MYOLOGY
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AN ATLAS
OF
HUMAN ANATOMY
FOR STUDENTS AND PHYSICIANS
BY
CARL TOLDT, M.D.
PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY IN THE U N I V E R S I T Y OF VIENNA
ASSISTED BV
PROFESSOR ALOIS DALLA ROSA, M.D.
^raiislatcC) from tbc Z\mi> Gorinati ]E^^tioll aiiC» a^apte& to Eiiijlisb aii5 amciican an&
international 'Ccrminoloiiv?
BY
M. EDEN PAUL, M.D. Brux., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
THIRD SECTION
D. MYOLOGY
(figures 490 TO 640 AND INDEX)
,N5''^^.
J^m%^
LONDON
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129, SHAFTESBURY .VVENUE, CAMBRIDGE CIRCUS. W.C.
New York Agents: REBMAN COMPANY
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GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I.
A. The Regions of the Human Body (Figs, i to 5)
B. Osteology (Figs. 6 to 377j. With Index.
Price, bound in cloth, §2.50 net. "^S. [Ready.
Part II.
C. Arthrology (Figs. 378 to 489). With Index.
Price, bound in cloth, §1,75 net. '^^ [Ready.
Part HI.
D. Myology, with a Supplement on the Anatomy of Hernia
(Figs. 490 to 640). With Index.
Price, bound in cloth, .^2.50 net. "^J [Ready.
Part IV.
E. Splanchnology (Figs. 641 to 932). With Index.
Price, bound in cloth, 82.75 net.
Part V.
F. Angeloiogy (Figs. 933 to 1,123). With Index.
Price, bound in cloth, S3. 75 net.
Part VI.
G. Neurology (Figs. 1,124 to 1,333).
H. The Organs of the Senses (Figs. 1,334 to 1,505). With
Index.
Price, bound in cloth, 84.75 net.
The si.x demy ^to. volumes complete, bound in cloth, 818.
All rights reserved.
Entered at Stationers' Hall.
MYOLOGIA
MYOLOGY
33
MYOLOGY— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
33-
260
MYOLOGY— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Nuclei of the
muscular fibre ~--
-" --^
m
-Sarcolemma
Perimysium of a primary fasciculus of
,'^ muscular fibres
...^Individual fibres of a
-^ primary fasciculus
_Cross striated
contractile
substance
'"/i
Fig. 490. — A Portion of an Isolated Cross-
striated Muscular Fibre.
-Sarcolemma
Cross-striated
contractile
substance
Perimysium of a
fasciculus of
muscular fibres
I Nuclei of the
connective-
I tissue cells
) Nuclei of the
I muscular fibres
Nuclei of the ;-
muscular fibre' " /
I^iG. 491. — A Portion of an Isolated Cross-
striated Muscular Fibre in which for
A Short Distance the Contractile Sub-
stance has been removed from the
Sarcolemma.
Muscular fibres^:--,__
^Endomysium of the
muscular fibres
Fig. 492. — Fasciculus of Muscular Fibres
from a Longitudinal Section of the
Human Sartorius Muscle, hardened in
Picric Acid Solution.
Capillary bloodvessels
-Perimysium of a fasciculus
of muscular fibres
Bloodvessels'^''''
---::^Endomysium of the
, muscular fibres
Fig. 493.— Fasciculi of Muscular Fibres in Transverse Section. Some of the Fasciculi have
fallen out of the Section. In the Perimysium of the Fasciculi numerous Capillary
Bloodvessels are seen in Transverse Section. (From a Transverse Section of the
Human Sartorius Muscle, hardened in Picric Acid Solution and Alcohol.)
Elementary Constituents and Structure of Muscle.
MYOLOG Y— GENERAL CONSIDERA TIONS
261
Capillary bloodvessels.
Endomysium of the^
muscular fibres
Sarcolemma-
nuscular fibres'
Endomysium undergoing
transition to tendon
(S^.
Thickening of the periosteum
at the site of origin
of a muscle
Direct origin of muscular
fibres from the periosteum
Periosteum
Periosteum
Muscular fibres
Perimysium of the
muscular fibres
Epimysium
Tendon
Tendo
Bursa beneath the tendon
lUiisa mucosa suhlciulinea
Indirect insertion of
muscle by tendon
Fig. 494.— Diagrammatic Representation
ov THE Relation of the Muscular
Fibres to the Endomysium.
Fig. 495. — Diagrammatic Representation of the
Relation of the Perimysium to the Origin
AND THE Insertion of the Muscle (the In-
sertion in this Case being by Tendon).
Arterioles
Perimysium of the •
secondary fasciculi
Perimysium of th
primary fasciculi
-Nerve filament
--^-jPrimary fasciculi
"/i
Epimysium (the investment or
~"~--Bheath of areolar tissue sur-
rounding the entire muscle)
Fig. 496.— Transverse Section through the Sartorius Muscle of a New-born Infant,
showing the Primary and Secondary Fasciculi oi- Muscular Fibres.
Structure of Muscle.
262
MYOLOGY— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Head .
Caput
I
. Tendon
Tendo
^Head
Caput
Belly
Venter
Tendon
Tendo ~ ^^^
Tendon
Tend >
Fig. 497. — MuscuLus Fig. 498. — Musculus Fig. 499. — Musculus Fig. 500. — Musculus
FusiFORMis ; Fusi- Unipennatus; Pen- Bipennatus; Bipen- Biceps; Double-
form Muscle. niform Muscle. niform Muscle. headed Muscle.
Tendinous
intersection
Inscriptio
tendinea
. Tendon
Tendo
Belly
Venter
Fig. 501. — Broad
Muscle.
Fig. 502. — Strap-shaped
Muscle.
_BeUy
Venter
Fig. 503. — Musculus Biventek.
Digastric Muscle.
The Principal Muscular Forms.
MYOLOGY— GENERAL CONSIDER A TIONS
263
Common head for the coracobrachialis muscle and
the internal or short head of the biceps muscle -
Antagonists in relation to the shoulder-join*^
Biceps flexor cubiti niusclp
(acting on three joints)
In relation to the humero-ulnar
articulation
Antagonistr ^
Axis of the trochoid articulation or
pivot joint (the radio ulnar articulation)
Synergists in relation
the shoulder joint
Coracobrachialis muscle
(acting on one joint)
Head acting on
two joints
Head acting on
one joint
of the triceps extensor
cubiti muscle
Brachialis anticus muscle
(acting on one joint)
Supinator radii brevis
(acting on one joint)
Antagonists in relation to the
radio ulnar articulation
Axis of the ginglymus or hinge-joint
I, the humero-ulnar articulation)
Pronator radii teres muscle
\j ' (acting on two joints)
Synergists (supinators) ~j
I in relation to the radio-ulnar
j articulation
Synergists (pronators) j
Pronator quadratus muscle (acting on one joint)
l"ic;. 504. — Tin-: Muscles of the Arm and the Pronatok and Supinator Muscles oi- the
FoKEAKM AS EXAMPLES OF THE RELATION UE VaUIOUS MusCLES TO OnE OK SeVEKAL JolNTS,
and also of the synergistic or antagonistic action of muscles in relation to a
Particular Joint.
Relation of the Muscles to the Joints.
264
MYOL OG Y— GENERA L CONSIDER.! TIONS
r-M^,,-;
Investing portion of the deep
fascia of the arm
Fascia brachii (Lamina
superiicialis)
The internal cutaneous nerve
piercing the deep fascia
Epimysium of the biceps
flexor cubiti muscle
Layer of the deep fascia of the arm
between the biceps and the
brachialis muscle
Fascia bracliii (Lamina profunda)
Musculocutaneous nerve
N. cutaneus aiitibrachii lateralis
Brachial artery with its
accompanying veins and nerves
Basilic vein -
Vena basilica
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermubculare mediale"
Ulnar nerve —
N. ulnaris
Investing portion of the deep fascia
of the arm
Fascia brachii (Lamina superficialis
Skin
Integumentum commune
Superficial fascia
Fascia sui:erficialis
Cutaneous vein (the cephalic vein)
Vena cutanea (V. cephajicaj
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
M biceps brachii
Junction of the areolar septum be-
tween the biceps and the brachialis
muscle with the general investing
portion of the deep fascia of the arm
Brachialis anticus muscle
^I bracliialis
Musculospiral nerve— N. radialis
Supinator radii longus muscle
M bracliiuradialis
The humerus — Humerus
External intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare laterale
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
M. triceps brachii
Superficial fascia — Fascia superficialis
Skin — Integumentum commune
Fig. 505. — Aponeurosis or Fascia. The Relation of the Deep Fascia to the Various Groups
OF Muscles and to the Bone. The Intermuscular Septa. The Superficial Fascia.
(Fascia of the Right Arm.)
The individual muscles with their investing fascia in the lower third of the arm have been divided
transversely at varying levels.
Skin
Integumentum commune
Superficial fascia „
Fascia superficialis
Brachial artery with its accompanying ->,
veins and nerves
Basilic vein -
Vena basilica
Ulnar nerve -
N. ulnaris
Internal intermuscular septum ._
Septum intermusculare mediale ^^^,
The humerus „
Humerus ^t^H£!s
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle -
M. triceps brachii
Investing portion of the deep fascia of the arm
Fascia brachii (Lamina superficialis)
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
"M. biceps brachii
-Cephalic vein— Vena cephalica
Layer of the deep fascia of the arm between
the biceps and the brachialis muscle (i)
...-Brachialis anticus muscle— M. brachiahs
Musculospiral nerve
N. radialis
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. brachioradialis
External intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare laterale
(i) Fascia brachii (Lamina profunda)
Fig. 506.— The Grouping of the Muscles of the Arm, and the Relation of these Muscles
to the Deep Fascia. (Transverse Section through the Right Upper Arm in the
Neighbourhooi) of its Distal Extremity; Proximal Cut Surf.\ce. Semi-Dwgrammatic.)
Aponeurosis or Fascia.
MUSCULI TRUNCl
THH MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
34
266
THE MUSCLES OE THE TRUNK
Auricularis superior, or attollens auriculam, muscle
Auricularis posterior, or retrahens auriculam muscle \
Transversus nuchse muscle (var )
Complexus, or semispinalis capitis, muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
M. steriiLjLl^^iiiuMia^toidcus
Splenius capitis muscle
Levator anguli scapulae muscle
M. levator scapulx-
—Occipitalis muscle
Deep cervical fascia
Fascia nuchaj
Seventh cervical vertebra
Vertebra cer\icalis \11.
Trapezius muscle
Infraspinous
fascia
Triceps extensor
cubiti muscle
(middle or long
head)
M. triceps brachii
(Caput longum'
Teres major muscle
Latissimus dorsi muscle
External oblique muscle of
the abdomen
M. obliquus extei'nus
abdominis
Gluteal portion of the fascia lata
of the thigh
Fascia glutaea
Spine of the scapula
bpina scapula
Deltoid muscle
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
M. triceps brachii ,
Latissimus dorsi muscle-
Twelfth dorsal vertebra
Vertebra thoracalis XII.
Superficial or posterior layer of the
lumbar fascia'
External oblique muscle of
the abdomen
M. obliquus externus abdominis
Triangle of Petit
Trigonum lumbale (Petiti)
Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
Posterior superior spine of
the ilium
Spina iliaca posterior superior
' See notes to pp. 2C7 and 285 for an account of the different portions of the lumbar fascia.
Fig. 507. — First (Supeki-icial) Layer of the Muscles of the Back (Wihe Muscles of the
Back): the Trape^cius Muscle (CucuLLAiys) ; the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle. Super-
ficial OR Posterior Layer of the. Lumbar Fascia.
Musculi dorsi — Muscles of the back.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
267
Highest
Curved line I Siiprcma
Linea nuchx'j Superior
ior '"
I Highest ^^ ^
I Siipic-ma y"^ j^
:"| Superii
Complexus, or semispinalis capitis, muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
(divided and turned aside)
^I. sternocleidomastoidcus
Splenius capitis muscle ...
Splenius colli, or splenius cervicis, muscle —
Levator anguli scapulse muscle
M levator scapula;
Serratus posticus superior muscle
M, serratus pnsterior superior
Lambdoid or occipitoparietal suture
Sutura lanibiloidea
Ligamentum nucbae
Deep cervical fascia (deep layer)
Fascia nucbx (Lamina profunda)
Spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra
I'rocossus spinosus vertebra' cirvicalis \'I1.
Serratus posticus superior muscle
■ ^I. serratus posterior superior
Rhomboideus minor muscle
Rhomboideus major muscle
Vertebral aponeurosis
Fascia lumbodorsalis
External intercostal muscles
Mm. intercostales e.xterni
Serratus posticus inferior muscle
M. serratus posterior inferior
Latissimus dorsi muscle (arising from
the superficial or posterior layer of"
tlie lumbar fascial
Internal oblique muscle of the abdomen.
M. oblicjnus internus abtlomiuis
External oblique muscle of the abdomen .
M. oblicjuus externus abdominis
Superficial or posterior layer of
the lumbar fascia
Fascia lumbodorsalis
Gluteus medius muscle
M "lulaus medius
Gluteus maximuB muscle
M. glutaus mx\inius
Supraspinous fascia
Fascia supIa^piuala
Infraspinous fascia
Fascia infraspinata
Serratus magnus muscle
M serratus anterior
Spinous process of the twelfth
dorsal vertebra
Processus spinosus vertebra;
ihoracalis XII.
Latissimus dorsi muscle iarising
from the three lowest ribs)
External oblique muscle of the
abdomen
M. obliquus externus abdominis
Triangle of Petit
XriKonum luniliale (Petiti)
. Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
..Gluteal portion of the fascia lata
Fascia filut.ia
Fig. 508. — Skcond Lavkr of the Musclks of tiif. H.\ck (Widk Misclks of tiif r>.\cK), shown
BY THK KfMOVAL OF THE LaTISSIMUS DoKSI AND THE Tl<APK;JIlS Ml'SCLES; ON THE LeFT SiDE,
THE KllOMUOIDEUS MaJOK AND KlIOMHOIDEUS MiNOR Ml'SCLES HAVE ALSO 15EEN REMOVED.
Thumusclcsofthcsccoinl layer arc: Rhomboideus major,rhomboidcus minor, serratus posticus superior,
serratus posticus inferior, anil levator anguli scapula'. The superficial or posterior Layer of the
lumbar fast ia,' by mc.ins of wliicli the latissimus dorsi and the serratus posticus inferior muscles
are attached to the spines of the verlcl)r:e,«.ind the vertebral aponeurosis, are also shown.
' The name of tumhar fascia w by wmc nnntomHI<( rculrictcd Vi the deeper layers of tht^ »lnicturc (^ee note 10 p. jSs), and wliat we
here cill the su/'fr/tcint or ftnUrior tayir 0/ the iumhar fiisfia i% in ihat ewe either rcRarded M iSc /*ni'rr fertioH tj/ the zvr/irra/
aponturosis (wilh which it is conlinuous), or else i<* termed t)ie a^mrvrotis 0/ tht tatissimm dcrsi miucU. — Tn.
Musculi dorsi — Muscles of the back.
34-
268
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Complexus, or semispinalis
capitis, muscle
SpleniuE capitis muscle
Scalenus posticus muscle
M. scalenus posterior
Splenius colli muscle
M. splenius cervicis
Serratus magnus muscle -
Spinalis dorsi muscle -
Musculus accessorius ad iliocostalem.
M. iliocostalis dorsi
Longissimus dorsi muscle
Serratus posticus inferior muscle
M. serratus posterior inferior
Externa oblique muscle of the abdomen
M. obliquus cxtcrnus abdominis
Iliocostalis or sacrolumbalis muscle
M. iliocostalis lumborum
Superficial or posterior layer of the .
lumbar fascia' (turned outwards)
I'ascia lumbudorsalis
- Obliquus capitis superior muscle
Complexus, or semispinalis capitis, muscle
Trachelomastoid muscle
M. longissimus capitis
Transversalis cervicis muscle
M. longissimus cervicis
Ligamenttun nuchse
...Spinalis cervicis muscle
Cervicalis ascendens muscle
.M i'iocostalis cervicis
Serratus magnus muscle
Longissimus dorsi muscle
" (outer row of insertions)
Spinalis dorsi muscle
Musculus accessorius ad
iliocostalem
M. iliocostalis dorsi
External intercostal muscles
Mm. intercostales extern!
Internal oblique muscle of the
abdomen
M. obliquus internus abdominis
' See note to p. 267.
Fig. 509. — Third Layer of the Muscles of the B.-^ck (Long Muscles of the Back), shown
BY the Removal of the First and Second Layers of Muscles and of the Superficial or
Posterior Layer of the Lumbar Fascia and the Vertebral Aponeurosis; on the Right
Side the Musculus Accessorius ad Iliocostalem has been dr.^wn Outwards.
The muscles of the third layer arc: The erector spina*, consisting of the iliocostalis (sacrolumbalis)
and the longissimus dorsi, with their prolongations upwards — accessorius, spinalis, and splenius
muscles.
Musculi dorsi — Muscles of the back-
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
26S
Superior corred line _
Linca niichx superior
Complexus, or semispinalis..
capitis, muscle
Splenius capitis muscle
Levator anguli scapulae muscle
M. levator scapuhe
Cervicalis ascendens muscle (insertion)
M. iliocostalis cervicis
Splenius colli muscle— M. splenius cervicis-.
Scalenus posticus muscle— M. scalenus pusterior,
Musculus accessorius ad iliocostalem ( insertion i
M iliociistahs ilorsi
Cervicalis ascendens muscle divided and the--
lower extremity turned inwards)
M iliocuslalis cervicis
Insertion of the serratus posticus
superior muscle into the ribs
Musculus accessorius ad iliocostalem
(the tendons of insertion have been
divided, the uppermost excepted)
M. iliocoslalis dorsi
Angle of the sixth rib
An^uhis costx VI.
Iliocostalis or sacrolumbalis muscle [in-,,
sertion) — M iliocostalis lumborum
Longissimus dorsi muscle —
Iliocostalis or sacrolumbalis muscle ten-
dons of insertion, divided and turned —
upwards) -M iliocostalis himborum
Musculus accessorius ad iliocostalem (origin) -
Iliocostalis or sacrolumbalis muscle
(insertion by muscular slips into the
eleventh and twelfth ribs)
M. iliocostalis lumborum
Serratus posticus inferior muscle .
(insertion into the ribs
M. serratus posterior inferior
External oblique muscle of the abdomen
M. oblujuus e\ternus abdominis
Transversalis abdominis muscle
M. iransversus abdominis
Iliocostalis or sacrolumbalis muscle..
M. iliocostalis
Internal oblique muscle of
the abdomen
M. obliquus internus
abdominis
External oblique muscle of the
abdomen
M. obliquus eMeruiis abilominis
Gluteus maximus muscle
M. glutxus maximus
rrapezius muscle
Ligamentum nuchas
/Rhomboideus minor muscle
Spinous process of the first dorsal vertebra
Processus spinosus vertebra' tlioracalir. 1
Levator anguli scapulae muscle
M. levator scapubr
Serratus posticus superior muscle
''M. serratus posterior superior
Rhomboideus major muscle
■ Trapezius muscle
Deltoid muscle
\l deltoiileus
Infraspinous fascia
I ascia inlraspinata
Teres major muscle
Middle or long head
of the triceps exten-
sor cubiti muscle
^^Latissimus dorsi muscle
insertion*
__ Serratus posticus inferior muscle
•M. serratus posterior inferior
>Latissimus dorsi muscle (origin)
The lov/est slips of origin of
'the external oblique muscle
of the abdomen
Internal oblique muscle of the
abdomen
M. obliquus internus abdominis
External oblique muscle
of the abdomen
M obliqu us extern us abdomini'?
Superficial or posterior layer of
the lumbar fascia'
I'.'iscia liiinbi liursalis
Gluteal portion of the fascia lata
I .ascia ),'lut.ia
' See note to p. 267.
Fig. 510. — The Divisions or the Iliocostalis ok Sackolumbalis Muscle and its Accessory
Slips of Ouigin, shown uv the Removal of Portions of the Miscle. The Levator
Angi'li Scapll.k. the Splenus Capitis, anp the Splenu's Colli Muscles. The Sekkatus
Posticus Superior and the Serratus Posticus Inferior Muscles.
The last-named muscle has, in respcrt of the width of its slips of insertion, a very dilTcrcnt np|>caraiicc
from that shown in Fig. 508.
Musculi dorsi Muscles of the back.
270
TFIE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Superior curved line
Linea nuchas superior
Mastoid process
Processus mastoideus
Trachelomastoid muscle
M. longissimiis capitis
Complexus, or semispinalis
capitis, muscle
Semispinalis colli muscle
M. semispinalis cervicis
Transversalis cervicis muscle
with the accessory slip from
the longissimus dorsi muscle
Semispinalis dorsi muscle
External intercostal muscles |
Mm. intcrcostales externi
Longisiimu3 dorsi muscle
Multifidus spinse muscle-
M. multifidus
Longissimus dorsi muscle
(inner row of insertions)
Internal oblique muscle of the abdomen
M. oliliquus interuus abdominis
Obliquus capitis superior muscle
Rectus capitis posticus minor muscle
J— r- M rectus capitis posteri(ir niincir
' Rectus capitis posticus major muscle
_ M. rectus capitis postcriar major
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle
\W Interspinales muscles
ak '"^ Scalenus medius muscle
Semispinalis colli muscle
M, semispinalis cervicis
Scalenus posticus muscle
M. scalenus posterior
Fig
Levatores costarum muscles
Mm. levatores costarum
breves
S\ External intercostal muscles
JMm. intercostales externi
f Levatores costarum longiores muscles
\^Miu levatoies costarum longi
Multifidus spinse muscle
M. multifidus
Intertransversales laterales muscles
Mm intertransversarii posteriores
laterales
Middle layer of the lumbar fascia, forming
the posterior aponeurosis of the transver-
salis abdominis muscle I-ig himbocostale
Transversalis abdominis muscle
M transversus abdominis
Gluteus medius muscle
M. glutx-us medius
Gluteus maximus muscle
M. gluteus ma.ximus
, 511. — P'ouRTH Layer of the Muscles of the B.\ck (Long Muscles of the Back); on the
Left Side the Longissimus Dorsi and the Transversalis Cervicis h.-we been dr.\wn
Outwards, showing the Connexion between the Two, and their Attachments to the
Transverse Processes of the Vertebra; on the Right Side the Erector Spin.e Muscle
has been entirely removed ; the Semispinalis Dorsi, Semispinalis Colli, Semispinalis
Capitis (Complexus), and the Multifidus Spin^ AIuscles make up the Fourth Layer.
Regarding the insertion of the longissimus dorsi muscle into the lumbar vertebiix? and the elventh and
twelfth ribs, sec also Fig. 592.
Musculi dorsi — Muscles of the back.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TKi'NK
271
Complexus, or semispinalis capitis, muscle —
Obliqr.us capitis superior muscle
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle
Interspinales muscles
Tilultifidas spinas muscle
M iiuilurulus
External intercostal muscles (
Mm imcrcostalos cxturni I
Middle layer of the lumbar fascia, forming
the posterior aponeurosis of the trans
versalis abdominis muscle
Lig. liiml)uci)^I;ilc
Interspinales muscles (
Mm. interspinales i"
Transversalis abdominis muscle
M. transversus abdominis
Superior curved line
Linea nucha; superior
Rectus capitis posticus minor muscle
M rectus capitis (msteniir niinnr
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Rectus capitis posticus major muscle
M. rectus capitis pusteriur niajur
Posterior intertransversales muscles
/Mm. interlransversarii posteriores
Seventh cervical vertebra
Vertebra cervicalis VII.
Rotatores longi muscles
Levator costs longior muscle
M. levator cosla? longus
\ ,^^*^'. "\Levatores costarum muscles
I (Mm levatcres cuslaiuiii breves
\ Rotatores dorsi muscles
Mm. rotatores breves
Levator costss longior muscle
M. levator costx loni.;us
Twelfth dorsal veUebra
Wriibia tlinracalis Nil.
Intertransvercales mediales
or interaccesEorii muECles
Mm intertransversarii
posteriores mecliaks
Intertransverf ales laterales muscles
Mm iiuertransversarii posteriores
laterales
Fig. 512.— Fifth (Dehpest) Layek oi- the Muscles ui- the Back (Short Miscles of the
Back): Kotatokes Longi, Rotatokes Doksi ; Inteksi-inales ; Intektkansveksales ;
Levatokes Costaul'm.
The short posterior cranioveitcbral or suboccipital muscles also belong to the fifth layer of the
musciv!) of tiie back.
Musculi dorsi Muscles of the back.
272
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Rectus capitis posticus minor muscle (origin)
M. rectus capitis posterior minor
Transverse process of the atlas .
Processus transversus atlantis
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle (origin) -___ /y^'
Rectus capitis posticus major muscle
(origin
M. rectus capitis posterior major
Spinous process of the axis
I'rocessus spinosus epistrophei
Multifidus spinas muscle (insertions)
M. multifidus
Semispinalis colli muscle (insertions)
M. semispinalis cervicis
Botatores longi muscles
Interspinales muscles
Spinous process of the seventh cervical
vertebra — Processus spinosus ver-
tebrae cervicalis VII.
Rotatores longi /
muscles
Rotatores tlorsi
muscles
Mm. rotatores
breves
Third rib
Os costale III.-
Multifidus spinse
muscle (insertions)
i\l. muUifidus
Spinous process of the third
dorsal vertebra
Processus spinusus vertebras
thoracalis III.
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle (origin)
Obliquus capitis superior muscle (origin)
■ Obliquus capitis inferior muscle (insertion)
Insertions of the transversalis cervicis
(longissimus cervicis) muscle
Spinal dura mater
Dura mater spinalis
The uppermost slips of origin of the com-
plexus, or semispinalis capitis, muscle
The uppermost slips of origin of
the multifidus spinse muscle
Slip of insertion of the transversalis
cervicis (longissimus cervicis) muscle
Slips of insertion of the cervicalis ascendens
(iliocostalis cervicis) muscle
Posterior intertransversales muscles
Mm. intertransversarii posteriores
Slips of origin of the complexus,
or semispinalis capitis, muscle
Tubercle of the firFt rib
Tuberculum costs; I.
Outer row of insertions of the
longissimus dorsi muscle
Angle of the second rib
Aneulus costa; li.
Insertions of the musculusaccessorius
ad iliocostalem (iliocostalis dorsi)
Inner row of insertions of the
longissimus dorsi muscle
Fig. 513. — Origin and Insertion of the Long and the Short Muscles of the Back in
THE Cervical and Upper Dorsal Region. Origin of the Short Posterior Ckanio-
vertebral or Suboccipital Muscles. Interspinales Muscles. Posterior Intertrans-
versales Muscles. Rotatores Longi and Rotatores Dorsi Muscles.
Musculi dorsi — Muscles of the back.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
273
Mastoid process
rroctbsus masioiileus
Trachelomastoid muscle
M. longissimus capitis
niulti£dus spina muscle
M. multilidus ~--
Cervicalis ascendens mu3Cle
M. iliocostalis cervicis
Transversalis cervicis muscle .,
M. longissimus cervicis
__ Superior curved line
Li Ilea nuchre superior
Inferior curved line
Linca nuchae inferior
Complexus, or semispinalis capitis,
muscle (outer portion)
Complexus, or semispinalis capitis,
muscle (inner portion)
Spinalis cervicis muscle
Semispinalis colli muscle
M. semispinalis cervicis
Longissimus dorsi muscle (outer row
of insertions) '""■-"/
Longissimus dorsi muscle (inkier
row of insertions)
Angle of the seventh rib
Anguliis cost;L' \'ll
Slips of insertion of the
iliocostalis (sacrolumbalis)
muscle
M. iliocostalis lumborum
Musculus accessorius
ad iliocostalem
M. iliocostalis dorsi
Rotatores longi and rotatorcs
dorsi muscles
Iliocostalis sacrolumbalis) muscle
M. sacrospinalis
Iliocostalis (sacrolumbalis) muscle
M. iliocostalis
Lumbar fascia
Fascia lumboUorsalis
Longissimus dorsi muscle ''
M. longissimus
Multifidus spinse muscle (
M. multilidus V
Spinous process of the first
dorsal vertebra
Processus spinosus vertcLra;
thoracalis I.
Transverse process of the sixth
dorsal vertebra
Processus transversus vertebra?
thoracalis VI.
Semispinalis dcrsi muscle
. Levatoies costaium muscles
Mm. levatores costarum breves
. _ Levatores costarum longiores
muscles
Mm. levatores costarum longi
Spinalis dorsi muscle
Spinous process of the twelfth
dorsal vertebra
Processus spiiiosus vertcbrar
thoracalis XII
Intertransversales laterales muscles
Mm. intertransversarii posteriores
laterales
Intertransversales mediales or
interaccessorii muscles
Mm. intertransversarii posteriores
mediates
Spinous process of the fifth
Itunbar vertebra
Processus spinosus vertebra?
lumbal is V.
Posterior superior spine of
the ilium
Spina ili.aca pusiirior superior
Dorsal stirface of the sacrum
lacies dorsalis ossis sacri
Fi(.. 5r.(. — Diagram showing thk Origins and Insertions or the Long and the Short
Muscles of the Back.
Musculi dorsi— Muscles of the back.
35
274
IHE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Infraclavicular triangle, or
Mohrenheimer's space
Trif,'onum cleltoideopectoralc
Deltoid muscle
M. deltoideus
-Subclavius muscle
Clavicular portion
Tars clavicularis
Peotoralis major
muscle
Sternocostal
portion
Pars sterno-
costalis
Abdominal portion
Pars abJominalis ~
Serratus magnus muscle'
M. serratus anterior
External oblique muscle
of the abdomen
M. obliquus externus
abdominis
Poupart's ligament
Lig inguinale (Pouparti)
External or superficial abdominal
ring
Annulus inguinalis subcutaneus
Spermatic cord
Funiculus spermaticus —
Saphenous opening —
Fossa ovalis
Pcctoralis minor
muscle
Anterior or external
Intercostal aponeu-
roses — Ligg. intercos-
talia externa
Pectoralis major
muscle
Biceps flexor cubiti
muscle
M. biceps brachii
External intercostal muscles
j Mm. intercostales externi
Aponeurosis of the external
oblique muscle of the
abdomen (turned inwards)
^JIM Aponeurosis ra. oblieiui
externi abdominis
Sheath of the rectus abdominis
muscle I anterior layer)
Internal oblique muscle of the
abdomen
M. obliquus internus abdominis
Aponeurosis of the external
oblique muscle of the
abdomen (turned outwards)
Aponeurosis m. obliqui
externi abdominis
Cremaster muscle
Suspensory ligament of the
penis
Lig. suspensorium penis
f -■'■ 'U
Fig. 515. — The Thor.\cic and Abdominal Muscles are shown, on the Right Side the
MOST Superficial L.wer, and on the Left Side the L.wer immediately bene.ath this.
Pectoralis Major and Pectoralis Minor Muscles; Subcl.wius Muscle; External
AND Internal Oblku'e Muscles of the Abdomen.
Musculi thoracis et abdominis— Muscles of the thorax and abdomen.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
275
Tendon of the subclavius muscle
Pectoralis major muscle lorigin
of the clavicular portion)
Pectoralis major muscle (origin
of the sternocostal portion)
Body of the second rib
Corpus Costa.' II.
Pectoralis minor muscle
(slips of origin)
Serratus magnus muscle /
M serratus anterior
Pectoralis major muscle --;-'
(sternocostal portion)
Ensiform process
I'rocessus xiphoideus "
Cartilage of the seventh rib
Cartila^u cusialis \'ll
Linea alba
Sheath of the rectus
abdominir muscle
(posterior layer)
Transversalis abdominis m-iscle
M. transvcrsusabduminis
Internal oblique muscle of the
abdomen (partially removed)
M nlilii|iius intermix alxlominis
Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
External oblique muscle
of the abdomen
M. obliijims c:\tcrniis
abdominis
Semilunar fold of Douglas
Linea semiciicularis
(|)oii(,'lasi)
Anterior superior spine
of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior
superior
Deep circumflex iliac artery
A. circumflexa ilium
profunda
Deltoid muscle (origin)
M. deltoideus
Pectoralis minor
muscle (.insertion)
Pectoralis major
muscle (inseition)
Pectoralis major muscle
(slips of origin of the
sternocostal portion)
External oblique muscle of the
abdomen (slips of origin)
M. obliquiis c'xtcrniis
alxiuminis
Rectus abdominis muscle
(slips of origin)'
Internal intercostal muscle
M. intercostalis internus
Transversalis abdominis
muscle (origin)
tran-^vir-us alnk minis
Internal oblique muscle of
the abdomen (cut edge)
M. obliquus internus
abdominis
Parietal layer of the
peritoneum
I'LTitonxum parietale
External oblique muscle of the
abdomen (cut edge) — M obli-
cjuus extcrnns alxlnminis
'External umbilical
ligament-
Lig liinbilicalc laicrale
Transversalis fascia
Fascia transversalis
Spermatic cord
Funiculus spermaticus
Cremaster muscle
Poupart's ligament
Lit;, inj^uiiialr (I'oupnrti)
Internal or deep
abdominal ring
.\nniiliis ingninalis
aluli'minalis
Deep or inferior epigastric artery
\. tpiHastrica inferior
M. interfoveolaris'
Pubic symphysis
Sviiipliysis ossium pubis
Tendon of the rectus abdominis muscle
SUpCTK r '
Pyramidalis muscle -
Spine of the pubis ""X
Ti;l)Lrculuin pubicum
By EnKlish .inatomijls ihc inferior or pubic attaclinicnt of the rectus aUlominis is rcganlctl a* the erigin of that mUKlr, anJ ihc
.1 il itf-.. l.tnrnt as its injir/wn. — Tr.
s \ .cular filircs in the posterior w.ill of the insiiinal canal, runniui; parallel » ilti, hut inlcrn.il to, the spermatic cord,
and an:^.. ;. : tu that portion of the conjoined tendon known as the //x'.twr«/«f« m/r>/I»rvi'/«inf or li/^amrnt t>/ lleuell'ach.
This nmsculor slip is described neither by t^uain nor by Macalister. It is figured on a larger scale on p. jBSt Section tll.t of the present
work. — Tk.
Fig. 516. — Origins and Insertions 01=' thk Thoracic and Audominal Muscles.
Musculi thoracis et abdominis Muscles of the thorax and abdomen.
35-
276
THE MUSCLES OE THE TRUNK
Abdominal portion of the
pectoralis major muscle
Senatus magaus muscle
Tendinous intersections f
Inscriptiones tendinea; (
Internal oblique muscle
of the abdomen
IP'
M. obliqiuis internus
abdominis
i
Transversalis abdominis B
muscle f j
■^JH. trans
l^Zversus
Rectus abdominis muscle
Internal oblique muscle-
of the abdomen
M. obliqmis internus
abdominis
Pyramidalis muscle
M. p)Tamidalis
Spermatic cord
Funiculus spermaticus
Suspensory ligament of
the penis
Lig. suspensorium penis
Cremaster muscle
M. cremaster
— Bectus abdominis muscle
— ^ Internal intercostal muscles
,. /Mm. intercostales interni
— ") External intercostal muscles
/Mm. intercostales externi
• Linea alba
Sheath of the rectus abdominis
muscle (posterior layer)
- Tranversalis abdominis muscle
Umbilicus
Linea semilunaris (Spigelii)
Semilunar fold of Douglas,
or plica semilunaris
Linea semicircularis
(Douglasi)
Linea alba
Internal obKque muscle of
the abdomen (i)
External oblique muscle of
_ the abdomen (-)
^3 Internal or deep abdominal
ring (3)
Poupart's ligament (4)
Transversalis fascia
Saphenous opening
1 o isa ovalis
(i) M. obliquus internus abdominis
(2) M. obliquus externus abdominis
(3) Annulus inguinalis abdominalis
(4) Lig. inguinale (Poupani)
Fig. 517.— The Arrangement in L.wers of the Abdominal Muscles as displayed by
Partial Removal of the Superficial Layers. The Rectus Abdominis Muscle of the
Left Side h.wing been cut away, the Posterior Layer of the Sheath of that
Muscle is exposed. Rectus Abdominis Muscle; Transversalis Abdominis Muscle;
Pyramidalis Muscle.
Musculi abdominis — Muscles of the abdomen.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
277
Styloid process
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
M. sternocleidomastniduiis
Stylohyoid ligament
Lii,'. styli'liyoideum
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Splenius capitis muscle
M. splenius capitis
Levator anguli scapulas muscle
M. levator scapuUu
Omohyoid muscle -M. omnlnoirleu-i
Subscapularis
muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
- Rectus capitis anticus major muscle
M. loiiKiis capitis
Thyropliaryngeal portion of the inferior con-
's " strictor ol the pharynx M- iliyrc..|ili:iryiigi:us
-\ Thyrohyoid muscle-M- ili)f>-'jliy""J'="*
./ Thjnroid cartilage
Cartilaf,'o tin rcoidea
— Scalenus medius muscle
—Thyroid body idaiuUila thyreoidea
Sternothyroid muscle
.M. stiTiiotliyrt-'oiilciis
Scalenus posticus muscle
^j^ ^.:;ilMm-- i>'isI'-Tior
—Scalenus anticus muscle
M. scalenus .interior
Scalene space'
Sternohyoid muscl :
M. stfriiohvoideiis
I External intercostal muscles
I -Mm. intercoslales cxlciiii
Internal intercostal
muscles
Mm. intercoslales interni
— Rectus abdominis muscle
Latissimos dorsi muscle
Serratus magnus muscle
Slips of origin of the latissimus
dorsi muscle from the tenth
and eleventh ribs
, Hxterual oblique muscle
of the abdomen
M. obliiiiuis ixternus
abdominis
Fig. 51S.— Shrratl-s Magnus Muscle. L.\tissimus Dursi and Subscapularis Muscli:. The
Three Scalene Muscles and the "Scalene Space.^ Levator Anguli Scapul.e Muscle.
■ This is a trinngulAr space, the l>.x»c of which is formed by the upper surface of the first rib, the .interior w.ill by the scalenus amicus
muscle, and the posterior wall by the scilenus medius muscle. It is occupied by the brachial plesas .ind the iccond lart of the sul>clavi,in
ttrlcrj'.™Tk.
Musculi thoracis — Muscles of the thorax.
278
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Superior curved line ^
Linea nucha; superior \^
Splenius capitis muscle (insertion) ~~,f„,,
Obliquus capitis superior muscle
Trapezius muscle (insertion)' "'
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle
Levator anguli scapula muscle (slips of origin) _
M. levator scapuhe
Comploxus muscle (inner portion)
M. semispinalis capitis
Complexus muscle (outer portion)
RI. semispinalis capitis
Scalenus medius muscle
Scalenus posticus muscle (insertion)
M. scalenus posterior
Serratus posticus superior
muscle (slips of insertion) « -
M. serratus posterior superior'. '-
Shaft of the fifth rib
Corpus costs; V.
Serratus magnus muscle
(slips of origin)
M. serratus anterior
External intercostal muscles ..-
Mm. iiitercostales externi ^ "
Internal intercostal muscles
Mm. intercostales interni
Serratus magnus muscle
(slips of origin)
M. serratus anterior
Serratus posticus inferior
muscle (slips of insertion)
M. serratus posterior
inferior
Latissimus dorsi muscle ■•
(slips of origin)
Occipitalis muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (insertion)
.M. sternocleidomastoideus
Mastoid process
'■' Processus mastoideus
Trachelomastoid muscle
\ (insertion)
~ M. longissimus capitis
Stylohyoid muscle
M. stylohyoideus
- Longus colli muscle
Scalenus anticus muscle
slips of origin)
M scalenus anterior
Scalenus anticus muscle (insertion)
M. scalenus anterior
Subclavius muscle (insertion)''
Serratus magnus muscle (the
two uppermost slipsof origin)
'SI. serratus anterior
Pectoralis major muscle
' (upper part of the origin
of the sternocostal portion)
V Pectoralis minor muscle
(slips of origin)
Pectoralis major muscle (lower
part of the origin of the
sternocostal portion)
Serratus magnus muscle
(slips of origin)
W. serratus anterior
Rectus abdominis muscle
(slips of origin)'
. #1 ^ External oblique muscle of the
■' J.£ --'-'-''- abdomen ; upper slips of origin
M. obliquus externus abdominis
Internal intercostal muscles
J.'-'--- Mm. intercostales interni
External oblique muscle of the abdomen
(lower slips of origin)
M. obliquus externus abdominis
-Tr.
* Origin according to English anatomists. — , it
z English anatomists regard this as the on^in of the subclavius muscle. — Tk.
