carried  Physical  Research  Laboratory  exper- 
iment to  93.2-mi  (150-km)  altitude  to  measure  absolute  flux  and  en 
ergy  spectrum  of  x-rays  from  sources  in  constellations  Scorpius,  Tau- 
rus, and  Centaurus  and  time  variation  of  x-ray  fluxes  from  Scorpius 
and  Centaurus  sources.  Experiment  also  would  survey  southern  sky  for 
undiscovered  x-ray  sources.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  performed 
satisfactorily.  Good  x-ray  data  were  reported,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  arc  Astrogram  reported  successful  completion  of  first  in  series  of  studies 

by  Ames  Biomedical  Research  Branch  in  which  primates  had  been  re- 
strained in  chairs  for  98  days  to  provide  information  on  calcium  metab- 
olism and  bone  mineralization  when  normal  weight  load  on  bones  was 
altered  as  in  weightlessness  in  space.  Results  showed  that  with  applica- 
tion of  weight  loads  on  certain  bones  loss  of  calcium  in  urine  was 
within  normal  limits;  without  load,  control  animal's  calcium  loss  was 
elevated  and  lasted  throughout  experiment.  X-rays  showed  normal  bone 
mineralization  in  vertebrae  and  bones  of  loaded  pig-tailed  monkey, 
while  unloaded  animal  sustained  mineral  loss.  Studies  would  determine 
methods  for  prevention  of  bone  changes  and  improve  safety  and 
efficiency  of  manned  space  flights,  (arc  Astrogram,  11/7/68,  2) 

•  NASA  released   Delta  launch   vehicle   for   Nov.   8  launch   of   Pioneer   D 

after  completion  of  "corrective  actions"  to  prevent  repetition  of  vehi- 
cle's first  flight  failure  Sept.  18.  Delta  No.  59,  carrying  Intelsat  III— A 
(Intelsat  III/F— 1) ,  had  been  destroyed  shortly  after  liftoff  when  vehicle 
began  breaking  up.   (nasa  Release  68-195) 

•  U.S.S.R.  celebrated  51st  anniversary  of  Bolshevist  Revolution  in  Moscow 

with  missile  display  which  included  no  new  weapons.  (AP,  W  Star, 
11/7/68,  A3) 
November  8:  NASA's  Pioneer  IX  (Pioneer  D),  fourth  in  series  of  five  space- 
craft designed  to  provide  continuing  measurements  over  solar  cycle  at 
widely  separated  points  in  interplanetary  space,  was  successfully 
launched  from  ETR  by  Thrust-Augmented  Improved  Thor-Delta 
(DSV— 3E)  booster  into  orbit  around  sun.  Orbital  parameters:  aphe- 
lion, 0.99  astronomical  unit  (au),  or  92.04  million  mi  (148.10  million 
km)  ;  perihelion,  0.75  au,  or  69.71  million  mi  (112.19  million  km)  ; 
period,  297.55  days;  and  inclination  0.09°. 

273 


November  8  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

Test  and  Training  Satellite  Tetr  II  (tetr— b)  carried  pickaback  on 
2nd  stage,  was  successfully  ejected  after  3rd-stage  burnout  and  entered 
orbit  around  earth  with  582.3-mi  (937-kin)  apogee,  231.3-mi  (373-km) 
perigee,  97.9-min  period,  and  32.8°  inclination.  S-band  transponder 
was  operating  properly.  Tetr  II  was  follow-on  Tetr  I  (formerly  desig- 
nated Tts  I;  launched  pickaback  on  Pioneer  VIII  Dec.  13,  1967), 
which  was  highly  successful  in  testing  Apollo  communications  network. 

Primary  mission  objective  of  147-lb,  drum-shaped  Pioneer  IX  was  to 
collect  scientific  data  on  electromagnetic  and  plasma  properties  of  in- 
terplanetary medium  for  period  covering  six  or  more  passages  of  solar 
activity  centers.  As  secondary  mission,  Pioneer  IX  would:  (1)  acquire 
data  when  highly  significant  solar  event  occurred;  (2)  refine  primary 
determinations  of  earth  and  moon  masses,  the  astronomical  unit,  and 
osculating  elements  of  earth's  orbit;  (3)  provide  synoptic  study  of  so- 
lar-interplanetary relations;  and  (4)  provide  target  for  checkout  of 
Manned  Space  Flight  Network  equipment  and  training  of  operations 
personnel  by  launching  Test  and  Training  Satellite  as  secondary  pay- 
load.  Pioneer  IX  separation,  boom  deployment,  and  first  solar  orienta- 
tion occurred  as  planned  and  all  eight  experiments  were  operating  prop- 
erly and  returning  good  data. 

Pioneer  VI  (launched  Dec.  16,  1965),  Pioneer  VII  (launched  Aug. 
17,  1966),  and  Pioneer  VIII  (launched  Dec.  16,  1967)  were  all  suc- 
cessful and  were  continuing  to  transmit  excellent  data.  Pioneer  pro- 
gram was  managed  by  ARC  under  OSSA  direction.  (NASA  Proj  Off;  NASA 
Release  68-192;  UPI,  W  News,  11/8/68;  W  Post,  11/9/68,  AlO;  AP, 
LA  Times,  11/9/68;  Lannan,  W  Star,  11/11/68,  A17;  SBD,  11/12/68, 
46;  GSFC,  SS/?,  11/15/68) 

•  Bureau  of  the  Budget  issued  tentative  allowance  of  $3,623  billion  for 

NASA's  FY  1970  budget  request,  (nasa  Off  of  Admin) 

•  American  Nuclear  Society  held  panel  session  in  Washington,  D.C.,  on 

"The  U.S.  Space  Program:  Achievements  and  Objectives." 

Dr.  Edward  C.  Welsh,  nasc  Executive  Secretary,  declared:  "We  must 
step  up  the  rate  at  which  we  tap  the  vast  potential  of  nuclear  energy  for 
the  space  activities  of  tomorrow.  .  .  .  if  we  do  not  make  greater  use  of 
nuclear  energy,  we  will  neglect  our  mission  of  learning  rapidly  more 
and  more  about  the  solar  system  in  which  we  live  and  about  the  planet 
where  we  reside.  In  the  field  of  propulsion,  chemical  rockets,  both  liq- 
uid and  solid,  can  be  vastly  improved  when  combined  with  the  prod- 
ucts of  nuclear  technology."  Combining  nuclear  stage  with  Saturn  V 
"will  greatly  increase  that  rocket's  power  of  achievement.  •  .  .  Not  only 
will  we  have  the  vast  power  of  the  atom  at  our  command,  but  it  will  be 
compact,  self-contained,  long  lived,  highly  maneuverable,  and  virtually 
independent  of  its  surrounding  environment.  .  .  .  Atomic  energy  will 
enable  the  space  effort  to  reach  for  the  infinite."  (Text) 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Research  and  Technol- 
ogy James  M.  Beggs  discussed  "Research  and  Technology  for  the  Fu- 
ture": "The  difference  between  success  and  failure  of  [NASA]  missions 
.  .  .  lies  in  our  knowledge  of  the  flight  sciences  and  our  skill  for  apply- 
ing this  knowledge  to  the  development  and  operation  of  space  vehicles. 
...  A  natural  characteristic  of  technology  is  its  multiapplicability ;  an 
improvement  in  guidance  or  communication  equipment,  for  example, 
may  find  many  uses  in  space  missions  as  well  as  non-aerospace  applica- 

274 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  November  8 

tions.  A  key  to  making  this  process  productive  ...  is  a  continuing 
research  program  .  .  .  that  has  a  good  balance  between  the  effort  in 
the  scientific  and  engineering  disciplines  and  in  the  technologies  needed 
to  explore  the  unknown."  (Text) 

Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  MSFC  Director,  said:  "The  first  practical 
application  of  space  electric  power  systems,  which  have  been  under  de- 
velopment over  the  past  10  years,  may  well  be  found  in  our  second  gen- 
eration orbital  space  station  program.  Consistent  with  our  present  esti- 
mates of  station  initial  power  requirements,  and  allowing  for  growth,  a 
zirconium  hydride  reactor  coupled  with  a  thermoelectric  conversion 
system  is  being  studied  for  application  on  such  a  space  station."  (Text; 
Reuters,  B  Sun,  11/14/68,  AlO) 

•  MSFC  announced  Boeing  Co.  had  been  issued  $239,000  contract  for  10- 

mo  study  defining  two-stage  derivative  of  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle. 
With  1st  (S-IC)  and  3rd  (S— IVB)  stages  and  instrument  unit  of  Sat- 
urn V,  vehicle  could  place  up  to  158,000  lb  in  low  earth  orbit.  Varying 
the  number  of  F— 1  engines  in  S— IC  could  tailor  vehicle  to  specific  mis- 
sions. Five-engine  configuration  could  put  into  orbit  Saturn  I  Work- 
shop with  airlock  and  multiple  docking  adapter,  plus  Apollo  Telescope 
Mount  and  Apollo  CSM  and  three-man  crew.  Three  Saturn  IB  vehicles 
would  be  required  to  do  same  job.  Vehicle  could  resupply  space  sta- 
tions and  could  be  used  for  synchronous  orbits  and  unmanned  lunar 
and  planetary  flights  at  major  savings  over  three-stage  Saturn  V.  Two- 
stage  version  was  called  "Intermediate  20."  With  Centaur  3rd  stage,  ve- 
hicle could  send  about  15,000  lb  to  Jupiter  or  Saturn. 

MSEC  also  had  signed  $22,826,736  contract  modification  with  North 
American  Rockwell  Corp.'s  Rocketdyne  Div.  for  continued  production 
support  of  J— 2  engines  used  on  Saturn  IB  and  Saturn  V  boosters. 
Modifications  would  improve  engines'  versatility,  (msfc  Releases 
68-264,  68-266) 

•  NAS-NRC  Space  Science  Board  issued  Physics  of  the  Earth  in  Space — A 

Program  of  Research:  1968-1975,  report  of  NASA-supported  study  by 
31  scientists  at  Woods  Hole,  Mass.,  Aug.  11-24.  Report,  dated  October 
and  fourth  by  Board  to  provide  guidance  for  NASA's  programs  in  space 
physics,  said  results  of  decade  of  research  by  artificial  satellites  were 
"revolutionary;  few  of  the  concepts  of  the  early  1950's  have  survived 
without  major  revision  and  totally  unexpected  discoveries  have  pro- 
vided fundamentally  new  theoretical  challenges."  And  "results  of  to- 
day's space  research  on  the  physics  of  the  Earth  in  space  become  the 
engineering  design  data  of  tomorrow's  civilian  and  defense  applications 
programs." 

Report  defined  program  of  satellite,  space-probe,  and  sounding 
rocket  missions  for  concerted  attack  on  questions  of  fundamental  physi- 
cal mechanisms  of  sun-earth  system,  in  contrast  to  past  decade's  explor- 
atory surveys.  It  emphasized  coordinated  investigations,  new  experi- 
mental techniques,  and  major  observation  effort  during  1974^1975  low 
solar  activity.  Recommendations  included  continued  NASA  support  for 
balloon,  aircraft,  and  ground-based  observations  and  of  advanced  de- 
velopment of  spacecraft  instruments;  better  means  of  data  handling 
and  adequate  support  for  data  analysis;  and  restoration  of  NASA  pro- 
gram of  predoctoral  traineeship  grants  to  1966  level.  (Text) 

•  Astronomers  reported  in  Science  conclusion  neither  NASA's  Mariner   V 

275 


November  8  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

(launched  June  14,  1967,  for  flyby  of  planet  Venus)  nor  U.S.S.R.'s 
Venus  IV  (launched  June  12,  1967)  had  reported  atmospheric  condi- 
tions near  level  of  mean  surface  of  planet.  Von  R.  Eshleman  and  Gun- 
nar  Fjeldbo  of  Stanford  Univ.,  John  D.  Anderson  and  Arvydas  J. 
Kliore  of  jpl,  and  Rolf  B.  Dyce  of  Arecibo  Ionospheric  Observatory 
(Puerto  Rico)  had  made  new  determination  of  radius  of  planet,  based 
on  concurrent  ranging  from  earth  to  Mariner  V  near  encounter  and  to 
surface  of  Venus.  Extrapolations  of  measurements  had  given  surface 
values  for  mid-latitudes  of  close  to  100  atmospheres  pressure  and 
700 °K  temperature  (within  100°),  rather  than  Soviet  values  of  19 ±2 
atmospheres  and  544°±10°K.  Soviet  probe  apparently  was  not  de- 
signed to  work  through  such  thick  atmosphere.  Simple  ambiguity 
(times  two)  in  Venus  IV  altimeter  reading  could  explain  supposition 
that  probe  reached  Venus  surface,  "since  this  would  bring  all  other 
data  into  excellent  agreement."  {Science,  11/8/68,  661—5) 

•  At  press  conference,  inventor-scientist  Stanford  R.  Ovshinsky  described 

production  of  electronic  devices — including  desktop  computers;  flat, 
tubeless  TV  sets  that  could  be  hung  on  walls;  amd  missile  guidance 
systems  impervious  to  destruction  by  man-made  radiation.  Devices 
were  made  of  amorphous  materials  whose  electrical  properties  differed 
from  transistor  materials.  Balance  of  energy  forces  within  amorphous 
glasses  was  such  that  application  of  voltage  of  right  minimum  strength 
made  material  switch  from  insulator  to  conductor.  (Stevens,  NYT, 
11/11/68,  1) 

•  American  Telephone  &  Telegraph  Co.  said  it  had  asked  FCC  to  authorize 

its  acquisition  of  70  additional  satellite  communications  circuits  from 
ComSatCorp.  Purchase  would  boost  AT&T  circuits  to  396.  {WSI, 
11/8/68,  5) 

November  9:  Apollo  7  commander  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  received  from 
Italian  Ambassador  to  U.S.  Egidio  Ortona  gold  medallion  awarded  by 
Assn.  of  Man  in  Space,  group  of  Italian  scientists  and  jurists,  at  Wash- 
ington, D.C.,  party  in  his  honor.  (Billington,  W  Star,  11/11/68,  B7) 

November  10:  On  nationwide  "Meet  the  Press"  TV  interview,  Astronaut 
Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  commented  on  NASA  budget  cuts:  "We've  built 
up  a  fantastic  technology  [but]  talented  people  are  starting  to  leave. 
.  .  .  We  should  let  it  be  known  that  we  are  in  this  for  the  future,  not 
just  one  flight."  Cost  of  manned  missions  was  justified  in  quest  for 
knowledge  not  only  outward,  but  earthward,  too.  Astronauts  were 
"looking  at  portions  of  the  earth  that  had  never  been  documented  be- 
fore. A  crew  can  see  something  and  respond  to  it,  on  earth  or  the 
moon."  Fellow  Apollo  7  crewman  R.  Walter  Cunningham  said  never 
had  Soviet  crewmen  "functioned  in  the  same  operational  conditions  as 
we."  U.S.S.R.  was  putting  fewer  higher  trained  persons  in  orbit,  "main- 
ly* as  biological  specimens."  (AP,  W  Post,  11/11/68,  A2;  AP,  B  Sun, 
11/11/68,  A5) 

•  NASA  announced  it  soon  would  begin  series  of  test  flights  at  LaRC   of 

XC— 142  tilt-wing  vtol  aircraft  on  loan  from  usaf,  to  determine  opera- 
tional problems  in  airport  terminal  areas  during  poor  visibility. 
XC— 142,  for  which  Ling-Temco-Vought,  Inc.,  was  prime  contractor, 
was  propeller-driven  and  powered  by  four  GE  turboshaft  engines.  NASA 
also  was  testing  Ryan  Aeronautical  Co.'s  XB— 5A,  which  it  had  modified 

276 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  November  10 

as  XV— 5B,  and  Hawker  Siddeley  P— 1127  vectored  jet  VTOL  aircraft. 
(NASA  Release  68-194) 
•  In  New  York  Times  Walter  Sullivan  described  "The  Sun-Spot  Menace  to 
Astronauts."  Apollo  7  and  U.S.S.R.'s  Soyuz  III  served  as  reminders 
that  sunspots  were  reaching  their  11-yr  peak.  If  eruptions  were  particu- 
larly severe,  protons  were  hurled  out  at  almost  speed  of  light.  These 
could  penetrate  spacecraft.  While  Apollo  7  astronauts  were  never  in 
danger,  Soviet  spacecraft  placed  in  orbits  reaching  north  beyond  lati- 
tude 51°  might  "nudge  zone"  within  which  protons  ejected  by  sun 
"rain  fiercely  on  the  atmosphere."  Major  flare  had  occurred  Oct.  30 
just  after  Soyuz  III  returned  to  earth.  If  astronauts  had  been  in  orbit 
— particularly  if  they  had  been  outside  spacecraft — they  could  have 
been  subjected  to  hazardous  radiation.  Many  warnings  preceded  this 
event.  For  moon  journey  it  should  be  possible  to  postpone  or  cut  short 
flight  if  sun  looked  ominous.  In  any  miscalculation,  radiation  exposure 
to  astronauts  inside  spacecraft  would  be  severe  only  during  most  in- 
tense outbursts.  However,  on  prolonged  journeys  to  other  planets  there 
would  be  no  escape.  "It  may  therefore  be  necessary  to  design  the  space- 
craft so  that  a  portion  of  its  interior  will  be  shielded  from  such  radia- 
tion." [NYT,  11/10/68,  7E) 
November  10—17:  Zond  VI  automatic  space  station  was  successfully 
launched  by  U.S.S.R.  and  placed  on  lunar  trajectory  from  parking 
orbit  of  another  satellite  to  explore  outer  space  and  test  spacecraft  sys- 
tems, Tass  announced.  All  equipment  was  functioning  normally.  Specu- 
lation, later  confirmed,  was  that  spacecraft  would  attempt  to  circle 
moon  on  same  route  taken  by  Zond  V  Sept.  15—21.  On  Nov.  14  Tass 
announced  that  Zond  VI  had  circled  moon  at  minimum  distance  of 
2,420  km  (1.503.8  mi)  and  had  conducted  studies  of  physical  charac- 
teristics of  near  lunar  space  before  continuing  its  journey  back  to 
earth. 

Zond  VI  reentered  and  softlanded  in  a  predetermined  area  in  Central 
Asia  Nov.  17.  Unlike  Zond  V,  which  had  plunged  directly  through 
upper  atmosphere,  Zond  VI  skipped  across  outer  layers  of  atmosphere 
to  reduce  its  reentry  speed  and  then  resumed  its  descent  with  aerody- 
namic forces.  Announcing  recovery,  Tass  said  Zond  VI  had  for  first  time 
tested  a  "more  complex  and  promising  method  of  the  return  of  space- 
craft from  interplanetary  trajectories — the  method  of  controlled  descent 
with  the  use  of  aerodynamical  lifting  force  (aerodynamical  quality)  of 
the  descending  craft.  .  .  . 

"The  braking  of  the  descending  apparatus  in  the  atmosphere  .  .  . 
was  effected  along  a  trajectory  with  two  immersions  in  the  atmosphere. 
During  the  first  immersion  .  .  .  the  second  cosmic  speed  ...  [11  km 
per  sec,  24,607  mph]  was  reduced  to  7.6  kilometers  a  second  (17,000 
mph)  through  aerodynamical  braking.  In  doing  so,  the  descending  ap- 
paratus .  .  .  was  oriented  through  the  onboard  control  system  in  such  a 
way  that  it,  passing  through  the  dense  layers  of  the  atmosphere,  left 
them  and  next  continued  along  the  ballistic  trajectory  until  the  second 
immersion  ...  [in  which]  the  further  lowering  of  the  descending  ap- 
paratus was  also  effected  along  the  trajectory  of  controlled  descent  with 
the  use  of  aerodynamical  qualities  which  ensured  its  return  to  the 
Earth  in  the  pre-set  district." 

Zond  VI  was  sixth  spacecraft  in  Zond  series  [see  Sept.  15—21].  (AP, 

277 


November  10-17  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

W  Star,  11/11/68,  1;  NYT,  11/15/68,  8;  gsfc  SSR,  11/15/68, 
11/30/68;  Winters,  B  Sun,  11/19/68,  1;  Kamm,  NYT,  11/19/68,  1; 
SBD,  11/19/68,  71-2) 
November  12:  NASA  Acting  Administrator,  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  an- 
nounced at  NASA  Hq.  news  briefing  that  Apollo  8 — carrying  com- 
mander Frank  Borman,  CM  pilot  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  and  lm  pilot 
William  A.  Anders — would  be  launched  from  etr  Dec.  21  on  open- 
ended  lunar  orbital  mission  of  at  least  six  days.  Spacecraft  would  cir- 
cle moon  10  times  at  70-mi  altitude  before  returning  to  earth.  Dr. 
Paine  explained:  "After  a  careful  and  thorough  examination  of  all  of 
the  systems  and  risks  involved,  we  have  concluded  that  we  are  now 
ready  to  fly  the  most  advanced  mission  for  our  Apollo  8  launch  in  De- 
cember, the  orbit  around  the  moon.  .  .  . 

"We  have  reached  this  conclusion  after  a  long  series  of  intensive  in- 
vestigations of  the  status  of  our  program,  the  flight  hardware,  ground 
support  equipment,  status  of  our  training." 

l/g  Samuel  C.  Phillips,  Apollo  Program  Director,  cited  two  catego- 
ries of  new  risks  with  a  lunar  orbital  mission:  "In  the  one  .  .  .  the 
spacecraft  propulsion  system  must  operate  properly  in  order  to  propel 
the  spacecraft  back  out  of  lunar  orbit  and  on  its  way  back  to  earth. 
And  the  other  category  of  risks  are  those  that  are  inherent  in  being 
some  three  days  away  from  the  earth  as  opposed  to  .  .  .  between  a  half 
an  hour  and  three  hours  which  the  crew  is  away  from  the  earth  in  a 
low  earth  orbital  mission."  Although  increased  reliance  would  have  to 
be  placed  on  dependability  of  life  support  and  electric  power  systems 
and  mission  would  have  to  take  on  additional  risks,  Gen.  Phillips  said, 
"The  progression  of  risk  between  the  Apollo  7  mission  which  we  have 
flown  and  the  Apollo  8  mission  which  we  have  designed  is  a  normal 
progression  of  risks  in  a  logically  stepped  development,  flight  test  pro- 
gram." (Transcript;  NASA  Release  68-199;  Schmeck,  ATT",  11/13/68, 
1;  O'Toole,  W  Post,  11/13/68,  1;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  11/13/68,  1) 

Engineer  Michael  O'Hagan,  manager  of  space  and  military  systems 
in  government  contracts  dept.  of  U.K.'s  Standard  Telephone  &  Cables 
Co.,  told  Conservative  Party  seminar  in  London  U.S.  was  "actually 
buying  land  with  mineral  rights"  in  other  countries  after  using  satel- 
lites to  discover  its  location.  Hawker  Siddeley  Group  Ltd.  scientist 
K.  C.  C.  Pardoe  said  countries  could  use  satellites  to  spy  on  rival  na- 
tions' crops  and  decide  best  time  for  marketing.  (Reuters,  JV  Post, 
11/13/68,  A25) 

•  FAA  issued  1968  edition  of  National  Airport  Plan,  annual  assessment  of 

civil  airport  needs  for  commercial  and  private  flying.  U.S.  would  re- 
quire 808  new  airports — including  22  for  airline  traffic  and  748  for  gen- 
eral aviation — during  next  five  years,  to  relieve  congestion  and  accom- 
modate growth.  Plan  included  recommendation  for  25  STOLports  in 
heavily  congested  areas,    (faa  Release  68—74) 

•  Office  of  Secretary  of  Defense  issued  list  of  100  companies  and  subsidi- 

aries awarded  largest  dollar  volume  of  military  prime  contracts  of 
$10,000  or  more  in  FY  1968.  Total  of  these  was  $26.2  billion,  1.9% 
above  FY  1967.  U.S.  companies  received  $38.8  billion,  1%  less  than  in 
FY  1967.  No.  1  on  list  was  General  Dynamics  Corp.,  F— 111  manufac- 
turer, with  $2.24  billion  in  contracts;  No.  2,  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp., 
$1.87  billion;   No.  3,  General  Electric  Co.,  $1.49  billion.  McDonnell 

278 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  November  12 

Douglas  Corp.  fell  from  first  place  in  1967  to  fifth  with  $1.1  billion. 
(Text;  Wilson,  JV  Post,  11/19/68,  D7;  WSJ,  11/19/68,  27) 

•  New  York  State  Supreme  Court  Justice  Abraham  N.  Geller  issued  tem- 

porary order  blocking  sale  of  Cornell  Aeronautical  Laboratory  to  EDP 
Technology,  Inc.,  Washington,  D.C.,  for  $25  million.  Order  had  been 
requested  by  State  Attorney  General  Louis  J.  Lefkowitz,  who  alleged 
alteration  of  Laboratory  from  public  purposes  to  profit-making  organi- 
zation would  be  a  "major  change  detrimental  to  the  national  interest, 
to  the  quality  and  effectiveness  of  the  laboratory  and  to  the  .  .  . 
public."  New  York  State  had  sought  to  purchase  facility  but  was  re- 
portedly unable  to  match  EDP  Technology,  Inc.,  offer.  (AP,  NYT, 
11/13/68,  11) 

November  12—14:  Twelve  nations  attending  Third  European  Space  Confer- 
ence in  Bonn  decided  to  work  toward  creation  of  single  European 
Space  Authority,  in  effort  to  end  dependence  on  U.S.  space  research. 
Committee  was  appointed  to  draft  convention  for  new  body  encompass- 
ing 6-nation  eldo,  10-nation  ESRO,  and  12-nation  GETS  and  functioning 
somewhat  like  NASA.  Member  nations  would  be  free  to  choose  programs 
they  would  support — which  could  mean  small  group  would  work  on 
launchers  as  well  as  working  with  number  of  other  nations  on  space 
applications  and  research. 

Day  preceding  conference,  ELDO  meeting  had  resolved,  with  U.K.  ab- 
staining, to  proceed  with  launcher  development  on  scale  designed  to 
hold  down  costs.  U.K.  had  proposed  European  nations  abandon  proj- 
ect, rely  on  U.S.  boosters,  and  concentrate  on  space  applications,  par- 
ticularly communications.  U.K.  agreed,  however,  to  fulfill  commitment 
to  support  launcher  program  until  1971.  (W  Post,  11/15/68,  A20; 
Greenberg,  Science,  12/6/68,  1108-9) 

November  13:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCLIII  from  Plesetsk  Cosmo- 
drome into  orbit  with  337-km  (209.4-mi)  apogee,  216-km  (134.2-mi) 
perigee,  90-min  period,  and  65.4°  inclination.  Equipment  functioned 
normally  and  satellite  reentered  Nov.  18.  {SBD,  11/14/68,  53;  GSFC 
SSR, 11/15/68; 11/30/68) 

•  NASA's  HL-10  lifting-body  vehicle,   flown   by   NASA  test   pilot   John   A. 

Manke,  completed  first  powered  flight  after  air  launch  from  B— 52  air- 
craft near  Lancaster.  Calif.,  to  demonstrate  successful  operation  of 
XLR— 11  rocket  engine  and  to  investigate  effects  of  engine  operation  on 
basic  stability  and  control  of  wingless  vehicle.  Manke  said  craft 
climbed  and  maneuvered  in  "marvelous  fashion."  Increased  perform- 
ance expected  in  successive  flights  would  simulate  lifting-body  space- 
craft during  terminal  portion  of  flight. 

Manke  ignited  two  of  four  chambers  in  HL— lO's  rocket  engine  and 
climbed  from  35,000  to  43,250  ft.  reaching  top  speed  of  610  mph  (mach 
0.8)  during  184-sec  engine  burn.  Eventually  speeds  of  1,000  mph  and 
altitudes  to  80,000  ft  were  expected.  Oct.  23  HI^IO  flight  had  ended 
with  early  shutdown  of  rocket  engine,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release 
68-198;  FRC  Release  26-68;  AP,  B  Sun,  11/14/68,  AlO;  latns,  W 
Post,  11/14/68,  A22 1 

•  NASA  announced  it  had  assigned  Astronauts  Thomas  P.  Stafford,  John 

W.  Young,  and  Eugene  A.  Cernan  as  prime  crew  for  Apollo  10  mis- 
sion, scheduled  for  second  quarter  of  1969  as  second  manned  flight  of 
lunar  module.  Backup  crew  would  be  Astronauts  L.  Gordon  Cooper, 

279 


November  13 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 


November  13:  John  A.  Manke,  nasa  research  pilot  at  frc,  stands  before  wingless 
HL—10  lifting-body  vehicle  which  he  flew  in  first  powered  flight,  after  air  launch  from 
B—52  aircraft.  Manke  reached  610  mph  in  nasa-usaf  program  to  evaluate  possible 
forerunners  of  reusable  spacecraft.  Eventual  1,000-mph  speed  was  expected. 

Donn  F.  Eisele,  and  Edgar  D.  Mitchell.  Flight  crew  support  team  was 
Astronauts  Joseph  H.  Engle,  James  B.  Irwin,  and  Charles  M.  Duke,  Jr. 
Mission  probabilities  ranged  from  earth  orbital  operations  to  lunar  or- 
bital flight,  with  separation  and  docking  of  command  and  service  mod- 
ule and  lunar  module,  (nasa  Release  68-201;  AP,  W  Star,  11/14/68, 
A7;  W  Post,  11/14/68,  A12;  AP,  NYT,  11/14/68,  21;  Sehlstedt,  B 
Sun,  11/14/68,  1) 
•  Dr.  John  E.  Naugle,  NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Space  Science  and 
Applications,  addressed  International  Meeting  of  American  Nuclear  So- 
ciety in  Washington,  D.C.  In  past  decade  NASA  had  developed  "impres- 
sive capability"  in  "competent  and  creative  people  who  make  up  our 
government-university-industry  team."  It  was  "prepared  to  accomplish 
any  goal  in  space  exploration  which  the  new  administration  may  estab- 
lish." NASA  future  included  "broad,  balanced.  Planetary  Program"  em- 
phasizing Mars  but  examining  other  planets  like  Mercury  and  Jupiter; 
major  lunar  exploration  program  in  1970's;  astronomy  program  cover- 
ing optical  astronomy,  x-ray  and  gamma  ray  fields,  and  low-frequency 


280 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  November  13 

radio  astronomy:  and  increased  emphasis  on  space  applications  pro- 
grams, with  major  efforts  toward  surveying  earth's  resources  from  space 
and  continuing  developments  in  meteorology  and  communications. 
(Text) 

•  Dr.  Abe  Silverstein,  Director  of  Lewis  Research  Center,  was  announced 

winner  of  Rockefeller  Public  Service  Award  in  science  category.  He 
had  supervised  plans  for  rocket  installation  on  Lunar  Orbiter  and  Sur- 
veyor spacecraft. 

Dr.  Silverstein  had  been  first  Director  of  Space  Flight  Programs  in 
NASA  Hq.  in  1958.  Under  his  leadership  first  U.S.  man-in-space  pro- 
gram, Project  Mercury,  had  been  planned  and  groundwork  laid  for 
Gemini  and  Apollo  programs.  He  had  joined  naca  at  Langley  Aeronau- 
tical Laboratory  in  1929  and  helped  design  and  later  was  in  charge  of 
FuU-Scale  Wind  Tunnel.  He  was  transferred  to  Lewis  Laboratory  in 
1943,  where  he  was  responsible  for  conception,  design,  and  construc- 
tion of  first  U.S.  supersonic  propulsion  wind  tunnels.  After  serving  in 
Washington,  D.C.,  three  years  he  returned  to  LeRC  as  Director  in  1%1. 

Leonard  C.  Meeker,  State  Dept.  legal  adviser,  won  award  in  foreign 
affairs  and  international  administration  for  his  work  on  1967  space  law 
treaty.  (W  Post,  11/14/68,  B7;  lerc  Biog,  4/67;  Lewis  News, 
11/22/68,1) 

•  New  York  Times  editiorial,  "After  the  Lunar  Landing,"  said  first  priority 

would  probably  go  to  study  of  moon's  surface  and  resources.  "Beyond 
this  exploration,  the  moon — once  accessible  to  men — will  immediately 
become  a  laboratory  world  for  expanding  knowledge  in  astronomy, 
physics,  chemistry,  geology  and  a  host  of  oth^r  sciences.  For  both  pur- 
poses ...  it  will  be  desirable  to  create  one  or  more  permanent  manned 
communities  on  the  moon  as  soon  as  possible.  ...  As  the  pioneers  in 
space,  the  United  States  and  the  Soviet  Union  have  the  responsibility 
now  to  begin  organization  of  the  vast  international  effort  that  must  fol- 
low the  coming  triumph  of  human  courage  and  human  ingenuity.  And 
the  United  Nations,  of  course,  is  the  body  whose  flag  must  fly  over  fu- 
ture lunar  settlements."  (NYT,  11/13/68,  40) 

•  Purdue  Univ.  Prof.  James  E.  Etzel  said  in  Evanston,  111.,  interview  that 

technique  for  processing  sewage  sludge  by  bombarding  it  with  ionizing 
radiation  from  chemical  emitter  of  gamma  rays  could  save  $1  billion  a 
year  if  used  by  all  U.S.  cities.  Process  was  pioneered  by  Etzel  and  Gor- 
don S.  Born  of  Purdue  in  cooperation  with  Jerome  Stein,  director  of 
R&D  for  Chicago  Sanitary  District.  Plan  would  cut  solid-waste-process- 
ing costs  by  more  than  half.  Treated  sludge  would  be  completely  disin- 
fected, odorless,  and  compressed  to  Vs  its  volume.  (Randal,  W  Star, 
11/14/68,  A5) 

•  USAf  awarded  $8.5  million  addition  to  contract  with  Northrop  Corp.  for 

F-5  aircraft.  (^5/,  11/13/68,  7) 
November  14:  nasa  announced  it  had  authorized  JPL  to  proceed  with  con- 
struction of  two  Mariner  spacecraft  for  1971  Mars  orbit  with  funds  al- 
located under  approved  FY  1969  NASA  appropriations  bill.  In  combined 
mission  to  assist  in  establishing  touchdown  sites  for  1973  Mars  lander 
mission,  spacecraft  would  be  launched  by  Atlas-Centaur  boosters  into 
orbit  around  Mars  to  examine  Mars  polar  cap,  provide  high-resolution 
coverage  of  selected  areas,  and  permit  oblique  views  of  broad  areas  of 
Mars'  surface   and,   possibly,   its   moons,    Phobos   and    Deimos.    Each 

281 


November  14  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

spacecraft  would  complete  trip  from  earth  to  Mars  in  six  months,  with 
May  1971  launch  and  November  1971  arrival,  and  would  orbit  Mars 
for  three  months  or  more,  (nasa  Release  68-196;  B  Sun,  11/14/68, 
AlO;  W  Post,  11/14/68,  D16) 

•  Washington  Evening  Star  editorial  commented  on  scheduled  December 

launch  of  Apollo  8:  ".  .  .  this  promises  to  be  one  Christmas  when  the 
thoughts  of  all  .  .  .  will  contain  more  than  visions  of  sugarplums,  of 
laden  stockings,  of  gifts  about  to  be  received  and  bills  about  to  come 
due.  It  is,  in  fact,  just  possible  that  NASA  will  succeed  in  putting  that 
missing  ingredient  back  into  the  yule  season,  and  that  more  prayers 
will  be  offered  this  Christmas  than  at  any  time  in  the  past  2,000  years." 
(W  Star,  11/14/68,  A14) 

•  At  hearing  of  Congressional  Joint  Economic  Committee's  Subcommittee  on 

Economy  in  Government,  A.  E.  Fitzgerald,  Deputy  for  Management  Sys- 
tems in  USAF  financial  office,  said  ultimate  cost  to  DOD  of  58  C— 5A 
cargo  aircraft  might  be  "100%  above  the  original  estimate"  of  $1,279 
billion  for  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  airframes.  General  Electric  Co.  esti- 
mate of  $459  million  for  engines  was  not  expected  to  double.  Increase 
resulted  from  rise  in  manufacturing  costs,  higher  subcontracting  prices, 
and  rising  administrative  costs,  rather  than  gross  original  underesti- 
mate, although  there  was  probably  some  original  underestimate  by 
Lockheed.  DOD  was  weighing  all  factors  before  deciding  action  on  op- 
tion for  62  additional  C— 5As  which  would  expire  Jan.  31,  1969. 
(Crowther,  B  Sun,  11/14/68,  A12;  AP,  NYT,  11/14/68,  10;  Porter,  W 
Post,  11/14/68,  Al) 

•  Soviet  aviation  experts  told  Pravda  they  had  successfully  tested  "orni- 

thopter,"  aircraft  which  flew  by  waving  its  wings  like  a  bird.  Craft  was 
said  to  have  "withstood  all  aerodynamic  tests"  and  to  have  greater  lift- 
ing power  than  ordinary  aircraft.  Pravda  said  test  "opens  unheard  of 
prospects."  (upi,  P  Inq,  11/15/68) 
November  15:  NASA  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR 
carried  Princeton  Univ.  Observatory  experiment  to  108-mi  (174-km) 
altitude  to  obtain  UV  radiation  of  bright  star  in  constellation  Cassio- 
peia, using  gyro-stabilized  spectrograph,  ACS,  and  recovery  system. 
Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily.  ACS  stabilized  rocket 
on  target  at  star.  Spectra  were  obtained  on  three  exposures  and  pay- 
load  was  recovered  in  excellent  condition,  (nasa  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  released  plans  for  lunar  landing  experiments.  First  U.S.  astronauts 

to  land  on  moon  in  1969  would  place  three  scientific  experiments  on 
lunar  surface  instead  of  more  complex  Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Experi- 
ments Package  (alsep)  originally  planned.  Change  was  necessitated  by 
uncertainties  in  workload  required  to  deploy  ALSEP  by  astronauts  in 
pressurized  suits  on  moon's  surface.  Mission's  primary  objective  would 
be  to  prove  Apollo  system  by  achieving  successful  moon  landing  and 
safe  return  to  earth.  During  first  landing,  two  astronauts  would  leave 
spacecraft  for  up  to  three  hours  on  moon's  surface,  making  observa- 
tions and  photographing  area  in  vicinity  of  landed  spacecraft,  collect- 
ing soil  and  rock  samples,  and  deploying  experiments. 

Scientific  and  medical  data  would  be  obtained  on  expenditure  of  as- 
tronauts' energy,  monitoring  ability  to  perform  in  vacuum,  extreme 
temperature,  and  i/e  gravity  for  planning  of  longer,  more  complex  mis- 
sions. Experiments  were  (1)  passive  seismometer  (self-contained  100-lb 

282 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  November  15 

seismic  station  with  earth-moon  communications  link,  designed  to  last 
up  to  one  year),  (2)  70-lb  laser  ranging  retro-reflector,  and  (3)  1-lb 
solar-wind-composition  experiment.  They  would  provide  data  on  inter- 
nal activity  of  moon:  would  provide  data  to  improve  measurement  of 
earth-moon  distance,  fluctuation  of  earth's  rotation  rate,  and  variations 
in  gravitational  constant  G,  as  well  as  to  test  theory  of  intercontinental 
drift  by  direct  measurements  from  different  continents;  and  would  en- 
trap nobh  gases  (helium,  neon,  krypton,  xenon)  from  solar  wind  for 
analysis. 

In  second  lunar  landing  mission,  astronauts  would  deploy  full  geo- 
physical station  or  ALSEP  and  conduct  detailed  field  geology  investiga- 
tion. (NASA  Release  68-200) 

•  U.S.S.R.'s  Zond  V  automatic  space  station    [see  Sept.   15—21]    had  car- 

ried first  living  organisms — wine  flies,  turtles,  meal  worms,  plants,  bac- 
teria, and  seeds — -around  moon  and  returned  them  safely  to  earth, 
Pravda  announced.  Turtles  had  lost  about  10%  of  their  body  weight  but 
remained  very  active  and  showed  no  loss  of  appetite.  Preliminary  blood 
tests  indicated  no  substantial  deviation  from  laboratory  control  ani- 
mals, but  analysis  of  test  turtles  21  days  after  flight  revealed  excess  gly- 
cogen and  iron  in  their  livers,  (AP,  W  Star,  11/15/68,  A4;  B  Sun, 
11/16/68,  A4) 

•  NASA  Honor  Awards  ceremony  was  held  at  Washington,  D.C.,  with  Dr. 

Thomas  0.  Paine,  Acting  Administrator,  making  presentations.  Alexan- 
der H.  Flax,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Air  Force  (Research  and  Devel- 
opment) ,  was  main  speaker. 

Distinguished  Service  Medal,  NASA's  highest  honor,  was  presented  to 
Secretary  Flax ;  Edmond  C.  Buckley,  former  NASA  Associate  Administra- 
tor for  Tracking  and  Data  Acquisition;  Paul  G.  Dembling,  NASA  General 
Counsel ;  and  Abe  Silverstein,  Director  of  Lewis  Research  Center. 

NASA  Exceptional  Scientific  Achievement  Medal  went  to  LeRC's  G. 
Mervin  Ault,  Edmond  E.  Bisson,  and  John  C.  Evvard;  JPl's  Richard 
M.  Goldstein,  Alan  Rembaum,  Lewis  D.  Kaplan,  and  Conway  W.  Sny- 
der; MSFc's  Otto  A.  Hoberg  and  Hans  H.  Hosenthien;  LaRC's  Mark  R. 
Nichols;  and  arc's  William  A.  Page  and  John  A.  Parker. 

Exceptional  Service  Medal  recipients  were:  Mac  C.  Adams,  Walter 
Boone,  Richard  L.  Callaghan,  Arnold  W.  Frutkin,  Alfred  S.  Hodgson, 
Mildred  V.  Morris,  and  Boyd  C.  Myers,  NASA  Hq.;  Robert  M.  Crane 
(posthumous),  William  R.  Schindlar,  and  Michael  J.  Vaccaro,  ARC; 
Robert  J.  Darcey,  Herman  E.  LaGow,  and  Robert  J.  McCaffery,  GSFC; 
Philip  Donely,  Paul  F.  Fuhrmeister,  and  Harry  H.  Hamilton,  LaRC; 
Robert  C.  Duncan,  ERC;  Fred  H.  Felberg  and  Alvin  R.  Luedecke,  JPL; 
Arthur  Rudolph,  MSFC;  and  Hubert  Ray  Stanley,  Wallops  Station. 

Group  Achievement  Award  went  to  Apollo  7  Flight  Operations 
Team,  Instrumentation  Ships  Team,  Mariner  Occultation  Experiment 
Team,  OGO  Project  Team,  Sonic  Boom  Investigating  Team,  and  Sur- 
veyor Team.  (Program;  msec  Release  68-267;  Marshall  Star, 
11/13/68,  1;  Pasadena  Independent,  11/15/68;  arc  Astrogram, 
11/21/68,1) 

•  Dr.  R.  G.  Mclver,  head  of  aeromedical  research  at  Holloman  afb,  N. 

Mex.,  said  tests  on  chimpanzees  had  shown  astronaut  experiencing  sud- 
den decompression  outside  spacecraft  might  live  at  least  three  minutes 
in  total  vacuum,  giving  his  companions  time  to  get  him  inside  pressur- 

283 


November  15  ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968 

ized  cabin.  Survival  of  astronauts  in  ruptured  space  cabin  would  de- 
pend on  presence  of  one  man  wearing  space  suit  and  thus  able  to  place 
other  crewmen  in  suits  after  they  lost  consciousness.  Earlier,  scientists 
had  predicted  sudden  death  for  astronauts  experiencing  space  vacuum 
decompression.  Revised  estimates  of  life  expectancy  were  based  on  sim- 
ulated space  capsule  experiments  with  150  chimpanzees.  (AP,  B  Sun, 
11/16/68,  A4) 

•  Science  editorial  on  NASA  administration:  "In  terms  of  numbers  of  dol- 

lars or  of  men,  NASA  has  not  been  our  largest  national  undertaking,  but 
in  terms  of  complexity,  rate  of  growth,  and  technological  sophistication 
it  has  been  unique.  .  .  .  Keeping  all  of  [its]  parts — often  working  right 
at  the  edge  of  technological  knowledge  and  capacity — finely  tuned  and 
in  close  harmony  has  been  an  organization  achievement  of  high  order. 
.  .  .  Ever  since  the  space  program  began  to  take  shape  there  has  been 
talk  of  technological  spin-offs.  It  may  turn  out  that  the  most  valuable 
spin-off  of  all  will  be  human  rather  than  technological:  better  knowl- 
edge of  how  to  plan,  coordinate,  and  monitor  the  multitudinous  and 
varied  activities  of  the  organizations  required  to  accomplish  great  so- 
cial undertakings."  (Wolfle,  Science,  11/15/68,  753) 

•  In  Washington  Post  George  C.  Wilson  said  Secretary  of  Defense  Clark  M. 

Clifford's  office  had  recommended  cutback  in  usaf's  order  for  FB— 111, 
bomber  version  of  TFx,  from  253  to  90,  a  saving  of  $1.5  billion.  While 
DOD  was  under  pressure  to  reduce  spending  by  $3  billion,  said  Wilson, 
argument  "goes  to  the  heart  of  the  strategic  question  of  unmanned  mis- 
siles vs.  manned  bombers."  (W  Post,  11/15/68,  1) 

•  Formal  establishment  of  Science  and  Public  Policy  Studies  Group  tem- 

porarily housed  at  mit  became  effective.  Group  was  designed  as  focus 
of  interest  and  information  for  scholars,  universities,  and  government 
officials  engaged  in  teaching  and  research  in  science  and  public  policy. 
Any  university  with  active  teaching  and  research  program  in  science 
and  public  policy  could  become  affiliate.  Some  50  had  indicated  inter- 
est. Funding  for  two-year  period  was  from  university  contributions  and 
matching  Sloan  Foundation  grant.  Prof.  Eugene  B.  Skolnikoff  of  MIT 
would  serve  as  chairman.  (Group  Ann) 

•  Dr.  Frank  D.   Drake,  Director  of  Cornell  Univ.'s  Arecibo  Ionospheric 

Observatory  (Puerto  Rico),  told  meeting  of  Council  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science  Writing  at  Evanston,  111.,  that  pulsar  discovered  Nov. 
14  near  Crab  Nebula  was  almost  certainly  a  neutron  star.  It  was  second 
discovery  during  week  [see  Nov.  6]  and  was  located  by  Arecibo  radio 
dish  telescope.  (Randal,  W  Post,  11/16/68,  A5;  Sullivan,  NYT, 
11/20/68,  31) 

•  Edward  Wenk,  Jr.,  Executive  Secretary  of  Marine  Resources  Council,  told 

new  American  Oceanic  Organization  in  Washington,  D.C.,  "We  are 
ready  for  the  next  step  in  Federal  management  of  marine  affairs — cre- 
ation of  an  independent  civilian  operating  agency."  Chairman  of  new 
group,  Rep.  George  E.  Shipley  (D-IIL),  member  of  House  Appropria- 
tions Committee,  said,  "I  think  that  we  will  see  the  time  that  this  coun- 
try will  spend  as  much  in  oceanography  as  we  are  spending  in  the 
space  program."  (Corrigan,  W  Post,  11/17/68,  Kl) 
November  16:  U.S.S.R.'s  Proton  IV,  largest  unmanned  scientific  satellite  to 
date,  was  launched  into  orbit  with  472-km  (293.3-mi)  apogee,  248-km 
(154.1-mi)    perigee,  91.7-min  period,  and  51.5°   inclination.  Satellite 

284 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  November  16 

weighed  17  metric  tons  (37,478  lb),  including  12.5-metric  ton 
(27,557. 5-lb)  scientific  payload  to  continue  studies  of  cosmic  rays. 
Equipment  was  functioning  normally.  (AP,  W  Star,  11/17/68,  A18; 
Kamm,  NYT,  11/17/68.  1;  SBD,  11/19/68,  72-3;  gsfc  SSR, 
11/30/68) 

•  Apollo  8  prime  crew — Astronauts  Frank  Borman,  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr., 

and  William  A.  Anders — held  press  conference  at  MSC  on  Apollo  8 
flight  plan.  Commander  Borman  explained  that  an  important  feature  of 
mission's  flight  plan  was  establishment  in  advance  of  decision  points 
when  crew  could  decide  whether  to  continue  mission  as  planned  or  re- 
turn to  earth:  ".  .  .  the  first  one  [decision  point]  will  be 
whether  we  commit  to  translunar  injection  [from  parking 
orbit]  or  not.  .  .  .  But  even  if  we  do  commit  ...  we  have 
regular  abort  times  along  the  course  to  the  moon,  so  that  we  could — in 
case  of  a  system  problem  .  .  .  stop  at  any  time  and  come  back.  Then 
we  finally  reach  a  point  where  it  would  be  swifter  to  just  go  on  around 
the  moon  than  it  would  be  to  try  to  abort.  The  next  great  point  is  be- 
fore we  burn  lunar  orbit  injection."  Once  in  lunar  orbit  crew  would 
receive  abort  data  regularly  and  have  option  to  return  to  earth  every 
two  hours.  "The  mission,  if  all  works  well,  will  be  a  relatively  simple 
one,"  Borman  said.  ".  .  .  we  designed  Apollo,  we  said  we  were  going 
to  the  moon,  and  .  .  .  finally  when  we  get  down  to  examining  the  de- 
tails and  saying  we  are  really  going,  people  start  getting  a  little  queasy 
about  it.  But  I  have  no  hesitancy  about  the  hardware."  (Transcript; 
O'Toole,  W  Post,  11/17/68,  A8) 
November  17:  Boeing  Co.  in  Washington,  D.C.,  displayed  scale  model  of 
new  fixed-wing  design  for  SST  with  downward-bent  wings  inboard  to- 
ward fuselage  and  vertical  tail  placed  well  forward  of  horizontal  tail. 
SST  Program  Director  m/g  Jewell  C.  Maxwell  said  in  interview,  "I 
think  we  have  a  much  greater  feeling  of  confidence  than  we  have  had 
in  some  time.  We  now  have  a  design  in  hand  that  seems  able  to  do  the 
job."  Boeing  would  submit  new  design  to  Government  in  mid- January 
but,  said  New  York  Times,  "there  is  some  nervousness  about  the  recep- 
tivity of  the  new  Congress  for  a  budget  request  that  will  probably  come 
close  to  $300  million  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  1970."  Current 
estimates  of  overall  SST  cost  were  $1.5  billion.   {NYT,  11/18/68,  93) 

•  In  New  York  Times  Walter  Sullivan  said  nuclear  specialists  who  met  in 

Stockholm  during  April  and  June  at  invitation  of  International  Insti- 
tute for  Peace  and  Conflict  Research  had  confirmed  effectiveness  of 
new  method  of  distinguishing  man-made  explosion  from  natural  earth- 
quake at  thousands  of  miles  by  comparing  magnitude  of  seismic  event 
in  waves  crossing  earth's  surface  with  magnitude  of  "body  waves" 
from  same  event  that  had  passed  through  earth's  depths.  Analysis  by 
scientists  from  U.K.,  Canada,  and  U.S.S.R.  had  shown  strength  of  sur- 
face waves  related  to  body  waves  was  consistently  less  in  bomb  explo- 
sions than  in  earthquakes.  (NYT,  11/17/68,  1) 
November  18:  Bullet  fragment  in  brain  of  holdup  victim  Joseph  Barrios 
was  successfully  repositioned  into  brain  membrane  by  whirling  patient 
in  ARC  centrifuge,  subjecting  him  to  force  of  6  g.  Fragment  had  moved 
from  critical  central  ventricle  to  lateral  ventricle  when  doctors  at 
O'Connor  Hospital  in  San  Jose,  Calif.,  somersaulted  Barrios  on  rotat- 
ing chair,  but  fragment  could  move  again.  Force  of  centrifuge — nor- 

285 


November  18  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

mally  used  by  NASA  for  space  research — imbedded  fragment  in  mem- 
brane of  left  ventricle,  where  it  was  expected  to  remain  safely  encapsu- 
lated by  scar  tissue.  Dec.  16  x-rays  showed  fragment  had  not  moved 
since  centrifuge  treatment.  Barrios  was  sent  home  from  hospital  Dec. 
17.  (Brody,  NYT,  11/21/68,  37;  AP,  W  Post,  11/21/68,  A3;  arc  As- 
trogram,  12/8/68,  1 ;  ARC  Medical  Services  Branch) 

•  Astronaut  Walter  M.  Schirra  was  announced  winner  of  Kitty  Hawk  Me- 

morial Trophy  for  distinguished  achievement  in  aeronautics.  Trophy 
would  be  presented  at  annual  Wright  Brothers  memorial  banquet  in 
Beverly  Hills,  Calif.,  Dec.  6.  (UPI,  W  Star,  11/19/68,  A2) 

•  NASA  submitted  reclama  to  Bureau  of  the  Budget's  tentative   FY  1970 

budget  allowance,  for  total  $4,074  billion.  Subsequently,  Acting  Admin- 
istrator Thomas  0.  Paine  met  with  BOB  Director  Charles  J.  Zwick. 
(NASA  Off  of  Admin) 

•  USAF  denied  decision  had  been   made  to   cut  back  or  cancel   FB— 111 

production  [see  Nov.  15],  Wall  Street  Journal  said,  but  reports  per- 
sisted that  fewer  than  253  would  be  purchased  because  of  their  high 
cost  and  indifferent  performance.  Aerospace  Daily  said  its  sources  re- 
ported recommended  cutback  of  more  than  50%  was  "essentially  accu- 
rate" and  put  figure  at  "about  100"  to  give  USAF  Unit  Equipment  force 
of  90  aircraft.  {WSJ,  11/18/68,  12;  Aero  Daily,  11/18/68) 

November  18—19:  Conference  on  Pavement  Grooving  and  Traction  Studies 
was  held  at  LaRC  on  results  of  NASA  research  program  into  hydroplan- 
ing and  effectiveness  of  runway  and  highway  grooving  in  minimizing 
accidents  on  wet  pavement.  Among  papers  presented,  joint  NASA-Briiish 
Ministry  of  Technology  study  of  tests  at  Wallops  Station  showed  1-  by 
1/4-  by  1/4-inch  grooving  "at  least  doubled  the  friction  coefficient"  of 
aircraft  runv^ay  surfaces.  Studies  by  LaRC,  California  Div.  of  High- 
ways, and  other  state  highway  departments  showed  grooving  of  high- 
way pavement  was  effective  in  preventing  wet- weather  accidents,  (nasa 
SP-5073) 

Air  Transport  Assn.  of  America  reported  that  15-  to  19-mo  use  at 
three  major  airports  had  convinced  airlines  that  runway  surface  groov- 
ing was  "an  effective  aid  in  overcoming  hydroplaning"  during  wet 
landings.  Airline  operation  evaluation  had  "dispelled  earlier  fears  that 
grooving  might  damage  runways  or  aircraft."  (Text;  NYT,  11/24/68, 
84) 

November  18-21:  During  Geneva  conference  of  lAF  on  Basic  Environmen- 
tal Problems  of  Man  in  Space,  Dr.  Boris  B.  Yegorov,  only  physician  to 
travel  in  space  (launched  in  U.S.S.R.'s  Voskhod  I  Oct.  12,  1964) ,  told 
press  conference  he  believed  planetary  flights  would  be  achieved  by 
1987.  U.S.S.R.  was  experimenting  with  8-  to  10- volt  electrical  shocks 
administered  to  improve  circulation  and  stimulate  muscles  of  cosmo- 
nauts to  enable  them  to  endure  strain  of  returning  to  earth  after  pro- 
longed period  in  confined  space  capsule.  He  claimed  problem  of 
weightlessness  was  same  for  short  or  long  flights  and  urged  immediate 
planning  for  flights  to  galaxies  outside  solar  system. 

Dr.  Walton  W.  Jones,  NASA  Director  of  Biotechnology  and  Human 
Research,  told  conference  U.S.  could  keep  astronauts  in  earth  orbit  a 
year  within  10  yr  if  U.S.  would  allocate  sufficient  resources  to  project. 
ARC  experiments  had  shown  rats  subjected  to  gravitational  pull  4.7 
times  above  normal  had  increased  life  expectancy.  He  said  after  meet- 

286 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  November  18-21 

ing  that  nasa  planned  experiments  with  rats  at  zero  gravitation  to  de- 
termine if  aging  process  was  suspended  while  man  was  free  from  gravi- 
tational pull. 

Dr.  J.  F.  Kubis  of  Fordham  Univ.  emphasized  importance  of  psy- 
chological factors  in  selecting  space  crews.  On  long  flight,  "lack  of  pri- 
vacy, crowding,  and  continuous  exposure  to  interaction  will  become 
sources  of  aggravating  stress."  He  recommended  no  more  than  one  in 
crew  with  dominant  personality. 

Soviet  scientist  Dr.  N.  N.  Gurovsky  said  condition  of  two  dogs  after 
22-day  orbital  flight  (in  Cosmos  CX  Feb.  22-March  16,  1966)  had 
aroused  forebodings  on  effect  of  year-long  flights  on  astronauts.  Loss  of 
calcium  in  bones  would  make  them  prone  to  breaking.  Both  dogs  had 
.developed  liver  and  intestinal  ailments  including  edemas.  Human 
beings  could  expect  same  effects.  Earlier  reports  had  noted  dogs  suf- 
fered muscular  reduction,  dehydration,  and  confusion  in  adjusting  to 
walking. 

Gal  Tech  Prof.  Fritz  Zwicky  said  some  apparently  unexplained 
deaths  on  earth  each  year  could  be  due  to  blows  from  meteors  or  heavy 
nucleons  in  cosmic  rays.  (Hamilton,  NYT,  11/20/68,  31;  11/21/68, 
18;  AP,  B  Sun,  11/22/68,  1) 
November  19:  NASA  launched  series  of  three  sounding  rockets  from  NASA 
Wallops  Station  to  conduct  acoustic  grenade  experiments.  Nike-Gajun 
carried  GSFC  experiment  to  72.6-mi  (122.7-km)  altitude  to  obtain  verti- 
cal profile  of  temperature,  pressure,  density,  and  wind  data  between  21.8- 
and  59-mi  (35-  and  95-km)  altitudes.  Sound  arrivals  of  18  exploding 
grenades,  ejected  at  programmed  altitudes,  were  recorded  and  shock 
waves  were  measured  by  two  rocketborne  pressure  transducers.  Launch 
was  correlated  with  similar  grenade  experiments  launched  from 
Ghurchill  Research  Range  and  Point  Barrow,  Alaska. 

Nike-Apache  carried  GSFC  payload  to  124.3-mi  (200-km)  altitude  to 
define  D-region  electron-density  profile  in  conjunction  with  measure- 
ments by  Nike-Apache  launched  later.  Good  data  were  obtained,  but 
radar  failed  to  track  vehicle. 

Second  Nike-Apache,  carrying  Univ.  of  Michigan  experiment, 
reached  80-mi  (148-km)  altitude.  Objective  was  to  obtain  neutral  parti- 
cle parameters  of  pressure,  temperature,  and  density  between  24.8-  and 
62.1 -mi  (40-  and  100-km)  altitude  with  Pitot  static  tube  and  falling 
sphere.  All  key  experimental  events  occurred  as  planned,  (nasa  Rpts 
srl) 

•  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey  spent  five  hours  in  briefings  at  KSC, 

ascending  to  spacecraft  level  of  Apollo  8  moon  rocket,  performing  sim- 
ulated rendezvous  and  formation  flying  inside  mock  spacecraft,  and 
lunching  with  nasa  officials  and  Apollo  8  Astronauts  Frank  Borman, 
James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  and  William  A.  Anders.  During  visit,  he  said: 
"The  space  program  has  contributed  greatly  to  the  structure  of  our  na- 
tion. ...  I  have  felt  it  has  been  underfunded  at  times  and  we  will  pay 
the  price.  I  feel  it  is  a  wise  investment  on  the  part  of  Gongress  and  the 
public.  I'll  do  what  I  can  as  a  private  citizen  and  a  former  chairman  of 
the  space  council  to  see  it  is  funded."  (ksc  Release  KSC-496-68;  AP, 
"^  Star,  11/20/68,  A8;  AP,  W  Post,  11/20/68,  Gl;  Today,  11/20/68, 

1) 

•  Soviet  Prof.   Georgy  L   Petrov  in  Izvestia   said   successful   recovery   of 

287 


November  19  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

Zond  VI  opened  way  "for  creation  of  spacecraft  able  to  get  to  the 
moon,  Mars,  Venus,  and  other  planets  and  return  to  earth."  Such  ex- 
periments, he  said,  "will  allow  us  in  the  near  future  to  create  long-last- 
ing orbital  stations,  moon  laboratories  manned  by  scientific  personnel. 
...  The  passenger  ships  will  differ  from  the  present  spacecraft,  but 
now  we  are  witnessing  their  birth."  In  another  dispatch  Tass  said 
basic  problem  of  reentry  by  spacecraft  at  "second  cosmic  speed,"  about 
25,000  mph,  had  been  solved  by  Zond  VI.  (upi,  W  Star,  11/20/68, 
Bll) 

•  In  answer  to  queries   [see  Nov.  16]   DOD  issued  statement  on  increased 

cost  of  C— 5A,  world's  largest  aircraft.  "At  the  beginning  of  this  pro- 
gram over  three  years  ago,  the  Air  Force  estimated  that  the  cost  of 
development  and  production  of  the  first  58  airplanes  would  be  $2.3 
billion.  The  corresponding  estimate  for  the  120  airplanes  ultimately 
contemplated  was  $3.1  billion.  Current  estimates,  including  economic 
escalation  and  all  other  factors,  are  $3.25  billion  and  $4.3  billion, 
indicating  increases  of  41%  and  39%  respectively."  Additional  costs 
had  resulted  from  increased  labor  and  materials  costs  due  to  Vietnam 
war  and  "unprecedented  demand  for  civilian  aircraft,"  introduction  of 
new  technology,  and  modifications  to  overcome  technical  difficulties. 
(Text;  WSJ,  11/20/18,  2;  AP,  r  Post,  11/20/68,  A3;  Kelly,  W  Star, 
11/20/68,  All) 
November  20:  NASA  successfully  launched  two  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rockets 
to  74.6-mi  (120-km)  and  70.6-mi  (113.6-km)  altitudes  to  obtain  data 
on  variation  of  temperature,  pressure,  and  wind  profile  by  detonating 
grenades  at  prescribed  times  and  recording  sound  arrivals  on  ground. 
Rockets  and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily;  sound  arrivals  were 
recorded  from  19  grenades  on  each  rocket.  Data  would  be  compared 
with  data  from  launches  from  NASA  Wallops  Station  and  Point  Barrow, 
Alaska,  (nasa  ftpts  srl) 

•  NASA  Acting  Administrator  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine  in  speech  before  AIA 

Fall  Conference  in  Phoenix,  Ariz.,  said,  "Today  the  United  States  stand 
at  the  crossroads."  In  FY  1969  nasa  was  operating  close  to  "breakpoint" 
level.  Below  $4-billion  budget  level,  nasa  could  no  longer  "hold 
together  our  hard-won  capabilities  and  utilize  them  effectively  in 
critical  programs;  some  of  them  would  have  to  be  dropped  entirely." 
Budget  above  $4  billion  would  "not  only  allow  us  to  .  .  .  carry  for- 
ward major  programs,  but  might  permit  .  .  .  modest  investments 
aimed  at  reducing  costs  of  future  space  activities." 

Pointing  to  "long-term  results  of  the  tremendous  technological  effort 
.  .  .  mounted  during  World  War  11"  and  "still  being  exploited  today," 
Dr.  Paine  urged  that  as  "we  tackle  grave  social  ills,  we've  got  to  con- 
tinue to  forge  ahead  in  other  areas.  We  must  worry  about  how  we 
create  new  wealth  as  much  as  we  do  about  how  we  better  distribute 
today's  wealth.  It  would  be  an  international  tragedy  if  America  were  to 
turn  back  now  from  its  forward  thrust  in  space  at  the  end  of  an  aston- 
ishingly productive  first  decade." 

James  M.  Beggs,  nasa  Associate  Administrator  for  Advanced  Re- 
search and  Technology,  discussed  three  major  aerospace  needs:  in- 
creased aeronautical  research,  low-cost  boosters,  and  use  of  nuclear  en- 
ergy in  space.  In  aircraft  technology,  NASA  was  "increasing  .  .  .  effort 
by  increases  in  old  and  new  aeronautical  disciplines  in  v/sTOL  technol- 

288 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  November  20 

ogy,  and  in  noise  reduction."  Pressing  need  for  boosters  as  reliable  as 
existing  boosters  but  far  more  economical,  "means  a  fresh  approach  to 
the  entire  concept  of  boosters  and  a  critical  examination  of  each  step 
.  .  .  from  the  drawing  board  to  the  end  of  the  boost  o|>eration."  NASA 
was  recommending  that  nerva  engine  development  be  continued  with 
engine  and  stage  ready  for  a  mission  as  early  as  1977.  (Texts) 

•  In  BBC  TV  interview  Jodrell  Bank  Experimental  Station  Director,  Sir  Ber- 

nard Lovell,  said  U.S.  Apollo  8  plan  for  manned  lunar  orbit  was,  "On 
a  scientific  basis  .  .  .  wasteful  and  silly.  .  .  .  We've  reached  the  stage 
with  automatic  landings  when  it's  not  necessary  to  risk  human  life  to 
get  information  about  the  moon.  Within  a  few  years  this  information 
could  be  obtained  by  automatic,  unmanned  instruments."  Sir  Bernard 
said  he  was  full  of  admiration  for  project  but  added,  there  was  "a  dan- 
gerous element  of  deadline  beating  in  it." 

NASA  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned  Space  Flight,  Dr.  George 
E.  Mueller,  commented,  "The  purpose  is  not  scientific  but  to  take  an  im- 
portant step  in  developing  the  capability  of  landing  men  on  the  moon." 
In  telephone  interview  from  Huntsville,  Ala.,  he  said,  "We  are  taking 
no  undue  risks." 

