wm
GIFT OF
PROBSTHAIN& Co.
Oriental Books*
41 Great Russell Street^
British Museum.
LONDON, iv. C.
THE ••:'•:':..
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA
AND ITS DEPENDENCIES.
A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN
SPECIES OF BIRDS INHABITING BRITISH INDIA,
OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITS, NIDIFICATION, &c.,
TABLES OF THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION IN PERSIA, BELOOCHISTAN,
AFGHANISTAN, SIND, PUNJAB, N. W. PROVINCES,
AND THE PENINSULA OF INDIA GENERALLY,
WITH
WOODCUTS, LITHOGRAPHS, AND COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS,
BY
JAMES A. MURRAY, F.S.A.L.
MEM. NAT. HIST. SOC. AND OF THE ANTHROP. SOC., BOMBAY ;
MANAGER, VICT. NAT. HIST. INSTITUTE; LATE CURATOR KURRACHEE MUNICIPAL
LIBRARY AND MUSEUM ; AUTHOR OF " A HAND-BOOK TO THE GEOLOGY,
BOTANY, AND ZOOLOGY OF SIND j" " THE PLANTS AND DRUGS OF SIND :"
KURRACHEE TO KANDAHAR ; " THE VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY OF SIND ;"
"THE REPTILES OF SIND;" "THE EDIBLE AND GAME BIRDS OF
BRITISH INDIA, WITH ITS DEPENDENCIES AND CEYLON," &C.
VOLUME II.
LONDON : — TRUBNER & Co., LUDGATE HILL.
BOMBAY :— EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA.
1890.
:«.•••.
BIOLOGY
LIBRARY
G
PREFACE.
IT is not without some degree of gratification that this work
on the Avian inhabitants of British India and its Depen-
dencies is now brought to a close. It has occupied fully
three and a half years of incessant labour and research,
which, considering that there were as many as 1,460 species
to examine and describe, and that the literature of this
number had to be referred to with regard to their habits,
nesting, distribution, and synonomy, &c., is not long. It is
however some satisfaction to find my subscribers and corre-
spondents so impatient for its completion ; a proof of its utility
as a Thesaurus with special reference to the Ornis of the
British Indian Empire. There has not been any unnecessary
delay in issuing the several parts, but the difficulties to be con-
tended with in treating the subject systematically as well as in
some degree popularly, and the time which would be involved in
obtaining specimens of certain doubtful species or sub-species
from various correspondents in different parts of India was
not calculated, nor was there, at the outset, the faintest
thought, that during the publication, I would lose the valuable
assistance of several contributors of note, as well as sup-
porters of the work, who either died or left for England, but
whose reputation in Ornithology have been long ago recorded
in the annals of Natural History. By such loss, the distri-
bution table, so far as Northern India is concerned, is not as
complete as it should otherwise have been.
ii PREFACE.
In the first volume, part of the first great division of the
Avifauna of British India was treated of — viz., the carnivorous
and rapacious kinds, which by the aid of their piercing sight
and some by their developed sense of smell discover their
prey from immeasurable heights. Several groups of Passeri-
forme birds were also dealt with. In the present volume,
which is more than double the size of the first, the remaining
divisions are treated of, beginning with some of the Turdidae
and Timelidae, or birds which though ordinarily less noticed,
are nevertheless of much service in the economy of nature, in
keeping down the myriads of insects which infest the earth
and atmosphere. The total number of species as now as-
certained and dealt with in this work is 1,460, or 452 in excess
of the number described by the late Dr. Jerdon in his u Birds
of India." The distribution in India of this number, so far
as it has been possible to collate information, is shown in the
following table : —
Sind 419 Guzerat 296
Punjab 476 Concan 323
N.-W. Provinces 623 Deccan 334
Bengal 541 South India 557
Oudh 401 British Burmah 754
Rajputana 286 Nepaul 541
Kutch 328 Beloochistan 299
Central India 348 Persia 263
Central Provinces , 302 Afghanistan 275
It will be seen from the distribution table that it is chiefly
the migrant forms which are more generally distributed, as the
Motacillidae, Emberizidae and the waders and swimmers, and
naturally, following in their wake, the rapacious species. As-
similation of climatic conditions as affecting this distribution
may be easily judged from the number of species occurring
in each of the countries above named, while the number
PREFACE. Ill
V
occurring in Beloochistan and Persia must only be calculated
as being generally a diffusion of species along the coast line
during winter. It is much to be regretted that statistics of
the occurrence of species in Cashmere are wanting, and that
Nepaul has been only partially worked up. In course of time,
when the British Museum authorities have completed their
catalogue of Mr. Allan Hume's valuable contribution to the
National collection, we may learn more of the distribution of
species in those regions, as well as of the distance of their
migration.