3 See note » to p. 275.
Fig. 519.— Origins and Insertions of the Muscles on the Anterior and L.^teral Walls
OF THE Thorax. Seen from the Right Side.
Musculi thoracis et abdominis — Muscles of the thorax and abdomen.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TliUNK
279
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Obliquus capitis superior muscle
Rectus capitis posticus major muscle
M. rectus capiUs posterior major
Obliquus capitis inferior muscle --
Rectus capitis posticus minor muscle
M. rectus capitis posterior minor ^'^ il-~"'
Spinous process of the axis
I'rocessus spiiiosus epistrophei
Ligameutum nuchse"
Transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra
Processus transversus vertebra? cervicalis \'I.
Scalenus posticus muscle
M. scak'iuis posterior
'Scalene space'
Aponeurotic arch for the origin
of the uppermost digitation of
the serratus magnus muscle
Fifth rib
Costa V.
External intercostal muscles
Mm intercostales externi
Interspinous ligament
Lig. interspinalc
Spinous process of the twelfth
dorsal vertebra
Processus spinosus vertebra;
thoracalis XII.
Interspinales muscles | j
Supraspinous ligament
Lis. supraspiiiale
Internal oblique muscle of the
abdomen
M. obliquus inlerniis abdominis
mastoid process Processus mastoideiis
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
M. digastricus (venter posterior)
Mylohyoid muscle
-.\_ M. myloliyoideus
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
M. diyastricus (venter anterior)
Accessory slip connecting
.;,.the anterior bellies of the
digastric muscles (var )
_.__ Slips of oiigin of the scalenus
anticus muscle
Scalenus medius muscle
Scalenus pleuralis (var.)
M. scalenus minimus (var.)
Cervical pleura
Cupula pleurx
Scalenus anticus muscle linsertiun)
M. scalenus anterior
Fectoralis minor (slips of origin)
- - I Internal intercostal muscles
,,• ) Mm. intercostales interni
External oblique muscle
of the abdomen
M. obli<juusextcrnus
abdominis
Aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle of the abdomen
Aponeurosis m. oliliipii e.Merni
abdominis
Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
Gluteal portion of the fascia lata
Pascia glut;ea
' See note to p J77.
Fig. 520.— ^flTscl'I.I lNTiiKcosT.\i.i:s lixriiKNi, Tin-: Extern.at, Intercostai, Mpsclks; ^^t'sc^I.l•s
Ol?LIi,.>UlS EXTERNUS ABDOMINIS, THE EXTERNAI. ObLI«1'E MuSCLE OP THIC AHHOMEN ; THE
Scalene Muscles, with thi; Anomalous Scalenus Minimus or Scalenus Pleuralis.
Musculi thoracis et abdominis - Muscles of the thorax and abdomen.
280
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
'_ ^ Internal intercostal muscles
__"jMin. interccstales interni
I _2^ \ External intercostal muscles
-l\_„^J Mm. intercostales externi
Anterior superior costotransverse
ligaments
ostotransvi
anteriora
__ ■^ Subcostal muscles
^ J Mm. subccstales
^ Posterior or internal intercostal
aponeuroses
Ligg. intercostalia interna
Fig. 521. — The Muscles on the Inner Surface of the Lateral Wall of the Thorax,
shown on the -right side of the body, the diaphragm having been removed :
Musculi Intercostales Intern Internal Intercostal Muscles; Musculi Sub-
ccstales, Subcostal Muscles.
Musculi thoracis — Muscles of the thorax.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
281
Interclavicular ligament
Lig. interclaviculare
Sternothyroid muscle
M. stciMotliyreoiJeus
Sternohyoid muscle
M. sternohyoideus
The clavicle
Clavicula
First rib
Costa I.
Internal intercostal muscles
.Mm. iiucrcostalcs inlL-rni
Triangularis stemi muscle
M. transversus thoracis
Transversalis
abdominis muscle
Sternal portion of
the diaphragm
r.irs sti-rnalis «Sj94!>>— V-
diaphraginatis ^v^^v/v ^i^
Sheath of the rectus
abdominis muscle
posterior layer)
Transversalis
abdominis
muscle
Costal portion of
the diaphragm
I'ars costalis
diaphragmatis
Sheath of the
rectus abdominis
muscle (anterior
layer)— \aj;ina
m. recti abdominis
(lamina anterior)
Internal oblique
muscle of the
abdomen
M. oliliquus
intern us
abdominis
External oblique
muscle of the
abdomen
M. olilii|uus
cxternus
abdominis
Fig. 522. — The Muscles on tiik Inner Sukf.vce of the Anterior W.m.i. ui- the. Thorax.
The slips of oritfin of the diaphragm from the costal cartilages and the ensiforni pioccss have been
retained, in order to show their relation to the shps of origin of the transversalis abdominis
muscle. The anterior wall of the abdomen has been divided horizontally at the level of the
anterior extremities of the tenth pair of ribs to show the relation of the anterior aponeuroses of
the external oblique, internal obli(|ue, and transversalis muscles of the abdomen to the sheath of
the rectus nuiscic, and to display the two layers of this shc.ilh. The Ir.insvcrsiis thoracis or
trian};uhris stcrni muscle and the origins of the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles arc also
shown.
Musculi thoracis et abdominis Muscles of the thorax and abdomen.
30
282
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Subcutaneous bursa of the laryngeal prominence
Bursa subcutanea prominentiaj laryngerc \
Deep cervical fascia (superficial layer) .
I'ascia colli (lamina supcrficialis'
Platysma myoides
Subcutaneous bursa of the chin
iBursa subcutanea prxmentalis
Infraclavicular triangle, or
Mohrenheimer's space
Trigonum deltoideopectorale
Deltoideopectoral groove
Sulcus deltoideopectoralis
Costocoracoid membrane
Fascia coracocla\ icularis
Cephalic vein
Vena cephalica
Deltoid muscle
• M. deltoideus
Pectoralis major muscle
Deep layer of
_ the pectoral
fascia
Aponeurosis
of the arm, imti -
or brachial
fascia
Superficial layer
of the
pectoral fascia
Sternalis muscle (var. )
Axillary fascia
Fascia axillaris
Pectoralis major muscle
Superficial layer of the pectoral fascia
Fig. 523. — The Fascia of the Anterior Wall of the Thorax, Fascia Pectoralis, the
Pectoral Fascia, and its Connexions with the Fascle of the Adjoining Regions of
THE Body. The Anomalous Sternalis Muscle.
On the right side of the body, the skin and the superficial fascia ha\ing been rcmo\-cd, the superficial
layer of the pectoral fascia is displayed, and its continuity with the aponeurosis of the arm is
shown ; on the left side, the greater part of the pectoralis major tnuscle has been removed, in
order to display the deep layer of the pectoral fascia, with its specialized band, the costocoracoid
membrane, and to show the continuity of this deep hiyer with lire axillary fascia. '
Musculi thoracis Muscles of the thorax.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
283
Aponeurosis of the arm,
or brachial fascia
Kascia brachii
The axilla, or armpit
Posterior fold lor wall)
of the axilla
(Border of the latissimus
dorsi muscle)
Plica axillaris posterior
Fascia of the latissimus
dorsi muscle
Pectoral fascia
Fascia pcctorali:
X
Anterior fold (or wall)
of the axilla
Border of the pectoralis
major muscle
rlica axillaris aniorior
_ Foramina for the emergence
' of the cutaneous vessels
and nerves
•Axillary arch
Superficial layer of
the pectoral fascia
Fascia pccloraiis
(lamina superficialis)
i^'^
I-'iG. 524. — The Axii.i.a wnii the Anterior and Posterior Axillary Folds, Plica
Axillaris Anterior et Plica Axillaris Posterior. Fascia Axillaris, the Axillary
Fascia, with the * Axillary Arch of Lancer.
The axillary fascia forms the base or inferior boundary of the axillarj- fossa. The cutaneous vessels
and nerves have been removed.
Musculi thoracis -Muscles of the thorax.
36—2
284
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Spinous process
I'rocessus spinosus
Transverse process
Processus transversus
Deep dorsal muscular layer of the trunk
•; . Superficial dorsal muscular layer of the trunk
Posterior primary division of spinal nerve
Ramus posterior nervi spinalis
Anterior primary division
~^, - of spinal nerve
Ramus anterior nervi spinalis
Eib .
Costa
\ , Ventral (subcostal)
i& \ „- musctilar layer of
the trunk
Ventral (intercostal)
• muscular layer of
the trunk
Muscular layer belonging
to the extremities lor
appendicular layer)
Skin
nteffumentum commune
\ Ventral (subcostal) muscular
layer of the trunk
Fig. 525. — Diagrammatic Representation of the Muscles of the Trunk and of the
Distribution of the Segmental Nerves by which they are supplied, shown in a
Thoracic Segment.
NOTE.
A brief explanation of this diagram seems needful, in the interest of students who have not made a special study of comparative
anatomy. The muscles are grouped, first of all, into dorsal and ventral, the former being supplied by the posterior and the latter by the
anterior primary divisions, respectively, of the spinal nerves. The dorsal muscles form the great mass lying chiefly in the hollow between
the spinous processes and the angles of the ribs. They are classed in two group.s — superficial and deep. These need not be further
considered. The ventral muscles are shown to be arranged in three layers. In the abdominal region these are represented by three
actual muscles, to name them from within outwards : the transversalis, the internal oblique, and the external oblique. Continuous with the
deepest of these, the transversalis, for the purposes of this classification, are the triangularis sterni, the subcostals, the sternal and costal
portions of the diaphragm and part of the levator ani— these form the siihcostal layer. Continuous with the internal oblique are the intcr-
costals, the posterior serrati, the scalene muscles, and the quadratus lumborum — these form the intercostal layer. Continuous with the
e.vternal oblique are all the muscles connecting the scapula with the trunk, viz.: the trapezius, levator anguli scapulae, serratus magnus,
and rhomboidei muscles, also the iatissimus dorsi, the pectorals, the sternocleidomastoid, and the superficial perineal muscles— these
constitute what may he called the appendic»Iar\a.yi^T. There is finally a more superficial layer still (not shown in the figure), superficial
indeed to the deep fascia, corresponding to the panniculosus carnosus of lower mammals, but represented in man only by the platysma
myoides, the occipitofrontalis, and the muscles of the ear and face. — Tr.
Musculi trunci— Muscles of the trunk.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
285
Posterior layer of the lumbar fascia'
Fascia lunibodors.ilis
Middle layer of the lumbar fascia'
Li;,', lumbocostale ;
Ouadratus lumborum muscle ;
Fatty tissue
Transversalis fascia
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Iliocostalis or sacrolumbalis muscle
Costal process of the fourth lumbar vertebra
Processus cosiariiis vciieliia' lutnhalis 1\'.
Longisslmus Multifidus spinse muscle
; dorsi muscle „ . ,», ^t- %
' Spmous process of the third
lumbar vertebra
I'rocessiis spinosus
vertebra;
lumbalis III. >
Erector spins muscle
Upper surface of the tody of
the fourth lumbar vertebra
Transversalis abdominis muscle
M. tr.'insvtTsus alxloniinis
Internal oblique muscle of the abdomen ;
M. obbi|uiis iiitcTtuis alwloniinis ;
External oblique muscle of the abdomen
M. obli(|iius L-.Nternus abitnniinis i
Superficial fascia
Skin
Integumentum commime
Rectus abdominis muscle
Posterior layer i
Lamina anlerior '
Linea alba
Umbilicus
Anterior layer
I^amina postLTior
Sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle
Vagina m. recli abdominis
' In conncjiion wilh ihis fiKiiTc, an account of the difTcrences I-elwecn ihc author's nomenclature of the fawrix or the Unrk and
alMlnnitri iind the nomuncl.'tturt: commonly employed Iiy linplish anatomists may most .luitably be given. 'Vhc ltiitth,ir /if \
I-. niifsi ICii^tisli authors, is ie;;.ir(Icd as conststinK of three hiyers. The su/'crthinl nr fifsUriitr layer, called hy loldt (sec I '
lumbtiilarstxlis, is the laver passing behind the composite* mass of the erector spin.!: muscle to l)C attached to the lips of ih-- -i
(^ec note to i>. 367). 'I he niiiiiiU tayt-r, called hy 'loldt (see Fig. 526 on this page and also Fig. 512 on p. 771)
passes in front of the erector spin.x-, Itetween that mu>cb- and the quadratus Itimbo'um, to he altachetl to the li; 1
transverse^ prtcesses of the lumbar veitebne. At the outer edge of the erector spin;c muscle the posterior ai"i '
the |)oslenor aponeurosis of the tninsvcr*alis alHluminis muscle. The tmUrwr /iiytr o/' t/u hiittlitr/asciit (calhd \\ I -Mt ' ' .7 .;. ■ i. .■>)
is the th n menthrane lying on the anterior surface of the tpiadratus Iuml>orum muscle. At the inner etlgcof this mus< Ic it is attathrd to
the .uii'ii r surfaces of the costal processes ot the lumbar vertehr.t, and at the outer edge of the muscle it is contiiuions with the tt<ins-
r ■ t. the membrane lining the deep surface of the transversalis altdominis muscle. The tcrm.AiJc/<» luinlui/it is applied hy
'I '■ fascia covering the abdominal surface of the psoas muscle, but by English anatomists this membrane i.s regarded as a
I- iiac /ascia. — Tm.
Kn3. 526.— '["UK Stkatikication of the Mu.sci.es of the Trunk and of their Associated Fasci.*:, dispi-ayei) in
A Horizontal Section of the Richt Half of the Body-Wai.i.. The Connexions iietween the Anterior
Aponeuroses of the Wide Muscles of the Abdomen and the Sheath of the Rectus are shown.
The section was made in n frozen body at the level of Ihc navel, and p.issed posteriorly through the intervertebral disc
between the third and fourth lumUir vertebra;.
Musculi trunci -Muscles of the trunk.
286
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Sternal portion— Pars stemalis a
Central tendon-
Centrum tendineum
Caval opening, or foramen
quadratum
Foramen vena; cavae
Inner cms, or pillar'
Crus mediale
Intermediate crus, or pillar' —
Crus intermedium
Outsr crus, or pillar
Crus laterale
External arched ligament, or
ligamentum arcuatum exter-
num— Arcus lumbocostalis
la'.eralis (Halleri)
Psoas magnus muscle
M. psoas major
Quadratus lumborum muscle
..Costal portion
Pars costalis
(Esophageal opening
Hiatus ccsophageus
Vertebral portion
Pars lumbalis
~^ Aortic opening
""" Hiatus aorticus
Internal arched ligament, or
ligamentum arcuatum interniun
Arcus lumbocostalis medialis
(Halleri)
Twelfth rib
Costa XII.
Middle layer of the lumbar fascia
Lig. lumbucostale
Fourth lumbar vertebra — Vertebra lumbalis IV.
Fig. 527. — View of the Diaphragm with its Crura from Below. (Abdominal Aspect.)
Eleventh dorsal vertebra— Vertebra thoracalis XI.
Fig. 528.-
Twelfth rib
J^y Costa XII.
*^"\ Vertebral portion
^V Pars lumbalis
Aortic opening
Hiatus aorticus
Central tendon-
Centrum tendineum
(Esophageal opening
Hiatus a?sopbas;eus
■^^S^BSL T Caval opening, or foramen
quadratum
Foramen \ en;e cava;
Costal portion
Pars costalis
- Base of the pericardium
Basis pericardii
Seventh rib
"Costa VII.
'A
Sternal portion
Pars stcrnalis
■ The crura, or pillars, of the diaphr.iKm descril)ed by English anatomists are two onlj- in number, a longer right cms and a shorter
Ic// cms. Itlach of these is composed of all the fibres passing from the right and left sides, respectively, of the bodies of the lumbar vertebras
and the intervertebral discs to the central tendon. Thus, the cms of English authors corresponds to the combined intur crus and inter-
mediate cms of Toldt ; while the outer cms of the latter is in England not considered to belong to the crural portions of the diaphragm.
— Tk.
2 Called also the trefoil or cordi/orm tendon of the diaphragm. — Tn.
-View of the Diaphragm from Above, with the Basal Portion of the Pericardium.
(Thoracic Aspect.)
Diaphragma— The diaphragm, or midriff.
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
287
Base of the pericardium
Basis pericardii
Body of the sternum
(.manubrium/
Corpus sterni
Sterual portion
Pars stemalis
Costal portion
I'ars tobtalis
. Caval opening, or foramen
quadratum
roramcn \Lna' cava;
Central tendon
Cenlriim tendineum
(Esophageal opening
Hiatus oesopliageus
Twelfth rib
Costa XII.
Vertebral portion
Pars lumbalis
Aortic opening
Hiatus aorticus
First lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lurabalis I.
Fig. 529. — The Diaphuagm in Median-Sagittal Section, the Ric.iit Halt sei:n fkom
Within. Drawn from a Dry Preparation.
The abdominal surface of tlu- diaphrajjni was first cleaned by dissection and then niven a coaling of
liquid plaster of Paris. When this had been allowed to harden, the thoracic surface of the inusclo
was exposed and similarly coated with plaster of I'aris. In this manner the natural shape was
as far as possible preserved.
Diaphragma-The diaphragm, or midrilT.
288
THE MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
Fourth sacral vertebra
Vertebra sacralis IV.
...Coccygeus or levator
coccygis muscle
Sacrococcygeus anticus or
curvator coccygis muscle
M. sacrococcygeus anterior
First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea 1.
Fig. 530. — MuscuLUS Sackococcvgeus Anterior, Sacrococcygeus Anticus or Curvator
Coccygis Muscle.
First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I-
,\ I, Sacrococcygeus posticus or
V- \\,^ :v. i . extensor coccygis muscle
' *' ' Posterior or great sacrosciatio
ligament
Lig- sacrotuberosum
-.,. Coccygeus or levator
coccygis muscle
■Levator ani muscle
.Obturator fascia
Fascia obturatoria
- Tuberosity of the
ischium
Tuber ischiadicum
Fig. 531. — MuscuLus Sacrococcygeus Posterior, Sacrococcy'geus Posticus or Extensor
Coccygis Muscle; Coccygeus or Levator Coccygis Muscle.
Musculi sacrococcygei — Sacrococcygeal muscles.
MUSCULI COLLI ET CAPITIS
THE MUSCLES
OF THE HEAD AND NECK
37
290
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Zygomaticus major muscle
M. zygomaticus
Buccal fat-pad^
Corpus adiposum buccse
-Risorius muscle
Depressor anguli oris or
triangularis menti muscle
M. triangularis
Platysma myoides
Platysina
^ Sometimes, but inappropriately, named the sucking-fad. — Tr.
Fig. 532. — The Platvsma Myoides of the Right Side.
Musculi colli -Muscles of the neck.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
291
Parotideomasseteric fascia'
I'oicia parotidoomasseterica
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
M. slernocleidomastoideus
Deep layer of the deep cervical fascia
Lamina profunda fasci.r colli
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
M. sternocleidomastoideus
Trapezius muscle
Deep layer of the deop cervical fascia
lamina I'rofurul.i f;t^ri;u colli
Supsrficial layer of
the pectoral fascia
Platysma myoides
riatvsma
Deep layer of the deep
w- cervical fascia
/ Lamina profunda
fascia; colli
Superficial layer of the
deep cervical fascia
Anterior region of the neck
Kegio colli anterior
Deep layer of the deep
cervical fascia
Lamina profunda
fascia.- colli
Platysma myoides
Platysma
< ' i
' In England, the portion of the deep cervical fascia covering the parotid gland is usually distinguished as
the faroliil f.i.cui : ili it covcrinu the masseter muscle, as the massJaic /ii.'./j. — Tr.
F'C">- 533- — Fascia Colli, the Drep Cervical Fascia, oisplaved on the Right Side of the
Neck by the Removal or the Platysma Myoides.
In those places in which the deep layer of the fascia is clearly difierentiated from the superficial layer,
the latter has been partially removed. The submaxillary gland has been taken away, and the
middle portion of the sternocleidomastoid imisrlc has been cut out, to lay bare in each case the
deep layer of the fascia ; between the cut ends of the sternoclcitlomastoid. and between the lower
portion of this must le and the trapezius, the anterior and posterior bellies respectively of the
omohyoid muscle arc visible beneath the deip layer of the fascia.
Musculi colli — Muscles of the neck.
37—2
292
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Deep layer of the deep
cervical fascia
Fascia colli
(lamina profunda)
Trapezius muscle -
Stylohyoid ligament
Lig. stylohyoideum
Stylohyoid muscle -
M. stylohyoideus
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
M. digastricus (venter posterior)
Prevertebral fascia
Fascia prasvertebralis
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
M. sternocleidomastoideus
Mylohyoid muscle
•^ M, mylohyoidtus
Styloglossus muscle
Digastric muscle lanterior
belly) — W. digastricus
(venter anterior)
Hyoid bone— C)s hyoideum
Tli3rrohyoid muscle~M. iliyicohyoideiis
Thyropiaryngeal portion of the inferior con-
strictor of the pharynx— M. thvreopharyngeus
Omohyoid muscle (anterior belly)
M cm h\ 1 lens (venter superior)
Thyroid body
Glandula thyreoidea
Sternothyroid muscle
M sternothyreoideus
Sternohyoid muscle
M. bternohyoideus
Fig. 534. — The Muscles of the Front of the Neck, shown on the Right Side of the
Body. M. Sternocleidomastoideus, Sternocleidomastoid Muscle ; M. Digastricus,
Digastric Muscle; the Relations of the Latter to the Stylohyoid and Mylohyoid
Muscles. Portions of the Muscles arising from the Styloid Process, of the
Lower Muscles of the Tongue, and of the Trapezius Muscle, are displayed.
In the preparation of the muscles both the superficial and the deep layers of the deep cervical fascia
have been removed, except in the posterior triangle of the neck, where the deep layer has been
left intact.
Musculi colli— Muscles of the neck.
THE MUSCLES UF THE HEAD AND NECK
293
Sternocleidomastoid muscle -
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Stylohyoid ligament
1-ij;. stylc->liyoiilcum
Splenius capitis muscle
middle constrictor of the pharynx
M. constrictor pharyn<;is mediiis
Rectus capitis anticus major muscle
M. Icingiis capitis
Levator anguli scapulae muscle
M levator scapul.-f
Scalenus medius muscle
Scalenus anticus muscle
M. sc.ilcniis anterior
Trapezius muscle
Deep layer of the deep
cervical fascia
Lamina profunda
fasi ia- colli
Deltoid muscle '^
Infraclavicular triangle, or
Mohrenheimer's space
Trigonum dtltoidcopectorale
' Uasseter muscle
Depressor anguli oris
or triangularis menti
muscle
M triangularis
^Styloglossus muscle
' Mylohyoid muscle
HyogloEEUs muscle
Thyrohyoid muscle
M. thyreohyoideus
Omohyoid muscle (anterior belly) (i)
Thyropharyrgeal portion of the in-
ferior constrictor of the pharynx
M lh\T(-0[)liaryngeiis
SternoLyold muscle- M. Mirn..hyuidcu5
Sternothyroid muscle
M. sternothyreoideus
Longus colli muscle
' M- stcrnoclei0o= ^
/:^ast0rdmjs-'v>
, Sternothyroid muscle
M steri'otlivreoidctis
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
(i) M. omohyoidcus (venter superior)
l'i<^- 535-— T'"- Muscles of the Neck, displaykd on the Right Side, the Sternocleido-
mastoid, Digastric, and Stylohyoid Muscles having been removed. The Infrahyoid
Group of Muscles, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid, and Omohyoid. The
Mylohyoid Muscle, the Anterior and Middle Scalene Mi'Scles, and the Levator
Anguli Scapul.^e ; Portions of the Muscles of the 1'ace, and of the Deep Lateral
and PREVERTEliRAL MuSCLES OF THE NeCK.
Musculi colli— Muscles of the neck.
294
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Internal oblique line,
or mylohyoid ridge
Linea mylohyoidea
Mylohyoid muscle
M mylohyoideus
..Geniohyoid muscle
M. geniohyoideus
of the hyoid bone
ossis hyoidei
Fig. 536. — M. Mvlohyoideus, the
Left Side together forming
Mylohyoid Muscle, the Muscles of the Right and
A Floor below the Anterior Part of the Mouth, the
Diaphragma Oris, and the Geniohyoid Muscle, seen from Above and Behind
Small cornu of the hyoid bone,
Cornu minus ossis hyoidei \
Stylohyoid ligament —
Lig. stylohyoideum
Great cornu of the hyoid bone
Cornu majus ossis liyoidei
Th3rrohyoid membrane, or middle
thyrohyoid ligament
Membrana hyothyreoidea
Bursa of the thyrohyoid muscle' .>^' '
Bursa musculi thyreohvoidei
Thyrohyoid muscle (lower portioni--
M. thyreohyoideus
Inferior constrictor of the pharynx .--'
M. constrictor pharyngis inferior
Cricothyroid muscle.
M. cricothyreoideus
/Thyrohyoid muscle (divided and turned upwards)
•• M thyreohyoideus
— Body of the hyoid bone
Corpus ossis liyoidei
r-: ( Sternohyoid muscles (turned upwards)
/ Mm. sternohyoidei
Bursa of the sternohyoid muscle-
'"'I'lursa musculi sternohyoidei
Thyroid cartilage
'Cartilago thyreoidea
Cricothjrroid membrane, or middle
cricothyroid ligament
Lig. cricothyreoideum (medium)
Trachea
Trachea
' The ^«rfa tf/" Mr M^-wAytflV »i/«c/tf, either single or double (the latter in the present instance), is situate beneath the thyrohyoid
muscle on the anterier surface of the ih jTohyoid membrane, extern.^1 to the bur^a of the sternohyoid muscle. — Tr.
2 The i'ursa 0/ the sterjwhyoid iiniscte is situate beneath the upper extremity of the sternohyoid muscle and in front of the thyrohyoid
membrane, close to the median line. — Tr.
Fig. 537.— The Burs.e below the Hyoid Bone. The Sternohyoid and Thyrohyoid Muscles
have been divided transversely, and the Portions of these Muscles left attached
to the Hyoid Bone have been turned upwards. Seen obliquely from the Right Side
and Before.
Musculi colli— Muscles of the neck.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD A.\D NECK
295
Sphenoidal sinus
Sinus splienoidalis
Eustachian cartilage
Cartilago tubac auditivaj
Carotid canal
Canalis caroticus
Levator paiati muscle
(origin)
M- levat'jr Vfli pnlatini
Circumflezus or tensor
paiati muscle (origin) ...
I\I. tensor \'eli palatini
Pterygoid process
t'rocessus plerygoideus
Hamular process
Hamulus plerygoideus
'^^i^^-l/^-^i ._>* —External pterygoid muscle
\^^^^W i 'i^ ^^- P^ery-^oidcus c.\l(.-rnus
,« - Internal pterygoid muscle
M plerygoideus internus
Interartlcular disc, or meniscus
I liscus arlicularis
.K^ ' Capsular ligament (i)
* Head of the condyle
/ Capituhini mnndiiiiilx'
Genioglossus or
geniohyoglossus muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
M geniohyoideus
Mylohyoid muscles
Median raphe of the mylohyoid
muscles
Raphe m. mylohyoidei
(i) Cap&uU orltcubris
Body of the hyoid bone
Corpus ossis hyoidei
Fig. 538. — M. Myi.ohyoideus, the Mylohyoid Muscle, the Right and Left Muscles
FORMING the DiAI'HKAGMA OkIS, SEEN FROM AliOVE AND BEHIND. TlIE PTERYGOID
Muscles, External and Internal, are displayed, both Intact on the Right Side,
WHILE ON THE LeFT SiDE THE INTERNAL PTERYGOID MuSCLE HAS BEEN REMOVED IN
order to lay i3ake in its wliole extent the posterior surface of the exticrnal
Pterygoid Muscle.
The levator paiati and the circumtlcxus or tensor palali muscles have been cut away close to their
respective origins.
Musculi colli et capitis —Muscles of the head and neck.
296
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AN-D NECK
Styloglossus muscle
Hyoglossus musc.e
Lingualis inferior or inferior
lingual muscle
M. longitudinalis inferior
Genioglossus or
"geniohyoglossus muscle
—Geniohyoid muscle
II. geniohyoideus
. Cricothyroid muscle
M. cricothvreoideus
Fig. 539— The Muscles of the Tongue, with the Geniohyoid Muscle, seen from the Right Side : the
HVOGLOSSUS, the STYLOGLOSSUS, AND THE GENIOGLOSSUS OR GENIOHVOGLOSSUS MUSCLES. ALSO THE THYRO-
HYOID AND Cricothyroid Muscles.
Body of the mandible
Corpus mandibulas
Edge of the tongue
Margo lateralis linguae
Lingualis inferior or
inferior lingual muscle
M. longitudinalis inferior
Hyoglossus muscle
(cut away)
M. hyoglossus
Styloglossus muscle •
Middle constrictor
of the pharynx
M. constrictor
pharyngis medius
Ceratopharyngeus -
muscle
M. ceratopharyngeus
Chondropharyngeus muscle "
M. chondropharyngeus
Great comu — Cornu majus '
Stylohyoid ligameuj
Lig. stylohyoideum
Genioglossus or
geniohyoglossus muscle
M. genioglossus
Transversalis linguae muscle or
transverse muscle of the tongue
M. transversus linguae
;, Chondroglossus muscle
Membranous connexion of the
geniohyoglossus muscle with
the body of the hyoid bone
-- Body of the hyoid bone
Corpus ossis hyoidei
! Small comu
Cornu minus
Fig. 540.— The Muscles of the Tongue seen from the Right Side and Below, displayed by the Re.moval
OF the Hyoglossus Muscle: M. Longitudinalis Inferior, the Inferior Lingual Muscle ; M. Transversus
(vel Transversalis) Lingu/E, thr Transver.sk Muscle of the Tongue, and iis Relation to the Genio-
hyoglossus Muscle; the Chondroglossus Muscle.
Musculi colli et capitis— Muscles of the head and neck.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
297
Levator anguli oris
muscle, or musculus
caninus '" ■ '
Parotid duct or duct oi
Steuson
Ductus p.iroiklcii!;
Zygomaticus maj.r
muscle (cut away) -.
M. zygomaticus
Buccinator muscle
M. buccinator
Depressor anguli oris or
triangularis menti muscle ^
(cut away!
M. triangularis
Circumflexus or tensor palati muscle
M. tensor veli palatini
Levator palati muscle
M. levator veli palatini
Stylopharsmgeus muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
M ilif,'astiicii.s (venter posterior)
Hamular process— Hamulus ] tcrygoidoiis
Superior constrictor of the pharjrnz
M. constrictor pharyn^is superior
Pterygomaxillary or pterygomandibular
ligament— Kaphe plerygomandibulari
Styloglossus muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
M. stylohyoideus
Middle constrictor of the pharyn
M. conslrictor pliaryngis medius
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
M, digastricus (venter anterior)
Mylohyoid muscle
M mylohyoideus
541.— The Muscles arising from tme Styloid 1'rocess with the Digastric Muscle; the Circumflexus
OR Tensor Palati, the Levator Palati, and the Buccinator Muscle; seen from the Left Side.
The ramus of the jaw has been removed.
Spinous process of the sphenoid bone
Spina angnlaris
Pterygoid process
Processus pterygoideus
Sphenomaxillary fossa
Possa ptcrygnpalatina
Circuirflexus or tensor palati muscle
(origini- M. tensor vi-li palatini
Tuberosity of the superior maxillary bone
Tuber maxillaro
Cut edge of the external
pterygoid plate
Bursa of the hamular process _
Pursa m. tensoris veli palatini
Circumflexus or tensor palati (insertion*
M tensor veli palatini
Vestibule of the labyrinth
'' VcstibnUini lab\Tintlii
Tympanic orifice of the Eustachian tube
■ Ostium tynipanicuin tuba.' auditiv.x'
- Foramen ovale
Petrous portion of th3 temporal bone
I'ars jictrosa ossis temporalis
Levator palati (origfin)
M. levator veli palatini
Fascia salpingopharyngea, ormembranoua portion of the
Eustachian tube I.amina nienibranacea tuba auc!iti\a.'
Eustachian cartilage Cartilni;.) tulxr auditiv.-c
Pharyngeal orifice of the Eustachian tube
Ostium pharyngeum tuba: auditiva.-
Levator palati muscle (insertion)
~ M. levator veli palatini
— Soft palate
Velum palatinum
Hamular process
Hamulus pterygoideus
Fig. 542.-ORIGIN AND Insertion ok the Circumflexus or Tensor Palati Muscle and of the Levator I'alati
Muscle, with the Synovial Bursa of the Hamular Process, seen from ihk Left Side.
Musculi colli ct capitis— Muscles of the head and neck.
38
298
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Basilar portion of
the occipital bone
Pars basilaris
ossis occipitalis
Petrous portion of
the temporal bone
Pars petrosa
ossis temporalis
Styloid process
Processus styloideus v-
Mastoid process ^-'
Processus mastoideus
Kectus capitis auticus
major muscle
M. longus capitis
Cervical pleura
Cupula pleurae
Rectus capitis lateralis muscle
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
M. digastricus (venter posterior)
Anterior tubercle of the atlas
Tuberculum anterius atlantis
Rectus capitis anticus major muscle
M. longus capitis
Levator anguli scapulae muscle
M. levator scapula;
Longus colli muscle
Scalenus medius muscle
Scalenus anticus muscle
M. scalenus anterior
Scalenus posticus muscle
M, scalenus posterior
Scalene space'
Eminence for the attach-
ment of the serratus
magnus muscle
Tuberositas costae II.
7.
Fig. 543. — The Deep Lateral and Prevertebral Muscles of the Neck, displayed by
THE Removal of the Facial Portion of the Skull and the Cervical Viscera. Seen
FROM Before. Scalenus Anticus, Medius, and Posticus Muscles ; Longus Colli
Muscle ; Rectus Capitis Anticus Major Muscle. The Relation of the Scalene
Muscles and the Longus Colli Muscle to the Cervical Pleura. The Scalene
Space.^
' See note to p. 277.
Musculi colli — Muscles of the neck.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
299
Basilar portion of Petrous portion of
the occipital bone the temporal bone
Pars basilaris , Pars petrosa L.,
ossis occipitalis j ossis temporalis '^
Rectus capitis anticus minor muscle
M. rectus capitis anterior
Bectus capitis lateralis muscle — ^
Posterior intertransversales muscles/
Mm. interlransversarii postcriores \
Anterior intertransversales muscles
Mm. mtertransversarii aiueriores I
Insertion of the scalenus
medius muscle
Groove for the subclavian artery
Sulcus subclavic.T-
Insertion of the scalenus
anticus muscle
Insertion' of the .—
subclavius muscle
First costal cartilage
Cartilage costalis 1.
I Anterior intertransversales muscles
JMm, interlransversarii ;uiteriorc'S
Longus colli muscle
Scalenus medius muscle
Scalenus posticus muscle
.\I scalenus posterior
' English anatomists regard this as the origin of the subclavius muscle. — Tk.
I'lc. 544. — The Deep Lateral and Pkevektebkal Muscles of the Neck, the Rectus
Capitis Anticus Major and Scalenus Anticus Muscles having been removed. On the
Right Side the Longus Colli and the Scalenus Medius and Posticus Muscles
have also heen removed. Seen prom Before. Intertransversales Muscles ;
Rectus Capitis Anticus Minor and Rectus Capitis Lateralis Muscles.
Musculi colli — Muscles of the neck.
38—2
300
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Pericranium
Orbicularis palpebrarum muscle
(orbital portion)
M. orbicularis oculi (pars orbitalis)
Corrugator supercilii muscle .
Orbicularis palpebrarum (palpebral
portion)
M. orbicularis oculi (pars palpebralis)
Internal tarsal or palpebral ligament
Lig. palpebrale mediale
Pyramidalis nasi muscle'.. . .
M. procerus
Levator labii superioris
alseque nasi
Caput angulare
Levator labii superioris
propius
Caput infra-orbitale
Zygomaticus minor
Caput zygomaticum
M.quadratus
labii
superioris-
Depressor labii inferioris or
quadratus menti muscle
M. quadratus labii inferioris
Epicranial or occipitofrontal
.' aponeurosis
__ Frontalis muscle
Skin
^ Integumentum
commune
Auricularis superior or
- attollens auriculam
muscle
Auricularis anterior or
attrahens auriculam
muscle
Parotideomasseteric fascia'
Levator ang;uli oris muscle,
or musculus caninus
_ Zygomaticus major muscle
M. zygomaticus
Eisorius muscle
Depressor anguli oris or
triangularis menti muscle
M. triangularis
Platysma myoides
Platysma
Transversus menti (var.
1 The fyramidalis nasi muscle (ilusculus procerus) is regarded by the author as a portion of the occipitofrontalis
muscle. — Tr.
" In England the levator labii superioris alieque nasi, the levator labii superioris proprius, and the zygomaticus minor,
are regarded as three separate muscles, not, as in the nomenclature of the German Anatomical Society, as
the three heads, the angular head, the infra-orbital head, and the zygomatic head, respectively, of a single muscle,
the quadratus labii superioris. — Tr.
2 See note to p. 291.
Fig. 545. — The Superficial Layer of the Muscles of Facial Expression and their
Relation to the Platysma Myoides. Depressor Anguli Oris or Triangularis Menti
Muscle; Risorius Muscle; Zygomaticus Major Muscle; Levator Labii Superioris
Al^que Nasi, Levator Labii Superioris Proprius, and Zygomaticus Minor Muscles
{see note ^ above) ; Orbicularis Palpebrarum Muscle. The Anterior Portions of the
Occipitofrontalis Muscle — the Frontalis and the Pyramidalis Nasi Muscles [see
note ^ above). Auricularis Superior or Attollens Auriculam and Auricularis Anterior
or Attrahens Auriculam Muscles. The Epicranial Aponeurosis; the Pericranium;
the Parotideomasseteric Fascia {see note ^ above). Seen obliquely from the Left Side
AND Before.
Musculi faciei — Muscles of the face.^
•■ See note ' on page 303.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Comigator supercilii musclei
301
Orbital portion of the orbicularis,
palpebrarum muscle
Palpebral portion of the orbicularis
palpebrarum muscle
Levator anguli oris muscle,
or musculus caninus
M. caninus
Pyramidalis nasi muscle
M. procerus
Internal tarsal or palpebral ligament
I,if>. palpcbralc meiliale
Fasciculus of the orbicularis palpebrarum
muscle inserted into the skin beneath the
inner commissure of the eyelids
Nasalis muscle'
M. nasalis
Levator labii superioris
alseque nasi muscle-
Capul annulare m. ijuadrati
labii superioris
Vi
• This consists of the compressor naris muscle and of the outer part of the depressor ala nasi muscle of English
anatomists. — Tr.
- See note - to p. 300.
Fig. 546. — Thh Attachment of the Orbicularis PALPEBRARU\f Muscle in the Neighbourhood
OF THE Inner Canthus, and its Relation to the Corkugator Supercilii Muscle, seen
FROM Before. Right Side.
Corrugator supercilii muscle
Palpebral portion of the
orbicularis palpebrarum
muscle
Frontal sinus
Sinus frontalis
Orbital arch, or supra-
orbital margin
Marno orbitalis superior
Puncta lachrymalia
Tensor tarsi muscle '
rarslacrimalis(M. Horneri)
Lachrymal sac
Saccu^ lacrimalis
" Lachrymal groove
Fossa sacci lacrimalis
Maxillary sinus, or
-antrum of Highmore
Sinus maxillaris
Orbital portion of the orbicularis
palpebrarum muscle
Fig. 547.— The Three Portions' of the Orbicularis Palpebrarum Muscle, and the Relation
OF THIS Muscle to the Corrugator Supercilii Muscle, seen from Behind. Left Side.
The soft p.irts in tlic ncinhbourliootl of tlie eyelitls, with the exception of the ()ri),'in of the orbicularis
prilpebrarum- muscle, have been dctaclicd from the bone ; and by the removal of the conjunctiva,
the tarsal cartilages, and the palpebral fascia (septum orbitalc), the orbicularis muscle has
been laid bare from behind.
' Called also/i'rs lachrymalis musculi orUctitaris f^lfelrarum, Horner's muscle, or musculus sacci UichrymciUs. — Tr.
' These three portions being the orbital, palpebral and lachrymal portions: the last-mentioned, however, is
by English anatomists usually described as a distinct muscle, the tensor tarsi (sec also note % — Tr.