Apollo  8  crewman  William  A.  Anders  told  news  conference  at  KSC, 
"We  are  flying  primarily  an  operational  mission  and  we  strongly  feel 
that  a  manned  platform  in  lunar  orbit  with  the  operational  equipment 
we  have  can  add  significant  bits  and  pieces  to  scientific  knowledge. 
.  .  .  We  think  it  will  be  a  real  boon  for  future  Apollo  flights  to  have 
the  photographic,  navigation,  tracking,  mapping,  and  other  knowledge 
we'll  bring  back."  (AP,  B  Sun,  11/21/68,  1;  NYT,  11/21/68,  19; 
O'Toole,  W  Post,  11/21/68,  A3) 

•  Survey  by  aia  predicted  decline  in  aerospace  industry  employment  from 

1,431  million  in  March  to  1,400  million  by  December  because  of  con- 
tinuing decline  in  space  program  and  leveling  off  of  employment  re- 
quirements in  aircraft  production  and  R&D  programs.  Employment  was 
expected  to  remain  at  December  level  through  March  1969.  Aircraft 
production  and  R&D  employees  were  expected  to  decline  from  854,000 
to  833,000,  or  by  2.5%.  Missiles  and  space  employment  was  expected 
to  drop  from  517,000  to  507.000,  or  1.9%.  Scientists  and  engineers 
would  continue  to  form  16%  of  aerospace  employment,  with  techni- 
cians making  up  6%  of  aerospace  industry  employment,  (aia  Release 
68-56) 

•  Soviet  trade  union  newspaper  Trud  said  mass  production  of  powerful  in- 

tercontinental rockets  had  started  at  U.S.S.R.'s  "Rocket  City"  because 
"the  conquest  of  space  is  expanding."  Device  made  at  the  unidentified 
city  "will  help  our  scientists  discover  new  mysteries  of  the  universe  for 
the  good  of  man."  ( UPi,  NYT,  11/22/68,  22) 

•  GSFC  awarded  $3,127,001  one-year  extension  of  cost-plus-award-fee  con- 

tract to  Fairchild-Hiller  Corp.  for  scientific  and  engineering  support 
services  at  GSFC.  (gsfc  Release  G— 53-68) 
November  21:  Cosmos  CCLIV  was  successfully  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  from 
Plesetsk  Cosmodrome.  Satellite  entered  orbit  with  332-km  (206.3-mi) 
apogee,  210-km  (130.5-mi)  perigee,  89.8-min  period,  and  65.4°  incli- 
nation and  reentered  Nov.  29.  (uPi,  NYT,  11/22/68,  22;  GSFC  SSR, 
11/30/68;  SBD,  12/2/68,  129) 

•  NASA  Aerobee  150  A  sounding  rocket  successfully  launched  from  NASA 

289 


November  21  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

Wallops  Station  carried  300-lb  payload  containing  two  white  rats  to 
101-mi  (162.5-km)  altitude  in  third  of  four  experiments  to  study  rats' 
behavior  in  artificial  gravity  field  and  determine  minimum  level  of 
gravity  needed  by  biological  organisms  during  space  flight.  During  five 
minutes  of  free  fall,  rats  selected  artificial  gravity  levels  created  through 
centrifugal  action  by  walking  along  tunnel  runway  in  extended  arms  of 
payload.  Data  on  their  position  and  movement  were  telemetered  to 
ground  stations.  Payload  impacted  69  mi  downrange  in  the  Atlantic, 
(vi^s  Release  68-21) 

•  NASA  Aerobee   150   MI   sounding  rocket  launched   from   WSMR   carried 

Univ.  of  Colorado  experiment  to  121 -mi  (193-km)  altitude  to  take 
high-resolution  spectra  of  carbon-2  resonance  doublet  at  wavelength 
1,334  and  1,336  A;  to  retake,  for  comparison,  high-resolution  spectra 
of  oxygen-1  resonance  triplet  at  1,302,  1,304,  and  1,306  A;  and  to 
measure  total  intensities  of  these  lines.  Rocket  and  instrumentation  per- 
formed satisfactorily.  Analysis  of  experiment  results  awaited  recovery 
and  processing  of  flight  film.  (NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  National  Science  Foundation  released  Research  and  Development  in  In- 

dustry, 1966.  Total  1966  industrial  R&D  expenditure  was  $15.5  billion, 
with  industry  accounting  for  70%  of  nation's  R&D  performance.  Fed- 
eral Government  R&D  performed  in  industry  reached  $8.3  billion,  53% 
of  industrial  total.  In  January  1967,  163,900—30%  of  total— industrial 
scientists  and  engineers  were  engaged  in  R&D  directly  supported  by 
Federal  Government.  In  1966,  NASA  and  DOD  financed  work  of  89% 
of  R&D  scientists  and  engineers  employed  by  industry  on  Federal  proj- 
ects, with  54,000  working  on  NASA  projects,  an  increase  of  50%  over 
1963.  DOD-financed  scientists  and  engineers  decreased  23%  in  same 
period.  (Text) 

•  At  awards  dinner  of  National  Institute  of  Social  Sciences  in  New  York, 

Charles  A.  Lindbergh  said,  "My  hope  that  aviation  would  cause  better 
relationships  between  our  earth's  peoples  gave  way  to  realization  that 
the  airplane's  primary  significance  lay  in  its  power  of  destruction.  .  .  . 
My  fascination  with  the  rocket  as  a  space-exploring  vehicle  has  been 
replaced  by  my  alarm  at  its  ability  to  wipe  out  our  civilization  over- 
-  night."  Lindbergh  and  his  wife,  Anne  Morrow,  received  gold  medals 
for  "distinguished  service  to  humanity"  for  their  work  in  conservation. 
(UPI,  W  Star,  11/22/68,  A2) 

•  Washington  Evening  Star  said  U.K.   and   Australian  governments  had 

drawn  up  joint  plans  for  largest  telescope  in  Southern  Hemisphere, 
150-in  optical  telescope  at  Siding  Spring  Mountain  Observatory  of  Aus- 
tralian National  Univ.  It  would  cost  $10.5  million.  (W  Star,  11/21/68, 
A6) 

•  ComSatCorp  announced  it  had  requested  proposals  for  construction  of 

two  new  earth  stations  near  Talkeetna,  Alaska,  and  Apra  Heights, 
Guam.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68—63) 

•  Dept.  of  Interior  released  Noise  and  the  Sonic  Boom  in  Relation  to  Man, 

report  of  12-scientist  study  group  appointed  by  Interior  Secretary  Stew- 
art L.  Udall.  Study  found  boom  effects  not  harmful  to  hearing  but  esti- 
mated regular  commercial  overland  SST  flight  would  produce  possible 
$80  million  worth  of  damage  claims  annually  from  owners  of  build- 
ings. Although  value  of  time  saved  by  SST  passengers  might  be  $3  bil- 
lion annually,  number  of  persons  "gravely  annoyed"  probably  would 

290 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  November  21 

be  larger  than  that  of  SST  passengers.  Widespread  use  of  SSTs  would 
introduce  large  quantities  of  water  vapor  into  atmosphere,  which  might 
affect  weather. 

Group  found  urgent  necessity  for  prompt  decision  on  ssT  program 
and  recommended:  permitting  only  controlled  experimental  ssT  flights 
over  populated  areas  while  full  determination  of  effects  was  being  made; 
making  immediate  large-scale  experiments  with  existing  supersonic  air- 
craft simulating  intercity  SST  operations;  and  establishing  Presidential 
committee  to  hold  public  hearings  in  all  regions  of  U.S.  likely  to  be 
affected  bv  sonic  boom.  (Text;  Hornig,  W  Star,  11/22/68,  A4;  Rich, 
W  Post,  11/22/68,  A2;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  11/22/68,  A5) 

November  21—22:  NASA  launched  two  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rockets  from 
Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  carrying  GSFC  experiments  to  obtain  vertical 
profile  of  temperature,  pressure,  density,  and  wind  data  between  21.8- 
and  59-mi  (35-  and  95-km)  altitudes  by  detonating  grenades  at  pre- 
scribed times  and  recording  sound  arrivals  on  ground.  Rockets  and  in- 
struments performed  satisfactorily;  19  grenades  on  each  rocket  ex- 
ploded as  planned,  (nasa  Rpts  SRL) 

November  22:  NASA  Aerobee  150  A  sounding  rocket  launched  from  NASA 
Wallops  Station  carried  Univ.  of  Kentucky  experiment  to  101.7-mi 
(163.6-kml  altitude  to  determine  gravity  preference  of  small  white  rat 
when  subjected  to  artificial  gravity  field  [see  Nov.  21].  Rocket  and  in- 
strumentation   performed    satisfactorily.    Good    data    were    obtained. 

(NASA  Rpt  SRL) 

•  JPL  announced  its  astronomers  had  determined  asteroid  Icarus  was  about 

half  mile  in  diameter  and  rotated  every  2^/2  hr,  from  data  received  dur- 
ing three-day  series  of  seven  microwave  probes.  Icarus  was  clocked  at 
speeds  from  36.000  mph  to  1,450  mph  at  4-million-mi  distance — closest 
approach  it  had  made  to  earth  in  19  yr.  A  450,000-w  transmitter  on 
85-ft  antenna  at  Goldstone  Tracking  Station  in  Mohave  desert  beamed 
radar  waves  at  2,388-mc  frequency.  Reflected  echoes  were  received  by 
210-ft  antenna  14  mi  away.  Average  radar  round  trip  to  Icarus  was  43 
sec.  JPL  radar  astronomer.  Dr.  Richard  M.  Goldstein,  said  indications 
were  that  Icarus  was  "rough,  even  jagged,  and  perhaps  shaped  like  a 
peach  stone."  Radar  reflections  were  unable  to  indicate  whether  its  sur- 
face was  stony  or  metallic.  If  metallic.  Dr.  Goldstein  said,  its  radius 
might  be  as  small  as  300  m;  if  stony,  600  m,  which  fixed  Icarus'  diam- 
eter at  600  to  1,200  m,  with  900  m  a  probable  figure,  (nasa  Release 
68-197;  AP,  W  Star,  11/20/68,  A8;  Goldstein,  Science,  11/22/68, 
903-4) 

•  Electronic  device  used  to  monitor  heart  pumping  performance  of  astro- 

nauts was  being  tested  as  a  "potentially  sensitive  indicator  of  early 
transplant  rejections,"  MSc's  Dr.  Charles  A.  Berry  and  Dr.  Lawrence  F. 
Dietlein  told  symposium  of  medical  space  scientists  from  15  nations  at 
World  Health  Organization  in  Geneva.  "The  device,  if  successful, 
would  be  ideally  suited  for  this  use."  Dr.  Dietlein  pointed  out  that  since 
no  needles  were  used  there  would  be  no  risk  of  infection  and  no  risk  of 
upsetting  the  delicate  immunological  balance  of  patients.  (AP,  Today, 
11/24/68,  12A) 

•  nas  in  The  Mathematical  Sciences:   A   Report  said  that  before  World 

War  II  U.S.  was  consumer  of  mathematical  talent  but  now  was  "uni- 
versally recognized  as  the  leading  producer."  Graduate  education  in 

291 


November  22  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

mathematical  sciences  at  major  U.S.  centers  was  "far  superior  to  that 
in  all  but  two  or  three  centers  in  the  rest  of  the  world,"  but  shortage  of 
college  teachers  was  likely  to  worsen.  Report  recommended  increased 
Federal  support  for  basic  research,  including  NASA  programs,  computer 
science,  applied  mathematics,  graduate  apprenticeships,  and  faculty  im- 
provement. (Text;  Schwartz,  NYT,  11/24/68,  74) 

•  Dr.  Donald  F.  Hornig,  President  Johnson's  Special  Assistant  for  Science 

and  Technology,  would  join  Eastman  Kodak  Co.  in  "executive  capac- 
ity" in  early  January,  Science  reported.  He  would  also  become  profes- 
sor of  chemistry  at  Univ.  of  Rochester.  (Science,  11/22/68,  881) 

•  U.S.  and  Romania  signed  agreements  to  exchange  information  on  peace- 

ful uses  of  atomic  energy,  scientific  delegations,  and  unclassified  techni- 
cal literature  and  films.  Romanian  graduate  students  would  be  assigned 
to  U.S.  laboratories  and  universities.  (Cohn,  W  Post,  11/21/68;  El; 
AP,  NYT,  11/24/68,  43) 

November  23:  First  Lady,  Mrs.  Lyndon  B.  Johnson,  and  daughter  Mrs. 
Lynda  Robb  paid  their  first  visit  to  KSC  and  participated  in  simulated 
moon  landing  in  lunar  landing  module  replica.  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine, 
NASA  Acting  Administrator,  presented  model  of  Apollo  lunar  landing 
module  for  display  in  Lyndon  B.  Johnson  Presidential  Library.  He  said 
model  would  bear  plaque  listing  "a  few  of  the  many  contributions  to 
our  space  program  of  Lyndon  B.  Johnson — as  Senate  Majority  Leader, 
as  Chairman  of  the  Senate  Aeronautics  and  Space  Sciences  Committee, 
as  Chairman  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council  when  he 
was  Vice  President,  and  then  as  President  of  the  United  States."  Dr. 
Paine  told  Mrs.  Johnson,  "We  trust  that  this  model  of  the  lunar  landing 
module  will  signify  to  the  many  visitors  .  .  .  the  President's  vision 
and  leadership  that  has  carried  this  nation  outward  into  the  new  ocean 
of  space."  (KSC  Release  KSC-500-68;  Shelton,  W  Star,  11/25/68,  E3; 
Blair,  A^  IT,  11/24/68,41) 

November  24:  Cornell  Univ.  scientists  reported  pulsar  lying  in  or  near 
Crab  Nebula  with  fastest  pulse  rate  of  pulsars  discovered  thus  far  was 
slowing  pulse  tempo  at  rate  of  one  part  in  2,000  a  year.  Discovery  was 
made  with  1,000-ft-dia  antenna  at  Arecibo  (Puerto  Rico)  Observa- 
tory. Walter  Sullivan  in  New  York  Times  said  discovery  encouraged 
view  that  astronomers  "are  penetrating  an  entire  new  realm  of  physics 
.  .  .  physics  of  superdense  matter  (in  the  form  of  so-called  neutron 
stars),  magnetic  fields  far  beyond  anything  observable  in  the  labora- 
tory and  superpowerful  gravity."  (NYT,  11/25/68,  53) 

•  New  York  Times  article  said  at  least  eight  nations,  including  U.S.  and 

U.S.S.R.,  were  building  astronomical  observatories  in  Chile,  which  had 
been  termed  ideal  site  because  of  its  latitude,  near  30°  South.  Associa- 
tion of  Universities  for  Research  in  Astronomy,  Inc.  (aura),  depend- 
ency of  NSF,  had  invested  $19  million  thus  far  in  observatory  of  Cerro 
Tololo.  Other  groups  were  European  Southern  Observatory  (eso,  con- 
sortium of  West  Germany,  France,  Holland,  Belgium,  Sweden,  and 
Denmark)  and  Soviet  Astronomical  Mission.  A  36-in-telescope  at  U.S. 
observatory  already  had  photographed  powerful  ray-emitting  star 
whose  existence  previously  had  been  only  suspected.  [NYT,  11/24/68, 
27) 

•  USAF  launched  experimental  Advanced  Ballistic  Reentry  System  (abres) 

vehicle  from  Vandenberg  afb.  (AP,  W  Post,  11/25/68,  9) 

292 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  November  25 

November  25:  Four  foreign  firms  who  handled  all  Argentine  overseas  tele- 
phone calls  and  telecommunications,  with  multimillion-dollar  invest- 
ment, had  been  notified  by  lower  echelons  of  Argentine  government 
that  its  national  carrier  entel  would  be  exclusive  international  carrier 
and  would  reserve  all  communications  satellite  channels  for  itself, 
Washington  Evening  Star  reported.  Argentina  was  to  link  up  with 
ComSatCorp  and  Intelsat  on  completion  of  earth  station  at  Balcarce 
in  June  1969.  Firms — U.S. -based  ITT  World  Communications,  Inc.; 
Transradio,  which  had  RCA  hookup;  Western  Telegraph  of  U.K.;  and 
Italcable  of  Italy — would  propose  mixed  government-carrier  company 
to  own  and  operate  Argentine  earth  station.  (O'Leary,  W  Star, 
11/25/68,  A15) 

•  C— 130  troop  and  supply  carrier,  used  as  pick-up  aircraft  for  satellites 

dropping  special  reconnaissance  photos  into  sea,  had  developed  serious 
wing  cracks  which  would  cost  usaf  $11  million  to  repair,  Bob  Horton 
reported  in  Washington  Evening  Star.  USAF  had  been  reinforcing  wings 
but  would  have  to  build  entire  new  wing  on  400  C— 130  models  B 
through  E  to  ensure  long  service.  Model  C— 130A  was  not  affected.  (W 
Star,  11/25/68,  A3) 

•  New  York  Times  editorial  commented  on  NAS  report  on  status  and  needs 

of  American  mathematics  [see  Nov.  22] :  ".  .  .  this  era — often  called 
the  age  of  the  computer — is  really  the  time  of  the  most  widespread  and 
fruitful  application  of  mathematics  ever  known.  .  .  .  The  cost  of  sup- 
porting American  mathematics  is  so  slight  in  relation  to  the  vast  poten- 
tial benefits  that  even  the  most  economy-minded  Congressman  should 
be  chary  of  using  his  ax"  on  Federal  support.  {NYT,  11/25/68,  46) 

•  Harold  T.   Luskin,   Director   of   Apollo   Applications  in   NASA   Office   of 

Manned  Space  Flight,  died  in  Bethesda,  Md.,  of  respiratory  illness.  He 
had  joined  NASA  in  March  1968  and  had  become  Apollo  Applications 
Director  in  May.  He  was  past  president  of  AIAA  and  had  been  asso- 
ciated with  Douglas  Aircraft  Co.  for  20  yr  and  Lockheed  Aircraft 
Corp.  for  9  yr.  He  had  held  engineering  and  management  positions  in 
connection  with  Agena  space  vehicle,  USAF  Manned  Orbiting  Labora- 
tory, X— 3  supersonic  research  aircraft,  and  DC— 8.  (nasa  Ann, 
11/26/68;  W  Post,  11/27/68,  C3;  Marshall  Star,  11/27/68,  l;W  Star, 
11/27/68,  B4) 

•  In  Aviation  Week  &:  Space  Technology  editorial  Robert  Hotz  said,  "The 

national  space  program  is  approaching  a  critical  watershed  at  about  the 
same  time  the  Nixon  Administration  will  assume  stewardship.  .  .  .  It  is 
obvious  now  that  space  technology  has  demonstrated  its  ability  to  pro- 
vide a  wide  range  of  benefits  for  better  living  on  earth.  It  would  be  a 
national  tragedy,  if  this  country  failed  to  capitalize  on  the  substantial 
investment  it  has  already  made  in  developing  space  technology.  It  will 
fall  to  the  Nixon  Administration  to  make  the  critical  decisions  during 
the  next  few  years  that  will  determine  the  future  course  of  the  national 
space  program."  {Av  Wk,  11/25/68,  11) 

•  Dr.  Paul  AUman  Siple,  polar  explorer  and  geographer  who  had  accom- 

panied Adm.  Richard  E.  Byrd  to  Antarctica  and  science  adviser  to  U.S. 
Army  1946—1963  and  since  1967,  died  at  Arlington,  Va.,  at  age  59. 
(/Vyr,  11/27/68,  47) 
November  26:  Dr.   George  E.   Mueller,  NASA  Associate   Administrator  for 
Manned  Space  Flight,  told  National  Space  Club  in  Washington,  D.C., 

293 


November  26  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968 

unique  conditions  in  space  suggested  use  of  orbiting  space  stations  for 
certain  manufacturing  processes.  "For  instance,  liquid  floating  in  a 
weightless  environment  takes  the  shape  of  a  perfect  sphere.  Thus,  it  is 
conceivable  that  metal  ball  bearings  could  be  manufactured  in  space  to 
tolerances  impossible  on  earth,  yet  at  a  cost,  including  transportation, 
less  than  we  can  now  achieve.  Perfect  bearings  would  reduce  friction 
and  noise  levels  to  the  vanishing  point.  Free-fall  casting  techniques 
could  be  utilized  to  cast  large  flawless  optical  blanks  for  telescopes  and 
by  proper  combinations  of  spinning  and  electrostatic  forces  we  should 
be  able  to  shape  the  surface  as  well." 

Stable  foams  for  mixtures  of  liquefied  materials  and  gases,  impossible 
to  produce  satisfactorily  on  earth,  could  be  produced  in  weightlessness, 
resulting  in  "a  steel  foam  almost  as  light  as  balsa  wood  with  many  of 
the  properties  of  solid  steel."  Composite  materials  like  steel  of  different 
densities  and  properties  and  glass  also  could  be  produced.  (Text; 
Schmeck,  NYT,  11/27/68,  48;  Sehlstedt,  B  Sun,  11/27/68,  A6) 

•  Dr.  Homer  E.  Newell,  nasa  Associate  Administrator,  said  in  speech  be- 

fore annual  convention  of  National  Council  for  Social  Studies  at  GSFC: 
".  .  .  because  of  the  length  of  time  between  investment  in  basic  scien- 
tific research  and  important  use  of  the  results  thereof,  support  by  Con- 
gress and  the  public  of  basic  research  is  hesitating  and  often  outright 
skeptical.  The  development  and  application  of  technology  to  the  quick 
solution  of  current  problems  is  better  understood  and  more  readily 
supported.  Yet  the  fact  is  that  technology  to  be  used  in  the  solution  of 
a  practical  problem  rests  ultimately  upon  the  results  of  basic  research 
performed  years,  and  often  many  years,  ago."  Experience  proved,  he 
said,  "that  the  effort  to  select  the  basic  research  to  support  in  terms 
of  predicted  usefulness  would  over  and  over  again  preclude  support 
of  the  research  that  in  time  would  prove  to  be  the  most  valuable."  (Text) 

•  NASA  and  Univ.  of  Texas  dedicated  world's  third  largest  telescope,  107- 

in,  150-ton  instrument  at  McDonald  Observatory,  Mount  Locke,  Tex. 
Observatory  Director,  Dr.  Harlan  J.  Smith,  said  it  had  been  booked  a 
year  in  advance.  The  S5-million  observatory  would  emphasize  studies 
of  moon  and  other  planets.  Government  scientists  hoped  for  informa- 
tion to  help  them  design  planetary  spacecraft.  (UPI,  NYT,  11/27/68, 
26) 

•  French  Prime  Minister  Maurice  Couve  de  Murville  announced  France's 

1969  atomic  test  program  would  be  canceled  and  credits  would  be  re- 
duced for  Concorde  supersonic  aircraft  as  part  of  austerity  program  to 
save  French  franc  from  devaluation.  French  contribution  to  Concorde 
development  would  be  cut  by  $12  million.  It  was  not  known  how  much 
move  might  delav  program,  with  first  prototype  scheduled  to  fly  in  late 
December.  (AP,'W  Star,  11/26/68,  1;  Louchheim,  W  Post,  11/27/68, 
Al;  Tanner,  NYT,  11/27/68,  1) 
November  27:  NASA  FY  1970  budget  request  of  $3,878  billion  was  agreed 
on  in  meeting  between  President  Johnson  and  NASA  Acting  Administra- 
tor Thomas  0.  Paine.  (NASA  Off  of  Admin) 

•  NASA  awarded  Allis-Chalmers  $3,500,000  contract  to  flight-qualify  Mul- 

timission  Fuel  Cell  Assembly,  an  improved  fuel  cell  electrical  power 
system  for  Apollo  Applications  (aa)  program.  System  had  been  devel- 
oped under  three  previous  NASA  contracts  since  1962.  Allis-Chalmers 
would  produce  two  assemblies  for  use  in  qualification  program  and  two 

294 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  November  27 

for  delivery  to  Msc.  (nasa  Procurement  Off;  MCS  Roundup,  12/6/68, 

1) 

•  U.K.    became    first    nuclear    power    to    ratify    nuclear    nonproliferation 

treaty.  At  Washington,  D.C.,  ceremony,  British  Charge  d' Affaires  Ed- 
ward E.  Tompkins  handed  instruments  of  ratification  to  Director  Wil- 
liam C.  Foster  of  U.S.  Arms  Control  and  Disarmament  Agency.  (NYT, 
11/28/68,  9) 

•  Soviet  journal  Aviatsiya  i  Kosmonavtika  (Aviation  and  Cosmonautics) 

said  Soviet  scientists  had  concluded  "basis  of  a  linked  system  for  pro- 
viding man  with  vital  necessities  on  board  spaceship  will  be  the  cultiva- 
tion of  higher  plants.  .  .  .  Scientists  believe  that  artificial  soil  could  be 
used  for  space  plant  growing."  Once  spacecraft  left  earth  gravitation 
field,  "plants  will  be  fixed  in  special  holders  and  sprayed  with  concen- 
trated solutions  containing  all  necessary  substances."  (uPi,  NYT, 
11/29/68,  22) 

•  usn's  Sealab  III  was  carried  by  barge  to  San  Clemente  Island,  Calif.  It 

would  be  lowered  600  ft  to  Pacific  Ocean  bottom  to  serve  as  working 
and  living  quarters  for  five  teams  of  8  to  10  men  setting  up  underwater 
trolley  line,  building  dry  and  lighted  hut  on  sea  floor,  starting  lobster 
farm,  and  training  porpoises  and  sea  lions  to  fetch  and  carry.  Sealab 
III,  submerged  to  three  times  depths  of  Sealab  I  and  Sealab  II,  was 
final  experiment  in  Sealab  program.  (AP,  W  Star,  11/28/68,  A36) 
November  28:  NASA  announced  Mexican  cities  Gomez  Palacios  and  Tor- 
reon  had  been  saved  from  flooding  in  wake  of  Hurricane  Naomi  when 
Automatic  Picture  Transmission  (apt)  station  at  Mexico  City  relayed 
data  from  Essa  VI  satellite  indicating  weather  was  clearing.  Mexican 
authorities  thus  were  saved  from  opening  dangerously  filled  dam  which 
would  have  inundated  the  cities,  (nasa  Release  68-203;  UPi,  NYT, 
12/1/68,  77) 

•  Canadian  scientist  I.  A.  Stewart,  Operations  Manager  of  Churchill  Re- 

search Range,  said  at  first  International  Aerospace  Exposition  in  Mon- 
treal he  believed  range,  operated  jointly  by  U.S.  and  Canada,  could  be 
converted  for  $1  million  to  accommodate  satellite  launching  pad.  Can- 
ada could  thus  rise  to  ranks  of  space-age  power,  he  said.  Of  more  than 
200  on  staff,  only  one  was  from  U.S.  (Can  Press,  NYT,  12/1/68,  13) 
November  29:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCLV  from  Plesetsk  Cosmo- 
drome into  orbit  with  317-km  (197-mi)  apogee,  211-km  (131.1-mi) 
perigee,  89.6-min  period,  and  65.4°  inclination.  Spacecraft  reentered 
Dec.  7.  (GSFC  SSR,  11/30/68;  12/15/68;  SBD,  12/2/68,  129) 

•  MSFC  announced  it  had  requested  proposals  from  11  aerospace  compa- 

nies for  six-month  design  and  definition  study  for  dual  mode  lunar  rov- 
ing vehicle  (lrv)  capable  of  transporting  astronauts  on  lunar  surface 
and  of  performing  automated,  long-range  scientific  traverses  across 
moon  under  remote  control  from  earth. 

Vehicle  was  to  permit  manned  sorties  of  up  to  6  mi  from  landed 
spacecraft,  with  total  round  trip  of  more  than  18  mi.  After  astronauts 
left  moon,  lrv  would  be  placed  in  remote  control  mode  for  automated 
long-range  (600  or  more  mi)  geological  and  geophysical  trips  for  one 
year.  It  would  collect  up  to  200  lb  of  lunar  samples  and  measure  ter- 
rain, then  rendezvous  with  manned  spacecraft  for  return  of  samples  to 
earth,  (msfc  Release  68-274;  SBD,  12/3/68,  134;  Marshall  Star, 
12/4/68,  1) 

295 


November  29  ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  FAA  announced  it  had  issued  RFP  for  collection  and  analysis  of  informa- 

tion on  engineering,  economic,  and  operational  aspects  of  proposed 
construction  of  airports  on  offshore  water  sites,  including  floating  air- 
ports and  those  to  be  built  on  fill  or  piles  or  in  areas  protected  by  dikes. 
(FAA  Release  68-75 ;  NYT,  12/2/68,  94) 

•  World's  largest  vacuum  telescope,  scheduled  for  spring  1969  completion 

at  Sunspot,  N.  Mex.,  could  provide  method  of  predicting  solar  flares, 
Associated  Press  reported.  Housed  in  135-ft  concrete  needle  atop  moun- 
tain ridge  4,000  ft  above  WSMR,  at  Sacramento  Peak  Observatory,  tele- 
scope was  brainchild  of  usaf  astronomer  Dr.  Richard  Dunn,  who  told 
AP,  "Prediction  of  solar  flares  would  give  us  time  to  warn  astronauts 
working  outside  the  radiation  shielding  of  a  spacecraft  to  take  cover 
and  allow  us  to  predict  periods  of  radio  communication  interference." 
Project  cost  $3.5  million.  (AP,  NYT,  12/1/68,  65) 
November  30:  U.S.S.R  launched  Cosmos  CCLVI  into  orbit  with  1,223-km 
(759.9-mi)  apogee,  1,195-km  (742.6-mi)  perigee,  109.4-min  period, 
and  74°  inclination,  (gsfc  SSR,  11/30/68) 

•  European  Launcher  Development  Organization   (eldo)   attempt  to  place 

550-lb  Italian  eldo  F-7  into  polar  orbit  failed  when  technicians  lost 
contact  with  payload  shortly  after  launch.  Satellite  launched  from 
Woomera  Rocket  Range  by  booster  with  U.K.  Blue  Streak  1st  stage, 
French  Coralie  2nd  stage,  and  West  German  Astris  3rd  stage  stopped 
transmitting  after  abbreviated  seven-second  3rd-stage  burn  and  could 
not  be  tracked.  (Reuters,  NYT,  12/1/68,  11) 
During  November:  Milton  Alberstadt  reviewed  25-yr  history  of  MSFC's 
Michoud  Assembly  Facility.  U.S.  Government  built  plant  (dedicated 
Oct.  24,  1943)  on  Michoud  sugar  mill  site  during  World  War  II  to  as- 
semble Curtiss  C-46  Caravan  transports.  After  C— 46  contract  was  can- 
celed, "Flying  Dutchman,"  air-sea  rescue  boat  carried  under  belly  of 
Boeing  B— 17  bomber,  was  developed.  Michoud  plant  was  reactivated 
during  Korean  War  by  Chrysler  Corp.  to  produce  810-hp  engines  for 
Patton  tanks.  It  was  selected  by  NASA  in  1961  as  site  to  build  Saturn 
rocket  to  put  man  on  moon.  {Boeing  Magazine,  11/68,  8—9) 

•  In   Air   Force  and  Space   Digest   interview   General   Electric   Co.   Vice 

President  Gerhard  Neumann,  head  of  GE  Aircraft  Engine  Group,  said 
postponement  of  essential  R&D  during  past  several  years  had  "mort- 
gaged" nation's  techological  future.  He  saw  hazards  in  current  DOD 
contracting  policies  which  kept  industry  from  taking  "reasonable  risks" 
because  they  imposed  implacable  performance  guarantees.  He  blamed 
parsimonious  funding  on  Vietnam  War  requirements  and  urged  lost 
ground  be  regained  as  soon  as  priorities  permitted.  In  era  of  R&D  aus- 
terity, Neumann  advocated  "lot  more"  work  in  advanced-engine  re- 
search by  NASA.  {AF/SD,  11/68,  58) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Clark  M.  Clifford  wrote  in  Air  Force  and  Space 

Digest:  "Not  too  many  years  ago,  the  War  and  Navy  Departments 
were  concerned  almost  exclusively  with  men  and  simple  machines.  De- 
fense industries  were  regarded  as  mere  munitions-makers.  .  .  .  We  now 
have  a  military-industrial  team  with  unique  resources  of  experience,  en- 
gineering talent,  management  and  problem-solving  capacities,  [and  it] 
must  be  used  to  help  find  the  answers  to  complex  domestic  problems 
as  it  has  found  the  answers  to  complex  weapon  systems.  Those  an- 
swers can  be  put  to  good  use  by  our  cities  and  our  states,  by  our 

296 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  During  November 

schools,  by  large  and  small  businesses  alike.  The  nation  will  be  the 
better  and  the  stronger."   (AF/SD,  11/68,  76-7) 

•  In  Air  Force  and  Space  Digest  Capt.  Gerald  T.  Rudolph  (usaf)   of  AFSC 

Space  and  Missiles  Systems  Organization  scored  lack  of  progress  in 
adopting  systems  technology  to  solve  "nation's  mounting  social  prob- 
lems." He  found  two  major  reasons  for  lag:  "the  public  does  not  en- 
tirely understand  [it],  largely  because  the  aerospace  industry  has  been 
unable  to  define  it  adequately  and  explain  how  it  is  used.  And  .  .  . 
American  society  has  always  been  reluctant  to  accept  the  kind  of  cen- 
tralized authority  required  to  implement  systems  solutions,  especially  at 
the  community  and  regional  levels." 

Every  effort  should  be  made,  he  said,  to  surmount  obstacles  because 
"it  is  the  judgment  of  many  experts  that  systems  technology  will  prove 
to  be  the  most  valuable  parcel  of  knowledge  to  come  out  of  present  day 
space  technology."  (AF/SD,  11/68,  79-81) 

•  J.  S.  Butz,  Jr.,  in  Air  Force  and  Space  Digest  article  "The  Men  Behind 

Soviet  Aircraft  Design"  wrote:  "Top  Russian  designers  are  exuberant 
realists;  and  they  operate  under  a  'prototype'  system  of  development 
that  is  probably  the  most  competitive  and  technically  stimulating  in  the 
world.  This  system  is  similar  to  the  one  employed  in  the  United  States 
until  the  mid-1950s  and  the  odds  appear  strong  that  the  U.S.  will  re- 
turn to  such  an  approach  in  the  1970s,  rejecting  the  strong  dependence 
on  'systems  analysis'  and  'cost-effectiveness'  studies  that  characterized 
the  1960s."  (AF/SD,  11/68,  62-7) 


297 


December   1968 


December  1 :  Tenth  anniversary  of  Antarctic  Treaty  signed  by  12  nations 
to  promote  scientific  research  and  to  bar  military  activity  in  the  area. 
(a&a,  1915-1960) 

December  2:  Retirement  of  H.  Julian  Allen  as  Director  of  Ames  Research 
Center,  announced  Oct.  25,  would  be  deferred,  NASA  announced.  Allen 
would  be  Special  Assistant  to  Associate  Director,  Office  of  Advanced 
Research  and  Technology,  and  would  serve  as  Acting  Director  of  ARC 
for  indefinite  period.  ARC  Associate  Director  James  F.  Parsons,  named 
to  be  Acting  Director  after  Allen's  retirement,  had  become  seriously  ill. 
Parsons  died  March  2,  1969.  (nasa  Ann,  12/2/68;  ARC  Memo  from 
Director  to  Staff,  3/3/69) 

•  U.S.S.R.  published  Zond  VI  photo  of  70-mi-wide  lunar  crater  carrying 

name  honoring  geneticist  Nikolay  I.  Vavilov,  who  had  been  sent  to  Si- 
beria in  1939  for  opposing  ideas  of  Trofim  D.  Lysenko,  and  his  brother 
Sergei  I.  Vavilov,  who  had  later  become  president  of  Soviet  Academy 
of  Sciences.  Nikolay  Vavilov  died  in  Siberia  in  1943;  his  brother  died 
in  1951.  Soviet  name  for  crater,  Brothers  Vavilov,  had  not  yet  been  ac- 
credited by  International  Astronomical  Union.  [NYT,  12/3/68,  36) 

•  President  Johnson  presented  1968  Enrico  Fermi  Award  in  White  House 

ceremony  to  Dr.  John  Archibald  Wheeler,  Princeton  Univ.  physicist, 
for  "pioneering  contributions  to  understanding  nuclear  fission  and  to 
developing  the  technology  of  plutonium  production  reactors  and  his 
continuing  broad  contributions  to  nuclear  science."  Award  carried  gold 
medal,  citation,  and  $25,000.  [PD,  12/9/68,  1956;  W  Post,  12/3/68, 
A2;  W  Star,  12/3/68,  A6) 

•  DOD  announced  issuance  of  $4,400,000  initial  increment  to  $31,132,689 

cost-plus-incentive-fee  USAF  contract  with  Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space 
Co.  for  launch  support  services  at  WTR.  (dod  Release  1060—68) 

•  U.K.,  West  Germany,  and  the  Netherlands  had  decided  to  pool  secrets 

and  build  centrifuge  separation  plant  to  produce  cheap  enriched-ura- 
nium  reactor  fuel,  Don  Cook  reported  in  Washington  Post.  In  1962 
agreement  with  U.S.,  the  countries  had  contracted  to  keep  experimenta- 
tion in  centrifuge  secret  from  each  other.  In  addition  to  U.S.,  U.S.S.R. 
and  Communist  China  produced  enriched  uranium  by  gaseous-diffusion 
process.  {W  Post,  12/2/68,  A3) 
December  3:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCLVII  into  orbit  with  438-km 
(272.2-mi)  apogee,  269-km  (167.2-mi)  perigee,  91.6-min  period,  and 
70.9°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  March  5,  1969.  (AP,  B  Sun, 
12/4/68;  Reuters,  C  Trib,  12/4/68;  gsfc  SSR,  12/15/68;  3/15/69) 

•  XB— 70A  experimental   supersonic  bomber,   piloted  by   NASA  test  pilots 

Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr.,  and  Donald  L.  Mallick,  reached  mach  1.64  and 
39,400-ft  altitude  during  1-hr  58-min  flight  from  Edwards  afb  to  test 
exiter  vane  integrated  loads  and  frequency  and  handling  qualities.  All 

298 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  December  3 

primary  objectives  were  accomplished,  although  cabin  pressure  prob- 
lem necessitated  manual  operation  of  system.  (XB— 70  Proj  Off) 

•  President  Johnson  proclaimed  Agreement  on  the  Rescue  of  Astronauts, 

the  Return  of  Astronauts,  and  the  Return  of  Space  Objects  in  effect 
with  deposit  in  three  capitals  of  instruments  of  ratification  by  U.S., 
U.S.S.R.,  and  U.K.  Ireland  and  Nepal  had  previously  ratified  treaty, 
which  had  been  signed  by  75  countries.  Proclamation  noted  new  agree- 
ment was  essentially  humanitarian.  Its  provisions  "carry  forward  the 
goals  of  international  cooperation  to  which  the  United  States  has  been 
dedicated  since  enactment  of  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Act 
of  1958  and  to  which  the  United  States  renewed  its  commitment  in  the 
outer  space  treaty  of  1967."  {PD,  12/9/68,  1658;  AP,  NYT, 
12/5/68,  13;   nasa  Off  of  General  Council) 

•  President-elect  Richard  M.  Nixon  named  Dr.  Lee  A.  DuBridge,  retiring 

President  of  Cal  Tech,  as  his  Science  Adviser  and  announced  formation 
of  task  force  under  Dr.  H.  Guyford  Stever,  President  of  Carnegie-Mel- 
lon Univ.,  to  make  recommendations  in  general  science  field.  Task 
force  headed  by  Dr.  Charles  Townes,  Nobel  Prize  winning  physics  pro- 
fessor at  Univ.  of  California  at  Berkeley,  would  recommend  in  space 
field. 

Dr.  DuBridge  described  as  a  "very  critical  matter"  loss  of  momen- 
tum in  U.S.  space  program  because  of  appropriations  cuts  and  said  re- 
ducing activities  in  basic  and  applied  research  damaged  nation's  future. 

Later,  National  Science  Board  Chairman,  Dr.  Philip  Handler  of 
Duke  Univ.,  said  of  Dr.  DuBridge,  "He  has  one  rare  attribute  .  .  .  wis- 
dom, an  unusual  commodity.  He  is  knowledgeable  about  the  role  of 
technology  in  our  society  and  has  a  deep  belief  in  the  importance  of 
fundamental  research  to  the  health  and  welfare  of  the  country.  And  he 
is  usually  understanding  of  the  problems  of  the  private  universities." 
Horner,  W  Star,  12/3/68;  Cohn,  JV  Post,  12/3/68,  A7;  SBD,  12/4/68, 
141;  W  Star,  12/4/68,  A13) 

•  President  Johnson  presented  Harmon  International  Aviator's  Trophy  to 

Maj.  William  J.  Knight  (usaf)  for  piloting  X— 15  rocket  research  air- 
craft to  unofficial  record  speed  of  4,520  mph  (mach  6.70)  Oct.  3,  1967. 
During  White  House  ceremony  President  said,  "What  we  learned  from 
the  X— 15  program  will  enable  us  to  improve  on  all  our  aircraft.  The  in- 
formation gained  from  Major  Knight's  'flying  laboratory'  will  make  the 
airplanes  of  the  future  safer,  faster,  and  more  efficient."  (nasa  pao;  W 
Post,  12/4/68,  A3;  SBD,  12/5/68,  151;  PD,  12/9/68,  1660) 

•  Gen.  Jacob  E.  Smart  (usaf.  Ret.),  NASA  Assistant  Administrator  for  DOD 

and  Interagency  Affairs,  addressed  Armed  Forces  Management  Assn. 
on  NASA  Interagency  Coordination:  "...  I  believe  it  would  be  appro- 
priate for  the  President  or  the  Congress  to  charge  NASA  with  exercising 
the  lead  in  a  national  R&D  program  that  is  designed  to  learn  how  and  to 
what  degree  science,  engineering,  and  technology  can  be  applied  to 
help  the  Departments  of  Interior,  Agriculture,  Commerce,  Navy,  and 
others  to  fulfill  their  responsibilities  for  development  and  management 
of  natural  resources.  .  .  .  National  decision  on  whether  we  undertake 
development  of  operational  space  systems  must  await  outcome  of 
R&D.  Issues  will  be  more  clearly  identified  and  understood  if  the 
President  and  the  Congress  lend  their  interest  and  public  support  to  a 
first  class  R&D  program."  (Text) 

299 


December  3  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  FAA  adopted  rule  proposed  Sept.  4  to  limit  number  and  type  of  aircraft 

operations  at  five  "high-density"  airports  in  New  York,  Washington, 
and  Chicago  and  included  supplemental  carriers  in  same  category  as 
scheduled  carriers.  Final  rule,  effective  April  27,  1969,  dropped  pro- 
posed requirement  that  all  aircraft  operating  instrument  flight  rule 
(ifr)  at  high-density  airports  have  minimum  two-pilot  crew  and  be 
able  to  maintain  150-knot  minimum  airspeed,  (faa  Release  68-76;  W 
Star,  12/3/68,  Al;  Eisen,  W  Post,  12/3/68,  Al;  Witkin,  NYT, 
12/4/68, 1) 

•  Cal  Tech  said  Mt.  Wilson  and  Mt.  Palomar  observatories  were  keeping 

close  watch  for  developing  sunspots  that  might  threaten  Apollo  8  astro- 
nauts with  dangerous  x-ray  radiation.  (Reuters,  W  Post,  12/5/68,  H9) 
December  4:  USAF  launched  unidentified  satellite  from  Vandenberg  AFB  by 
Titan  III-B  booster  into  orbit  with  454-mi  (730.6-km)  apogee,  94-mi 
(151.3-km)  perigee,  89.3-min  period,  and  106.2°  inclination.  Satellite 
reentered  Dec.  12.  {Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Nike-Apache   sounding   rocket   launched   by   NASA   from   WSMR   carried 

Dudley  Observatory  payload  to  95.8- mi  (153.2-km)  altitude  to  deter- 
mine particle  flux  during  quiet  period  preceding  Geminid  meteor 
shower  (Dec.  13—14).  Launch  was  first  in  series  of  two;  second  would 
be  launched  Dec.  14.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily. 
All  collection  trap  functions  occurred  as  programmed.  Payload  was 
tracked  visually  during  descent  and  sucessfully  recovered.  (NASA  Rpt 
srl) 

•  Eugen  Sanger  Medal  of  German  Society  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronau- 

tics was  awarded  to  U.S.  X— 15  research  aircraft  team  in  Bonn,  West 
Germany,  for  X— 15  program's  contribution  to  advancement  of  space 
flight.  Medal  honored  German  rocketry  leader.  Dr.  Eugen  Sanger,  first 
to  define  potential  of  hypersonic  rocket  aircraft,  who  died  in  1964. 
John  V.  Becker  of  LaRC  accepted  award  on  behalf  of  NASA— USN— USAF 
team,  (nasa  Release  68-206) 

•  Dr.  Abe  Silverstein,  Lewis  Research  Center  Director,  received  one  of  six 

$10,000,  1968  Rockefeller  Public  Service  Awards — highest  privately 
sustained  honor  for  Federal  career  service — in  Washington,  D.C.,  cere- 
monies. (Causey,  W  Post,  12/5/68,  A22) 

•  In  letter  to  National  Council  on  Marine  Resources  and  Development, 

President-elect  Richard  M.  Nixon  said  his  administration  would  "consi- 
der an  integrated  program  in  oceanology  a  first  priority."  (AP, 
NYT,  12/8/68,  74) 
December  5-30:  NASA  successfully  launched  ESRO's  240-lb  Heos—A  Highly 
Eccentric  Orbiting  Satellite  from  etr  by  Thrust-Augmented  Thor-Delta 
(DSV— 3E)  booster.  Drum-shaped  satellite  entered  orbit  with  138,831.2- 
mi  (223,579.4-km)  apogee,  263-mi  (423-km)  perigee,  112-hr  29-min 
period,  and  28.3°  inclination. 

Primary  NASA  objective  was  to  place  Heos—A  into  earth  orbit  which 
would  permit  successful  achievement  of  ESRO  scientific  objectives  and 
to  provide  spacecraft  tracking  and  telemetry  support.  Eight  onboard 
experiments  designed  by  nine  scientific  groups  in  Belgium,  France, 
West  Germany,  Italy,  and  U.K.  would  investigate  interplanetary  mag- 
netic fields  and  study  solar  and  cosmic-ray  particles  outside  magneto- 
sphere  during  period  of  maximum  solar  activity.  By  Dec.  30  seven  ex- 
periments had  been  turned  on  and  operated  satisfactorily.  Eighth  ex- 

300 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  December  5-30 

periment  would  be  activated  two  months  after  liftoff.  Spacecraft  control 
had  shifted  to  ESRO  Operations  Center,  Darmstadt,  Germany. 

Heos—A  was  third  esro  mission  orbited  by  NASA,  first  esro  mission 
on  Delta  launch  vehicle,  and  first  NASA— ESRO  reimbursable  mission,  in 
which  ESRO  would  pay  U.S.  for  launch  vehicle  hardware  and  certain 
launch  costs,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  nasa  Release  68-204;  Wilford,  NYT, 
12/6/68:  GSFC  SSR,  12/15/68) 
December  5:  Interview  with  Dr.  Donald  F.  Hornig,  Science  Adviser  to  Presi- 
dent Johnson,  appeared  in  New  York  Times.  Dr.  Hornig  said 
problem  facing  his  successor,  Dr.  Lee  A.  DuBridge,  was  finding  funds 
for  science  and  technology,  to  preserve  "the  vitality,  the  creativity  and 
the  entrepreneurial  surge  of  the  establishment."  Next  science  adviser 
would  have  to  orient  new  administration  to  give  science  proper  place 
in  overall  scheme.  One  of  America's  great  strengths  was  recognition 
that  science,  like  economics,  was  part  of  everything. 

New  administration  would  have  to  set  course  for  space  program  after 
manned  lunar  landing.  It  would  have  to  decide  how  to  improve  nation's 
health  care,  deal  with  environmental  pollution,  and  face  technological 
problems  of  keeping  world  free  of  nuclear  war.  Particularly  important 
task  would  be  advancing  vitality  of  basic  science  enterprise — research 
devoted  to  quest  for  knowledge  with  no  immediate  applications  in 
mind.  (Schmeck,  NYT,  12/5/68,  28) 

•  Wall  Street  Journal  editorial  said  major  task  of  new  Presidential  Science 

Adviser,  Dr.  Lee  A.  DuBridge,  would  be  "to  try  to  help  instill  some 
semblance  of  order  in  the  Government's  massive  involvement  in  sci- 
ence." While  DOD  and  NASA  had  been  biggest  science  spenders,  other 
agencies  were  extensively  involved.  "Because  there  was  such  a  limited 
effort  to  set  priorities  in  the  first  place,  it's  hard  for  anyone  to  know 
for  sure  which  programs  the  nation  now  can  best  afford  to  slow  down 
or  abandon.  .  .  .  [Dr.]  DuBridge  now  must  try  to  plan  the  future 
course  of  Federal  science,  somehow  reconciling  all  the  competing  pres- 
sures from  scientists,  universities,  industry,  Congress,  maybe  even  tax- 
payers." (WSJ,  12/5/68) 

•  NASA  Deputy  Administrator  for  Space  Sciences  and  Applications  Oran 

W.  Nicks  described  applications  of  Surveyor  and  Lunar  Orbiter  tech- 
niques to  Mars  exploration  before  AIAA  meeting  in  Washington,  D.C. 
Two  1971  Mariner  Orbiter  missions  would  provide  new  tools  for  sur- 
vey of  dynamic  Mars,  arriving  when  most  striking  seasonal  changes 
were  evident  in  Southern  Hemisphere.  Their  combined  orbits  and  life 
expectancies  would  allow  observations  of  dynamic  changes  in  clouds 
and  surface  features  over  several  months.  In  1973,  two  additional  orbit- 
ers  would  survey  Mars  from  different  orbits  during  different  seasons, 
with  support  of  landing  mission  as  prime  requirement.  Also  planned 
for  1973  was  survivable  landing  spacecraft  to  make  local  measurements 
of  environment,  photograph  surface  and  topography,  and  analyze  soil. 
"Burning  question  of  immediate  concern  to  you  and  me  will  be  ad- 
dressed by  use  of  our  new  tools,"  Nicks  said:  "Is  there  life  elsewhere? 
Has  life  existed  on  nearby  planets  and  disappeared  for  any  reason? 
Can  nearby  planets  be  made  suitable  for  life?'  Together,  orbiters  and 
landers  form  a  powerful  team  for  the  study  of  Mars  and  for  seeking 
answers  to  these  questions.  Together,  they  will  continue  to  extend  our 

301 


December  5  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

capabilities  in  what  is  probably  the  most  challenging,  open-ended  arena 
for  expansion  of  science  and  technology  in  the  decade  ahead."  (Text) 

•  NASA  announced  plans  to  use  Titan  III— D/Centaur  in  dual  launches  of 

6,000-lb  spacecraft  consisting  of  Surveyor-type  soft  landers  mated  to 
Mariner  1971  class  Mars  orbiters  in  mid-1973,  in  Project  Viking,  to 
obtain  scientific  information  on  life  on  Mars.  Launched  10  days  apart, 
spacecraft  would  arrive  about  seven  months  later,  when  orbiter  propul- 
sion systems  would  place  orbiters  and  landers  in  Mars  orbit.  After  re- 
connaissance, landers  would  be  detached  and  softland  on  Mars,  (nasa 
Release  68—207;  Pasadena  Independent,  12/6/68) 

•  LeRC  announced  NASA-developed  artificial-heart  control  system  delivered 

to  Cleveland  Clinic,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  would  aid  research  into  ways 
man-made  ventricle  could  assist  damaged  natural  heart.  Later,  system 
could  be  modified  to  control  artificial  replacement  heart.  Electronic  R- 
wave  detector  sorted  heartbeat  from  background  noise  in  electrocar- 
diogram to  synchronize  beat  in  artificial  heart  with  natural  heart  and 
gave  synchronization  signal  to  programmer,  which  could  adjust  pump- 
ing of  artificial  ventricle  to  needs  of  body.  (LeRC  Release  68—80) 

•  ComSatCorp  announced  it  had  placed  in  full-time  commercial  operation 

two  new  earth  station  facilities  at  Jamesburg,  Calif.,  and  Paumalu,  Ha- 
waii, to  handle  U.S. -Pacific  area  communications  via  Intelsat— II  F—4 
(Intelsat  II-D)   satellite.   (ComSatCorp  Release  68-66) 

•  Scientists  at  Univ.  of  California  at  Los  Angeles,  testing  to  determine  if 

life  could  exist  in  hostile  environment  of  Venus,  said  they  had  grown 
algae  in  atmosphere  of  100%  carbon  dioxide.  They  said  Venus  had 
more  than  90%.  More  complex  plants  had  not  survived,  reported  Dr. 
Willard  F.  Libby,  Nobel  Prize  winner  in  chemistry,  Dr.  Joseph  Seck- 
bach  of  Israel,  and  Dr.  Irene  Aegerter  of  Switzerland.  (AP,  NYT, 
12/8/68,  35) 

•  DOD  announced  USAF  scientists,  in  study  conducted  by  Air  Force  Cam- 

bridge Research  Laboratories,  would  fly  KC— 135  flying  ionospheric 
laboratory  around  auroral  oval  in  Arctic  during  seven-day  series  of 
first  flights  attempted  along  this  route.  Purpose  was  to  obtain  data  on 
spatial  extent  and  intensity  of  optical  and  radio  auroras  in  midwinter 
'  and  define  relationships  between  them.  USAF  was  interested  in  influence 
of  auroras  on  radio  communication  and  navigation  and  on  radar  sur- 
veillance, afcrl  scientists  hoped,  eventually,  to  predict  occurrence  and 
severity  of  auroral  activity,  (dod  Release  1065—68) 

•  Washington  Post  editorial  commented  on  FAA's  limitation  of  operations 

at  five  major  airports  [see  Dec.  3] :  "It  is  unfortunate,  of  course,  that 
the  capacity  of  airports  at  New  York,  Chicago  and  Washington  have 
not  kept  up  with  the  growth  of  the  Nation's  air  fleet.  But  airports  do 
have  limits,  and  it  is  growing  increasingly  clear  that  the  only  solution 
to  congestion  problems  is  to  separate  commercial  and  noncommercial 
traffic.  It  would  make  far  more  sense  for  those  who  feel  they  have  been 
unfairly  treated  by  the  faa's  action  to  campaign  for  more  reliever  air- 
ports around  large  cities  (and  the  taxes  on  airport  users  to  pay  for 
them)  than  to  attempt  ...  to  overturn  the  FAA  decision."  {W  Post, 
12/5/68,  A20) 

•  USN  announced  authorization  of  $22  million  to  Electric  Boat  Div.  of 

General  Dynamics  Corp.  for  planning  and  procurement  of  materials 
and  equipment  for  "quiet"  nuclear-powered  submarine.  Award  brought 

302 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  December  5 

total  allocation  thus  far  to  $30.5  million.  Initial  S8.5  million  was  for 
design.  (UPL  W  Post,  12/5/68,  H7) 
December  6:  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  by  NASA  from 
WSMR  carried  American  Science  and  Engineering,  Inc.,  payload  to 
92.6-mi  (149-km^  altitude  to  collect  data  on  celestial  x-ray  sources  in 
1-  to  20-kev  range.  Rocket  and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily. 
(NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA  announced  first  successful  orbital  operation  of  two  low-thrust  space 

engines  during  five  separate  tests  in  two-month  lifetime  of  Ats  IV 
spacecraft.  Ion.  or  electrical  engines,  producing  thrust  of  less  than  2C 
micropounds.  had  been  fired  for  total  23  hr  and  performed  perfectly. 
Ion  engines  for  future  spacecraft  were  ideal  systems  for  countering 
gravitational  attraction  between  spacecraft,  moon  and  sun,  and  ellipti- 
cal equatorial  section — to  keep  satellite  stationary  for  conducting  com- 
munications, meteorological,  and  navigational  experiments.  They  had 
controllable  thrust  level  and  direction,  higher  fuel  efficiency,  and  longer 
fuel  life  than  Chemically  propelled  engines.  Reservoir  of  ^'m  lb  cesium 
could  keep  svnchronous  satellite  stationary  for  more  than  three  yeais. 
Before  test,  propulsion  experts  had  expected  ion  engine  firings  might 
create  radio  frequency  interference.  Test  showed  no  interference.  Two 
more  ion  engines  ^vere  planned  for  testing  aboard  ATS— E,  scheduled  for 
August  1969  launch,  (nasa  Release  68-205) 

•  In  major  organizational  changes  at  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center,  Dr. 

W.  R.  Lucas,  Director  of  Propulsion  and  Vehicle  Engineering  Labora- 
tory, was  named  Director  for  Program  Development,  effective  Dec.  16; 
Dave  Newby  was  named  Director  of  Center  Operations:  and  Dr.  Ernst 
Stuhlinger,  Director  of  Space  Sciences  Laboratory,  was  named  Asso- 
ciate Director  for  Science.  All  were  new  positions.  MSFC  Research  and 
Development  Operations  would  become  Science  and  Engineering,  with 
Hermann  K.  Weidner  remaining  Director:  Industrial  Operations  would 
become  Program  Management  under  same  director.  E.  F.  O'Connor. 

Dr.  Wernher  von  Braun,  MSFC  Director,  said  major  function  of  new 
Program  Development  organization  would  be  to  "harden"  complete 
package  plans  for  new  programs,  such  as  space  station.  Director  for 
Program  Development  would  "help  chart  the  course  for  this  Center  in 
the  post-Apollo  period,  keeping  in  mind  our  Apollo  program  require- 
ments and  aap  obligations."  (msfc  Release  68-276:  Marshall  Star, 
12/11/68.  1) 

•  ApoUo  7  Astronaut  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  received  Kitty  Hawk  Memo- 

rial Trophy  for  distinguished  achievement  in  aeronautics  at  annual 
Wright  Brothers  memorial  banquet  in  Beverly  Hills,  Calif.  Banquet 
commemorated  65th  anniversary  of  flight  of  Kitty  Hawk.  (UPI,  W  Star, 
12/7/68.  A2  I 

•  ComSatCorp  filed  application  for  authority  to  construct  earth  station  for 

satellite  communications  in  Alaska,  90  mi  north  of  Anchorage  near 
Talkeetna  Village.  (ComSatCorp  Release  68—68) 

•  In  Washington  Post,  Thomas  OToole  said  Howard  R.  Hughes  organiza- 

tion's holding  company,  Hughes  Nevada  Operations,  had  requested 
public  disclosure  of  alleged  DOD  study  by  Harvard  Univ.'s  Dr.  George 
Kistiakowsky  and  mit's  Dr.  Jerome  Wiesner  and  James  Killian.  Com- 
pany claimed  Special  Report  on  Underground  Testing  concluded  there 
was  no  reason  for  continued  underground  atomic  tests.  DOD  spokesman 

303 


December  6  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

denied  existence  of  study,  while  Science  Adviser  to  President  Johnson, 
Dr.  Donald  F.  Hornig,  said  only  that  he  had  met  with  top  physicists  in 
November  to  discuss  safety  of  underground  testing.  "We  may  make  a 
public  report  on  it.  The  subject  seems  to  be  of  enough  importance  to 
warrant  a  public  airing."  (TV  Post,  12/6/68,  87) 
December  7-10:  NASA's  Oao  II  (oAO-A2)  Orbiting  Astronomical  Observa- 
tory was  successfully  launched  from  etr  by  two-stage  Atlas-Centaur 
booster.  Orbital  parameters:  apogee,  485.7  mi  (781.6  km)  ;  perigee, 
479.2  mi  (771.2  km)  ;  period,  100.4  min;  and  inclination,  35°.  Heavi- 
est and  most  complex  automated  spacecraft  ever  developed  by  U.S., 
Oao  II  was  7  ft  wide  and  10  ft  high,  v/eighed  4,400  lb,  carried  11  tele- 
scopes, and  contained  238,000  separate  parts. 

Primary  mission  objective  was  to  demonstrate  flight  operation  to 
support  two  experiments  provided  by  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Ob- 
servatory and  Univ.  of  Wisconsin  for  at  least  30  days.  Secondary  ob- 
jective was  to  obtain  scientific  data  over  a  range  of  star  magnitudes 
and  wavelengths  for  at  least  50  hr.  Experiments  would  observe  inter- 
stellar dust  and  extremely  young  hot  stars  in  UV  portion  of  spectrum 
not  visible  to  human  eye  or  earth-based  observatories.  Satellite  would 
be  able  to  collect  six  hours  of  UV  data  per  day — twice  as  much  as  had 
been  obtained  in  15  yr  from  40  sounding  rocket  launches.  Through  its 
complex  ground-command  spacecraft-attitude  system  Oao  11  would  be 
aimed  at  individual  objects  in  space  with  precision  never  before  at- 
tained by  an  orbiting  satellite.  Information  from  experiments  would  be 
radioed  to  earth  as  digital  data  for  analysis  by  experimenters. 

By  Dec.  10  all  spacecraft  equipment  had  been  turned  on  and  oper- 
ated satisfactorily:  satellite  had  been  placed  in  its  sunbathing  mode 
with  its  solar  panels  oriented  toward  sun;  its  six  star  trackers  had 
been  activated;  three  of  the  trackers  had  been  locked  on  to  preplanned 
guide  stars;  and  satellite  had  established  three-axis  stabilization.  Smith- 
sonian experiment  initial  power  had  been  turned  on.  Wisconsin  Experi- 
ment Package  would  be  turned  on  Dec.  11. 

Oao  II  was  second  in  series  of  four  spacecraft  in  NASA's  OAO  pro- 
gram to  obtain  precise  astronomical  observations  of  celestial  objects 
above  earth's  atmosphere.  Oao  I  had  been  launched  into  almost  perfect 
orbit  April  8,  1966,  but  had  failed  because  of  power  supply  system 
malfunction  and  probable  high  voltage  arcing  in  star  tracker.  OAO  pro- 
gram was  managed  by  GSFC  under  OSSA  direction,  (nasa  Proj  Off; 
NASA  Release  68-186K;  ksc  Release  KSC-68;  UPI,  W  Star,  12/8/68, 
A5;  O'Toole,  W  Post,  12/8/68;  AP,  W  Star,  12/9/68,  A6;  SBD, 
12/10/68,  172;  Sehlstedt,  B  5z^/i,  12/12/68,  A5) 
December  7:  Apollo  8  Astronauts  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  William  A.  Anders, 
and  Frank  Borman — scheduled  to  begin  lunar  orbital  mission  Dec.  21 — 
held  preflight  press  conference  at  MSC.  Borman,  comparing  mission  to 
"a  combat  tour  in  Vietnam,"  said:  "The  risks  we  take  are  acceptable 
ones.  .  .  .  We  have  to  accept  them  if  we  believe  it's  worthwhile.  If 
I  ever  feel  it's  not  worthwhile,  I'll  quit." 

Describing  the  magnificence  of  space  flight,  Borman  said,  "When 
you're  finally  up  at  the  moon  and  looking  back  at  the  world,  the  na- 
tionalities blend.  .  .  .  You  get  the  concept  that  this  really  is  one  world 
and  wonder  why  ...  we  can't  live  together  like  decent  people."  Anders 
said  crew  "might  use  the  opportunity  [of  being  in  lunar  orbit  Christ- 

304 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


December  7 


December  7—10:  nasa's  Oao— II  21-foot-wide,  4,400-pound  Orbiting  Astronomical  Obser- 
vatory carried  11  telescopes  into  orbit  to  seek  ansivers  to  questions  on  origin,  evolu- 
tion, and  future  of  universe.  Photo  was  made  in  final  flight  qualification  testing. 


mas  Day]  to  express  to  all  peoples  of  the  world  our  purposes  and  the 
benefits  we  can  expect  from  space  exploration."  (Lannan,  W  Star, 
12/8/68,  A4:  AP,  KC  Star,  12/8/68;  AP,  M  Her,  12/8/68) 

December  8:  Chief  Test  Pilot  Joseph  S.  Algranti  successfully  ejected  from 
lunar  landing  training  vehicle  about  four  minutes  into  planned  six-min- 
ute flight,  when  large  lateral-control  oscillation  developed  as  he  de- 
scended from  maximum  altitude  of  550  ft.  He  ejected  at  200  ft  and 
landed  by  parachute  while  S1.8-million  vehicle  crashed  and  burned  sev- 
eral hundred  feet  away.  Flight  was  14th  for  this  LLTV.  Astronaut  Wal- 
ter M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  was  named  chairman  of  board  to  investigate  acci- 
dent, (msc  Special  Releases;  W  Post,  12/9/68,  1;  SBD,  12/10/68, 
172) 

•  In  Neiv  York  Times,  Walter  Sullivan  said  President-elect  Richard  M. 
Nixon's  entourage  had  discussed  creation  of  Cabinet  post  for  science 
and  technology.  "The  science  adviser,  in  the  view  of  the  Nixon  entou- 
rage, has  been  unable  to  streamline  the  machinery  for  making  science 
policy.  Science,  and  the  problems  relating  to  it,  has  outgrown  its  old 
boundaries.  The  big  problems  are  interdisciplinary.  Their  solution 
requires  expertise  in  many  fields,  and  the  cooperation  of  many  depart- 
ments of  government.  This  has  led  to  a  proliferation  of  interdepart- 
mental committees."  However,  "because  the  creation  of  a  Cabinet  post 
would  have  major  repercussions  within  the  scientific  establishment,  it  is 
unlikely  that  such  a  step  will  be  taken  until  there  has  been  an  extensive 
study,  lasting  perhaps  a  year  or  more."   [NYT,  12/8/68,  3E) 


305 


December  9  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

December  9:  NASA's  HL— 10  lifting  body  vehicle,  piloted  by  Maj.  Jerauld  R. 
Gentry  (usaf),  successfully  completed  second  rocket-powered  flight 
from  Edwards  afb  reaching  mach  0.8  (550  mph)  at  altitude  approach- 
ing 50,000  ft.  (NASA  Pro]  Oif ;  AP,  B    Sun,  12/10/68,  5) 

•  At  White  House  Dinner  honoring  members  of  space  program,  President 

Johnson  presented  Presidential  Medal  of  Freedom,  Nation's  highest  ci- 
vilian award,  to  retired  NASA  Administrator,  James  E.  Webb,  "a  most 
distinguished  public  administrator,  ...  a  farsighted  and  forceful 
leader  of  this  Nation  in  the  pioneer  exploration  of  outer  space,  opening 
new  frontiers  of  discovery  and  progress  for  the  American  people." 

