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HE REGIONS OF

OSTEOLOGY
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ARTHROLOGY

TOLDT

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

SAN FRANCISCO MEDICAL CENTER

LIBRARY

St. Francis Hospital

Medical Library
j-a Crosse. Wise.

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littp://www.arcliive.org/details/atlasofhumananatOOtoldricli

AN ATLAS

HUMAN ANATOMY

FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS

CARL TOLDT, M.D.

ASSISTED BY

PROFESSOR ALOIS DALLA ROSA, M.D.
a&apteb to JEnoUsb an& Smerlcan aiiD 5nternational 'Clerminolog^

M. EDEN PAUL, M.D. Brux., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

FIRST SECTION

A. THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
B. OSTEOLOGY

(figures I TO 377 AND INDEX)

REVISED EDITION

NEW YORK

REBMAN COMPANY

141, 143 AND 145 WEST 36tii STREET

^08799

RERMAN COAIPANY

"'^^f\J

I '

I I

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE

The science of human anatomy is purely descriptive in its methods, the field it covers is not very extensive, and its
boundaries ara sharply limited ; it is, therefore, one of the few sciences in which something closely verging on finality
and completeness has been attained. Even, however, if no new anatomical data are likely to be forthcoming, there is yet
scope for originality in the method of presentation of those data of which the science now consists ; and originality of
this kind Professor Toldt's "Atlas of Human Anatomy" exhibits in a high degree. In the many admirable manuals of
human anatomy now extant in English, the illustrations, even when numerous, as they are often, and when good, as they
are occasionally, form a mere supplement — usually a very imperfect supplement — to the text. Atlases of anatomy, and
useful adases, also exist in English, but all are quite fragmentary. Some, like the well-known and valuable, but somewhat
antiquated, " Illustrations of Dissections," consist of a series of pictures of selected regions carefully prepared on the
cadaver: these are models for the imitation of the student in his own dissecting work, but are not of much value for
private study. Others, like Bellamy's English edition of Braune's atlas of frozen sections of the human body, present a
small number of anatomical facts from a striking and unfamiliar point of view. But among English works, an accurate
pictorial representation of all the data of human anatomy, carefully drawn to scale from actual specimens, and arranged
suitably for systematic study, has hitherto been lacking.

Whilst a true knowledge of anatomy, a knowledge that will through life supply the needs of the physician and the
surgeon in their practical work, can be obtained only in the dissecting-room, the student's labours with scalpel and forceps
must be preceded and supplemented by systematic private study. Now, for this purpose, the textual descriptive treatise
ii net alone sufficient ; or, if sufficient, it is so at an excessive expenditure of time and labour. Both in his work
preparatory to dissection and in his revision of his anatomical knowledge subsequent to dissection, the energy of the
student will be enormously economized if he has at hand a graphic representation of every structure named and described
in his systematic treatise. An increased use of the visual or graphic method, both in the acquirement and in the
revivification of knowledge, is a feature of the age in all educational departments ; but this English translation of Professor
Toldt's work is, as far as the English-speaking races are concerned, the first adequate application of the method to the
study of human anatomy.

In speaking of the finality and completeness of anatomical science, one exception must be made, and this exception
relates to anatomical terminology, which, though nearly completed, has not yet attained finality. Had there been a
universal anatomical nomenclature — a nomenclature, that is, adopted by, or even fully intelligible to, anatomists of all
nationalities — an English edition of this work would have been superfluous. Anatomy, however, like all other sciences,
has suffered from the dispersion of tongues that ensued on the Renascence, when the good and the evil of mediaevalism
became inextricably confounded, and were cast away together, and the inestimable gift of a language common to the
learned of all lands was lost for ever. The German-speaking peoples have a fairly complete and fairly pure Latin
anatomical nomenclature, needing, however, to be eked out here and there by the vernacular ; whilst in England, as in
France, a strange and bastard dialect, half Latin and half vernacular, has come into use. Uncouth jargon as it is, being
current and familiar, it is not likely in England and America ever to be replaced by the more consistent terminology in
use in the anatomical schools of Germany and Austria ; I have, however, in this English edition of the "Atlas of Anatomy"
retained the terminology of the original side by side with the English translation, distinguishing between the two by a
difference of type.

In some cases, in the nomenclature used by the author, terms are met with which have no counterpart in English
anatomical terminology : either because the author regards as normal a structure which English anatomists regard as a
variety ; or, and far more commonly, because the structure in question, though normal, is unimportant, and English
anatomists have therefore neglected to name it. Sometimes, in such cases, I have given a literal English translation of
the Latin name used by the author ; sometimes, however, a periphrasis has been required to explain what the structure
is, or to account for the absence of an English name, and this periphrasis, when lengthy, has been printed as a foot-note.
In all such cases, an asterisk is prefixed both to the Latin name and to its English equivalent, to indicate to the reader
that there is something unusual in the terms employed.

I must further point out that in a few instances the author's nomenclature actually conflicts with that commonly used
in England, so that the literal translation of the author's name for a certain structure is applied in England to a structure
totally different. For instance, what the author calls canalis pterygopalatinus is in England called xhe^ posterior palatine
or palatoiiiaxillary canal, while the pterygopalatine canal of English anatomists is called by the author canalis
pharyngeus. But for this warning, beginners might imagine such divergencies to be due to carelessness on the part of
the translator or to errors of the press.

A further difficulty has arisen from the fact that English anatomical nomenclature is itself not yet finally settled, nor
even wholly consistent. Not merely is the same structure often known by several names ; but, which is worse, the same

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE

name is sometimes applied to two different structures Reform is therefore needed, but it is not the part of a translator
to undertake it, and I have perforce been content to follow the authorities. My leaainj; autnoruy has been the tenth
edition of Quain's "Elements of Anatomy," but 1 have also had Macalister's "Text-booK ot Human Anatomy" in
constant requisition, from these works I have, when more than one name is used to denote any structure, taken all
those in common use, the order in which the alternative names have been printed showing most often the relative
frequency of employment ; in a few cases, however, where a name less commonly used has appeared to me distinctly
preferable for any reason to an alternative name more commonly used, 1 h ive given the less usual but preferable name
the precedence. To this small extent only have I been influenced by my own views in the matter of anatomical
terminology ; and, with the exception of those names which for the reason already furnished are preceded by an asterisk,
all the terms in the English nomenclature are in use by one or more of the leading English authorities.

As regards the terminology employed in the United States of America, the contributions of the scientific investigators
of that country to anatomy have, owing to tiie early perfection of this branch of study, been far less extensive than in the
case of the other sciences ancillary to medicine ; and the science of anatomy was for the most part taken bodily over,
text-books, terminology, and all complete. A few differences, however, exist, and I have therefore collated my manuscript
with that useful little work. Young's " Synopsis of Human Anatomy," and any divergent terms in use in America only
have been inserted in my translation, and distinguished by the addition of the letters " U.S."

A considerable number of the references to the figures will be found to be in the English nomenclature only. These
are either cases in which the English and the International descriptive terms were identical, and the printing of both was
therefore superfluous ; or else cases in which in the original the reference was wholly in German.

Measurements given in the original in centimetres have in all cases been reduced to inches. In illustrations of foetal
parts the age of the fcetus is given in months from the date of fertilization of the ovum. On the Continent, however, the
period of utero-gestation is usually reckoned as ten "'months" of four weeks each; not, as with us, as nine calendar
months. To avoid mistake, I have in all such cases after the word "month" or "months" added in parentheses the words
" months of four weeks each."

I cannot dismiss mention of the works of reference I have employed without alluding to the German-English
" Dictionary of Medical Terms," by Treves and Lang — a book invaluable to all those engaged in the translation of
German medical works.

Since this Atlas is intended for the use of beginners, as well as for that of advanced students of human anatomy and
of practitioners of medicine, I may fitly conclude this preface with a few words on the general principle s of anatomical
nomenclature. For descriptive purposes the body is regarded as being in the upright posture, with the arms extended
by the sides, and ihe hands fully supinated, so that the palms look forward. With this attitude kept in mind, the meaning
of the lerms superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, external and internal, is obvious. Sometimes, however,
descriptive terms of another kind are used, to remove the confusion liable to arise from the adoption by man of an
attitude different from that of all the other vertebrata, and to homolog ze the nomenclature of human with that of
comparative anatomy. Thus, cephalic and caudal in comparative anatomy correspond respectively with superior and
/'w/i"/-/;)/- in human anatomy ; ventnil und dorsal, with anterior and posterior. Dividing the body into right and left
halves by a vertical median plane, which cuts the surface of the body at the median line, medial or mesial and lateral
correspond respectively with internal and external in denoting position respectively nearer to, or more remote from, the
median pla e. Other lerms in frequent use are superficial a.ad deep, central ^.nd peripheral, proximal and distal; these
are self-explanatory.

In some cases descriptive terms applied to portions of certain structures denote the relation of these portions to
other structures, as when we speak rf the vertebral and the sternal extremities of the ribs, or the acromial and the
sternal extremities of the clavicle. Terms of similar import are radial and ulnar applied to structures of the forearm ;
tibial and fibular (or peroneal) of the leg ; palmar and dorsal of the hand ; plantar and dorsal of the foot ; ficxor and
extensor of any of the extremities. It is to be noted that internal and external are sometimes used in a sense different
from that previously explained, being employed to denote the interior and exterior positions respectively, cither in relation
to the general axis tf the body or to the axis of one of its cavities. In this sense, for instance, we may speak of the
internal and the external tables of the cranial vault, or of the internal and the external obliciue muscles of the abdomen ;
but it is, as a rule, better to use the words inner and outer to denote this relation, and to reserve internal and external for
position in r spect to the median plane.

Finally we have to explain the terms used to denote certain directions, more e-pecially the direction of certain
sec ions : these are horizontal and vertical, requiring no definition ; sagit'al, denoting a dorso-ventral direction either in
or parallel to ihe medi.m plane ; axid frontal or coronal, which are synonymous terms, deaoting direction in a transverse
vertical plane.

The definition of many of the terms used in descriptive anatomy, such as condyle and tuberosity, process ■Axid tubercle,
sinus and cavity, ligament, tendon, and aponeurosis, would be superfluous, since the student w 11 best gain an accurate
notion of their meaning by an examination of the structures to which they are respectively applied.

M. EDEN PAUL.
Alderney, August, 1903.

^flS. CHF

REGIONES
CORPORIS HUMANl

THE REGIONS
OF THE HUMAN BODY

Palmar regions .
of the fingers

THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Temporal region
" Orbital region

'<j.^ ^ 'brachial ^TZT^ ^

Internal region of the elbow -N^i" -V regiw_,.-*r^\^ _^^,

Posterior region of the elbow/ ^'

Region of the olecranon Axillary region ■

Axillary fossa . i a -^.^ r,\

Internal malleolar region

Dorsal digital regions of the foot_
Ungual regions _

- Anterior region of the neck

External region of the neck
Deltoideo-pectoral triangle
Infraclavicular region

Deltoid region
Sternal regi.on

^ c\ 1

•? zy] External brachial region

n ta\\l\

Anterior region of the elbow
External region of the elbow

Dorsal region of the forearm

Dorsal region of the hand

Ungual regions

Fig. I. — Anterior Surface of the Body.

Regions of the Human Body.

THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Regiones.,,

volares
digitorum

R. cubiti medialis.>^;
R. cubiti posterior,--, '
R. olecrani /

R. temporalis
orbi talis

R. colli anterior

R. colli lateralis
.Trig, deltoideo pectorale
R. infraclavicularis
~R. deltoidea

—R. sternalis
-R. brachii lateralis

R. cubiti anterior
— R. cubiti lateralis

R. antibrachii dorsalis

rt. dorsalis manus

Regiones unguiculares

R. malleolaris medialis '

Regiones dorsales
digitorum pedis
Regiones unguiculares

Fig. la. — Anterior Surface of the Body.

Regiones Corporis Humani.

THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Ungual regions^;; — f^
Dorsal regions of the fingers -v^..

Temporal region

Auricular region
mastoid region
Nuchal furrow

Acromial region

"^ Posterior region of the elbow
- '■ External region of the elbow

~ Region of the olecranon

External brachial region

Internal brachial region
External region of the elbow

Beg^on of the olecranon
Posterior region of the elbow

Palmar region of the
hand

Palmar regions of the- 1:;:::^^
fingers

Calcaneal rsfrion

Fig. 2. — Posterior Surface of the Body.

Regions of the Human Body.

THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Regiones unguicularc s;;^-
Regg. dorsales digitorum'

R. temporalis

R. auricularis
R. mastoidea
Fovea nuchse

R. acroinialis

■■, R. cubiti posterior
■- R. cubit- lateralis
R. olecrani

R. brachii lateralis

R. brachii medialis
R. cubiti lateralis

R. olecrani

R. cubiti posterior—

Regio
volaris manus

Regiones
volares digitorum

Fig. 2a. — Posterior Surface of the Body.
Regiones Corporis Humani,

THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Supraorbltul regiob
Upper palpebral region '\

Lower palpebral region

Zygomatic region v..
Infraorbital region ■

Tipper labial region

Lower labial region; J"^

Submental region

Hyoid region
Subhyoid region

Auricular region
Mastoid region

Suprasternal region

Suprasternal ili
Lesser supraclavicular foisa

Laryngeal region

—Greater supraclavicular fossa

Deltoideo • pectoral
triangle ^

Omoclaviculai' trianglfi
> Known also ai the infraclavicular triangle or in/radavicular fossa, and .-oraetimes called Monrenheimer'i ,pace.

Fig. 3. — Head and Neck.

Regions of the Head and Neck.

THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

R. supraorbitalis
R. paloebralis superiorv \

R. palpebralis inferior's

R. zygoraatica

R. infraorbitalis

R. labialis superior
R. labialis inferior

R. submentalis-

R. hyoidea-
R. subhyoidea-

R. laryngea

R. auricularis
R. tnastoidea

R. suprastemalis

Fossa jugularis

Fossa Eupraclavicularis minor

Trigonum omoclavicular ;

Fossa supraclavicularis

major

Trigonum
deltoideo-pectorale

Fig. 3a. — Head and Neck.

Regiones Capitis et Colli.

ifl — 2

THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

..-'"' I Perineal region

Fig. 4. — Male Perineal Region.

Perineal region

Fig. <;. — Female Perineal Region.

Perineal Region.

THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

•OReg. perinealis

Fig. 4a. — Male Perineal Region.

. perinealis

Fig. 5a. — Female Perineal Region.

Regio Perinealis.

OSTEOLOGIA
OSTEOLOGY

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Volkmann'B canal

Sharpey's fibres

Outer fundamental .Amellse

Lacunse
(" Osseous corpusoles ")

Haversian system of lamellss
Interstitial lamellas

Haversian canal

Fig. 6. — Portion of a Cross-Section through the Compact Tissue of a Long Bone.

Volkmann's canal"

Outer fundasnental lameUse'

Lacunee
(" Osseous corpuscles"

Interstitial lamellss

Interstitial lamellsa
Haversian canal

' Haversian system of lamella

PiG_ 7. — Portion of a Longitudinal Section through the Compact Tissue of a Long Bone.

Microscopical Structure oi Bone.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Cancellous bone tissue

Substantia spongiosa "~-

MeduUary spaces of the cancellous
tissue

Surface of the cross-section

Compact bone tissue

Substantia compacta

Haversian systems of lamellae

Surface of the longitudinal section

-Volkmann's canals

Outer fundamental lamella

Fig. 8. — Diagram of the Structure of Bone.

Thickening of the periosteum,
at the site of origin of a
muscle

Periosteum -

Compact bone tissue
Substantia compacta

Bone-marrow

Medulla ossis

Exposed surface
of the bone

Periosteum

Fig. 9.— Part of the Middle Segment of the Femur from which the Periosteum

HAS BEEN partially REMOVED.
The medullary canal (cavum medullare) has been opened, and the bone-marrow (medulla ossis) is seen.

Periosteum and Bone-Marrow (Medulla Ossium).

2 — 2

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Great tuberosity -

Tuberculum majus

- Head of the humerus

Caput humeri

Trochlea of the humerus -

Trochlea humeri

Olecranon fossa

Fossa olecrani

Fig. io. — Proximal Portion in
Frontal Section.

Fig. II.— Distal Portion in
Sagittal Section.

Humerus — Arm-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and

cancellous tissue of the bones.

Ossa longa — Long bones.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Olecranon

Tuberosity of the ulna

Tuberositas ulnae

Fig. 12. — Proximal Portion in
Sagittal Section.

Ulna.

Head

Capitulum

Tuberosity of the radius
Tuberositas radii

Head

Capitulum

Styloid process

Processus styloideus

Fig. 13. — Distal Portion in
Frontal Section.

Nutrient canal - - MiB Styloid process

Canahs nutricius ^^<^LJ i/^ Processus styloideus

Fig. 14. — Proximal Portion. Fig. 15. — Distal Portion.

Radius.
Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and cancellous tissue of the bones.

Ossa longa — Long bones.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Great trochanter

Trochanter major

*^), - Head of the femur
'^ Caput /emoris

Fig. i6. — Proximal Portion in
Frontal Section.

Internal condyle

Condylus medialis

External condyle

Condylus lateralis

Pjq_ 17, — Distal Portion in Frontal Section.

Femur-Thigh-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium-Compact and

cancellous tissue of the bones.
Ossa longa— Long bones.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

External tubercle of the spine of the tibia

Tuberciilum intercondyloideum laterale

External tuberosity

Condylus lateralis

I Internal tubercle of the spine of the tibia

JTuberculura intercondyloideum mediale

Internal tuberosity

Condylus medialis

Internal malleolus

i Malleolus medialis

Fig. i8. — Proximal Portion in
Frontal Section.

Fig. ig. — Distal Portion in
Frontal Section.

Tibia— Shin-bone : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium— Compact and

cancellous tissue of the bones.
Ossa longa — Long bones.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Fig. 20. — Third Lumbar Vertebra in Horizontal Section.

Fig. 22. — Body of the Second Lumbar Vertebra in Frontal Section.

Vertebrae : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and cancellous tissue

of the bones.

Ossa brevia — Short bones.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Anterior surface

Facies anterior

Front*l Section. Sagittal Section.

1*10. 23. — Os CUNEIFORME 111.. THE EXTERNAL CUNEIFORM BONE.

Head of the astragalus
Caput tali

Superior articular surface of the astragalus
Trochlea tali

The posterior of the two facets articulating

with the calcaneus!
Facies articularis calcanea posterior

Fig. 24. — Talus, the Astragalus, in Sagittal Section.

5-1

— t

p-i

Posterior articular facet for the astragalus

Facies articularis posterior

Articular facet for the cuboid
Facies articularis cuboidea

~ Tuberosity of the os calcis

Tuber calcanei

FiG. 25. — Calcaneum, the Os Calcis, in Sagittal Section.

O
r-

Ossa tarsi — Tarsal bones : Substantia compacta et substantia spongiosa ossium — Compact and

cancellous tissue of the bones.

Ossa brevia — Short bones.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Articular surface for the fibula

Facies articularis fibul«e

Oblique line

Linea poplitea

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutriciura

Nutrient canal
Canalis nutricius

Medullary canal

Cavum meduUare

Fig. 26. — Nutrient Foramen and Nutrient Canal of the Right Tibia.

Seen from Behind.

by sawing away a portion of the snaft the whole length of the nutrient canal has been

opened up.

Nutrient Foramen and Nutrient Canal of a Long Bone.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium

Nutrient canals'
Canales nutricii

Inner cortical substance

Substantia corticalis in-
terna

Nutrient canals

Canales nutricii

Cancellous tissue

Substantia spongiosa

Out«i' uurtical substance
Substantia corticalis externa

Fig. 27. — Outer Surface of Left Ilium.

By the removal of the outer compact layer and the cancellous tissue of a portion of the bone, the nutrient canals
have been displayed. The bristles projecting towards the right above and below show that the nutrient canals
into which they have been inserted open on the inner surface of the bone — that turned away from the observer.

AX\^X

Inner table — -^
Lamina interna i_

Canal of the diplo^

Canalis diploicus

Outer table
Lamina externa
Diplog

Diploe

Outer table
Lamina externa

Fig. 28.— Os Parietale, Parietal Bone, prepared to show the Diploe and the
Compact Inner Table. Seen from without.

Substantia compacta, substantia spongiosa, et canales nutricii — Compact tissue, cancellous

tissue, and nutrient canals.

Ossa plana — Flat bones.

3—2

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Joint-cavity —

Layers of the perichondrium

Calcified cartilage
(Centre of ossification of the
dlaphysls)
Cortex of bone formed be-
neath the perichondrium

Frimitive cartilage

Capsule of the joint
Primitive cartilage

VMSM^' ^"'^^ °^ ossification

- Endochondrally formed
bone of the diaphysis

- Nutrient artery
Primary medullary space

Cortical substance
(Periosteal bone of the
dlaphysls)

--— Layers of the periosteum
^^^SiiS^ Perichondrium

"/,

Figs. 29 and 30. — Two Stages in the Intracartilaginous Ossification of Long Bones,
AS shown by Longitudinal Sections of the Phalanges of a Human Fcetus.

Articular cartilage

Cartilage of the '-
epiphysis
Centre of ossification

of the epiphysis

Zone of ossification of

the diaphysis

Diaphysis
Medullary canal

Epiphysis

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Zone of ossification of the
diaphysis

Diaphysis

Cancellous tissue

Substantia spongiosa
Compact tissue
Substantia compacta
Periosteum

Figs. 31 and 32. — Two Stages in the Intracartilaginous Ossification of the
Epiphysis of a Long Bone, as shown by Longitudinal Sections of the
Distal Portions of Metacarpal Bones.

Development of the Bones.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Zone of altered cartilage

Vascular canals of the <
cartilage

Endochondral centre of ossification

- Primitive cartilage

Fig. 33. — Intracartilaginous Ossification of a Short Bone.
A section of the cuboid bone of a new-born child.

Tissue of the primitive
cranial membrane

Eows of osteoblasts --.:":

^-,„, Osseous spicules

Fig, 34. — Intramembranous Ossification of the Bones of the Cranial Vault.

Upper half of the parietal bone of a human fuetus in the eleventh week of intra-uterine life.

Development of the Bones.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE BONES

Fig. 35. — Anterior Aspect.

Ic^

Fig. 36. — ViEvvKu tkom the Left Side,
THE Arm having been removed.

Skeleton humanum — The human skeleton,

SKELETON TRUNCI
THE AXIAL SKELETON

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Vertebra r -/

Carotid 1

tubercle [

Tuberculum j

caroticum )

Cervica

Vertebrae

I.— VII.

Vertebrae
cervicales

Spine of the seventh

cervical vertebra
(vertebra prominens)

Vert. 13-

-"'Intervertebral

foramina
Foramina
intervertebralia

Dorsal
yertebrse
I.— XII.

Vertebrae
thoracales

, Inter /'Mtebral
foramina

Forsnii la
in:f,r/ertebralia

Lumbar

vertebrae

I.— V.

Vertebra;
lumbales

Vert. 24-

Sacral promontory ]'
Promontorium |

Vert. 25

Sacral yertebrse

I.-V.

Os sacrum

Vert, sacrales

Seen from the Front.

The coccyx

Coccygeal vertebrae

I.-V.

Os coccygis

Seen from Behind.

Fig. 37.— The Vertebral Column as a Whole. Classification and Nomenclature

OF THE Vertebrae.

Columna vertebralis— The spinal column.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Superior articular processes

Processus articulares superiores;

Pedicle
Radix arcus

Upper costal facet
Fovea costalis superior \

Costo transverse facet
Fovea costalis transversus

Spinous process

Processus spinosus

Body

Corpus vertebrae / j

Lower costal facet ■' ;
Fovea costalis inferior .'
Inferior vertebral notch

Incisura vertebralis inferior i

Inferior articular facet

Facies articularis inferior

Lamina
Arcus vertebrae

Transverse
process

Processus
transversus

Spinal foramen
Foramen vertebrale

Body

Corpus vertebrae

Fig. 58. — Seen from the I^eft Side. Fig. 39. — Seen from Above.

Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior

Body

Corpus vertebrae-^

Spinous process
Ptocessus spinosus

Transverse process

Processus transversus

Superior articular
facet
• Facies articularis
superior

Spinous process
Processus spinosus

Fig. 40. — Seen from Before.

Fig. 41. — Seen from Behind.

Vertebrae: Vertebra thoracalis VI.— Sixth dorsal vertebra.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Posterior tubercle
Tuberculum posterius

Anterior tubercle

Tuberculum anterius

Groove for spinal nerve

Sulcus nervi spinalis

Body

Corpus vertebrae

Inferior vertebral notch

Incisura vertebralis inferior

y ( Superior articular processes

\Prccessus articulares superiores

Inferior articular facet
Facies articularis inferior

Spinous process

Processus spinosus

Fig. 42. — Seen from the Left Side.

Body

Corpus vertebrae

Transerve process
Processus transversus

Anterior tubercle

Tuberculum anterius

Posterior tubercle

Tuberculum posterius
Inferior articular facet
Facies articularis inferior

Fig. 43. — Seen from Before.

Spinous process

Processus spinosus

Spinal foramen
Foramen vertebrale
^Lamina
,- ''^Arcus vertebrae

Inferior articular process

Processus articularis inferior

Transverse process

Processus transversus

Groove for spinal nerve
Sulcus nervi spinalis

Superior articular facet

Facies articularis superior

Posterior tubercle

— . Tuberculum posterius

Costo-trans verse foramen

Foramen transversarium

^Anterior tubercle

Tuberculum anterius

Fig. 44. — Seen from Above.

Spinous process

^.---"'Processus spinosus

Lamina

Arcus vertebrae

Pedicle

Radix arcus vertebrae

Inferior articular facet
F?cies articularis inferior

Costo-transverse foramen

Foramen transversarium

Fig. 45. — Seen from Below.

Vertebrae : Vertebra cervicalis V.— Fifth cervical vertebra.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Body

Corpus vertebrae

Superior vertebral notch

Incisura vertebrahs superior

Superior articular process
Processus articulans superior

Mamillary process

Processus mamillaris

Spinous process
Processus spinosus

Inferior vertebral notch

Incisura vertebralis inferior

Inferior articular facet

Fades articularis inferior

Fig, 46. — Seen from the Left Side.

Lamina
Arcus vertebrae

Spinous process

Processus spinosus

Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior

Mamillary process

Processus mamillaris

..Accessory process
Processus accessorius

Costal process
Processus costarius

Pedicle
Radix arcus

Spinal foramen

Foramen vertebrale

■Body

/, Corpus vertebrae

Fig. 47. — bEKx FROM Above.

Mamillary process

Processus mamillaris

Accessory process

Processus accessorius

Body

Corpus vertebrae

Superior articular facek

Facies articularis superior

Costal process
Processus costarius

Spinous process

Processus spinosus

Inferior articular process
Processus articularis inferior

Fig. 48. — Seen from Behind.
Vertebrae : Vertebra lumbalis II.— Second lumbar vertebra.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Fig. 49. — Vertebra Thoracalis I. — First Dorsal Vertebra. Seen from Before.

Transverse process
Processus transversus

Fig. 50. — Vertebra Thoracalis XI. — Eleventh Dorsal Vertebra. Seen from the Left Side.

_1 Transverse process
Processus transversus

Fig. 51. — Vertebra Thoracalis XII.— Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra. Seen from the Left Side.

Fig. 52.— Vertebra Lumbalis V. — Fifth Lumbar Vertebra. Seen from the Left Side.
Vertebrae : Transitional forms of the dorsal and lumbar vertebrae.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Posterior tubercle
Tuberculum posterius v

Posterior arch

Arcus posterior

Vertebral groove

Sulcus arteriae vertebralis ■•

Superior articular facet
Fovea articularis superior

Articular facet for the odontoid process

Fovea dentis

Lateral mass

Massa lateralis

Anterior arch

"Arcus anterior
Anterior tubercle
Tuberculum anterius

Fig. 53. — The Atlas, or First Cervical Vertebra. Seen from Above.

Anterior articular facet

Facies articularis anterior

Odontoid process
Dens

Superior articular process

Processus articularis superior

- Inferior articular process

7i Processus articularis inferior

Fig, 54.— Epistropheus, the Axis, or Second Cervical Vertebra. Seen from Before.

Spinous process

- Processus spinosus

Inferior articular process
Processus articularis inferior

Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior

Posterior tubercle

Tuberculum posterius

Spinal foramen
Foramen vertebrale

Costo-transyerse foramen

Foramen transversarium

Fig. 55.— Vertebra Cervicalis VII. — Seventh Cervical Vertebra. Seen from Above.

Vertebrae : The atypical cervical vertebrae.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Sacral portion of the brim

of the pelvis

Pars sacralis lineae ter-

minalis

Transverse ridges-
Lineae transversae

Superior articular procesB

Processus articularis superior

Lateral mass

Pars lateralis

Anterior sacral foramina
Foramina sacralia anteriora

Apex of the sacrum

Apex '^ssis sacri

Fig. 56.— Male Sacrum (Facies Pelvina— Pelvic Surface). Seen from Before.

Sacral portion of the brim .

of the pelvis

Pars sacralis linea; ter-

minalis

Superior articular process

Processus articularis superior

Lateral mass

Pars lateralis

Transverse ridges
'"'Lineae transversae

Anterior sacral foramina
Foramina sacralia anteriora

Apex of the sacrum

Apex ossis sacri

Fig. 57.— Female Sacrum (Facies Pelvina— Pelvic Surface). Seen from Before.

Os sacrum — The sacrum.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Superior articular process
Processus articularis superior

'External sacral crest

•Crista sacralis lateralis

'Median sacral crest .

•Crista sacralis media

•Articular sacral crest
•Crista sacralis articularis

Sacral comu .

Cornu sacrale

•Tuberosity of the sacrum
•Tuberositas sacralis

Auricular surface
Facies auricularis

. Posterior eacral foramina
Foiamina sacralia posteriora

Hiatus of the sacrum
Hiatus sacralis

Apex of the sacrum

Apex ossis sacri

Fig. 58. — Male Sacrum fpAciEs Dorsalis — Dorsal Surface). Seen from Behind.

Sacral canal

Canalis sacralis

Intervertebral foramen

Foramen intervertebrale

'Median sacral crest

/'•Crista sacralis media

Posterior sacral foramen
Foramen sacrale posteriu;;

Anterior sacral foramen
Foramen sacrale anterius

'Articular sacral crest
'Crista sacralis articularis

~ 'External sacral crest
•Crista sacralis lateralis

Lateral mass
Pars lateralis

Fig. 59. — Transverse Section through the Sacrum at the Level of the First Set of

Sacral Foramina.

Os sacrum — The sacrum.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Auricular surface
Facies auricularis

Sacral coma

Cornu sacrale

Coccygeal comu

Cornu coccygeum

Extremity of the coccyx

Apex ossis coccygis

Superior articular process

Processus articularis superior

First sacral vertebra

Vertebra sacralis 1.

Sacral canal

Canalis sacralis

Fig. 6o. — Sacrum and Coccyx. Seen from
THE Left Sid^.

Fifth sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis V.

Sacral comu

Cornu sacrale
Coccygeal comu

Cornu coccygeum

First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I.

Fig. 6i. — Sacrum and Coccyx in Sagittal Section

THROUGH the MeDIAN LiNE.

Coccygeal comu

Cornu coccygeum

First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I.

Fifth coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea V.

Fig. 62. — Coccyx seen from Before.

Fig. 63. — Coccyx seen from Behind.

Os sacrum et os coccygis — Sacrum and coccyx.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Epiphyses of the vertebral bodies.

Costal process

Processus costarius^

Fifth lumbar vertebra

Vertebra lumbalis V.

Anterior sacral foraniina-.iv;l'
Foramina sacralia anterior

Sutures, not yet fully closed, between the
sacral vertebrae

Costal process

Processus costarius

Intervertebral disc

Lig. intervertebrale

. First sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis I.

Secondary epiphyseal plates of the
lateral mass

Fifth sacral vertebra

Vertebra sacralis V.

Fig. 64. — Unilateral Assimilation and Commencing Ankylosis of the Fifth Lumbar
Vertebra with the Sacrum. Seen from Before.

From a boy seventeen years of age. Epiphyses on the bodies of the sacral vertebra, and along the

lateral margins of the sacrum.

Fourth sacral foramen

Foramen sacrale IV.

Ankylosis of the sacral comu with the
coccygeal comu

Body of the first coccygeal vertebra
Corpus vertebrae coccygeae I.

Hiatus of the sacrum

Hiatus sacralis

Body of the fifth sacral vertebra
Corpus vertebrae sacralis V.

Place of ankylosis of the lateral mass of the
sacrum with the first coccygeal vertebra

Fig. 65. — Ankylosis of the Sacrum with the Coccyx. Seen from Behind.

From a man forty years of age.

Anomalous Ankyloses of the Sacrum.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Protovertebral (intercostal) artery

, Arteria protovertebralis (intercostalis)

Aorta-

First vertebra
Vertebra I.

Second vertebra

Vertebra II.

Third vertebra

Vertebra III.

Fourth vertebra

Vertebra IV.

First protovertebra

Protovertebra i.

Second protovertebra

Protovertebra 2.

Third protovertebra

Protovertebra 3.

Fourth protovertebra
Protovertebra 4.

Intervertebral disc

Ligamentum interver-
tebrale

Primitive cartilages
of the vertebral
bodies

Fifth protovertebra

Protovertebra 5.

Intervertebral ganglion
Ganglion intervertebrale

Fig. 66. — Diagram showing the Relations of the Proto-
vertebra TO the Vertebra. (From von Ebner.)

Notochord

Chorda dorsalis

Fig. 67. — Primitive Cartilages of

THE Vertebral Bodies.

From a sagittal section through the verte-
bral column of a human fcetus in the tenth
week. (Length of fcetus, 2j inches.)

Centre of ossification of
the body of the ver
tebra

Vascular canal of the
cartilage

Centre of ossifica

tion of the arch of

the vertebra

Primitive cartilage
of the second
lumbar vertebra

Intervertebral disc -

Ligamentum

intervertebrale

Centre of ossification
of the body of the
vertebra

Fig. 69.

Primitive cartilage of
the arch of the first
lumbar vertebra

-The Three Centres of Ossification
OF A Vertebra.

Horizontal section through the second and a portion of the
first lumbar vertebras of a human fcetus in the beginning
of the fifth month (months of four weeks each). (Length
of fcetus, 5 J inches.)

Notochord

Chorda dorsalis

Fig. 68. — Centres of Ossification
OF THE Bodies of the Vertebra.

From a sagittal section through the vertebral
column of a human fcetus in the fourth
month (months of four weeks each).
(Length of foetus, 4I inches.)

Development of the Vertebrae.

Bony portion of.
the body

THE AXIAL SKELETON
_,Bony portion of the arch

^ Epiphysis of the body

Fig. 70— First Lumbar Vertebra
OF A New-born Child.

Rudiment of a cervical rib

Fig. 72. — The Seventh Cervical Vertebra
OF a New-born Child.

Centre of ossification of
the anterior arch

^Epiphysis of the

articular process

Epiphysis of the costal
process

Epiphysis of the
spinal process

Fig. 71. — First Lumbar Vertebra in the
Eighteenth Year.

Cartilag^inous epiphysis
of the odontoid process

,Upper centre of ossifica-
tion of the body

Lower centre of ossifica-
Vi tion of the body

Fig. j^. — The Atlas at the End
OF the First Year.

Fig. 74. — The Axis at the End
OF the First Year.

Centre of ossification
of the epiphysis of .^,
the odontoid process cj/f'

Fig. 75. — The Atlas in the Fourth Year.

Fig. 76. — The Axis in the Fourth Year.

Centres of ossification -^"-:
of the lateral mass

First sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis I.

Primitive cartilage

First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I.

Centres of ossi-
fication of the
vertebral arches

- Centres of ossi-
fication of the
vertebral bodies

Fig. 77. — Seen from Before.

Fig. 78. — Seen from Behind.

Development of the Vertebrae : The centres of ossification in the sacrum and coccyx of

a child at the age of two months.

s— 2

THE AXIAL SKELETON

First dorsal vertebra

Vertebra thoracalis I.

Upper opening of the thorax

Apertura thoracis superior

Intercostal spaces ^-
Spatia intercostalia

Arch of the ribs

Arcus costarum

Anterior surface of the sternum

Subcostal angle
Angulus infrasternalis

Irf)wer opening of the
thorax

(i 7j Costse verse, sternal or true ribs ; 8—12, Costae spuriae, asternal or false ribs ; 1 1 and 12, Costae fluctuantes,

floating ribs.)

Fig. 79. — The Thorax seen from Before.

The Thorax.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Transverse processes ^-j--

Processus transversi "~ .,;~~--

First dorsal vertebra
Vertebra thoracalis I.

Angles of the ribs^;-
Anguli costarum 'v

Tubercles of the ribs
Tubercula costarum

Fig. 8o. — The Thorax seen from Behind.

The Thorax.

■J8

IHE AXIAL SKELETON

Fig. 8i.— The Twelve. Pairs of Ribs.

Ossa costalia — The ribs.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Ribs ,.--

Ossa costalia •;>,"

^ Costal cartilages

Cartilagines costarum

Fig. 82. — The Twelve Ribs of the Right Side in their Natural Position.

Seen from the Right.

Costae — The ribs.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Groove for subclaviaii .
artery

Sulcus subclaviae

Scalene tubercle
Tuberculum scaleni
(Lisfranci)

Costal cartilage

Cartilago costalis

Fig. 83. — First (Right) Rib.
FROM Above.

Seek

Articular facets

of the head

Facies articularis

capituli

Articular facet cf

the tubercle
Facies articularis
tubercuii

Costal cartilage
Cartilago costaiis

Tubercle of the rib

Tuberculum costae

Angle of the rib
Angulus costse

Angle of the rib

Angulus costae

Eminence for the attachment of the

serratus magnus
Tuberositas costae II

Tubercle of the rib
1 Tuberculum costae

y Neck of the rib

,/ CoUura costae

/ Head of
the rib

Capitulum
costae

Body or shaft of the rib
Corpus costse

Fig. 84. — Second (Right) Rib.
Seen from Above.

Fig. 85. — Fourth (Right) Rib.
FROM Behind.

Seen

Bidge of the neck of the rib

Crista colli costae

Body or shaft of the rib

Corpus costae

, Ridge for the interar-
■' ticular ligament
Crista capituli

Articular facets of
the head
Facies articularis
capituli

Fig. 86. — Seventh (Right) Rib.
Seen from Within.

Fig. 87.— Twelfth (Right) Rib.
Seen from Within.

Costae — The ribs.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Clavicular notch

Incisura clavicularis.

Interclavicular notch
Incisura jugularis

Oladiolo-ensifonu
articulation

The manubrium (presternum)

Sternal synchondrosis (manu-

~ brio-gladiolal articulation)

Synchondrosis sternalis

Articular facet for a rib
Incisura costalis

The body of the sternum or
gladiolus (mesoaternum)

Articular facet for a rib

Incisura costalis

Ensiform or xiphoid process
(metasternum, xiphistemum)

Processus xiplioideus

^Clavicular notch
Incisura clavicularis

— Manubrium

Manubrium sterni

-Angle of the sternum^

Angulus sterni

- Body of the sternum or gladiolus

Corpus sterni

Articular facets for the ribs
Incisurae costales

...Ensiform or xiphoid process

Processus xiphoideus

becomes'less'ob^use°'anH'^Vr"f''"'°"' ""^ ^"^'" '^^'^^"" '^^ manubrium and the body of the sternum
Se -T« therefore more promment. It is then known as angulus Ludovici. or Ludwig's

Fig. 88. — The Sternum seen from
Before.

Fig. 89. — The Sternum seen
FROM THE Left Side.

^'^/Suprasternal bones
' „--' Ossa suprasternalia

-Clavicular notch
Incisura clavicularis

The manubrium

Manubrium sterni

— The body of the sternum

^1 Corpus sterni

Fig. 90.— The Upper Portion of the Sternum with the Suprasternal
Bones (a Rare Variety). Seen from Before.

Sternum — The breast-bone.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Epiphysis of the bead

Epiphysis capituli

Epiphysis of the tubercle

Epiphysis tuberculi

Epiphysis of the head

, lipiphysis capituli

Fig. 91. — Posterior Portion of the Sixth
Rib, in the Fifteenth Year.

Epiphysis of the
articular facet of
/ the tubercle

Tubercle of the rib

^-' Tuberculum costse

Fig. 92. — Posterior Portion of the Sixth
Rib, in the Eighteenth Year.

Fig. 93. — Divided Primi-
tive Cartilage of the
Sternum.

From a human foetus of two
months (months of four
weeks each).

Fig. 94. — Primitive Cartilage
of the Sternum.

From a human foetus of four months
(months of four weeks eachV

Fig. 95.— Primitive Cartilage
OF the Sternum with the
First Centre of Ossifica-
tion in the Manubrium.

From a human foetus in the second half
of the sixth month (months of four
weeks each).

Fig. 96. — Centres of Ossification in the
Sternum of a New-born Child.

Fig. qy.— Sternum of a Boy at the
Age of Eleven Years.

Development of the Ribs and the Sternum.

THE AXIAL SKELETON

Articular apophysis
Apophysis articularis\

Muscular apophyses
Apophyses musculares

Neural arch
Arcus vertebrae

Vertebral body or centmm
Corpus vertebrae

Spinal canal
Canalis vertebralis

-Bib

Costa

Fig. 98. — Skeleton of a Thoracic Segment.

Spinal canal
Canalis vertebralis

Neural arch

Arcus vertebras

Articular apophysis
Apophysis articularis

Costal apophysis

Apophysis costalis

Articular apophysis
Apophysis articularis

rUuscular apophyses
lApophyses musculares

Vertebral body or centrum

~ Corpus vertebrae

Muscular apophysis
Apophyses musculares
Neural arch

Arcus vertebrae

- Costal apophysis
Apophysis costalis

Spinal canal
Canalis vertebralis

- Vertebral body or centrum
Corpus vertebrae

Fig. 99. — Skeleton of a Cervical Segment.

Fig. 100. — Skeleton of a Lumbar Segment.

Spinal canal

Canalis vertebralis

Articular apophysis

Apophysis articularis ~ -._

Neural arch

Arcus vertebrae

Vertebral body or centrum
Corpus vertebras

Muscular apophyses

' Apophyses musculares

Costal epiphysis

Epiphysis costalis

Fig. ioi. — Skeleton of a Sacral Segment.

The Homologous Skeletal Parts of the Segments of the Body.

6—2

CRANIUM ET OSSA CRANII

THE SKULL
AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

FrontomaxiUary suture ^
Sutura frontomaxillaiis',

The vertex

e r t

A-

Coronal or frontoparietal suture
Sutura coronalis

Squamous suture

Sutura squamosa

Sphenoparietal suture

Sutura sphenoparietalis

Sphenosquamous suture

Sutura sphenosquaraosa

Frontomalar suture

Sutura zygomaticofrontal

Zygomatic arch
Arcus zygomatics
Temporomalar suture '

Sutura zygomaticotemporalis

Malomaxillary suture
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris
The maxilla, or upper jaw-bone
(Superior maaEillary bone)

Intermaxillary suture
Sutura intermaxiUans

The forehead

Frontal eminence

Tuber frontale

Superciliary ridge

Arcus superciliaris

\ ^Temporal crest
Linea temporalis

Nasofrontal suture

Sutura nasofrontalis

' ,7 Intemasal suture

Sutura internasalis

"Nasomaxillary suture

Sutura nasomaxillaris

Anterior nasal aperture
\pertura pyriformis

Bony septum of the nose
"septum nasi osseura

Anterior nasal spine
Spma nasahb anterior

The mandible, or lower jaw-bone
(Inferior maxillary bone)

Fig. I02.— The Skull seen from Before: Norma Frontalis.

Cranium— The skull.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

The vertex

Coronpi or frontoparietal suture

Sutiira coronalis

Sphenoparietal suture

Sutura sphenoparietalis
Sphenosquamous suture

Sutura sphenosquamosa

Sphenofrontal suture < C

Sutura sphenofrontalis ^
Frontomalar suture
Sutura zygomaticofrontalis- ^

The sinciput

Squamous suture
Sutura squamosa
I Superior temporal line

Linea temporalis superior

Inferior temporal line
a temporalis inferior

The forehead l^ '^ ^ ti ,<,

Nasomaxillary suture i ->.

Sutura nasomaxilliins \/ i"\s,

Sphenomalar suture —£-

zygomatica

Lachrymal fossa

Fossa sacci

lachrymalis

Anterior nasal spine

Spina nasalis anteuor'

Malomaxillary suture

Sutura zygomatico

maxillaris

The maxilla, or upper

jaw-bone

(Superior maxillarj

bone)

Lambdoid or occipito-
parietal suture

Sutura lambdoidea

Temporal surface

Temporal fossa

\ External auditory meatus
Meatus acusticus extern us
', External auditory aperture
Porus acusticus externus

~ The occiput
Parietomastoid suture

Sutura parietomastoidea
^Occipitomastoid suture
Sutura occipitomastoidea

\ Zygomatic arch
Arcus zygomaticus

\ Temporomalar suture
■ Sutura zygomaticotemporalis

The mandible, or lower jaw-bone
^Inferior maxillary bone)

Fig. 103. — The Skull seen from the Left Side: Norma Lateralis.

Cranium — The skull-

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Anterior nasal aperture

Apertura pyriformis

Superciliary ridge

Arcus superciliaris

Entrance to the orbit ^
Aditus orbita;

Hard palate
Palatum durum

Posterior nares
Choanae

Premaxillary suture

SutHra incisiva

Supra-orbital margin

/Margii supra-orbitalis

^' Row of teeth

I.imbus dentalis

Infratemporal crest _

Crista infratemporalis

Zygomatic fossa

Fossa infratemporalis

Sphenosquamous suture _

Sutura sphenosquamosd"

Groove for Eustachian tube

Sulcus tubae auditivae

Styloid process

Processus styloideus

External auditory aperture ,'-
Porus acusticus externus

Mastoid process ^

Processus raastoideus

Occipitomastoid suture /
Sutura occipitoraastoidea

Foramen magnum /

Foramen occipitale magnum

Pterygoid process

v'I'rocessus pterygoideus

Pterygopalatine or pterygo-
pharyngeal canal

Canalis pharyngeus

"Basipharyngeal canal

"'Canalis basipharyngeus'

. Foramen lacerum medium

Foramen lacerum
— Petrosphenoidal fissure

Fissura sphenopetrosa

Petrobasilar fissure

Fissura petro-occipitalis

Jugular foramen (foramen
lacerum posterius)

Foramen jugulare

Occipital condyle

Condylus occipitalis

Inferior curved line
Linea nuchac inferior

External occipital protuberance H

Protuberantia occipitalis externa

Nuchal plane
^Planum nuchale

N. External occipital crest

Crista occipitalis externa

' *Canalis basipharyitgeus,' basipharyngeal canal : This term is not often used by English anatomists, nor even
is the canal itself mentioned by Quain. Macalister, however, in his description of the vomer, writes (p. 233) :
" In the region of its sphenoidal articulation there are thrfte canals transmitting small vessels in the young
skull, which usually become obliterated with advancing age ; these are — one median vomerine canal between
the vomer and the root of the rostrum, and a lateral on each side between the extremity of the ala vomeris
and the vaginal process. These run parallel to. and may communicate with, the pterygopharyngeal [pterygo-
palatine] canal in the vaginal process." The two lateral canals here mentioned are those called by Toldt
'canales basipharyngei. — Tr.

Fig. 104. — External Aspect of the Base of the Skull : Basis Cranii Externa.

Cranium — The skull.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Frontal crest

Crista frontalis

C3rista gallic
Crista galli ^•
Spheno-ethmoidal suture

Sutura spheno-ethmoidalis

Impressionesdigi- , ^.

tatse' '"^I^

Foramen csecum
Foramen caecum

Fronto-ethmoidal suture

'' Sutura fronto-ethmoidalis

Juga cerebralia'

Anterior cranial fossa

Fossa cranii anterior

Middle cranial fossa

Fossa cranii media

Foramen lacerum medium .

Foramen lacerum

CliTus, or basilar groove
Clivus
Superior border of petrous
bone

Angulus superior pyramidis

Jugular foramen -

Foramen jugulare

Sigmoid sulcus

Sulcus sigmoideus

Posterior cranial fossa

Fossa cranii posterior

Splienoidal plane, or jugum
sphenoidale
Planum sphenoidale
Spheno-orbital suture

'Sutura spheno-orbitalis

Sphenoidal limbus

I^imbus sphenoidalis

Coronal or frontoparietal suture

Sutura coronalis

Sphenosquamous suture
Sutura sphenosquaraosa

Petrosphenoidal suture

Fissura sphenopetrosa

Occipitosphenoidal synchon-
drosis

Synchondrosis spheno-
occipitalis
Fetrobasilar fissure
Fissura petro-occipitalis

Parietomastoid suture

Sutura parietomastoidea

Internal occipital crest /'

Crista occipitalis interna

Occipitomastoid suture
Sutura occipitomastoidea

Internal occipital protuberance

Protuberantia occipitalis interna

Lateral sulcus
Sulcus transversus

lobe'^Jf'Scfrebrim ''°'"' •'°''''^'P°"'^'"g ^''^ *« ^"I'^i and convolutions of the inferior surface of the frontal

Fig. 105.— Internal Aspect of the Base of the Skull— Basis Cranii Interna: Foss^
Cranii Anterior, Media, et Posterior— The Anterior, Middle, and Posterior
Cranial Foss^. Seen from Above.

Cranium— The skull.

THE SKULL AXD THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Longitudinal sulcus
Sulcus venosus (sagittalis)

Frontal crest

Crista frontalis

Pacchionian depressions
Foveolae granulares (Pacchioni) -

Sagittal or inter-
parietal suture

Sutura sagittalis

Coronal or frontoparietal

suture
Sutura coronalis

Meningeal grooves

Sulci arteriosi

Inner table

Lamina interna

Outer table
Lamina externa

Longitudinal sulcus

Sulcus venosus (sagittalis)

N Siploe

Diploe

V Lambdoid or occipitoparietal suture
Sutura lambdoidea

Fig. io6. — Calvaria — The Skullcap, or Roof of the Skull. Inner Aspect.

Cranium — The skull.

THE SKULL Alsu THE nUNES UF THE SKULL

Coronal or frontoparietal suture

Sutura coronalis

Vascular canals of the diploe of the .

frontal bone
CcUiales diploid ossis frontalis

Diploe

Diploe A

Vascular canals of the diploe of the parietal bone
. Canales diploici ossis parietalis

Diploe

■J Diploe

Outer table
Lamina externa

Fig. 107.— Vascular Canals of the Diploe of the Roof of the Skull, shown by Removal
OF the Outer Table of Compact Boi.e from the Frontal Bone and the Parietal
Bone : Canales Diploici (Brescheti). Seen from the Left Side.

cranium — Tlie sru1\.

7—2

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Frontal bone
Os frontale \

Ethmoid boue '
Os ethmoidale

Sphenoid bone
Os sohenoidale

Parietal bone

Os parietale

^Occipital bone

Os occipitale

Temporal bone

Os temporale

Fig. io8. — The Separate Bones of which the Cranium Cerebrale or Cranium

Proper consists.

Ossa cranii cerebralis — Bones of the cranium proper.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Lachrymal bone

Os lacriniale

Nasal bone
Os nasale

Vomer'

Vomer

Inferior turbinate bone-
Concha nasalis inferior

Superior maxillary boce, or maxilla

Maxilla

..^Malar bone

Os zygomaticum

-Palate bone

Os palatinum

Inferior maxillary bone, or mandible

Mandibula

Fig. 109. — The Separate Bones of which the Cranium Viscerale (Facies Ossea), or

Facial Portion of the Skull, consists.

Ossa faciei — Bones of the face.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Iiongitudinal sulcus

Sulcus sagittalis

Lambdoid border

Margo lambdoideus

tabular portion, or-
snpra-occipital

Lateral sulcus

Sulcus transversus

'Internal cruciform ■
ridges

Mastoid border .

Margo mastoideus

_ Superior occipital fossa

Jugular enunence

Tuberculum jugulare'

Jugular process

Processus jugularis

Occipital condyle
Condylus occipitalis

Internal occipital pro-
tuberance

Protuberantia occipi-
talis interna

Inferior occipital fossa

Internal occipital crest

Crista occipitalis

interna

Posterior condylar foramen

Canalis condyloideus

Condylar portion, or
exoccipital

Pars lateralis
Anterior condylar foramen

Canalis hypoglossi

Foramen magnum

Foramen occipitale magnum

Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital

Pars basilaris

Fig. iio.— Anterior (Internal) Aspect of the Occipital Bone.

Os occioitale— The occioital bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Occipital plane

Tabular portion, or supra-occipital

Squama occipitalis

Highest curved line
Linea nuchs suprema\

Nuchal plane /> f^

Superior onrved line
Linea nuchce superior

'Sutura mendosa (var.)'

Inferior curved line

Linea nuchae inferior

lAmMoid border

Margo lambdoideus

External occipital pro-
tuberance
Protuberantia occipi-
talis externa

— External occipital crest
Crista occipitalis externa

Mastoid border

Margo mastoideus
Posterior condylar foramen
— Canalis condyloideus
Posterior condylar fossa
Fossa condyloidea

Anterior condylar foramen
Occipital condyle / i ; i/i Canalis hypoglossi

Condylus occipitalis

Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital Foramen magnum

Pars basilaris Foramen occipitale magnum

' See foot-note to p. 57.

Fig. III.— Posterior (External) Aspect of the Occipital Bone.

Os occipitale — The occipital bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Tabular portion, or supra-occipital

Squama occipitalis

External occipital crest
Crista occipitalis externa
Crest for the rectus capitis posticus minor muscle
Crista m. recti capitis minoris
Crest for the rectus capitis posticus
major muscle
Crista m. recti capitis majoris , ^
Posterior condylar foramen ,/-',, ^
Canalis condyloideus

External occipital protuberance
■'' Protuberantia occipitalis externa

- — Superior curved line

Linea nuchae superior

Foramen magnum

Foramen occipitale magnum

Condylar portion,—
or exoccipital
Pars lateralis

Occipital condyle

Condylus occipitalis

Posterior condylar foramen

Canalis hypoglossi

Inferior curved line
Linea nuchae inferior

Mastoid border

Margo mastoideus

Jugular process
I'rocessus jugularis

Jugular notch
Incisura jugularis

^ Xntrajugular process (variety)
Processus intrajugularis (var.)

Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital''

Pars basilaris

\Pharyngeal tubercle'
Tuberculum pharyngeum

' Pharyngeal spine. — U.S.

Fig. 112.— The Occipital Bone seen from Below (External Basal Surface).

Tabnlar portion, or supra-occipital e a^,^-'— "^ "^B^LZ /

Internal occipital crest
Crista occipitalis interna

Foramen magnum

Sigmoid sulcus

Sulcus sigmoideus

Jugular process

Processus jugularis

/•Lambdoid border
y Margo lambdoideus

Lateral sulcus

Sulcus transversus

' Inferior occipital fossa

Jugnilar notch /

Incisura jugularis

Intrajugular process (variety)
Processus intrajugularis (var.)

Jugular eminence
Tuberculum jugulare

Mastoid border

Margo mastoideus

Anterior condylar foramen

Canalis condyloideus

Posterior condylar foramen

"Canalis hypoglossi

Condylar portion, or ezoccipital

Pars lateralis

Basilar groove
Clivus
Inferior petrosal sulcus

Sulcus petrosus inferior

Basilar portion or process, or basi-occipital

Pars basilaris

Fig. 113. — The Occipital Bone seen from Above (Internal Basal Surface).

Os occipitale — The occipital bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Tabular portion ~^

•Sutura mendosa'

Posterior condylar foramen

Canalis hypoglossi

Interparietal portion of the occipital bone'

Squama occipitalis

-Snpra-occipital portion

.Condylar portion, or exoccipital

Pars lateralis

Anterior condylar foramen

Canalis condyloideus

Basilar portion, or basi-occipital— Pars basilaris
Fig. 114.— The Portions of the Occipital Bone from a Human Fcetus at the End of the
Sixth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Within.

Body-length, 12 inches.

Internal occipital protuberance

Protuberantia occipitalis interna

Tabular portion-

Anterior condylar foramen
Canalis condyloideus

Posterior condylar foramen
Canalis hypoglossi

Interparietal portion of the occipital bone

, Squama occipitalis

'Sutura mendosa'

..True snpra-occipital
portion

Posterior intra-occipital synchondrosis

Synchondrosis intra-occipitalis

posterior

Condylar portion, or exoccipital

Pars lateralis

Anterior intra-occipital synchondrosis

Synchondrosis intra-occipitalis anterior

'Basilar portion, or basi-occipital— Pars basilaris
Fig. 115. — The Occipital Bone of a Child aged Fifteen Months. Seen from Within.

' The human occipital bone con'^ists uf four ek-m'-nts, which are stUl s-^parate at birih, being united by intervening cartilage ; these are,
the basilar portion (basilar process), the two condylar portions, and the talmlar portion. In comparative anatomy these are known
respectively as hasi- occipital, exoccip'tals^ and supra-occipiiaL The basi-occipital and the evoccipitals o<isify each from a single nucleus ;
the supra -occipital ossifies from four nuclei, an upper pair and a lower. Thes- snon unite, but leave for some time fissures running in along
the superior curved line. Not uncommonly this fissure persists on one or both sides through life, and in rare cases there is a persistent suture
running right across and dividing the tabular portion of the «x:cipital bone into two parts (*.Sutura mendosa ; see Figs, iii and 114). 0(
these two parts, the lower, which belongs to the base of the skull and ossifies in cartilage, is the proper supra'occipital el*-ment, homologous
with the supra-occipital bone of other venebraia ; whilst the upper, which belongs to the vertex of the skull and ossifies in membrane,
represents the interparietal bone of many animals. This part alone is entitled to the name squama occipitalis^ a term, however, little used
by English anatomists. The occasional persistence of the suture between the interparietal and supra-occipital elements of the occipital bone
IS of surgical importance, since, in ca.ses of injury to the back of the head, it is, if present, liable to be mistaken for fracture. — Tr.

Development of the Occipital Bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Sphenoidal turbinate
or spongy bone {coy-

mm sphcnoidalta, bones
of Bertin)
Concha sphenoidalis

Sphenoidal foramen

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis

Sphenoidal crest

(Rostrum sphenoidale

Frontal border

Marge frontalis

Malar border

Margo zygomaticus

•Spina m. recti lateralis'.

Sphenomaxillary surface

Facies sphenomaxillaris

Internal pterygoid plate

Lamina medialis

External pterygoid plate .

Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei

Pterygoid notch

Fissura pterygoidea

Orbital surface of great wing
Great wing (temporal
sunace)-'

Ala magna (facies temporalis)

Foramen rOtUndUm-Foramen rotundum

Vidian or pterygoid canal

( u ills plt-ryyoiueus (Vidii)
Infratemporal crest— Crista infratemporalia

'lulc.u-i ptLrvgopalatinus-*

Pterygoid process

Processus pterygoideus

BaBipharyn-
geai canai''

"'Canalis basi-

pharyngcus ', l'| {iTJfc;^ Groove of the hamular process
Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei

Hamular process

Hamulus pterygoideus

Pterygopalatine canal

Canalis pharyngeus

1 Soine for the attachment of the lower head of the external rectus muscle of the eyeball.
Q ^ ScG not6 to p 59

^ A^m^ntion^dln the Preface, the canal called by English ana.om.sts /a/^^o^a.-T/i.^ or /..^^^^
«»«ns byToldt c^XXeApterygopaMiue canal. The inner grooved port.on of the f .^^"°"^"' ^J ^""^^^^^^^^
he here calls the pterygoP'^latine groove, leads down into that canal, but does not form a part of it, smce it lies
between the palate bone and the superior maxillary bone.— Tr.

Fig. 1x6.— The Sphenoid Bone seen from Before.

Posterior clinoid process

Processus clinoideus posterior
Body of the sphenoid bone
Small wing- A'^^ Riva
Sphenoidal fissure
Fissura orbi talis superior ■,

External or squamous border \

Margo squamosu

Carotid groove

Sulcus caroticus

Spinous process — tr '

Spina angularis \^

Infratemporal crest
Crista infratemporalis

Pterygoid process

Processus pterygoideus

Pterygoid notch

Fissura pterygoidea

Hamular groove

Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei /

Hamular process— Hamulus pterygoideus

Vaginal process —Processus vaginalis
' See note to p. 48.

Fig. 117. — Thf. Sphenoi

Dorsum sellse— Dorsum sellffi
j Anterior clinoid process-Processus clinoideus anterior

' Great wing Parietal angle

(cerebral sur- . Angulus parietalis

face) -Ala m

:na (facies ■'^(P^

External or squamous border

,..- Margo squamosus

Vidian or pterygoid canal

— Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii)
Baslpharyngeal canal'

C.-inalis lia-ipliaryngeus

Temporal surface of the great wlnp

Facies temporalis al;i: magna:

-Pterygopalatine canal -Canalis pliarsngeus

Scaphoid fossa

p'ossa scaphoidea
Pterygoid fossa
Fossa pterygoidea
External pterygoid plate
Lamina lateralis

\nternal pterygoid plate-Lamina medialis
Sphenoidal crest— Crista sphenoidalis
Sphenoidal rostrum— Rostrum sphenoidale
- See note to p. 59.

n Bone seen from Behind.

Os sphenoidale— The sphenoid bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Olivary eminence

Tuberculum sell,-e

Pituitary fossa

Fossa hypophyseos
Dorsum sellae

Dorsum sell.t

Parietal angle

Angulus parietalis'

Anterior clinoid process

Processus clinoideus anterior
Middle clinoid process (var.)
Processus clinoideus mediui

Posterior clinoid process

Processus clinoideus posterior

Spinous process >ji

Spina angularis" "

Posterior or petrous border

Margo petrosus

Ethmoidal spine

Spina ethmoidalis

Optic groove— Sulcus chiasmatis

Optic foramen — Foramen opticum
/ Small wing

' / ^.v^''H'''\^^.-. Frontal border

/ x^^ i^*^ "t^^Sk Marge frontalis

Sphenoidal fissure
Fissura orbitalis superior
Great wing
External or squamous border
Margo squamosus
Foramen rotundum
Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum

Foramen spinosum

Body of the sphenoid bone \
Carotid groove

Sulcus caroticus

Lingula of the sphenoid

Lingula sphenoidalis

Fig. ii8.— The Sphenoid Bone seen from Above (Cerebral Aspect).