M. orbicularis oculi Orbicularis palpebrarum and tensor tarsi muscles.
302
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Pericranium
Tensor tarsi muscle'
Pars lacrimalis
M. orbicularis oculi
(M. Horneri)
Levator labii superioris
proprius-
Caput inlra-orbitale
M- qiiadrati labii superioris
Compressor naris muscle
M. nasalis
(pars transversa)
Zygomaticus major muscle
M. zygomaticus
Depressor alae nasi
muscle (outer parti
M. nasalis (pars alaris)
Levator anguli oris muscle,
or musculus caninus
Parotid duct or duct of Sten
son - Ductus parotideus
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Fascia buccopharyngea
Depressor labii inferioris oi
quadratus menti muscle
M. quadratus labii
inferioris
Epicranial or occipito-
- frontal aponeurosis
Galea aponeurotica
jif __Superficial layer of the
temporal fascia
Occipitalis muscle
Auricularis posterior or re-
trahens auriculam muscle
Transversus nuchas
muscle (var.)
Masseter muscle (superficial
portion)
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
M sternocleidoraastoideus
Splenius capitis muscle
Buccal glands
Glandulae buccales
Platysma myoides
Platvsma
' See notes ^ and * on p. 301.
- See note - on p. 300.
Fig. 54S. — The Deep Layer of the Muscles of Facial Expression with the Masseter
Muscle, displayed by the Removal of the Levator Labii Superioris Aljeque Nasi,
Levator Labii Superioris Proprius, Zygomaticus Minor, and the Depressor Anguli
Oris or Triangularis Menti Muscles, of the Parotideomasseteric Fascia, and of
the Parotid Gland: Levator Anguli Oris Muscle, or Musculus Caninus; Depressor
Labii Inferioris or Quadratus Menti Muscle ; Compressor Naris and Depressor
Alje Nasi Muscles. Occipitalis Muscle. Epicranial or Occipitofrontal Aponeurosis;
Pericranium ; Temporal Fascia and Anterior Portion of Buccopharyngeal Fascia.
Left Side.
Musculi faciei — Muscles of the face.^
^ See note ' on p. 303.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
303
Pericranium
Compressor naris muscle
M. na-;aUs pirs transversa)
Incisivus superior muscle
M incisiviis labii superioris
Dapressor alse nasi muscle (outer
parti M. il.i-..lls(pars ,ll.lri,l ''>^SS
Depressor alae nasi muscle (inner ^> vv!<
part) M. (li-prc^'.or <cpli \^~
I'K
Orbicularis oris muscle
Levator labii inferioris or
levator menti muscle
M. mentalis
Superficial layer of the
temporal fascia
Deep layer of the
temporal fascia
Levator anguli oris muscle,
or musculus caninus
Masseter muscle (deep portion)
Zygomaticus major muscle
(cut away)
M zygomaticus
Buccinator muscle
Incisivus inferior muscle
M. incisiviis labii inferioris'
Risorius muscle (cut away)
Depressor anguli oris or triangularis menti muscle (cut away)
M. triangularis
Pepressor labii inferioris or quadratus menti muscle (cut away)
M. (jnadratus labii inferioris
. 549.— Thu Dehp Layer ok the Muscles of Facial Expuession, and the Relation of
THE Orbicularis Oris Muscle to the Adjoining Muscles. Seen obliquely from
Before and the Left Side. Buccinator Muscle, the Buccopharyngeal Fascia having
BEEN dissected OFF; ACCESSORY SlIPS OF THE ORBICULARIS OrIS MuSCLE KNOWN
RESPECTIVELY AS InCISIVUS SUPERIOR AND InCISIVUS INFERIOR MuSCLES ; LEVATOR LaHII
Inferioris or Levator Menti Muscle; Compressor Naris Muscle'; Depressor Al^e
Nasi Muscle'; Levator Anguli Oris Muscle, or" Musculus Caninus. The Deep
Portion of the Masseter Muscle, displayed by the Partial Removal of the Larger
Superficial Portion. Pericranium ; Temporal Fascia.
' The principal differences between the author's grouping of the facial muscles and that usual in England
is shown In the following table :
English.
Compressor naris muscle
Depressor ala: nasi muscle ( ""'";': P^"
'^ \ mner p.art
levator labii superioris al.xque nasi muscle
Levator labii superioris proprius muscle
Zygomaticus minor muscle
Toldt's
{/viHtr '^^ noinenctitturc i</ the
CertnaH A natomicat Society).
= pars transversa | ^ ,; „^,i^
= pars alaris (
= musculus depressor septi.
= caput angularc \
^ caput infra-orbitale J- musculi quadrat! labii superioris.
_= caput zvKomaticum |
— Tr.
Musculi faciei Muscles of the face {sec note abow).
304
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Depressor alse nasi muscle (oute'" part)
M. nasalis (pars alans'
Depressor alse nasi muscle (inner part)
M. depressor septi
Incisivus superior muscle
M. incibuub labii siiperioris
Buccinator muscle M b u
Depressor labii '' ^
inferioris or quadratus ,
menti muscle
Levator anguli oris
muscle, or
musculus cauinus
M caniniis
" Orbicularis oris
muscle
— Buccinator'muscle
Orbicularis oris
muscle
Transversus menti muscle (var. )
M. trans\ersus menti (var.)
Levator labii inferioris or levator menti muscle
M. mentalis
Mucous membrane of the mouth
Tunica mucosa oris
Incisivus inferior muscle
M. incisivus labii inferioris
Fig. 550. — Orbicularis Oris Muscle, and its Relation to the Adjoining Muscles, seen
FROM Behind.
The soft parts in the neighbourhood of the mouth and the cartilaginous portion of the nose were
together detached from the bone, and the muscles laid bare from behind by the removal of the
mucous membrane of the mouth. On the right side, a narrow stiip of mucous membrane,
passing outwards from the angle of the mouth, has been retained, to show the partial attachment
thereto of the buccinator and orbicularis oris muscles.
M. orbicularis oris— Orbicularis oris muscle.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
305
Inner part of the depressor
alse nasi muscle
M. depressor septi
Orbicularis oris muscle -
Labial glands
Glandulx- labiales
Mucous membrane of the mouth .
Tunica mucosa oris
Sebaceous glands
Glandulaj sebacex
Skin
Integumentum commune
Scattered fasciculi of the
orbicularis oris muscle
Fig. 551. — Sagittal Section through the Middle of the Upper Lip, showing the
Situation in the Lip oe the Orbicularis Oris, and the Shape of that Muscle in
Cross-Section.
Numerous thin fasciculi of tlic muscle are shown radiating to the skin.
M. orbicularis oris — Orbicularis oris muscle.
39
306
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Temporal fascia (superficial layer)
Fascia temporalis (lamina superficialis)
Frontal bone-
Parietal bone
Temporal muscle
Occipital bone
Temporal fascia (deep layer)
Fascia temporalis (lamina profunda)
Zygoma
Processus zygomaticusi ossis temporalis
Fig. 552. — Tempor.\l Muscle, displayed on the Left Side of the Head, after Partial
Removal of the Zygomatic Arch, by dissecting off the Superficial and Deep Layers
OF THE Temporal Fascia.
Tip of the coronoid process, seen
through the tendon of insertion
of the temporal muscle
Slip to the temporal muscle .
from the zygomatic arch
External oblique line
Linea obliqua mandibulffi
Buccinator muscle
M. buccinator
Incisivus superior
M. incisivus labii inferioris
Levator labii inferioris or -
levator menti muscle
M mentalis
Mental foramen
Foramen mentale
Temporal muscle
r^ M. temporalis
Head of the condyle
Capitulum mandibulae
Sigmoid notch
Incisura mandibula;
'_ Masseter muscle (deep portion)
M. masseter (pars profunda)
'_ Masseter muscle 'superficial portion)
M. masse te (pars superficialis)
Platysma myoides
Platysma
Depressor anguli oris or triangularis menti muscle
\ M, triangularis
Depressor labii inferioris or quadratus menti muscle
M. quadratus laliii inferioris
Fig. 553. — Attachment of Muscles to the Outer Surface of the Inferior M.axillary
Bone. Left Side.
Musculi masticatorii— Muscles of mastication.
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
307
/'
Infratemporal crest
Crisla infratemporalis
Capsular ligament
Capsula ariicularis
Interarticulardisc or meniscus
"■Discus articularis
Superior and inferior heads of
the external pterygoid muscle
Internal pterygoid muscle
JI. pterygoideus internus
Fig. 554. — MuscuLi Pterygoidei, hxterxus i:t Internus, External and Internal Pterygoid
Muscles, displayed by the Removal of the Zygomatic Arch and of a Portion of the
Ramus of the Inferior Maxillary Bone. Seen from the Left Side.
The temporomandibular articulation lias been opened, in order to show the insertion of some of the
fibres of the superior head of the external pterygoid muscle into the anterior border of the inter-
articular fibiocartiiage and the capsular ligament of the articu'ation.
Temporal muscle
M. temporalis
Interarticular disc or meniscus
Discus articularis /
Head of the condyle
Capitiilum mandibuUx
External pterygoid muscle
M. pterygoideus externus
Mandibular or inferior dental foramen
I-ur.imen niindibulare
Mylohyoid groove
Sulcus mylohyoideu
Internal pterygoid muscU
M. pterygoideus internus
Buccinator crest
Crisla bucciuatdiia
Pterygomaiillary or pterygomandibular ligament
Raphe pterygomandibularis
. Buccinator muscle
Genioglossus or
geniohyoglossus muscle
Mental spine
Si'iua meiualis
Mylo'jyoid muscle
M. myloliyoideus
Geniohyoid muscle
M ^;ciiioliyoiilcu3
Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
M. digastricus (venter anterior)
Fi<~- 555- — Attachment di Muscles to the Inner Surface of the Inferior Maxillary Hone.
RicHT Side.
Musculi masticatorii Muscles of mastication.
39—2
308
THE MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Masseter muscle (superficial portion)
Masseter muscle (deep portion)
Slip to the temporal muscle
from the zygomatic arch
Temporal muscle
M. temporalis
External pterygoid muscle
M. pterygoideds externus
Internal pterygoid muscle
M. pterygoideus internus
Circumflexus or tensor
palati muscle
M. tensor veli palatini
Levator palati muscle
M. levator veli palatini
Styloglossus muscle ''
Stylohyoid muscle-'
M. styloliyoideiis
Stylopharyngeus muscle'
Rectus capitis -
lateralis muscle
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
M. sternocleidomastoideus
Digastric muscle (posterior belly)
M. digastricus (venter posterior)
Trachelomastoid muscle
M. longissimus capitis ' V
Splenius capitis muscle'
Obliquus capitis superior muscle
Rectus capitis posticus major muscle
M. rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posticus minor muscle
M. rectus capitis posterior minor
Complexus, or semispinalis capitis, muscle
M. semispinalis capitis
Trapezius muscle
Internal pterygoid plate
Processus pterygoideus
(lamina medialis)
External pterygoid plate
Processus pterj-goideus
(lamina lateralis)
Infratemporal crest
Crihta inlratemporalis
Membranous portion of the
Eustachian tube
Lamina membranacea
tubffi auditivae
Eustachian cartilage (outer
fold) — Cartilago tub:E
auditiva:' (lamina lateralis)
Eustachian cartilage (inner
fold) — Cartilago tuba;
auditiva; (lamina medialis)
Spinous process of the
sphenoid bone
Spina angularis
Styloid process
Processus styloideus
-- Mastoid process
Processus mastoideus
Digastric fossa
Incisura mastoidea
Crest for the rectus capitis
posticus major muscle
Crista m. recti capitis
posterioris majoris
~_. Inferior curved line
Linea nucha; inferior
Crest for the rectus capitis posticus
minor muscle — Crista m, recti
capitis posterioris minoris
Superior curved line
Linea nuclia- superior
\ Rectus capitis anticus major muscle
, 'M. longus capitis
Rectus capitis anticus minor muscle
M. rectus capitis anterior
External occipital protuberance
Protuberantia occipitalis externa
Fig. 556. — Basis Cranii Externa, External Aspect of the Base of the Skull. Areas of
Origin and Insertion of the Muscles attached to the Base of the Skull.
The muscular attachments are shown on the right side only of the base of the skull ; the bony
prominences, etc., on the left side.
Attachment of Muscles to the External Aspect of the Base of the Skull.
MUSCULI EXTREMITATIS
SUPERIORIS
THE MUSCLES
OE THE UPPER EXTREMITY
310
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Supraspinatus muscle
Spine of the scapula /^^^^piiTa's
I. SHk^''"''
Infraspinatus muscle
Teres minor muscle
Teres major muscle
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
M. triceps brachii
E The clavicle
Acromion
Deltoid muscb
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
fij M. biceps bracliii
Eracbialis anticus muscle
M. brachialis
Fig. 557. — M. Deltoideus, Deltoid Muscle, of the Right Side, Dorso-External Aspect,
SHOWING ITS Relations to the Adjoining Muscles of the Shoulder and of the
Upper Arm.
Musculi articulationis humeri — Muscles of the shoulder.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
311
Subcutaneous bursa of the acromion
Bursa subcutanca aoromialis
Acromion
Acromion -.-^
Skin
Intcgumentum commune — yi^^'^^y^^-t^J
Subdeltoid or subacromial bursa' —
Bursa subdeltoidea
Infraspinatus muscle —
Teresnninor muscle -—-J
Acromial or scapular extremity of the clavicle
Extrcmitas acmmialis clavicular
Deltoid muscle (origin) -M. deltoidcus
Coraco-acromiai ligament
Lig, coraco-acromiale
The clavicle
—Subclavius muscle
Pectoralis minor muscle
Teres major muscle
Middle or long h;id of the.
triceps extensor cubiti muscle
M. triceps bracliii
External head of the triceps
extensor cubiti muscle
M. trictps brachii
External intermuscular septum
Sc-ptum intermusculare laterals
Tendon of the pectoralis
major muscle
Deltoid muscle (insertion)
M. deltoideus
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
M. biceps brachii
* ^B Brachialis anticus muscle
(outer process of origin)
M. bracliiali:
Fig. 558. — Arrangement of the Muscles adjoining the Right Shol'ldek-Joint and i::
THE Proximal Portion of the Upper Arm, as seen from the Outi:r Side, after the
Removal of the Greater Part of the Deltoid Muscle. Subdeltoid or Subacromial
Bursa and Subcutaneous Bursa of the .\cromion.
Musculi articulationis humeri— Muscles of the shoulder.
312
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Supraspinatus muscle
Spine of the scapula
Spina scapulae
'Internal axillary space'
Teres major muscle—
Acromion
Acromion
Infraspinatus muscle
Great tuberosity of the humerus
Tuberculum majus humeri
Teres minor muscle
"External axillary space'
Middle or long head of the triceps
extensor cubiti muscle
External head of the triceps
extensor cubiti muscle
Deltoid muscle
M. deltoideus
Brachialis antious muscle
M. brachialis
Internal or deep head of the triceps extensor cubiti muscle
Caput mediale m. tricipitis brachii
I Ifitcrnal and Exti:rnal Axiilary Spaces. — Between the lower border of the teres minor muscle, the upper part of the humerus, and
the axillary border of the scapula, covered in front by the subscapularis muscle and behind by the teies minor muscle, is a triangular space,
divided, as shown in the ftjirure, by the middle or long head of the triceps into an outer, quadrilateral, and an inner, triangular, compart-
ment, called respectively hy Toldt the internal and the external axillary space. These names are not in use in England, but are suitable,
and may well be adopted. Through the external axillary space the posterior circumflex nerve and vessels pass backwards; and through
the mternal axillary space the dorsal branch of the subscapular artery passes round the margin of the scapula into the infraspinous
fossa. — Tr.
Fig. 559. — Muscles of the Right Shoulder, seen from Behind: Supr.-vspinatus .\nd Infraspinatus
Muscles; Teres Major and Teres Minor Muscles; the Adjoining Parts of the Triceps Extensor
Cubiti Muscle. The *Internal and the *External Axillary Space {see note above).
Acromial or scapular extremity of the clavicle
Extremitas acromialis claviculae
Supraspinatus muscle
Spine of the scapula
Spina scapulje
Bursa of the infraspinatus muscle"
Bursa m. infraspinati
Infraspinatus muscle
Acromion
Acromion
Subdeltoid or subacromial bursa
Bursa subacromialis
Capsular ligament
Capsula articularis
Teres major muscle
Middle or long head of the triceps extensor cubiti muscle i
Caput loiigum m. tricipitis brachii
External head of the triceps
extensor cubiti muscle
Caput laterale m. tricipitis
brachii
= The bursa o/thc infraspinatus muscle lies between the infraspinatus muscle and the capsular ligament of the shoulder-joint.— Tk.
Fig. 560. — In a Prepar.vfion similar to that last described, the Origin of the Infraspinatus Muscle
was detached from the Spine of the Scapula, to show the Bursa between that Muscle and the
C.\psule of the Shoulder-Joint. The Subdeltoid or Sub.\cromial Bursa has also been opened.
Musculi articulationis humeri — Muscles of the shoulder.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
313
Bursa of the subscapularis muscle'
Liiirsa m. subscapularis
Coracoid process (cut away at its base) |
I'rocessus coracoideus '
Acromion
Acromion
Supraspinatus muscle
Coracoscapular or suprascapular ligament
• Lig. traiisvcrsum scapula; superius
Grfat tuberosity
Tubcrculiim majus
Small tuberosity
Tuberculum minus
•External axillary space-
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Pectoralis major muscle
Long head of the biceps
flexor cubiti muscle
Caput longura
m. bicipitis brachii
Subscapularis muscle
'Internal axillary space-
Teres major muscle
Middle or long head of the triceps
extensor cubiti muscle
Caput longuin m. tricipitis brachii
Internal or deep head of the triceps
extensor cubiti muscle
Caput mcdialc m. tricipitis brachii
Brachialis anticus muscle
M brachialis
' The bursa of the siibscapiilatis muscle is situate between the upper border and posterior surface of the
subscapularis muscle and the coracoid process and neck of the scapula. — Tit.
'' See note ' on p. 312.
Fig. 561. — Muscles of the Right Shoulder, seen from Before. Subscapularis Muscle,
WITH ITS Bursa; Supraspinatus Muscle; Teres Major Muscle. Adjoining Portions
OF the Muscles of the Upper Arm and of the Muscles passing from the Trunk
TO THE Upper Li.Mii. The "Internal and the "External A.mllary Space (s«
}totc ' on p. 312).
Musculi articulaticnis humeri — Muscles of the shoulder.
40
314
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Subclavius muscle
Pectoralis minor muscle
Coracoid process
Processus coracoideus
Bursa of the subscapularls muscle'
IJiirsa m. subscapularis
Bursa of the coracobrachialis muscle^
Bursa m. coracobrachialis
Subscapularis muscle
Bursa of the latissimus dorsi
muocle' — Bursa m. latissimi dorsi -^
Latissimus dorsi muscle --
Teres major muscle """
Bursa of the teres major muscle^ —
Bursa m. teretis majoris
Coracobrachialis muscle
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
M. biceps brachii
Omohyoid muscle (posterior
belly)
M. omohyoideus (venter
inferior)
Coracoscapularor suprascapular
ligament — Lig. transversum
scapulae superius
\ . Subscapular fossa
I
" - Teres minor muscle
-Teres major muscle
of the triceps extensor
cubiti muscle
M. tricipitis brachii
Groove for the ulnar nerve
'Deep fascia of the arm
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
Internal condyle
Epicondylus medialis
Deep fascia of the forearm
Subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon
Bursa subcutanea olecrani
* See note ', p. 313.
2_ The Mtfsti of the coracobrachiatU muscle is situate between the anterior surface of the subscapularis muscle and the upper ends of
the biceps and the coracobrachialis muscles. — Tr.
3 The bursa o/the latissimus dorsi mttsctc is situate between the tendon of the latissimus dorsi muscle and that of the teres major
muscle. — Tr.
4 The bursa o/the teres major muscle is situate between the tendon of the teres major muscle and the humerus.— Tr.
Fig. 562. — Arrangement of the Muscles in the Proximal Portion of the Right Upper Arm,
AND THE Relation of these Muscles to the Insertions of the Muscles of the Shoulder
AND of the Muscles passing from the Trunk to the Upper Limb. Seen from the Inner
Side. Burs.e of this Region. Distal Portion of the Deep Fascia of the Upper Arm
AND Proximal Portion of the Deep Fascia of the Forearm. Subcutaneous Bursa of the
Olecranon.
Musculi brachii — Muscles of the upper arm.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
315
Coracoscapular or suprascapular ligament
Lig. transversiim scapula- supenus
Pectoralis minor muscle
Coracoid process ;
Processus coracoideus '; '
Pectoralis major muscle
Coracobrachialis muscle
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle (long head)
M. biceps brachii (caput longiim)
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle (internal
or short head)
M. biceps brachii (caput breve)
Brachialia anticus muscle .
M. brachialis
Subscapularis muscle
Teres major muscle
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle (middle
or long head)
M. triceps brachii (caput longum)
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle (internal
or deep head)
M. triceps brachii (caput mediale)
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
Inner bicipital furrow
Sulcus bicipilalis medialis
Brachialis anticus muscle
M. brachialis
Supinator radii longus muscle..
M. brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle .
M e.xtcnsur carpi radialis longus
H
J
Semilunar or bicipital fascia
Lacertus fibrosus
Pronator radii teres muscle
}M. pronator teres
- Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Fic. 563.— Biceps Flexor Ciimti Muscle, of the Right Side, and its Relations to the
OTHER Muscles- ON the Flexor Side of the Upper Arm, to the Muscles of the
Shoulder, to the Muscles passing from the Trunk to the Upper Limb, and to
the Muscles of the Forearm.
Musculi brachii— Muscles of the upper arm.
40-
316
THE MUSCLES CF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Coracoid process
Processus coracoideus
Pectoralis minor muscle
Coracoscapular or suprascapular ligament
Lig. transversum scapula; superius
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
(internal or short head)
Til. biceps brachii (caput breve)
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle (long
head)
M. biceps brachii (caput longum)
Pectoralis major muscle
Deltoid muscle
M. deltoideus
Teres major muscle
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Brachialis anticus muscle
M. brachialis
Subscapularis muscle
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
*Bicipitoradial bursa^
Bursa bicipitoradialis
I W ' I -Tendon of insertion of the biceps
^" flexor cubiti muscle
1 This bursa is situate between the tendon of insertion of the biceps muscle and the anterior smooth
portion of the tuberosity of the radius. — Tr.
Fig. 564. — The Muscles of the Anteiuor (Flexor) Side of the Right Upper Arm, after
Removal of the Biceps Flexor Cubiti Muscle. Coracobrachialis Muscle; Brachialis
Anticus Muscle.
The tendon of insertion of the biceps flexor cubiti muscle has been turned downwards, in order to
display the •■bicipitoradial bursa {see note above).
Musculi brachii — Muscles of the upper arm.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
317
Subclavius muscle (insertion)
Coracoclavicular ligament' i
I-i;;. coracocla\ icularc
Coracoid process
I 'locessus coracoideus
Pectoralis minor muscle ,
Deltoid muscle -
Common tendon of the coracobrachialis
muscle and the internal or short head
of the biceps flexor cubiti muscle
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle (long bead tendon
of originj— M. biceps brachii (caput longum)
Glenoid fossa
Cavitas glenoidalis
Great tuberosity
Tuberculum majus
Small tuberosity
Tuberculum minus
Subscapularis muscle
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Teres major muscle
Pectoralis major muscle
Deltoid muscle
M. deltoideus
Supinator radii longus
muscle origin /
M. brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis
longior muscle
M. extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevier
muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis brovis
Annular or orbicular
ligament of the radius
I-ig annulare radii .
Supinator radii brevis muscle
origin' M supinator
Supinator radii brevis muscle .
(deep insertions) — M. supinator
Bicep|8 flexor cubiti muscle (insertion)
M biceps bracliii
Supinator radii brevis muscle super-
ficial insertion M. supinator
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (clavicular head)
M. sternocleidomastoideus (caput claviculare)
. Pectoralis maj or muscle (clavicular portion)
M. pectoralis major (pars clavicularis)
Omohyoid muscle (insertion)-
M. omoliyoideus
Serratus magnus muscle (insertion)
M. serratus anterior
Subscapularis muscle (origin from
the subscapular fossa)
Serratus magnus muscle (insertion)
M. serratus anterior
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
middle or long head)
M. triceps brachii (caput longum)
Coracobrachialis muscle (insertion)
Brachialia auticus muscle (origin)
M. brachialis
Internal intermuscular septum
-Septum intermusculare medialc
Capsule of the elbow joint
Capsula articularis
Pronator radii teres muscle (humeral head)
,M. pronator teres (caput bumerale)
Internal condyle
l-;picondylus medialis
Common tendon of the pronator radii teres, flexor
•-;, carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris,
-'' and flexor sublimis digitorum ■ muscles
Pronator radii teres (ulnar head)
M. pronator teres (caput ulnare)
Flexor sublimis digitorum' (humeral head)
~ M. flexor digitiruni sublimis (caput humcrale)
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Brachialis anticus muscle (insertion)
M lirachialis
Oblique ligament— Chorda obliqua
' This tcrni, cflraoKtaTicuiar iif^anuttt, ix seldom u«m1 in Knt^Iand, where Ihclwo parts of wlticti the ligAmcnt consists arc more often
sc|»rately dcscriltcd, as the amciii li/^anient and the frafiezoiii it'i^ament, rcspcciis-cly. Sec Section 1 1, of this wotIc, p. io3, Fig. 415.— Tk.
^ The suiiiulAr attachment of ihc omohyoid is by English anatomists regarded as the on'/j-in of tltat muscle. — Tk.
1 Ot Jtt.xor ffcr/oratui mu.sclc.
Fig. 565.— Attachment df Muscles to the Anterior Surfaces of the Scapula, the Humerus,
AM) THE ICl.I'.OW.
Musculi brachii — Muscles of the upper arm.
318
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Teres major muscle
Middle or long head
Caput longum
Internal or deep head
Caput mediale
Internal or deep head
Caput mediale
Internal condyle
Epicondylus medialis
Aperture for the ulnar nerve,
between the two heads of the
flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Acromion
Infraspinatus muscle
J Great tuberosity of the humerus
- Tuberculum majus humeri
— Teres minor muscle
External head
Caput laterale
-Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
Internal or deep head
Caput mediale
Olecranon
■ Olecranon
Anconeus muscle
M. anconaeus
Posterior border of the ulna
Margo dorsalis ulna:
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
M. exiensor carpi ulnaris
Fig. 566. — Triceps Extensor Cubiti Muscle, of the Right Side, seen from Behind;
THE Relations of its Proximal Extremity to the Muscles of the Shoulder, and
OF its Distal Extremity to the Muscles of the Forearm. Anconeus Muscle.
Musculi brachii — Muscles of the upper arm.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
319
Trapezius muscle (clavicular origin '
M. traiiL'zius
Omohyoid muscle
M. onidhvoideus ■
-The clavicle
Clavicula
Supraspinatus muscle origin,
from the supraspinous fossa)
Levator anguli scapula muscle
M. levator scapuhL-
Spine of the scapula
Spina scapula;
Trapezius muscle (scapular origin'
M. trapezius
Rhomboideus minor muscle
Deltoid muscle (scapular origin)
M. deltoideus
Rhomboideus major muscle -
Infraspinatus muscle (origin -
from the infraspinous fossa)
Teres minor muscle
Teres major muscle-
Serratus magnus muscle
M. serratus anterior
,,Deltoid muscle (clavicular origin)
M. (Ifltoideus
^Acromion
'Acromion
Capsule of the shoulder-joint
,''Capsula articularis
'-Supraspinatus muscle
^Infraspinatus muscle
-Teres minor muscle
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
(external head)
M. triceps brachii (caput laterale)
Deltoid muscle
.M. deltoideus
Bracbialis anticus muscle
M brachialis
External intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare laterale
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle (origin
of the internal or deep head)
M. triceps brachii (caput medialc)
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
Capsule of the elbow-joint.,
Capsula articularis
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle (insertion)
M. triceps brachii
Internal condyle ••''
lipicondyius niedialis
Olecranon
Olecranon
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Anconeus muscle (origin-^)
M. anconeus
Posterior border of the ulna '
Margo dorsalis ulnx
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
(external head)
M. triceps brachii (caput laterale)
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis longus
External condyle
- Kpicondylus lateralis
Anconeus muscle t insertion'-')
M acona us
-.Annular or orbicular ligament of the radiuc
I.i^. annulare radii
Neck of the radius
t'olluni railii
^Supinator radii brevis muscle (origin)
M sujiinator
Supinator radii brevis muscle (insertion)
M. supinator
Aperture for the posterior interosseous
nerve, between the two layers of the
supinator radii brevis muscle
' InsertiflH of the lrap<7iu* muscle, .iccorilins to Kncti^h analomUtfl.
» Enfili^h analomists regard (he humeral atta>:1unct)l .if ihc anconeus muscle as the oriffin, and the ulnar allachmcnt as the imfttum,
of that muscle. — 'Vk.
Fig. 567. — Attachment of Muscles to the Posterior Surfaces of the Scapula, the Humerus,
AND the Eluow.
Musculi brachii — Muscles of the upper arm.
320
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Brachialis anticus mnscle
M. brachialis
Subcutaneous bursa of the internal condyle
Bursa subcutanea epicondyli medialis
Humeral head
Caput humerale\
Ulnar
head -
Caput \
. ulnaie
Flexor carpi
ulnaris muscle
Deep fascia of the forearm
Fascia antibrachii
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
,'''; M. triceps brachii
Internal or deep head
Caput mediale
Middle or long head
Caput longum
Subtendinous bursa of the
olecranon'
Bursa subtendinea olecrani
Epitrochleo-anconeus
muscle (var. )-
Intratendinous bursa of the
olecranon'
Bursa intratendmea olecrani
Subcutaneous bursa of the
olecrancn
Bursa subcutanea olecrani
' Concerning these bursse Quain writes (" Elements of Anatomy." loth ed., vol. ii., Part II., p. 221): " In
many cases there is a small bursa above the olecranon, either between the tendon of the triceps and the
posterior ligament, or more frequently in the deep part of the tendon itself. A bursa behind the internal
condyle, beneath the inner edge of the triceps and the ulnar nerve, is of rare occurrence." — Tr.
- The epitroclileo-ancoiieus is a small muscle often found, which arises from the posterior surface of the interna!
condyle of the humerus, and is inserted into the olecranon. It is superficial to the ulnar nerve. When
absent, it is represented by a band of transverse fibres in the deep fascia of the arm. — Tr.
Fig. 568. — The Inner Side of the Right Elbow with the Distal Extremity of the
Triceps Extensor Cubiti Muscle, the Anomalous Epitrochleo-anconeus Muscle,
AND THE BURS^ OF THIS ReGION.
Ill order to display the intratendinous and the subtendinous burSEC of the olecranon, tno longitudinal
incisions have been made in the distal extremity of the triceps e.xtensor cubiti muscle, and the
posterior margins of the incisions have been retracted witli hooks. In the region of the forearm
the deep fascia has been left intact.
Musculi brachii — Muscles of the upper arm.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
321
Deltoid muscle
M delloiclcus
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
textemal head!
M. triceps brachii (capul laterale)
Supinator longus muscle
M, bradiioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis loiijiis
Capitellum of the humerus
C'apitulum hum.-ri
Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius -
1,11; anmilare radii
Tendon of the biceps flexor cubiti muscle
Bicipitoradial bursa'
liiirsa bicipitoradialis -
'Interosseous bursa of elbow- (i)
Supinator radii brevis muscle— M. supinator
Flexor longus poUicis muscle
M (luxnr jiollicis lonfjus
Extensor carpi radialis brevier muscle •
M extensor carj'i radialis brovis
Pronator radii teres muscle
M. pronator teres
(l) Uursa cubiMlis inleros-sca
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
(internal or deep head)
M. triceps brachii (caput mediale)
Brachialis anticus muscle
M. brachialis
Common tendon of the pronator
radii teres, palmaris longus, and
flexcr carpi radialis muscles
■Flexor sublimis digitorum- muscle
(humeral head)
M. flexor digitorum sublimis
(caput humerale)
Flexor profundus digitorum' muscle
M. llexor diKiloriim profundus
Flexor sublimis digitorum^ muscle
(radial head)
Rl. flexor digitorum sublimis
(caput radiale)
' See note loll. 316.
_^ lntcrt*ssf0tis liiirsa 0/ the F.lltoiu. — This luirsa is situate in \!ait bicipital hoU<Ki} o{ \\\ii uln.t, which lies Ik-Iow the small sigmoid
cavity, hounded hchinil Iiy the supinator ridi»e and in front by the upper extremity of the interosseous border. In pronation of the h.ands,
the bicipital hollow lodges the 'tuberosity of the ladius and the distal extremity of the biceps tendon ; and the interosseous btirsa forms a
synovial c.ivityljclwecn the two lioi cs. iiebind, the sac is in contact with the interosseous inembrane;nul the oblitiue ligament ; projecting
forward, it separates the,tendon of the brac'oalis anticus on the inner side from the tendon of the biceps and the upper piitt of the ii.scrtion
of the supinator r.idii brevis on the outer side. Thus the tendon of the biceps at its insertion lies between the bicipiti)radial burva and the
interosseous bursa of the elbow. The condition known as '* lawn- tennis elbow 'depends on intlanimation of one o' both of these bvirs;e. — Th.
3 Qtjlexor /ifr/itratus muscle.
* Qt JJexor fcr/oi-ans muscle.
Fig. 569. — Till-; Origin of THii Palmak and Radial Muscles oi- tiii; Right Forearm, and
THEIR Relations to the Brachialis Anticus Muscle in the Neighbourhood oe the
Anteclhital Fossa. Anterior Aspect, the Forearm being supinated. The Bicipito-
radial Bursa {%ce note ' above) and the Interosseous Bursa oi-^ the Ei.how {sec note - above).
The brachialis anticus muscle h.is been drawn sli};litly inwards. The two superficial muscles of the
radial Kr^up- 'he supinator r.idii lonj;us and the extensor carpi radi.ilis lonjjior, have been cut
away, except for their proximal extremities, which have been turned outw.irds, in order to lay bare
the ilecp layer of muscles of the radial group : these arc the extensor carpi radialis brevior and
the supinator radii brevis. The superficial layer of the palmar group of muscles has also been
removed.
Musculi antibrachii Muscles of the forearm.
41
322
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
M. biceps bracliii
Supinator radii brevis muscle
M, supinator
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis longus
Flexor sublimis digitorum muscle'
(radial head)
M. flexor digitorum sublimis
{caput radiale)
Brachialis anticus muscle
M. brachialis
Semilunar or bicipital fascia
yr )- Lacertus fibrosus
/gil._ Antecubital fossa
Fossa cubitalis
'^11 Pronator radii teres muscles
M. pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
Palmaris longus muscle
Flexor sublimis digitorum muscle'
M. flexor digitorum sublimis
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Flexor longus poUicis muscle
M. flexor pollicis longus
•Ulnar furrow of the forearm
~ Sulcus antibrachii ulnaris
*Radial furrow of the forearm
Sulcus antibracliii radialis
Anterior annular ligament of the wrist
Lig. carpi volare
Thenar eminence
Thenar
Palmaris brevis muscle
Hypothenar eminence
Hypothenar
.1' U«Jj
1=
Palmar fascia
Aponeurosis palmaris
* Or /^exor ^ct;/lirafifS mnsc\e,
2 Knglish anatomists group the pronator and flexor muscles of the forearm in ^vo layers only: a sufierficia^^ comprehending the
pronator radii_ teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor sublimis digitorum muscles ; and a dfcp^ comprehending the flexor
profinidus digitorum, flexor longus pollicis, and pronator quadratus muscle. . The author, however, groups these nuisclcs in four layers,
as enumerated in the description at the foot of Figs. 570, 571, and 572. — Tr.
Fig. 570. — The Superficial Layer (see note "- above) of the Palmar Group of Muscles of
THE Right Forearm: Pronator Radii Teres Muscle, Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle,
Palmaris Longus Muscle, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle. The Superficial Layer
of the Radial Group of Muscles : Supin.^tor Radii Longus Muscle, and a Portion
OF THE Extensor Carpi Radia-lis Longior Musci,e. The Antecubital Fossa, and the
Ulnar and Radial Furrcjws of the Forearm. Ligamentum Carpi Volare, the Anterior
Annular Ligament of the Wrist, and the Palmar Fascia with the Palmaris Bkhvis
Muscle.
Musculi antibrachii — Muscles of the forearm.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
323
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
M. biceps brachii
_\ Internal condyle
i]ij l-;]iicoinlylus iiiL-dialis
Brachialis anticus muscle
M. brachialis
Supinator radii brevis muscle
M. supinator
Pronator radii teres muscle '
M. pronator teres
Flexor sublimis digitorum muscle'
(radial head)
M. flexor digitorum sublimis
(caput radiale)
Flexor sublimis digitorum muscle'
(humeral head)
M llexor disitoruni sublimis
(caput humerale)
Pronator quadratus muscle
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. brachioradialis
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
M llexor carpi radialis
Ridge or tuberosity of the trapezitim
Tiiberculum ossis multanRnli majoris-
BuTsa of the flexor carpi radialis muscle-
Bursa m. (lexoris carpi ra<ijalis
Opponens poUicis muscle
M opjionens pollicis
First dorsal interosseous or , .-.
abductor indicis. muscle ,;/V
M. interosseus dorsalis 1.
-Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
f,
Abductor minimi digfiti muscle
M. abductor digiti quinti
* Or _fftxor pfrforatiis miiKle.
' This buna lies bcncnth the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle as it crosses the icaphoid bone and the trape/ium. — Tr.
Fir,. 571.— The Second Layer {siv no/,-' lo p. ii2) tw the Palmar Group of Muscles of the Right Forearm :
Flexor Suhlimls Dicitokum or Flexor I'krioratus Muscle. The Ulstal Attachments (Insertions)
OF the Tenhons of the Flexor Carpi Ulnakis, Flexor Carpi Kaihalis, and Supinator Radii Longus
Muscles. The Superficial Muscles of the Hvpotiienar Eminence, and the Interosseous Muscles
of the H^nd that are visible from the i'Ai.MAR Side. The Mursa of the Flexor Carpi Radialis
Muscle ysec noic ' tthovc).
After the lemov.il of the irmscles of the superficial l.iyer and the anterior annul.ir ligament of llic wrist, the flexor
sublimis iligitonim muscle w.TS laid b.ire. In order to show clcirly ihc disposilion of the tendons of the flexor
sublimis digitorum muscle, the flexor proftindtf^ digitonim iiiufcle was removed.
Musculi antibrachii Muscles of the forearm.
41—2
324
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Brachialis anticus muscle
M. brachialis
Tendon of the biceps
flexor cubiti muscle
Supinator radii brevis muscle
M. supinator
Flexor sublimis digitorum muscle^
(radial head)
M. flexor digitorum sublimis
(caput radiale)
Flexor longus pollicis muscle -
M. flexor pollicis longus
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediate
Internal condyle
ICpicondylus medialis
Flexor profundus digitorum muscle'
M. flexor digitorum profundus
Interosseous membrane or ligament
of the forearm
Membrana interossea antibrachii
Pisiform bone
Os pisiforme
Unciform process of the unciform bone
Hamulus ossis hamati
Flexor brevis minimi digiti muscle
M. flexor digiti quinti brevis
t^4\l Abductor minimi digiti muscle
_„ M abductor digiti quinti
m'^W ----- ' Lumbricales muscles
..»«!■- -;;JMni. lumbricales
i.fiA \Vaginal ligaments'*
V;a'^-' ;-■;-' / Llgg- vagmalia
Pronator quadratus muscle
M. pronator quadratus
Remains of the anterior annular
ligament of the wrist
Abductor pollicis muscle
M. abductor pollicis brevis—
Flexor brevis pollicis muscle- —
M. flexor pollicis brevis
Adductor pollicis muscle- - ''
First dorsal interosseous or
abductor indicis muscle
M. interosseus dorsalis I.
* Or Jlexor per/oyatus muscle.
= The author adheres to the cld nomenclature of the short muscles of the thumb, but that introduced by Cunningham is now generally
adopted by English anatomists. Following this writer, the former adductor pollicis is called the adductor pollicis trans7'Crsrts, and what
used to be called the deep head of the jflcxor brevis pollicis muscle is divided into two parts. The larger part, known as the Oiiductor
oblitfiitis pollicis, the largest of the thumb muscles, consists of several slips arising from the upper ends of the second and third metacarpal
bones, the os magnum, the anterior carpal Hsaments, and the sheath of the tiexor carpi radialis muscle ; the muscle is inserted, in common
with the adductor transversiis and the deep head of the flexor brevis, into the inner side of the base of the lirst phalanx of the thumb.