President  told  23  Apollo  astronauts,  NASA  officials.  Government 
leaders  in  space  program,  and  heads  of  rocket-building  firms,  "I  asked 
you  to  come  here  tonight  in  the  twilight  of  this  administration,  so  I 
could  pay  the  respect  and  the  honor  and  the  affection  that  I  felt  for  the 
man  who  has  directed  your  efforts  and  directed  them  so  well,  and  so 
that  I  could  express  my  personal  admiration  and  respect  for  you." 

In  response,  Webb  said,  "The  challenge  of  space  is  large  and  so  is 
NASA.  In  all  such  human  endeavors,  organized  institutional  efforts  are 
essential,  and  we  know,  in  the  words  of  Emerson,  that  they  are  'the 
lengthened  shadow  of  one  man.'  We  in  NASA  know,  Mr.  President,  that 
you  are  the  man  of  which  our  civilian  space  effort,  conducted  for  the 
benefit  of  mankind,  is  the  lengthened  shadow." 

At  predinner  ceremony,  document  for  White  House  Treaty  Room 
was  signed  by  Apollo  7  astronauts  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.,  R.  Walter 
Cunningham,  and  Donn  F.  Eisele;  Apollo  8  Astronauts  William  A.  An- 
ders, Frank  Borman,  and  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.;  and  pioneer  aviator 
Charles  A.  Lindbergh.  Also  in  Treaty  Room  were  commemorations  of 
May  21,  1963,  visit  to  White  House  by  Astronaut  L.  Gordon  Cooper 
following  22-orbit  mission  in  Faith  VII  May  15-16  and  of  June  17, 
1965,  award  of  Exceptional  Service  Medal  to  late  Astronaut  Edward  H. 
White  II,  and  Astronaut  James  A.  McDivitt  following  first  U.S.  space 
walk  during  June  3—7  Gemini  IV  mission. 

During  exchange  of  dinner  toasts  President  Johnson  said  that  "in  the 
hundreds  of  laws  on  which  I  have  answered  the  rollcall,  the  bills  that  I 
have  sponsored  or  cosponsored  or  amended  or  defeated,  there  is  not  a 
single  one  that  gives  more  pride  than  the  Space  Act."  Responding, 
Webb  cited  three  generations  of  spacecraft  in  10  yr,  "put  to  use  ...  in 
every  major  field,"  and  said  he  had  "strongly  held  view  that  in  the 
kind  of  world  we  live  in,  our  Nation  needs  this  kind  of  success  in  this 
kind  of  endeavor."  (PD,  12/16/68,  1689-91;  McCardle,  W  Post, 
12/10/68,  Dl;  Shelton,  W  Star,  12/10/68,  B6;  NYT,  12/10/68,  86) 

•  World    Meteorological    Organization,    U.N.    agency    managing    World 

Weather  Watch  project,  said  work  was  well  advanced,  according  to  UPI. 
System  would  be  fully  operational  in  1971  and  save  world  economy  es- 
timated $17  billion  annually  in  losses  caused  by  unexpected  weather 
changes.  System  called  for  29,000  observations  daily,  of  which  24,000 
were  already  being  made.  Additional  2,500  by  1971  would  bring  imple- 
mentation level  to  91%.  World  centers  at  Melbourne,  Moscow,  and 
Washington  would  be  computerized  by  1969,  increasing  daily  output  of 
134  charts  to  223  by  1971.  Additionally,  21  regional  centers  issuing 
1,191  charts  daily  would  increase  output  to  1,830  charts  by  1971  and, 
eventually,  would  be  linked  to  global  communications  system.  Observa- 

306 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


December  9 


December  9:  Apollo  7  and  8  flight  crews  sign  memorial  document  for  White  House 
Treaty  Room.  Signers  are  (left  to  right)  :  Astronauts  R.  Walter  Cunningham.  Donn  F. 
Eisele,  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.  (Apollo  7)  ;  William  A.  Anders,  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  and 
Frank  Bornian  (Apollo  8).  Standing  are  Charles  A.  Lindbergh  (who  also  signed),  Mrs. 
Johnson,  President  Lyndon  B.  Johnson,  retired  NASA  Administrator  James  E.  Webb, 
and  Vice  President  Hubert  H.  Humphrey. 


tions  would  be  made  by  land  surface  stations  300  mi  apart  throughout 
world  with  exception  of  desert  areas.  Further  data  would  be  passed  on 
by  ^\eather  ships,  upper-air  sea  stations,  aircraft,  and  meteorological 
satellites.  (W  Star,  12/9/68,  A8) 
December  9-12:  New  York  Times  and  Washington  Evening  Star  published 
contents  of  unreleased  draft  report  by  Presidential  task  force  appointed 
in  1967  to  formulate  national  communications  policy  dealing  with 
rapid  technological  changes  and  providing  for  adequate  Government 
supervision.  Report  would  recommend  reorganization  of  U.S.  commu- 
nications industry  to  include  Government-sponsored  monopoly  to  trans- 
mit all  international  communications — including  ComSatCorp  satellites 
and  ground  stations;  at&t  underseas  cables;  and  terminals  and  switch- 
ing stations  of  "record"  carriers  ITT  World  Communications,  Inc.,  RCA 
Communications,  Inc.,  and  Western  Union  International,  Inc.  If  Com- 
SatCorp became  single  international  "entity,"  committee's  recommen- 
dations would  preclude  it  from  becoming  owner  and  manager  of  do- 
mestic satellite  communications  system  for  which  the  report  would 
propose  pilot  program. 

Committee  claimed  single  entity  could  make  more  balanced  invest- 
ment choice  on  whether  to  lay  more  cables  or  launch  satellites  and 
would  eliminate  need  for  duplicate  transmission  facilities.  Conclusions 
were  challenged  in  dissenting  footnote  to  report  by  Dr.  Edward  C. 
Welsh,  Executive  Secretary  of  nasc,  who  said  merger  would  inhibit  de- 


307 


December  9-12  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

velopment  of  satellite  technology  and  reduce  technological  competition 
between  cables  and  satellites  that  could  result  in  lower  rates. 

Report  also  would  recommend  informal  merger  of  postal  and  tele- 
graph services,  with  Western  Union  Telegraph  Co.  permitted  to  operate 
in  post  offices;  relaxation  of  FCC  restrictions  on  cable  TV  to  protect 
broadcasters;  and  Government  sponsorship  of  experimental  program  to 
test  TV's  usefulness  in  assisting  minority  groups.  (Finney,  NYT, 
12/9/68,  1;  12/10/68,  1;  Aug.,  W  Star,  12/12/68,  A13) 
December  10:  Cosmos  CCLVIII  was  successfully  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into 
orbit  with  302-km  (187.6-mi)  apogee,  206-km  (128-mi)  perigee,  89.5- 
min  period,  and  64.9°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  Dec.  18.  (UPI,  W 
Star,  12/10/68,  A6;  AP,  NYT,  12/11/68,  6;  gsfc  SSR,  12/15/68; 
12/31/68) 

•  Javelin    sounding    rocket   launched   by    NASA   from    Churchill    Research 

Range  carried  Syracuse  Univ.  Research  Corp.  payload  to  520-mi  (837- 
km)  altitude  to  observe  ionization  levels  of  helium  in  exposure.  Data 
would  be  related  to  aspects  of  sun  and  earth  relative  to  payload.  Rocket 
and  instruments  performed  satisfactorily.  (NASA  Rpt  srl) 

•  NASA   announced    award    of   $1,046,123    contract   to    Thiokol    Chemical 

Corp.'s  Elkton,  Md.,  Div.  for  development  of  more  powerful  solid-fuel 
rocket  for  automated  missions,  including  possible  use  as  3rd  stage  for 
Centaur  and  Delta.  New  3rd  stage  was  expected  to  be  ready  for  use  in 
1971.  (NASA  Release  68-210) 

•  NASA  announced  joint  1969  project  with  German  Federal  Ministry  for 

Scientific  Research  (bmwf)  to  photograph  earth's  magnetic  lines  of 
force  high  in  space  would  involve  release  of  barium  vapor  by  NASA 
Scout  rocket  at  20,000-mi  altitude.  Scientists  would  use  special  optical 
equipment  to  view  resultant  glowing  ionized  cloud  along  magnetic  field 
lines  and  visually  map  electromagnetic  forces  acting  in  barium  area. 
Agreement  on  project  called  for  bmwF  to  provide  payload,  two  ground 
observer  stations,  and  data  analysis.  NASA  would  furnish  rocket,  con- 
duct launch  from  NASA  Wallops  Station,  and  provide  tracking  and  com- 
munications services.  (NASA  Release  68-211) 

•  MSC  had  awarded  $16.4  million,  one-year  extension  to  cost-plus-award- 

fee  contract  with  Lockheed  Electronics  Co.  Div.  of  Lockheed  Aircraft 
Corp.,  NASA  announced.  Award  was  for  general  electronic,  instrumenta- 
tion, and  engineering  support  services,  bringing  total  contract  value  to 
$46.4  million,  (nasa  Release  68-209) 

•  Washington  Daily  News  editorial  commented  on  statement  by  physicist 

Dr.  Ralph  E.  Lapp  warning  of  possible  dangers  in  Apollo  8  mission 
[see  Dec.  14] :  "There  are  perhaps  sound  reasons  involving  national 
prestige  for  trying  to  be  the  first  nation  to  send  men  into  a  moon  orbit. 
But  surely  no  such  reasons  are  compelling  enough  to  cut  corners  on 
safety.  The  technical  arguments  advanced  by  Dr.  Lapp  are  far  too  com- 
plex to  be  resolved  by  laymen.  But  after  the  tragic  fire  that  took  the 
lives  of  three  of  our  Apollo  spacemen  two  years  ago  it  should  not  be 
necessary  to  urge  that  the  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Administra- 
tion exercise  all  due  prudence — even  at  the  risk  of  losing  the  race 
around  the  moon."  {W  News,  12/10/68,  24) 

•  Secretary  of  Defense  Clark  M.  Clifford  announced  DOD  had  completed 

Project  693  (a  $3-billion  cutback  in  FY  1969  expenditures  required  by 
Revenue  and  Expenditure  Control  Act  of  1968)   including  $85-million 

308 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  December  10 

reduction  in  MOL  program,  (dod  Release  1083-68;  SBD,  12/11/68, 
176) 

•  Soviet  Finance  Minister  Vasily  Garbuzov  told  semiannual  budget  meet- 

ing of  Supreme  Soviet  in  Moscow  that  nominal  U.S.S.R.  defense  spend- 
ing in  1969  would  increase  6%,  from  16.7  billion  to  17.7  billion  ru- 
bles. Institute  of  Strategic  Studies  in  London  had  estimated  before 
Aug.  20  invasion  of  Czechoslovakia  that  real  Soviet  military  spending 
for  1968  would  be  approximately  equivalent  to  $50  billion.  Thus,  an- 
nounced increases  would  bring  total  1969  budget  to  some  $53  billion, 
as  against  $80  billion  for  U.S.,  which  had  allocated  $30  billion  for 
costs  of  Vietnam  War.  However,  Soviet  figure  did  not  include  military 
R&D  and  investment  in  defense  industries. 

Budget  also  disclosed  continued  expansion  of  government  support 
for  scientific  research.  (Shabad,  NYT,  12/11/68,  1;  Shub,  W  Post, 
12/11/68,  Al) 
December  IJ :  President-elect  Richard  M.  Nixon  introduced  his  Cabinet  on 
nationwide  TV  from  Washington,  D.C.  Among  appointments,  William 
P.  Rogers,  Washington  attorney  and  Eisenhower  Administration  Attor- 
ney General,  would  serve  as  Secretary  of  State;  Rep.  Melvin  R.  Laird 
(R-Wis.),  as  Secretary  of  Defense;  and  Massachusetts  Gov.  John  A. 
Volpe,  as  Secretary  of  Transportation.  (Herbers,  NYT,  12/12/68) 

•  Apollo  8  crew,  wearing  their  spacesuits,  participated  in  final  2  hr  45  min 

of  countdown  rehearsal  for  Dec.  21  launch.  Spacecraft  had  completed 
four-day  rehearsal  fully  fueled  Dec.  10.  (AP,  B  Sun,  12/11/68,  A9; 
UPi,W5fa7-,  12/11/68,  C4) 

•  NASA  was  unsuccessful  in  second  Project  SHAPE   (Supersonic  High  Alti- 

tude Parachute  Experiments)  attempt  at  WSMR  when  parachute  was 
ejected  prematurely  from  five-foot-long  canister  after  three-stage  rocket 
had  successfully  propelled  payload  to  33-mi  altitude.  First  test  Oct.  23 
had  been  successful,  (nasa  Release  68-216) 

•  Federation  Aeronautique  Internationale   (fai)    had  established  Yuri  Ga- 

garin gold  medal  honoring  cosmonaut  who  became  first  man  in  space 
April  12,  1961,  during  Soviet  Vostok  I  mission,  Space  Business  Daily 
reported.  Medal  would  be  awarded  annually  to  pilot  contributing  best 
performance  of  year  in  peaceful  exploration  of  space.  {SBD, 
12/11/68,  178) 

•  Cal  Tech's  Dr.  Maarten  Schmidt  received  Rumford  Premium,  nation's 

oldest  science  award  for  "the  most  important  discovery  or  useful  im- 
provement ...  on  heat  and  on  light"  at  aaas  dinner  in  Boston,  Mass. 
Award,  established  in  1796  by  Benjamin  Thompson,  Count  Rumford, 
consisted  of  medal  and  $5,000.  Dr.  Schmidt  had  determined  intense 
radio  emission  of  quasars  indicated  they  were  moving  away  from  earth 
at  speeds  up  to  149,000  mps,  or  about  80%  of  speed  of  light.  (AP, 
W  Star,  12/12/68,  A2 ) 
December  12:  usaf  launched  two  unidentified  satellites  from  Vandenberg 
AFB  by  Thor-Agena  D  booster.  One  entered  orbit  with  148-mi  (238.3- 
km)  apogee,  109-mi  (175.4-km)  perigee,  88.6-min  period,  and  81.0° 
inclination  and  reentered  Dec.  28.  Second  satellite  entered  orbit  with 
916-mi  (1,474.1-km)  apogee,  862-mi  (1,387.2-km)  perigee,  114.4-min 
period,  and  80.3°  inclination.  (Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Two  Nike-Cajun  sounding  rockets  launched  by  NASA  from  Churchill  Re- 

search Range  carried  GSFC  experiments  to  75-mi   (120-km)   and  78-mi 

309 


December  12  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

(124.8-km)  altitudes  to  obtain  temperature,  pressure,  density,  and  wind 
variation  data  in  atmosphere  between  21.8-  and  59-mi  (35-  and  95-km) 
altitudes  by  detonating  grenades  at  various  altitudes  and  recording 
their  sound  arrival  on  ground.  Grenades  exploded  as  planned.  Launches 
were  coordinated  with  series  at  Point  Barrow,  Alaska.  (NASA  Rpts  SRL) 
December  13:  Explorer  XXXIX  (Air  Density  Explorer  C)  and  Explorer 
XL  (Injun  V) ,  launched  as  dual  payload  Aug.  8,  were  adjudged  suc- 
cessful by  NASA.  Explorer  XXXIX  balloon  had  been  ejected  and  fully 
inflated.  Explorer  XL  had  despun,  extended  booms,  and  turned  on  ex- 
periments satisfactorily.  Malfunction  in  spacecraft's  power  subsystem 
had  caused  loss  of  one-third  of  power  generated  by  solar  panels,  reduc- 
ing quantity  but  not  affecting  quality  of  data.  Satellite  would  enter  full 
sunlight  Sept.  18,  1969,  permitting  originally  planned  data-acquisition 
rate,  (nasa  Proj  Off) 

•  NASA  announced  agency  and  dod  had  agreed  jointly  to  make  computer 

programs  available  to  industry,  educational  institutions,  scientific  and 
technical  organizations,  and  others  through  Computer  Softwear  Man- 
agement and  Information  Center  (cosMic).  Established  in  1966  under 
NASA  contract  at  Univ.  of  Georgia,  COSMIC  listed  some  350  computer 
programs  for  sale  at  fraction  of  cost.  More  than  100  DOD  programs, 
with  additional  NASA  programs,  would  be  added  during  1969. 

Part  of  NASA  Office  of  Technology  Utilization  effort  to  encourage  sec- 
ondary use  of  aerospace  R&D  results,  COSMIC  oifered  design  information 
for  electronic  printed-circuit  boards  and  programs  for  such  jobs  as  in- 
ventory control,  accounting,  data  control,  stress  analysis,  equipment 
checkout,  and  structural  testing,  (nasa  Release  68— 212) 

•  Cal  Tech  trustees  announced  choice  of  Dr.  Harold  Brown,  Air  Force 

Secretary,  to  replace  Dr.  Lee  A.  DuBridge,  who  resigned  effective  Jan. 
20  to  become  Science  Adviser  to  President-elect  Richard  M.  Nixon. 
(UPI,  W  Star,  12/14/68,  A3;  JV  Post,  12/15/68,  A6) 

•  Naval  Ship  Systems  Command  had  awarded  S13.5-million  contract  to 

Todd  Shipyards  Corp.  for  first  of  nine  oceanographic  ships  of  radically 
new  design.  Prototype  would  provide  USN  with  its  first  catamaran-style 
hull.  Diesel-propelled,  246-ft-long  ship  would  be  designated  GOR-16 
(for  general  ocean  research) .  (NYT,  12/13/68,  86) 
December  14:  NASA's  Oao  II,  launched  Dec.  7,  photographed  three  un- 
named stars  in  Draco  Constellation  2,000  light  years  from  earth,  near 
Vega  between  Big  and  Little  Dippers — to  make  first  UV  photos  of  stars. 
Photos  were  taken  by  telescopes  of  Smithsonian  Astrophysical  Observa- 
tory experiments  aboard  satellite  and  used  UV  radiation  which  ^id  not 
penetrate  earth's  atmosphere.  They  gave  GSFC  astronomers  enough  in- 
formation to  reconstruct  fairly  detailed  images  of  stars,  GSFC  spokes- 
man said,  (ossa;  upi,  NYT,  12/15/68,  SBD,  12/17/68,  208) 

•  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCLIX  from  Kapustin  Yar  into  orbit  with 

1,331-km  (827-mi)  apogee,  213-km  (132.4-mi)  perigee,  100.3-min  pe- 
riod, and  48.4°  inclination.  Satellite  reentered  May  5,  1969.  (gsfc 
SSR,  12/15/68,  210;  SBD,  12/17/68,  210;  3/15/69) 

•  Nike-Apache   sounding    rocket   launched   by   NASA   from   WSMR   carried 

Dudley  Observatory  payload  to  98.9-mi  (159.2-km)  altitude  to  col- 
lect micrometeoroids  during  peak  of  annual  meteor  shower.  Parti- 
cles would  be  studied  to  determine  chemical  composition,  size  distribu- 
tion, numerical  density  in  upper   atmosphere,   and  crystal   structure. 

310 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  December  14 

Control  experiment  had  been  launched  successfully  Dec.  5.  Although 
two  doors  failed  to  operate  properly,  scientific  objectives  were  accom- 
plished and  payload  was  recovered,  (nasa  Rpt  SRl) 

•  New  Republic  reported  interview  with  Dr.  Ralph  E.  Lapp,  physicist  and 

assistant  laboratory  director  of  World  War  II  Manhattan  Project.  Dr. 
Lapp  said:  "We  are  pushing  our  luck,  gambling  that  everything  will 
work  perfectly"  on  Apollo  8  mission.  He  advised  delay  in  program  so 
that  Apollo  9,  configured  to  have  relief-capability,  would  be  on  pad 
ready  for  launch  should  Apollo  8  "run  into  trouble."  Asked  if  U.S. 
could  afford  to  delay  Apollo  8,  Dr.  Lapp  said,  "The  basic  factor  is  not 
really  technical.  We  are  racing  the  Russians  to  the  moon.  A  lot  of  peo- 
ple in  NASA  and  in  industry  are  hoping  that  a  successful  Apollo-8  orbit- 
ing of  the  moon — or  even  circumnavigation — will  build  up  public  sup- 
port for  an  invigorated  manned  space  program.  It's  just  one  of  the 
weighty  techno-decisions  facing  Mr.  Nixon.  He  is  committed  to  funding 
out  the  Apollo  program — but  post-Apollo  programs  await  his  decision." 
(AP,  W  Star,  12/9/68;  W  Post,  12/9/68,  3;  New  Republic,  12/14/68, 
16-9) 

•  Deep  sea  drilling  between  U.S.  and  Africa  by  scientists  of  Joint  Oceano- 

graphic  Institutions  for  Deep  Earth  Sampling  (jOiDES)  had  confirmed 
that  sea  floor  was  spreading  and  pushing  Europe  and  America  farther 
apart,  John  Lannan  said  in  Washington  Evening  Star.  Evidence, 
brought  to  surface  in  samples,  or  cores,  extracted  from  earth's  bottom, 
showed  fluid  internal  mass  of  molten  rock  under  ocean  was  still  welling 
up  along  mid-Atlantic  Ridge.  Cores  indicated  "this  newly  formed  crust 
must  spread  slowly  aside,  like  a  giant  conveyor  belt,  continuously  accu- 
mulating sediment  .  .  ,  throughout  millions  of  years  as  it  moves,"  sci- 
entists said.  (W  Star,  12/14/68,  Al) 
December  15—19:  NASA  successfully  launched  Essa  VIII  (tos-f),  eighth 
meteorological  satellite  in  essa's  Tiros  Operational  Satellite  (tos)  sys- 
tem, from  WTR  by  two-stage.  Thrust- Augmented,  Long-Tank  Thor-Delta 
booster.  Primary  NASA  mission  objective  was  to  provide  global  cloud 
coverage  on  regular,  daily  basis  with  six-month  nominal  and  three- 
month  minimum  lifetime.  Satellite  achieved  nearly  polar,  sun-synchro- 
nous circular  orbit  with  903.4-mi  (1,453.6-km)  apogee,  874.6-mi 
(1,407.2-km)   perigee,  114.6-min  period,  and  101.9°  inclination. 

An  advanced  version  of  cartwheel  configuration,  300-lb  Essa  VIII 
carried  two  Automatic  Picture  Transmission  (apt)  cameras  which 
would  photograph  earth's  cloud  cover  and  immediately  transmit  pictures 
to  local  APT  stations  in  52  nations.  During  first  22  orbits  spacecraft  un- 
derwent orientation  maneuver  to  place  it  in  wheel  mode  and  spin  rate 
was  adjusted  by  0.2  rpm.  By  Dec.  19  all  spacecraft  systems  had  been 
successfully  programmed  and  excellent  pictures  had  been  read  out. 

ESSA  financed  and  managed  TOS  system  and  would  operate  spacecraft 
after  NASA  completed  checkout  later  in  month,  gsfc  was  responsible  for 
procurement,  launch,  and  initial  checkout  of  spacecraft  in  orbit.  Essa 
VIII  was  18th  Tiros  satellite  launched  successfully  since  Tiros  I,  first 
weather  satellite,  April  1,  1960.  All  from  Tiros  III  on  had  equaled  or 
exceeded  designed  operation  lifetimes.  Most  recent  E55A  satellite 
launched  was  Essa  VII,  launched  Nov.  10.  (nasa  Proj  Off:  ESSA  Re- 
lease ES  68-67:  SBD,  12/17/68,  210) 
December  15:  Apollo  8  launch  crew  began  lengthy  countdown  on  time  at 

311 


December  15  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

KSC  at  7:00  pm  est,  for  launch  scheduled  for  7:51  am  EST  Dec.  21.  {JV 
Post,  12/16/68,  A12;  W  Star,  12/16/68,  A5;  W  News,  12/16/68,  3) 

•  NASA  announced  millions  of  home  TV  viewers  in  U.S.,  Europe,  and  Japan 

would  see  live  pictures  taken  by  Apollo  8  crew  with  cigar-box-size  cam- 
era similar  to  that  carried  on  Apollo  7  mission.  They  would  be  beamed 
to  earth  from  spacecraft  six  times  during  Apollo  8  mission,  including 
twice  while  spacecraft  was  in  moon  orbit.  Manned  Space  Flight  Net- 
work stations  near  Madrid,  Spain,  and  Goldstone,  Calif.,  would  convert 
slow-scan  signal  into  TV  picture.  Still  photos  would  be  taken  of  TV 
monitor  during  live  transmission  and  pictures  released  in  Los  Angeles, 
Madrid,  and  Canberra,  (nasa  Release  68-214) 

•  Scientific  team  headed  by  Nobel  Prize  winning  physicist,  Dr.  Charles  H. 

Tov»'nes,  announced  discovery  of  ammonia  molecules  in  direction  of 
Sagittarius  toward  Milky  Way  center,  30,000  light  years  away  from 
earth.  Finding  was  made  through  spectrographs  at  radioastronomy  ob- 
servatory of  Univ.  of  California  at  Berkeley  during  studies  supported  by 
NASA,  Office  of  Naval  Research,  and  nsf.  Ammonia  was  consid- 
ered chemical  ancestor  of  organic  compounds  and  necessary  step  to- 
ward origin  of  life.  Team  said  discovery  "marks  the  first  time  that  a 
relatively  complex  molecular  compound  has  been  definitely  identified  in 
the  vast  regions  between  the  stars."  It  would  spur  intensified  search  for 
additional  combinations  of  life-essential  elements  detected  in  space. 

Former  MiT  provost  and  inventor  of  maser,  which  led  to  development 
of  laser.  Dr.  Townes  had  been  named  Dec.  3  to  head  President-elect 
Richard  M.  Nixon's  task  force  to  make  recommendations  on  space  pro- 
gram. Report  would  be  published  in  Physical  Review  Letters  of  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Physics,  (upi,  NYT,  12/16/68,  93;  AP,  W  Post, 
12/16/68,  Al) 

•  In  Washington  Sunday  Star  William  Hines  said  NASA  announcement  of 

plans  for  1974  Mars  landing  marked  revival  "of  a  project  that  was  sac- 
rificed last  year  on  the  altar  of  the  great  God  Apollo  whose  manned 
moon  program  was  gobbling  up  all  the  funds  at  NASA's  disposal.  It  also 
marked  the  first  positive  action  by  NASA  in  two  years  directed  to  start- 
ing rather  than  terminating  activities."  Its  timing,  one  month  after 
-  presidential  election,  seemed  "to  provide  a  tantalizing  clue  to  the  Nix- 
onian  philosophy  about  space."  Hines  said  it  was  likely  new  adminis- 
tration would  heed  post-Apollo  views  of  NAS  which  had  recommended 
more  attention  to  scientific  exploration  of  space  with  instruments.  (W 
Star,  12/15/68,  F4) 

•  In  Washington  Post  Thomas  O'Toole  said  poisoning  from  overexposure 

to  beryllium  powder  had  resulted  in  800  known  deaths  in  U.S.  during 
past  15  yr.  Beryllium  disease  expert.  Dr.  Harriet  L.  Hardy  of  Massa- 
chusetts General  Hospital,  estimated  total  beryllium  cases  at  2,500, 
"about  three  times  as  many  as  we've  heard  about."  New  uses  for  light- 
weight, heat-resistant  metal  had  pushed  production  to  150,000  lb  per 
year.  Battelle  Memorial  Institute  estimated  output  would  grow  at  20% 
rate  per  year  for  next  five  years;  nas  estimated  1979  production  at  six 
times  1969's.  Beryllium  was  being  used  by  Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.  for 
wheel  brakes  in  C— 5A  transport  and  heat  shields  for  Poseidon  missile. 
Boeing  Co.  used  it  for  new  Minuteman  missile  shield.  In  past  three 
years  estimated  $25  million  had  been  spent  on  beryllium  rocket 
research.  O'Toole  said  one  scientist  claimed  test  firing  in  California 

312 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  December  15 

had  so  contaminated  site  that  electrician  working  there  developed  be- 
ryllium poisoning.  Neither  NASA  nor  USAF  planned  to  abandon  testing 
beryllium  rockets,  however,  and  beryllium  use  had  "kicked  off  a  lively 
debate  inside  the  Federal  Government."  (W  Post,  12/15/68,  Al) 
December  16:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCLX  into  orbit  with  39,576-km 
(24,591. 3-mi)  apoaee,  511-km  (317.5-mi)  perigee,  712.3-min  period, 
and  64.9°  inclinat'ion.  (AP,  B  Sun,  12/18/68,  10;  SBD,  12/18/68, 
211;  GSFC  SSR,  12/31/68) 

•  NASA    announced     decision    to    terminate    work    on     two     Biosatellites 

scheduled  for  21 -day  missions  beginning  in  1971.  Contract  with 
General  Electric  Co.  Reentry  Systems  Div.  would  be  revised  to  retain 
only  work  on  two  30-day  primate-experiment  Biosatellites  scheduled  to 
begin  in  1969.  Funding  for  later  missions  had  been  reduced  and 
efficient  planning  made  more  difficult.  Possibilities  for  experiments  with 
greater  flexibility  in  early  1970s  had  been  indicated  by  success  of 
smaller  satellites  and  by  studies,  (nasa  Release  68—215) 

•  FRC  said  two  reports — one  by  Dr.  Eldon  E.  Kordes,  NASA  Senior  Staff 

Scientist,  to  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  and  one  by 
Chief  XB-70  Pilot  for  frc,  Fitzhugh  L.  Fulton,  Jr.,  to  Flight  Safety 
Foundation — indicated  NASA— USAF  XB— 70  test  program  was  providing 
valuable  information  for  operation  of  large  supersonic  commercial  and 
military  aircraft.  Results  from  XB— 70's  participation  in  national  sonic 
boom  research  program  had  shown  methods  used  to  predict  overpres- 
sure and  extent  of  boom  were  generally  adequate  for  aircraft  of  this 
size  and  speed  under  "standard  day"  conditions  but  indicated  unusual 
weather  conditions  and  other  factors  could  affect  these  predictions. 
XB— 70  program  was  attempting  to  define  intensity  of  turbulence  at 
higher  altitudes.  System  to  improve  stability,  lessen  turbulence-induced 
accelerations,  and  improve  passenger  riding  qualities  while  lengthening 
aircraft's  fatigue  life  was  being  tested. 

New  methods  of  presenting  flight  and  engine  information  to  pilot  had 
evolved  from  XB— 70  program,  including  digital  form  for  more  precise 
readout.  Special  warning  systems  prevented  exceeding  operating  limits 
and  attitude  indicator  with  changeable  sensitivity  for  smoother  flight 
control  had  been  evaluated.  XB— 70  flight  had  demonstrated  need  for 
further  research  in  basic  stability  and  control  characteristics  of  its  class 
of  aircraft.  Actual  cross-country  flight  experience  had  been  gained  with 
trip  from  Edwards  AFB.  Calif.,  to  Carswell  AFB,  Tex.,  and  return.  Both 
reports  emphasized  that,  although  XB— 70  was  not  passenger  aircraft,  it 
was  similar  in  size  and  performance  characteristics  to  proposed  SSTs 
and  was  only  operational  aircraft  approaching  SST  size  and  speed,  (frc 
Release  28-68) 

•  Apollo  8  astronauts  were  pronounced  in  perfect  health  by  NASA  Director 

of  Medical  Operations,  Dr.  Charles  A.  Berry,  after  three-hour  physical 
examination  as  countdown  proceeded  toward  Dec.  21  launch  for  moon 
flight.  "The  crew  is  in  real  fine  spirits,"  he  added.  (AP,  B  Sun, 
12/17/68;  AP,  W  Star,  12/17/68) 

•  President    Johnson    proclaimed    Dec.    17    Wright    Brothers    Day,    com- 

memorating aircraft  flights  made  by  Orville  and  Wilbur  Wright  65 
yr  earlier:  "Their  first  journey  was  shorter  than  the  floor  of  the  giant 
C— 5  cargo  ship  that  was  test  flown  earlier  this  year.  But  those  brief 

313 


December  16  ASTRONAUTICS  AND    VERONAUTICS,   1968 

flights  ...  on  December  17,  1903,  launched  the  air  age.  They  changed 
mankind's  way  of  life."  {PD,  12/23/68,  1718-9;  NYT,  12/17/68,  16) 
December  17:  In  interviev,r  published  in  New  York  Times,  Dr.  Lee  A.  Du- 
Bridge,  science  adviser-designate  to  President-elect  Richard  M.  Nixon, 
said  problem  facing  Government  was  not  "Shall  Government  support 
and  use  science  and  technology,  but  how  shall  it  do  it.  What  are  the 
priorities.  .  .  ."  Fundamental  to  use  of  science  was  knowledge;  there- 
fore, "one  must  have  in  any  modern  society  a  very  important  and 
extensive  free  basic  research  enterprise  establishment,  largely  in  uni- 
versities, so  that  new  areas  of  knowledge  will  be  explored."  Basic  re- 
search budget  of  country  should  increase  at  least  10%  annually  for  next 
few  years.  When  it  came  to  using  this  knowledge,  "the  Government  can, 
and  somebody  must,  direct,  set  up  the  goals." 

On  space  program,  Dr.  DuBridge  said  that  "the  astonishing  dis- 
coveries" made  by  launching  instruments  into  space  justified  further 
exploration  from  scientific  point  of  view.  When  man  entered  picture 
as  "another  piece  of  the  instrumentation  that  is  needed  for  the  explora- 
tion," first  effect  "is  that  the  costs  get  large.  .  .  .  Apollo  landing  of  a 
man  on  the  moon  is  vastly  more  expensive  .  .  .  than  the  Surveyor 
landing.  ...  By  the  same  token,  the  information  returned  will  be 
much  greater,  too.  However,  as  the  technology  of  the  spacecraft  im- 
proves, and  our  instruments  need  to  get  more  complex,  heavier,  or 
longer  lasting,  there  may  very  well  be  a  time  when  putting  a  man  up 
will  actually  be  cheaper  than  trying  to  use  automated  instruments." 
(Sullivan,  NYT,  12/17/68,  1) . 

•  At  Wright  Brothers  Memorial  Dinner,  Washington,  D.C.,  sponsored  by 

NAA,  Sen.  Warren  G.  Magnuson  (D-Wash.)  received  Wright  Brothers 
Memorial  Trophy  for  "assuring  United  States  preeminence  in  aero- 
nautics throughout  the  world."  (naa  pao) 

•  At  Washington,   D.C.,   ceremony,  Adm.   Thomas  H.   Moorer,   Chief  of 

Naval  Operations,  USN,  presented  Distinguished  Service  Medal  to 
Astronaut  Walter  M.  Schirra,  Jr.  (Capt.  USn),  for  space  deeds  "ex- 
ceeded by  no  one  afloat  or  airborne."  (AP,  W  Star,  12/18/68,  B2; 
W  Post,  12/18/68,  A3) 

•  Dr.  Philip  Handler,  National  Science  Board  Chairman  and  only  nominee 

to  succeed  Dr.  Frederick  Seitz  as  NAS  president  in  July  1969,  said  in 
interview  he  would  urge  Federal  program  of  "bloc  grants"  to  U.S. 
universities  in  1969  to  support  science.  Legislation  would  be  intro- 
duced in  new  Congress,  with  "something  like"  $500-million  price  tag 
in  first  year,  "just  for  starters."  Universities,  "completely  dependent 
upon  science  project  grants,"  had  had  funds  for  individual  projects 
cut  off  leaving  "numerous  employees  for  whom  they  have  no  salaries." 
(Cohn,  W  Post,  12/18/68,  A32) 

•  DOD  announced  USN  had  selected  Grumman  Aircraft  Engineering  Corp. 

and  McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.  to  continue  to  contract  definition  phase 
for  F— 14A  aircraft,  formerly  called  VFX— 1.  Selection  of  contractor  was 
scheduled  for  January  1969.  (dod  Release  1109-68;  WSJ,  12/18/68; 
UPi,  W  Star,  12/18/68,  A6) 
December  18—20:  Intelsat— III  F—2  was  successfully  launched  by  NASA  for 
ComSatCorp  on  behalf  of  International  Communications  Satellite  Con- 
sortium. Launch  was  from  etr  by  three-stage,  Thrust-Augmented, 
Long-Tank    Delta   booster.     The    632-lb,    cylindrical    satellite    entered 

314 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  December  18-20 

elliptical  transfer  orbit  with  22,590-mi  ( 36,355. 1-km)  apogee,  161.9-mi 
(260.5-km)  perigee,  642.9-min  period,  and  28.8°  inclination.  All  sys- 
tems were  functioning  normally.  On  Dec.  20  apogee  motor  was  fired 
to  kick  satellite  into  planned  near-synchronous  orbit  over  Atlantic 
at  51°  west  longitude  with  22,328.2-mi  (35,933.8-km)  apogee,  21,833.4- 
mi  (33,137.5-km)  perigee,  0.79°  inclination,  and  3.25°  per  day  east- 
ward orbital  drift. 

Intelsat— III  F—2,  first  successful  launch  in  Intelsat  III  series,  was 
backup  to  Intelsat— III  F— 1  (Intelsat  III— A)  which  had  been  destroyed 
minutes  after  launch  Sept.  18  when  launch  vehicle  began  to  break  up. 
Satellite  was  scheduled  to  begin  commercial  service  Jan.  2,  1969  [see 
Dec.  28],  handling  up  to  1,200  voice  circuits  or  four  TV  channels.  By 
Jan.  29,  1969,  all  Atlantic  area  service  except  NASA  Apollo  traffic  would 
be  transferred  to  Intelsat— III  F—2  from  other  Atlantic  comsats.  Intelsat 
I  (Early  Bird)  and  Intelsat-II  F—3  (Atlantic  II) .  Etam,  W.  Va., 
earth  station  would  become  prime  East  Coast  terminal  and  Andover, 
Me.,  station  would  be  removed  from  service  preparatory  to  its  use 
as  prime  terminal  for  Intelsat— III  F— 4.  NASA  Apollo  communications 
would  be  maintained  through  Intelsat-II  F—3  with  42-ft  terminal 
antenna  at  Andover.  (nasa  Proj  Off;  ComSatCorp  Release  68—69; 
Stevens,  NYT,  12/19/68,  1;  AP,  JF  Post,  12/19/68,  A3) 
December  18:  NASA  announced  appointment  of  William  C.  Schneider,  Apollc 
Mission  Director,  as  Director  of  Apollo  Applications,  succeeding  late 
Harold  T.  Luskin,  who  died  Nov.  25.  George  H.  Hage,  Deputy  Director 
of  Apollo  Program,  would  be  Acting  Apollo  Mission  Director  in  addi- 
tion to  his  present  duties,  (nasa  Release  68—217) 

•  Apollo  8  astronauts  heading  for  moon  would  be  "in  far  less  hazardous 

position"  than  they  would  have  been  as  crew  for  Columbus,  NASA 
Director  of  Manned  Space  Flight  Safety  Jerome  F.  Lederer  said  in 
speech  before  Wings  Club  in  New  York.  "Columbus  did  not  know 
where  he  was  going,  how  far  it  was,  nor  where  he  had  been  after  his 
return.  With  Apollo,  there  is  no  such  lack  of  information."  Nevertheless, 
mission  would  "involve  risks  of  great  magnitude  and  probably  risks 
that  have  not  been  foreseen. 

"Apollo  8  has  5,600,000  parts  and  one  and  a  half  million  systems, 
subsystems  and  assemblies.  Even  if  all  functioned  with  99.9  per  cent 
reliability,  we  could  expect  5,600  defects.  Hence,  the  striving  for  per- 
fection and  the  use  of  redundancy."  (Text;  NYT,  12/19/68,  56) 

•  Aerospace  sales  reached  record  high  of  $30.1  billion  in  1968,  an  increase 

of  almost  S3  billion  over  1967,  Aerospace  Industries  Assn.  President 
Karl  G.  Harr,  Jr.,  told  Washington,  D.C.,  meeting  of  Aviation/Space 
Writers  Assn.  Commercial  aerospace  sales  increased  39%,  to  record  $6.4 
billion;  aerospace  exports  rose  32%,  to  $3  billion. 

Military  space  programs  in  1968  rose  3%,  from  $1,088  billion  in 
1967  to  $1,121  billion,  reported  aia's  "1968  Aerospace  Industry  Review 
and  Forecast,"  which  Harr  released.  Nonmilitary  space  sales  declined 
3.7%,  from  $4,202  billion  in  1967  to  $4,047  billion  in  1968.  Sales 
of  products  and  services  for  use  of  aerospace  technology  in  nonaero- 
space  areas — such  as  marine  science,  water  desalination,  crime  control, 
and  rapid  transit — increased  from  $2,579  billion  to  $2,726  billion. 

Harr  predicted  slight  decline  in  total  aerospace  sales  to  about  $29.6 
billion  during  1969  because  of  25%  drop  in  jet  transport  sales  before 

315 


December  18  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

deliveries  of  new  high-capacity  aircraft;  continuing  increase  in  heli- 
copter, executive,  and  utility  aircraft  sales;  modest  increase  in  defense 
and  nonaerospace  sales;  and  decline  in  civil  space  sales.  He  noted  that 
in  third  quarter  of  1968  backlog  of  Government  aerospace  orders  was 
less  than  that  of  other  customers  for  first  time  since  before  World  War 
II.  (Text:  AIA  Release  68-60;  W  Star,  12/19/68,  A19) 

•  USAF  flew  11  newspapermen  on  simulated  combat  missions  in  F— lllA 

from  Nellis  AFB,  Nev.,  to  demonstrate  aircraft's  systems.  In  Washington 
Post,  George  C.  Wilson  said  decision  to  allow  newsmen  in  cockpits  of 
controversial  plane  for  first  time  evidenced  USAF's  conviction  "that 
the  F— 11  program  is  at  a  crucial  juncture  as  the  Nixon  Administration 
gets  ready  to  take  office."  {JV  Post,  12/19/68,  A8) 

•  Df.  Anatoli  A.  Logunov,  Director  of  Institute  of  High  Energy  Physics 

near  Serpukhov,  60  mi  south  of  Moscow,  said  in  Izvestia  that  Institute's 
1,000-yd-dia,  70-bev,  proton  accelerator  had  joined  scientists  elsewhere 
in  search  for  quark.  Quark  was  hypothetical  particle  thought  to  be 
elementary  building  block  of  all  matter  and  to  carry  electrical  charge 
one-third  to  two-thirds  that  of  electron  charge.    {NYT,  12/20/68,  3) 

•  AiAA  announced  Dr.  Charles  P.  Sonnett,  Chief  of  arc's  Space  Science 

Div.,  would  receive  Space  Science  Award,  including  $500  honorarium, 
"for  his  personal  contribution  as  planner,  leader  and  individual  experi- 
menter in  major  space  science  vehicle  programs  which  have  contributed 
to  the  field  of  space  physics."  He  had  worked  in  magnetospheric 
physics  and  nuclear  physics  and  was  currently  concentrating  on  inter- 
planetary physics.  He  had  been  principal  investigator  on  several  NASA 
experiments  and  alsep.  Award  would  be  presented  at  AiAA  7th  Aero- 
space Science  Meeting  in  New  York  Jan.  20—22,  1969. 

Dr.  Stanley  G.  Hooker,  Technical  Director  of  Bristol  Engine  Div., 
Rolls-Royce  Ltd.,  and  Perry  W.  Pratt,  Vice  President  and  Chief  Scien- 
tist of  United  Aircraft  Corp.,  had  been  selected  to  share  $10,000 
Goddard  Award  for  their  separate  work  in  developing  gas  turbine 
engines.  Goddard  Award,  named  for  late  rocket  pioneer  Robert  H. 
Goddard,  was  awarded  annually  to  "a  person  who  has  made  a  brilliant 
discovery  or  a  series  of  outstanding  contributions  over  a  period  of  time, 
in  the  engineering  science  of  propulsion  or  energy  conversion." 

Prof.  Rene  H.  Miller,  head  of  MIT  Dept.  of  Aeronautics  and  Astro- 
nautics, would  receive  Sylvanus  Albert  Reed  Award  for  "outstanding 
contributions"  to  rotary-wing  aircraft.  Dr.  Robert  D.  Fletcher,  USAF 
Air  Weather  Service's  Deputy  Chief  of  Staff  for  Aerospace  Sciences, 
would  receive  Robert  M.  Losey  Award  for  "outstanding  and  dedicated 
leadership  and  service"  for  30  yr  to  aeronautical  meteorology,  (aiaa 
Release;  NASA  Biog,  11/29/68;  NYT,  12/31/68,  52) 
December  19:  NASA  Aerobee  150  MI  sounding  rocket  launched  from  WSMR 
carried  Cornell  Univ.  experiment  to  100.3-mi  (161.3-km)  altitude  to 
examine  sky  in  far  infrared  (5  micron  to  1,600  microns)  using  copper- 
doped-germanium,  two  gallium-doped-germanium,  and  indium-anti- 
monide  detectors  in  conjunction  with  telescope.  Rocket  and  instrumen- 
tation performed  satisfactorily.  Preliminary  results  indicated  detectors 
functioned  properly.  (NASA  Rpt  SRl) 

•  NASA  issued  Management  Instruction  establishing  Committee  on  Extra- 

Vehicular  Activities  (eva),  activities  performed  in  space  by  astronaut 
outside  space  vehicle.  Seven-member  committee,  serving  for  two-year 

316 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  December  19 

period,  would  provide  Deputy  Associate  Administrator  for  Manned 
Space  Flight  with  recommendations  on  overall  NASA  EVA  planning  and 
development  by:  identifying  EVA  capabilities  which  must  be  defined 
and  developed  to  support  manned  space  flight  activities;  identifying 
ground-based,  orbital,  and  lunar  surface  experiments  to  establish  re- 
quired EVA  capabilities;  providing  recommendations  on  short-  and 
long-term  EVA  program  plans;  reviewing  proposed  EVA  flight  experi- 
ments and  making  recommendations;  and  maintaining  awareness  of 
EVA-related  activities  of  organizations  other  than  NASA,   (nmi  1152.36) 

•  NASA  announced  renewal  through  August   1970  of  10-yr  contract  with 

NAS  which  provided  one-year  appointments  for  post-doctoral  and  senior 
post-doctoral  scientists  and  engineers  specializing  in  space-related  work 
to  conduct  research  at  NASA  field  centers.  NASA  would  pay  NAS  $2,390,- 
500  to  carry  out  program,   (nasa  Release  68—218) 

•  AEC  announced  it  had  conducted  underground  nuclear  test  of  about  one- 

megaton  yield  at  Nevada  Test  Site.  It  was  similar  to  April  26  test. 
Tests  had  been  described  in  press  as  largest  continental  explosions  an- 
nounced by  AEC.  Newsmen  were  permitted  to  witness  test  for  first  time 
in  10  yr.  (aec  pio;  aec  Release  L-288;  Wilson,  W  Post,  12/20/68, 
A3;  Hill  NYT,  12/20/68,  1;  12/25/68;  AP,  NYT,  12/18/68,  35) 

•  U.N.  General  Assembly,  by  vote  of  96—0,  approved  plans  for  permanent 

body  of  42  members  to  study  means  of  reserving  seabed  for  peaceful 
purposes  and  of  exploring  resources  beyond  national  jurisdiction. 
(Estabrook,  W  Post,  12/20/68,  A12) 
December  20:  Cosmos  CCLXl  was  launched  by  U.S.S.R.  into  orbit  with 
initial  apogee  of  670  km  (416  mi),  perigee  of  207  km  (128.5  mi), 
93-min  period,  and  71°  inclination.  Satellite  carried  scientific  equip- 
ment for  studies  of  upper  layers  of  earth's  atmosphere  and  nature  of 
Northern  Lights,  with  participation  of  research  institutions  and  ob- 
servatories of  Bulgaria,  Hungary,  East  Germany,  Poland,  Romania, 
U.S.S.R.,  and  Czechoslovakia.  Satellite  reentered  Feb.  12,  1969.  {SF, 
5/69,  165;  gsfc  SSR,  12/31/68;  2/15/69) 

•  NASA    announced    completion    of    X-15    flight    research    program    [see 

Jan.  21].  On  final  flight  Oct.  24 — 199th  in  series  which  began  June  8, 
1969 — NASA  test  pilot  William  H.  Dana  flew  rocket-powered  aircraft 
to  255,000-ft  altitude.  Attempt  at  200th  flight  Dec.  20  was  canceled 
because  of  adverse  weather  conditions. 

In  NASA-USAF-USN  program  initiated  in  1954,  flights  by  three  X-15 
aircraft  manufactured  by  North  American  Rockwell  Corp.  had  included 
more  than  82  min  of  flight  at  speeds  exceeding  mach  5  and  total  flight 
time  of  more  than  30  hr.  Peak  altitude  reached  was  354,200  ft  (67.04 
mi)  and  top  speed  was  4,520  mph  (mach  6.7) — speeds  and  altitudes 
never  before  attained  by  any  vehicle  fully  controlled  by  pilot  from 
launch  to  landing.  It  had  set  tv.o  official  world  altitude  records  of 
246,740  ft  and  314,750  ft  previously.  X-15  flight  program  provided 
knowledge  applicable  to  design  and  development  of  future  spacecraft 
and  commercial  supersonic  aircraft  and  data  on  aerodynamic  heating 
in  high-speed  flight,  which  could  cause  deterioration  of  aircraft 
structural  integrity.  X— 15  remained  only  aircraft  capable  of  studying 
phenomena  at  hypersonic  speeds,  space-equivalent  flight,  and  reentry 
flight. 

It  also  had  served  as  test  bed  for  new  components  and  subsystems, 

317 


December  20  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

subjecting  them  to  hypersonic  flight  environment.  In  1962  four  X-15 
pilots  received  Robert  J.  Collier  Trophy  from  President  Kennedy  for 
"the  greatest  achievement  of  aeronautics  or  astronautics  in  America, 
with  respect  to  improving  the  performance,  safety,  or  efficiency  of  air 
and  space  vehicles."  (NASA  Release  68-221;  nasa  SP-60;  NASA  EP-9; 
AP,  NYT,  12/21/68,  73;  SBD,  12/23/68,  236) 

•  Workmen  loading  super-cold  oxygen  into  Apollo  8  service  module  dis- 

covered gas  had  been  contaminated,  apparently  by  nitrogen  used  to 
flush  tanks.  Oxygen  would  be  changed  and  tanks  reflushed  and  launch 
was  expected  to  take  place  on  schedule  (Lannan,  W  Star,  12/20/68,  A5) 

•  Dr.  Robert  H,  Guest,  professor  of  organizational  behavior  in  Amos  Tuck 

School  of  Business  Administration,  Dartmouth  College,  was  sworn  in  as 
consultant  by  Dr.  Thomas  0.  Paine,  Acting  NASA  Administrator.  Dr. 
Guest  would  serve  on  Management  Advisory  Panel,  (nasa  Release 
68-220) 
December  21-27:  NASA's  Apollo  8  (AS-503),  second  manned  mission  in 
Apollo  lunar  landing  program  and  first  manned  mission  to  orbit  moon, 
was  successfully  launched  from  KSC  Launch  Complex  39  at  7:51  am 
EST  by  Saturn  V  booster.  Primary  objectives  were  to  demonstrate  crew, 
space  vehicle,  and  mission  support  performance  during  manned  Saturn 
V  mission  with  command  and  service  module  (csm)  and  to  demonstrate 
performance  of  nominal  and  selected  backup  lunar  orbit  rendezvous 
(lor)  mission  activities — including  translunar  injection;  csM  naviga- 
tion, communications,  and  midcourse  corrections;  and  csm  consumables 
assessment  and  passive  thermal  control.  All  launch  events  occurred  as 
planned  and  spacecraft — carrying  Astronauts  Frank  Borman  (com- 
mander), James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.  (cm  pilot),  and  Willam  A.  Anders  (lm 
pilot) — entered  initial  orbit  with  118.4-mi  (190.6-km)  apogee,  113.8-mi 
(183.2-km)  perigee,  32.51°  inclination,  and  88.2-min  period. 

At  10:42  am  est  3rd  stage  burned  for  second  time,  injecting  space- 
craft into  lunar  trajectory,  and  astronauts  began  journey  to  become 
first  men  to  leave  earth's  gravitational  field.  Stage  and  instrument  unit 
separated  as  planned  and  service  module  propulsion  system  was  fired 
to  increase  separation  distance  from  3rd  stage,  which  was  trailing 
500—1,000  ft  behind  spacecraft,  spewing  unused  propellants.  Crew  fired 
service  propulsion  system  (SPS)  engine  for  2.4  sec,  correcting  trajec- 
tory and  increasing  velocity  by  25  fps. 

Second  midcourse  maneuver,  scheduled  for  second  day,  was  can- 
celed because  trajectory  was  already  so  accurate  that  burn  would  have 
required  velocity  change  of  only  0.7  fps.  Borman  reported  illness,  ap- 
parently from  24-hr  intestinal  virus  or  from  reaction  to  sleeping  pills 
being  used  during  space  flight  for  first  time,  and  Lovell  and  Anders 
reported  nausea.  Crew  took  navigation  sightings  and  conducted  first 
TV  transmission,  showing  spacecraft  interior  and  earth  from  138,690-mi 
altitude  and  demonstrating  food  preparation  and  movements  in  weight- 
lessness. Signals  were  received  at  ground  stations  and  transmitted  to 
NASA  Mission  Control  Center  in  Houston  before  release  live  to  com- 
mercial networks. 

Second  TV  transmission,  on  third  day,  showed  excellent  pictures 
of  earth  from  201,365-mi  altitude,  including  view  of  Western  Hemis- 
phere in  sunlight.  Crew  pointed  out  North  Pole,  South  America,  Cape 

318 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  December  21-27 

Horn,  and  Baja  California  and  noted  that  U.S.  East  Coast  was  very 
cloudy.  Earth,  they  said,  was  beautiful;  water  looked  royal  blue,  land 
areas  brov.n,  and  clouds  bright  white.  Reflection  off  earth  was  much 
greater  than  off  moon.  SM  reaction  control  system's  four  rockets  were 
fired  for  12  sec  to  reduce  velocity  by  2  fps  and  to  make  approach  to 
moon  closer  to  60  mi  at  nearest  point. 

On  fourth  day,  Christmas  Eve,  communications  were  interrupted  as 
Apollo  8  passed  behind  moon  and  astronauts  became  first  men  to  see 
moon's  far  side.  SPS  engine  was  fired  for  4  min  2  sec,  reducing  speed 
by  2,994  fps  and  placing  spacecraft  in  lunar  orbit  with  193.6-mi 
(310.6-km)  apolune  and  69.1-mi  (111.2-km)  perilune.  In  third 
telecast  Anders  described  lunar  surface  as  "whitish  gray,  like  dirty 
beach  sand  with  lots  of  footprints  on  it.  Some  of  these  craters  look 
like  pick-axes  striking  concrete,  creating  a  lot  of  fine  dust."  After 
spacecraft  passed  behind  moon  at  end  of  second  revolution,  SPS  engine 
burned  for  10  sec  to  reduce  speed  by  135  fps  and  to  circularize  orbit  with 
70.0-mi  (112.6-km)  apolune  and  69.6-mi  (112.0-km)  perilune.  Lovell 
said  astronauts  had  "a  grand  view"  of  the  lunar  surface  and  confirmed 
that  prospective  landing  sites  were  satisfactory.  He  reported  that  at 
about  two  minutes  before  sunrise  a  fan-shaped  white  haze  appeared  just 
behind  moon's  limb.  Crew  continued  landmark  sightings  and  named 
numerous  unnamed  lunar  features  after  other  astronauts,  NASA  officials, 
and  friends.  They  conducted  communications  experiment  which  showed 
that  radio  signal  from  earth  to  Apollo  8  and  back  to  earth  took  three 
seconds  to  make  460,000-mi  round  trip. 

Third  TV  transmission  during  ninth  revolution  showed  heavily  im- 
pacted mountains  described  by  Anders  as  "a  vastness  of  black  and  white, 
absolutely  no  color.  The  sky  up  here  is  also  rather  forbidding,  forebod- 
ing extents  of  blackness  with  no  stars  visible  when  we're  flying  over  the 
moon  in  daylight.  You  can  see  by  the  numerous  craters  that  this  planet 
has  been  bomljarded  through  the  eons  with  numerous  small  asteroids 
and  meteoroids,  pock-marking  the  surface  of  every  square  inch.  And  one 
of  the  amazing  features  of  the  surface  is  .  .  .  that  most  of  the  craters 
.  .  .  have  a  round  mound  type  of  appearance  instead  of  sharp  jagged 
rocks.  All,  only  the  newest  of  features  have  any  sharp  definitions  to 
them,  and  eventually  they  get  eroded  down  by  the  constant  bombardment 
of  small  meteoroids."  The  moon  is  "a  very  dark  and  unappetizing 
place.  .  .  ." 

Crew  read  verses  from  first  chapter  of  Genesis  and  wished  viewers 
"good  night,  good  luck,  a  Merry  Christmas  and  God  bless  all  of 
you — all  of  you  on  the  good  earth." 

On  fifth  day,  Christmas  Day,  while  spacecraft  was  behind  moon 
completing  its  10th  revolution,  SPS  engine  was  fired  for  3  min  23  sec, 
increasing  spacecraft  velocity  by  3,523  fps  and  propelling  Apollo  8 
back  toward  earth.  Spacecraft  left  lunar  gravity  at  201,807  mi  above 
earth.  At  104  hours  mission  elapsed  time  14-sec  reaction-control-system 
burn  increased  velocity  by  5  fps.  Fifth  TV  transmission  showed  space- 
craft interior,  controls,  and  food  preparation.  Data  analysis  revealed 
sixth  midcourse  correction  would  not  be  necessary  because  of  accuracy 
of  course.  Astronauts  reported  they  had  slept  well  and  were  in  "very 
good  shape."  Sixth  TV  transmission  showed  earth  from  112,125-mi 
altitude. 

319 


December  21-27 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 


December  21-27:  nasa's  Apollo  8  carried  Astronauts  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  William  A. 
Anders,  and  Frank  Borman  {left  to  right  above)  out  of  earth's  field  of  gravity  and  into 
man's  first  orbit  of  moon.  In  photo  at  right,  Saturn  V  lifts  off  from  KSC  launch  com- 
plex 39  to  put  command  and  service  module  into   initial  orbit. 


On  sixth  day  crew  prepared  for  reentry  and  SM  separated  from  CM 
on  schedule.  Parachute  deployment  and  other  reentry  events  were 
nominal  and  Apollo  8  splashed,  apex  down,  in  Pacific  about  5,100  yd 
from  recovery  ship  U.S.S.  Yorktown  at  10:51  am  EST  Dec.  27,  147  hr 
after  launch  and  precisely  on  time.  According  to  prior  planning,  heli- 
copters and  aircraft  hovered  over  spacecraft  and  pararescue  personnnel 
were  not  deployed  until  local  sunrise,  50  min  after  splashdown.  Crew 
was  then  picked  up  and  reached  recovery  ship  at  12:20  pm  est. 

All  primary  Apollo  8  mission  objectives  and  detailed  test  objectives 
were  achieved  and,  in  addition,  five  not  originally  planned.  All  launch 
vehicle  and  spacecraft  systems  performed  according  to  plan.  Engineering 
accomplishments  included  use  of  ground  network  with  onboard  navi- 
gational techniques  to  sharpen  accuracy  of  lunar  orbit  determination 


320 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 


December  21-27 


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^  -      M 


h^hAi 


and  successful  use  of  Apollo  high-gain  antenna,  four-dish  unified 
S-band  antenna  that  deployed  from  SM  after  separation  from  3rd  stage. 
Mission  proved  capability  of  Apollo  CSM  and  crew,  as  well  as  ground 
support  and  control  systems,  to  operate  out  to  lunar  distances  and 
return  through  the  earth's  atmosphere  at  lunar  velocity. 