Sphenoidal foramen

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis
Orbital border (of the sphenoidal turbinate bone) {

Margo orbitalis
Sphenoidal fissure — Fissura orbitalis superior \

External or squamous
border

Margo squamosus

Foramen rotundum —

Foramen rotundum

Vidian or pterygoid canal

Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii

Pterygoid notch

Fissura pterygoidea'

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum — Foramen spinosum

Pterygoid process I ,
Processus pteryj^oideus j

Vaginal process — Processus vaginalis

Sphenoidal rostrum

Rostrum sphenoidale

, Sphenoidal turbinate bone (oomu sphenoidale, or bone of Bertln)
; Concha sphenoidalis Orbital surface of the great wing
/ /Facies orbitalis alae magnae

'' Malar border — Margo zygomaticus
/ ■iC^xSsB^m Temporal surface of the

great wing'

Facies temporalis alse

magnae

'Orbital crest'

'Crista orbitalis

Infratemporal crest
Crista infratemporalis

Temporal surface of the great

wing'
Facies temporalis alae magnae

^ Spinous procesb

Spina angularis

Pterygopalatine canal— Canalis pharyngeus
. •Basipharyngeal canal— "Canalis basipharyngeus^
Sphenoidal crest — Crista sphenoidalis

' The Continental nomenclature differs here from that of English anatomists. What is called by the
author facies tmporalis aire magmr, the temporal surface of the great wing, is in England known as the
ieinporozygomatic surface, being divided by the infratemporal crest into an upper temporal surface and a lower
sphcnoma.riUary surface. As regards the term crista orbitalis, the crest, this is not used by Qiiain at
all, while Macalister applies it to the Imvcr margin of the sphenoidal fissure, the free border separating
the orbital from the cerebral surface of the great wing. Toldt. on the other hand, as an examin-
tion of Fig. iio shows, means by crista orbitalis the posterior margin of the sphenomaxillary fissure,
free border separating. the orbital from the zyg-omatic surface of the great wing. — Tr.

2 See note to p. 48.

Fig. 115.— The Sphenoid Bone seen from Below (External Aspect).

Os sphenoidale — The sphenoid bone.

8— a

60 THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Parietal angle _ i^^^^^ Anterior clinoid process

Angulus parietalis ' /H^gy'^i^.. -.frocessus clinoideus anterior

Temporal surface of the great wing» .^HL #1 <S( \ dorsum Bellas

■ Facies temporalis ate migna) WKI fv 1f ' Dorsum sell;,.

THB^ '^te*,^ ^'P'k. Olivary eminence

Malar border .. ^HJ^^MaSS^ JB.1^ Middle clinoid proceBS (var.^

Margo zygomaticus ^m^^^^f^W^mr^^~'fr ^^rocessus clinoideus medius

External or squamous border -^i^^^P^^^ffiS^^^^ti^^^ !*-*■ *^''*''*'

Margo squamosus wil^^ ^M|^^?,.vi^P*S^ .\ Sella turcica

Infratemporal crest ^«^^,^^^WPSjj8|P^^j' Spinous process

Crista infratemporalis x^^JIJIjgmgBMUr j "^ '__ Spina angularis

^H||||K|^ Fterygospinous process (var.)

fflF ImSH^^ Processus pterygospinosus (Civinini) (var.)

p| tt^5^( External pterygoid plate

\^^'f y Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei

« See note to p. 59. , j ■■ ■ v i u

2 English anatomists use the \.<:xm% pituiiaty fossa and sella turcica as synonyms ; Toldt, more accurately, distinguishes between them,
meaning h</ pituilaiy/ossa (Kossa hypophyseos) the deep pit on the upper surface of the Ixidy of the sphenoid bone which lodges the
pituitary body or hypophysis cerebri, and by sella turcica the saddle-shaped surface which forms the floor of that fossa. Tr.

Fig. 120.— The Sphenoid Bone seen from the Left Side (Temporozygomatic Surface).i

Small wing j^^ Optic foramen— Foramen opticum

Ala parva ".^i^t^^::^—^^ Anterior clinoid process

_ , . , . . ,4^$S^SSSk!U&S^ . -" Processus clinoideus anterior

Septum sinuum sphenoidalium'^N|H|i^^KaHnK|||B^L ,Pituitajy fossa

Sphenoidal foramen WBB^I^HM ^,'^fr °^r. ;,™.»ii«.

.'^ ^ , ., , -Iwn Vyi^^HSft^ ih\ — Dorsum sellSB

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis JVEgM^^^H^rb*- ' T,\ I) ell

-. ... / ^ii^^^^Bl Hn>^^ Body of the sphenoid bone

^henoidal rostrum ^.i.^g^^BI HB^\ Corrilis ossis spli^noidalis
nostrum sphenoidale U.^3K^^^^BW ITnilWi 1^ /-T . -i. \. -^ ^ n

^ ^^^I^Mf\M^0SII^^ Occipitospbenoidal fissure

'' ^^^f^F Mm^^K^^^^ "'"Fissura splieno-occipitalis

Sphenoidal septum i i^^i^^^

Septum sinuum sphenoidalium j vf^P^

Basilar portion or process of the occipital hone > ^j i/^

Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis ^

Fig. 121.— The Sphenoidal Sinuses in Median Sagittal Section, the Greater Part of the
Sphenoid.al Septum having been removed. Seen from the Left Side.

Sphenoidal sinuses — Sinus sphenoidales jl

Cancellous portion of the body of the sphenoid bone _ J^ x n^s'imi^seiljE

Substantia spongiosa corporis ossis sphenoidalis Jj^^^SS^ Small winff

Sphenoidal septum jS^'^yfiiiL ,/Ala parva

Septum sinuum sphenoidalium-^ ^^^^^^ft /' ^Spinous process

Spina angularis

Foramen rotundum

Vidian or pterygoid caual

Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii)

Orbital surface of the g^reat wing
Facies orbi talis alas magnae

\^ Pterygoid process

Processus pterygoideus

Sphenoidal
foramina

Aperturie sinuum
sphenoidalium

Fig. 122. — The Sphenoidal Sinuses, exposed from Above by the Removal of the Inner

Lamella of Compact Bone.

The right sinus is opened from above ; the left is unopened.
Os sphenoidale— The sphenoid bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Body of the sphenoid bone (presphenoid

portion) -Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars anterior)
Internal pterygoid plate -Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei
Vaginal process —Processus vaginalis \
Foramen rotundum — Foramen rotundum.

Cerebral surface of the great wing

Facies cerebralis alae magna:

Small wing (orbitosphenoid)

Ala parva Olivary eminence — Tuberculum sellae

Pituitary fossa

Fossa hypophyseos

Great wing (alisphenoid)

Ala magna

Foramen ovale

Spinous process— Spina angularis

Intersphenoidal synchondrosis

Synchondrosis intersphenoidalis

\Dorsum sellss — Dorsum sellae
' Body of the sphenoid bone (postsphenoid
portion, or basisphenoid)

— Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars posterior)

Fig. 123. — The Sphenoid Bone of a Boy born at Full Term, seen from Above.

Body-length, 19 inches.

Body of the sphenoid bone (presphenoid portion)

.'Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars anterior)

Optic foramen — Foramen opticum
Small wing (orbitosphenoid) — Ala parva

Oreat wing (alisphenoid)

Ala magna

Temporal surface of the great ving

Facies temporalis ala; magna; 'see note on

Pterygoid process

Processus pterygoideus
Body of the sphenoid bone (postsphenoid portion, or
basisphenoid) — Corpus ossis sphenoidalis (pars posterior)

Vidian or pterygoid canal

s pterygoideus (Vidii)
Foramen rotundum
Foramen rotundum
Orbital surface of the great wing

Facies orbitalis ala; magna;

Temporal surface of the great wing
Facies temporalis alae magnae

(see note on p. 59)

External pterygoid plate

/ Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei

' Internal pteijgoid plate
Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei

Fig. 124. — The Sphenoid Bone of a Boy born at Full Term, seen from Below.

Body-length, 19 inches.

Superior wall of the sphenoidal sinus
A

Sphenoidal sinus— Sinus sphenoidalis
C

Inferior wall of the sphenoidal sinus

External wall of the sphenoidal sinus

In the Second Year op Life.

In the Sixth Year of Life.

Sphenoidal foramen

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis

In the Eighth Year of Life.

Fig. 125. — ConchjE Sphenoidales — The Sphenoidal Turbinate Bones. Seen from Above.

Body of the sphenoid bone

Corpus ossis sphenoidalis

Sphenoidal turbinate bone
(inferior surface)

Concha sphenoidalis

Pterygoid process

Processus pterygoideus

Great wing

Ala magna

Small wing

Ala parva

Primitive sphenoidal rostrum

Rostrum sphenoidale primitivum

Sphenoidal foramen

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis

Sphenoidal rostrum— Rostrum sphenoidale

Fig. 126. — The Relation of the Sphenoidal Turbinate Bones to the Inferior Surface
of the Sphenoid Bone in the Sixth Year of Life.

Development of the Sphenoid Bone.

62f

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Parietal bord

Margo pariet

Groove of the middle temporal artery

Sulcus arteriae temporalis mediae

Notch of Rivinus

Incisura tympanica (Rivini)

Sqaamoas portion of the
temporal bone

Squama temporalis

Temporal surface

Zygoma

R-ocessus zygomaticus —

Articular eminence ^.

Tuberculum articulare

Olenoid fossa

Fovea articularis

Suprameatal spine (var.)
Spina supranieatum (var.)

Supramastoid crest, or postauricular ridge

,Linea temporalis inferior
4 ,' Farietal notch — Incisura parietalis
External auditory aperture
Porus acusticus externus

^Mastoid portion

' Pars mastoidea

Petrous portion

Pars petrosa (pyramis)

*Fossa mandibularis*

Occipital border

Margo occipitalis

Squamosomastoid suture (var. )

Sutura squamosomastoidea (var.)

Mastoid foramen

Foramen mastoideum

^Tympanomastoid fissure

Fissura tympanomastoidea

. Digastric fossa — Incisura mastoidea
Mastoid process — Processus mastoideus

Glaserian fissure

Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri)

1 , Tympanic plate

'' Pars tympanica
Styloid process— Processus styloideus

1 What is called the mandibular fossa by Toldt is the posteror non-articular portion of the glenoid fossa
(separated from the articular portion by the Glaserian fissure). Its floor is formed by the tympanic plate,
and it lodges a portion of the parotid gland. — Tr.

Fig. 127.— The Left Temporal Bone seen from the Outer Side (Temporal Surface).

Squamous portion of the temporal bone

Squama temporalis '

Sphenoidal border

Margo sphenoidal

Caroticotympanic canaliculi
Canaliculi caroticotympanici
' Carotid canal

Canalis caroticusf>, IJ^J-i^^^^^^H ^ Zygoma

Processus zygomaticus

Articular eminence

Tuberculum articulare

Glenoid fossa — Facies articularis
Glaserian fissure
Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri)
Tympanic plate— Pars tympanica

Styloid process — Processus styloideus

External auditory aperture

Porus acusticus externus
Stylomastoid foramen
Foramen stylomastoideura

Mastoid process

Processus mastoideus

Digastric fossa
Incisura mastoidea
- - Occipital groove

Sulcus arteria:: occipitalis

Mastoid portion

Pars mastoidea

Inferior petrosal sulcus

Sulcus petrosus inferior

Depression for the petrosal ganglion of the

glossopha> yngeal nerve- I'o-sui.t petrosa

Inferior orifice of tympanic canaliculus, canal

for tympanic branch of glossopharsmgeal

(Jacobaon's nerve)~.\p':rtura inf. c.inaliculi lympanicl

External orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea

Apertura externa canaliculi cochlea:

Groove for the auricular branch of the pneumo-;

gastric (Arnold's nerve)— Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei

Canaliculus for the auricular branch of the

pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve)

Canaliculus mastoideus

Jugular fossa '
Fossa jugularis

Occipital border

Margo occipitalis

Fig. 128.— The Left Temporal Bone seen from Below (External Basal Surface).

Os temporale — The temporal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Squamous portion of the temporal bone

, Squama temporalis

>*i*

Cerebral surface

Parietal notch

Incisura parietalis

Mastoid portion ^.

Pars mastoidea AJ

Pars mastoidea —

Slg:moid sulcus

Sulcus sigmoideus

Mastoid foramen

Foramen mastoideum

Occipital border

Margo occipitalis--
External orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule

Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli

, Jugular notch /
Incisura jugularis

Intrajugular process
Processus intrajugularis

Zygoma

Processus zygomaticus
Eminence of superior semicircular canal
- Eminentia arcuata
Superior petrosal sulcus
Sulcus petrosus superior
Flcccular fossa, or hiatus subarcuatus

Fcssa Miliarcunta

Internal auditory aperture

Porus acuslicUN inlfrnus

Apex of the petrous portion

Apex pyramidis

Inferior petrosal sulcus

, Sulcus petrosus inferior

External orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea

Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae

^ Petrous portion

Pars petrosa (Pyramis)

Fig. 129. — The Left Temporal Bone seen from Within (Cerebral Surface).

Parietal notch

Incisura parietalis

Petrosquamous fissure
Fissura petrosquamosa
Eminence of the superior semicircular canal
Eminentia arcuata

Superior petrosal sulcus
Sulcus petrosus superior

Hiatus Fallopii — Hiatus canalis facialis
Groove of the great superficial petrosal nerve

Sulcus nervi petrosi supLTfiLiali^ m.ijoris

Groove of the small superficial petrosal nerve

Sulcus nervi petrosi superticialis minoris

Fossa of the Gasserian ganglion

Impressio trigemini

Apex of the petrous portion.

Apex pyramidis

Carotid canal '
Canalis caroticus

Eustachian canal and canal for the tensor tympaaii muscle

Canalis musculotubarius

Temporal surface of the squamous portion of the

temporal bone

Facies temporalis squamae temporalis

. Zygoma

Processus zygomaticus

Fig. 130. — The Left Temporal Bone seen from Above (Internal Basal Surface).

Os temporale — The temporal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Petrosquamous fissure
Fissura petrosquamosa

nCastoid nortiou

Pars mastoidea \

Tegtaen tympani

Tegmen tympani'~-

Fetrons portion

Pars petrosa (Pyramis)'"--.,

Hiatus Fallopii

Hiatus canalis facialis
Groove of great superficial petrosal nerve

Sulcus h. petrosi siiperficialis majoris

Groove of small superficial petrosal nerve
Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis minoris

Apex of the petrous portion ,,
Apex pyramidis

Carotid canal

Canalis caroticus

Sqnamons portion of the temporal bone

Squama temporalis

Cerebral surface

Sphenoidal border

MarRo sphenoidalis
Zygoma
Processus zygomaticus

Canal for the tensor tympani muscle

Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani
Bony septum fcochleariform process)

"Septum canalis musculotubarii

Eustachian canal

Semicanalis tubae auditivae

Tympanic plate

Pars tympanica

Mastoid process

Processus mastoideus

^ Styloid process

Processus styloideus

Fig. 131. — The Left Temporal Bone seen from Before.

Epitympanic recess, or aditus ad antrum
Recessus epitympanicus

*Fossa of the incus'

*Fossa incudis

Cupular portion of the epitympsmic recess
Pars cupularis recessus epitympanici

Tegmen tympani

Petrosquamous fissure

Fissura petrosquamosa

Petrosquamous sulcus (var.)
Sulcus petrosquamosus (var.)

Mastoid antrum

Antrum tympanicum

Sigmoid sulcus
Sulcus sigmoideus

Mastoid cells

Cellulae mastoideas.

Aqueduct of Fallopius— Canalis facialis (Fallopii)/ ,,
Inferior orifice of the canal for the chorda tsrmpani nerve/
(iter chordffi posterius)
Canaliculus chordse tympani (Apertura inferior)

Notch of Rivinus

,---^Incisura tympanica (Rivmi)

Anterior tympanic spine

Spina tympanica major

Posterior tympanic spine
Spina tympanica minor
Tympanic sinus
Sinus posterior
Tympanic sulcus — Sulcus tympanicus
fTymvaxdc orifice of canal for chorda tympani nerve

\ Canaliculus chordae tympani (Apertura tympanica)

Vaginal process — Vagina processus styloidei
Styloid prominence — Prominentia styloidea
; Stylomastoid foramen -Foramen stylomastoideum
Canaliculus for auricular branch of pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve)

Canaliculus mastoideus

* *J^ossa of the incns. — ' The shorter process {crus kreve) of the incus projects backwards. Its extremity is tipped with cartilage at d is
. . . articulated by ligamentous fibres [ligament of the incus] with the posterior and partly with the outer wall_ of the t\mpanum near the
entrance to the mastoid cells. The place where the ligamentous fibre* are attached to the wall of the tympanum is .somewhat depressed, and
has a covering of cartilage.' — Quain s ' Anatomy,' tenth edition, vol. iii., part iii., p. m. Fossa 0/ the incus is a most suitable name for this
depressed cartilage-covered area, and may well be atlopted by English anatomists. — Tr.

Fig. 132. — The External Wall of the Tympanum and the Mastoid Cells displayed by
A Sectioi^ through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel with the
Squamous Portion of that Bone.

The petrosquamous sulcus (along which a sound has been passed) is in this specimen partly bridged
over by bone ; anteriorly it communicates with the outer surface of the bone by means of a spurious
jugular foramen — foramen jugulare spurium (Variety).

Os temporale — The temporal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL 65

, Anterior surface of the petrous portion — Facies anterior pyraraidis

Oentculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius (the canal for the '-'^'^Sf

facial nerve) / ^'i

Geniculura canalis facialis

Transverse crest, or crista falciformis

Crista transversa

Superior border of the petrous portion

Angulus superior pyramidis

Fundus of the internal auditory meatus,
or reniform fossa

Fundus meatus acustici interni

Posterior suri ace of the petrous portion

Facies posterior pyramidis

Posterior border of the petrous portion

Angulus posterior pyramidis

Inferior surface of the petrous portion /
Facies inferior pyramidis

Tegmen tympani
Tegmen tympani

Petrosquamous fissure

.Fissura petrosquamosa
Boof of the tympanum
•Paries tegmentalis cavi tympani
Cochleariform process

Processus cothleariformis

Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fissure
Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri)

Inner wall of the tympanum

Paries labyrintliicus cavi tympani

Cochlea /'
Cochlea

"• -^^^ Tympanum, or tympanic cavity

■-,, ^^"-^ Cavum tympani
~N Tympanic plate

Pars tympanica
Anterior border of the petrous portion
Angulus anterior pyramidis
Carotid wall of the tympanum — Paries caroticus cavi tympani

Fig. 133. — Vertical Section through the Petrous Portion of the Left Temporal Bone

AND THROUGH THE ANTERIOR PaRT OF THE SQUAMOUS PORTION. (NOMENCLATURE OF THE

Surface and Borders of the Petrous Portion.)

Carotid canal

Canalis caroticuj

Hiatus Fallopii
Hiatus canalis facialis'

Cochlea
Cochlea
Aqueduct of Fallopius
Canalis facialis
Internal auditory aperture
Porus acusticus internus —

Internal auditory meatus

Meatus acusticus internus .,---

Fundus of internal auditory meatus, or reniform fossa

Fundus meatus acustici interni

Vestibule of the labyrinth
Vestibulum labyrinthi

•- Tympanum

Cavum tympani

j Tympanic canaliculus (for Jacobson's nerve)
Canaliculus tympanicus

Depression for the petrosal ganglion of the glosso-
pharyngeal nerve — Fossula petrosa

/ (}roove for the auricular branch of the
/ pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve)
Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei

,-' Canaliculus for the auricular branch of
the pneumogastric (Arnold's nerve)
Canaliculus mastoideus

Jugular fossa

Fossa jugularis

■-. "Canaliculus mastoideus'

\ Orifice of canal for chorda tympani nerve (iter
chordae posterius)
Canaliculus chorda; tympani

Aqueduct of Fallopius — Canalis facialis

Fig. 134. — Aqueductus Fallopii, or Canal for the F"acial Nerve, shown from Beneath
BY THE Removal of a Wedge-shaped Piece from the Petrous Portion of the Left
Temporal Bone.

The canaliculus tympanicus, for the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (Jacobson's nerve), is
also opened up throughout its whole length. A sound has been passed through the canaliculus for
the auricular branch of the pneumogastric nerve (nerve of Arnold). In the Continental nomenclature
this canaliculus is known as the canaliculus mastoideus.

Os temporale — Temporal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Mastoid antrum

Antrum tympani'

Prominence of the external semicircular canal
rrominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis
Prominence of the aqueduct of Fallopius
I'rominentia caualis facialis
Fossula of the fenestra ovalis, orfossulaovalis
Fossula fenestrae vestibuli

Cochleariform process
Processus cochleariformis
Canal for the tensor tympani muscle
Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani
Septum of the musculotubal canal

(cochleariform process)
Septum canalis musculotubarii
Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube
Semicanalis tubae auditiva:

Air-cells of the Eustachian tube
Cellulae pneumaticae tubariac
Tympanic orifice of the Eustachian tube
Ostium tympanicum tub;E auditivae '

Promontory, or tuber cochleae
Promontorinm
Upper opening of the tympanic canaliculus (for Jacobson's
Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici

Pyramid, or eminentia
papillaris

Eminentia pyraraidalis

Sinus posterior

External auditory meatus

Meatus acusticus externus

Tympanomastoid fissure

Fissura tympanomastoidea

External orifice of the canal for Arnold's nerve

\ Apertura externa canaliculi mastoidei

Tympanic sinus — Sinus tympani
Tjrmpanic sulcus —Sulcus tympanicus
Fossula of the fenestra rotunda, or fossula rotunda
Fossula fenestrae cochleae

Fig. 135.— Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel
WITH THE Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Middle
of the External Auditory Meatus, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum
Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts.

Entrance to mastoid antrum

Aditus ad antrum tympanicum

Cochleariform process

Processus cochleariformis

Hiatus Fallopil

Hiatus canalis facialis'

Canal for the tensor tympani muscle
Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani ~---,,

Septum of the musculotubal canal—

(cochleariform process)
Septum canalis musculotubarii

Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube'

Semicanalis tubae auditivae

Tympanic orifice of the Eustachian tube

Ostium tympanicum tubae

Carotid wall of tympanum
Paries caroticus

.Mastoid antrum
Antrum tympanicum

Mastoid wall of tympanum

Paries mastoideus cavi tympani

External auditory meatus

Meatus acusticus externus

'"•-Tympanic sulcus

N Sulcus tympanicus

Jugular wall of tympanum
Paries jugularis cavi tympani

Timer wall of tympanum
Paries labyrinthicus

Fig. 136. Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone in a Plane parallel
WITH THE Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, the Section passing along the
Posterior Wall of the External Auditory Meatus, to demonstrate the Tympanic
Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and the Adjoining Parts.

Os temporale — Temporal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Deficiency in the tympanic wall of the aqueduct of Fallopius (variety)

Fenestra ovalis — Fenestra vestibuli
Fenestra rotunda — Fenestra cochleae
Promontory — Promontorium \
Hiatus Fallopii — Hiatus canalis facialis

Canal for the tensor tympani muscle
Semicaiialis m. tens, tympani ■
Septum of the musculotubal canal
(cochleariform process)
Septum canalis musculotubarii
Groove for the Gasserian ganglion .
Impressio trigemini

Carotid canal —Canalis caroticus
Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube
Semicanalis tuba; auditiva;

Caroticotympanic canalicull ,- ' y

Canaliculi caroticotympanici

Tympanic cells
Cellulae tympanicae
Canaliculus for the chorda tympani nerve
(iter chordae posterius) „.
.Canaliculus chordae tympani

Prominence of the external semicircular canal

Prominentia canalis semicircularis lateralis

Entrance to mastoid antrum— Aditus ad antrum tj-mpanicum

PonticuluB promontorii — Ponticulus promontorii
Mastoid antrum — Antrum tympanicum
Tympanic sinus — Smus tympani

Sinus posterior

.Mastoid cells
Cellula; mastoideae

- Mastoid process

Processus mastoideus

Aqueduct of Fallopius

Canalis facialis

Stylomastoid foramen
Foramen stylomastoideum

Fig. 137. — Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone, crossing obliquely the
Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Anterior Portion
of the Mastoid Process, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani, and
THE Adjoining Parts (especially the Mastoid Antrum and the Mastoid Cells).

Ponticulus promontorii
Ponticulus promontorii
1 External semicircular canal

Canalis semicircularis lateralis
Geniculum of the aqueduct of FaUopjus ^.^^^ ,„ Pyramid, or eminentia papiUaria

Geniculum canahs facialis \ ., Jt. V - Eminentia pyramidalis

Hiatus Fallopii ^ -y^-m- &

Hiatus canalis facialis'

Apex of the petrous portion ■
Apex pyramidis

Carotid canal
Canalis caroticus

Caroticotympanic canaliculi /
Canaliculi caroticotympanici

Grooves of the promontory (for the nerves of the tympanic plexus)

Sulcus promontorii

-Tympanic sinus

Sinus tympani

;;^ Mastoid cells

Cellulae mastoideae

Aqueduct of Fallopius— Canalis facialis

'Subiculum promontorii— Subiculum promontorii

Fenestra rotunda— Fenestra cochleae

Upper aperture of the tympanic canaliculus (for the passage of

Jacobson's nerve)

Apertura superior canaliculi tympanic!

Fig. 138.— Vertical Section through the Left Temporal Bone, crossing obliquely the
Superior Border of the Petrous Portion, and passing through the Posterior Por-
tion OF THE Mastoid Process, to demonstrate the Tympanic Cavity, Cavum Tympani,
and the Adjoining Parts.

A bristle has been passed through the canaliculus tympanicus (the canal for Jacobson's nerve— the
tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal, nerve) into the tympanum, and, after traversing this
cavity, leaves it by the canaliculus that opens into the groove for the small superficial petrosal nerve.

Os temporale — Temporal bone.

9—2

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Superior semicircular canal — Canalis semicircularis superior
Anterior surface of petrous portion — Facies anterior pyramidis

Vestibule of the labyrinth

Vestibulum labyrintlii

Geniculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius--

Geniculum canalis facialis

Oochleariform process

Processus cochleariformis

Cochlea

Carotid canal
Canalis caroticus

External semicircular canal

/Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Superior border of the petrous bone

''Angulus superior pyramidis

^Posterior semicircular canal

Canalis semicircularis posterior
Posterior surface of the petrous bone

Facies posterior pyramidis

Promontory

Promontorium
~- Aqueduct of Fallopius

Canalis facialis

^^ Fossula of the fenestra rotunda, or fossula rotunda

Fossula fenestra; cochlea:

\ Fenestra ovalis
Fenestra vestibuli

Jugular fossa

Fossa jugularis

Fig. 139. — The Bony Labyrinth, Labyrinthus Osseus, shown in the Left Petrous Portion.
Seen obliquely from in Front and Below. The Osseous Semicircular Canals and
ALSO THE Canal of the Cochlea have been partly opened. The Relations between
THE Aqueduct of Fallopius and the Osseous Labyrinth are clearly shown.

Area cribrosa superior (transmits the filaments

of the superior division of the auditory nerve)

Area vestibularis superior

Area cribrosa media (transmits the nerve

to the saccule)

Area vestibularis inferior

*Area of the cochlea' .
•Area cochleae*

External orifice of the aqueduct of the vestibule

Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli

Foramen singulare (for the nerve to the posterior

semicircular canal)
Foramen singulare

Aqueduct of Fallopius

''Canalis facialis

*Area of the facial nerve'

*Area n. faciali

Transverse crest, or crista falciformis

Crista transversa

Tractus spiralis foraminulentus (the
foramina of which transmit the fila-
ments of the cochlear division of the
auditory nerve)'

Tractus spiralis foraminosus

Internal auditory meatus

Meatus acusticus internus

Internal auditory aperature
Porus acusticus internus

' The helicoid depression of the tractus spiralis foraminulentus corresponds with the l)ase of the cochlea, and
at the centre of the helix is the foramen centrale cochleae, the orifice of the central canal of the modiolus. On
the significance of this term Area of the Cochlea, see also note ■''•", p. 956)', in the Appendix to Part VI. ; and on the
significance of the term Area of the Facial Nerve, see note *^ on the same page.

Fig. 140. — The Internal Auditory Meatus, Meatus Acusticus Internus, exposed from
Above by the Removal of a Right-angled Wedge from the Petrous Portion of
the Left Temporal Bone, displaying the Fundus of the Internal Auditory
Meatus, or Reniform Fossa, divided by the Transverse Crest, or Crista Falci-
formis, into Superior and inferior t^oss^. seen from Behind and Above.

Os temporale — Temporal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Ampulla of the superior semicircular canal

Ampulla ossea superior

Superior semicircular canal
Canalis semicircularis superior

Elliptical recess
Recessus ellipticus

Superior semicircular canal

Canalis semicircularis superior
j*Crus simplex')

*Crus commune'

Aqueduct of the vestibule

Aqux'ductus vestibuli

External semicircular canal

Canalis semicircularis lateralis
(•Crus simplex')

Ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal '' ,

Ampulla ossea posterior /

Fenestra rotunda

Fenestra cochlear

Ampulla of the external semicircular canal

Ampulla ossea lateralis

Petrosquamous fissure

' Fissura petrosquamosa

._Tegmen tympani

Tegmen tympani

_ Epitympanic recess, or aditus ad antrum
Recessus epitympanicus

-Aqueduct of Fallopius

Canalis facialis

- Fenestra ovalis
Fenestra vestibuli

External auditory meatus

Meatus acusticus externus

Tympanic sulcus

Sulcus tympanicus

' Regarding the signification of the terms cyus simplex and crus commune, see Appendix to Part VI., p. gjey,
note ^'^.

Fig. 141. — Portions of the Osseous Labyrinth and the Tympanum, shown in the Left
Temporal Bone by a Vertical Section through the Petrous Portion in the Plane of
the Superior Semicircular Canal. Seen obliquely from in Front and Within.

The fenestra ovalis is divided vertically.

Posterior semicircular canal

Canalis semicircularis posterior

Superior semicircular canal — Canalis semicircularis superior

Crest of the vestibule — Crista vestibuli

Internal auditory meatus - ,.
Meatus acusticus internus

Cochlea

Carotid canal

Canalis caroticus

Osseous canal for the Eustachian tube

Semicanalis tuba? auditiva'

Internal orifice of the aqueduct of the cochlea

Apertura interna canaliculi cochlea;

External semicircular canal

Canalis semicircularis lateralis

Vestibule
Vestibulum labyrinthi

Pyramid, or eminentia papillaris

Kminentia pyramidalis

Tympanum

Cavurii tympani

.^ External auditory meatus
\ ^ Meatus acusticus externus

\Fenestra rotunda
Fenestra cochleae

Fig. 142. — Portions of the Osseous Labyrinth and the Tympanum, shown in the Left
Temporal Bone by a Horuontal Section through the Petrous Portion along the
Internal and the External Auditory Mea'^us. Seen from Above.

Os temporale — Temporal bone

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Zygoma

Processus zygomaticus"

Articular portion of glenoid fossa -
Facies articularis

Zygoma

Processus zygomaticus

^Epitympanic recess

Recessus epitympanicus

Squamous Portion of Temporal Bone— Squama Temporalis.

•Posterior tympanic process

•Processus tympanicus posterior

•Anterior tympanic process
•Processus tympanicus anterior

Tegmen tympani

Tympanic Ring— Annulus Tympanicus.

Mastoid antrum
Antrum tympanicum

Apex of the petrous portion

Apex pyramidis
Canal for tensor tympani muscle

Semicanalis m. tensoris tympani

Tympanum
Cavum tympani

*Posterior tympanic process

•"Processus tympanicus posterior
/Anterior tympanic process

•Processus tympanicus anterior

Sulcus mallei

Tegmen tympani— Tegmen tympani

Eminence of the superior seml-

^ClrCUlar canal- Emmentia arcuata

Hiatus subarouatus (correspond-
ing Witt the floccular fossa of

lower vertebrata— Fossa subarcuata
'Apex of petrous portion— Apex pyramid!'

Internal auditory aperture

J'urus acu>ticus internus

External orifice of the aqueduct of
the vestibule

Apertura externa aqua:ductus vestibuli

Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone— Pars Petrosa (Pyramis).

Fig. 143. — Seen from Without. Fig. 144. — Seen from Within.

The Three Parts of the Left Temporal Bone from an Eight-Months Fcetus (Months

of Four Weeks Each).

Body-length, 15J inches.

Notch of Bivinus

Incisura tym-
panica
Post, tympanic spine
Spina tympanica m.
'Posterior tympanic

process
'Processus tympani-
cus posterior

Tympanic sulcus

Sulcus tympanicus

Sqnamons portion
. of temporal bone

Squama temporalis

Epitympanic recess

'Recessus epitympani-

'Anterior tympanic process

'Processus tympanicus
anterior
Sulcus mallei
Sulcus mallei

^ Tympanic rin^

Annulus tympanicus

Articular portion of glenoid :
fossa — Facies articularis ,'
Zygoma

Processus zygo-'-
maticus \.

Fissure of Glaser,
or petrotym-
panic fissure

Fissura petro-

tympanica

fGlaseri)

Tympanum

Cavum tympani

Tympanic
ring

Annulus
tympanicus

Carotid canal

Canalis caroticus
Inferior surface of petrous portion
Facies inferior pyramidis

Fig. 145. — The Squamous Portion of the
Temporal Bone and the Tympanic
Ring united. Seen from Within.
From a foetus at term (body-length, 19 inches).

Squamous portion
of temporal bone

Squama temporalis

Notch of Rivinus

'Incisura tympanica
(Rivini)
Squamosomastoid

suture

Sutura squamoso-

mastoidea

Mastoid
portion

Pars mastoidea

Stylomastoid
foramen

Foramen stylo-
1 Yj mastoideura

Vaginal process

Vagina processus styloidei

Fig. 146.— The Three Portions of the
Left Temporal Bone united. Seen
from Without and Below.
From a new-born male infant (body-length, 21 inches).

Development of the Temporal Bones.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Notch of Bivinus

Incisura tympanica (Rivini

Zygoma

Processus zygomaticus .

Articular portion of glenoid fossa —
I'acies articularis

Free margin of tegmen tympani

Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fissure
Fissura petrotympanica (Glaseri)

Tympanic plate.

Pars tympanica
Carotid canal— Canalis caroticus

Petrous portion
Pars petrosa

Squamous portion of temporal bone

] Squama temporalis

Squamosomastoid suture

/Sutura squamosomastoidea

Mastoid portion

Pars mastoidea

.Tympanomastoid fissure

Fissura tympanomastoidea

Mastoid process
Jueular X Processus mastoideus

fossa Stylomastoid foramen — Foramen stylomastoideum

Fossa Vaginal process
jugularis Vagina processus styloidei

I'lG. 147. — Thk Left Temporal Bone of a Boy at the Age of Eight Months: Formation
OF THE Tympanic Plate and of the External Auditory Meatus. Seen obliquely
from Without and Below.

Squamous portion of temporal bone

Squama temporalis

Anterior tjrmpanic process

Processus tympanicus anterior

Fissure of Glaser, or petrotympanic fisiiure

Fissura petrotympanica

margin of tegmen tjnnpani

Petrous portion

Pars petrosa

Tympanic plate

Pars tympanica

Anterior t3mipanic spine

Spina tympanica major
Notch of Bivinus
, Incisura tympanica (Rivini)

Posterior tympanic spine -

minor

Vaginal
.Vagina

Spina tympanica

Mastoid portion

Pars mastoidea

Squamosomastoid suture
""Sutura squamosomastoidea
Tympanomastoid fissure
Fissura tympanomastoidea
— Mastoid process — Processus mastoideus
- — Digastric fossa— Incisura mastoidea
Occipital groove — Sulcus arteriae occipitalis
Stylomastoid foramen — Foramen stylomastoideum
process
processus styloidei

Fig. 148.— Tha Left Temporal Bone of a Girl at the Age of Three Years: Formation
OF THE Tympanic Plate and of the External Auditory Meatus. Seen obliquely
from Without and Below.

Development of the Temporal Bones.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Parietal eminence

Frontal angle
Angulus frontalis ^

~s^

Superior or sagittal border

Margo sagittalis

Parietal foramen

yForamen parietaie

>.v

Temporal surface W^'i

Sphenoidal angle

Angulus sphenoidalis

■ Occipital angle

\'' ' Angulus occipitalis

\ Superior temporal line

Linea temporalis superior

Inferior temporal line

Linea temporalis inferior

'/i

I Mastoid angle
Angulus mastoideus

Fig. i49.^The Left Parietal Bone seen from Without. External Surface:

Facies PariEtalis.

Os parietaie — Parietal bone.

I'HE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Frontal angle

Angulus frontalis

Pacchionian
depressions

Foveolae granulares
(Facchioni)

Meningeal grooves

Sulci arteriosi

Superior or sagittal border
Margo sagittalis

Longitudinal sulcus

Sulcus sagittalis

Parietal foramen

I Foramen parietale

Occipital angle

Angulus occipitalis

Lateral sulcus

Sulcus transversus

Sphenoidal angle
Angulus sohenoidalis

I Mastoid angle
Angulus mastoideus

Fig. 150.— The Right Parietal feoNE seen from Without. Internal Surface:

Facies Cerebralis.

Os parietale^Parietal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Anterior or frontal surface
Facies frontalis

Parietal border
/Margo parietalis

Frontal eminence
Tuber frontale

Temporal surface--'

Facies temporalis

Temporal crest
Linea temporalis

&->. Frontal sqnama

Glabella

Supra-orbital foramen ,/

Foramen supra-orbitale

Supra-orbital notch

Incisura frontalis

-Orbital arch, or supra-orbital margin

Margo supra-orbitali?

Superciliary ridge

Arcus 5uperciliaris

I^asal portion

Pars nasalis

, Nasal spine
Spina frontalis

Fig. 151.— The Frontal Bone seen from Before. External Surface: Facies Frontalis.

Os frontale — Frontal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Longitudinal sulcus

Sulcus sagittalis i

Internal table

Lamina interna

Parietal border

Margo parietalis

Frontal squama

Posterior OTcerebral
surface

Frontal crest
Crista frontalis

External angular process

Processus zygomaticus

/ /

Sphenoidal border

Margo sphenoidalis

Orbital plate ,

Pars orbitalis Foramen cacum

Foramen c;ccum

*Impressiones digitatae*

*Juga cerebralia'

Nasal spine External orifice of the frontal sinus

Spina frontalis Apertura sinu3 frontalis

> Ridges (juga cerebralia) and sulci (impressiones digitata-) corresponding respectively to the sulci and
convolutions of the superjacent portion of the frontal lobes of the cerebrum.— Tr.

hiG. 152.— The Frontal Bone seen from Behind. Internal Surface: Facies Cerebralis.

Os frontale — Frontal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Nasal spine

Spina frontalis

Trochlear spine (var. )

Spina trochlearis (var.)
Supra-orbital notch
Incisura frontalis
Supra-orbital foramen
Foramen supra-orbitale ^

Lachrymal fossa

Fossa glandulaa lacrimalis

External angular process .^
Processus zygomaticus ^"f"'

Sphenoidal border

Marge sphenoidalis.

Parietal border
Margo parietalis'
Anterior internal orbital canal' '
Foramen ethmoidale anterius /

Posterior internal orbital canal"
Foramen ethmoidale posterius

• U.S. : Anterior ethmoidal canal

Nasal border
Margo nasalis

External orifice of the frontal sinus
Apertura sinus frontalis

Trochlear fossa Fovea trochlearis
Supra-orbital foramen
-Foramen frontale

Orbital arch, or
supra-orbital margin

Margo supraorbitalis

Frontal sqaama

Squama frontalis

Orbital surface

Facies orbitalis
Ethmoidal cells

Foveols ethmoidales

Ethmoidal notch

Incisura ethmoidalis

- U.S.: Posterior ethmoidal canal.

Fig. 153. — The Frontal Bone seen from Below.

Frontal sinus

Sinus frontalis

Supra-orbital foramen
Foramen supra-orbitale

Internal table

Lamina (compacta) interna

Frontal squama

Squama frontalis

Orbital arch, or
supra-orbital margin- ^
Margo supra-orbitalis

External angular pro'^eas
Processus zygomaticus

Orbital plate

Pars orbil.ilis
Septum between the frontal sinuses

Septum sinuum frontalium

Anterior internal orbital canal
Foramen ethmoidale anterius

External table

Limma (compacta) externa

Diplofc

Diploe

[^ Nasal border
\Margo nasalis

Nasal spine

Spina frontalis

^^^_^ "xFrontal sinus — Sinus frontalis
XEthmoidal cell Fo\ eola ethmoidalis

\/ External orifices of the frontal sinuses

Apertura sinuum frontalium

' U.S.: Anterior ethmoidal canal.

Fig. 154.— The Frontal Sinuses, Sinus Frontales, shown by the Removal of the External
Table and the Diploe, and partly opened up. Seen from Before and Below.

Os frontale — Frontal bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Frontal eminence

Tuber frontale

Lachrymal fossa

Fossa glandulac lacrimalis^

External angular process
Processus zygomaticus

Ethmoidal notch

Incisura ethmoidalis

Frontal sqaama

Squama frontalis

Orbital arch, or supra-orbital ridge

Margo supra-orbitalis

Orbital plate

Pars orbitalis
Nasal portion

Pars nasalis

Fig. 155. — The Two Halves of the Frontal Bone fkom a Human Fcetus in the Eighth
Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Before.

Body-length of foetus 15 inches.

Frontal eminence
Tuber frontale

Temporal crest
Linea temporalis

Temporal surface

Facias temporalis

Orbital arch, or supra-orbital ridge

Margo supra-orbitalis

Frontal or metopic sutui'e (var.)

Sutura frontalis (var.)

Internal table
i\ Lamina interna

Diploe

Frontal sinus

Sinus frontalis'

Nasal border
■ Margo nasalis
. Nasal spine

Spina frontalis

Fig. 156. — The Frontal Bone of a Girl aged Seven Years in which the Frontal
Sinuses have been exposed. Seen obliquely from Before and from the
Right Side.

Development of the Frontal Bones.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Crista galli
Crista galli i

Alar process

Processus alaris

Ethmoidal cells
Cellulae ethmoidales

Vertical plate

Lamina perpendiculari;; ''

Uncinate process

Processus uncinatus

Vertical plate
Lamina perpendiculari
Crista galli
Orbital plate, os planum, Crista galli •y

or lamina papyracea \

Lamina papyracea

Orbital plate,

OS planum,

or lamina papyracea

Lamina papyracea

^ Ethmoidal cells

• Cellulae ethmoidales

Middle turbinate bone of the nose

Concha nasalis media

Alar process

Processus alaris

Cribriform plate

Lamina cribrosa

Fig. 157. — The Ethmoid Bone seen from
THE Left Side

Lateral mass or
N labjrrinth of the
-' ethmoid bone

Labyrinthiis
ethmoidalis

Middle turbinate
bone of the nose

■ Concha nasalis
media

Fig. 158. — The Ethmoid Bone
seen from Above.

Cribriform plate
Lamina cribrosa

Concha snprema
the nose (var. )
Concha nasalis
suprema (var.)

Orifice of posterior
ethmoidal cells

Superior turbinate
bone of the nose
Concha nasalis

superior ''

Middle turbinate bone of the nose
Concha nasalis media

Concha suprema of
the nose (vax.)
Concha nasalis
iuprema (var.)

Superior turbinaoe
bone of the nose

Concha nasalis
superior

Cribriform plate

Lamina cribrosa

Agger nasi (rudiment of
the nasoturbinalof m03t
other mammals)
Agger nasi

Ethmoidal bulla

Bulla ethmoidalis

Hiatus semilunaris

Hiatus semilunaris
Uncinate process
I'rocessus uncinatus

Uncinate process

Processus uncinatus

Fig. 159. — The Left Half of the Ethmoid
Bone seen from Within. Superior and
Middle Turbinate Bones.

Middle turbinate bone of the nose

Concha nasalis media

Fig. 160.— The Left Half of the Ethmoid
Bone seen from Within.

The amerio- portion of the middle turhinate bone of the nose has been removed.
The free border of the removed portion i> indicated by a dotted line.

Concha suprema of the nose (var.)
Concha nasalis suprema (var.)

Superior turbinate bone of the nose
Concha nasalis superior

Orifices of the ethmoidal cellS'sr; -

\i^l

Etliinold.il bulla— Hulla ethm'iidalis.
Inrundibuliuu (leading to fi-ontal sinus)
Infundibulum ethmoidale

Uncinate process

Processus uncinatus

Middle turbinate bone of the nose'^

Concha nasalis media ,,_,.. , , . /
Vertical plate

Lamina per-

pendicularis

Cribriform plate

Lamina cribrosa

Alar process

Processus alaris
Ethmoidal cell

Ceilnla ethmoidalis

Crista galli

Vertical plate
Lamina perpendicularis

Ethmoidal cell
Cellula ethmoidalis
Superior turbinate
bone of the nose

Concha nasahs superior

Middle turbinate
bone of the nose

Concha nasalis media

Common meatus of nose
Meatus nasi coramuni*

Fig. 161. — The Ethmoid Bone seen from
Behind and Below. Vertical Plate
of the Ethmoid as Upper Part of the
Bony Septum of the Nose.

Fig. 162. — An Ethmoid Bone the Left Lateral
Mass of which has been removed.

The entire surface of the vertical plate is exposed.

Os ethmoidale — Ethmoid bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Lachrymal process

Processus lacrimalis

Etumoidal process
Processus ethmoidali:

Ethmoidal process
Processus ethmoidalis

Haxillary process

Processus maxillaris

Fig. 163.— Inner Surface. Fig. 164.— Outer Surface.

Concha Nasalis Inferior— The Inferior Turbinate Bone of the Left Side.

Nasal foramen «?
Foramen nasale o

Laduymal crest

Crista lacrimalis

posterior

Lachiymal groove

Sulcus lacrimalis

Hamuliir process

Hamulus lacriraalia

Fir,. 165. — External
Surface.

Fig. 166.— Internal
Surface.

Os Lacrimale: Lachrymal Bone
OF Tiip Left Side.

Groove of nasal nerve

Sulcus ethmoidalis

Fig. 167. — Anterior Fig. 168. — Posterior
Surface. Surface.

Os Nasale: Nasal Bone
of the Left Side.

Alse of the vomer

Ate vomeris

,fAl» of the vomer

AJae vomeris

Fig. 169.— Seen from the Left Side. Fig. 170.— Seen from Above.

Vomer — The Vomer.

Bones of the Nasal Region.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Orbital ridge

Lachrymal border

Margo lacrimalis

Infra-orbital border

Margo infra-orbitalis
-Crista lacrimalis anterior

Nasal process

Processus frontalis.

InSra-orbital suture

Sutura infra-orbitalis -

Inira-orbital foramen
Foramen infra-orbitale ,

Nasal notch

Incisura nasalis

Canine fossa— Fossa canina

Anterior or facial surface- Facies anterior

Anterior nasal spine
Spina nasalis anterior

•Juga alveolaria^.-- _

Alveolar process

Processus alveolaris'

Alveolar margin

Limbus alveolaris ■

Lachrymal notch

Incisura lacrimalis

Orbital surface

Facies orbitalis

Infra-orbital canal
Canalis infra-orbitalis

Infra-orbital groove

Sulcus infra-orbitalis

Posterior dental canals

Foramina alveolaria (posteriora)

Tuberosity

Tuber maxillare

Malar process

Processus zygomaticus

Zygomatic surface
Facies inlratemporalis

Body

Corpus maxillae

• Eminences corresponding in position to the fangs of the teeth

fiiG. 171.— Left Superior Maxillary Bone: External Surface.

Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore-

Body

Corpus maxillae

Hiatus maxillaxiB
Hiatus maxillaris

Posterior palatine or palato-
maxillary groove
Sulcus pterygopalatinus

Alveolar process

Processus alveolaris'

Alveolar margin
Limbus alveolaris

Lachrymal border

Margo lacrimalis

Frontal process

'iyXV Processus frontalis
' 'y^ Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest

fS\ Crista ethmoidalis

>^3>j.fl Lachrymal groove

Sulcus lacrimalis "'

Inferior turbinate crest

"" Crista conchalis

Nasal sturface — Facies nasalis

Anterior nasal spine
^^ —Spina nasalis anterior

j?^ ' Palatine process

Processus palatinus

Anterior palatine groove
Canalis incisivus

Fig. 172.— Left Superior Maxillary Bone : Internal Surface.
Maxillary Sinus, or Antrum of Highmore.

View into the

Maxilla— Superior maxilla.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Nasal process

Processus frontalis

Infra-orbital foramen
Foramen infra-orbitale

Dental cantds
Canales alveolares

Infra-orbital canal

iCanalis infra-orbitalis

Anterior and middle dental foramina

/Foramina alveolaria (anteriora)

_^, Posterior dental foramina

^y Foramina alveolaria (posteriora)

Dental canals

Canales alveolares

Alveolar margin

Limbus alveolaris

Body

Corpus maxilte

Fig. 173. — The Left Superior Maxillary Bone. External Surface.

The dental canals are exposed by partial removal of the superficial plate of bone, and their rourse is shown
by means of bristles passed through them.

Uajdllary sinus, or antrum of Highmore j

Tuberosity

Tuber maxillare

Dental canals
Canales alveolares'

A^er nasi, or ethmoidal crest
Crista ethmoidalis

^ Nasal process

Processus frontalis

,' Inferior turbinate creet

, Crista conchalis

;-. Dental canals

'" Canales alveolares

Palatine process

Processus palatinus

Alveolar margin
Limbus alveolaris

Fig. 174.— The Left Superior Maxillary Bone. Internal Surface,

The foremost and the hindmost of the dental canals have been exposed by the removal of the superficial
plate of bone. By means of bristles passed through the canals the situation of the respective dental
foramina is indicated. Most of the inner wall of the antrum of Highmore has been cut away.

Maxilla— Superior maxillary bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

?rem8Lxilla — Os incisivum _
Anterior palatine fossa (into which open the

incisor foramina, or foramina of Stenson)

Foramen incisivum
Incisor fissure, also known as the anterior pala- "

tine or premaxillary suture — Sutura incisiva

Palatine process^

Processus palatinus

'Palatine spines

•Spinae palatinEe"

'Palatine grooves^

'Sulci palatini

Alveoli, or sockets of the teeth
Alveoli dentales

>,,Alveoli, or sockets of the teeth
■'Alveoli dentales

_.,Interalveolar septa (juga alveol<iTia)
','.-' Septa interalveolaria

Alveolar margin
— -/'Limbus alveolaris

. Interalveolar septa (Juga alveolaria)

Septa interalveolaria

-Malar process

Processus zygomaticus

Tuberosity

Tuber raaxillare

Fig. 175.— The Left Superior Maxillary Bone. Seen from Below.

Lachrymal groove

Sulcus lacrimalis

Maxillary sinus, or v^
antrum of Highmore '

Sinus maxillaris

Palatine process
Processus palatinus

y<Premaxillary autuxe
X Sutura incisiva

\Premaxilla

'Os incisivum

PremaziUa ,
Os incisivum

Palatine process

Processus palatinus

Premaxillary suture

/Sutura incisiva

Alveolar process
Processus alveolaris

Fig. 177. — Seen from Below.

Fig. 176. — Seen from the Inner Side.

The Left Superior Maxillary Bone of a Fcetus at the End of the Sixth

Month (Months of Four Weeks Each).

. Body-length, 12 inches.

Lachrymal groorel
Sulcus lacrimalis !

Mamillary sinus, or ..

antrum of Highmore

Sinus maxillaris

Nasal surface
Facies nasalis

Palatine process

Processus palatinus

Premaxillary suture

J Sutura incisiva

\ Premaxilla
Os incisivum

Fig. 178. — Seen from the Inner Side.

Premaxilla
Os incisivum,

Palatine process

Processus palatinus

, Premaxillary suture
Sutura incisiva

=■ Alveolar border

Limbus
alveolaris

Fig. 179. Seen from Below.

The Left Superior Maxillary Bone of a Boy born at Full Term.

Body length, 21 inches.

Maxilla — Superior maxillary bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Spbenopaiatine notch

Incisuta sphcnopiilatii a ]

Sphenoidal process

Processus sphenoidalis \

Ethmoidal, or superior
turbinate, crei>t

Crista ethmoici.iiU

Vertical plate (Internal

or nasal sanace)

Pars perpendicularis

(facies nasal is)
Inferior turh nate crest

Crista conc^ialis

Pyramidal process, or
tuberosity -

Prtjce«sus pyratnidalis

Posterior accessory
palatine canal

Foramen palalinum in. nils

Sphenopalatine notch

liicisura spbenopalatina

Orbital process

Processus orbitalis

Maxillary process

Processus nasalis

iL-/ Pyramidal process,
' or tuberosity

Processus pyraniidaiis

Horisontal or palate platr,'
Pars horizontalis
Horizontal or palate {late

Pars horizontalis

Orbital process

Pioccssus orbitalis

Sphenoidal process

I'locessus sphenoida''

Vertical plate
Pars perpendicularis

Sphenopalatine notch

lucisura sphenopalatina

Korlxontal or
palate plate

Pars horizontalis

Sphenoidal process

Processus sphenoidalis

Vertical plate
(external surface)

Pars perpendicularis
(facies maxillaris)

Posterior palatine or
palatomaxillary groove

Sulcus pterygopalatinus

-Pyramidal pro-
cess, or tuberosity

Processus pyramidalis

Fig. i8o.— Inner Surface. Fig. i8i. — Seen from Behind. Fig. 182. — Outer Surface.

Os Palatinum. — The Palate-Bone (of the Left Side).

Sphenopalatine notch

Incisura sphc-nupalatina

Sphenoidal process^

Processus sphenoidalis

Vertical plate (internal or nasal
surface)

Pars perpendicularis (facies nasalis)

Pyramidal process, or tuberosity

Processus pyramidalis

Horizontal plate (Inferior
surface)

Pars horizontalis (iacies palatina)

Orbital process.

Processus orbitalis \^

Vertical plate

Pars perpendicularis

Sphenoidal process

/ Processus sphenoidalis

Horizontal or
/ palate plate

■ Par* horizontalis

Pyramidal process, or tuberosity

Processus pyramidalis

'i' Vertical plate (external surface)

■if ' ^, Pars perpendicularis (facies
maxillaris)

Posterior palatine or
palatomaxillary groove

Sulcus ptt^rygopalalinus

Pyramidal process, or
w tuberosity

/l Processus pyramidalis

Fig. 183.— Inner Surface. Fig. 184. — Seen from Behind. Fig. 185.— Outer Surface.

The Left Palate-Bone of a Boy born at Full Term.

Frontal process

Processus frontosphenoidalis

Orbital orifice of the temporal
canal

Foramen zygomatico-orbitalc

Orbital process (orbital

surface)

Lamina orbitalis (facies
orbitaUs

Oibltal orifice of the
malar canal

Foramen zygomatico-
orbitale

Orbital border

Margo infra-orbilalis

Malar orifice otth'< malar canal

Foramen zygomaticofaciale

Body- length, 21 inches.

Marginal process (var.)

Processus marginaiis (var.)

Temporal orifice of the temporal canal

Foramen zygoniaticotemporale
Body of t^e malar bone (malar
surface)

Lamina malaris (facies malaris)

Body of the malar bone
(temporal surface)

Lamina malaris (facies
temporalis)

' Temporal process/

Processus temporalis

Frontal process

Processus frontosphenoidalis

Orbital process
(temporal surface)

Lamina orbitalis
(facies temporalis)

\ '/'

Accessory temporal
~~ orifice of the malar canal

Foramen zygomaticotemporale

Fig. 186. — Seen from Before. Fig. 187. — Seen from Behind.

Qs Zygomaticum — Malar Bone (of the Left Side).

Supplementary Bones of the Upper Jaw.

II — 2

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Sigmoid notch
Coronoid process Incisura mandibn'a>/

Processus coronoideus

External oblique line
Linea obliqua \

Alveolar border

Limbus alveolaris

Alveolar process-

Body of the mandible-
Mental protuberance -
Protuberantia mentalis

Head of the condyle
/ apitulum mandibular

Condyle

. cessus condyloideus

Ramus of the mandible

^Masseteric tuberosity
Tuberositas masseterica

Angle of the jaw

Angulus mandibula;

Mental tubercle ^'

Tuberculum mentale

Fig. i88.— The Inferior Maxillary Bone seen from the Left Side.

Mental protuberance
Protuberantia mentalis >

Interalveolar septa

Septa interalveolaria \^--^

Mental tubercle

Tuberculum mentale

,,-;7/ Alveoli, or sockets of the teeth
,--'' /'/ Alveoli dentales

<J3

IT)

d
■n

-J

Fig. i8g. — The Inferior Maxillary Bone seen from Above.
Mandibula — The inferior maxillary bone, lower jaw, or mandible.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Condyle

Processus condyloidens ^

Alveolar process

•Angular process (var./
•Processus angularis (var.)'

External oblique line
Linea obliqua

Samns of the mandible

Angle of the jaw
Angulus mandibulas

Body of the mandible

Mental tubercle
Tuberculum mentale

Mental protuberance
Protuberantia mentalis

Mental foramen
Foramen mentale

Fig. igo. — The Inferior Maxillary Bone seen from Before.

' " The angle of the jaw," writes Quain, "... is more or less rounded off. " The specimen from which
Fig. 190 was drawn has, however, an abnormal projection at each angle, to which in the German nomenclature
the n.ima processus anguljris {var.) is given. This variety is not described by Quain or by Macalister. — Tk.

Head of the condyle

Capitulum mandibulae

Angle of the jaw

Angulus mandibul.

Internal pterygoid

tuberosity

Tuberositas ptery-

goidea

Submaxillary fossa

Fovea submaxillaris

Base of the mandible
Basis mandibula;

Silblingual fossa
Fovea sublingualis

Mental tubercle
Tuberculum mentale

Internal oblique line, or mylo-
hyoid ridge
Linea mylohyoidea

__ Mental spine

Spma mentalis

-_ Digital depression, or digastric fossa

F"ossa digastrica

Fig. 191.— The Inferior Maxillary Bone seen from Behind.
Mandibula— The inferior maxillary bone, lower jaw, or mandible.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Mental foramen

Foramen mentale

Masseteric tuberosity

Tuberositas masseterica

' Mental protuberance
Protuberantia mentalis

\ /Mandibular or inferior dental canal

^■•' Canalis mandibulae

Fig. 192.— The Inferior Maxillary Bone seen from the Left Side.

The mandibular or inferior dental canal has been exposed by the removal of a pertion of ilie superficial plale of bone.

Coronoid process

Processus coronoideus

Alveolar process (buccal lamina)

Pars alveolaris (lamina buccalis)

Head of condyle

Capitulum

Alveolar process (lingual lamina)
Pars alveolaris (lamina lingua. is)
Ramus— Ramus

I Alveolar process (buccal lamina)
1 ars alveolaris (lamina buccalis)

Lingula — Lingulai [Body — Corpus

Seen fr(jm the L\ner Side.

Body-Corpusi ^Ramus-Ramus r,-„^,._T .„„„„! f.

Seen from the Ouier Side.
Fig. 193.— The Left Half of the Inferior Maxillary Bone of a Human Embryo at the End of the

Fifth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each).

Body-lengih. 7J inches.

Coronoid process Ramus-Ramus^ .Alveolar process (buccal lamina)

Processus coronoideus 1 i'^;^ ^l^ars alveolaris (lamina buccalis)

Mental foramen
Foramen mentale

Head of the condyle

Capitulum

Seen from the Outer Side.

Lingula 1

Lingula
Alveolar process (lingual lamina)

Pars alveolaris (lamina lingualis)

Plane of union with the right half
of the inferior maxillary bone

Body — Corpus
Seen from the Inner Side.

seen FRO.M THB. VJUltK o.i^i.. ,, T- !.»

FIG 194.-THE LEFT HALF OF THE INFERIOR MAXILLARY BONE OF A HUMAN EMBRYO IN THE MIDDLE OF THE

''^ ^^ Eighth Month (Months of Four Weeks each).

Body-length, 15 inches.

Mental fossa
Foveola mentalis

Alveolus 01 so et—"
of canine tooth

Mental ossicles

Ossicula mentalia

^ Mental fossa

Foveola mentalis

Fig 195 —Mental Region of a Newborn Boy. The
Lateral Halves of the Inferior Maxillary
Bone have not yet united ; between them are
THE Mental Ossicles. Seen from Before.

Mental protuberance y

Protuberantia mentalis

Mental tubercle
Tuberculum mentale

jTic 196.— The fully developed Mental Protu-
bfrance, in a Child aged Six .and a Half
Months. The Mental Ossicles have united
WITH each other and with the Lateral Halves
of the Inferior Maxillary Bone.

Mandibula-The inferior maxillary bone, lower jaw, or mandible.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Senile defects in the lachrymal bone / *■.

Body oi tne maxilla

Corpus maxillas

Body of the mandible.
Corpus mandibulae

Ramus of the mandible
Ramus mandibulae

Fig. 197.— Facial Portion of the Skull of a Woman aged Eighty-Four Years, showing
Atrophy of the Alveolar Processes of the Superior and Inferior Maxillary Bones
(Nutcracker Face).

Oreat comu
Cornu majus

Small comu
Comu minus

Qreat comu
Cornu

Body

Corpus

Fig. 198. — Seen from Above.

'-Body

Corpus

Fig. 199. — Seen from Below.

Os Hyoideum — The Hyoid Bone.

Primitive cartilage'' "-v. "ontre of ossification in the body

Fig. 200. — The Hyoid Bone of a Boy, still-born at Full Term.

Body-length, 21 inches.

Senile atrophy of the jaws : Os hyoideum — the hyoid bone.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Longitudinal sulcus

Sulcus sagittalis

Sagittal or interparietal suture

Sutura sagittalis

Frontal crest
Crista frontalis

Foramen csecam

Foramen caecum

Crista galli

, '^Crista galli

Diploic canals, or
canals of Breschet .