What is now termed th-j decf> head of i^ttjlcxor brevis pollicis is a very small slip, deeply placed between the adductor obliqiius pollicis
and the outer head of the abductor indicis. It arises from the ulnar side of the upper part of the first metacarpal bone, and is inserted as
already described. — Tr. See also Figs. 573, 585, and 586.
3 O1 Jlcxor per/orans muscle.
4 See note 3 to p. 334.
Fig. 572.— The Third L.wer of thic P.almar Group of Muscles of the Right Forearm, after the First
AND Second Layers and the Anterior Annular Ligament of the Wrist have teen removed: Flexor
Profundus Digitorum or Flexor Perforans Muscle, and Flexor Longus Pollicis Muscle. In the
Fourth Layer we see a Portion of the Pronator Quadr.\tus Muscle. Lumbricales Muscles, and
the Superficial Muscles of the Thenar and Hvpothenar Eminences : Abductor Brevis Pollicis,
Adductor Pollicis {see note ■ above). Flexor Brevis Pollicis, Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti and
Abductor Minimi Digiti Muscles.
Musculi antibrachii — Muscles of the forearm.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
325
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle--
M. extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevior muscle,,
M. L-Mcnsor c.irpi radialis lircvis
Annular or orbicular ligament of the radius ..
Lig. annulare radii
Supinator radii brevis muscle (origin) M. supinator""
Supinator radii brevis muscle (deep insertion,-
M. supinator
Tendon of insertion of the
biceps flexor cubiti muscle
Supplementary origin of the,-
flexor longus pollicis muscle
Supinator radii brevis muscle (superficial insertion) '
M. supinator
Pronator radii teres muscle
M. pronator teres
Flexor sublimis digitorum muscle' (radial head) -
M. flexor digitorum sublimis (caput railiale)
Fleshy origin of the flexor
longus pollicis muscle
Accessory slip from the radius to the
flexor profundus digitorum muscle-
Pronator quadratus muscle
Styloid process of the radius-.
Tuberosity of the scaphoid bone
Tuberculum ossis navicularis ^ ,
Deep head of the flexor brevis
pollicis muscle'
Opponens pollicis muscle (insertion ---
Tendon of insertion of tht^'
flexor carpi radialis muscle
Carpal head of the adductor pollicis muscle'
Metacarpal head of the adductor pollicis muscle
Brachialis anticus muscle
M brachialis
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
Fasciculi of the brachialis anticus
muscle attached to the anterior ,
ligament of the elbow-joint
Internal condyle
Hpicondylus medialis
.^ Common tendon of the pronator radii teres, flexor
carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi
ulnaris, and flexor sublimis digitorum' muscles
Flexor sublimis digitorum muscle' (humeral head)
M. Ilexor (lii;itorum sublimis (caput humerale)
-Pronator radii teres muscle (ulnar head)
M. pronator teres (caput ulnare
Tendon of insertion of the brachialis
anticus muscle
Aponeurotic origin of the flexor carpi
ulnaris muscle from the ulna
- Fleshy origin of the flexor sublimis
digitorum muscle-
Interosseous membrane or ligament
of the forearm
Membrana interossca antibrachii
Pronator quadratus muscle
Inferior radio-ulnar articulation
Articulatio radio-ulnaris distalis
Tendinous insertion of the flexor
carpi ulnaris muscle
Pisiform bone
• 'Os pisifcrme
,Pisi-uncinate ligament — Lig. pisohamatum
— Pisimetacarpal ligament I.ip. pisometacarpeum
,_ Tendinous insertion of the extensor
carpi ulnaris muscle
Unciform process of the unciform bone
Unlimlii- ..-,i, luiti..ni
Flexor brevis minimi digiti and opponens minimi digiti
muscles (Originl — Mm, lU-xor dijjili quirul ljrt\is ct
><ptHiiicii-< di>:i(i (|liinti
^ Opponens minimi digiti muscle (insertion)
M. upiwiicns di>;iti (iliiiili
' Or Jlt.ror fifr/oratiit tnMscXc.
' Ox Jhxar /ler/orani mu.sclc.
^ Stc note » to p. 324.
* Whtit the author calls the carfiitl httui of the aitttiiclor /tollicis mn-scle ix part of ihc atiiluctor />olit\-is ohliijuus ncconlin^ to
Cunningh.-im, whiUt what he calls the iiielacar/iat licati 0/ the ailductor pottidt is the tuiductor />otlkis traMSTrrsits ut KuKlish anatomists,
i^cc rote ^ to p. 374.
l'*^'- 573.— Attachment of Muscles to thi; Palmar Suiu-ACii of tiif. Foreakm anu the Hand.
Musculi antibrachii— Muscles of the forearm.
326
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle
(external head)
M. triceps brachii (caput lateralo)
External intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare laterale
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. brachioradialis
External condyle
Epicondylus lateralis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis longus
Anconeus muscle -
M. ancona!us
Extensor communis digitorum muscle
M. extensor digitorum communis
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
Extensor minimi digiti muscle
M. extensor digiti quinti proprius
Extensor indicia muscle
M. extensor indicis proprius
Head of the ulna
Capitulum uUkl'
Posterior annular ligament of the wrist
Brachialis anticus muscle
M. lirachi.ilis
Outer bicipital furrow
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
M. biceps brachii
Extensor carpi radialis brevier muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor ossis metacarpi poUicis' or
abductor longus poUicis muscle
M, abductor pollicis longus
Extensor primi intemodii pollicis' or
extensor brevis pollicis muscle
W. extensor poUicis bre\'is
Extensor secundi intemodii pollicis' or
extensor longus pollicis muscle
M. extensor pollicis longus
I have given the preference to the old names, as more distinctive and therefore more suitable, of the three extensor muscles of the
thumb, e.rtcnsorossis tnvtacarfii pollicis, extensor prhyii intemodii pollicis^ and extensor secundi interyiodii pollicis. Quani (•' Anatomy,"
loth ed.) has, however, adopted the Continental nomenclature in the case of the two latter muscles, which he terms respectively extensor
brevis pollicis and extensor longus pollicis, whilst yet other names have been adopted by Macali^ter, who terms the extensor of the first
\>\\3\m\x, extensor pollicis minor, :ind the extensor of the second phalanx extensor pollicis major. The names used in the text are, however,
more faniiliar to students, both in England and America, and there seems no good reason for any change.
While speaking of these muscles, it may be mentioned that their tendons, viz., those of the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis and extensor
primi intemodii pollicis on the radial side, and that of the extensor secundi intemodii pollicis on the ulnar side, bound the deep hollow to be
seen on the outer (radial) side of the wrist and behind the metacarpal bone of the thumb, when this member is fully extended. This hollow is
known as the tabatii're anatomique, or anatomical sntiff-lox (called by Toldt /oz'cola radialis, see Fig. 575). Beneath the tendons of
the extensors of the thumb, and across the intervening hollow, the radial artery pa-sses from the front to the back of the wrist, its direction
being indicated by a line from the front of the styloid process of the radius to the proximal end of the first interosseous space ; and the
arterj- is ci^ossed by the superficial radial vein, which usually forms a distinct prominence in the hollow between the tendcns. — Tr.
3 liy English anatomists the supinator and extensor muscles are, like those of the front of the forearm, divided simply into two layers : a
superficial, containing seven muscles, viz., the supinator radii longus, extensor carpi radialis longior, extensor carpi radialis brevior, extensor
comnmnis digiloriiin, extensor miuimi digiti, extensor carpi ulnaris, and anconeus muscles ; and a deep layer, containing five muscles, viz.,
the supinator radii brevis, extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. extensor primi intemodii pollicis, extensor secundi intemodii pollicis, and
extensor indicis muscles. The author's classification of these muscles is to be found in the description at the foot of Figs. 574, 575, and
576.— Tk.
Fig. 574. — The Superficial Layer {see note "above) of the Dorsal Group of Muscles of the Right Forearm:
Extensor Communis Digitorum, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, and Anconeus Muscles. The Radial Group
OF Muscles seen from the Dorsal Side, and the Deep Layer of Muscles of the Dorsal Group that
are visible in the Distal Portion of the Forearm between the Superficial Layer ok Dorsal Muscles
ND the Radial Muscles : Extensor Carpi Radialis Longior and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevior
(Muscles of the Radial Group); Extensor Ossis Metacarpi Pollicis, Extensor Primi Internodii
Pollicis, and Extensor Secundi Internodii Pollicis (Muscles of the Deep Dorsal Layer). Ligamentum
Carpi Dorsale, the Posterior Annular Ligament of the Wrist.
Musculi antibrachii— Muscles of the forearm.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
327
Brachialis auticus muscle
M l)raclllall^
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. bracliioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis longus
Aperture for the posterior interosseous nerve,
between the two layers of the supinator
radii brevis muscle
Extensor carpi radialis brevior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis brevis
Supinator radii breris muscle
M. supinator
Intermuscular septum
Septum inlennusculare
Extensor carpi radialis brevior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis longus
Beep fascia of the forearm
Fascia antibrachii
Posterior annular ligament of the wrist
1-ig carpi dorsalc
Fascia of the dorsum of the band
I'ascia dorsalis manus
' Or Jlejcor /ttr/oralus mvacXc
Biceps flexor cubiti muscle
M. biceps bracliii
Semilunar or bicipital fascia
I.aci-iHis fibrosus
Pronator radii teres muscle humeral head)
M pronator teres ;cnpui luimcrale)
-.Aperture for the median nerve between
the two heads of the pronator
radii teres muscle
Pronator radii teres muscle (ulnar head)
M. pronator teres (caput ulnare)
Flexor carpi radialis muscle
M. flexor carpi radialis
Flexor sublimis digitonun muscle' (radial
head)
M. flexor diKitorum sublimis (caput radiale)
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. brachioradialis
Tabatiire anatomique, or anatomical
snuff box-
Foveola radialis
Dorsal metacarpophalangeal
subcutaneous bursa
Bursa subcutanea metacarpo-
phalangea dorsalis
Dorsal subcutaneous bursa
of the index finger
lUirsa subcutanea
digiti II. dorsalis
=/.
3 Sec second paragraph of note ' lo p. 336.
Fig.
575. — The Arrangement of the Muscles in the Deeper P.\rt of the Antecubital
I'OSSA WHEN the HaNI) IS PKONATED.
The muscles of the radial (jroup, with the exception of the deepest nf these, the supinator radii brevis,
have been partly removed. The semilunar or bicipital fascia h.as been cut acioss, and its distal
extremity has been dr.iwn inwards together with the pronator radii teres muscle, in order to
display the ulnar he.id of this muscle. In this dislal half of the forearm and on the b.ick of the
hand wc ^ec the deep fascia ami the posterior annular ligament of the wrist.
Musculi antibrachii— Muscles of the forearm.
328
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle (internal ■/ f-
or deep head) / v y , «
M. triceps brachii (caput mediale) / f
Anconeus muscle
M. anconseus
M. pronator teres
Radius
Radius
Extensor secundi internodii pollicis or .
extensor longus pollicis muscle'
M, extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis muscle -
M. extensor indicis
proprius
Styloid process of the ulna
Processus styloideus ulna;
Posterior annular ligament
of the wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
M. extensor carpi ulnaris
Capitellum of the htunerus
Capitulum liumeri
External condyle -Epicondylus lateralis
..External lateral ligament of the elbow-joint
Lig. coll^terale radiale
Annular or orbicular ligament
of the radius
Lii,', annulare radii
Supinator radii brevis muscle
"M. supinator
Pronator radii teres muscle
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis or
abductor longus pollicis muscle'
M abductor pollicis longus
Extensor primi internodii pollicis or
extensor brevis pollicis muscle'
M. extensor pollicis brevis
.Extensor carpi radialis brevier muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis brevis
_ Extensor carpi radialis longior
muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis longus
' See note to p. 326.
Fig. 576. — The Deep Layer of the Dorsal Group of Muscles of the Right Forearm,
displayed by the removal of the extensor communis digitorum and the extensor
Carpi Ulnaris Muscles : Extensor Ossis Metacarpi Pollicis, Extensor Primi Inter-
nodii Pollicis, Extensor Secundi Internodii Pollicis, and Extensor Indicis Muscles.
In the proximal segment of the pronated forearm, the supinator radii brevis muscle and the anconeus
muscle are seen.
Musculi antibrachii- Muscles of the forearm.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
329
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle (internal .
or deep head)
M. tricepa bracliii (caput mediale)
Supinator radii longus muscle
M. brachioradialis
Posterior ligament of the elbow-joint
Capsula articularis
Triceps extensor cubiti muscle (tendon
of insertion)
M. triceps bracliii
Olecranon .
Ulecranun
Flexor carpi ulnaris mnsole (ulnar head)
M. flexor carpi ulnaris (caput uliiarc)
Intermuscular septum '
Septum iiUermusculare
Anconeus mtiscle origin']
M. ancona;us
Posterior border of the ulna "'
Mar^o dorsalis ulnos
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle '
Intermusctilar septum
Septum intermusculare
r-
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
--M. extensor carpi radialis longus
Anconeus muscle (insertion')
M. ancona-nis
L— External condyle — Epicondylus lateralis
"__ Extensor carpi radialis brevior
M. cxtcnsdr carpi radialis I)re\is
. Annular or orbictilar ligament of the radius
Lig. annulare radii
Neck of the radius — Collum radii
"~ Extensor communis digitorum muscle
M. extensor digitorum communis
' Supinator radii brevis muscle
M. supinator
., Aperture for the posterior interosseous nerve,
between the two layers of the supinator
radii brevis muscle
Extensor ossis metacarpi poUicis or abductor
longus poUicis muscle-
M. aliductor pollicis longus
~' Interosseous membrane or ligament
of the forearm
Membrana interossea antibrachii
Extensor indicis muscle
M, extensor indicis
proprius
Styloid process of the ulna
Processus styloideus ulna; /
Tendon of insertion of the extensor
carpi ulnaris muscle
Posterior or dorsal proximal intermetacarpal
ligaments I. irk basium dorsalia
Fourth dorsal interosseous muscle (origin)
Third dorsal interosseous muscle (origin) -
Third and fourth dorsal interosseous - .-r
muscles i distal extremities) U
Dorsal aponeuroses of the extensor
tendons
I Sec note 3 to p. 319.
Extensor primi intemodii poUicis or extensor
brevis pollicis muscle-
M. extensor pcjllicis brevis
Extensor seciuidi intemodii pollicis or extensor
longus pollicis muscle-
M, extensor pollicis longus
Tendon of insertion of the supinator radii
longus muscle
Styloid process of the radius
I'rocessus styloiileus radii
Extensor carpi radialis brevior muscle
M. extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
M extensor car|>i radialis longus
Insertion of the extensor ossis metacarpi
pollicis muscle-
First dorsal interosseous or abductor indicia
muscle (origini
M. interosseus dorsalis I.
Second dorsal interosseous muscle (origin
M. ini.r.i-^ciis .li.r...li- (I
Distal extremities of the first and second dorsal
interosseous muscles
Partial insertion of the first dorsal Interosseous or abductor
indicis muscle Into the dorsal aponeurosis of the
extensor tendon
Partial Insertion of the dorsal aponeurosis of the extensor
tendon into the base of the proximal phalanx
Dorsal aponeurosis of the extensor tendon divided
lon^tudlnally
%
' Sec note ' to p. 326,
Fig. 577. — Attaciimknt of Muscles to the Doksal Sukiace ov the Fokeakm and the Hand.
Musculi antibrachii - Muscles of the forearm.
42
330
THE MUSCLES OF J HE UPPER EXTREMITY
Extensor minimi digiti muscle
M. extensor digiti quinti proprius
Extensor communis digitorum muscle .^.
M. extensor digitorum communis
Extensor indicis muscle ~
M. extensor indicis proprius
Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
Head of the ulna
Capitulum ulnae
Synovial sheath of the tendon of the extensor
carpi ulnaris muscle 1 1 >
Synovial sheath of the tendons of the extensor
communis digitorum and extensor indicis
muscles ( ; )
Synovial sheath of the tendon of the extensor
minimi digiti muscle ( ;)
Vincula of the extensor tendons ,^
Junctura; tendinum "^-»_
Dorsal subcutaneous meta-
carpophalangeal bursa
Bursa subcutanea raeta-
carpophalangea
dorsalis
Dorsal subcutaneous bursae of the fingers'
Bursae subcutanea; digitorum dorsales
fi) Vagina tendinis m. extensorls carpi ulnaris
(2) Vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digitorum communis
et extensoris indicis
(3J Vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti quinti
Extensor ossis metacarpi poUicis and extensor
primi internodii poUicis muscles'
Mm. abductor longus et extensor brevis pollicis
Extensor secundi internodii pollicis muscle'
M. extensor pollicis longus
Tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longior
and extensor carpi radialis brevier
muscles
Posterior annular ligament of the wrist
Synovial sheath of the tendons of the ex-
- tensor ossls metacarpi pollicis and extensor
primi internodii pollicis muscles' di
Synovial sheath of the tendons of the ex-
tensor carpi radialis longior and extensor
carpi radialis brevier muscles (5)
Synovial sheath of the tendon of the extensor
secimdi internodii pollicis muscle" (6)
^^ Dorsal interosseous muscles
S^*^ Mm. interossei dorsales
Dorsal subcutaneous meta-
carpophalangeal bursa
Bursa subcutanea meta-
carpophalangea
dorsalis
^ Intermetacarpophalangeal burss
Bursae intermetacarpophalang^ae
(4) V?gina tendinum mm. abducloris longi et
extensoris brevis pollicis
(5) Vagina tendinum mm. extensorum carpi
radialium
(6) Vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis longi
' See note ^ to p. 326.
Fig. 578. — The Disposition of the Extensor Tendons at the B.\ck of the Wrist and
Hand, and the Synovial Sheaths of these Tendons. Right Hand. The Connexions
BETWEEN the ExTENSOR TENDONS (VINCULA) ON THE DORSUM OF THE HaND, AND THE
Dorsal Aponeuroses of the Extensor Tendons. The Intermetacarpoph.\langeal
BuRs.E, the Dorsal Subcutaneous Met.\carpophalangeal Burs.e, and the Dorsal
Subcutaneous Burs^ of the Fingers. The Dorsal Interosseous Muscles.
The synovial sheaths of the tendons were injected with strong alcohol before dissection. A portion
of the posterior wall has been removed from the synovial sheath of the tendons of the extensor
communis digitorum and extensor indicis nuiscles.
Musculi manus — Muscles of the hand.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
331
The ulna
Ulna
The radius
Radius
Canals for the tendons—
of the extensor secundi intemodii poUicis
muscle'
of the extensor communis digitorum
and extensor indicis muscles
of the extensor minimi digiti muscle -
of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
Tendon of the extensor
carpi ulnaris muscle
Dorsal interosseous muscles
Mm. interossei dorsales
Dorsal aponeuroses of the
extensor tendons
Aponeuroses tendimim
extensorum digitorum
Canals for the tendons —
of the extensor carpi radialis longior and
extensor carpi radialis brevior muscles
of the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis and
extensor primi intemodii pollicis muscles'
Capsular ligament
Capsul.t a[ticul:iris
Bursa of the extensor carpi radialis hrevior muscle-
rs.! in. cxlcnsoris carpi radialis brcvis
Tendon of the extensor carpi radialis longior muscle
Dorsal aponeurosis of the extensor
tendons of the thumb
Aponeurosis lendinum extensorum
pollicis
Adductor pollicis muscle'
' Sec note ' to p. 326. ' This bursa is situate beneath the tendon close to its insertion.— Tr. 3 See note * to p 324.
Fig. 579.— The Dors.\l Aponeuroses of the Extensor Tendons. Right Hand. Dorsai, Interosseous Muscles.
The osseo-fibrous cin.ils for tlie extensor tendons liave been opened by the removal of the posterior annular ligament of
the wrist. The distal extremity of the tendon of tile extensor carpi radialis brevior muscle has been turned down-
wards, in order to display the bursa that lies beneath it.
Dorsal aponeurosis
Vincula tendinum
Tendon of the flexor sublimis digitorum muscle'
7i
Metacarpal bone
Os mctacarpalc
Dorsal interosseous muscle
M. interosseus tk rsalis
Lumbricalis muscle
Tendon of the flexor profundus
digitorum muscle '
» I'i'ncu/a Temfhtuni.— These arc foltU .if *.ynovial tii' tnhtatic, connecting ilic flexor tendons (o one annihcr and ta ihc ph.iIanRCS.
Their nomenclature is soniewhnt v.iria1))c. Macniister writes (*»/. <-//., p. 308): "The synovial mcmhranc of the digital sheath enwraps
the two tendons at first, and the deep tendon is tied to the hone hy one or two flat hands (rrfiftitcu/a). Where the tctidi)ns paw each other
Ihey arc generally free, but when the deep tendon has passed throuch. it is tied to the su|xrrricial tendon, now underlyinR it. by a soft
round cord (^T-incu/um). Finally the deep tendon is tietl to the distalcnd of the >c»:ond phalanx by a flat rctinacu.'um iM/enus." Accord-
ing to {^uain {i^p.cit., vol. ii., p. aaS), *' The s>*novial mrmbranc forms «iniall folds (jnn^uia actfssorin tftuiinum') between the tendons
and the i>oncs. There arc two sets of these : the one. It'o^inenta hra'ta, broad anil membranous, passing between the ten*' - - •" " ''"-ir
insert i->n and the lower part of the phalanx immediately above ", the otiier, /(ctimrn/a hncit. slender and lc*.!i constant 1 .1 ^o
tendons at a higher level. Contamed in the liKamcnlum breve of the deep flexor is a sniall band of yellow elastic tissu- t
flax'utti), which stretches from the tendon to the head of the second phalanx, and may asi>\i,i in drawing down the tcnduu ..;.ci ,,,,.,* of
th« fingers." — Tk.
» Or JItxor fitr/oratus muscle. 3 Ot fltxor per/orans muscle.
Fig. 580. — The Distal KxTRr..\in iks of thk Fi.kxor and Exti.nsor Tkndons of thk Kir.iiT Middli-: Finger see.v
FROM THE RaIHAI. SiDE. THE RELATION OF THE LUMIIRICAI.IS AND OF THE INTEROSSEOUS MUSCLE TO THE DORSAL
Aponeurosis of the Extensor Tendon. \'incula Tendinum {see twtc * aboi'c).
Musculi manus -Muscles of the hand.
42-
332
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMTFY
First lumbricalis muscle
RI. lumbricalis I. I
Tendon of the palmaris longus muscle
Deep fascia of the forearm
tabcia antibrachii
Anterioi' annular ligament of the
wrist — Lig. carpi volare
Aperture for the ulnar artery
Talmaris brevis muscle
Palmar fascia
Aponeurosis palmaris
Fourth lumbricalis muscle
M. lumbricalis IV.
Superficial transverse
ligament of the fingers
Fasciculi transversi
aponeurosis palmaris
Fig. 581. — Aponeurosis Palmaris, Deep Fascia of the Palm, or Palmar Fascia ; the
Insertion of the Tendon of the Palmaris Longus Muscle into this Fascia; the
Processes passing from the Palmar Fascia to the Digital Sheaths ; the Super-
ficial Transverse Ligament of the Fingers. Palmaris Brevis Muscle.
Musculi manus — Muscles of the hand.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
333
Tendon of the flexor longus poUicis muscl
Synovial sheath of the tendon of
the flexor longus pollicis muscle
\'agina m. Ilcxuris [lollicis longi
Digital synovial sheaths of
the flexor tendons
Vagina; tcndiiium diyitales
Tendons of the flexor sublimis digitorum'
and flexor profundus digitorum- muscles
Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Synovial sheath of the tendons of the flexor
sublimis digitorum' and flexor profundus
digitorum- muscles
Vagina tcndinum mm. ilcxonim
communium
Fig. 5^2
-The Synovial Sheaths of the Flexor TEN'noNS,^ prepared after in'jecting them with
Alcohol. Right Hand.
The palm.ir fascia and the anterior annular ligament of the wrist have been removed.
Flexor sublimis digitorum muscle'
M. flexor digitorum sublimis
Flexor longus pollicis muscle
M. flexor pollicis longus
Tendon of the flexor carpi
radialis muscle \
Synovial sheath of the tendon of the flexor
longus pollicis muscle
Vagina tendmis m. flexoris pollicis longi
Synovial sheath of the tendon of the flexor
carpi radialis muscle
Vagina tendinis m fluxuris carpi radi.it'is
Remains of the anterior annular
ligament of the wrist
Synovial sheath of the extensor oasis metacarpi ..-''
pollicis and extensor primi intemodii pollicis
muscles' —Vagina tundiniim mm abductoris
longi et extensoris brevis pollicis
Tendon of the supinator radii longus muscle
The radius
Radius
( Flexor profundus digitorum mnscle-
( M. flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Bursa of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle'
"~- IJursa m flexoris carpi ulnaris
Synovial sheaths of the tendons of the flexor sublimis
digitoruni' and flexor profundus digitorum muscles
\'u>;jii,i iciidiltuiii iittii. Ilcxuruiii Luaiiiuitiiuiu
•Mesolenon'
Pronator quadratus muscle
Interosseous membrane or ligament of the forearm
Menibrana intcrossea aniibracbii
The ulna
Ulna
Oryfiri"
.^Ic.
* Ot yftnyr /fi^,)Hif us mu-^lc.
3 1 he synox'i.il shc.tlh of the common flexors In the cnn.-il of the cirp'
known .is the t'rmt ctrfiat hursa. It cxtcTuls upw.inU to the level of it •
the mct.iL-arp:!! Itone^ rndini; in btintl pouches in the ct^c of the liulox, nii<l<JI>' „....„....„, . . _ ,
in the CISC of the little finKer, liowcvr. the (licit.ll shcith of the flexor len'li>n is conttniioiiv with the v,xra.\ c.nrp.ll burs.!. The sheath of
the flexor lonuti^ polliris is entirely distinct in the carpal canal from the sheath of the common flexors.— Tb.
* Sec note ' to p. 126. 5 This l.ursa is sitn.-tlc l>cneath the tendon close to its insertion. — Tr.
^ J/«<>j'_rw<»M. —This term is not iiicd by Knulish anatomists. The synovial shc.ith of the i:>inini<Mi flexor* beneath the anterior annular
liKament is in most cases divided by an incomplete septum attached to the n
that the term mtiotenon is applied.— Tk.
.interior .annular lii:amcnt of the wri.sl Ls sometimes
1 articulation, and downwards about halfway along
nd tiiiK fillers, the digital sheaths of which are separate;
: middle tinker tendon of the deep flexor. It is to this stnicturc
Fig. 583.— The Synovial Sheaths ok the Flexor Tendons, displayed, after the Removal of the Anterior
Anni'i.ak Ligament of the Wrist, by turning down the Flexor Tendons into the Palm of the Hand.
LEhT Hand.
The synovial sheath's and bursa: h.ive all been opened.
Musculi manus— Muscles of the hand.
334
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Tendon of the supinator radii longus muscle
Pronator quadrat us muscle ^'^,
Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle
Tendon of the extensor ossis
metacarpi poUicis muscle'
Opponens poUicis muscle
Abductor poUicis muscle
W. abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor brevis pollicis muscle (superficial
head)-
M. flexor pollicis brevis (caput superficiale)
Flexor brevis pollicis muscle (deep head)'- ^- '
M. flexor pollicis brevis (caput
profundum)
Adductor pollicis muscle--
First dorsal interosseous or-
abductor indicis muscle
Lumbricales muscles
M. lumbriLaltb
Middle vaginal band'
Lig. vaginale
Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Anterior annular ligament of the wrist
Lig. carpi transversum
Abductor minimi digiti muscle
M. abductor digiti quinti
Opponens minimi digiti muscle
" M. opponens digiti quinti
Third and fourth dorsal
interosseous muscles
Second and third palmar
— interosseous muscles
Flexor brevis minimi digiti muscle
M. tlexur dislli ciuinti l.r.•^is
Transverse metacarpal ligament (anterior or
palmar distal intermetacarpal ligaments)
I,iR^.L.ipilulorum(ossiuniiuetai:arpalmm)triiii!.versa
Superior vaginal bands'^
' I'ibra; annulares
Tendon of the flexor sublimis
digitorum^ muscle
~ Superior crucial bands '
Fibra: cruciata;
Middle vaginal band'
Lig, vaginale
Tendon of the flexor profundus
digitorum muscle"^
* See note * to p. ^26.
~ See note - to p. 324. ^
3 The aultior does not enumerate all the component parts of the anterior wall of the digital sheaths of the flexor tendons. These are :
(1) Superior -^aginat /'.twrt' (called by Toldt flbr(^ annulares), strong transverse fibres crossmg the tendon at the level of the upper half of
the proximal phatan.v(to the rough margins of the anterior surface of which bone the fibres are attached) ; {^i) superior a-ucial band (z-a^ft^
by "Toldt fibra^ cruciaitr), X-shaped bands at the level of the distal end of the proximal phalanx ; (3) middle z'oginul band, a slight
transverse slip at the level of the proximal inlerphalangeal articulation (called by Toldt Ugatnentutn vaginale) \ (4) oblique band, passing
downwards and inwards across the proximal extremity of the medial phalanx ; (5) inferior vaginal band, across the middle of the medial
phalanx ; (6) inferior crucial band, in front of the distal interphalangeal articulation. — Tr.
4 Or flexor perforatus muscle.
5 Or flexor pcrforans iimi^^.
Fig. 584.— The Superficial L.ayer of Muscles of the Thenar Eminence : Abductor
Pollicis Muscle ; the Superficial Head and a Portion of the Deep Head of the
Flexor Brevis Pollicis Muscle {see note'^ to p. 2,2j,). The Superficl^l Muscles of the
Hypothenar Eminence : Abductor Minimi Digiti and Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti
Muscles. Adductor Pollicis Muscle {see note ^ to p. 324). Third and Fourth Dorsal
Interosseous and Second and Third Palmar Interosseous Muscles. Pronator
Quadratus Muscle. Vaginal Ligaments {see note ^ above'^. Right Hand.
Musculi manus — Muscles of the hand.
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
335
Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle
Tendon of the extensor ossis metacarpi
pollicis muscle'
Abductor pollicis muscle
M. abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor brevis pollicis muscle-
( superficial head M . )
Opponens pollicis muscle
Flexor brevis pollicis muscle- ..
(deep head) I. )
Adductor pollicis muscle- -
(i) M. flexor pollicis brevis ^caput superficialc)
(3) M. flexor pollicis brevis (caput profundum)
'Commissure of the tendons
Cliiabiiui tendinuni'
Abductor minimi digiti muscle
.M abducinr di>:iii iiuinti
-Pisi uncinate ligament — Lig. pisohamatum
Pisimetacarpal ligament— LIr. pisometacarpeum
Unciform process of the unciform bone
Hamulus ossis tiamali
Opponens minimi digiti muscle
M. opponens digiti iiiiiiiti
Flexor brevis minimi digiti muscle
M. Ilexor digiti tiuinti l>re\*is
First, second, and third palmar
interosseous muscles ( ;)
First, second, third, and fourth dorsal
interosseous muscles
Mm. inliiv.s-tidois.Lk-s 1.- IV.
Vaginal ligaments, divided longitudinally
Ligg. vaginalia
^Tendons of the flexor sublimis digitorum
muscle'
. -^ Insertions of the tendons of the flexor
profundus digitorum muscle''
(3) Mm. interossei volares I.— III.
' See note > to p. 336.
3 See note * to p. 334.
3 0\ Jlexor ptr/iiratus muscle.
4 Chiastna Temfinutti. — This term Is not commonly employed by English anatomists. It is applied by the author to the commissure
by uhich the two divisions of the tendon of the superficial flexor, after splitting for the passage of the tendon of the deep flexor, are reunited
for a short space; hetow this commissure the tendon of the superficial flexor divides once more into two parts, which pass to the Lateral
ridges of the medial phalanx. — Tk.
5 The first dorsa! interosseous muscle is also called the ttluiuctor indicis muscle. — Tr.
* Or Jlexor pcr/orans muscle.
Fig. 585. — The Deep L.wer of Muscles of the Thenar and Hypothenar Eminences,
DISPLAYED BY THE REMOVAL OF THE AUDUCTOU POLLICIS AND AbDUCTOR MiNIMI DiGITI
Muscles, and also of the Superficial Head of the Flexor Brevis Pollicis Muscle:
Opponens Pollicis Muscle; Deep Head of the Flexor Brevis Pollicis Muscle (stv
Ho<e - /y />. 324) ; Opponens Minimi Dic.rn; Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti.
By the removal of that portion of the aclikictor pollicis muscle which arises from the third metacarpal
bone, the portion of this muscle arising; from the carpal ligaments, antl the dorsal and p.ilmar
interosseous muscles, are exposed to view. The vaginal ligaments of the flexor tendons have
been opened, and in the index and middle lingers the commissure of the tendons (sec note * above)
of the superficial flexor is shown.
Musculi manus — Muscles of the hand.
336
THE MUSCLES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Scaphoid bone
Os naviculare
•^ Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle ^
Abductor pollicis muscle
M. abductor pollicis
brevis
Opponens pollicis muscle
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis muscle' -.,4f^'y
M. abductor pollicis loiigu
Flexor brevis pollicis muscle^ (superficial —
head)
M. flexor pollicis brt.'vis icjiput Sliperfici:ile)
Flexor brevis pollicis muscle^ (deep head)—
i\I. Ilcxur polliciN hte\is(. .iput profumluni)
First dorsal interosseous or abductor.,
indicis muscle
M. irU'jros^en^ dorsalis I
Flexor brevis pollicis muscle= (10—;--
Sertion) — M- Ik-.xor pollicis brevis
Abductor poUicis muscle ]
(insertion)
^I. abductor pollicis brevis
Addmtor pollicis muscle--
( insertion)
M. adductor pollicis
Flexor longus pollicis -
muscle linsertion)
M. flexor pollicis
longus
First palmar interosseous''
muscle
M internsseus volaris I. /'
Partial insertion of the first dorsal interosseous
or abductor indicis muscle and of the first
lumbricalis muscle into the dorsal aponeurosis
of the extensor tendon of the index finger y
Tendon of the flexor sublimis digitorum or'
flexor perforatus muscle
Attachment of the vaginal ligament
Insertion of the flexor sublimis digitorum or
flexor perforatus muscle
Insertion of the flexor profundus digitorum or
flexor perforans muscle
' See note • to p. 326.
Lunar (or semilunar) bone
O3 lunatum
1 Pyramidal or cuneiform bone
I Os triquetrum
Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
Anterior annular ligament of the wrist
' Lig. carpi transversum
, -Pisiform bone— Os pisiforme
Tendon of the extensor carpi
ulnaris muscle
Abductor minimi digiti muscle
~"M, abductor digiti quinti
— Flexor brevis minimi digiti muscle
M flexor digiti quinti brevis
Opponens minimi digiti muscle
M. opponens digiti quinti
Second and third palmar interosseous
muscles (origin)
Mm. interossei volares II. et 111.
Third and fourth dorsal interosseous
, »' muscle
M. interossei dorsales III. ct IV.
Flexor brevis minimi digiti
muscle
M. tlexor digiti i|iiinii brevis
Abductor minimi digiti muscle
(partial insertion into the dorsal
aponeurosis of the extensor
tendon) (I)
-' Third and fourth lumbricales
muscles
Mm. lumbricales III. et IV.
Partial insertion of the third
palmar interosseous muscle
into the dorsal aponeurosis of
the extensor tendon
Insertion of the flexor sublimis
digitorum or flexor perforatus
muscle
Insertion of the flexor pro-
fundus digitorum or flexor
perforans muscle
Insertion of the flexor sublimis
digitorum or flexor perforatus
muscle
Insertion of the flexor profundus
digitorum or flexor perforans
muscle
(i) M. abductor digiti quinti
See note ~ to p. 324.
Fig. 586.— Attachment of Muscles to the Palmar Surface of the Hand.
Musculi manus — Muscles of the hand.
MUSCULI EXTREMITATIS
INFERIORIS
THE MUSCLES
OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
43
338
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Gluteus maximus muscle —
M. glutajus maximus
Deep fascia of the thigh, or fascia
lata (superficial layer)
Fascia lata (lamina superficialis)
Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
Anterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior superior
Tensor vaginae femoris or
tensor fasciae femoris muscle
M. tensor fasciae latae
—Deep fascia of the thigh, or fascia
lata (superficial layer)
Fascia lata (lamina superficialis)
Iliotibial band or ligament
Fig. 587^. — Deep Fascia of the Thigh, or Fascia Lata, seen from the Outer Side, with
THE Thickened Portion of this Fascia, known as the Iliotibial Band ok Ligament;
Insertion of the Tensor Vagin.e Femoris (Tensor Fascia Femoris, Tensor Fasci.e
Lat.e) Muscle and Partial Insertion of the Gluteus Maximus Muscle into the
Iliotibial Band or Ligament. Right Thigh.
Musculi coxae et femoris — Muscles of the hip and thigh.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Spinous proceaa of the twelfth
dorsal vertebra -
Processus spinosus vertebrae
thoracalis XII.
Intertransversales mediales or inter- ^
acceasorii muscles |^
Mm. intenransvcrbani posteriores '
mediales
Interspinales muscles
Uppermost portion of the middle
layer of the lumbar fascia, which
forms the posterior aponeurosis of
the transversalis abdominis muscle
Lig. luml)ocostale
Twelfth rib
Iliolumbar ligament
\.\)i. iliulumbale
Gluteus maximus muscle
M. ylutius maximus
Semitendinosus muscle —
Biceps flexor cruris muscle (long head)
M. biceps femoris (caput longum)
___; I Intertransversales laterales muscles
„,--J Mm. intcrtr,'iiis\xTsarii posteriores
lateralis
— Quadratus lumborum muscle
Fig. 588. — Gluteus Ma.ximus Muscle, seen obliquely from Behind and Without, con-
stituting THE Superficial Layer of the External Muscles of the Hip. Quadratus
Lumborum Muscle; Interspinales, Intertransversales Laterales. and Intertrans-
versales Mediales or Interaccessorii Muscles of the Lumbar Region ; seen from
Behind. Right Side.
Musculi coxae— Muscles of the hip.
43—*
340
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Quadratus lumbonun muscle
M. quadratus lumborum
Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
Gluteus maximus muscle
(proximal portion)
M. glutaaus maximus
Pyriformis muscle
M- piriformis
Posterior or great sacrosciatic
ligament
Li"- sacrotul^erosum
Anterior or small sacrosciatic
ligament
Lig. sacrospinosum
Gemellus superior muscle'
Obturator intemus muscle'——
Gemellus inferior muscle' —
Quadratus femoris muscle
Trochanteric bursa of the gluteus -
maximus muscle-
Bursa trochanterica m. glutaei
maximi
Biceps flexor cruris muscle (long head)
M. biceps femoris (caput longum)
Semimembranosus muscle
Gluteus medius muscle
Iliotibial band or
ligament
Gluteus maximus muscle
(distal portion)
M. glatarus maximus
Vastus extemus muscle
M. vastus lateralis
> The gemelH muscles may be regarded as poru ., ^i l':, ^l::.;ator intemus muscle arising outside the pelvis, and for this reason
Macalister has given to the three muscles the name of triceps rotator /emoris tnnsclc, but the term is rarely used.~TR.
2 Ihe trochanteric bursa 0/ the gluteus tuaxiinus tiiitsch is situate, as its name implies, between the fascial insertion of the gluteus
maximus muscle and the ^eat trochanter of the femur. In most cases it is a large compound or muliilocular bursa, but is occasionally
represented by several distinct smaller bursa:.— Tk.
Fig. 589. — Second Layer of the External Muscles of the Hip, displayed by the Division
OF the Gluteus Maximus Muscle and the Posterior Portion of the Fascia Lata: Gluteus
Medius Muscle; Pyriformis Muscle; Obtur.\tor Internus and Gemellus Superior and
Inferior Muscles; Quadratus Femoris Muscle. Origin and Femoral Insertion of the
Gluteus Maximus Muscle. Trochanteric Bursa of the Gluteus Maximus Muscle. Right
Hip, seen from the Outer Side.
Musculi coxae — Muscles of the hip.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
341
Ouadratus lumbonun muscle
. Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
Posterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca posterior superior
Pyriformis muscle
M. piriformis
Posterior or great
sacrosciatic ligament
I-ig- sacrotubcrosum
Anterior or small sacrosciatic
ligament l-i;,' sacrospinosum
Gemellus superior muscle
Obturator intemus muscle
Bursa of the obturator Intemus
muscle- IIill^^ III. Mblur-it'iriv iincm
Gemellus inferior muscle'
Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum
Gluteus medius muscle
Gluteus minimus muscle
Anterior superior spine
of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior
superior
Obturator extemus muscle
Great trochanter
Trochanter major
Quadratus femoris muscle
• Sec note » to p. 3^0.