Apollo  8  was  fifth  Apollo  mission  to  date,  second  manned  Apollo 
mission,  first  manned  mission  on  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle,  and  first 
manned  operation  of  Apollo  system  under  conditions  for  which  it  was 
designed.  Earlier  unmanned  Apollo  flights  had  yielded  all  spacecraft 
information  possible  without  crew  on  board.  Apollo  4  (launched  Nov. 
9,  1967)  and  Apollo  5  (launched  Jan.  22,  1968)  had  both  been  highly 
successful,  completing  inflight  tests  of  all  major  pieces  of  Apollo  hard- 
ware. Apollo  6  (launched  April  4).  despite  launch  vehicle  problems, 
had  attained  four  of  five  primarv  objectives  with  the  spacecraft  re- 
covered in  excellent  condition.  First  manned  Apollo  mission,  Apollo  7 
Oct.  11—22.  had  achieved  all  primary  objectives  and  had  verified  opera- 


321 


December  21-27 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 


December  21-27:  Rising  earth,  240,000  miles  away,  greets  Apollo  8  astronauts  as  they 
come  from  behind  moon  after  lunar  orbit  insertion  burn. 


tion  of  spacecraft  for  lunar-mission  duration.  Apollo  program  was 
'  directed  by  NASA  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight;  MSC  was  responsible 
for  Apollo  spacecraft  development,  msfc  for  Saturn  V  launch  vehicle, 
and  KSC  for  launch  operations.  Tracking  and  data  acquisition  was 
managed  by  GSFC  under  overall  direction  of  NASA  Office  of  Tracking  and 
Data  Acquisition,  (nasa  Proj  Off;  NASA  Release  68-208;  NASA  Special 
Releases;  W  Star,  12/21/68,  Al;  W  Post,  12/21-28/68,  Al;  NYT, 
12/21-28/68,  1;  B  Sun,  12/21-28/68,  Al;  MSC  Roundup,  1/10/69,  3) 

December  21:  President  Johnson  sent  congratulatory  message  to  Apollo  8 
astronauts :  "I  am  confident  that  the  world's  finest  equipment  will  strive 
to  match  the  courage  of  our  astronauts.  If  it  does  that,  a  successful 
mission  is  assured."  {PD,  12/30/68,  1738) 

•  Apollo  Program  Director,  b/g  Samuel  C.  Phillips,  told  post-launch  press 
conference  at  KSC  early  portion  of  Apollo  8  mission  had  been  perfect: 
".  .  .  Apollo  8  is  now  on  its  way  to  the  Moon.  And  ...  I  certainly 
envy  the  crew  the  magnificent  views  that  they  might  have  at  this  point 
as  they  were  describing  it  to  us.  .  .  .  To  be  able  to  see  the  entire  earth. 
I  think  by  this  time  in  their  flight,  they  are  something  over  10,000  miles 


322 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  December  21 

high  and  moving  at  about  25,000  miles  an  hour.  .  ,  .  The  countdown 
.  .  .  was — during  most  of  the  night  actually  a  hit,  and  even  into  the  late 
minutes  of  this  morning,  the  count  was  proceeding  with  comfortable 

s  margins  of  time.  The  flight  of  the  Saturn  V  was  flawless  in  all  of  the 
maneuvers  it  was  expected  to  make.  The  performance  of  the  space- 
craft .  .  .  has  similarly  been  flawless."  (Transcript) 

December  22:  New  York  Times  commented  on  Apollo  8  flight:  "Space  con- 
tains more  than  enough  opportunity  for  fruitful  application  of  the  ener- 
gies that  all  mankind  can  devote  to  its  exploration,  development  and 
eventual  settlement.  There  is  no  need  here  for  wasteful  rivalry  deriving 
from  earthbound  nationalistic  and  political  ambitions.  In  the  face  of 
the  most  breathtaking  challenge  humanity  has  ever  faced,  the  only  ra- 
tional response  is  cooperation  to  make  space  an  arena  of  unity  and  in- 
ternational brotherhood.  Man's  hopes  and  prayers  ride  with  the  pre- 
Christmas  voyagers.  After  them  must  come  ships  bearing  the  United 
Nations  flag,  each  carrying  men  of  different  citizenship,  language,  polit- 
ical and  religious  convictions  and  color."  (NYT,  12/22/68,  ElO) 

•  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences  investigative  committee  of  22  members 

directed  "preliminary  report"  to  President  Johnson,  President-elect 
Richard  M.  Nixon,  and  Congress  on  intensifying  crisis  in  U.S.  science 
and  education  which  they  said  stemmed  from  cuts  in  Federal  Govern- 
ment support.  Investigation  covering  84  academic  institutions  and  work 
of  193  research  scientists  had  shown  "potential  solutions  of  such  prob- 
lems as  poverty,  racial  discrimination,  population  control,  air  and 
water  pollution,  cancer  and  cardiovascular  disease,  mental  illness,  mass 
transportation,  housing  and  education  are  not  being  pursued  because  of 
lack  of  continuing  support."  Committee  recommended  diverting  Fed- 
eral science  funds  earmarked  for  buildings  and  other  capital  equipment 
to  use  on  research  programs  and  in  training  scientific  manpower  to 
"preclude  a  serious  shortage  in  the  near  future,  a  crippling  one  within 
five  years."  (upi,  W  Post,  12/23/68,  A20) 
December  24:  Intelsat— III  F—2  began  carrying  segment  of  coverage  of 
Apollo  8  to  Europe.  It  transmitted  moon  pictures  from  capsule  and  re- 
layed TV  coverage  of  Pacific  splashdown  to  Europe  and  Puerto  Rico. 
Intelsat  II  satellites  over  Atlantic  and  Pacific  each  reserved  about  100 
voice  circuits  for  NASA  support  communications  with  Apollo  8.  Ats  II 
and  ///  augmented  commercial  communications  coverage  and  transmit- 
ted limited  number  of  weather  photos,  (ossa;  nasa  Release  69-6) 

•  One  out  of  every  four  persons  on  earth — nearly  one  billion  people  in  64 

countries — heard  Christmas  Eve  reading  of  Genesis  by  moon  orbiting 
Apollo  8  crew  either  on  radio  or  TV,  according  to  TV  Guide.  Delayed 
broadcasts  same  day  reached  30  additional  countries.  "The  fantastic 
success  of  TV  on  that  flight  echoed  around  the  world."  {TV  Guide, 
5/10-16/69,  9) 

•  New  York  Times  said  of  Apollo  8  telecast  of  earth:   ".  .  .  the  drama 

and  interest  of  yesterday's  view  of  earth  from  space  transcended  any 
prosaic  considerations  of  practical  utility.  Rather  the  excitement  these 
pictures  aroused  among  millions  of  stay-at-homes  flowed  from  the  vis- 
ual evidence  they  provided  of  man's  successful  entrance  into  a  com- 
pletely new  realm,  one  which  poses  challenges,  opportunities  and  dan- 
gers such  as  the  human  species  has  never  before  faced.  And  yesterday's 
pictures  provided  a  sobering  perspective  on  man's  puny  earthly  works 

323 


December  24  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

and  rivalries,  reminding  all  humanity  that  nature  is  the  basic  antago- 
nist, not  other  men."  {NYT,  12/24/68,  22) 

•  FAA   announced   report   Friction   Effects    of  Runway   Grooves,   Runway 

18-36  Washington  National  Airport  [AD  678  645  (DS  68-21)], 
result  of  nine-month  test  series  at  Washington  National  Airport,  indi- 
cated runway  grooving,  designed  to  prevent  hydroplaning  by  increas- 
ing drainage  of  water,  might  also  enhance  braking  effectiveness  of  air- 
craft on  wet  runways  [see  Nov.  17].  (faa  Release  T  68-48) 

•  U.S.S.R.  announced  through  Tass  successful  completion  of  experiment  in 

which  three  researchers  spent  from  Nov.  5,  1967,  to  Nov.  5,  1968,  in 
isolated  chamber  consisting  of  living  compartment  and  greenhouse 
linked  to  outside  world  by  videotelephone.  Purpose  of  experiment  was 
to  test  man's  ability  to  live  in  isolation  for  year,  using  water  and  oxy- 
gen regenerated  from  waste  products  and  dehydrated  food  supple- 
mented by  greenhouse-grown  vegetables;  study  effects  of  various  fac- 
tors on  human  organism  and  establish  optimum  conditions  for  long 
isolation;  and  evaluate  effectiveness  of  self-contained  life-support  sys- 
tems based  on  regeneration  of  waste  products.  Daily  requirements  of 
astronauts  on  long  voyage  included  700  g  of  food,  2.4  kg  of  drinking 
water  plus  5.5  kg  of  water  for  other  purposes,  and  800  g  of  oxygen, 
amounting  to  11  tons  of  supplies  for  one-year  space  voyage.  Report  said 
there  were  no  significant  changes  in  body  weight  and  temperature  of  ex- 
perimenters except  one  lost  eight  to  nine  pounds  before  his  weight  stabi- 
lized in  five  to  six  months.  Electrocardiogram  remained  unchanged  and 
no  dehydration  was  observed.  Pulse  and  respiration  rates  had  fluc- 
tuated before  assuming  lower  level  than  at  start  of  experiment.  Re- 
searchers Gherman  A.  Manovtsev,  Andrey  N.  Bozhko,  and  Boris  N. 
Ulybshev  were  reported  in  good  health  at  conclusion  of  experiment. 
(Shabad,  NYT,  12/25/68,  38) 

December  25:  The  space  age,  no  doubt,  will  produce  many  future  heroes 
and  many  other  historic  accomplishments.  New  York  Times  said,  "but 
even  now  it  is  plain  that  yesterday  Astronauts  Borman,  Lovell  and  An- 
ders assured  themselves  of  immortality  as  the  first  men  literally  to 
break  the  shackles  of  earth  and  travel  successfully  to  another  destina- 
-    tion  in  this  suddenly  shrunken  solar  system."  (NYT,  12/25/68,  30) 

December  26:  U.S.S.R.  launched  Cosmos  CCLXII  from  Kapustin  Yar  into 
orbit  with  791-km  (491.5-mi)  apogee,  264-km  (164-mi)  perigee,  95.2- 
min  period,  and  48.4°  inclination.  Equipment  was  functioning  nor- 
mally. [SBD,  12/30/68,  257;  gsfc  SSR,  12/31/68) 

•  Apollo  8  lunar  flight  was  voted  top  news  story  of  1968  in  Dec.  24  repoU- 

ing  of  editors  of  Associated  Press  member  newspapers,  radio,  and  TV 
stations.  Previous  poll,  completed  before  Dec.  21-27  mission,  had  se- 
lected assassinations  of  Sen.  Robert  F.  Kennedy  and  Rev.  Martin  Lu- 
ther King  as  No.  1  and  No.  2  stories  of  year.  (W  Star,  12/26/68,  A8) 

•  Washington  Post  said  of  Apollo  8:  "Above  all,  perhaps,  this  Christmas 

Eve  at  the  moon  and  Christmas  Day  on  the  way  home  have  told  us 
more  about  our  earth  than  about  the  moon.  One  of  the  astronauts  had 
wondered  on  his  way  to  the  moon  whether,  if  he  were  a  traveller  from 
another  planet,  he  would  think  that  intelligent  life  existed  on  Earth. 
The  answer,  from  Captain  Lovell  at  least,  is  that  our  planet  is  'a  grand 
oasis  in  the  great  vastness  of  space.'  That  is  an  awing  insight  and  it 
reminds  us  that  man  has  far  to  go  here  at  home  to  fulfill  the  Christmas 

324 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  December  26 

promise  of  Peace  on  Earth,  Good  Will  toward  Men."  {JV  Post, 
12/26/68,  A20) 

•  Times  of  India  termed  Apollo  8,  "the  most  magnificent  achievement  in 

space  to  date."  It  was  "by  any  reckoning  a  tremendous  achievement  of 
science  and  technology"  and  "decidedly  the  most  daring  adventure  man 
has  ever  undertaken.'  {Times  of  India,  12/26/68,  8) 

•  In  Washington  Post,  columnist  Joseph  Kraft  said  post-Apollo  programs 

had  been  sharply  cut  in  Congress  and  space  spending  had  been  com- 
pared unfavorably  with  money  for  pressing  internal  needs.  "In  this  sit- 
uation, it  makes  sense  for  this  country  to  disengage  while  it  is  ahead. 
There  is  no  need  for  the  United  States  to  race  Russia  to  every  new 
milestone  in  space.  On  the  contrary,  what  the  United  States  wants  is  a 
program  closely  connected  to  explicit  American  requirements — a  pro- 
gram of  exploration  for  its  own  sake,  not  for  the  sake  of  beating  the 
Russians.  In  that  way,  this  country  can  continue  to  develop  a  capability 
in  space,  without  having  to  respond  in  a  panic  to  the  ups  and  downs 
that  are  necessary  part  of  the  space  business."  {W  Post,  12/26/68) 
December  26—31:  During  135th  meeting  of  aaas  in  Dallas,  Tex.,  Catholic 
Univ.  of  America  assistant  professor  of  international  relations  John  M. 
Logsdon  gave  paper  on  lunar  landing  decision  at  session  of  Society  for 
the  History  of  Technology.  Prof.  Logsdon  said  President  Eisenhower 
had  planned  to  end  manned  space  flights  after  Project  Mercury  but  his 
successor.  President  Kennedy,  had  "calculated  the  costs,  weighed  the 
needs,  and  finally  decided  that  'whatever  mankind  must  undertake,  free 
men  must  fully  share.'  " 

Outgoing  Presidential  Science  Adviser,  Dr.  Donald  F.  Hornig,  rec- 
ommended reexamination  of  concept  of  Federal  Dept.  of  Science  since 
science  "has  now  assumed  such  importance  to  the  nation  that  its  posi- 
tion would  be  stronger  if  it  had  a  voice  in  the  Cabinet."  He  advocated 
annual  report  on  state  of  science  similar  to  annual  economic  report  and 
said  Office  of  Science  and  Technology  "could  eventuallv  evolve  in  an 
office  of  planning  and  analysis,  looking  broadly  at  national  problems 
with  some  scientific  or  technological  component,  but  extending  well  be- 
yond the  purely  technical  areas."  Under  questioning.  Dr.  Hornig  said 
he  agreed  with  Dr.  J.  Herbert  HoUomon.  President  of  Univ.  of  Okla- 
homa and  former  Assistant  Secretary  of  Commerce,  that  Federal  Dept. 
of  Science,  with  NSF  as  its  core,  might  encompass  oceanographic  agen- 
cies, high-energy-physics  research  currently  funded  by  AEC,  ESSA,  Bu- 
reaus of  Census  and  Labor  Statistics,  geophysics  branches  of  Geological 
Survey,  and  some  nih  programs.  Dr.  Hollomon  also  suggested  NASA  be 
added  when  it  could  be  included  "without  having  it  become  the  tail 
that  v.ags  the  dog."  Dr.  Hornig  insisted  no  massive  "science  agency" 
should  be  created  to  usurp  supervision  of  Nation^s  science  effort. 

Bacteria  might  have  caused  gastrointestinal  upset  suffered  by  astro- 
naut Frank  Borman  on  Apollo  8  mission.  Dr.  Rudolf  H.  T.  Mattoni, 
head  of  Biological  Systems  Div.  of  Nuclear  Utility  Services,  Haw- 
thorne. Calif.,  told  meeting.  Effects  of  weightlessness  on  bacteria  on 
Biosatellite  II  flight  I  Sept.  7—9,  1967)  suggested  that  lack  of  gravity 
might  have  allowed  common,  normally  benign,  intestinal  bacteria  to 
cause  illness  like  Borman's. 

Drs.  Bouilin  Browning  of  St.  Thomas  Univ.  and  Irwin  Oster  of 
Bowling  Green   State  Univ.   reported   first   experimental   evidence   that 

325 


December  26-31  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

weightlessness  can  cause  chromosomal  damage  of  genetic  significance, 
based  on  sperm  cells  flown  45  hr  aboard  Biosatellite. 

Cornell  Univ.  map  expert,  Prof.  Arthur  J.  McNair,  said  sophisticated 
photographic  mapping  by  satellites  at  140-mi  altitude  would  provide 
faster,  cheaper,  broader,  and  more  detailed  coverage  than  now  possible 
by  airplane  mapping.  Single  map-making  satellite  photo,  he  said,  would 
be  equivalent  to  1,000  photos  taken  by  aircraft.  U.S.  could  be  fully 
mapped  in  one  year  from  photos  from  satellite  in  near-polar  orbit  for 
four  v/eeks.  Another  11  mo  would  be  needed  for  data  processing. 

Dr.  Robert  H.  Hardie  of  Vanderbilt  Univ.  said  planet  Pluto  had  ap- 
peared to  be  dimming  for  past  10  yr.  It  was  moving  in  248-yr  orbital 
period  to  point  where  it  reflected  little  sunlight  and  its  surface  tempera- 
ture had  dropped  two  degrees.  He  speculated  that  planet  froze  into 
mass  of  stone  and  solid  nitrogen  as  temperatures  reached  —250°  C 
when  facing  away  from  the  sun.  When  bathed  in  sunlight,  planet 
warmed  to  —200°  C  and  formed  reflecting  puddles  which  astronomers 
saw  as  variations  in  light  intensity.  (Text;  UPI,  W  Post,  12/28/68,  A9; 
Lannan,  W  Star,  12/30/68,  A3;  AP,  W  Post,  12/30/68,  A6) 
December  27:  At  White  House  press  conference  President  Johnson  dis- 
cussed Apollo  S's  effect  on  U.S.  position  in  space  race:  "We  are  very 
pleased  with  the  progress  we  have  made.  .  .  .  Each  side  has  different 
examples  of  its  achievements.  But  in  the  10  to  11  years  since  Sputnik 
I  .  .  .  when  we  didn't  even  have  a  space  committee  in  the  Congress, 
when  we  were  talking  about  the  basketball  up  there  in  the  air,  when  we 
have  weathered  the  storms  that  have  brewed — everyone  who  wanted  to 
cut  anything,  the  first  thing  they  wanted  to  cut  was  the  space  program 
— when  we  have  seen  the  editorial  professors  inform  us  that  there  was 
really  no  value  in  doing  all  of  this  anyway,  it  gives  me  great  pleasure 
now  to  see  the  thrill  that  even  they  are  getting  out  of  it." 

President  described  anxiety  about  complex  mission  and  said  he  had 
repeatedly  asked  himself  whether  U.S.  was  ready,  whether  date  selected 
was  best  one,  whether  every  possible  precaution  had  been  taken,  and 
whether  every  man  had  performed  his  requirements.  "About  all  you 
can  do  ...  is  to  pick  men  that  you  have  confidence  in,  that  you  trust, 
give  them  the  support  they  need,  and  then  hold  on."  Remembering  he 
had  "recommended  this  goal  for  this  decade"  to  President  Kennedy,  he 
said:  "There  have  been  many  pitfalls  every  step  of  the  way.  I  don't 
know  how  many  folks  have  just  wanted  to  abandon  it,  clip  it,  cut  it, 
take  the  money  for  the  cities  or  the  war  or  just  anything  else.  Space 
has  been  a  whipping  boy. 

"So  when  you  see  the  day  approaching  when  visions,  and  dreams, 
and  what  we  said  to  the  Congress  when  we  created  the  Space  Adminis- 
tration back  in  1958  are  becoming  reality,  you  naturally  are  hopeful." 

Later,  in  telephone  message  to  Apollo  8  astronauts.  President  con- 
gratulated crew  and  said:  "You  have  made  us  very  proud  to  be  alive  at 
this  particular  moment  in  history.  You  have  made  us  feel  akin  to  those 
Europeans  nearly  five  centuries  ago  who  heard  stories  of  the  New  World 
for  the  first  time.  .  .  .  My  thoughts  this  morning  went  back  to  more  than 
10  years  ago  .  .  .  when  we  saw  Sputnik  racing  through  the  skies,  and 
we  realized  that  America  had  a  big  job  ahead  of  it. 

"It  gave  me  so  much  pleasure  to  know  that  you  men  have  done  a 
large  part  of  that  job."  {PD,  12/30/68,  1744-50) 

326 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  December  27 


• 


International  comment  on  Apollo  8  mission: 

In  statement  distributed  by  Soviet  Embassy  in  Washington,  D.C., 
Boris  Petrov,  Chairman  of  Council  for  International  Cooperation  in  In- 
vestigation and  Utilization  of  Outer  Space.  U.S.S.R.  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, hailed  "hardware"  and  "courage"  of  Apollo  8  astronauts  but 
called  attention  to  "considerable  accent"  placed  on  "automatic  devices" 
in  Soviet  space  program.  He  said,  "The  Soviet  Union  is  engaged  in  a 
large-scale  program  of  planned  studies  and  exploration  of  outer  space, 
which  provides  for  the  investigation  of  the  earth's  upper  atmosphere 
and  of  near-earth  outer  space  and  studies  of  sun-earth  relationships  and 
of  our  closest  space  neighbors — the  moon,  venus  and  mars,  and  later, 
on  more  remote  planets." 

Cuban  National  Radio  called  mission  "a  total  success." 

Tass:  "Due  tribute  should  be  paid  to  the  courage  and  mastery  of 
Frank  Borman.  William  Anders  and  James  Lovell  who  have  accom- 
plished this  outstanding  scientific  and  technical  experiment.  The  suc- 
cessful flight  of  Apollo  8  ushers  in  a  new  stage  in  the  history  of  space 
exploration."  Ten  Soviet  cosmonauts  telegraphed  Apollo  crew  congratu- 
lations for  "another  milestone  in  scientific  and  technical  progress." 

Pope  Paul  VI,  in  message  to  President  Johnson:  "Giving  thanks  to 
God  for  the  successful  completion  of  the  magnificent  enterprise  of  the 
Apollo  8  mission,  we  congratulate  you  and  the  people  of  the  United 
States  of  America  and  particularly  the  intrepid  space  travelers,  and  in- 
voke divine  blessing  upon  all  contributing  to  this  noble  achievement." 

U.N.  Secretary  General  U  Thant:  "The  powerful  thrust  of  the 
rocket  engines,  the  awesome  speeds  attained  in  flight,  the  vast 
distances  traveled,  the  precision  of  navigation  and  the  fidelity  of 
communications,  aural  and  visual,  all  stagger  the  imagination  and  defy 
the  comprehension  of  man." 

Emperor  Haile  Selassie  of  Ethiopia:  "a  great  milestone  in  man's  con- 
tinued search  of  the  unknown." 

Gov.  Gen.  Roland  Michener  of  Canada,  in  message  to  President 
Johnson:  Canadians  had  followed  astronauts'  flight  with  "admiration 
for  their  courage  and  the  technical  skill  of  all  who  have  a  part  in  the 
enterprise." 

Prime  Minister  Eisaku  Sato  of  Japan  to  President  Johnson:  feat 
showed  America's  "courage  and  the  high  level  of  scientific  technology." 

In  Kaduna.  Nigeria.  Neiv  Nigerian  said  Apollo  8,  "Apart  from  being 
the  supreme  technological  achievement  ...  of  all  time,"  was  "another 
exciting  chapter  in  man's  eternal  quest  to  triumph  over  his  own  natu- 
ral environment."  Same  skills  and  resources  which  were  helping  to  con- 
quer space  "could  easily  be  diverted  to  giving  man  a  better  life  on 
earth  itself — if  only  all  of  us  would  allow  the  good  that  is  inherent  in 
all  mankind  to  assert  itself."  (AP,  B  Sun,  12/28/68,  1;  New  Nigerian, 
12/27/68,  I) 
San  Francisco  Chronicle  said:  "In  their  meteoric  flitting  about  the  skies 
the  crew  of  the  Apollo  8  did  more  than  thrill  their  fellow  Americans 
and  pump  up  the  national  ego.  They  drew  commendations  from  di- 
rectors of  the  Soviet  space  project  whose  considerable  achievement  they 
had  outstripped."  They  made  believers  of  "informed  skeptics  such  as 
Sir  Bernard  Lovell,  director  of  Britain's  Jodrell  Bank  Observatory,  who 
had  more  than  ever  scoffed  at  the  value  of  the  moon  venture.    (They 

327 


December  27  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

also  drove  the  stubborn  adherents  of  the  flat-earth  theory  into  confu- 
sion.) All  this  they  accomplished  in  faultless  style."  (SF  Chornicle, 
12/27/68,  30) 

•  Associated  Press  quoted  Mrs.  Madalyn  Murray  O'Hair,  who  was  instru- 

mental in  having  prayer  removed  from  U.S.  public  schools,  as  saying 
she  would  register  complaints  with  NASA  against  reading  by  Apollo  8 
astronauts  of  portions  of  Genesis  during  lunar  orbit  and  would  orga- 
nize mail  campaign  to  bar  prayer  from  space.  (AP,  W  Post,  12/28/68, 
A9) 

•  Washington  Post  said   Harvard  Univ.   scientist   Dr.   George  B.   Kistia- 

kowsky,  who  in  1959  was  chief  science  adviser  to  President  Eisen- 
hower, had  said  in  taped  interview  for  broadcast  on  CBS  radio  network 
Dec.  29  that  putting  man  on  moon  would  not  compare  to  great  scien- 
tific achievements  such  as  breaking  genetic  code.  "This  [moon  flight] 
is  an  adventure.  .  .  .  it's  different  from  Darwin's  travels,"  which  led  to 
his  discovery  of  genetic  evolution.  (Aarons,  W  Post,  12/28/68,  A8) 

•  Apollo  7  mission    (Oct.   11—22)    was  adjudged  successful  by  NASA.  All 

launch  vehicle  systems  had  performed  satisfactorily  throughout  expected 
lifetime  and  spacecraft  systems  functioned  with  few  minor  anomalies, 
which  were  countered,  preventing  loss  of  systems  support.  Splashdown 
occurred  within  one  mile  of  guidance  system  target  point  and  recovery 
of  flight  crew  and  cm  was  successful.  All  test  objectives  had  been  suc- 
cessfully accomplished,  (nasa  Proj  Off) 

•  Apollo  6  (launched  April  4)  was  adjudged  unsuccessful  by  NASA.  Although 

three  of  five  primary  mission  objectives  had  been  fully  accomplished 
and  two  partially  accomplished,  overall  mission  was  not  a  success. 
Apollo  6  had  entered  elliptical  parking  orbit  instead  of  planned  cir- 
cular orbit  when  2nd  stage  engines  shut  down  prematurely  and  3rd 
stage  failed  to  reignite  on  command,  (nasa  Proj  Off) 

•  NASA  announced  it  would  convert  to  civil  service  operation  during  next 

18  mo  work  performed  in  810  contractor  positions  at  GSFC,  to  bring 
Center's  operations  into  accord  with  Civil  Service  Commission  guide- 
lines prohibiting  Government  supervision  of  contractor  employees.  Many 
incumbent  contractor  employees  would  be  offered  Government  positions 
and  only  small  portion  of  contractors'  activities  would  be  affected  in 
many  cases.  Conversion  would  be  completed  by  June  1970  and  NASA 
would  continue  to  rely  on  industry  to  considerable  extent  for  support 
services,  (nasa  Release  68—223) 

•  MSFC  announced  it  had  issued  Boeing  Co.  $8,429,047  supplemental  agree- 

ment extending  from  October  1968  to  March  1970  maintenance  and 
operation  of  Saturn  V  development  facility  at  MSFC  and  providing  for 
mechanical  ground  support  equipment  and  logistics  work,  (msfc  Re- 
lease 68-283) 

•  NASA  announced  award  by  LeRC  of  $3,448,762  cost-plus-award-fee  contract 

to  Honeywell,  Inc.,  for  Centaur  launch  vehicle  guidance  system  includ- 
ing management,  engineering,  repair,  and  modification  support  during 
1969.  (NASA  Release  68-222)" 

•  In  Science  Dr.  J.  C.  G.  Walker,  Yale  Univ.  geologist  and  geophysicist, 

and  N.  W.  Spencer,  Chief  of  GSFc's  Laboratory  for  Atmospheric  and 
Biological  Sciences,  said  thermosphere  probe  experiments  had  provided 
largest  body  of  rocket  mass-spectrometer  data  obtained.  Tests  had  been 
conducted  jointly  by  scientists  at  GSFC  and  Space  Physics  Research  Lab. 

328 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  December  27 

at  Univ.  of  Michigan  to  determine  temperatures  of  earth's  upper 
atmosphere.  Since  1962,  concentration  and  temperature  of  molecular 
nitrogen  in  upper  atmosphere  had  been  measured  in  22  successful  flights 
under  varying  conditions  of  solar  activity,  from  launch  sites  at  Fort 
Churchill,  Manitoba,  Wallops  Island,  Va.,  and  Vega  Baja,  Puerto  Rico. 
Scientists  had  concluded  that  upper  atmosphere  consisted  of  mixture  of 
gases — electrons,  ions,  and  neutral  particles — each  of  which  had  distinct 
temperature.  Multiplicity  of  temperatures  could  be  expected  in  upper 
atmosphere  of  planets,  though  differences  between  planetary  atmospheres 
must  be  more  striking  than  similarities  because  of  differences  in  at- 
mospheric composition  and  in  distance  from  sun.  It  was  likely  that 
absence  of  permanent  magnetic  field  on  either  Mars  or  Venus  caused 
further  substantial  differences  between  upper  atmospheres  of  these 
planets  and  upper  atmosphere  of  earth.   (Science,  12/27/68,  1437-^1) 

•  National  Science  Foundation  announced  median  annual  salary  of  U.S. 

scientists  in  1968  was  S13,000.  up  $1,200  (10%)  from  1966.  Self- 
employed  scientists  earned  highest  median,  $18,000,  in  1968,  with 
those  employed  by  industry,  business,  and  nonprofit  organizations 
second  at  $14,700.  Federal  Government  scientists  reported  same  median 
salary — $13,500- — as  those  employed  on  yearly  basis  by  educational 
institutions.  Single  largest  users  of  scientific  talent  were  educational 
institutions  (40%).  Industry  and  business  employed  32%,  and  10^7 
were  civilians  in  Federal  Government.  Information  was  based  on  n;- 
sponses  by  298.000  U.S.  scientists  to  nsf's  biennial  National  Register 
survey,  (nsf  Release  68-181) 

•  New  York  Times  said  article  in  December  issue  of  Australian  Quarterly 

by  Australian  National  Univ.  lecturer  Robert  Cooksey  had  suggested 
U.S.  "space  research  facility"  at  Pine  Gap  near  geographical  center  of 
Australia  might  be  station  designed  to  guide  orbital  missiles  fired  from 
U.S.  to  targets  in  Communist  China.  Article  had  caused  flurry  of 
questions  about  base  in  Australian  press.  Later  New  York  Times  story 
said  U.S.  officials  in  Washington  had  denied  suggestion  and  said  Pine 
Gap  installation  was  joint  U.S. -Australian  space  research  facility 
established  by  agreement  in  1966.   (Trumbull,  NYT,  12/29/68,  30) 

•  DOD  announced  appointment  to  Defense  Science  Board  of  Dr.  Arthur  T. 

Biehl.  Associate  Director  for  Advanced  Study,  Lawrence  Radiation 
Laboratory:  Dr.  Lewis  M.  Branscomb.  Chairman  of  Joint  Institute  for 
Laboratory  Astrophysics,  Univ.  of  Colorado:  Daniel  J.  Fink,  General 
Manager  for  Space  Systems,  General  Electric  Corp.:  and  Dr.  Charles 
M.  Herzfeld,  Technical  Director  of  Defense  Space  Group  (r&d), 
International  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Corp.  (dod  Release  1139—68) 
December  28:  Intelsat— III  F—2  (launched  Dec.  19)  was  used  between  Etam, 
W.  Va.,  and  Raisting.  Germany,  under  emergency  authorization  to 
back  up  interruption  of  service  on  TAT-4  cable,  (nasa  Proj  Off) 

•  Finnish  professor  Arrno  Niini   said  photos   of  earth   brought  back  by 

Apollo  8  astronauts  might  show  tiny  ring  of  small  dust  particles  200 
to  350  mi  above  earth.  It  would  be  discernible  only  in  pictures  taken 
with  sun  behind  camera  and  with  sufficiently  sensitive  film.  (UPI.  NYT, 
12/30/68,  2) 

•  In  Moscow  interview  with  Turin,  Italy,  newspaper  La  Stampa,   Soviet 

space  scientist  Prof.  Leonid  I.  Sedov  said  U.S.S.R.  was  concentrating 

329 


December  28  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

on  perfecting  unmanned  spaceships  for  exploration  of  celestial  bodies 
deeper  in  space  than  moon.  "There  does  not  exist  at  present  a  similar 
project  [to  Apollo  8]  in  our  program.  In  the  near  future  we  will  not 
send  a  man  around  the  moon.  We  start  from  the  principle  that  certain 
problems  can  be  resolved  with  the  use  of  automatic  soundings."  Sedov 
hailed  Apollo  8  mission  as  "a  great  scientific  conquest."  (UPI,  W  Post, 
12/29/68,  A4) 

•  President  Johnson  announced  promotion  of  Apollo  8  Astronaut  William 

A.  Anders  (Maj.,  USAf)  to  lieutenant  colonel  under  his  policy  of 
granting  one-grade  promotion  to  military  astronaut  after  his  first 
successful  space  mission.  (Maynard,  W  Post,  12/29/68,  A4;  PD, 
1/6/69,  5) 

•  Polish  noncommunist  party  newspaper  Zycie  Wrszawy  said  of  Apollo  8 

crew:  "We  were  all  with  them  during  those  five  days.  .  .  .  We  congratu- 
late them  heartily.  At  such  a  time  we  do  not  think  about  politics  and 
we  forget  about  the  country  from  which  they  come."  Paper  also  said, 
"Only  a  few  changes  would  be  enough  for  the  monstrous  rocket  to 
carry  a  nuclear  warhead  into  orbit  instead  of  astronauts."  (uPl,  C  Trih, 
12/29/68) 

•  In  Paris  Match,  Raymond  Cartier  said,  "With  Apollo  8  the  summit  is 

human  daring  is  attained."  (Paris  Match,  12/28/68,  37) 

•  Chicago  Tribune  said,  "Now  that  Apollo  8  and  its  three  astronauts  are 

home  from  their  historic  trip  around  the  moon,  we  can  safely  call  it 
one  of  the  most  memorable  Christmas  gifts  ever  given  to  the  American 
people  and  mankind."  [C  Trib,  12/28/68,  12) 

•  The  Economist:  "What  did  they  think,  those  three  men  of  Apollo  8  who 

risked  their  lives  and  their  sanity  to  fly  to  the  moon  only  to  report 
that  it  looked  like  grey  plaster  of  paris?  What  should  we  earthbound 
ones  think?  In  New  York  City,  there  are  at  least  2,000  people  who 
would  rather  have  watched  a  football  game  and  were  sufficiently  in- 
censed to  telephone  the  television  networks  and  tell  them  so.  The  blame 
is  not  the  astronauts'.  A  whole  series  of  photographs,  some  taken  from 
instruments  actually  on  the  moon's  surface,  some  in  black-and-white, 
some  in  colour,  had  already  warned  them  what  to  expect.  The  buck  lies 
on  the  desks  of  the  men  who  for  the  past  13  years  have  directed  the 
United  States'  $32  billion  space  programme,  and  spent  70%  of  it  on 
getting  men  into  space  without  planning  anything  constructive  for  them 
to  do  when  they  got  there.  .  .  .  The  cost  of  a  manned  moonshot  is  put 
at  around  $1  billion,  and  for  that  sum  you  could  get  a  whole  programme 
of  unmanned  moon  launches.  .  .  . 

"But  man  does  not  live  by  science  alone.  .  .  .  the  greatest  achieve- 
ments of  men  in  space  have  so  far  been  in  the  realm  of  the  human 
spirit.  .  .  .  Apollo  8  is  part  of  the  unceasing  restlessness,  invention  and 
ambition  of  our  kind.  Have  we  really  any  reason  to  believe  that  man's 
evolution  has  come  to  a  stop  after  a  bare  half  million  years  on  earth? 
It  requires  arrogance,  a  closed  mind  and  absolutely  no  sense  of 
history  ...  to  say  that  sending  men  into  space  is  an  utter  waste  of 
time."  (The  Economist,  12/28/68,  112) 

•  Neither  Peking  Radio  nor  New  China  News  Agency  covered  Apollo  8 

Mission.  (N  Va  Sun,  12/28/68,  1) 
December  29:  Yomiuri  of  Tokyo  said  of  Apollo  8:  "This  splendid  voyage  is 

330 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,    1968  December  29 

hailed  around  the  world  as  'mankind's  greatest  feat'  and  'a  symbol  of 
hope  for  the  future'.  .  .  .  For  the  U.S.  and  the  Soviet  Union,  it  may 
be  a  matter  of  serious  concern  as  to  which  puts  men  on  the  moon 
first.  .  .  .  This  aspect  is  not  important  for  mankind  in  general.  The  two 
superpowers  should  regard  space  exploration  as  a  project  of  the  human 
race  and  not  a  narrow  issue  of  national  prestige."  (Yomiuri,  12/29/68, 
2) 

•  International  Flat  Earth  Society  said  in  London  that  earth  was  definitely 

flat  despite  pictures  from  Apollo  8.  Society  Secretary  Samuel  Shenton 
said  moon  was  circular  but  there  was  no  proof  it  was  a  globe.  (Reuters, 
B  Sun,  12/30/68) 

•  In  Washington  Sunday  Star,  William  Hines  reported   results  of  query 

of  eight  eminent  scientists  on  most  important  single  decision  related 
to  science  and  technology  which  faced  President-elect  Richard  M. 
Nixon  early  in  his  administration.  Consensus  was:  shaping  of  long-term 
science  policy.  Also  cited  were  need  for  reexamination  of  priorities  and 
goals,  with  firm  decision  on  extent  to  which  science  and  higher  edu- 
cation should  receive  Government  support;  creation  of  Dept.  of  Science 
in  cabinet  or  stronger  science-Government  communication  lines;  re- 
assessment of  space  funding  and  other  "big  science"  projects,  including 
proton  accelerators;  greater  emphasis  on  social  goals;  vigorous  anti- 
pollution efforts:  and  more  imaginative  use  of  science  and  technology 
as  instruments  of  national  policy.  None  of  eight  scientists  advocated 
abandonment  of  space  program  after  culmination  of  Apollo  project. 
Alvin  M.  Weinberg,  Director  of  Oak  Ridge  National  Lab.,  said  of  space 
program,  "This  thing  takes  so  very  much  money  that  it's  hard  to  get 
excited  about  any  other  decision  in  science  until  this  one  has  been 
made.  What  should  be  its  level  in  the  1970s?  We  have  become  accus- 
tomed to  something  like  four  or  five  billion  dollars  a  year,  but  I  doubt 
very  much  that  this  is  a  level  the  new  President  is  likely  to  concur  in." 
(W  Star,  12/29/68,  C3) 

•  Noting  what  he  called  "curious  conspiracy  of  silence  on  Russia's  capa- 

bilities and  intention"  for  almost  eight  years,  William  Hines  in  Wash- 
ington Sunday  Star  said:  "One  of  the  many  small  acts  of  positive 
statesmanship  which  Richard  M.  Nixon  could  profitably  perform  early 
in  his  administration  would  be  to  tell  the  American  people  fully  and 
frankly  just  what  the  United  States  government  knows  about  the  Soviet 
space  program.  ...  It  would  lend  credence  to  Mr.  Nixon's  professed 
policy  of  openness.  It  would  compromise  no  significant  secrets.  And  it 
would  enable  the  American  public  to  make  judgments  about  the  future 
of  the  U.S.  space  program  at  a  time  when  vital  decisions  along  this  line 
would  be  coming  due."  (W  Star,  12/29/68,  C4) 
December  30:  Defense  Secretary  designate,  Rep.  Melvin  R.  Laird  (R-Wis.), 
named  David  Packard,  chairman  of  Hewlett-Packard  Co.,  California 
electronics  firm,  to  be  Deputy  Secretary  of  Defense  in  Nixon  Admin- 
istration. (Beecher,  NYT,  12/31/68,  1:  WSJ,  12/31/68;  Aero  Daily, 
12/31/68) 

•  Cost-plus-fixed-fee  contract  for  Cal  Tech's  operation  of  Jet  Propulsion 

Laboratory  as  a  major  NASA  installation  was  renewed  by  NASA  and  Cal 
Tech  through  Dec.  31,  1971.  Cal  Tech  staffed  and  operated  JPL;  prop- 

331 


December  30  ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968 

erty,  facilities,  and  equipment  were  owned  by  Government,  (nasa 
Procurement  Off;  NASA  Release  69-2) 

•  In  Pravda,  Prof.  Boris  Petrov,  Soviet  guidance  mechanisms  specialist, 

said  U.S.S.R.  preferred  not  to  send  men  to  moon  at  this  point,  though 
unmanned  Zond  V  and  Zond  VI  "were  adapted  for  piloted  flight."  (Reu- 
ters, W  Post,  12/31/68,  A3) 

•  Cleveland  Plain  Dealer  editorial:    "Those   who  argue  that  the  country 

should  be  spending  more  money  on  important  domestic  programs  are 
correct.  But  these  increases  should  not  have  to  come  at  the  expense  of 
American  space  exploration  and  newly-won  world  prestige.  NASA's  needs 
deserve  high  priority.  There  should  be  no  lost  opportunities.  When  the 
first  American  sets  foot  on  the  moon  next  year,  his  accomplishment 
should  symbolize  a  beginning,  not  an  ending."  (C  Plain  Dealer, 
12/30/68) 

•  In  Washington  Evening  Star,  David  Lawrence  asked,  "What  was  really 

the  big  'miracle'  in  the  voyage  of  the  American  astronauts  to  the 
moon  and  back?"  It  could  have  happened,  "and  the  rest  of  the  world 
would  not  have  witnessed  the  dramatic  arrival  of  the  astronauts  aboard 
an  aircraft  carrier  in  the  middle  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  or  the  pictures 
sent  from  outer  space  for  several  days  if  it  had  not  been  for  another 
great  feat  of  science — transmission  of  television  and  radio  from 
artificial  satellites  direct  to  every  continent  of  the  world."  (W  Star, 
12/30/68,  A9) 
December  31 :  White  House  announced  from  Johnson  City,  Tex.,  that  Presi- 
dent Johnson  would  present  NASA  Distinguished  Service  Medals  to 
Apollo  8  Astronauts  Frank  Borman,  James  A.  Lovell,  Jr.,  and  William  A. 
Anders  during  "Astronaut  Day"  ceremonies  in  Washington,  D.C.,  Jan. 
9,  1969.  (AP,  W  Star,  12/31/68,  A5;  upi,  NYT,  1/1/69,  10;  W  Post, 
1/1/69,  2) 

•  Soviet  test  pilot  Eudard  V.  Yelyan  test-flew  Tu-144,  U.S.S.R.'s  delta-wing 

supersonic  transport,  on  successful  38-min  maiden  flight  from  airport 
near  Moscow.  Tass  reported  "the  equipment  on  board  the  airliner 
operated  normally."  Aircraft  was  designed  to  carry  120-135  passengers 
at  speeds  to  1,600  mph  over  4,000-mi  range.  It  was  equipped  with  four 
Kuznetsov  N.K.-144  turbofan  engines.  Tass  said  sonic  boom  "is  almost 
not  felt"  on  earth  because  Tu-144  reached  maximum  speed  at  high 
altitudes. 

Later,  New  York  Times  editorial  commented :  "The  long  international 
debate  about  supersonic  airliners  is  sure  to  be  stepped  up  in  the  wake 
of  the  news  that  the  Soviet  entry,  the  TU-144,  has  made  its  first  flight. 
Since  it  has  not  been  claimed  that  this  initial  trial  reached  supersonic 
speeds,  the  likelihood  is  that  the  TU-144  was  kept  subsonic  on  its  first 
outing.  But  Soviet  airplane  designers  and  builders  have  manufactured 
enough  supersonic  military  planes  to  suggest  that  on  a  subsequent  flight 
the  TU-144  will  fly  faster  than  the  speed  of  sound.  ...  In  this 
country,  the  Soviet  first  will  undoubtedly  spur  those  who  want  to 
pour  still  more  Government  funds  into  the  Boeing  project  to  build  an 
advanced  supersonic  plane  that  is  faster  and  larger  than  the  TU— 144. 
Fortunately,  this  country's  technological  prestige  is  now  higher  than 
ever  in  the  wake  of  the  Apollo  8  moon  journey.  That  fact  should  help 
the  incoming  Nixon  Administration  to  see  that  there  are  better  uses  for 

332 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  December  31 

the  nation's  scarce  resources  than  to  engage  in  a  supersonic  plane  race 
whose  economics  are  dubious  and  whose  product's  contribution  to 
noise  pollution  is  all  too  loud."  (Shabad,  NYT,  1/1/69,  1;  UPI,  W  Star, 
1/1/69,  A7;  Winters,  B  Sun,  1/1/69,  Al;  NYT,  1/2/69,  30) 

•  Earth   Resources    Satellite   System,    report   by    Subcommittee    on    Space 

Science  and  Applications  for  Subcommittee  on  NASA  Oversight,  House 
Committee  on  Science  and  Astronautics,  was  transmitted  to  committee 
and  subcommittee.  ERS  system  "unquestionably  presents  NASA  with 
.  .  .  perhaps  the  best  possible  opportunity  to  achieve  tangible  eco- 
nomic returns  from  the  substantial  investment  already  made  by  the 
American  taxpayer  in  the  U.S.  space  program."  Pace  of  program 
to  date  had  been  "much  too  leisurely"  and  financial  support,  "in- 
adequate." Report  recommended  "nasa  concentrate  a  much  larger 
portion  of  its  efforts  and  resources  on  this  project"  and  "give  the  most 
serious  consideration  to  the  recommendation  of  the  National  Academy 
of  Sciences'  summer  study  to  the  effect  that  funding  for  the  applications 
satellite  program  should  be  at  least  doubled,  perhaps  tripled."   (Text) 

•  National    Science    Foundation    released    Federal    Funds    for    Research, 

Development,  and  Other  Scientific  Activities:  Fiscal  Years  1967,  1968, 
and  1969.  Federal  obligations  for  basic  research,  applied  research,  and 
development  (plant  excluded)  totaled  S16.5  billion  in  FY  1967  and 
were  expected  to  total  $16.2  billion  in  FY  1968,  first  drop  since  1955. 
Obligations  had  been  expected  to  total  $17.3  billion  in  FY  1969,  but, 
because  of  appropriations  and  apportionment  actions,  probably  would 
be  even  less  than  in  1968. 

Basic  research  obligations  totaled  $2.0  billion  in  FY  1967  and  were 
expected  to  be  $2.1  billion  in  1968.  Applied  research  obligations  totaled 
$3.3  billion  in  FY  1967,  with  $3.3  billion  estimated  for  1968.  Originally 
expected  increases  in  FY  1969  obligations,  to  $2.4  billion  for  basic 
research  and  $3.6  billion  for  applied  research,  probably  would  not  oc- 
cur because  of  cutbacks  in  FY  1969  budget.  Development  obligations 
were  $11.3  billion  in  1967,  highest  ever  reported,  but  were  expected  to 
drop  to  $10.8  billion  in  1968.  Originally  expected  rise  to  $11.3  billion 
in  1969  probably  would  not  be  achieved.  In  FY  1967,  obligations  for 
R&D  plant  totaled  $620  million,  with  estimated  $517  million  for  1968 
and  $777  million  for  1969.  DOD,  NASA,  and  AEC  provided  bulk  of  R&D 
funds,  with  90%  average  share  during  1960-66  and  85%  during 
1967-69.  DOD,  NASA,  and  AEC  together  supported  60%  of  Federal 
research  total  and  more  than  95%  of  development  total  in  1968. 

During  1967-69,  80%  of  Federal  R&D  funds  were  scheduled  for 
extramural  performers,  chiefly  U.S.  industrial  firms.  In  1968  they 
received  60%.  (Text) 

•  New  York  Gov.   Nelson  B.  Rockefeller  announced  Apollo  8  astronauts 

had  accepted  invitation  to  come  to  New  York  for  special  day  of 
observance  Jan.  10.  (Fox,  NYT,  1/1/69,  1) 

•  Senator-elect    Barry   Goldwater    (R-Ariz.)    test-rode    F— lllA   and    took 

controls  during  part  of  90-min  flight  to  and  from  Nellis  afb,  Nev.  Later 
he  said  aircraft  had  been  victim  of  politics,  not  by  party,  but  by  "bun- 
gling in  the  Defense  Department."  Goldwater  said  he  had  not  opposed 
aircraft  but  objected  to  way  DOD  had  awarded  contract  to  General 
Dynamics  Corp.  He  said  usaf  had  done  good  job  in  "taking  the  bugs 
out  of  this  airplane."  (AP,  W  Post,  1/1/69,  A9) 

333 


December  31  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

•  USAF  awarded  contracts  totaling  $28.8  million  to  Fairchild  Hiller  Corp., 

McDonnell  Douglas  Corp.,  and  North  American  Rockv/ell  Corp.  for 
contract  definition  for  ZF— ISA  advanced  air  superiority  fighter  air- 
craft, (dod  Release  1147-68) 
During  December:  NASA  issued  Objectives  and  Goals  in  Space  Science  and 
Applications — 1968.  NASA  Office  of  Space  Science  and  Applications  had 
participated  in  1968  agency- wide  planning  to  detail  program  objectives 
and  options  from  which  program  could  be  built.  Many  tools  required 
for  future  space  program  had  already  been  developed  and  many  future 
ventures  would  require  only  modest  improvements.  Spacecraft  pointing 
accuracies  and  stability  would  improve,  and  their  lifetimes  would 
increase.  More  powerful  transmitters  would  communicate  data  across 
ever-widening  expanses.  Spacecraft  weight  would  increase  and  man 
would  have  increasing  capability  to  work  and  navigate  in  space. 
Advances  in  chemical  propulsion,  introduction  of  nuclear  and  electric 
propulsion,  and  new  combinations  of  existing  stages,  would  permit 
growth  of  launch  vehicle  capability  to  meet  mission  demands. 

FY  1969  support  of  program  recognized  need  for  austerity  and  pro- 
vided for  continuance  of  existing  programs  at  economical  level  and 
initiation  of  only  "projects  of  great  merit,  including  those  where  a 
unique  opportunity  might  be  lost."  Future  emphasis  would  be  on 
applications  of  space  and  space  technology  for  benefit  of  man:  sur- 
veying earth's  resources,  TV  broadcast  from  space,  and  weather  fore- 
casting. Knowledge  of  Mars,  Venus,  Mercury,  Jupiter,  and  other  outer 
planets  would  be  expanded.  Introduction  of  larger,  more  accurate 
telescopes  would  provide  man  perhaps  with  "his  greatest  step  in 
understanding  the  nature  of  his  universe."  (Text) 

•  Senate  Committee  on  Aeronautical  and  Space  Sciences  issued  Tenth  An- 

niversary, 1958-1968  to  meet  requests  for  information  concerning  its 
historical  background,  activities,  jurisdiction  and  procedures,  legis- 
lative record,  membership,  and  staff  assistance.  Report  contained 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Act  of  1958,  as  amended,  related 
legislation — including  NASA's  funding  history — and  Communications 
Satellite  Act  of  1962.  (Text) 

•  Global  military  expenditures  ranked  first  in  world  public  expenditures. 

They  had  risen  from  $132  billion  to  1964  to  $138  billion  in  1965,  $159 
billion  in  1966,  and  estimated  $182  billion  in  1967 — record  high  level. 
Preliminary  data,  said  U.S.  Arms  Control  and  Disarmament  Agency 
Report,  World  Military  Expenditures  1966-67,  said  current  military 
spending  exceeded  by  40%  world's  expenditures  on  education  by  all 
levels  of  government  and  was  more  than  three  times  worldwide  public 
health  expenditure.  (Text;  Shackford,  W  Post,  1/24/69,  A21) 
During  1968:  In  1968  U.S.  orbited  64  spacecraft  and  U.S.S.R.,  74.  U.S. 
total  included  43  launched  by  dod.  NASA's  21  included  satellite  orbited 
as  secondary  payload. 

Highlight  of  NASA's  10th  anniversary  year  was  success  in  carefully 
planned  series  of  Apollo  missions — including  first  two  manned  flights 
in  Apollo  lunar  landing  program.  Unmanned  Apollo  5  and  Apollo  6 
completed  inflight  tests  of  all  major  pieces  of  Apollo  hardware.  First 
manned  mission,  Apollo  7,  carried  three  astronauts  around  earth  for 
11  days,  verifying  spacecraft  operation  before  splashing  down  precisely 
on  target.  Mission  included  live  TV  transmission  from  space,  largest 

334 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND   AERONAUTICS,   1968  During  1968 

number  of  inflight  restarts  of  SPS  to  date,  and  new  record  of  781  man- 
hours  in  space.  Apollo  program  climaxed  Dec.  21—27  with  highly  suc- 
cessful six-day  Apollo  8  mission  on  which  three-man  crew  demon- 
strated operation  of  spacecraft  systems  in  lunar  environment  while 
world  watched  live  TV  coverage  via  satellite.  Spacecraft  orbited  moon 
10  times,  providing  man  with  his  first  trip  out  of  earth's  gravitational 
field  and  first  look  at  moon's  far  side  and  proving  capability  of  crew, 
spacecraft,  and  support  and  control  systems  to  operate  out  to  lunar 
distances  and  return  through  earth's  atmosphere  at  lunar-return 
velocity. 

Unmanned  Surveyor  VII,  NASA's  first  launch  in  1968  and  last 
spacecraft  in  Surveyor  series,  softlanded  on  moon,  conducted  on-site 
analyses  of  lunar  soil,  and  took  part  in  laser-detection  communications 
experiment. 

Applications  satellites  launched  included  Intelsat— III  F—2  comsat 
for  ComSatCorp  and  Essa  VII  and  VIII  meteorological  satellites  for 
ESSA.  Scientific  achievements  included  orbiting  of  NASA's  Ogo  V,  Aao  II, 
Explorer  XXXVI,  XXXVIII,  XXXIX,  and  XL  satellites  and  Naval 
Research  Laboratory's  Explorer  XXXVII.  Oao  II — heaviest  and  most 
complicated  U.S.  automated  spacecraft  ever  launched — took  first 
UV  photos  of  stars,  returning  previously  unobtainable  data.  Explorer 
XXXVI  was  successfully  used  by  GSFC  as  target  in  first  daylight  opera- 
tional laser  tracking.  Pioneer  IX,  launched  into  solar  orbit,  carried 
Tetr  II  pickaback  and  ejected  it  into  earth  orbit  where  it  served  as 
tracking  target  for  NASA's  Manned  Space  Flight  Network. 

Some  157  meteorological  sounding  rockets  and  100  scientific  sound- 
ing rockets  were  launched,  and  ram  C— II  spacecraft  was  launched 
on  suborbital  mission  to  obtain  data  on  radio  attenuation  during 
reentry. 

X— 15  rocket  research  aircraft  made  13  flights,  ending  its  flight  pro- 
gram with  199  missions,  including  154  at  mach  4  or  greater,  109  at  mach 
5  or  above,  and  4  at  greater  than  mach  6.  NASA— USAF  flight  research 
continued  with  13  flights  of  XB— 70  supersonic  aircraft.  USAf's  C— 5A, 
world's  largest  military  cargo  aircraft,  made  its  maiden  flight  and 
three  of  the  aircraft  completed  31  flights  for  88-hr  total  flying  time. 
Design  of  SST  was  reevaluated  and  program  was  delayed  until  new 
fixed-wing  design  was  selected,  with  prototype  construction  expected 
to  begin  in  1969.  nasa's  HL^IO  lifting-body  vehicle  completed  12 
successful  glide  flights  and  first  powered  flight. 

DOD  space  program  included  orbiting  of  8  IDCSP  comsats,  1  Lincoln 
Experimental  Satellite,  5  Orbiting  Vehicle  research  satellites,  and  2 
environmental  research  satellites;  static  test-firings  of  Titan  III— M  1st 
stage;   and  near  completion   of  mol  launch  complex  at  Vandenberg 

AFB. 

In  joint  NASA— AEC  effort,  propulsion  technology  highlights  included 
power  tests  of  Phoebus  2A  nuclear  reactor,  first  tests  of  cold-flow  test 
engine  in  flight  configuration  in  new  test  stand,  and  first  test-firings 
of  Pewee  1  fuel  element  test-bed  reactor. 

U.S.S.R.  launched  74  payloads,  including  64  Cosmos  satellites,  1 
Luna,  1  Proton,  3  Zond,  and  2  Soyuz  spacecraft,  and  3  Molniya  I 
comsats.  Manned  Soyuz  III  rendezvoused  but  did  not  dock  with  un- 

335 


During  1968  ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,   1968 

manned  Soyuz  II  launched  one  day  earlier.  Unmanned  Zond  V  and  VI 
completed  circumlunar  flights  and  were  recovered.  Zond  IV  circled 
moon  and  apparently  crashlanded.  U.S.S.R.'s  Tu-144  delta-wing  super- 
sonic transport  successfully  made  38-min  maiden  flight.  {Pres  Rpt  68; 
NASA  Release  68-219;  B  Sun,  1/18/69,  28;  Shabad,  NYT,  1/1/69,  1; 
UPi,  W  Star,  1/1/69  A7) 

•  Major  administrative  events  affecting  NASA  and  its  role  in  space  were 

resignation  of  Administrator  James  E.  Webb  in  October,  after  7^  yr 
as  NASA's  head,  and  budget  cuts  necessitating  program  and  personnel 
reductions. 

Press  marked  Webb  retirement  with  praise  for  many  accomplish- 
ments of  U.S.  space  program  during  his  leadership.  Webb,  planning 
to  devote  time  to  interests  in  education  and  urban  and  foreign  affairs, 
continued  to  serve  as  consultant  to  Acting  Administrator  Dr.  Thomas 
0.  Paine. 

NASA  FY  1969  budget  request  of  $4.37  billion,  already  smallest  since 
1963  and  $700  million  below  FY  1968  request,  was  further  trimmed 
by  Congress  because  of  urgent  national  needs  in  other  areas,  particu- 
larly Vietnam  war  and  urban  problems.  Authorization  of  $4,013  billion 
was  lowered  to  appropriation  of  $3,995  billion — $375.12  million  below 
original  request.  Revenue  and  Expenditure  Control  Act  of  1968  again 
reduced  NASA  funds,  as  well  as  funds  for  DOD  and  other  agencies. 

Dr.  Paine  in  October  announced  NASA  interim  operating  plan  limited 
to  $3.85  billion  for  FY  1969.  Cutbacks  included  "sharply  limited  and 
deferred"  Apollo  Applications  program,  end  to  Saturn  IB  and  V  booster 
production,  50%  cut  in  advanced  mission  studies,  reduced  lunar  and 
planetary  exploration  program,  one-year  delay  in  nerva  development, 
slips  in  Biosatellite  program,  and  reductions  in  astronomy,  physics, 
and  basic  research.  In  November  Dr.  Paine  said  that  below  $4-billion 
level  NASA  could  no  longer  "hold  together  our  hard-won  capabilities 
and  utilize  them  effectively  in  critical  programs;  some  of  them  would 
have  to  be  dropped  entirely."  (EH) 

•  In   its   international   cooperation   program,   NASA    successfully   launched 

three  satellites  for  European  Space  Research  Organization:  In- 
ternational Radiation  Investigation  Satellite  Iris  I  (Esro  II— B), 
Aurorae  {Esro  I)  to  study  aurora  borealis  and  related  polar  ionosphere 
phenomena,  and  Highly  Eccentric  Orbiting  Satellite  Heos  A  for  inter- 
planetary physics  research.  From  eight  nations,  35  investigators  were 
selected  to  carry  out  experiments  with  first  lunar  surface  material  to 
be  retrieved  by  NASA.  Four  nations  contributed  experiments  flown  on 
NASA  spacecraft  and  122  sounding  rockets  were  launched  in  scientific 
programs  with  eight  countries.  Geodetic  satellite  observations  were 
carried  out  with  34  countries;  aeronautical  research  was  conducted 
with  4  countries;  and  52  countries  had  APT  facilities  to  receive  cloud 
cover  pictures  from  U.S.  satellites,  (nasa  Releases  68—219,  68—204; 
Pres  Rpt  68) 

•  Vspekhi    SSSR    v    Issledovanii    Kosmicheskogo    Prostranstva.    Pervoye 

Kosmicheskoye  Desyatiletiye  1957—1967  [U.S.S.R.  Achievements  in 
Space  Research  (First  Decade  in  Space,  1957-1967)  ]  was  published 
as  Sputnik  anniversary  edition  by  Nauka  Publishing  House,  Moscow. 
Dr.   Anatoly   A.   Blagonravov,    Academician   and   chief   editor,    wrote 

336 


ASTRONAUTICS   AND    AERONAUTICS,    1968  During  1968 

introduction.  Text  included  results  of  scientific  studies,  experiments, 
and  exploration.  Appendix  listed  satellites,  spacecraft,  and  their 
characteristics.  Joint  Publications  Research  Service  of  U.S.  Dept.  of 
Commerce  published  translation,  JPRS  47,311,  on  Jan.  24,  1969.  (Texts) 


337 


Appendix  A 


SATELLITES,  SPACE  PROBES,  AND  MANNED 
SPACE  FLIGHTS 

A  CHRONICLE  FOR  1968 


The  following  tabulation  was  compiled  from  open  sources  by  Leonard 
C.  Bruno  of  the  Science  and  Technology  Division  of  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress. Sources  included  the  United  Nations  Public  Registry;  the  Satellite 
Situation  Report  issued  by  the  Operations  Control  Center  at  Goddard  Space 
Flight  Center;  public  information  releases  of  the  Department  of  Defense, 
NASA,  ESSA,  and  other  agencies,  as  well  as  those  of  the  Communications  Sat- 
ellite Corporation.  Russian  data  are  from  the  U.N.  Public  Registry,  the 
Satellite  Situation  Report,  translations  from  Tass  News  Agency,  statements 
in  the  Soviet  press,  and  international  news  services'  reports.  Data  on  satel- 
lites of  other  foreign  nations  are  from  the  U.N.  Public  Registry,  the  Satel- 
lite Situation  Report,  government  announcements,  and  international  news 
services'  reports. 

It  might  be  well  to  call  attention  to  the  terms  of  reference  stated  or  im- 
plied in  the  title  of  this  tabulation.  This  is  a  listing  of  payloads  that  have 
(a)  orbited;  (b)  as  probes,  ascended  to  at  least  the  4,000-mile  altitude  that 
traditionally  has  distinguished  probes  from  sounding  rockets,  etc.;  or  (c) 
conveyed  one  or  more  humans  into  space,  whether  orbit  was  attained  or  not. 
Furthermore,  only  flights  that  have  succeeded — or  at  least  can  be  shown  by 
tracking  data  to  have  fulfilled  our  definition  of  satellite  or  probe  or  manned 
flight — are  listed.  Date  of  launch  is  referenced  to  local  time  at  the  launch 
site.  An  asterisk  by  the  date  marks  those  dates  that  are  one  day  earlier  in 
this  tabulation  than  in  listings  which  reference  to  Greenwich  Mean  Time.  A 
double  asterisk  by  the  date  marks  those  dates  of  Soviet  launches  which  are 
a  day  later  in  this  compilation  than  in  listings  which  reference  to  Green- 
wich Mean  Time. 

World  space  activity  in  1968  continued  at  about  the  same  pace  as  1967. 
There  was  a  slight  decline  in  total  successful  launches — 119  against  127  in 
1967 — and  a  decline  in  total  payloads  orbited — 138  against  159  in  1967,  a 
good  deal  under  the  record  160  of  1965.  The  difference  between  launches 
and  payloads  is  of  course  accounted  for  by  the  multiple-payload  launches 

339 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 

(dod  is  the  principal  user  of  this  system,  with  9  multiple-payload  launches 
orbiting  a  total  of  26  payloads  and  with  as  many  as  8  payloads  on  one 
Titan  III— C  vehicle;  NASA  had  2  multiple  launches  of  4  payloads  against  one 
multiple  launch  and  2  payloads  in  1967;  the  U.S.S.R.  again  had  none). 

Of  the  1968  world  total,  the  United  States  launched  45  boosters  carrying 
64  payloads  (compared  with  55  and  87  in  1967),  the  U.S.S.R.  launched  74 
(compared  with  67  in  1967)  ;  6  of  NASA's  total  were  non-NASA  missions — 
Esro  II,  Aurorae,  Heos—A,  Intelsat-Ill  F—2,  Essa  VIII. 

If  1967  was  characterized  by  the  large  number  of  U.S.  lunar  flights 
(seven  compared  with  none  for  the  U.S.S.R.),  1968  was  distinguished  by 
the  reappearance  of  manned  flight.  The  U.S.  moved  closer  to  its  lunar  land- 
ing goal  with  two  manned  Apollo  successes,  and  the  Soviet  Union  demon- 
strated its  manned  capability  in  the  Soyuz  III  flight.  In  1968  both  the 
United  States  and  the  Soviet  Union  successfully  circled  the  moon.  The 
Soviet's  Zond  V  first  accomplished  the  feat  with  an  unmanned  craft,  while 
the  United  States  was  first  in  putting  men  around  the  moon  in  Apollo  8. 

As  we  have  cautioned  in  previous  years,  the  "Remarks"  column  of  these 
appendixes  is  never  complete  because  of  the  inescapable  lag  behind  each 
flight  of  the  analysis  and  interpretation  of  results. 


340 


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355 


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361 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


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362 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


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363 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


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364 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


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365 


Appendix  B 

CHRONOLOGY  OF  MAJOR  NASA  LAUNCHES 
JANUARY  1,  1968,  THROUGH  DECEMBER  31,  1968 


This  chronology  of  major  NASA  launchings  in  1968  is  intended  to  provide 
an  accurate  and  ready  historical  reference,  one  compiling  and  verifying  in- 
formation previously  scattered  over  several  sources.  It  includes  launchings 
of  all  rocket  vehicles  larger  than  sounding  rockets  launched  either  by  NASA 
or  under  "NASA  direction  (e.g.,  NASA  provided  vehicles,  launch  facilities,  and 
performed  the  launches  for  ComSatCorp's  Intelsat-III  F—2,  for  ESSa's  Essa 
VII  and  VIII,  and  for  ESRO's  Iris  I,  and  Aurorae  and  Heos-A  in  1968). 
NASA  sounding  rocket  launches  are  published  annually  by  the  Goddard  Space 
Flight  Center  Historian  in  Goddard  Projects  Summary:  Satellites  and 
Sounding  Rockets. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  classify  the  performance  of  both  the  launch 
vehicle  and  the  payload  and  to  summarize  total  results  in  terms  of  primary 
mission.  Three  categories  have  been  used  for  evaluating  vehicle  perform- 
ance and  mission  results — successful  (S),  partially  successful  (P),  and  un- 
successful (U).  A  fourth  category,  unknown  (Unk),  has  been  provided  for 
payloads  where  vehicle  malfunctions  did  not  give  the  payload  a  chance  to  ex- 
ercise its  main  experiments.  These  divisions  are  necessarily  arbitrary,  since 
many  of  the  results  cannot  be  neatly  categorized.  Also  they  ignore  the  fact 
that  a  great  deal  is  learned  from  missions  that  may  have  been  classified  as 
unsuccessful. 

Date  of  launch  is  referenced  to  local  time  at  the  launch  site.  Sources  used 
were  all  open  ones,  verified  where  in  doubt  from  the  project  offices  in  NASA 
Headquarters  and  from  NASA  Centers.  For  further  information  on  each  item, 
see  Appendix  A  of  this  volume  and  the  entries  in  the  main  chronology  as 
referenced  in  the  index.  Prepared  May  1969  by  Dr.  Frank  W.  Anderson,  Jr. 
Deputy  NASA  Historian   (EH). 


367 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


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370 


Appendix  C 

CHRONOLOGY  OF  MANNED  SPACE  FLIGHT,  1967-1968 


This  chronology  contains  basic  information  on  all  manned  space  flights 
during  1967  and  1968  and,  taken  with  Appendix  C  to  the  1965  and  1966 
editions  of  this  publication,  provides  a  summary  record  of  manned  explora- 
tion of  the  space  environment  through  1968.  The  information  was  compiled 
by  William  D.  Putnam,  Assistant  nasa  Historian  for  Manned  Space  Flight. 

The  year  1967  saw  only  one  flight  by  man  into  space  and  that  mission  of 
the  Soviet  spaceship  Soyuz  I  ended  in  the  tragic  death  of  Cosmonaut  Vladi- 
mir M.  Komarov.  Although  there  were  no  U.S.  flights  in  1967,  tragedy  also 
struck  the  American  program  with  the  death  of  astronauts  Virgil  I.  Grissom, 
Edward  H.  White  II,  and  Roger  B.  Chaffee  inside  their  spacecraft  on  the 
launch  pad  at  Cape  Kennedy  while  they  were  conducting  tests  preparatory 
to  the  first  manned  flight  in  the  Apollo  program. 

It  was  October  of  1968  before  each  nation  resumed  manned  space 
flight,  with  Apollo  7  the  initial  manned  test  of  America's  spacecraft  for  the 
lunar  landing  program  and  the  Soyuz  III  the  first  Soviet  manned  flight 
since  the  crash  of  Soyuz  I  18  months  earlier.  The  epochal  flight  of  Apollo  8 
was  man's  first  trip  outside  the  earth's  environs  to  lunar  orbit.  This  land- 
mark in  human  exploration  demonstrated  the  ability  of  the  Apollo-Saturn 
V  system  to  perform  the  mission  for  which  it  was  designed  and  built — 
man's  landing  on  the  lunar  surface  and  safe  return  to  earth. 

By  the  end  of  1968,  the  United  States  had  conducted  a  total  of  18  manned 
space  flights,  15  in  earth  orbit  and  one  circumlunar  voyage,  with  a  total  of 
22  different  crewmen.  Six  of  the  22  American  astronauts  had  participated 
in  two  flights  each,  and  two  had  flown  three  times.  The  Soviet  Union  had 
conducted  a  total  of  10  manned  flights,  all  in  earth  orbit,  with  12  different 
crewmen.  Cosmonaut  Komarov's  fatal  flight  in  1967  was  his  second.  Cumu- 
lative totals  for  manned  spacecraft  hours  on  flight  had  reached  1,430  hours 
53  minutes  for  the  United  States  and  554  hours  4  minutes  for  the  Soviet 
Union.  Cumulative  total  man-hours  in  space  were  3,215  hours  and  628 
hours  40  minutes,  respectively. 

Data  on  U.S.  flights  are  the  latest  available  to  date  within  NASA.  Although 
minor  details  are  subject  to  modification  as  data  are  refined,  major  aspects 
of  all  U.S.  manned  flights  remain  subject  to  direct  observation  by  interested 
citizens  of  the  world,  with  a  significant  portion  of  recent  missions  seen  live 
on  worldwide  television. 