Canales diploid ■
(Brescheti)

Optic foramen ^^^^^^^^^^

Foramen opticum -^-^^^^^^■^■lltoifcF''*-s»oSj^a

Sphenoidal or superior
orbital fissure

Fissura orbitalis superior

Anterior cranial fossa — TlSgsr. fossa '^r^'l

Foramen rotundum . — X^i^tef- - • "ai^^ ^1^
Foramen rotundum ^^^^^^

l%l^^rf.^D s s a.l<
Jugular foramen divided v^ t^/ j>, ^

into two parts by the intra- \"'^^*? M''

jugular process (var) ^ iS?* ^V

Foramen jugulare bipartitura ) ^£^>^SJ

(var.) \ Sgifefr^''3f™f^i

Sigmoid sulcus, or groove of

the lateral sinus 'y^^ ■ ' Ji^Vi^

Sulcus sigmoideus ,, /^TT"^ -'

Posterior condylar foramen

Canalis condyloideus

Anterior condylar foramen '
Canalis hypoglossi

\ Atlas

Atlas

ClivuB, or basilar groove
Clivus

. Parietal eminence

Tuber parietale

Coronal or fronto-
parietal suture

Sutura coronalis

Anterior cranial fossa

Sphenoparietal suture
Sutura sphenoparietalis

Squamous suture

Sutura squamosa

// _ Sphenosquamous suture

i j Sutura sphenosquamosa

/ / Middle cranial fossa

■' ' Inferior petrosal sulcus

Sulcus petrosus inferior

, Petrobasilar fissure
I Fissura petro-occipitalis
Jugular foramen

Foramen jugulare

Occipitomastoid suture

Sutura occipitomastoidea

Mastoid process

I'rocessus mastoideus

Posterior cranial fossa

Faramastoid or paroccipital process (var.)

Processus paramastoideus (var.)

Fig. 20I. — Skull divided into an Anterior and a Posterior Portion by a Frontal Section

PASSING THROUGH THE MASTOID PROCESSES. ThE FiRST CeRVICAL VeRTEBRA HAS ALSO BEEN
divided by THE SECTION, AND LEFT ATTACHED TO THE SkULL.

View of the Anterior Portion of the Cranial Cavity. The Anterior and Middle Cranial
FossjE, as well as the Anterior Portion of the Posterior Cranial Fossa, seen from
Behind. On the Right Side is a Paramastoid Process articulating with the atlas.

Cavum cranii cerebralis— Cranial cavity.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Sagittal or interparietal suture

Sutura sagittalis

Longitudinal sulcus
Sulcus sagittalis

'Eminentia cruciata v
•Eminentia cruciata

Lateral sulcus

Sulcus transversus

Mastoid foramen
Foramen mastoideum

Foramen magnum

Sigmoid sulcus

Sulcus sigraoideus'

Lambdoid or occipitoparietal

suture

Sutura lambdoidea

Internal occipital pro-
tuberance
Protuberantia
occipitalis interna
Foramen of occipital
emissary vein
Foramen emissarii
occipitalis

Vermian fossa (var.)
1 ossa vermiana (var.)

Parietomastoid suture

■^u t u ra parietomastoidea

Occipitomastoid suture
Sutura occipitomastoidea
Mastoid portion of the tem-
poral bone
I'ars mastoidea ossis tem-
poralis
Mastoid process
Processus mastoideus

Jugular process

Processus jugularis

Jugular notch
Incisura jugularis

Posterior condylar foramen

Canalis condyloideus

Occipital condyle

I Condylus occipitalis

Basilar portion of the occipital bone
Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis

Fig. 202. — Skull divided into an Anterior and a Posterior Portion by a Frontal Section

PASSING through THE MASTOID PROCESSES AND THE BASILAR PORTION OF THE OCCIPITAL

Bone. View of the Posterior Portion of the Cranial Cavity. The Division of
THE Longitudinal Sulcus into Right Lateral and Left Lateral Sulcus is shown.
The Lateral Sulcus passes on either Side into the Sigmoid Sulcus, which ter-
minates in the Jugular Foramen.

Cavum cranii cerebralis— Cranial cavitv.

IIIE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Anterior internal orbital canal' — Foramen ethmoidale anterius
Cribriform plate — Lamina cribrosa
Middle turbinate bone — Concha nasalis media
Superior turbinate bone — Concha nasalis superior
Superior meatus of the nose — Meatus nasi superior

SpbenO-ethmOidal recess— Recessus spheno-ethmoidalis ^

Sphenoidal foramen ^^ \

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis
Sphenoidal sinus — Sinus sphenoidalis

Sphenopalatine foramen

Foramen sphenopalitinum ^^

Basipharyngeal canal-

Canalis basipharyngeus

Vaginal process of sphenoid

Processus vaginalis

Pterygopalatine canal

Canalis pharyngeus

Nasopharyngeal meatus

Meatus nasopharygeus

Accessory palatine canals

Foramina palatina minora (Canales palatmi)

Posterior nasal spine
Spina nasalis posterior
Orifice of the posterior palatine canal

Foramen palatinum majus

' U.S. : Anterior ethmoidal canal.

Frontal sinus

Sinus frontalis

Nasofrontal suture

Sutura nasofrontalis

Nasal spine

Spina frontalis

^ Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest

'' Agger nasi

Nasal bone

,- Os nasale

Middle meatus of the nose

'Meatus nasi medius

Atrium of the middle meatus

Atrium meatus medii

Pjnriform or anterior nasal aperture

Apertura piriformis

Inferior turbinate bone of the nose

Concha nasalis inferior

Anterior nasal spine

Spina nasalis anterior

-'-Inferior meatus of the nose

Meatus nasi inferior

Transverse or posterior suture of the palate

Sutura palatina transversa

'^ See note to p. 48.

Fig. 203.— The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity with the Turbinate Bones and
THE Nasal Meatus: Median Sagittal Section. Left Side.

Line of detachment of the middle turbinate bone of the nose
Superior turbinate bone — Concha nasalis superior /
Spheno-ethmoidal recess — Recessus spheno-ethmoidalis i

Sphenopalatine foramen /

Foramen sphenopalatinum '

Basipharyngeal canal' \
Canalis basipharyn;:;jus /

Vaginal process of sphenoid ■

Processus vaginalis

Pterygopalatine canal

Canalis pharyngeus

Sphenoidal process

Processus sphenoidalis

Orifice of the ethmoidal cells

Frontal sinus

Sinus frontalis

Orbital process

* Processus orbitalis

Vertical plate of the palate bone

Pars perpendiciilaris ossis palatini '

Orifice of the mamllary sinus, or antrum of Highmore <

Apertura sinus maxillaris

Horizontal plate of the palate bone

I'ars horizontalis ossis palatini

Sulcus olfactorius

Agger nasi, or ethmoidal crest

Agger nasi

Orifice of the frontal sinus

Apertura sinus frontalis
Hiatus semilunaris
■~ Hiatus semilunaris infundib. li
Ethmoidal bulla
" ~ ' Bulla ethmoidalis

- Lachrymal bone— Os lacriinale

Uncinate process

Processus uncinatus

Lachrymoturbinal suture

Sutura lacrinioconchalis
Lachrymal process of the inferior tur-
binate bone
Processus lacrimalis concha; inferioris

Inferior turbinate bone

Concha nasalis inferior

Inferior meatus of the nose

Meatus nasi inferior

Palatine process of superior maxillary bone

Processus palatinus maxillae

Ethmoidal process of the inferior turbinate bone

Processus ethmoidalis conchas inferioris

' See note to p. 48.

Fig. 204. — The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity: Median Sagittal Section. Left Side.

The middle turbinate bone of the nose has been cut away.

Cavum nasi — Nasal cavity.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Anterior internal orbital canal-
Foramen ethmoidale anterius
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid
Lamina cribrosa
Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea,
of the ethmoid bone -Lamina papjracea
Posterior internal orbital canal'
Foramen ethmoidale posterius
Orbital process of the palate bone — Processus orbitahs /

Orifice of the sphenoidal sinus
Apertura sinus sphenoidalis
Sphenopalatine foramen— Foramen sphenopalatinum

Sphenoidal process of the palate bone

Processus sphenoidalis

Sphenoidal sinus

Sinus sphenoidalis

Pterygopalatine canal

Canalis pharyngeus
Vaginal process of sphenoid
Processus vaginalis

Spinous process of sphenoid

bone -Spina angularis

Pterygospinous foramen (var.) jr^
Foramen pterygospinosum (var.'

Pterygospinous process, or process
of Clvlnlni (var.)

J'rocessus pterygospinosus (Civinini) (var.)

Vertical plate of the palate bone
Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini

^External pterygoid plate

Lachrymo-ethmoidal suture

Sutura lacrimo-ethmoidalis

Frontolachrymal suture

Sutura irontolacrimalis

Nasofrontal suture

Sutura nasofrontalis

Nasal spine of frontal bone
bpma frontalis

Groove of the nasal nerve

bulcus ethmoidalis
Nasal bone
Os nasale

Lachrymal bone — Os lacrimale
Nasal process of superior maxillary

bone— Processus frontalis maxilla;

Lachrymomaxillary suture

Sutura lacrimomaxillaris

Pterygoid process J Lamina lateralis

Processus pterygoideus I Internal pterygoid plate

V Lamina medialis

Hamular process — Hamulus pterygoideus'

Posterior nasal spine — Spina nasalis posterior' \

Horizontal plate of the palate bone — Pars horizontalis ossis palatini'

^ U.S.: Posterior ethmoidal canal. - U.S.:

Lachrymal groove

Sulcus lacrimalis

Anterior nasal spine

Spina nasalis anterior

Nasal surface of the superior
maxillary bone
Facies nasalis maxillae
Anterior palatine groove

Canalis incisivus

Palate process of the superior maxillary bone

Processes palatinus maxillae
Orifice of the maxillary sinus,
or antrum of Highmore

Hiatus maxillaris

Anterior ethmoidal canal.

Fig. 205. — The External Wall of the Nasal Cavity after Removal of the Three Tur-
binate Bones and the Lateral Mass of the Ethmoid : Median Sagittal Section.
Leit Side.

Frontal sinus

Sinus frontalis

Nasofrontal suture

Sutura nasofrontalis

I Foramen cecum — Foramen caecum
Crista galli — Crista galli

Cribriform plate

Lamina cribrosa

Nasal spine of the frontal bone

Spina frontalis

Bony septum of the nose

Vertical plate of the ethmoid bone

Lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis

Rostrum of the sphenoid bone
Rostrum sphenoidale

.^•Sphenoidal sinus

Sinus sphenoidalis

Anterior nasal aperture, or
apertura pyriformis

Apertura piriformis

Inferior turbinate bone ,-

Concha nasalis inferior

Anterior nasal spine

Spina nasalis anterior

Anterior palatine groove and Stenson's canal

Canalis incisivus

Body of the sphenoid bone

Corpus ossis sphenoidalis

Ala of the vomer

Ala vomeris

The vomer

Vomer

i:^V.';^£\2^i>-7 ^Posterior nasal spine— Spina nasalis posterior

Horizontal or palate plate of the palate bone
! i \ Pars horizontalis ossis palatini

i \ Transverse or posterior suture of the palate

,' Sutura palatina transversa

' Nasal crest of the superior maxillary bone— Crista nasalis

Palate process of the superior maxillary bone

I'rocessus palatinus maxilla;

Fig. 206.— The Bony Septum of the Nose seen from the Left Side : Sagittal Section
OF THE Facial Part of the Skull, a Little to the Left of the Median Plane.

Cavum nasi — Nasal cavity.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Intemaaal suture

Sutura internasalis
Superciliary ridge

Arcus superciliaris

Xiachrymal groove

Sulcus lacrimalis

Lachrymal bose
Os lacrimale

Nasofrontal suture

Sutura nasofrontalis

Bony septum of the nose

Septum nasi osseum

Frontomaxillary suture
Sutura frontomaxillaris
Orbital arch
Margo supra-orbitalis

Lachrymal fossa

Fossa glandulae lacrimal!

Superior wall, or roof,

of the orbit

Orbital plate, os

planum, or lamina

papyracea, of the

ethmoid bone
Lamina papyracea

Orbital process of
the palate bone

Processus orbitalis
ossis palatini

Sphenomazillary

fossa -^

Fossa pterygopalatina

Foramen rotundum

. Pterygopalatine canal
Canalis pharyngeus

Pterygoid process
Processus pterygoideus

Vidian or pterygoid canal

Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii)

Sphenoidal sinuses

Sinus sphenoidales

*Sphenoidal
canaliculus'

*Can;ilicuIiis spliL-iioidali-

Ala of the vomer

Ala vomeris

I Ethmoidal cells

I- Labyrinthus ethmoidalis

Frontomalar
suture

Sutura zygomatico
frontalis

Sphenoidal fissure

or foramen
lacerum anteriu3

Fissura orbitalis
superior

Superior turbinate

bone

Concha nasalis

superior

Spheno-ethmoidal

recess

Recessus spheno-

etlimoidalis

Sphenoidal foramen

Apertura sinus
spbenoidalis

1 I am indebted to Professor Toldt for the following account of the * Sphenoidal canaliculus, which is
accurately described neither by Quain nor by Macalister : "It begins in the scaphoid fossa and divides
as it ascends into two branches, the inner of which opens into the Vidian canal, while the outer opens
on the cerebral surface of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, between the lingula of the sphenoid
bone and the foramen ovale." The outer branch is termed by English anatomists the foramen oj Vesalius,
and transmits an emissary vein : the inner branch gives passage to the sphenoidal branch of the otic
ganglion, by means of which this ganglion communicates with the Vidian nerve. — Tr.

Fig. 207. — By Means of a nearly Horizontal Section passing through the Centre

OF the Entrance to the Orbit, the Upper Parts of the Nasal Fossae and of

the Orbits are displayed. Seen from Below.

Posteriorly the sectjyMi passes through the body of the sphenoid bone and the root of the pterygoid
process, opening up the Vidian canal through its whole length. A bristle has been passed into the
*sphenoidal can.diculus' from the Vi.iian canal. The lateral masses of the ethmoid bone (ethmoidal
la^yrinlhs) are divided in the horizontal plane.

Cavum nasi et orbita — The nasal fossae and the orbits.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Incisor foramen or foramen of Stenson

Foramen incisivum

Canal of the nasal duct

Canalis nasolacrimalis

Anterior nasai spine

Spina nasalis anterior

Anterior nasal aperture, or apertura pyriformis

Apertura piriformis

Inferior turbinate bone
Concha nasalis inferior

Inferior wall of the orbit

Paries inferior orbita-

Infra-orbital ^oove

Sulcus infra-orbi talis
Sphenomaxillary

fissure

Fissura orbitalis

inferior

Posterior nares
Choana.'

Foramen rotundum

Foramen ovale

Bony septum of the nose

Septum nasi osseum

Lateral crest of the

septum (var.)
Crista lateralis septi
(var.)

„ - Maxillary sinus, or
antrum of High-
more
Sinus maxillaris

Sphenoidal foramen

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis

Septum of the sphenoidal
sinuses

Septum sinuum sphenoid-
alium

Foramen spinosum
Foramen spinosum

Spinous process of the sphenoid bone.

Spina annularis ' ( i

Canaliculus innominatus (var.) (transmitting \

Ih . small superficial petrosal nerve) i

Lingula of the sphenoid bone

Lingula sphenoidalis

Sphenoidal sinuses

Sinus sphenoidales

' See note to p. 92.

\ 'Sphenoidal canaliculi'

■' "Canaliculi sphenoidales

Vidian canal

Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii)

Fig. 208.— By Means of a nearly Horizontal Section in a Plane a Little above that
OF THE Inferior Walls of the Orbits, the Lower Portions of the Nasal Foss^
and of the Orbits have been exposed. Seen from Above.

Posteriorly the section passes through the sphenoidal sinuses, in this specimen exceptionally capacious.
The upper orifices of the *sphenoidal canaliculus {see note to p. 92) are indicated by bristles.

Cavum nasi et orbita— Nasal cavity and orbits.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Cribriform plate

Lamina cribrosa

x3Tii'>i galli

Crista galii

iTontal sinus

Sinus frontalis ,

Orbital plate of the

frontal bone

Pars orbitalis ossis

frontalis

Orbital plate, os planum,

or lamina papyracea, of

the ethmoid bone

Lamina papyracea

Vertical plate of the -
ethmoid bone
Lamina perpendicularis
Infra-orbital groove
Sulcus infra-orbitalis

Uncinate process V^'^HB^ '^
Processus uncinatus I'^^^B^" ^

Malar bone VHb 1

Os zygomaticum N^^BHLhi' 1

H^l^ffiJ^H|.

1/' uSm^

Maxillary sinus, or antrum
of Highmore

Sinus maxillaris

The vomer
Vomer

Hard palate

Septum of the frontal sinuses

Septum sinuum irontalium

Foramen CEecum
Foramen caecum

Alar process of the etbmoidbone

Processus alaris'ossis ethmoidali

Lateral mass, or labyrinth,
of the ethmoid bones

Labyrintlius ethmoidalis

Orbit

Orbita

Superior turbinate bone

Concha nasalis superior

Superior meatus of the
nose

Meatus nasi superior

Middle turbinate bone

Concha nasaUs media

Middle meatus of the
nose

Meatus nasi media

Inferior turbinate bo;ne
Concha nasalis inferior

"■ Inferior meatus of the nose

Meatus nasi inferior

Fig. 209.— By Means of a Section passing through the most Anterior Portions of Both
Zygomatic Arches, the Nasal Cavity and the Orbits are divided towards their
Posterior Extremities in the Frontal Plane.

The anterior portion of the skull thus divided is figured from behind. The three turbinate bones of the
nose and the three nasal meatus, as well as the bony septum of the nose, are seen m frontal section.
The maxillary sinuses are also opened up, and the communication of these sinuses witli tne general
cavity of the nose is to be seen above the uncinate process.

Cavum nasi et orbita— Nasal cavity and orbits.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Frontal sinuses
Sinus frontales

Middle turbinate bone

Concha iiasalis media

Anterior cranial fossa

Uncinate process

Processus uncinatus

Crista galU

Crista galli

Infra-orbital canal

Canalis infra-orbitalis

Orifice of the canal
of the nasal duct

Maxillary sinus, or antrum
of Highmore

Sinus maxillaris

^Frontal sinus

Sinus irontalis

Orifice of the frontal sinus

Apertura sinus frontalis

.. Lachrymal bone

Os lacrimale

Vertical plate of the ethmoid bono

Lamina perpendicularis

Canal of the nasal duct
Canalis nasolacrimalis

--^Lachrymoturbinal suture

Sutura lacrimoconchalis

^^Inferior turbinate bone
Concha nasalis inferior

The vomer ,

Vomer

Fig. 210. — By Means of a Section passing vertically through the Posterior Portions
OF Both Lachrymal Bones, the Anterior Portion of the Nasal Cavity and of the
Orbits is displayed in Frontal Section. Seen from Behind.

Frorn the right side of the anterior portion of the skull -thus divided, a layer of bone a quarter of an inch
in thickness has been removed by a section in a plane parallel with the first section, so as to open
up the canal of the nasal duct, canalis nasolacrimalis, in its entire length. The sounds passed into
the two frontal sinuses indicate the orifices of these sinuses in the nasal fossfe. A third sound
has been passed through the left canal of the nasal duct from the orbit into the nasal cavity.

Cavum nasi et orbita — Nasal cavity and orbits.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Internal auditory meatus
Meatus acusticus internus\

Carotid canal

Canalis caroticus

Foramen ovale

'Sphenoidal canaliculus'

•Canaliculus sphenoidalis

Sphenomaxillary fissure

Fissura orbitalis inferior i-\

Common meatus of the nose

Meatus nasi communis
Posterior nares
Choana

Bony septum of the nose

Septum nasi osseum

Inferior orifice of the palato-
maxillary or posterior palatine canal

Foramen p^latinum majus

Transverse or posterior
palatine suture

Sutura palatina transversa

Middle or median palatine suture
Sutura palatina mediana

Superior border of

the petrous bone

Angiilus superior I
pyramidis

Vidian or

pterygoid

canal

Canalis

pterygoideus

, (Vidii)

Tegmen tjmipani

Tegmen tympani .

Tympanum

/'Cavum tympani

External auditory
meatus

/Meatus acusticus
externus

Condyle of the inferior
maxillary bone

Capitulum mandibulae

Zygomatic or
infratemporal fossa

I-ossa inlratemporalis

Zygomatic arch

Arcus zygomaticus

Pterygoid fossa

Fossa pterygoidea

Hamular process

Hamulus pterygoideus

- 'Palatine protuberance (var.)

'Torus palatinus (var.)

^-..Hard palate

Palatum durum

'Anterior palatine fossa

Foramen incisivum

Mental spine
Spina mentalis

Mental tubercle

Tuberculum mentale

1 See note to p. 92.

Fig. 2X1. — Anterior Portion of the Skull, separated from the Posterior Portion by a
Frontal Section passing through the Two External Auditory Meatus.

The view from behind shows the posterior nares with the posterior border of the bony septum of the
nose, the bony framework of the oral cavity, and the zygomatic fossae ; further, in frontal section, the
tympanic cavities, with portions of the bony labyrinths and the internal auditory meatus.

Cranium viscerale — Facial portion of the skull.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

»•/

Anterior palatine or premaxillary suture
Sutura incisiva

Palate process of the superior

maxillary bone
Processus palatinus maxilK ,

Middle or median palatine suture^ /■

Anterior palatine fossa

Foramen incisivum

Premaxillary bone

Os incisivum

Sutura palatina mediana

Posterior or transverse palatine suture-

Sutura palatina transversa

Horizontal or palate plate of the

palate bone
Pars horizontalis ossis palatini

Pyramidal process, or tuberosity,—
of the palate bone

Processus pyramidalis

External pterygoid plate ^ —
Lamina lateralis proces-
sus pterygoidei

Alveolar border

Limbus alveolaris

"Palatine spine'
'Spina palatina

*Palatine grooves'^

*Sulci palatini

Internal pterygoid plate

Inferior orifice of the posterior
palatine canal
Foramen palatinum majus

^^ Posterior and external accessory
palatine i^anals
Foramina palatina minora

Eamular process -Hamulus pterygoideus Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei

' In the English nomenclature /•a/rt/iHf spine is an alternative name for ihe posterior nasal spine. — Tr.
- The English nomenclature recognises one palatine groove only, that running forwards on the under surface of the
hard palate from the inferior orifice of the posterior palatine canal, lodging the large palatine nerve and vessels. — Tr.

Fig. 2X2. — The Hard Palate, Palatum Durum, with the Alveolar Process of the
Superior Maxillary Bone, removed by a Section passing horizontally through
BOTH Superior Maxillary Bones above the Floor of the Nasal Fossae. Seen from
Below.

Incisor foramina, or foramina of Stensen^.

Foramen incisivum

Anterior nasal spine

■'Spina nasalis anterior

Prenasal focsa (var.)
Fossa praenasalis (var.)

Palate process of the superior maxillary

bone

Processus palatinus maxilla;

Vertical plate of the palate

bone

Pars perpendicularis ossis
palatini

Pyramidal process, or tuberosity, of
the palate bone

Processus pyramidalis

External pterygoid plate -

Lamina lateralis processus

pterygoidei

Hamular process — Hamulus pterygoideus

Nasal crest of the superior maziUaiy bone

Crista nasalis

Maxillary sinus, or antrum
of Highmore
Sinus maxillaris

Malar process

Processus zygomaticus

Posterior or transverse palatine

suture

Sutura palatina transversa

Posterior palatine or palato-
maxillary canal

Canalis pterygopalatinus

Accessory palatine canal
Canalis palatinus

Internal pterygoid plate

Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei

Pterygoid fossa
Fossa pterygoidea

Fig. 213.— The Floor (Inferior Wall) of the Nasal Foss^ with the Maxillary Sinuses
LYING ON Either Side, shown by Means of a Horizontal Section through the
Superior Maxillary Bones. Seen from Above.

Cranium viscerale— Facial portion of the skull.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Superior wall of the orbit

Orbital arch

Margo supra-orbitalis\

Trochlear spine (var.)
Spina trochlearis (var.)

Frontomaxillary suture

Sutura frontomaxillaris

Nasofrontal suture

Sutura nasofrontalis

Lachrymo-ethmoidal suture

Sutura lacrimo-ethmoidalis"^
Lachrymal crest of the lachrymal bone

Crista lacrimalis posterior

Orbital ridge of the superior mixillary bone

Crista lacrimalis anterior /

Internal wall of the orbit

Lachrymal groove

Fossa sacci lacrimalis

° Hamular process of the lachrymal bone
Hamulus lacrimalis

Inferior wall of the orbit

Lachrymomaxillary suture'

Sutura lacrimomaxiUaris

Frontolacbrymal suture

Sutura irontolacrimalis

Anterior internal orbital canaU

, Foramen ethraoiilale anterius

Infra-orbital margin /

Margo infra-orbitahs /

I
Infra-orbital foramen
Foramen infra-orbitale

^ U.S.: Anterior ethmoidal canal.

Fronto-ethmoidal suture — Sutura frontoethmoidalis
i Posterior Internal orbital canal^

r toranieii ethmoidale posterius

' Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina papyracea

of the ethmoid bone — Lamina papyracea

^Optic foramen
*jV^ Foramen opticum

Spheno-ethmoidal suture

Sutura sptieno-ethmoidalis

^ Orbital process of the palate bone

f'*^ I'rocessus orbitalis ossis palatini

^ Palatomaxillary suture

Sutura palatomaxillaris

- - Sphenomaxillary fossa

l-'ossa pterygopalatina
Infra-orbital groove
Sulcus infra-orbitalis

Ethmoidomaxillary suture

Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris

' Malar bone
Os zygomaticum

2 U.S.:

Posterior ethmoidal canal.

Fig. 214. — Internal Portion of the Left Orbit, shown by the Removal of the
External Wall. Seen from the Left Side.

Orbital plate of the frontal bone

Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis

Sphenoidal fissure

Fissura orbitalis superior
Sphenoidal foramen
Apertura sinus sphenoidalis,
Sphenoidal sinus
Sinus sphenoidalis .^

Sphenopalatine foramen /

Foramen sphenopalatinum

Orifice of the maxillary sinus
Hiatus maxillaris

Superior wall of the orbit

Orbital arch— Margo supraorbitalis

Lachrymal fossa

- Fossa glanduhe lacrimalis

Spheno-orbital suture

-Sutura spheno-orbitalis

_ Orbital stirfaoe of the great wing

Facies orbitalis ala; magnae

_ External wall of the orbit
.Entrance to the orbit — Aditus orbitae
Sphenomalar suture

"Siitur.-i spheno/ygoniatica

.Orbital surface of the malar bone

Lamina orbitalis ossis zygomalici

-Sphenomaxillary fissure

F'lssura orbitalis inferior

--^Infra-orbital margin

Margo infra-orbitalis

Infra-orbital foramen

Foramen infra-orbitale

Inferior wall of the orbit '

Paries inferior orbitae

Lachrymal groove

Sulcus lacrimalis

Fig. 215. — External Portion of the Left Orbit, shown by the Removal of the
Internal Wall of the Orbit and of a Portion of the Superior Maxillary Bone
i-j A longitudinally hemisected Skull.

Orbita— The orbits.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Uncinate process of the ethmoid bone

Processus uncinatus ossis ethmoidalis j

Inferior wall of the orbit

Paries inferior orbitae ' '

Orifice of the maxillary sinus

• Hiatus maxillaris

Infra-orbital foramen

Foramen infra-orbitale

Maxillary process of the inferior turbinate

bone -''

Processus maxillaris conchse nasalis

Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore

Body of the superior maxillary bone

Corpus maxillae

Alveolar process

Orbital process of the palate bone

Processus orbitalis ossis palatini

Sphenomaxillary fossa

Fossa pterygopalatina

Maxillary process of the palate bone

Processus nasalis ossis palatini

Tuberosity of the superior maxillary bone

Tuber maxillare

Fig. 2i6. — The Left Maxillary Sinus, or Antrum of Highmore, shown by the Removal
OF THE External Wall of the Body of the Superior Maxillary Bone and the
Malar Bone. Seen from the Left Side.

Lesser wing — Ala parva

Orbital plate of the frontal bone^
Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis

Orbital plate, os planum, or lamina
papyracea, of the ethmoid bone

Lamina papyracea

Palato-ethmoidal suture

Sutura palato-ethmoidalis

Orbital process of the palate bone

Processus orbitalis ossis palatini "-■
Orbital surface of the superior maxillary
bone — Facies orbitalis maxillae
Sphenopalatine foramen
Foramen sphenopalatinum
Infra-orbital groove —
Sulcus infra-orbitalis

Sphenomaxillary fossa"

Fossa pterygopalatina ,,-

Vertical plate of the palate bone
Pars perpendicularis ossis palatini
Posterior palatine or palatomaxillary
canal — Canalis pterygopaiatinus
Posterior dental canal
Foramen alveolare (posterius)

Zygomatic surface of the superior maxillary bone/
Facies infratemporalis maxillae

Optic foramen

Foramen opticum

Sphenoethmoidal suture

'Sutura spheno ethmoidalis
Foramen rotundum

Foramen rotundum

'Sphenoidal canaliculus'

'Canaliculus sphenoidalis

^ Lingula of the sphenoid bono

'Lmgula sphenoidalis

Vidian or pterygoid canal

Canalis pterygoideus (Vidii)

—Sphenomaxillary surface

Facies sphenomaxillaris

- Pterygomaxillary fissure

Fissura pterygomaxillaris

External pterygoid plate

Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei

Pyramidal process, or tuberosity, of the palate bone

Processus pyramidalis

^ Hamular process

Hamulus pterygoideus

' See note to p. 92.

Fig. 217.— The Left Sphenomaxillary Fossa, shown by Removal of the Malar Bone,

the Temporal Bone, and the Great Wing of the Sphenoid Bone. Seen from

the Left Side.

A sound has been passed through the Vidian canal, and another through the *sphenoidal canahculus'

(exceptionally large in this specimen).

Sinus maxillaris — Maxillary sinus, or antrum of Highmore. — Fossa pterygopalatina — Spheno-
maxillary fossa.

13—2

100

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Coronal or frontoparietal suture

Sutura coronalis

Parietal eminence
Tuber parietale

Interparietal bone (var.)'

Os interparietale (Os incae) [var.]

Sagittal or interparietal suture

Sutura sagittalis

Parietal foramen

" Foramen parietale

Lambdoid or occipitopajietal
suture

Sutura lambdoidea

Interpajrietal plane

Planum occipitale

Fig. 2x8. — A Large Wormian Bone in the Uppermost Part of the Lambdoid Suture.

Sagittal or interparietal suture
Sutura sagittalis

Wormian bones

Ossa suturarum (var.) "^»^^

-Parietal foramen
. '"^ Foramen parietale

Iiambdoid or occipitoparietal
suture

Sutura lambdoidea

Transverse suture of the occipital

bone (var.)'

Sutura occipitalis transversa

(var.)

Parietomastoid suture

Sutura parietomastoidea

Occipitomastoid suture .
Sutura occipitomastoidea

-Upper portion of squama occipitalis'

Torus occipitalis transversus (var. )
'" Torus occipitalis (var.)

Nuchal plane

I'ianum nucliale

Fig. 2ig. — Transverse Subdivision of the Squama Occipitalis. Several Wormian Bones

in the Lambdoid Suture.

' See note to p. 57.
Ossa suturarum — 'Wormian bones.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

101

(Full) Height of uhe cranium
(Ganze) Hohe des Hirnschadels

"Profile-uue ".
Profillinie

" Ear-height "

Ohrhohe

■' Nose height "
Nasenhiihe

Profile-angle
Profilwinkel

" Face-height ''

Gesichtshohe

Horizontal length of the cranium
Gerade Liinge des Hirnschadels

, Greatest length of the cranium

•' Grosste Lange des Hirnschadels

.....Oerman horizontal
Deutsche Horizontale

Fig. 220.— Side- View of the Skull: Norma Lateralis.

Narrowest transverse measure
ment of forehead

Kleinste Stirnbreite

Zygomatic widths
Jochbreite \

Greatest width of
the cranium

Grosste Breite des
Hirnschadels

Vertical height of Horizontal width of the orbital orifice

the orbital orifice \ Horizontale Breite des Augenhohleneinganges

Senkrechte Hohe \

des Augenhohlen

einganges / ■

Narrowest transverse

measurement of forehead

Kleinste Stirnbreite

Greatest height of the
orbital orifice
Grosste Hohe des Augen-
hohleneinganges

Greatest width of the
orbital orifice
Grosste Breitedes Augen-
hohleneinganges

Zygomatic width

Jochbreite

Face-width according to Virchow

Gesichtsbreite nach Virchow

Fig. 221.— Skull seen from Above
Norma Verticalis.

-^ Greatest width of the
\ anterior nasal aperture
Grosste Breite der Nasen
offnung

Fig. 222. — Front View of the Skull:
Norma Frontalis.

Translator's Note.— The above measurements do not fully correspond with those used by English
craniologists. For this reason a purely literal translation of the German terms has been given.

The Principal Measurements of the Skull.

102

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Second visceral cleft
Third or thyrohyoid visceral arch

Uarflcal sinus

Sinus cervicalis

Upper extremity

Kxtremitas superior

Second or hyoid visceral arch
Auditory pit

First visceral cleft

Mandibular process -i . , , ,.^ , . , u

V of the first or mandibular visceral arch
Maxillary process j

Primary optic vesicle
Olfactory pit

' .Rudiment of tho heart

Lower extremity
Extremitas inferior

Umbilical duct

Ductus omphalo-entericus

Umbilical vesicle

Vesicula umbilicalis

Fig. 223. — Human Embryo, Four Weeks old.
The umbilical vesicle has been opened.

Parietal bone
Os parietale
Squamous portion of the temporal bone

Squama temporalis

Membranous portion of the primordial cranium

Pars membranacea cranii primordialis

intermembranous part of the supra-occipital

portion of the occipital bone'
Pars intermembranacea squamae occipitalis
S i eiior semlolroular canal— Canalis semicircularis superior
Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium
Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis

Intercartilaginous part of the supra-occipital
portion of the occipital bone'
Pars intercartilaginea squamie occipitalis
Primitive cartilage of the petrous portion of the
temporal bone
Centre of ossification for the lateral portion of the
occipital bone (exoccipital)'

Centre of ossification for the basilar portion of the
occipital bone (basi-occipital)'

' See note to p. 57

Membranous portion of the primordial cranium
Pars membranacea cranii primordialis

Greater wing

Ala magna

Squamous portion of the frontal bone

' Squama frontalis

' Centre of ossification for the lesser wing

Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium

Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis
(Planum sphenoidale)

Nasal bone

Os nasale

~v Septum of the nose

Septum nasi

^ Hard palate-
The vomer

Vomer

-Palatum durum

Fig. 224. — The Left Half of the Skull of a Human Fcetus at the End of the Fourth
Month (Months of Four Weeks Each). Seen from Within. The Cartilaginous
Portion of the Primordial Cranium (Chondrocranium) is coloured Blue.

Body-length, 4J inches.

Development of the Skull.

THE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

103

Squamous portion of the temporal bone

Squama temporalis

Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium

Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis

Cartilaginous bar of the byoid or second '
visceral arch (primitive cartilage of
the styloid process)

Cartilaginous bar of the mandibular or first
visceral arch (Meckel's cartilage)

Mandible
Mandibula

I The malleus

\ Malleus

\ Tympanic ring

Annulus tyrapanicus

Fig. 225. — The Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone, the Tympanic Membrane with the
Malleus, the Incus, and Meckel's Cartilage, from a Human Fcetus in the First Half
of the Fifth Month (Months of Four Weeks Each)., Seen from Within.

Body-length, ji inches.

Squamous portion of the temporal bone

Squama temporalis (

Membranous portion of the primordial cranium
Pars merabranacea cranii primordialis V

Greater wing
Ala magna

Squamous portion of the frontal bone ,

Squama frontalis

Cartilaginous bar of the mandibular or first

visceral arch (Meckel's cartilage)

Cartilaginous bar of the hyoid or second

visceral arch (styloid process, stylohyoid

ligament, and small cornu of the hyoid

bone)

Maxilla ^
Maxilla

Mandible

Mandibula

Primitive cartilage of the hyoid bone '

Knorpelanlage des Us hyoiaeiim

Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium
Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis

Parietal bone

/ Us parietale

Tympanic ring

/'Annulus tympanicus

Intermembranous part of the supra-occipital

portion ol ohe occipital bone'
Pars intermembranacea squamae occipitalis

Cartilaginous portion of the primordial cranium

Pars cartilaginea cranii primordialis

Intracartilaginous part of the supra-occipital

portion of the occipital bone'

Pars intracartilaginea squamae occipitalis

,__ Foramen magnum

"Foramen occipitale magnum

^Lateral portion of theoccipital bone (excccipital)'
Pars lateralis ossis occipitalis

Basilar portion of the occipital bone (basi-occipital)'
Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis

Fig. 226.

'Primitive cartilage of the petrous portion
of the temporal bone

Knorpelanlage der Pars petrOFa
' See note to p. 57.

The Skull of a Human Fcetus in the Middle of the Fifth Month (Months of
Four Weeks Each). Seen from the Left Side and Below.

Body length, 6i inches. The cartilaginous bars of the visceral arches are displayed, and these, together
with the cartilaginous portion of tlic primordial cranium, are coloured blue. Part of the cartilage of
the left side of the inferior niaxillu has been removed in oidcr to lay bare a 1 ortion of Meckel's
cartilage which lies beneath it.

Fig. 227. — The Dried Skull of a Human
FoiTus IN the Middle of the Fourth
Month (Months of Four Weeks
Each).

Body-length, 3* inches.

Fig. 228. — The Dried Skull of a Human
Fcetus at the End of the Sixth
Month (Months of Four Weeks
Each).

Body-length, ii^ inches.

Development ot the Skull.

104

IHE SKULL AND THE BONES OF THE SKULL

Anterolateral fontanelle

Fonticulus sphenoidalis

Tympanic ring
Annulus tympanicus

Occipital plane, or interparietal
- ' portion of the occipital bone

Planum occipitale
— Transverse suture of the occipital bone'

Siitura mendosa

Posterolateral fontanelle
Fonticulus mastoideus
Base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone

I'yramis (l>asis)

Lateral portion of the occipital bone (exoccipital)'
Pars lateralis ossis occipitalis

Fig. 229.— The Dried Skull of an Infant born at Full Term. Seen from the Left Side.

Body-length, 2oi inches. In the anterolateral fontanelle there remains part of the membranous
portion of the primordial cranium (membrane of the fontanelle) ; in the posterolateral fontanelle
there remains part of the cartil iginous portion of the primordial cranium.

Anterior fontanelle

Fonticulus frontalis (major) ^,^

Posterior fontanelle
Fonticulus occipitalis (minor)

Frontal eminence

.--Tuber frontale

Parietal eminence
Tuber parietale

Supra-occipital portion of the occipital bone'

Squama occipitalis

Fig. 230. — The Dried Skull of an Infant born at Full Term. Seen from Above.

Body-length, 2oi inches. In the anterior and in the posterior fontanelle there remain parts of the
membranous portion of the primordial cranium.

' See note to p. 57.

Develooment of the Skull,

SKELETON EXTREMITATUM,
SUPERIORIS ET INFERIORIS

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER

AND LOWER EXTREMITIES
(THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON)

106

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

The clayicle, or collar-bone

Clavicula '

The humerus, or arm bone -
Humerus

-.,The shoulder-girdle
-'Cingulum extremitatis superioris

The scapula, or shoulder-blade \

"Scapula

The ulna

Ulna

The radius

Radius

The interosseous space of the foreanr.

Spatium interosseum antibrachii

The bones of the forearm
'Ossa antibrachii

The first metacarpal bone (the metacarpiil-

bone of the thumb)
Os metacarpale primum (pollicis)

The phalanges of the thumb^,^
Phalanges pollicis -■

The carpus

"Carpus

The metacarpus

—Metacarpus

The phalanges of the fingers
• Phalanges digitorum

Fig 231. — The Skeleton of the Upper Extremity.

Skeleton extremitatis superioris— The skeleton of the upper extremity.

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

107

The innominate or hip bone
Os coxae

««

XThe pelvic girdle

Cingulum extremitatis inferioris

The femur, or thigh-bone
Femur

The tibia, or shin-bone

Tibia

The fibula, or peroneal bone

Fibula

The interosseous space of the leg..

Spatium interosseum cruris

The patella, rotula, knee-cap, or knee-pan

Patella

The bones of the l0|?
"Ossa cruris

The tarsus

Tarsus

The metatarsus

Metatarsus

The phalanges of the toes

Phalangas digitorum pedis*

'/5

The first metatarsal bone (the metatarsal

bone of the great toe)
Os metatarsale primum (hallucis)

The phalanges of the great toe

' Phalanges hallucis

Fig. 232. — The Skeleton of the Lower Extremity.
Skeleton extremitatis inferioris^The skeleton of the lower extremity.

14-

108

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

The scapula

Scapula

The glenoid fossa

Cavitas glenoidalis

The acromion -

Acromion

The first rib
Costa I.

The acromioclaviculax
joint

Articulatio acromio-
clavicularis

The manubrium
Manubrium sterni "

-^ ..The clavicle

Clavicula

The sternoclavicular joint

Articulatio sternoclavicularis

Fig. 233.— The Shoulder-Girdle and its Relation to the Thorax. Seen from Above.

The clavicle

Clav'cula

The first rib
Costa I.

The scapula (pos-
terior surface, or
dorsum)

Scapula (facies dorsalis)

The acromion

Acromion

The eighth intercostal space
Spatium intercostale VIII.

\The twelfth dorsal vertebra
Vertebra thoracalis XII.

Fig. 234. — The Shoulder-Girdle and its Relation to the Thorax. Seen from Behind.
Cingulum extremitatis superioris— The shoulder-girdle.

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

109

Acromial or scapular-.

extremity
Extremitas acromialis

Fig. 235.— The Right Clavicle seen from Above.

sternal extremity
Extremitas sternalis

Acromial facet

Facies articularis

acromialis

Trapezoid line (or ridge)

Tuberositas coracoidea

Nntrient foramen

\ Foramen nutricium

Costal tuberosity, or rhomboid
impression

Tuberositas costalis

Conoid tubercle

Fig. 23 .—The Right Clavicle seen from Below.

'Sternal facet
Facies articularis ster-
nalis

Costal tuberosity, or rhomboid impression
Tuberositas costalis

Sternal facet

Facies articularis sternalis

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Epiphysis

Fig. 237.— Sternai- Hxtpemity of the Right Clavicle of a Female aged Twenty
Years, with a Sternal Epiphysis. Seen from Before.

Clavicula— The clavicle.

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

eiayicular facet

/Facies articularis acromii

Saprascapular notcti
/Incisura scapulae

.Superior border— Margo superior

Superior angle

\ngulus medialis

Coracoid process

Processus cora-
coideus

Head

Qlenoid fossa

Cavitas glenoidalis"

'Oblique lines for
the attachment
of the tendinous
intersections of
the auhscapularis
muscle

•Lineae musculares

Axillary border
Margo axillaris

Subscapular fossa
'J Vertebral border, or base

Margo vertebralis

Anterior surface, or venter

Inferior angle

Angulus inferior

Acromial angle
Infraspinous fossa'

Fossa infraspinata

Fig. 238. — The Right Scapula seen from Before.

Spine of the
scapula

Spina scapulae

Superior angle
Angulus medialis

Supraspinous

fossa

Fossa supra-

spinata

Posterior surface,
or dorsum

Vertebral border
Margo vertebralis

Acromion
Acromion
Acromial angle
Neck of the scapula

(" anatomical neck ")
. Collum scapulae
External angle
Angulus lateralis
Infraspinous fossa
Fossa infraspinata

Supraspinous fossa

Coracoid process

/Processus

coracoideus

■- Supraglenoid

tubercle
Tuberositas supra-
glenoidalis

— Glenoid fossa

Cavitas glenoidalis

Infraglenoid tubercle

Tuberositas infra-
glenoidalis

Axillary border
Margo axillaris

Axillary border

Margo axillaris

Inferior angle
Angulus inferior

Fig. 240.— The Right Scapula seen
FROM THE Outer or Axillary
Aspect.

Inferior angle

Angulus inferior

Fig. 239.— The Right Scapula seen from Behind.

Scapula — The shoulder-blade-

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

111

Centre of ossification for
the coracoid process

Centre of ossification for the
uppermost portion of Myi:.
glenoid fossa (Subooraooitl
bone)

Cartilaginous acromion.

Primary osseous
portion of the scapula

Budimentaryj
cartilage

Cait laginous acromion

Fig. 241. — In the Fifth Fig, 242. — In the Second Fig. 243. — In the Fifteenth

Month of Intra-uterine
Life (Months of Four
Weeks Each).

Secondary epiphysis at the
tip of the coracoid process s.

Year of Life.

Subcoracoid bone
Os infracoracoideum

Year of Life.

Acromial epiphysis

Cartilage at the inferior

angle and along the

vertebral border

, Osseous portions
\ of the acromion

Epiphysis of the lower

portion of the glenoid

fossa

Fig, 244. — In the Seventeenth Year
OF Life.

Secondary epiphysis on the base
of the coracoid process

Epiphysis at the
inferior angle

Fig. 245. — In the Nineteenth Year
OF Life.

Development of the Scapula.

112

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Great tuberosity
Tuberculum majus--

Bicipital groove

Sulcus intertubercularis —

Outer margin of bicipital

groove (pectoral ridge)

Crista tuberculi majoris

Outer or antero-extemal

surface
Facies anterior lateralis

Deltoid eminence

Tuberositas deltoidea

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium

Inner or antero-intemal

surface
Facies anterior medialis

Outer border

Margo lateralis

Head of the humerus

, Caput humeri _

Head of the humerus

Caput humeri

,, Anatomical neck
Collum anatomicum

— Small tuberosity

Tuberculum minus

Inner margin of the bicipital groove

Crista tuberculi minoris

Great tuberosity

I Tuberculum majus

-Head

Caput

Small

tuberosity

Tuberculum

minus

Fig. 248.— Proximal (Upper)
Extremity of the Right
Humerus seen from Above.

Capitellum
Capitulum

Trochlea

Trochlea humeri

Olecranon fossa
Fossa olecrani

Internal condyle

Epicondylus medialis

Fig. 249.- Distal (Lower)
Extremity of the Right
Humerus seen from Below.

\ Inner border

Margo medialis

Radial fossa

Fossa radialis

External condyle ^

Epicondylus
lateralis

Capitellum
Capitulum humeri

Coronoid fossa

' Fossa coronoidea
Internal condyle
■ Epicondylus medialis
J, Internal condyle

'2 Epicondylus

. Trochlea medialis

Trochlea humeri

Groove of the ulnar nerve
Sulcus nervi ulnaris

Fig. 246. — The Right Humerus
seen from before.

'y/^i&

'i^'Ad

Anatomical neck
•'' Collum anatomicum

, Great tuberosity

Tuberculum majus

Surgical neck

Collum chirurgicum

. Posterior surface

Facies posterior

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium

Deltoid eminence

Tuberositas deltoidea

Spiral groove
Sulcus nervi radialis

Olecranon fossa
Fossa olecrani

External condyle

Epicondylus

lateralis

" Trochlea
Trochlea humeri

Fig. 247.— The Right Humerus
seen from behind.

Humerus — The humerus.

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

113

Centre of ossifica-
tion in the head
of the humerus

Small tuberosity
iTuberculum minus

Centre of ossification
in the head of the
humerus

Centre of ossification in the
head of the humerus

Centre of ossifi-
cation in the
grreat tuberosity

Great tuberosity

Tuberculum majiu

Diaphysis

Fig. 250. — From a Girl
AGED Four Months.

Fig. 251. — From a Boy
AGED Two Years.

Fig. 252. — From a Boy
AGED Three Years
(Horizontal Section.)

The Centres of Ossification of the Proximal Extremity of the Humerus.

Common epiphysis of the
proximal extremity

Epiphysis proximalis
communis

Epiphysial disc -

Synchondrosis
epiphyseos

Diaphysisf .

Diaphysis

Common epiphysis of the

proximal extremity

Epiphysis proximalis

communis

Remnant of the
epiphysial disc

Diaphysis

Fig. 253.— From a Boy aged Fig. 254.— From a Girl aged

Thirteen Years. Nineteen Years.

The Common Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Humerus.

Centre of ossification
, in the capitellum
of the humerus

Fig. 255. — From a Boy aged Two and a Half Years,

Olecranon fossa

Fossa olecrani

Centre of ossification of
the internal condyle

Centre of ossification of
the trochlea

Epiphysis of the
internal condyle

.. Centre of ossification
of the capitellum

Common epiphysis
of the distal

extremity
Epiphysis distalis

communis

Fig. 256. — From a Boy aged
Thirteen Years.

Fig. 257. — From a Boy aged
Seventeen Years.

The Epiphyses of the Distal Extremity of the Humerus.

Development of the Humerus.

«S

114

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Coronoid process

Processus coronoideus

Small sigmoid cavity

Incisura radialis

Tuberosity of the ulna

Tuberositas ulnae

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium

External or interosseous
border

Crista interossea

Anterior surface
Facias volaris

\v/

/Great sigmoid cavity

'' Incisura semilunaris

U
a
3
(/>

&
O

^' Anterior
I border

"(S Marge
fl volaris

Olecranon

' Olecranon

Internal surface

Facies medialis

Posterior border

Margo dorsalis

Posterior surface

Facies dorsalis

Olecranon

Great sigmoid cavity

Incisura semilunaris

Coronoid process

I'rocessus coronoideus

Small sigmoid cavity

Incisura radialis

Tuberosity of the ulna

Tuberositas ulnae
Supinator ridge
Crista m. supinatoris

External or inter-
osseous border

Crista interossea

Posterior surface

F"'acies dorsalis

Articular circumference

Circumferentiaarticularis

Styloid process

Processus styloideus

Fig. 258. — Anterior Aspect.

I'u^ ;

Head of the ulna
Capitulum ulna^

Articular circumference

Circumferentia articularis

\ Styloid process

f rocessus styloideus

Fig. 259.— Posterior Aspect. Fig. 260.— External Aspect.
The Ulna of the Right Side.

Anterior border

Margo volaris
Internal surface
Facies medialis

Posterior border

Margo dorsalis

Posterior surface
Facies dorsalis

Interosseous borders
Crista interossea

Anterior surface
Facies volaris ,

Ulna Vi Radius

Anterior surface

Facies volaris

1 Anterior border

Margo volaris

External surface
Facies lateralis

Posterior border

Margo dorsalis

Posterior surface

Facies dorsalis

Fig. 261.— Transverse (Horizontal) Section through the Middle of the Ulna and
THE Radius, with the Interosseous Membrane, in Supination.

Ossa antibrachii— The bones of the forearm.

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

115

Head of the radius .

Capitulum radii

Neck of the radius

Collum radii

Articular circumference

Circumferentia articula'-'

Articular circumference

Circumferentia articularis

Neck of the radius

Collum radii

Tuberosity of the radius

Tuberositas radii

Anterior border
Margo volaris

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium

Internal or interos-
seous border

Crista interossea

Anterior surface
Facies volaris

Posterior
surface

Facies
dorsalis

■m

Posterior
border

Margo
dorsalis

Anterior surface
' Facies volaris

Posterior surface

Facies dorsalis

Internal or interosseous

border

Crista interossea

Styloid process
Processus styloideus ,

4i|^

^v'

Styloid process
Processus sty-
loideus

Sigmoid cavity, or
ulnar articular
surface

Incisura ulnaris

Carpal articular
surface

Facies articularis
carpea

Fig. 262. — Anterior Aspect. Fig. 263. — Posterior Aspect. Fig. 264. — Internal Aspect.

The Radius of the Right Side.

Olecranon

Great sigmoid cavity

Incisura semilunaris ulnae

Articular surface for the
capitellum of the humerus .

Fovea capituli radii

Articular circumference
Circumferentia articularis

Styloid process of the

radius
Processus styloideus

radii

Fig. 265. — The Proximal Extremities
OF the Bones of the Right Fore-
arm seen from Above.

Carpal articular surface

Facies articularis carpea

Styloid process of the ulna
Processus styloideus ulnae

Fig. 266. — The Distal Extremities
of the Bones of the Right
Forearm seen from Below.

Ossa antibrachii — The bones of the forearm.

IS-

116

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Tuberosity of the radius
Tuberositas radii

imtrlent toramina
Foramina nutricia "

Radius (anterior surface)
Radius (facies volaris)

Interosseous space of tha
forearm

Spatium interosseum
antibrachii

Ulna (anterior surface)
Ulna (facies volaris)

Radius (external surface)

Radius (facies lateralis)

Radius (posterior

surface)

Radius (facies

dorsalis)

Fig. 267. — The Bones of the Right
Forearm, in Supination.

Fig. 268. — The Bones of the Right
Forearm, in Pronation.

The Bones of the Forearm in Supination and Pronation.

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

117

Centres of ossification
in the olecranon

Tuberosity of the ulna

Tuberositas ulnae

Fig. 269.— From a Boy aged Fig. z70.~From a Boy aged

Thirteen Years. Seventeen Years.

The Development of the Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Ulna.

Double epiphysis of
the olecranon in
the act of uniting
with the shaft

Centw of ossification in
the head of the ulna

Epiphysis of the head
of the ulna in the
act of uniting with
the shaft

Fig. 271.— From a Girl aged Fig. 272.— From a Young Man aged

Six Years. Nineteen Years.

The Development of the Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity of the Ulna.

Centre of ossification in
the head of the radius

Epiphysis of the head of
the radius in the act
of imiting with the
shaft

Tuberosity of the

radius
Tuberositas radii

Fig. 273.— From a Boy aged Five Years. Fig. 274.— From a Boy aged Seventeen Years.

The Development of the Epiphysis of the Proximal Extremity of the Radius.

Centre of ossification in the
distal extremity of the
radius

Distal epiphysis of
the radius in the
act of uniting with
the shaft

Fig. 275. — From a Girl aged Fig. 276.— From a Young Man aged

Two Years. Nineteen Years.

The Development of the Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity of the Radius.

Development of the Bones of the Forearm.

118

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Concavity of the carpus

Sulcus carpi

o
00

o
•d
u

o
.a

•d

Tuberosity of the scaphoid bone

Tuberculum ossis navicularis

'Radial ridge of the carpus

*Eminentia carpi radialis v.,
Bidge or tuberosity of the trapezium

Tuberculum ossis multanguli majoris^'

The carpus

Carpus

Sesamoid bones
Ossa sesamoidea >C;^-

Phalanges of the thtimb ("first finger")
Phalanges poUicis (digiti I.)

Pisiform bone

Os pisi forme

■^.^ *Ulnar ridge of the carpus

*Eminentia carpi ulnaris

Unciform process of the unciform
bone

Hamulus ossis hamati

The metacarpus

Metacarpus

Sesamoid bone
Os sesamoideum

The fingers

DiL'iti manus

Phalanges of the little (fifth) finger

Phalanges digiti minimi (V.)

Phalanges of the index (second) finger
(or forefinger)
Phalanges indicis (digiti II )

Phalanges of the middle (third) finger
Phalanges digiti medii (III.)

Phalanges of the ring (fourth) finger
I^halanges digiti annularis (IV.)

(«

o
to

«
•d

■I
0

Fig. 277. — Palmar Aspect of the Skeleton of the Right Hand (Facies Volaris).

Skeleton manus — The skeleton of the hand.

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

119

Lunar (or Eemilunar) bone
Os lunatum ',

Pyramidal or cuneiform bone

Os triquetrum \

Pisiform bone

Os pisiforme

. TTnciform bone

Os hamatum

Scaphoid bone

,-Os naviculare

Os magnum, or capitate bone

_,,.-Os capitatum

Trapezoid bone

.,.- " Os multangulum minus

Trapezium

Os multangulum majus

Metacarpal bones (second

tc fifth)
Ossa metacarpalia II. — V ^'^Si;'.

Proximal or first phalanges
of the fingers (second to

fifth) ■*••:;-<-

Phalanx prima digitorum
II.— V.

Medial or second

phalanges of the fingers
(second to fifth)

Phalanx secunda digi-
torum II. — V

Metacarpal bone of the thumb

("first finger")

- Os metacarpale poUicis (digiti I.)

Proximal or first phalanx

of the thumb
Phalanx prima pollicis

Distal or second

phalanx of the thumb

Phalanx secunda

pollicis

Ungual, terminal, or third phalanges of

the fingers (second to fifth)

Phalanx tertia digitorum II. — V.

Fig. 278. — Dorsal Aspect of the Bones of the Right Hand sern from the

Dorsal Side (Facies Doijsalis).

Skeleton manus — The skeleton of the hand.

120

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Dorsal transverse ridge

Articular facet for the os
magnum

Articular facet for the
lunar bone

Tuberosity of the scaphoid

Tuberositas

. Articular facet for the radius

-Dorsal transverse ridge for
ligaments

Articular facet for the
trapezoid bone

- Articular facet for the
trapeziiun

Fig. 279. — Distal Aspect. Fig. 280. — Posterior Aspect.

Os Naviculars Manus — The Right Scaphoid Bone.

Posterior surface-

Articular facet for the
scaphoid bone

Articular facet for the os magnum

Articular facet
for the radius

Articular facet for-
the pyramidal or
cuneiform bone

Articular facet for the os

magnum
Articular facet for the
1/ unciform bone

Palmar surface

Fig. 281. — Radial Aspect. Fig. 282. — Ulnar Aspect.

Os LuNATUM — The Right Lunar (or Semilunar) Bone.

Posterior surface

Articular facet for the
unciform bone

Articular facet for the lunar bone ■

Articular facet for the pisiform bone

Fig. 283. — Radial Aspect. Fig. 284. — Palmar Aspect.

Os Triquetrum — The Right Pyramidal or Cuneiform Bone.

Articular facet for the
pyramidal or cuneiform bone

Fig. 285. — Palmar Aspect. Fig. 286.— Posterior Aspect.

Os PisiFORME — The Right Pisiform Bone.

Lunar (or semilunar) bone

Os lunatum

Pyramidal or cuneiform bone

Os triquetrum ~- ,

Pisiform bone ..

Os pisiforme

Unciform bone
Os liamatum

Os magnum, or capitate bone

Os capitatum

Scaphoid bone

'Os naviculare

Central bone of the carpus (var.)
Os centrale carpi (var.)

Trapezoid bone

Os multangulum minus

Trapezium

Us multangulum majus

Fig. 287. The Posterior Aspect of the Right Carpus, containing an Os Centrale.

Ossa carpi—The bones of the carpus : first, superior, or proximal

row.

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

121

Articular facet for the second
metacarpal bone

Oroove for the tendon of the
flexor carpi radialis muscle

Posterior surface
Saddle-shaped articular
facet for the metacar-
pal bone of the thumb

Tuberosity or ridge

Tuberculum

Articular facet for the
second metacarpal bone

Articular facet for the
trapezoid bone

Articular facet for the
scaphoid bone

Fig. 288.— Distal Aspect. Fig. 289.— Ulnar Aspect.

Os Multangulum Majus — The Right Trapezium.

Articular facet for the ob

magnum or capitate bone'

Articular facet for the
scaphoid bone

Radial articular facet for the
second metacarpal bone

Ulnar articular facet for the
second metacarpal bone

-Posterior surface

Articular facet for the
scaphoid bone

Articular facet for trapezium

Fig, 290. — Ulnar Aspect. Fig. 291. — Radial Aspect.

Os Multangulum Minus — The Right Trapezoid Bone.

Head

Caput

Posterior surface

Articular facet for the
trapezoid bone

Anterior surface^

Articular facet for the
second metacarpal bone

Articular facet for the
third metacarpal bone

Head

Caput

Articular facet for the
unciform bone

Articular facet for the third
metacarpal bone

Fig. 292. — Radial Aspect. Fig. 293. — Ulnar Aspect.

Os Capitatum — The Right Os Magnum or Capitate Bone.

Posterior surface -

Articular facet for the fourth
metacarpal bone
Articular facet for the fifth-
metacarpal bone

Articular facet for the os magnum .
or capitate bone

Unciform process

Articular facet for the lunar
(or semilunar) bone

. Articular facet for the pyra-
midal or cuneiform bone

Unciform process

Fig. 294.— Distal Aspect. Fig. 295.— Proximal Aspect.

Os Hamatum — The Right Unciform Bone.

Ossa- carpi — The bones of the carpus: second, inferior, or distal row.

122

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

Articular facets for the third metacarpal bone

Articular facet for the fourth
metacarpal bone

Fifth metacarpal bone
Os metacarpale V.

Depressions for the attach

ment of the lateral

ligaments

Articular facet for the
second metacarpal bone

Articular facet for the trapezium

,,--'' \Base, or carpal extremity
/ Basis

Saddle-shaped articular facet
for the trapezium

Shaft, or body

Corpus

Metacarpal bone of the
thumb

Os metacarpale pollicis

^Head, or phalangeal extremity

Capitulum

IV ^%„g^/ y^^r I

III II

Fig. 296. — Radial Aspect of the Five Metacarpal Bones of the Right Hand.

Articular facets for the fourth metacarpal bone

Articular facet for the os magnum
or capitate bone

Articular facet for the third
metacarpal bone

Saddle-shaped articular
facet for the trapezium ''

Metacarpal bone of the

thumb
Os metacarpale pollicis

Styloid process of the third metacarpal bone
Processus stj-loideus

, Base, or carpal extremity
Articular facet for the ,•■ Basis
fifth metacarpal bone '''

Tuberosity of the fifth
metacarpal bone

Tuberositas ossis
metacarpalis V.

Shaft, or body

Corpus

Depressions for the attach-
ment of the lateral
ligaments

Head, or phalangeal extremity

Capitulum

Fig. 297. — Ulnar Aspect of the Five Metacarpal Bones of the Right Hand.