3 The hiirsa o/tlu- ohturntor inUrtnis mtiscU is situate between the tendnn of the obtiir.itor intemus mUM:lc and the t^irtilagc-cov-ered
trochlear surface or groove of the ischium (i.e., the hullowcd portion of the Utnc Iwtwccn liie spine and llic tuberosity) ; a second bursa,
lone and narrow, lict l>etwecn the tendon of the muscle and the capsule of the hip-joint ; oficn, however, as in Fifj. 59.), these two bursa;
combine to form a single structure. — Tr.
Fig. 590. — Dkep External Muscles of the Right Hip, uisil.vyed hy the Removal of the
Gluteus Maximus and Gluteus Medius Muscles: Gluteus Minimus Muscle; Pyki-
FOKMis Muscle. Seen obliquely from the Right Side and Behind.
The tendon of the obturator intemus muscle has been divided, and the inner half has been turned
inwards oyer the posterior or gre.it sacrosciatic lii,'ament, in order to display the bursa of the
obturator internus muscle. The quadratus femoris muscle has been drawn downwards a little,
and slightly separated from tlie Kcmellus inferior muscle, in order to bring into view between
them a portion of the obturator extemus muscle.
Musculi coxae Muscles of the hip.
342
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Superficial or posterior layer
of the lumbar fascia
Subcutaneous bursa of the
posterior superior spine
of the ilium
Bursa subcutanea spins
iliacae posterioris
Subcutaneous bursa of the
sacrum
Bursa subcutanea sacralis
Subcutaneous bursa of the _
coccyx
Bursa subcutanea
coccygea
Superior bursa of the biceps
flexor cruris muscle'
Bursa m. bicipitis femoris
superior
Semimembranosus muscle
Adductor magnus muscle -
Biceps flexor cruris muscle
M. biceps femoris
Semitendinosus muscle
— Posterior superior spine
of the ilium
Spina iliaca posterior
superior
Gluteus minimus muscle
M. gluteus minimus
Pyriformis muscle
^I, piriformis
Gluteus medius muscle
-'' M. gluttieus medius
_ Obturator intemus and
gemelli muscles '
Posterior trochanteric Ibursa
of the gluteus medius
muscle- ( 1 )
Trochanteric bursa of the
gluteus maximus muscle i
lUirsa tioclKHiterica ni. gluta;i
niaximi
Quadratus femoris muscle
\ Gluteofemoral bursa^
Bursa gluta?o-
femoralis
Gluteus maximus
muscle
]\I. s'ut't^us. maximus
Iliotibial band or ligament
Tractus iliotibialis
(Maissiati)
(0 Bursa tr/jchanterica m. glutei medii
posterior
' The superior bursa of the hiceps flexor cruris muscle is situate between the tendon of the long head of that muscJe and the origin
of the semimembranosus muscle. — Tr.
= The posterior trochanteric bursa o/t/ie ghitevs medius muscle is a small bursa situate internal to the tendon of that muscle, between
it and the insertion of the tendon of the pyriformis muscle.— Tr.
3 See note ^ to p. 340.
* The gluteofemoral bursa is situate between the fascial insertion of the gluteus ma.\imus muscle and the upper part of the vastus
extemus muscle. — Tr.
5 See note * to p. 340.
Fig. 5gi. — Deep External Muscles of the Right Hip seen from Behind, showing their
Relation to the Posterior Femoral or Hamstring Muscles and to the Adductor
Magnus Muscle. Insertion of the Gluteus Maximus into the Gluteal Ridge of
the Femur and into the Fascia Lata. Burs.« of the Sacral and Gluteal Regions.
The gemelli muscles have been left undisturbed in their close pro.ximity to the obturator internus
muscle.
Musculi coxae — Muscles of the hip.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
343
Outer row of insertions of the
longissinius dorsi muscle
Slips of origin of the multifidus
spins muscle
Twelfth dorsal /' Mamillary process
vertebra I Processus mamillaris
N'ertebra i Accessory process
thoracalis XII. (.Trocessus accessorius
Inner row of insertions of the
longissimus dorsi muscle
Accessory process of the first lumbar vertebra
I'rocessus accessoriiis vertebrx* lumbalis I.
Intertransversalis medialis or inter-
accessorius muscle
M intertransversariiis posterior medialis
Origins of the multifidus
spinss muscle
Isolated slip of the multifidus
spinas muscle
Spinous process of the third lumbar vertebra
I'rocessus spinosus vertebrae lumbalis III.
Mamillary process of the fourth lumbar ver-
tebra — l'n»:c>MiMii.iiuill.iris vcrtctir.i; lumbalis IV'.
Insertions of the multifidus
spinse muscle
Tendon of the origin of t je lougissimus
dorsi muscle
Origin of the iliocostalis.
or sacrolumbalis muscle'
Crest of the ilium -
Crista iliaca
Multifidus spinas muscle --
M. multifidus
Origin of the
longissimus dorsi muscle -'-
Dorsal or posterior surface
of the first sacral vertebra
lacics dirs-ili-i \crtt:l>r.t
^."^|.r.lli^ I.
Posterior superior spine '
of the ilium
.Spina iliaca pjstcrior
superior
Surface of origin of the '
multifidus spinse muscle
Eleventh rib
Costa XI
Musculus accessorius ad iliocostalem (origin)
Middle layer of the Itimbar fascia, forming the
posterior aponeurosis of the transversalis
abdominis muscle-Iii;. inmi ocusialc
-/Slips of insertion of the iliocostalis
or sacrolimibalis muscle
Serratus posticus inferior muscle
.M serratus posterior inferior
Intertransversalis
lateralis muscle
M intertransvcrsarius
posterior lateralis
Outer row of insertions of the
longissimus dorsi muscle
Iliocostalis or sacrolumbalis muscle
M. ilincustalis liimlKinun
. . Inner row of insertions of the
longissimus dorsi muscle
Intertransversalis medialis or interaccessorius muscle
M. intertransvcrsarius posterior medialis
_ .-Costal process of the fourth lumbar vertebra
I'rocessus costarius vertebra; lumbalis IV.
Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
Surface of origin of
the gluteus maximus
muscle
Surface of origin of the gluteus
medius muscle
Gemellus superior muscle ^origin) '
Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament
Lig. sacrotubevnsum
Qemellus inferior muscle (origin i '
Common tendon for the long head of the biceps flexor
cruris muscle and for the aemitendinosus muscle
QuadratuB femoria muscle (origin)
Fig. 592.— Attachment of Ml-sclf.s to tiik Postk
AM) 01 Till-; Hir
Surface of origin of the
gluteus minimus muscle
Proximal portion of the pyriformis
muscle in the great sciatic or ilio -
sciatic notch
Anterior inferior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior inferior
Origin of the rectus femoris muscle
Tendon of insertion of the
pyriformis muscle
- Tendon of the obturator
intemus muscle
Tendon of the obturator
extemua muscle
Insertions of the quadratus
femoris muscle
Posterior intertrochanteric ridge
or line
Crista intertrochanterica
RIOK SURFACli OF THE LtMIlAK VERTEBRAE
-Bone.
Musculi coxae— Muscles of the hip.
344
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Twelfth rib
Quadratus lumborum muscle
Psoas magnus muscle
M. psoas major
Psoas parvus muscle (var )
M. psoas minor (var.)
Iliacus muscle
M. iliacus
Anterior superior spine
of tlie ilium
Spina iliaca anterior
superior
Iliac fascia
Fascia iliopectinea'
Transversalis fascia
Fascia transversalis
Vascular compartment -
Lacuna \'asorum
Poupart's ligament (superficial
femoral arch)
Lig. inguinale (Pouparti)
First lumbar vertebra
Vertebra lumbalis I.
Sacral promontory
omontorium
Pyriformis muscle
~M. piriformis
,-Sacrococcygeus anticus or
'' cur vator coccygis muscle
M. sacrocuccygeu^ anleri>;r
Obturator internus muscle
Coccygeus or levator
coccygis muscle
Iliopectineal eminence
Eminentia iliopectinea
Pubic ligament of Astley Cooper,
or Cooper's ligamenf-
Lig. pubicum (Cooperi)
Pubic symphysis
Symphysis ossiura pubis
Spme of the pubis
I Tulierculum pubicum
1 Gimbemat's ligament
I,ig. lacunarc (Gimbcrnati)
Internal or deep abdominal ring'
Annuhis inguinalis abdominalis
See note > to p. 390.
3 See note 2 to p. 390.
i Or hitet-nal itig-uinal aperture.
Fig. 593. — Internal Muscles of the Region of the Hip, seen somewhat obliquely from
Before: Iliopsoas Muscle, consisting of Two Parts — the Iliacus Muscle and the
Psoas Magnus Muscle; Psoas Parvus Muscle, the Tendon of which becomes
incorporated with the Iliac Fascia. Obturator Internus Muscle. Pyriformis and
Quadratus Lumborum Muscles. Lacuna Vasorum, or Vascular Compartment^of the
Space between Poupart's Ligament (Superficial Femoral Arch) and
Iliopubic Margin of the Hip-Bone. Right Side.
THE Concave
Musculi coxae — Muscles of the hip.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
345
Psoas magnus muscle (slips of origin from the bodies
of the vertebrae) — M psoas major ^
Quadratus lumborum muscle (insertion
into the twelfth rib)
Twelfth rib .
Cosla Xll,
Psoas magnus muscle (slips of origin
from the costal processes)
M. psoas major
Quadratus lumborum muscle (slips of
origin from the costal processes;
Slips of origin of the internal
oblique muscle of the
abdomen
Costal process
Processus costarius
Middle layer of the lumbar fascia, forming
the posterior aponeurosis of
the transversalis abdomiols muscle
Li^. lumijocosiale
Psoas magnus muscle (slips of origin
from the costal processes)
M- psoas major
Quadratus lumborum muscle (insertion
into the crest of the ilium)
Iliolumbar ligament -
Lig. iliohimbale
Transversalis abdominis muscle -
M. trans\ersus alxluminis
Internal oblique muscle of the
abdomen
Mobliquus intern us abdominis
External oblique muscle of the
abdomen
M. obliquusu.\turnusal)dominis
Surface of origin of the'
iliacus muscle
Surface of origin of the gluteus
medius muscle
Surface of origin of the gluteus
minimus muscle
Margin of the acetabulum
Surface of origin of the iliopsoas muscle
from the capsule of the hip-joint
Tendon of insertion of the ^
pjrrifonnis muscle
Insertion of the gluteus
medius muscle
Great trochanter ''
Trochanter major
Insertion of the gluteus '
minimus muscle
Partial insertion of the gluteus
maximus muscle into
the gluteal ridge of the femur
Origin in layers of the vastus,
extemus muscle
■ Sec note ' to p. 286.
Twelfth dorsal vertebra
\'crtebratli(>racalis Xll.
Intermediate cms of the vertebral
portion of the diaphragm'
Crus intermedium partis lumbalis
diaphragmatis
Portion of the intemsd arched
ligament
'Internal crus of the vertebral portion
of the diaphragm'
•Crus mediale partis lumbalis
diaphragmatis
Intervertebral foramen
Foramen intervertebrale
Psoas magnus muscle (slips of origin
from the bodies of the vertebrae
and from the intervertebral discs)
M. psoas major
Sacral promontory
rromontorium
Anterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior superior
Tensor vaginae femoris or tensor fasciae
femoris muscle
M. tensor fascia: lata;
Sartorius muscle (origin)
. Poupart's ligament (superficial
femoral arch)
Lig. inguinale (Poiiparti)
-Rectus femoris muscle (origin)
Pubic portion of the iliopectineal
line
Pecten ossis pubis
Pectineus muscle (origin)
.. Spine of the pubis
Tuberciilum pubiciim
- Adductor longus muscle
(origin)
Adductor brevis muscle (origin)
Oracilis muscle (origin)
N Obturator extemus muscle (origin)
Adductor minimus muscle (origin)-'
Obturator membrane or ligament
Membrana obturatoria
■Adductor magnus muscle (origin)'^
Quadratus femoris muscle (origin)
^ Adductor Mimmut Muscte. -This is by Rnglish anatomi^f^ tt^tmlly rr::nrdcd a.-* the anlerior and sv^frfflr p<»r1t"n
. , . . . - . .. .... J jjj^^i^^i j^jjj iij^ femur fi
.f th<» a<l<luctor
• • f the
I lie
magnu« muscl-, arisins from the V-xly of the puMs and (lie
in^erlion of ihc <iuadratus femoris inii^clc 10 llie W[»prr en.! , .tnd »omclime\ for a short
adducftrr nitt/^HUs mwit// of Cuiutiirnlal writers, rci-arHctl In as the /t»j/mVr /!«</ r« ''^^
magnus inuv:le, is much !.ir.;rr. ansiii}; from the iTifcnor i.uiin. .t ttir 1 . hmrii internal to the forcHoing, aim ii..iii iii' ' 'lie
iv:hium by a slroiiK teniloii which descettds mi the hituler surface of the muscle for a third of it.s length ; this p<irtioii i*
inserted into the whole length of the lines as{»era !>elow the preceding |K<rlion and into the upper part of the internal siij 'ic,
and by a tendon which pa.sscs l^low the opening for the femoral %'c&s«l^ to the adductor tubercle on the internal condyle oi iiic icniiir. — in.
Fig. 594.— .Vtt.\chment of Mu.scles to tuf. Anterior Surface of the Lumb.xr Vertebr.* and ok the Hip- Bone
Musculi coxae— Muscles of the hip.
44
346
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Promontory of the sacrum
Promontorium
Psoas magnus muscle
M. psoas major
Iliacus muscle
*Linea arcuata' ..
Iliac fascia
Fascia iliaca
Pouparts ligament (superficial
femoral archxo
Obturator canal
Canalis obturatorius
White line of the pelvic fascia
Arcus tendineus m. levatoris am
Pubic symphysis
Symphysis ossium
pubis
Inferior or descending ramus
of the pubis
Ramus inferior ossis pubis
Adductor longus muscle —
Gracilis muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
(i) Lig. inguinale (Poupartf
_ Sacro-iliac articulation
Articulatio sacro-iliaca
Pyriformis muscle
M. piriformis
-.-- Fifth sacral vertebra (2)
B' Sacrococcygeus anticus or
.__.- — " curvator coccygis muscle (3)
First coccygeal vertebra
Vertebra coccygea I.
Anterior or small sacrosciatic
ligament
Lig. sacrospinosum
Obturator fascia
Fascia obturatoria
— Posterior or great sacrosciatic
ligament
Lig. sacrotuberosum
._ - Falciform process
Processus falciformis
Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum
Semitendinosus muscle
(2) Vertebra sacralis V.
(3) M. sacrococcygeus anterior
^ The *lin£a arcuata marks the attachment of the iliac fascia along the brim of the pelvis to the iliopectineal line, where it is insepar-
ably blended with the obturator fascia. — Tr.
Fig. 595. — Internal Muscles of the Region of the Hip, seen from the Inner Side, with
THE Obtur.-^tor Fascia and a Portion of the Iliac Fascia: Pyriformis Muscle; the
Two Parts of the Iliopsoas Muscle, viz.. Psoas Magnus and Iliacus Muscles.
Proximal Extremities of the Internal Femoral or Adductor Muscles, showing
their Mutual Rel.^tions. White Line of the Pelvic Fascia. Right Side.
Musculi coxae— Muscles of the hip.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
347
Psoas magnus muscle
M. psoas major
lUacus muscle ■
Obturator canal (
Canalis obturatorius\
Iliopsoas muscle
Small trochanter
Trocliantcr minor
Bursa of the pectineus muscle
Bursa musculi pectinci
y y\ Promontory of the sacrum
■it \ I'romoiuorium
Sacro-iliac articulation
Articulatio sacro-iliaca
Pyriformis muscle
M. piriformis
Coccygeus or levator
coccygis muscle
Obturator intemus muscle
"^Posterior or great sacrosciatic
ligament
Lig. sacrotuberosum
Pectineus muscle
' Bursa of the Pectineus Muscle. — This bursa is siiuatc anteriorly to the tendon of the pectineus muscle close to its insertion, between
the tendon and the femur. — Tk.
Fig. 596. — The Intkunal Muscles of the Region of the Hip, seen from the Inner Side,
THE Obturator Fascia having been removed, and the Iliopsoas Muscle filly
exposed up to its Insertion into the Small Trochanter: Pyriformis and Obturator
Internus Muscles. Bursa of the Pectineus Muscle.
Musculi coxae — Muscles of the hip.
44—2
348
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Pyriformis muscle (divided and ^^
turned outwards)
M. piriformis
Bursa of the pyriformis muscle'
Bursa musculi piriformis
Gluteus minimus muscle
M. glutaeus minimus
Trochanteric bursa of the
gluteus minimus muscle=
Bursa trochanterica m. gluta;i
minimi
Anterior trochanteric bursa
of the gluteus medius muscle ^
Bursa troch.inlcrica ill. glutxi
medii antcriur
Gluteus medius muscle
(divided and
turned outwards)
M. glutaeus medius
Vastus intemus muscle
M. vastus medialib
Rectus femoris muscle (divided
and turned upwards)
Bursa of the rectus femoris muscle''
L ursa musculi recti femoris
Iliopectineal bursa^
Bursa iliopectinea
Iliopsoas muscle (divided
and turned downwards
and inwards)
Bursa of the iliopsoas
tendon''
Bursa iliaca subtendinea
— Mass of adductor muscles
^ The bursa o/ the pyyi/ormis mtiscU is situate beneath the tendon of that muscle close to its insertion. — Tr.
- The trochanteric bursa of the gluteus minimus muscle is situate beneath the tendon of that muscle close to its insertion. — Tr.
3 The anterior trochanter ic but sa of the gluteus medius muscle is .situate beneath the anterior part of the tendon of that muscle and
the front of the outer surface of the great trochanter. — Tr.
■* The bursa of the rectus femoris muscle is situate between the anterior tendinous head of the muscle and the lower part of the
anterior inferior spine of the ilium. — Tr.
^ I'he iliopectineal bursa is situate beneath tbe iliopsoas muscle as it passes over the iliopectineal eminence and the capsular ligament
of the hip-joint. It frequently communicates with the joint. — Tr.
6 Xhe bursa of the iliopsoas tendon is situate between the tendon of the iliopsoas muscle and the femur immediately above its
insertion. — Tr.
Fig, 597. — The Burs^ situate beneath the Tendons of the Muscles of the Hip adjacent
TO their Insertions. Iliopectineal Bursa, Right Side, Seen from Before,
The distal extremities of the muscles have been drawn away from the bone to e.\pose the bursae, which
have been opened.
Musculi coxae — Muscles of the hip.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
349
Anterior superior spine
of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior
superior
Aponeurosis of the external
oblique muscle of the abdomen
Aponeurosis m. obliqui externi
abdominis
Poupart's ligament superficial
femoral arch i
I. is;, intjuinale (I'ouparti)
Superiorcornu'— Cornu superius
Vascular compartment
Lacuna wisorum
Falciform border
^larKO falcitormis
Saphenous opening (pubic portion
of the fascia latax II
Pectineal fascia, or pubic portion
of the fascia lata(.)
Inferior cornu
Cornu inferius
Deep fascia of the thigh, or fascia ^
lata superficial layer)-'
Superficial fascia
Fascia superficialis
External or superficial
abdominal ring^
.\nnulus ingninalis subcutaneus
Upper or internal pillar (3)
• Lower or external pillar U)
-Gimbemat's ligament
Lig. lacunare (Gimbernati)
' Spine of the pubis
Tuberculum pubicum
Supensory ligament of the penis
Lif,'. suspensoriura penis
(3) Crus superius
(4) Cms inferius
(1) Fossa ov.ilis(Lamina profund.-i
(z) Fascia peclinea
» The suicrior cornu of the saphenous opening passes completely to the inner side of the femoral sheath to be attached to Gimbemat's
ligament. This inner part of the superior cornu is termed the femorat iisaiiient or Hey's ligament. — Tr.
2_ The upper part of this portion of the fascia lata, lying to the outer side of the saphenous opening, is termed the iliac portion 0/ the
Xascia lata. — Tr.
■^ Or external inguinal aperture.
Fig. 598. — Deep Fascia of the Thigh or Fascia Lata of the Right Side, seen from Before ;
ITS Connexion with the Aponeurosis of the External Oblique Muscle of the Ahdomen
through its Attachment to Poupart's Ligament (Superficial Femoral Arch). The
External or Superficial Aboominal Ring (the External Inguinal Aperture), lying
IMMEni.\TELY ABOVE THE InNER EXTREMITY OF PoUPART'S LiGAMENT, WHICH FORMS THE
Lower or External Pillar of the Ring. The Saphenous Opening (Fossa Ovalis) which
FORMS THE FeMORAL ApERTURE OF THE FeMORAL OR CrURAL CaNAL. ThE PUBIC PORTION
of the Fascia Lata, or Pectineal Fascia, attached above to the Iliopectineal Line,
forms the floor of the saphenous opening, and, passing outwards, dips deeply
BENE.VTH THE FALCIFORM BoRDER OF THE IlIAC PORTION OF THE FaSCI.X LaTA AND BEHIND
THE Femoral Vessels to form the Back of the Fe.moral or Crural She.\th, by Means
OF WHICH IT is continued into the Iliac Fascia.
The vessels that descend through the vascular romparlinent or l.icuna vasorum beneath Poupart's
ligament (femoral artery and femoral vein) have been removed.
Musculi coxae et femoris — Muscles of the hip and thigh.
550
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Iliacus muscle
Anterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior superior
Tensor vaginae femoris or
tensor fasciae femoris muscle
M. tensor fascise lata;
Sartorius muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Vastus internus muscle /,
M. vastus medialis
Deep fascia of the thigh, or fascia lata
Prepatellar subcutaneous bursa
Bursa praepatellaris subcutanea
Infrapatellar subcutaneous bursa
Bursa infrapatellaris subcutanea V\
Psoas magnus muscle
M psoas major
Poupart's ligament (superficial femoral arch)
Lig inguinale (Pouparti)
*Iliopectineal fossa
^Tobsa iliopectinea
Pectmeus muscle
Adductor longus muscle
^ S Gracilis muscle
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
iG. 599.— Anterior and Internal Muscles of the Right Thigh, as seen from Before with
THE Limb rotated outwards: Sartorius Muscle; Portions of the Quadriceps Extensor
Cruris Muscle, of the Internal Femoral or Adductor Muscles, and of the Iliopsoas
Muscle. ' Iliopectineal Fossa. The Triangular Area, the Base of which is formed
BY Poupart's Ligament, the Sides by the Sartorius and Adductor Longus Muscles,
RESPECTIVELY, AND THE FlOOR BY THE ILIOPSOAS AND PeCTINEUS MUSCLES, IS KNOWN AS
Scarpa's Triangle (Fossa Scarp^e Major, Trigonum Femorale). Prepatellar and Infra-
patellar Subcutaneous Burs^.
In the region of the knee the fascia lata has not been removed.
Musculi femoris — Muscles of the thigh.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
351
Anterior superior spine of the_
ilium
Spina iliaca anterior superior //^
I
Iliopsoas muscle
Sartorius muscle
Tensor vaginse femoris or tensor
fasciae femoris muscle
M. tensor fascia: lata;
#
V
_Poupart's ligament superficial
femoral arch)
Lig inguinale (I'ouparti)
Pubic symphysis
Symphysis ossium pubis
Inferior or descending ramus of
the pubis
\ Ramus inferior ossis pubis
Pectineus muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Gracilis muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Vastus intemus muscle -
M. vastus medialis
Adductor longus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle
Semitendinosus muscle
.'Entrance to the lower part of
Hunter's canal
Canalis adductorius (Hunteri)
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
Semimembranosus muscle
Sartorius muscle
Aponeurotic expansion of the
tendon of the gracilis muscle
Aponeurotic expansion of the tendon
of insertion of the eartorius muscle
I'es anseriiuis'
V4
' PcsytmenHus. — The tendon uf insertion of the sartorius muscle sends cff fromits upper borderanaponeuroticcxpansion to join that
of the comtnon extensor over the front of the capsule of tlic I<nee-joint, and from its lower border another to the deep fascia of llie lej; ;
immediately below and behind this latter is a similar aponeurotic expansion from the ter.don of insertion f>f the gracilis mu^cle to the deep
fascia of the lep. From the resemblance of the aponeurotic expansions of the sartorius tendon to the footof a Roose, it is called by the
author /fj ttmcrinus, but it is to Ik: noted that this name is Kivcn by Knglish anatomists to an entirely different structure— to wit, the
plexus formed in the std>stance of the parotid t;land and on the side of the face by the fieely communicating twigs of the letnporofacial
and cervicofacial branches of the facial nerve, known also as the " parotid plexus" (see l''ig. 1314, p. 871, sect. vi. of this work).— Th.
p-IG. 600.— AXTKRIOR AND InTKKNAI, MUSCI.F.S OF TIIF. RiC.HT THir.H, AS SEEN FROM BfFORIC WITH THE LiMll
ROTATED OUTWARDS, THE SAKTOKIUS MUSCI.E IIAVINC. liEEN REMOVED. OF THE OUAliRICEPS KXTENSOR
Cruris Muscle, we see the Long Head, the Rectus Femoris Mu.sci.e, and the Inner Head, the
Vastus Internus Muscle: of the Internal Femoral or Adductor -Muscles, we see the Gracilis,
Adduciok I.onous, Adduc tor Brevis, and 1'eciineus Muscles. liEiiiND the Gracilis Muscles we see
Portions of the Posterior Femoral or IIamsirino Muscles: Skmimemhranosus Muscle and Semi-
tendinosus Muscle. Henfaih the Sartorius Muscle and hetween the N'astus Internus Muscle,
ON THE Ouri R Side, and the Adductor Lonc.us (ahove) and the Adductor Mac.nus (bel-iw), on ihe
Inner Side, lies IIunier's Canal (Canalis Adductorius Hunteri), the Fascial Roof of which has
been removed excei'T for a Short Space at the Lower End of the Canal.
Musculi femoris — Muscles of the thigh.
352
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Surface of origin of the gluteus
medius muscle
Surface of origin of the gluteus
minimus muscle
Rectus femoris muscle -
(proximal extremity)
Tendon of the gluteus medius muscle -,
Tendon of the gluteus minimus
muscle
Vastus intemus muscle
M. vastus medialis
Crureus muscle
M. vastus
intermedius
Vastus extemus muscle v^^i»»i
M. vastus lateralis
Quadriceps extensor crtiris muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
(distal extremity)
Biceps flexor cruris muscle
M. biceps femoris
Patella
Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
Anterior superior spine of
the ilitim
Spina iliaca anterior superior
Iliopsoas muscle
M. iliopsoas
Poupart's ligament 'superficial
femoral arch)
Lig. inguinale (Pouparti)
Pubic symphysis
Symphysis ossium pubis
Pectineus muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
Fig. 6oi. — Anterior and Internal Muscles of the Right Thigh, with the Limb in the
Normal Position, the Sartorius, Gracilis, and Rectus Femoris Muscles having been
Removed. Seen from Before. Vastus Externus, Crureus, and Vastus Internus
Muscles, the Outer, Middle, and Inner Heads of the Quadriceps E.xtensor Cruris
Muscles; Adductor Longus and Adductor Brevis Muscles, and the Inner Portion
OF the Adductor Magnus Muscle; Pectineus Muscle.
Musculi femoris — Muscles of the thigh.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
353
Crest of the ilium
Crista iliaca
Tensor vaginae femoris or tensor fasciae femoris
muscle (origin) M. tensor fasci;i; latx
Gluteus minimus muscle
M f;lutaiis nuiuimis
Rectus femoris muscle (tendon of origin)
M. rectus femoris
Capsular ligament of the hip-joint
Ciipsiila articiilaris
Gluteus medius muscle (insertion)
M. glutacus medius
Great trochanter
Trochanter major
Upper limit of the origin of the
vastus extemus muscle
Quadriceps
extensor cruris
muscle.
M. quadriceps
femoris
Upper limit of the origin of the
crureus muscle
Superficial layers of the vastus
extemus muscle
Deep layers of the vastus
extemus muscle
Outer surface of the femur
Facies lateralis femoris
( Aponeurosis of insertion of the
vastus extemus muscle
Quadriceps Bundles of muscular fibres passing
extensor cruris , ^^j^ ^j^g crm-eus to the vastus
muscle "V extemus muscle (divided)
M. quadriceps
femoris
Tendonof insertionof the rectus
femoris muscle
Fascia lata (iliotibial band or ligament) -
Fascia lata (tractus iliotibialis)
Body of the fifth liunbar vertebra
'' Corpus vertebrx lumbalis V.
.---Anterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior superior
--Sartorius muscle (origin)
Iliopspas muscle
Pubic ligament of Astley Cooper,
or Cooper's ligament'
/ Lig. pubicum (Cooperi)
Pectineus muscle (origin)
Spine of the pubis
Tuberciilum pubicum
Obturator canal
Canalis obturatorius
Obturator extemus muscle
-Adductor brevis muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Crureus muscle
M. vastus iiitermedius
Vastus intemus muscle
M. vastus medialis
Head of the fibula - /
Capitulum fibulx /
Common tendon for the crureus and
vastus intemus muscles
Vastus intemus muscle
M, vastus medialis
-Bundles of muscular fibres passing
from the vastus intemus muscle to
the tendon of the rectus femoris
muscle (which has been divided) /
Patella
Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon
1-ig. patell:e
Tubercle of the tibia — Tuberositas tibia;
Quadriceps extensor
cruris muscle
M. quadriceps
femoris
Fig. 602. — STRATlFICATinN OF THE VASTUS EXTEKNUS MUSCLE, AS SEEN AFTER THE REMOVAL
OF THE Rectus Femoris Muscle, the Layers of the Vastus Externus Muscle having
BEEN WELL SEPARATED FROM THE FeMUR. OuTER LlMlT OF ORIGIN OF THE CrUREUS
(Vastus Intermedius) Muscle. Stratification of the Tendons (Aponeuroses) of the
Vastus Externus, Crureus, and Rectus Femoris Muscles above the Knee-Joint.
The thigh, which has been rotated inwards, is seen from before. The bundles of the vastus externus
muscle that arise from the fascia lata arc shown in Fig. 616.
Musculi femoris — Muscles of the thigh.
45
354
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Capsular ligament of the hip-joint';—
Capsula articiilaris
Upper limit of the origin of—
the crureus muscle
Crureus muscle
M. i-astus intermedium
Vastus intemus muscle (divided -
and turned forwards)
Common tendon for the vastus intemus
and crureus muscles
Patella
Adipose tissue of the internal alar -
ligament (plica alaris medialis)
Patella ligament, or infrapatellar tendon
Lig. patellse
Tendon of the sartorius muscle-
Tubercle of the tibia ■
Tuberositas tibiae
Deep fascia of the leg
Fascia cruris
-Head of the femur
Caput femoris
^'Tendon of Insertion of the iliopsoas muscle
Small trochanter
Trochanter minor
^Insertion by muscular fibres of
the iliopsoas muscle
Upper limit of the origin of the
vastus intemus muscle
—Vastus intemus muscle (line of origin from
the inner lip of the linea aspera)
Inner surface of the femur
Facies medialis femoris
Fasciculus of the subcrtireus muscle
--'Fasciculus m. articulaiis genu
Tendon of insertion of the adductor
magnus muscle with the internal
intermuscular septum
Capsule of the knee-joint
Capsnla articularis genu
v.,
.^Insertion and aponeurotic expansion
of the semimembranosus muscle
Tendon of the gracilis muscle
Tendon of the semitendinosus muscle
. Internal surface of the tibia
Faciis medialis tibia;
-Popliteus muscle
, Soleus muscle
Fig. 603. — Inner Limit of the Origin of the Crureus (Vastus Intermedius) Muscle, and
THE Blending of the Fasciculi of that Muscle with those of the Vastus Internus
(Vastus Medialis) Muscle in their Insertion into the Deep Aponeurosis of the
Quadriceps Extensor Cruris Muscle. Right Thigh, seen from Within.
The vastus intenuis muscle has been divided longitudinally throughout its entire length, and has been
turned forwards.
Musculi femoris— Muscles of the thigh.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
355
Quadriceps extensor cruris
muscle
M. cjuadriceps femoris
Subtendinous prepatellar-
bursa
Bursa pra-patellaiis
subtendinea
Subfascial prepatellar bursa'
Bursa prx'patellaris
subfascialis
Patellar ligament, or.
infrapatellar tendon
Lig. patellae
Subcutaneous bursa of the
tubercle of the tibia
Bursa subcutanea
luberositatis tibiae
Deep fascia of the thigh,
or fascia lata
Sartorius muscle
Bursa propria of the sartorius
muscle'
Bursa musculi sartorii propria
_ Deep fascia of the leg
Fascia cruris
■ The fiursa propria of the sartorius muscle is situate between the sartorius muscle and the upper part of the capsule of the knee-joint
at the point where the muscle becomes tendinous. It is to be distinguished (Vom a more distally situate bursa beneath the aponeurotic
expansion of the tendon of the sartorius, cnllcd by the author bursa anscrina. See note » to p. 362.— Tb.
Fig. 604. — Demonstration of Certain Burs.e in thk Anterior Region of the Knee.
Bursa Propria of the Sartorius Muscle. Subcutaneous Bursa of the Tubercle of
THE Tir.iA. Region of the Right Knee, seen obliouely from Before and 'Within.
The subfascial prepatellar Dursa wai opincii by a longitudinal incision lliiouj;)) the fascia lata over the
front of the patella, and the subtemlinous prcpatellir bursa was opened by a longitudinal incision
through the common tcntlon of the quadriceps extensor cruris muscle (suprapatellar tendon)
immediately above the patella.
Musculi femoris — Muscles of the thigh.
45— 2
356
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Iliopsoas muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Iliopectineal bursa'
Bursa iliopectinea
Iliopsoas muscle
Pectineus muscle-
Crureus muscle —
Vastus extemus muscle
Rectus femoris muscle
Patellar ligament, or
infrapatellar tendon
Lig. patellae
I See note 5 to p. 348.
Pectineus muscle
Gracilis muscle
- Obturator extemus muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Adductor longus muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
Opening in the adductor magnus muscle through
which the femoral vessels pass into the popliteal
space, forming the inferior orifice of Hunter's canal
Hiatus adductorius
- Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
Vastus intemus muscle
M . vastus medialis
Bursa of the aponeurotic
_ expansion of the sartorius muscle-
Bursa anserina
- See note ' to p. 362.
Fig. 605. — Internal Femoral or Adductor Muscles, displayed by the Removal of the
Sartorius, Gracilis, Pectineus, Rectus Femoris, and Vastus Internus Muscles, the
Limb being rotated outwards. Right Thigh, seen fro.m Before. Adductor Brevis
and Adductor Longus Muscles; Inner Portion of the Adductor Magnus Muscle,
WITH THE Internal Intermuscular Septum, and the Opening (Hiatus Adductorius)
through which the Femoral Vessels pass into the Popliteal Space. (This Opening
constitutes the Inferior Orifice of Hunter's Canal.) Obturator Externus Muscle.
Bursa of the Aponeurotic Expansion of the Sartorius Muscle (Bursa Anserina)
{see note ^ to p. 362).
Musculi femoris— Muscles of the thigh.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
357
r Pectineus muscle
i _ Obturator canal
Canalis obturatorius
Obturator ezternus muscle
Iliopsoas muscle—
Pectineus muscle -
Adductor brevis muscle..
Subcrureus muscle
M. articularis
genu
Vastus intemus muscle .
M. vastus medialis
-Adductor longus muscle
-Adductor brevis muscle
Inferior or descending ramus
of the pubis
Ramus inferior ossis pubis
-Quadratus femoris muscle
Adductor brevis muscle
Adductor magnus muscle
'Adductor longus muscle
Opening in the adductor magnus muscle
through which the femoral vessels pass
into the popliteal space, forming the
inferior orifice of Hunters canal
Hi.Uiis adcliictoriiis
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare mediale
Fig. 606. — AnnrcTOR M.\gnus Muscle with riiii IntiiUnal Intermi'sculak Septum and the
Opening (Hiatus Aduuctorius) through which the Femoral Vessels pass into the
Popliteal Space. (This Opening constitutes the Inferior Orifice of Hunter's Canal.)
Right Thi'.h, seen from Before. Obturator Externus Muscle. Subcrureus Muscle.
The quadriceps extensor cruris, pectineus, .iikluclor longus, and ndiUictor brevis muscles have been
removed. The limb is in the position of external rotation.
Musculi femoris— Muscles of the thigh.
358
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Posterior or great sacrosciatic_
ligament
Lig. sacrotuberosum
Tuberosity of the ischium —
Tuber ischiadicum
Semitendinosus muscle —
Semimembranosus muscle
Popliteal space (the ham) I
Fossa poplitea
Gastrocnemius muscle (inner head) —
M. gastrocnemius (caput mediale)
I See note * to p. 340.
Fyriformis muscle — M piriformis
Gemellus superior muscle'
M. gemellus superior
^.Obturator intemus muscle*
-■-'" M. obturator internus
Great trochanter
Trochanter major
Gemellus inferior muscle'
M. gemellus inferior
Quadratus femoris muscle
Adductor minimus muscle^
Adductor magnus muscle^
..Vastus extemus muscle
M. vastus lateralis
..Linea aspera of the femur
Linea aspera femoris
Biceps flexor cniris muscle
- (long head)
M, biceps femoris (caput longum)
-Biceps flexor cruris muscle
(short head!
M. biceps femoris (caput
breve)
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (outer head)
M. gastrocnemius (caput laterale)
J Head of the fibula
- Capitulum fibula;
2 See note = to p. 345.
Fig. 607. — Muscles on the Posterior and Outer Sides of the Right Thigh, the Limb
BEING ROTATED INWARDS. SeEN FROM BEHIND. BiCEPS FlEXOR CrURIS MuSCLE ; SEMI-
TENDINOSUS Muscle; Distal Portion of the Semimembranosus Muscle. Relations of
THE Gastrocnemius Muscle to these Muscles. Popliteal Space (the Ham). Quad-
ratus Femoris Muscle, with the Adductor Magnus Muscle {see note - above) in Contact
WITH ITS Lower Border. Adductor Minimus Muscle {see note ^ above), not clearly
separable above from the Adductor Magnus Muscle {see note ^ above). Vastus Externus
Muscle, the Outer Head of the Quadriceps Extensor Cruris Muscle.
Musculi femoris — Muscles of the thigh.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
359
Gemellus superior muscle -
Obturator internus muscle' —
Gemellus inferior muscle''
Obturator extemus muscle. _
Biceps Sexor cruris muscle (long head' _
M. biceps femoris (caput Ionium)
Semitendinosus muscle — ^
Adductor mag^nus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle
Internal .intermuscular septum
Septum iiiterniiisculare medialu
Internal condyle of the femur
Condylus mt-dialis femoris
Gastrocnemius muscle
Pyriformis muscle
M. piriformis
* Sec note ' lo p. 340.
Great trochanter
Trochanter major
Quadratus femoris muscle
Small trochanter
Trochanter minor
Adductor minimus muscle-
" Adductor magnus muscle-
Vastus extemus muscle
' M. vastus lateralis
Linea aspera of the femur
l,inea aspera femoris
Biceps flexor cruris muscle (short head)
M biceps femoris (caput breve)
Biceps flexor cruris muscle (long head)
M biceps femoris (caput longum)
Popliteal surface of the femur
rianum popHteuni femoris
Plantaris muscle
Head of the fibula
I apitiihim hbiilx-
' Sec note = 10 p. 345.
Fig. 608. — MuscLKs at tiii-: Back of Tini Right Thigh, Tin-; Limu being kotated inwards,
THE Long Huau of the Biceps Flexor Cruris and the Semitendinosus Muscle having
BEEN REMOVED. SeEN FROM BEHIND. SEMIMEMBRANOSUS MuSCLE; SlIORT HeAD OF THE
Biceps Flexor Cruris Muscle ; Adductor Magnus {sec note - above) and Adductor
Minimus {see note ^ above) Muscles; Vastus Externus Muscle.
I3y tlie removal of the quadratus femoris muscle, the outer portion of the obturator externus muscle
has been exposed.
Musculi femoris— Muscles of the thigh.