371 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


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ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


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373 


Appendix  D 

ABBREVIATIONS  OF  REFERENCES 


Listed  are  abbreviations  for  sources  cited  in  the  text.  This  list  does  not 
include  all  sources  provided  in  the  chronology,  for  some  of  the  references 
cited  are  not  abbreviated.  Only  those  references  which  appear  in  abbreviated 
form  are  listed  below.  Abbreviations  used  in  the  chronology  entries  them- 
selves are  cross-referenced  in  the  Index. 

aiaa's   magazine.  Astronautics   &  Aeronautics 
NASA,:  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics  1968  [thifs  pub- 
lication] 
American  Broadcasting  Company 
Atomic  Energy  Commission  News  Release 
Aerospace  Daily  newsletter 

Aerospace  Technology  magazine  (now  Americin  Avia- 
tion ) 
Armed  Forces  Journal  magazine 
Air  Force  Flight  Test  Center  News  Release 
Air  Force  Historical  Foundation  Newsletter 
Air  Force  News  Service  Release 

Air  Force  Office  of  Scientific  Research  News  Release 
Air  Force  Rocket  Propulsion  Laboratory  News  Release 
Air  Force  Systems  Command's  Neivsrevieiv 
Air  Force  Systems  Command  News  Release 
Air  Force  and  Space  Digest  magazine 
Air  Force  Space  Systems  Division  News  Release 
Aerospace  Industries  Association  News  Release 
American  Institute  of  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics' 

Facts 
American  Institute  of  Aeronautics  and   Astronautics' 

News 
American   Institute   of  Aeronautics   and   Astronautics 

News  Release 
American    Aviation    magazine     (formerly    Aerospace 

Technology) 
Associated  Press  news  service 
NASA  Ames  Research  Center's  Astrogram 
NASA   Ames   Research   Center   News   Release 
Aviation  Daily  newsletter 

Aviation  Week  and  Space  Technology  magazine 
Birmingham  News  newspaper 
Baltimore  Sun  newspaper 
Business  Week  magazine 
Canadian  Press  news  service 
Columbia  Broadcasting  System 
Chicago  Daily  Neivs  newspaper 

Communications  Satellite  Corporation  News  Release 
Congressional  Quarterly 
Congressional  Record 


A&A 

A&A     68 
ABC 

AEG    Release 
Aero  Daily 
Aero    Tech 

AFJ 

AFFTC  Release 
AFHF  Newsletter 
AFNS    Release 
AFOSR   Release 
AFRPL  Release 
AFSC  Newsreview 
AFSC  Release 
AF/SD 
AFSSD  Release 
AIA  Release 
AiAA  Facts 

AIA  A  News 

AIAA  Release 

Amer  Av 

AP 

ARC  Astrogram 
ARC  Release 
Av  Daily 
Av  Wk 
B  News 
B  Sun 
Bus  Wk 
Can  Press 

CBS 

C  Daily  Netvs 
Cf>mSatCorp   Release 
CO 
CR 


375 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


CSM 

CTNS 

C  Trib 

DJ 

DOD  Release 

DOT  Release 

EH 

ERC  Release 

ESSA  Release 

FAA  Release 
FonF 

FRC  Release 
FRC  X-Press 
GE  Forum 
Goddard  News 
GSFC  Release 
GSFC  SSR 

H  Chron 

H  Post 

JPL  Lab-Oratory 

JPL  Release 

KG  Star 

KG  Times 

Ksc  Release 

LA  Her-Exam 

Langley  Researcher 

LaRC  Release 

LA   Times 

LATNS 

LC  Info  Bull 
LeRC  Release 

Lewis  News 
Marshall  Star 

M  Her 

Ml 

M  News 

Msc  Release 

Msc  Roundup 

MSFC  Release 

M  Trib 

NAA  News 
NAC   Release 
NAE  Release 

NANA 

NAR  Release 
NAR  Skywriter 
NAS  Release 

NASA 
NASA 
NASA 
NASA 
NASA 
NASA 
NASA 
NASA 
NASA 
NASA 


Ann 

Auth  Hearings 

Hq  PB 

Hq  WB 

Int  Aff 

LAR  VII/8 

Proj  Off 

Release 

RDt  SRL 

SP-4006 


Ghristian  Science  Monitor  newspaper 

Chicago  Tribune  News  Service 

Ghicago  Tribune  newspaper 

Dow  Jones  news  service 

Department  of  Defense  News  Release 

Department  of  Transportation  News  Release 

NASA  Historical  Staff   (Code  EH) 

NASA  Electronics  Research  Center  News  Release 

Environmental  Science  Services  Administration  News 

Release 
Federal  Aviation  Administration  News  Release 
Facts  on  File 

NASA  Flight  Research  Center  News  Release 
NASA  Flight  Research  Center's  FRG  X-Press 
General  Electric  Forum  magazine 
NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center's  Goddard  News 
NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center  News  Release 
NASA  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center's  Satellite  Situa- 
tion Report 
Houston  Ghronicle  newspaper 
Houston  Post  newspaper 
Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory's  Lab-Oratory 
Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory  News  Release 
Kansas  Gity  Star  newspaper 
Kansas  Gity  Times  newspaper 

John  F.  Kennedy  Space  Center,  nasa.  News  Release 
Los  Angeles  Herald-Examiner  newspaper 
NASA  Langley  Research  Center's  Langley  Researcher 
NASA  Langley  Research  Center  News  Release 
Los  Angeles  Times  newspaper 
Los  Angeles  Times  News  Service 
Library  of  Congress  Information  Bulletin 
NASA  Lewis  Research  Center  News  Release 
NASA  Lewis  Research  Center's  Lewis  News 
NASA    George    C.    Marshall    Space    Flight    Center's 

Marshall  Star 
Miami  Herald  newspaper 
Milwaukee  Journal  newspaper 
Miami  News  newspaper 

NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center  News  Release 
NASA  Manned  Spacecraft  Center's  Space  News 

Roundup 
NASA  George  C.  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center  News 

Release 
Minneapolis  Tribune  newspaper 
National  Aeronautic  Association  News 
National  Aviation  Club  News  Release 
National  Academy  of  Engineering  News  Release 
North  American  Newspaper  Alliance 
North  American  Rockwell  Corp.  News  Release 
North  American  Rockwell  Corp.  Skywriter 
National  Academy  of  Sciences  News  Release 
NASA  Announcement 
NASA  Authorization  [1969]  Hearings 
NASA  Headquarters  Personnel  Bulletin 
NASA  Headquarters  Weekly  Bulletin 
NASA  Office  of  International  Affairs 
NASA  Legislative  Activities  Report,  Vol.  VH,  No.  8 
NASA  Project  Office 
NASA  Headquarters  News  Release 
NASA  Report  of  Sounding  Rocket  Launching 
NASA  Special  Publication   #4006 


376 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


NASc  Release 
NAS-NRC  Release 

NAS-NRC-NAE   NcwS   Rpt 


Natl  Obs 

NBC 

NGS  Release 

N  MI- 
NN 

A^  News 
NSC  Release 
NSF  Release 
A^  Va  Sun 
NY  News 
NYT 

NYTNS 

Oakland  Trib 
Omaha  W-H 
0  Sen 

PAO 

PD 

P  EB 
P  Inq 

PIO 

PMR  Release 

Pres  Rpt  68 


P  SB 

SA 

SBD 

Sci  Amer 

SciServ 

SD 

SD   Union 

SF 

SF  Chron 

SP 

SR 

SSN 

St.  Louis  G-D 
St  Louis  P-D 
Testimony 
Text 
Transcript 

i;pi 

uses  Release 

f/5  News 

WH  Release 

WJT 

W  News 

W  Post 

WSJ 

WS  Release 

W  Star 


National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Council  News  Release 

National  Academy  of  Sciences-National  Research 
Council  News  Release 

National  Academy  of  Sciences-National  Research 
Council-National  Academy  of  Engineering  News 
Report 

National  Observer  magazine 

National  Broadcasting  Company 

National  Geographic  Society  News  Release 

NASA  Management  Instruction- 
NASA  Notice 

Newark  News  newspaper 

National  Space  Club  News  Release 

National  Science  Foundation  News  Release 

Northern    Virginia   Sun   newspaper 

New  York  News  newspaper 

New  York  Times  newspaper 

New  York  Times  News  Service 

Oakland  Tribune  newspaper 

Omaha   World-Herald  newspaper 

Orlando  Sentinel  newspaper 

Public  Affairs  Office 

National  Archives  and  Records  Service's  Weekly 
Compilation  of  Presidential  Documents 

Philadelphia  Evening  Bulletin  newspaper 

Philadelphia  Inquirer  newspaper 

Public  Information  Office 

USN  Pacific  Missile  Range  News  Release 

United  States  Aeronautics  &  Space  Activities  1968, 
Report  to  the  Congress  from  the  President  of  the 
United  States 

Philadelphia  Sunday  Bulletin  newspaper 

Space  Aeronautics  magazine 

Space  Business  Daily  newsletter 

Scientific  American  magazine 

Science  Service  news  service 

Space  Digest  magazine 

San  Diego  Union  newspaper 

Space  Flight  magazine 

San  Francisco  Chronicle  newspaper 

Space  Propulsion  newsletter 

Saturday  Review  magazine 

Soviet  Sciences  in  the  News,  published  by  Electro- 
Optical  Systems,  Inc. 

St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat  newspaper 

St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch  newspaper 

Congressional  testimony,  prepared  statement 

Prepared  report  or  speech  text 

Official  transcript  of  news  conference  or  Congression- 
al hearing 

United  Press  International  news  service 

U.S.  Geological  Survey  News  Release 

U.S.  News  and  World  Report  magazine 

White  House  News  Release 

World  Journal  Tribune  newspaper 

Washington  Daily  News  newspaper 

Warhington  Post  newspaper 

Wall  Street  Journal  newspaper 

NASA  Wallops  Station  News  Release 

Washington  Evening  Star/Sunday  Star  newspaper 


377 


INDEX  AND  LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS 
AND  ACRONYMS 


AA.  See  Apollo  Applications  program. 
AAS.  See  American  Astronautical  Society. 
AAAS.   See   American    Assn.    for   the    Ad- 
vancement of  Science. 
ABM.  See  Antiballistic  missile  system. 
ABMA.      See      Army      Ballistic      Missile 

Agency. 
Abramson,  Rudy,  229 
ABRES.    See    Advanced    Ballistic    Reentry 

System. 
Acceleration,  effects  of,  86,  190,  200-201 
Accelerator,  91,  93,  154,  316 
Accident,  95,  96,  157 
aircraft 
F-lllA.   2,   72,   75,   80,  84,   87,   97, 
102,  108,  109,   117,  119,  134,  160, 
195,  207,  224,  258 
F-lllB,  2 
Mig-15,  70 
SR-71,  8 
T-38,  128 
X-15,  12,  164-165 
Lunar   Landing   Research   Vehicle,   257 
Lunar   Landing   Training   Vehicle,   305 

Apollo  AS-204,  25,  51,  161,  191,  215, 
221-222,    222-223,   229,   237.   245. 
249,  264,  308 
Soyuz  /,  70,  264 
Sputnik  IV,  16 
ACS.  See  Attitude  Control  System. 
Adams,    Dr.    Mac    C,   57,    118-119,    150, 

283 
Adams,  Maj.  Michael  J.   (usaf),  164—165 
Adapticom,  143 
Adelaide,  Australia.  123 
Advanced      Ballistic       Missile      Defense 

Agency,  43 
Advanced       Ballistic       Reentry       System 

(abres),  292 
Advanced      Manned      Strategic      Aircraft 

(amsa),  81 
Advanced      Research      Projects      Agency 

(arpa)  40,  42,  43,  145,  190 
Advanced       Videcon       Camera       System 

(avcs),  192-193 
AEC.  See  Atomic  Energy  Commission. 
Aegerter,  Dr.  Irene.  302 
Aerobee      (^  sounding     rocket),      62,     87, 

150  auroral  experiment,  36 


instrumentation  test,  17,  65,  175 
launch  test,  211,  214 
solar  astronomy,  221.  224 
stellar  data,  67 
ultraviolet    astronomy,    115 
upper  atmosphere  data,  206 
x-ray  astronomy,  30,  40-41,  128 
150  A,  141,  289-290.  291 
1.50  MI 
infrared  astronomy,  49-50,  316 
solar      astronomy,      97,      118,      232, 

256-257 
stellar  data,  247-248,  282 
upper  atmosphere  data,  90,  12',  238, 

289-290 
x-ray  astronomy,  169,  256-257,  303 
Aeroflot,  163 
Aerojet-General  Corp.,  59,  75,  172 

Space  Div..  86 
Aeronautics,  172,  249,  249-250,  291 
anniversary,  11,  303,  313-314 
award.    15,   70-71,   84,   209,    259,   263, 

286,  299,  300,  303,  316 
cooperation,  118,  238,  336 
employment,  289 
exposition,  233 
funds     for,     18-19.     33-34,     71,     126. 

161-162,  237-238,  239 
general     aviation,     71.     137-138,     179, 

187-188,  189,  194.  196,  278 
military,  239-240.  313.  317-318 
NASA   program,   19,   25,   33-34,   47,   48, 
118,    125,    161-162,    166.    179.    187, 
225-226,  236-237,  238,  248,  255-256, 
288-289,  313,  317-318 
noise  abatement.  See  Noise,  aircraft, 
research    ^see  also   X-15   and   XB— 70), 
19,     25,     38-39,     56,     69-70,     118. 
124-125,  166,  168.  197,  237,  247,  296 
Aeroplane  Structures,  91 
Aerospace  Communications  Award,  77 
Aerospace  Corp.,  156 
Aerospace  Defense  Command,  9 
Aerospace     Industries     Assn.     (aia),     6, 

124-125,  134,  288-289,  315-316 
Aerospace  industry,  6.  134,  272,  27&-279, 

289,  297.  315-316 
Aerospace  Medical  Assn.,  109 
Aerospace  Safety  Panel,   (nasa).  122-123 
AFCRL.    See    Air    Force    Cambridge    Re- 
search Laboratories. 


379 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


AFETR.     See     Air     Force     Eastern     Test 

Range. 
AFHRL.  See  Air  Force  Human  Resources 

Laboratory. 
Africa,  31,  311 

AFSC.   See  Air  Force  Systems   Command. 
AFSCF.    See    Air    Force    Satellite    Control 

Facility. 
Agena    (booster)     (see   also    Atlas-Agena 

and  Thor- Agena),  11,  26,  242,  293 
Agnew,  Dr.  Harold,  122-123 
Agreement, 

astronaut,  rescue,  161,  299 
international,  27,  165,  298 
•NASA-Brazil,  177-178 
-ESRO,  113,  240 
Norway,  177-178 
-Spain,  177-178 
-Sweden,  177-178 

-USAF,  83 

U.K.-U.S.,  59-60 
U.S.-Australia,  257,  329 
-Romania,  292 
-South  Vietnam,  88 
-U.S.S.R.,    127,    149-150,    157,    159, 
164,  166 
Agriculture,  16,  62,  85,  106,  205,  257 
Agriculture,  Dept.  of  299 
AIA.  See  Aerospace  Industries  Assn. 
AIAA.  See  American  Institute  of  Aeronau- 
tics and  Astronautics. 
Air  Defense  Command,  9 
Air  Force  Academy,  104-105 
Air  Force,  Assn.,  217 

Air   Force   Cambridge    Research   Labora- 
tories   (afcrl),  10,  170,  209-210,  247, 
250,  302 
Air  Force  Eastern  Test  Range    (afetr), 

148 
Air  Force   Human   Resources  Laboratory 

( AFHRL  ),  150 
Air     Force     Satellite     Control     Facility 

(afscf)  ,  189 
Air  Force  Systems  Command    (afsc),  5, 
39-40,  54,  81,  237-238,  272 
Aeronautical  Systems  Div.,  61 
Aerospace  Medical  Div.,  141 
Air    Force    Human    Resources    Labora- 
tory, 150 
associateships,  8 
contract,  2 

rocket  engine,  reusable,  2 
Space   and   Missiles   Systems   Organiza- 
tion, 244,  297 
test,  70 
Air  Holdings,  Ltd.,  72 
Air  pollution,  169,  251,  323 
Air  Products  and  Chemicals,  Inc.,  79 
Air  traffic  control,  104,  203,  238 
contract,  82 
faa  regulation,  1-2,  194,  196,  199-200, 

206,  248 
NASA  role  in,  187,  225-226 


press  comment,  188,  196 
satellite  use  in,  217 
Air  Transport  Assn.  of  America,  286 
Air  transportation,  99,  104,  187-188,  194. 
206,  217,  232 
NAE  report,  187 
R&D,  47,  224,  225-226 
Airborne     Auroral     Expedition      (1968), 

10-11,  17-18,  72 
Aircraft     (see    also     individual    aircraft, 
such      as      C-5A,      F-111,      X-15, 
XB-70),  288-289,  291 
accident,  2,  8,  12,  72,  75,  80,  97,  102, 
108,  109,  117,  119,  128,  134,  157,  160, 
164-165,  195,  207,  224,  258 
air  show,  105,  117 
antisubmarine,  187 
award,  76 

bomber,  76,  112,  240,  280 
cargo,    16,    19,    54,    81,    146-147,    150, 
155-156,  208,  231,  282,  288,  312,  335 
collision  study,   179 
communications  test.  111,  205,  229 
cost,  146,  202-203,  282,  288 
delta-wing,  332-333 
fighter,  76,  130,  165,  187,  195,  201,  217, 

232-233,  272,  281,  314 
flying  boat,  160 

foreign,  40,  49,  52,  105,  112,  115,  126, 
130,  139,  151,  156,  165,  194,  195,  198, 
217,  233,  259,  294,  332-333 
general-aviation,  71,  137-138 
helicopter,  18,  219,  226,  251 
Hovercraft,  175 
hypersonic,  226,  237,  300,  317 
interceptor,  112,  156,  171-172 
navigation,  187,  217 
noise.  See  Noise,  aircraft, 
personal,  207 
reconnaissance,  8,  40 
record,  11-12,  207,  299,  317-318 
regulations,    1-2,    116,    130,    194,    196, 

206,300 
research    (see  also  X-15  and  XB-70), 
8,  18,  34,  39,  72,  81,  184,  276-277, 
286,  313,  324,  335 
safety,  187 

sonic  boom.  See  Sonic  boom. 
statistics,  71,  120,  137-138 
STOL,  16,  139,  217,  219,  224,  226,  231 
tracking,  12 

transport    (see    also    Supersonic    trans- 
port) 
air-bus,  72 
jet,  134,  157,  197 
military,  293 
STOL,  16,   139,   179,  217,  219,  224,  226, 

231 
variable-sweep-wing,  206,  220-221 
Vietnam  War  use,  195 
v/sTOL,  33,  34,  47,  104,  134,  166,  168, 

177,  219,  224,  238,  288 
VTOL,  16,  33,  40,  47,  105,  135,  219,  224, 
230-231,  276 


380 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


wind-tunnel  testing,  40,  59,  219 
Aircraft  carrier,  238 
Airglow,  177,  256 

Airlines  (see  also  Air  traffic  control  and 
Supersonic  transport),  107-108,  135, 
196,  203,  206,  286 

aircraft,  45,  71-72,   139,  217,  224-225, 
232—233 

forecast,  137-138,  278 

highjacking,  189 
Airlock  module,  218-219 
Airmail,  113 

Airports  (see  also  Air  traffic  control; 
Noise,  aircraft;  and  individual  air- 
ports, such  as  Washington  National 
Airport),  150-151,  179,  199-200 

FAA  plans,  82,  137-138,  248,  278,  296 

facilities,  122,  187,  286 

funds  for.  95.  168 

meeting,  187-188 

NASA  role,  187,  225-226 

regulation,  189,  194,  203,  206,  300,  302 

runway  research,  215,  286,  324 

statistics.  137-138 
Alabama,  73-74,  272 
Alabama  State  Employment  Service,  272 
Alaska,  10-11,  303 
Alaska,  Univ.  of,  14,  49 
Alberstadt,  Milton,  296 
Aldrin,   l/c   Edwin   E.,  Jr.    (usaf),   109, 

183,  196 
Alexander,  George,  161 
Alexandria,  Va.,  152 
Algeria,  138 
Algranti,  Joseph  S.,  305 
All-weather  landing   system    (awls),  248 
Allen,  m/g  Brooke  E.  (usaf,  ret.),  49-50 
Allen,  H.  Juhan,  70,  260-261,  263,  298 
Allen,  William  M.,  45 
Allenby,  Dr.  Richard  J..  Jr.,  2 
Allis-Chalmers,  294 

Allison  Div.,  General  Motors  Corp.,  247 
AUott.  Sen.  Gordon  L.,  162,  258 
Alouette  II   (Canadian  satelhte),  65,   106 
Alpha-scattering  instrument,  3,  6 
alsep.  See  Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Experi- 
ment Package. 
Alter,  Dr.  Dinsmore,  221 
Altman,  Dr.  David,  5 
Aluminum  Co.  of  America,  152 
Alvarez.  Prof.  Luis  W..  266-267 
Amazon   River,  62 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

309 
American  Airlines,  40 
American   Assembly,   105 
American   Assn.  for  the  Advancement  of 

Science    (aaas),   325 
American    Astronautical    Society     (aas), 
79,    111,    161-163.    262-263 
Space  Flight  Award.  89 
American    Bar   Assn..    202 
American    Federation    of    Television    and 


Radio   Artists,  251 
American  Helicopter  Society,  116 
American  Independent  Party,  271 
American    Institute    of    Aeronautics    and 
Astronautics   (aiaa),  48,  268.  293 
award,   15,   66,   71,   133,    145,   260-261, 

316 
meetings.  38-39,  55,  65,  105,  131,  157, 

202,  247,   259-261,  301-302,   316 
National  Capital  Section,  2 
American  Institute  of  Physics,  312 
American   National   Balloon   Race,   188 
American   Nuclear   Society,  274 

International   Meeting,  280-281 
American  Oceanic  Organization,  284 
American  Ordnance  Assn.,  39-40 
American   Physical   Society,   49,   91 
American  Science  and   Engineering,  Inc., 

30,  62,  128,  240  303 
American    Society    for    Public    Adminis- 
tration, 66 
American    Society    of    Mechanical    Engi- 
neers, 313 
American   Telephone   and   Telegraph    Co. 

(AT&T),  82,  154,276,  307 
American  Univ.,   1 

Ames  Research  Center  (arc),  42,  138,  181, 
274 
award,    70-71,    260-261,    263,    283 
Biomedical  Research  Branch,  273 
experiment,   65,    175 
meeting,   135-136 
personnel,  263,  298 

research,  2,  16-17,  21-22,  78,  166,  285- 
286,  286-287 
aircraft,  179,  184 
.Space  Science  Div.,  316 
VTOL  Facility,  135 
Ammonia,   312 
AMSA.    See    Advanced    Manned    Strategic 

Aircraft. 
Analytical  Services  Inc.,  26-27 
Anchorage,  Alaska,   303 
Anders,  l/c  WilHam  A.    (usaf) 
Apollo    8    flight,    318-323,    327 

preparations  for,  59.   183,   196,  222- 
223,    261-262,    278 
award,    332 
Humphrey,  Vice   President   Hubert   H., 

visit  with.  287 
press  conference,  285,  289,  304-305 
promotion,  330 
White  House  visit,  306 
Anderson,   Sen.   Clinton  P.,  30,   170.   235 
Anderson,  John  D..  275-276 
Anderson,  Prof.  Kinsey  A.,  15 
Anderson,    William,    177 
Andover,   Me..  315 
Andoya,  Norway,  219-220,  223 
Andrew,  G.  M.,  11 
Angaran.  Jack  G..  44 
Animal  experiments,  space,  46,  47,  86,  95, 

105.   151,   181,  218,  283-284 
Ann  Arbor.  Mich.,  85 


381 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Anniversary,  221,  298,  313-314 
Government,    12,    113 
industry,  26 
MSFC,  149 

NASA,  64-65,  135,  235,  239,  253,  334^335 
satellite,    15,  22-24,   30,   49-50,   63-65, 

80,  145 
U.S.S.R.,  45-46,  273,   336-337 
Antarctic  Treaty,  298 
Antarctica,  46,  72,  89,  127,  293 
Antenna,  5,  49,  133,   167,  171,  219,  238- 

239,  241-242,  290,  293 
spacecraft,  34-35,  153,  184,  224,  246 
Antiballistic  missile  (abm)   system,  28 
agreement,  127,  159 
contract,  72 
Europe  (nato),  88 
funds  for,  122,  133,  138,  171,  242 
limitation  of,  145 
U.S.S.R.,  145,  159 
APL.  See  Applied  Physics  Laboratory. 
Apollo  (program)    (see  also  Apollo  Appli- 
cations   program),    41,    45,    102—103, 

108-109,  131,  145,  148,  215,  218,  237, 

281,  311 
astronaut.  See  Astronaut, 
communications,   205,   289,   312,    315 
criticism,   25,   191,   289,   308 
facilities,    34-35,   256 
fire.    See    Accident,    spacecraft,    Apollo 

AS-204. 
funds   for,   19,   35,    104,    110,    135-136, 

175,   185,  241-242,   311 
House  staff  study,  51 
landing  site,  35-36,  66,  265,  266,  319 
launch 

Apollo  5  (AS-204) ,  13,  334 

ApoUo  6  (AS-502),  77-78,  334 

Apollo  7  (AS-205),  150-253,  334-335 

Apollo  8  (AS-503),  318-322,  335 
management,  2,  8-9,  20,  25,  157,  218- 

219,  224,  303,  315 
plans  for,  33,  35,  63,  66,  92-93,  97,  158, 

196,  223.  227,  257,  278,  279-280 
press  comment,  80-81,  81-82,  161,  222- 

223,  253,  261-262,  265,  271,  323-324, 

324-325,  327-328 
progress,  92-93,  122,  136,  141,  144,  158, 

173,  181,  186,  191,  197,  201,  209 
test,  63,  78.  158,  173,  181,  197,  201,  209 
tracking,  205,  289 
training,  2,  158,  181,  223,  227,  266 
Apollo     (spacecraft),    13,    77-78,    92-93, 

251-253,  319-322 
ascent  propulsion  system,  13 
command  and  service  module,  11,  201, 

206,  208,  250,  251,  318,  320 
command  module,  13,  42,  77,  122,  144, 

181,  186,  197,  251-253 
control,  77-78,  136,  251-252,  319-322 
descent    propulsion    system,    13 
emergency  detection   system,   77 
environmental    control    system,    61—62, 

134,  186,  251-252 


escape  device,  77—78,  210 

equipment,  167,  282-283,  295 

fire    prevention,    4—5,    13—14,    61,    163, 

237,   252 
heat  shield,  77 

landing   system,  59,   144,   158 
launch.   See  Apollo    (program), 
launch  vehicle.  See  Saturn. 
life  support  system,  61-62,  144,  251-253 
lunar  module,  1,  13,  17,  37,  63,  92,  144, 

173,   181,  191,  197,  205-206,  227 
materials,  4—5 
recovery,   70,  77,  320 
service   module,    13,    42,   63,    122,    144, 

181,    186,    197,   251-252,   318,   321 
test,   1,  17,  25,  33,   37,  42,  63,   77,  81, 

136,  143,  158,  181,  186,  201,  206,  209, 

227 
ApoUo  4   (AS-501)    (spacecraft),  13,  78, 

92    253    321—322 
Apollo  5  '(AS-204) ,  17,  78,  253,  321-322, 

334-335 
launch,  13 
Apollo  6  (AS-502),  42,  63,  70,  83,  92-93, 

135,  166,  205-206,  253,  266,  321-322, 

328,  334-335 
launch,  77-78 

press  comment,  80-81,  81-82 
Apollo  7  (flight),  259,  265-266,  278,  312, 

321-322 
launch,  250-253 
preparations  for,  136,  144,  158,  180,  181, 

197,   206,   209,   222-223,  227 
press  comment,  208,  222-223,  253,  261- 

262,  264-265,  265,  266 
press   conference,  219 
results,  251-253,  334-335 
Apollo  7  (AS-205)    (spacecraft),  204,  261 
command  and  service  module,  201,  206, 

223,  250-251 
command   module,   122,    136,   144,    181, 

251 
lunar  module,  144,  181,  205 
service  module,  122,  136,  144,  181,  251 
test,  136,  144,  158,  181,  186,  197,  201, 

205,  208 
Apollo  8  (flight),  261,  266,  315,  330,  330- 

331 
criticism,  308,  311 

Johnson,     President    Lyndon    B.,    mes- 
sage, 322 
launch,  318,  320 
preparations    for,    196,    197,    201,    208, 

227,  265-266,  278,  311-312,  313 
press  comment,  323,  323-324,  324-325, 

327-328,  329-330,  330-331 
press    conference,   223,    278,    285,    289, 

304-305,  322-323 
results,  321-322,  326,  330,  334r-335 
Apollo  8  (AS-503)    (spacecraft),  315 
command  and  service  module,  196,  201, 

266,  318 
command  module,  266 
lunar  module,  196 


382 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


service  module,  319,  320,  321 
test,  197,  201,  265-266,  318 

Apollo  9  (flight),  311 

Apollo  10  (flight),  279-280 

Apollo  Applications    (aa)    program, 
51-52,  108-109 
contract,  79,  202,  294-295 
funds    for.    19,    35.    41.    101,    102-103, 
110,  135-136,  182,  240-241,  255,  256, 
311,  325,  336 
House  staff  study,  51 
management,  218-219.  293,  303.  315 
plans  for,  86,  223,  243,  336 

Apollo  Lunar  Surface  Experiment  Pack- 
age   (alsep),  51-52,  68,  282-283,  316 

Apollo,  Pa.,  2 

Apollo  204  Review  Board,  4^5,  25,  245 

Apollo  Telescope  Mount    (atm),  33,  109, 
110,  128,  275 
contract.  62,  80,  85-86,  186,  202,  240 
experiment,  80 
funds  for,  182,  241 
management,  218-219 
use  of,  202,  243 

Applications  Technology  Satellite  (ats), 
8 

Applied    Physics   Laboratory    (apl) 
(Johns  Hopkins  Univ.),  8,  86 

Apra  Heights,  Guam,  290 

APS.  See  Ascent  propulsion  system. 

apt.  See  Automatic  Picture  Transmis- 
sion. 

Aquanaut,  41-42 

ABC.  See  Ames  Research  Center. 

Areas   (sounding  rocket),  67,  86.  214 

Areas  I,  60,  175 

Arches  of  Science  Award,  217-218 

Arctic,  127,  302 

Aiecibo  (Puerto  Rico)  Ionospheric  Ob- 
servatory, 37-38,  54,  64-65,  238, 
275-276,  284 

Argentina,  46,  160-161,  293 

Ariel  (program),  152 

Ariel  III  (U.K.  satellite),  105 

Arizona,  154-155 

Arizona,  Univ.  of,  133 

Planetary  Laboratory,  12-13 

Arkansas,  249 

Arlington,  Va.,  293 

Armed  Forces  Management  Assn.,  299 

arms  (Application  of  Remote  Manipula- 
tors in  Space),  186 

Armstrong,  Neil  A.,  105,  116,  196,  211,  257 

Army  Ballistic  Missile  Agency  (abma). 
22 

Army  Electronics  Command,  170-171 

Army  Map  Service,  266 

Arnold  Engineering  Development  Center, 
135,  163 

Arons,  Daniel  M.,  127 

ARPA.  See  Advanced  Research  Projects 
Agency. 

ARTS.  See  Automated  radar  tracking  sys- 
tem. 

Ascension  Island,  5 


Ascent        propulsion        system         (aps) 

(Apollo),  13 
Asher,  Dr.  Harold,  160 
Asia,  31 

Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Med- 
ical Instrumentation,  165 
Association  of  Man  in  Space,  276 
Association  of   Universities  for  Research 

in  Astronomy,  Inc.  (aura),  292 
Asteroid,  133,  291 
Astheimer,  Robert  W.,  215 
Astin,  Dr.  AUen  V.,  5 
Aftris   ( West  German  rocket ),  296 
Astrobee  1500  (sounding  rocket),  88 
Astronaut    (see    also    Cosmonaut;    Extra- 
vehicular   activity),    187,    218,    223, 
261-262,  295,  296,  305 
accident,  105,  128,  218.  308 
achievements,  22-24,  66,  236-237,  253, 

326,  334-335 
Apollo     mission,    66,     81-82,     85,    97, 
116-117,    136,    183,    196,    223.    227, 
250-253,  278,  282-283,  311-312,  313, 
318-322 
crew  assignment,   59,  92,  97,   183,  196, 

279-280 
former,  203-204,  286 
hazards,  61-62,  131,  176-177,  220,  278, 

283-284,  296,  300 
honors,   11-12,  28,   103,   109,   110,  259, 
269,  286,  303,  306,  314.  330.  332  333 
physiology   61-62,    113,   168,   181,   205, 

211,  218,  283-284,  286-287,  291 
press  conference,  220,  276 
scientist-astronaut,  36,  51—52,  200 
space  rescue.   See  Space  rescue  treaty, 
spacesuit,       57,       176-177,       236-237, 

283-284 
training,  22.  52,  59,  92.   105.  134,  144, 
158,  173,  181,  186.  200,  208,  211,  223, 
227,  266,  309 
Astronaut  Day,  332 
Astronautics  Engineer  Award,  151 
Astronomy    (see   also    individual   observa- 
tories, planets,  and  satellites  such  as 
Oao  I,  Oao  II;   Pulsar;   Radioastron- 
omy;   Star).  142.  151,  155,  221,  290, 
292,  294,  312 
NASA   program,  44,  241,   243.   280-281, 

336 
solar,  56-57,   153,    219,  224.  266.   269. 

277,  296,  300-301 
stellar,     128-129,    208-209,    231,    238, 

247,  272.  284,  292,  304,  310 
ultraviolet,  310 

x-ray,  30,  62,  104,  256-257,  303 
AT&T.    See    American    Telephone    &    Tele- 
graph Co. 
Atlantic    II     (communications    satellite). 

See  Intelsat-II  F-3. 
Atlantic  Ocean,  130-131,  193,  216 
Apollo  7  splashdown,  251 
satellite    communications    over,    5,    39, 

80,  139,  314-315,  323 
sounding  rocket,  141,  144,  172 


383 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Atlas  (booster) ,  80,  148,  159 
Atlas-Agena  D    (booster),  1,  54-55,  179, 

185 
Atlas-Burner  II  (booster),  193 
Atlas-Centaur  (booster),  3,  8,  39,  55,  118, 

184-185,  281-282,  304 
ATM.  See  Apollo  Telescope  Mount. 
Atmosphere,  29,  56,  62,  63-64,  105,  168, 
177-178,  182-183,  217,  328-329 
National    Atmospheric    Sciences     Pro- 
gram, 101-102 
Atom,  man-made,  6 
Atomic  bomb,  265 

Atomic  Energy  Commission  (aec)  (see 
also  NASA-AEC  Space  Nuclear  Propul- 
sion Office;  NERVA,  Rover,  snap,  and 
Vela  programs),  82,  117,  181,  242, 
325 
Annual   Report  to   Congress    .    .    .   for 

1967,  25-26 
artificial  elements,  production  of,  6 
award,  198,  217-218,  221 
Brookhaven  National  Laboratory,  154 
budget,  19,  170 
contract,  75 
cooperation,  65,  70,  91,   131,   156,   170, 

335 
food  irradiation  test,  2 
High   Energy   Physics  Advisory   Panel, 

154 
nuclear    power,    peaceful    use    of,    205, 

228 
nuclear  reactor,  131,  143,  156,  205,  335 
nuclear      rocket      engine,      65,       170, 

288-289,  335 
nuclear  test,  108,  335 
nuclear  test  detection,  91 
personnel,  143 
Plowshare,  Project,  110 
Atoms  for  Peace  Award,  198 
ATS.   See  Applications   Technology   Satel- 
lite. 
Ats    I    (Applications    Technology    Satel- 
lite) ,  26-27,  185 
Ats  II,  119,  185,  323 
Ats  III,  37,  62,  144,  155,  185,  229,  232, 

251-252,  323 
Ats  IV,  184-1S5,  225,  257,  261,  303 

ATS-D, 1 
ATS-E,  303 
ATS-F,   120,   209 

ATS-G,  120,  209 

Attitude  control  system  (acs),  30,  121, 
247-248,  282 

Au,  Benjamin,  184 

Aubiniere,  Gen.  R.  (France),  60 

Ault,  G.  Mervin,  283 

AUUA.  See  Assn.  of  Universities  for  Re- 
search in  Astronomy,  Inc. 

Auriga  (constellation),  155 

Aurora  borealis,  240,  302,  336 

Aurorae  (Esro  I)   (satelhte),  240,  336 

Auroras,  10-11,  17-18,  31-32,  49,  53-54, 
219—220  223 

Australia, '35,  46,  118,  120,  137,  170-171, 


206,  224,  248,  253-254,  257,  290,  329 
Australian  Air  Force,  118 
Australian  National  Univ.,  290,  329 
Automated  radar  tracking  system   (arts), 

248 
Automatic    Picture    Transmission    (apt), 

50,  97,  155,  295,  311,  336 
Avco  Corp.,  150 

Avcs.  See  Advanced  Vidicon  Camera  Sys- 
tem. 
Aviation  Day  (U.S.S.R.),  195 
Aviation/ Space  Writers  Assn.,  315-316 
Awards 

civic,  281,  290,  300 

Government,  2,  7,  11-12,  29,  38,  39,  51, 
91,  117,  164,  194,  221,  263,  269,  283, 
298,  306,  314,  332 
institutions,  110,  194,  217-218 
military,  11-12,  104-105,  314 
society 

aeronautics,   15,  66,  70-71,  84,   116, 

209,  259,  263,  286,  303,  314,  316 
astronautics,    15,    57,    89,    106,    133, 
145,   151,  194,  235,  260-261,  276, 
300,  316 
military,  199,  263 

science,  122,  198,  309 
AWLS.  See  All-weather  landing  system. 
Axford,  Dr.  W.  Ian,  216-217 

B 

B-17  (Flying  Fortress),  146,  296 
B-29  (Superfortress),  146 
B-52  (Stratofortress) 

accident,  154 

HL-10  flights,  63,   131,   139,  224-225, 
240,  261,  279,  306,  335 
Babcock,  Harold  D.,  82 
Baehr,  Edward  F.,  104 
Baikonur  Cosmodrome,  126,  135,  158—159, 

172,  183,  264,  269 
Baja  California,  318-319 
Baker,  Dr.  Robert,  L.,  Jr.,  172 
Bal  Harbour,  Fla.,  109 
Balcarce,  Argentina,  293 
Ball  Brothers  Research  Corp.,  85-86 
Balloon,  151-200 

drag,  151-152 

Explorer  XXIV,  182 

Explorer  XXXIX,  182,  310 

race,  188 

record,  209-210,  240 

research,  use,  68,  209-210,  275 

Stratoscope  II,  116 

tracking,  144 

Venus  probe,  163 
Bally  Clayton  comet,  201 
Bally-Urban,  John,  201 
Baltimore,  Md.,  119,  179 
Banks,  Peter  M.,  216-217 
Barbados    Oceanographic    Meteorological 

Experiment     (bomex),    262 
Barger,  Allan  R.,  163,  199 
Barium,  157,  160,  161,  223,  308 
Barnes  Engineering  Co.,  215 


I 


J84 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Barreria  do  Inferno  Range.  Brazil,  130—131 

Barrett,  Dr.  Alan  H.,  200 

Barrios,  Joseph,  285-286 

Battelle  Memorial  Institute,  312-313 

Battery,  78-79 

Baum,  Dr.  Werner  A..  131 

BBC.  See  British  Broadcasting  Co. 

Beams,  Jesse  W.,  38 

Bear  (U.S.S.R.  turboprop  aircraft),  40 

Becker,  John  V.,  300 

Beggs,  James  M.,  26,  118-119.  164,  274- 

275,  288-289 
Beheim,  Milton  A.,  104 
Belgium,  5.  60.  89,  292,  300-301 
Bell  Aerosystems  Co.,  107,  127,  145.  227- 

228 
Bell,  Rep.  Alphonzo,  262-263 
Bell  Telephone  Laboratories,  26-27 
Bellingshausen  station,  Antarctica,  46 
Bells,  Tex.,  120 
Beloit  College,  116-117 
Bendix  Corp.,  59,  61,  202,  226 
Bendix,  Field  Engineering  Corp.,  12,  97- 

98,  146 
Benedict,  Howard,  178 
Benn,    Minister    of    Technology    Anthony 

W.  (U.K.),  49,85 
Bennett,  Dr.  Ivan  L..  Jr..  126 
Bennett,  Ralph  Kinney.  173-174 
Beregovoy,  Georgy  T.,  264-265,  266,  272 
Bergaust,  Erik.  161,  222-223 
Berkey,  Donald  C,  15 
Bermuda,  97 
Berne,  Univ.  of,  68 

Berry,  Dr.  Charles  A..  109,  164,  291,  313 
Beryllium,  312-313 
Betts,  l/g  Austin  W.   (usa).  29-30 
Beverly  Hills,  Calif.,  303 
Biehl,  Dr.  Arthur  T.,  329 
Biennial      Guidance     Test     Symposium. 

Fourth,  272 
Big  Dipper  (constellation),  310 
Big  Three  Industrial  Gas  and  Equipment 

Co.,  45 
Bing,  R.H..  115 

Bioastronautics.  See  Space  biology. 
Biology,  60,  126 

Biosatellite   (program).  181,  241,  313,  336 
BwsateUite  II,  46,  325-326 
Biosatellite  C,  47 
Biosatellite  D,  1,  47,  95 
Biosatellite  E,  47 
Biosatellite  F,  47 
Biosensor,  246 
Birch,  Prof.  A.  Francis,  38 
Birlandeanu,  Alexandru,  140,  156 
Bisplinghoff,  Dr.  Raymond  L.,  1,  5 
Bisson,  Edmond  E.,  283 
Black    Brandt    IV     (Canadian    sounding 

rocket ) ,  106,  130-131 
Blagonravov,  Dr.  Anatoly  A.,  336-337 
Blondstein.  J.L..  190-191 
Blue  Streak  (U.K.  rocket),  296 
BMWF.    See    Germany,    West    Ministry    of 


Scientific  Research  (bmwf). 
Bochum  Observatory   (W.  Germany),  54, 

211-212,  222 
Boeing  Co.,  5 

award,  15 

booster,  171 

Saturn  V,  35,  39,  104,  127,  266.  275 

contract.  35,  39,  104,  127,  242-243, 
266.  275,  328 

employment.   229-230,   250.   272 

Lunar  Orbiter,  12-13,  24 

Minuteman,  312-313 

noise  suppression.  47 

Space  Div.,  229-230 

space  station,  242-243 

supersonic  transport,  11.  45.  66-67,  150, 
202-203.  217,  220-221.  259-260,  270. 
285.  332-333 

Vertol  Div..  219,  224 
Boeing  707  (jet  transport).  163.  248 
Boeing  727  (jet  transport),  15 
Boeing  747  (jet  transport),  104,  232 
BOMEX  See  Barbados  Oceanographic  Me- 
teorological Experiment. 
Bonn,  W.  Germany,  201.  279.  300 
Boone,  Adm.  Walter  F.   (usn.  Ret.).  283 
Boosted-Arcas  II    (sounding  rocket),  178, 

219.  262 
Boosted-Dart  (sounding  rocket ),  178 
Borman.  Col.  Frank  (usaf).  332 

Apollo  8  flight.  325.  327 
flight,  318,  324 
plans  for,  183,  196,  223,  261,  278 

award  332 

Humphrey.  Vice  President  Hubert  H., 
visit  with,  287 

Press  conference,  285.  304-305 

White  House  visit,  306 
Born,  Gordon  S.,  281 
Boston,  Mass.,  49,  217,  231,  309 
Boulogne,  France,  175 
Bourdon.  Allen,  49 
Bourguiba,    President    Habib     (Tunisia), 

118 
Bowie,  Tex.,  97 
Boyd,    Secretary    of    Transportation    Alan 

S..  137-138,  189,  200 
Bozhko,  Andrey  N.,  324 
Brackett,  Ernest  W.,  83 
Bradbury,  Dr.  Norris  E.,  94 
Brand.  Vance  D.,  134,  144 
Branscomb,  Dr.  Lewis  M.,  329 
Brazil,  32,  39,  130-131,  138,  177-178 
Breguet  III  (stol  aircraft),  217 
Breguet  941  (French  aircraft),  139 
Breit,  Prof.  Gregory,  38 
Brewer.  Frank  G..  Trophv,  71 
Brewster  Flat,  Wash..  82^3,  103 
Brezhnev,  Leonid,  I.,  72 
Bridges,  Thomas  J.,  39 
Brillante,  Gabe,  227 
Bristol  Siddely  Engines,  Ltd..  198 
British  Aircraft  Corp.,  70,  217 
British  Broadcasting  Co.  (bbc),289 


385 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


British  Interplanetary  Society,  52,  73,  185 

British  Railways,  175 

Bronk,  Dr.  Detlev  W.,  76-77 

Brooke,  Sen.  Edward  W.,  25,  210 

Brookhaven  National  Laboratory,   154 

Brooks  AFB,  Tex.,  11,  150,  233 

Brooks,  Harvey,  115 

Brown,  Duane,  156 

Brown  Engineering  Co.,  79—80,  110 

Brown,   Secretary  of   the   Air  Force,   Dr. 

Harold,  112,  130,  206,  310 
Brown,  Col.  Henry  W.  (usaf),  2 
Browning,  Dr.  Bouilin,  325-326 
Bryce  National  Park,  154-155 
Bubble  chamber,  154 
Buckley,  Edmond  C,  17,  283 
Buckley,  James,  231 
Budget,  Bureau  of,  286 
Buffalo,  N.Y.,  228 
Bulgaria,  189-190,  317 
Bull,  L/  Cdr.  John  S.   (usn),  113,  164 
Bunker  Hill  afb,  Ind.,  39,  110 
Burcham,  Dr.  Donald  P.,  152-153 
Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,  325 
Bureau  of  the  Census,  325 
Burke,  Dr.  Bernard,  238-239 
Burnham,  Frank  A.,  126 
Butz,  J.S.,  Jr.,  297 
Bykovsky,  Valery  F.,  46 
Byrd,  Adm.  Richard  E.  (usn),  293 
Byrd  Station,  Antarctica,  36 

C 

C-5A    (Galaxy)      (military    cargo    trans- 
port),    15,     18-19,    81,     104,     231, 
312—313 
cost,  146,  282,  288 

Johnson,  President  Lyndon  B.,  state- 
ment, 54 
press  comment,  150—151,  155—156 
test  flights,  146-147,  150-151,  208,  335 

C-54  (turboprop  aircraft),  148 

C-130  (transport  aircraft),  9,  293 

Cf-131  (research  aircraft),  81 

C-46  (Caravan),  296 

CAAS.  See  Computer-aided  approach  spac- 
ing system. 

CAB.  See  Civil  Aeronautics  Board. 

Cable,  underwater,  5 

Cactus  test,  97 

Cahn,  M.S.,  11 

Cain,  Dan  L.,  199 

Cajun-Dart  (sounding  rocket),  143 

California,  8,  137,  204,  219 

California  Div.  of  Highways,  286 

California   Institute   of   Technology    (Cal 
Tech) ,  5,  43,  79,  248-249,  287  299 
award,  38,  309 
contract,  331-332 
Guggenheim    Aeronautical    Laboratory, 

267 
pulsar  signal  research,  114-115 
symposium  on  space  research,  29-30 

California,  Univ.  of,  1,   5,  38,  51-52,  65, 
68,  128,  216-217 


Berkeley,  172,  266-267,  299.  312 

Davis  Chronic  Acceleration  Lab.,  218 

Irvine,  115 

Los  Angeles,  17,  29-30,  88,   181,   247, 
267,  302 

San  Diego,  31-32,  90,  98,  103 

School  of  Medicine,  5 
Californium,  6,  181-182 
Callaghan,  Richard  L.,  283 
Callahan,  m/g  Daniel  F.  (usaf,  Ret.),  150 
Cal    Tech.    See    California    Institute    of 

Technology. 
Cambridge,  U.K.,  265 
Camera,  49-50,  145 

Apollo  6,  78 

Apollo  7,  227,  250-252 

Apollo  8,  312 

AtsIII,   29 

Ats  IV,  185 

Essa  VII,  192 

Essa  VIII,  311 

reconucussance,  200 
Cameron,  Dr.  Roy  E.,  89 
Campbell,  John  P.,  116 
Canada,  46,  54,  65,  113,  170-171,  285 

cooperation,  1,  10—11,  64-65 

satellite,  1,  64-65 

sounding  rocket,  106,  130—131 
Canadian    Aeronautics    and    Space    Insti- 
tute (cASi) ,  157 
Canberra,  Australia,  312 
Cannon,  Sen.  Howard  W.,  98 
Canyon    de    Chelly    National    Monument, 

154-155 
Cape  Horn,  318-319 
Cape    Kennedy,    Fla.    (see    also    Eastern 

Test   Range   and   Kennedy   Space   Cen- 
ter) ,  62,  136,  148,  227,  272 
Carbon  dioxide,  302 
Cardion  Electronics,  143 
Carlson,  Sen.  Frank,  62 
Carlson,  Dr.  Loren  D.,  5 
Carnegie  Institute  of  Washington,  166 
Carnegie-Mellon  Univ.,  110,  299 
Carpenter,      Cdr.      M.      Scott       (usn), 

116-117,  143 
Carswell  afb,  Tex.,  160,  313 
Cartier,  Raymond,  330 
Case  Western  Reserve  Univ.,  1 
CASi.     See     Canadian     Aeronautics     and 

Space  Institute. 
CAT.  See  Clear  air  turbulence. 
Gate,  Dr.  James  L.,  1 
Catholic  Univ.  of  America,  325 
Cattaneo,  Dr.  Alfred  G.,  36-37 
Centaur    (booster)     (see   also    Atlas-Cen- 
taur) ,  1,  82,  144,  148,  261,  275,  329 
Centaure    (French   sounding  rocket),  31, 

108,  118 
Centaurus  (constellation),  273 
Central  Bay  (moon),  35 
Central  Intelligence  Agency  (cia)  ,  208 
Ceman,   L/Cdr.   Eugene  A.    (usn),   173, 

279 


I 


386 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Cerro  Tololo,  Chile,  292 

CETS.  See  Conference  Europeenne  sur  les 

Telecommunications  par  Satellites. 
Chaffee,  L/Cdr.  Roger  B.  (usn).  103 
Chanute,  Octave,  134 
Chanute,  Octave,  Award,  66 
Charlottesville,  Va.,  151 
Cheprakov,  Dr.  Viktor  A.,  195 
Chernyi,  Dr.  Gorimir  G.,  268 
Chew,  Peter  T.,  245 
Chicago,  III.,  15,   112,  188,  200,  203,  300, 

302 
Chicago  Sanitary  District,  281 
Chicago,  Univ.  of,  1,  90 
Chile,  46,  160,  219,  292 
Chimpanzee  experiment,  283 
China,  Communist,  208,  298,  329 

missile   threat,  18-19,  32,  88,  138,  143 

nuclear  test,  200,  330 

weapons,  159 
Christchurch,  New  Zealand,  240 
Christmas  Island,  116 
Chrysler  Corp.,  61,  91,  150,  250,  272,  296 

Space  Div.,  84,  239 
Churchill    Research   Range,   Canada    (see 
also  Ft.  Churchill,  Canada),  287,  295 

Airborne    Auroral    Expedition,    10-11, 
17-18 

launch 

Aerobee  150,  36,  175 
Javelin,  54,  113,  308 
Nike-Apache,  90,  129 
Nike-Cajun,  216,  256,  309-310 
Nike-Tomahawk,     14,    31-32,    43-44, 
45,  49,  65,  67,  90,  94,  98,  103 
CIA.  See  Central  Intelligence  Agency. 
Civil     Aeronautics     Board      (cab),     40. 

187-188 
Civil  Service  Commission,  168,  328 
Clark,  Evert,  10,  43,  93-94,  148 
Clark,  R/A  John  E.    (usn.  Ret.),   17.  42 
Clarke,  Arthur  C,  72,  119,  142,  147 
Clayton,  Pat,  201 
Clear  air  turbulence  (cat),  215 
Clearinghouse  for  Federal  Scientific    and 

Technical  Information,  97,  233 
Cleveland  Clinic,  302 

Clifford,  Secretary  of  Defense  Clark  M., 
98,  138,  160,  261,  263,  284,  296,  308 

appointment,  12,  45 
Cloud,  29,  50,  62,  85,  251,  311,  336 
CM.  See  Command  module. 
CNAE.   See    Comissao   Nacional   de   Ativi- 

dades  Espaciais. 
Cocoa  Beach,  Fla.,  220 
Cohen,  Prof.  Paul  J.,  38 
Cohen,    Secretary    of    Health,    Education, 

and  Welfare  Wilbur  J.,  169 
Cold  Flare,  Project,  168 
Cold   Regions   Research  and   Engineering 

Laboratory,  36 
Cole,    Dandridge    M.,    Memorial   Lecture, 

131 
Cole,  Kenneth  S.,  38 


College  Park,  Md.,  Ill,  154,  245 

Collier,     Robert     J.,     Trophy,     84,     106, 

317-318 
Collins,  l/c  Michael   (usaf),  168,  183 
Collision-avoidance     system     (cAs),     129, 

177,  238 
Colloquium   on  the   law   of    Outer   Space, 

Xlth,  258 
Colorado,  137 

Colorado,  Univ.  of,  90,  129,  168,  169,  197, 
238,  254,  290,  329 
Joint    Institute    for    Laboratory    Astro- 
physics, 329 
Columbia  Radiation  Laboratory,  169 
Columbia  Univ.,  38,  117 

Graduate  School  of  Business,  103 
Comet,  155,  201 
Comision    Nacional    de    Investigacion    del 

Espacio  (conie),  178 
Comissao    Nacional   de    Atividades    Espa- 
ciais (cnae), 131,  178 
Command  module  (cm),  11,  14,  183 
Apollo/ Saturn 
AS-202,  13 
AS-203,  13 
AS-501,  13 

AS-502  {Apollo  6),  n 
Apollo  7,  144,  186,  197,  201,  251 
Apollo  8,  265 
Command  and  service  module   (csm),  11, 
15,  181,  208,  277 
Apollo  6,  77 

Apollo  7,  197,  201,  223,  250,  251 
Apollo  8,  206,  265,  321 
Apollo  10,  281 
Commerce,   Dept.   of,   89,   195,   299,   325, 

336-337 
Committee    for     Environmental    Informa- 
tion, 108 
Communications,  307-308 

deep  space,  5.  6,   10,  16,  61,  118,  203, 

237,  246 
global,  76,  111,  127.  237 
international,  10,  69,  73,  80,  82-83,  95, 

137,  196-197,  230,  293 
laser  use  in,  6,  183 

military  use,  60,  79,  111,  132,  134,  137, 
139,  166,  180,  217,  228 
Communications     satellite     (see    also    in- 
dividual satellites:  Intelsat-III  F—2, 
Molniya  1-9,  etc.) 
anniversary,  80 
award,  77 
contract,  9,  38,  149,  183,  184,  204,  209, 

244,  259 
cooperation,  128 

international,   10,   17,  52,  82-83,  85, 
95,  111.  136-137,  139,  279,  292 
ground  station,  39.  69,  80,  88,  103,  108. 
Ill,  137,  230,  290,  302,  303,  306-307 
launch,  1,  178,  213-214,  335 
failure,  216,  273 

Initial    Defense     (idcsp),    121,    132, 
137,  166,  335 


387 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Intelsat-III  F-2,  314^315,  335 
Les  VI,  228 
Molniya  1-8,  88 
Molniya  1-9,  155 
Molniya  I-IO,  244 
plans  for,  1,  38,  39,  88,  137,  189 
military,  9,  59,  79,  111,  121,  132,   137, 

139,  166,  180,  229 
use  of,   1,   39,  60,  80,  82-83,  93,    109, 
209 
Communications  Satellite  Act,  334 
Communications    Satellite    Corp.     (Com- 
SatCorp),128 
Atlantic  II.  See  Intelsat-II  F—13 
contract,   38,    149,   183,   184,  204,   244, 

259 
Early  Bird.  See  Intelsat  I. 
FCC  regulation.  111,  204 
ground  station,  39,  69,  80,  88,  103,  108, 

111,  204,  230,  290,  302,  303,  307 
Intelsat  I  (Early  Bird),  27,  39,  80,  111, 

145,  315 
Intelsat  II,  189,  204,  323 
Intelsat-II  F—2    (Intelsat  II— B;   Pacific 

I),   82-83,  103,  111 
Intelsat-II  F—3    (Intelsat  II— C;   Atlan- 
tic II),  5,  39,  111,315 
Intelsat-II  F—4    (Intelsat  II-D;   Pacific 

II),  111,302 
Intelsat  III,  111,  149,  216,  225,  314^315 
Intelsat-III  F-1,  216,  225,  273,  315 
Intelsat-III  F-2,  314-315,  323,  329,  335 
Intelsat-III  F-4,  315 
Intelsat  III  Vz,  38 
Intelsat  IV,  38,  111,  137,  244,  259 
Pacific  I.  See  Intelsat-II  F—2. 
Pacific  II.  See  Intelsat-II  F— i. 
revenues,  69,  93,  111-112,  169,  258 
satellite  program,  69,  88,  93,   111,   183, 

184,  216,  243,  259,  307-308 
services.    111,    145,    196-197,   230,   276, 
293,  302,  307-308 
Computer-aided  approach  spacing  system 

(CAAS),248 
Computer  Applications,  Inc.,  123 
Computer  Sciences  Corp.,  123,  172 
Computer  Softwear   Management  and  In- 
formation Center  (cosmic),  310 
Computers,   172,   228,  238,  267-268,   276, 
293 
NASA,  120-121,  164,  205,  246,  310 
contract,  3,  75,  79,  154,  239 
Concorde         (U.K.-France)         supersonic 
transport,   49,   115,   198,   217,  259-260, 
294 
Condon,  Dr.  Edward  U.,  99,  169 
Conference     Europeene      sur    les     Tele- 
communications   par   Satellites    (cets), 
52,  85,  139,  279 
Conference      on      Basic      Environmental 

Problems  of  Man  in  Space,  286-287 
Conference  on   Exploration  and   Peaceful 
Uses  of  Outer  Space,  189-191,  204,  211 
Conference    on    Pavement    Grooving    and 


Traction  Studies,  286 
Congress,  43,  60,  75,  101,   115,   131-132, 
159,  160,  168,  175-176,  180,  225-226, 
235,  301,  323 
McNamara,  Secretary  of  Defense  Rob- 
ert S.,  report  to,  29 
President's  budget  message,  18-20 
President's  report  to   Congress,  United 
States  Aeronautics  and  Space  Activi- 
ties, 1967,  20-21,  148 
R&D,  122,  156-157,  258-259,  299 
space   program,   24,   65,   87,    110,    139, 
147,  199,  210,  213,  218,  221-222,  233, 
242,  287,  325,  326,  336 
Joint    Committee    on    Atomic    Energy, 

159,  169,  170,  211 
Joint    Economic    Committee,    Subcom- 
mittee  on   Economy   in   Government. 
282 
Congress,      House      of      Representatives, 
15-16,  93,   127,  135,   140,   197,  218, 
229 
bills  introduced,  32,  227 
bills      passed,      102-103,      108,      130, 

135-136,  171,  218,  233 
Committee  on  Appropriations,  144,  146, 
166,  170,  284 
Subcommittee  on  Department  of  De- 
fense, 130 
Subcommittee         on         Independent 
Offices  and  HUD,  32 
Committee  on  Government   Operations, 
137 
Subcommittee     on     Military     Opera- 
tions, 137 
Subcommittee     on     Special     Studies, 
163 
Committee    on    Interstate   and    Foreign 

Commerce,  116 
Committee    on    Science    and    Astronau- 
tics, 16,  33-35,  47,  53,  57,  58,  99, 
102-103,  172,  239 
Subcommittee      on      Advanced      Re- 
search and  Technology,  41,  44,  47, 
50,  53,  225-226,  238 
Subcommittee     on     Manned      Space 

Flight,  41,  58,  103,  222 
Subcommittee     on     nasa     Oversight, 

4-5,  51,  68,  99,  333 
Subcommittee      on      Research      and 

Technical  Programs,  70 
Subcommittee  on    Science,   Research, 
and     Development,     10,     60,     135, 
194^195 
Subcommittee  on  Space  Science  and 
Applications,  41,  43,  44,  49,  333 
Committee  on  Ways  and  Means,  134 
Congress,  Senate,  131,  135,  152,  239-240, 
348,  292 
bills  introduced,  30 
bills  passed,  129,  165-166,  167,  168,  175, 

210,  227,  242 
nuclear     nonproliferation     treaty,     158, 
249 


388 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


resolution,  127 
space  rescue  treaty,  161 
Committee  on    Aeronautical  and   Space 
Sciences,  210,  246-247 
Apollo  AS-204  accident,  4-5,  25 
DOD,  69-70 
NASA  budget,  30,  48-49,  50,  57,  65, 

90-91,  93,  94,  98,  110  240-242 
NASA  contracts,  86 
NERVA  program,  57,  93,  94,  98,  170 
Tenth  Anniversary,  1958-1968,  report, 
334 
Committee  on  Appropriations,  170 
Subcommittee   on   Dept.   of   Defense, 

29 
Subcommittee  on  Independent  Offices, 
140 
Committee  on  Armed   Services,  20,  29, 
71,  76,   138 

Preparedness    Investigating    Subcom- 
mittee, 155,  224,  231,  245-246 
Committee  on  Commerce,  26 

Subcommittee  on  Aviation,  137-138 
Committee    on    Foreign    Relations,    56, 

159,  165,  210,  215-216,  225,  230 
Committee  on   Government   Operations, 

71 
Committee  on  Interior  and  Insular  Af- 
fairs, 68 
Committee  on  Nuclear  Safeguards,  228 
Committee    on    Post    Office    and    Civil 
Service,  62 
CONi.    See   Comision    Nacional    de    Inves- 

tigacion  del  Espacio. 
Connecticut,  224 
Conrad,  Max,  207 
Conte,  Rep.  Silvio  O.,  127 
Contract    (see  also  under  agencies,   such 
as  NASA,  usaf) 
cost-plus-award-fee,   59,    122,    143,   145, 

146,  239,  245,  289,  308,  328 
cost-plus-fixed-fee,  79,  84,  104,  173,  239, 

264,  331-332 
cost-plus-incentive-award-fee,    146 
cost-plus-incentive-fee,   9,  39,   123.    184, 

194,  202,  298 
fixed  price,  59,  86,  120,  130,  209 
fixed-price-incentive-fee,  59 
incentive-fee,  144 
study,  62,  187,  275 
Convair    990     (Galileo)      (jet     aircraft), 

10-11  17,  72,  184 
Cook.  Don,  298 

Cook.  Gen.  Orval  (usaf,  Ret.),  123 
Cook,  William  H.,  15 
Cooksey,  Robert,  329 
Coon,  Grant  W.,  2 
Cooper,  l/c  L.  Gordon   (usaf),  279,  280, 

306 
Cooper,  Sen.  John  S.,  242 
Copenhagen,  Denmark,  163 
Coralie  ( French  rocket ) ,  296 
Corddry,  Charles  W..  40,  156 
Corliss,  William  R.,  82 


Cornell  Aeronautical  Laboratory,  Inc.,  31, 

81,  228,  279 
Cornell,   Univ.,  31.  49,-50,  54,   171,   172, 
228,  238,  284,  292,  316,  326 

Center  for  Radiophysics  and  Space  Re- 
search, 37-38 

Graduate    School    of    Aerospace    Engi- 
neering, 146 
Corpus  Christi,  Tex.,  227 
Cortright,  Edgar  M.,  65,  101,  122 
cosmic.  See  Computer  Softwear  Manaf,e- 

ment  and  Information  Center. 
Cosmic      ray,      93,      208-209      284-285, 

300-301 
Cosmonaut,  28,  83,  116-117,  190  212,  230, 
253,  254 

accident,  264 

commemorative  stamp,  85 

death,  70,  72,  264 

interview,  46 

medal,  gold,  309 

Soyuz  3  flight,  264-265,  266,  272,  277 

space  flight,  effects  of,  211 

space  rescue  treaty,  299 

Vostok  I  flight,  17,  309 

woman,  148 
Cosmodrome,       126,       130,       132,       135, 

158-159,   165,   172,   183,  264-265,  269, 

279  289  295 
Como's  CX  (U.S.S.R.  satellite),  287 
Cosmos  CLXXXIV,  2 
Cosmos  CXCIX,  9 
Cosmos  CC,  11 
Cosmos  CCI,  32 
Cosmos  ecu,  42 
Cosmos  can,  42 
Cosmos  CCIV,  57 
Cosmos  CCV,  57 
Cosmos  CCV  I,  61 
Cosmos  CCV II,  66 
Cosmos  CCV  I II,  63,  180 
Cosmos  CCIX,  67 
Cosmos  CCX,  76 
Cosmos  CCXI,  82 

Cosmos  CCXI  I,  84,  87,  88-89,  119,  178 
Cosmos  CCXI  1 1,  84,  87,  88-89,  119,   178 
Cosmos  CCXIV,  87 
Cosmos  CCXV,  87,  128,  130 
Cosmos  CCXVI,  88 
Cosmos  CCXVII,  92 
Cosmos  CCXVIII,  93,  178,  180 
Cosmos  CCXIX,  95 
Cosmos  CCXX,  106 
Cosmos  CCXXI,  120 
Cosmos  CCXXII,  123 
Cosmos  CCXXIII,  126 
Cosmos  CCXXIV,  126 
Cosmos  CCXXV,  130 
Cosmos  CCXXVI,  132 
Cosmos  CCXXVII,  135 
Cosmos  CCXXVIII,  139 
Cosmos  CCXXIX,  143 
Cosmos  CCXXX,  154 
Cosmos  CCXXXI,  158,  180 


389 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Cosmos  CCXXXII,  163-164 

Cosmos  CCXXXIII,  165 

Cosmos  CCXXXIV,  172, 180 

Cosmos  CCXXXV,  183 

Cosmos  CCXXXVI,  201 

Cosmos  CCXXXVII,  201 

Cosmos  CCXXXVIII,  201 

Cosmos  CCXXXIX,  206 

Cosmos  CCXL  211 

Cosmos  CCXLI,  213 

Cosmos  CCXLII,  219 

Cosmos  CCXLIII,  223 

Cosmos  CCXLIV,  239 

CosTTMJs  CCXLV,  240 

C(ismos  CCXLV  I,  245 

Cosmos  CCXLV II,  248 

Cosmos  CCXLV  I II,  259 

Cosmos  CCXLIX,  259 

Cosmos  CCL,  267 

Cosmos  CCLI,  267 

Cosmos  CCZ,//,  269 

Cosmos  CCZ,///,  279 

Cosmos  CCZ,/F,  289 

Cosmos  CCLF,  295 

Cosmos  CCLF/,  296 

Cosmos  CCLVII,  298 

Cosmos  CCLVIII,  308 

Cosmos  CCLIX,  310 

Cosmos  CCLX,  313 

Cosmos  CCLXI,  317 

Cosmos  CCLXII,  324 

Cotton,  Col.  Joseph  F.  (usaf),  67,  145 

Council  for  the  Advancement   of  Science 

Writing,  284 
Couve  de  Murville,  Prime  Minister  Maur- 
ice (France) ,  294 
Cowen,  Robert  C,  229-230 
CP-1919  (pulsar) ,  114-115 
Crab  Nebula,  52,  62,  272,  284,  292 
Crane,  Robert  M.,  283 
Cromley,  Ray,  257 
Crooker,  John  H.,  40 
Cryogenics,  101,  122 

CSM.   See  Command  and  service  module. 
Cuba,  42,  189,  247 
Cudaback,  Dr.  David,  119,  128 
Cunningham,  R.  Walter,  276 

Apollo  7  flight,  250,  252,  276 

preparations   for,   97,   158.   173,   220, 
227 

award,  269 

press  conference,  220,  276 

White  House  visit,  306 
Curtin,  m/g  Robert  H.   (usa,  Ret.),  102, 

120 
Curtis,  Sen.  Carl  T.,  129 
Curtiss,  Prof.  W.  David,  31 
Cushman,  Ralph  E.,  102 
Cygnus  (constellation),  52,  200 
Czechoslovak   Academy   of   Sciences,   269 

Astronomical  Institute,  254 
Czechoslovakia,       161,       189-190,       205, 
215-216,  223,  247,  309,  317 


D 

Dacca,  East  Pakistan,  18 

Daddario,     Rep.     Emilio     Q.,     10,     127, 

194-195 
Dallas,  Tex.,  112,  325 
Dana,  William  H.,  53,  78,  132,  198,  262, 

317 
Darcey,  Robert  J.,  283 
Darmstadt,  W.  Germany,  300-301 
Dartmouth  College,  117 

Amos  Tuck  School  of  Business  Admin- 
istration, 318 
Davies,  Merton  E.,  248-249 
Davis,  Frank  W.,  155 
DC-8  (jet  airliner) ,  293 
Debre,  Foreign  Minister  Michel  (France) , 

250 
Debus,  Dr.  Kurt  H.,  89,  256 
Deep    Space   Netvyrork    (dsn),    5,    6,    10, 

118,  203,  209 
Deep  Submergence  Search  Vehicle,  227 
Defense  Communications  Agency,  166 
Defense,  Dept.  of  (dod)    (see  also  U.S.  Air 
Force,  U.S.  Army,  and   U.S.  Navy), 
40,  42,  156,  301 
Advanced    Research    Projects    Agency, 

40  42  145 
aircraft, '71,  75,  146,  155,  160,  245-246, 

282,  284,  288,  333 
annual  report  to  Congress,  29 
award,  7,  51 
budget,  18-20,  143,  146,  166,  233,  242, 

243,  261,  336 
communications  satellite  system,  9,  137, 

166,  180-181 
contract,  9,  61,  278-279,  298,  334 
cooperation,  9,  65,  70,  137 
FAA, 238 

NASA,  20,  33,  70,  84,  156,  225,  237, 
310 
criticism,  83-84,  333 
Defense  Science  Board,  7,  76—77,  329 
facilities,  231 
missile  program,  61,  133,  137,  143,  155, 

193,  242 
nuclear  submarine,  169,  211,  261 
personnel,  12,  40,  51,  331 
R&D,  69-70,     101-102,     136-137,     186, 

239-240,  290,  302 
reentry  vehicle  program,  8 
space  program,  32,  69-70,  126,  137,  149, 

180-181,    190,   208,   255,   335 
underground    atomic    tests   study,   303- 
304 
Defense  Production  Act,  83 
Defense  Projects  Support  Office   (dpso). 