Proximal extremity.
Basis \

•Trochlea Proximal •Trochlea

•Trochlea extremity .Trochlea

Basis
Shaft, or body

/ Corpus I

Facies dorsalis Basis

Ungual process

Tuberositas
unguicularis

Proximal
Posterior surface extremity Head, or phalangeal
'^ ' ' """' extremity, of the

metacarpal bone

Capitulum ossis
metacarpalis

Fig. 298. — Radial Aspect of the Bones of the Right Index Finger (Margo Radialis

DiGiTi Secundi).

The Metacarpal Bones of the Hand and the Phalanges of the Fingers.

THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

123

Unciform bone ,

Os hamatum

, Os magnum,
or capitate
bone

■:,^ Os capitatum

lunar (or semilunar) bone
Os hinatum

Pyramidal or
cuneiform bone v

Os triquetrum

Unciform bone,-
Os hamatum

Os magnum, or capitate bone
. Os capitatum

Scaphoid bone

Os naviculare

Trapezium

Os multangulum
majus

Fig. 299. — In the Second Year
OF Life.

Fig. 300. — In the Seventh Year
OF Life.

Centres of Ossification of the Carpus (Sections parallel to the Posterior Surface).

Centre of ossification In
the head of the meta-
carpal bone

Centres of ossification

in the proximal

extremities of the

phalanges

Fig. 301. — Middle, Finger in the
Second Year of Life.

Fig.

Epiphysis of the head of
the metacarpal bone

Epiphyses of the
■y' proximal extremities
of the phalanges

Centre of ossification in
the base of the meta-
carpal bone of the
thumb

Centres of ossification

in the proximal

extremities of the

phalanges

302. — Middle Finger in the
Seventh Year of Life.

- Epiphysis of the proximal

extremity in the act of

uniting with the shaft

l^m

S^y

Epiphysis of the hsad
of the metacarpal bone

Epiphysis of the proxi-
mal extremity of the
metacarpal phalanx

Epiphysis of the proxi-
mal extremity of the
medial phalanx

Fig. 304. — Bones of
the Thumb in the
Fourth Year of
Life.

Fig. 305. — Metacarpal
Bone of the Thumb
in the Eighteenth
Year of Life.

-Epiphysis of the proximal

extremity of the ungual

phalanx

^iG- 303- — Epiphyses of the Bones
OF the Middle Finger in the
Act OF uniting with the Shafts :
Seventeenth Year of Life.

Development of the Bones of the Hand.

16-

124

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Sacral promontory

Promontorium

rsfth lumbar vertetsr*
jVertebra lumbalis V.

Upper or false
pelvis

Pelvis major
Brim or inlet
Linea terminalis

Lower or true
pelvis

Pelvis minor

Sacro-iliac joint

Articulatio sacro-iliaca

Anterior superior
spine of the ilium

Spina iliaca
anterior superior

Great trochanter

Trochanter major

' Pubic symphysis
Symphysis ossium pubis

Fig. 306. — Pelvis Muliebris — The Female Pelvis. Anterior Aspect.

The formation of the pelvis out of the sacrum and coccyx and the two innominate bones. The iliac
portions of the innominate bones with the base of the sacrum constitute the upper or false pelvis ;
the pubic and ischiatic portions of the innominate bones with the sacrum and the coccyx con-
stitute the lower or true pelvis ; the boundary between the false and the true pelvis corresponds
with the upper aperture or entrance of the true pelvis, the line separating the two being known
as the brim or inlet of the true pelvis. Regarded as the means of attachment of the lower limb
to the trunk, the pelvis is the cingulum extremitatis inferioris, or pelvic girdle.

Cingulum extremitatis inferioris— Pelvic girdle.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

125

Sacmm (pelvic surface)

Os sacrum (facies pelvina)

Fifth luBibar vertebra

/Vertebra luinbalis V.

Ilium

Os ilium

The pelvic inlet

Apertura pelvis
(minoris) superior

Ischium'

Os ischii

Sacral portion of the brim
or inlet of the pelvis

Pars sacralis lineae
terminalis

—Iliac portion of the brim or

inlet of the pelvis

Pars iliaca linea; terminalis

Pubic portion of the brim or

inlet of the pelvis
Pars pubica lineae terminalis

Pubis

Os pubis

Fig. 307. — Pelvis Virilis— The Male Pelvis. Anterior Aspect.

The upper or false and the lower or true pelvis, pelvis major and pelvis minor. The brim of the true
pelvis is divided into a sacral, an iliac, and a pubic portion.

Cingulum extremitatis inferioris — Pelvic girdle.

126

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Spinous process of the fifth lumbar vertebra

Processus spinosus vertebrae lumbalis V.

surface behind-.

*Eough

the posterior gluteal
line for the attachment
of the gluteus maximus

•Tuberositas iliaca

Posterior superior
spine of the ilium

Spina iliaca pos-
terior superior

Posterior inferior
spine of the ilium

Spina iliaca pos-
terior inferior

Spine of the ischium
Spina ischiadica

Great trochanter
Trochanter major

Ilium

Os ilium

Sacrum (posterior
surface)

Os sacrum (facies
dorsalis^

Coccyx

Os coccygis

IscMum

Os ischii

Tuberosity of the
ischium

Tuber ischiadicum

Fig. 308.— Pelvis Virilis— The Male Pelvis. Posterior Aspect.

The pelvic outlet, apertura pelvis (minoris) inferior, in the bony pelvis appears to be bounded on either
side by the lower borders of the pubis and the ischium and the greater and lesser sciatic notches
incisure ischiadica: major et minor, and behind by the projecting part of the sacrum and by
the coccyx. But masmuch as on either side there are two strong ligaments arising from the
sacrum and coccyx, the great and the small sacrosciatic ligaments, ligamenta sacrotuberosum
et sacrospmosum, which stretch across the two sciatic notches, and thus enlarge the posterior
and lateral walls of the true pelvis, by this means the sciatic notches are filled in, and the outlet
of the pelvis is notably diminished in she.

Cinguium extremitatis inferiorJs—Pelvic girdle.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

\T7

Diagonal conjugate

Conjugata diagonali

True conjugate (conjugata vera),
median-sagittal or antero-posterior"^
diameter of pelvic brim

Inclination of the pelvis''
Inclinatio pelvis

Median-sagittal or antero-posterior
diameter of the pelvic cavity

Axis of the pelvic canal

Axis pelvis

Median-sagittal or antero-posterior
diameter of the pelvic outlet
Horizontal plane

Fig. 309.— The Median-Sagittal or Antero-Posterior Diameters of the True Pelvis.

Transverse diameter

Diameter transversa

Oblique diameter, s

Diameter obliqua"~""\.,

7
J

Antero-posterior diameter, or (f

true conjugate -W~-. ■ —

Conjugata (vera) \ ^

Fig. 310. — The Diameters of the Pelvic Inlet (Apertura Pelvis Superior).

The Principal Diameters of the True Pelvis.

128

THK SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Iliac crest

Crista iliaca

Iliac fossa

Fossa iliaca

Intermediate ridge
Linea intermedia

Inner lip

Labium internum

Anterior superior iliac spine

Spina iliaca anterior superior

Iliac portion of the iliopectineal line
Linea arcuata

Anterior inferior iliac spine
Spina iliaca anterior inferior

Iliopectineal eminence
Eminentia iliopectinea

Pubic portion of the iliopectineal line
Pecten ossis pubis

Obturator groove
Sulcus obturatorius
♦Anterior obturator tubercle

"Tuberculum obturatorium anterius"

Superior or ascending ramus
of the pubis "'

Ramus superior ossis pubis

•Posterior obturator tubercle (var.)

*Tuberculum obturatorium
posterius (var )
Surface of the symphysis-'
Facies symphyseos

Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis '

Ramus inferior ossis pubis

Thjrroid or obturator foramen

Foramen obturatura

•Pre-auricular groove

•Sulcus paraglenoidalis
(prx-auricularis)

•Tuberosity of the ilium'

•Tuberositas iliaca

. Auricular surface

Facies auricularis

... Posterior superior iliac spine

Spina iliaca posterior superior

Posterior inferior iliac spine

Spina iliaca posterior inferior

Great sciatic, or iliosciatic notch

Incisura ischiadica major

Body of the ischium

Corpus ossis ischii

Spine of the ischium

Spina ischiadica

Superior ramus of the iscnium
Ramus superior ossis ischii

Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum

Inferior ramus of the ischium

Ramus inferior ossis ischii

' This term, which is seldom used by English anatomists, denotes the posterior fifth of the crest ot the
ilium and the rough surface of bone immediately below the crest on either side. — Tr.

Fig. 311. — The Right Hip-Bone. Inner Aspect.

The ilium forms the upper part of the os innominatum. The slightly concave inner surface of the upper
and anterior part of the ilium, known as the iliac fossa, is directed towards the observer ; behind the
fossa is the auricular surface for articulation with the sacrum ; and behind the auricular surface is the
internal rough surface of the *tuberosity of the ilium'. The upper border of the ilium is the iliac
crest, the anterior extremity of which forms the anterior superior i'.iac spine, the posterior extremity,
the posterior superior iliac spine. From the anterior border of the ilium projects the anterior inferior
iliac spine, from the posterior border, the posterior interior iliac spine. The superior or ascending
and the inferior or descending ramus of the pubis and the superior and inferior ramus of the ischium,
surrounding the obturator foramen, are all seen from the internal or pelvic aspect. The surface of
the pubic symphysis, by means of which the two pubic bones articulate, forms the internal limiting
surface of the os pubis.

Os coxae— Hip-bone or innomm^ite pone.

IHE SKELETON Ot THE LOWER EXT REM 11 Y

129

Crest of the ilium
Crista iiiaca /

Outer lip

Labium externum
" ' / Middle gluteal lind
/ ) U.S. : Middle curved line

I.inea glutaea anterior

f Posterior gluteal line
\U.S. : Superior curved line.^

Linea glutsea posterior

•Tuberosity of the ilium

"Tuberositas iiiaca

Posterior superior spine of the

ilium

Spina iiiaca posterior superior

Posterior inferior spine of the ilium

Spina iiiaca posterior inferior

Iliosciatic or great sciatic notoh

Incisura ischiadica major

Spine of the ischium

Spina iscliiadica

Small sciatic notch

Incisura ischiadica minor

Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum

Anterior superior spine or the ilium

"Spina iiiaca anterior superior

/Inferior gluteal line
( U.S. : Inferior curved line
Linea glutaea inferior
Anterior inferior spine of the iliiun

Spina iiiaca anterior inferior

Acetabulum, or cotyloid cavity

Acetabulum

Thyroid or obturator foramen
Foramen obturatum

Fig. 312.— The Right Hip-Bone, Outer Side. Posterior Aspect.
tn;^Vcn"ur • tL^I ■eSu^rvieirobXVly St&n^ '--'^''^ ^^^'''^ ^^^^

Os coxae— Hip-bone.

130

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca \

Outer Up

-^Labium externum

Iitennediate ridge
Linea intermeuia

Middle gluteal line ^
Linea glutica anterior

Ala of the illuir^

Ala ossis ilium

Body of the ilium

Corpus ossis ilium

Horseshoe-shaped articular
surface of the acetabulum -

Facies lunata

Fossa of the acetabulum

Fossa acetabuli

Cotyloid notch

Incisura acetabuli"'

Body of the ischium

Corpus ossis ischii

Tuberosity ,of the ischium

Tuber ischiadicum

Anterior superior spine of the ilium

Spina iliaca anterior superior

niopeetineal eminence

Eminentia iliopectinea

•Body of the pubis"

"Corpus ossis puDl?

Spine of the pubi;

Tubercuium pubicUBS

Obturator groove

Sulcus obturatorius
Obturator crest

Crista obturatoria

Inferior or descending ramus of

the pubis

Ramus inferior ossis pubis

♦Posterior obturator tubercle (var.)
*Tuberculum obturatorium posterius (var.)

Thjrroid or obturator foramen/
Foramen obturatum

Inferior ramus of the ischium

Ivamus inferior ossis ischii

" Body of the pubis : The use of this term by English anatomists is a variable one. Macalister, whose
terminology here, as usual, is in conformity with that of Continental anatomists, writes : " The pubis consists
of a body which forms a little less than one-fifth of the acetabulum . . . "; Quain, on tlie other hand,
writes: " The flat portion between the rami [of the pubis] is the body": and Young, in his "Synopsis of
Human Anatomy " (U.S.), follows Quain's usage. The Continental application of the term has, however,
the advantage in the point of consistency, the body being then, in the case of each of the three elements of
the hip-bone, the thickened portion taking part in the formation of the acetabulum, of which the body of tks
pubis constitutes about one-fifth, the body of the ilium nearly two-fifths, and the body of the ischium th;
remainder. — Tr.

Fig. 313. — The Right Hip-Bone, Outer Side. Seen from the RiGHt.

For this illustration the hip-bone has been so placed that a direct view of the interior of the acetabulum
is obtained ; this consists of two portions, the rough, nearly circular fossa of the acetabulum, and the
horse-shoe shaped articular surface (facies lunata — covered in the recent state with cartilage) ;
opposite the fossa of the acetabulum, the rim bounding the depression is interrupted by the cotyloid
notch (incisura acetabuli). The three bones which, separate at first, subsequently unite to form the
hip-bone, all take part in the formation of the acetabulum (see tiote ' above).

Os coxae — Hip-Done.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

131

Cartilage of the crest
of the ilium

Centre of ossification
of the ilium

Primitive cartilage

Cartilage of the crest
of the ilium

Centre of ossification
of the ischium

Fig. 314. — In the Fifth Month of Fcetal
Life (Months of Four Weeks Each).

Ilium

Os ilium

Centre of ossification
of the pubis

Pubis

Os pubis

Ischium

Os ischii

Y-shaped cartilage

Fig. 315. — In the Sixth Month of Fcetal
Life (Months of Four Weeks Each).

Fig. 316. — In the Fourth Year of Life.

Cartilage of the crest of the ilium

Ossification of

the Y-shaped _.'^

cartilage
Os acetabuli

Epiphysis of the
tuberosity of the ischium

Anterior inferior
spine of the ilium

Spina iliaca
anterior inferior

, Ossification of the
Y-shaped cartilage

Pubis
pubis

Epiphysis of the
crest of the ilium

Une of union of

the ischiopubic

rami

Epiphysis of the
tuberosity of the ischium

Fig. 317. — In the Fourteenth Year of Life. Fig. 318. — In the Seventeenth Year of Life.

Development of the Hip-Bone,

17—2

132

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Neck of the femur
Collum femoris \

Qreat trochanter
Trochanter major '

Head of
the femur
/ Caput
femoris
Fossa of the
interarticular

ligament
Fovsa capitis

Anterior inter-
trochanteric line'
Linea inter-
trochanterica

Shaft or body of the

femur (anterior surface).

Corpus femoris

(facies anterior)

External tuberosity

(or epicondyle)
Epicondylus lateralis
Patellar surface
Facies patellaris
External condyle
Condylus lateralis

Small trochanter
Trochanter minor

Head of

the femur
Caput
femoris
Fossa of the
interarticular -

ligament
Fovea capitis

Small trochanter

Trochanter minor

Inner lip of the

linea aspera

I-abium mediale

lineae asperse

Internal tuberosity

(or epicondyle)

Epicondylus medialis

Internal condyle
Condylus medialis

Neck of the femur

Collum femoris

Great trochanter
Trochanter major
Digital or trochan-

■ teric fossa
Fossa trochanterica
Posterior inter-
trochanteric ridge
or line

Crista imerlrochanterica

. Gluteal ridge
Tuberositas glutaea

Pectineal line
■ Linea pectinea

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium
. Internal surface
Facies medialis
External surface
Facies lateralis
_. Linea aspera
Linea aspera
Outer lip of the linea aspera

I^at)iiim lateraie

Nutrient foramen
Foramen nutricium

Popliteal surface
Planum popliteum

Intercondylar line

Linea intercondyloidea
Intercondylar fossa

[■ < issa intercondyloidea

External condyle
Condylus lateralis

Fig. 319. — The Right Femur,
Anterior Aspect.

Fig. 320. — The Right Femur,
Posterior Aspect.

Femur — The femur, or thigh-bone.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

133

Fossa of the inter
articular ligament^

Fovea capitis

Neck of the femur

Collum femoris

Anterior intertrochanteric

line
Linea intertrochanterica

Inner lip of the linea aspera
Labium mediate linese asperse

;>^

, Head of the femur

Caput femoris

Great trochanter
-Troclianter major
Digital or
trochanteric fossa
Fossa trochanterica

. Small trochanter
Trochanter minor

Shaft or body of the femur-
Corpus femoris

Anterior surface,

Facies anterior

Internal surface _
Facies medialis ~

Patellar surface

Facies patellaris

Internal tuberosity, oreploondyle'

Epicondylus medialis

Affrfi*

Internal condyle

Condylus medialis

Fig. 321. — The Right Femur,
Internal Aspect.

Small trochanter

Trochanter minor'

Pectineal line
Linea pectinea

Inner lip of the linea aspera
Labium mediale lineje asperas

Great trochanter
Trochanter major

Posterior intertro-
chanteric ridge
or line

Crista intertro-
chanterica

Third trochanter (var.)
Trochanter tertius (var.)

Gluteal ridge

Tuberositas glutaea

Outer lip of the linea
aspera

Labium laterale lineae
asperas

Fig. 322. — The Upper Portion of the Right
Femur: Third Trochanter (Var.). Seen
FROM Behind.

Internal surface

Facies medialis

Inner lip

Labium mediale

Anterior sunactt

/ Facies anterior

External surface
Facies lateralis

.Outer lip

Labium laterale

i Linea aspem
Linea aspera

Fig. 323. — Transverse Section through
THE Middle of the Shaft of the
Right Femur.

Jt^emur — The femui.

134

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Strut of compact tissue-..

Neck of the femur.

Collum femoris

Head of the femur
Caput femoris

Calcar femorale, or
Merkel's spur

Great trochanter

/' I'rochanter major

Posterior intertrochanteric ridge or line

Crista intertroclianterica

Cancellous tissue

Substantia spongiosa

Fig. 324. — Horizontal Section through the Proximal Extremity of the Right Femur,
ABOVE the Small Trochanter, to show the Calcar Femorale.

External tuberosity, or epicondyle.

Epicondylus lateralis

Groove of the tendon of the -
popliteus muscle

External condyle

Condylus lateralis

Fig. H25. — Distal Extremity of the Right Femur. Seen from the Outer Side.

Intercondylar fossa
Fossa intercondyloidea
External condyle

Condylus lateralis

^Patellar surface

Facies patellaris

.Internal condyle
Condylus medialis

Fig. 326. — Distal Articular Extremity of the Right Femur. Seen from Below.

Femur — The femur.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

135

Cartilage of the proximal — ,
epiphysis I

Diapbysis

Centre of ossification for
the epiphysis of the head
of the femur

Diaphysis

Diaphysig

Centre of ossification

Cartilage of the distal
epiphysis

Fig. 327. — From a Boy still-born
AT Full Term.

Body-length, 21 inches.

The Centres of Ossification of the Proximal and Distal Epiphyses

Centre of ossification for
the distal epiphysis

Fig. 328. — F"rom a Boy aged Nine
AND a Half Months.

Epiphysis of the
head of the femur

Epiphysial cartilage of
the small trochanter -

Diaphysii

Centre of ossifica-
tion for the great
trochanter

Calcar femorale

Epiphysis of the small
trochanter

Epiphysis of the head of the femur

Epiphysis of the great
trochanter

Diaphysis

Gluteal ridge

Tuberositas glutaea

Fig. 329.— From a Girl aged Seven Years. Fig. 330.— From a Girl aged Fifteen Years.

The Epiphyses of the Proximal Extremity.

Diaphysis

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseo^—

Distal epiphysis
Epiphysis distalis

Diaphysis

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Distal epiphysis
Epiphysis distalis

Fig. 331.— In Frontal Section. Fig. 332.— In Sagittal Section.

The Epiphysis of the Distal Extremity from a Girl aged Fifteen Years.

Development of the Femur.

136

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

"Anterior border of proximal^
articular surface

•Margo infraglenoidalis

External tuberosity

Condylus lateralis

Tubercle of the tibia
Tuberositas tibiae

External border, or inter-
osseous ridge

Crista interossea

Shaft or body of the tibia
(external surface)
Corpus tibiae (fades
lateralis)

Spine of the tibia
Eminentia intercondyloidea

Internal
tuberosity

Condylus
medialis

Anterior border
Crista anterior

Internal surface
Facies medialis

Internal
tuberosity

Condylus
medialis

Internal border

Margo medialis

Internal surface

Facies medialis

Qroove for tibialis posticus

Sulcus malleolaris

External tuberosity
,,-' Condylus lateralis

■ - Articular surface for
the head of the fibula
Facies articularis
fibularis

Popliteal or oblique line

Linea poplitea

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium

- Shaft or body of the tibia

(posterior surface)

Corpus tibiae (facies

posterior)

External border, or inter-
osseous ridge

Crista interossea

FiDuiar groove

Incisura fibularis

„ , Internal malleolus

Internal malleolus Malleolus medialis -''
Malleolus medialis

Fig. 333.— Anterior Aspect. Fig. 334.— Posterior aspect.

The Right Tibia.

Base of the patella

Basis patellae

Apex of the patella
Apex patellae

-Base of the patella
Basis patellae

\ „ .. Articular surface
Facies articularis

■7..

Apex of the patella
Apex patellae

Fig. 335. — Anterior Surface. Fig. 336. — Posterior Surface.

The Right Patella-

Ossa cruris— The bones of the leg : the patella, rotula, or knee-pan.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

137

Tubercle of the tibia — Tuberositas tibiae!

♦Anterior border of the proximal articular surface

•Margo infraglenoidalis

Internal tuberosity

Condylus medialis

Inner tubercle of the spine of the tibia
Tuberculum intercondyloideum mediale

•Posterior intercondylar fossa /
Fossa intercondyloidea posterior

•Anterior Intercondylar fossa
/•Fossa intercondyloidea anterior

Popliteal notch

Ertemal tuberosity
Condylus lateralis

■--Outer tubercle of the spine of the tibia

Tuberculum intercondyloideum laterale

Spine of the tibia

Eminentia intercondyloidea

Fig. 338.-FACIES Articularis Superior Tibi^— The Proximal Articular Surface of

THE Right Tibia.

Articular surface

for the head of

the fibula

Facies articularis
fibularis

Note to Fig iiS.— Anterior and Posterior Intercondylar Fossa.— These terms are
used neither by Quain nor by Macalister. The latter speaks of the hollows in
question as depressions for the crucial ligaments. — Tk.

Popliteal or oblique line
Linea poplitea

Nutrient foramen
Foramen nutriciuni "

Posterior surface _
Facies posterior

Fibular groove

Incisura fibularis"

External border, or
~ interosseous ridge

Crista interossea

Shaft or body of the

tibia (external surface)

Corpus tibia;

(facies lateralis)

External malleolus
Malleolus lateralis;

Articular surface of the y'
external malleolus

Facies articularis liialleoH /

(lateralis) /

Fossa of the external
lateral ligament of the ankle

Inferior (distal) articular

surface of the tibia
Facies articularis inferior
tibise
Articular surface of
the internal malleolus
Facies articularis

malleolaris
Internal malleolus
-"Malleolus medialis

Fig. 339. — The Distal Articular Surfaces
OF the Bones of the Right Leg.

Fig. 337. — Right Tibia seen from the Outer Side.

Ossa cruris — Bones of the leg.

138

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Styloid process of ths
fibula

"" Apex capituli fibulp?

-Head of the fibula

Capitulum fibulae

/2::s

f-^

Articular surface of

the head

Facies articularis

capituli

External border

Crista lateralis

Shaft or body of the

fibula (external surface)

Corpus fibulae (facies

lateralis)

-Anterior border

Crista anterior

Interosseous ridge

Crista interossea

A]ii>erior border

Crista anterior
Internal surface
Facies medialis

Nutrient foramen

Foramen nutricium
Internal border
Crista medialis

Shaft or body of the
fibula

Corpus fibulae

Posterior surface
Facies posterior

Groove for the tendons
of the peroneus longus
and peroneus brevis -
muscles

Fig. 340,

External malleolus
' Malleolus lateralis

Articular surface of
the external malleolus

I'acies articnlaris
malleoli (lateralis)

Fossa of the external
lateral ligament ot
the ankle-joint

-External Aspect. Fig. 341. — Internal Aspect.

The Right Fibula or Peroneal Bone.

Internal surface

Facies medialis

Internal border

Mareo medialis'

Posterior surface

Facies posterior

Anterior border

Crista anterior

External surface

Facies lateralis

Internal surface -
Facies medialis

The Tibia

Internal border

Crista medialis

External border, or interosseous ridge
Crista interossea

Interosseous ridge
,- Crista interossea

Anterior border

Crista anterior

External surface

Facies lateralis

External border

Crista lateralis

The Fibula

Posterior surface

Facies posterior

Fig. 342. — Transverse Section through the Middle of the Bones of the Right Leg,

WITH the Interosseous Membrane,

Ossa cruris— Bones of the leg.

J HE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

139

Centre of ossification •
for the proximal
epiphysis of the
tibia

Fig. 343. — From a Boy still-
born AT Full Term.

Body length, 21 inches.

Centre of ossifica-
tion for the
distal epiphysis
of the tibia

Fig. 344. — From a Boy aged
Nine and a Half Months.

Centre of

ossification for

the proximal

epiphysis of

the tibia

Diaphysis

■ Diaphysis

Interosseous space of

the leg
Spatium interosseum

cruris

Centres of ossifica-
tionforthedistal
epiphyses of the
tibia and fibula

Fig. 345. — From a Boy aged
One and a Half Years.

Centre of ossification—
for the proximal
epiphysis of the
fibula

Distal epiphysis of tl
fibula

Fig. 346.^ — Proximal and
Distal Portions of the
Fibula of a Girl aged
Four and a Half Years.

,,. Proximal epiphysis
of the tibia

Tubercle of

the tibia

Tuberositas

tibiae

Fig. 347. — Proximal Portion
of the Tibia of a Girl
aged Fifteen Years.
Sagittal Section.

Distal
_ epiphyses of
-- the tibia
and fibula

F"iG. 348. — The Distal Portions
OF the Bones of the Leg
of a Girl aged Fifteen
Years. Frontal Section.

Development of the Bones ot the 1-eg.

18—2

140

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Superior articular surface
of the astragalus

Trochlea tali

The tarsns

Tarsus

The metatarsus

Metatarsus

The phalang^es of the toes

Phalanges digitorum pedis

Tuberosity of the ; ,

calcanemn Sinus of the tarsus ^ Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone

Tuber calcanei sinus tarsi Groove of the Tuberositas ossis metatarsahs V.

peroneus longus tendon

Sulcus m. peronasi longi

Fig. 349.— Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Outer Side : Facies Dorsalis Pedis

ET Margo Lateralis Pedis.

The tarsus

Tarsus ,

The phalanges of the toes

Phalanges digitorum pedis

The metatarsus

Metatarsus

Sesamoid bone

Os sesamoideurn

Tuberosity of the
navicular bone

Tuberositas ossis
navicularis

Sustentaculum tali Vu

Sustentaculum tali

Fig. 350.— The Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Inner Side ;

Margo Medialis Pedis.

Skeleton pedis— Bones of the foot.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

141

Inner tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum

Processus medialis tuberis calcanei

Posterior process of the astragalus

(interual tubercle)

Processus posterior tali

Groove of tendon of flexor longus hallucis.,;:^:

Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi

Sustentaculum tali. .-
Sustentaculum tali

Tuberosity of the navicular bone...

Tuberositas ossis navicularis

Internal cuneiform bone
Os cunei forme I.

Tuberosity of the first metatarsal bone.-

Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis I.

Sesamoid bones
Ossa sesamoidea '■"^'

Ungual processes

Tuberositas unguicularis ^,.—

Tuberosity of the calcaneum
Tuber calcanei

Outer tubercle of the tuberosity of the calcaneum
Processus lateralis tuberis calcanei

'Body of the calcaneum
-'Corpus calcanei

Tuberosity of the cuboid bone

Tuberositas ossis cuboidei

Groove of the peronaus longus tendon

■" Sulcus m. peronjei longi

..Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone
Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V

Heads of the metatarsal bones
"Capitula ossium raetatarsalium

""XPhalaliges of the toes

•'■^Phalanges digitorum pedis

Fig. 351, — The Bones of the R'qht Foot seen fsom the Plantar Side: Facies

Plantaris Pedis.

Skeleton pedis— Bones of the toot.

14^

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Calcaneum

Calcaneus

Cuboid bone
Ob cuboideum

Seoond to fifth metatarsal bones

Proximal phalanx C=Si

Medial phalanx

Ungual phalanx -

Astragalus, or taluB

Talus

fhalanx terti a"

Navicular or scaphoid bone of foot

Os naviculare pedis

External, or third, cuneiform bone

CTs cuneiforme III

Middle, or second, cuneiform bone

Os cuneiforme II.

Internal, or first, cuneiform bone

Os cuneiforme I.

First metatarsal bone, or meta-
tarsal bone of the great toe
Os metatarsale I. {hallucis)

Fig. 352. — The Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Dorsal Side (arranged in Two

Longitudinal Rows).

Skeleton pedis — Bones of the foot.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

143

Posterior articular facet

Facies articularis posterior
Anterier articular facet , /

Facies articularis anterior/

Interosseous groove

Sulcus calcanei

Articular facet for the
cuboid bone

Facies articularis cuboidea

Groove of the tendon ot the
flexor longus hallucis '

Sulcus m. fiexoris hallucis longi

External tubercle of the tuberosity of the caloaneum
Processus lateralis tuberi

Internal articular facet
/ Facies articularis media

/Sustentaculum tali-

-Sustentaculum tali

Tuberosity of the calcaneum

Tube: calcanei

'Body of the calcaneum
"Corpus calcanei

Groove of the peroneus
longus tendon

• Sulcus m. peronasi longi

Trochlear process, or
peroneal spine (var.)
Processus trochlearis

(var.)

Internal tubercle of the
tuberosity of the calcaneum

Processus medialis tuberis

' External tubercle of the tuberosity

of the calcaneum

Processus lateralis tuberis

F^*^- 353- — Seen obliquely from
Within and Befoke.

Fif^- 354- — Seen obliquely from
Without and Behind.

The Right Calcaneum or Os Calcis.

Head of the astragalus (articular
facet for the navicular bone)

Caput tali (facies articularis naviculari-)

Neck of the astragalus

Collutn tali
Interosseous groove.

Sulcus tali

Body of the astragalus

Corpus tali

Articular facet for the
external malleolus

Facies malleolaris lateralis

Anterior articular

facet for the

calcaneum

Facies articularis cal-
canea anterior

Internal articular facet
- for the calcaneum

Facies articularis calcanea,
media

Posterior articular
facet for the calcaneum

Facies articularis calcanea
posterior

Groove of the tendon of
ths flexor longus hallucis

Sulcus m. fiexoris hallucis longi

Articular facet
for the
internal malleolus

Facies malleolaris
medialis

Internal tubercle

Tuberculum niediale

Groove of the tendon of
the flexor longus hallucis

Sulcus m. Jlexoris hallucis longi

Superior articular surface

of the astragalus
Trochlea tali (facies superior)
Articular facet for the
external malleolus .
Facies malleolaris lateralis
.'External process of
the astragalus
'Processus lateralis tali
Posterior process of the
astragalus
Processus posterior tali

- External tubercle

Tuberculum laterale

Fig. 355. — Seen from Below.

Fig. 356. — Seen from Be'hind.

The Right Astragalus.

anterior
anterior

Articular facet for the calcaneum ' . .
Facies articularis calcanea internal ■

I media

posterior

' posterior

. Interosseous groove

Sulcus tali

- Internal tubercle

Tuberculum mediate

Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis
Sulcus m. fiexoris hallucis longi

' Os trigonum (var. ) (external tubercle)
Cs trigonum (var.) (tuberculum laterale)

Fig. 357.— The Right Astragalus, with an Os Trigonum (Var.). Seen from Below.

Qssa tarsi— Bones of the tarsus.

(44

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Articular facet for the middle
cuneiform bone

Articular facet for the
external cuneiform bone '"

Lower surface

Articular facet for the
internal cuneiform bone

Tuberosity of
the navicular bone

Tuberositas ossis
navicularis

Upper surface

Articular facet for the head
of the astragalus

Tuberosity of the navicular bone

— Tuberositas ossis navicularis

Fig. 358.— Anterior Aspect. Fig. 359. — Posterior Aspect.

Os Naviculare Pedis — The Right Navicular or Scaphoid Bone of the Foot.

Articular facet for the second
metatarsal bone

1 Upper sharp border

Articular facet for the middle
cuneiform bone

Articular facet for the
navicular bone

7.,

Articular facet for the first
metatarsal bone

Inner surface

Fig. 360.— External Aspect. Fig. 361.— Anterior Aspect.

Os Cuneiforme I. — The Right Internal Cuneiform Bone.

Articular facet for the

Articular facet

internal cuneiform bone

Articular

for the external

Upper surface

facet
for the

■ cuneiform bone

Articular facet fi^^^l

navicular
bone

''-',^^^3

for the second WB^^tSa

^Kl^mSI

metatarsal bone w/f^jEJ

Odter Aspect.

Inner Aspect.

Fig. 362. — Os Cuneiforme II. — The Right
Middle Cuneiform Bone.

Articular facet for the

second metatarsal bone

) Articular facet for the

; , middle cuneiform bone

Articular facet for

the navicular bone

Upper
surface

Articular

facet for the

cuboid bone

Inner Aspect. Outer Aspect.

Fig. 363. — Os Cuneiforme III. — The Right
External Cuneiform Bone.

Articular facet for the external
cuneiform bone /

Upper surface ;

Articular facet

for the fourth

metatarsal

bone

Articular facet far the '
calcaneum

Fig. 364. — Inner Aspect

Articular facet for the
; calcaneum

Groove of the tendon
of the peroneus lon^s

Sulcus m. peronxi longi

Tuberosity of the cuboid bone

Tuberositas ossis cuboidei

. Upper surface

Articular facet for
the fourth metatarsal

bone
Articular facet for the
fifth metatarsal bone

Groove of the tendon of the

peroneus longus

Sulcus m. peronxi longi

Fig. 365. — Seen obliquely
FROM Without and Behind.

Os CuBoiDEUM — The Right Cuboid Bone.

Fig. 366.— Outer Aspect.

Ossa tarsi — Bones of the tarsus.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

145

Tuberosity of the fifth
metatarsal bone

Tuberositas ossis
metatarsalis V.

Articular facet for
the cuboid bone

Articular facet for the
fourth metatarsal bone

Articular facet for the
third metacarpal bone

/ Articular lace'
for the
cuboid bone

Shaft _

Corpus

Depressions for the
attachment of the
lateral ligaments

.Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone

;ArticuIar facets for the second metatarsal bone

Articular facet for the middle
cuneiform bone
Articular facet for the internal
cuneiform bone

Base

' Basis

Shaft
Corpus

Head

Capitulum
III '^"^ I

Fig. 367.— The Metatarsal Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Inner Side.

Articular facet for the fifth metatarsal bone

Articular facet for the fourth metatarsal bone
Articular facet for the external cuneiform bone i

Articular facets for the.
third metatarsal bone

Tuberosity of the first
metatarsal bone

Tuberositas ossis
metatarsalis I.

. Tuberosity of the fifth
metatarsal bone
Tuberositas ossis
metatarsalis V.

^Depressions for the
attachment of the
lateral ligaments

,Head

" Capitulum

I ""^BS*^ III

Fig. 368. — The Metatarsal Bones of the Right Foot seen from the Outer Side.

Head of the meta-

Base

tarsal bone

Grooves for the
sesamoid bones'.

Ungual process

Tuberositas
unguicularis

Trochlea Shaft Basis Capitulum ossis
?^Sa Corpus / metatarsalis

Fig. 369. — Plantar Aspect of thp
Head of the Metatarsal Bone
of the Great Toe (Capitulum
Ossis Metatarsalis Hallucis).

Fig. 370. — THij Phalanges of the Second Toe seen
from the Inner Side (Margo Medialis Digiti
Secundi Pedis).

Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges of the Toes.

14b

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMI'IY

Centre of ossification
of the calcaueum

Centre of ossifieation
of the astragalus

Centre of ossification'
of the cuboid bone

Formation of the shafts
of the medial phalanges

Fig. 371. — From a Human Fcetus in the
Middle of the Ninth Month (Months
OF Four Weeks Each).

Body-length, i7i inches.

Centre of ossification
of the calcaneum

_ Centre of ossification
of the astragalus

HI?

■%

Fig.

372.

y 1?

-From a Boy still-born
at Full Term.
Body-length, 22 inches.

Centre of ossification
of the cuboid bone

Centre of ossification
of the external
cuneiform bone

Centre of ossification
of the internal
cuneiform bone

Centre of ossification

of the base of the

first metatarsal

bone

Centres of ossidcation

in the proximal

extremities of the

phalanges

Fig. 373. — From a Boy aged
Twelve Weeks.

Fig. 374. — From a Boy aged
Three Years.

Development of the Bones of the Foot.

THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

147

Calcaneum
Calcaneus

Cuboid ounc

Os cuboideum

Centre of ossification of the )zternal
cuneiform bone

Centres of ossification of the heads of
the metatarsal bones

Centres of ossification of the proximal
extremities of the phalanges

The astragalus
Talus

Centre of OB8iA«ation of the navicular bone

Centre of ossification of the middle cuneiform bone

Centre of ossification of the internal cimeiform bone

Centre of ossification of the base of the
metatarsal bone of the great toe

Centres of ossification in the proximal
extremities of the phalanges of
/ the great toe

Fig. 375. — Ossification of the Bones of the Foot in a Girl aged Six Years.

Epiphysis beginning to unite

Centre of ossification of the

epiphysis of the tubero6it> oi

the calcaneum

Outer tubercle of the tuberosity
of the calcaneum ~^

Processus lateralis tuberis

■V4 Inner tubercle of the tuberosity

of the calcaneum

Processus medialis tuberis

Fig. 376. — From a Girl aged Fig. 377. — From a Young Man aged Eighteen

Eight Years. Years (Epiphysis beginning to unite).

Epiphysis of the Tuberosity of the Calcaneum.

Development of the Bones of the Foot.

19 — 2

INDEX

TO ■! liE

REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

AND TO THE

OSTEOLOGY

INDEX

TO THE REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY.

Abdomen, external region of the, 2, 3

regions of, 2, 3
Abdominal regions, 2, 3
Acromial region, 3, 4
Anal region, 5
Auricular region, 3, 4
Axillary region, 2

I
Back, medial region of the, 3

regions of the, 3
Brachial region, anterior, 2, 3
external, 2, 3
internal, 2, 3
posterior, 3
Buccal region, 4

C.
Calcaneal region, 2, 3
Calf, region of the, 3
Clavicular region, 4
Crural region, anterior, 2

external, 2, 3
internal, 2
posterior, 3

D.
Deltoid region, 2, 3
Digital regions of the foot, dorsal, z

Elbow, anterior region of the, 2

external region of the, 2, 3
internal region of the, 2
posterior region of the, 2, 3

Epigastric region, 2

Face, regions of the, 2, 4
Femoral region, anterior, 2

external, 2, 3
internal, 2, 3
posterior, 2
Fingers, palmar regions of the, 2, 3

dorsal regions of the, 3
Foot, dorsal region of the, 2

plantar region of the, 3
Forearm, dorsal region of the, 2

palmar region of the, 2, 3
radial region of the, 2
ulnar region of the, 2, 3
Fossa axillaris, ia
carotica, 4iz
jugularis, 4a
poplitea, 3(1
retromandibularis, 4a
supraclavicularis major, ^
minor, 4a
Fossa, axillary, 2

infraclavicular, 2, note, 4, note
retromandibular, 4
supraclavicular, greater, 4
lesser, 4
Fovea nuchse, 3a
Frontal region, 2, 4
Furrow, carotid, 4
nuchal, 3

Gluteal region, 3, 5

Ham, the, 3

Hand, dorsal region of the, 2, 3
palmar region of the, 2, 3
Head, regions of the, 4
Hip, region of the, 2, 3
Hyoid region, 4
Hypochondriac region, 2, 3
Hypogastric region, 2

Infraclavicular region, 2, 4
Inframammary region, 2
Infra-orbital region, 4
Infrascapular region, 3
Inguinal region, 2
Interscapular region, 3

2, 3

Knee, anterior region of the, 2
posterior region of the, 3

Labial region, lower, 4
upper, 4
Laryngeal region, 4
Lisfranc, tubercle of 40
Lower extremity, regions of the,
Lumbar region, 3

Malleolar region, external, 3
internal, 2
Mammary region, 2
Mastoid region, 3, 4
Mental region, 4
Mesogastric region, 2
Mohrenheimer's space, 2, note, 4, note

Nasal region, 2, 4

Neck, anterior region of the, 2

external region of the, 2

regions of the, 4
1 Nuchal region, 3, 4

Occipital region, 3, 4
Olecranon, region of the, 2, 3
Oral region. 2, 4
Orbital region, 2, 4

Palpebral region, lower, 4
upper, 4
Parietal region, 2-4
Parotideomasseteric region, 4
Patellar region, 2
Pectoral regions, 2, 3

region, external, 2, 3
Perineal region, 3, 5
Pubic region, 2
Pudendal region, 2, 5

INDEX

151

Regions of the human body, 1^5
Regio Vt'l region es :

abdominis, 2<7, 3a

lateralis, 2a, 3a
acromialis, T,a, 4a
analis, 511

antibrachii dorsalis, 2a
radialis, 2a
ulnaris, 2a, 3a
volaris, 2a, 3a
auricularis, 3a, 4a
axillaris, 23
brachii anterior, 2a, 3a
lateralis, 2a, 3a
medialis, 2a, 3a
posterior, 3a
buccalis, 43
calcanea, 23, 33
capitis, 4a
clavicularis, 4a
colli, 43

anterior, 23
lateralis, 23, 43
corporis huniani, la-sa
coxEK, 23, 33
cruris anterior, 23

lateralis, 23, yi
medialis, 23
posterior, 33
cubiti anterior, 23

lateralis, 23, ^a
medialis, 23
posterior, 23, 33
deltoidea, 23, 33
digitoruni (nianus), 23, 33

pedis, 23
dorsales digitorum (manus), 3a

pedis, 23
dorsalis maniis, 23, 33

pedis, 23
dorsi, 33
epigastrica, 23

extreniitatis inferioris, 23, 3a
superioris, 23, 3a
faciei, 23, 43
femoris anterior, 2a

lateralis, 23, 33
medialis, 2a, 3a
posterior, 33
frontalis, 23, 43
genu anterior, 23
posterior, ;^a
gluttea, 3a, 5a
hyoidea, 43

h3'pochon(lriaca, 2a, 33
liypogastrica, 23
intraclavicularis, 23, 43
infranianinialis, 23
iufra-orbilalis, 43
infrascapularis, 33
inguinalis, 23
interscapularis, 3:;
labialis inferior, 4a
superior, 43
laryngea, 4a
lumbalis, ^
nialleolaris lateralis, 33
medialis, 2«
mamnialis, 23
mastoidea, ;^ii, 43
mediana dorsi, 33
mentalis, 43
mesogastrica, 23

Regio vel regiones :
nasalis, 23, 43
nucliie, 3a, 4a
occipitalis, 33, 43
olecrani, 23, 3a
oralis, 23, 43
orbitalis, 2a, 43
palpebrals inferior, 43
superior, 43
parietalis, 23, 2,a, 43
parotideomasseterica, 4a
patellaris, 23
pectoris, 2a, 3a

lateralis, 23, 3
perinealis, 2,a, 53
plantaris pedis, 3a
pubica, 23
pudendalis, 23, 5a
retromalleolaris lateralis, 33
medialis, 23
sacralis, 3a, 53
scapularis, ^a
sternalis, 23

sternocleidomastoidea, 4a
subhyoidea, 43
subinguinalis, 2a
submaxillaris, 4a
submentalis, 43
supra-orbitalis, 43
suprascapularis, 33
suprasternalis, 4a
suralis, 3a

teuiporalis, 23, ^a, 43
thyreoidea, 43
trochanterica, 23, 33
umbilicalis, 23
unguiculares, 23, 3a
urogenitalis, 53
volares digitorum, 2a, 33
volaris manus, 2a, 33
zygomatica, 43
Relromalleolar region, external, 3
internal, 2

Sacral region, 3, 5
Scapular region, 3
Space, Mohrenheimer's, 2, note, 4, note

popliteal, 3
Sternal region, 2
Sternocleidomastoid region, 4
Subhyoid region, 4
Subinguinal region, 2
Submaxillary region, 4
Submental region, 4
Supraorbital region, 4
Suprascapular region, 3
Suisrasternal region, 4

Temporal region, 2-4

Thyroid region, 4

Triangle, deltoideopectoral, 2, 4

infraclavicular, 2, note, 4, note

omoclavicular, 4
Trigonum deltoideopectorale, 23, 4a

omoclaviculare, 43
Trochanteric regfion, 2, 3
Tubercle of Lisfranc, 40

tfintjilical region, 2

Ungual regions, 2, 3

Upper extremity, regions of the, 2, 3

Urogenital region, 5

Zj'gomatic region, 4

INDEX
TO THE OSTEOLOGY

Certain names in thU Index hnve an asterisk (*) prefixed ; these, as more fully explained in the Translator's Preface, being terms that form part of the
English nomenclature used in this work, but which are not commonly employed by Knglish anatomists. To other names a daggifry:') is prefixed ; these are
Latin names used by the author in the original work, but not included in the uthcial nomenclature of the " Anatomische Gescllschaft.'

Acetabulum, 129
Acromion, 108, no, in
tAditus ad antrum tympanicum, 66, 67

orbitse, 48, 98
Agger nasi, 78, 90

Air-cells of the Eustachian tube, 66
Ala magna, 58-61
ossis ilii, 130
parva, 58-61
Alae vomeris, 79, 91, 92
Alisphenoid, 61
Alveolae dentales mandibulae (lower jaw-bone), 84

maxillae (upper jaw-bone), 82
Ampulla ossea lateralis, 69
posterior, 69
superior, 69
Ampulla, osseous, of the external semicircular canal, 69
of the posterior semicircular canal, 69
of the superior semicircular canal, 69
Angle, acromial, no

of the jaw, 84, 85
of Ludwig, 41

of the parietal bone, frontal, 72, 73
mastoid, 72, 73
occipital, 72, 73
sphenoidal, 72, 73
of the pubis, 125
of the ribs, 37, 40
of the scapula, inferior, no
internal, 1 10
superior, no
of the sphenoid bone, parietal, 58-60
of the sternum, 41
subcostal, 36
Angulus anterior pyramidis, 65
costse, 37, 40

frontalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73
inferior (scapulae), no
infrasternalis, 36
lateralis (scapulae), no
Ludovici, 41
mandibulae, 84, 85
mastoideus (ossis parietalis), 72, 73
medialis (scapula), r 10
occipitalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73
parietalis (ossis sphenoidalis), 58-60
posterior pyramidis, 65
pubis, 125

sphenoidalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73
steriii, 41

superior pyramidis, 49, 65
Annulus tympanicus, 70, 103, 104
Antrum of Highmore, 80-82, 93-95, 97, 99
orifice of>the, 90
mastoid, 64, 66, 67, 70

entrance to, 66, 67
tympanicum, 64, 66, 67, 70
Apertura vel aperturse :

externa aquajductus vestibuli, 63, 68, 70
canaliculi cochleae, 62, 63
f mastoidei, 66

Apertura vel apertura; :
t inferior canaliculi tympanici, 62

t interna canaliculi cochlea, 69

pelvis [minoris] inferior, 126, 127

superior, 124, 125, 127
piriformis, 46, 48, 90, 91, 93
t sinus niaxillaris, 90

sphenoidalis, 58-61, 90-93
'' sinuum frontalium, 75, 76, 90, 95

superior canaliculi tympanici, 65, 67
thoracis inferior, 36
superior, 36
tympanica canaliculi chordae, 64
Apex capituli fibulae, 138
t ossis coccjgis, 32

sacri, 30, 31
patellae, 136
pyramidis, 63, 64, 67, 70
Apophysis articularis (articular apophysis), 43
costalis (costal apophysis), 43
muscularis (muscular apophysis), 43
Aquaeductus vestibuli, 69

Aqueduct of the cochlea, external orifice, 62, 63
internal orifice, 69
of Fallopius, 64-69

deficiency in its tympanic wall, G]
of the vestibule, 69

external orifice 63, 68, 70
Arch of the atlas, anterior, 29
posterior, 29
neural, or vertebral, 25, 26
orbital, 48, 74, 76, 77, 92, 98
pubic, 124
of the ribs, 36
zygomatic, 46-48, 96
Arcus anterior atlantis, 29
costaruiu, 36
posterior atlantis, 29
pubis, 124

superciliaris, 46, 48, 74
vertebrae, 25, 26
zygomaticus, 46-48, 96
•Area cochleie, 68

cribrosa media, 68

superior, 68
• of the facial nerve, 68

nervi facialis, 68
vestibularis inferior, 68
superior, 68
Arnold's nerve, canal for, 62, 64, 65
Arteria nutricia, 20

protovertebralis, 34
Artery, intercostal, primitive, 34
nutrient, 20
proto vertebral, 34
Articulation, manubrio-gladiolal, 41
Astragalus, 17, 142, 143
Atlas, 29

development of, 35
Atrium meatus iiiedii (atrium of the middle meatus). 90
Auditory aperture, external, 47, 48, 62

internal, 63, 65, 68, 70

INDEX

153

Axis of the pelvis, 127
Axis, the, 29

development of, 35

Base of the mandible, 85, 87
of the patella, 136
of the sacrum, 32
of the skull, external aspect, 48
internal aspect, 49
Bases of the metacarpal bones, 122
of the metatarsal bones, 145
of the phalanges of the fingers, 122
of the toes, 145
Basilar portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60
Basi-occipital portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60, and

note, p. 57
Basis cranii externa, 48
interna, 49
mandibulae, 85, 87
ossis sacri, 32

ossiuni metacarpaliuni, 122
metatarsaliuni, 145
patellae, 136
phalangis manus, 122
pedis, 143
Basisphenoid, 58-61
Bertin, bones of, 58, 59, 61
Bodies of the metacarpal bones, 122
of the metatarsal bones, 145
of the phalanges of the fingers, 122

of the toes, 145
of the ribs, 40
of the vertebrae, 25-27
Body of the astragalus, 143

of the calcaneuni, 141, 143
of the femur, 132, 133
of the fibula, 138
of the humerus, 112
of the hyoid bone, 87
of the ilium, 130

of the inferior maxillary bone, S4-87
of the ischium, 128, 130
of the malar bone, 83
of the mandible, 84-87
of the maxilla, 80, 81, 87, 89
of the OS calcis, 141, 143
of the pubis, 130
of the radius, 115
of the sphenoid bone, 58-61
of the sternum, 41

of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 81, 87, 89
of the tibia, 136, 137
of the ulna, 114
Bone, capitate, 119-121

central, of the carpus, 120
cuboid, 142, 144

cuneiform, of foot, external, 17, 142, 144
first, 141, 142, 144
internal, 141, 142, 144
middle, 142, 144
second, 142, 144
third, 17, 142, 144
of hand, 119, 120
ethmoid, 52, 73
frontal, 52, 74-76

development of, 77
hip-, 107, 128-130

development of, 131
hyoid, 87
innominate, 107, 128-130

development of, 131
interparietal, 100, note to p. 57
lachrymal, 53, 79, 90-92, 95
lunar, 119, 120
malar, 53, 83
-marrow, 1 1
maxillary, inferior, 46, 47, 53, 84-86

development of, 86

Bone, maxillary, superior, 46, 47, 53, 80, 81

development of, S2
metacarpal, first, 106, 1 19
nasal, 53, 79, 90, 91
navicular, 142, 144
occipital, 52, 54-56

development of, 57, and note
palate, 53, 83
parietal, 19, 52, 72, 73

development of, 21
pisiform, 1 18-120
premaxillary, 82, 97
pyramidal, 119, 120
scaphoid, 119, 120
sphenoid, 52, 58-60

development of, 61
^sphenoidal spongy, 58, 59, 61

turbinate, 58, 59, 61
subcoracoid, iii
temporal, 52, 62-69

development of, 70, 71
trapezoid, 119-121
turbinate of the nose, highest, 78

inferior, 53, 70, 90, 91, 93-95
middle, 78, 90, 94, 95
superior, 78, 90, 92, 94
unciform, 119- 121
Bones, general considerations, 9-21

development of, 20, 21
flat, 19
long, 12-15
minute structure, 10
short, 16, 17, 21
of Bertin, 58, 59, 61
of the carpus, 120, 121

development of, 123
of the cranium proper, 52
of the face, 53
of the forearm, 106, 114- 116

development of, 117
of the leg, 107, 136-138

development of, 139
metacarpal, 119, 122

development of, 123
metatarsal, 142, 145

development of, 146, 147
sesamoid, of foot, 140, 141

ofhand, 118
of the skull, 52-104
suprasternal, 41
of the tarsus, 17, 143, 144

development of, 146, 147
Wormian, 100
Border of the fibula, anterior, 138
external, 138
internal, 138
interosseous, 138
of the frontal bone, nasal, 76, 77

parietal, 74-76
sphenoidal, 75, 76
of the humerus, inner, 112
outer, 112
of the occipital bone, lambdoid, 54-26

mastoid, 54-56
of the parietal bone, anterior, 72, 73
frontal, 72, 73
inferior, 72, 73
occipital, 72, 73
posterior, 72, 73
sagittal, 72, 73
squamous, 72, 73
superior, 72, 73
of the petrous portion of temporal bone, anterior, 65
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, pos-
terior, 65
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, superior,

49.65
of the radius, anterior, 114, 115
internal, 114, 115
posterior, 114, 115

154

INDEX

Border of the scapula, axillary-, i lo ,

superior, i lo
vertebral, i lo
of the sphenoid, external, 58-60
frontal, 58, 59
malar, 58-60
orbital, 59
petrous, 59
posterior, 59
squamous, 58-60
of the superior maxillary bone, infra-orbital, 80, 83,

98
lachrymal, 80
of the temporal bone, occipital, 62, 63
parietal, 62, 63
sphenoidal, 62-64
of the tibia, anterior, 136, 138
external, 136-138
internal, 136, 138
of the ulna, anterior, 114
external, 114
posterior, 114
Breschet's canals, 19, 51, 88
Brim of the pelvis, 124, 125

iliac portion, 125
pubic portion, 125
sacral portion, 30, 125
Bulla, ethmoidal, 78, 90

Calcaneum, or os calcis (called by Toldt "Calcaneus"), 17,

142, 143
development of, 146, 147
Calcar femorale, 134, 135
Calvaria, 50

Canal or canals (see also " Canaliculus") :
for Arnold's nerve, 62, 64, 65

external orifice of, 66
for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric

nerve, 62, 64, 65
basipharyngeal (see note to p. 48), 48, 58-60
of Breschet, 19, 51, 88
carotid, 62-65, ^7, 70, 71, 76
for the chorda tympani nerve, 64, 65, 67
dental, 81

anterior and middle, 81
inferior, 86
posterior, 80, 81, 99
diploic, 19, 51, 88
ethmoidal, anterior, 76, 90, 91, 98

posterior, 76, 91, 98
of the Eustachian tube, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69
of the facial nerve, 64, 69
Haversian, 10
infra-orbital, 80, 81, 95
internal orbital, anterior, 76, 90, 91, 98

posterior, 76, 91, 98
for Jacobsou's nerve, 65-67

inferior orifice, 62
superior orifice, 66. 67
malar, 83
mandibular, 86
medullary, 11, 18-20
nutrient, 13, 18, 19
palatine, accessory, 83, 90, 91, 97
posterior, 97, 99

inferior orifice of, 90, 96, 97
palato-maxillary, p7, 99

mferior orifice of, 90, 96, 97
pterygoid (or Vidian), 58, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99
pterygopalatine, 48, 58-60, 90-92
sacral, 31, 32

semicircular, external, 67-69
posterior, 68, 69
superior, 68, 69
spinal, 43
temporal, 83

of the tensor tympani muscle, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69
Vidian (or pterygoid), 58, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99
Volkmann's, 10, 11

Canaliculus vel canaliculi (see also " Canal ") :
caroticotympanici, 62, 67
chordae tympani, 64, 65, 67
cochleae (apertura externa), 62, 63
(apertura interna), 6g
t innominatus, 93

niastoideus, 62, 64, 65
t sphenoidalis, 92, 93, 96, 99

tympanicus, 65
Canalis vel canal es :
alveolares, 81

basipharyngeus, 48, 58, 59, 90
caroticus, 62-65, 67, 70, 71, 96
condyloideus, 54-57, 88, 89
diploici [Brescheti], 19, 51, 88
facialis [FallopiiJ, 64, 65, 67-69
hypoglossi, 54-57, 88
incisivus, 80, 91
infra-orbitalis, 80, 81, 95
mandibuUe, 86
musculotubarius, 63, 64
nasolacrinialis, 93, 95
nutricius, 13, 18, 19
palatini, 90, 97
pharyngeus, 48, 58, 59, 90-92
pterygoideus [Vidii], 58, 59, 61, 92, 93, 96, 99
pterj'gopalatinus, 97, 99
sacrahs, 31, 32

semicircularis lateralis, 67-69
posterior, 68, 6g
superior, 68, 69
vertebralis, 43
Capitellum of the humerus, 112
Capitulum costae, 40
fibulae, 138
humeri, 112
mandibulae, 84-86, 96
ossium metacarpalium, 122

metatarsaliuui, 141, 145
radii, 1 15
uln;e, 114
Caput femoris, 152-134

humeri, 112
t ossis capitati, 121

tali, 143
Carpus, iq6, 118
Cartilage, Meckel's, 103
Cartilages, costal, 39, 40
Cartilage costalis, 39, 40
Cavitas glenoidalis, no, in
Cavity, cranial, 88, 89

medullary, 11, 18-20

nasal, 90-95

sigmoid (of the radius), 115

(of the ulna), great, 114, lig
small, 124
thoracic, 43
tympanic, 67
tCavum cranii cerebralis, 88, 89
medullare, 11, 18-20
nasi, 90-95
thoracis, 43
tj'mpani, 65-70, 96
Cells, ethmoidal, 76, 78, 90

of the Eustachian tube, 66
mastoid, 64, 67
tympanic, 67
Cellute ethmoidales, 78, 90
mastoideae, 64, 67
pneumaticiE tubariffi, 66
tympanicae, 67
Centra of the vertebrae, 25-27
Choanae, 48, 93, 96
Chorda dorsalis, 34

tympani nerve, canal for, 64, 65, 67

orifice of the canal for, 64
Cingulum extremitatis inferioris, 107, 124-126

superioris, 106, loiS
Circumference, articular, of the radius, 115
of the ulna, 1 14

INDEX

155

Circumferentia articularis radii, 115
ulnae, 114
Clavicula (the clavicle), 106, 108, 109
Clivus, 49, 56, 88
Coccyx, the, 24, 32, 33, 125, 126
development of, 35
extremity of the, 32
Cochlea, 65, 68, 69
Collum anatomicum, 112
chirurgicum, 112
costae, 40
femoris, 132-134
mandibulEe, 84, 85
radii, 115
scapula;, no
tail, 143
Column, spinal, 24

development of, 34, 35
vertebral, 24

development of, 34, 35
Concavity of the carpus, 1 18
Concha nasalis inferior, 53, 79, 90, 91, 93-95
media, 78, 90, 94, 95
superior, 78, 90, 92, 94
suprenia [Santorini], 78
Conchas sphenoidales, 58, 59, 61
Condylar portion of the occipital bone, 54, 56, 57, and note,

P-57
Condyle of the femur, external, 132, 134
internal, 132-134
of the humerus, external, 112
internal, 112
of the inferior maxillary bone, 84-86, 96
of the mandible, 84-86, 96
Condyles of the occipital bone, 48, 54-56
Condylus lateralis femoris, 132, 134
tibiae, 136, 137
medialis femoris, 132-134

tibiae, 136, 137
occipitalis, 48, 54-56
tConjugata diagoualis, 127
vera, 127
Conjugate diameter, diagonal, 127

true, 127
Cornu, coccygeal, 32

of the hyoid bone, great, 87
small, 87
sacral, 31, 32
Cornua sphenoidalia, 58, 59, 61
Corpus calcanei, 141, 143
costEe, 40
femoris, 132, 133
fibulae, 138
humeri, 112
mandibulae, 84-87
maxillae, 80, 81, 87, 99
ossis hyoidei, 87
ilium, 130
ischii, 128, 130
pubis, 130
sphenoidalis, 58-61
ossium nietacarpalium, 122
metatarsalium, 145
phalangis manus, 122

pedis, 145
radii, 115
sterni, 41
tali, 143
tibiffi, 136, 137
uhiEe, 114
vertebrae, 25-27
Costae, 38 40

development of, 42
spurise, 36
verae, 36
Craniometry, loi
Cranium, 45-T04

cavity of, 88, 89

development of, 102-104

facial portion (cranium viscerale), 53, 96, 97

Cranium, primordial (cranium primordiale), 102, 103

proper (cranium cerebrale), 52, 88, 89
•Crest, buccinator, 84, 85

ethmoidal, of the palate-bone, 83

of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 81
frontal, 49, 50, 75, 88

of the fundus of the internal auditory meatus, trans-
verse, 65, 68
of the ilium, 128-130
inferior turbinate, of the superior maxillary bone,

80, 81
infratemporal, 48, 58-60, and note, p. 59
lachrymal, 79, 98

* anterior, see " Ridge, orbital "

* posterior, see " Crest, lachrymal "
nasal, of the superior maxillary bone, 91, 95, 97
obturator, 130

occipital, external, 48, 55, 56
internal, 49, 54, 56
of the occipital bone for the rectus capitis posticus

major muscle, 56
of the occipital bone for the rectus capitis posticus

minor muscle, 56

* orbital, 59

of the septum of the nose, lateral, 93

* sacral, articular, 31

* external, 31

* median, 31
sphenoidal, 58, 59

supramastoid, 62 '

temporal, 46, 74, 77
transverse, see "Crista falciformis"
turbinate, inferior, of the palate-bone, 83

of the superior maxillary bone,
80,81
superior, of the palate-bone, 83
of the vestibule, 69
Crista anterior (fibulae), 138