360
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Surface of origin of the gluteus ^
maximus muscle
Posterior or great sacrosciatic ligament
Lig. sacrotuberosum
Tuberosity of the ischium
Tuber ischiadicum
Adductor magnus muscle' (origin),^
Adductor minimus muscle' (origin) v^
Gracilis muscle (origin)
Adductor brevis muscle (origin' -,
Pubic symphysis -
Adductor longus muscle (tendon of origin) ''
Pectineus muscle (origin)
Iliopsoas muscle (insertion) '
Pectineus muscle (tendon of insertion)
Adductor brevis muscle (tendon of insertion) '
Adductor longus muscle (tendon of insertion)
Adductor magnus muscle' (insertion)---
Vastus intemus muscle -
M. vastus medialis
Opening in the adductor magnus muscle
through which the femoral vessels pass—
into the popliteal space, forming the
inferior orifice of Hunter's canal
Hiatus adductorius
Popliteal surface ^
Planum popliteum ~~
Internal intermuscular septum
(tendon of the adductor -•
magnus muscle)
Septum intermusculare mediale
Inner head of the —
gastrocnemius muscle
Tendon of the semimembranosus muscle-"
Posterior ligament of the knee-joint'
Lig. popliteum obliquum
Common tendon of origin for the semitendinosus muscle
and the long head of the biceps flexor cruris muscle
Tendon of origin of the semimembranosus
muscle
^ • Quadratus femoris muscle (origin)
Gluteus medius muscle
\ JI. glutaeus medius
Gluteus maximus muscle
(divided and turned outwards)
M. glutaus maximus
• Obturator extemus muscle
' - Great trochanter
Trochanter major
-Quadratus femoris muscle (insertion)
Small trochanter
Trochanter minor
Adductor minimus muscle'
(tendon of insertion)
-Tendinous insertion of the gluteus maximus
muscle into the gluteal ridge
Partial insertion of the gluteus maximus
muscle into the fascia lata
Deep fascia of the thigh, or fascia lata
-Vastus extemus muscle
M. vastus lateralis
Short head of the biceps flexor
cruris muscle (origin)
Linea aspera of the femur
Linea aspera femoris
External intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare laterale
-Plantaris muscle
Tendon of insertion of the biceps flexor cruris muscle
Outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Head of the fibula
Cnpitulum fibulai
Popliteus muscle
Soleus muscle
M. soleus
' See note = to p. 345.
Fig. 6og. — Attachment of Muscles (Origins and Insertions) to the Outer Aspect of the
HiP-BONE AND TO THE POSTERIOR AsPECT OF THE FeMUR. RiGHT SiDE, SEEN FROM BEHIND.
Musculi femoris — Muscles of the thigh.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
361
Great sacrosciatic foramen
Foramen ischiadicum majiis
Posterior or great sacrosciatic,
ligament
Lig. sacrotubcrosum
Extremity of the coccyx J*J
Apex ossis coccygis ^"^
Tuberosity of the ischium—
Tuber ischiadicum
Surface of origin of the obturator .^
eztemus muscle
Obturator canal
Canalis obturatorius'~--->
Pubic symphysis ._n1^ -^. Jij
Symphysis ossium r"
pubis
Spine of the pubis-'' y'
Tuberculiini pubiciim ^''
Insertion of the iliopsoas muscle'
Insertion of the pectineus muscle into''
the pectineal line of the femur
Upper limit of the origin of the vastus
intemus muscle
Lower limit of the origin of the vastus-
intemus muscle
Internal intermuscular septum
Septum iiuermur-culare mediale
Inner head of the gastrocnemius -
muscle (origin)
Posterior ligament of the knee-joint.
Lig. popliteum ol)lir|mim
Semimembranosus muscle
(tendon of insertion)
Internal lateral ligament of,
the knee-joint
lAg. collaterale tibiale
Popliteus muscle — M. popliteus'
Posterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca posterior superior
Middle gluteal line
U.S. : Middle curved line
Unea gluta^a anterior
.Ala of the ilium
Ala ossis ilium'
.Great trochanter
Trochanter major
Upper limit of the origin of the
vastus extemus muscle
Small trochsmter
Trochanter minor
Tendinous insertion of the gluteus maximus
muscle Into the gluteal ridge
Deep fasciculi of origin of the vastus
extemus muscle
Inner gtirface of the femur-
Facies raedialis fcmuris
Origin of the vastus intemus
muscle from the inner lip of
the linea aspera
..Outer surface of the femur
Facies lateralis femoris
Linea aspera of the femur
Linea aspera femoris
Origin of the vastus extemus muscle from the
outer lip of the linea aspera
Lower limit of the origin of the vastus
extemus muscle
Popliteal svirface
rianum popliteum
Flantaris muscle (surface of origin)
Outer head of the gastrocnemius
muscle (origin)
External lateral ligament of the knee-joint
"'I.ii;. cullateralc fibulare
Biceps flexor cruris muscle (tendon
of insertion)
Head of the fibula
Capituhiin fibulx
■ The author treats i/iuitt as .in indccliiLiblc noun, i-ind 1 )i,ivc fitllowcd him here, as in the section on Osteology, in writing a/a osris
ilium instead nffi/a ossis iiii, £ngli.sb anntoinisL^, however, when u^ing I.atin terminology, gcncrnlly decline itiuiti, .•.peaking of tfirni/m
t/ii, etc.— T«.
Tig. 6io. — Att.vciimk.nt of Muscles (Origins- and Insertions) to tiiic Posterior Aspect
OF tiih KiniiT 1'"i:ml'R.
Musculi femoris Muscles of the thiyh.
46
362
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Semitendinosus muscle—
Gracilis muscle—
Sartorius muscle
Bursa of the aponeurotic expansion —
of the sartorius muscle'
Bursa anserina
Fopliteus muscle
Deep fascia of the leg. _
Fascia cruris
_ Biceps flexor cruris muscle
'' M. biceps feraoris
Semimembranosus muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle (inner head)
Bursa of the inner head of the
gastrocnemius muscle-
Bursa m. gastrocnemii medialis
■Bursa of the semimembranosus
muscle'
Bursa m. semimembraiiosi
Plantaris muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle
(outer head)
I The bursa of the aponeurotic expansion of the sartorius tiiifscU (called by the author bursa anserina) is situate between the root of
the aponeurotic expansion of the tendon of insertion of the sartorius muscle {^pes anserinus, according to Toldt, see Fig. 6oOj p. 351, and
note ' on same page) and the subjacent tendons of insertion of the gracilis and semitendinosus muscles. .\ prolongation of the bursa
passes more deeply between these latter tendons and the subjacent^ internal lateral ligament of the knee-joint. — Tn.
^ The bursa of the inner /lead 0/ the gastrocneiniits jnuscle is situate between the inner head of origin of the gastrocnemius muscle
and the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle. This bursa frequently communicates with the knee-joint. Higher up, between the
tendon of the inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle and the femur, there is usually a second, smaller synovial bursa, which may also
communicate with the knee-joint. — Tr.
3 The bursa 0/ the sentimentbratwsits muscle is situate between the tendon of insertion of the semimembranosus muscle and the
prominent upper margin of the groove on the internal tuberosity of the tibia into which the semimembranosus muscle is mainly
inserted. — Tk.
Fig. 611. — Region of the Knee, seen obliquely from Behind and Within. Right Limb.
BuRSiE (Subtendinous Mucous Burs.e) in the Inner Part of the Posterior Region
of the Knee, as seen after Division of the Inner Head of the Gastrocnemius
Muscle : Bursa of the Inner Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle, Bursa of the Semi-
membranosus Muscle, Bursa of the Aponeurotic Expansion of the Sartorius Muscle
(Bursa Anserina).
Bursae mucosae regionis genu posterioris — Bursae of the posterior region of the knee.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
363
Semimembranosus muscle-
Inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Bursa of the inner head of the
gastrocnemius muscle'
Bursa m. gastrocnemii medialis
Popliteus muscle
Bursa of the popliteus muscle'
Bursa m. poplitei
•Popliteal canal'
'Canalis popliteus
Short head of the biceps flexor
cruris muscle
Caput liruvc m. bicipitis fomoris
Long head of the biceps flexor
cruris muscle
Caput longum m. bicipitis femoris
Plantaris muscle
Bicipitogastrocnemial bursa''
iJursa l'.cipito),'asirociKTnialis
Outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Caput laterale m. Kastrocm-mii
Bursa of the outer head of the
gastrocnemius muscle'
liursa m. gastrocnemii lateralis
Inferior bursa of the biceps flexor
cruris muscle''
Bursa m. bicipitis femoris inferior
Tendinous arch of the soleus muscle'
Arcus tendineus m. solei
Peroneus longus muscle
M. peronaeus longus
Soleus muscle
' See note = to p. 362.
= The /'tirsa 0/ the popliicus muscle (so-called) is an expansion of the synovial cavity of the knee-joint passing downwards iwtwecn
the tendon of origin of the popliteus muscle and the hack of the outer tuberosity of the tibia.— Tr.
3 *ro/>liteal Canal, ~'X\\\s name is not ased by English aiialomisLs. It is given bv the author to the siiacc beneath (anterior to) the
tendinous arch of the soleus muscle (see note 7 on this page) throu'^h which the posterior tibial vessels and ncr\'e i>ass from the popliteal
space tieneath the soleus muscle. — Tk.
4 The HcipitosatlrKHcmial bursa is situate between the biceps llexor cruris muscle and the outer head of the gastrocnemius
muscle. — Tk.
5 The bursa 0/ the outer head 0/ the ffastriKnemius muscle is situated beneath the tendon of origin of the outer head of the gastroc-
nemius muscle, between that tendon and the femur. — Tr.
^ The inferior bursa 0/ the bictt>s Jlexor cruris muscle is situate between the tetidon of insertion of that muscle and the external
lateral ligament uf the knee-joint.— Tk.
7 The tcndintfut arch 0/ the soleus muscle^ passing from the upper t>art of the l>ack of the fibula obliquely downwards and inwards to
the upper part of the back of the tibia, arches over the tibial vessels ana nerve, and serves for the origin of the middle fibres of the soleus
nmsclc. — Tk.
Fig. 612. — Region of the Kneij, seen from Behind. Right Limb. Bl'ks.e (Si'htendinous
Mucous BuRS.E) IN the Outer Part of the Posterior Region of the Knee, as seen
AFTER Removal of Both Heads of the Gastrocnemius Muscle and of the Plantaris
Muscle: P.icipitogastrocnemial Bursa, Bursa of the Outer Head of the Gastrocnemius
Muscle, Inferior Bursa of the Biceps Flexor Cruris Muscle, Bursa of the Popliteus
Muscle, Bursa of the Inner Head of the Gastrocnemius Muscle. Tendinous Arch
of the Soleus Muscle, and beneahi it (anteriorly) the Entrance to the
'Popliteal Canal.
Bursse mucosae regionis genu posterioris— Bursae of the posterior region of the knee.
46 — 2
364
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Head of the fibula
Capitulum fibula;
Anterior (peroneal) intermuscular septum
Septum intermusculare (fibulare) anterius
Deep fascia of the leg
Fascia cruris
Tubercle of the tibia
Tuberositas tibiae
Internal surface of tie tibia
Facies medialis tibia;-
— Anterior border of the tibia
Crista anterior tibia
Tibialis anticus muscle
M. tibialis anterior
Extensor longus digitorum pedis muscle
M. extensor digitorum longus
Extensor longus vel extensor proprius
hallucis muscle-
M. extensor hallucis longus
Anterior annular ligament of the ankle,
or ligamentum lambdoideum
Lig. cruciatum cruris
— Extensor brevis hallucis muscle-
M. extensor hallucis brevis
Peroneus tertius muscle
M peronaeus tertius
External malleolus
Malleolus lateralis
*Bursa of the sinus of the tarsus
♦Bursa sinus tarsi
*Inferior retinaculum of the peronei tendons'
^Retinaculum mm. perona?orum inferius
Extensor brevis digitorum pedis muscle-
M, extensor digitorum brevis
Peroneus longus tendon ^
M. peronaeus longus
Peroneus brevis tendon
M, peronaeus brevis
Abductor minimi digiti pedis muscle
M. abductor digiti quinti
*Opponens minimi digiti pedis muscle
*M. opponens digiti quinti
^ Immediately behind and below the external malleolus the tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis muscles are contained in asingle
synovial sheath, the fibrous strand which binds them down, passing from the point of the outer malleolus to the outer side of thecalcaneum,
being called by the author reihiacttltiin mm. peromeortim supcrhis (see Fig. 615, p. 366), and by English anatomists the external annular
ligament of the ank'.e. More distally, on the outer side of the calcaneum, each tendon has its own sheath, the two being separated by a
fibrous septum and by the trochlear process or peroneal spine of the calcaneum, when that process exists. The fibrous band which binds
the two tendons to the calcaneum has received no special name from English anatomists, but is called by the author retinaculum tnm.
feronteorunt in/enus (^s&c Fig. 613, supra^ Fig. 615, p. 366, and Fig. 621, p. 372). — Tk.
2 By many English anatomists the extensor brevis hallucis muscle is regarded, not .as an independent muscle, but merely as the inner-
most slip of the extensor breviis digitorum pedis muscle, and under these circumstances the extensor longus hallucis muscle is termed
extensor proprius hallucis. — Tr.
3 The name opponens minimi digiti {pedis) is sometimes given to that portion of the Jlexor brez'is minimi digiti pedis muscle which
is inserted into the fifth metatarsal bone (the Imlk of the muscle being inserted into the base and external border of the proximal phalanx.
Occasionally (3'^ per cent.) this portion of the muscle is entirely separate from the rest ; while somewhat more frequently (10 per cent.) the
insertion of the flexor brevis minimi digiti into the metatarsal bone is entirely wanting. — Tk.
Fig. 613. — Muscles on the Front of the Right Leg: Tibialis Anticus Muscle; Extensor Longus Digitorum
Pedis Muscle, with the Peroneus Tertius Muscle ; Extensor Longus vel Extensor Proprius H.\llucis
MU.SCLE (see note - atomic). Anterior (Peroneal) Intermuscular Septum. Extensor Brevis Digitorum
Muscle (see note ^ above). Bursa of the Sinus of the Tarsus.
That portion of the deep fascia of the leg from which numerous fasciculi of the two first-named muscles arise h.is been
retained, also that portion which covers the peronei muscles on the outer side of the leg, and the anterior annular
ligament of the ankle (ligamentum lambdoideum, ligamentum cruciatum cruris).
Musculi cruris — Muscles of the leg.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
365
Head of the fibula—
Capitulum fibulx
Peroneus brevis muscle
M. peronacus brevis
Extensor longns vc! extensor proprius
hallucis muscle'
M. extensor hallucis longus
Interosseous membrane, or ligament, of the leg
Mombrana interossea cruris
Fibula
Extensor longua digitorum —
pedis muscle
M. extensor digitorum longus
Fundiform ligament^
I.ig. fundifurme pedis
Extensor brevis digitorum pedis muscle'
M. extensor digitorum brevis
Tubercle of the tibip.
Tuberositas tibi;i:
Anterior border of the tibia
Crista anterior tibia;
Tibialis anticus muscle
M. tibialis anterior
Internal surface of the tibia
Facics medialis tibirc
Anterior annular ligament of the ankle,
or ligamentmn lambdoideum (divided)
Lig cruciatum cruris
Extensor brevis hallucis muscle'
M. extensor hallucis brevis
' Sec note " to p. 364.
* The /utiiii/orm ligament of Retzius is the name given to the sinslc outer half of the ^-sh.iped lower liand of the anterior annuUr
IJKaincnt of the ankle ; attached extrrnalty to the calcancum, it projects upwards and inwards, forming a loop through which the tendons
of the extensor longus digitorum pedis and peroneus icrtius muscles pass from the front of the leg to the dorsum of the foot. — Tk.
Fig. 614. — MuscLKs on the Front of thk Right Leg, the Extknsok Longus Digitorum
Pedis and Peroneus Tertius Muscles having been removed: Extensor Longus vel
Extensor Proprius Hallucis Muscle ; Tibialis Anticus Muscle.
I!y the removal of the peroneus longus muscle, the fleshy belly of the peroneus brevis muscle has been
laid bare. Tfic anterior annular ligament of the ankle (ligamentum lambdoideum, ligamcntum
cruciatum cruris) has been divided between tlie tendons of the extensor longus digitorum pedis
and the extensor longus vr/ extensor proprius hallucis muscles, and llie outer portion of this
ligament has been turned downwards, in order to demonstrate the loop of the fundiform ligament
of Retzius {sic »p/t' -rt/'rwi-) surrounding the tendons of the extensor longus digitorum pedis and
peroneus tertius muscles.
Musculi cruris — Muscles of the leg.
366
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
External lateral ligament of the knee-joint.
Lig. collaterale fibulare
Tendon of the popliteus muscle
Tendo m. poplitei
Head of the fibula
Capitulum fibula"
Feroneus longus muscle
M. peronaeus longus
Deep fascia of the leg
Fascia cruris
Feroneus brevis muscle
M. peronajus brevis
->'' Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon
l^lfflt ■/ '"'"'• patella;
Deep infrapatellar bursa
M Bursa infrapatellaris profunda
Superior annular ligament of the aiikle,
or upper band of the anterior annular
ligament of the ankle
Lig. transversum cruris
Anterior annular ligament of the ankle,
or ligamentum lambdoideum
Lig. cruciatum cruris
Deep fascia of tte dorsum
of the foot
Fascia dorsalis pedis
Tendo Achillis
Tendo calcaneus (Achillis)
External annular ligament of the ankle'
Retinaculum mm. peronacorum superius
"Inferior retinaculum of the
peronei tendons'
"Retinaculum mm. peronsorum
inferius
Abductor minimi digiti muscle
M. abductor digiti quinti
^ See note » to p. 364. , . .
2 According to English anatomists, \.\ift/eiii07-ai attachment of the popliteus is the on'^'ijt of that muscle, and the tih'a/ attachment its
insertioti. — Tr.
Fig. 615. — Muscles on the Outer Side of the Right Leg: Feroneus Longus Muscle;
Feroneus Bre\''is Muscle. Tendon of Insertion of the Popliteus Muscle (see
note - above). Deep Infrapatellar Bursa. Deep Fascia of the Leg and Deep Fascia
OF the Dorsum of the Foot. Superior Annular Ligament of the Ankle (Ligamentum
Transversum Cruris) and Anterior Annular Ligament of the Ankle (Ligamentum
Lambdoideum, Ligamentum Cruciatum Cruris).
Musculi cruris — Muscles of the leg.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
367
Deep fascia of the thigh, or
fascia lata, turned outwards
I'ascia lata
Fasciculi of the vastus eztemus muscle
arising from the fascia lata
External condyle of the femur
lluudyhis lateralis femoris
Insertion of the popliteus muscle'
External lateral ligament of the knee-joint
Li^. cullatcrale libtilare
Head of the fibula •
Capitulum fibula;
Aperture for the passage of
the external popliteal nerve
Anterior peroneal) intermuscular septum
Septum interjiuisculare jlibularcl anterius
Surface of origin of the peroneus
longus muscle
Surface of origin of the extensor longus
digitorum pedis muscle
Surface of origin of the extensor longus ve!
extensor proprius ballucis muscle-
Surface of origin of the peroneus
brevis muscle
Origin of the peroneus tertius muscle
Anterior border of the fibula
Crista anterior fibula;
Tendo Achillis
Tendo calcaneus (Achillis)-
Tuberosity of the calcaneum
Tuber calcanei
'Inferior retinaculum of the peronei tendons'' -
•Kctinaculuin mm j>er<<n;i-oriim inf*-riiw
Tendon of the peroneus longus muscle '
Insertion of the peroneus brevis muscle
— Vastus extemus muscle
M. vastus lateralis
- Patella
■Capsule of the knee-joint
Capsiila articularis genu
Patellar ligament, or infrapatellar tendon
Ligamentum patella;
Aperture for the passage of the anterior tibial
artery, between the attachments of the tibialis
anticus muscle to the tibia and fibula respectively
Tubercle of the tibia
Tuberositas tibia;
Surface of origin of the tibialis
anticus muscle
Interosseous membrane, or ligament,
of the leg
Membrana interossea cruris
Anterior border of the tibia
Crista anterior tibix
External surface of the tibia
Facies lateralis tibia;
Fasciculi of the tibialis anticus muscle
arising from the fibula
Deep limb of the outer portion of the lower band
of the anterior annular ligament of the ankle'
Cms prufundum Ii.l; criiciaii cruris
Origin of the extensor brevis digitorum pedis muscle-
Calcaneocuboid articulation Articnlatio calcaneocuboidea
Insertion of the peroneus tertius muscle
Origin of the dorsal interosseous muscles
Insertion of the extensor brevis ballucis muscle
Insertion of the extensor longus vc! extensor
. proprius hallucis muscle-
-r-3C<" --.^-, ... -. ,.
» This is ihc deep limb oS iht/unJi/orm li^nmenlof Kcl/ius, llic looD surroiimling the tcnduiM of ilic extensor longus digilorum pedis
and ifcroncus tertius muscles (see rig. 614, p. 365, and note ^ to same page). — Tk.
Fig. 616. — Origin of Muscles from the Front .\ni) Outer Side of the Leg .\nd fkom thi:
Dorsum of the Foot. Fasciculi of the Vastus Externus Muscle arising from the
Fasci.\ Lat.\.
Musculi cruris— Muscles of the leg.
368
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Internal intermuscular septum -
Septum imeniiusculare mediale
Internal condyle of the femur . ^
Condylus medialis femoris | V
Inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Caput mediale m. gastrocnemii
- Popliteal surface of the femur
Planum popliteura femoris
-Plantaris muscle
in - Outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Caput laterale m. gastrocnemii
|~ Gastrocnemius muscle
Tendon of the plantaris muscle -
-Deep layer of tlie deep fascia of the
leg, between the gastrocnemius and
soleus muscles and the deep posterior
muscles of the leg
Lamina profunda fasciae cruris
i
, Superficial layer of the deep fascia
of the leg
Lamina superficialis fasciae cruris
Fig. 617.— Superficial Group^ of the Posterior Musclks of the Right Leg, First Portion: Gastrocnemius
Muscle, constituting the Two Superficial Heads of the ^Triceps Sur.^ Muscle.^
Of the deep fascia of the leg. the lower portion of the superficial layer, which binds down the tendo Achillis, and the deep
layer, which passes from side to side between the superficial and the deep posterior muscles of liie leg, have been
retained. The plantaris muscle and its tendon are partially visible.
J The author divides the posterior muscles of the leg into three groups or lavers, the 6rst. most superficial, consisting of the gastroc-
nemius muscle ; the second consisting of the plantaris and soleus muscles ; and the third, deepest, consisting of the popliteus, flexor longus
hatlncis, flexor longus digitorum pedis (or flexor perforans), and tibialis pt>sticus muscles. This arrancement appears a ver>' artificial one,
and I have therefore adhered to the arrangement usually adopted by English anatomists, according to which the muscles are grouped in
two layers only : a superficial, consisting of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles ; and a deep, consisting of the muscles already
enumerated as making up the author's third layer. — Tr.
3 Triceps Sun/- Muscle. — This name is given by the author to the gastrocnemius and soleus, considered as a single three-headed
muscle. The name is not usua'ly employed in England. — Tr.
Musculi cruris — Muscles of the leg.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
369
Semimembranosus muscle
Inner head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Caput meiliale m. sastrocneniii
Bursa of the inner head of the
gastrocnemius muscle'
lUirsa in. gastrocnemii medialis
Posterior ligament of the knee-joint
Lig. popliteum obliquum
'5^
Biceps flexor cruris muscle
M. biceps femoris
Outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Caput laterale m. gastrocnemii
'Plantaris muscle
Popliteus muscle
-Soleus muscle
Gastrocnemius muscle
Tendon of the plantaris muscle
:i
Deep layer of the deep fascia of the leg, between
the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and the
deep posterior muscles of the leg
Lamina profunda fasciae cruris
Teudo Achillis
Tendo calcaneus (Achillis)
' Sec IlQlC -' ty 1>. 3^?.
I'iG. 6i8.— SuPEKi'iciAL Group of THii Postkuior Muscles of the Right Leg, Second Portion
(see note ' top. 368), AS SEEN after the Removal of the Two Superficial Heads of the *Tkiceps
SuR.E Muscle (i.c., the Upper Part of the Gastrocnemius Muscle): Soleus Muscle;
I'lantaris Muscle. Tendo Achillis, the Common Tendon of the Three Heads of the
•Triceps Sur.e Muscle (i.e., the Tendon formed by the Union of tuf: Flat Tendons of
THE Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscles). Of the Deep Group of Posterior Muscles
of the Leg, the Popliteus Muscle is partly visihle. Deep Layer of the Deep Fascia
OF the Leg, which passes from Side to Side r.i tween the Superficial and the Deep
Posterior Muscles of thi-: Leg.
Musculi cruris— Muscles of the leg
47
570
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Inner head of the gastrocnemius. -
muscle
Caput mediale m. gastrocnemii
. Outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle
Caput laterale m. gastrocnemii
Posterior ligament of the knee-joint
Lig. popliteum obliquum
Bursa of the semimembranosus muscle '-
Bursa m. semiraerabranosi
Popliteus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle---
External lateral ligament of the knee-joint
■ Lig. collaterale iibulare
«j Bursa of the popliteus muscle" — Bursa m. poplitei
■M Head of the fibula
Capitulum fibulae.
Tibialis posticus muscle
M. tibialis posterior
Flexor longus digitorum pedis muscle-
M. fle.'Lor digitorum longus
Flexor longus hallucis muscle
M. flexor hallucis longus
Deep fascia of the leg
Fascia cruris
Internal malleolus.
IVIalleolus medialis
Internal annular ligament of the ankle _
Lig. laciniatum
Posterior process of the astragalus
' Processus posterior tali
Bursa of the tendo AchiUis^
Bursa tendinis calcanei (Achillis)
' See note 3 (o p. 362. = Or Jh-xcr pcr/orans muscle. 3 Sec note = to p. 363.
4 The l'H7-sa o/ihe tendo AcliUUs is situate between that tendon and the upper part uf the tuberosity of the calcaneum. — Tr.
Fig. 6ig. — -Deep Group of the Posterior Muscles of the Right Leg {$cc note ' fo/. 368), as seen
AFTER THE REMOVAL OF ALL ThREE HeADS OF THE "TRICEPS SuR^ MUSCLE (THAT IS, OF THE
Gastrocnemius and Soleus Muscle), the Plantaris Muscle, and the Deep Layer of the
Deep Fascia of the Leg, which covers the Deep Muscles beneath the Gastrocnemius
AND Soleus Muscles: Flexor Longus Hallucis Muscle; Tibialis Posticus Muscle; Flexor
Longus Digitorum Pedis Muscle {see note - above) ; Popliteus Muscle. Bursa of the Tendo
Achillis, Bursa of the Popliteus Muscle, Bursa of the Semimembranosus Muscle.
In the rcjjion of the peronei muscles the deep fascia of the leg. with the posterior (peroneal) inter-
muscular septum, has been retained.
Musculi cruris — Muscles of the leg.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
371
Internal tuberosity of the tibia-- -^
Condylus medialis tibiae y^ -*--'
Site of insertion of the semimembranosus-
muscle
.V^
Head of the fibula
r' Capitulum fibula:
Entrance to the 'popliteal canal'
Surface of origin- of the ■
popliteus muscle
Inner line of origin of the soleus muscle
^ Upper line of origin of the
soleus muscle
^-Tendinous arch of the soleus muscle'
Arciis teiuliiieus ni. sulci
Aperture in the upper part of the interosseous
"membrane, between the attachments of the
tibialis posticus muscle for the passage of the
anterior tibial artery
Posterior surface of the fibula
I'acies posterior IJbiila;
Outer line of origin of the soleus muscle
Tendon of origin for the tibialis
posticus and flexor longus digitorum
pedis muscles''
■ Surface of origin of the tibialis
posticus muscle
Surface of origin of the flexor longus
digitonun pedis muscle'
Internal border of the tibia -
Marfio^medialis tibiiu
Posterior surface of the tibia'
Tacies posterior tibi.x
m
m
Internal border of the fibula
Crista medialis fibula;
-Surface of origin of the flexor longus
ballucis muscle
Posterior (peroneal) intermuscular
septum
Septum internnisculare (fibulare)
posterius
Aperture for the passage of the tendon
of the tibialis posticus muscle
Lower limit of the origin of the flexor,
longus digitorum pedis muscle
Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle--^
Lower limit of the origin of the tibiidis
posticus muscle
PeroneuB brevis muscle
M. peronxus brevis
Tendon of the flexor longus digitorum
pedis muscle '
Plantar nerves and arteries
Nn. et Aa plantares
Internal annular ligament of the ankle
\.\\i laciniatiim
Tendon of the plantaris muscle
•^Ai)
vx
-Tendon of the percneus longus muscle
Tendon of the flexor longus ballucis
muscle
Astragalocalcaneal articulation
Articuiatio talocalcanca
- Posterior surface of the tuberosity
of the calcaneum
- Insertion of the tendo Achillis
Abductor ballucis muscle
^..^ ..w... ... ... , ... ' Sec note » 10 p. 166. 3 Or Jltxnr ^rforans mu'^clc.
» It ii unu5u.ll for the posterior tibial nerve and artery to divide into the external and internal pLintar until they have pa-acd beneath
the internal annul.tr ligament of the ankle. — Tr.
^ See note 7 to p. 363.
See note 1 tn p. t/^^.
u.tl foi
Fig. 620.— Surfaces of Origin of the Posterior Muscles of the Leg.
Musculi cruris — Muscles of the leg.
47-
372
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Peroneus tertius muscle
M. perona?us tertius
Synovial sheath of the tendons of the
peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles
Vagina tendinum mm. peronaeorum
communis
External annular ligament of
the ankle'
Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum
superius
Inferior retinaculum of the
peronei tendons'
Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum
inferius
Extensor brevis digitorum —
pedis muscle-
M. extensor digitorum
brevis
Abductor minimi digiti pedis muscle
M. abductor digiti quinti '^^
Opponens minimi digiti pedis muscle'.
M. opponens digiti quinti
-Superior annular ligament of the ankle,
or upper band of the anterior annular
' ligament of the ankle
Anterior annular ligament of the ankle,
or ligamentum lambdoideum
Synovial sheath of the tendon of the
tibialis anticus muscle
Vagina tendmis m. tibialis anterioris
Synovial sheath of the tendons of the
extensor longus digitorum pedis and peroneus
tertius muscles
Vagina tendinum m. e.xtensoris digitorum
pedis longi
- Synovial sheath of the tendon of the extensor
longus (r.v proprius) hallucls muscle
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris
hallucis longi
Extensor brevis hallucis muscle-
M, extensor hallucis brevis
I See note ^ to p. 364.
2 See note = to p. 364.
3 See note 3 to p. 364.
Fig. 621.— Muscles of the Dorsum and of the Outer Border of the Foot : Extensor
Brevis Digitorum Muscle (see note - to p. 2,^:0 \ Extensor Brevis Hallucis Muscle {$ee
notc-top.^d^); Abductor Minimi Digiti Pedis Muscle; Opponens Minimi Digiti Pedis
Muscle {see note ^ to p. 364). Synovial Sheaths of the Tendons on the Dorsum of the
Foot and in the External Retromalleolar Region, as seen after Injection with
Strong Alcohol. Retinacula Tendinum Musculorum Perin^eorum, Superius et
Inferius (External Annular Ligament of the Ankle and Inferior Retinaculum
of the Peronei Tendons — see note ^ to p. 364). Right Foot.
Musculi pedis — Muscles of the foot.
TtlE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
373
Fundiform ligament of Retzius (deep limb
I.ig. fiimlilorme pedis (cms profiindum)
Extensor brevis digitorum pedis muscle (the
distal extremity having been removed)
M. estcnsor digitorum brevis
Abductor minimi digiti pedis muscle
M abductor digiti qiiinti
Tendon of the peroneus brevis muscle
Abductor minimi digiti pedis muscle
M. abductor digiti quinti
Deep fascia of the leg
Fascia cruris
Anterior annular ligament of the ankle,
or ligamentum lambdoideum
I.ig- criici.uiim cruris
Tendon of the extensor longus (.1/ proprius)
hallucis muscle
Tendon of the tibialis anticus muscle
Dorsal interosseous muscles
Mm. intcrossei dorsales
_ Dorsal aponeuroses of the extensor
tendons of the toes
Aponeuroses lendinum extensorum
digitorum pedis
' See note = to p. 365 and note ■» to p. 367.
Fir,. 622. — MrscLES of the Dorsum of the Foot, after Removal of the Tendons of the
Long and Short Extensors of the Toes and the Superficial Limb of the Fundi-
form Ligament of Retzius. Partial Origin of the Extensor Brevis Digitorum
Pedis Muscle from the Deep Lnin of the Fundiform Ligament of Retzius. Dorsal
Interosseous Muscles. Aponeurotic Expansions of the E.xtensor Tendons on the
Dorsal Surface of the Toes. Right Foot.
Musculi pedis — Muscles of the foot.
374
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Tendon of the plantaris muscle
/Tendo m. plantaris
Tendo Achillis
"Tendo calcaneus (Achillis)
Deep layer of the deep fascia of the leg, passing
from side to side of the limb between the super-
ficial and the deep posterior muscles
Lamina profunda fascis cruris
- Superficial layer of the deep fascia
of the leg
Lamina superficialis fasciae cruris
I Subcutaneous bursa of the internal
malleolus
(^Bursa subcutanea malleoli medialis
Internal annular ligament of the ankle
Lis. iaciniatura
Subcutaneous bursa of the
calcaneum
Bursa subcutanea calcanea
', Subcutaneous fat of the sole of the foot
Panniculus adiposus plants
Skin of the sole of the foot
Cutis plantae
' Abductor hallucis muscle
M. abductor hallucis
Fig. 623. — Internal Malleolar and Internal Retromalleolar Regions of the Right
Foot, with the Superficial Layer of the Deep Fascia of the Leg, the Internal
Annular Ligament of the Ankle, and the Subcutaneous Bursa of the Internal
Malleolus. The Inner Border of the Foot with the Abductor Hallucis Muscle.
Subcutaneous Bursa of the Calcaneum, Seen from the Inner Side.
Musculi pedis— Muscles of the foot.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
375
Inner plantar furrow
Sulcus plantaris medialis
Inner plantar eminence
Eminentia plantaris medialis
— Outer plantar furrow
Sulcus plantaris lateralis
-Outer plantar eminence
ICmincntia plantaris lateralis
Central plantar eminence
Eminentia plantaris intermedia
Superficial transverse ligament of
the toes
Fasciculi transxcrsi aponeurosis
plantaris
Fig. 624. — Aponeurosis Plantaris, Deep Fascia of the Sole, or Plantar Fascia, with
the slpeul-icial transverse ligament of the toes ; the fliikes passing from the
Plantar Fascia to the Skin, and the Processes to the Digital Sheaths; the Plantar
Eminences and Furrows (Eminently Plantares et Sulc.e Plantakes) dependent
on the Disposition of the Muscles and the Intermuscular Septa. Right Foot.
Musculi pedis Muscles of the foot.
376
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Posterior process of the astragalus
Processus posterior tali
Tendon of the flexor longus digitorum
pedis muscle'
Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle
Internal malleolus
Malleolus medialis
Abductor hallucis muscle
Flexor longus digitorum pedis muscle'
M. flexor digitorum longus
Flexor brevis digitorum pedis muscle-
M. flexor digitorum brevis
Flexor longus hallucis muscle
M. flexor hallucis longus
Flexor brevis hallucis muscle
M. flexor hallucis brevis
-Flexor accessorius muscle
M. quadratus plantre
Tendon of the flexor longus
hallucis muscle
- Plantar fascia
Aponeurosis plantaris
Abductor minimi digiti pedis muscle
M. abductor digiti quinti
Fourth dorsal interosseous muscle
M. interosseus dorsalis IV.
Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis muscle
M. flexor digiti quinti brevis
^ Lumbricales muscles
"^"^Jlm lumbricales
Transverse metatarsal ligament (plantar
distal intermetatarsal ligaments)
'~^' — Ligg. capitulorum (ossium metatarsalium)
transversa
-^^Vaginal ligaments
Ligg. vaginalia
^ Ot Jlexor perforatts lauscX^. 2 Ot Jlexor pcr/oratits TnM^s.
3 Like the author, English anatomists group the muscles of the sole in four laj'ers, but the two classifications are not i^ntirely identical.
That of the author is given in the description at the foot of Figs. 625 to 628. ^ According to English anatomists, thejirst or superficial layer
consists of the flexor brevis digitorum (or flexor perforatus), abductor hallucis and abductor minimidigiti muscles ; the .Jtri>7/</ layer consists
of the tendons of the flexor longus digitorum (or flexor perforans) and flexor longus hallucis muscles, together with the flexor accessorius
and lumbricales muscles; the ////></ layer consists of the flexor brevis hallucis, adductor obliquus hallucis, adductor transversus hallucis,
and flexor brevis minimi digiti muscles ; and the foitrth layer consists of the dorsal and plantar interosseous muscles, together with the
tendons of the tibialis posticus and peroneus longus muscles. — Tr.
Fig. 625. — First or Superficial Layer of the Muscles of the Sole (see note ^ above), upon
WHICH THE Three Plantar Eminences depend, as seen after Removal of the
Plantar Fascia. Of this Latter, the Middle Portion only at the Back of the
Sole has been retained, in so far as it gives Origin to the Muscles. Abductor
Hallucis Muscle; Flexor Brevis Hallucis Muscle; Flexor Brevis Digitorum Pedis
Muscle {see note - above); Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti Pedis Muscle; Abductor Minimi
Digiti Pedis Muscle. Right Foot, extended. Plant.ar Aspect.
The sheath of the flexor tendons of the toes (va.ijinal ligament) has been opened longitudinally in the
second and third toes, but in the others has been left intact.
Musculi pedis — Muscles of the foot.
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
377
Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle
Tendon of the fiexor longus digltorum
pedis muscle'
Tendon of the flexor longus hallucis muscle
Tendon of the tibialis anticus muscle
Tendinous slip passing from the tendon of
the flexor longus hallucis muscle to that of
the flexor longus digitorum pedis muscle
Junclura ttiulinis m. flexoris hallucis longi
cum m. ilcxorc digitorum lon^*^
Abductor hallucis muscle ithe proximal
portion of which has been cut away I
M. aliductor hallucis
Flexor brevis hallucis muscle
M. llcxor hallucis brcvib
Origin of the abductor hallucis muscle
. Origin of the flexor brevis digitorum
pedis muscle-
Origin of the abductor minimi digiti
pedis muscle
Long plantar ligament
Lig. plantare Ionium
Tendon of the peroneus longus muscle
.Flexor accessorius muscle
M ijuadralus j^lanta;
Abductor minimi digiti pedis muscle
""'M. abductor di^ili iiiiinti
Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis muscle ( 1 1
.— Dorsal interosseous muscle
M. iiucrussuus dorsalis
Lumbricales muscles
'^.Mm lumbricales
Tendons of the flexor brevis digi-
torum pedis muscle divided and
tiuned forwards)
(i) M. dcxor digili quiiui brevis
* Or Jtixor perforans muscle.
' Ox Jtcxor pcr/oratus muscle.
Fig
626. — Second Lavkk oi- Tin-: Muscles oi- the Soli; with the Tendons ok the Deep
PosTEKioK Muscles of the Leg, as seen after the Partial Ricmoval of the Muscles
OF THE First Layer: Tendon of the Flexor Longus Digitorum Pedis Muscle {sec
note ^ above) AND its Division into Four Tendons passing to the Four Smaller Toes;
Flexor Accessorius (Quadratus Plant.e) and Lumbricales Muscles ; Tendon of the
Flexor Longus Hallucis Muscle and its Slip to the Tendon of the Flexor Longus
Digitorum Pedis Muscle; Lnsertion of the Tibialis Anticus and Tibialis Posticus
Muscles; Flexor Brevis Hallucis Muscle; Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti Pedis
Muscle. Right Foot.
Musculi pedis— Muscles of the foot.