84 
Defense  Satellite  Communications  System 

(dscs),  137 
De  Gaulle,  President   Charles    (France), 

233 
Deimos  (Mars  moon),  281 
DeLong,  Dr.  Earl  H., 


390 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Delta    (booster)     (see    also    Thor-Delta), 

59  273  300 
Dem'bling,  Dr.  Paul  G.,  12,  127,  258,  283 
Denmark,  5,  154,  240,  292 
Denver,  Colo.,  112,  161 
Des  Moines,  Iowa,  207 
Descent        propulsion        system        (dps) 

(Apollo),  13 
Detroit,  Mich.,  199 
DFC.  See  Distinguished  Flying  Cross. 
Diamonds,  industrial,  158 
Diebold,  John,  Lecture,  232 
Diehl,  William,  49 
Dietlein,  Dr.  Lawrence  F.,  291 
Di  Luzio,  Frank  C,  123 
Disarmament,  11,  27,  32,  59,  63,  149,  160, 

164 
Distinguished      Civilian      Service     Medal 

(dod),  7 
Distinguished  Flying  Cross    (dfc),  11-12 
Distinguished  Service  Medal,  314 
Distinguished     Service     Medal      (nasa), 

263,  269,  283,  332 
Distinguished  Service  Medal  (usn),  29 
Ditoro,  Dr.  Michael  J.,  143 
Dmitriyev,  Prof.  A.,  249 
DO  31  (vtol  transport  aircraft),  105 
Dobbins  afb,  Ga.,  146,  230-231 
Docking,  236 

automatic,  24,  84,  85,  87,  88,  93,  119 
manned,  24,  84,  250,  280 
DOD.  See  Defense,  Dept.  of. 
Doeker,  Robert,  158 

Dominion  Observatory  (Canada),  134 

Donely,  Philip,  283 

Dong  Hoi,  North  Vietnam,  69 

Donlan,  Charles  J.,  51,  65,  122 
Dorman,  Bernhardt  L.,  172 

Dornier-Werke,  GmbH,  105,  151 

DOT.  See  Transportation,  Dept.  of. 

Doty,  Robert  C,  88 

Douglas    Aircraft    Co.,   Inc.    See   McDon- 
nell Douglas  Corp. 

Douglas  United  Nuclear,  Inc.,  87-88,  122 

Dover,  Del.,  176-177 

Dover,  U.K.,  175 

Downey,  Calif.,  122,  167 

DPS.  See  Descent  propulsion  system. 

DPSO.  See  Defense  Projects  Support  Office. 

Draco  (constellation),  310 

Drake,  Dr.  Frank  D.,  54,  238,  284 

Dryden,  Dr.  Hugh  L.,  175 

Dryden,  Hugh  L.,  Memorial  Fund,  175 

Dryden  Research  Lecture  Award,  15 

Dscs.    See   Defense    Satellite   Communica- 
tions System. 

DSN.  See  Deep  Space  Network. 

Dubinin,  Prof.  Nikolay  P.,  200 

DuBridge,  Dr.  Lee  A.,  267,  299,  301,  310, 
314 

Dudley  Observatory   (Albany,  N.Y.),  129, 
185,  197,  300,  310 

Duff,  Brian  M.,  117 

Duffy,  Robert  T.,  30-31 


Duke,  Capt.  Charles  M.,  Jr.   (usaf),  59, 

280 
Duke  Univ.,  255,  299 

Medical  Center,  40,  115 
Dulles  International  Airport,  179,  224 
Dunbar,  William  R.,   104 
Duncan,  Robert  C,  283 
Dunn,  m/g  Carroll  H.   (usa),     32 
Dunn,  Dr.  Richard,  296 
Dupree,  Dr.  A.  Hunter,  1 
Dvorscak,  Bemie  J.,  230-231 

E 

Eaker,  l/g  Ira  C.   (usaf.  Ret.),  125 
Early    Bird     (communications    satellite). 

See  Intelsat  I. 
Earth 

gravitational  field,  318,  335 
horizon,  132 
light  sources,  177 
magnetic  field,  72,  308 
magnetic  tail,  138 
mapping,  325 

photographs  of,  251,  318,  323,  324,  329 
resources  measurement,  33—34,  174 
shape,  10-11,  331 
size,  10-11 
Earth     Resources     Observation     Satellite 

(EROS)  program,  7-8,  19,  39,  62,  333 
Earth   Resources    Satellite  System    (Con- 
gressional report ) ,  333 
Earth  Resources  Survey  Program,  39,  51, 

85,  173,  215,  279 
Earthquake,  191 
Easter  Island,  112 
Eastern   Airlines,  72,   139,  217 
Eastern    Test     Range     (etr)      (see    also 
Cape   Kennedy   and   Kennedy    Space 
Center) 
contract,  83,  123 
launch,  1,  9,  59,  105,  244,  278 
Apollo/ Saturn,  AS-204,  13 
Atlas-Agena  D,  54-55,  179 
Atlas-Centaur,  184,  304 

AC-15,  3 
failure,  216,  225 
Long-Tank  Delta,  216 
Minuteman  HI,  193 
Poseidon,  193 
satellite,  3,  54-55,  111,  132,  179,  184, 

216,  228,  273,  300,  314-315 
Thrust-Augmented     Improved     Thor- 
Delta,  273 
Thrust-Augmented   Long-Tank   Deha, 

314-315 
Thrust-Augmented    Thor-Delta,    244, 

300 
Titan  IIl-C,  132,  228 
Eastman  Kodak  Co.,  292 
EC-135N     (Apollo     Range    Instrumenta- 
tion aircraft),  148 
Echo  program,  152 
Echo    I    (communications    satellite),    60, 

120 
Eclipse,  lunar,  250 


391 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Ecology,  126,  135 

Economic  Club  of  Detroit,  37 

Ecuador,  37 

Eddystone,  Pa.,  219 

Editorial   comment.   See    Press   comment. 

EDP  Technology,  Inc.,  228,  279 

EDS.  See  Emergency  detection  system. 

Education,  235,   249-250,   271,   314,   323, 

331,  334 
Edwards  afb,  Calif,    (see  also  Air  Force 
Flight  Test  Center) 
flight 

accident,  2 
F-lllA,  2 
HL-10     (lifting    body    vehicle),    63, 

131,  139,  224-225,  240 
X-15,  53,  78,  164,  198,  211,  262 
XB-70,  8,  38,  67,  269,  313 
XB-70A,  145,  167,  208,  258,  298 
EG&c,  Inc.,  123 
Eggers,  Dr.  Alfred  J.,  Jr.,  55 
Eglin  AFB,  Fla.,  4 
Ehricke,  Dr.  Kraft  A.,  163 
Eielson  afb,  Alaska,  168 
Eisele,  Maj.  Donn  F.    (usaf) 
Apollo  7  flight,  250,  251 

preparations   for,   97,   158,    173,   220, 
227 
Apollo  10  flight,  279-280 
award,  269 
press  conference,  220 
White  House  visit,  306 
Eisenhower,    President    Dwight    D.,    325, 

328 
Ekers,  Dr.  Ronald  D.,  114 
Eklund,  Sigvard,  198 
EI  Centro,  Calif.,  8 

ELDO.    See    European    Launcher    Develop- 
ment Organization. 
ELDO  F-7    (eldo  satellite),  296 
Electric  power,  275 
Electromagnetic  pulse  (emp),228 
Electro-Mechanical  Research  Co.,  Ill 
Electron,  31,  60,  62-63,  67,  173,  175,  198, 

256,  329 
Electronics       Research      Center        (erc) 

(nasa),  39,  123,  145,  164,  179,  283 
Electro-Optical  Systems,  Inc.,  268 
Ellington  afb,  Tex.,  105,  116,  257 
Elms,  James  C.,  165 
Emergency      detection       system       (eds) 

(Apollo),  77 
Emme,  Dr.  Eugene  M.,  1 
Emmons,  Dr.  Howard  W.,  5 
Employment  of  Scientists  and  Engineers 
in  the  United  States,  1950-1966 
(nsf  report),  234 
Engine  (see  also  individual  engines,  such 
as  F-1,  H-1) 
aircraft,  313 
gas  turbine,  316 
jet,  130,  197,  198,  226,  232 
Quiet  Research  Engine  Progrtim,  47, 
197,  248 


supersonic  transport,  146,  233,  332 

tubofan,  145,  158 

turboprop,  148,  217 

electric,  25-26,  303 

flying  platform,  107 

hypersonic,  47,  299 

lunar  module,  127,  227-228 

nuclear   (see  also   nerva),   44,  53,  57, 

93,  94,  156,  241-242,  302 
rGusflblp  2 

rocket,  2,  62-63,  68-69,  261,  275,  279, 
308,  317 
hybrid,  S-4,  9 

test,  13,  17,   36,  42,  77-78,  92,  143, 
184 
space  station,  141-142 
vernier,  6 

Engineers,  234,  289 

Engle,  Capt.  Joseph  H.  (usaf),  134,  144, 
280 

English  Channel,  175 

entel,  293 

Enthoven,  Dr.  Alain  C,  259 

Environment,  135 

Environmental   Science  Services  Adminis- 
tration (ess a) 
budget,  19 

cooperation  66,  262,  335 
Man's  Geographysical  Environment:  Its 

Study  from  Space,  73 
personnel,  131 

research,  101-102,  110,  266,  325 
satellite,  1,  49,  111,  149,  232,  311 

launch,  193,  335 
weather  modification,  194-195 

ERC.     See    Electronics    Research     Center 
(nasa). 

EROS.  See  Earth  Resources  Operation  Sat- 
ellite. 

Ers  XXI  {OV  V-4)    (Environmental  Re- 
search Satellite) ,  228,  335 

Ers  XXVII  (OV  V-2),228,  335 

Escape  system,  78,  210 

Eso.  See  European  Southern  Observatory. 

ESRO.  See  European  Space  Research   Or- 
ganization. 

Esro    I     (esro    satellite).    See    Aurorae 
(Esro  I) . 

ESRO  ii-A   (International  Radiation  Inves- 
tigation Satellite),  113 

Esro  II-B.  See  Iris  I  (Esro  II-B) . 

ESSA.  See  Environmental  Science  Services 
Administration. 

Essa  I  (meteorological  satellite),  193 

Essa  II,  50,  193 

Essa  III,  193 

Essa  IV,  193,  232 

Essa  V,  193 

Essa  VI,  193,  295 

Essa  VII  (tos-e),  193,  311,  335 

Essa  VIII  (tos-f),  311,  335 

Etam,  W.  Va.,  230,  315,  329 

Ethiopia,  137,  327 

ETR.  See  Eastern  Test  Range. 


392 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Etzel,  Prof.  James  E.,  281 

EURATOM.   See   European   Atomic   Energy 

Community. 
Euromart,  233 

Europe  (see  also  European  Launcher  De- 
velopment Organization ;  European 
Space  Research  Organization),  160 

communications,  38,  73,  139,  230,  312. 
323 

cooperation,  136-137,  139 

space  funding,  136 

tracking  station,  137 
European     Atomic     Energy     Community 

(euratom),  11,  92 
European    Conference   on   Satellite   Com- 
munications.      See       Conference       Eu- 

ropeene     sur     les     Telecommunications 

par  Satellites. 
European  Launcher  Development  Organi- 
zation (eldo) 

launch 

ELDO  F-7,  296 

merger  proposal,  136-137 

policy,  279 

president  elected,  60 

U.K.  membership,  85,  95,  233 
European   Nuclear   Research   Center,   139 
European    Southern    Observatory     (eso), 

292 
European   Space   Conference,   Third,   279 
European     Space    Authority     (proposed), 

279 
European    Space    Research    Organization 
(esro),  60 

launch 
satellite,  1 

Aurorae  (Esro  I),  240 
Heos-A,  301,  336 
Iris  I  {EsToII-B),  113,  336 
sounding  rocket,  108,  118 

membership,  5,  85 

merger  proposed,  136 

satellite,    95,    149,    168-169,    214,    240, 
336 
Eurospace    Conference,    Third    U.S.-Euro- 

pean,  136-137 
EUV:  extreme  ultraviolet. 
EVA.  See  Extravehicular  activity. 
Evans,  Albert  J.,  47 
Evanston,  111.,  284 
Everett,  Wash.,  232 
Evvard,  John  C,  283 
Exceptional        Scientific         Achievement 

Medal  (nasa),  263,  283 
Exceptional  Service  Medal    (nasa),   194, 

269,  283 
Exhibit,  190 
Exosphere,  82 
Explorer  (program),  44 
Explorer  I  (sateUite),  22,  29-30,  37 
Explorer  XVI,  177 
Explorer  XXII,  10,  183 
Explorer  XXIII,  Yll 
Explorer  XXIV,  182 
Explorer  XXV  {Injun  IV),  182 


Explorer  XXVII,  183 

Explorer  XXVIII,  153-154 

Explorer  XXIX,  8,  183 

Explorer    XXX    (iqsy    Solar    Explorer), 

56-57 
Explorer  XXXV  (imp-e),  167 
Explorer  XXXVI    (Geos  II;  geos-b),  1, 

7.  8,  16,  42-43,  71,  183,  259,  335 
Explorer    XXXVII    (Solar    Explorer    B), 

56-57,  335 
Explorer    XXXVIII     (Radio     Astronomy 

Explorer   rae-a),    153,    167,    210,    224, 

246,  335 
Explorer  XXXIX    (Air  Density   Explorer 

C),  182,  310,  335 
Explorer  XL  {Injun  V),  182,  310,  335 
Extraterrestrial  life,  54,  142,  301,  302 
Extravehicular    activity     (eva),    24,    168, 

177,  190,  236,  316-317 


F-1  (rocket  engine),  30,  257,  275 

F-4    (Phantom)    (fighter  aircraft),  3,  14, 
217 

F-4J,  76 

F-5    (supersonic    fighter  aircraft),   281 

F-12   (interceptor  aircraft),  112,  171-172 

F-14A     (usN    interceptor    aircraft),    76, 
98-99.  167,  171,  230-231,  314 

F-15A  (aircraft).  See  ZF-15A. 

F-104  (Starfighter)    (aircraft),  165 

F-106  (interceptor  aircraft),  171-172 

F-106B,  233 

F-106X,  171-172 

F-111     (supersonic     fighter),     130,    206, 
231,  245-246,  259,  270 
accident,  2,  195 
cost,  130,  146 

F-lllA,  117,  160,  201,  316,  333 

accident,  2,  72,  80,  84.  87.  97,  102,  108, 

109,  119,  134,  160,  195,  224,  258 
defense  of,  75,  333 
test  155,  207,  258 

Vietnam  War  use,  69,  71,  72,  84.   104, 
109,  155 

F-lllB,  76,  130,  167 
accident,  2 

funds  for,  14,  19,  71,  98,  159 
weight,  160 

F-1  lie,  206,  248 

FAA.    See    Federal    Aviation    Administra- 
tion. 

FAi.   See   Federation   Aeronautique   Inter- 
nationale. 

Fairbank,  Dr.  William  M.,  91 

Fairbanks,  Alaska,  35,  143,  192 

Fairchild-Hiller  Corp.,  120,  209,  289,  334 

Fairhall.    Defence    Minister    Allen    (Aus- 
tralia), 206 

Fangataufa  Atoll,  200 

FB-111     (supersonic   bomber),  201,  259, 
284,  286 

FB-lllA,  160 

FCC.    See    Federal   Communications    Com- 


393 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


FDA.  See  Food  and  Drug  Administration. 
FDVU.     See     Flight     Design     Verification 

Unit. 
Federal- Aid  Airport  Program   (faap),  95 
Federal  Air  Quality  Advisory  Board,  169 
Federal  Aviation  Act  of  1958,  130 
Federal   Aviation    Administration    (faa), 
26,  96,  108,  150,  175,  207 
air    traffic    control,    1-2,    82,    137-138, 
168,  187,  196,  206,  238,  248,  300,  302 
airports,    95,    137-138,    231,    278,    296, 

302,  324 
appropriations,  19,  168 
contract,  82,  231 
cooperation,  168,  238 
forecast,  71,  137-138 
landing  system,  248 
noise,  aircraft,  116,  130,  135 
regulations,    1-2,    116,    130,    194,    206, 

300 
transport,   supersonic    (see  also    Super- 
sonic transport),  19,  66-67,  135,  150, 
158 
design   and   development,  45,    202-203, 
260 
Federal       Communications       Commission 

( FCC),  111,  154,  204,276,308 
Federal  Contract  Research  Center,  122 
Federal  Council  for  Science  and  Technol- 
ogy, 271 
Interdepartmental    Committee    for    At- 
mospheric Sciences,  101-102 
Federal     Department     of     Science     (pro- 
posed), 325 
Federation     Aeronautique     Internationale 

(fai),  111,309 
Felberg,  Fred  H.,  283 
Fels  Planetarium,  27 
Ferguson,    Gen.    James    (usaf),    5,    141, 

237,  272 
Fermi,  Enrico,  Award,  221,  298 
Fermi,  Enrico,  Institute,  90 
Findlay,  Dr.  John  W.,  30 
Finger,  Harold  B.,  35,  48,  133 
Fink,  Daniel  J.,  329 
Finney,  John  W.,  92 
The  First  Four  Stages,  17 
Fitzgerald,  A.  E.,  282 
Fjeldbo,  Gunnar,  276 
Flammability  tests,  13-14,  57,  61,  265 
Flax,  Dr.  Alexander  H.,  283 
Flemming,  Arthur  S.,  Award,  39 
Fletcher,  Dr.  Robert  D.,  316 
Flickinger,  b/g  Don,  Jr.  (usaf),  28 
Flight    design    verification    unit     (fdvu), 

128 
Flight    Research    Center    (frc)     (nasa), 

12,  42,  48,  68,  186,  313 
Flight  Safety  Foundation,  313 
Flight     Test,     Simulation     and     Support 

Conference,  65,  66 
Flock,  Dr.  Warren  L.,  129 
Flood  control,  62 
Florida,  109 


FOBS.    See    Fractional    orbital    bombard- 
ment system. 
Food    and    Drug    Administration     (fda), 

2 
Food  irradiation,  2 
Fordham  Univ.,  287 

Ft.       Churchill,       Canada       (see       also 
Churchill    Research    Range,    Canada), 
29,  72,  329 
Fort  Myers,  Fla.,  146 
Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  206 
Foster,  Dr.  John  S.,  Jr.,  69-70,  155 
Foster,  William  C,  295 
Founders  Medal  (nae),  43 
Fowler,  Prof.  WiHiam  A.,  115 
Foxbat    (U.S.S.R.    fighter   aircraft),    130 
Fractional    orbital    bombardment    system 
(fobs),  55-56,  93,  94,   102,  178,  239, 

255 
France,  46,  60 

aircraft,  217 
balloon,  166 
Concorde       (France-U.K.       supersonic 

transport),  115,  198,  260,  294 
cooperation,  5,  31,  55,  113,  134,  214,  233, 
292,  300-301 
U.S.S.R.,  10 

hydrogen      bomb,       153,       156,       200, 
207-208 

missile  program,  153,  200 

nuclear  attack,  138 

nuclear  test,  156,  180,  294 

sounding  rocket,  31,  296 
Frantz,  Dr.  Joe  B.,  1 
FRC.  See  Flight  Research  Center. 
Freibaum,  Jerome,  128 
French  Guiana,  172 
Frenkel,  Dr.  Lothar,  39 
Freon  TF,  157 
Friction    Effects    of    Runway     Grooves, 

Runway    18—36,    Washington    National 

Airport,  324 
Friel,  Dr.  Patrick  J.,  43 
Friendship  Airport,  179,  224 
Fruehaf,  Capt.  David  E.  (usaf),  8 
Frutkin,  Arnold  W.,  30,  239,  283 
Fucino,  Italy,  80 
Fuel,  94,  303 

hydrogen,  1 

leak,  92 

liquid,  3-4,  9,  274 

liquid  hydrogen,  79,  101,  266 

nitrogen,  45 

oxygen-hydrogen,  2 

plutonium  238,  116 

safety,  95 

solid,  3-4,  42,  68,  193,  274 
Fuel  cell,  246,  251-252,  294-295 
Fuhrmeister,  Paul  F.,  283 
FuUbright,    Crooker,    Freeman    &    Bates, 

40 
Fulton,   Fitzhugh   L.,   Jr.,   8,    38,   50,   67, 

131,  167,  208,  269,  298 
FX  (aircraft) .  See  ZF-15A. 


394 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Gagarin,    Col.    Yuri    A.    (U.S.S.R.),    17, 

70,  72,  190.  309 
Galapagos  Islands,  189 
Gamma  (star) ,  67 
Gamma  ray,  52,  54^55,  181,  281 
Gamow,  Dr.  George.  197 
Ganczak,  Edward  G.,  107 
Gandhi,     Prime     Minister,     Mrs.     Indira, 

30-31 
GAO.  See  General  Accounting  Office. 
Garbuzov,       Finance       Minister       Vasily 

(U.S.S.R.),  309 
Gardner,  Lester  D.,  Lecture,  104 
Gas  turbine,  316 
GCA  Corp.,  45,  46^7,  168 
Geiss,  Dr.  Johannes,  68 
Geller,  Justice  Abraham  N.,  279 
Gemini     (program),     66,    80,     103,     161 

211,   215,   221-222,   236-237,   269,   281 
Gemini  (spacecraft) ,  148 
Gemini  X  (flight),  168 
Gemini  XI  (flight),  168 
General    Accounting     Office     (gao),    86, 

226 
General  Aircraft  Corp.,  224 
General  aviation,  47 

air  traffic,  187-188,  189,  194.  196 

aircraft,  71,  137 

airports,  278 

collision  avoidance  system,  179 

flying  hours,  71,  137 
General  Dynamics  Corp. 

contract,  167,  187,  278,  333 

Convair  Div.,  8,  131,  207 

Electric  Boat  Div.,  302-303 

F-lllA.  117,  155,  224,  333 

F-lllB,  159,  167 

F-lllC,  206 

VFX  aircraft,  187 
General  Electric  Co.,  215,  329 

Aircraft  Engine  Group,  296 

Apollo  Systems  Div.,  79 

ARMS    (Application   of   Remote   Manip- 
ulators in  Space),  186 

award,  15 

contract,   40,    54,    120,    149,    172,    173, 
186,  201,  202-203,  209,  262,  278 

laboratory,  undersea,  101 

Mississippi  Test  Facility,  173 

"Quiet  jet  engine,"  197 

Re-Entry  Systems  Div.,  97 

reentry  vehicle,  40 

spacecraft,  120,  172,  181,  209 

supersonic      transport       engine,       150, 
202-203 

Technical     Military     Planning     Opera- 
tion (tempo),  26 

turbofan  engine,  54,  201,  276,  282 

XB-70  engine,  149 
General  Motors  Corp.,  AUison  Div.,  248 
General  Precision  Systems,  Inc.,  22 
Geneva     Disarmament      Conference,     59, 

62.  132 


Geneva,    Switzerland,    32,    59.    127,    149, 

164 
Gentry,    Maj.    Jerauld    R.     (usaf),    63, 

139,  224-225,  306 
Geocorona,  55 
Geodetic    satellite,     1,     7-8,     16,    42-43, 

71,  183.  335 
Geology,  51-52 

Geophysics  Corp.  of  America,  198 
Georgia,  Univ.  of,  310 
Geos     II      (geos-b;     Explorer     XXXVI) 
(geodetic      satellite),      1,      7-8,      16, 
42-43.  71,  183,  259,  335 
Germany,  East,  317 
Germany,  West,  46 
aircraft,  105,  151,  165 
Bochum     Observatory,      54,     211-212, 

222 
cooperation,     5,     137.     160,     165,    201, 

292,  298,  300-301 
Ministry       of        Scientific       Research 

(bmwf),  75-76,  160-161,  308 
nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty,  11 
space     program,     137,      151,     160-161, 
201,  300 
get:  ground  elapsed  time. 
GHOST.   See    Global    Horizontal    Sounding 

Technique. 
Gib-uth,  Dr.   Robert  R.,   14,  28,  75,   142 
Giroux,  Dennis,  44 
Glassboro   (N.J.)  State  College,  127 
Glenn,   Col.   John   H.,  Jr.    (usmc,   Ret.), 

203-204,  215 
Global    Atmospherics    Research    Program 

(GARP), 101-102 
Global    Horizontal    Sounding    Technique 

(ghost), 240 
Globe  Exploration  Corp.,  29 
Goddard,  Dr.  Robert  H.,  28,  57,  316 
Goddard,  Robert  H.,  Award,  15,  316 
Goddard,  Dr.  Robert  H.,  Lecture,  55-56 
Goddard,  Dr.   Robert   H.,  Memorial  Tro- 
phy, 57 
Goddard  Memorial  Dinner,  57-58 
Goddard    Memorial     Symposium,    58-59. 
Goddard    Space    Flight    Center     (gsfc), 
216,  225,  294 
Apollo  6,  78 
Apollo  7,  253 
Apollo  8,  322 
award.  283 

contract,  45,  47,  61,  123,  289 
facilities,  123 

Laboratory    for   Atmospheric    and    Bio- 
logical Sciences,  328—329 
Laboratory     for     Theoretical     Studies, 

153-154 
laser  experiment,  71,  183,  335 
personnel,     35,     131,     152,     168,     328 
Radio  Astronomy  Explorer,  153 
satellite  monitoring 
Ats  IL  119 
Ats  111,29:37,  144 
Ats  IV,  185 
Essa  VII,  191-193 


395 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Essa  VIII,  311 

Explorer  XXXVI,  71,  183,  259,  335 
Explorer  XXXVIII,  153 
Molniya  1-8,  110 
Oao  II   (oao-a),  304,  310 
Ogo  V  (ogo-e),  55 
Satellite   Tracking   Center,    12,   143,   146, 

205 
sounding  rocket  experiments,  43-44 

astronomical,     62-63,     67,     115,     118, 

121,  129,  175,  198,  232 
atmospheric    data,    13,    60,    62,    64-65, 
76,  82,   130-131,   168,  175,  213-214, 
216,    219-220,    223,    273,    287,    291, 
309-310 
instrumentation  test,  17,  31,  70 
launch  test,  211,  214 
parachute        recovery       system       test, 

126-127 
vehicle  performance  test,  31 
Gold,  Thomas,  37-38 
Goldberg,  Ambassador  Arthur  J.,  130 
Goldberg,  Leo,  243-244 
Goldberger,  Dr.  Marvin  L.,  93 
Goldstein,     Dr.     Richard     M.,     114-115, 

171,  283,  291 
Goldstone     Tracking     Station,     114—115, 

122,  171,  209,  291,  312 
Goldwater,  Barry  M.,  333 
Gomez  Palacios,  Mex.,  295 
Goodell,  Sen.  Charles  E.,  210 
Goodyear  Tire  and  Rubber  Co.,  194 
GOR-16        (general       ocean        research 

ship),  310 
Gordon,  James,  Trophy,  188 
Grants,  44-45,  46,  140-141,  151,  314 
Gravity,  141,  238-239 

artificial,  268,  291 
Gray,  Dr.  Clinton  W.,  273 
Gray,  Harold  E.,  107-108 
Gray,  Robert  H.,  216 
Greater    Lameshur    Bay,    Virgin    Islands, 

101 
Grechko,  Defense   Minister   Marshal   Au- 
drey A.  (U.S.S.R.),  45-46 
Green  Bank,  W.  Va.  161,  238,  272 
Green  State  Univ.,  325-326 
Greenbelt,  Md.,  205 
Greenland,  11 
Greenwood,  A.  H.  C,  217 
Grew,  Gary  W.,  177 
Griffith  Planetarium,  221 
Grissom  afb,  Ind.,  39,  110 
Grissom,  l/c  Virgil  I.  (usaf),  103,  110 
Gromyko,    Foreign    Minister    Audrey    A. 

(u.s.s.R.),  145 
Gross    National   Product,    141 
Group      Achievement      Award      (nasa), 

164,  283 
Grumman     Aircraft     Engineering     Corp., 

14,  86,  167,  187,  191,  227-228,  314 
GSFc.  See  Goddard  Space  Flight  Center. 
Guam,  137 
Guest,  Dr.  Robert  H.,  318 


Guggenheim      Aeronautical      Laboratory 

(Cal  Tech),  267 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  59,  73-74,  181,  251 
Guppy       (undersea      research      vehicle), 

156 
Gurovsky,  Dr.  N.  N.,  287 
Gurshteyn,  A.  A.,  61 
Gurtler,  C.  A.,  177 

H 

H-1  (rocket  engine),  9,  207 

Hackerman,  Norman,  115 

Haeussermann,  Dr.  Walter,  111 

Hage,  George  H.,  315 

Haggerty,  James  J.,  Jr.,  95,  117,  253 

Haglund,  Howard  H.,  151,  194 

Hahn,  Dr.  Otto,  171,  265 

Haile     Selassie,     Emperor     of     Ethiojua, 

327 
Hailstone  model  test,  247 
Haise,  Fred  W.,  Jr.,  183,  196 
Halaby,  Najeeb  E.,  107-108 
Hall,  Donald  A.,  104 
Hall,  Ernest,  49 
Hall,  R.  Cargill,  129 
Halle,  Louis  J.,  81 
Halpern,  Rep.  Seymour,  227 
Ham  (chimpanzee),  273 
Hamburger  Flugzeugbau,  151 
Hamilton,  Harry  H.,  283 
Hammett,  Prof.  Louis  P.,  38 
Handler,   Dr.   Philip,  40,    115,   255,   299, 

314 
Haney,  Paul,  36 
Hanover  Air  Show,  105 
Hanover,  N.  H.,  36 

HAPPE.    See    High    Altitude    Particle    Ex- 
periment program. 
Harder,  Dr.  James  A.,  172 
Hardie,  Dr.  Robert  H.,  326 
Hardy,  Dr.  Harriet  L.,  312-313 
Hardy,  Rep.  Porter,  Jr.,  163 
Harlow,  Prof.  Harry  F.,  38 
Harmon    International   Aviator's    Trophy, 

259,  299 
Harper,     Charles     W.,    26,     38-39,     47, 

225-226,  247 
Harr,    Dr.    Karl    G.,    Jr.,    124-125,    134, 

315-316 
Harriman,  N.  Y.,  105 

Harrington,  Dr.   Charles  D.,  87,   122-123 
Harris,  R.  Emerson,  128 
Harris,  S.  T.,  88 
Harvard    College    Observatory,    161,    224 

Solar  Satellite  Project,  243 
Harvard  Univ.,  5,  38,  115,  133,  134,  159, 
303-304,  328 

Graduate    School    of    Business    Admin- 
istration, 232 
Hatfield,  Sen.  Mark  0.,  119,  210 
Haueter,  Paul  E.,  Award,  116 
Haughney,  Louis  C,  11,  72 
Hauser,  John  A.,  91 
Hawaii,   116,   132,  137 


396 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Hawker  Siddeley  Aviation  Co.,  277 

Hawker  Siddeley  Group,  Ltd.,  278 

Hawthorne,  Calif.,  325 

Hayes  International  Corp.,  80 

Haymes,  Dr.  R.  C,  52 

Haynes,  Charles  G.,  207 

Haystack,  Mass.,  49 

Hazelhurst  Field,  N.Y.,  11 

Health,    Education,    and    Welfare,    Dept. 

of,  169,  271 
Heart,  291 

artificial,  194,  302 
Heat  shield,  212 
Helgeson,  Bob  P.,  128 
Helicopter,  219 
'  astronaut  pickup,  use  for,  251 

commercial  use,  225-226 

military,  18-19,  146 
Helium,  82,  257,  308 
Henry,  Dr.  Richard  C,  87 
Hensleigh,  Walter  E.,  160 
HEOS    (Highly    Eccentric    Orbiting    Satel- 
lite), 1,  149,214 
Heos-A,  300-301,  336 
Herzfeld,  Dr.  Charles  M.,  329 
Hess,  Dr.  Harry  H.,  90 
Hess,  John  L.,  95 
Hess,  Dr.  Wiknot  N.,  36 
Hevelius,  Johnannes,  28 
Hewlett-Packard  Co.,  331 
High       Altitude       Particle       Experiment 

(happe)    program,   68 
Hill,    Louis     W.,     Space     Transportation 

Award,  260-261 
Himmel,  Dr.  Seymour  C,  104 
Hines   William,    129,    244-245,   312,    331 
HL-10  (lifting-body  vehicle) 

test  flight,  63,  131,  139,  224^225,  240, 
335 
powered,  279,  306 
unsuccessful,  261 

test  results,  67-68 
Hoberg,  Otto  A.,  283 
Hodge,  John  D..  39 
Hodgson,  Alfred  S.,  207,  283 
Hodgson,  Dr.  Gordon  W.,  22 
HofI,  Dr.  Nicholas  J.,  5 
Holloman     afb,     N.     Mex.,      117,     272, 

283-284 
Hollomon,  Dr.  J.  Herbert,  325 
Honda  (comet),  201 

No.  6,  155 
Honda,  Minori,  155 
Honeywell,  Inc.,  8,  328 
Hooker,  Dr.  Stanley  G.,  316 
Hornbeck,  Dr.  J.  A.,  32 
Home,  Walter  B.,  118 
Hornig,  Dr.  Donald  F.,  139-140,  156,  292, 

301,  304,  325 
Horton,  Bol),  293 
Hosenthien,  Hans  H.,  283 
Hotz,  Robert,  271,  293 
Housing   and   Urban   Development,   Dept. 

of     (iiUD),     108,     165-166,    218,    227, 


243  271 
Houston,  Tex.,  53,  82-83,  118,  188,  220, 

246,  267 
Hovercraft,  175 
Howick,  George  J.,  230 
HP  1506  (pulsar),  161 
HRE.    See    Hypersonic    Research    Engine 

program 
Hubbard,  Samuel  H.,  8-9 
Huber,  William  C,  145 
HUD.   See    Housing    and    Urban   Develop- 
ment, Dept.  of. 
Hughes  Aircraft  Co.,  3,  5,  84,  106,  111, 
160,  204,  244,  259,  272 

Satellite  Systems  Laboratories,  76 

Space  Systems  Div.,  77 
Hughes,  Howard  R.,  303-304 
Hughes  Nevada  Operations,  303—304 
Huguenin,  Dr.  George  R.,  161 
Hulburt,    E.    0.,    Center    for    Space    Re- 
search, 87 
Humphrey,    Vice    President    Hubert    H., 
229 

astronauts,  visit  with,  287 

Earth     Resources     Observation      Satel- 
lite, 7 

election  results,  271-272 

NASA  visit,  287 

nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty, 

215-216,  230 

ocean  exploration,  138 

space      program,      106-107,      178-179, 
235-236,  254 
Hungary,  189-190,  317 
Hunt,  Graham  R.,  170,  250 
Huntsville,  Ala.,  220,  272 
Hurricane  Gladys,  251 
Hurricane  Naomi,  295 
Hydrogen   bomb,    152,   156,  200,   207-208 
Hyland,  Lawrence  A.,  84,  106-107 
Hynek,    Dr.  J.  AUen,  169-170,  172,  254 
Hypersonic      aircraft,      226,      237,      300, 

317-318 
Hypersonic      Research      Engine       (hre) 

program,  47 

I 

IAEA.  See  International  Atomic  Energy 
Agency. 

lAF.  See  International  Astronautical 
Federation. 

lAU.  See  International  Astronomical 
Union. 

IBM.  See  International  Business  Mach- 
ines Corp. 

Icarus  (asteroid),  133,  291 

ICBM.  See  Intercontinental  ballistic  mis- 
sile. 

ICL  Industry,  Inc.,  176-177 

Iconoscope,  43 

iDSCP.  See  Initial  Defense  Communica- 
tions Satellite  Program. 

IKEE.  See  Institute  of  Electrical  and 
Electronics  Engineers. 


397 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


lES.   See   Institute  of   Environmental   Sci- 
ences. 
Ignatius,    Secretary    of    the    Navy    Paul 

R.,  14 
IGY.       See       International       Geophysical 

Year. 
Illinois  Institute  of  Technology,  15 
Illinois,  Univ.  of,  63,  168 
nyushin-62      (U.S.S.R.      airliner),      126, 

163 
Image  Orthicon  Camera  (loc),  185 
IMP-E     (Interplanetary    Monitoring    Plat- 
form) .   See   Explorer  XXXV    (imp-e)  . 
IMP— G,  1 
India 

cooperation,        27,        30-31,        75-76, 
196-197,  273 

Dept.  of  Atomic  Energy,  31 

ground  station,  27 

nuclear     nonproliferation     treaty,     32, 
138 

nuclear  power,  205 

satellite,  27 

Thumba   Equatorial   Rocket   Launching 
Station,  30-31,  60,  75-76,  273 

weapons,  130-131 
Indian    National    Commission    for    Space 

Research     (incospar),    30-31,    75-76 
Indian  Ocean,  196-197,  212,  250-251 
Industrial    Research,    Man    of    the    Year 

award,  15 
Informatics,  Inc.,  169 
Information  retrieval,  48,  154 
Infrared  sensor,  206-207,  208 
Initial    Defense    Communications     Satel- 
lite   Program    (idcsp),    121,    132,    137, 

166,  335 
Injun  IV.  See  Explorer  XXV. 
Injun  V.  See  Explorer  XL. 
Institute         for         Strategic         Studies, 

210 
Institute    of    Electrical    and    Electronics 

Engineers  (ieee),  82,  119 
Institute     of     Environmental     Sciences 

(iES),79 
Institute  of  High  Energy  Physics,  316 
Institute   of   Strategic   Studies,    309 
INTELSAT.     See     International     Telecom- 
munications Satellite  Consortium. 
Intelsat     (communications    satellite) ,     1, 

39 
Intelsat  I    [Early  Bird),   27,   39-40,   80, 

111,  145,  314-315 
Intelsat  II,  189,  204,  323 
Intelsat-II    F-2    {Intelsat    II-B;    Pacific 

I) ,  82-83,  103,  111 
Intelsat-II  F—3    {Intelsat  II— C;    Atlantic 

//),5,  39,  111,315 
Intelsat-II    F^     {Intelsat    D-II ;    Pacific 

II) ,  111,  302 
Intelsat  III,  111,  149,  216,  225,  315 
Intelsat-III  F-I,  216,  225,  273,  315 
Intelsat-III  F-2,   314-315,  323,  329,  335 
Intelsat-in  F-4,  315 


Intelsat  III  V2,  38 

Intelsat  IV,  38,  111,  137,  244,  259 

Interagency    Aircraft    Noise     Abatement 

Program,  154-155 
Intercontinental  ballistic  missile 

(icbm),    3,    18-19,    29,    42,    138,    191, 
195,  210,  312 
"Intermediate  20"  (booster),  275 
Interior,  Dept.  of,  101,  290-291,  299 
International    Academy    of    Astronautics, 

254 
International      Aeronautical      Exposition 

(proposed),  233 
International    Aerospace    Exposition,    295 
International     Air      and      Space      Salon, 

Third,  126 
International      Astronautical      Federation 
(iaf)  ,  258,  286-287 
Congress,  246-247 
International         Astronomical         Union 
(lAu),  27-28,298 
Commission  on  Solar  Activity,  254 
International     Atomic     Energy     Agency 
(IAEA) ,  92,  132,  198,  211,  228 
International    Center    for     Theoretical 
Physics,  198 
International  Balloon  Race,  188 
International     Bank     for     Reconstruction 

and  Development,  16 
The     International     Biological     Problem 
— Its      Meaning     and     Tweeds      House 
study),  60 
International     Biological     Program,     60, 

126 
International    Business    Machines    Corp. 
(IBM),  79,  169 
Federal  Systems  Div.,  82,  173 
Space  Guidance  Center,  77 
International   Congress   for   Noise   Abate- 
ment, 117 
International      Congress      of      Genetics, 

200-201 
International    cooperation    (see    also    Nu- 
clear   nonproliferation    treaty),     127 
aircraft,  9,  49,  105-106,  117,  118,  126, 

134,  157-158,  163,  165,  198 
astronomy,  72 
law,  12,  127 
meteorology,  127 
military,    9,    127,    145,    146,    149-150, 

160,  164,  166,  170-171,  191 
nuclear  power,  11,  154 
oceanography,  56,  72,  138 
science    and    technology,    39,    60,    126, 
140,    141,    156,    158,    159,    247,    255, 
257 
International      cooperation,     space      (see 
also     European     Launcher    Develop- 
ment        Organization ;  European 
Space     Research     Organization;     In- 
ternational Telecommunications  Satel- 
lite Consortium;  Space  rescue  treaty), 
2,  20-21,  30 
law,  12,  127,  258,  281 


398 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


satellite,    19,    52,    134,    137,    189,    233, 
236 
Europe,  10,  85 
NASA-ESRO,   113,   214,  240 
-Canada,  1,  11,  72 
-India.  196-197 
-U.K.,  1 
-U.S.S.R.,  2 
U.S. 

-Japan,  82 
-South  Vietnam,  88 
-U.K.,  9 

-U.S.S.R.,  66,  99,  281 
U.S.S.R.-France,  10 
sounding  rocket,  29,  154 
India-France,  31 

-U.S.S.R.,  31 
NASA-Brazil,  131,  177 
-Canada,  64-65,  106 
-Germany,  West,  75-76,  160 
-India.  30-31,  75-76,  273 
-Spain,  177-178 
-Sweden,  177-178 
space  research,  141,  204,  210,  254 
Europe,  136-137,  279 
U.K.-U.S.S.R.,  52 
U.S.-Australia,  329 
-Germany,  West,  201 
-Switzerland,  68 
-U.S.S.R.,  202 
tracking,  137 

U.S.-Australia,  34-35 
-Spain,  34—35 
International    Council    on    Human    Envi- 
ronment, 127 
International   Decade   of   Oc  in   Explora- 
tion, 177 
International  Flat  Earth  Society,  331 
International     Geophysical     Year     (igy). 

29-30,  73.  166-167 
International     Institute    for     Peace     and 

Conflict  Research,  285 
International     Institute     of     Space     Law, 

258 
International  Polar  Year,  166-167 
International       Radiation       Investigation 

Satellite  (mis),  113 
International     Research     and     Marketing 

Corp.,  230 
International     Satellite     for     Ionospheric 

Studies  (isis),  1,  106,  149 
International    Space     Research     Commit- 
tee, 136-137 
International    Symposium    on    Bioastron- 
autics    and    the    Exploration   of    Space, 
Fourth,  141-142 
International      Symposium      on      Genetic 
Effects        of        Space        Environment, 
200-201 
International      Telecommunications      Sat- 
ellite    Consortium     (  Intelsat),    27, 
60,  80.  239,  293 
communications   satellite,   39.   80,    183, 
184,    189-190,    216,    243-244,    259 
Interim        Communications        Satellite 


Committee,  35,  80 

membership,  26,  46 
International    Telephone    and    Telegraph 

Corp.  (it&t),  329 
Interplanetary        Monitoring        Platform 

(imp).   See   Explorer   XXXV    (imp-e) 

and  IMP-G. 
Intersputnik,  189-190 
Invention,  91 

IOC.  See  Image  Orthicon  Camera. 
Ion  propulsion,  25-26,  303 
Ionosphere,  63,  73 

composition,  46-47,  60,   130,  132,  168, 
175,  198,  273 

diurnal  changes,  64—65 

probe,  106,  149,  336 

properties  of,  31,  168,  240,  262 
Iowa,  Univ.  of,  29-30,  113,  182 
Ireland,  299 

Iris    I    iEsro    11— B)     (International    Ra- 
diation    Investigation     Satellite),     113, 

168-169,  240,  336 
Irwin,    Maj.   James   B.    (usaf),   279-280 
isis-A     (International     Satellite    for    Io- 
nospheric Studies),  1,  106,  149 
Isolation  experiment,  324 
Italcable,  293 
Italy 

cooperation.   5,  46,   95,    108,    165,   233, 
293,  300-301 

ground  station,  69 

nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty,  32 

satellite,  296 
ITT   World   Communications,   Inc.,   82-83, 

154,  293,  307-308 


J-2  (rocket  engine) 

Apollo      6      and      7,      77-78,      92-93, 
251-252 

contract,  257,  275 

failure,  92,  119-120,  135,  252-253 

test,  220 
J85-19  (VTOL  engine),  230-231 
Jackass  Flats,  Nev.,  131,  143 
Jackson,  Sen.  Henry  M.,  228 
Jackson  and  Moreland,  231 
Jaffe,  Leonard,  30-31 
James,  Lee  B.,  20,  112 
Jamesburg,  Calif.,  302 
Japan,  46,  82-83,  146,  155,  166,  312 
Japanese  Defense  Agency,  166 
Jastrow,  Dr.  Robert,  147-148 
Javelin    (sounding   rocket),   54,   82,    113, 

308 
JC-130       (Hercules)        (turboprop      air- 
craft), 148 
Jennings,  Mark,  247 

Jet    Propulsion    Laboratory    (jpl)     (Cal 
Tech),  22-23,  79,  148,  331-332 

award,   15,  89,   106,   151,  194,  260-261, 
283 

Deep  Space  Network,  6,  209 

Goldstone    Tracking    Station,    114—115, 
122,  171,  209,  291,  312 


399 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Mariner  Project,  118,  122,  199 

personnel,  15,  17,  42,  129,  152-153, 
171,  229-230,  267,  275-276 

Pioneer  VI,  209 

Surveyor  Project,  3,  106,  151 

symposium    on    space    research,    29-30 
Jodrell    Bank    Experimental    Station,    42, 

54,  83,  211-212,  222,  253-254,  289 
Johns  Hopkins  Univ.,  8,  36,  86,  173 
Johnsen,  Edwin  G.,  82 
Johnson  City,  Tex.,  1,  269,  332 
Johnson,   President  Lyndon  B.,  301,  304, 
323,  327 

3ircr3.it   S4 

ApoUo  8  flight,  322,  326 

appointments  and  nominations  by,  12, 
45,  115,  131,  143,  169,  175,  211 

astronauts,  322,  326,  330,  332 
flight  pay,  203 

awards  by,  38,  51,  57,  269,  298,  332 

awards  to  (National  Space  Club), 
235 

balance  of  payments  deficit,  1 

biUs  signed,  135-136,  152,  197,  243 

budget,  18-19,  60,  233 
NASA,  135-136,  152,  294 

communications  satellite  system,  76 

disarmament,  164 

international    cooperation,    20-21,    127 

meteorology,  127 

metric  system,  197 

noise  abatement,  271 

nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty,  132, 
149,  158,  230,  249 

oceanography,  60 

press  conference,  1 

resignations  accepted  by,  40 

space  program,  18-19,  20-21,  53,  179, 
202,  208,  235,  248,  267,  292 

space  rescue  treaty,  89,   127,   161,  299 

supersonic  transport,  144,  207 

Webb,  James  E.,  235,  269 

Wright  Brothers  Day,  313-314 
Johnson,  Mrs.  Lyndon  B.,  292 
Johnson,     Lyndon     B.,     Presidential     Li- 
brary, 292 
Joint      Oceanographic      Institutions      for 

Deep    Earth    Sampling    (joides),    311 
Joint      Publications      Research      Service, 

336-337 
Jolly  Green  Giant  (helicopter),  146 
Jonash,  Edmund  R.,  104 
Jones,  John  W.,  43 
Jones,  Dr.  Wahon  W.,  286-287 
Jordon,  l/c  Joe  B.  (usaf),  2 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Aeronautical  Soci- 
ety, 91 
JPL.  See  Jet  Propulsion  Laboratory. 
Judi-Dart  (sounding  rocket),  31 
Jupiter  (planet),  120-121 

atmosphere,  16-17,  142 

exploration  of,  19,  30,  44,  51,  79,  148, 
153-154,  188-189,  275,  280-281, 
334 


life  on,  51,  142 

photographs  of,  6 
Jupiter  C  (booster) ,  22 
Jurgens,  Raymond  F.,  37-38 

K 

Kaminski,  Heinz,  54,  222 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  207 
Kaplan,  Dr.  Joseph,  29-30 
Kaplan,  Dr.  Lewis  D.,  283 
Kapustin  Yar,  U.S.S.R.,  130,  154,  310 
Karth,   Rep.  Joseph   E.,   58-59,   131-132 
KC-135       (flying      ionospheric      labora- 
tory), 302 
Keldysh,  Mstislav  V.,  272 
Kennedy,    President    John    F.,    147-148, 

212-213,  317-318,  325,  326 
Kennedy,     John     F.,     International    Air- 
port, 163,  187-188,  189,  194,  206 
Kennedy,  Sen.  Robert  F.,  326 
Kennedy  Space  Center   (ksc) 

Apollo/Saturn,     77,     78,      136,     144, 
186-187,  250,  252,  318,  321-322 

astronauts  at,  172,  208 

award,  89 

contract,  45,  172,  239 

facilities,  210,  256 

high-altitude  research,  143 

personnel,  150 

spacecraft    delivery    and   shipments    to. 
22,30,101,122,181,186 

spaceport,  1 

visits  to 

Humphrey,    Vice    President    Hubert 

H.,  287 
Johnson,  Mr.  Lyndon  B.,  292 
Robb,  Mrs.  Lynda,  292 
U.S.S.R.  scientists,  247 
Kentucky,  Univ.  of,  291 
Kerwin,  Joseph  P.,  134,  144 
Kiefer,  Paul  J.,  145 
KiKian,  Dr.  James  R.,  303-304 
King  George  Island,  46 
King,  Guy  H.,  44 
King,  Rev.  Martin  Luther,  324 
Kirkman,  Don,  215 
Kiruna     Range,     Sweden,    29,    70,     118, 

130,  133,  262 
Kistiakowsky,      Dr.     George      B.,      38, 

303-304,  328 
Kitt  Peak  National  Observatory,  6,  119, 

128 
Kittikachom,     Prime     Minister     Thanom 

(Thailand),  108 
Kitty  Hawk  Memorial  Trophy,  286,  303 
Klein,  MiUon,  44,  65,  94 
Kling  Report,  231 
Kling,  Vincent,  and  Associates,  231 
Kliore,  Dr.  Arvydas  J.,  199,  275-276 
Kluttz,  Jerry,  168 
Knight,  Maj.  William  J.   (usaf),  11-12, 

66,  95,  164,  211,  259,  299 
Knoppers,  Dr.  Anthonie  T.,  16 
Knowles,  Stephen,  185 
Kobzarez,  Alexander,  126 


400 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Kocjan,  Barbara  E.,  68 

Kokusai  Denshin  Denwa  Co.,  Ltd.,  82—83 

Komarov,    Col.   \ladimir   M.    (U.S.S.R.). 

70,  264 
Kometsky,  Dr.  George,  206 
Kordes,  Dr.  Eldon  E..  313 
Korea,  109,  137 
Korolev,  Sergei  P.,  17 
Kosygin,   Premier  Alexey  N.    (U.S.S.R.), 

72,  149,  189-190 
Kraft,  Joseph.  325 
Kranzberg,  Dr.  Melvin,  1 
Kraushaar,  Dr.  William,  93 
Krivsky,  Dr.  L.,  269 
Ksc.  See  Kennedy  Space  Center. 
Kubat,  Jerald  K.,  9 
Kubis,  Dr.  Joseph  F.,  287 
Kuchel,  Sen.  Thomas  H.,  121 
Kuers,  Werner  R.,  266,  272-273 
Kuiper,  Dr.  Gerard  P.,  12-13 
Kurashiki  Astronomical  Observatory,  155 
Kuznetsov    N.K.-144    (U.S.S.R.    turbofan 

engine),  332 
Kwajalein  Test  Site,  72 

L 

L-1011  (jet  airbus),  72,  72 

Laboratory,    12-13,    17-18,    59,    91,    101, 

151,  266 
LaGow.  Herman  E.,  283 
La    Guardia   Airport,    179,    189,    194,  206 
Laika  (dog,  U.S.S.R.),  46 
Laird,  Rep.  Melvin  R.,  309,  331 
Lambert  Field,  Mo.,  207 
Lancaster,  Calif.,  279 
Land,  Dr.  Edwin  H.,  38 
Langley  Aeronautical  Laboratory,  281 
Langley  Research  Center   (LaRc)    (nasa), 
144,  177,  300 

award,  116,  283 

collision-avoidance  system,  179 

contract,  87,  123 

Digital      Computer      Complex      Group, 
164 

Explorer  program,  182 

Flight   Control   Research   Facility,    164 

Lunar  Orbiter  program,  24 

noise  alleviation  conference,  247 

paraglider,  187  . 

personnel,  15,  65,  101,  134^135,  173 

runway  grooving  research,  125,  286 

RAM  program,  198-199 

VTOL  aircraft,  276-277 
Langmuir  probe,  45,  46—47 
Lankard,  J.  P.,  169 
Lannan,  John,  205.  215,  230,  237,  311 
Lapp,  Dr.  Ralph  E.,  308,  311 
Larsen,  Dr.  Finn  J.,  238 
Las  Vegas,  Nev.,  108 
Laser,  312 

experiments.     6,     10,     71,      183,     262, 
282-283 

measurement  of,  39 

production  of,  169 

use  of,  6,  183,  259 


Latin  America,  230 
Launch  Complex  13,  55 
Launch  Complex  34 

Saturn  IB  test,  136,  144,  173.  186 

Saturn/Apollo 
launch.  250 
mating,  186,  197,  204,  206 

side-wire  escape  way  test,  210 
Launch  Complex  37,  256 
Launch  Complex  39,  318 
Launch   Escape   System    (les)     (Apollo), 

78 
Launch  vehicle  (see  also  individual 
launch  vehicles  such  as  Atlas-Cen- 
taur, Saturn,  etc.),  36,  37,  185 

U.S.,  235-236,  246 

U.S.S.R.,  33-34,  36,  93,  186-187 
Lawrence,  David,  332 
Lawrence    Radiation    Laboratory     (Univ. 

of  Calif.),  329 
Learjet,  179 
Leasco     Systems     and     Research     Corp., 

169,  245 
Leavitt,  William,  28 
Lebedev.  Vladimir,  81 
Lederer,  Jerome  F.,  315 
Lefkowitz,  Louis  J.,  279 
Leonov,  l/c   Aleksey   A.    (U.S.S.R.),   81, 

85,  190 
LES.  See  Launch  Escape  System. 
Les    V    (Lincoln   Laboratory    Experimen- 
tal Satellite),  79,  137,228 
Les  VI,  228,  335 
Lesher,  Dr.  Richard  L.,  35 
Levitt,  Dr.  I.  M.,  27-28 
Lewellyn.  John  A.,  200 
Lewis    Research    Center    (lcrc)     (nasa) 

Aerospace    Safety    Research    and    Data 
Institute,  95-96 

Atlas-Agena,  54-55 

Atlas-Centaur,  3,  8 

award,  281,  283,  300 

budget,  41 

contract,  59,  82,  144,  329 

noise  abatement,  248 

organization.  104 

personnel,  26,  32,  101,  104,  118,  134-135 

Propulsion  Systems  Laboratory,  214—215 

research,  302 

SERT  II,  26 

supersonic  transport  engine,  233 
Lewis,  Dr.  W.  Deming,  36 
LEX   (French  sounding  rocket),  9 
Ley,  Willy,  28 
LFU.  See  Lunar  flying  unit. 
Libby,  Dr.  Willard  F.,  17,  302 
Library   of   Congress,   202,   203-204 
Lick  Observatory,  119 
Liepmann,  Dr.  Hans  W.,  5,  15 
Lifting  body  vehicle,  65 

HL-10,    63.    131,    139,    224-225,    240, 
261,  279,  306,  335 

M2-F2,  67-68 

X-24,  42 


401 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Lilly,  WiUiam  E.,  35,  48-^9 
Lima,  Peru,  146 
Lindbergh,  Anne  Morrow,  290 
Lindbergh,  Charles  A.,  104,  290,  306 
Ling-Temco-Vought     A— 7      (fighter     air- 
craft), 259 
Ling-Temco-Vought,    Inc.,    276-277 
Ling-Temco-Vought       (ltv)       Aerospace 
Corp.,  123,  167,  187 

Range  Systems  Div.,  3 
Linville,  Dr.  John  R.,  5 
Liquid  hydrogen,  79-80 
Little  Dipper  (constellation),  161,  310 
LM.  See  Lunar  module, 
LLRV.  See  Lunar  Research  Vehicle. 
LLTV.     See      Lunar     Landing     Training 

Vehicle. 
LMs.  See  Lunar  module  simulator. 
Local   scientific    survey    module    (lssm), 

51-52 
Lockheed  Aircraft  Corp.,  5,  43,  128,  293 

C-5A   (cargo  transport),  146-147,  285, 
312-313 

contract,  62,  173,  187,  225,  278 

Deep  Submergence  Search  Vehicle,  227 

F-104  (Starfighter),165 

L-1011  airbus,  72 

Marietta,  Ga.,  plant  purchase,  231 
Lockheed-California   Co.,   48 
Lockheed  Electronics  Co.,  123,  308 
Lockheed-Georgia  Co.,  54,  146-147 
Lockheed  Missiles  and  Space  Co.,  148 

contract,  11,  26,  61,  120,  123,  151,  298 

missile,  61 

pollution  study,  158 

sounding     rocket     experiment,     40-41, 
256-257 

Space  Systems  Div.,   130 
Logsdon,  Prof.  John  M.,  325 
Logunov,  Dr.  Anatoli  A.,  316 
London  Imperial  College,  70 
London,  U.K.,  89-90,  117,  185,  210,  278 
Long-Tank   Delta    (booster),  216 
Long-Tank  Thrust- Augmented  Thor 

(lttat) -Agena  D  (booster),  16,  61 
Look,  99 

LOR.  See  Lunar  orbit  rendezvous. 
Los  Alamos  (N.  Mex.)  Scientific  Labora- 
tory, 91,  94,  123 
Los  Altos  Morning  Forum,  119 
Los  Angeles,  Calif.,  112,   186,  188,  221, 
265,  312 

meeting  in,  65,  66,  262-263 
Los   Angeles   International   Airport,   197- 

198 
Los    Angeles    Junior    Chamber    of    Com- 
merce, 121 
Losey,  Robert  M.,  Award,  316 
Louisiana,  73-74 
Lovelace,  Dr.  W.  Randolph,  II,  28 
Lovell,  Sir  Bernard,  42,  54,  211-212,  222, 

289,  327-328 
Lovell,  Capt.  James  A.,  Jr.  (usn) 

Apollo  8  flight,  318,  322-323,  327 


preparations   for,  59,   183,   196,  223, 
261-262,  278 

award,  332 

Humphrey,  Vice  President   Hubert  H., 
visit  with,  287 

press  conference,  285,  304—305 

White  House  visit,  306 
Low,  Robert  J.,  169-170 
Lowell  Observatory,  219 
Lowery,  Mrs.  Barbara,  153-154 
LRV.  See  Lunar  roving  vehicle. 
LSSM.  See  Local  scientific  survey  module. 
LTA.  See  Lunar  Test  Article. 
LTV.  See  Ling-Temco-Vought,  Inc. 
LTV  Service  Technology  Corp.,  145 
Lucas,  Dr.  W.  R.,  303 
Luedecke,   m/g   Alvin   R.    (usaf.   Ret.), 

283 
Lugo,  Fernando,  41-42 
Lukasik,  Dr.  Stephen  J.,  40 
Lukens,  Matthias  E.,  5 
Luna  IX  (U.S.S.R.  lunar  probe),  61 
Luna  XIV,  81,  83,  87,  335-336 
Lunar  flying  unit  (lfu)  ,  51-52 
Lunar  Landing  Research  Vehicle   (llrv), 

105,  116,  257 
Lunar  Landing  Training  Vehicle,    (lltv) 

305 
Lunar    module    (lm),    19-20,    116,    183, 
218-219 

contract,  86 

flight  test,  1,  191 
No.  1,  13,  17,  37,  63 
No.  2,  78,  92 

ground  test,  143,  173,  181 

Lunar  Module  3,  158,  173,  181,  196 

manned,  127,  191,  279-280 
Lunar  module  simulator  (lms),  227-228, 

266 
Lunar  orbit  rendezvous  (lor),  318 
Lunar     Orbiter      (program),     41,     281, 

301-302 
Lunar  Orbiter  I,  24 
Lunar  Orbiter  II,  24 
Lunar  Orbiter  III,  24 
Lunar  Orbiter  IV,  24,  266 
Lunar  Orbiter  V,  12-13,  24,  193-194,  266 
Lunar  roving  vehicle  (lrv),  295 
Lunar  Science  Institute,  53,  267 
Lunar  Test  Article  (lta),  205-206 
Lundin,  Bruce  T.,  32,  118-119 
Luskin,  Harold  T.,  15,  48,  65,  293,  315 
Lysenko,  Trofim  D.,  298 

M 

M2-F2  (lifting-body  vehicle) ,  67-68 

McCaffery,  Robert  J.,  283 

McCarthy,  Sen.  Eugene  J.,  159 

McCartin,  Matthew  J.,  83 

Macomber,  Frank,  156 

McConnell,    Gen.    John    P.    (usaf),    39, 

122,  130,  152 
McCormack,  James,  111 
McCormack,  Rep.  John  W.,  16 
McCormick,  Leander,  151 


402 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


McDermott,  Sgt.  Robert  (usa),  112 
McDivitt,  l/c  James  A.   (usaf),  97,  167, 

196,  306 
MacDonald,  Dr.  James  E.,  169 
McDonald  Observatory,  294 
McDonnell    Douglas    Corp.,    22,    44,    47, 

260-261 
McDonnell,  James  S.,  260-261 
Mclver,  Dr.  R.  G.,  283-284 
McKee,   Gen.   William   F.    (usaf.    Ret.), 

150,  233 
Mackin,  Prof.  J.  Hoover,  188 
McKinsey   Foundation   lecture,   103,    109. 

115 
McNair,  Prof.  Arthur  J.,  326 
McNamara,  Secretary  of  Defense  Robert 
S.,  12,  20,  29,  51.  53,  75,  93-94,  112, 
229,  270 
Madrid,  Spain,  312 
Magnetometer,  130-136 
Magnetosphere,     88,     138-139,     153-154, 

210-211 
Magnuson,  Sen.  Warren  G.,  26,  209,  314 
Mallick,    Donald    L.,    8,    131,    167,    208, 

298-299 
Management  Services,  Inc.,  122 
Managing    the    Environment    (House    re- 
port), 135 
Manhattan  Project,  311 
Manila,  Philippines.  103 
Manke,  John  A.,  131,  240,  279 
Mann,  Dr.   David   E.,  43 
Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory    (mol),  32, 
105,  126,  208,  255,  293 
appropriations,    19,   20.    122,    166,    171, 

308-309 
cooperation,  20,  70,  102 
launch  complex,  335 
test,  20 
Manned    space    flight     (see    also    Apollo 
program,      Gemini      program,      and 
flights ;        Astronaut ;        Cosmonaut ; 
Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory;   Soyuz 
3   flight;    Space   biology;    and    Space 
station),  73-74,  80-81,  281,  304-305 
achievements,    24,    66,    165,    190,    215, 
236-237,     253,    269,    324-325,    326, 
327-328,  334-335 
criticism,  25,  51,  257 
EVA.  See  Extravehicular  activity, 
funding,     19-20,    33-34,     35,     53,    98. 