(tibia), 136, 138
buccinatoria, 84, 85
capituli costae, 40
colli costae, 40
conchalis (maxillae), 80, 81

(ossis palatini), 83
ethmoidalis (maxillae), 80, 81

(ossis palatini), 83
falciformis, 65, 68
frontalis, 49, 50, 75, 88
galli, 49, 78, 88, 94, 95
iliaca, 128-130
infratemporalis, 48, 58-60
interossea (fibulae), 138

(radii), 114, 115
(tibiae), 136-138
(ulnae), 114
intertrochanterica, 132-134
lacrimalis anterior, 80, 98
posterior, 79, 98
lateralis (fibula), 138

septi (nasi), 93
medialis (fibulae), 138
musculi recti capitis majoris, 56
minoris, 56
supinatoris, 114
nasalis, 91, 95, 97
obturatoria, 130
occipitalis externa, 48, 55, 56
interna, 49, 54, 56
orbitalis (alae magnae), 59
sacralis articularis, 31
lateralis, 31
medialis, 31
sphenoidalis, 58, 59
transversa, 65, 68
tuberculi majoris, 112
minoris, 112
vestibuli, 69
Cms cotiimune and crus simplex of the semicircular canals,

69, and note, p. 69
Cupular portion of the epitympanic recess, 64

156

INDEX

Dens epistrophei, 29

Depression, digital, 85 , , , ,■ ^

Depressions for the lateral metatarso-phalangeal ligaments,

145
Pacchionian, 50, 73
Diameter, conjugate, of the pelvis, diagonal, 127

true, 127
Diameters, oblique, of the pelvis, 127

transverse, of the pelvis, 127
Diaphysis, 20
Digiti (manus), 118

pedis, 140, 141
Diploe, 19, 50. 51

of the frontal bone, 76, 77
Disc, epiphysial, 20
Dorsum of the foot, 140

of the scapula, no
selloe, 58-61, 96

Eminence, articular, 62
deltoid, 112
frontal, 46, 74, 77. io4
iliopectineal, 128, 130
jugular, 54, 56
olivary, 59-61
parietal, 72, 104
papillary, 66, 67, 69

of the second rib for the serratus magnus, 40
of the superior semicircular canal, 63, 70
Eminentia arcuata, 63, 70

carpi radialis, 118
ulnaris, 118
cruciata, 54, 89
iliopectinea, 128, 130
intercondyloidea, 136, 137
papillaris, 66, 67, 69
pyramidalis, 66, 67, 69
Entrance to the mastoid antrum, 66, 67

to the orbit, 48, 98
Epicondyle of the femur, external. 132, 134
'^ internal, 132, 133

Epicondylus lateralis (femoris), 132, 134
(humeri), T12
tnedialis (femoris), 132, 135
(humeri), 112
Epiphysis, 20
Epistropheus, 29

development of, 35
Epitympanic recess, 63, 69, 70
Eustachian canal, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69
Extremitas acromialis (clavicuUe), 109

sternalis (claviculte), 109
Extremity of the clavicle, acromial, 109

sternal, 109
Exoccipital, 54, 56, 57. a"d "ote, p. 57

Facet or facets, articular :

of the acromion, clavicular, no
of the atlas, superior, 29
of the astragalus —

for the calcaneum, anterior, 143
middle, 143
posterior, 143
for the external malleolus, 143
for the internal malleolus, 143
for the navicular bone, 143
of the clavicle, acromial, 109

sternal, 109
of the heads of the ribs, 40
of the odontoid process, anlenor, 29
of the OS calcis, anterior, 143
cuboid, 143
internal, 143
posterior, 143
for the ribs (sternal), 41
of the tubercles of the ribs, 40

Facet or facets, articular :

of the vertebrEE, inferior, 25-27
superior, 25-27
Facial portion of the skull, 53
tFacies, anterior femoris, 132, 133

lateralis humeri, 112
maxillce, 80
inedialis humeri, n2
pyramidis, 65
articulans acromialis (claviculse), 109
acroniii, no
anterior calcanei, 143

epistrophei, 29
calcauea (tali) anterior, 143
media, 143
posterior, 145
capituli costce, 40

fibulae, 138
carpea, 115

cuboidea (calcanei), 143
fibularis, 136, 137
inferior tibiae, 137

vertebrarum, 25-27
malleolaris (tibiae), 137
malleoli (lateralis), 137, 138
media (calcanei), 143
navicularis (tali), 143
ossis temporalis, 62, 70, 71
patelUe, 136
posterior (calcanei), 143
sternalis (claviculae), log
superior tibiae, 137

vertebrarum, 25-27
tuberculi costae, 40
auricularis ossis ilium, 128

sacri, 31, 32
cerebralis alae magnje, 58, 61
ossis frontalis, 75
parietalis, 73
squamae temporalis, 63, 64
costalis scapulae, 1 10
t dorsalis manus, ng

ossis sacri, 31, 32, 126
t pedis, 140

radii, 114-116
scapulae, no
ulna;, n4
frontalis (ossis frontalis), 74
inferior pyramidis, 65
infratemporalis (maxilUe), So, 99
t lateralis femoris, 132, 133

iibulae, 138
radii, 114-116
tibiae, 136- 138
lunata (acetabuli), 130
inalaris (ossis zygoniatici), 8^
malleolaris lateralis (tali), 143
inedialis (tali), 143
maxillaris ossis palatini, 83
t medialis femoris, 132, 133

fibulae, 138
tibiae, 136, 138
ulnae, 114
nasalis tnaxilUe, 80

ossis palatini, 83
orbitalis alae magiue, 5S-61, 98
maxilUe, 80
ossis frontalis, 76
zygoniatici, 83
ossea, 53 . ,. ,

parietalis (ossis panetalis), 72
patellaris, 132-134
pelvina (ossis sacri), 30, 32, 125
t plantaris pedis, 141

posterior fibulae, 138
humeri, 112
pyramidis, 65
tibia;, 136-138
sphenomaxillaris (ala; magnae), 58, 99
superior (tali), 143

INDEX

157

Facies syniphyseos, 12S

temporalis alse magnae, 58-61

ossis frontalis, 74, 77
zygomatici, 83
squaiiiie temporalis, 62, 63
t volaris manus, 118

radii, 114- 116
ulnae, 114, 116
Fejnur, the, 14, 107, 132-134

development of, 135
Fenestra cochleie, 67, 69
ovalis, 67-69
rotunda, 67, 69
vestibuli, 67-69
Fibres, Sliarpey's, 10
Fibula, the, 107, 138

development of, 139
Fingers, skeleton of, 1 18
Fissura orbitalis inferior, 93, 96, 98

superior, 58, 59, 88, 92, 98
petro-occipitalis, 48, 49, 88
petrosquamosa, 63, 64, 69
petrotyinpanica [Glaseri], 62, 65, 70, 71
pteryg'oidea, 58, 59 .
pterygoinaxillans, 99
spheno-occipitalis, 60
sphenopetrosa, 48, 49
tynipanomastoidea, 62, 66, 71
Fissure, Glaserian, 62, 65, 70, 71
incisor, 48, 82, 97
occipitosphenoidal, 60
orbital, 58, 59, 88, 92, 98
petrobasilar, 48, 49, 98
petrosquamous, 63, 64, 69
pterygomaxillary, 99
sphenomaxillary, 93, 96, 98
tympanomastoid, 62, 66, 71
Fontanelle, anterior, 104

anterolateral, 104
posterior, 104
posterolateral, 104
Fonticulus frontalis [niajorj, 104
mastoideus, 104
occipitalis [minor], 104
sphenoidalis, 104
Foramen or foramina:

alveolar, anterior and middle, fit

posterior, 80, 81, 99
caecum, 49, 75, 88, 91, 94
condylar, anterior, 54-57, 88

posterior, 54-57, 88, 89
costotransverse, 26, 29
t emissarii occipitalis, 89

emissary, mastoid, 62, 63, 89
occipital, 89

of Vesalius, see " Canaliculus sphe-
noidalis," and note, p. 92
ethmoidale anterius, 76, 90, 91, 98

posterius, 76, 91, 98
frontale, 76

iucisivuni, 82, 93, 96, 97
inferior dental, 85
infra-orbital, 80, 81, 98, 99
intervertebral, 24

of the sacrum, 31
jugular, 48, 49, 88

bipartite, 88

divided by an iiitrajugular process, 88
lacerate, anterior, 58, 59, 88, 92, 98
middle, 48, 49
posterior, 48, 49, 88
mandibular, 85
magnum, 48, 54-56, 89
mastoid, 62, 63, 89
mental, 85, 86
nasal, 79
nutricium, 18, 19

claviculae, 109
femoris, 132
fibula, 138

Foramen or foramina :

nutricium humeri, 112
ossis ilii, 19
radii, 115, 116
tibiaa, 18, 136, 137
ulnte, 134, Ii6
nutrient, 18, 19

of the clavicle, 109
of the femur, 132
of the fibula, 138
of the humerus, 112
of the ilium, 19
of the radius, 1 15, 1 16
of the tibia, 18, 136, 137
of the ulna, 114, 116
obturator, 128-130

optic, 59-61, 88, 98, 99
ovale (of the hip-bone), 128-130
(of the skull), 59, 61, 96
palatina minora, 83, 90, 97
palatinum majus, 90, 915, 97

* palatine, great, 90, 96, 97

parietal, 72, 73, 100
pterygospiuous, 91
rotundum, j8-6i, 88, 92, 93, 99

sacral, anterior, 30
posterior, 31

singulare, 68

sphenoidal, 58-6;, 90-93

sphenopalatine, 90, 91, 98, 99

spinal, 25-27

spinosum, 59

of Stenson, 82

* stylomastoid, 62; 64, 67, 70, 71
supra-orbital, 74, 76
thyroid, 128-130
transversarium, 26, 29
vertebrale, 25-27

for vertebral artery, 26, 29

of Vesalius, note to p. 92 (see also " Canaliculus,

sphenoidal")
zygomaticofaciale, 83
zygomatico-orbitale, 83

zygomaticotemporale, 130 «

Fossa acetabuli, 130
canine, 80

condylar, posterior, 55
coronoid, 112
cranial, anterior, 49, 88, 95
middle, 49, 88
posterior, 49, 88
digastric (of the inferior maxillary bone), 85

(of the temporal bone), 62, 71
digital, 132, 133
of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint,

137. 138
floccular, 63, 70

glandulae lachrymalis, 76, 77, 92, 98
of the Gasserian ganglion, 63
glenoid, of the scapula, no, in

of the temporal bone, 62, 70, 71
hypophyseos, 59-61, and note to p. 60
iliac, 128

* of the incus, 64
infraspinous, no
infratemporal, 48, 96
intercondylar, of the femur, 132, 134

of the tibia, anterior, 137
intercondyloidea (femoris), 132, 134

anterior (tibia), 137

posterior (tibiae), 137
jugular, of the tem])oral bone, 62, 65
lachrymal, 76, 77, 92, 98

* mandibularis, 62
occipital, inferior, 54, 56

superior, 54
olecranon, 112
palatine, anterior, 82, 96, 97
pituitary, 59-51
prenasal, 97

158

INDEX

Fossa, pterygoid, 58, 95

pterygopalatitia, 92, 98, 99
radial, 112
reuiforin, 65
sacci lacrimalis, 98
scaphoid, 58

spheiioiiiaxillary, 92, 98, 99
subarcuata, 63, 70
subscapular, no
supraspinous, no
temporal, 47
trocliauterica, 132, 133
trochlear, 76
• vermian, 89

zygomatic, 48, 96
Fossula fenestrEB cochlea:, 66, 68
vestibuli, 66
of the fenestra ovalis, 66
^ rotunda, 66, 68

ovalis, 66

of the petrous ganglion, 62, 65
petrosa, 62, 65
rotunda, 66, 68
Fovea articularis ossis temporalis, 62
superior atlantis, 29
capitis fenions, 132, 133
capituli radii, 115
costalis, inferior, 25
superior, 25
transversalis, 25
dentis, 29

pterygoidea (processus condyloidei), 84, 85
sublingualis, 85
submaxillaris, 85
trochlearis, 76
tFoveolse ethmoidales, 76

granulares [Pacchioni], 50, 73
Frons, 46, 47
Fundus meatus acustici interni, 65

of the internal auditory meatus, 65

Geniculum of the aqueduct of Fallopius, 65, 67, 68

canalis facialis, 65, 67, 68
"German horizontal," loi
Girdle, pelvic, 107, 124-126

shoulder, 106, 108
Glabella, 46, 74
Gladiolus, 41

Great wing of the sphenoid, 58-61
Groove or grooves :

for Arnold's nerve, 62, 65
for the auricular branch

nerve, 62, 65
basilar, 49, 56, 58
bicipital, H2
carotid, 58, 59
fibular, 136, 137
of the hamular process, 58
infra-orbital, 80, 93, 94, ^, 99
interosseous, of the astragalus, 143
of the calcaneum, 143
of the tarsus, 143
lachrymal, 98

of the lachrymal bone, 79, 92
of the superior maxillary bone, 80, 82,
91, 98
meningeal, 50, 73
of the middle temporal artery, 62
mylohyoid, 85
of the nasal nerve, 79, 91
obturator, 128
occipital, 62, 71
optic, 59
palatine, 82, 97

anterior, 80, 91
posterior, 80

of the palate-bone, 83
of the sphenoid bone, 58, and
note to same

of the pneumogastric

Groove or grooves :

palatomaxillary, 80

of the palate-bone, 83
of the sphenoid bone, 58, and
note to same
preauricular, 12S

of the promontory, for the nerves of the tympanic
plexus, 67
• pterygopalatine, note to p. 58

spiral, 112
for spinal nerve, 26
of the subclavian artery, 40
subcostal, 40

of the superficial petrosal nerve, great, 63, 64

small, 63, 64
of the tendon of—

the flexor carpi radialis muscle, 121

the flexor longus hallucis muscle, 141, 143

the peroneus longus muscle, 140, 141, 143,

144
the popliteus muscle, 134
the tibialis posticus muscle, 136
of the tendons of the peroneal muscles, 13S
of the ulnar nerve, 112
vertebral (for vertebral artery), 29

Hamulus lacrimalis, 79, 98

ossis hamati, 118, 121
pterygoideus, 58, 60, 95
Haversian canals, 10

system of lamellae, 10, 11
Head of the astragalus, 143

of the capitate bone, 121
of the femur, 132-134
of the fibula, 138
of the humerus, 112

of the inferior maxillary bone, 84-86, 96
of the mandible, 84-86, 96
of the OS magnum, 121
of the radius, 115
of the scapula, no
of the ulna, 114
Heads of the metacarpal bones, 112

of the metatarsal bones, 141, 145
of the ribs, 40
Heart, rudimentary, 102
Hiatus canalis facialis, 63-67
Fallopii, 63-67
maxillaris, 80, 91, 99
of the sacrum, 31
semilunaris, 78, 90
subarcuatus, 63, 70
Hip-bone, the, 107, 128-130

development of, 131
Hook of the unciform bone, n8, 121

Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of the acetabulum, 130
Humerus, the, 12, 106, n2

development of, n3

Iliac portion of the iliopectineal line, 128
Ilium, the, 19, 124-126

•Impressiones digitate, 49, 75, and notes, pp. 49 and 75
Impression, rhomboid, 109
Impressio trigemini, 63
Incisura vel incisurse :
acetabuli, 130
clavicularis, 41
costales, 41
ethmoidalis, 76, 77
fibularis, 136, 137
frontalis, 74, 76
ischiadica major, 128, 129

minor, 129
jugularis ossis occipitalis, 56, 89
temporalis, 63
sterni, 41
lacrimalis, 80

INDEX

159

Incisura vel incisurae :

niandibulae, 84

iiiastoidea, 62, 71

nasalis, 80

parietalis, 62, 63

radialis (ulnse), 114

scapulae, 1 10

semilunaris, 114, 115

sphenopalatina, 83

supra-orbitalis, 74, 76

tyinpanica [Rivini], 62, 64, 70, 71

ulnaris (radii), 115

vertebralis inferior, 25, 27
superior, 27
Inclination of the pelvis, 127
Infundibuluni, 78
Interparietal bone, note, p. 57
Ischium, the, 124-126
Iter chordae posterius, 64, 65, 67

Jacobson's nerve, canal for, 65-67
Jaw-bone, lower, 46, 47, 53, 84-86

development of, 86
upper, 46, 47, 53, 80, 81

development of, 82
Jaws, senile atrophy of, 87
Juga alveolaria, 80, 85
cerebralia, 49, 75

Labium externum (cristae iliacae), 129, 130
internum (cristae iliacae), 128
laterale (lineae asperae), 132, 133
mediale (lineje asperae), 132, 133
Labyrinth, bony, 68, 69, 96

of the ethmoid bone, 78, 92, 94
osseous, 68, 69, 96
Labyrinthus ethmoidalis, 78, 92, 94

osseous, 68, 6g, 96
Lachr3'mal canal, 93, 95
Lacuna; of bone, 10
Lamina cribrosa, 78, go, 91, 94

externa of the cranial bones, 19, 50
interna of the cranial bones, 19, 50
lateralis processus pterygoidei, 58, 60, 61, 99
t malaris (ossis zygomati'ci), 83

medialis processus pterj'goidei, 5S, 6>
t orbitalis (ossis zygomatic!), 83, 98

papyracea, 78, 91, 92, 94
perpendicularis, 78, 91, 94, 95
of the vertebrae, 25, 26
Limbus alveolaris mandibulse, 84, 86
maxillae, 80-82, 97
t dentalis, 48

Liuea vcl lineae :

arcuata (ossis ilii), 128
aspera (fenioris), 132, 133
glutaea anterior, 129, 130
inferior, 129
posterior, 129
intercondyloidea (femoris), 132
intermedia (cristae iliacae), 128, 130
intertrochanterica, 132, 133
musculares (scapulae), no
mylohyoidea, 85
nuchae inferior, 48, 55, 56
superior, 55, 56
suprema, 55
obliqua (mandibulae), 84, 85
pectinea (femoris), 132, 133
poplitea, 136, 137
temporalis inferior, 47, 62, 72

(ossis frontalis), 46, 74, 77
superior, 47, 72
terminalis (pelvis), 124, 125
pars iliaca, 125
pubica, 125
sacralis, 30, 125
transversse (ossis sacri), 30

Line or lines :

curved, of the ilium, inferior, 129

middle, 129, 130
superior, 129
of the occipital bone, highest, 55

inferior, 48, 55, 56
superior, 55, 56
gluteal, inferior, 129

middle, 129, 130
posterior, 129
iliopectineal, iliac portion, 128

pubic portion, 12S
intercondylar, 132
intertrochanteric, anterior, 132, 133
posterior, 132, 133
oblique, external (of the inferior maxillary bone), 84,

85
— - internal (of the inferior maxillary bone), 85
of the scapula, no
of the tibia, 136, 137
pectineal, 132, 133
temporal, inferior, 47, 72
superior, 47, 72
trapezoid, log
Lingula mandibulae, 84-86

sphenoidalis, 59, gg
Lip of the crest of the ilium, inner, 128

outer, 129, 130
of the linea aspera, inner, 132, 133
outer, 132, 1.33

Malleolus, external, 137, 138

internal, 136, 137

lateralis, 137, 138

medialis, 136, 137

Mandibula, 46, 47, 53, 84-86

development, 86
Manubrium sterni, 41
Margin, alveolar, of the inferior maxillary bone, 84, 86

of the superior maxillary bone, 80-82, 97
of bicipital groove, inner, 112
outer, 112
supra-orbital, 48, 74, 76, 77, 92, 98
Marge axillaris (scapulae), no
dorsalis radii, 114, 115

ulnae, 114
frontalis ossis parietalis, 72, 73

sphenoidalis, 58, 59
infraglenoidalis (tibiae), 136, 137
infra-orbitalis, 80, 83, 98
lacrimalis (maxillae), 80
lambdoideus, 54-56
lateralis humeri, 112

pedis, 140
mastoideus, 54-56
medialis humeri, 112
pedis, 140
tibiae, 136, 138
nasalis (ossis frontalis), 76, 77
occipitalis ossis parietalis, 72, 73
temporalis, 62, 63
'+ orbitalis (ossis sphenoidalis), 59

parietalis ossis frontalis, 74-76

temporalis, 62, 63
t petrosus (ossis sphenoidalis), 59

sagittalis (ossis parietalis), 72, 73
+ sphenoidalis ossis frontalis, 75, 76

temporalis, 62-64
squamosus ossis parietalis, 72, 73

sphenoidalis, 58-60
superior (scapulae), no
supra-orbitahs, 48, 74, 76, 77, 92, 98
vertebralis (scapulae), no
volaris radii, 114, 115

ulnae, 114
zygomaticus (ossis sphenoidalis), 58-60
Massa lateralia (atlaiitis), 29
Masses, lateral (of the atlas), 29

160

INDEX

Mass, lateral, of the ethmoid bone, 78, 92, 94

of the sacrum, 30, 31
Mastoid antrum, 64, 66, 67, 70

entrance to, 66, 67
portion of tlie temporal bone, 62-64, 70> 7'
Maxilla, the, 46, 47, 53, 80, 81

development of, 82
Meatus acusticus externus, 47, 66, 69, 71, 96
internus, 65, 68, 69, 96
auditory, external, 47, 66, 69, 71, 96

internal, 65, 68, 69, 96
nasal, common, 78, 96
inferior, 90, 94
middle, go, 94
superior, 90, 94
nasi communis, 78, 96
inferior, 90, 94
medius, 90, 94
superior, 90, 94
nasophar3ngeal, 90
nasopharyngeus, 90
Medulla ossium, 11

Membrane of the anterior fontanelle, 104
Mesosternum, 41
Metacarpus, 106, 118
Metatarsus, 107, 140
Metasternum, 41

Nares, posterior, 48, 93, 96

Nasal aperture, anterior, 46, 48, 90, 91, 93

posterior, 48, 93, 96
Neck, anatomical, of the humerus, 112
of the astragalus, 143
of the femur, 132-134
of the inferior maxillary bone, 84, 85
of the mandible, 84, 85
of the radius, 115
of the scapula, no
surgical, of the humerus, U2
Necks of the ribs, 40
tNorma frontalis, 46, loi
t lateralis, 47, loi

t verticalis, loi

Notch, cotyloid, 130
clavicular, 41
ethmoidal, 76, 77
great sciatic, 128, 129
iliosciatic, 128, 129
interclavicular, 40
jugular, of the occipital bone, 56, 89

of the temporal bone, 63
lachrymal, 80
nasal, 80
parietal, 62, 63
popliteal, 137
pterygoid, 58, 89
of Rivinus, 62, 64, 70, 71
sciatic, 129
sigmoid, 84
small sciatic, 129
sphenopalatine, 83
supra-orbital, 74, 76
suprascapular, no
vertebral, inferior, 25, 27
superior, 27
Notochord, 34
"Nutcracker face," 87
Nutrient artery, 20

Occiput, 47
Odontoid process, 29
Olecranon, 114, 115
Optic vesicle, primary, 102
Orbit, entrance to the, 48, 98
Orbital orifice, height, loi
width, loi
Orbitosphenoid, 61
Orbits, the, 92-95, 98
Orifice of the Eustachian tube, tympanic, 66

Os vel ossa :
t acetabuli, 131
t antibrachii, 106, 114-110

development of, II7
brevia, 16, 17

development of, 21
capilatum, 119-121
calcis, 17, 142, 143

development of, 146, 147
carpi, 120, 121

development of, 123
centrale carpi, 120
coccygis, 24, 32, 33, 125, 120

development of, 35
costale, 38, 39
coxae, 107, 128-130

development of, 13;
cranii, 52-104

cerebralis, 52
t cruris, 107, 136-138

development of, 139
cuboideum, 14^, 144
cuneiforme primuni, 141, 142, 14,/;
secundum, 142, 144
tertium, 17, 142, 144
ethmoidale, 52, 78
faciei, 53
frontale, 52, 74-76

development of, 77
hamatum, 119-121
hj-oideum, 87
ilium, 19, 124-126
t incse, 100

incisivum, 82, 97
t infracoracoideum, in

innominatum, 107, 128-130

development of, 13J
interparietale, 100
ischii, 124-126
lacrimale, 53, 79, 90-92, 95
longa, 12-15
lunatuni, ng, 120
magnum, 119-121
metacarpale I., 106, 119
metacarpalia, 119, 122

development of, 123
nietatarsale I., 107, 142
metatarsalia, 142, 145

development of, 146, J47
multangulum niajus, 119-121
minus, 1 19-121
nasale, 53, 79, 90, 91
naviculare manus, ng, 120

pedis, 142, 144
occipitale, 52, 54-56

development of, 57
palatinum, 53, 83
parietale, 19, 52, 72, 73

development of, 21
pisiforme, n8-i2o
planum, 78, 91, 92, 94
plana, 19
pubis, 124-126
sacrum, 24, 30-33, 125, 126

development of, 35
sesamoidea manus, 118

pedis, 140, 141
sphenoidale, 52, 58-60

development of, oi
suprasternalia, 41
suturarum, ico
tarsi, 17, 143, 144
temporale, 52, 62-69

development of, 70, 71
trigonum. 143
triquetrum, 119, 120
zygomaticum, 53, 83
" Osseous corpuscles," 10
Ossification, intracartilaginous, 20
intramembranous, 21

•X.

INDEX

160rt

Ossification of the Y-shaped cartilage of the acetabulum, 131

Osteologj, 7 et seg.

Ostium tympanicum tubse auditiva, 66

Palate, hard, 48, 94, 96, 97
Palatum durum, 48, 94, 96, 97
Paries carotica cavi tympani, 65, 66
inferior orlrita, 93, 98, 99
jugularis cavi tympani, 66
labyrinthica cavi tympani, 65, 66
lateralis orbitoe, 98
mastoidea cavi tympani, 66
medialis orbitae, 98
superior orbitae, 92, 98
tegmentalis cavi tympani, 65
Pars alveolaris mandibulae, 84-86
basilaris ossis occipitalis, 54-57
cupularis recessus epitympanici, 64
horizontalis ossis palatini, 83, 90, 91, 97
lateralis ossis occipitalis, 54, 56, 57

sacn, 30, 31
mastoidea ossis temporalis, 62-64, 70, 71
nasalis ossis frontalis, 74, 77
orbitalis ossis frontalis, 75-77, 94, 98
perpendicularis ossis palatini, 83, 90, 91, 97, 99
petrosa ossis temporalis, 62-64, 7°. 71
tjmpanica ossis temporalis, 62, 64, 65, 71
Patella, 107, 136
Pecten ossis pubis, 128
Pedicle of the neural arch, 25, 26
Pelvic brim or inlet, 124, 125, 127
girdle, 107, 124-126
outlet, 126, 127
Pelvis, 124, 127

axis of, 127
diameters of, 127
false, 124, 125
female, 124
major, 124, 125
male, 125, 126
measurements of, 127
minor, 124, 125, 127
t muliebris, 124

true, 124, 125, 127
t virilis, 125, 126

Perichondrium, 20
Periosteum, 11, 20

Petrosal ganglion, depression for, 62, 65
Petrous portion of the temporal bone, 62-64, ^Ti 70> 7^
Phalanges digitorum manus, 106, 118, 119, 122

development of, 123
pedis, 107, 140-142, 145

development of, 146, 147
hallucis, 107
pollicis, 106
Phalanges of the fingers, 106, 118, 119, 122

development of, 123
of the great toe, 107
of the thumb, 106
of the toes, 107, 140-142, 145

development of, 146, 147
Pit, olfactory, 102
Plane, nuchal, 48, 55, loo

occipital, 55, 100
Planum nuchale, 48, 55, 100
occipitale, 55, 100
popliteum, 132
t sternale, 36

temporale, 47, 72
Plate, cribriform, 78, 90, 91, 94

of the ethmoid bone, orbital, 78, 91, 92, 94
vertical, 78, 91, 94, 95
of the frontal bone, orbital, 75-77, 94, 98
of the palate bone, horizontal, S3, 90, 91, 97
palate, 83, 90, 91, 97
vertical, 83, 90, 91, 97, 99
pterj'goid, external, 58, 60, 61, 99

internal, 58, 61
tympanic, 62, 64, 65, 71
Ponticulus promontorii, 67

Portion, nasal, of the frontal bone, 74, 77
Poms acusticus externus, 47, 48, 62

internus, 63, 65, 68, 70
Postsphenoid, 61
Premaxilla, 82, 97
Presphenoid, 61
Presternum, 41
Process or processes :
accessory, 27
alar, 78, 94
articular, of the sacrum, superior, 30-32

of the vertebrae, inferior, 25-27, 29
superior, 2527, 29
* of the astragalus, external, 143

posterior, 141, 143
trochlear, 143
_ basilar, of the occipital bone, 54-57, 60
cHnoid, anterior, 58-60
middle, 59, 60
posterior, 58, 59
cochleanform, 64-68
coracoid, no, in
coronoid (of the mandible), 84, 86

(of the ulna), 114
costal, 27
ensifomi, 41
ethmoidal, 79, 90

of frontal bone, external angular, 75-77
humular, of the lachrymal bone, 79, 98

of the sphenoid bone, 58, 60, 95
intrajugular, of the occipital bone, 63
of the temporal bone, 56
jugular, 54, 56, 89
lachrymal, 79, go
of the malar bone, frontal, 83

marginal, 83
orbital, 83, 98
temporal, 83
mamillary, 27

mastoid, 48, 62, 64, 67, 71, 88
maxillary, of the inferior turbinate bone, 79 99
nasal, of the palate bone, 83, 99
of the maxillary bone (inferior), alveolar, 84-86

coronoid, 84-86
(superior), alveolar, 80, 82, 99
malar, 80, 82
nasal, 80, 81, 91
palatine, 80-82, 90,

91.97
odontoid, 29

of the palate bone, orbital, 83, 90-92, 98, 99
pyramidal, 83, 97, 99
sphenoidal, 83, 90, 91
paramastoid, 88
paroccipital, 88
pterygoid, 48, 58-61, 91, 92
pterygospinous, 60, 91
spinous, of the sphenoid bone, 58-61, 93

(of vertebrae), 25-27
styloid, of the fibula, 138
of the radius, 115
of the temporal bone, 48, 62, 64
of the third metacarpal bone, 122
of the ulna, 114, 115
transverse, 25, 26, 28
tympanic, anterior, 70, 71

posterior, 70
unciform, of the unciform bone, 118, 121
uncinate, 78, 90, 94, 95, 99
ungual, of the phalanges of the fingers, 122

of the toes, 141, 145
vaginal, of the sphenoid bone, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91

of the temporal bone, 64, 70, 71
xiphoid, 41
Processus accessorius, 27
alaris, 78, 94

alveolaris (maxillae), 80, 82, 99
■ articularis inferior vertebrarum, 25-27, 29
superior ossis sacri, 30-32
! vertebrarum, 25-27, 29

I clinoideus, anterior, 58-60

aoa

1606

INDEX

Processus clinoidcus, mediiis, 50, 60

posterior, 58, 59
cochleariformis, 65, 66, 68
condyloideus, 84, 85
coracoideiis, no, in
coronoideus mandibulse, 84-86

ulnae, 114
costanus, 27
ethmoidalis, 79, 90
frontalis, 80, 81, 91
froiitosphenoidalis, 83
- intrajugularis ossis occipitalis, 56
temporalis, 63
jugularis, 54, 56, 89
lacriiiialis, 79, 90
lateralis tali, 143

tuberis calcanei, 141, 143
luaniillaris, 27
marginalis, S3
- mastoideus, 48, 62, 64, 67, 71, 88
maxillaris, 79, 99

medialis tuberis calcanei. 141, 143
nasalis ossis palati, 83, 99
orbitalis, 83, 90-92, 98, 99
palatinus, 80-82, 90, 91, 97
parpnjastoideus, 88
poReeitor tali, 141, 143
pterygoideus, 48, 58-61, 91, 92
pterygospinosus [Civinini], 60, 91
pyraniidalis, 83, 97, 99
sphenoidalis, 83, 90, 91
spinosus, 25-27

styloideus ossis nietacarpalis III., 122
temporalis, 48, 63,64
radii, 115
ulnte, 114, 115
temporalis, 83
transversus, 25, 26, 28
trochlearis, 143
t tympanicus, anterior, 70, 71

posterior, 70
t uncinatus, 78, 90, 94, 95, 99

vaginalis, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91
xiphoideus, 41
zygomaticus maxillte, 80, 82

ossis frontalis, 75-77

temporalis, 62-64, 70^ 7'
Prominence of the aqueduct of Fallopius, 66

of the external semicircular canal, 66, 67
styloid, 64
Prominentia canalis facialis, 66

semicircularis lateralis, 66, 67
styloidea, 64
Promontorium (cavi tympani), 66-68

(columnse vertebralis), 24, 124
Promontory of the tympanum, 66-68

sacral, 24, 124
Protovertebrse, 34
Protuberance, mental, 84-86

occipital, external, 48, 55, 56
internal, 49, 54, 57,
Protuberantia mentalis, 84-86

occipitalis externa, 48, 55, 56

interna, 49, 54, 57, .89
Pterygoid plate, external, 58, 60, 61, 99

internal, 58, 61
Pubis, the, 124-126
Pyramid of the tympanum, 66, 67, 69
Pj'ramis [pars petrosa] ossis temporalis, 62-64, 7o> 71

Radius, 13, 106, J15, 116

development of, 117
Radix arcus vertebrae, 25, 26
Ramus, inferior ossis ischii, 128, 130
pubis, 128, 130
of the ischium, inferior, 128, 130

superior, 128
mandibulse, 84-87

Ramus of the pubis, ascending, 128

descending, 128, 130
inferior, 128, 130
superior, 12S
superior ossis ischii, 128
pubis, 128
Recess, elliptical, 69

epi tympanic, 64, 69, 70
spheno-ethmoidal, 90, 92
Recessus ellipticus, 69

epitympanicus, 64, 69, 70
spheno-ethmoidalis, 90, 92
Ribs, the, 36-40

asternal, 36, development of, 42
false, 36
floating, 36
sternal, 36
true, 36
Ridge or ridges :

of the carpus, radial, 118
ulnar, 118
* cruciform, internal, 54

gluteal, 132

for the interarticular costocentral ligament, 40
intermediate, of the crest of the ilium, 128, 130
interosseous, of the fibula, 138

of the tibia, 136-1,18
intertrochanteric, 132, 133
mylohyoid, 85
of the neck of the rib, 40
orbital, 80, 98
pectoral, 112
postauricular, 62
superciliar}', 46, 48, 74
supinator (of the ulna), 114
transverse, of the sacrum, 30
of the trapezium, iiS, 121
trapezoid, 109
Ring, tympanic, 70, 103, 104
Roof of the skull, 50

of the tympanum, 65
Rostrum, sphenoidal, 58-61, 91

primitive, 61
Row of teeth, 48

Sacrum, the, 24, 30-33, 125, 126
development of, 35
apex of the, 30, 31
Scapula, the, 106, laS, no

development of, ni
Sella turcica, 60, and footnote
Seniicanalis musculi tensoris tympani, 64, 66, 67, 70

tubae auditiva;, 64, 66, 67, 69
Septa, interalveolar, 82, 84

Septum between the canal for the tensor tympani muscle
and the Eustachian canal, 64-68
canalis musculotubarii, 64, 66, 67
of the frontal sinuses, 76, 94
nasi osseum, 46, 91-93, 96
of the nose, bony, 46. 91-93, 96
sinuum frontalium, 76, 94
sphenoidalium, 60, 93
sphenoidal, 60, 93
Shaft of the femur, 132, 133
of the fibula, 138
of the humerus, 112
of the radius, n5
of the tibia, 136, 137
of the ulna, n4
Shafts of the metacarpal bones, 122
of the metatarsal bones, 145
of the phalanges of the fingers, 122

of the toes, 145
of the ribs, 40
Shoulder-girdle, 106, 108
Sinciput, 47
tSinus cervicalis, 102

frontalis, 76, 77, 90, 91, 94, 95
maxillaris, 80-82, 93-95, 97, 99
posterior (cavi tympani), 64, 66, 67

INDEX

\&)c

Sinus sphenoidalis, 60, 61, 9093
tarsi, 140
t3'mpani, 66, 67
Skeleton, appendicular, 105-147
axial, 23-104

extreniitatis inferioris, 105, 107, 124-147
superioris, 105, 106, 108-123
of the foot, 140-142

development of, 746, 147
of the hand, 118, 119

development of, 123
human, 22

of the lower limb, 105, 107, 124-127
t nianus, ir8, 119

development of, 123
+ pedis, 140-142

development of, 146, 147
trunci, 23-43
of the trunk, 23-43
of the upper limb, 105, 106, 108-123
Skull (see also " Cranium ") :
cap, 50

measurements of, loi
views of:

base, external, 48
internal, 49
front, 46, loi
roof, inner, 50
side, 47, loi
top, lOI
Small wing of the sphenoid, 58-61
Space, interosseous, of the forearm, 106, 1 16

of the leg, 107
Spaces, intercostal, 36
Spatia intercostalia, 36
tSpatium interosseum antibrachii, 106, 116
t cruris, 107

Sphenoid bone, 58-60

development of, 61
Spina vel spins:

angularis, 58-61, 93
t ethmoidalis, 59

frontalis, y4-TJ, 90, 91
iliaca anterior inferior, 128, 129
superior, 128-130
posterior inferior, 128, 129
superior, 128, 129
ischiadica, 128, 129
mentalis, 84, 85, 96
t musculi recti lateralis, 5S

nasalis anterior, 46, 47, 80, 90, 91, 93, 97

posterior, 90, 91, 97
palatini, 82, 97
scapulae, no
suprameatum, 62
trochlearis, 76, 98
t3nipanica major, 64, 71

minor, 64, 70, 71
Spine, ethmoidal, of the sphenoid bone, 59
iliac, anterior inferior, 128, 129
superior, 128-130
posterior inferior, 128, 129
superior, 128, 129
of the ischium, 128, 129
for the lower head of the external rectus muscle of

the eyeball, 58
mental, 84, 85, 96
nasal, anterior, of the superior maxillary bone, 46,

47. 90. 91. 93. 97
of the frontal bone, 74-77, 90, 91
posterior, 90, 91, 97
palatine, 90, 91, 97
peroneal, of the astragalus, 143
pharjngeal, 56
pubic, 130
of the scapula, no
of the sphenoid bone, 58-61, 93
suprameatal, 62
of the tibia, 136, 137
trochlear, 76, 98

Spine, tympanic, anterior, 64, 71

posterior, 64, 70, 71
•Spines, palatine, 82, 97
Spongy bone, sphenoidal, 58, 59, 6i
Squama frontalis, 74-77
occipitalis, 54-57
temporalis, 62-64, 7°. 7i
Squamous portion of the frontal bone, 74-77
of the occipital bone, 54-57
of the temporal bone, 62-64, 70, 71
Sternum, 41

development of, 42
Subiculum proniontorii, 67
Substance of bone, cortical, 19, 20
Substantia compacta, 11-17, 19
corticalis, 19, 20
spongiosa, 11- 17, 19
SuIcusT^;? sulci :

arteriae occipitalis, 62, 71

temporalis mediae, 62
vertebralis, 29
arteriosi, 50, 73
calcanei, 143

canaliculi mastoidei, 62, 65
caroticus, 58, 59
carpi, 118
chiasmatis, 59
costse, 40

ethmoidalis, 79, 91
hamuli pterygoidei, 58
infra-orbitalis, 80, 93, 94, 98, 99
intertubercularis, 112
lacrimalis maxillae, 80, 82, 91, 98

ossis lacrimalis, 79, 92 •

lateral, 45, 54, 56, 63, 64, 73, 88, 89
longitudinal, 54, 73, 75, 88, 89
mallei, 70 '

malleolaris (tibiae), 136

musculi flexoris hallucis longi (calcanei), 141, 143

(tali), 141, 143
peronaei longi (calcanei), 143

(ossis cuboidei), 140, 141, 144
mylohyoideus, 85

nervi petrosi superficialis majoris, 63, 64
minoris, 63, 64
radial is, 112
spinalis, 26
ulnaris, 112
obturatorius, 128
olfactorius, 90
palatini, 82, 97
paraglenoidalis, 128
petrosal, inferior, 56, 62, 63, 88
superior, 63
t petrosquamosus, 64

petrosus inferior, 88

ossis occfpitaiis, 56

temporalis, 62, 63
superior, 63
t praeauricularis, 128

promontorii, 67
f pterygopalatinus maxillae, 80

ossis palatini, 83

sphenoidalis, 58
sagittalis (ossis frontalis), 75, 88
(ossis occipitalis), 54, 89
(ossis parietalis), 73
sigmoideus, 49, 56, 63, 64, 88, 89
subclaviae, 40
tali, 143
transversus ossis occipitalis, 49, 54, 56, 89

parietalis, 73
tubae auditivae, 48
tympanicus, 64, 66, 69, 70
venosus, 50
Supra-occipital bone, note to p. 57

portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, and
note, p. 57
Surface, articular, of the astragalus, superior, 143

of the external malleolus, 137, 138

I60d

INDEX

Surface, articular, of the head of the fibula, 138
of the internal malleolus, 137
of the patella, 136
of the radius, for the ulna, 115
of the tibia, for the head of the fibula,
136, 137
inferior or distal, 137
superior or proximal, 137
auricular, of the ilium, 128

of the sacrum, 31, 32
of the femur, anterior, 132, 133
patellar, 132-134
popliteal, 132
postero-external, 132, 133
postero-internal, 132, 133
of the fibula, anterior,

external, 138
internal, 138
posterior, 138
of the foot, dorsal, 140
plantar, 141
of the frontal bone, anterior, 74
cerebral, 75
frontal, 74
orbital, 76
posterior, 75
temporal, 74, 77
of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, cerebral,

58, 61
of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, orbital,

58-61, 98
of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, spheno-
maxillary, 58, 99
» of the great wing of the sphenoid bone, temporal,
58-61, and note, p. 59
of the hand, dorsal, 119

palmar, 118
of the humerus, antero-external, 112
antero-internal, 112
posterior, 112
of the malar bone, malar, 83
orbital, 83
outer, 83

temporozygomatic, 83
patellar (of the femur), 132-134
of the parietal bone, cerebral, 73
external, 72
internal, 73
parietal, 72
temporal, 47, 72
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone,

anterior, 65
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone,

inferior, 65
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone,

posterior, 65
pophteai, 132

of the pubic symphisis, 128
of the radius, anterior, 114-116
external, 114-116
posterior, 114- 116
of the sacrum, dorsal, 31, 32

pelvic, 30, 32, 125
posterior, 126
of the scapular, anterior, no
posterior, no
of the squamous portion of the temporal bone,

cerebral, 63, 64
of the squamous portion of the temporal bone,

temporal, 62, 63
of the sternum, anterior, 36
of the superior maxillary bone, anterior, 80

facial, 80
nasal, 80
orbital, 80
zygomatic, 80, 99
temporozygomatic, 58-61, and note, p. 59
of the tibia, external, 136-138
internal, 136, 138
posterior, 136-138

Surface, of the ulna, anterior, 114, n6
internal, IT4
posterior, 1 14
of the vertical plate of the palate-bouC; external, 83

internal, 83
nasal, S3
zygomatic, 58-61, and note, p. 59
Sustentaculum tali, 140, 141, 143
Sutura coronalis, 46, 47, 49, 50, fvS, 100

ethnioideomaxillaris, 98

frontalis, 77

fronto-ethmoidalis, 49, 98

frontolacriuialis, 91, 98

frontomaxillaris, 46, 98

incisiva, 48, 82, 97

infra-orbitalis, 80

intermaxillaris, 46

internasalis, 46, 92

lacrimocouchalis, go, 95
t lacrimo-ethmoidalis, 91, 98

lacrimomaxillaris, 91, 98 ■

lambdoidea, 47, 50, 89, 100
t mendosa, 55, 57, 104

nasofrontalis, 46, 90-92, 98

nasomaxillaris, 46, 47
t occipitalis transversa, 100

occipitomastoidea, 47-49, 88, 89, 100

palatina mediana, 96, 97

transversa, 90, 91, 96, 97

palato-ethmoidalis, 99

palatomaxillaris, 98

parietomastoidea, 47, 49, 89, 100

sagittal is, 50, 88, 100

spteno-ethmoidalis, 49, 98, 99

sphenofrontalis, 47

spheno-orbitalis, 49, 98

sphenoparietalis, 46, 47, 88

sphenosquamosa, 46-49, 88

sphneozygomatica, 47, 98

squamosa, 46, 47, 88

squaniosomastoidea, 62, 70, 71

zygomaticofrontalis, 46, 47, 92

zygomaticomaxillaris, 46, 47

zygomaticotemporalis, 46, 47
Suture, coronal, 46, 47, 49, 50, 88, 100

ethmoidomaxillary, 98

frontal, 77

fronto-ethmoidal, 49, 98

frontolachrymal, 91, 98

frontomalar, 46, 47, 92

frontoniaxillary, 46, 98

frontoparietal, 46, 47, 49, 50, 88, joo

infra-orbital, 80

intermaxillar}', 46

interparietal, 50, 88, 100

internasal, 46, 92

lachrymo-ethmoidal, 91, 98

lachryniomaxillary, 91, 98

lachrymoturbinal, 90, 95

lainbdoid, 47, 50, 89, 100

malomaxillary, 46, 47
• mendosa, 55, 57, 104, and note to p. 5?

metopic, 77

nasofrontal, 46, 90-92, 98

nasomaxillary, 46, 67

occipital, transverse, 55, 57, 100, 104, and note to

P-57
occipitomastoid, 47-49, 88, 89, 100
occipitoparietal, 47, 50, 89, 100
palatine, anterior, 48, 82, 97

median, 96, 97

middle, 96, 97

posterior, 90, 91, 96, 97

transverse, 90, 91, 96, 97
palato-ethnioidal, 99
palatomaxillary, 98
parietomastoid, 47, 49, 89, 100
petrosphenoidal, 48, 49
premaxillary, 48, 82, 97
sagittal, 50, 88, 100

INDEX

\&Qe

Suture, spheno-ethmoida], 49, 98, 99
sphenofrontal, 47
sphenomalar, 47, 98
splieno-orbital, 49, 98
sphenoparietal, 46, 47, 88
sphenosquamous, 46-49, 88
squamosomastoid, 62, 70, 71
squamous, 46-48
temporoniaiar, 46, 47
Symphysis ossium pubis, 125

pubic, 125
Synchondrosis epiphyseos, 20

intersphenoidalis, 61
intra-occipitalis, anterior, 57

posterior, 57
occipitosphenoidal, 49
spheno-occipitalis, 49
sternalis, 41

Table, inner, of the bones of the skull, 19, 50
of the frontal bone, 75-77
outer, of the bones of the skull, 19, 50
of the frontal bone, 75, 76
Tabular portion of the occipital bone, 54-57, and note,

P-57
Talus, 17, 142, 143
Tarsus, 107, 140

Tegmen tympani, 64, 65, 69-71, 96
Thorax, 36, 37
Tibia, 15, 18, 107, 136, 137

development of, 139
Tissue of bone, cancellous, 11-17, 19

compact, 11-17, 19
Toes, skeleton of, 140, 141
Tooth-sockets of the lower jaw, 84
of the upper jaw, 82
•Torus occipitalis, 100

* palatinus, 96 1

Tiactus spiralis foraminulentus, 64i
Trapezium, the, 119-121
Trochanter, great, 132-134
major, 132-134
minor, 132, 133
small, 132, 133
tertius, 133
third, 133
Trochlea humeri, 112

phalangis manus, lar

pedis, 145
tali, 140, 143
Tuber calcanei, 140, 141, 143, 147
cochleae, 66-68
frontale, 46, 74, 77, 104
ischiadicum, 128-130
maxillare, 80-82, 99
parietale, 72, 104
Tubercle of the atlas, anterior, 29
posterior, 29
carotid, 24
of the cervical vertebrte, anterior, 26

posterior, 26, 29
conoid, 109
infraglenoid, no
of the ischium, 128-130
of Lisfranc, 40
mental, 84, 85, 96
obturator, anterior, 128

posterior, 128, 130
pharj'ngeal, 56
of the posterior process of the astragalus,

external, 143
of the posterior process of the astragalus,

internal, 143
of the ribs, 37, 40
scalene, 40

of the spine of the tibia, inner, 137
outer, 137
supraglenoid, no

Tubercle of the tibia, 136, 137

of the tuberosity of the calcaneuni, inner, 141, 143

outer, 141, 143
Tuberculum anterius atlantis, 29

vertebraruni cervicalium, 96
articulare, 62
caroticum, 24
costae, 37, 40

intereondyloideum laterale, 137
mediale, 137
jugulare, 54, 56
f laterale tali, 143

majus, 112
t mediale tali, 143

mentale, 84, 85, 96
minus, 112
obturatorium anterius, 128

posterius, 128, 130
ossis multanguli majoris, 118, 121
navicularis manus, 118, 120
pharyngeum, 56
posterius atlantis, 29

vertebraruni cervicalium, 26, 29
pubicum, 130
scaleni [Lisfranci], 40
sellse, 59-61
Tuberositas coracoidea, 109
costiE II., 40
costalis, 109
deltoidea, 112
glutsea, 132
iliaca, 128, 129
infraglenoidalis, no
masseterica, 84, 86
ossis cuboidei, 141, 144
nietacarpalis V., 122
metatarsalis I., 141, 145

v., 140, 141, 145
navicularis pedis, 140, 141, 144
pterygoidea, 85
radii, 115, 116
sacralis, 31
supraglenoidalis, no
tibiae, 136, 137
ulnae, 114
unguicularis phalangum digitorum (manus),

122
unguicularis phalangum digitorum pedis, 141,

145
Tuberosity, costal, 109

of the cuboid bone, 141, 144
of the femur, external, 132, 134
internal, 132, 133
of the fifth metacarpal bone, 122
of the first metatarsal bone, 141, 145
of the fifth metatarsal bone, 140, 141, 145
of the humerus, great, 112
small, 112
of the ilium, 128, 129
masseteric, 84, 86
of the navicular bone, 140, 141, 144
of the OS calcis, 140, 141, 143, 147
of the palate-bone, 83, 97, 99
pterygoid, internal, 85-.
of the radius, 115, 116
of the sacrum, 31
of the scaphoid bone, 118, 120
of the superior maxillary bone, 80-84, 99
of the tibia, external, 136, 137
internal, 136, 137
of the trapezium, iiS, 121
of the ulna, 114
Turbinate bone, sphenoidal, 58, 59, 61

orbital border of the, 59
Tympanic plate, 62, 64, 65, 71
ring, 70, 103, 104
sinus, 66, 67
. spine, anterior, 64, 71

posterior, 64, 70, 71
sulcus, 64, 66, 69, 70

160/

INDEX

Ulna, the, 13, 106, 114, 116
development of, 117

Vaginal process of the temporal bone, 64, 70, 71

of the sphenoid bone, 58, 59, 61, 90, 91
Vagina processus styloidei, 64, 70, 71
Venter of the scapula, 1 10
Vertebra or vertebrte :

cervical, 24, 26, 29

seventh, 29
development of, 34, 55
dorsal, 24, 25, 28
first, 28
eleventh, 28
tvpelfth, 28
lumbar, 24, 27, 28

fifth, 28, 33
prominens, 24
sacral, 24, 30-32
structure, 16
thoracales, 24, 25, 28
thoracalis I., 28
XL, 28
XII., 28
Vertex, 46, 47

Vesicle, optic, primary, 102

umbilical, 102
Vestibulum labyri thi, 65, 68, 69
Vomer, 53, 79, 91, 94, 95

Wall of the orbit, external, 98

inferior, 93, 98
internal, 98
superior, 92, 98
of the tympanum, carotid, 65, 66
inner, 65, 66
jujjular, 66
labyrinthine, 65, 66
mastoid, 66
superior (roof), 65
Wing of the ilium, 130

of the sphenoid, great, 58-61
small, 58-61

Xiphisternum, 41

Zygoma, 46 48, 62-64, 70, 71, 96
'Zygomatic width,' loi

AN ATLAS

HUMAN ANATOMY

FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS

CARL TOLDT, M.D.

ASSISTED BV

PROFESSOR ALOIS DALLA ROSA, M.D.

a5apte& to Enolfsb an& American anJ> international UernUnoIogs

M. EDEN PAUL, M.D. Brux., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

SECOND SECTION

C. ARTHROLOGY

(FIGURES 378 TO 489 AND INDEX)

REVISED EDITION

NEW YORK

REBMAN COMPANY

141, 143 AND 145 WEST 36th STREET

SYNDESMOLOGIA

ARTHROLOGY

THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL

»I 2

164

THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL

Sutural substance

Sagittal or interparietal •

suture ^

Sutura sagittalis *

_ Parietal bone

' Os parietale

Anterior or frontal border
'Margo frontalis

Fig. 378.— Sutura Serrata— Serrated or Dentated Suture.

y^tf^-

m»

y^^-—

Squamous or temporo-
parietJil suture

Sutura squamosa

Parietomastoid suture —
Sutura parietomastoidea

External auditory aperture -

Porus acusticus externus

-Sutural substance

Parietal bone (inferior or
squamous border)

Os parietale
(margo squamosus)

Squamous portion of the temporal bone

Squama temporalis

_ Zygoma

~ Processus zygomaticus

Fig. 379- — Sutura Squamosa — Squamous or Scaly Suture.

Frontonasal suture ^.

Sutura nasofrontalis

Prontomaxillary suture __

Sutura frontomaxillaris

Nasal process of the superior maxillary bone

Processus frontalis maxilla;

Harmonia (Lachrymomaxillary suture),,
Harmonia (Sutura lacrimomaxillaris)
Nasal bone
Os nasale

Orbital plate of the frontal bone

Os frontale (pars orbitalis)

Frontolachrymal suture ]
"Sutura frontolacrimalis [ Harmonic sutures

Lachrjrmo-ethmoidal suture I Ilarmoniae
"Sutura lacrimo-ethmoidalis)

—Lachrymal bone
Os lacrimale

Fig. 380.— Harmonia— Harmonic Suture.

Synarthrosis, or Continuous Articulation.

THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL

165

Cranial dura mater

Dura mater encephali"

Dorsum sellse _ _, „»^^„-„ .

Dorsum sellae "" "/MJ^0ii^^'2^

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis M& ffiS»f=!.J'<'i«?AV>

Synchondrosis spheno-occipitalis

Basilar portion of the occipital bone -

Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis

Body of the
sphenoid bone

Corpus ossis
sphenoidalis

Ala of the vomer

Ala vomeris

^Vertical plate of the ethmoid bone

— Cartilage of the septum of the nose

Septum nasi cartilagineum

.The vomer

Vomer

.Nasal crest of superior maxillary bone

Crista nasalis

Fig. 381— Synchondrosis, (The Spheno-occipital "Synchondrosis of a Girl at the
Age of Two Years; Median Sagittal Section.)

Periosteum
Periosteum

"Sod OB pubis

Superior pubic ligament

Lig. pubicum superius

Interpubic disc

-Lamina fibrocartilaginea
interpubica

i The inferior pubic or subpubic ligament

Lig. arcuatum pubis

Fig. 382.— Symphysis. (The Pubic Symphysis ; Frontal Section, Posterior Portion,

)

iUveolus or socket of the tooth.

Alveolus dentis

Interalveolar septum
Septum interalveolare

,Boot of the tooth
Radix dentis

-^ Dental periosteum

Periosteum alveolare
-Interalveolar septum

Septum interalveolare

Fig. 383.— Gomphosis.

Synarthrosis, or Continuous Articulation.

166

THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL

Second metacarpal bone-

Os metacarpale II.

Point of intersection of the axes^
of adduction and abduction

Axis of flexion of the metacarpo-
phalangeal articulation

Lateral ligament •-'
Lig. coUaterale

Proximal articular surface of/
the first phalanx

^-Jr.': \

Axis of flexion of the proximal .
interphalangeal articulation

Lateral ligament^

Lig. collaterale

Second phalanx .

Phalanx II.

Axis of flexion of the distal inter-
phalangeal articulation

Third phalanx.
Phalanx III.

Centre of the head of the metacarpal bone
(axis of flexion of the metacarpo-phalangeal
articulation)

Third phalanx
Phalanx III.

Distal interphalangeal
articulation
i Articulatio digiti distalis

Axes of flexion of the inter-
phalangeal articulations

Fig. 385. — Flexion. Lateral
Aspect.

Fig. 384. — Extension. Posterior
Aspect.

DiARTHROSis (Metacarpo-phalangeal Articulation). — Ginglymus, or Hinge Joint

(Articulations of th-e Fingers).

External malleolar surface

Fades malleolaris lateralis

Superior articular surface of the astragalus
Facies superior trochleae tali

Internal malleolar surface
/ Facies malleolaris medialis

Line completing the edge of-
the screw

Axis of the superior articular

surface of the astragalus (axis

of the screw = axis of rotation

of the ankle-joint)

Fig. 386. — Articulatio Cochlearis, Cochleoid or Scre Ginglymus. (Superior Articular
Surface of the Left Astragalus, seen from Behind, showing the Screw Form of the
Ankle-Joint.

Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation — Articulatio simplex, simple joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL

167

Lateral ligament

Lig. coUaterale

Capsule of the joint
Capsula articularis \

Axis of adduction and abduction

X Centre of the head (axis
,/ of flexion of the metacarpo-
phalangeal articulation)

..Second metacarpal bone
Os metacar ale II.

Fig. 387. — CONDYLARTHROSIS, OR CONDYLOID JOINT. (ThE MeTACARPO-PHALANGEAL ARTICULATION

OF THE Index-Finger; Lateral View.)

Point of intersection of the frontal axes of the,
occipital condyles (the axis of flexion and:
exteuBion, or nodding movement, of the head) i

,y Sagittal axis of the occipito-atlantal articulation
(axis of lateral flexion of the head)

Basilar portion of the occipital
bone

Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis

,.Capsule of the joint

Capsula articularis

Occipital condyle

Condylus occipitalis

-—-_. Superior articular surface of the atlas
Fovea articularis superior atlantis

— Lateral mass of the atlas

Massa lateralis atlantis

Fig. 388. — CONDYLARTHROSlS, OR CONDYLOID JOINT. (RlGHT OCCIPITO-ATLANTAL ARTICULATION ;

SEEN FROM THE OUTER SiDE.)

Ttie outer half of the lateral mass of the atlas has been removed by a sagittal section passing through

the joint.

Anteroposterior axis (axis of adduction and abduction

Badio-ulnar axis (axis of flexion
and extension)

Trapezium

Os multangulum majus

First metacarpal bone^
Os metacarpale I.

Fig. 389. — Articulatio Sellaris — Saddle Joint. (Articulatio Carpometacarpea Pollicis-

Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb.)

Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation — Articulatio simplex, simple joint.

168

THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL

Capsule of the joint

Capsula articularis

Froatal articular aziB (axis of flexion

Sagittal articular axis (axis of
adduction and abduction)

^Axis of rotation
'^Glenoid ligament

Axis of the neck of the humerua.

The humerus.

Humerus

Axis of the neck of
the htunerus

Articular cartilage of
the glenoid fossa

Glenoid ligament'
Labrum glenoidale

Fig. 390. — Enarthrosis,^ or Arthrodia ; Ball-and-Socket Joint. (The Right Shoulder-Joint

SEEN FROM BEFORE, THE ANTERIOR HaLF OF THE GLENOID FoSSA AND OF THE CAPSULE OF

THE Joint having been removed.)

Cotyloid ligament

Labrum glenoidale

Capsule of the joint

Capsula articularis

Great trochanter

Trochanter major

I^ntal articular axis
(axis of flexion)

Axis of the neck of
the femur

Articular cartilage of the
horseshoe-shaped articular
portion of the acetabulum

Sagittal articular axis (axis
*'*©&' V °^ adduction and abduction)

'i^viffy\ Interarticular or round
imX^' ligament

"JtS^T "'"'S' '^'^^'' femoris

Fossa of the acetabulum

Fossa acetabuli

Transverse ligament

"~ Lig. transversum acetabuli
(Labrum glenoidale)

TIbrous portion"!

Pars fibrosa | of the capsule of the joint
Synovial portion I capsula; articularis
Lars synovialis -'

The femur ||m

Femur |i| I

Axis of rotation

Fig. 391. — Enarthrosis/ or Arthrodia; Ball-and-Socket Joint. (The Right Hip-Joint seen
FROM Before, the Anterior Half of the Acetabulum and of the Capsule of the Joint
having been removed.)

* I have departed a little on this pa^e from the author's terminology, which differs slightly from that in use in England. Both the hip
and the shoulder joint are classed by him as examples of Articulatio sfh.*;koidea, Kufi^et^eiettk — lit., "ball joint "; one of these, the
shoulder-joint, in which the concave articular surface is considerably less than a hemisphere in extent, is called by him .4kthkod_ia, freies
Gelenk—\\V, " free joint "; while the other, the hip-joint, in which the concave articular .surface is considerably moretban a hemisphere in
extent, is called Enarthrosis, Nussgclenk — lit., " nut joint." English anatomists do not, as a rule, draw this distinction. The movements
of the hip and the shoulder joint are identical in character, and the greater extent of the rigid portion of the enveloping surface in the one case
than in the other has not been considered a difference sufficiently important to warrant a separation into two classes. Hence, in England
the terms Enarthrosis and Arthrodia are applied indifferently to all ball-and-socket joints.— Tk.

Diarthrosis, or Discontinuous Articulation — Articulatio simplex, simple joint ; articulatio

sphaeroidea,! ball-and-socket joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL

169

The radius

Radius

^ The ulna

' Ulna

The bones of the carpus (proximal row)

Axis of the transverse
carpal articulation

The bones of the carpus (distal row)

Saddle joint (carpometacarpal ,
joint of the thumb)

Articulatio sellaris (carpo-
metacarpea pollicis)

-jslntercarpal gliding joints

',-'' Amphiarthroses intercarpege

Axis of flexion of the Band
Axis of the wrist-joiat

. Qliding joints

Amphiarthroses

Fig. 392. — Articulatio Composita, Compound Joints (Articulations of the Hand). —
Amphiarthrosis = Arthrodia or Gliding Joint, as seen in the Intercarpal, Carpo-
metacarpal, AND Intermetacarpal Joint.