In the Introduction (Vol. I.) mention has been made of the
authors from whose works information has been collated, and
in many instances original descriptions also. Here I must
now refer to the illustrations. In the first place, for many
reasons, they are not as numerous as was at first contem-
plated, but of the manner in which the majority have been
done, I can speak with perfect satisfaction. Of the full page }
plates, some are original, and others have been taken from
either the Zoological Society's Journal, The Ibis, Blanford's
Zoology of Persia, my work on the Vertebrate Zoology of
Sind, and from the British Museum Catalogues. The coloured
plates have been done by Mintern Brothers, and the manner in
which these have been finished reflects much credit on the firm.
It now remains for me to mention the names of those
Naturalist -Collectors who have very kindly assisted me in
making the work full of more recent information, especially in
regard to the distribution of species and nidification. Mr.
Mahon Daly of the Shevaroy Hills has been good enough to
send information and specimens from the locality he worked
in ; Mr. P. W. MacKinnon of Mussoorie also, as well as Mr.
Charles Wilkinson of Darjeeling, Mr. Beckwith in the Sikkim
iv PREFACE.
Terai, and Messrs H. Parker and F. B. Armstrong of Ceylon.
Mr. A. G. Cardew of Ootacamund also very kindly sent copious
notes, also Mr. C. Wyeth of Tavoy. To this list must be
added the name of Mr. J. A. Cave-Browne, of Rangomati,
to whom both myself and all subscribers to this work are in-
debted for the English Index which was very kindly compiled
by him. Mr. H. M. Phipson very kindly placed at my dis-
posal such works of reference as he possessed, and for similar
obligations I am indebted to Mr. Charles Taylor, to whom, as
Superintendent of the Press, is also due the neatness and
general out-turn of this work.
JAMES A. MURRAY.
Ripon Road} Byculla, Bombay,
\st February 1890.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Woodcut. Saxicola oenanthe (Head) ... ... ... ... ... 2
Plate ... Saxicola chrysopygia 6
Woodcut. Hemixus flavala (Read) 20
„ lole viridescens ( do. ) 23
,, Micropus melanocephalus (Head) 26
„ Criniger barbatus ( do. ) 28
„ Alcurus striatus ( do. ) 32
Plate ... Pycnonotus pusillus ... ,„ 43
Woodcut. Copsychus saularis (Head and leg) 65
Plate ... Trochalopteron Jerdoni ... ... ... ... ... 85
Woodcut. Acanthoptila nipalensis (Head) ... ... ... ... 89
„ lanthocincla ocellata (Bill) 89
„ Gampsorynchus rufulus (Bill) ... 90
Plate ... lanthocincla ocellata (Head, leg, bill and quills) ... ... 90
„ ... Myiophoneus Temmincki (Head, leg and bill), fig. I. ... 120
„ ... Actinodura nipalensis (Head and leg), fig. 2. ... ... 120
„ ... Crateropus griseus (Head and leg), fig. i 122
„ ... Cutia nipalensis ( do. ), fig. 2 122
Woodcut. Yuhina gularis (Head) 171
Plate ... Accentor nipalensis (Head and leg) 180
,, ... Parus sultaneus ( do. ) 180
,, ... Liothrix lutea ( do. )... ... ... ... 180
„ ... Pellorneum ruficeps ( do. ) 180
Plate ... Arachnothera magna (Head and leg) 212
„ ... Rimator malacoptilus ( do. ) 212
„ ... Tichodroma muraria ( do. ) 212
,, ... Salpornis spilonota ( do. ) ... 212
„ ... vEthopyga seheriae 222
„ ... ^Ethopyga nipalensis 225
,, ... ^thopyga sanguinipectus 225
„ ... Cinnyris (Arachnechthra) brevirostris 228
VI
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Woodcut. Sturnus vulgaris 363
Pastor roseus 372
„ Coracias garrula 475
„ Palumbus casiotis $06
„ Columba livia 508
Plate ... Pterocles coronatus (Head}
„ ... Pterocles senegallus ( do. )
„ ... Pterocles arenarius ( do. )
„ ... Pterocles exustus ( do. ) ) 520
„ ... Pterocles alchata ( do. ) ...