102-103,  140,  218,  311,  336 
hazards,  25,  200-201,  230,  278,  311 
long-duration,  35,  219 
lunar     landing,     manned.     See     Moon 

landing,  manned, 
military  potential,  205 
policy  and  plans 

U.S.,  33-34,  35,  41,  47,  51-52,  55, 
61-62,  63,  86,  92-93,  94-95,  97, 
108-109,  112-113,  141,  173,  180, 
188-189,  191,  194,  196,  215,  223, 
243,  245,  265-266,  276,  282-283, 
311,  312,  314,  328 


U.S.S.R.,  34,  40,   116-117,  178,  222, 

223,      254,      264-265,      267-268, 

277-278 

safety,    4-5,   25,   51,    92-93,   246,   264, 

265-266,  273 

Manned    Space   Flight   Network    (msfn), 

5,  12,  97-98,  258,  273-274,  312,  335 
Manned       Spacecraft       Center        (msc) 
(NASA),  39,  222-223,  224,  227,  246, 
291 
Apollo  spacecraft,  78,  253,  322 
astronauts  at,   164,   168,  208,  220,  285, 

304-305 
award,  75 

contract,  14,  22,  146 
Lunar    Landing    Test    Vehicle     (lltv), 

305 
Lunar  Receiving  Laboratory,  267 
management,  218-219 
patent,  145 

Space  Physics  Div.,  130-131 
Space  Environment  Simulation  Labora- 
tory, 144 
spacecraft     test.     See     Apollo     (space- 
craft), 
visits  to 

Bourguiba,    President    Habib    (Tuni- 
sia), 118 
Johnson,  President  Lyndon  B.,  53 
Nixon,    President-elect    Richard    M., 

207 
Webb,  James  E.,  53 
Manovtsev,  Gherman  A.,  324 
Man's      Geophysical     Environment:     Its 

Study  from  Space  (essa  study),  73 
Mansfield,  Sen.  Mike,  249 
Manson,  m/g  Hugh  B.  (usaf),  11-12 
March,  James  G.,  115 
Marder,  Murrey,  161 
Marietta,  Ga.,  231 
Marine  Resources  Council,  284 
Marine  Science  Affairs — A  Year  of  Plans 
and  Progress    (President's   report),   60 
Mariner    (program),   8,    33-34,   240-241, 

281-282 
Mariner  F,  118 
Mariner  G,  118 

Mariner  II  (Venus  probe),  199 
Mariner  III  (Mars  probe),  118 
Mariner  V   (Venus  probe),  10,  162,   199, 

241,  275-276 
Mark  11  (reentry  vehicle),  8 
Mark  17,  8 

Marks,  Leonard  H.,  239 
Mars   (planet)    (see  also  Mariner  III  and 
Voyager  program),  162 
atmosphere,  328-329 
exploration  of,  219,  280-281,  327,  334 
funding,     18,     162,     188-189,     241, 

281-282 
manned,  259 
plans    for,    118,    162,    182,    18&-189, 

248-249,  281-282,  301-302 
spacecraft,    18,    43,   44,    78-79,    118, 


403 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


(msfc) 
98,  143, 


85-86, 


212,  248-249,  281-282,  287-288 
unmanned,  51,  66,   78-79,   212,   215, 
248-249 
life  on,  97,  188-189 
magnetic  field,  329 
photographs,  215,  249,  301-302 
surface,  170,  249,  301-302 
Marshall  Islands,  72 
Marshall    Space    Flight    Center 
(NASA),  57-58,  66,  68,  91, 
275 
anniversary,  149,  235 
Apollo    Telescope    Mount,    62 

218-219,  240 
Astrionics  Laboratory,  59 
award,  235,  283 

contract,  62,  79,  85-86,  110,  120,   122, 
240,  257,  266,  295 
Saturn,  75,  77,  79,  127,  207,  239,  257, 
262,  275,  328 
employment,  149,  168 
launch  vehicle.  See  Saturn. 
Lunar  roving  vehicle  (lrv),  295 
management,  219 

Manufacturing      Engineering      Labora- 
tory, 272-273 
meeting,  88 

marine  transportation,  110 
organization,  303 
Pegasus  program,  203 
personnel,  20,  45,  47-48 
Safety  Office,  121 
Saturn      I      Workshop,      21-22,      202, 

218-219 
Space  Sciences  Laboratory,  110 
Test  Laboratory,  144 
Martin  Marietta  Corp.,  42,  163,  199 
Maryland,  Univ.  of,  67,  128,  173,  198 
Maser,  312 
Mason,  Roy,  59-^0 

Massachusetts  General  Hospital,  312—313 
Massachusetts     Institute     of     Technology 
(mit),  1,  5,  57,   139-140,  148,  224, 
268,  303-304,  312 
Department  of  Aeronautics  and   Astro- 
nautics, 53,  316 
Div.  of  Sponsored  Research,  14 
experiment,  170 
research,  49,  200,  238-239 
School  of  Engineering,  99 
Masursky,  Dr.  Harold,  254-255 
Materials      technology,      39, 
150-151,   157,   162-163,  177 
253,  265,  267-268 
The    Mathematical   Sciences:    A    Report, 

291-292 
Mathematics,  291-292,  293 
Mathews,  Charles  W.,  65,  86,  108 
Mathews,  l/c  Wayne  (usaf,  Ret.),  128 
Matthews,  N.  Whitney,  152 
Mattoni,  Dr.  Rudolph  H.  T.,  325 
Max  Planck  Institute,  130,  133,  160,  214 
Maxwell,   m/g  Jewell  C.    (usaf),  66-67, 
202-203,  207,  217 


53,      144, 
234,  251, 


May,  Tom  R.,  146-147,  155-156 

Mazur,  Daniel  G.,  225 

Mechling,  A.  L.,  Inc.,  110 

Meeker,  Leonard  C,  281 

"Meet  the  Press"  (TV  program),  276 

Meghreblian,  Dr.  Robert  V.,  152-153 

Meitner,  Dr.  Lise,  265 

Melbourne,  Australia,  306-307 

Melbourne,  Fla.,  156 

Mellon  Institute  Award,  110 

Melnikov,  N.,  226 

Memorandum  of  Understanding,  137 

Merck  &  Company,  Inc.,  16 

Mercury     (planet),     30,     184,     188-189, 

280-281,  334 
Mercury     (program),    66,    102-103,    161, 

220,  221-222,  236-237,  281,  325 
Mercury  (spacecraft),  148 
Mesa  Verde  National  Park,  155 
Messerschmitt-Bolkow,  151 
Messmer,      Defense      Minister      Pierre 

(France),  200 
Meteor,  5,  185-186,  287 
Meteorite,  5,  120 
Meteoroid,  177 

Meteorological  satellite  (see  also  individ- 
ual satellites,  such  as  Ats  III,  Ats 
IV,  Essa  VI,  Essa  VII,  Essa  VIII), 
185,  229,  232,  237,  306-307 

cooperation, 

U.S.-U.S.S.R.,  2 

ground  station,  97 

Nimbus  program,  1,  33-34,  49,  60-61, 
116,  145,  241-242,  243 

photographs  by,  97,  229,  311 

Tiros  program,  49,  191,  311 

U.S.S.R.,  2 
Meteorology,      101-102,     235,     236-237, 
251 

award,  316 

cooperation,  306—307 

NASA-ESS  A,  111,  262,  335 
U.S.-U.S.S.R.,  65-66 

forecasting,     85,     102,     257-258,     295, 
334-335 

hailstone  research,  247 

satellite.  See  Meteorological  satellite. 

sounding  rocket  experiments,  10,  168 

U.S.S.R.,  2,  61 

World   Weather   Watch,    19,    127,    155, 
306-307 
Metric  system,  197 
Mexico,  39,  59,  295 
Mexico  City,  Mexico,  295 
Mi-6  (U.S.S.R.  helicopter),  126 
Mi-10,  126 

Miami  Beach,  Fla.,  178-179 
Miami,  Univ.  of,  91-92 
Michel,  F.  Curtis,  92 
Michener,  Gov.  Gen.  Roland,  327 
Michigan,   Univ.   of,  39,  64-65,  85,   115, 
168,  182-183,  183-184,  256,  287 

Space     Physics     Research    Laboratory, 
328-329 
Michoud    Assembly    Facility    (msfc),    3, 


404 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


91,  171,  173,  227,  296 

Micrometeoroid,    61,    118,    129-130,    130, 
177,  177-178,  185-186,  197,  310-311, 

Middle  East,  205 

MiG-15  (U.S.S.R.  fighter  aircraft),  70 

MiG-23    (Foxbat)     (U.S.S.R.   fighter  air- 
craft), 171-172,  195 

"The  Military  Balance"  (report),  210 

Military  technology,  29,  43,  102,  334 

Milky         Way  (galaxy),         114^115, 

208-209,  224,  247 

MiUer,  Frederic  H.,  150 

Miller,  Rep.  George  P.,  15-16,  32,  235 

Miller,  Dr.  Rene  H.,  224,  316 

Minashin,  Vladimir,  189-190 

Mineola,  N.  Y.,  11 

Miniaturization,  186,  237,  267-268 

Minnesota,  Univ.  of,  88,  177 

Minott,  Peter  O.,  183 

Minuteman   (icbm),  3,  148,  237,  312-313 

Minuteman  I,  193 

Minuteman  II,  18-19,  193 

Minuteman  III,  159,  193,  195 

MiRV.  See  Multiple  Independently  Target- 
able  Reentry  Vehicle. 

Missile,  126,  130,  272,  276,  284 
air-to-air,  98,  160 
antimissile,  72,  88,  133,  138,   143,   159. 

180,  242 
ballistic  intercontinental    (icbm),  3,  18. 

29,  42,  138,  191,  195,  210,  289,  312 
contract,  61 
detection,  208 
foreign 

Communist  China,  29 

H  raripp     153 

U.S.S.R.,  29,  42,  55,  159,  210,  272, 
289 
medium-range,  29 
nuclear,  29,  228 

orbital,  55,  93,  94,  178,  255,  329 
underwater-to-surface,  19,  61,  153,  159, 

193,  195 
limitation   of,   149-150,    159,    166,    188, 
191,  195,  209 

Mississippi,  73-74 

Mississippi    Test    Facility    (mtf),    73-74 
contract,  173 
test,  30,  36,  73-74,  122,  186 

MIT.  See  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology. 

Mitchell,      L/Cdr.     Edgar      D.      (usn), 
279-280 

Mitchell,  Ind.,  39 

Moffet,  Dr.  Alan,  114-115 

Mojave    Desert    Ground    Station.    Calif., 
78-79,  146,  155,  291 

MOL.  See  Manned  Orbiting  Laboratory. 

Molniya    (U.S.S.R.  communications   satel- 
lite), 10 

Molniya  1-8,  88,  110,  335-336 

Molniya  1-9,  155,  335-336 

Molniya  I-W,  244,  335-336 

Mondale,  Sen.  Walter  F.,  25 


Mondane,  France,  134 

Mongolia,  189-190 

Monkey  experiment,  47,  95,  151,  181,  273, 

283-284 
Montreal,  Canada,  157,  163,  295 
Moon,   120-121,   136,   142,   153-154,   158, 
167,  177,  190,  221,  294,  330-331 
crater,     50,     78,     250,     254-255,     298, 

319 
eclipse,  250 

exploration  of,  22-24,  34,  41,  51-52,  54, 
66,  68,  72-73,  79,  211-212,  222, 
232,  242,  245,  248-249,  259,  267, 
277,  278,  281,  285,  287-288.  289, 
308,  311,  327,  329-330,  336 
equipment,  51-52,  105,  106 
laboratory,  79 

landing,   33-34,   35-36,   213,   215,   218, 
220,  222,  233 
manned,    19,   33,   46,   63,   79,   80-81, 
81-82,  87,  97,  105,  112,  141.  178, 
186,  191,  194,  215,  222,  237,  242, 
245,     246,     248-249,     250,     254, 
255-256,  259,  265,  267,  277,  282, 
287-288,   289,  295,  312,  314,  325, 
328,  332 
simulated,  105,  292 
soft,  3,  6,  35-36,  335 
unmanned,  112-113,  289 
landing  simulator,  257 
landing    site,    35-36,    51-52,    66,    265, 

266,  319 
Lunar  Science  Institute,  53,  267 
nomenclature,  28 
photographs,  6,  23,   35-36,   54,  61,   78, 

215,  266,  298,  326 
probe,  3,  6-7,  42,  81,  83,  278,  282-283 
surface,  3,  6-7,  37,  50,  52,  61,  68,  78, 
181-182,  188,  193-194,  250,  254-255, 
316-317,  319,  330,  334-335,  336 
Moore,  Wendell  F.,  107 
Moorer,  Adm.  Thomas  H.   (usn),  14,  314 
Moree,  Australia,  120 
Morris,  Mildred  V.,  283 
Morton,  Dr.  Louis,  1 

Moscow    (U.S.S.R.),    10,    211-212,    222, 
316 
accident,  70 
airline  service,  163,  194 
airport,  332 

anniversary  ceremony,  45-46 
nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty  signing, 

149 
press  conference,  119,  272 
weather  data  exchange,  306—307 
Moscow  Univ.,  268 
Mt.  Hamilton,  Calif.,  119 
Mount  Hopkins,  Ariz.,  262 
Mount  Locke,  Tex.,  294 
Mt.  Palomar  Observatory,  82,  300 
Mt.  Wilson  Observatory,  82,  300 
Mrazek,  Dr.  William  A.,  122-123 
Msc.  See  Manned  Spacecraft  Center. 
MSFC.  See  Marshall  Space  Flight  Center. 


405 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


MSFN.  See  Manned  Space  Flight  Network 

MTF.  See  Mississippi  Test  Facility. 

Mueller,  Dr.  George  E.,  4-5 
Apollo,  157,  191,  265-266,  289 
Apollo  Applications,  41 
award,  199 
launch  vehicle,  185 
space  program,  37,  51,  103,  157,  210 
systems  engineering,  157,  246 
technology  utilization,  246,  293-294 
U.S.S.R.  space  program,  186-187 

Mulholland,  Dr.  J.  Derral,  120-121 

Muller,  Paul  M.,  193-194 

Multiple  Independently  Targetable  Reen- 
try Vehicle  (mirv),  188,  191,  193,  195, 
205 

Mundt,  Sen.  Karl  E.,  71 

Murder  on  Pad  34,  161 

Murphy,  Charles,  40 

Murphy,  James  T.,  121 

Murray,  Dr.  Bruce  C,  43,  248-249 

Murray,  Grover,  115 

Mururoa  Atoll,  153,  156,  207-208 

Myers,  Boyd  C,  II,  163,  283 

Myskowski,  Edwin  T.,  152 

IV 

NAA.  See  National  Aeronautics  Assn. 

Nabrit,  Dr.  Samuel  M.,  143 

NACA.  See  National  Advisory  Committee 
for  Aeronautics. 

NAE.  See  National  Academy  of  Engineer- 
ing. 

NAR.  See  North  American  Rockwell  Corp. 

NAS.  See  National  Academy  of   Sciences. 

NASA-AEC  Space  Nuclear  Propulsion 
Office,  65,  75,  94 

NASA  Apollo  Applications  Program 
Office,  79 

NASA  Apollo  Site  Selection  Board,  35—36 

NASA  Board  of  Contract  Appeals,  83 

NASA  Contract  Adjustment  Board,  83 

NASA  Committee  on  Extra- Vehicular  Ac- 
tivities, 316-317 

NASA  Communications  Network  (nas- 
com),5,  61,  246 

NASA  Historical  Advisory  Committee,  1 

NASA  Lunar  and  Planetary  Missions  Ad- 
visory Board,  29-30 

NASA  Management  Advisory  Panel,  91-92 

NASA  Manned  Space  Flight  Safety  Office, 
51,  63,  315 

NASA  Office  of  Advanced  Research  and 
Technology  (oart),  34,  44,  57,  67-68, 
97,  121,  163,  203,  262 

NASA  Office  of  Aerospace  Safety  Research 
Programs,  121 

NASA  Office  of  Facihties,  120 

NASA  Office  of  Manned  Space  Flight 
(omsf),  2,  32,  35,  78,  84,  112,  122, 
253,  293,  322 

NASA  Office  of  Space  Science  and  Appli- 
cations (ossa)  2,  24,  34,  50,  55, 
56-57,  152-153,  182,  185,  304,  334 

NASA  Office  of  Technology  Utilization,  82, 


310 
NASA  Office  of  Tracking  and  Data  Acqui- 
sition     (otda),     17,      78,     253,     262, 
321-322 
NASA  Pasadena  (Cahf.)  Office,  243 
NASA  Post  Apollo  Advisory  Group,  17 
NASA    Scientific    and    Technical    Informa- 
tion Facility,  154,  169 
NASC.     See     National     Aeronautics     and 

Space  Council. 
NAscoM.  See  nasa  Communications  Net- 
work. 
Natal,  Brazil,  68,  130-131 
Nathan,  Dr.  Robert,  154 
National  Academy  of  Engineering  (nae), 
31,  75,  175,  177 
Aeronautics     and     Space     Engineering 

Board,  187 
Founders  Medal,  43 
National    Academy    of    Sciences     (nas), 
255,  312 
annual  meeting,  93 
applications  satellite  study,  27,  36,  73, 

76-77,  117,  124-125,  219,  241-242 
Committee  on  SST-Sonic  Boom,  56 

Subcommittee   on    Human    Response, 

134 
Subcommittee  on  Research,  8 
Computer     Science     and     Engineering 

Board,  134 
contract,  317 

cooperation,    31,    177,    216-217 
Lunar  Science  Institute,  53,  267 
report,  7,  36,  152,  291-292,  293 
space  program,  36,  90 
Space    Science    Board,    188,    219,    275, 

276 
symposia,  46,  216,  217 
UFO  study  review,  99 
National   Advisory    Committee   for   Aero- 
nautics (naca),  102,  134-135,  175,  281 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Act,  237, 

248,  306,  334 
National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Admin- 
istration (nasa)  (see  also  nasa  cen- 
ters, programs,  satellites,  and  related 
headings,  such  as  Ames  Research 
Center,  Apollo  program,  Essa  VII), 
12,  38,  103,  109,  115,  127,  128,  133, 
134,  143,  144,  145,  146,  198,  218,  225, 

247,  275,  280,  287,  291,  294,  295,  301, 
325 

accomplishments,  10-11,  22-24,  36,  48, 
66,  162-163,  215,  232,  235-238,  239, 

248,  249,  253 
Aerospace    Safety   Advisory    Panel,    32, 

87,  122 
agreement.  See  Agreement. 
Airborne    Auroral    Expedition,    10-11, 

17,  72 
anniversary,  63,  80,  149,  235,  237,  239, 

253,  334 
Apollo  204  Review  Board.   See  Apollo 

204  Review  Board. 


406 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


astronaut.  See  Astronaut. 

awards   and   honors,   2,   39,   70-71,   89, 

91,    194,   199,   235,   260,   276,   281, 

286,  300,  303,  306,  316 
Distinguished     Service     Medal,    263, 

269,  283,  332 
Exceptional     Scientific     Achievement 

Medal,  263,  283 
Exceptional  Service  Medal,  194,  269, 

283 
Group  Achievement  Award,  164,  283 
budget,  FY  1969,  7,  18-20,  24,  56,  59, 

75,    99,    119,    126,    129,    135-136, 

139-140,    168,    170,    175-176,    182, 

188,  190,  213,  233,  250,  262,  272, 

276,  287,  288,  334,  336 
bills  signed,  152,  243 
House  consideration 

appropriations,   32,    108,   140,   218, 
243 

authorization,     15-16,    32,    33-35, 

41,   43,   44,   47,   48,  50,  53,   99, 

101,  102,  127,  135-136,  152,  170 

interim  operating  plan,  182,  240-242 

press  comment,  85,  90,  129,  133,  139, 

141,   182,   194,  215,  229,  255-256, 

324 
Senate  consideration 

appropriations,   140,   165-166,   227, 
240-242,  243 

authorization,       30,      48-50,       57, 

90-91,  93,  94,  98,  110,  129,  170 

Vietnam   war,   effect   of,    15,   56,   99, 

131,  146,  215,  245,  336 
budget,  FY  1970,  255,  274,  294 
conference,  109,  247,  286 
contract,  86,  187,  317,  331 
aircraft,  149 
balloon,  68 
computer  services,  3,  75,  79,  82,  123, 

144,  145,  239 
data  management,  262 
engine,  9,  26,  35,  113,  149,  207,  227, 

248,  257,  262,  264,  275 
facilities,  59,  78-80,  97-98,  122,  146, 

169,  214,  226,  245,  328,  331 
fuel,  79,  266 
fuel  cell,  294 
guidance   and   navigation,   8,   14,   77. 

82,  328 
instrumentation,  80 
launch  services,  8.  39,  59,  75 
launch  vehicle,  8,  35,  39,  84,  99,  104, 

123,  127,  144,  149,  226,  275 
nuclear  propulsion,  59,  75 
sounding  rocket,  143 
space  equipment,  22,  85-86,  87,  130, 

202,  295 
space      station,      62,      86-87,      202, 

242-243 
spacecraft,    60-61,    86-87,    120,    146, 

151,  163,  172,  209,  281-282 
study,  61,  87,  275 


support   services,   9,    12,   59,   61,    75, 

79-80,  104,  110,  120,  123,  172,  173, 

239,  289,  308 
telescope,  184,  202,  240 
tracking,  12,  97-98,  143,  146 
cooperation,  235-236 
AEC,  65,  82,  156,  170,  335 
Agriculture,  Dept.  of,  299 
Commerce,  Dept.  of,  299 
ComSatCorp,  335 

DOD,  20,  33,  69-70,  84,  156,  238,  310 
ESSA,  110,  262,  335 
FAA,  168 

Geological  Survey,  118 
Interior,  Dept.  of,  101,  299 
Naval  Research  Laboratory,  56-57 
usAF,  38,  42,  63,  83,  156,  168,  261, 

335 
usN, 101,  299 
cooperation,   international.   See  Interna- 
tional      cooperation,       space;       and 
Sounding    rocket,    international    pro- 
grams, 
criticism,  86,  133 

Apollo  AS-204  accident,  25,  223 
Apollo  8  flight,  289,  328 
employment,  24,  35,  73-74,  85,  115-116, 

141,  149,  168,   182,  213,  237,  250, 

256,  272,  276,  328,  336 
facilities,  33-35,  164,  242,  256,  296 
Historical  Advisory  Committee,  1 
launch,  1 
Apollo  5  (AS-204),  13,334 
Apollo  6  (AS-502),  77,334 
Apollo  7  (AS-205),  250-253,  334^335 
Apollo  8  (AS-503),  318-322,  335 
balloon  (Explorer  XXXIX),  182 
cost,  37 
failure,  116,  184^185,  216,  225,  243, 

261 
postponed,  13 
probe,  1 

Pioneer  IX    (Pioneer  D),  273-274 

South     Atlantic     Anomaly     Probe, 
130-131 

Surveyor  VII    (Surveyor  G),   1,  3, 
335 
reentry  test 

RAM  c-ii,  198-199,  258,  335 

reentry  F  experiment,  97,  193 
satellite,  335-336 

Ats  IV  (ats-d),  184^185 

Aurorae  (Esro  I),  240 

Esro  II-B,  113 

Essa  VII    (tos-e),   VIII    (tos-f), 
191-193,  311 

Explorer    XXXVI,    XXXV II, 
XXXVIII,   XXXIX.    ZL,  7-8, 
56-57,  153-154,  182 

Heos-A,  300-301 

Intelsat-III  F-2,  314^315 

Oao  II  (OAO-A2),  304 

Ogo  V  (OGO-E),  54-55 
sounding  rocket,  1,  62—63 


407 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Aerobee  150,  17,  30,  36,  40,  65.  67, 
104,  115,  128,  175,  206,  211,  214, 
221,  224 
Aerobee  150A,  141,  289-290,  291 
Aerobee    150    MI,    49-50,    90,    97, 
118,  121,  169,  170,  219,  232,  238, 
247-248,  256-257,  282,  290,  303, 
316 
Areas,  86,  214 
Areas  I,  60,  175 
Astrobee  1500,  88 
Black  Brandt  IV,  106,  130-131 
Boosted  Areas  II,  219,  262 
Javelin,  54,  82,  113,  308 
Nike-Apache,  45,  46-47,  64-65,  70, 
76,   90,    126-127,    129-130,    133, 
168,  181,  182-183,  185-186,  197, 
198,  273,  287,  300,  310-311 
Nike-Cajun,  9,  29,  32-33,  68,  168, 
213-214,  216,  255,  256,  287,  288, 
291,  309-310 
Nike-Tomahawk,     13,     14,     31-32, 
43-44,  45,  49,  53-54,  60,  62-63, 
64-65,  67,  90,  94,  98,  173,  183, 
198,  219-220,  221,  223,  256 
Pacemaker,  144 
management,    24,    115,    157,    218-219, 

222-223,  284 
Management    Advisory    Panel,    91-92, 

206 
manpower.  See  Employment, 
organization,    33,    49,    84,    95-96,    104, 

116,  120,  121,  303,  316-317 
patents,  145,  187 

personnel,  2,  8-9,  15,  26,  29,  32,  45,  51, 
53,  65,  68,  75,  83,  87,  89,  91-92,  101, 
104,  109,  121,  128,  152-153,  156,  160, 
163,  207,  212-213,  215,  218,  221-222, 
224,  229,  230,  233,  239,  245,  246-247, 
268,  272-273,  298,  315,  328 
appointment,  5-6,  17,  26,  29,  32,  48, 
51,   87-88,   92,   117,   118,   122-123, 
150,  160,  206,  209,  233,  264,  318 
death,  152,  173,  293,  298,  315. 
resignation,  13,  17,  117,  118,  122-123, 

128,  150,  172,  230,  244,  336 
retirement,    112,    243,    266,    272-273, 
298 
procurement,  35,  41 

programs,   1,  14,  22-24,   162,  182,  215, 
241-242 
aeronautics,  19,  25,  33,  34,  47,  48,  57, 
104,    109-110,   118,   125,   162,   166, 
179,   187,  197,  225,  237,  238,  247, 
248,  256,  270,  288,  313,  317 
astronomy,  18,  19,  24,  30,  33,  34,  41, 
43,  44,  51,  56,  148,  162,  188,  194, 
201,  243,  280,  281,  301,  312 
earth    resources,    7,    19,    50,    73,    85, 

125,  257,  334 
international,  2,  20-21,  177,  202,  210, 

254,  336 
manned   space   flight,   4,    19,   25,   34, 
35,  51,  53,  55,  63,  73,  86,  92,  97, 


103,    108-109,    112-113,   140,    141, 

180,   188-189,   191,   194,   196,   223, 

243,  245,  265,  276,  278,  282,  311, 

314,  327-328 

meteorology,  11,  34,  49,  102,  137,  145 

nuclear  propulsion,  18,  19,  33,  34,  44, 

53,  57,  65,  93,  94,  98,  170,  288-289 

sounding  rocket,  1,  10,  336 

space  medicine,   151,   165,   181,   211, 

218,  273,  313 
space  science,  19,  47,  52,  165,  334 
technology  utilization,  20,  36,  41,  48 
tracking  and  data  acquisition,  34-35, 
50,  65,  137 
Research     and     Technology     Advisory 

council,  5 
Semiannual  Report,  249 
supersonic  transport,   26,   47,   131,  233, 

237 
test,  37,  135,  210,  247 
aircraft,  166,  168,  276 
collision-avoidance  system,  179 
ion  engine,  303 
launch   vehicle,    21-22,   36,    91,    101, 

166,  206 
lifting-body  vehicle,  42,  63,  65,  67-68, 
131,   139,  224-225,  237,  240,  261, 
279,  306,  335 
materials,   144 
nuclear,  131,  143,  156 
parachute,  8,  158,  261,  309 
spacecraft,     13,     17,     42-43,    61-62, 
63-64,  78-79,   136,   144,  158,   172, 
173,  181,  193,  197,  201,  206,  208, 
227 
tracking,  144 
VTOL  aircraft,  276 
translations,  233 

universities,  35,  39,  48,  90-91,  109-110, 
115,  139-140,  151,  161,  249-250,  275, 
280-281 
grants,  129,  151 
X-15.  See  X-15. 
National  Aeronautics  and   Space  Council 
(nasc),  7,  31,  79,  105-106,  112,  141, 
202,  274-275,  292,  308 
National    Aeronautics    Assn.     (naa),    40, 

84,  209,  314 
National    Air    and    Space    Museum,    106, 

113 
National  Airport  Plan,  278 
National   Airport   System   Plan,   137-138, 

278 
National  Airspace  System,  82 
National    Armed    Forces    Museum     (pro- 
posed), 160 
National  Atmospheric  Sciences  Program — 
Fiscal  Year  1969    (Office  of  Science 
and  Technology  report),  101-102 
National  Bureau  of  Standards,  5,  197 
National     Center    for    Atmospheric    Re- 
search  and   Information,   52,   206,   240, 
257-258 
National  Conference  of  United  Press  In- 


408 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


ternational  Editors  and  Publishers,  246 
National    Conference    on    Industrial    Re- 
search, 15 
National  Council  for  Social  Studies,  294 
National    Council    on    Marine    Resources 

and  Development,  138,  300 
National   Environmental   Satellite   Center, 

233-234 
National      Geodetic      Satellite      Program 
(NGSP),  7-8 

National  Geographic  Society,  5,  122 
National  Institute  of  Social  Sciences,  290 
National  Institutes  of  Health    (nih),  38, 

325 
National  Medal  of  Science,  38 
National  Park  Service,  15-^155 
National  Pilots  Assn.,  203 
National  Press  Club,  22-23 
National    Radio    Astronomy    Observatory, 

161,  200,  208-209,  238,  272 
National  Research  Council   (nrc),  8,  31, 
117,  175,  190,  275 
Committee  on  Polar  Research,  73 
Space    Science    Board,    188,    190,    194, 
201,  275 
National  Research  Council  of  Canada,     72 
Naval  Research  Laboratory  (nrl),  184 
National  Science  Board,  115,  255 
National   Science   Foundation    (nsf),   36, 
89,  190,  194-195.  255,  312,  325 
Employment    of    Scientists    and    Engi- 
neers in  the  United  States,  1950—1966, 
234 
Federal   Funds  for   Research,   Employ- 
ment,   and    Other    Scientific    Activi- 
ties:  Fiscal   Years    1967,   1968,   and 
1969,  333 
funds  for,  101-102,  127,  227 
grants,  44-45 

National  Register  survey,  329 
Research  and  Development  in  Industry, 

1966,  290 
Reviews  of  Data  on  Science  Resources, 
99-100 
National  Sea  Grant  College  Program  Act, 

44^45 
National  security,  55-56,  57-58,  99,  162, 

147-148.  194-195,  207,  210,  235-236 
National  Space  Club,  55-56,  86,  112-113, 
235.  293-294 
Astronautics  Engineer  Award,  194 
Goddard  Memorial  Trophy,  57 
National   Sporting   Aviation   Council,   111 
National  Zoo,  273 

NATO.    See    North    Atlantic    Treaty    Or- 
ganization. 
Natural  Environment  Panel,  154—155 
Naugle,  Dr.  John  E.,  34,  41,  44,  49,  50, 

89,  225,  243,  280 
Naval  Air  Facility,  Calif.,  144,  158 
Naval  Air  Missile  Test  Center,  42 
Naval  Missile  Center,  59 
Naval     Ordnance     Test     Station,     China 
Lake,  Calif.,  214 


Naval    Research    Laboratory     (nrl),    56, 
87,  99,  128,  247-248,  335 

Rocketsonde  Branch,  131 
Naval  Ship  Systems  Command,  310 
Navigation    satellite,    53,    187,    215,    217, 

255 
Navy  Yard,  Washington,  D.C.,  41-42 
Needles,  Calif.,  209-210 
Nellis  AFB,  Nev.,  224,  258,  316,  336 
Nelson,  Sen.  Gaylord,  68 
Nepal,  299 

Neptune  (planet),  79,  148 
Nerry,  D.  P.,  66 
NLRVA.    See    Nuclear   Engine   for    Rocket 

Vehicle  Application. 
NET.  See  Nuclear  Emergency  Team. 
Netherlands,   5,    55,    113,    155,    165,   233, 

292,  298 
Neubert,  E.W.,  121 
Neumann,  Gerhard,  296 
Nevada,  25-26.  196 
Nevada  Test  Site,  317 
New  Hampshire,  Univ.  of,  31-32,  90,  98, 

103 
New  Jersey,  137,  224 
New  Mexico,  249 
New  Mexico  State  Univ.,  201 
New  Orleans,  La.,  31,  55,  272 
New  Tanay,  Philippines,  103 
New       York      Academy      of       Sciences, 

139-140  325 
New  York,  N.Y.,  88,  107,  117,  163,  179, 
187-188,  200,  203,  217,  224,  300,  302 

meetings,  14,  66-67,  128,  247,  258,  290, 
315 
New  York  Univ.,  38.  71 
Newark  Airport,  206 
Newark,  N.J.,  194 
Newby,  Dave,  303 

Newell,  Dr.  Homer  E.,  14,  28.  85,  294 
Newfoundland,  40 
Newport  News    (Va.)    Ship  Building  Co., 

167 
News  conference.  See  Press  conference. 
Ney,  E.  P.,  177 
NGSP.     See    National    Geodetic    Satellite 

Program. 
Nichols,  Mark  R..  283 
Nicks,  Oran  W.,  301-302 
NIH.  See  National  Institutes  of  Health. 
Niini,  Prof.  Arrno,  329 
Nike-Apache       (sounding      rocket).      30, 
43-44 

electron   measurement,   45,   46-47,   181, 
198,  287 

instrumentation  test,  70 

ionosphere  experiments,  64—65,  130,  198, 
273 

magnetic  field  measurement,  181 

micrometeoroid  sampling,  129-130,  130, 
133,  185-186,  197.  198,  310-311 

parachute  test,  126-127 

upper  atmosphere  data,  45,  46-47,  63-64, 
76,     89,     128-129,      168,     182-183, 


409 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


183-184,  287,  300 
Nike-Cajun  (sounding  rocket) 
electron  measurement,  9 
parachute  test,  32-33,  213-214 
upper  atmosphere  data,  29,  32-33,  68, 
168,  214,  216,  255,  256,  287,  288,  291, 
309-310 
Nike-Tomahawk  (sounding  rocket),  43-44 
electron      measurement,      31-32,      60, 
62-63,  67,  90,  94,  98,  103,  173,  198, 
256 
instrumentation  test,  31—32 
ionosphere      experiments,      14,     31—32, 

62-63,  64^5,  90,  94,  98,  102 

upper    atmosphere    data,    13,    45,    49, 

53-54,  64^5,  183,  219-220,  221,  223 

Nike— X   (antiballistic  missile  system),  43 

Nikolayeva-Tereshkova,     Maj.     Valentina 

(U.S.S.R.),  148 
Nimbus  I    (meteorological  satellite),   145 
Nimbus  II,  145 

Nimbus  B,  1,  49,  116,  145,  225,  241-242 
Nimbus,  B2,  145,  241-242 
Nimbus  D,  33,  49,  60-61 
Nimbus  E,  49 
Nimbus  F,  49 
Nitric  acid,  168 
Nitrogen,  45,  61 
Nitze,  Paul  H.,  159,  259 
Nixon,    President-elect   Richard   M.,   309, 
332-333 
election,  271-272 
nuclear     nonproliferation     treaty,     210, 

216 
oceanography,  300 
research    and    development,    244,    314, 

324 
science  and  technology,  244,  299,  305, 

310,  314,  323,  331 
space  program,  207,  235,  249,  311,  312, 
331 
Nobel  Prize,  267,  271 

Noise,    aircraft    (see    also    Sonic    boom), 
36-37,   38,    104,    142,    197-198,   271, 
290-291 
International     Conference     for     Noise 

Abatement,  117 
NASA     program,      34,      47,     57,      104, 
109-110,  197,  225-226,  236-237,  238, 
247,  248 
regulation,  116,  135 
Noise  and  the  Sonic  Boom  in  Relation  to 

Man  (report),  290-291 
Noise — Sound    Without    Value     (report), 

271 
North   American   Rockwell  Corp.    (nar), 
151-152,  163 
accident,  157 

aircraft,  149,  167,  187,  317,  333 
Apollo  spacecraft,  4-5,  167 
contract,  59,  149,  167,  187,  188,  333 
rocket  engine  test,  101 
Rocketdyne  Div.,  10,  126,  207,  227-228, 
257,  275 


Space  Div.,  11 
North      Atlantic      Treaty      Organization 
(NATO),  99,  137,  139,243 

Nuclear  Planning  Group,  88 
North  Korea,  247 
North  Pole,  72,  168,  318-319 
Northrop  Corp.,  11,  281 

Norair  Div.,  63,  67-68,  87,  135,  184 
Northrop  Systems  Laboratories,  151 
Northwestern  Univ.,  172,  254 
Norton  Research  Corp.,  172 
Norway,  89,  177-178,  240 
Notre  Dame  Univ.,  112 
Noyes,  Robert  W.,  243-244 
NRC.  See  National  Research  Council. 
NRL.  See  Naval  Research  Laboratory. 
NSF.  See  National  Science  Foundation. 
Nuclear  accelerator,  139 
Nuclear  clock,  170-171 
Nuclear  Engine  for  Rocket  Vehicle  Ap- 
plication (nerva),  44,  94,  143,  289 

funds   for,    18,    57,    98,    110,    135-136, 
140,  167,  170,  182,  241-242,  289,  336 

NERVA  I,  33 
NERVA  II,  33 
NERVA  XE-1,  156 

Nuclear  fallout,  110 

Nuclear  fission,  220,  265,  298 

Nuclear      Materials      Equipment      Corp. 

(numec),  2 
Nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty,  228 

Geneva   Disarmament    Conference   con- 
sideration, 11,  32,  59,  62 

ratification,  295 

Senate    hearings,    158,    159,    165,    210, 
215-216,  236,  249 

signing,  149 

U.N.  consideration,  11,  59,  62,  130,  132, 
133,  138,  158 

U.S.   draft  proposal  and   consideration, 
11,  32,  92 

U.S.S.R.  draft  proposal  and  considera- 
tion, 11,  32,  92,  145 
Nuclear  power,  92,  171,  205 
Nuclear  propulsion,  72-73,  75,  93,  94,  97, 

98,  132,  274 
Nuclear  reactor,   131,  143,  156,  221,  298, 

335 
Nuclear     Rocket     Development     Station, 

25-26 
Nuclear    submarine,    42,    153,    160,    169, 

211,  224,  261,  302-303 
Nuclear  test,  108,  110,  180,  200,  208,  228, 

317 
Nuclear     test      detection      satellite,      19, 

25-26,  91 
Nuclear   Utility   Services,   Biological   Sys- 
tems Div.,  325-326 
Nuclear  weapons    (see  also  Disarmament 
and  Nucleeir  nonproliferation  treaty), 
285,  330 

Communist  China,  200 

France,  153,  156,  180,  200,  266,  294 

Japan,  166 


410 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


NATO  consideration,  88 
U.S.,  160,  191,  211,  224 
U.S.S.R.,  29,  42,  45-46,  210,  255 

Nuclear  Week,  117 

NUMEC.  See  Nuclear  Materials  Equip- 
ment Corp. 

o 

Oak  Ridge  National  Laboratory,  28, 
331 

Oakland,  Calif.,  221 

OAO.  See  Orbiting  Astronomical  Observa- 
tory. 

Oao  I  (Orbiting  Astronomical  Observa- 
tory), 304 

Oao   II  (OAO-A2),  304,  310,  335 

OART.  See  NASA  Office  of  Advanced  Re- 
search and  Technology. 

Oberbeck,  Verne  R.,  78 

Objectives  and  Goals  in  Space  Science 
and  Applications,  1968  (nasa  Report), 
334 

O'Bryant,  Capt.  William  T.  (usN,  Ret.), 
2 

Observatory  satellite.  See  Orbiting  Astro- 
nomical Observatory;  Orbiting  Geo- 
physical Observatory;  Orbiting  Solar 
Observatory. 

Ocean  of  Gagarin  (proposed  name  for 
Ocean  of  Storms),  190 

Ocean  of  Storms  (moon),  35—36,  190 

Ocean  Science  and  Engineering,  Inc.,  152 

Oceanography 
grants,  44-4.5 
international  aspects,  56,  117-118,  138, 

177,  317 
research,   101,   152,  227,  262,  295,  310, 

311 
satellite  use  in,  73,  85,  117,  262 
U.S.  program,  27,   105,   167,  284,  300, 
325 

O'Connor,  b/g  Edmund  F.  (usaf),  20, 
45,  303 

Oettinger,  Dr.  Anthony  G.,  134 

Office  National  d'Etudes  et  de  Recherches 
Aerospatiales   (onera),  9,  134 

Office  of  Naval  Research  (onr),  312 

Office  of  Science  and  Technology  (Presi- 
dent's), 101-102,  325 

OGO.  See  Orbiting  Geophysical  Observa- 
tory. 

Ogo  I  (Orbiting  Geophysical  Observa- 
tory), 55 

Ogo  II,  54 

Ogo  III,  55 

Ogo  IV,  55,  72 

Ogo  V   (ogo-e),  1,  54^55,  132-133,  335 

OGO-F,  1.  19 

O'Hagan,  Michael,  278 

O'Hair,  Mrs.  Madalyn  Murray,  328 

O'Hare  International  Airport,  206 

Ohio.  227 

Ohio  State  Univ.,  257-258 

Okinawa,  137 

Oklahoma,  249 


Oklahoma,  Univ.  of,  325 

O'Leary,  Dr.  Brian  T.,  92,  200 

Omega      Position      Location      Equipment 
(ople),  144 

OMSF.  See  NASA  Office  of  Manned  Space 
Flight. 

onera.    See   Office   National   d'Etudes   et 
de  Recherches  Aerospatiales. 

ONR.  See  Office  of  Naval  Research. 

Onsager,  Prof.  Lars,  266 

Operation  Tektite,  101 

ople.     See     Omega     Position     Location 
Equipment. 

Orbiting  Astronomical  Observatory  (oao), 
1,  8,  99,  243 

Orbiting  Geophysical  Observatory   (ogo), 
19,44 

Orbiting  Primate  Experiment,  151 

Orbiting  Solar  Observatory   (oso),  1,  243 

Orbiting  Vehicle   (research  satellite),  335 

Ordahl,  Douglas  D.,  3-4 

Ornithopter,  282 

Ortona,  Ambassador   Egidio    (Italy),  276 

oso.  See  Orbiting  Solar  Observatory. 

Oso  II   (Orbiting  Solar  Observatory),  177 

Oso  III  (Orbiting  Solar  Observatory),  93 

050  IV,  243-244 

oso-G,  244 

OSSA.    See    nasa    Office    of    Space    Sci- 
ence and  Applications. 

Oster,  Dr.  Irwin,  325-326 

OTDA.   See   NASA   Office  of   Tracking   and 
Data  Acquisition. 

Otolith  experiment,  86 

OToole,  Thomas,  225,  303,  312-313 

Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America,  129 

OV  1-15   (orbiting  vehicle  research  satel- 
lite), 159 

OV  1-16,  159 

OV  1 1-5,  228 

OV  V-2.  See  Ers  XXVIII. 

OV  V-4.  See  Ers  XXI. 

Ovshinsky,  Stanford  R.,  276 

Owens-Illinois  Co.,  184 
Fecker  Div..  184 

Oxygen,  61-62,  318 

P 

P-1127  (U.K.  VTOL  aircraft),  276-277 

Pacemaker  (booster),  144 

Pacemaker,  cardiac,  26 

Pacific  I    (communications  satellite).  See 

Intelsat-II  F-2. 
Pacific     II      (communications     satellite). 

See  Intelsat-II  F—4. 
Pacific  Missile  Range  (pmr),  42 

Aero-Mechanical  Branch,  67 
Pacific  Ocean,  254,  258,  268 

Apollo  6,  77-78 

Apollo  8,  320,  323 

Ats  III,  37 

communications  satellite,  69.  103 

French  nuclear  test,  153,  156.  180 

missile  launch,  3,   121-122 

Sealab  III  experiment,  295 


411 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


U.S.S.R.  rocket  test,  116,  121-122 

Pacific  Science  Center,  217-218 

Packard,  David,  331 

Packard,  Robert  F.,  2-3 

Page  Communications  Engineers,  Inc.,  88 

Page,  William  A.,  283 

Paine  Field,  Wash,,  201 

Paine,  Dr.  Thomas  0.,  257,  318,  366 

aeronautics,  225 

Apollo  8  flight,  266,  278 

awards  by,  283 

budget,  240-242,  255,  286,  288,  294 

nomination    as    Deputy    Administrator, 
26,  32,  68,  212 

space  program,  223,  288 
Pakistan,  138,  198 
Pakistan    Space   and    Upper   Atmosphere 

Research  Committee,  18 
Palestine,  Tex.,  116,  257 
Pan  American  World  Airways,  107—108, 

163,  232 
Parachute 

Apollo,  8,  144,  158 

funds  for,  126 

steerable,  57,  112 

test,  8,  32-33,  57,  126,  144,  158,  213, 
227,  261,  309 

Voyager,  227 
Parafoil  (steerable  parachute),  112 
Paraglider,  187 

Parawing  (steerable  parachute) ,  57 
Pardee,  K.  C.  C,  278 
Parin,  Vasili,  105 
Parker,  Dr.  John  A.,  265,  283 
Parker,  P.  J.,  234 
Parker,  Robert  A.  R.,  113 
Parkinson,  William  H.,  243 
Parsons,  John  F.,  263,  298 
Particles,   charged,   31,   53,   65,  68,    182, 

216-217 
Patent,  43,  107,   131,  143,  145,  151-152, 

156,  172,  187 
Patemotte  de  la  Vailee,  A.,  60 
Paul  VI,  Pope,  327 
Paumalu,  Hawaii,  302 
PCA.  See  Polar  Cap  Absorption. 
Pecora,  W.  T.,  191 
Peddie,  Norman  W.,  89 
Pegasus  I  (meteoroid  detection  satellite), 

203 
Pegasus  II,  203 
Pegasus  III,  203 
Pell,  Sen.  Claiborne,  56,  105 
Pennsylvania,  Univ.  of,  160 
Perception    of   Space    and    Time    in    the 

Cosmos,  81 
Percy,  Sen.  Charles  H.,  25,  210 
Perdasdefogu,  Sardinia,  108 
Perkinson,  William  J.,  205 
Perrin  afb,  Tex.,  158 
Perry,  Robert  L.,  1 
Perseid  meteor  shower,  185-186 
Peru,  160 
Petrov,  Prof.  Boris,  327-332 


Petrov,  Prof.  Georgy  I.,  287-288 
Petrovich,  Prof.  Georgy  V.,  36 
Pewee  1  (nuclear  reactor),  335 
Pezdirtz,  Dr.  George  F.,  39 
Philadelphia,  Pa.,  189,  231,  247 
Philco-Ford  Corp.,  61,  194 

Space   and   Re-Entry   Systems   Div.,   9, 
231,  244 
Philippines,  137 
Philips,  Ronald  J.,  230 
"Phillips  Report,"  25 
Phillips,  l/g  Samuel  C.    (usaf),  92-93, 

97,  191,  196,  266,  278,  322-323 
Phobos  (Mars  moon),  281-282 
Phoebus    2 A     (nuclear    reactor),    25-26, 

131,  143,  156,  335 
Phoenix,  Ariz.,  288 
Phoenix  (missile),  14,  98-99,  160 
Photography  zenith  tube  (pzt),  134 
Photography.      See      Advanced      Vidicon 

Camera     System;     Automatic     Picture 

Transmission ;       Earth,      photographs ; 

Moon,  photographs. 
Photometer,  67,  82,  121 
Physical    Research    Laboratory,    Ahmeda- 

bad,  India,  273 
Physics,  93,  102,  154,  275,  325 
Physics  of  the  Earth  in  Space — A   Pro- 
gram of  Research:  1968-1975,  275 
Pickering,  Dr.  William  H.,  15,  22-23,  29, 

79,  89,  260 
Pine  Gap,  Australia,  329 
Pinkel,  I.  Irving,  96 
Pioneer  (program) ,  26,  44,  273-274 
Pioneer   VI    (interplanetary  probe),  209, 

274 
Pioneer  VII,  138,  274 
Pioneer  VIII,  112,  138-139,  274 
Pioneer  IX  (Pioneer  D),  1,  273,  335 
Piper  Aztec  (light  aircraft),  207 
Piper  Twin    Comanche    (light   aircraft), 

179 
Pippard,  Alfred  J.  S.,  91 
Pittsburgh      Des      Moines      Steel      Co., 

214-215 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  210 
Pittsburgh,  Univ.  of,  36 
Planetary    Exploration,    196^^75     (re- 
port), 188-189 
Planets,  life  on.  See  Extraterrestrial  life. 
Plant  experiments,  space,  46 
Plastics,  39,  265 
Plesetsk  Cosmodrome,  U.S.S.R.,  126,  132, 

165,  279,  289,  295 
Plohr,  H.  Warren,  104 
Plotkin,  Dr.  Henry  H.,  71,  183 
Plowshare,  Project,  110 
Pluto  (planet) ,  326 
PMR.  See  Pacific  Missile  Range. 
Podgomy,  President  Nikolay  V. 

(U.S.S.R.),72 
Point  Barrow,  Alaska,  29,  216,  255,  256, 

287,  288,  291,  310 
Pokrovsky,  Prof.  Georgi,  95,  119 


412 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Poland,  189 

Polar  Cap  Absorption  (pca),  129 

Polar  wind,  216 

Polaris  (missile),  9,  148,  193 

Polaroid  Corp.,  38 

Pollack,  Martin  A.,  39 

Pollution  control,  10,  66,  323 

Pcnnamperuma,  Dr.  Cyril  A.,  16,  22 

Port  of  New  York  Authority,  5,  26,  188 

Porter,  Dr.  Richard  W.,  136-137 

Portland,  Ore.,  119 

Poseidon    (missile),   18-19,  61,   159,  193, 

195,  312 
Pratt    &    Whitney    Div.,    United    Aircraft 

Corp.  248 
Pratt,  Perry,  W.,  316 
Presidential  Medal  of  Freedom,  51,  306 
Presidential   Task   Force  on   Communica- 
tions Policy,  27 
President's    Advisory    Committee    on    Su- 
personic Transport,  207,  270 
President's   Commission   and   Council    on 

Marine  Sciences,  27 
President's  Foreign  Intelligence  Advisory 

Board,  45 
President's   Science   Advisory  Committee, 

40,  76-77,  270 
Press  comment 

air  traffic  congestion,  188,  196,   199-200 

airports,  302 

antiballistic  missile   (abm)   system,  143 

Apollo  AS-204,  accident,  161,  222-223, 
264 

Apollo  6  flight,  80-81,  81-82 

Apollo  7  flight,  253,  261-262,  264,  265 

Apollo  8  flight,  323-32,  324^325.  327- 
328,  329-331 

C-5A  cargo  aircraft,  150,  155 

disarmament,  149-150,  161 

European  Launcher  Development  Or- 
ganization (eldo),233 

F-111,  270 

F-lllA,  75 

fractional  orbital  bombardment  system, 
102,  255 

International    Biological    Program,    126 

lunar  landing,  261,  271 

mathematics,  293 

moon,  exploration  of,  255.  281 

Multiple  Independently  Targetable  Re- 
entry Vehicle,  188,  191,  195,  205 

National  Academy  of  Sciences,  152 

NASA,  223,  284 

NRC  Space  Science  Board,  194,  201 

nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty,  128,  133 

oceanography,  117 

Paine,  Dr.  Thomas  0.,  215 

research  and  development,  152 

science  and  technology,  271,  301 

sonic  boom,  115,  135,  152 

space  program,  national,  15,  90,  101, 
185,  194,  229,  234,  253,  255,  256,  271, 
284,  293,  332 

budget,  85.  90,    129,   133,    139,   141, 
182,  194,  215,  229,  255,  256,  325 


space  race,  102,  266,  271,  325 

supersonic  transport,  220,  263,  270,  332 

U.S.S.R.  space  program,  87,  255,  267, 
271 

Webb,  James  E.,  215,  218,  221,  229 

Zond  V  mission,  222,  223,  226 
Press  conference,  40 

airports,  194 

Apollo  5  flight,  63 

Apollo  6  flight,  63,  92 

Apollo  7  flight,  220,  277 

ApoUo  8  flight,  196,  278,  285,  304, 
322,  326,  330 

ARMS  (Application  of  Remote  Manipu- 
lators in  Space),  186 

astronaut,  164 

balance  of  payments  deficit,  1 

electronics,  276 

hydrogen  bomb,  200 

manned  space  flight,  63,  286 

science  and  technology,  314 

sonic  boom,  11,  146 

Soyuz  III,  272 

space  program,  national,  15,  212—213, 
254,  314,  328 

space  suit,  176—177 

Surveyor  VII,  50 

U.S.S.R.  space  program,  15,  226,  254, 
267-268,  286-287,  329-330 

Webb,  James  E.,  212-213 

Zond  V,  222,  226-227,,  267 
Princess  Ragnhild  Coast,  89 
Princeton  Univ.,  90,  93,  116,  221,  298 
Princeton  Univ.  Observatory,  104,  282 
Pritchard,  Capt.  J.  Laurence  (raf),  91 
Probe    (see  also  individual  probes,  such 
as  Mariner  V,  Pioneer  VIII,  Pioneer 
IX,  Venus  IV) 

interplanetary.  1,  18,  19,  41,  44,  84, 
140,  148,  178,  188-189,  201,  241, 
273-274,  280-281,  336 

lunar.  See  Luna  XIV,  Lunar  Orbiter  V, 
Zond  V,   Zond  VI. 

Mars,   118,  188-189.  24»-249,  301-302 

Venus,     17,     163,     188-189,    248-249, 
275-276 
The  Promise  of  Space,  147 
Propeller  Club,  119 
"Prospects   in   Aeronautics   Research   and 

Development"     (Wright    Brothers    Lec- 
ture), 38-39 
Proton     IV      (U.S.S.R.     space     station), 

284-285,  335 
Proton  accelerator,  316 
Prugh,  Peter  H.,  272 
Puckett,  Dr.  Allan  E.,  5 
Puerto  Rico,  37,  54,  64-65,  230,  238,  323 
Pulsar,  114,  119,  128,  161,  171,  231,  238, 

253,  272,  284,  292 
Puppis  (constellation),  67 
Purdue  Univ.,  103,  281 
PZT.  See  Photographic  zenith  tube. 


Quaide,  Dr.  William  L.,  78 


413 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Quark   (theoretical  elementary  particle  of 

matter) ,  316 
Quasar  (quasi-stellar  object),  239,  309 
Queen  Maud  Land,  89 
Quiet  Research  Engine  Program,  47,  197, 

248 
Quito,  Ecuador,  146 

R 

Radar,  7-8,  49,  80,   129,   136,   145,   179, 

181,  238,  248,  272,  291 
Radiation,  277 

cosmic,  46,  87,  115,  200,  228,  272 

effects,  46,  62,  168 

gamma,  52,  55,  181-182,  281, 

measurement,  115,  131,  168,  257,  282 

nuclear,  110 

sensor,  257 

solar,  56,  121,  168,  269,  296,  300 
Radio  Astronomy  Explorer-A,  1 
Radio  Corporation  of  America  (ncA),  43, 

75,  86,  239,  293 
Radio  signal,  54,  136,  153,  184,  199,  210, 

229,  238,  249,  262,  319 
Radioactivity,  56 
Radioastronomy,   54,   189,   200,   231,  238, 

272,  312 
Radiotelescope,  65,  219,  238 
Raffensperger,  M.  J.,  84 
Raisting,  W.  Germany,  329 
RAM    (Radio    Attenuation   Measurement) 

Project,  198 
RAM  c-i   (spacecraft),  199 
RAM  c-ii,  198-199,  258,  335 
Ramey,  James  E.,  143 
RAND  Corp.,  1,  104,  166,  248-249 
Rat  experiment,  286-287,  289-290.  291 
Raymond     Loewy/WiHiam    Snaith,    Inc., 

86-87 
Razdow,  Dr.  Adolph,  121 
RCA.  See  Radio   Corporation  of  America. 
RCA  Communications,  Inc.,  154,  307 
RCA  Laboratories,  43 
RCA  Services  Co.,  120,  143 
Reconnaissance  satellite 

U.S.,    22-24,    109,    185-186,    206-207, 
208,  228,  255,  262-263,  278 

U.S.S.R.,  22-24,  178,  180,  202,  262-263 
Record 

aircraft,  11-12,  207,  299,  317-318 

balloon,  209-210,  240 

spacecraft,  334-335 
Redstone  Arsenal,  Ala.,  72 
Reed,  Robert  D.,  65 
Reed,   Sylvanus  Albert,   Award,   15,  263, 

316 
Reentry,  17 

Apollo  7,  251 

control,  277-278 

heating,  97,  163,  181,  193,  226-227,  230 

radio    attenuation,    193,    198-199,    258, 
335 

spacecraft  debris,  164 

test,  193,  198-199 
vehicle  163,  194,  292 


Reentry  Heating  Project,  97,  193 
Rees,  Dr.  Eberhard  F.  M.,  32,  122-123 
Reese  afb,  Tex.,  200 
Reeves,  Edmond  M.,  243-244 
Reid,  Dr.  Henry  J.,  173 
Reining,  Dr.  Henry,  Jr.,  32 
Relativity  theory,  49,  238-239 
Rembaum,  Dr.  Alan,  283 
Rendezvous,  145,  186,  191,  295 

U.S.,  22-24,  136,  190,  220,  223, 
236—237  250 

U.S.S.R.,  40,  263,  264-265,  335-336 
Renzetti,  Dr.  N.  A.,  209 
Report    to    Congress    from    President    of 

United  States,   United  States  Aeronau- 
tics and  Space  Activities,  1967,  20-21, 

148 
Republican    Coordinating   Committee,  99, 

105 
Republican  National  Convention,  178-179 
Research  and  development  (r&d)  ,  46,  105, 

150 

aeronautics,  38-39,  187,  225-226,  248, 
296 

benefits,  127,  244,  271,  275,  294 

employment,  234,  289,  290 

Federal  support,  27,  101-102,  127, 
131-132,  139-140,  140-141,  152, 
156-157,  180,  208,  244,  258,  271, 
291-292,  294,  301,  323 

funds  for,  27,   101-102,   127,   131-132, 
136-137,     139-140,    141,    258-259 
296,  333 
DOD,  20,  131-132,  239-240,  290,  299 
NASA,  19,  165-166,  290,  299 
U.S.S.R.,  309 
Research   and  Development   in   Industry, 

1966  (nsf  report),  290 
Research  and  Technology  Advisory  Coun- 
cil (nasa),  5 
Resler,  Prof.  Edwin  L.,  146 
Resolute  Bay,  Canada,  175 
Retriever  (nasa  motor  vessel),  59 
Retromotor,  6,  17 
Reuss,  Rep.  Henry  S.,  70 
Revenue  and  Expenditure  Control  Act  of 

1968,  140,  145-146,  336 
Reynolds  Electrical  and  Engineering  Co., 

122-123 
Rhode  Island,  Univ.  of,  131 
Riccitiello,  Salvatore,  265 
Rice  Univ.,  52,  53,  92,  181 
Richey,  B.  J.,  135 
Rickover,  v/a  Hyman  G.    (usn),  83-84. 

160,  169,  261 
Riegel,  Dr.  Kurt,  247 
Risk,  Don  C,  41-42 
Robb,  Mrs.  Lynda,  292 
Roberts,  Charles  S.,  26-27 
Rochester,  Univ.  of,  292 
Rockefeller,  Gov.  Nelson  B.,  180,  333 
Rockefeller    Public    Service    Award,   281, 

300 
Rockefeller  Univ.,  76-77 
Rogallo,  Francis  M.,  187 


414 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Rogallo,  Gertrude,  187 
Rogallo  wing  (paraglider),  187 
Rogers,  Rep.  Paul  G.,  247 
Rogers,  William  P.,  309 
Rolls-Royce,  Ltd.,  72 

Bristol  Engine  Div.,  316 
Romania,  32,  156.  189-190,  292,  317 
Romanian  National   Council  of   Scientific 

Research,  140 
Roosa,  Capt.  Stuart  A.  (usaf),  59 
Rooster  experiment,  218 
Rosamond  Dry  Lake,  261 
Rosen,  Dr.  Harold  A.,  77 
Rosman,  N.C.,  119.  143 
Roush,  Rep.  J.  Edward,  99 
Rover  (program),  19,  94,  123,  156,  170 
Rowan,  Carl  T.,  263-264 
Rcyal  Aeronautical  Society,  70-71 
Royal     Greenwich     Observatory     (U.K.), 

134 
Rcyal    Norwegian    Council    for    Scientific 

and  Industrial  Research,  177-178 
Rubey,  Prof.  William  W.,  267 
Rudolph,  Dr.  Arthur,  112,  283 
Rudolph,  Capt.  Gerald  T.  (usaf),  297 
Rumford,  Sir  Benjamin  Thompson,  Count, 

309 
Rumford  Premium,  309 
Rusk,  Secretary  of  State  Dean,   159,  247 
Russell,  Sen.  Richard  B.,  138 
Rutgers  Univ.,  12,  224 
Ryan  Aeronautical  Co.,  166,  177,  276-277 
Ryan,  Rep.  William  F.,  25 


SAAP.  See  South  Atlantic  Anomaly  Probe. 