1 he arrows show the dorsal emergence of the axes of the wrist joint and of the transverse carpal

' articulation respectively.

The humerus

Humerus
Axis of the trochoid articulation
or pivot-joint (radio-ulnar)

Internal condyle
Epicondylus medialis

Internal lateral ligament /
of the elbow-joint '

Lig. collaterale ulnare

The ulna ..
Ulna

Centre of the capitellum
of the humerus

Axis of the trochlea of the humerug
(axis of flexion of the elbow joint)

Humeroradial articulation

Articulatio humeroradialis

Annular or orbicular ligament

Lig. annulare radii

-The radius

Radius

^"iG. 393. — Articulatio Trochoidea, Trochoid or Pivot Joint. — Ginglymus, Hinge Joint,

(Palmar Aspect of the Elbow-Joint.)

The radial half of the capitellum of the humerus has been removed by a sagittal section passing

through its centre of curvature.

Diarthrosis. or Discontinuous Articulation.
Amphiarthrosis, arthrodia or gliding joint— Articulatio composita, compound joint.

170

THE ARTICULATIONS IN GENERAL

Interarticular flbrocartilage (interclSlTlJament) I°t«'-^rticular fibrocartilage

Discus articularis

Syndesmosis
(lig. interclaviculare)

The clavicle
Clavicula

Syndesmosis (costo-
clavicular or rhomboid
ligament)

Syndesmosis (lig.
costoclaviculare)

First rib
Costa I.

Capsule of the joint

Capsula articularis

Discus articularis

Sternal articular facet of

the clavicle
Facies articularis sternalis
claviculae

Clavicular notch of the
sternum

Incisura clavicularis sterni

The two synovial cavities of the
sternoclavicular joint

The manubrium
Manubrium sterni

Fig. 394. — Syndesmosis. — Interarticular Fibrocartilage. (The Sternoclavicular

Articulation, Anterior Aspect.)

The right articulation is divided through the middle by a frontal secti n ; in the left, .ne front portion
of the capsule has been removed, and the clavicle has bgjen drawn backwards.

Syndesmosis (coraco-acromial ligament)

Syndesmosis (lig. coraco-acromiale)

The acromioTt

Acromion

Coracold process
Processus coracoideus

Syndesmosis (suprascapular ligament)

Syndesmosis (lig. transversum

scapulae superius)

Neck of the scapula

Collum scapulae

— Supraspinous fossa

Fossa supraspinata

Fig. 395. — Syndesmoses Scapula, Proper Ligaments of the Scapula ; seen from Above,

Syndesmosis, fibrous or gamentous union — Discus articularis, interarticular fibrocartilage.

JUNCTURy^ OSSIUM TRUNCI

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE

TRUNK

S2 — a

172

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

Intenrertebrai disc

Fibrocartilago intervertebralis

Body of the fourth lumbar

vertebra
Corpus vertebrae lumbalis IV.

Fig. 396. — FiBROCARTiLAGiNEs Intervertebrales, Intervertebral Discs. (Second, Third,
AND Fourth Lumbar Vertebrae; seen from Before.)

Ligamenta columnse vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

173

Ssterior common ligament

Ug. longitudinale anterius

Nuclens pulposus, or central pulpy
portion of the intervertebral disc

Posterior common ligament

Lig. longitudinale posterius- -

Superior articular process of
the third lumbar vertebra

Capsule of the joint of the articular---''
processes
Capsula articulationis intervertebralis

Inferior articular process of the second
lumbar vertebra

Inferior articular process of the third
lumbar vertebra

Spinous process of the second lumbar vertebra

Annulus fibrosus, or external

fibrolaminar portion of the

intervertebral disc

-Joint of the articular pro-
cesses
Articulatio intervertebralis

Ligamentum subflavum

Lig. flavum

Interspinous ligament
Lig interspinale

^ Supraspinous ligament

Lig. supraspinale

Fig. 397. — Intervertebral Disc between the Second Lumbar Vertebra and the Third.

(Lower Half of a Horizontal Section.)

columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column.

174

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

InterspinouB ligament
Lig. interspinale

Spinous process of the
twelfth dorsal vertebra

Supraspinous ligament-
Lig. supraspinale

Epiphysis of the spinous pro-
cess of the first lumbar
vertebra

Ligamenta 8ub&iVS

Ligg. flava

Body of the twelfth dorsal vertebra
I Corpus vertebras thoracalis XII.

Joint of the articular processes -'
Articulatio intervertebralis

Intervertebral foramen

Foramen intervertebrale

Layer of hyaline cartilage

Stratum cartilagineum

-Epiphysis of the vertebral
body

Anterior common ligament

Lig. longitudinale anterius

-'- ; Nucleus >

pulposus , ^, . .

I *^ '^ ! of the mter-

vertebral

I » 1 I ^'^"^
-^ Annulus

- ' fibrosus

Posterior common ligament

Lig. longitudinale posterius

Intervertebral disc

Fibrocartilago inter-
vertebralis

Fig. 398. — FiBROCARTiLAGiNEs Intervertebrales, Intervertebral Discs. Ligamenta Flava,

OR SUBFLAVA. LiGAMENTA InTERSPINALIA, InTERSPINOUS LIGAMENTS. LiGAMENTUM SUPRA-

spiNALE, Supraspinous Ligament. (Median Section through the Twelfth Dorsal
AND the First Lumbar Vertebra, Left Half.)

Ligamenta columnse vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

175

Capsule of the joint of the articular processes
Capsula articulationis intervertebralis

Arch of the first dorsal vertebra

Arcus vertebrae thoracalis I.

Surface of the section through
the pedicle

Superior articular process

Processus articularis superior

Costotransverse facet
' Fovea costalis transversalis

Ligamenta subflava

Ligg. flava

Capsule of the joint oi' the
articular processes

Capsula articulationis
intervertebralis

Fig. 399. — Ligamenta Flava, Ligamenta Subflava. Articulationes Intervertebrales,
Intervertebral Articulations. Of these Latter the Right are unopened, the
Left opened. (The Arches of the First Four Dorsal Vertebr-e, separated from
THE Bodies by a Frontal Section, Seen fIiom Before.)

Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column.

176

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

Pharyngeal tubercle'

iTuberculum pharyngeum

Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament
Membrana atlanto -occipitalis anterior —

First cervical vertebra
Vertebra cervicalis I.

First dorsal vertebra —
Vertebra thoracalis I.

Teadon of origin of the
longus colli muscle

Divided anterior costocentral }
or stellate ligaments i

Eleventla rib.
Costa XI

Posterior or internal intercostal^^
aponeurosis "~

Lig. intercostale internum

Costal portion of the dlaphrag^m
Pars costalis diaphragmatis

Crura or pillars of the diaphragm _

Lumbar fascia
Fascia lumbodorsalis""

Lumbar fascia .

Fascia lumbalis

Transversalis muscle
Musculus transversus abdominis

Iliolumbar ligament/

Lig. iliolumbale

Qreat sacrosciatic foramen.

Foramen ischiadicum majus

Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament

Lig. sacrospinosum

Small sacrosciatic foramen
Foramen ischiadicum minus /
Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament
Lig. sacrotuberosum

■30

c:
2;
o

m
za

Anterior common ligament
Lig. longitudinale anterius

Anterior superior costotransverse

ligameni
Lig. costotransversarium anterius

First Itunbar vertebr?

Vertebra lumbalis I.

' ■■" "■ -^ Lumbar fascia

"Lig. lumbocostale

Mliolumbar ligament

Lig. iliolumbale

\ Surface of the section through the
innominate bone

' U.S. : Pharyngeal spine.

Fig. 400. — LiGAMENTUM Longitudinale Anterius, the Anterior Common Ligament. Liga-
MENTUM Lumbocostale, Lumbocostal Ligament. (The Ventral Aspect of the
Vertebral Column, the Anterior Half of the Base of the Skull and the Anterior
Half of the Pelvis having been removed.)

Ligamenta columnae vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF 'I HE IRUNK

177

Basi-occipital and basi-
sphenoid

Corpus ossis basilaris

Anterior arch of the atlas
Arcus anterior atlantis

Odontoid process -'"'

Dens epistrophei

Spinal canal

Canalis vertebralis-

First dorsal vertebra
Vertebra thoracalis I."

-P^-

First lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lumbalis I.

External occipital
protuberance

Protuberantia
occipitalis externa

Ligamentum nucha

Spinous process of the
seventh cervical vertebra

Processus spinosus
vertebras prominentis

Supraspinous ligament

j'Lig. supraspinale

Occipital bone

' Os occipitale

Posterior or long
ocoipito-axial ligament-
Membrana tectoria
— First cervical vertebra
Vertebra cervicalis I.

First dorsal vertebra
"Vertebra thoracalis I.

Posterior common
ligament

"Lig. longitudinale
posterius

Sacral promontory_

Promontorium

First sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacrahs I. ^

FirsTi coccygeal verteb a

Vertebra coccygea I.

Vertical axis of the vertebral oolu nu

(Intervertebral foramina
i Foramina intervertebralia

Interspinous ligaments

'Ligg. interspinalia

— First lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lumbalis I.

Sacral canal

Canalis sacralis

Fig. 401. — Intervertebral Discs, Interspin-
ous Ligaments, Supraspinous Ligament,
Ligamentum Nuch^. Spinal Canal; Inter-
vertebral Foramina. Vertical Axis of
the Vertebrai, Column. (Median Section
through the Vertebral Column.)

.Sacral canal

Canalis sacralis

Lateral sacrococcygeal
ligament

Lig. sacrocnccygeuin laterab

-Interartlcular sacrococcygeal
ligament

Lig. sacrococcygeum articulare

'Deep posterior sacrococcygeal
ligament

Lig. .sacrococcygeum posterius
profundum

Fig. 402. — Posterior Common Ligament and
its Relation with the Posterior Occipito-
axial and the Deep Posterior Sacro-
coccygeal Ligaments. (The Vertebral
Column with the Spinal Canal opened by
the Removal of the Neural Arches;
seen from Behind.)

' Macalister calls this ligament ligamenttim latum axiale, the broad axial ligament. — Tr.

Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column.

17S

THE ARTICULATIONS UF THE TRUNK

Anterior costocentral or

stellate ligaments '.
Ligg. capitulonim radiata

.interior common ligament

Lig. longitudinale anterius

Intervertebral disc

Fibrocartilago intervertebrali:

Fourth dorsal vertebra

Vertebra thoracalis IV.

Costotransverse facets

Fovea: costales transversales

] Anterior costocentral or
f stellate ligaments

, -■] Ligg. capitiilorum radiata

Tenth dorsal vertebra
Vertebra thoracalis X.

Fig. 403. LiGAMENTUM LONGITUDINALIi ANTEKIUS, THE ANTERIOR COMMON LiGAMENT

OF THE Vertebral Column. (The Fourth to the Tenth Dorsal Vertebr-e ;
SEEN from Before.)

Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

179

Fifth lumbar vertebra
V»rtebra lumbalis V.

First sacral nerve
Nervus sacralis I

Spinal dura mater
Dura mater spinalis"

Fifth sacral nerve ^

Nervus sacralis V,

Coccygeal nerve ...

Nervus coccygeus

Filiform radiations connecting the

spinal dura mater with the lateral

wall of the sacral canal

Fourth posterior sacral foramen

Foramen sacrale posterius IV.
Filum terminale of the spinal dura mater
or central ligament of the spinal cord
Filum aura; matris spinalis

Coccygeal comu

Cornu coccygeum

Posterior common ligament

Lig. longitudinale posterius

Divided connexions of the posterior common
ligament with the spinal dura mater

Broken sagittal fibrous membranes

connecting the posterior common

ligament with the spinal dura

mater

Filiform connexions of the spinal

dura mater with the posterior

common ligament

Fibrous radiations connecting the

spinal dura mater with the lateral

wall of the sacral canal

Lowermost filiform connexions of the

spinal dura mater with the posterior

common ligament

Interarticular sacrococcygeal ligament

Lig. sacrococcygeum articulare

"^ ---. Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale

-,, Lateral coccygeal ligament

Lig. coccygeum laterale
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius profundum

7:.

Fig. 404. — Lumbar and Sacral Portions of the Posterior Common Ligament, and the

CONN-F.XIONS of this LiGAMENT WITH THE SPINAL DURA MATER AND WITH THE DeEP

Posterior Sacrococcygeal Ligament. (The Sacrum and the Lumbar Portion of the
Vertebral Column with the Spinal Canal laid open from Behind.)
The sacral portion of the dura mater has been drawn to the left side.

Ligamenta columnae vertebralis — The ligaments of the vertebral column.

23—2

180

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

Fourth sacral vertebra.

Vertebra sacralis IV.

Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament
Lig. sacrospinosum

Fourth anterior sacral foramen
Foramen sacrale anterius IV.

Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament !
Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius

Sacrococcygeal symphysis

Sympliysis sacrococcygea

Lateral coccygeal ligament
Lig. coccygeum laterale

Apertures in the posterior aponeurosis of the

levatores ani muscle for the passage of the

middle sacral vessels

Prolongations of the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

into the tendons of the pubococcygeal portions of the

levatores ani muscles

Fig. 405. — The Ligaments connecting the Anterior Surfaces of the Sacrum and Coccyx ;
THE Anterior and the Lateral Sacrococcygeal Ligaments.

Articular sacral crests

sacrales articulares

''Median sacral crest

*Crista sacralis media ._.

/\*Crista;
/ \

Fourth posterior sacral foramen

Foramen sacrale posterius IV.

Sacral comu

Cornu sacrale

Coccygeal comu

Cornu coccygeum

First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I.

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament ._

Lig. srxcrococcygeum laterale

Interarticular sacrococcygeal ligament
Lig. sacrococcygeum articulare

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius superficiale

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius profundum

Fig. 406. — The Ligaments connixting the Posterior Surfaces of the Sacrum and Coccyx :
the Superficial and Deep Posterior Sacrococcygeal Ligaments, and the Interarticular
AND Lateral Sacrococcygeal Ligaments.

The Coccyx with the Two Last Sacral Vertebr.e.
Ligamenta columnse vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

181

Parietal bone Capsule of the occipito-atlantal articulation

^ Capsula articulationis atlanto-occipitalis

Squamous or interparietal
portion of the occipital
bone

External occipital protuberance

Protuberantia occipitalis externa

Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament

Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior

Foramen for the passage of the verte-
bral artery and the suboccipital nerve
Posterior arch of the atlas
Arcus posterior atlantis

Spinous process of the

seventh cervical

vertebra

Vertebra prominens

Supraspinous ligament

Lig. supraspinale

.Temporal bone

Anterior occipito atlantal

ligament

Membrana atlanto-occipitalis

Capsule of the atlanto-axial

articulation
Capsula articulationis atlanto-

epistrophicae

Capsules of the joints of the

articular processes

Capsulas articulationum

intervertebralium

Anterior common ligament

Lig. longitudinale anterius

Interspinous ligament/
Lig. interspinale

Fig. 407.— I.igamentum Nuch^. (The Cervical Portion of the Vertebral Column and
THE Posterior Portion of the Cranium ; seen from the Right Side.)

Ligarrenta columnae vertebralis— The ligaments of the vertebral column.

1«2

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

Anterior common ligament ,

Lig. longitudinale anterius

Anterior costocentral or stellate ligament

Lig. capituli costa: radiatura

Costocentral articulation

Articulatio capitul

Costotransverse articulation
Articulatio costotransversaria

Intervertebral disc
I'lbroc^rtilago intervertebralis

Anterior costocentral or stellate ligament

Lig. capituli costae radiatiim

Interarticular costocentral ligament

-''' Lig. capituli costa; interarticulare

Articular surface of the head of the

seventh rib
Facies articularis capituli costas VII.

Ridge of the neck of the rib
Crista colli costa;

Superior articular process

Pi ucessus articularis superior

\\
Posterior costotransverse ligament \l

Lig. tuberculi costae y

Middle costotransverse ligament

Lig. colli costae

'Posterior costotransverse ligament

Lig. tuberculi costa;

Transverse process

Processus transversus
iniddle costotransverse ligament

Lig. colli costa;

Fig. 408. — Akticulationes Capitulorum et Costotransversaria, the Costocentral and
Costotransverse Articulations: Ligamentum Capituli Costa Interarticulare, the
Interarticular Costocentral Ligament ; Ligamentum Colli Costa et Ligamentum
Tuberculi Costa, the Middle and Posterior Costotransverse Ligaments. (The
Seventh Dorsal Vertebra with the Vertebral Extremities of the Seventh Pair
OF Ribs; seen from Above.)

On the left side the costocentral and costotransverse articulations have been opened by a horizontal
section through the rib and the vertebral body ; on the right side the section passes through the
intervertebral disc on a plane just above the attachment of the interarticular costocentral liga-
ment to the ridge between the two articular facets on the vertebral extremity of the rib.

Articulationes costovertebrales— Costovertebral articulations.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

183

Posterior or internal intercostal aponeurosis
Lig. intercostale internum /

Third rib

Anterior superior costotransverse ligament

Lig costotransversarium anterius

Third dorsal vertebra
Vertebra thoracalis III.

Costotransverse foramen'

Foramen costotrans
versarium

Anterior costocentral or

stellate ligament

Lig. capituli costa;

radiatum

Anterior common ligament

Lig. longitudinale anterius

Interartioular costocentral

ligament

Lig. capituli costae

interarticulare

Intervertebral disc

Fibrocartilago
intervertebralis

Upper costal facet'^
Fovea costalis superior

..Lower costal facet^
Fovea costalis inferior

„ Seventh dorsal vertebra
Vertebra thoracalis VIL

Head of the seventh nu
Capitulum costae VIL

' This term, costotransverse foramen, is also used by English anatomists to denote the foramina in the
transverse processes of the cervical vertebra; for the transmission of the vertebral artery. — Tr.

- These are upper and lower costal facets respectively in relation to the articular surface of the head of the
rib ; but, strictly speaking, what is here called " upper costal facet " is the lower costal facet of the sixth dorsal
vertebra; while what is here called "lower costal facet" is the upper costal facet of the seventh dorsal
vertebra. — Tr.

Fig. 409. — Costocentral and Costotransverse Articulations: Anterior Costocentral or
Stellate Ligament; Interarticular Costocentral Ligament; Anterior Superior
Costotransverse Ligament; and Costotransverse Foramina. Posterior or Internal
Intercostal Aponeuroses. (The Third to the Seventh Dorsal Vertebrae with the
Vertebral Extremities of the Third to the Seventh Right Ribs ; seen from the
Right and from Before.)

The third, fourth, and fifth costocentral articulations are unopened ; the sixth and the seventh have
been opened from before. In the sixth articulation, by the partial removal of the bodies of the
fifth and sixth dorsal vertebrie, the upper and lower surfaces of the intervertebral disc have been
exposed, and the attachment of the disc to the ridge between the two articular facets on the head
of the rib has been demonstrated.

Articulationes costovertebrales — Costovertebral articulations.

184

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

Posterior or internal intercostal
aponeurosis

Lig. intercostale internum

Sixth rib

Posterior costotrans-
verse ligament
i Lig. tuberculi costEe

Superior articular processes of the sixth dorsal vertebra

Intertransverse

ligament
Lig. intertrans-

versarium
Posterior superior
costotransverse

ligament

Lig. costotransver-

sarium posterius

Supraspinous ligament

Lig. supraspinale

Capsule of the joint of
the articular processes

Capsula articulationis
./ intervertebralis

Tenth rib C °

Posterior or internal intercostal i
aponeurosis
Lig. intercostale internum

Intertransverse
ligament
*• Lig. intertrans-
versarium

Transverse process
Processus transversub

Spinous process of the tenth dorsal
vertebra

Inferior articular processes
Processus articulares inferiores

Fig. 410. — The Ligaments connecting the Dorsal Vertebra with the Ribs posteriorly:
Posterior and Posterior Superior Costotransverse Ligaments ; Intertransverse
Ligaments; Posterior or Internal Intercostal Aponeuroses; Supraspinous Liga-
ment. (Sixth to Tenth Dorsal Vertebra with the Vertebral Extremities of
the Sixth to Tenth Ribs.)

Articulationes costovertebrales — Costovertebral articulations.

IHE ARTICULA I lUNS Ot THE TRUNK

185

Third cervical vertebra
Vertebra cervicalis III.

Costotransverse facet

Fovea costalis transversalis

Capsule of the joint of the articular
processes

Capsula articulationis intervertebralis\

Third dorsal vertebra

Vertebra tlioracalis II I.

Posterior costotransverse

ligament

Lig. tuberculi costal

Capsule of the joint of the

articular pro3C3ses

Capsula articulationis ;i tervertebralis

Fig. 411. — Third, Fourth, and
Fifth Cervical Verterr.;?;

SEEN FROM THE RiGHT CiDE.

■ Inierarticular costocentral ligament

Lig. Ciipjtuli costa; interarticiilare

Capsule of the costocentral articulation

Capsula articuI;itioni.s capituli

Anterior superior costotransverse Ugament ^^P™'^ °^ *^* costotransverse articulation

Lig. costotransversarium anterius ^ *="?'"'=' ^"'"lationis costo.ran.sversana:

Fig. 412. — Third, Fourth, and Fifth Dorsal Vertebra

SEEN from the RiGHT SIDE.

Superior articular facet
Facias articularis superior

Mamillary process

Processus mamillaris

Accessory process

Processus accessorius'

Capsule of the joint of the
articular processes

Capsula articulationis intervertebralis

Second lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lumbalis II,

Intervertebral disc
Fibrocartilago intervertebralis

Fig. 413. — Second, Third, and Fourth Lumbar Vertebrjj seen from the Right and

from Behind.
The Direction of the Articular Surfaces and the Connexions of the Capsules
of the Joints of the Articular Processes in the Cervical, Dorjal, and Lumbar
Vertebrae respectively.

The Synovial Articulations of the Vertebral Column,

186

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

•Membrane of the sternum
(U.S. : Anterior intersternal ligament)

'Membranci sterni

Co»toclavicular or rhomboid ligament
Lig. costoclaviculare \

Anterior sternoclavicular ligament

LiR. sternoclaviculare

Clavicle

First rib

External intercostal muscle

M. intercostalis externus

1^ Internal intercostal muscle

M. intercostalis internus

Radiating fibres of the

anterior chondrostemal

ligaments

Ligg. sternocostalia
ladiata

Anterior or external
intercostal aponeuroses

Ligg. intercostalia
externa

Seventh rib

Anterior or external
intercostal aponeuroses

Ligg. intercostalia

Interchondral articulations

Articulationes interchondrales

Fig. 414. — *Membrane of the Sternum. Anterior Chondrosternal Ligaments, Costo-
xiPHOiD Ligaments, and Anterior or External Intercostal Aponeuroses. The
Relation of these Latter to the External Intercostal Muscles and to the
Pectoralis Minor Muscle. (Anterior Wall of the Thorax seen from Before.)

Articulationes sternocostales— Chondrosternal articulations.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK

187

•Membrane of the atemum
(U.S. ; Posterior interstemal ligament)
*Membrana sterni
Interclavicular ligament
Lig. interclaviculare

Posterior sternoclavicular ligament

Lig. sternoclaviculare

F:rEt rib

Triangularis
stemi muscle

M. transversus
thoracis

Ensiform or U&tA'

xiphoid process ^^

Processus xiphoideus

Seventh rib

Intcrcal intercostal
muscles

i" Mm. intercostales
interni

1 Posterior or inter-
nal intercostal
aponeuroses
Ligg. intercostalia
interna

Transversalis abdominis muscle

M. transversus abdominis

Fig. 415. — Posterior or Internal Intercostal Aponeuroses, and their Relation to the
Triangularis Sterni and Transversalis Abdominis Muscles. Sternoclavicular
Articulation. (Anterior Wall of the Thorax seen from Behind.)

Articulationes sternocostales— Chondrosternal articulations.

24 — 2

188

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE TRUNK
Interclavicular ligament

Costoclavicular or rhomboid

ligament

Lig. costoclaviculare

First rib
Costa I.

Interarticular ligament of
the second chondrostemal

articulation
-Xig. sternocostale inter-
articulare

»^„ The clavicle

Clavicula

Interarticular fibrocartilage of
the sternoclavicular joint

Superior sternal synchondrosis
(manubrio-gladiolal joint)

Synchondrosis sternalis superior

X Chondrostemal articulations
Articulationes sternocostales

Cartilage of the
seventh rib
Cartilage costalis
VII.

Fig. 416. — Chondrosternal Articulations. Interchondral Articulations. Interst; rnal
Synchondroses. Sternoclavicular Articulation. (Posterior Half of a Frontal
Section through the Sternum, the Cartilages of the Ribs, and the Sternal
Extremities of the Clavicles.)

Articulationes sternocostales — Chondrosternal articulations.

ARTICULATIONES
ET LIGAMENTA CAPITIS

THE ARTICULATIONS
AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD

190

THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS UF THE HEAD

Basilar groove

Clivus

Cranial dura mater
Dura mater encephali

Anterior condylar foramen

Canalis condyloideus

Posterior or Icng ocoipito-axia'.._.
ligament'
Membrana tectoria

Posterior com:aon ligament

Lig. longitudin?l3 posterius

.Capsule of the oocipito-atlantal

synovial joint

Capsula articulationis atlanto-

occipitalis

Capsule of the atlanto-axial synovial

joint

Capsula articulationis atlanto-

epistrophicae

Third cervical vertebra
Vertebra cervicalis III.

' See note to p. 177.

Fig. 417. — Posterior Occipito-axial Ligament. Occipito-atlantal and Atlanto-axial
Synovial Joints. (The Three Uppermost Cervical Vertebra and the Occipital
Bone seen from Behind.)

By a frontal section behind the occipital condyles, the squamous portion (^ the occipital bone and
the neural arches have been removed. The dura mater has been cut transversely in the basilar
groove, and turned upwards

Anterior tubercle

Tuberculura anterius

Articular facet for the odontoid process

Fovea dentis

SuDerior articular facet

Fovea articularis superior

Transverse ligament of the atlas
Lig. transversum atlantis

Fig. 418. — Transverse Ligament of the Atlas. (The Atl^^s seen from Above.)

Articulationes atlanto-occipitaiis et atlanto-epistrophica— Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial

articulations.

THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD
Basilar groove— Clivus I

191

Posterior condylar foramen

Canalis hypoglossi \

Anterior condylar foramen
Canalis condvloideus \

Lateral or alir odoutoiJ

or check ligament

Lig. alare

Transverse ligament of the atlas
(Horizontal portion of the cruci--]

form ligament of the atlas)

Lig. transversum atlantis

Atlauto-axial synovial joint'

Articulatio atlanto-
epistrophica

Cranial dura mater

Dura mater encephali

Posterior or long occipito-axial ligament'

Membrana tectoria

Upper vertical limb of the
■ cruciform ligament of the
atlas
Capsule of the occipito-atlantal
articulation

Accessory occipito-axial ligament^

Cruciform ligament of the atlas

Lig. cruciatum atlantis

Lower vertical limb of the cruci-
form ligament of the atlas

Fig. 419. — Cruciform Ligament of the Atlas ; Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments
Occipito-atlantal and Atlanto-axial Synovial Joints, the Right closed, the Left open.

The cranial dura mater and the posterior or long occipito-axial lig^ament' have been cut transversely

in the basilar groove and turned upwards.

' See note tu p. 177..

^ Accessory occipito-axinl I's^aitient, This ligament k not mentioned by the author, though it is well shown in Fig. 419. The accessory
ligament is a bundle of fibres strengthening the capsule of the occipito-atlantal joint at its postero-internal angle. It rims downwards and
inwards Irom the back of tlle occipital condyle to the body of the axis near the base of the txlontoid process. — Tk.

Basilar groove — Clivus

Posterior condylar foramen,,

Canalis hypoglossi

Occipito-atlantal synovial joint

Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis
Transverse ligament of the atlas
Lig. transversum atlantis

Atlantoaxial synovial joint

Articulatio atlanto-
epistrophica

Jugular eminence
.Tubercnhim jugulare

Middle odontoid ligament or
suspensory ligament of the axis

Lig. apicis dentis

Lateral or alar odontoid or

check ligament

Lig. alare

— 3ut surface of the neural arch of the axis

Posterior articular facet of the odontoid process (groove for th
transverse ligament)— Facies articularis posterior dentis

Fig. 420. — Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments. Middle Odontoid Ligament

or Suspensory Ligament of the Axis.

The transverse ligament of the atlas has been divided in the middle and the parts have been turned
outwards ; the dura mater and the posterior or long occipito-a.xial ligament have been entirely
removed.

The Atlas and the Axis with the Anterior Portion of the Occipital Bone seen from Behind,
A Section having been made similar to that in the Preparation shown in Fig. 414.

Articulationes atlanto-occipitalis et atlanto-epistrophica-

articulations.

-Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial

192

THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMLiNTS OF THE HEAD

Jugular eminence

Tuberculum jugulare^
Posterior condylar foramen

Canal is hypoglussi \

Occipito-atlantal synovial joint

Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis ,

Synovial cavity between the odon-
toid process and the transverse .
ligament of the atlas
Atlanto-axial synovial joint

Articulatio atlanto-epistrophica

Basilar portion of the occipital bone

I'ars basilaris ossis occipitalis

Middle odontoid ligament or
suspensory ligament of the axis

l.if;. ap'cis dentis

,. Lateral or alar odontoid
or check ligament
Lig. alare

Lateral mass of the atlas

Massa lateralis atlantis

-- — Transverse ligament of the atlas

Lig. transversum atlantis

Odontoid process — De^s ep.strophei
Fig. 421. — OCCIPITO-ATLANTAL AND ^.TLANTO-AXIAL ARTICULATIONS IN FrONTAL SECTION.

Lateral or Alar Odontoid or Check Ligaments and Middle Odontoid Ligament or
Suspensory Ligament of the Axis.

The section passes through the middle of the posterior condylar fo'T.niiiia, and divides the summit of
the antero-posterior curve of the occipital condyles.

Occipitosphenoidal synchondrosis— Synchondrosis spheno-occipitalis
Cranial dura mater
3ura mater encephali

Transverse or basilar sinus, or basilar plexus
; Plexus basilaris

Superficial expansion of the lateral or alar odontoid or check ligaments

I lEursa at the summit of the odontoid process — Bursa apicis dentis
/Upper vertebral limb of the cruciform ligament of the axis
1' ! Posterior or long occipito-axial ligament' Membrana tectoria
! ; .Vertebral artery

Middle odontoid ligament or sv
pensory ligament of the axis

Lig. apicis dentis
Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament

Membrana atlanto-occipitalis
anterior

.iVrteria verteliralis

Boots of the suboccipital

Venous plexus-

Odonto-atlantal synovial joint
Articulatio atlanto-epistrophica'

Anterior arch of the atlas

Arcus anterior atlantis

Anterior articular facet of odontoid pro ,
cess — Facies articularis anterior dentis

Posterior articular facet of the odontoid
process (groove for the transverse

ligament) y

Facies articularis posterior dentis y^
Lower vertical limb of the cruciform

ligament of the atlas /

Insertion of the posterior or long occipito-
axial ligament into the body of the axis

Posterior common ligament
Lig. longittiUinale posterius

— i^

Squamous portion of the

occipital bone

Squama occipitalis

Cranial dura mater

Dura mater encephali

Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament

Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior

Posterior arch of the atlas

Arcus posterior atlantis

Posterio- atlanto-axial ligament

Membrana atlanto-epistrophica

Transverse ligament of the atlas

Lig. transversum atlantis

Spinous process of the axis

Processus spinosus epistrophei
Lig. subfiavum -Lig. flavum

Spinal dura mater
Uura mater spinalis

See note to p. 177.

Fig. 422.— Articulations and Ligaments of the Odontoid Process. Stratiform Arrange-
ment of the Cruciform Ligament of the Atlas, the Posterior or Long Occipito-
axial Ligament, and the Dura Mater. Spheno-occipital SYNCHt)NDROsis. (Median
Section through the Posterior Portion of the Base of the Cranium and the
Three Uppermost Cervical Vertebra.)

Articulationes atlanto-occipitalis et atlanto-epistrophica— Occipito-atlantal and atlanto-axial

articulations.

THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD

193

Petrous portion of the temporal bone

Pars petrosa ossis temporalis

Dorsum sellse
Dorsum sellee

Pharyngeal tubercle

, Tuberculum pharyngeum

Jugular foramen
Foramen jugulare

Spinous process of
the sphenoid bone

Spina angularis
jiTf TjTnpanio plate
1 'ars tympanica

'styloid process
Processus styloideus

Mastoid process \ \-

Processus mastoideus \sJi,

Posterior condylar foramen

Canalis hypo),lossi

Capsule of the occipito atlantal
synovial joint
Capsula articulationis atlanto-
occipitalis

\J Anterior occipito-atlantal ligament

Membrana atlanto-occipitalis anterior

Fig. 423. — Antep or Occipito-atlantal Ligament and Petrobasilar Synchondrosis. (The
Atlas with the Posterior Portion of the Base of the Skull, seen from Before.)

External occipital protuberance

Protuberantia occipitalis externa

Posterior arch of the atlas ,

Arcus posterior atlantis

Squamous portion of
the occipital bone

External occipital crest
Crista occipitalis externa

Capsule of the occipito-atlantal
synovial joint

Capsula articulationis atlanto-
occipitalis

Foramen for the passage of the

vertebral artery and the

suboccipital nerve

\ Posterior occipito-atlantal ligament
Membrana atlanto-occipitalis posterior

Fig. 424.— Posterior Occipito-atlantal Ligament. (The Atlas with the Occipital Bone,

seen from Behind.)

Articulatio atlanto-occipitalis — Occipito-atlantal articulation.

194

THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD

Zygoma

Processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis j

External lateral ligament

Lig. temporomandibulare\ j

Capsule of the joint

Capsula articularis ^

External auditory aperture
Porus acusticiis etternus \

Mastoid process

Proc. mastoideus

A\>^^¥

Capsule of the joint

- Capsula articularis

^ Coronoid process

'^'^^""Wi Proc. coronoideus

Eamus of the jaw
Kamus mandibulae

Tympanic plate

I'ars tympanica
Styloid process
Proc. styloideus /'
Stylohyoid ligament '

Lig. stylohyoideum /

Stylomandibular or stylomaxillary ligament

Lig. stylomandibulare

Angle of the ja-wr -

Angulus mandibulae

V.
Fig. 425. — Articulatio Mandibularis, Temporomandibular or Tkmporomaxillary Articulation:

LiGAMENTA TeMPOROMANDIBULARE ET STYLOMANDIBULARE, EXTERNAL LATERAL AND STYLO-
MANDIBULAR OR Stylomaxillary Ligaments. Ligamentum Stylohyoideum, Stylohyoid
Ligament. (Right Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation, seen from
THE Outer Side.)

Articulatio mandibularis — Temooromandibular or temporomaxillarv articulation.

THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD

195

Pterygospinous foramen

Foramen pterygospinosum,

Sphenoidal sinus

Sinus sphenoidalis

Middle lacerate foramen

: Foramen lacerum

Pterygospinous ligament
/Lig. pterygospinosum
/ , Spinous process of the sphenoid bone
/ / Spina angularis

/ ' ' Carotid canal— Canalis caroticus

Internal auditory aperture

Porus acusticus internus

Pterygoid
process

Processus
pterygoideus

External
pterygoid plate
Lamina lateralis

Internal

pterygoid plate

.Lamina medialis

Lingulaof the inferior
maxillary bone

Lingula mandibulae

Internal pterygoid muscle

M. pterygoideus internus

Styloglossus muscle

M. styloglossus

Internal oblique line, or
mylohyoid ridge

Linea mylohyoidea

Body of the inferior maxillary
bone

Corpus mandibular

^' Styloid process— Proc. styloideus
Sphenomandibular or internal
lateral ligament
Lig. sphenomandibulare
Stylomandibular or stylomaxillary liga-
ment—Lig. stylomandibulare
Badiations of the stylomandibular or
stylomaxillary ligament in the deep
cervical fascia on the surface of the
internal pterygoid muscle

Angle of the jaw

Angulus mandibulae

Stylohyoid ligament
Lig. stylohyoideura

Great comu
Cornu majus

Body of the hyoid bone'

Corpus ossis hyoidei

Synchondrosis of the great comu
with the body of the hyoid bone

Small comu

Cornu minus

Sjmovial articulation between the small
comu and the body of the hyoid bone

Fig. 426.— Articulatio Mandibularis, Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulation :
LiGAMENTA Sphenomandibulare et Stylomandibulare, Sphenomandibular or Internal
Lateral and Stylomandibular or Stylomaxillary Ligament. Relations of the Stylo-
mandibular OR Stylomaxillary Ligament to Styloglossus and Internal Pterygoid
Muscles. Ligamentum Pterygospinosum, Pterygospinous Ligament. (The Posterior
Part of the Facial Portion of the Skull with the Adjoining Portion of the Base of
THE Skull, divided sagitally somewhat to the Left of the Median Plane.)

The basilar and condylar portions of the occipital bone have been removed.

Articulatio mandibularia— Temporomandibular or temporomaxillary articulation.

25—2

196

THE ARTICULATIONS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE HEAD

Infratemporal crest — Crista infralemporalis
Capsule of the joint
Capsula articularis
Articular eminence — Tuberculum articulare
Articular portion of tbe glenoid fossa

Fovea articularis fossa: manibularis

Interartlcular disc or meniscus

Discus articularis /

External auditory meatus— Meatus acusticus£xtemus /

Mastoid cells
CelluljE mastoideae

Superior head j of the external

r pterygoid
Inferior head J muscle

Coronoid process

Proc. corDnoideus

__ Sigmoid notch

Incisura mandibulse

Tympanic plate ,' /'
Pars tympanica
Capsule of the joint/'
Capsula articularis
Condyle of the inferior maxillary bone/ /
Capitulum mandibukr /

Neck of the inferior maxillary bone,'
CoUum mandibulse

Styloid process y

Processus styloideus

Stylomandibular or stylomaxiUary ligament/
Lig. stylomandiliulare

Ramus of the inferior maxillary bone ''
Ramus mandibula"

Angle of the jaw y
Angulus mandibulse

Body of the inferior
maxillary bone

Corpus mandibulae

Fig. 427. — Articulatio Mandibularis, Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary Articulatiok :
Discus Articularis. Interarticular Disc or Meniscus, and Ligamentum Stylomandibulare,
Stylomandibular or Stylomaxillary Ligament. Relations of the Superior Head of the
External Pterygoid Muscle to the Anterior Wall of the Capsular Ligament and to
THE Interarticular Disc or Meniscus. (Right Temporomandibular or Temporomaxillary
Articulation, divided in a Plane nearly approaching the Sagittal; the Internal Portion
being figured.)

The section runs somewhat obliquely forwards and inwards.

External pterygoid plate

Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei

Pterygospinous ligament

Lig. pteryL;o^pillu^uIu -^^

Fibrocartilage of the foramen
lacerum medium

Fibrocartilage basalis

Petrosphenoidal
synchondrosis

Synchondrosis sphenoi etrosa

Spinous process of the
sphenoid bone

Spina angularis

Petrous portion of the

temporal bone

Pyramis
Carotid canal

Canalis caroticus

Jugular or posterior
lacerate foramen
Foramen jugulare

Jugular process

Processus jugularis

Middle lacerate foramen

Foramen lacerum

. Petrosphenoidal fissure

■'' Fissura sphenopetrosa

Petrous portion of the

temporal bone

Pyramis

Petrobasilar fissure
.-'■ Fissura petro-occipitalis

Occipitosphenoidal
synchondrosis

Synchondrosis spheno-occipitalis

-~-^i^ Petrobasilar synchondrosis

Synchondrosis
petro-occipitalis

Fig. 428. — Fibrocartilago Basalis ; Fibrocartilage of the Foramen Lacerum Medium :
Synchondroses Sphenopetrosa, Petro-occipitalis. et Spheno-occipitalis; Petrosphenoidal,
Petrobasilar, and Occipitosphenoidal Synchondroses: Ligamentum Pterygospinosum ;
Pterygospinous Ligament. (The Middle Portion of the Base of the Skull, seen from
Below.)

Articulatio mandibularis, temporomandibular or temporomaxillary articulation — Synchondroses
et ligamenta baseos cranii, synchondroses and ligaments of the base of the skull.

JUNCTURE OSSIUM

EXTREMITATUM,

SUPERIORIS ET INFERIORlS

THE ARTICULATIONS
OF THE SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR

EXTREMITIES

198

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

Anterior sternoclaTicular ligameou
Lig. sternoclaviculare

Sternal articular facet of the clavicle

Facies articularis sternalis claviculae

Costoclavicular /
or rhomboid ligament'
Lig. costoclaviculare

Capsule of the joint /
Capsula articularis

First rib

Interarticular fibrocartilage

Discus articularis

First costal cartilage
Cartilago costalis I.

Manubrium, or presternum i

Clavicular notch of the sternum

Incisura clavicularis slerni

Fig. 429. — Articulatio Sternoclaviculakis, Sternoclavicular Articulation : Capsula
Articularis, Capsule of the Joint ; Discus Articularis, Interarticular Fibro-
cartilage ; Ligamenta Interclaviculare et Costoclaviculare, Interclavicular and
Costoclavicular or Rhomboid Ligaments.

The left sternoclavicular articulation has been opened by the removal of the anterior wall of the capsular ligament.

Interarticular fibrocartilage
Discus articularis

Interclavicular ligament

Lig. interclaviculare

Interarticular fibrocartilage
'Discus articularis

The clavicle

Clavicula

Costoclavicul ar

or rhomboid ligament

Lig. costoclaviculare

First rib
Costa I

Capsule of the joint
Capsula articularis

Sternal articular facet of
the clavicle

Facie6 articularis sternalis
claviculae

Clavicular notch of the

sternum

Incisura clavicularis sterni

Synovial cavities'

Cavum articulare

Manubrium, or presternum

Manubrium sterni

^ The interarticular fibrocartilage is occasionally defective in the centre, and in rare cases even entirely wanting ;
there is then only one synovial cavity. — Tr.

Fig. 430. — Articulatio Sternoclavicularis, Sternoclavicular Articulation : Discus et
Capsula Articularis, Interarticular Fibrocartilage and Capsular Ligament;
Cavum Articulare, Synovial Cavity or Cavities; Ligamenta Interclaviculare et
Costoclaviculare, Interclavicular and Costoclavicular or Rhomboid Ligaments.

The right sternoclavicular articulation has been divided by a frontal section ; in the left, the capsule
has been removed and the clavicle has been drawn backwards.

Sternoclavicular Articulation, seen from Before.

Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis superioris — Articulations and ligaments

of the shoulder-girdle.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER HUB

199

Coracohumeral ligament,

Lig. coracohumerale 1

Coracoia process

Acromial extremity of
the clavicle

Conoid ligament (Posterointernal portion \

of the coracoclavicular ligament) \

-Lig. conoideum \ '//-

Coracoscapular or suprascapular ligament

Lig. transversum scapulae superius

Suprascapular notch

Incisura scapulae

Superior angle of the scapula

Angulus tnedialis scapula:

Crreat tuberosity

Tuberculum inajus

Capsular ligament of
the shoulder-joint

" Capsula articulationis
humeri

Superior acromio-
clavicular ligament

Lig. acromio-
claviculare

Capsular ligament of
the shoulder joint

Capsula articulationis
humeri

Surgical neck of the scapula

CoUum scapulje

Acromioa

Supraspinous fossa

Spine of the scapula

Infraspinous fossa
Fossa infraspinata

Inferior angle of the scapula

Angulus inferior scapulae

Fig. 431. LiGAMENTA ACROMIOCLAVICULARE ET CORACOCLAVICULARE, SUPERIOR ACROMIOCLAVICULAR

Ligament and Coracoclavicular Ligament (Conoid Portion); Ligamenta Coraco-acromiale
ET Transversum Scapula Superius, Coraco-acromial and Suprascapular Ligaments.
(The Right Scapula with the Acromial Half of the Clavicle and the Shoulder-Joint,
seen from Above.)

Artlculationes et ligamenta c'.nguli extremitatis superioris — Articulations and ligaments

of the shoulder-girdle.

200

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

Suprascapular notch

Incisura scapul;E

Supraspinous fossa

Spine of the scapula

Xnfraspinous fossa

Coracoscapular or supra- Coracoid process
scapular ligament ^ rocessus coraco:

Lig. transversiim
scapulae superius

rocessus coracoideus

Coraco-acromial ligament

Lig. coraco-acromiale

Coracohumeral ligament
[Lig. coracohumerale

Great tuberosity

Tuberculum
majus

Shaft of the humerus

^ifZ. 432. — Articulatio Humeri, Shoulder-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament;

LiGAMENTUM CoRACOHUMERALE, CoRACOHUMERAL LiGAMENT; LiGAMENTUM TrANSVERSUM

Scapula Superius et Ligamentum Transversum Scapulae Inferius, Coracoscapular or
Suprascapular Ligament and Spinoglenoid Ligament. (The Right Shoulder-Joint, seen
FROM Behind.)

The acromion has been sawn off, and the coracoid extremity of the coraco-acromial ligament has

been turned upwards.

Articulatio humeri— Shouldcr-jointt

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

201

Glenoid ligament
I/abrum glenoidale

Clavicular facet of the acromion
Facies articularis acromii

Capsular ligament
Capsula articularis "
Tendon of the long head of the
biceps muscle

Bead of the humerus
Epiphysial disc ||i

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Great tuberosity
Tubercuhim majus

Synovial sheath
of the bicipital groove

Vagina mucosa
intertubercularis

Long head of the biceps muscle

Spine of the scapula

'i^4i'm I 're^a^mi'^-'^'' ' / " ^'«"°>d fossa of the scapula
\«^!B ^RM»iiHfc%,V ■ ^ Cavitab glenoidalis scapulae

_Glenoid ligament

"Labrum glenoidale
,, ^ -' Fibrous portion "\

yi ^l Pars fibrosa I of the capsule of the joint

t ^ « Synovial portion j Capsulas articularis

Pars synovialis J

■ Shaft of the humerus
Corpus humeri

Fig. 433. — Articulatio Humeri, Shoulder-Joint : Labrum Glenoidale, Glenoid Ligament ;
Relations of the Tendon of the Long Head of the Biceps Muscle and of the
Epiphysial Disc to the Synovial Cavity of the Articulation. (The Right Shoulder-
Joint IN Frontal Section ; Posterior Half.)

Superior acromioclavicular ligament

Lig. acromioclaviculare

Acromial facet of the clavicle
Facies articularis acromialis

,.- Acromial extremity of the clavicle

-' Extremitas acromialis claviculse

Acromion^

Acromion

Cut surface of the acromion

Interarticular fibrocartilage
Discus articularis

Capsule of the acromioclavicular joint
Capsula articularis

Fig. 434. — Articulatio Acromioclavicularis, Acromioclavicular Joint: Discus Articularis,
Interarticular Fibrocartilage ; Ligamentum Acromioclaviculare, Superior Acromio-
clavicular Ligament. (The Right Acromioclavicular Articulation in Frontal
Section ; Posterior Portion.)

Articulatio humeri — Shoulder-joint.

Articulatio acromioclavicularis — Acromioclavicular
articulation.

202

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

The clavicle

Clavicula

i Conoid ligament
(pOBtero-internal^portion)
Trapezoid ligament
(antero external portion)
Li^ Iripc/ dt-uiii

Coraco-acromial ligament— Lig toraco acron i k

Acromioclavicular articulation /St?-

Arliculatio acromiuclaviciiians > ^ ■^-

Acromion <

Acromion

Subdeltoid or subacromial

bursa

Bursa subdeltoidea

Synovial sheath of the
bicipital groove

Vagina mucosa
intertubercularis

Long head of the biceps muscle

Coracoscapular
or suprascapular ligament

Lig. transversum scapulse
superius

_ Coracoid process

Proc. coracoideus
— Bursa of the subscapularis
muscle
Bursa m, subscapularis
Subscapularis muscle
M. subscapularis

Capsular ligament

of the shoulder-joint

Capsula articularis

Shaft of the humerus
Corpus humeri

■1

Fig. 435. — Articulationes Humeri et Acromioclavicularis, the Shoulder-Joint and the
Sternoclavicular Articulation : Bursa Musculi Subscapularis et Bursa Sub-
deltoidea, Bursa of the Subscapularis Muscle and Subdeltoid or Subacromial
Bursa ; Vagina Muscosa Intertubercularis, Synovial Sheath of the Bicipital
Groove ; Ligamenta Coracoclaviculare, Coraco-acromiale, et Transversum Scapula
Superius ; the Coracoclavicular (Conoid and Trapezoid), Coraco-acromial, and
Coracoscapular or Suprascapular Ligament. (Right Shoulder-Joint, injected with
Tallow ; the Acromial Extremity of the Clavicle has been drawn upwards. Seen
from Before.)

Articulatio humeri— Shoulder-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

203

Shaft of the humerus

Subdeltoid or subacromial bursa
Bursa subdeltoidea
Tendon of the supraspinatus muscle

Tendon of the infraspinatus muscle -

Head 'of the humerus

Tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle

Coracoid process
Proc. coracoideus

Aperture by which the bursa of the
subscapularis muscle communicates

with the shoulder -joint
Glenoid fossa of the scapula
Cavitas glenoidalis scapulae

Glenoid ligament
" Labrum glenoidale

Superior angle of the scapula

Angulus medialis scapulae

Capsular ligament
Capsula articularis

Synovial membrane

Pars synovialis capsulae

articularis

Glenoid ligament

Labrum glenoidaJe

Infraglenoid tubercle

Tuberositas infraglenoidalis

Ijong head of the triceps muscle

Teres minor musde

Subscapularis muscle —

Fig. 436. — Articulatio Humeri. Shoulder-Joint: Intracapsular Portion of the Tendon
OF THE Long Head of the Biceps Muscle; Labrum Glenoidale, Glenoid Ligament;
Aperture of Communication of the Bursa of the Subscapularis Muscle with the
Shoulder-Joint; Relations of the Tendons of the Scapular Muscles with the
Capsule of the Shoulder-Joint. (Right Shoulder-Joint from the Outer Side)

After tallow had been injected into the joint and allowed to harden, the capsular ligament and the
surrounding scapular muscles were divided by a circular incision midway between their attach-
ments to the scapula and the humerus, a strip of the capsule, however, being left undivided,
where the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle passes through the joint. The humerus
with the distal half of the capsule has been turned upwards.

Articulatio humeri — Shoulder-joint.

26-

204

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

The humerus

Humerus

Capsule of the elbow-joint

( anterior ligament) /

Capsula articularis

External condyle

Kpicondylus lateralis

Prominence of the capsule over the

capitellum of the humerus iiy.

External lateral ligament \^
Lig. coUaterale radiale
Annular or orbicular ligament

of the radius —

Lig. annulare radii

*Recessus sacciformis'

Neck of the radius
Collum radii

Tuberosity of the radius
Tuberositas radii

_ Internal condyle

Epicondylus medialis

-Eegion of the trochlea

Internal lateral ligament

i.ig. collaterale ulnare

Coronoid process

Proc. coronoideus

Tuberosity of the ulna

Tuberositas ulna;

' Projection of the synovial membrane of the elbow-joint, which membrane, after passing downwards
between the vertical articular surface of the head of the radius and the inner surface of the orbicular ligament,
forms a circular pouch or sac below this ligament around the neck of the radius. — Tr.

Fig. 437. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint: C.\psula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint;

LiGAMENTA CoLLATERALIA, LATERAL LIGAMENTS ; LlGAMENTUM ANNULARE RaDII, AnNULAR

OR Orbicular Ligament of the Radius; *Recessus Sacciformis {sec note, above). (Right
Elbow-Joint, unopened; Anterior or Palmar Aspect.)

The *recessus sacciformis has been injected with tallow.

Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

205

Humerus

Capsule of the elbow-joint

(anterior ligament, divided)

Capoula articularis

Radial fossa

Fossa radialis

External condyle

Epicondylus lateralis '

Capitellum of the humerus,,

Capitulum humeri

External lateral ligament ...

Ijg. coUaterale radia'e

Annular or orbicular ligament of.
the radius

Lig. annulare radii

Neck of the radius

CoUum radii

Tuberosity of the radius

Tuberositas radii

Coronoid fossa

Fossa coronoidea

Internal condyle
Epicondylus medialis

Trochlea

Internal lateral ligament

Lig. coUaterale ulnare

Coionoid process

Proc. coronoideus

Capsule of the joint (anterior
ligament, divided)

Capsula articularis

_Tuberosity of the ulna
Tuberositas aiaj;

Fig. 438. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint ; Attachment of the Capsule to the Anterior
Surfaces of the Humerus and the Ulna (Anterior Ligament); Ligamenta Collateralia,
Lateral Ligaments; Ligamentum Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament
OF THE Radius. (Right Elbow-Joint ; Anterior or Palmar Aspect.)

The capsule has been' divided above and below, close to its attachment to the bones, and between
the lateral ligaments (i.e., the greater portion of the anterior ligament has been removed) ; the cut
ends of the anterior ligament have been folded back against the bones. The *recessus sacciforniis
—see note on previous page— has bean removed.

Articulatio cubiti— Elbow-ioint,

206

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

The humerus

Humerus

The internal condyle

Epicondylus medialis

Capsule of the elbow-joint

Capsula articularis

Internal lateral ligament
Lig. collaterale ulnare

The radius
Radius

Olecranon fossa

Fossa olecrani

Capsule of the elbow-joint
(posterior ligament)

Capsula articularis

External condyle
Epicondylus lateralis
Olecranon
Olecranon

Posterior border of the uloa

Margo dorsalis iilnx

Fig. 439.— Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint : Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint;

LiGAMENTUM CoLLATERALE UlNARE, INTERNAL LATERAL LiGAMENT. (RiGHT ElBOW- JOINT ;

Postero-internal Aspect.)

Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-ioint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

207

The humerus
Humerus

Olecranon fossa

Fossa olecrani

Capsule of the elbow-joint (posterior ligament)

Capsula articularis

Internal condyle

F.picondylus medialis

Olecranon

Capsule of the elbow-joint
(posterior ligament)
Capsula articularis

External condyle

Epicondylus lateralis

Capsule of the elbow-joint

Capsula articularis

External lateral ligament

Lig. collaterale radiale

Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius

Lis. annulare radii

•Recessus sacciformis'

Neck of the radius

Collum radii

Tuberosity of the radius
Tuberositas radii

The ulna
Ulna

' See note to p. 204.

Fig. 440. — Articulatio Cubiti, Elbow-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsule of the Joint;

LiGAMENTUM CoLLATERALE RaDIALE, EXTERNAL LATERAL LiGAMENT j LiGAMENTUM

Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament of the Radius ; ♦Recessus
Sacciformis. (Right Elbow-Joint; Postero-External Aspect.)

The *recessus sacciformis has been injected with tallow.

Articulatio cubiti — Elbow-joitiT.

208

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

Shaft of the humerns

Corpus humeri

Small pad of fat between the anterior

ligament and the synovial membrane,

projecting into the coronoid fossa

/ Fibrous portion
Capsule of the | Pars fibrosa
elbow-joint i synovial portion
Capsula articulans (p''^^^ synovialis

Trochlea

Coronoid process

Proc. coronoideus

Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius ....__.
Lig. annulare radii

Neck of the radius
CoUum radii

The radius

Radius

Large pad of fat between the posterior

ligament and the synovial membrane,

projecting into the olecranon fossa

_ Fibrous portion i of the capsule of
Pars fibrosa I the elbow-joint

_ Synovial portion f Capsulae
Pars synovialis ) articularis

Olecranon

Great sigmoid cavity of the ulna
"Incisura semilunaris ulna;

The ulna

Ulna

Fig. 441. — Articulatio Humero-ulnaris, Humero-ulnar Articulation. (Sagittal Section
OF THE Right Elbow-Joint ; the Radial Half is figured.)

The section passes through the trochlea and the great sigmoid cavity of the ulna, in a plane vertical

to the axis of the trochlea.

Articulatio cubiti— Elbow-joint.

ThE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LImB

209

Coronoid process

Proc. coronoideus.
Head of the radius

Capitulum radii

Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius ^

Lig. annulare radii

Olecranon

"Olecranon

Great sigmoid cavity

"Incisura semilunaris

Tuberosity of the radius .,

Tuberositas radii

Tuberosity of the ulna
"Tuberositas ulnae
_Oblique ligament
Chorda obliqua

Interosseous membrane or ligament of the
forearm

Membrana interossea antibrachii

Styloid process of the radius.
Proc. styloideus radii

Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation

"Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis

Styloid process of the ulna

Proc. styloideus ulnae

Fig. 442. — Articulationes Radio-ulnakes, Proximalis et Distalis; Radio-ulnar Articulations,
Superior and Inferior: Ligamentum Annulare Radii, Annular or Orbicular Ligament
OF the Radius; Membrana Interossea Antibrachii, Interosseous Membrane or Ligament
of the Forearm. (The Bones of the Right Forearm with the Radio-ulnar Ligaments;
Anterior or Palmar Aspect.)

Articulations of the Bones of the Forearm.

210

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

Interosseous membrane or ligament
of the forearm

Membrana interossea antibrachii

The ulna —

Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar
articulation
Capsula articulationis radio ulnaris cUstalis.__.~m* ^

Styloid process of the ulna imm M

Proc. styloideus ulnae MS* n'

Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint n^j

Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare

Pyramidal or cuneiform bone— Os triquetrum
Posterior or dorsal ligament of the transverse
carpal articulation — Lig. intercarpeum dorsale

Unciform bone
Os hamatum
Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal ligament / ^

Posterior or dorsal proximal

intermetacarpal ligaments '

Ligg. basium dorsalia

Capsule of the metacarpo-phalangeal
articulation of the little finger
Capsula articulationis metacarpo-
phalangeae digiti V.
Lateral ligaments of the metacarpo-
phalangeal articulation of the

middle finger —

Ligamenta collateralia articulationis

metacarpo-phalangeae digiti III.

Capsule of the proximal interphalan-

geal articulation of the little finger

Capsula articulationis proximalis

digiti V.

Capsule of the distal interphalangeal
articulation of the little finger

Capsula articulationis distalis
digiti V.

Lateral ligaments of the interphalangeal C
articulations of the middle finger J ''
Ligg. collateralia articulationum |
digiti III. \

The radius

Posterior or dorsal ligament of the wrist-joint

Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale

Styloid process of the radius

■Proc. styloideus radii

Scaphoid bone — Os na\ iculare

External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint

Lig. collaterale carpi radiale

Trapezoid bone
.- Os multangulum minus

Capsule of the carpometacarpal joint of the
thumb

Capsula artitulatiniiis earponietacarpea; poUicis

~- Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal
ligament

Lig. carpometacarpeum
dorsale

Lateral ligament— Lig collaterale
Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation
of the thumb

Anlclilatio melacaipo-phalangea poilicis

Sesamoid bone

Os sesanioideum

.Capsule of metacarpo-phalangeal

articulation of the index finger
Capsula articulationis metacarpo-
phalangeae digiti II.
Interphalangeal articulation of the
thumb
Articulatio poilicis

Capsule of the proximal \

interphalangeal

articulation

Capsula articulationis

proximalis

Capsule of the distal

interphalangeal

articulation

Capsula articulationis

distalis

of the index finger
digiti II.

Fig. 443.— The Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments or the Wrist and Hand : Ligamenta

COLLAJERALIA CaRPI, LATERAL LIGAMENTS OV THE WrIST AND THE CaRPUS ; SUPERFICIAL

Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments of Carpus and Met.JiCARPus. The Capsules and the
Lateral Ligaments of the Metacarpo-phalangeal and Interphalangeal Articu-
lations.

In the articulations of the index finger the posterior wall of the capsule has been divided transversely
across the middle of the joint, and the ends have been turned upwards and downwards ; in the
articulations of the thumb and the iniddle finger the capsule has been divided only between
the lateral ligaments, leaving these intact ; in the articulations of the ring and little fingers the
capsule has not been opened.

Articulationes manus et digitorum— Articulations of the hand and fingers.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

211

The radius

Anterior or palmar ligament of the wrist-joint
Lig. radiocarpeum volare

Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle

Anterior annular ligament of the wrist

Lig. carpi transversum

Bidge or tuberosity of the trapezium

Capsule of the carpometacarpal Joint of the thumb

Capsula articulationis c:irpom :tacartjc;i; pulllcis

Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle

Anterior or palmar proximal
intermetacarpal ligament

Lig. basium volare

Sesamoid bones J
Ossa sesamoidea( -

Interphalangeal articulation
of the thumb

Articulatio polUcis

Anterior or palmar metacarpo
phalangeal ligaments'

Ligg. accessoria volaria

Proximal interphalangeal articulation
of the index finger
Articulatio pro.\imalis digiti II.

V Lateral ligaments"! .

Ligg. coUateralia /'

Interosseous membrane or ligament
of the forearm

Membrana interossea antibrachii

-The ulna
Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar
articulation — Capsula articulationis

radio-ulnaris distalis
Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint

Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare

Pisiform bone

Os pisiforme

Plsi-uncinate ligament— L!g. pisohamatum

Pisimetacarpal ligament

Lig. pi>ometacarpeum

Unciform bone- Os hamatum
Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal

ligament— I. ig. carpotnetacarpeum volare

Anterior or palmar proximal intermeta-
carpal ligament

Lig. basium volare

Capsule of themetacarpo-phalangeal
articulation of the little finger

Capsula articulationis
metacarpo-phalangeEE digiti V.

Sesamoid bone
Os sesamoideum

Transverse metacarpal ligament
-:; (Anterior or palmar distal
intermetacarpal ligaments)

Ligg. capitulorum transversa

I Internal lateral ligaments

of the interphalangeal

articulations of the little

finger

Ligg. coUateralia ulnaria
articulationum digiti V.

Distal interphalangeal articulation ' '
of the index finger
Articulatio distalis digiti II.

Capsule of the distal interphalangeal -'
articulation of the middle finger

Capsula articulationis distalis digiti III

* These are fibrous plates rather than ligaments properly .so called, and, being thickened into fibrocartilage at each side along their attach-
ments to the lateral metacarpo-phalangeal ligament.s, they are grooved on the palmar surfaces for the flexor tendon. Macalister calls them
gU-noid ligaments. It is in the lateral fibrocartilaginous portions of these plates that the sesamoid bones of the metacarpo-phalaiigeal joint of
the thumb, and occasionally uf some of the other fingers, are developed.— Tr.