„ ... Pterocles Lichtensteinii ( do. )
„ ... Pterocles fasciatus ( do. )
Woodcut. Crossoptilon thibetanum (Head) 533
„ Ceriornis melanocephalus (do.). 535
„ Ithaginis cruentus ( do. ) 537
„ Pucrasia macrolopha (do. )... 538
„ Phasianus Hardwickii (do. )... 539
„ Lerwa nivicola (Head) 550
Plate ... Francolinus vulgaris 551
„ ... Coturnix communis 565
Woodcut. Otis tarda 572
„ Glareola pratincola 582
„ Charadrius pluvialis 584
„ Vanellus cristatus ... ... ... ... ... ... 589
„ CEdicnemus crepitans * 595
„ Strepsilas interpres 597
„ Grus cinerea... ... B-I 601
„ Scolopax rusticola 6o3
„ Gallinago scolopacina 6O5
„ Gallinago gallinula 6O3
„ Phalaropus fulicarius 6! 8
„ Limosa lapponica 627
„ Numenius arquatus %> 5^0
„ Porphyrio poliocephalus 635
„ Fulica atra (Head} 5^5
„ Gallinula chloropus 644
ILLUSTRATIONS. yii
PAGE
Woodcut. Ardea cinerea 652
„ Falcinellus igneus 668
„ Cygnus olor 671
„ Anser albifrons 674
„ Tadorna cornuta 681
„ Spatula clypeata 682
„ Anasboscas 683
„ Chaulelasmus streperus 686
„ Dafila acuta 689
„ Mareca penelope 691
„ Querquedula circia ... ... ... ... ... ... 693
„ Querquedula formosa 694
„ Fuligula cristata , 698
„ Fuligula marila 699
„ Fuligula ferina 700
„ Clangula glaucion ... 702
„ Mergus merganser ... *. 706
,, Plotus melanogaster .„ . ,. 741
ERRATA.
At p. 364, No. 911, instead of Sturnpoastor, read Sturnopastor.
At p. 403, after i2th line from the top, add Hab* — Concan and Deccan,
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
ORDER— PASSERIFORMES.
SUB~ORDER— PASSERES.
GROUP— CICHLOMORPH^:.
Family— TURDID.E.
Sub-Family— TURDIN<£.
PAGE
124. Myrmecocichla, Cab i
405. fusca, Blyth »... I
125. Saxicola, Bechst 2
406. albonigra, Hume 2
407. picata, Blyth 2
408. capistrata, Gould 3
409. monacha, Rupp 3
410. morio, Hemp, et Ehrenb 4
411. opistholeuca, Strickl 4
412. deserti, Tern 5
413. chrysopygirj, De Fillipi 5
414. isabellina, Cretsechm 6
Family— TIM ELII DJE.
Sub-Family— BRACHYPODIN^E.