Sacramento  Peak  Observatory,  296 

Sadeh,  Dror,  184 

Sanger,  Dr.  Eugen,  300 

Safety,  32,  95-96,  122-123,  157,  163, 
220,  237,  251-253,  264,  273 

Sagan,  Dr.  Carl,  172 

Sage  (Semi-Automatic  Ground  Environ- 
ment) system,  238 

Saigon,  S.  Vietnam,  104 

St.  Clair,  Wade,  117 

St.  Helena  island,  257 

St.  Louis,  Mo.,  108,  207 

St.  Thomas  Univ.,  Tex.,  325-326 

Sakharov,  Prof.  Audrey  D.,  159,  195-196 

Salam,  Abdus,  198 

Salisbury,  Dr.  John  W.,  170,  250 

Samfield,  Edwin,  145 

San  Antonio,  Tex.,  141 

San  Clemente  Island,  Cahf.,  143,  295 

San  Diego,  Calif.,  104,  207 

San  Francisco,  Calif.,  42 

San  Jose,  Calif.,  285-286 

San  Miguel  Island,  116,  242 

Sanders  Associates,  Inc.,  75 

Sanders,  Newell  D.,  104 

Sandia  Corp.,  32 

Sandpiper  (missile) ,  3— 4 

Santa  Cruz.  Calif.,  51-52 

Santa  Monica,  Calif.,  166-167 


Santa  Susana,  Calif.,  113 

Santiago,  Chile,  146 

Satellite   Tracking    and    Data   Acquisition 

Network  (stadan),  5,  12,  104,  109 
Sato,  Prime  Minister  Eisaku,  327 
Saturn   (planet),  79,  148,  275 
Saturn  I  (booster),  21-22,  149 
Saturn    I    Workshop     (spacecraft).     162, 
218-219 
contract,  62 

design  review  meeting,  22,  66 
funds  for,  102-103,  182 
plans  for,  33,    108-109,   186,   202,   241, 
275 
Saturn  IB    (booster),  140,  148,  149,  210, 
218-219,  275 
contract,  9,  61,   75,  77,   175-176,  207, 

239 
engine 

H-1,  9,  207 
J-2,  119-120 
launch 

AS-204,  13 
AS-205,  173,  250-253 
program,  11,  20,  24,  33.  92-93,  175-176, 

212-213,  241,  336 
stage,  S-IVB  test,  10,  13 
test,  13,  21-22,  91,  136,  144,  173,  186, 
242 
Saturn  V   (booster),  44,  78,  93,  148,  149, 
190,  191,  274 
capability,  52,    80-81,  81-82,  98,  186, 

236,  255-256 
contract,    35,    75,    77,    104,    127,    163, 

175-176,  226,  264,  275 
engine 

F-1,  30.  257,  275 

J-2,  77,  92,  119-120,  135.  220,  252 
launch 

AS-502,  63,  77-78,  166.  328 
AS-503,  144,  173,  318-322 
AS-504  (preparations  for),  197 
program,    11,    18,    24,    33-34,    42,    63, 
92-93,      97,     98,      140,      144,      162, 
175-176,     181,    212-213,    232,    242, 
321-322,  336 
stage 

1st  (S-IC),  166,  173 

test,  77 
2nd    (S-II),   30,  36,  47-48.  53.  173, 
197 
test,  77,  122 
3rd  (S-IVB),  10,  63.  173.  186 
test,  77 
Saturn    V    Workshop     ( spacecraft  1 ,     10, 

20,  33,  35,  109,  142,  182 
Schafer,  Col.  George  E.  (usaf),  11 
Scherer.  Capt.  Lee  R.  (  usn,  Ret. ) .  2 
Schindlar,  William  R.,  283 
Schirra,    Capt.    Walter    M.,    Jr.,     (usn), 
261-262.  305 
Apollo  7  flight,  250-251,  252 

preparations    for,   97,    158.    173,    220, 
227 
honors,  269,  286,  303,  314 


415 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


press  conference,  220,  276 
White  House  visit,  306 
Schmidt,  Edward  J.,  264 
Schmidt,  Dr.  Maarten,  309 
Schneider,  William  C,  223,  315 
Schriever  and  McKee  Associates,  233 
Schriever,  Gen.  Bernard  A.   (usaf.  Ret.), 

55-56,  99 
Schwartz,  I.  R.,  109-110 
Schweickart,  Russell  L.,  97,  167,  196 
Science    (see  also   National   Academy   of 
Sciences),  188-189 
award,  38,  217-218,  266-267,  271 
benefits,  110,  195-196,  301 
Government  support  of,  90-91,  93,  110, 
131-132,  139-140,  270,  271,  301,  314, 
323 
human  needs,  16,  110,  301 
national   policy   and   goals,    10,   38-39, 
90-91,    98,    135,    178-179,    180-181, 
207,  244,  299,  301-302,  305,  314,  331 
President's  Science  Advisory  Committee, 

40,  76-77,  270 
U.S.S.R.,  63,  93,  195-196,  244 
Science,  Dept.  of  (proposed),  325,  331 
Science      Advisory      Committee      (Presi- 
dent's). See  President's  Science  Advis- 
ory Committee. 
Science      and      Public      Policy      Studies 

Group,  284 
Scientific  Balloon  Flight  Station,  116 
Scientist-astronaut,  36,  51-52,  200 
Scientists,    99-100,     152,     156-157,    234, 
247,  254-255,  257,  289,  290,  301,  323, 
329 
women,  99-100 
Scorpius  (constellation),  247-248,  273 
Scott,  l/c  David  R.  (usaf),  97,  167,  211 
Scout  (booster),  53,  56,  97,  113,  123,  182, 

193,  198,  240,  255-256 
Scout  (sounding  rocket),  160-161,  308 
Scrag  (U.S.S.R.  weapon),  255 
Scrimp,  Project,  171 
Sea  of  Tranquility  (moon),  35-36 
Seaborg,  Dr.  Glenn  T.,  117,  143,  205,  211, 

217-218,  228 
Seal  Beach,  Calif.,  30 
Sealab  I  (underwater  laboratory),  295 
Sealab  II,  143,  295 
Sealab  HI,  41-42,  143,  295 
Seamans,  Dr.  Robert  C,  Jr.,  3,  5-6,  26, 

53,  57,  156,  268 
Seattle,  Wash.,  217-218 
Seckbach,  Dr.  Joseph,  302 
SECOR  (geodetic  satellite),  7-8 
The  Security  of  Japan  and  Prospects  for 

1970.   (study),  166 
Security  Research  Council,  166 
Sedov,  Prof.  Leonid  I.,  212,  254,  267-268, 

329-330 
Seifert,  Dr.  William  W.,  99 
Seismometer,  282-283 
Seitz,   Dr.   Frederick,   7,   76-77,   90,   255, 

267 
Selenographica,  27-28 


Sensor,  2,  39,  50,  11 

Sentinel     (antiballistic    missile    system), 
18-19,  72,  88,  122,  133,  138,  159,  171, 
175,  242 
Sentinel  System  Command,  72 
Serpukhov,  U.S.S.R.,  154,  316 
SEKT  II   (Space  Electric  Rocket  Test),  26 
Service   module    (sm),    13,    14,   63,    136, 

144,  186,  197,  201 
Service   propulsion   system    (sps),   77-78, 

136 
Service  Technology  Corp.  (ltv),  123 
Seryogin,    Col.    Vladimir    S.     (U.S.S.R.), 

70,72 
Sewage  sludge,  281 
Shafer,  Edward  M.,  83 
SHAPE    (Supersonic   High   Altitude   Para- 
chute Experiment)  Project,  261,  309 
Shapiro,  Dr.  Irwin  I.,  49 
Sheldon,  Dr.  Charles  S.,  II,  202 
Shenton,   Stmiuel,  331 
Sherman,  Harvey,  26 
Shillito,  Thomas  B.,  26 
Shipley,  Rep.  George  E.,  284 
Siding  Spring  Mountain  Observatory,  290 
Siebel,  Dr.  Mathias  P.,  272-273 
Sikorsky   Aircraft    Div.,    United   Aircraft 

Corp.,  38 
Sikorsky,  Igor  I.,  38 
Silver,  Brent  W.,  148 
Silverstein,  Dr.  Abe,  41,  281,  283,  300 
Simpson,  Ernest  C,  15 
Simpson,  Dr.  John  A.,  90-91 
Simpson,  Robert  W.,  224 
Siple,  Dr.  Paul  Allman,  293 
Sjogren,  William  L.,  193-194 
Skolnikoff,  Prof.  Eugene  B.,  284 
Skylark    (U.K.  sounding  rocket),  70,  123 
Skynet    (U.K.   communications   satellite), 

1,  60,  121,  137 
SLAC.   See   Standford  Linear   Accelerator. 
Sloan  Foundation,  284 
Sloan  School  of  Management,  53 
SM-  See  Service  module. 
Smart,   Gen.  Jacob  E.   (usaf.  Ret.),  237, 

299 
Smelt,  Dr.  Ronald,  5 
Smith,  Dr.  Arthur  H.,  218 
Smith,  Secretary  of  Commerce  C.  R.,  40, 

127 
Smith,  Francis  B.,  249-250 
Smith,  Prof.  Frederick  E.,  115 
Smith,  Dr.  Graham,  253-254 
Smith,  Dr.  Harlan  J.,  294 
Smith,  Dr.  Henry  J.,  89 
Smith,  Sen.  Margaret  C,  30,  86 
Smithsonian      Astrophysical     Observatory 

(Cambridge,  Mass.),  201,  262,  304 
Smithsonian  Institution,  106,  120,  160 
Smyth,  Henry  DeWolf,  198 
SNAP-8   (nuclear  reactor),  25-26,  57,  59 
SNAP-19    (radioisotope   generator),   242 
Snyder,  Conway  W.,  283 
Society   for   the    History   of    Technology, 


416 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


325 
Society    of    Automotive    Engineers    Space 

Technology  Conference,  108-109 
Solar  corona,  97 

Soiar      flare,      56-57,      110,      121,      128, 

157-158,    168.    198,  210-211,  243-244. 

266,  296 

Solar  Particle  Alert  Network  (span),  121 

Solar    Pointing    Aerobee    Rocket    Control 

System  (sparcs),65 
Solar  wind,  68,  91,  282-283 
Solar  Wind  Composition   Experiment,   68 
Solid  propellant,  3-4,  43,  68-69,  274 
Sonic  boom 

damage,    56.     117,    142-143,    154-155, 

227,  290-291 
regulation  of,  115,  116.  130,  271 
research  8,   11,   109-110,   142-143,  146, 

158,  313 
National    Academy   of    Sciences   report, 

8,  56,  142-143,  152 
supersonic  transport,  8,  11,  56,   66-67, 
109-110,  115,  117,  125,  135,  142-143, 
146,  290-291,  332-333 
Sonnett,  Dr.  Charles  P.,  316 
Sorokin,  Dr.  Peter  P.,  169 
Sounding     rocket      (see     also     individual 
sounding     rockets:     Aerobee     150A. 
Aerobee    150    MI,    Areas,    Astrobee 
1500,    Boosted   Areas,    Boosted    Dart, 
Javelin,     Nike-Apache,     Nike-Cajun, 
Nike-Tomahawk,  Skylark) 
foreign 

U.K.,  123 
international   programs,  29,  30,  64,  75, 
123,  336 
ESRO,  108,  118 
NASA-Brazil,  68,  130,  177 

-Canada,  11,  14,  29,  36,  43,  49,  53. 
54,  67,  90,  94,  98,  103,  106,  113, 
128,  175,  329 
-Germany,  West,  75,  130,  133 
-India,  30,  60,  75,  273 
-Norway,  177-178 
-Puerto  Rico,  64-65 
-Spain,  177-178 
-Sweden,  29,  130,  177-178 
South  America,  184-185,  318-319 
South   Atlantic   Anomaly   Probe    (saap), 

130-131,  173 
South  Georgia,  37 
South  Pole,  89 
Southeast  Asia,  195 
Southern  California,  Univ.  of,  82 
Southwest    Astronomical   Conference,    201 
Soviet  Academy  of  Sciences.  63,  272,  298 
Council   for    International    Cooperation 
in    Investigation    and    Utilization    of 
Outer  Space,  327 
Soviet  Corps  of  Cosmonauts,  70 
Soviet  Women's  Committee,  148 
Sowers,  l/c  Robert  G.   (usaf),  8 
Soyuz  (U.S.S.R.  spacecraft),  40,  222,  268 
Soyuz  I,  70 


Soyuz  II,  263,  264-265,  335-336 

Soyuz     III,     264-265,     269,     272,     277, 

335-336 
SP-5B     (Martin   Marlin)     (flying    boat), 

160 
Spaatz,     Gen.     Carl     A.     (usaf,     Ret.), 

104-105 
Space  Age  Law  Conference,  62 
Space  Applications  Summer  Study,  1967, 

Interim  Report,  36 
Space  biology,  232,  241-242 

animal  experiments,  46,  47,  86,  95,  105, 

151,  181,  218,  272,  273 
atmosphere,  artificial,  61,  173,  251,  283, 

287,  289-290,  291 
contract,  86,  151 
drugs,  use  of  211 
environment,   effects,    44,    47.    88,    101, 

143,  158,  165,  324 
life     support     system,     44,     86,     1-^4, 

176-177,  236,  283 
medical   benefits,  2,  57,   165,   186,  216. 

302 
psychology,  287 
radiation,  effects,  46,  62,  121,  168,  .'iOO, 

257,  272,  277 
symposium,  141-142,  200,  291 
weightlessness,  86,  190,  286 

effects  81,  46,  200-201,  268,  273 
prolonged,  151,  181,  218 
Space      Disturbance      Forecast      Center. 

157-158 
Space  law  treaty,  12,  127,  258,  281 
Space,  military  use  of    (see  also  Manned 
Orbiting  Laboratory),  329 
communications,  190-191,  217,  228 
reconnaissance,  178,  179,  202,  206-207, 

208,  262-263 
space  station,  69-70,  208 
U.S.,    69-70,    105,    178,    190-191,   206- 

207,  208,  262-263 
U.S.S.R.,  93,   102,   178,  202,  205,  229, 
255,  262-263 
Space,  peaceful  use  of,  178-179,  245.  249, 

257,  263-264,  309,  334-335 
Space   program,    national    (see   also   indi- 
vidual programs,  such  as  Apollo  pro- 
gram), 94,  112-113,  178 
achievements,    33,    37,   48,    53,   66,    79, 
212-213,   215,   218,   221-222,   232, 
235-238,      248,     249,     253,      306, 
324-328,  334-335 
international,  336 

management,  66,  109,  157,  296-297 
manned  space  flight,  22-24,  66,   165, 
190,     215,     236-237,     253,     269, 
334^335 
benefits.  See  Space  results, 
budget,  33,  34-35,  36,  44,  48,  50,  51,  57, 
65,  66,  85,  90,  94,  98,  99,  102,  129, 
131-132,  138.  140,  161-162,  165-166, 
173,  178,  182,  202,  209,  212-213,  218, 
229,  239,  240-242,  255,  276,  287,  288, 
299,  332 
cost,  37,  62,  72-73,  85,    109,  237,  253, 


417 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


255-256,  276 
criticism,  25,  51,  86,  101,  103,  133,  257, 

265,  289,  325 
education,  benefits  to,  20,  124-125,  235, 

249-250 
employment,  73-74,  85,  115,  168,  182, 

213,  229-230,  256,   272,  289 
House  staff  study,  51 
Humphrey,  Vice  President  Hubert  H., 

106-107,  235,  254 
international  aspects   (see  also  Interna- 
tional cooperation),  2-3,    20-21,  99, 
124-125,  127,  141,  204,  232,  254 
Johnson,   President   Lyndon  B.,   18-19, 
20-21,    53,    178-179,   202,   208,    212 
235-236,  248,  267,  292 
lunar  landing.  See  Moon,  landing, 
manned     space     flight.     See     Manned 

space  flight, 
military,    55-56,    85,     102,    105,    122, 
147-148,  179,  190-191,  205,  208,  255, 
262-263 
Nixon,  President-elect  Richard  M.,  207, 

235,  249,  293,  311,  331 
objectives,     86,     106,     140,     147-148, 

235-237 

policy,  41,  44,  48,  55,  57-58,  62,  92,  97, 

98,     99,     105,     112-113,      124-125, 

188-189,    212-213,    215,    245,    253, 

263-264,  293,  299,  308,  314,  325,  331 

post-Apollo,  29-30,  41,  44,  47,  51,  66, 

79,  85,  124-125,  162,  180,  182,  218, 

222,     243,     257,     259,     274-275, 

301-302,  303,  311 

budget,  101,  182,  188-189,  212-213, 

233,  281-282,  325 

suggested  programs,  51-52,  94,    148, 

188-189,   194,  201,  275,   280-281, 

334 

significance,       43,     90-91,      98,       103, 

106-107,     115,    141,    161-162,    199, 

235-237,  249,  275 
international,  20-21,  199,  210 
U.S.  vs.  U.S.S.R.  See  Space  race. 
Vietnam    War,    effect    of,    15,    56,    99, 
131-132,  146,  215,  245,  336 
Space   race,    15-16,    41,   90-91,   147-148, 
180,  212-213,  249,  253,  326 
booster,  33,  34,  186-187,  209,  213 
criticism,  257,  325 
funds,  37,  174,  213,  229-230 
manned  space  flight,  22-24,  34,  40,  41, 
51,  180,  222,  226-227,  253,  269,  326 
military,  42,  87,  93-94,   102,  174,   180, 

188,  223,  255 
moon,    22-24,    41,    87,     112-113,    119, 
173-174,  186-187,  222,  229-230,  249, 
261,  266,  308,  311 
payload,  36,  93,  112,  209 
planetary  flights,  23-24,  34,  36,  41,  43, 

112-113,  188-189,  222 
press  comment,  102,  266,  324-325 
Space  rescue  treaty,  89-90,  127,  161,  215, 

225,  246,  258,  299 
Space    results     (see    also    Earth;    Moon; 


Mars;   Venus;  individual  probes,  sat- 
ellites,  and  rockets),   2,   24,   31-32, 
34,   53,   56,   66,    72-73,    79,   90,   94, 
106-107,  119,  124-125,  141,  190,  232, 
255-256,  333,  334 
agriculture,  62,  106,  117,  125,  257 
aircraft,  20,  57 
astronomy,  180,  231,  276 
communications,    20,    27,    33,    34,    36, 

82-83,  106,  233-234,  235,  246,  254, 

257,  267,  334 
earth  sciences,  20,    180,  191,  215,  254, 

257,  275,  276,  334 
economic     benefits,     33,    36,     49,    58, 

73-74,  103,  109,  117,  202,  234,  235, 

257 
education,  20,  235,  249-250 
engineering,  66,  106,  234,  246,  294,  310 
geology,  117,  231,  235,  257 
medicine,  20,  57,  82-83,  165,  234,  235, 

246,  285-286,  302 
meteorology,  20,  27,  32-33,  36,  49,  106, 

117,  232,  236-237,  254,  257-258,  334 
military,  2-3,  20,  22-23,  57,  185,  208, 

217,  237-238,  275 
navigation,  20,  37,  106,  217,  257 
oceanography,  27,  60,  106,  231 
photography,  106,  185,231 
political,  2-3,  202,  204,  232,  254 
social  science,  58,  202 
technology,  20,  91,  103,   124-125,  190, 

204,  234,  235-238,  249-250,  267-268, 

274-275,  297 
Space  station   (see  also  Manned  Orbiting 

Laboratory;  Saturn  I  Workshop;  Sa- 
turn V  Workshop),  73,  141-142,  163. 

185,  259,  275,  293-294,  303 
contract,  62,  86-87,  202,  242-243 
U.S.S.R.,   54,    119,   211-212,   222,  226, 

230,  68,  277-278,  283 
Spacecraft     (see    also    individual    space- 
craft, such  as  Apollo,  Lunar  Orbiter, 

Luna,  Mariner,  Surveyor) 
braking,  17,  277 
communications,  319 
control,     24,    185,    218-219,    226-227, 

264-265 
design,    10,  48,   66,  86,    111,   202-203, 

218-219,  252,  311 
development  testing,  3 
electrical  systems,  4—5,  251 
environment  control  system,  47,  61—62, 

134,  173,  186 
equipment,  8,   153,   167,   179,   191-192, 

218-219,  282-283,  303 
escape  system,  4-5,  78,  210,  252 
exhibit,  190 

extravehicular  equipment,  316—317 
heating,  193,  212 
instrumentation,      55,      78,      83,      172, 

210-211 
landing  system,  3,  59,  78-79,  116,  144, 

158 
launch  system,  88,  251-252 


418 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


life  support  system,  4—5,  13-14,  61-62, 
144,  173,  176-177,  212,  236-237, 
242-243,  273 

propulsion.  See  Engine  and  individual 
launch  vehicles,  such  as  Saturn. 

recovery,  65,  268 

reentry  control  system  (see  also  reen- 
try), 198-199,230,277 

reusable,  72-73,  259 
Spacecraft  debris,  42,  164,  205-206 
Spacecraft,  model,  65 
Spacesuit,  176-177,  283-284 
SPAco,  Inc.,  79-80 
Spain,  5,  35,  69,  111,  177-178 
SPAN.  See  Solar  Particule  Alert  Network. 
SPARCS.     See     Solar     Pointing     Aerobee 

Rocket  Control  System. 
Sparkman,  Sen.  John  J.,  248 
Sparrow,  J.  G.,  177 
Spartan  (missile),  72 
Spaulding,  Dr.  Roland  H.,  71 
Special  Report  on   Underground  Testing, 

303-304 
Spectrograph,  67 
Spectroheliograph,  118,  128,  240 
Spectrometer,    60,    62-63,    80,    130-131, 

257-258,  273,  328-329 
Spence,  Roderick  W.,  123 
Spencer,  N.  W.,  328-329 
Sperry  Rand  Corp.,  59,  123 
Spirit  of  St.  Louis  (aircraft),  104 
Sport  aviation,  40 
Springfield,  Va.,  233 
sps.  See  Service  propulsion  system. 
Sputnik  I  (U.S.S.R.  satellite),  139-140 
Sputnik  IV,  n 

SR-71  (reconnaissance  aircraft) ,  8 
Sri  Racha,  Southeast  Asia,  108 
SRN4  (hovercraft),  175 
SST.  See  Supersonic  transport. 
STADAN.  See  Satellite  Tracking  and  Data 

Acquisition  Network. 
Stafford,    Maj.    Thomas    P.    (usaf),    73, 

279-280 
Standard  Telephone  &   Cables,  Ltd.,  278 
Stanford   Linear  Accelerator    (slac),   93, 

154 
Stanford,  Neal,  237 

Stanford     Univ.,     5,     38,     91,     93,     154, 
275-276 

Sloan  Fellow,  151,  194 
Stanley,  Hubert  Ray,  283 
Star,  272 

formation,  247 

neutron,  238,  284 

photographs,  310,  335 

radiation,  30 

radio  signals  from,  54,  208-209,  231, 
238 

study  of,  128-129,  208-209,  231,  238, 
247,  272,  284,  304,  310 
Star  Tracking   Rocket   Attitude   Position- 
ing (strap)  system,  30 
Starr,  Dr.  Chauncey  V.,  5 
State,  Dept.  of,  2-3,  89-90,  109,  189-190, 


247,  255,  281 

Status  of  Actions  Taken  on  the  Apollo 
204   (NASA  report)    4-5 

Stein,  Jerome,  281 

Stennis,  Sen.  John  C,  246-247 

Stevens,  Col.  Robert  L.  (usaf),  207 

Stever,  Dr.  H.  Guyford,  299 

Stewart,  I.  A.,  295 

Stockholm,  Sweden,  266-267,  285 

STOL  (short  takeoff  and  landing)  aircraft, 
139,  179,  217,  219,  224,  225-226,  231 

STOLport,  179,  278 

Stoltenberg  Science  Minister,  Dr.  Ger- 
hard (W.  Germany),  136-137,  201 

Stoney,  William  E.,  Jr.,  224 

Stranraer,  Scotland,  111 

STRAP.  See  Star  Tracking  Rocket  Atti- 
tude Positioning. 

Strass,  H.  Kurt,  121 

Stratoscope  II  (balloon-borne  telescope), 
116 

Strughold,  Dr.  Hubertus,  233 

A  Study  of  NASA  University  Programs, 
249-250 

Stuhlinger,  Dr.  Ernst,  303 

Sturmthal,  l/c  Emil  (usaf),  38,  50,  145, 
269 

Sturtevant,  Prof.  Alfred  H.,  38 

Styles,  Paul  L.,  92 

Submarine,  nuclear,  42,  152,  160,  169, 
211,  224,  261,  302-303 

Sud- Aviation  (France),  198 

Suitland,  Md.,  155 

Sullivan,  Leo  J.,  146-147 

Sullivan,  Thomas  E.,  39 

Sullivan,  Walter,  231,  277,  292 

Sun  (see  also  Solar  corona;  Solar  flare. 
Radiation,  solar;  etc.),  56-57,  65,  68, 
102,  109,  118,  128,  153-154,  180,  203, 
243-244 

Sun  Shipbuilding  and  Dry  Dock  Co.,  156 

Sunblazer  (probe),  19,  35 

Sunspot,  N.  Mex.,  296 

Sunspots,  154,  277 

Suojanen,  Dr.  Waino  W.,  91-92 

Suomi,  Vemer  E.,  229 

Super  Jolly  (helicopter),  146 

Super  Loki  Dart    (sounding  rocket),  143 

Superior  Engineering  Co.,  29 

Supersonic  High  Altitude  Parachute  Ex- 
periment. See  SHAPE  Project. 

Supersonic     transport     (sst)      (see     also 
Concorde  and  Tu-144) ,  104 
benefits,  66-67 
cost,  150,  202-203 

criticism,  115,  135,  263,  270,  332-333 
design   and   development,   45,   67,    158, 
217,  220-221,  226,  259,  263,  285,  335 
flight  plans,  45,  198,  217 
foreign,  49,  115,  126,  194,  198,  217,  259- 

260,  294,  332,  336 
funds  for,  19,  43,  115,  144,  285 
hazards,  121,  164-165 
NASA  participation  in  research,  26,   47, 


419 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


131,  233,  237 
President's  Advisory  Committee  on  Su- 
personic Transport,  207,  270 
press  comment,  115,  220-221,  263,  270, 

332-333 
reservations,  285 

sonic  boom,  8,  11,  56,  67,  109-110,  112, 
115,  117,  125,  135,  142-143,  146,  271, 
290-291,  332-333 

Survey  of  Views  of  Leading  Industrial 
Executives  on  the  National  Space  Pro- 
gram.  (House  report),  99 

Survey  Satellite  (sursat)  ,  156 

Surveyor  (program),  1,  3,  41,  51—52,  85, 
106,  151,  281,  301,  314,  335 

Surveyor  I   (lunar  probe),  7 

Surveyor  II,  7 

Surveyor  III,  7 

Surveyor  IV,  7 

Sujveyor  V,  7 

Surveyor  VI,  7,  232 

Surveyor  VII  (Surveyor  G),  1,  3,  6—7, 
42,  50,  335 

Svestaka,  Dr.  Zdanek,  254 

Sweden,  5,  32,  46,  118,  177-178,  198,  240, 
262,  292 

Swedish  Space  Research  Committee,  178 

Sweeney,  Dr.  Stephen  B.,  160 

Swihart,  John  M.,  259-260 

Swiss  National  Committee  for  Space  Re- 
search, 68 

Switzerland,  5 

Swords  Into  Plowshares  Award,  117 

Sydney,  Univ.  of,  171 

Symington,  Sen.  Stuart,  239-240,  245-246 

Symposium  on  Remote  Sensing  of  Envi- 
ronment, 85 

Syracuse  University  Research  Corp.,  82, 
308 

Systems  engineering,  66,  157,  238,  297 


T-38  (jet  aircraft),  128 

Ta  Khli  afb,  Thailand,  69,  80 

Table  Mountain,  Calif.,  6 

Taccomsat   1    (communications   satellite) , 

189 
Tactical  photographic  image  transmission 

(tapit)  system,  77 
Tahiti,  180 
Tallahassee,  Fla.,  128 
Talkeetna,  Alaska,  290 
Tananarive,  Malagasy  Republic,  146 
TAPIT.    See   Tactical   photographic   image 

transmission  system. 
Taschek,  R.  F.,  91 
Taurus   (constellation),  273 
Taylor,  Hal,  197 
Taylor,  Dr.  J.  H.,  161 
Taylor,  Gen.  Maxwell  D.   (usA,  Ret.)   45 
TD-1    (esro    solar   astronomy   satellite), 

95 
TD-2,  95 

Teague,  Rep.  OHn  E.,  51,  99,  103,  222 
Technical   Information   Services   Co.,  245 


Technological     Innovation      in      Civilian 

Public  Areas  (study) ,  27 

Technology,     16,     63,     90-91,     103-104, 

139-140,  178-179,  210,  235-236,  237, 

246,  249-250,  271,  273,  299 

benefits,  27,  98,  195-196,  274-275,  301 

Federal     support,     58-59,     126,     139, 

237-238,  294,  314 
gap,  105,  244 
misuse  of,  16,  119 
U.S.  pohcy,  135,  330-331 
Technology    utilization,    space     (see    also 
Space  results) ,  36,  48,  89,  91,  94 
benefits,  2-3,  20-21,  62,  103-104,  141, 
178-179,     232,    237-238,    246,    249, 
274-275,  297 
Teledyne  Systems  Co.,  82,  144 
Telemetry,  51-52,  83,  164-165 
Teleoperators  and  Human  Augmentation 

(NASA  SP-5047),82 
Telescope     (see    also    Apollo    Telescope 
Mount),    12-13,   119,    128-129,  219, 
284,  290,  294,  334 
astrometric,  151 
balloon-borne,  116 
gamma-ray,  52 
infrared,  184,  219 
spectrographic,  240 
vacuum,  296 
Telespazio   (Italian  space  communications 

company),  80 
Television,  249,  276,  308 
Apollo  7,  250-252,  312,  334-335 
ApoUo  8,  318-319,  323-324,  334-335 
educational,  196-197 
Soyuz  3,  264-265 
space  probe,  use  of,  3,  6,  24,  29,  84, 

153 
via  sateUite,  10,  80,  103,  111-112,  154, 
155,    196-197,    204,    216,    227,    244, 
251-252,  257,  315,  323 
military  use,  190-191 
Teller,  Dr.  Edward,  165 
Temperature,  17,  230,  243-244 
Tennessee,  Univ.  of.  Space  Institute,  267 
TERLS.    See    Thumba    Equatorial    Rocket 

Launching  Station. 
Terzian,  Dr.  Yervent,  171 
Tether,  inflatable,  145 
Tetr  I  (Tts  I)    (Test  and  Training  Satel- 
lite), 112,  274 
Tetrll  (tetr  b),  274,  335 
Texas,  249,  255 
Texas  Instruments,  Inc.,  87 

Texas,  Univ.  of,  1,  82-83,  115,  188,  206, 

294 
TF-39  (jet  engine) ,  15,  146 
TFx    See  F"~X11 
Thailand,   69,   72,   80,   84,   87,    102,    108, 

109,  119,  137 
Thant,   U,    U.N.    Secretary    General,   72, 

189-190,  327 
Thiokol  Chemical  Corp.,  259 

Elkton,  Md.  Div.,  308 


420 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Thomas,  David  D.,  175,  194 

Thomas,  Paul  G.,  174 

Thompson,  Dr.  Floyd  L.,  15,   17,  51,  65, 

101,  204 
Thor  (booster),  59 
Thor-Agena  (booster),  101,  138,  181,  216, 

244,  271,  309 
Thor-Burner  II  (booster),  120,  261 
Thor-Deha  (booster),  9,95 
Thorad-Agena     D     (booster),     116,     138, 

216,  243 
Thrust- Augmented     Delta     (booster),     7, 

42-43,  153 
Thrust-Augmented    Improved    Thor-Delta 

(DSV-3E)    (booster),  273 
Thrust- Augmented        Long-Tank        Deha 

(booster),  314-315 
Thrust-Augmented  Long-Tank  Thor-Delta 

(booster),  191,311 
Thrust-Augmented    Thor-Agena    D,    9-10 
Thrust- Augmented    Thor-Delta    (booster), 

244,  300 
Thule  AFB,  Greenland,  154 
Thumba     Equatorial     Rocket     Launching 

Station      (terls),     India,     30-31,     60, 

75-76,  273 
TiFS.  See  Total  In-Flight  Simulator. 
Tillinghast,  Charles  C,  Jr.,  187-188 
Tiros  Operational  Satellite   (tos)   system, 

1,  50,  149,  191-193,  311 
Tiros  I,  193,  311 
Tiros  III,  193,  311 
Tiros,  M,  49 
Titan  (booster),  148 
Tiian  IH,  162 

Titan  III-B.  127,  208,  272,  300 
Titan    III-B-Agena   D,    10,   61.   86,    127, 

179-180,  272 
Titan  III-C,  25,  132,  148,  189,  228 
Titan  III-D/Centaur,  302 
Titan  III-M,  20,  335 
Todd  Shipyards  Corp.,  310 
Tokyo  Astronomical  Observatory,  155 
Tokyo,  Japan,  82-83,  200-201, 
Tolansky,  Samuel,  158 
Tomahawk  (sounding  rocket),  31 
Tompkins,  Charge  d' Affaires  Edward  K. 

(U.K.),  295 
Tornado  observation,  62,  229 
Torreon,  Mexico,  295 
TOS.  See  Tiros  Operational  Satellite. 
TOS— E    (Tiros  Operational   Satellite).   See 

Essa  VII. 
Total  In-Flight  Simulator  (tifs),  81 
Toulouse-Blagnac,  France,  198 
Townes,  Dr.  Charles  H.,  299,  312 
Townsend,  Dr.  John  W.,  Jr.,  131 
Tracking,  17,  30,  34-35,  50,  65,  112,  113, 
144,  178,  256 

aircraft,  12 

deep  space,   5,  6,  10,   12-13,  118,  203, 
209,  237 

laser,  6,  259,  335 

MSFN,  5,  12,  97-98,  258,  274,  312,  335 


radar,  7,  12-13,  14,  64-^5,  133,  199,  214, 
248,  291 

ship,  12,  258 

STADAN,  5,  7,  12,  143,  146 

station,  205-206 
Alaska,  35 
Europe,  137 
Pakistan,  18 
Spain,  312 

U.S.,  114,  133,  171,  291,  312 
Trade  Expansion  Act  of  1968,  134 
Trans  World  Airlines,  72,  172,  187-188 
Transportation,  185,  187,  235,  323 
Transportation,  Dept.  of  (dot) 

air  traffic  control,  189,  194,  196, 
199-200,  206 

airports,  137-138 

budget,  19,  168 

noise  abatement,  154^155,  271 

R&D,  187 
Transradio,  293 
Treasury,  Dept.,  144 
Treaty 

nuclear  nonproliferation,  11,  32,  62,  92, 
128,  130,  132,  138,  149,  158,  159,  165, 
210,  215-216,  228,  230,  249,  295 

nuclear  test-ban,  228 

"ocean  space"  (proposed),  56 

space  law,  12,  127,  258,  281 

space  rescue,  89-90,  127,  161,  215,  225, 
246,  258,  299 
Triethylborane  (teb),  45 
Trimethylaluminum  (tma),45 
tripltee.  See  True  temperature  tunnel. 
Trippe,  Juan  T.,  107-108 
Tristan  de  Cunha,  37 
Trowbridge,  A.  B.,  40 
True     temperature     tunnel      (tripltee), 

39-40 
Truman,  President  Harry  S.,  250 
Truszynski,  Gerald  M.,  17,  34,  50,  65 
TRW,  Inc.,  94 

Systems  Group,  146,  217 
Tts  I.  See  Tetr  I. 
Tu-144      (u.s.s.R.     supersonic     aircraft), 

126,  194,  259-260,  332-333,  335-336 
Tucker,  Dr.  Gardiner  L.,  137 
Tuke,  John  B.,  Ill 
Tulane  Univ.,  209 
Tunisi2i,  118 
Turcat,  Andre,  198 
Turin,  Italy,  126 
Turtle  experiment,  283 
Tycho  (lunar  crater) ,  6,  50 

U 

UCLA.    See    California,    Univ.    of,    al    Los 

Angeles. 
Udall,  Secretary   of   the   Interior   Stewart 

L.,  7,  290-291 
UFO.  See  Unidentified  flying  object. 
Uganda,  69 

U.K.  See  Lfnited  Kingdom. 
Ulybshev,  Boris  N.,  324 
U.N.  See  United  Nations. 


421 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Underground   nuclear   test,   303-304,   317 
Unidentified  flying  object   (ufo),  99,  151, 

169-170,  172,  227,  254 
Unidentified   satellite,  9-10,   16,  61,   101, 
120,   127,  138,  179-180,  181,  208,  244, 
261,  271,  272,  309 
United  Air  Lines,  164 
United  Aircraft  Corp.,  2,  38,  316 

Pratt  &   Whitney   Div.,   123,  130,   197, 

201,  248 
United  Kingdom  (U.K.),  46,  91 
aircraft,  9,  32,  165,  256 

Concorde,  49,  115,  198,  217,  260,  294 
cooperation,  defense,  9,  165 
cooperation  space,  5,  95,  113,  137,  214, 

240,  279 
House  of  Commons,  9 
launch 

missile,  55 

sounding  rocket,  70,  123 
Ministry  of  Technology,  49,   118,   121, 

256,  286 
nuclear    nonproliferation     treaty,     102, 

132,  138,  295 
satellite,  1,  9,  60,  105,  121,  137 
science  and  technology,  46,  54,  83,  134, 

139,  170-171,  200,  211-212,  253,  285, 

290,  298 
space  program,  60,  73 
space  rescue  treaty,  89,  299 
United  Nations  (U.N.),  12,  117-118,  133, 

172,  189,  199,  204,  281,  306,  323 
Committee    on    the    Peaceful    Uses    of 

Outer    Space,    Legal    Subcommittee, 

127 
Conference  on  Exploration  and  Peace- 
ful Uses  of  Outer  Space,  189,   204, 

211 
Disarmament  Conference,  11,  32,  59,  62 
Economic  and  Social  Council,  72 
General  Assembly,  11,  62,  89,  102,  132, 
138,  158,  161,  317 

Political  Committee,  130 
Secretary  General,  72,  189,  327 
Security  Council,  59,  138,  159 
United     Nations     Educational,    Scientific 
and    Cultural    Organization    ( UNESCO ), 
27 
United    States    (U.S.)     (see    also    appro- 
priate agencies) 
award,  38,  49,  198,  217,  221,  266,  271, 

281,  290,  298,  309 
budget,  15-16,  18-19,  233 
communications,  27,  76,  307 
defense,  9,  18-19,  20,  29,  137,  242,  278, 

308 
disarmament,  11,  59,  132,  149,  164,  166, 

171,  188,  191,  210,  301 
education,  16,  331 
election  results,  271-272 
health,  2,  301,  312-313 
international   cooperation,    2-3,    9,    59, 

70,  73,  99,   117-118,   127,   128,   138, 

141,  156,  157,  159,  177,  189,  196-197, 

247,  257,  306-307 


medical  research,  2,  165,  186,  325 
nuclear     nonproliferation     treaty.     See 

Nuclear  nonproHferation  treaty, 
nuclear  tests,  108,  110,  303-304,  317 
oceanography,   27,    56,    105,    117,    177, 

284,  300,  325 
pollution  abatement,  10,  62,  301,  331 
research  and   development,    10,   16,   20, 
101-102,  127,  131-132,  139-140,  141, 
152,  156-157,  202,  208,  244,  271,  290, 
291-292,  314,  333 
science  and  technology,  10,  16,  27,  38, 
57-58,  60,   62,   70,    73,   93,   94,   99, 
101-102,  115,  119,  154,  175,  178-179, 
180,  194,  208,  244,  255,  271,  284,  291, 
299,  301,  305,  314,  317,  325,  329,  331 
space  rescue  treaty.   See   Space  rescue 

treaty, 
space  program.  See  Space  program,  na- 
tional 
transportation      (see     also     Supersonic 

transport),  168,   187,  207,  235,  323 
Vietnam  War.  See  Vietnam  War. 
United  Technology  Center,  3—4,  36—37 
Universe,  87,  184,  197 
Universities   (see  also  individual  universi- 
ties), 11,  102,  271,  301,  329 
and  space  effort,  55,  68,   85,  235,  267, 

269 
Federal  support,  110,  291-292,  301,  314 
grants  to,  44-45,  129,^  151 
NASA     program,     35,     39,     48,     115, 
139-140,    151,     162,    249-250,    275, 
280-281 
Uppsala    (Sweden)    Ionospheric   Observa- 
tory, 262 
Upson,  Ralph  Hazlett,  188 
Uranium,  166,  298 
Uranus  (planet) ,  79,  148 
Urban  Coalition,  117 
USAF  School  of  Aerospace  Medicine,  11 
USAF  Space  and  Missile  Systems  Organi- 
zation (SAMSO),  111,  121,  173,  194,  264 
U.S.  Air  Force  (usaf)    (see  also  individ- 
ual   bases,    centers,    and    commands, 
such    as    Air    Force    Systems    Com- 
mand,  Arnold   Engineering   Develop- 
ment Center,  Edwards  afb),  39,  40, 
55-56,     110,     112,     135,     146,     164, 
170-171,  207,  209,  211,  232-233,  283, 
298-299 
Aero  Propulsion  Laboratory,  15,  135 
aircraft     (see    also    individual    aircraft, 
such    as    C-5A,    C-130,    F-lllA, 
X-15,  XB-70),  75,  112,  130,  146 
171-172,    239-240,    245-246,    259, 
286,  313 
accident,  2,  8,  72,  80,  84,  87,  97,  102, 

108,  109,  117,  119,  134,  195,  224 
sonic  boom,  154-155,  227,  313 
anniversary,  11 
astronaut,  11—12 

award,  15,  104^105,  259,  299,  300 
booster,  9-10,  20,  61,  86,  111,  127,  132 
148,  162,  189,  228,  302,  335 


422 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


budget,  201 

communications   satellite,   79,    111,   229 

contract,  2,  9,  11,  45,  59,  61,  123,  173, 

194,  201,  231,  232-233,  264,  272,  298, 
334 

cooperation,   42,   63,  70,   83,   118,  233, 

237-238,  247,  276-277,  299,  317-318, 

335 
launch,  189,  208 

failure,  193 

missile,  3,  193 

reentry  vehicle,  292 

sateUite,    9-10,    16,    53,   61,   80,    86, 

101,     120,     127,     132,     138,     159, 

179-180,    181,    208,   216,   228-229, 

244,  261,  271,  272,  300,  309 

missile  program,  3-4,  18,  61,  148,  159, 

193,  195,  209,  262-263,  312-313 
MOL,  20  69-70,  103,  122,  126,  166,  171, 

208,  255,  293,  308-309,  335 
Nimbus  B  Review  Board  report,  243 
nuclear  propulsion,  156 
organization,  9,  150 
parachute  test,  112 
personnel,  102,  152,  172,  207,  233 
research,  70,  150,   163,   170,   181,  302, 

312-313 
test,  3-4,  77,  156,  181 
training,  158 

UFO,  99,  151,  169-170,  172 
Vietnam  War,  71,  72,  84,  104,  109,  155, 

195,  224 

U.S.     Arms     Control     and     Disarmament 

Agency,  27,  166,  295,  334 
U.S.  Army  (usa),293 

Advanced  Ballistic  Defense  Agency,  43 

Cold   Regions   Research   and   Engineer- 
ing Laboratory,  36 

missile,  43,  72 

nuclear  clock,  170-171 

Sentinel  System  Command,  72 
U.S.  Atlantic  Fleet   Anti-Submarine  War- 

iaie  Force,  29 
U.S.  Bureau  of  Mines,  95 
U.S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey    (c&GS), 

37,  89 
U.S.    Geological    Survey,     118,    181-182, 

191,  254-255,  325 
U.S.  Information  Agency  (usia),  239 
U.S.    Navy     (usn),    8,    29,    30,    41-42, 
83-84,  146,  170-171 

aircraft,  187,  201,  245-246,  314 
F-lllB,  14,  71,  75,  98-99,  123,  130, 
167 

contract,    167,   187,   201,   227,   302-303, 
310,  314 

cooperation,  50,  101,  300 

Deep  Submergence  Search  Vehicle,  227 

missile,  191 

nuclear     submarine,     160,     169,      261, 
302-303 

oceanographic  ship,  310 

Operation  Tektite,  101 

Sealab  III  experiment,  41-42,  143,  295 

spacecraft  recovery,  77-78,  251,  320 


USNS  Huntsville,  258 

USNS  Point  Barrow,  30 

USNS  Watertown,  258 

U.S.  Public  Heahh  Service,  82-83 

U.S.S.    Discoverer    (Coast    and    Geodetic 

Survey  ship ) ,  144 
U.S.S.  Essex,  251 
U.S.S.  New  Jersey,  146 
U.S.S.  Okinawa,  77—78 
U.S.S.  Pueblo,  109 
U.S.S.  Yorktown,  320 

U.S.S.R.      (Union     of      Soviet      Socialist 

Republics)    (see  also  Soviet  Academy 

of  Sciences,  etc.),  15-16,  42,  89-90, 

92,  141,  145,  148,  210,  215-216,  233 

agreement,  127,  149-150,  157,  159,  161, 

164,  166 
aircraft,  40,  70,  112,  126,  130,  156,  157, 
163,      171-172,     194,      195,     231, 
239-240,      259-260,      282,      297, 
332-333 
accident,  70 
airlines,  127,  157,  163 
anniversary,  14,  45-46,  273,  336-337 
antimissile  defense,  88,  185 
Aviation  Day,  195 
booster,  34,  36,  186-187,  209,  289 
budget,  309 
communication    satellite,    10,    88,    110, 

155,  189-190,  244 
cooperation,    127,    128,    138,    154,    159, 

202,  254,  281 
cooperation,  space,  2,  10,  31,  52,  66,  99, 

127,  202 
Cosmonaut.  See  Cosmonaut, 
disarmament,  32,  59,  127,  145,  149,  159, 

161,  164,  166,  188,  191,  195,  210 
exhibit,  190 

launch,  23-24,  334,  335-336 
probe 

Luna  XIV,  81 
Zond  IV,  54 
Zond  V,  211-212,  230 
Zond  VI,  277-278 
sfltdlitc 
Cosmos,  9,  11,  32,  42,  57,  61,  63, 
67,  76,  82,  84,  87,  88,  92,  93-94, 
95,  106,  120,  123,  126,  128-129, 
130,    132,    135,     139,    143,    154, 
158-159,  163-164,  165,  172,  178, 
180,  183,  201,  206,  211,  213,  219, 
223,  239,  240,  245,  248,  259,  267, 
269,  279,  289,  295,  296,  298,  308, 
310,  313,  317,  335-336 
Molniya  IS,  88 
Molniya  1-9,  155 
Molniya  I-IO,  244 
Proton  IV,  284-285 
Soyuz  II,  263 
Soyuz  III,  264-265 
lunar     exploration,     46,    54,     112-113, 
116-117,     178,     186-187,    222,    223, 
226-227,  254,  329-330 
meteorological  satellite,  2 
missile    and    rocket    program,    29,    42, 


423 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


45-46,  55-56,  93-94,  102,    178,  188, 
191,  210,  272,  273,  289 

nuclear  nonproliferation  treaty,  11,  32, 
59,  92,  102,  123-124,  128,  132,  133, 
138,  149,  210,  215-216 

science  and  technology,  46,  63,  93,  97, 
103-104,  159,  163,  195-196,  244,  247, 
254,  272,  275-276,  285,  292,  295,  298, 
309,  316,  317,  324 

space,  biology,  200-201,  211,  283, 
286-287,  295,  324 

space  rescue  treaty,  89-90,  127,  215, 
225  299 

space' program,  15,  17,  22-24,  34,  36, 
37,  40,  42,  46,  83,  85,  87,  93-94,  95, 
102,  105,  112-113,  116-117,  119, 
173-174,  178,  180,  190,  200-201,  202, 
209,  211,  218,  222,  223,  226,  229-230, 
248-249,  254,  262-263,  264-265,  266, 
267-268,  269,  272,  275-276,  277-278, 
283,  286-287,  289,  295,  298,  310,  327, 
329-330,  332,  336-337 

space  station,  54,  119,  211-212,  222, 
226,  230,  277-278,  283 

spacecraft.  See  U.S.S.R.,  satellite;  and 
individual  spacecraft,  such  as  Luna 
IV,  Molniya  I-IO,  Soyuz  III. 

submarine,  160,  224,  239-240 

supersonic  transport,  332—333 

test,  116,  121-122 
nuclear,  108 

weapons,    29,    42,    45-46,    55-56,    59, 
93-94,  102,  128,  178,  180,  185,  200, 
205,  208,  210,  239-240,  255,  273,  309 
V.S.    Tactical   Air   Power   Program    (re- 
port) ,  305 
UV:  ultraviolet. 


Vaccaro,  Michael  J.,  283 

Vaeth,  J.  Gordon,  233-234 

Valparaiso,  Chile,  119 

Van  Allen,  Dr.  James  A.,  22,  26-27,  51 

Van   Allen   radiation   belt,  26-27,   29-30, 

131,  203,  228 
Vandenberg  afb,  Calif,   (see  also  Western 
Test  Range),  116 
contract,  11 
launch 

Advanced   Ballistic   Reentry   System, 

292 
failure,  193 
missile,  3 

satellite  launch  vehicle 
Atlas-Agena  D,  179 
Atlas-Burner  II,  193 
Atlas-F,  80,  159 
Long-Tank  Thrust-Augmented  Thor 

(LTTAT)-Agena  D,  16,  61 
Scout,  53 
Thor-Agena,  181 
Thor-Agena  D,  101,  138,  216,  244, 

271,  309 
Thor-Burner  II,  120,  261 


Thrust-Augmented   Thor-Agena   D, 

9-10 
Titan  HI-B,  127,  208,  272,  300 
Titan  III-B-Agena  D,  10,  61,  86, 
127,  179-180 

MOL  launch  complex,  335 
Vanderbilt  Univ.,  326 
Vanguard  (program),  152 
Vanguard  I  (satellite) ,  63-64 
Vavilov,  Nikolay  I.,  298 
Vavilov,  Sergei  I.,  298 
Vega  (star) ,  310 

Vega  Baja,  Puerto  Rico,  64-65,  329 
Vela  (constellation) ,  67 
VELA     (nuclear    test    detection    satellite), 

19,  25 
Veli,  India,  31 
Venezuela,  160 
Venus  (planet),  49,  184 

atmosphere,  17,  199,  302,  329 

exploration    of,    24,    30,    66,    188-189, 
215,  248-249,  287-288,  327,  334 

gravity,  120-121 

landing,  soft,  85 

life  on,  17,  302 

magnetic  field,  328-329 

map,  37,  171 

probe,  163,  188-189,  212 

rotation,  37 

surface,    17,    37,    171,    188-189,     199, 
275-276 

temperature,  17,  163 
Venus  IV   (U.S.S.R.  probe),  17,  36,   85, 

199,  275-276 
Vereinigte  Flugtechnische  Werke,  151 
Veronique  (sounding  rocket),  172 
Verschuur,  Dr.  Gerritt  L.,  208-209 
Vestine,  Dr.  Ernest  Harry,  166-167 
Veterans  of  Foreign  Wars  Space  Award, 

199 
VFX    (usN    supersonic   fighter),    187,   201 
VFX-1.  See  F-14A. 
VFX-2,  171-172 
Victorialand,  89 

Vienna,  Austria,  190-191,  204,  211,  228 
Vietnam,  North,  71,  84,  146 
Vietnam,  South,  88,  132,  137,  146 
Vietnam  War,  62,  133,  149-150,  245 

aircraft,  69,  71 

budget  for,  309 

effects  on  R&D,  296 

effects  on  space  budget,  14—15,  56,  99, 
146,  215,  245,  336 
Viking,  Project,  302 
Vincent,  Robert  K.,  250 
Virgin  Islands,  101 
Virginia,  Univ.  of,  38,  151 
Volcano,  191 
Volpe,  Gov.  John  A.,  309 
von  Braun,  Dr.  Wernher,  28,  112,  303 

electric  power  system,  space  use,  275 

space   program,   24,   57-58,   66,   94-95, 
98 
von  Eshleman,  R.,  275-276 
von  Karman,  Dr.  Theodore,  267 


424 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Voskhod  I  (U.S.S.R.  spacecraft),  286 

Voskhod  II,  81 

Vostok  (U.S.S.R.  spacecraft),  17 

Vostok  I,  70,  309 

Vostok  VI,  148 

Voyager  (program),  18-19,  34,  41 

v/sTOL  aircraft,  33,  166,  177 
landing  tests  for,  168 
research,  for,  34,  47,  134,  238,  288-289 
wind  tunnel  for  testing,  219,  224 

vsx  (antisubmarine  aircraft),  187 

VTOL  aircraft,  16,  33,  47,   116,  224,  231, 
276-277 
foreign,   105,  231 
landing  pads  for,  test,  135 
wind  tunnel  for  testing,  39-40,  219 

Vucinich,  Alexander,  63 

Vungtau,  South  Vietnam,  88 

w 

Wakstein,  Dr.  Charles,  117 
Walker,  Dr,  J.  C.  G.,  328 
Wallace,  Gov.  George  C,  271-272 
Wallops  Station   (nasa),  30-31,  192 
award,  283 

hailstone  model  tests,  247 
launch 

Explorer  XXXVII,  56-57 
RAM  c-ii,  198-199 
Reentry  F  experiment,  97 
sounding  rocket,   1,  64-65,  160,  216, 
288,  308,  328-329 
Aerobee   150  A,  141,  289-290,  291 
Areas,  86,  214 
Astrobee  1500,  88 
Black  Brandt  IV,  106 
Javelin,  82 
Nike-Apache,   45,  64-65,   70,   168, 

181,  182-183,  273,  287 
Nike-Cajun,    9,    29,    168,    213-214, 

287 
Nike-Tomahawk,   13,  31,  60,  62-63, 

64^5,  183,  198,  256 
Pacemaker,  144 
runway  test,  118,  125,  286 
Warnke,  Paul  C,  138 
Warsaw,  Poland,  161 
Warsham,  James  E.,  15 
Washington  Airlines,  224 
Washington,   D.C.,    26,   82-83,    103,    122, 
137,  145,  200,  217,  279,  306,  327 
awards   presented  at,  49,  235-236,  300 
meetings,  22-23,  38-39,  46,  55-56,  79, 
86,    91,    94-95,     108-109,     111-112, 
112-113,      187-188,      216-217,      239 
274-275,     280-281,     284,     293-294, 
301-302,  315-316 
nuclear    nonproliferation    treaty    signed 

at,  149,  295 
space  rescue  treaty  signed  at,  89-90 
Washington    National   Airport,    179,    189, 
203  224 
air  traffic,  194,  199-200,  206,  300 
lights,  122 


modernization,  231 
runway  test,  324 
Watson,   Postmaster  General  W.   Marvin, 

113 
Weakley,  v/a  Charles  E.   (usn,  Ret),  29 
Weapon   systems,   55,   59,    191,    195,   239, 

255 
Weather  modification,  101-102,  195 
Webb,  James  E.,  26,  101,  118-^19,   215, 
244^245, 
appointments  by,  5-6,   17,  91-92,   160, 

206,  209,  233 
award  to,  306 
budget,     19-20,    33-34,    48,    93,    140, 

161-162 
lectures  by 

Diebold,  John,  232 

McKinsey  Foundation,  103-104,   109, 
115 
resignation,     212-213,     218,     221-222, 

229,  244^245,  336 
space  cooperation,  201 
space  program,  97,  209,  212-213 
tribute  to,  66,  215,   218,  221-222,  229, 

246-247,  306 
U.S.S.R.  space  program,  222 
visit  to  Msc,  53 
WEFAX   (Weather  Facsimile  Experiment), 

155 
Weidner,  Hermann  K.,  303 
Weightlessness,  effects  of,  200-201 
animals,  46,  86,  151,  218,  286-287 
bacteria  and  viruses,  46,  325-326 
chromosomes,  46,  325—326 
human     beings,     81,     190,     218,     268, 

286-287 
plants,  46 
Weinberg,  Dr,  Alvin  M.,  28,  331 
Wells,  Edward  C,  5 

Welsh,     Dr.     Edward    C,     32,     105-106, 
112-113,  141,  202,  254,  274,  307-308 
Wenk,  Edward,  Jr.,  284 
West  Virginia,  219,  230 
Western  Co.,  95 
Western  Electric  Co.,  72 
Western    New    York    Nuclear     Research 

Center,  31 
Western  Telegraph  (U.K.),  293 
Western    Test    Range     (wtr)     (see    also 
Vandenberg  afb,  Calif.) 
launch,  1,  179 
contract,  59,  289 
failure,  116,  224,  242 
satellite 

launch  vehicle 

Scout,  113,  182,  240 
Thorad-Agena  D,   116,  244 
Thrust-Augmented  Delta,  7,  42- 

43,   153,  210-211 
Thrust-Augmented        Long-Tank 
Thor-Delta,  191-192,  311 
X-15     experiment,     164,     198,     211, 
262 
Western    Union    International,    Inc.,    154, 
307-308 


425 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


Westinghouse  Defense  and  Space  Center, 

145 
Westinghouse  Electric  Corp.,  26,  272 
Weston,  111.,  93,  154 

Wetzel,  Col.  Albert  J.  (usaf,  Ret.),  209 
Wheeler,  Gen.  Earle  G.  (usa),  159 
Wheeler,  Dr.  John  Archibald,  221,  298 
White,  l/c  Edward  H.,  II   (usaf),  306 
White  House,  7,  51,  57,  150,  212,  235-236, 

298,  299,  306,  326,  332 
White,  Col.  Maynard  E.   (usaf.  Ret.),  9 
White  Sands  Missile  Range   (wsmr),  N. 
Mex.  296 
launch 

Aerobee  150 
radiation,  121 
solar    astronomy,    40-41,    62,    128, 

224 
stellar  data,  30,  67,  104,  115 
ultraviolet  astronomy,  115 
x-ray    astronomy,    30,    40-41,    62, 
87,  104 
Aerobee  150  MI 

atmospheric  data,  238 
infrared  data,  49-50,  316 
solar  astronomy,  97,  118,  232,  290 
stellar  data,  90,  282 
x-ray  astronomy,  169,  170,  303 
balloon,  209-210 
Nike-Apache,  126-127,  300 
micrometeoroid       sampling,       129, 
185-186,  197,  310 
Nike-Cajun,  32-33 
test 

instrumentation,  17,  128,  238 
parachute,  32-33,  126-127,  227,  261, 

309 
rail  launch,  211,  214 
Solar  Pointing  Aerobee  Rocket  Con- 
trol System,  65 
varibooster,  211,  214 
White,  Gen.  Thomas  D.,  Award,  104-105 
White,   Gen.   Thomas   D.,   Space   Trophy, 

122 
White,  William  S.,  149-150 
Whittaker,  Philip  N.,  172 
Whittle,  Sir  Frank,  260-261 
WHO.  See  World  Health  Organization. 
Wible,  M.  Keith,  92 
Wiesner,    Dr.    Jerome    B.,    139-140,    159, 

303-304 
Wilford,  John  N.,  85,  186-187,  265 
Williams  afb,  Ariz.,  92 
Williams,   Maj.   Clifton    C,   Jr.    (usMc), 

128 
Williams,  Don,  77 
Wilson,  Andrew,  189 
Wilson,  George  C,  7,  180,  261,  284,  316 
Wilson,  Prime  Minister  Harold  (U.K.),  9 
Wilson,  T.  A.,  217 
Wilson,  Dr.  William  J.,  200 
Wind  tunnel,  39-40,  42,  219,  281 
Wing,  aircraft 
delta,  332-333 


fixed,  19,  158,  206,  217,  220-221,  270, 
285,  335 

fixed  delta,  259,  270,  285 

swept,  14,  167,  259-260 

swing,  75,  207,  220-221,  259-260,  263, 
270 

test,  75,  155 

tik,  276 

variable,  206,  220-221 
Wings  Club,  66-67,  315 
Wisconsin  Regional  Space  Center,  68 
Wisconsin,  Univ.  of,  38,  93,  115,  219,  229, 

304 
Withbroe,  George  L.,  243-244 
Withington,  H.  W.,  259-260 
Witkin,  Richard,  259 
WoeUer,  Fritz  H.,  16-17 
Wolfe,  Dr.  John  H.,  138-139 
Women's     National     Democratic     Club, 

94-95 
Wonsan,  North  Korea,  109 
Woods,  George  D.,  16 
Woods  Hole,  Mass.,  275 
Woomera  Rocket  Range,  Australia,  296 
World  Affairs  CouncQ,  210 
World  Bank,  51,  53 

World   Health  Organization    (who),   291 
World  Meteorological  Organization,  306- 

307 
World    Military    Expenditures,    1966-67 

(report),  334 
World  War  II,  146 
World    Weather    Watch,    19,    127,    155, 

306-307 
Wrench,  Edwin  H.,  131 
Wright  Brothers  Day,  313-314 
Wrights  Brothers  Lecture,  38-39 
Wright   Brothers   Memorial  Dinner,   209, 

286,  314 
Wright   Brothers  Memorial  Trophy,  209, 

314 
Wright,  Orville,  313-314 
Wright,  Wilbur,  313-314 
Wright-Patterson  afb,  Ohio,  112,  181 
WSMR.  See  White  Sands  Missile  Range. 
WTR.  See  Western  Test  Range. 
Wykes,  Raymond  P.,  151-152 
Wyld,  James  H,,  Propulsion  Award,  133 


X— 3  (supersonic  aircraft),  293 
X— 15     (rocket     research    aircraft),    299, 
300,  317-318,  335 
accident,  12,  164^165 
flight 

No.  1,  53,  78,  95,  132,  164,  198,  211, 

212,  262 
No.  2,  259 
funding,  19 

Hypersonic  Research  Engine,  47 
pilots,  11-12,  12,  299,  300 
record,  11-12,  317-318 
altitude,  317-318 
speed,  317-318 


i 


426 


ASTRONAUTICS  AND  AERONAUTICS,  1968 


258, 


test 
alpha  cone,  198,  211 
electrical  system,  53 
fluidic  probe,  198,  211 
horizon  measurement,  132 
horizon  scanner,  198,  211 
insulation,  78,  95 
Saturn  components,  95 
X-24  (lifting-body  vehicle),  42 
XB-5A  (v/sTOL  aircraft),  276-277 
XB-70     (supersonic    aircraft),    19,    158, 
313 
contract,  149 

flight,  8,  38,  50,  67, 131,  269,  335 
instrumentation,  pilot,  186 
XB-70A,     flight,     145,     167,    208, 

298-299 

XC-142  (VTOL  aircraft),  276-277 
XE    (nuclear  rocket  engine),  25-26 
XLR-11  (rocket  engine),  279 
X-ray,  62,  104,  256-257,  280-281 

source,  30,  273,  303 
XV-5A  (v/sTOL  aircraft) ,  177 
XV-5A  (v/sTOL  aircraft) ,  166,  177,  276- 

277 
XV-4B     (Hummingbird    II)      (vTOL    re- 
search aircraft) ,  230-231 


Yale  Univ.,  38,  32&-329 
Yardney  Electric  Corp.,  121 


Yavnel  Aleksandr,  119 

Yegorov,  Dr.  Boris  B.,  286 

Yellowstone  National  Park,  154-155 

Yelyan,  Eudard  V.,  332-333 

Yeshiva  Univ.,  Graduate  School  of  Sci- 
ence, 119 

YF-12A  (jet  interceptor),  207 

York,  Dr.  Herbert  F.,  Jr.,  40 

Yosemite  National  Park,  154-loo 

Young,  Cdr.  John  W.  (usn),  173, 
279-280 

Young,  Pearl  I.,  134^135 


Zeta  (star),  67 

Zeuschner,  Robert  B.,  44 

ZF-15A   (fighter  aircraft),  130,  232-233, 

272  334 
Zohar',  Dr.  Shalhav,  171  ,    ,    „,„ 

Zond  I   (U.S.S.R.  space  probe),  212 
Zond  II,  54,  212 
Zond  III,  54,  212 
Zond  IV,  54,  151,  212 
Zond   V,  ^ 

launch,  211-212 

press  comment,  222-224,  226,  230 

reentry,  230,  277 

results,  248-249,  283 
Zond  VI,  277-278,  287-288,  298,  332 
Zwick,  Charles  J.,  255,  286 
Zwicky,  Prof.  Fritz,  287 
Zworykin,  Dr.  Vladimir  K.,  43 


I 


427 


NASA  HISTORICAL  PUBLICATIONS 

Histories 

•  Robert  L.  Rosholt,  An  Administrative  History  of  NASA,  1958-1963,  NASA  SP- 

4101,  1966,  14.00.* 

•  Loyd   S.   Swenson,  James  M.   Grimwood,   and   Charles   C.   Alexander,    This   New 

Ocean:  A  History  of  Project  Mercury,  NASA  SP-4201,  1966,  $5.50. 

•  Constance  McL.  Green  and  Milton  Lomask,   Vanguard:  A   History,  NASA   SP- 

4202    (1970). 

•  Alfred   Rosenthal,    Venture  Into   Space:   Early   Years   of  Goddard  Space  Flight 

Center,  NASA  SP-4301,  1968,  $2.50. 

•  Edwin  P.  Hartman,  Adventures  in  Research:  A  History  of  the  Ames  Research 

Center,  1940-1965,  NASA  SP-4302   (1970). 

Historical  Studies 

•  Eugene  M.  Emme    (ed.).  History  of  Rocket  Technology    (Detroit:   Wayne  State 

University,  1964). 

•  Mae  Mills  Link,  Space  Medicine  in  Project  Mercury,  NASA  SP-4003,  1965,  $1.00. 

•  Historical  Sketch  of  NASA,  NASA  EP-29,  1965  and  1966. 

•  Katherine  M.  Dickson   (Library  of  Congress),  History  of  Aeronautics  and  Astro- 

nautics: A  Preliminary  Bibliography,  NASA  HHR-29,  for  sale  by  Clearing- 
house for  Federal  Scientific  and  Technical  Information,  Springfield,  Va.  22150, 
$3.00. 

Chronologies 

•  Aeronautics  and  Astronautics:   An  American  Chronology  of  Science  and   Tech- 

nology in  the  Exploration  of  Space,  1915-1960,  compiled  by  E.  M.  Emme, 
Washington:  NASA,  1961. 

•  Aeronautical  and  Astronautical  Events  of  1961,  published  by  the   House  Com- 

mittee on  Science  and  Astronautics,  1962. 

•  Aeronautical  and  Astronautical  Events  of  1962,  published  by  the  House  Commit- 

tee on  Science  and  Astronautics,  1963. 

•  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  1963,  NASA  SP-4004,  1964,  $1.75. 

•  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  1964,  NASA  SP-4005,  1965,  $1.75. 

•  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  1965,  NASA  SP-4006,  1966. 

•  Astronautics  and  Aeronautics,  1966,  NASA  SP-4007,   1967,  $1.50. 

•  Astronautics   and   Aeronautics,    1967,   NASA    SP-4008,    1969,    $2.25. 

•  Project  Mercury:  A  Chronology,  by  James  M.  Grimwood,  NASA  SP— 4001,  1963. 

•  Project  Gemini  Technology  and  Operations:  A  Chronology,  by  James  M.  Grim- 

wood and  Barton  C.  Hacker,  with  Peter  J.  Vorzimmer,  NASA  SP-4002,  1969, 
$2.75. 

•  The  Apollo  Spacecraft:  A  Chronology,  Vol.  I,   Through  November  7,   1962,  by 

Ivan  D.  Ertel  and  Mary  Lou  Morse,  NASA  SP-4009,   1969,  $2.50. 


*A11  titles  with  prices  can  be  ordered  from  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.C.  20402. 


•Ct  U.S.    GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE:     1970  0—362-275 

429 


i 


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National  AtRONAUTics  and  Space  Administration 
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OrFICIAI.  BUSINESS 


POSTAGE  AND  FEES  PAID 

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FIRST  CLASS  MAIL 


POSTMASTER: 


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Postal  Manual )  Do  Not  Return 


"The  aeronautical  and  space  activities  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  conducted  so  as  to  contribute  .  .  .  to  the  expansion  of  human 
knowledge  of  phenomena  in  the  atmosphere  and  space.  The 
Administration  shall  provide  for  the  widest  practicable  and 
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and  the  results  thereof." 

—  National  Aeronautics  and  Space  Act  of  195S 


NASA  SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  PUBLICATIONS 


TECHNICAL  REPORTS:  Scientific  and 
technical  information  considered 
important,  complete,  and  a  lasting 
contribution  to  e5{isting  knowledge. 

TECHNICAL  NOTES:  Information  less 
broad  in  scope  but  nevertheless  of 
importance  as  a  contribution  to  existing 
knowledge. 

TECHNICAL  MEMORANDUMS: 
Information  receiving  limited  distribu- 
tion because  of  preliminary  data, 
security  classification,  or  other  reasons. 

CONTRACTOR  REPORTS:  Scientific 
and  technical  information  generated 
under  a  NASA  contract  or  grant  and 
considered  an  important  contribution  to 
existing  knowledge. 


TECHNICAL  TRANSLATIONS: 
Information  published  in  a  foreign 
language  considered  to  merit  NASA 
distribution  in  English. 

SPECIAL  PUBLICATIONS: 
Information  derived  from  or  of  value 
to  NASA  activities.  Publications  include 
conference  proceedings,  monographs, 
data  compilations,  handbooks,  source- 
books, and  special  bibliographies. 

TECHNOLOGY  UTILIZATION 
PUBLICATIONS:  Information  on  tech- 
nology used  by  NASA  that  may  be 
of  particular  interest  in  commercial  and 
other  non-aerospace  applications. 
Publications  include  Tech  Briefs,^, 
Technology  Utilization  Reports  aifid 
Notes,  and  Technology  Surveys. 


Details  on  the  availability  of  tliese  publications  may  be  obtained  from: 
SCIENTIFIC  AND  TECHNICAL  INFORMATION  DIVISION 

NATIONAL   AERONAUTICS  AND  SPACE  ADMINISTRATION 

Washington,  D.C.  20546 


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