Fig. 444.— The Anterior or Pal.mar Ligaments of the Wrist and Hand : the Superficial Ligaments
OF THE Carpus and the Metacarpus; the Capsules and Ligaments of the Metacarpo-fhalangeal
and the Interphalangeal Articulations. Ligamentum Carpi Transversum, Anterior Annular
Ligament of the Wrist ; Canalis Carpi, Canal of the Carpus beneath the Anterior Annular
Ligament (for the Transmission of the Flexor Tendons). Relations of the Tendons of the
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle to the Anterior or Palmar Carpal
AND Metacarpal Ligaments. Ligamenta Accessoria Volaria, Anterior or Palmar Metacarpo-
phalangeal Ligaments ; Ligamrnta Capitulorum Transversa, Transverse Metacarpal Ligament
(Anterior or Palmar Distal Intermetacarpal Ligaments). Ossa Sesamoidea, Sesamoid Bones.

In the interphalangeal arliculalions of the index finger the anterior portions of the capsules between the lateral ligaments
have been entirely cut away ; in those of the middle finger the capsules have been divided transversely across the middle
of the joint and the divided halve? of the anterior ligament turned upwards and downwards ; in the interphalangeal arlicu-
lation of the thum'' the anterior portion of the capsule has been divided along its attachment to the distal phalanx and
the lateral lisaments, and, together with the sesamoid bones embedded in it on each side, has been turned upwards ; in
the remaining joints the capsule has been left intact.

Articulationes manus et digitorum — Articulations of the hand and fingers.

27-

212

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

The radius -

Anterior or palmar ligament of the wrist-joint vvv-vw

Lig. radiocarpeum volare "~~-'-J^^S

Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle..

Radial attachment of the anterior annular .-^i^.^ ,^

ligament of the wrist "'""li^^^p^/^

Eldge or tuberosity of the trapezium z^^^^^^"

Capsule of the carpometacarpal -fi/i^---

joint of the thumb
Capsula articulationis carpo-

metacarpeae poUicis

Palmar or radiate ligament^-
of the carpus
Lig. carpi radiatum

The ulna

Capsule of the inferior radio-
ulnar articulation

Capsula articulationis
radio-ulnaris distalis

Lunar (or semilunar) bone

Os lunatum

Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-

joint- I. ig. co!kucr;i!e carpi ulnare

— Pisiform bone— Os pisifonne

— Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

Pisi-uncinate ligament
--. Lig. pisohamaluni

Pisimetacarpal ligament
Lig. pisometacarpeum
- Hook of the unciform bone
Hamulus ossis hamati

.. Os magnum or capitate bone

Os capitatum

Radiations of the tendons of the flexor carpi
■\ radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris muscles
to the base of the third metacarpal bone

Fig. 445. — The Anterior or Palmar Ligaments of the Right Carpus, shown hy the Removal of the
Anterior Annular Ligament of the Wrist : Ligamentum Radiocarpeum Volare, Anierior or
Palmar Ligament of the Wrist-Joint ; Ligamentum Carpi Radl\tum, Anterior or Radiate
Ligament of the Carpus.

The radius^

Sigmoid cavity of the radius.

Incisura ulnaris

Lunar (or semilunar) bone
Os lunatum
Anterior ligament of the wrist joint

Lig. radiocarpeum volare

Scaphoid bone — Os naviculare

Tuberosity of the scaphoid bone
Tuberculum ossis navirularis
External lateral ligament of the
transverse carpal articulation (i)
Groove of the trapezium
Capsule of carpometacarpal Joint of thumb (2)

Os magnum, or capitate bone (3) -
Palmar or radlata ligament of carpus (4)
Carpometacarpal articulation
of the thumb
Articulatio carpometacarpea poUicis

Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal

ligaments

Ligg. carpometacarpea %'olaria

\ / ,'Anterior or palmar proximal intermetacarpal ligaments

\ I // Ligg. basiuni volaria
(t) Lig. intercarpetlm volare. [Connecting the tuljerositie.s of ihe scaphoid bone and the trapezinm.— Tr.)
(2) Capsula articulationis carpo- (3) Os capitatum (4) Lig. carpi radiatum (6) Capsula articulationis ossis

metacarpea: poUicis (5) Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare pisifornns

Fig. 446.— The Anterior or Palmar Ligaments of the Intercarpal (Transver.se Carpal) and Carpo-
metacarpal Articulations, after the Anterior Annular Ligamknt of the Wrist and the
Tendons of the Flexor Carpi Radialis and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris h.we been entirely removed.

Tho radiocarpal and distal radioulnar articulations have been opened, the trinngul^ir fibrocartilnge and the internal lateral
ligament of the wrist-joint being left intact ; the bones of the forearm have been separated from one another and from
the carpus ; the pisipyramidal articulation, the carpometacarpal articulations of the thumb and the ring finger, and the
second intermetacarpal articulation, have been partially opened.

Capsule of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation

,A Capsula articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis

Head of the ulna

\_,- Capitulum ulna;

The ulna

Triangular fibrocartilage

- Discus articularis

Styloid process of the ulna

Proc. styloideus ulna:

Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint (5)

Communication belwepn the radiocarpal and

\ the pisipyramidal articulation

1 , P3rramidal or cuneiform bone o> triquctrum

I Capsule of the pisipyramidal articulation (6)
Pisiform bone-0-- pisif.innc

Plsi-uncinate ligament- Lig. pi.sohamatum
Pisimetacarpal ligament— Lig- pisometacarpeum

Hook of the unciform bone- Hamulus ossis hamati

Anterior or palmar carpometacarpal ligament

Lig. carpometacarpeum \'olare
Second intermetacarpal articulation
Articulatio intermetacarpea II.

Articulatio manus — Articulations of the hand.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

213

The ulna
Head of the ulna

Capitulum ulna; \

Triangular fibrocartilage

Discus articularis

Styloid process of the ulna !■■>

Proc. styloideus ulnae

Lunar, or semilunar, bone

Os hinatum y.,

FoBterloror dorsal intercarpal llgamenta _. sftP'^

Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia ^^W^y

Pyramidal or cuneiform bone "*

Os triquetruiii

Os magnum or capitate bone i-\m>

Os capitatuin fcv^ ,>

Posterior or dorsal intercarpal ligaments »- HEi WV

Ligg. inteicarpea dorsalia „ ,„ -~—-M^ * —

Unciform bone -

Os iKiinatuin

Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal— «
ligaments

Ligg. carponietacarpea dorsalia

Fifth metacarpal bone
Os metacarpale V.

The radius

Carpal articular surface

Facies articularis carpea

Scaphoid bone
Os naviculare

External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint

Lig. collaterale carpi radiale

Trapezoid bone

. Os multangulum minus
„, Trapezium— Os multangulum majus

Posterior or dorsal intercarpal ligaments

Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia

Posterior or dorsal carpometacarpal

ligaments — Ligg- carpomelacarpea dorsdlia

Capsule of the carpometacarpal joint
of the thumb

Capsula articulationis carpo
metacarpea^ poUicis

First metacarpal bone
Os metacarpale I.

\\l/ Posterior or dorsal proximal intermetacarpal ligaments

Ligg. basium dorsalia

Fig. 447. — The Short Posterior or Dorsal Ligaments of the Transverse Carpal
Articulation, anu of the Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Articulations.
(The Right Carpus with the Distal Extremities of the Bones of the Forearm
AND THE Proximal Extremities of the Metacarpal Bones.)

The distal radio-ulnar articulation and the radiocarpal and transverse carpal articulations have been
opened by the removal of the posterior ligaments, and the bones of the forearm have been drawn
a little upwards and away from the carpus.

Pyramidal or cuneiform bone

0^ triquelrum

Lunar, or semilunar, bone— Os luuatum
Interosseous intercarpal ligament

Lig. intt;rcari":um interossetiiti
Scaphoid bone— Os na\ iculare

Capsule of the radiocarpal articulation

(anterior or palmar ligament of

the wrist-Joint)

Capsiila articii!atii>i)is radiotarpe*

Canal of the carpus— Canal!

Tendon of the flexor carpi
radialis muscle

Capsule of the carpometa

carpal joint of the thumb

Capsula articulationis
carpometacarpcEE poUicis

First metacarpal bone

Ridge or tuberosity of the trapezium
Tuberculum ossis multaoHuli majoris

Anterior annular ligament of the wrist

Fold of the synovial membrane — Plica synoviahs

'■ Triangular flbrocartllage— Discus articularis

Capsule of the radiocarpal articulation {posterior^
/ or doraal ligament of the wriBt-Joint)

/ '-'.ipsulii arlical.uioiiis radiocariifi.i;

Carpal articular surface

".ii:i(-s articularis carpea

Communication between

the radiocarpal and the

pisipyramidal articulation

The radius

The ulna

Pisiform bone

j Os pisi forme

Fifth metacarpal bone

Fig. 448. — The Articular Surfaces anu the Attachments of the Capsule of the
Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-Joint ; Canalis Carpi, the Canal of the Carpus.
(The Right Carpus with the Metacarpal Bones ; Antero-superior Aspect.)

The distal extremities of the bones of the forearm have been turned to the ulnar side, after division of
the capsule of the wrist-joint with the e.xception of the internal lateral ligament.

Articulatio manus — Articulations of the hand.

214

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

The ulna

Ulna

Vertical pouch of the synovial membrane

of the distal radioulnar articulation

•Recessus sacciformis articulationis

radio-ulnaris distalis

Triangular fibrocartilage
Discus articularis
Lunar, or semilunar, bone— Os lunatum
Interosseous Intercarpal ligament

Lie;, iiuercarpeuiii iiuerosseum

Internal lateral ligament of the wrist-joint

Lig. collaterale carpi ulllare

PjTamldal or cuneiform bone— Os triquetrum
Capsule of the transverse carpal articulation

Capsula aniculatioiils mantis

Unciform bone— Os hamatum
Os magnum or capitate bone -Os capitatum -

Carpometacarpal articulations of the ring and little fingers (i) '

Interosseous carpometacarpal ligament (2)
Intermetacarpal articulations

Articulationes imermetacarpeae

Interosseous intermetacarpal ligaments

Ligg. basium interossea

Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation

of the little finger

Articulatio metacarpo-phalangea

digiti V.

Lateral ligaments ,.
Ligg. coUateralia -'-

Proximal interphalangeal articula-
tion of the little finger
Articulatio proximaiis digiti V. ~'

Lateral ligaments ^'J ( - ^\
Ligg. coUateralia

Distal interphalangeal articulation
of the little finger

Articulatio distalis digiti V.

Lateral ligajnenta -■
Ligg. coUateralia

(i) Articulatio carpometacarpea digiti IV. et V.
(z) Lig. carpometacarpeum interosseum

The radius

Radius

The radiocarpal articulation or wrist-joint

.Articulatio radiocarpea
.. Interosseous Intercarpal ligament (3)

Scaphoid bone~Os naviculare

External lateral ligament of the wrist-joint (4)
Transverse carpal articulation

Aiticiilatio intercarpea

Trapezium — Os multanguliim majus

Carpometacarpal articulation of thumb (s)
Interosseous intercarpal ligament (6)
Carpometacarpal articulations of the
index and middle fingers (7)

Trapezoid bone

■ Os multangulum minus

Interosseous intermetacarpal

ligament

Lig. basium interosseum

Intermetacarpal articulation

Articulatio intermetacarpea

Metacarpo-phalangeal
N^ articulation of the thumb

Articulatio metacarpo-
phalangea pollicis

^ Sesamoid bone

Os sesamoideum

Interphalangeal articulation
of the thumb

Articulatio pollicis

(3) Lig. iritercarpeum interosseum

(4) Lig. collaterale carpi radiale

(5) Articulatio carpometacarpea pollicis

(6) Lig. intercarpt'uni interosseum^

(7) Articulatio carpometacarpea digiti II. et III.

Fig. 449. — Articulatio Radio-ulnaris Distalis, Distal Radio-ulnar Articulation. Articu-
latio Manus, Articulations of the Hand: Articulationes Radiocarpea et Intercarpea,
Radiocarpal Articulation or Wrist-Joint and Transverse Carpal Articulation. Articu-
lationes CARPOMETACARPE.E, CARPOMETACARPAL ARTICULATIONS I ARTICULATIONES InTER-

metacarpe.e, Intermetacarpal Articulations. Articulationes Metacarpo-phalangea,
Metacarpo-phalangeal Articulations ; Articulationes Digitokum Manus, Interphalan-
geal Articulations of the Fingers. (The Skeleton of the Right Hand with the
Distal Extremities of the Bones of the Forearm ; Posterior or Dorsal Aspect.)

The articulations are all opened by a section in the frontal plane : and whereas in the fingers this plane
passes through the joints from side to side, dividmgthe lateral ligaments ; in the thumb, owing to the
op )osition of this member, the plane of section passes through the joints in a dorsopalmar direction,
and divides the dorsal and palmar ligaments. ,

Articulationes manus et digitorum — Articulations of the hand and fingers.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER LIMB

215

Shaft of the radius

Diaphysis radii

Radiocarpal articulation

Articulatio radiocarpea

Lunar, or semilunar, bone
Os lunatum
Transverse carpal articulation

Articulatio intercarpea

Oarpometacarpal articulation

Articulatio carpometacarpea

Anterior or palmar metacarpo-phalangeal ligament'

Lig. accessorium volare

Metacarpo-phalangeal articulation

Articulatio metacarpo-phalangea

Ungual phalanx'
Phalanx 111.

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Distal epiphysis of the radius

Epiphysis distalis radii

Os magnum, or capitate bone
Os capitatum

Third metacar]>al bone
Os metacarpale III.

1 Epiphysial discn

/ Synchondrosis epiphyssoTi

Proximal phalanx
Phalanx I.

' Interphalangeal articulationr.
Articulationes digit!

See note on p. 211.

Fig. 450. — The Articulations of the Hand, seen in Sagittal ok Uoksopai mar section,

SHOWING THEIR RELATIONS TO THE EPIPHYSIAL DiSCS. (ThE RaDIAL PORTION OF THE

Divided Right Hand of a Youth aged Seventeen Years.)

The section traverses the distal extremity of the radius, llie carpus, and the metacarpal bone an

phalanges of the middle finger.

Articulationes manus et digitorum — Articulations of the hand and fingers.

216

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Anterior common ligaments

Lig. longitudinale anterius "-

Middle layer of the lumbar fascia or ,,
aponeurosis (lowermost fibres)

Iliolumbar ligament
Lig. iliolumbale

Fourth lumbar vertebra

Vertebra lumbalis IV.

Iliolumbar ligament

/Lig. iliolumbale
,/' "Preauricular groove

/ .' "Sulcus paraglenoidalis

(prseauricularis)

Great sacrosciatic foramen

Foramen ischiadicum majus

Small sacrosciatic foramen
Foramen ischiadicum minus

Sacral promontory

Promontorium

Sacro-iliac articulation

Articulatio sacro-iliaca

Anterior sacro-iliac ligament i'-N;';,
Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora

Anterior or small sacro-
sciatic ligament
Lig. sacrospinosum

Spine of the ischium

Spina ischiadica

Posterior or great sacro-
sciatic ligament

Lig. sacrotuberosum

Tuberosity of the ischium

Tuber ischiadicum

Sacrococcygeal symphysis' /
Symphysis sacrococcygea

Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius

' Intervertebral disc of the sacrococcygeal articulation. — Tr.

Fig. 451. — Articulatio Sacro-iliaca, Sacro-iliac Articulation : Ligamenta Sacro-iliaca
Anteriora, Anterior Sacro-iliac Ligament ; Ligamentum Iliolumbale, Iliolumbar
Ligament. Ligamenta Sacrospinosum et Sacrotuberosum, Small or Anterior and
Great or Posterior Sacrosciatic Ligaments. Foramina Ischiadica Majus et Minus,
Great and Small Sacrosciatic Foramina. (The Pelvis with the Fourth and Fifth
Lumbar VERTEBRiE, in Frontal Section ; Posterior Half, seen from Before.)

The ligaments of the right sacro-iliac articulation are intact ; those of the left articulation have been

removed-

Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis interioris — Articulations and ligaments of the

p? vie girdle,

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

217

Fourth lumbar vertebra

Vertebra lumbalis IV.

Sacral promontory //

Promontoriura

Anterior sacro-iliao ligament
Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora

Brim of the pelvis

Linea terminalis

Obturator canal

Canalis obturatorius

Spine of the pubis

Tuberculum pubicum

Interpubio disc ^

Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica'

Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament ,

Lig. arcuatum pubis

Obturator membrane, or ligamen

Merabrana obturatoria

Intervertebral foramen
Foramen intervertebrale

Sacral canal

-■''' Canalis sacralis

Great sacrosciatic foramen

Foramen ischiadicum
majus

Anterior or small sacro-
sciatic ligament

Lig. sacrospinosum

Sacrococcygeal symphysis^

■Symphysis sacrococcygea

_ Small sacrosciatic ligament
Foramen ischiadicum

'- Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament
^ Lig. sacrotuberosum
Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum
Falciform process of the great sacrosciatic ligament
Proc. falciformis ligamenti sacrotuberosi

See note on p. 216.

Fig. 452. — LiGAMENTA Sacrotuberosum et Sacrospinosum, Posterior or Great and
Anterior or Small Sacrosciatic Ligaments ; Foramina Ischiadica, Sacrosciatic
Foramina. Membrana Obturatoria, Obturator Membrane or Ligament ; Canalis
Obturatorius, Obturator Canal. Articulat 10 Sacro-iliaca, Sacro-iliac Articulation.
(The Right Half of a Pelvis divided in the Median Plane ; seen from the Inner
Side.)

Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris— Articulations and ligaments

of the pelvic girdle.

218

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Supraspinous ligament

Lig. bjupraspinalu

Costal process of the fifth lumbar vertebra

Middle layer of the lumbar fascia
(lowermost fibres)

Posterior or great sacro

sciatic ligament

Lig. sacrotubeiubum

Iliolumbar ligament

Lig. iliolumbale

Long or oblique (pos
terior) sacro-iliac.

ligament
Lig. sacro-iliacura
posterius longum

Posterior or great sacrosciatic
ligament
Lig. sacrotuberosum

Tuberosity of the ischium _
Tuber ischiadicum

Posterior sacro-
iliac ligament'

I.ii^K. sacro-iliinaitilerossea

rcBteiior layer of the

lumbar lascia or

aponeurosis

Fascia liimhodorsalis

Qreat sacrosciatic foramen

Kuramen iscliiadicum majus

Coccygeal comu

Cornu coccygeum

Spine of the ischium

Spina iscbiadica

Small sacrosciatic foramen

Foramen iscliiadicum
minus

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament /
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius siiperficiale ' /

Pubic symphysis ^

Symphysis ossium pubis

Obturator membrane, or ligament
Membraiia <)l)tiiratoria
Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament
Lit^. sacrospinosiim
Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament
Lig. arciiatum pubis

* Macalister and some other EnEili-h amtomists acree with Toldt ir. naniitiK this ligament the inteross'ous sarro-iliac ligament. That
name is. however, misapplied, s nee the fibres of the ligament do not connect two closely adiacent parallel articu'ar surfaces. True inter>
osseous fine filjres are occasionally found connecting corresponding parts of the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium. —Tr.

Fig, 453. — Posterior Ligaments of the Pelvic Girdle : Ligamentum Sacrotuberosum,
Posterior or Great Sacrosciatic Ligament, and its Relation to the Posterior
Layer of the Lumbar Aponeurosis. Foramina Ischiadica, Sacrosciatic Foramina.
Ligamentum Sacro-iliacum Posterius Longum, Long or Ohlique (Posterior) Sacro-
iliac Ligament; Ligamenta Sacro-iliac Interossea, Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligament
{see note above); Ligamentum Iliolumbale, Iliolumbar Ligament. (The Pelvis with
THE Fourth and Fifth Lumbar Vertebra ; seen from Behind.)

On the right side, the posterior layer of the lumbar apotieurosis has been divided close to its
continuation into tlie posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament, and turned outwards ; mi the left
side, this superficial portion of the posterior or great sacrosciatic li anient has been cut across,
and the divided ends have been turned upwards and downwards. The lowermost fibres of
the middle layer of the lumbar aponeurosis have on the right side been left intact, but on the
left side entirely removed.

Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris — Articulations and ligaments

of the pelvic girdle.

~HE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

219

Fourth lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lumbalis IV.

Sacral promontory

Promontorium

Posterior (short) sacro-iliac ligament'
Lig. sacro-iliacum posterius breve

Posterior sacro-iliac ligament (superficial

layer)^

Ligg. sacro-iliaca interossea

Long or oblique (posterior) sacro-iliac
ligament

Lig. sacro-iliacum posterius longum

Anterior or small sacrosciatic ligament

Lig. sacrospinosum

Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament

Lig. sacrotuberosum

Fig. 454. — Deep Posterior Ligaments of the Sacro-iliac Articulation : Ligamenta Sacro-
iliaca Interossea, Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligaments ; Ligamentum Sacro-iliacum Posterius
Breve, Posterior (Short) Sacro-iliac Ligament. (The Right Half of a Pelvis divided
in the Median Plane ; Postero-internal Aspect.)

The upper portion of the posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament has been removed ; the long or
oblique (posterior) sacroiliac hganient has been divided transversely in the middle, and the
ends have been turned upwards and downwards.

* External sacral crest
Sacral canal *,Crista sacralis lateralis

Canalis sacralis -. 'Median sacral crest

"Crista sacralis

Tuberosity of the ilium

Tuberositas iliaca

Auricular surface

Facies auricularis"'

Anterior sacro-iliac ligament ■

Ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora

First sacral vertebra— Vertebra sacralis I

Sacro-iliac articulation
' Articulatio sacro-iliaca

; Deep layer \ of the posterior sacro-iliac

Superficial layer J ligament-

Fig. 455. — Horizontal Section through the Sacro-iliac Articulation ; Upper Surface of
Lower Segment: Superficial and Deep Layers of the Posterior Sacro-iliac Ligament.

The section was made in a plane at right angles to the long axis of the pelvis, and passes through

the middle of the body of the first sacral vertebra.

1 This forms part of the posterior sacro-iliac ligament of English anatomists. See note on p. 218. — Tr. ^ See note on p. 218.

Articulationes et ligamenta cinguli extremitatis inferioris — Articulations and ligaments

of the pelvic girdle.

28—2

220

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Superior pubic ligament — Lig. pubicum superiu

Ligament of Henle

Falx inguinalis

Spine of the pubis

Tuberculum pubicum

Superior or ascending
ramus of the pubis

Ramus superior ossis pubis

Inferior pubic or subpubic

ligament

Lig. arcuatum pubis

BecLus abdominis muscle

_M rectus abdominis

Interlacing of the fibres of
the tendons of origin of the
rectus abdominis muscles'

Tendon of origin of the rectus abdomi-
nis muscle attached to the inferior or
descending ramus of the pubis

Foramen for the passage of the dorsal
artery and nerve of the penis

Inferior or descending ramus

of the pubis

Ramus inferior ossis pubis

Foramen for the passage of the dorsal vein of the penis Transverse ligament of the pelvis" — Lig. transversum pelvis

Fig. 456. — Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis: Ligamentum Pubicus Superius, Superior
Pubic Ligament; Ligamentum Arcuatum Pubis, Inferior Pubic or Subpubic Ligament;
Ligamentum Transversum Pelvis, Transverse Ligament of the Pelvis. The Origin of
THE Tendons of the Rectus Abdominis Muscles from the Pubis, and the Relation of
THESE Tendons to the Pubic Symphysis. (The Anterior Aspect of the Pubic Symphysis.)
The lower extremities of the rectus abdominis muscles have been pulled a little apart.

Fissure of the interpubic disc

Pubis
Os pubis "

Interpubic disc

Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica

Interlacing tendons'

1 The anterior pubic ligament is not mentioned by the author. It consists of two parts, a superficial and a deep. The <fe/t /«>;, which
is not shown in any of the figures, is made up of fibres pajising transver-ely from bone to bone in front of the interpubic dl.sc ; the fibres of the
superficial part are oblique, interlace freely, and are mainly derived from the tendons of the external oblique and rectus muscles of the
abdomen, as well as from those of the superficial adductors of the thish. These mterlacing tendinous fibres of the superficial part ol the
anterior pubic ligament are shown in both the figures on this page. -Tk.

2 Thi.s ligament is a portion of the deep perineal fascia or triangular ligam»nt of the urethra. The name of transverse hgament ot the
peMs, which is rarely used in England, was given to it by Henle. — Tr.

.—Horizontal Section through the Pubic Symphysis of a Nulliparous Woman aged

Lower Segment: Lamina Fibrocartilaginea
Interpubic Disc. Re-inforcement of the

Fig. 457

Twenty-One Years ; Upper Surface of
Interpubica, Interpubic Disc ; Fissure in the
Interpubic Articulation by the Interlacing
of the Tendons of Origin of the Rectus
Insertion of the External Oblique Muscles.

The plane of section lies in the upper half of the symphysis
Symphysis ossium pubis — Pubic symphysis.

ON ITS Anterior Surface of the Fibres
Abdominis Muscles and the Tendons of

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB
Superior pubic Ugament~Lig. pubicum superiusl

*ioaterlor prominence o'
the interpubic disc'

'Torus pubiciis

Foramen for the passage of the _
dorsal vein of the penis

Inferior or descending

ramus of the pubis

Ramus inferior ossis
pubis

221

Pubic ligament of Astle;

Cooper, or Cooper's

ligament

Superior or ascending
ramus of the pubis

Ramus superior ossis
pubis

—Venous foramen

Obturator fascia
Fascia obturatoria

* The slight posterior prominence of the interpubic disc has not received any name from Knglisli anatomists. A few transverse fibres
connect the puljic l)ones ill (his region, forming xh^ pcsteriorpulfic ligament^ which is not mentioned by Toldt.— Tk.
2 See note ^ on p. 2/0.

Fig. 458. — Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis : Torus Pubicus, Posterior Prominence
OF THE Interpubic Disc; Ligamentum Transversum Pelvis, Transverse Ligament of the
Pelvis {\eenote'^ above), v^\-x\i the Venous Foramina; Connexions of the Transverse Ligament
OF the Pelvis with the Obturator Fascia. (The Pubic Symphysis seen from Behind.)

Superior pubic ligament — Lig, pubicum superius

Interpubic disc
"Lamina fibrocartilaginea
interpubica;

The pubis

Inferior pubic or subpubic ligament— Lig. arcuatnm pubis

Fig. 459. — Symphysis Ossium Pubis, Pubic Symphysis : Lamina Fibrocartilaginea Interpubica,
Intekpubic Disc; Ligamentum Pubicum Superius, Superior Pubic Ligament; Ligamentum
Arcuatum Pubis, Inferior Pubic or Subpubic Ligament. (Thk Pubic Symphysis in
Frontal Section; Anterior Surface of Posterior Segment.)

Symphysis ossium pubis — Pubic symphysiii.

222

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LlMB

Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca

Anterior superior iliac spine

Spina iliaca anterior superior

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Spina iliaca anterior inferior

Capsular ligament

Capsula articularis

Iliofemoral ligament, or Y
ligament of Bigelow

Lig. iliofemorale

Capsular ligament

Capsula articularis

Great trochanter —
Trochanter major

Anterior intertrochan- r
teric line J

Linea intertrochan- I
tsrica

Pubofemoral ligament

Lig, pubocapsulare

Spine of the pubis

Tiiberculum

pubicum

Obturator canal
"Canalis obturatorius

Obturator membrane, or
ligament

Membrana obturatoria

Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum

Ischiocapsular ligament

Lig. ischiocapsulare

Shaft of the femur
"Corpus femoris

r'iG. 460.— Articulatio Cox^, the Hip-Joint: Ligamentum Iliofemorale, Iliofemoral
Ligament, ok Y Ligament of Bigelow; Ligamentum Pubocapsulare, Pubofemoral
Ligament, and its Relations to the Obturator Membrane. (The Right Hip-Joint,

SEEN FROM BEFORE.)

Articulatio cox;e— The hip-joint.

THE ART/CUL/tTrON': QP THE LOWER LIMB

223

Cotyloid ligament— Labrum glenoidale

Head of the femur
Epiphysial disc — Synchondrosis epiphyseos
Zona orbicularis — Zona orbicularis —

Digital fossa

Fossa trochanterica

Spiphysis of the great
trochanter

Neck of the femur

Hip-bone

Fossa of the interarticular ligament

--Fovea capitis lemoris

Fad of fat in the fossa of tt)f* acatabulum

Interarticular or round ligament

Lig. teres femoris

Cotyloid notch
-Incisura acetabuli

Transverse ligament of the acetabulum

Lig. transversum acetabuli

Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum

small trochanter

Shaft of the femur
Corpus femoris

Fig. 461. — Akticulatio Cox.k, the Hip-Joint : Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament;
Zona Orbicularis, the Circularly Disposed Fibres of the Capsular Ligament,
FORMING A Band round the Nfck of the Femur, which is most distinct Behind and
Below. Relation of the Epiphysial Disc of the Head of the Femur to the Hip-
joint. (The Right Hip-Joint in Frontal 'Section; Anterior Surface of Posterior
Segment.)

The section passes through the middle cf the cotyloid notch and of the fossa of the interarticular ligament.

Articulatio coxae — The hip-joint.

'ri-i

THE AKTICOLAUUN:^ Or I'Ht. LOWER LIMB

Iliolumbar ligament

Lig. iliolumbaie Fifth lumbar vertebra

. Vertebra lumbalis V.

Anterior sacro-iliac ligament ..

ligg. sacro-iliaca anteriora

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Spina iliaca anterior inferior

Facies lunata

[Fibrous portion
Capsular ligament J Pars fibrosa
Capsula articularis I Synovial portion

I Pars synovialis
Zona orbicularis — Zona orbicularis .

Vreat trochanter
Irochanter major

Cotyloid ligament

Labrum glenoidale

Fossa of the acetabulum— Fossa ajetabuli

Interarticular or round ligament

J-ig teres temoris

Cotyloid notch— Incisura acetabali

Obturator canal — Canalis obturatorius

Pubic ligament of Astley Cooper, or
Cooper's ligament
Spine of the pubis

Tuberculum pubicum

^^^^ ^^^^ Pubofemoral ligament

Iliofemoral ligament, f " '^^^MKf^^M \ ^^Hf .^^.^^f^^ ^ 'h pubocapsulare

or Y ligament / -, ^. s^BBmS^ \ '^■^ImSbj^*'^ Obturator membrane, or ligament

Li iUofe^mOTale fj' '' //jTMl^^lr \ ^^^^^^ Menibrana obturatoria

' Zona orbicularis —Zona orbicularis
' Synovial membrane covering the neck of the femur
Small trochanter
Trochanter minor

Fig. 462. — Articulatio Cox^, the Hip-Joint; Ligamentum Teres Femoris, Interarticular
OR Round Ligament of the Hip-Joint^ ; Laurum Glenoidale, Cotyloid Ligament;
Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament of the Hip-Joint; Reflection of the
Synovial Membrane of the Hip-Toint from the Inner Surface of the Capsular
Ligament on to the Neck of the Femur; zona Orbicularis, Circular Band of the
Capsular Ligament round the Neck of the Femur.^ (The Right Hip-Joint seen
from Before.)

The anterior wall of the capsular ligament has been removed, except for a narrow band at its distal
attachment, which has been turned outwards. The head of the ftmur has been slightly withdrawn
from its socket in a downward and outward direction.

1 Perhaps most frequently known in England by its Latin name, Ufiamcntiim teres.
^ Also frequently known in England by its Latin name, zona orbicularis.

Articuiatio coxae — The hip-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

225

The ilium

Cotyloid ligament

Labrum glenoidale

HoTseshoe-shaped articular
surface of the acetabulum

Anterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior superior

Iliopectineal eminence
Eminentia iliopectinea

The pubis

Fossa acetabuli

Tuberosity of the ischium

Tuber ischiadicum

Transverse ligament of the acetabulum

Lig. transversum acetabuli

Cotyloid notch
Incisura acetabuli

Interarticular or round ligament

Lig. teres femoris

The ischium

Fig. 463. — Articulatio Cox.?;, the Hip-Joint : the Acetabulum ; Labrum Glenoidale et

LiGAMENTUM TrANSVERSUM AcETABULI, THE COTYLOID LiGAMENT AND THE TRANSVERSE

Ligament of the Acetabulum. Ligamentum Teres Femoris, the Interarticular or
Round Ligament. (View of the Interior of the Socket of the Right Hip-Joint.)

The interarticular or round ligament has been divided close to its attachment to the head of the femur.

Articulatio coxse — The hip-joint.

226

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Inferior ramus of the ischiuTi

Ramus inferior ossis ischii
Obturator membrane, or ligament
Membrana obturatoria

Thin portion of the capsule between the pubofemoral
and the ischiocapsular ligament

Inferior or descending ramus of the pubis

Ramus inferior ossis pubis

Obturator canal
Canalis obturatorius

Spine of the pubis

Tuberculum pubicum

Pubofemoral ligament ..-'

Lig. piibocapsulare

Iliopectineal eminence

Eminentia iliopectinea

Tuberosity of the ischium

Tuber ischiadicum

Ischiocapsula'- ligament

Lig. iscliiocapsulare
Thin portion of the capsule
between the ischiocapsular and
the iliofemoral ligament

Zona orbicularis

Thin portion of the capsule between the pubo-
femoral and the iliofemoral ligament

Distal attachment of the iliofemoral ligament ''

Oreat trochanwr

Trochanter major

\ Posterior intertrochan-
teric ridge or line

Crista intertrochanterica

\Neck of the femur

Collum femoris

\ Thin portion of the capsule external
to the zona orbicularis

Nimall trochanter

Trochanter minor

Fig. 464.— Articut.atio Coxje. the Hip-Joint: Capsula Articularis, the Capsular Liga-
ment; Zona Orbicularis i§ec p. 223), and its Relations to the Pubofemoral and
Ischiocapsular Ligaments. Membrana Obturatoria et Canalis Obturatorius,
Obturator Membrane or Ligament and Obturator Canal. (The Postero-internal
Side of the Right Hip-Joint seen from Below.)

The articular cavity has been injected with tallow.

Articulatio coxae— The hip-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

227

i liinata

Thin portion of the capsule between the pubo
femoral and the ischiocapsular ligament
Transverse ligament of the acetabulum
Lig. transversum acetabuli

Fossa acetabuli — Fossa acetabuli \
Interartlcular or round ligament— l.ig. teres femoris \ '
Horseshoe-shaped articular surface of
the acetabulum— Kacii

Spine of the ischium

Spina ischiadica

Sciatic, or small sciatic,
notch

Incisura ischiadica
minor

Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum

Horseshoe-shaped articular
surface of the acetabulum
A Facies lunata

' \ Pubofemoral ligament— Lig. pubocapsulare

Thin portion of the capsule

Communication between the synovial cavity
^' and the bursa beneath the tendon of
'^ the Iliopsoas muscle

Iliofemoral ligament -Lig. ilio-

feiiiorale

Cotyloid ligament
Labrum glenoidale

Cotyloid ligament

Labrum glenoidale
Capsular ligament -'

Capsular articularis

Ischiocapsular ligament/
Lig. ischiocapsulare \_

Digital fossa
Fossa trochanterica

Thin portion of the capsule
between the iliofemoral and
the ischiocapsular ligament

Zona orbicularis

Capsular ligament
Capsula articularis

Great trochanter

Trochanter major

Great trochanter

Trochanter major

Cut surface of the neck of the femur

Femoral attachment of the
iliofemoral ligament

Thin portion of the capsule external
to the zona, orbicularis

Fig. 465. — Articulatio Cox.e, the Hip-Joint : Zona Orbicularis (see p. 223), and its
Relations to the Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, and Ischiocapsular Ligaments ; the
Thin Portions of the Capsule, and the Communication between the Synovial
Cavity and the Bursa beneath the Tendon of the Iliopsoas Muscle; the
Ack:tabulum, with the Transverse Ligament of the Acetabulum, and the Inter-
articular or Round Ligament.

After the capsule of the right hip-joint had been prepared from without, the joint was fully flexed; the
capsule was then divided by a section in the direction of a line passing from the middle of the
upper border of the great trochanter to the inner border of the iliopectineal eminence ; the ilium
was cut away except for that portion of the bone which contributes to the formation of the
acetabulum, and the neck of the femur was sawti across just internal to the distal attachment of
the capsule ; the inlerarticular ligament was divided close to the head of the femur, and this
latter, together with the intracapsular portion of the neck, was removed ; the acetabulum and the
remaining proximal portion of the femur were divided in two by a continuation of the section
already made through the upper wall of tlic capsule ; the two halves of the acetabulum and the
head and neck of the femur were then opened out till the cut surfaces met at a very obtuse angle ;
so that the capsule and the cotyloid ligament were fully exposed from within. The synovial
membrane was dissected off, and the inner surface of the capsule cleaned from fat and cellular
tissue.

Articulatio coxae — The hip-joint.

29-

228

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

The femur,
Femur

Subcrureus muscle
M. articularis genu

Bursa beneath the
suprapatellar tendon-

Bursa suprapatellaris

Vastus extemus muscle

M. vastus lateralis

External lateral patellar ligament'

Retinaculum patella; laterale

Capsular ligament

Capsula articularis

External lateral ligament
of the knee-joint

Lig. collaterale fibulare

Anterior superior
tibiofibular ligament
Ligg. capituli fibulae

Tendon of the rectus femoris muscle

Sehne des M. rectus femoris

Vastus intemus muscle

M. vastus medialis

IKl Th8 patella

Ml" Patella

Internal lateral patellar ligament
Retinaculum patellae mediale

Internal lateral ligament
of the knee-joint
/ Lig. collaterale tibiale

' Patellar ligament, or

infrapatellar tendon

Lig. patellae

Tubercle of the tibia
Tuberositas tibia3

Fig

The fibula

Fibula

Interosseous membrane,

or ligament, of the leg

Membrana interossea

cruris

466.— Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Ligamentum Patella, Patellar Ligament,
OR Infrapatellar Tendon ; Retinacula Patell.e, Lateral Patellar Ligaments ;
Ligamenta Collateralia, Lateral Ligaments of the Knee-Joint. Bursa Supra-
patellaris, THE Bursa beneath the Suprapatellar Tendon; the Relation of the
unusually Large Subcrureus Muscle to the Capsule of the Knee-Joint. Articulatio
Tibiofibularis, Superior Tibiofibular Articulation: Ligamenta Capituli Fibula,
Anterior Superior Tibiofibular Ligament. (The Right Knee-Joint from Before.)

The synovial cavity has been injected with tallow.

Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

229

External condyle
Condylus lateralis

External semilunar fibrocartilage

Meniscus lateralis

External lateral ligament of the

knee-joint

Lig. collaterale fibulare

Anterior superior tibiofibular
ligament

Ligg. capituli fibulae

The fibula
Fibula

Interosseous membrane, or ligament,

of the leg

Membrana interossea cruris

The tibia.
Tibia

The femur

Patellar surface
Facias patellaris

Posterior or internal crucial ligament

Lig. cruciatum posterius

Anterior or external crucial ligament
Lig. cruciatum anterius

Internal semilunar fibrocartilage

Meniscus medialis

Transverse ligament of the semilunai

fibrocartilages

Lig. transversum genu

Internal lateral ligament of the

knee-joint

Lig. collaterale tibiale

Patellar ligament, or infra-
patellar tendon
Lig. patelte

Articular surface of the patella
Facies articularis patellae

Suprapatellar tendon, or common

tendon of the quadriceps extensor

cruris muscle

Fig

467.— Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Ligamenta Collateralia, Lateral Liga-
ments OF the Knee-Joint; Ligamenta Cruciata, Crucial Ligaments; Ligamentum
Patella-:, Patellar Ligament, or Infrapatellar Tendon. Articulatio Tibiofibularis.
Superior Tibiofibular Articulation : Ligamenta Capituli Fibula, Anterior Superior

IIBIOFIBULAR LiGAMENT. (ThE RiGHT KnEE-JoINT SEEN FROM BEFORE AND WITHOUT.)
The capsular ligament has been removed from the front of the joint between the two lateral ligaments,
and the patellar ligament has been turned downwards.

Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

230

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Sttbcrureus muscle --

M. articularis genu

The femur

Femur

Vastus intemuB muscle
M. vastus medialis

The patella

Patella

Capsular ligament
Capsula articularis'

Patellar ligament, or infra-
patellar tendon
Lig. patellae

Bursa beneath the suprapatellar
tendon

Bursa suprapatellaris

Distal epiphysial disc of the femur

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

_, Internal condyle

Epicondylus medialis

Inner head of the gastroc
nemius muscle

Caput mediale musculi
gastrocnemii

Internal lateral patellar
ligament
Retinaculum patellae
mediale
. Tendon of the semimem-
branosus muscle

Internal lateral ligament
of the knee-joint

Lig. collaterale tibiale

Proximal epiphysial disc of the tibia

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Tubercle of the tibia.

Tuberositas tibiae

Fig. 468. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament,
AND THE Relations of the Subcrureus Muscle to this Ligament; Bursa Supra-
patellaris, THE Bursa beneath the Suprapatellar Tendon. Ligamentum Collaterale
TiBi^, Internal Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint ; Ligamentum Patell.e et
Retinaculum Patella Mediale, Patellar Ligament, or Infrapatellar Tendon, and
Internal Lateral Patellar Ligament. Relations of the Epiphysial Discs to the
Articulation.

The same preparation as that of Fig. 466, seen from within.

Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

231

The femur.
Femur

Subcrureus muscle

M. articularis genu

Plantaxis muscle

M. plantaris

Outer head of the
gastrocnemius

muscle
Caput laterale

musculi
gastrocnemius

External condyle of
the femur

Condylus lateralis
femoris

External lateral ligament
of the knee-joint

Lij;. colhturak- fil.ular.;

Short external lateral

(Quain), or direct portion of

posterior external lateral

ligament (Macalister) (i)

Popliteus muscle (2)

Tendon of the biceps flexor

cruris muscle

Anterior superior tibiofibular liga

ment— Ligg. capituli fibulas

Proximal epiphysial discs of
the tibia and the fibula \

Synchondrosis epiphyseos j

(. p •''- Quadriceps extensor

cruris muscle

Bursa beneath the supra-
patellar tendon
Bursa suprapatellaris

Capsular ligament

i External latera. patellar
J ligament

"1 Retinaculum patellae

laterale

The patella

"Patella

Patellar ligament, or

infrapatellar tendon

Lig. patellae

~^ Bursa beneath the patellar ligament
Bursa infrapatellaris profunda

The tibia

Tibia

The fibula

Fibula

Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of
the leg — Membranainterossea cruris '

(i) Retinaculum ligamenti arcuati (2) M. popliteus

Fig. 469. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament;
Bursa Suprapatellaris, and the Relations of the Quadriceps Extensor Cruris Muscle
TO THE Same. Ligamentum Collaterale Fibulare, External Lateral Ligament of the
Knee-Joint. Ligamentum Patella et Retinaculum Patella Laterale, Patellar Liga-
ment, OR Infrapatellar Tendon, and External Lateral Patellar Ligament; the
Relations of the Latter to the Plantaris Muscle and to the Outer Head of the
Gastrocnemius Muscle. Bursa Infrapatellaris Profunda, Bursa beneath the Patellar
Ligament. Articulatio Tibiofibularis, Superior Tibiofibular Articulation. Ligamenta
Capituli Fibula, Anterior Superior Tibiofibular Ligament. Relations of the
Epiphysial Discs to Both the Joints.

The same preparation as that of Figs. 466 and 468, seen from the outer side. The synovial cavity of
the knee-joint has been opened behind the external lateral ligament of the knee-joint, and the
bursa beneath the patellar ligament has also been opened.

Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

232

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

The femui

Femur

Capsular ligament
Capsula articularis

SemlmemoranoBUS musolj

M. semimembranosus

Bursa between the tendon of the

semimembranosus muscle and

the tendon of the inner head

of the gastrocnemius muscle

Bursa m. gastrocnemii medialls

Tendon of the inner head of
the gastrocnemius muscle

Posterior ligament of the knee-joint
Lig. popliteum obliquum

Internal lateral ligament of —
the knee-joint
Lig. collaterale tibiale

Divided edge of the aponeurosis
covering the popliteus muscle

The tendon of the outer head of
the gastrocnemius muscle

Sesamoid bone (var. )
,,--' Os sesamoideum (var.)

Arcuate portion of the pos-
terior external ?a'eral
— -_z:r ligament (Macalister)
--"' Lig. popliteum arcuatum

External lateral ligament of
the knee-joint

Lig. collaterale fibulare

Short external lateral ligament
" (Quain), or direct portion of the
posterior external lateral
ligament (Macalister) (i)

- Synovial sheath of the tendon
of the popliteus muscle

Bursa m. poplitei

Head of the fibula

Capitulum fibulae

Popliteus muscle

M. popliteus

Oblique line of the tibia
Linea poplitea (tibiae)

Interosseous membrane, or

ligament, of the leg

Membrana interossea

cruris

(i) Retinaculum ligamenti arcuati

Fig. 470. — Articul.\tio Genu, the Knee-Joint : Capsula Articularis, Capsular Ligament ; Ligamentum Popli-
teum Obliquum, Posterior Ligament of the Knee-Joint ; Relations of this Ligament to the Tendon
OP THE Semimembranosus Muscle and to the Outer Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle; Ligamentum
Popliteum Arcuatum et Retinaculum Ligamenti Arcuati, Arcuate Portion of the Posterior External
Lateral Ligament (Macalister), and Short External Lateral Ligament (Quain), or Direct Portion of
THE Posterior External Lateral Ligament (Macalister). Bursa Musculi Gastrocnemii Medialis, Bursa
between the Tendon ok the Semimembranosus Muscle and the Tendon of the Inner Head of the
Gastrocnemius Muscle, communicating with the Knee-Joint and having a Common Cavity with the
Bursa between the Tendon of the Semimembranosus Muscle and the Knee-Joint. Bursa Musculi
Poplitei, Synovial She.\th of the Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen from
Behind.)

Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

233

Popliteal surface of the femur
Planum popliteum femoris

Capsular ligament

Capsula articularis

Internal condyle of the femur

Condylus medialis femoris -.^^

Posterior or ascending band of the

external semilunar fibrocartilage

(Ellis), or ligament of Wrisberg

(Macalister)

Lig. menisci lateralis (Robert!)

Internal lateral ligament of the

knee-joint

Lifj. collaterale tibiale

Internal semilunar fibrocartilage

Meniscus medialis

Posterior border of the superior

articular surface of the tibia
Margo infraglenoidalis tibia;

Capsular ligament ~
Capsula articularis

Posterior or internal crucial ligament '
Lig. cruciatum posterius

Capsular ligament
/ Capsula articularis

Anterior or external crucial ligament
I^ig. cruciatum anterius

External lateral ligament of the
knee-joint

Lig. collaterale fibulare

— External semilunar fibrocartilage

Meniscus lateralis

S3moTial sheath of the tendon of

the popliteus musclo

Bursa m. poplitei

.,_Popllteus muscle
M. popliteus

Communication between the synovial
civity of the superior tibiofibular
articulation and the synovial sheath
of the tendon of the popliteus muscle

Oblique line of the tibia

Linea poplitea (tibiae)

Interosseous membrane, or ligament,
of the leg
Membrana interossea cruris

The fibula
Fibula

Fig. 471.— Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Ligamenta Cruciata, Crucial Ligaments, and Ligamentum
Menisci Lateralis, Posterior or Ascending Band of the External Semilunar Fibrocartilage (Ellis)
OR Ligament of Wrisherg (Macalister), (Variety'). Communication of the Synovial Sheath of the
Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle with the Synovial Cavities of the Knee-Joint and of the Superior
Tibiofibular Articulation. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen from Behind.)

The posterior portion of the capsular ligament, between the external and internal latt-ral ligaments, has been removed,
except for a strip left above close to the femoral attachment, which has been turned upwards; the synovial sheath
of the tendon of the popliteus muscle has been opened at its inner side, and its posterior wall has tDeen turned out-
wards with the tendon and the proximal portion of the popliteus muscle.

^ho"gh this band is called a variety by Toldt, it is, in fact, usually present, but its situation varies ; inasmuch as it passes, some-
times behind (asher*"), and sometimes before, and sometimes as a double band behind and before, the posterior or internal crucial ligament.
Its strength and thickness varies much, but it is .seldom entirely wanting.— Tk.

Articulatio genu — ^The knee-joint.

234

THE ARl'ICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

The femur

Bursa beneath the suprapatellar

tendon

Bursa suprapatellaris

Synovial membrane

Pars synovialis
capsulae articularis

Tendon of the popliteus muscle

External lateral ligament of

the knee-joint

Lig. coUaterale fibulare

Anterior superior tibio-
fibular ligament

Ligg. capituli fibulas

Synovial membrane

Pars synovialis
capsulae articularis

Patellar surface

Facies patellaris

The fibula
Fibula

The tibia

Tibia

The interosseous membrane, or
ligament, of the leg

Merabrana interossea cruris

Internal condyle of the femur

Condylus medialis femoris

Mucous ligament

Plica synovialis patellaris

i Alar ligaments
I Plicse alares

Articular surface of the patella
Facies articularis patellae

Bursa beneath the supra-
patellar tendon
Bursa suprapatellaris

Quadriceps extensor
cruris muscle

^^aaric^'S

Fig. 472. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint: Pars Synovialis Capsule Articularis, Synovial Membrane
OF THE Knee-Joint; Plica Synovialis Patellaris, Mucous Ligament; Plic^ Alares, Alar Ligaments;
Bursa Suprapatellaris, Bursa beneath the Suprapatellar Tendon. (The Right Knee-Joint, seen
from Before and Without.)

The joint was first injected, and the injected material allowed to solidify ; the capsule of the joint was then prepared from
without, the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle being; left intact; subsequently the joint was opened by a section
passing through the quadriceps muscle and the upper part of the front of the capsule from one lateral ligament to
the other close to the attachment of the capsule to the femur, and the anterior wall of the joint together with the
distal portion of the quadriceps extensor muscle was turned down. The quadriceps was divided at a somewhat
higher level than the capsule, and the bursa beneath the suprapatellar tendon divided is the frontal plane, to show
the communication of this bursa with the joint.

Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

235

Quadriceps extensor cruris muscle Kr,, „

** o ^

cm o _{• J-

Synovial membrane'

~'~ I Subcrureus muscle

( M. articularis genu

Bursa beneath the suprapatellar
tendon
Bursa suprapatellaris

._ Synovial membrane

Articular surface of the patella

Fades articularis patella;

Alar ligament

Plica alaris

Alar ligament
Plica alaris

Anterior or external crucial liga-
ment— Lig. cruciatiini anterms

Posterior or internal
crucial ligament (')

Internal lateral ligament of
the knee-joint :•)
Itttemal semilunar fibrocartllage [;) ---

Synovial membrane —

Ligament of Wriaberg (arising
in this specimen from the ,.
internal semilunar
fibrooartilage)

Tendon of the semimem-
branosus muscle

Posterior ligament of /
the knee-joint

Lig. popliteum
obliquum

Popliteus muscle

(i) Lig. cruciatum po ttriiLS (2) L.ig. coUateraic; tibi.ilc (3) Meniscus medialis

Fig. 473. — Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint : The Semilunar Fibrocartilages, the Alar Ligaments,
AHD the Mucous Ligament; the Insertion into the Synovial Membrane of the Subcrureus Muscle;
the Extension of the Synovial Membrane of the Knee-Joint to form the Synovial Sheath of the
Tendon of the Popliteus Muscle and the Bursa between that Muscle and the Posterior Surface
OF THE Outer Tuberosity of the Tibia, and the Relation of the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon
TO THE External Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint. (The Proximal Extremities of the Bones
OF the Leg with the Anterior Wall of the Capsule of the Knee-Joint seen from Behind.)

After the joint had been injected, and tlie injected material allowed to solidify, the capsule of the joint was prepared
from wiihout, the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle being left intact ; the lateral ligamenis and the tendon of the
popliteus muscle were then divided, and the capsule whs opened behind and on either side at a higher level th^n
the semilunar canilages, and was divided in front along the line of its reflection on to the anterior surface of the
femur; after division of the crucial lijjam nts, the femur wis removed.

Mucous ligament

Piica synovialis patellaris

Tendon of the popliteus muscle

External lateral ligament of

the knee-joint

Lig. collaterale libulare

X Synovial sheath of the tendon
"^ of the popliteus muscle
Bursa m. poplitei

External semilunar fibrooartilage
^Meniscus lateralis
Downward prolongation of the synovial
sheathofthe tendon of the popliteus musc'e
—between that muscle and the back of the
outer tuberosity of the tibia
Bursa m. poplitei
— Head of the fibula
Capitulum fibulae

Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

30—2

236

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Posterior or ascending band of

the external semilunar fibro-

cartilage (Ellis), or ligament of

Wrisberg (Macalister)
Lig. menisci lateralis (Robert!)

External condyle
of the femur

Condylus lateralis'
femoris

Anterior or external

crucial ligament

Lig. cruciatum

anterius

Anterior attachment of
the external semilunar

fibrocartilage
Capsular ligament

Capsula articularis

Patellar ligament, or

infrapatellar tendon

Lig. patellae

The patella

Patella

Tendon of the

quadriceps extensor

cruris muscle

^Internal condyle of
the femur

Condylus medialis
femoris

Posterior or internal crucial
ligament
Lig. cruciatum posterius

Internal semilunar fibrocartilage

Meniscus medialis

~'- Bursa beneath the internal lateral
ligament of the knee-joint

Bursa ligamenti collateralis tibialis

Internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint
Lig. coUaterale tibiale

The fibula

Fibula

The tibia
Tibia

Fig. 47^. Articulatio Genu, the Knee-Joint : Crucial Ligaments and Ligament of Wrisberg ;

Bursa beneath the Internal Lateral Ligament of the Knee-Joint. (The Right Knee-
Joint seen from the Inner Side.)

The capsule was removed, the patellar ligament and the internal lateral ligament were turned down-
wards : the femur was divided sagittally through the middle of the intercondylar fossa, and the
external condvle placed in the position it occupies during exten-ion of the knee-joint, while the
internal condyle was turned backwards and rotated on its median axis to the extent of 1 80°.

Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

237

Transverse ligament of the semilunar
fibrocartilages

Lig. transversum genu

Anterior attachment of the internal
semilunar fibrocartilage

External tubercle of the
spine of the tibia

Tuberculum intercondyloideum
laterale

Capsular ligameri

Capsula articulans

External
semilunar fibrocartilage '

Meniscus lateralis

Synovial sheath of the tendon
of the popliteus muscle

Bursa m. poplitei

Anterior superior tibiofibular -

ligament

Ligg. capiluli fibula?

Styloid process of the fibula

Apex capituli fibula;

Anterior or extemsd
crucial ligament

Lig. criiciatum anterius

Internal semilunar
fibrocartilage

Meniscus medialis

Communication between the synovial cavity of the superior
tibiofibular articulation and the synovial sheath of the
tendon of the popliteus muscle.

\ Posterior or internal crucial ligament

/ Lig. cruciatum posterius

Ligament of Wrisberg'

Lig. menisci lateralis (Roberti)

' See note to p. 233.

Fig. 475. — The Distal Articular Surfaces of the Knee-Joint: The Interarticular Semi-
lunar Fibrocartilages, and the Extension of the Anterior Extremities of these in the
Transverse Ligament of the Semilunar Fibrocartilages. The Communication between
THE Superior Tibiofibular Articulation and the Synovial Sheath of the Tendon of
THE Popliteus Muscle. (The Pkoxi.mal Extremity of the Left Tibia with the Semi-
lunar Fibrocartilages and the Head of the Fibula, seen from Above.)

The capsule was divided above (proximal to) the semilunar fibrocartilages, the crucial ligaments
were cut across, and the femur was remove 1.

Posterior or internal crucial ligament

Lig. cruciatum posterius

/ Anterior or external crucial ligament
Lig. cruciatum anterius

External condyle

Condylus lateralis

Intercondylar fossa

Fossa intercondyloidea

External tuberosity

Epicondylus lateralis

Internal condyle
Condylus medialis

Internal tuberosity
Epicondylus medialis

Patellar surface — Facies patellaris

Fig. 476. — The Proximal Articular Surfaces of the Knee-Joint, and the Femoral

Attachments of the Crucial Ligaments.

The distal extremity of the femur removed from the preparation shown in Fig. 475, seen from below.
Articulatio genu — The knee-joint.

238

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Anterior superior tibiofibular ligament .

Ligg. capituli fibulae

External surface

Facies lateralis

Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg —
Membrana interossea cruris

Anterior border

Crista anterior

Interosseous ridge

Crista interossea

Internal surface-
Facias medialis

Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius

Tubercle of the tibia

Tuberositas tibiae

Internal malleolus

Malleolus medialis

Fig. 477. — Articulatio Tibiofibularis et Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis, the Tibiofibular Articu-
lations. The Interosseous Membrane, or Ligament, of the Right Leg ; the Anterior
Superior and Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligaments. (Seen from Before.)

The Tibiofibular Articulations.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

239

Shaft (diaphysisj of the tibia.
Diaphysis tibiae

Epiphysial disc
Synchondrosis epiphyseos'

The ankle-joint

Arliculatio talocruralis

Internal malleolus
Malleolus medialis

Body of the astragalus

Trochlea tali

Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral,
or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint

Lig. calcaneotibiale

Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament
Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum

Sustentaculum tal'
Sustentaculum tali

Astragalocalcaneal articulation

Articulatio talocalcanea

Interosseous membrane, or ligament,
of the leg

Membrana interossea cruris

Shaft (diaphysis) of the fibula

Uiaphysis fibula;

The inferior tibiofibular articulation,

showing the interosseous ligament

in frontal section

Syndesmosis tibiofibularis

Epiphysial disc
Synchondrosis epiphyseos

External malleolus

Malleolus lateralis

Posterior band, or posterior astragalo&bular
portion, of the external lateral ligament
• of the ankle-joint

Lig. talofibuLirc postt.Tiu.';

Middle hand, or calcaneoflbular portion,
of the external lateral ligament of
the ankle-joint

I.ig. t-.iIc.'iiieoUbular;

Capsular ligament

Capsula articularis

Calcaneum, or os calcis

Fig. 478. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea, the Ankle-Joint and the
Astragalocalcaneal Articulation ; Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis, Inferior Tibiofibular
Articulation, showing the Interosseous Ligament. The Relations of the Distal
Epiphysial Discs of the Tibia and the Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. (The Ankle-
Joint and the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation of the Right Leg, divided in a
Vertical Plane closely approximating the Frontal Plane; Posterior Surface of
THE Anterior Segment.)

The plane of section passes through the lowermost parts of the lateral portions of the superior

articular surface of the astragalus.

Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot.

i40

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Shaft or body of the tibia

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos ....

Distal epiphysis of the tibia
Epiphysis distahs tibiae
Groove of the tendon of the tibialis
posticus muscle (i)

Internal malleolus ...
Malleolus medialis
Capsular ligament (posterior ligament

of the ankle-joint)
Posterior astragalotlblal portion of the . .
internal lateral, or deltoid, ligament
of the ankle-joint (2)
Calcaneotibial portion of the internal lateral,-'
or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint (3)
Inner tubercle of the posterior process of -
the astragalus (4)
Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus..--''
hallucis muscle (,5)

Sustentaculum tali
Sustentaculum tali

Capsular ligament of the astragalocalcane;
articulation
Capsula articulationis talocalcaneae

(1) Sulcus malleolaris

(2) Lig. talotibiale posterius

(3) Lig. calcaneotiljiale

(4) Tuberculum mediate processus posterioris tali

(5) Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi

(6) Lig. calcaneofibulare

Shaft or body of the fibtUa

,.5 Interosseous membrane, or ligament,

of the leg
"" Membrana interossea cruris

Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

^--^Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius

Epiphysial disc

.-''Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Distal epiphysis of the fibula
_.-- Epiphysis distalis fibula;

Groove of the tendons of the peroneus

longus and peroneus brevis muscles

External malleolus— Malleolus lateralis

Outer tubercle of the posterior process

of the astragalus

'I'uberculum latera'e proces?u.s posterioris tali

Middle band, or calcaneofibular portion,
of the external lateral ligament
of the ankle-joint (6)
"—Posterior aatragalocalcaneal ligament

Lig. talocalcaneum posterius

. Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Epiphysis of the posterior extremity

of the OS calcis

Epiphysis tuberis calcanei

Fig. 479.— The Capsular Ligaments and the Superficial Posterior Ligaments of the
Ankle-Joint and of the Astragalocalcaneal i^.sTicuLATioN. The Relations of the
Distal Epiphysial Discs of the Tibia and Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. The Posterior
Portions of the Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint : Ligamentum Talotibiale
Posterius, the Posterior Astragalotibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or
Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneotibiale, the Calcaneo-
tibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint;
Ligamentum Calcaneofibulare, the Middle Band, or Calcaneofibular Portion, of
the External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint. Ligamentum Talocalcaneum
Posterius, the Posterior Astragalocalcaneal Ligament. — Syndesmosis Tibiofibularis:
Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Posterius, the Posterior Inferior Tibiofibular
Ligament. (The Ankle-Joint and the Astragalocalcaneal Articulation of the
Right Leg, seen from Behind.)

Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot.