48
378
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Posterior process of the astragalus \
Processus posterior tali
Tendon and synovial sheath of the tendon —
of the flexor longus digitorum pedis
muscle' —Tendo at vagina tendinis m.
flexoris digitorum longi
Tendon and synovial sheath of the— ■
tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle
Tendo et vagina tendinis m. tibialis
posterioris
Tendon of the tibialis anticus muscle
Subtendinous bursa of the tibialir
anticus muscle-
Bursa subtendinea m. tibialis
anterioris
Flexor brevis hallucis muscle ■
M. tlexor hallucis brevis
Abductor hallucis muscle (the proximal
portion having been removed)
Tendon and synovial sheath of the tendon of the flexor
longus hallucis muscle
/ Tendo et vagina tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi
Flexor accessorius muscle (of which all but
'the proximal extremity has been cut away)
M. quadratus plant;e
Long plantar ligament
Lig. plantare lungum
Synovial sheath of the tendons of the peroneus
longus and peroneus brevis muscle
\'agina tenJinuni mm. peronreoruni communis
Tendon of the peroneus longus muscle
Plantar synovial sheath of the tendon of the
peroneus longus muscle
Vagina tendinis m. peronaji longi plantaris
Adductor obliquus hallucis muscle
M adductor hallucis (caput obliquum)
Interosseous muscles
Mm interossei
'Opponens minimi digiti pedis muscle'' ( i
Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis muscle-'
AI flexor disiti quinti brevis
Adductor transversus hallucis muscle (2)
Tendon of the abductor minimi digiti
pedis muscle
,. Transverse metatarsal ligament (plantar
distal intermetatarsal ligaments) (3)
Vaginal ligaments
Li^g. vagmalia
(0 M. opponens di^ili quinti
(2) M. adductor hallucis (caput transversum)
(3) l.igg. capituloruil transversa
I Or Jlexor pcr/orans muscle. _ . .
= The subtcntiinous Intrsa of the tibialis anticus muscle is situate beneath the tendon close to its insertion.— Tr.
3 See note 3 to p. 364.
Fig. 627.— Third Layer of the Muscles of the Sole : M. Adductor Hallucis, Caput
Obliquum et Caput Transversum, or, according to English Anatomists, Adductor
Obliquus Hallucis and Adductor Transversus Hallucis Muscles; Flexor Brevis
Hallucis Muscle ; Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti Pedis and Opponens Minimi Digiti
Pedis Muscles (see note ^ to p. 364). Synovial Sheaths of the Tendons of the
Tibialis Posticus, Flexor Longus Digitorum Pedis, Flexor Longus Hallucis, and
Peroneus Longus Muscles. Subtendinous Bursa of the Tibialis Anticus Muscle.
Right Foot.
The vaginal ligriments of the toes have been opened, and their connexion with the transverse meta-
tarsal ligament (plantar distal intermetatarsal ligaments) is displayed.
Musculi pedis — Muscles of the foot.
THE MUSCLES OF J HE LOWER EXTREME! Y
379
Tendon of the flexor longus hallucis muscle.%
(distal portion cut awaj' V
Tendon of the flexor longus digitorum pedis >
muscle distal portion cut away
Subtendinous bursa of the tibialis
posticus muscle' (i)
Tendon of the tibialis posticus muscle (divided,
and the distal extremity turned forwards
Flexor brevis hallucis muscle proximal
extremity, turned backwards
Sesamoid bones
Ossa sesamoidca"
Flexor brevis hallucis muscle (distal ^
extremity, turned forwards
(i) Rursa subtendinea m. tibialis postcrioris
Flexor accessorius muscle (of which
all but the proximal extremity has
been cut away)
iM quadratus plania;
Long plantar ligament
l.ig. plaiitare longum
Tendon of the peroneus longus muscle
Plantar interosseous muscles
Mm. intern'^sei pl-intarcs
Opponens minimi digiti pedis muscle- {2)
,Dorsal interosseous muscles
.Mm. interossei dorsales
(3) M. oppnnens digiti quinti
1 The subtendinous imrsa of the tibiaUs posticus muscic is situate bcncntb the tendon close to its inscrticn. — Tr.
,' Sec note 1 to p 364.
Fig. 628. — Fourth or Deepest Layer oi- the Muscles of the Sole, as seen after the
Removal of the Flexor Brevis Hallucis, Adductor Obliquus Hallucis, Adductor
Transversus Hallucis, and Flexor Brevis Minimi Digiti Pedis Muscles: Plantar
and Dorsal Interosseous Muscles. Relation of the Insertion of the Two Bellies
OF the Flexor Brevis Hallucis Muscle to the Sesamoid Bones on the Plantar
Surface of the Mktatarsoi'halangeal Articulation oi- the Great Toe. Subtendinous
Bursa of tiii: Tiiuaiis Posticus Muscles. Kkiht Foot.
In order to deinonstrate the course of the tendon of the peroneus longus muscic through llie sole of
the foot and the insertion oj this tendon into tlie outer side of the tuberosity of the first meta-
tarsal bone, the anterior portions of the lony plantar ligament have been removed.
Musculi pedis — Muscles of the foot.
48—2
380
THE MUSCLES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Flexor brevis hallucis muscle^,,
(outer belly)
M. flexor liallucis brevis
(caput laterale)
Flexor brevis hallucis muscle (inner belly )_^
M. flexor hallucis brevis (caput mediale) ~
Intermetatarsophalangeal burs8e,gj,_
Bursae intermetatarsophalangeae '■"
Bursas of the lumbricales muscles of the foot' ''
Bursae mm. lumbricalium pedis
Lumbricales muscles
Mm. lumbricales
Adductor transversus hallucis muscle
M. adductor hallucis (caput transversum)
Fig. 629. — BuRS.91 of the Lumbricales Muscles of the Foot and Intermetatarsophalan-
geal BuRS,?i, as seen from the Plantar Surface. The Burs^ have been opened.
First Three Toes of the Right Foot, widely separated.
Dorsal aponeurosis of the extensor tendons
Vincula tendinum'
Dorsal interosseous muscle
M. interosseus dorsalis
Lumbricalis muscle
M, lumbricaHs
Intermetatarsophalangeal bursa,,-''
Bursa intermetatarsophalangca
Bursa of the lumbricalis muscle' /
Bursa m. luuibricahs
'y Tendon of the flexor longus digitorum
pedis muscle'
Tendon of the flexor brevis digitorum pedis muscle'
The iursa 0/ the tumbricaks muscles of the foot are situnle between the tendons of the lumbricales muscles and the bases of the
proximal phalanges. — Tij.
= The arrajigement of the fie.xor tendons of the toes, with their vijicula, closely resembles that of the tle.\or tendons of the fingers. See
Fig. 580 on p. 331, and note ' on that page. — Tr.
^ Ox /lexorper/orans mvix\t. 4 Oryi'tMor/c^/^ru/iM muscle.
Fig. 630. — Distal Extremities of the Extensor and Flexor Tendons of the Second Toe
OF THE Right Foot, seen from the Inner Side. Dorsal Aponeurosis of the Extensor
Tendons. Bursa of the Lumbricalis Muscle of the Foot and Intermetatarso-
phalangeal Bursa. Vincula Tendinum.
Musculi pedis— Muscles of the foot.
y.
SUPPLEMENT TO THE MYOLOGY
CANALIS INGUINALIS,
THE INGUINAL CANAL,
AND
CANALIS FEMORALIS,
THE FEMORAL OR CRURAL CANAL
382
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
Superficial epigastric vein
Vena epigastrica superficial is ^
Superficial fascia of the abdomen
Fascia super&cialis abdominis
Superficial circumflex iliac vein
Vena circumflexa ilium supeificialis
Superior superficial inguinal lymphatic
\ , glands — Lymphoglandulae inguinales
Poupart's ligament
(superficial femoral arch)--
Lig. inguinale (I'ouparti)
Cribriform fascia
Fascia cribrosa ^
Internal or
long saphenous vein
Vena saphena magna
Deep inguinal lymphatic-
gland
Lymphoglandula
subinguinalis profunda
Intercolumnar or spermatic
fascia'
F'ascia cremasterica
(Cooperi)
False suspensory ligament
of the penis-
Lig fundi I'urme penis
Deep fascia of the thigh
or fascia lata
Scrotum-'
Lymphatic vessels
Vasa hmpbatica
Inferior superficial
inguinal lymphatic
glands-
Lymphoglandula; sub-
unguinales superficiales
Superficial fascia
Fascia superficialis
Internal or
long saphenous vein
Vena saphena magna
Lymphatic vessels
Vasa lymphatica
1 Fnscia Craiiasterica {Coopert). — This is not Xh^ cremasteric fascia of English anatomists, nor is it t\\^ /ascia pro/>ria of Astley
Cooper, but the intercolumnar or spermatic fascia. See note i to p. 501 in Part IV. — Tb.
2 The susf'ensory ligament of the penis consists of two parts : a sufierfcia ', the fa^se supeitsory'h'^ament ; and a deefi, the tr:u
suspensory ligament, "The former, called by the author ligamentiDu funk forme penis, when artificially separated from the fascia of the
abdomen and the dorsum of the penis (of which it forms a part), is a flattened piece of connective tissue with edges directed laterally and
surfaces directed forwards and backwards, respectively. The latter, called by the author iigamenium sitspensorium penis, when dissected
out, has an anterior free edge, a postero-superior edge attached to the front of the pubic symphysis, and a postero-inferior edge attached
to the dorsum of the penis, whilst its surfaces look to right and to left (see Fig. 632). The false suspensory ligament contains many yellow
elastic fibres ; the true corfrists of while fibres only. — Tk.
3 Often called the fctnoral lympliatic glands.
Fig. 631. — Superficial Fascia of the Anterior Wall of the Abdomen, with the False
Suspensory Ligament of the Penis (Ligamentum Fundiforme Penis) and the Cre-
masteric Fascia (Fascia Cremasterica Cooperi) covering the Spermatic Cord. In
the Portion of the Left Thigh from which the Skin has been removed we see
the Superficial Fascia with the Superficial Inguinal and Femoral Lymphatic Glands
AND the Subcutaneous Veins. In the Right Thigh the Superficial Fascia, the
Superficial Lymphatic Glands, and the Subcutaneous Veins, have been removed, and
the Fascia Lata and the Cribriform Fascia are laid bare.
Subcutaneous Structures of the Hypogastric and Inguinal Regions.
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
383
Linea alba
I-iiiua alba
Sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle \
anterior layer) '
Vagina m recti abdominis
(Lamina anterior!
Aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle of the abdomen
/ External oblique muscle of the
' ; abdomen
M. obliquus externus
abdominis
I Intercolumnar fibres
I I'lbr.i- col late rales*
External or superficial
abdominal ring'
AnnuUis ingiilnalis
subcutaneus
Femoral or crural septum >.
Septum lemorale (Clo<jueti,
Saphenous opening -
rossa ovalis
Triangular fascia-
Lig. inguinale retlexum
(Collesi)
Upper or internal pillar
Crus superius
Lower or external pillai
Crus inferius
Spine of the pubis
luKrculuin pubicum
True Buppensory ligament
of the penis'
Lig. suspcnsurmm pcnij
Poupart's ligament
(superficial femoral arch)
I-if^. int^uiiuile (IViuparti)
Intercolumnar fibres
l-'ilini- intercruralcs*
Superior cornu''
Cornu superius
Lymphatic gland in the
femoral ring ( "gland of
RosenmuUer)
Femoral or crural sheath
\'af;ina wisurum
Falciform border
Mar;;t) ialcifLirtnis
Pectineal fascia"
l-"asria [ec tinea
Inferior cornu
Cornu ir.ferius
Intercolumnar or sper-
matic fascia'
Fascia cuii,.i-uri. .i (Cix)iKii)
Internal or
long saphenous vein
Vena sapliena magna
Deep fascia of the thigh,
or fascia lata i superficial
layer/''
Fascia lata (lamina
superficialis)
< Or cxtirnat in^iinai afiirture.
3 The triani;ular/asciat or ii^^amcntum tHt^inate rfJJfxiim ColUsiy consists of f omc of the fibres of Oimbcrnat's Iif;aincnt and of the
outer pillar of the cxttrrnal abdominal ring which pass upwards and inwards Iwrieath the spetmatic cord in fri>nt of, and incorporated with,
the antrrior layer of the slicath nf the rectus abdominis muscle to rc;ich the middle line, where they interlace with the fibres of the upiv-tsite
side. The development of litis fascia is \,iriable, being inversely proportii)nal with that of the pyramidalis muscle, of the sheath ol which
it forms a specialized part. — Tk.
3 Sec note ' to p. 382.
4 /HUrtoltiiiiU'tr FHires. — The author distinguishes the lower inUrnttumnay Jibres, those which cross the gap between the pillars of
the external or superficial alidominal ring, oa JilrtrinUtvurtUi-s ; whilst those inU-rcatumnar j/itfrts which are silu.lte entirely above the
ling, he caXh Jilrir collatcralcs,
5 See note ' to p. 349. *> Or /luhic portion 0/ the /(ticin lata. 7 Sec note < to p. 38a. 8 g^e note » lo p. 349.
Fig. 632. — Is THE Hypogastric Regio.v, by tiii: Remov.vl ov the Supi;rfici.\i. Fascia, thic Aponeurosis
OF the External Oblique Muscle of the Abdomen and the Anticriou Layer of the Sheath of the
Rectus Abdo.minis Muscle have been laid bare. In the Inguinal Region, on the Right Side
OF the Body, vvk see the External or Suterficial .'Vbdominal Rim; (External Inguinal Aperture)
WITH its Two Pillars, Upper or Internal, and Lower or External, respectively, which are
FULLY displayed BY THE ReMOVAI. OF THE SPERMATIC CoRD ; ON THE LeFT SiDK, ON THE OTHER HaND,
THE Spermatic Cord with its Coverings has been left intact, and the External .Abdominal
Ring is, consequently, closed. In the Subinguinal Region, the Cribriform Fascia having been
REMOVED, THE SAPHENOUS OPENING (FoSSA OvAl.IS, FeMORAL ApERTURE OF THE FeMORAL OR CrURAL
Canal) is laid bare, with its Falciform Border and Superior and Inferior Cornua, on the Left
Side also with the Internal or Long Saphenous Vein and the F'emoral or Crural Sheath,
whilst on the Right Sim: the I-'emoral .\rtery and Vein have been removed.
The relation of the external abdominal ring lo Ihe s|icrin.tlic cord anti 10 the saphenous opening is lo be noted.
Annulus inguinalis subcutaneus- External or superficial abdominal ring.
Fossa ovalis- Saphenous opening.
384
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
Poupart's ligament (superficial femoral arch*
Lig. inguinale (Pouparti) 1
External oblique muscle of the abdomen i
M. obliquus externiis abdominis
Umbilicus -
Sheath of the rectus
abdominis muscle
Linea alba — •
Triangular fascia
Li;,', inguinale
reflexum (CoUesi
Upper or internal pillar '
of the external or super-
ficial abdominal ring-
Crus auperius annuli
inguinalis subcutanei
Lower or external pillar of the ex- '
ternal or superficial abdominal ring-
Crus inferius annuli inguinalis
subcutanei
* See note - lo p.
Anterior superior spine of
the ilium
I Spina iliaca anterior superior
Internal oblique
muscle of the
abdomen
Aponeurosis of the ex
ternal oblique muscle
of the abdomen
' Cremaster muscle
M, cremaster
■ Spermatic cord
Funiculus spermaticus
Ilioinguinal nerve
N. ilioinguinalis
Or external ingliiital aperture.
Fig. 633. — Inner Portion of the Left Inguin.al Canal, from the External or Superficial
Abdominal Ring (External Inguinal Aperture) to the Aperture for the Spermatic
Cord in the Internal Oblique Muscle of the Abdomen, displayed by the Removal of
a Portion of the External Oblique Muscle of the Abdomen. Continuity of the
Cremaster Muscle with the Lowermost Fasciculi of the Internal Oblique Muscle
of the Abdomen. Triangular Fascia, or Ligamentum Inguinale Reflexum (Collesi).
The lower part of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle of the abdomen, together with the
upper or internal pillar of the external abdominal ring, has been turned downwards.
Canalis inguinalis Inguinal canal.
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
385
External oblique muscle of the abdomea
M. oliliquus cMcrnus al d(.)minis .
Internal oblique muscle of the abdomen
M. obliquiis mtcrnui al'iiominis / ;
Umbilicus
Sheath of the rectus
abdominis muscle
Linea alba
Tendinous inter-
section
Inscriplio tendinea
Rectus abdominis
muscle
Sheath of the rectus
abdominis muscle
(anterior layer)
N'ayiiia ni. recti
abdominis (lamina
anterior)
Transversalis fascia
Tascia transversalis
Triangular fascia'
(divided i
Lin. inguinale
reflcxum (Collesi)
Pyramidalis musclo
M pyramidalis
Transversalis
abdominis muscle
\ Internal oblique muscle of the
abdomen turned downwards)
M. obliquus intcnius abdominis
\ Transversalis fascia
Fascia transversalis
\ Internal or deep abdominal ring-'
Annuius ingninalis abdominalis
Aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
of the abdomen (turned downwards)
Aj-ioneiirosis muscnli ol)lic]iii exlcriii abdomini
Spermatic cord — rnniculus spcnnaticus
• ^( , Musculus interfoveolaris-
Extemal or superficial ^ ., Cremaster muscle
abdominal ring' \ M cremaster
Annuius inKuinalis subcutaneus
' See note 3 to p. 383. ^ Sec note 3 to p. 275. ' Or infernal inguhtal n/-erturc. 4 Or twtcrttnt inxviiutl afirture.
Fig. 6j4. — Oitkk Portion of tiif Left Inguinal Canal, from tui: Aperturk iok the
Spermatic Cord in the Internal Obliouf, Muscle of the Abdomen to the Internal
OR Deep Aiidominal Ring (Internal Inguinal Aperture), displayed by the Removal
OF A Portion of the Internal Oblique Muscle of the Abdomen. Musculus Inter-
foveolaris {sec nole ^ lo p. 275), the Fibres of which lie in Front of the Ligamentum
Interfoveolare or Ligament <>f Hesselbach (sec tiotc ' lo p. 387), which is itself not
defined in the Figure.
Canalis inguinalis— Inguinal canal.
49
386
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
Anterior crural or femoral nerve
N. femoralis
Iliac fascia
Fascia iliaca
Parietal peritoneum
/ Peiitonseum parietale
Epigastric fold'
' Plica epigastrica
External inguinal pouch
Fovea inguinaiis
lateralis
Iliopsoas muscle /
M. iliopsoas / / /
Spermatic vessels • / f
Vasa spermatica / /
External iliac artery
A. iliaca externa / /
External iliac vein /
V. iliaca externa /
Pubovesical fold
I'lica pubovesicalis
*«8|f Internal inguinal pouch'
\ \ \ ■. Fovea inguinaiis medialis
\ \ ^Hypogastric or external umbilical
\ \ fold — I'lica umbilicalis lateralis
\ \ ' Urachal or median umbilical fold'
\ \ I'lica umbilicalis media
\ \ Supravesical pouch' — Fovea supravesicalis
\ Urinary bladder
\ Vesica urinaria
Lateral false ligament of the bladder
or transverse vesical fold
Plica vesicalis transversa
1 By some authorities the space between the urachal fold and the hypogastric fold (called here supraz-csical f>oucJi) is termed internal
inguinal f'OKch ; and the space between the hypogastric fold and the epigastric fold (called here internal inguinal f'onch') i^ termed middle
inguinal pouch. The author's nomenclature is to be preferred. The epigastric fold, on the outer side, and a line drawn on the inner
surface of the anterior abdominal wall corresponding to the outer margin of the rectus abdominis muscle, on the inner side, form the sides,
while Poupart's ligament forms the base, of a triangular space, usually called the triangle of Hessclbach, through which a direct inguinal
hernia passes. — Tr.
2 Also called the superior false ligament^ or suspensory ligament^ o/ t/ie bladdey.
Fig. 635. — Lower Portion of the Anterior Wall of the Abdomen seen from Behind,
SHOWING THE PARIETAL PERITONEUM WITH ITS FOLDS AND POUCHES : PlICA UmBILICALIS
Lateralis, the Hypogastric or External Umbilical Fold; Plica Umbilicalis Media,
THE Urachal or Median Umbilical Fold (see note - above) ; Plica Epigastrica, the
Epigastric Fold. Fove^ Inguinales, Lateralis et Media, the External and
Internal Inguinal Pouches; Fovea Supravesicalis, the Supravesical Pouch. Plica
Vesicalis Transversa, the Lateral False Ligament of the Bladder or Transverse
Vesical Fold. Plic.e Pubovesicales, the Pubovesical Folds.
(Coronal section through the lower part of the trunk.)
Plicae umbilicales— The umbilical folds.— Foveae inguinales — The inguinal pouches.
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
387
Rectus abdominis nuscle
TTmbilicas
Semilunar fold of Douglas
I.inea scmicirculans
(Douglasi)
Transversalis abdominis
muscle
M. Iransversus abdominis
Iliac fascia
Fascia iliaca
/
Urachus or 'median umbilical ligament^
umliilicale medium
"External umbilical ligament'
■Lig. umbilicale latcrale
/Deep or inferior epigastric artery^
/ A. epigastrica inferior
'Internal or deep abdominal
rin^"-
Annu!iis ingiiinalis alfdoniinalis
, Spermatic vessels
\asa spermatica
Ligament of Hesselbach'
Lip. interfov eolare
(Hesselbachi)
Ligament of Henle
I'alx (aponeurotica)
inguinalis
Common iliac artery
A. iliaca communis
Oooimon iliac vein— V. iliaca communis /
Internal iliac artery- A. hypoRastrica''
Internal iliac vein- — V. hypogastrica
Vas deferens
Ductus deferens
: 1 MJreter— Ureter
Ampulla of the vas deferens
Ampulla ductus deferentis
Urinary bladder — Vesica urinaria
Superior vesical artery A. vesicalis superior
■ Thr conjoined tendon of the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen and the transversalis abdominis muscle is often divided, or can
be readily divided by dissection, into two parts. The outer of these is called the ligament o/ I/rssell'acli, or ligameKluiii intcr/mtolarc,
and the inner is known a-s the iigainrnt flf Htn'f, ox /aix inguinalis. — Tr.
» The inUrnat iliac arterj' and vein are in the Continental nomenclature known as liy/iogaslric artery and vein respectively.— Tk.
3 The ^median umbilical tigami-nt consists of a fibrous cord, the urachus, extending from the apex of the bladder to th-i umbilicus^
and, when covcre<l by peritoneum, constitutes the urachal or median umbilical/old. Sec Fig. 635, p. 386.— Tk.
* The 'external urnt'ilical ligament consists of a fibrous cord, the remains of the oblitcr.itcd hyp^igastric artery, extending from the
superior vesical artery (close to its origin from the internal iliac artery) near the side of the bladder and along the anterior wall_ of the
abdomen to the umbilicus, and, when covered by peritoneum, constitutes the hypogastric or external umbilical /old. Sec Fig. 635,
p. 386.— Tr.
5 The deep or inferior epigastric artery extends from the external iliac arterj' along the anterior wall of the alxlomen, external to
and parallel with the obliterated hj'poga.stric artery, and, when covered with peritoneum, constitutes the epigastric /old. See Fig. 635,
p. 386.— Tr. '
'^ Ot internal inguinal aperture.
Fig. 636. — Lower Portion of the Anterior Wall of the Ahdomen and the Anterior
Wall of the Pelvis, with the Urinary Bladder, seen from Behind, the Parietal
Peritoneum and the Transversalis Fascia having been removed. Ligament of
Hesselbach (Ligamentlm Interfoveoi are); 'Median (sec note ^ above) and 'External (sec
iidlc * above) Umbilical Ligaments; Deep ok Inferior Epigastric Artery. Internal or
Deep Abdominal Ring (Internal Inguinal Aperture). Ligament of Henle (Falx
Aponeurotica Inguinalis). Vas Deferens.
*Ligamenta umbilicalia -'Umbilical ligaments.
49—2
388
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
Internal or deep abdominal
ring' — Annulus inguinalis
abdominalis
Spermatic vessels
Vasa spermatica
Vas deferens
Ductus deferens
Abemethy's fascia'
External iliac artery
A. iliaca externa
External iliac vein
V. iliaca externa
Parietal peritoneum
Peritonaeum parietale
One of the external iliac
lymphatic glands
Lymph oglandula
liypogastrica
Transversalis fascia — Fascia transversalis
\ Ligament of Henle-
iV Falx (aponeuretica)
(apone
inguinalis
Adminiculum lineffi
albae
Femoral or crural septum /
Septum femorale (Cloqueti)
Anomalous obturator artery'
A. obturatoria anomala
Pubic symphysis
Symphysis ossium
pubis
Lymphatic gland in the femoral ring
( *gland of RoseumuUer)
External iliac lymphatic plexus
I'lexus lymphatic'is iliacus externus
' Anomalous OMuraior Artery. — The normal origin of the obturator artery is from the internal iliac artery, and it sendsan anastomotic
branch to the deep epigastric artery ; but quite frequently this anastomotic branch becomes the main trunk, so that the obturator artery-
arises, as here, from the external iliac in common with the deep epigastric. When the anomalous obturator artery takes the course shown
in the figure, directly downwards across the internal iliac vein to reach the obturator canal, the anomaly is of little practical importance ;
but in some cases (once in fifty-eight bodies, and more often in males than females) the anomalous obturator artery courses first inwards,
and then arches backwards on the inner side of the femoral ring, so that it is in danger of being cut when dividing the stricture in cases of
strangulated femoral hernia. — Tk.
- See note i to p. 387,
3 Adminiculum Lineee A 11'^.— This-name is given to the triangular expansion which spreads out to the right and the left of the lower
end of the hnea alba, by means of which expansion the linea alba is attached on each side to the crest of the pubis behind the outer head
of the rectus abdominis muscle. — Tr.
4 Or internal inguinal aperture.
5 The fascia covering the external iliac vessels is known as Aliernetliy's/ascia.—TR.
Fig. 637. — Region of the Inguinal Pouches, Fove.e Inguinales, as seen after the
Parietal Peritoneum has been stripped from the Abdominal Wall. Left Side of
THE Body. Rel.\tion of the Transversalis Fascia to the Internal or Deep Abdominal
Ring (Internal Inguinal Aperture) and to the Femoral or Crural Ring. Connexion
of the Transversalis Fascia with the Sheath of the External Iliac Artery and
Vein {see note ^ above) : Septum Femorale (Cloqueti), the Femoral or Crural Septum.
Prolongation of the Transversalis Fascia from the Internal Abdominal Ring
ON TO the Spermatic Vessels and the Vas Deferens (Infundibuliform Fascia).
Relations of the External Iliac Lymphatic Plexus and of the *Lymphatic Gland
OF ROSENMULLER TO THE FeMORAL (OR CrURAL) RiNG, OCCLUDED BY THE FeMORAL (oR
Crural) Septum.
Abdominal Apertures of the Inguinal and Femoral Canals.
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
38y
Ligament of Henle' — Falx ^
(aponeurotica) inguinalis
Ligament of Hesselbach' — Lip;
interfoveolare (llcsbelbachi)
Linea semilunaris — Linea semilunaris (Spigeli) ,
Transversalis abdominis muscle
M. transvcrsus abdominis
Spermatic cord — Kuniculiis spermaticus ■,,
Internal or deep abdominal ricg-''
Annulus inguinalis abdominalis
Poupart's ligament (superficial
femoral arch)
Lij,'. inguinale (I'ouparti)
Vascular compartment
Lacuna vasorum
Anterior superior spine of
the ilium (1)
Deep circumflex iliac -
artery
A. circiimflcxa ilium
profunda
Deep or inferior
epigastric artery
A. episastrica
inferior
Iliac fascia
I'ascia
iliopectinea-
Iliac fascia
Fascia iliaca
Linea alba
! Rectus abdominis muscle
Sheath of the rectus abdo-
minis muEcle (jctttticr
layer)
\'a;;ina m. recti
abdominis
lamina posterior)
Deep or inferior
epigastric artery
A. c-pi,L;.istrica inkrior
Semilunar fold of
Douglas
Linea semicircularis
(Uouglasi)
Adminiculum lines albsa'
Pubic symphysis
\ Symphysis ossium pubis
Pubovesical pouch
pubovesicalis
y-A Fovea
i/ ......
r
Superior or ascending ramus
of the pubis
Kamus superior ossis pubis
External iliac artery
Arteria iliaca externa
External iliac vein
Vena iliaca externa
' Sec note » to p. 3?7.
4 See note ■ to p.
Gimbemat's ligament
Lij; lacunare (Gimbernati)
Femoral or crural ring
/ Antiulus femoralis
Obturator canal
Canalis obtnralorius
Anomalous obturator artery'
Arteria obturatoria anomala
(i) Spina Iliaca anterior superior
3 See note ' to p. 390.
5 Or internal Inguinal afcrturc.
' See note 3 to p. 388.
Fic. 638.— Annuli's Ingiinalis Abdominalis, Internal ok Dlep Aisdominal Ring (Inteknal
Inguinal Aperture), and Annulus Femoralis, Femoral or Crural King, laid hare
ON the Left Side of the Body by the Removal of the Parietal Peritoneum and
the Transversalis Fascia; seen from Behind. Ligamentum Interfoveolare (Hessel-
BACHi), Ligament of Hesselbach, and Falx (Aponeurotica) Inguinalis, Ligament of
Henlk. Relation of the Obturator Artery, which in this Instance arises from
the Deep Epigastric Artery, to the Femoral or Crural Ring.
Abdominal Apertures of the Inguinal and Femoral Canals.
390
INGUINAL CANAL AND FEMORAL CANAL
Anterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior bupencr
Iliac compa/rtmeut
I Kuna miisculoium
Iliuui —
Anterior inferior spine of the ilium
Spina iliica anterior inferior
Iliac fascia
, FabCia iliopeclinea'
Poupart's ligament (superficial femoral arch)
Lig. inguinale (Pouparti)
^Vascular compartment
,.' Lacuna vasorum
, Iliopectineal eminence
Eminentia iliopectinea
Pectineal fascia
,/ Fascia pectinea
y Gimbemat's ligament
Lig. lacunare (Gimbernati)
Triangular fascia^
\^'^ ^'^^sx^\ '' '"'° 'ng"''^^'6 reflexum
.« ^^^v XV ^ (Collesi)
Spine of the pubis
Tnherculum
pubicum.
Fig. 639— Lacuna Musculorum et Lacuna Vasorum, Iliac Compartment and Vascular Compartment.
Seen from Behind.
Anterior superior spine of the ilium
Spina iliaca anterior superior
Internal oblique muscle of the abdomen
i\l. obliquus internus
abdominis
Ilium -
Aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
' of the abdomen
Transversalis fascia — Fascia trans\-ersalis
' Anterior crural or femoral nerve — Nervus femoralis
jlliac fascia — Fascia iliopectinea'
I ! Poupart's ligament (superficial femoral arch)
Lig. inguinale (Pouparti)
Femoral artery
Arteria femoralis
/ Femoral or crural sheath
/ I Vagina \ asorum
/ Femoral vein
Vena femoralis
Femoral or crural rinj
Annulus femoralis
Cut edge of the iliac fascia -
Gimbernat's ligament
Lig lacunare (Gimbernati)
Kectus abdominis
muscle
Iliopsoas muscle — M. iliopsoas
Iliopectineal eminence — Eminentia iliopectinea
Surface of the symphysis
. F ci ^vmph^■^eos
I Ligament of Henle ' (O
E3rternal or superficial abdominal
nng-— .\iiuulu-. incuinalis suhculaneus
Pubic ligament of AsUey Cooper, or
Cooper s ligament- -Li.i;. pubicum (Caoppn)
Transversalis fascia — Fascia transversalis
(i) Fal.\ (aponeurotica) inguinalis
» Fascia Iliopeclinea. — The author distinguishes by this name that portion of the iliac fascia (of English anatnniists) which, covering
the iliopsoas muscle as it passes beneath Poupart's ligament, forms the septum between the iliac cotnf'aytmeni and the z'ascular compart-
ment of the space beneath that ligament, and passing inwards behind the femoral vessels to form the posterior layerof the femoral or crural
sheath becomes continuous with the pul'ic portion of the fascia lata of the thigh, ox pectineal fascia (see description at foot of Fig. 508),
]). 349. From the fact that this portion serves to connect the iliac with the pectineal fascia arises the name " iliopectineal fa.scia."— Tk.
3 Pubic Li^^amcnt ofAstley Cooper^ or Cooper •< /,i^an}ent.— This name is gi\ en to a thickened bundle of transverse fibres at the upper
part of the pectineal fascia along its attachment to the innermost portion of the iliopectineal line. The fibres are closely connected with,
and in part derived from, Gimbernat's ligament. — Tr.
3 See note ' to p. 3S7. 4 See note = to p. 383. 5 Or external inguinal aperture.
Fig. 640.— Parts isENE.vrii Poupart's Ligament, the Contents of the Lacuna Musculorum or Iliac
Compartment and Lacuna Vasculorum or Vascular Compartment, and their Mutual Relations.
Lefi' Side; seen from ISehind.
Lacuna musculorum, or iliac compartment. — Lacuna vasorum, or vascular compartment.
INDHX
TO IHE
MYOLOGY
AND TO
THE SUPPLEMENT ON THE ANATOMY OF HERNIA
393
INDEX
TO THE MYOLOGY
AND TO THE SUPPLEMENT ON THE ANATOMY OF HERNIA
Certain names in this Index have an asterisk (•) prefixed ; these, as more fully explained in the Translator's Preface, being terms that form part of the
English nomenclature used in this work, hut which are not commonly employed by Kngltsh anatomists. To other names a daef^cr (t) is prefixed ; these are
Latin names used by the author in the original work, but not included in the oincial nomenclature of the " Anatomischc tjescUschalt."
Adminicui.um linea; alb», 3SS, 389
Aiiiiulus feiiioralis, 3S9, 390
iuguiualis abdominalis, 275, 276, 344, 3S5, 3S7-3S9
subcutaiieus, 274, ,-49, liS:^, 385
Antagonists, 263
Aperture, iuguiual, external, 349, 383, 385
internal, 344, 385, 387-389
tAponcuroses tendinuiii extensoruni digitorum (manus),
331
tApoiicuroses tendinuni extensoruni digitorum (pedis), 373,
3S0
Aponeurosis (see also " Fascia "), 262
dorsal, of the extensor tendons of the fingers,
329-331
of the extensor tendons of the thumb,
331
of the extensor tendons of the toes, 373,
380
epicranial, 300, 302
of the external ol)lique muscle of the abdomen,
274. 3^3, 3«5
intercostal, anterior or external, 274
posterior or internal, 280
m. obliqui externi abdominis, 274, 383, 385
occipitofrontal, 300, 302
paluiaris, 322, 332
plantaris, 375, 376
verteliral, 267
•Arch, axillar)-, 283
of the soleus muscle, 363, 371, and note to p. 363
Arcus lumbocostalis lateralis [HalleriJ. 286
medialis [flalleri], 2S6
tendineus m. levatoris aui, 346
solei, 363, 371
Armpit, the, 283
Axilla, the, 283
B.
Band, crucial, inferior, 334 and note
superior, 334 and note
iliolibial, 338. 340. 342
oblique, 334 and note
vaginal, inferior, 334 ami note
iniilille, 334 and imtc
superior, 334 and note
Rellv (of muscle), 262
lioriler, falciform, 349, 383
liiiccal fat-pad. 290
Bursa or luirsiu :
of the aponeurotic expansion of the sartorius muscle,
356, 362 and note
of the biceps llexor cruris muscle, inferior, 363 and
note
of the bice])s flexor cruris muscle, superior, 342 and
note
bicipitogastrocnemial, 363 and note
bicipiloradial, 316, 321 and note
. of the coracobrachialis inuscje, 314 and note
of the extensor carpi radialis brcvior muscle, 331 and
note
Bursa or bursje :
of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, 323 and note
of the flexor carjii ulnaris muscle, 333 and note
of the gastrocnemius muscle, inner head, 362 and
note, 363, 369
of the gastrocnemius muscle, outer head, 363 and
note
gluteofemoral, 342 and note
of the hamular process, 297
iliopectiueal, 34H and note, 356
of the iliopsoas tendon, 34S and note
infrapatellar, deep, 366
subcutaneous, 350
of the infrasi)inatus muscle, 312 and note
intermctacari)ophalaiigeal, 330
iutcrmetalarsophalangcal, 380
interosseous of the elbow, 321 and note
intratendiuous of the olecranon, 320 and note
of the lalissimus dorsi muscle, 314 ami note
of the luiiibricalis muscle, 3S0 and note
of the obturator internus muscle. 341 and note
of the pecliiieus muscle, 347 and note, 370
of the popliteus muscle, 363 and note
prepatellar, subcutaneous, 350
suljfascial, 355
sublctidiuous, 355
propria of the .sartorius muscle, 355 and note
of the pyriformis muscle, 348 and note
of the rectus femoris muscle, 348 and note
of the semimembranosus muscle, 362 and note,
370
' of the sinus of the tarsus, 364
of tlie sternohyoid muscle, 294 and note
of the sternothyroid muscle, 294 and note
subacromial, 312
of the subscapularis muscle, 313 and note, 314
subcutaneous of the acromion, 311
of the calcaneum, 374
of the chin, 2S2
of the coccyx, 342
of the fingers, dorsal, 327, 330
of the iiiiiex- finger, dorsil, 327
of the internal condyle of the liutnerus,
320
of the internal malleolus, 374
of the laryngeal prominence, 2S2
nictacarpophalaugeal, dorsal, 327, 330
of the olecranon, 314, 320
of the i)osterior superior .spine of the
ilium, 342
of the sacrum. 342
of the tubercle of the tibia, 355
subdeltoid, 312
subtcndinou.s, 261
of the olecranon, 320 and note
of the tibialis anticus muscle, 37S and
note
of the tibialis posticus muscle, 379 and
note
of the teiido .\chi1lis, 370 and note
of the teres m.ijor muscle. 314 and note
of the thyrohyoid muscle, 294
5°
394
INDEX
Bursa or bursfe :
trochauteric, of the gluteus niaximus muscle, 340 and
note, 342
of the gluteus medius muscle, anterior,
34S and note
of the gluteus medius muscle, posterior,
342 and note
of the gluteus minimus muscle, 34S and
note
Bursa vcl bursas :
anserina, 356, 362
bicipitogastrocnemialis, 363
bicipitoradialis, 316, 321
cubitalis interossea, 321
glutasofemoralis, 342
iliaca subtendinea, 348
iliopectinea, 34S, 356
infrapatellaris profunda, 366
subcutanea, 350
intermetacarpophalangeae, 330
intermetatarsophalangese, 3530
intratendinea olecrani. 320
mucosa subtendinea, 261
musculi bicipitis femoris inferior, 363
superior, 342
coracobrachialis, 314
extensoris carpi radialis brevis, 331
flexoris carpi radialis, 323
ulnaris, 333
gastrocnemii lateralis, 363
medialis, 362, 363, 369
infraspinati, 312
latissimi dorsi, 314
lumbricalis, 3S0
obturatoris iuterni, 341
pectinei, 347
piriformis, 34S
poplitei, 363, 370
recti femoris, 34S
sartorii propria, 355
semimembranosi, 362, 370
sternoh}oidei, 294
subscapularis, 313, 314
tensons veli palatini, 297
teretis majoris, 314
thyreoh3-oidei, 294
musculorum lumbricalium pedis, 3S0
praepatellaris subcutanea, 350
subfascialis, 355
subtendinea, 355
sinus tarsi, 364
subacromialis, 312
subcutanea acromialis, 311
calcanea, 374
cocc\'gea, 342
epicondj-li (humeri) medialis, 320
malleoli medialis, 374
olecrani, 314, 320
prsemeutalis, 282
prominentia; larj-ngeje, 282
sacralis, 342
t spinae iliacse posterioris, 342
tuberositatis tibife, 355
subcutanea: digitorum dorsales, 327, 330
metacarpophalangea; dorsales, 327, 330
subdeltoidea, 311
subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris, 37S
posterioris, 379
olecrani, 320
tendinis calcanei [Achillis], 370
trochanterica m. glutaii maximi. 340, 342
medii anterior, 348
posterior, 342
minimi, 34S
Canal, crural, 381-390
femoral, 381-390
Hunter's, 351, 356, 357, 360
obturator, 346, 347, 357, 361, 389
*Canal, popliteal, 363 and note, 371
Canalis adductorius [Huuteri], 351
femoralis, 3S1-390
inguinalis, 381-390
obturatorius, 346, 347, 357, 361, 3S9
t poplileus, 363, 371
Canals for the extensor tendons of the fingers, 331
Caput (musculii, 262
commune, 263
Centrum teudineum, 286, 287
Chiasma tendiunm, 33J and note
Chorda obliqua. 317
*Commissure of the tendons of the flexor sublimis digitorum,
325 and note
Compartment, iliac, 390
vascular, 344, 349, 389, 390
Cord, spermatic, 274-276, 384, 3S5, 389
Cornu inferius (marginis falciformis), 349, 3S3
superius (marginis falciformis), 349, 3S3
Corpus adiposum buccae, 290
Cross-striated contractile substance, 260
Crura (see also " Pillars ") :
of the diaphragm, 286 and note, 345
Cms inferius annuli inguinalis, 349, 3S3
superius annuli inguinalis, 349, 383
Diaphragm, the, 286, 287
costal portion, 2S1, 286, 287
crura, 286 and note, 345
sternal portion, 281, 2S6, 2S7
vertebral portion, 2S6, 287
Diaphragma, 286, 287
crus intermedium, 286, 345
laterale, 2S6
mediale, 286, 345
pars costalis, 281, 286, 287
lumbalis, 286, 287
sternalis, 281, 286, 2S7
t oris, 294, 295
Elementar\^ constituents of muscle, 260, 261
Eminence, hypothenar, 322-324
plantar, central, 375
inner, 375
outer, 375
thenar, 322, 324
tEminentiae plantares, 375
Endoni3-sium, 260, 261
Epimj-sium, 261
Expansion, aponeurotic, of the tendon of the sartorius
muscle, 351 and note
Expansion, aponeurotic, of the tendon of the gracilis,
muscle, 351 and note
Falx (aponeurotica) inguinalis, 3S7-390, and note to p. 3S7
Fascia (see also "Aponeurosis"), 264
Abernethy's, 38S and note
axillary, 282, 283
bicipital, 315, 322, 327
brachial, 264, 282, 314, 3S3
buccopharyngeal, 302
cervical, deep, 266, 267, 2S2, 291-293
cremasteric, 3S2, note
cremasterica (Cooperi), 3S2 and note, 383
cribriform, 3S2
of the dorsum of the foot, deep, 366
of the dorsum of the hand, 327
of the forearm, deep, 314, 320, 327, ^1,2
gluteal portion of the fascia lata. 266, 267
iliac, 285, 346, 349, 383, 387, 389, 390 and note
iliopectineal, 349, 383, 390 and note
infraspinous, 266, 267
intercolumnar, 382 and note, 383
lata, 33S, 339, 350, 355, 360, 382, 3S3
iliac portion, 349, note
pubic portion, 349, 3S3, 390 and note
INDEX
395
Fascia of the Intissiinus ilorsi muscle, 283
of the leg, deep, 354, 362, 364, 366, 368-370, 374
deep liiyer, 36S, 369, 374
superficial laver, 36S, 369, 374
lumbar, midifle layer, 270, 271, 285, 2S6, 343, 345
superficial or posterior layer, 266-269, 273,
2S5, 342
masseteric, 291, note (see also "Fascia parotideo-
massetcrica")
obturator, 2S8, 346
palmar. 322, 332
parotid, 291, note (see also "Fascia parotideo-
masseterica")
pectineal, 349, 3S3, 39f)
pectoral, 2S2, 2S3, 291
pelvic, white line of the, 346
plantar, 375, 376
prevertebral. 292
pro])ria of Astley Cooper, 382, note
semilunar, 315, 322, 327
of the sole, dce]>, 375, 376
spermatic, 382 and note, 383
supraspinous. 267
temporal, 302, 303, 306
ilee]) layer, 303, 306
superficial layer, 302, 303
of the thigh, deep, 338. '339. 35o. 355. 360. 382, 383
triangular, 383 and note, 3S4, 3S5, 390
Fascia antibrachii, 314, 320, 327, 332
axillaris, 2.S2, 283
brachii, 264, 282, 283, 314
buccopharyngea, 302
colli, 2S2, 291-293
coracoclavicularis, 282
cremasterica [Cooperi], 382 and note, 383
cribrosa, 382
cruris, 355, 362. 364, 366, 368-370, 374
dorsalis manus, 327
pedis, 366
t {jlutaa, 266, 267
iliaca, 285, 346, 386, 387, 389, 390
iliopectinea, 344, 389, 390
infraspinata. 266, 267
lata. 33S, 339. 350, 355, 360, 3S2, 383
t Uimbalis, 2.S5 (see also notes to pp 267 and 285)
lumbodorsalis, 266-269, 273, 285, 342
t m. latissimi dorsi, 283
nucha;, 266, 267
obturatoria, 28S, 346
parotideoniasseterica, 291, 300
pectinea, 349, 383, 390
pectoralis, 282, 283, 291
pra;vertebralis, 292
superficialis, 264
abdominis, 382
supraspinata, 267
temporalis, 302, 303, 306
lamina ])rofnnda, 303, 306
superficialis, 302, 303
transversalis, 275, 276. 285, 344, 385, 38S, 390
Fasciculi of muscular filires, 260, 261
transversi aponeurosis |)almaris, 332
plautaris, 375
I'atpad, buccal, 290
tFibnu aunulares, 334
t collaleralcs, 3.S3
t cnicial;u, 3,34
iutercrurales, 383
Fibres. intercoUimnar, 383 and note
muscular, 260. 261
Fold (see also " Plica"):
of the uxill.1, anterior, 283
posterior, 283
epigastric, 386, 387. note
hypogastric, 386, 387, note
I)ul)ovcsical, ^>Vi
siniilunar, of Douglas, 275, 276, 387, 389
transverse vesical, 3S6
umbilical, external, 3S6, 3S7, note
median, 386, 387, note
Fold, urachal, 386, 3,87, note
Foramen quadratuin, 286, 2S7
venie cavic, 2S6, 287
Fossa, antecubilal, 322
t axillaris, 283
cubitalis, 322
iliopectinea, 350
ovalis, 274, 276, 349, 383
poplitea, 358
scarp;c major, 350
Fovea inguin.ilis lateralis, niedialis, 3S6
supravesicalis, 3S6
fFoveola radialis, 327
Funiculus spermaticus, 274-276, 3>4, 3.S5, 389
Furrow (see also "Sulcus"):
bicipital, inner, 315
outer, 326
of the forearm, radial, 322
ulnar, 322
plantar, inner, 375
outer, 375
Galea ai)oneurotica, 300, 302
Groove (see also "Furrow" aiul "Sulcus"):
deltoideopectoral, 282
for the suDclavian artery, 299
H.
Ham, the, 358
Head (of muscle), 262
common, 263
Hiatus adductorius, 356, 357, 360
aorticus, 2S6, 287
a-sopliageus, 2S6, 287
Hollow, bicipital, 321, note
Uypotheiiar, 322-324
I.
luscriptio tcudinea, 262
Inscriplioiics tendineae m. recti abdominis, 276, 385
Intersection, tendinous, 262
Intersections, tendinous, of the rectus abdominis muscle,
276, 3«5
Juncturae tendinum, 330
L.
Lacertus fibrosus, 315. 322. 327
Lacuna musculorum, 390
vasorum, 344, 349, 389, 390
Lamina ])rofunda fascia.-. 264
superficialis fasciie. 264
Layer, muscular, of the trunk :
appendicuhir, 2S4 and note
dorsal, deep, 284 and note
superficial. 284 and note
ventral, intercostal, 2>4 and note
subcostal, 284 ami note
Ligamuit or ligaments (see also '■ I.igaiuentum") :
annular, of the ankle, anterior, 364, 366, 372, 373
external, 364. note, 572
internal, 370, 371,374
superior, 366, 372
of wrist, anterior, 322, 324. 332, 334
posterior, 326-328, 330
arched, external, 286
internal, 286
of the bladder, .superior fal.se, or suspensory,
3S6, note
Cooper's, 3.14, 353, 390 and note
cricothyroid, middle, 29.)
femoral. 349. note
of tile fingers. su])erficial transverse, 332
fundiform, of the penis, 3S2 and note
(of Ketzius), 365 and note, 373
50 — z
396
INDEX
Ligaiiieut or lisamenls :
Gim'bL-rnafs, 344, 349, 3S9, 590
of Heiile, 3S7 and iiole, 3SS-390
of Hesselbacli, 3.S5, 3S7 and note, 389
Hev's, 349, note
ilio'tibial, 33S, 340, 342
intenuetacarpal, distal, anterior or palmar, 334
intermetatarsal, plantar distal, 376, 37S
interosseous, of the forearm, 324, 325, 329
of the le.<,', 365, 367
lambdoideum, 364, 366, 372, 373
metatarsal, transverse, 376, 37S
oblique (radio-uluar), 317
obturator,. 345
palpebral, internal, 300
patellar, 353, 355, 356, 366, 367
Poupart's, 274, 276, 344, 345, 349, 3S2, 383, 3S9,
390
pterygomandibular, 297, 307
pter^'gomaxillary, 297, 307
pubic, of Astley Cooper, 344. 353, 390 and note
sacrosciatic, anterior, 340, 341, 346
great, 340, 341, 343
posterior. 340, 341, 343
small, 340, 341, 346
stylohyoid, 292-294, 296
suspensory, of the penis, 274, 276, 349, 382, 3S3
"true" and "false," 382,
note
tarsal, internal, 300
th}roli}oid, middle, 294
of the toes, superficial transverse, 375
transverse metacarpal, 334
vaginal (of the fingers), 334-336, and note to
P-334
of the toes, 376, 378
Ligamentum ve/ ligamenta :
arcuatum externum, 2S6
internum, 2S6
brevia, 331, note
capitulorum (ossium metacarpalium) trans-
versa, 334
(ossium metatarsalium) trans-
versa, 376
carpi dorsale, 326-32S, 330
transversum, 324, 334
volare, 322, 332
cricothyreoideum (medium), 294
cruciatimi cruris, 364, 366, 372, 373
t fundiforme pedis, 365, 373
penis, 3S2
inguinale [Pouparti], 274, 276, 344, 345, 349, 3S2,
383. 389. 390
reflexum [Collesi], 383-3S5, 390, and
note to p. 3S3
iuterfoveolare [Hesselbachi], 385, 387 and note,
3S9
intercostalia externa, 274
interna, 280
laciniatum, 370, 371, 374
lacunare [Gimberuati], 344, 349, 389, 390
longa, 331, note
lumbocostale, 270, 271, 285, 286, 343, 345
nucha;-, 267, 268
palpebrale mediale, 300
patelUe, 353, 355, 356, 366, 367
pubicum [CooperiJ, 344, 353, 390
sacrospinosum, 340, 341, 346
sacrotuberosum, 340, 341, 343
stylohyoideum, 292-294, 296
suspensorium penis, 274, 276, 349, 383
transversum cruris, 366. 372
umbilicale laterale, medium, 387
vaginalc digitorum (maniis), 334-336
. „ „ (pedis), 376, 378
Linea alba, 274, 276, 3S3-385, 3S9
t arcuata, 346 and note
seniicircularis [Douglasi], 275, 276, 387, 389
semilunaris [Spigeli], 276, 389
Line, white, of the pelvic fascia, 346
M.
Margo falciformis, 349, 383
Membraua hyothjreoidea, 294
interossea antibrachii, 324, 325, 329
cruris, 367
obturatoria, 345
jNIembrane, costocoracoid, 282
cricotl;yroid, 294
interosseous, of the forearm, 324, 325, 329
of the leg, 365, 367
obturator," 345
th3'roh}-oid, 294
tMesotenon, 333 and note
Muscle or muscles (see also Latin names under "Musculus
Z'c/ niusculi ") :
of the abdomen, 274-276, 27S, 279, 281
abductor hallucis, 371, 374, 376
indicis, 323, 324, 331, 336
minimi digiti (manus), 323, 324, 334, 336
(pedis), 364, 366, 372, 373,
376. 377
polhcis brevis, 324. 334, 336
longus, 326, 328-330, and note to
p. 326
accessorius ad sacrolumljalem, 268, 269, 272, 273,
343
adductor brevis, 345, 351-353- 356, 357, 360
longus, 345, 346, 350-353. 356, 357. 360
niagnus, 345 and note, 346, 351, 352, 354,
356-360
minimus, 345 and note, 35S-360
obliquus hallucis, 378
pollicis, note to p. 324
pollicis, 324, 325, 334-336. and note to
p. 324
transversus hallucis, 37S, 380
pollicis, note to p. 324
anconeus, 318, 319, 326, 32S, 329
antagonistic, of the arm, 263, 315-320
attollens auriculam, 266, 300
attraheiis auriculam, 300
auricularis anterior, 300
posterior, 266, 302
superior, 266, 300
of the back, 266-273
biceps flexor cruris. 352, 358-363
cubiti, 314, 315, 317, 325
bipenniform, 262
brachialis anticus, 315-31?. 319. 3^1. 325
broad, 262
buccinator, 297, 303, 304, 306, 307
canine, 297, 300-304
ceratopharyngeus, 296
cervicalis ascendens, 26S, 269, 272, 273
chondroglossus, 296.
chondropharyngeus, 296
circumflexus palati, 295, 297, 30S
coccygeus, 28S. 347
complexus, 267-279, 272, 273, 278, 30S
compressor naris, 301-303, and note to p. 301
constrictor of the pharynx, inferior, 297
middle, 293, 296
superior, 297
coracobrachialis. 314-317
corrugator supercilii. 300, 301
cremaster, 274-276, 384, 385
cricothyroid, 294. 296
crureus', 352-354. 356
cucullaris, see "Muscle, trapezius"
curvator coccygis. 288, 3.^4. 346
deltoid, 266, 269, 274, 275, 310, 317, 319
depressor alte nasi. 301-305, and note to p. 301
auguli oris, 290, 293, 297, 300, 303, 306
labii iuferioris, 300, 302-304, 306
digastric, 262, 292, 297, 298, 307, 308
double-headed, 262
elementary constituents, 260
epitrochleo-ancoueus, 320 and note
INDEX
397
Muscle or muscles :
extensor brevis digitoruni pedis, 364 and note, 365,
367. 372. 373
hallucis, 364 and note, 365, 367, 372
pollicis, 326, 328-330, and note to
p. 326
carpi radialis brevior, 317, 321, 326-329
lon},nor, 317, 319, 321, 322,
326-329
ulnans, 318, 325, 326, 328, 329
coccygis, 2S8
communis digitoruni, 326-329
indicis, 326, 32S-330
longus digitoruni jjcdis, 364, 365, 367
lialhuis, 364 and note, 365, 367
pollicis, 326, 328-330, and note to
p. 326
minimi digiti. 326
ossis nietacarpi pollicis, 326, 328-330, and
note to p. 326
primi iutcrnodii pollicis, 326, 328-330, and
note to p. 326
proprius hallucis, 364 and note, 365, 367
sccuudi interiiodii pollicis, 326, 32S-330,
and note to p. 326
external olilifiue, of tlie abdomen, 266-269, 274-276,
27«. 279- 3«4. 385
of the face, 300-307
of facial expression, difference between the author's
grouping of these and that usual in England,
note to p. 303
flexor accessorius, 376-378
brevis digitorum pedis, 376
hallucis, 376-378
minimi digiti (manus), 324, 325, 334-336
(pedis), 374 and note,
376-378
polhcis, 324, 325, 334, 336, and note to
P- 324
carpi radialis, 317, 322, 323, 325
ulnaris, 317-320, 322, 323, 325
longus digitoruni pedis, 370, 371, 376, 377
hallucis, 370, 371, 376, 377
pollicis, 322, 324, 325, 336
perforaus (manus), 324, 325, 331, 335, 336
(pedis), 370, 371, 376,377
perforatus (manus), 317, 321-323, 325, 331,
.335. 336
(pedis), 376
jirofundus digitoruni, 324, 325, 331, 335, 336
sublimus digitorum, 317, 321-323, 325, 331,
33=
of the foot, 372-3S0
of the forearm, 321-329
forms of, 262
frontalis, 300
fusiform, 262
gastrocm-mius, 35S-363, 368, 369
gemellus inferior, 340 and note, 341, 343, 358, 359
sui)erior. 340 and note, 341, 343, 358, 359
general considerations, 259-264
genioglossus, 295, 296, 307
geniohyoglossus, 295, 296, 307
geniohyoiil, 294-296, 307
gluteus maximus, 338-340. 342. 343, 360
niiilius. 340, 343. 345. 353
minimus. 341-3-13. 345. 333
gracilis, 345, 346, 3.S0, 351, 354, 360, 362
of the hand. 330-336
of the lieail, 295-297, 300-308
of the head and neck, 2H9-308
of the hip. 338-349
Horner's, see "Tensor tarsi" and notes 3 and 4 to
p. 3or
iliocostalis, see under '* Musculus"
iliacus, .344. 346, .347, 350
iliojisoas, ^344, 346-34'<. 35o, 353. 354. 360, 361, 386, 390
iucisiviis, inferior, 303, 304. 306
su])erior, 303, 304
inferior lingual, 296
Muscle or muscles :
infraspinatus, 312, 318, 319
insertion, 261
iutercoslal, external, 268. 271, 274, 276-280
internal, 275-2S1
internal oblique, of the abdomen, 267-270, 274-276,
384. 385
interosseous, dorsal, of the foot, 373-379
of the hand, 3.i9, 331, 334-336
palmar, 334-336
plantar, 376, 379
interspinales, 270-272, 279, 339
intertransversales, 270-273, 299, 339, 343
latissiuius dorsi, 266, 267, 269, 277, 278, 317
of the leg, 364-371;
levator anguli oris, 297, 300-304
scapulx-, 266, 267, 269, 277, 27S, 293,
298, 319
ani, 288
coccygis, 288, 347
labii inferioris, 303, 304, 306
superioris aheque nasi, 300 and note, 301
projirius, 300 and note, 302
menti, 303, 304, 306
palati, 295, 297, 308
lingualis inferior, 296
longissimus. sec under "Musculus"
of the lower extremity, 337-380
lumbricales (manus). 324, 326, 332, 336
(pedis), 376, 377
masse ter, 293, 302
dee]) jiortion, 303, 306, 308
superficial portion, 302, 306, 308
of mastication, 306, 307
multifidus spina-, 270, 273, 343
mylohyoid. 292-295, 297, 307
of the neck, 290-299
oblique, of the abdomen, external, 266-269. 274-276,
278, 279, 384, 3.S5
internal, 267-270, 274-276,
384. 385
obliquus capitis inferior, 270-272, 278, 279
superior, 268, 270-272, 278, 279, 30S
obturator externus, 341, 343, 345, 353. 356, 357, 359-361
interiius, 340 aud note, 341, 342, 344, 347,
358. 3.S9
occipitalis, 266, 27S, 302
occiiutofroiitalis. 300, 302
oniohy()i<l, 277. 292, 293. 314. 317, 319
opponens minimi digiti (manus). 325, 334-336
(pedis), 364 and note, 372, 378
pollicis, 325, 334-336
orbicularis oris, 303-305
palpeiiraruni, 300-302, aud notes 3 and 4
to p. 301
pars lachrynialis, or lachrymal
portion, see "Tensor tarsi"
and notes 3 and 4 to p. 301
pars orhitalis, or orbital ])ortion,
300, 301
pars palpcbralis, or palpebral
portion, 300, 301
origin, ?6i
palmaris brevis, 322, 332
longus, 332
pectiueus, 345. 347, 350-353, 357,360, 361
pecloralis major, 274, 275, 317
abdominal portion. 274
clavicular portion. 274, 275, 317
sternocostal portion, 274, 275, 278
minor, 274, 275, 278,317
penniform, 262
peroneus brevis, 364-367, 371, 373
longus, 364, 366, 367, 379
tcrtius. 364, 367, 372
platysma. 282. 290, 291. 300. 302, 306
plan'taris, 35.S-362. 3&S, 369, 371
popliteus, 3'>i-363. 366. 369-371
pronator (fuadraius, 323-325, 333, 334
radii teres, 317, 322, 325, 327, 328
398
INDEX
Muscle or muscles :
psoas iiiaguus, 286, 344-347, 350
parvus, 344
pterygoid, external, 295, 307, 308
internal, 295, 307, 308
pyraniidalis nasi, 300, 301
pyriformis, 340-347, 358, 359
quadratus femoris, 340-343, 345, 346
labii superioris, 300, 302, and note to p. 300
luniboruui, 339, 344, 345
meuti, 300, 302-304, 306
quadriceps extensor cruris, 350-353, 355, 360
rectus abdouiiuis, 275, 276, 278, 385, 387, 389, 390
capitis anticus major, 277, 293, 294, 298, 30S
minor, 299, 308
lateralis, 271, 272, 279, 298, 299, 308
posticus (major and minor), 271, 272,
279, 308
femoris muscle, 343, 345, 350-353
retralieus auriculam, 266, 300
rhomboideus major, 267, 269, 319
minor, 267, 269, 319
risorius, 290, 300, 303
rotatores dorsi, 271-273
sacrococcygeus auticus, 288, 344, 346
posticus, 2S8
sacrolumbalis, see "Musculus iliocostalis "
sacrospinalis, see "Musculus iliocostalis"
sartorius, 345, 350, 351, 353355, 362
scalenus anticus, 277.279, 293, 298, 299
medius, 270, 277, 278, 293, 298, 299
pleuralis, 279
posticus, 268, 269, 277, 278, 29S, 299
semimembranosus, 351, 354, 358-363
semispinalis, see under " Musculus "
colli, 270, 272, 273
semitendinosus, 351, 354, 35S, 360, 362
serratus magnus, 267, 268, 274-27S, 317, 319
posticus inferior, 267-269, 278, 343
superior, 267, 269, 278
of the shoulder, 310-313
soleus, 363, 369,371
spinalis, see under "Musculus "
cervicis, 268, 273
splenius capitis, 266-269, ^77, 278, 293, 30S
colli, 267-269
sternalis, 2S2
sternocleidomastoid, 278, 292, 293, 308, 317
sternolnoid, 281, 292-294
sternomastoid, 27S, 292, 293, 30S, 317
sternoth3roid, 277, 2S1, 292, 293
strap-shaped, 262
structure, 260, 261
stylohyoid, 27S, 292, 297, 308
stylopharyngeus, 293, 297, 308
subclavius, 274, 275, 278, 299, 311, 314, 317
subcostal, 280
subcrureus, 354, 357
subscapularis, 277, 313, 315-317
supinator radii brevis, 317, 319, 321, 323-325, 327-329
lougus,'3i7, 319, 321-323, 325-327, 329
supraspinatus, 310, 312, 313, 319
synergistic, 263
temporal, 306-308
tensor fascuc- femoris, 33S, 345, 350, 351, 353
latae, 338, 345, 350, 351, 353
palati, 295, 297, 30S
tarsi, 301, 302, and notes 3 and 4, p. 301
vagina; femoris, 338, 345, 350, 351, 353
teres major, 266, 269, 311, 3:3, 316-319
of the thorax, 274, 275, 277-283
tln'rohyoid, 277, 292 294, 296
thyropharvngeus, 29'^, 294
tibialis anticus, 364, 365, 367, 377, 37S
posticus, 370, 371, 377, 379
trachelomastoid, 268, 270, 272, 273, 278, 308
transversalis abdominis, 269-271, 275, 276, 281, 3S5,
387. 389
cervicis, 268, 270, 272, 273
linguEe, 296
Muscle or muscles :
transverse, of the tongue, 296
transversus ineiiti, 300, 304
nuchaj, 266, 302
trapezius, 266, 269, 278, 292, 293, 308, 319
triangularis menti, 290, 293, 297, 300, 303, 306
sterni, 281
triceps extensor cubiti, 266, 310-320, 329
rotator femoris, 340, note
* surte, 36S and note, 369
of the trunk, 265-288
of the upper arui, 315 320
of the upper extremit}-, 309-336
vastus externus, 345, 352, 353, 356, 35S-361
mternus, 348, 350-354, 360, 361, 367
zygomaticus major, 290, 297, 300, 302, 303
minor, 300 and note
Musculus vcl musculi (see also English names under
" Muscle or muscles ") :
abdominis, 274-276, 27^, 279, 281
abductor digiti quinti (maiius), 323, 324, 334,
336
(pedis), 364, 366, 372, 373,
376, 377
hallucis, 371, 374, 376
jjolhcis brevis, 324, 334. 336
lougus, 326, 328-330
adductor brevis, 345, 351-353, 356, 357, 360
hallucis, 378, 380
longus, 345, 346, 350-353, 356, 357, 360
magnus, 345, 346, 351, 352, 354, 356-360
minimus, 345, 35S-360
polhcis, 324, 325, 334-336
ancouEeus, 318, 319, 326, 328, 329
antibrachii, 321-329
articularis genu, 354, 357
articulationis humeri, 310-313
auricularis anterior, 300
posterior, 266, 302
superior, 266, 300
biceps, 262
brachii, 314, 315, 317, 325
femoris, 352, 358-363
bipennatus, 262
t biventer, 262
brachialis. 315-317, 319, 321, 325
brachii, 315-320
brachioradialis, 317, 319, 321-323, 325-327, 329
buccinator, 297, 303, 304, 306, 307
caninus, 297, 300-304
capitis, 295-297, 300-30S
ceratopharyiigeus, 296
chondroglossus, 296
choiidropharyngevis, 296
coccygeus, 2S8, "347
colli, 290-299
et capitis, 2S9-308
constrictor pharyngis inferior, 297
medius, 293, 296
superior, 297
coracobrachialis, 314-317
t cornigator supercilii, 300, 301
coxa;, 33S-349
cremaster, 274-276, 3S4, 3S5
cricothyreoideus, 294, 296
cruris, 364-371
deltoideus, 266, 269, 274, 275, 310, 317, 319
depressor septi, 303-305
digastricus, 292, 297, 29S, 307, 308
dorsi, 266-273
epicranius, 300, 302
epitrochleo-anconcEus, 320
extensor carpi radialis brevis, 317, 321, 326-329
longus, 317,' 319, 321, 322,
326-329
ulnaiis, 31S, 325, 326, 328, 329
digiti quinti proprius, 326
digitorum brevis, 364, 365, 367, 372, 373
communis, 326-329
longus, 364, 365, 367
INDEX
399
JIusculus ivl niusculi :
extensor hallucis brevis, 364, 365, 367, 372
loiifjus, 364, 365, 367
indicis propius, 326, 328-330
poUicis brevis, 326, 32S-330
lonpus, 326, 32S-330
extremitatis iiiferions, 337-3<So
superioris, 309-336
faciei, 300-307
femoris, 350-361
flexor carpi radialis, 317, 322, 323, 325
ulnaris, 317-320, 322, 323, 325
digiti (juinli brevis (luauus), 324, 325,
334-336
(pedis), 376, 378
digitorum brevis, 376
lougus, 370, 371, 376, 377
profundus, 324, 325, 33 1 , 335, 336
subhniis, 317, 321-323, 325, 331,
. 335. :•>?,(>
hallucis brevis, 376-37S
lonjfus, 370, 371, 376, 377
polhcis brevis, 324, 325, 334, 336
loiigus, 322, 324, 325, 336
frontalis, 300
fusifonnis, 262
gastrocnemius, 358-363, 36S, 369
gemellus (inferior, superior), 340 and note, 341,
.343. 35-''. 359
genioj;lossus, 295, 296, 307
geniohyoideus, 294-296, 307
gluteus maximus, 33S-340, 342, 343, 360
niedius, 340, 343, 345, 353
minimus, 341-343, 345, 353
gracilis. 345, 346, 350, 351, 354, 360, 362
Ilorneri, 301, 302
livoglossus, 293, 296
iljacus, 344, 346, 347, 350
iliocostalis, 268, 269, 273, 343
cervicis, 268, 269, 272, 273
dorsi, 26S, 269, 272, 273, 343
luinborum, 268, 269, 273, 343
iliopsoas, 344, 346-3-l'\ 35o. 353. 354. 360.361,386,390
incisivus labii iuferioris, 303, 304, 306
superioris, 303, 304
infraspinatus, 312, 318, 319
t interfoveolaris, 275 and note, 3.^5
intercostalcs externi, 268, 271, 274, 276-2S0
interni, 275-281
iuterossei dorsales (iiianus), 329, 331, 334-336
(pedis), 373-379
plantares, 376, 379
vol ares, 334-336
interosseus dorsalis I. (inanus), 323, 324, 331, 336
interspinales, 270-272, 279, 339
interlransvcrsarii anleriores, 299
postcriores, 271, 272, 299
t laterales, 270, 271,
273. 339. 343
t niediales, 271, 273,
. . 339.343
Intissinius dorsi, 266, 267, 269, 277, 278, 317
levator ani, 288
scapuhe. 266, 267, 269, 277, 27.S, 293, 298,319
veil palatini, 295, 297, 30S
levatores costarum breves, 270, 271, 273
longi, 270, 271, 273
lougissinius, 268, 273
ca])itis, 26.S. 270, 272, 273, 278, 308
cervicis, 26S, 270, 272, 273
dorsi. 268-270, 272, 273, 343
longitudinalis inferior (lingn;t), 296
longiis capitis, 277, 293, 294. 29.8. 30S
colli, 278, 293, 295, 29.S, 299
luinbricalcs (inanus). 324. 330, 332, 336
(pciis), 376, 377
manus, 33.'>-336
uiassetcr. 293, 302
t lirofiinda, 303. 306. 308
t pars superficialis, 302, 306, 30S
Muscuhis I'd niusculi :
t maslicatorii, 306, 307
mentalis, 303, 304, 306
multifidus, 270-273. 343
myloliyoideus, 292-295, 297, 307
nasalis, 301-304
pars alaris, 302-304
transversa, 302, 303
obliquus capitis inferior, 270-272, 278, 279
superior, 268, 270-272, 27.S, 279,
30S
externus abdominis, 266-269, 274-276,
278, 279, 3S4, 385
intenius abdominis, 267-270, 274-276,
3«4, 3«5
obturator externus, 341, 343, 345, 353, 356, 357,
359361
internus, 340-342, 344, 347, 358, 359
occipitalis, 266, 278, 302
omonyoideus, 277, 292, 293. 314, 317, 319
oppoiiens digiti quiiili (manus), 325, 334-336
(pedis), 364, 372, 378
pollicis, 325, 334-336
orbicularis oculi, 300-302
pars lacrimalis [M. Ilorneri], 301, 302
orbitalis, 300, 301
palpebralis, 300, 301
orbicularis oris, 303 305
palmaris brevis, 322, 332
longus, 322
pectineus, 345. 347, 350-353, 357, 360, 361
pectoralis major, 274, 275, 317
pars abdominalis, 274
clavicularis, 274, 275, 317
stcrnocostalis, 274, 275, 278
pectoralis minor, 274, 275, 278, 317
pedis, 372-380
pcroiucus brevis, 364-367, 371, 373
longus, 364, 366, 367, 379
tenuis, 364, 367, 372
pirifonnis, 340-347, 35S, 359
plantaris, 358-362. 368, 369, 371
popliteus, 360-363, 366, 369-37 1
procerus, 300, 301
pronator quadratus, 323-325, 333, 334
teres, 317, 322, 325, 327, 328
psoas major, 286, 344-347. 35°
minor, 344
pterygoideus externus, 295, 307, 308
internus, 295, 307, 308
pyr.imiilalis, 275, 276, 385
quadratus femoris. 3.I0-.543, 345, 346
labii iiiferions, 300, 302-304, 306
superioris, 300-302
caput augulare, 300, 301
iiifra-orliitale. 300, 302
zygomaticum, 300
quadratus lumborum, 339, 34a, 345
plantic, 376-378
quadriceps femoris, 350-353, 355, 360
rectus abdominis, 275, 276, 278, 3S5, 3S7, 389, 390
capitis anterior, 299, 308
lateralis, 271, 272, 279, 298, 299,
30S
posterior (major, minor), 271, 272,
279, 308
femoris, 343, 345, 350-353
rhoniboideus (major, minor), 267, 269, 319
risorius, 290, yio, 303
rotatores lireves, 271-273
longi, 271-273
sacrococcygeus anterior, 2S8, 344, 346
posterior, 288
.sncrospin.alis, 26S, 273, 285
sartorius, 345. 350, 351, 353-355, 362
scalenus anterior, 277-279. 293. 29S, 299
medius, 270, 277, 27.S. 293. 29,8, 299
minimns, 279
posterior. 2(xS. 269. 277, 278, 29.S, 299
seuiiuicmbraiiosus, 351. 354. 358-363
400
INDEX
Musculus vcl inusculi :
seniispinalis, 270
capitis, 267-270, 272, 273, 278, 308
cer\-icis, 270, 272, 273
dorsi, 270, 273
seniitendinosus, 351, 354, 358, 360, 362
serratus anterior, 26S, 274-27S, 317, 319
posterior inferior, 267-269, 27S, 343
superior, 267, 269, 27S
soleus, 363, 369, 371
spinalis, 268
cervicis, 26S, 273
spinalis dorsi, 268, 273
spleuius capitis, 266-269, 277, 27S, 293, 30S
cervicis, 267-269
sternalis, 282
sternocleidomastoideus, 278, 292, 293, 30S, 317
steruolivoideus, 2S1, 292-294
sternothyreoideus, 277, 281, 292, 293
styloglossus, 292, 293, 296, 297, 308
stylohyoideus, 27S, 292, 297, 30S
stylopl'iaryngeus, 293, 297, 30S
subclaviu's, 274, 275, 278, 299, 311, 314, 317
subcostales, 280
subscapularis, 277, 313, 315-317
supinator, 317, 319, 321, 323-325, 327-329
supraspinatus, 310, 312, 313, 319
temporalis, 306-308
tensor fasciae lata;, 338, 345, 350, 351, 353
veli palatini, 295, 297, 308
teres major, 266, 269, 311, 313, 316-319
miuor, 311-314, Z^'^, 319
thoracis, 274, 275, 2Ti-2'tiT,
thyreohyoideus, 277, 292-294, 296
tliNTeopharj-ngeus, 293, 294
tibialis anterior, 364, 365, 367, 377, 37S
posterior, 370, 371, 377, 379
transversus abdominis, 269-271, 275, 276, 2S1, 3S5,
387- 3S9
liuguEe, 296
menti, 300, 304
nuchae, 266, 302
thoracis, 281
trapezius, 266, 269, 278, 292, 293, 30S, 319
triangularis, 290, 293, 297, 300, 303, 306
triceps brachii, 310-320, 329
surse, 368, 369
trunci, 265-288
unipennatus, 262
vastus intermedins, 352-354, 356
lateralis, 345, 352, 353, 356, 358-361
mediahs, 348, 350-354, 360, 361, 367
zygomaticus, 290, 297, 300, 302, 303
Muscular fibres, 260, 261
Myology, general considerations, 259, 264
N.
Nuclei of the muscular fibres, 260
o.
Opening in adductor niagnus for femoral vessels, 356, 357,
360
Opening (in the diaphragm), aortic, 286, 287
caval. 2S6, 2S7
oesophageal, 286, 2S7
Opening, saphenous, 274, 276. 349, 383
Orifice, inferior, of Hunter's canal, 356, 357, 360
Pericranium, 300, 302, 303
Perimysium, 260, 261
externum, 261
Peritouieum parietale, 275. 386, 388
Peritoneum, parietal, 275, 386, 388
Pes auserinns, 351 and note
Pillar of the external or superficial abdominal ring:
lower or external, 349, 383
upper or internal, 349, 383
Pillars of the diaphragm, see " Diaphragm "
Platysma, 2S2, 290, 291, 300, 302, 306
ujyoides, 282, 290, 291, 300, 302, 306
Pleura, cervical, 279
Plica (see also " Fold ") :
axillaris anterior, 283
posterior, 283
epigastrica, 3S6
hjpogastrica, 275, 387
pubovesicalis, 386
umbilicalis lateralis, 3S6
inedia,_386
urachi, 386
vesicalis transversa, 386
Portion of the diaphragm, costal, 2S6, 2S7
sternal, 2S6, 2S7
vertebral, 2S6, 2S7
Pouch, inginnal, external, 386 and note
internal, 386 and note
middle, 386 and note
supravesical, 386 and note
Process, falciform, 346
Raphe, median, of the mj-lohyoid muscle, 295
musculi myloh^oiilei, 295
pterygomandibularis, 297, 307
Retinacula, 331, note
Retinaculum mm. peron;eorum inferius, 364, 366, 372
superius, 372
of the peronei tendons, inferior, 364 and note,
366, 372
superior, see " Liga-
ment, annular, of
the ankle, ex-
ternal "
Ring, abdominal, external or superficial, 274, 349, 383, 385
internal or deep, 275, 276, 344, 385, 3S7-3S9
crural, 389, 390
femoral, 3S9, 390
Sarcolemma, 260, 261
Segment, thoracic, diagram of, 2S4 and note
Septum, crural, 383. 38S
femoral. 383, 388
femorale [Cloqueti], 383, 3S8
intermuscular, 264
of the forearm, 329
peroneal, anterior, 364, 367
posterior. 370, 371
of the thigh, external, 360
internal, 350, 351, 353,
356, 357. 359
of the upper arm, external, 311, 319
internal, 314-317,
319
intermusculare, 264
femoris laterale, 360
mediale, 350, 351, 353, 356,
357. 359 ^
fibulare anterius, 364, 367
posterius, 370, 371
humeri laterale, 311, 319
mediale, 3i4-3'7. 3^9
Sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle, 274-276, 281, 2S5, 3S5,
389
Sheath or sheaths, synovial, of the tendon or tendons (see
also "Vagina vel vaginte — tendinis vcl ten-
dinum ") :
of the extensor carpi radialis longior and extensor
carpi radialis brevior muscles. 330
of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, 330
of the extensor communis digitoruin and extensor
indicis muscles, 330
of the extensor longus digitorum pedis and pero-
iieus tertius muscles, 372
of the extensor longus I'^/propriushallucis muscle,
372
of the extensor lonj;us polHcis muscle, 330
of the extensor mimimi digiti muscle, 330
INDEX
400,1
Sheath of the extensor ossis metacarpi poUicis anil extensor
prinii iulernodii pollicis muscles, 330, 333
of the extensor secundi iuternodii pollicis muscle,
330
of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, 333
of the flexors of the finders, 333
of the flexor longus digitoruni pedis muscle, 378
of the flexor lonj^iis hallucis muscle, 378
of the flexor lonjjus pollicis muscle, 333
of the flexor sublimis and flexor profundus digit-
orum muscles, 333
of the peroneus longus muscle (plantar region), 378
of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis muscles,
372. 37S
of the tibialis anticus muscle, 372
of the tibialis posticus muscle, 378
"Snuff-box, anatomical." 326 and note, 327
•Space, axillary, external, 312 and note, 313
* internal. 312 and note, 313
Mohrenhemier's, 274, 282, 293
popliteal. 358
scalene, 277 and note
Stratification of themuscles of the trunk ami their associated
fasciae, 2S4, 2S5
Structure of muscle, 260, 261
"Sucking-pad," 290, note
Sulci plantares, 375
Sulcus (see also " Furrow" and " Hollow"):
t antibrachii radialis, 322
ulnaris, 322
bicipitalis lateralis. 326
medialis. 315
t deitoideopectoralis, 282
subclavia;, 299
Synergists, 263
T.
Tabatic!n' aiiatoiiiique, 326, note. 327
Tendo, 261, 262
Achillis, 366, 367, 369, 371
calcaneus [Achillis], 3615, 367, 369, 371
Tendon, 261, 262
common, for the origin of the palmar muscles of
the forearm, 317, 321, 325
of diaphragm, central, 286, 2S7
cordiform, 286, note -
trefoil, 286, note-
in frapatellar, 353, 355, 356. 366, 367
Thenar, 322, 324
Tractus iliotibialis [Maissiati], 338, 340, 342
Triangle, infraclavicular, 274, 282, 293
of I'etit, 266, 267
Scarp.i's, 350
Trigonum delloideopectorale, 274, 282, 293
femorale, 350
lumbale [Petiti], 266, 267
V.
Vagina musculi recti abdominis. 274-276, 281, 285, 385, 389
Vi^jina !r/ vaginiE— tendinis zr/ tendinum :
digitales (nianus), 333
m. extensoris carpi ulnaris, 330
digiti quinti, 330
digitorum pedis longi, 372
hallucis longi, 372
pollicis longi, 330
t m. flexoris carpi radialis, 333
digitorum (pedis) longi, 378
hallucis longi, 37S
pollicis longi, 333
m. peroiia.i longi plantaris, 378
m. tibialis anterioris, 372
posterioris, 378
mm. abductoris longi et extensoris hre\-is pollicis,
330, 333
mm. extensoruni carpi radialium, 330
mm. extensoris digitorum communis et exltn.soris
iiidicis, 330
mm. flexorum communiuni, 333
mm. peronaeorum communis, 372, 378
Venter (musculi), 262
Vincula of the extensor tendons of the fingers, 330, 331 and
note
of the toes, 380
tendinum (digitorum manus). 331
(digitorum pedis), 380
Vinculum subflavum, 331, note
Wall of the axilla, anterior, 2S3
posterior, 283
White line of the pelvic fascia, 346
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T623
pt.3
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BioMed
Toldt, Carl
An atlas of hviman aoatoiny
for students aind physicians
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