FHE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

241

; The tibia

Groove for the tendon of the
tibialis posticus muscle

Sulcus malleolaris

Internal malleolus _ /y" ^

Malleolus medialis~~ I'.
Superior articular surface

of the astragalus —

Facies superior trochleaE- tali

Posterior astragalotlbial portion of the internal

lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the aDkle-joint(i)
Calcaneotibial portion of the Internal lateral,
or deltoid, ligament of tho ankle-joint (2) "

Inner tubercle of the posterior process — ■«$

of the astragalus (3)

Groove cf the tendon of the flexor^-

longus hallucis muscle
Sulcus m. fiexoris hallucis longi

Sustentaculum tali-"

Sustentaculum tali

Tuberosity of the os calcic

Tuber calcanei

(i) Lig. talotibiale posterius

(2) Lig. calcaneotibiale

(3) Tuberculum mediale processus posterioris tali

Interosseous membrane, or ligament,

of the leg

Membrana interossea cruris

Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius

Posterior band, or astragalofibular
portion, of the external lateral
,,,-,' ligament of the ankle joint

Lig. talofibulare posterius

Groove for the tendons of the peroneus

' longus and peroneus brevis muscles

External malleolus — Malleolus lateralis

Middle band, or calcaneofibular
portion, of the external lateral

ligament of the ankle-joint

Lig. calcaneofibulare

~~~Astragalocalcaneal articulation

Articulatio talocalcanea
Capsular ligament
Capsula articularis

Fig. 480. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea, the Ankle-Joint and the Astraga-
localcaneal articulation ; syndesmosis tibiofibularis, the inferior tibiofibular
Articulation: Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Posterius, the Posterior Inferior
Tibiofibular Ligament. The Posterior Portions of the Lateral Ligaments :
Ligamentum Talotibiale Posterius, the Posterior Astragalotibial Portion of the
Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament of the Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Calcaneo-
tibiale, THE Calcaneotibial Portion of the Internal Lateral, or Deltoid, Ligament
OF THE Ankle-Joint; Ligamentum Talofibulare Posterius, the Posterior Band, ok
Astragalofibular Portion, of the External ' L.^^teral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint;
Ligamentum Calcaneofibulare, the Middle Band, or Calcaneofibular Portion, of the
External Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint. (The Ankle-Joint and the Astragalo-

CALCANEAL ARTICULATION OF THE RiGHT LeG, SEEN FROM BeHIND.)

The thin posterior portion of the capsule of the ankle-joint has been removed The posterior portion
of the capsule of the astragalocalcaneal articulation has been separated from its attachment to
the astragalus e.xternal to its attachment to the posterior process of that bone, and turned back-
wards on to the os calcis.

Articulationes pedis — The articulatiops of the foot.

242

THE ARTICULATIONS CF THE LOWER LIMB

; The shaft of the tibia

Capsular ligament of the ankle-joint

(anterior ligament)
Capsula articulationis talocruralis

Tibionavicular portion of the internal lateral,
or deltoid, ligament of the ankle-joint

Lig. tibionaviculare
Neck of the astragalus — Collum tal
Capsule of the astragalonavicular articulation s,

Capsula articulationis talonavicularis \

Astragalonavicular ligament — Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale)
Superior portion of the internal caloaneonavloular
ligament — Li.t;. calcaneonavicnlarc (dorsale) *

Dorsal naviculocuneiforni,N.
ligaments \ ■

Ligg. navicularicunei
formia dorsalia
Dorsal tarsometatarsal
ligament
Lig. tarsometa
tarseum
oorsale

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Internal malleolus

Malleolus medialis

Deltoid ligament, or internal
/lateral ligament of ankle-joint

Calcaneotibial portion of the
internal lateral, or deltoid, liga-
.-' ment of the ankle-joint (4)

Outer tubercle of the posterior

process of the astragalus (3)

Inner tubercle of the posterior

process of the astragalus (6)

Groove of the tendon of the

flexor longus hallucis (7)

Posterior astragalo-

calcaneal ligament (3)

Calcaneum, or
OS calcis

Internal or first cuneiform / / ;

bone — Os cuneiforme I. / ,'

Tuberoiiity of the navicular bone (i) /

Tuberosity of the cuboid bone (2) ;
Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneo-
cuboid ligament (long plantar ligament) (3)

' Sustentaculum tall— Sustentaculum tali

1 ' Groove of the tendon of the flexor

' longus hallucis muscle (9)

Fibrocartilaginous middle portion of the internal
calcaneonavicular ligament'— Fibrocartilaso navicularis
Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament (10)

(i) Tuberositas ossis navicularis
(z) Tuberositas ossis cuboidei

(3) Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare

(4) Lig. calcaneotibial^

(5) Tnberculuni laleralc processus

posterioris tali

(6) Tuberculum mediate processus

posterioris tali

' See note ' to p. 248.

(7) Sulcus III. fl'',\orls hailucis longi

(a) Lig. ta'ocalcaneuni prtsieriiis

(9) Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi

(10) Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare

Fig. 481.— The Superficial Internal Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint and of the Astrag-

ALOCALCANEAL ARTICULATION, AND THE RELATION OF THE DiSTAL EPIPHYSIAL DiSC OF THE

Tibia to the Ankle-Joint. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions of the
Tibia and Fibula and of the First Metatarsal Bone; seen from the Inner Side.)

Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

243

1*1111611131 malleolar surface.
Superior articular surface | Facies malleolarismedialis
of the astragalus

Trochlea tali

Neck of the astragalus
CoUum tali
Astragalonavicular ligament
Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale)\
Head of the astragalus
Caput tali

Dorsal naviculocunei-

form ligaments
Ligg. navicularicunei-

formia dorsalia

Internal or first cuneiform bone (i)

Tuberosity of the cuboid bone '' /

Tuberositas ossis cuboidei /

Tuberosity of the navicular bone /
Tuberositas ossis navicularis
Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneo- /
cuboid li^ment (long plantar ligament) '
Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare

— The fibula

Fibula

Internal malleolus

Malleolus medialis

Deltoid ligament, or internal lateral
/ ligament of the ankle-joint
/ Lig, deltoideum

Anterior astragalotibial portion of

the internal lateral, or deltoid,

ligament of the ankle-joint

Lig. talotibiale anterius

Superior articular surface of the

y' astragalus — Trochlea tali

Posterior astragalotibial portion of
the internal lateral, or deltoid,
ligament of the ankle-joint (2)
Outer tubercle of the posterior
process of the astragalus (3)
.---Groove of the tendon of the flexor
longus hallucls muscle (4)
Inner tubercle of the posterior
process of the astragalus (s)
Astragalocalcaneal
articulation

Vrticulatio talocalcanea

- Calcaneum, or os
calcis

Sinus tarsi, or canal
Nfor the interosseous
astragalocalcaneal
ligament

Sinus tarsi

Internal astragalocal-
caneal ligament
Lig. talocalcaneum mediate
\ Sustentaculum tali

I \ Sustentaculum tali

'; Fibrocartilaginous middle portion of the internal cal-

caneonavicular ligament' — Fibrocartilago navicularis
Deltoid ligament, or internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint
Lig. deltoideum
Inferior portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament
Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare

(i) Os cuneiforme I. (2) Lig. talotibiale posterius (3) Tuberculum laterale (4) Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi (5) Tuberculum mediale

' See note ' to p. 248.

Fig. 482. — The Deep Internal Ligaments of the Ankle-Joint and of the Astragalo-
calcaneal Articulation. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions of the
Tibia and Fibula and of the First Metatarsal Bone ; seen from the Inner Side.)

The deltoid ligament (internal lateral ligament of the ankle-joint) has been cut across the middle, and
the divided ends have been turned up and down. The capsular ligaments of the ankle-joint and
of the astragalocalcaneal articulation have been removed, except for the deeper special bands.

Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot.

31-

244

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Shaft of the fibu.a

Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg

Membrana interossea cruris ^

Shaft of the tibia

Epiphysial disc

---'bynchondrosis epiphyseos

Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament
Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius
Epiphysial disc— Synchondrosis epiphyseos
External malleolus — Malleolus lateralis
Calcaneum, or os calcis\

Anterior band, or anterior aatragalofibu- "^
lar portion, of the external lateral -^
ligament of the ankle-joint (i)
Middle band, or calcaneoflbular portion, of *
ezteinal late.al ligament of ankle-joint (a)"""'

'Anterior astragalocalcaneal ligament

* Lig. talocalcaneiim anterius "8

Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid

ligament
Lig. calcaneocuboideum dorsale -

Dorsal cubocuneiform ligament

I^ig. cuneocuboideum dorsale _i2-.

External or third cuneiform bone (3)-

Cuboid bone — Os cuboideum

Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments

Lig. tarsometatarsea dorsal ia

Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments ,'
Ligg. basium dorsalia

Internal malleolus

" Malleolus medialis

Capsular ligament

(Anterior ligament)

Tibionavicular portion of the internal
lateral, or deltoid, ligament of the
ankle-joint — Lig. tibionaviculare
Neck of the astragalus — Collum tali

Interosseous astragalocalcaneal liga-
ment— I-ig. talocalcaneum iiiUTosseum
Astragalonavicular ligament (4)

Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament (5)

Dorsal navioulocuneiform ligaments

Ligg. iiaviculariciinciformia dorsalia

Dorsal intercuneiform ligament (6)
Middle or second cuneiform bone (7)
Internal or first cuneiform bone (8)
Dorsal tarsometatarsal liga-
ments— I.igg. tarsometa-
tarsea dorsalia
Epiphysial disc
Synchondrosis epiphyseos

(1) Lig. talofibulare anterius

(2) Lig. calcaneoHbuIare

(3) Os cuneiforme III.

(4) Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale)

(5) Lig. ctiboideonaviculare dorsale

(6) Lig. intercuneirorine dorsale

(7) Os cuneiforme II.

(8) Os cuneiforme I.

Fig. 483. — Articulatio Talocruralis, the Ankle-Joint; Syndesmosis Tibiofibulakis, the
Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation. The Relations of the Distal Epiphysial Discs
OF the Tibia and Fibula to the Ankle-Joint. Articulationes Intertarse.?; et Tarso-

METATARSE.E, THE InTERTARSAL AND TARSOMETATARSAL ARTICULATIONS; ArTICUL.AI lONES

Intermetatarse^, the Intermetatarsal Articulations. Ligamenta Tarsi Dorsalia
ET Tarsometatarsea Dorsalia et Ligamenta Basium Dorsalia; the Dorsal Ligaments
of the Tarsus, the Dorsal Tarsomet.atarsal Ligaments, and the Dorsal Proximal
Intermetatarsal Ligaments. (The Right Tarsus with the Adjoining Portions of
THE Tibia and Fibula and of the Metatarsus ; Dorso-external Aspect.)

The joints are unopened except for the astragalocali aneal, astragalonavicular, and naviculocuneiform
articulations, which have been partly opened.

Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

245

The tibia

The fibula,
Interosseous membrane, or
ligament, of the leg

Membrana interossea

Anterior inferior tibiofibular

ligament
Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius

Anterior band, or anterior

astragaloflbular portion, of the

external lateral ligament of

the anlEle-joint (i)

External malleolus
Malleolus lateralis

External astragalocalcaneal
ligament (2)
Middle band, or calcaneoflbular
portion, of the external

lateral ligament
of the ankle-joint (3)

Tuberosity of.
the OS calcis

Tibionavicular portion of the internal lateral, or deltoid,
^ ligament of the ankle-joint — Lig. tibionaviculare
;/ - Neck of the astragalus — CoUum tali

Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament {4)
External or superior calcaneonavicular Iigament*>
, Pars calcaneoiiavicularis Lig. bifurcati
/ Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament^
^ Pars calcaneocuhoidea Lig. bifurcati

Astragalonavicular ligament (5)

Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament (C)
'' Dorsal naviculocuneiform ligaments

y Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia

,, External or third cuneiform bone (7)
/ _,. Middle or second cuneiform bone (8)
Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments

Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia

'Anterior astragalocalcaneal ligament '

*Lig. talocalcaneum anterius

Superficial portion of the inferior calcaneocuboid
ligament (long plantar ligament)
Lig. plantare longum
Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid ligament*

Lig. calcaneocuboideum dorsale

Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments

Ligg. basium dorsalia
Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments— Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia

Dorsal cubocuneiform ligament — Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale
Cuboid bone
Os cuboideum

(i) Lig. talofibulare anterius
(2) Lig. talocalcaneum laterale

(3) Lig. calcaneofibulare

(4) Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum

(5) Lig. talonaviculare (dorsale)

(6) Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale

(7) Os cuneiforme TH.

(8) Os cuneiforme II.

' The sti;ongest part of this ligament is situate external, and not superior, to the calcaneocuboid articulation ; it would therefore be
more appropriately named the external calcaneocul'oid ligament. — Tr.

2 In the English nomenclature these are regarded as two distinct ligaments, not, as by Toldt, as two parts of a single ligament. — Tr.

Fig. 484. — Articulationes Talocruralis et Talocalcanea. the Ankle-Joint and the Astrag-
alocalcaneal Articulation ; Ligamentum Malleoli Lateralis Anterius, Anterior
Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament. The Anterior and Middle Bands of the External
Lateral Ligament of the Ankle-Joint (Ligamentum Talofibulare Anterius et Liga-
mentum Calcaneofibulare): Ligamenta Talocalcanea, Laterale. '''Anterius, et Inter-
osseum: the External, ^Anterior, and Interosseous Astragalocalcaneal Ligaments. —
Articulationes Intertarse^ et Tarsometatarsea, the Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal
Articulations; Articulationes Intermetatarsea, the Intermetatarsal Articulations:
Ligamenta Tarsi Dorsalia, Ligamenta TarsometatarsEvE Dorsalia, et Ligamenta Basium
Dorsalia, the Deeper Dorsal Tarsal and Tarsometatarsal Ligaments, and the Dorsal
Proximal Intermetatarsal Ligaments. (The Right Tarsus, with the Adjoining Portions
of the Tibia and F"ibula and of the Metatarsal Bones ; Dorso-external Aspect.)

The anterior ligament of the ankle-joint and the lateral portion of the capsule of the astragalocalcaneal

articulation have been removed.

Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot.

246

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Inner tubercle of the posterior
process of the astragalus

Tuberculum mediale x
processus posterioris tali N

Sustentaculum tali

Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle

Groove of the tendon of the flexor

longus hallucis muscle
Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi -
Groove of the tendon of the flexor

longus digitorum pedis muscle
Sulcus m. flexoris digitorum longi

Inferior portion of the internal

calcaneonavicular ligament ( )

Deep portion of the interior calcaneccu

bold ligament (short plantar ligament) ( )

Plantar navlculocubold ligament ( )

Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle

Plantar cubocuneiform ligament {4)'

External or third cuneiform bone (5 )

Tendon of the tibialis anticus muscle

Plantar cubocuneiform ligament (6)-

Internal or first cuneiform bone {7)"

Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments I .
Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria |

Digital processes of the_^
plantar fascia ^
Inferior metatarsophalangeal
ligaments'
Ligg. accessoria plantaria -Th-
inner sesamoid bone
Os sesamoideum mediale ^-,

Internal lateral ligament of the
metatarsophalangeal articula-
tion of the great toe

Lig. collaterale mediale

Transverse metatarsal ligament
(Plantar distal intermetatarsal ..-■
ligaments)
Ligg. capitulorum transversa

Vaginal ligament;-.-'-' '--
Lig. vaginale

Capsule of the interphalangeal
articulation of the great toe .
Capsula articulationis hallucis

Vaginal ligament::
Lig. vaginale

(i) Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare

(2) Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare

(3) Lig. cuboideonavicuiare plantare

Tuberosity of the os calciB

Tuber calcanei

Superficial portion of the inferior
_ calcaneocuboid ligament (long
plantar ligament)

Lig. plantare longum

Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments

Ligg. tarsometatar.sea plantaria

..--Tendon of the peroneus longus muscle

Tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal
bone 181

Distal radiations of the long plantar
ligament, divided and turned forwards

Plantar proximal intermetatarsal
----,- ligaments

Ligg basium plantaria

Digital processes of the

plantar fascia

Transverse metatarsal ligament
(Plantar distal intermetatarsal
: ligaments)

Ligg. capitulorum transversa

Inferior metatarsophalangeal

ligaments'

Ligg. accessoria plantaria

Capsules of the interphalangeal
articulations of the little toe
V Capsula articulationum
digiti V.

(4) Lig. ciineocuboidc\im plantare
<5) Os cuneiforme III.

(6) Lig. cuneocuboldeum plantare

(7) Os cuneiforme I.

(8) Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis V.

> Fibrous or sesamoid plale (Quain), m glenoid plate (Macalisler) — Tr.

Fig. 485.— The Superficial Ligaments of the Plantar Surface of the Right Foot and the Relations
OF the Tendons of the Tibialis Anticus and Posticus and of the Peroneus Longus Muscles
TO these Ligaments. Ligamenta Tarsi et Tarsometatarse.«, the Tarsal and the Tarsometa-
tarsal Ligaments: Ligamenta Basium Plantaria, Ligamenta Capitulorum Transversa, et Ligamenta
Accessoria Plantaria; the Plantar Proximal Intermetatarsal Ligaments, the Transverse Meta-
tarsal Ligament, and the Inferior Metatarsophalangeal Ligaments {see note above); the Relations
OF these Ligaments to the Digital Processes of the Plantar Fascia.

Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

247

Inner tubercle of the posterior
process of the astragalus

Tuberculum raediale
processus posterioris tali

Sustentaculum tali
Sustentaculum tali
Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis
Sulcus m. llexoris hallucis longi
Groove of the tendon of the flexor longus digitonun
pedis — Sulcus m, flexoris digiturum longi
Middle fibrocartilaginous portion of the internal
calcaneonavicular ligament
(Groove of the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle) (j)
Inferior portion of the internal ...

calcaneonavicular ligament
Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare

Tuberosity of the navicular bone

Tuberositas ossis navicularis

Plantar naviculocuboid ligament
Ligg. cuboideonavicularia plantaria "
Plantar naviculocunelform ligaments _^...--'.'-' -

Ligg. navicularicuneiformia plantaria

Plantar cubocuneiform ligament '

Lig. cuneocuhoideuiii plantare

External or third cuneiform bone — "

Os cuneiforine 111, ^..-

Internal or first cuneiform bone '

O.S cmieifonne 1.

Capsule of the first tarsometatarsal-"'
articulation [2) ^-■

Plantar tarsometatarsal ^
ligaments
Ligg. tarsometatarsea
plantaria

Inferior metatarsophalangeal IJiLf
ligaments' '^'■<Mm

Ligg. accessoria plantaria

Sesamoid bones ^-.■'--
Ossa sesamoiclea

Capsule of the metatarsophalangeal
articulation of the great toe

Capsula articulationis
metatarsophalangeae I.

Capsule of the interphalangeal
articulation of the great toe -

Capsula articulationis hallucis

(0 Fibrocarlilago naviculari.s (see note ■
P- =4") (Sulcus musctili tibialis pcsterioris)
(2) Capsula articulationis tarsometatarsea

i tarsometatarsese I.

Calcanenm, or os calcis

Superficial portion of the inferioi

calcaneocuboid ligament (long

plantar ligament)

Lig. plantare longum

Deep portion of the inferior
calcaneocuboid ligament
(short plantar ligament)

■ Lig. calcaneocuboideum
plantare

Tuberosity of the cuboid bone

Tuberositas ossis cuboidei

1 Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments
Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria

Plantar proximal intermetatarsal

ligament

Lig. basium plantare

Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments
Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria
Plantar proximal intermetatarsal
ligament
Lig. basium plantare

Lateral ligaments of the meta-
tarsophalangeal articulation
of the little toe
Ligg. coliateralia articulationis
metatarsophalangeas I.

Lateral ligaments of the inter-
phalangeal articulations
i* of the little toe

Ligg. coliateralia
articulationum digiti V.

Capsules of the interphalangeal

■ articulations of the middle toe

CapsuliE articulationum

digiti III.

' See note to p. 246.

Fig. 485.-THE Deep Ligaments of the Sole of the Foot and the Sesamoid Bones of
THE Metatarsophalangeal Articulation of the Great Toe.

'" ''ir™m'',^i°renf "fn" >" ^'^^ ^^^ '^^ ''"'^°"= °f *^ ™"^'^'^^ '"^'^ ■•«"^°^'«d, also the long plantar
dS^l nroresTs nf tl P°^''^"°': ^''.f'^'^'ty, and the transverse metatarsal ligament and the
inte DhaTanlnlL^ the plantar fascia were cut away. Some of the metatarsophalangeal and
mtei phalangeal articulations have been opened ; others have been left intact.

Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot.

248

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Capsules of the interphalangeal

articulations of the second toe

Capsulae articulationum

digiti II.

Capsule of the interphalangeal -

articulation of the great toe
Capsula articulationis hallucis

Capsule of the metatarsophalangeal
articulation of the great toe

Capsula articulationis
metatarsophalangeae I.

'Dorsal distal intermetatarsal ligament

•Lig. capitulorum dorsale

Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments

Ligg. tarsometatarsca dorsalia

Dorsal IntercuneUorm ligament

Lig. intercuneiforme dnrsale

Middle or second cuneiform bone.

Os cuiieiforme II.

Internal or first cuneiform hone

Os cuneiforme I.

Dorsal naviculocuneiform ligaments

Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dor.salia

Posterior articular surface of the
navicular bone

Facies articularis posterior ossis navicularis

Edge of the divided libionavlciilar
portion of the internal lateral or
deltoid, ligament of the ankle Joint
Internal arinferlorcaloaneonavioalar ligamest(i)
Middle flbrocartllaginons portion of the internal % > *^'
calcaaeonavicalar ligament' -l-'ihmcartila^
na^iculans

Facet of the Mtragalns for articulation

with the fibrocartllaglnonx portion of the
lutemal calcaneonavlcnlax ligament '

'Anterior

Middle

Facets of the

astragalus for

articulation with

the OS calcis

Facies articulari.s
calcanea

Media

Posterior ,

Posterior

(i) Lig. calcaneonaviciilare plantare

(2) Head of the astragalus

(3) Body of the astragalus

Lateral ligaments of the

interphalangeal articulations

of the fourth toe

- I^igg. collateralia

articulationum digiti IV.

Capsule of the third metatarso-
phalangeal articulation

Capsula articulationis
metatarsophalangeae III.

Lateral ligaments of the

fourth metatarsophalangeal

articulation

Ligg, collateralia

articulationis

metatarsophalangeae IV.

Dorsal proximal
intermetatarsal ligaments

Ligg. basium dorsalia

Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament

"Lig, tarsometatarseum dorsale

External orthird cuneiform bone

Os cuneiforme III.

- Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments

Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia

Dorsal cubocunelform ligament

Lig. ctineocubnideuin dorsale

Dorsal naviculocuboid ligament

Lig cubf)ideonaviculare dorsale

Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament

Liu. c.ilcaiieoculjoiiieum dorsale

Dorsal or superior calcaneocuboid
ligaments

■ Pars calcaneocuboidea Lig. bifurca'i

External or superior calcaneo-
navicular ligament''

Pars calcaneonavicularis Lig. bifurcati

Anterior articular facet

Facies articularis anterior
Middle articular facet
Facies articularis media

Posterior articular facet
Facies articularis posterior

Calcaneum, or os calcis

Internal astragalocalcaneal ligament '<

Lig. talocalcaneum mediale

^ Fibrpcartilapo tutvicularis : This term, though a mo.st suitable one, is not employed by English anatomists. It is npphed by the
author to the middle fibrocartilaginous portion of the internal calcaneonavicular ligament, the superior surface of which articulates with
a special facet on the head of the astragalus, between the internal of the three facets for the os calcis (posteriorly) and the facet for the
navicular bone (anteriorly). The internal articular 'acet of the os calcis, the facet on the superior surface of i\a JibrocartUa>:o Haz'icuiaris,
and the posterior articular facet of the navicular hone, thus form a continuous articular surface for the head of the astragalus. The infertor
surface of the cartilage navicularis, likewise cartilaginous in texture, forms, as shown in Fig. 487, the groove for the tendon of the
tibialis posticus muscle. — Tr.

2 See note ' to p. 245.

Fig. 487.— The Articular Surfaces of the Astragalocalcaneonavicular Articulation, thk Deep Ligaments

OF the ijORSUM of THE FOOT, THE METATARSOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL ARTICULATIONS OF THE

Toes. (The Right Foot seen from the Dorsal Side.)

The capsule of the astragalocalcaneal articulation was removed, with the e.\ception of the internal astragalocalcaneal
ligament ; the capsule of the astragalonavicular articulation was also removed with the exception of its internal and
plantar walls ; and. after removing the interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament, the astragalus was rotated inwards
(on the internal astragalocalcaneal ligament as a hinge), until its inferior surface looked directly upwards.

Articulationes pedis — The articulations of the foot.

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

249

Calcaneum. or os calcis

Astragalocalcaneal articulation
Articulatio talocalcanea

Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligaments
Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum

( External or superior calcaneo-
Lig. I navicular ligament' (I )
bifurcatumj Dorsal or superior calcaneo-
1. cuboid ligament' (2)

The navicular bone
The cuboid bone— Os cuboideum
The three cuneiform bones
Interosseous cubocuneiform ligament
Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum

Interosseous intercuneiform ligament

Lig. intercuneiforme intero3.seum

Dorsal proximal intermetatarsal ligaments '■'■
Lig. basiiim dorsalia

Metatarsophalangeal articulation .

Articulatio metatarsophalangea

Interphalangeal synchondrosis (var.)
Synchondrosis interphalangea (var.)

Interphalangeal articulations of the fourth toe

Articulationes digiti IV.

(i) Pars calcaneonavicularis
(2) Pars calcaneocuboidea

Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligament

Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum

Sustentaculum tali
Sustentaculum tali

Deltoid ligament or internal lateral
ligament of the ankle-joint

Lig. deltoideum

The astragalus

Transverse tarsal
articulation (3) I articulation'-'

Calcaneocuboid (Articulatio tarsi trans-

Astragalonavicular"!

articulation (4) j versa (Choparti

Navioulocuneiform articulation

Articulatio cuneonavicularis

Tarsometatarsal articulation'

Articulatio tarsometatarsea (Lisfranci)

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseoE

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epipnyseos

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

(3) Articulatio talona\-icularis
U) Antrulatio calcaneocuboidea

* See note ' to p. 245.

2 Known also as the mcUnfarsat or tuid-tarsal joint. It is through this joint (the two parts of which are, however, entirely separate
articulations) that the foot is divided in Chopart's amputation.

3 It is through the tarsometatarsal articulations that the foot is divided in Lisfranc's amputation.

Fig. 488.— Articulationes Intertarse^ et Tarsometatarse/E, the Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal
Articulations, showing Chopart's (Mediotarsal) Line, and Lisfranc's or Hey's Tarsometatarsal

LINE: LiGAMENTA TARSI I >JTER0SSRA ET LiGAMENTA CUNEOMETATARSEA INTEROSSEA, THE INTEROSSEOUS

Ligaments of the Tarsus, and the Interosseous Metatarsocuneiform Ligaments. Articulationes
Intermktatarsf/E, the Intermetatarsal Articulations. Articul.\tiones Metatarsophalange/I':,
THE !SIet\tarsophm.angeal Articulations. Articulationes Digitorum Pedis, the Interphalangeal
Articulations of THE Toes. The Relations of the Epiphysial Discs of the Met.vtarsal Bones and
OF THE Phalanges of the Toes to the Respective Articulations. (Horizontal Section through the
Articulations of the Right Foor of a Youth aged Seventeen Years. Superior Surface of the
Lower Segment.)

Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot.

3»

250

THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER LIMB

Pad of fat

The

astragalus

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Anterior ligament of the ankle-joint
/ Pars fibrosa capsuliE articulationis talocruralis

Pad of fat
/ Astragalocalcaneonavicular articulation

Articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis
Navicular bone
;Os naviciilare

Middle or second cuneiform bene
Os cuneilorme II.

, Tarsometatarsal articulation
; Articulatio tarsometatarsea

Second metatarsal bone

Os metatarsale II.

Epiphysial disc

Synchondrosis epiphyseos

Astragalocalcaneal
articulation

Articulatio talocalcanea

•Anterior astragalocalcaneal ligament ;

Lig. talocalcaneum anterius ;

Interosseous astragalocalcaneal ligar

ment — Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum

Deep portion of the inferior calcaneocuboid
ligament (short plantar ligament)
Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare

Cuboid bone — Os cuboideum
Interosseous cubocuneiform ligament
Lig. cuneocuboideura interosseum

(2) Lig. accessorium plantare (3) Os sesamoideum laterale

' See note to p. 246.

(l) Articulatio metatarsophalangea II.

Second metatarso-
phalangeal
articulation (i)

Inferior
I ; metatarsophalangeal ,' :' ^ , ,

'■ ligament. (2? Interphalangeal

I • " ^ articulations of

1 External sesamoid bone (3) the second toe (4)
i First metatarsal bone— Os metatarsale I.

Insertion of the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle
Insertion of the tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle
External or third otmeiform bone— Os cuneiforme III.

(4) Articulationes digiti 11,

Fig. 489.— The Articulations of the Right Foot of a Youth aged Seventeen Years,
SEEN IN Sagittal Section, and showing the Relations of these Articulations to
the Epiphysial Discs.

The section passes through the distal extremity of the tibia, the astragalus, the os calcis, the middle
cuneiform bone, the second metatarsal bone, and the phalanges of the second toe.

Articulationes pedis— The articulations of the foot.

251

INDEX

TO THE ARTHROLOGY

Certain names in this Index have an asterisk (*) prefixeii ; these, as more fully explained in the Translator's Preface, being terms that form part of the
English nomenclature used in this work, but which are not commonly employed by English anatomists. To other names a dagger (f) is prefixed ; these are
Latin names used by the author in the original work, but not included in the official nomenclature of the '* Anatomische Gesellschaft. "

Acetabulum, the, 225, 227

transverse ligament of the, 168, 223, 225, 2*7
tAmphiarthroses intercarpeae, 169
Amphiarthrosis, i6g
Ankle-joint, the, 239, 241, 243, 245

Annulus filjrosus (fibrocartilaginis intervertebralis), 173, 174
Aponeurosis (see also " Fascia ") :

intercostal, anterior or external, 186

posterior or internal, 176, 183, 184,
187
lumbar, see "Fascia, lumbar"
plantar, 246
plantaris, 246
Arthrodia, 168

Articular facet of the clavicle, sternal, 198
surface of the carpus, radial, 213
Articulatio vel articulationes :

acromioclavicularis, 201, 202
atlanto-epistrophica, igo-192
atlanto-occipitalis, 167, 190-193
calcaneocuboidea, 249
capitulorum (costarum), 182-184, 185
carpometacarpea, 167, 212-215

poUicis, 167, 212-214
Cochlearis, 166
composita, i6g
costotransversarise, 182
costovertebrales, 182-184
coxae, i5S, 222-227
cubit!, 169, 204-208
cuneonavicularis, 244, 249
digitorum (manus), 166, 210, 211, 214, 215

pedis, 249, 250
ellipsoidea, 167
et ligamenta capitis, igo-196

cmguli extremitatis inferioris, 2i5-

219
cinguli extremitatis superioris,
198, 199
genu, 228-237
hallucis, 246-248
humeri, 16S, 200-203
humeroradialis, 169
humeroulnaris, 208
intercarpea, 169, 212-215
interchondrales, 186, 188
intermetacarpeae, 169, 212-214
internietatarsese, 244, 245, 249
intertarseie, 244, 245, 249
intervertebrales, 173-175, 185
niandibularis, 194-196
manus, 169, 210-214

metacarpophalangeoe, 166, 167, 210, 211, 214, 215
metacarpophalangea pollicis, 210, 214
metatarsophalangeae, 249, 250
ossis pisiforniis, 212
pedis, 239, 250
pollicis, 210, 211, 214
radiocarpea, 169, 212-215
radio-ulnaris distalis, 209-214

proxiraalis, 169, 209

AiTticulatio vel articulationes :

sacro-iliaca, 216, 217, 219

sellaris, 167, 169

simplex, 166-168

sphaeroidea, 168

sternoclavicularis, 170, 185-187, 198

sternocostales, 186-188

talocalcanea, 239, 241, 244, 245, 249, 250

talocalcaneonavicularis, 250 ; articular surfaces

of, 248
talocruralis, 239, 241, 243-245
talonavicularis, 244, 249
tarsi transversa (Clioparti), 249
tarsometatarsese, 244, 245, 249, 250
tibiofibularis, 228, 229, 231, 233, 238
trochoidea, 169
Articulation or articulations (see also "Joint "):

acromioclavicular, 201, 202

and ligaments of the head, 190-196

of the pelvic girdle, 216-219
of the shoulder-girdle, 195-199

astragalocalcaneal, 239, 241, 244, 245, 249, 250

astragalocalcaneonavicular, 250 ; articular sur-
faces of, 248

astragalonavicular, 244, 249

atlanto-axial, 190-192

calcaneocuboid, 249

carpal, transverse, 169, 212-215

carpometacarpal, 167, 212-215

of the thumb, 116, 212-214

chondrosternal, 186-188

continuous, 164, 165

costocentral, 182-185

costotransverse, 182

discontinuous, 166-169

of the fingers, 166, 210, 211, 214, 215

of the foot, 239, 250

of the great toe, 246-248

of the hand, 169, 210-214

of the hip, 168, 222-227

humeroradial, 169

humero-ulnar, 2cfe

intercarpal, 169, 212-215

interchondral, 186, 188

intermetacarpal, 169, 212-114

intermetatarsal, 244, 245, 249

interphalangeal, of the fingers, 166, 210, 211,
2I4> 215
of the thumb, 210, 211, 214
of the toes, 249, 250

intertarsal, 244, 245, 249

intervertebral, 173-175, 185

of the knee, 228-237

of the lower extremity, 216-250

mediotarsal (Chopart's), 249

metacarpophalangeal, 166, 167, 210, 211, 214,

215

of the thumb, 210, 214
metatarsophalangeal, 249, 250
naviculocuneiform, 244, 249
occipito-atlantal, 167, 190-193
pisipyramidal, 212

32—2

252

INDEX

Articulation or articulations :

radiocarpal, 169, 212-215
radio-ulnar, distal, 209-214

proximal, 169, 209
sacrococcygeal, 180, 216, 217
sacro-iliac, 216, 217, 219
of the shoulder, 168, 200-203
sternoclavicular, 170, 185-187, 198
tarsometatarsal, 244, 245, 249, 250
temporomandibular, 194-196
temporomaxillary, 194-198
of the thumb, 216, 211, 214
tibiofibular, inferior, 238-241, 244, 245

superior, 228, 229, 231, 233, 238
of the trunk, 171- 187
of the upper extremity, 198-215

Bicipital groove, synovial sheath of the, 201, 202
Bigelow, Y ligament of, 222, 224, 226, 227
Bones, sesamoid, of the foot, 246, 247, 250
of the hand, 210, 211, 214
of the knee, 232, and note, p. 211
Bursa beneath the internal lateral ligament of the knee-
joint, 236
beneath the patellar ligament, 231
beneath the suprapatellar tendon, 228, 230, 231, 234,

235

between the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle
and the knee-joint, 232

between the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle
and the tendon of the inner head of the gastroc-
nemius muscle, 232

iliopectineal, 227

of the odontoid process, 192

of the subscapularis muscle, 202, 203

subacromial, 202, 203

subdeltoid, 202, 203

of the tendon of the popliteus muscle, 232, 233, 235,

237
tBursa apicis dentis (epistrophei), 192
iliopectinea, 227
infrapatellaris profunda, 231
t ligamenti collateralis tibialis, 236

musculi gastrocnemii medialis, 232
poplitci, 232, 233, 235, 237
semimembranosi, 232
subscapularis, 202, 203
subdeltoidea, 202, 203
suprapatellaris, 228, 230, 231, 234, 235

Canal of the carpus, 211, 213
neural, 177

obturator, 217, 222, 224, 226
Canalis carpi, 211, 213

obturatorius, 217, 222, 224, 226
vertebralis, 177
Capsula Vf:l capsulte :

articularis, 166-168, 170

pars fibrosa, 168

synovialis, 168
articulationis acromioclavicularis, 201

atlanto-epistropliicse, 181, 190
atlanto-occipitalis, 167, 181, 190, 193
capituli, 185

carpometacarpeEE pollicis, 210-213
costotransversariae, 185
coxae, 168, 222, 223, 226, 227
pars fibrosa, 224

synovialis, 224
cubiti, 204-207

pars fibrosa, 208
synovialis, 208
genu, 228, 236-233, 236, 237

pars synovialis, 234, 235
hallucis, 246-248

Capsula v;! capsulse :

articulationis humeri, 199, 200, 203

pars fibrosa, 201

synovialis, 201, 203
mandibularis, 194, 196
manus, 214
ossis pisiformis, 212
ra<liocarpefe, 213
radio-ulnaris di.stalis. 209 212
sternoclavicularis, 19S
talocalcane^, 239-241
talocruralis, 240242

pars fibrosa, 250
talonavicularis, 242
articulationum digitorum (manus), 166, 210, 211
pedis, 246-248
intervertebralium, 173, 175, 181, 184,

metacarpophalangearum, 166, 167,

210. 211
nietatarsophalangearum, 247, 248
tarsometatarsearuni, 247
Capsule or capsules (see also "Ligament, capsular"):
of the acromioclavicular joint, 201
of the articulations of the great toe, 246-248
of the astragalonavicular articulation, 242
atlauto-axial, 181, 190

of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, 210-213
of the costocentral articulations, 185
of the costotransverse articulations, 185
of the hipjoint, fibrous portion, 168

synovial portion, 16S
of the interphalangeal articulations of the fingers,

166, 210, 211
of the interphalangeal articulations of the toes,

246-248
of the inferior radio-ulnar articulation, 209-212
of the joints of the articular processes of the verte-
bra;, 173, 175, 181, 184, 185
of the metacarpophalangeal articulations, 166, 167,

2IO,'21I

of the metatarsophalangeal articulations, 247, 248

occipito-atlantal, 167, 181, 190, 193

of the pisipyramidal articulation, 212

of the radiocarpal articulation, 213

of the sternoclavicular joint, 198

of the tarsometatarsal articulations, 247

of the transverse caqjal articulation, 214

of the wrist -joint, 213

Cartilage, articular, 168

hyaline, of the vertebral bodies, 174

Cartilago articularis, 168

Cavitas ^lenoidalis scapulae, 201, 203

Cavity, sigmoid, of the radius, 212

great, of the ulna, 208, 209
synovial, 170

Cavum articulare, 170

Chorda obliqua, 209

Communication between the radiocarpal and the pisipyra-
midal articulation, 212, 213

Communication between the wrist-joint and the pisipyra-
midal articulation, 212, 213

Condylarthrosis, 167

Condyles of the femur, 237

Condyli femoris, 237

Continuous articulation, 164, 165

Cooper's ligament, 221, 224

Cotyloid notch, 223-225

Diarthrosis, 166-169
Discontinuous articulation, 166-169
Disc or discs, epiphysial :

of the femur, distal, 230

proximal, 223

of the fibula, distal, 239, 240, 244
proxiuial, 231

of the humerus, proximal, 201

of the metatarsal bones, 249, 250

of the OS calcis, 240

INDEX

253

Disc or discs, epiphjsial :

of the phalanges of the fingers, 215

of the middle finger, 215
of the toes, 249
of the radius, distal, 215

of the third metacarpal bone (distal extremity), 215
of the tibia, distal, 239, 240, 242, 244, 250
proximal, 230, 231
Disc, interpubic, 217, 220, 221
Discs, intervertebral, 172-174, 177, 178, 1S2, 183, 185

of the sacrococcygeal articulation,
216, 217, 180
Discus articularis, 1 70

articulationis acromioclavicularis, 201
mandibularis, 196
radio-ulnaris distalis, 212-214
sternoclavicularis, 160, 188, 198
Dura mater encephali, 165, 190, 192
spinalis, 179

Elbow-joint, i6g, 204-208
Enarthrosis, 168

Facias articularis acromii, 201

calcanea (tali) anterior, 248
media, 248
posterior, 248
(calcanei) anterior, 248
media, 248
posterior, 248
capituli costae, 182
carpea (radii), 213
(dentis epistrophei) anterior, 192

posterior, 192
fossae mandibularis, 196
patellae, 229, 234, 235
posterior (ossis navicularis pedis), 248
sternalis (claviculae), 198
auricularis (ossis ilium), 219
lunata (acetabuli), i68, 224, 225, 227
patellaris (femoris), 229, 234, 237
Falciform process of the great sacrosciatic ligament, 217
Falx inguinalis, 220
tFascia lumbalis, 176

lumbar, 176, 216, 218
lumbodorsalis, 176, 218
obturator, 221

perineal, deep, 220, 221, and note, p. 221
plantar, 246
triangular, 220
Fibrocartilage, interarticular, 170

of the acromioclavicular

joint, 201
of the inferior radio-ulnar

articulation, 212-214
of the sternoclavicular joint,

170, 188, 198
of the temporomandibular
articulation, 196
triangular, 212-214
Fibrocartilages, semikinar, 229, 233, 235-237

posterior or ascending band of

the external, 233, 235-237
transverse ligament of the, 229,

237
Fibrocartilaginous middle portion of the internal calcaneo-
navicular ligament, 242, 243, 247, 248, and note, p. 248
Fibrocartilago basalis, 196
Fibrocartilagines intervertebrales, 172-174, 177, 178, 182,

i«3. i«5
Fibrocartilago navicularis, 242, 243, 247, 248, and note,

p. 248
Filum terminale, 179
Fissure of the interpubic disc, 220
Fold of the synovial membrane of the wrist -joint, 213
Foramen ischiadicum majus, 176, 216-218
minus, 176, 216-218

Foramen, sacrosciatic, great, 176, 216-218
small, 176, 2i6-2i8
Fossa, glenoid, of the scapula, 201, 203

of the interarticular ligameut, 223
Fovea articularis superior (atlantis), 167, 190
capitis femoris, 223
dentis, 190
Fovese costales (corporum vertebraram), 1S3
transversales, 175, 178, 185

Ginglymus, cochleoid, 166

screw, 166
Gliding joints, 169

intercarpal, 169
Gomphosis, 165
•Groove, preauricular, 216

Harmonia, 164
Hip-joint, 168, 222-227

Incisura clavicularis (sterni), 198

scapulae, 199, 200

semilunaris (ulnae), 208, 209

ulnaris (radii), 212
Interlacing tendons in front of the pubic symphysis, see

" Ligament, pubic, anterior "
Interpubic disc, 217, 220, 221
Intervertebral discs, see " Discs, intervertebral "

Joint or joints, see also " Articulation " :

ball-and-socket, 168

compound, 169

condyloid, 167

elbow, 169, 204-208

hinge, 166, 169

knee, 228-237

mediotarsal, 249

pivot, 169

saddle, 167, 169

simple, 166-168

trochoid, 169
Juncturae ossium extremitatis inferioris, 216-250

superioris, 198-215
trunci, 171-187

Knee-joint, 228-237

Labrum glenoidale, 168

articulationis coxae, 223-225, 227
humeri, 201, 203
Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica, 217, 220, 221
Ligament or ligameuts :

acromioclavicular, superior, 199, 201

alar, 234, 235

of the ankle-joint :

anterior, 242, 244, 250
astragalofibular, anterior, 244, 245
posterior, 239, 241
astragalonavicular, 242-245
astragalotibial, anterior, 243

posterior, 240, 241, 243
calcaneofibular, 239-241, 244, 245
calcaneotibial, 239-242
capsular, 240, 242, 250
deltoid, 239-245, 248, 249
lateral, external, 239-241, 244, 245
internal, 239-245, 248, 249
posterior, 240

tibionavicular, 242, 244, 245, 248
annular, of radius, 169, 204, 205, 207-209

254

INDEX

Ifigament or ligaments :

astragalocalcaneal

'anterior, 244, 245, 250
capsular, 239-241
external, 245
internal, 243, 248
interosseous, 239, 244, 245,

249, 250
posterior, 240, 242
of the atlas, cruciform, 191, 192
transverse, igo-192
of the base of the skull, 196
of Bigelow, 222, 224, 226, 227
calcaneocuboid, dorsal, 244, 245, 248

inferior, 242, 243, 245-247, 250
plantar, 242, 243, 245-247, 250
superior, 244, 245, 248
calcaneonavicular, internal :

inferior portion, 242, 243, 246, 248

middle portion, 242, 243, 247, 248, and

note p. 248
superior portion, 242
capsular, 166-168, 170 (see also "Capsule or cap-
sules")
of the elbow-joint, 204-208
of the hip-joint, fibrous portion, 224

synovial portion, 224
of the shoulder-joint, 199, 200, 203
of the temporomandibular articulation,

194, 196
of the temporomaxillary articulation,
194, 196
of the carpus, annular, anterior, 211-213
palmar, 212
radiate, 212
carpometacarpal, 210-214

anterior, 211, 212
dorsal, 210, 213
interosseous, 214
palmar, 211, 212
posterior, 210, 213
central, of the spinal cord, 179
coccygeal, lateral, 179, 180
conoid, 199, 202
Cooper's, 221, 224
coraco-acromial, 170, 199, 200, 202
coracoclavicular, 199, 202
coracohumeral, 199, 200
coracoscapular, 170, 199, 200, 202
costoclavicular, 186, 188, 198
costocentral, anterior, 176, 178, 182, 183
interarticular, 182, 183, 185
stellate, 176, 178, 182, 183
costotransverse, anterior superior, 176, 183
middle, 182
posterior, 182, 184, 185
posterior superior, 184
cotyloid, 225-225, 227
crucial, 229, 233, 235-237

of the knee, 229, 233, 235-237
cruciform, of the atlas, 191, 192
cubocuneiform, dorsal, 244, 245, 248
interosseous, 249, 250
plantar, 246, 247
of the elbow-joint, anterior, 204, 205
capsular, 204-208
external lateral, 204, 205, 207
internal lateral, 204-206
posterior, 206, 207
glenoid, 168

of the shoulder-joint, 201, 203
of the hip-joint :

capsular, 168, 222, 223, 226, 227

cotyloid, 223-225, 227

iliofemoral, 222, 224, 226, 227

interarticular, 169, 223-225, 227

ischiocapsular, 222, 226, 227

pubofemoral, 222, 224, 226, 227

round, 169, 223-225, 227

teres, 169, 223-225, 227

transverse, of acetabnluin, 168, 223, 225, 227

Ligament or ligaments :

of the hip-joint :

Y, of Bigelow, 222, 224, 226, 227
zona orbicularis, 223, 224, 226, 227
iliofemoral, 222, 224, 226, 227
iliolumbar, 176, 216, 218, 224
, interarticular, of the hip-joint, 169, 223-225, 227
interclavicular, 157, 158, 198
intercuneiform, dorsal, 244, 248

interosseous, 249
intermetacarpal, distal, anterior, 211
palmar, 211
proximal, anterior, 211, 212
dorsal, 210, 213
interosseous, 214
palmar, 211, 212
posterior, 210, 213
intermetatarsal, distal, dorsal, 248
t>lantar, 246
proximal, dorsal, 244, 245, 248,
249
plantar, 246, 247
interosseous, of the forearm, 209

of the leg, 228, 229, 231-235, 238-241
interspinous, 163, 174, 177, 181
intertransverse, 184
ischiocapsular, 222, 226, 227
of the knee-joint, 228-237
alar, 234, 235

capsular, 228, 230-233, 236, 237
crucial, anterior or external 229, 233,

235-237
internal or posterior, 229, 233,

235-237
lateral, external, 228, 229, 231-235
posterior, 231, 232

arcuate portion
of the, 232
direct portion of
the, 231, 232
short, 231, 232
internal, 228-230, 232, 233, 235, 236
mucous, 234, 235
patellar, 228-231, 236

lateral, external, 22?, 231
internal, 228, 230
posterior, 232, 235
semilunar fibrocartilages :

external, 229, 233, 235-237

posterior or ascending
band of the, 233,

235-237
internal, 229, 233, 235-237
transverse ligament of the, 229,
237
Wrisberg's, 233, 235-237
lateral, of tlie finger-joints, 166, 210, 211, 214

of the metacarpophalangeal articulation

of the thumb, 210
of the metacarpophalangeal articulations,

166, 167, 210, 214
of the metatarsophalangeal articulations,

266-268
of the toe-joints, 247, 248
metacarpal, transverse, 211
metacarpophalangeal, anterior, 211, 215

glenoid, 211, 215
palmar, 211, 215
metatarsal, transverse, 246
metatarsocuneifonn, interosseous, 249
metatarsophalangeal, 246, 247

inferior, 250, and note, p. 246
mucous, 234, 235
naviculocuboid, dorsal, 244, 245, 248

plantar, 246, 247
naviculocuneiform, dorsal, 242-245, 248

plantar, 247
oblique radio-uliiar, 209
obturator, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226

INDEX

255

Ligament or ligaments :

occipito-atlantal, anterior, 176, 181, 192, 193

posterior, 181, 192, 193
occipito-axial, posterior or long, J77, 190-192
odontoid, alar, 191, 192

check, 191, 102
lateral, 191, 192
middle, 191, 192
suspensory, 191, 192
orbicular, of the radius, 169, 204, 205, 207-209
patellar, 228-231, 236

lateral, external, 228, 231
internal, 228, 231
of the pelvis, transverse, 220, 221, and note,

p. 221
pisiuietacarpal, 211, 212
pisi-uncinate, 211, 212
plantar, long, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247

short, 247, 250
pterygospinous, 195, 196
pubic, anterior, note, p. 220

of Astley Cooper, 221, 224
inferior, 217, 218, 220, 221
posterior, note, p. 221
subpubic, 217, 218, 220, 221
•superior, 220, 221
puDofenioral, 222, 224, 226, 227
rhomboid, 186, 188, 198
round, of the hip-joint, 169, 223-225, 227
sacrococcj'geal, anterior, 180, 216

interarticular, 177. 179, 180
lateral, 177, 179, 180
posterior, deep, 177, 179, 180
superficial, 180, 2 18
sacro-iliac, anterior, 216, 217, 219, 244
interosseous, note, p. 218
long, 21S
oblique, 218
posterior, 218, 219
sactosciatic, anterior, 176, iSo, 216-219
great, 176, 216-219
posterior, 176, 216, 219
small, 176, i8<j, 216-219
sphenoniandibular, 195
sphenomaxillary, 195
of the spine, 172-1S1
'-•pinoglenoid, 200
sternoclavicular, 186, 187, 198
stylohyoid. 194, 195
stylomandibular, 195
stylo;naxillar}-, 195
subflava, 173-175, 192
suprascapular, 170, 199, 200, 202
supraspinous, 173, 174, 177, i8r, 184, 218
tarsometatarsal, dorsal, 242, 244, 245, 248
interosseous, 249
plantar, 246, 247
of the tarsus, dorsal, 244, 245
interosseous, 249
plantar, 246
temporomandibular, 194
temporomaxillary, [94
tibiofibular, anterior inferior, 238, 244, 245

superior, 228, 229, 231, 234,
237, 238
posterior inferior, 240, 241
transverse, of the acetabulum, 168, 223, 225,
227
of the atlas, igo-192
of the transverse carpal articulation, 210-214
anterior, 212
dorsal, 210, 213
interosseous, 213, 214
palmar, 212
posterior, 210, 213
trapezoid, 202
iriangular, of the urethra, 220, 221, and note,

p. 221
vaginal, of the toes, 2a6
of the vertebral column, 172-181

Ligament or ligaments :

of the vertebral column, anterior common, 173,

174, 176, 178, 181-183,
216
posterior common, 173,

174. 177. 179.190.192
of the wrist -joint, anterior, 211, 212

annular, 211-213
dorsal, 210

lateral, external, 210, 213, 214
internal, 210-212, 214
palmar, 211, 212
posterior, 210
Ligamentum vel ligamenta :

accessoria plantaria, 246, 247, 250

volaria, 211, 215
acromioclaviculare, 199, 201
alaria, 191, 192

annulare radii, 169, 204, 205, 207-209
apicis dentis, 191, 192
arcuatum pubis, 217, 218, 220, 221
basium (ossium metacarpalium) dorsalia, 210,
213
(oasium metacarpalium) interossea, 214
volaria, 121,212
(ossium metatarsalium) dorsalia, 244,

245, 248, 249
(ossium metatarsalium) plantaria, 246,
247
bifurcatum, 245, 248, 249
t calcaneocuboideum dorsale, 244, 245, 248

plantare, 242, 243, 246,
247, 250
calcaneofibnlare, 239-241, 244, 245
calcaneonaviculare dorsale, 242

plantare, 242, 243, 246-248
calcaneotibiale, 239-242
capituli costie interarticulare, 182, 183, 185
radiatum, 176, 178, 182, 183
fibulse, 228, 229, 231, 234, 237, 238
caj<itulorum (ossium metacarpalium) trans-
versa, 211
t (ossium metatarsalium) dorsale,

248

trans-
versa, 246
carpi radiatum, 212

transversum, 211-213
carpometacarpea dorsalia, 210, 213
interossea, 214
t volaria, 211, 212

coccygeum laterale, 179, 180
collaterale carpi radiale, 210, 213, 214
ulnare, 2:0-212, 214
fibulare, 228, 229, 231-235
radiale, 204, 205, 207
tibiale, 228-230, 232, 233, 235, 236
ulnare, 204-206
collateralia articulationum digitorum(manus),
166, 210, 211, 214
articulationum digitorum pedis,

247, 248
articulation is metacarpo-

phalangeiE poUicis, 210
articulationum metacarpophalaii-

gearuni, 166, 167, 210, 214
articulationum metatarsoplial; n
gearum, 246-248
colli costae, 182
columnae vertebralis, 172-181
conoideum, 199, 202
coraco-acroiiiiale, 170, 199, 200, 202
coracoclaviculare, 202
coracohumerale, 199, 200
costoclaviculare, 186, 188, 198
costotransversarium anterius, 176, 183

posterius, iS/"
costoxiphoidea, 186
cruciatum anterius, 229, 233, 235-237
atlantis, 191, 192

256

INDEX

Ligamentum vel ligamenta :

cruciatuni posterius, 229, 233, 235-237
cruciata (genu), 229, 233
cuboideonaviculare dorsale, 244, 245, 248

plautare, 246, 247
cuueocuboideuiii dorsale, 244, 245, 248
iuterosseuni, 249, 250
plantare, 246, 247
cuneometatarsea interossea, 249
deltoideuni, 242, 243, 249
flava, 173-175, 192
iliofemorale, 222, 224, 226, 227
iliolunibale, 176, 216, 218, 224
intercarpea dorsalia, 210, 213

interossea, 213, 214
volaria, 212
interclaviculare, 187, 188, 198
intercostalia externa, 186

interna, 176, 183, 184, 187
t - intercuneifomiia dorsalia, 244, 248

interossea, 249
interspinalia, 163, 174, 177, 181
intertransversaria, 184
> ischiocapsulare, 222, 226, 227

longitudinale anterius, 173, 174, 176, 178,
181-183, 216
posterius, 173, 174, 177, 179^ 190,
192
lumbocostale, 176, 216, 218
malleoli lateralis anterius, 238, 244, 245
posterius, 240, 241
f menisci lateralis (Roberti), 233, 235-237

navicularicuneiforinia dorsalia, 242-245, 24S

plantaria, 247
nuchae, 177, 181
patellEB, 228-231, 236
pisohamatum, 211, 212
pisometacarpeuni, 211, 212
plantare longum, 245-247
popliteum arcuatuni, 232

obliquuni, 232, 235
pterygospinosuni, 195, 196
pubicum superius, 220, 221
pubocapsulare, 222, 224, 226, 227
radiocarpeum dorsale, 210

volare, 211, 212
sacrococcygeum anterius, i8o. 216

articulare, 177, 179, 180
laterale, 177, 179, 180
posterius profundum, 177,
179, 180
superficiale, 180,
181
sacro-iliaca anteriora, 216. 217, 219, 224

interossea, 218, 219
sacro-iliacum posterius breve, 219

longum, 218, 219
sacrospinosum, 176, 180, 216-219
sacrotuberosum, 176, 216-219
sphenomandibulare, 195
sternoclaviculare, 186, 187, 198
sternocostale interarticulare, 188
sternocostalia radiata, 186
stylohyoideum, 194, 195
stylomandibulare, 194-196
supraspinale, 173, 174, 177, 181, 184, 218
talocalcaneum anterius, 244, 245, 250

interosseuni, 239, 244, 245, 249,

250
laterale, 245
mediale, 243, 248
posterius, 240, 242
talofibulare anterius, 244, 245
posterius, 239, 241
talonaviculare (dorsale), 242245
tarsi dorsalia, 244, 245
interossea, 249
plantaria, 246
tarsonietatarsea dorsalia, 242, 244, 245, 24S
interossea, 249

Ivigamentum ve/ ligamenta :

tarsonietatarsea plantaria, 246, 247
teniporomandibiilare, 194
teres femoris, 169, 223-225, 227
tibionaviculare, 242, 244, 245, 248
transversuni acetabuli, 168, 223, 225, 22"'
atlanlis, 190-192
genu, 229, 237
pelvis, 220, 221
scapula; inferius, 200

superius, 170, 199, 200,
202
trapezoideum, 202
tuberculi costje, 182, 1S4, 185
vaginalia (digitorum pedis), 246
Line, Chopart's, 249
He5''s, 249
Lisfranc's, 249
mediotarsal, 249

tMembrana atlanto-epistrophica, 192

atlanto-occipitalis anterior, 176, 181, 192, 193

posterior, 181, 192, 193
interossea antibrachii, 209

cruris, 238
obturatoria, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226
sterni, 186, 187
tecloria, 177, 190-192
Membrane, intercostal, see "Aponeurosis"
interosseous, of the forearm, 209

of the leg, 228, 229, 231-235, 238-
241
obturator, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226
synovial, of the hip-joint, 223-225, 227; its reflec-
tion on the neck of tne femur, 224
of the knee-joint, 234, 235
Meniscus lateralis, 229, 233, 235-237
medialis, 229, 233, 235-237
Musculus articularis genu, 228, 230, 231, 235

Notch, clavicular, of the sternum, 198

cotyloid, 223-225

suprascapular, 199, 200
Nucleus pulposus of tlie intervertebral discs, 173, 174

Obturator canal, 217, 222, 224, 226

fascia, 221

ligament, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226

membrane, 117, 218, 222, 224, 226
Ossa sesamoidea manus, 210, 211, 214

pedis, 246, 247, 250
Os sesamoideum articulationis genu (var.), 232

Pad of fat of the fossa acetabuli, 223
Periosteum, dental, 165

Plate, fibrous, 246, 247, 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246
glenoid, 246, 247, 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246
sesamoid, 246, 247, 250, and notes, pp. 211 and 246
Plicte alares, 234, 235
I'iica synovialis (articulationis radiocarpeae), 213

patellaris, 234, 235
Pouch of synovial membrane, circular, of the proximal radio-
ulnar articulation, 204, 207,
and note, p. 204
vertical, of the distal radio-
ulnar articulation, 214
Process, falciform, of the great sacrosciatic ligament, 217
Processus falciformis, 217

Prominence of the pubic symphj'.sis, posterior, 221
Promontoriimi, 177, 216, 217, 219
Promontor)' of the sacrum, 177, 216, 217, 219
Pubic .symphysis, 21S, 220, 221

INDEX

256a

•Recess, sacciform, of the distal railio-ulnar articulation. 214
of the proximal radio-ulnar articulation,
204, 207, and note, p. 204
Recessns saccifoniiis (articulationis radio-ulnaris distalis)
214
(articulationis radio-ulnaris proxi-
inalis), 204, 207
Retinaculum ligamenti arcuati, 231, 232
patellie laterale, 228, 231
, .niediale, 22S, ?3o

Sacral proniontorj-, 117, 216, 217, 219

Sesamoid bones, see "Bones, sesamoid"

of the foot, 246, 247, 250

,.,' ,, . . of tlie hand, 210, 211, 214, and note, p. 211
Shoulder-joint, 168, 200-203

Substance, sutural, 164 1 . ,

Sulcus paraglenoidalis (pr;eauricularis), 216

Surface, articular, of the acetabulunii 168, 224, 225, 227

of the acromion, 201

oftheastragalusforthe-oscalcis, anterior
248

of the astragalus for the os calcis, middle

248
of the astragalus for the os calcis, pos-
terior, 24S
of the atlas, superior, 167, igo
of the centra for the ribs, 183
of the heads of the ribs, 182
of the navicular bone, posterior, 248
of the odontoid process, anterior, 192
posterior, 192
of the OS calcis, anterior, 248
^ middle, 248

posterior, 2^n
o! tne patella, 229, 234, 235
of the transverse processes for the ribs
175, I7«, 185
of the astran:alus, superior articular:
external malleolar portion, 166
internal malleolar portion, 166, .41
tibial portion, i56, 241, 243
auricular, of the ilium. 219

patellar, of the femur, 220, 234, 2^7
SiUura, 164 • :» o^. J/

.serrata. 164

squamosa, 164

Sutural substance. 164

Suture, varieties of, 164

S\iiii)hy,si(ii.i65

ossiuiii pubis,- 2i,S, 220, 221

sacrocoecv.t,'ea, 180, 216, 217

Synarthrosis, 164, 165

Synchondrosis, 165

of the base of the skull, 196

Synchondrosis ve/ synchondroses;

epiphysial, see "Disc, epiplnsial"
epiphyseos capitis femoris, 223
humeri, 201
capituli ossis metacarpalis III.,
,. 215
distalis femoris, 230

fibulas, 239, 240, 244
railii, 215

tibiae, 239, 240, 242, 244,
' ■ 250

proximalis fibulae, 231

tibiffi, 230, 231
tuberis calcanei, 240 ■ ■ - ,
•epiphysium ossium nietatarsalium, 249, 250
phalangum digiti 11. (manus),
. .215
... digitorum pedi.s, 249

et hgamenta baseos cranii, 196
r interphalangea pedis (van), 249

petro-occipitalis, 193, 196
splieno-occipitalLs, 165, 192. 196
splienopetrosa, 196
[■ sternalis, inferior, 188

f superior, 188

Sj'iidesniosi.s, 170

tibiofibulari.s, 238-241, 244, 245
Synovial membrane of the shoulder-joint, 202, 203
sheath of the bicipital groove, 201, 202

of the tendon of the popliteus muscle. 232,
233. 235. 237 ; its communication with
the knee-joint and the superior tibio-
fibular articulation, 233

Tendon of the long head of the biceps juuscle, 201, 202
203 i > , .

tTorus pubicus, 221
Triangular fil)rocartilage, 212-214

li.gament of the urethra, 220, 221, and note
p. 22: '

Trochlea tali, 166, 239, 241

facies malleolaris lateralis, 166

medialis, 166, 243
superior, 166, 24 T. 243
1 rochlear .surface of the astragalu.s, 166, 239. 241

\'agina mucosa intertubercularis, 201, 202

Wrist-joint, 169, 212-215

Zona orbicularis, 223, 224, 226, 227

^z'

iJRS. CHR; : SMEDAL

THE LIBRA r?

208709

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