126. JEgithina, Vieill 7
415. viridissima, Bp 8
416. tiphia, Linn 9
417. nigrolutea, G. F. L. Marshall.. 10
127. ^3thorhynchus, Sunder. ...... 11
418. lafresnayi, Hartt II
128. Chloropsis, Jard and Selby 12
419. Hardwicki, Jard and Selby. ... 12
420. aurifrons, Tern 13
421. malabarica, Gmel 14
422. zosterops, Vigors 15
423. jerdoni, Blyth. 15
424. chlorocephala, Wald 16
425. cyanopogon, Tent 17
Sub -Family— PYC NO NOTING.
129. Hypsipetes, Vigors 18
426. psaroides, Vigors 18
427. concolor, Blyth 19
428. ganeesa, Sykcs 1 9
130. Hemixus, Hodgs. 20
429. flavala, Hodgs .. 2O
430. hildebrandti, Hume* 21
PAGE
431. davisoni, Hume 22
432. malaccensis, Blyth 22
131. lole, Blyth 23
433- viridescens, Blyth 23
434. Macclellandi, Horsf. 24
435. tickelli, Blyth: 25
132. Pinarocichla, Skarpe 25
436. euptilosa, Jard and Selby. ... 25
133. Micropus, Swains 26
437- melanocephalus, Gmel 26
438. fusciflavescens, Hume 27
439. cinereiventris, Blyth 27
440. phseocephalus, Jerd 28
134. Criniger, Tern 28
441. phaeocephalus, Hartl 29
442. flaveolus, Gould 29
443- gnseiceps, Hume 30
444. guttural is, Bonap 30
135. Tricholestes, Safaad 31
445. criniger, Blyth 31
136. Alcurus, Hodgs 32
446. striatus, Blyth 32
137- Trachycomus, Cab 33
447. ochrocephalus, Gmel 33
138. Xenocichla, Hartl 33
448. icterica, Strickl 33
139. Pycnonotus, Boie 34
449. haemorrhous, Blyth 34
450. burmanicus, Sharpe 35
451. nigripileus, Blyth 36
452. atricapillus, Vieill 36
453- Pyg^us* Hodgs 37
454. leucotis, Gould. .f 38
455. analis, Horsf. 38
456. flavescens, Blyth 39
457. luteolus, Less 39
458. Finlaysoni, Strickl 40
459. davisoni. Hume 40
460. xantholaemus, Jerd 41
461. blanfordi, Jerd 41
462. plumosus, Blyth 42
463- simplex, Less 43
464. balvadorii, Sharpe 43
CONTENTS.
PAGE
140. Otocompsa, Cab 44
465. jocosa, Linn 44
466. eineria, Linn 44
467. leucogenys. Gray and Hard-w. 45
468. flavi vent ris, Tickell 46
141. Rubigula, Myth 47
469. gularis, Gould 47
470. cyaniventris, Blyth 47
142. Spizixus, Blyth 48
471. canifrons, Blyth 48
Sub-Family— TROG LO DYTI N/E.
143. UrOCichla, Sharps 49
472- longicaudata, Moore. 49
144. Anorthlira, Rennie 49
473. nipalensis, Blyth 49
474. Formosa, \Vnld 5°
145 Sphenocichla, Godm.-Austen. ... 50
475. humii, Mandclli 5°
146. Pnoepyga, Hrtgs 52
476. albiventris, Hodgs 52
477- pusilla, Hodgs 52
478. caudata, Blyth 53
147. Cinclus, Bechst 53
479. cashmeriensis, Gould 54
480. asiaticus, Swains 54
i4R. Myiophonous, Tem 54
481. Temmincki, Vigors 55
482. Eugenii, Hume 56
483. Horsfieldi, Vigors 57
149. Callene, Blyth 57
484. frontalis, Blyth 58
485. albiventris, Blanf. 58
486. rufiventris, ferd 59
15^ Notodela> Less 59
487. leucura, Blyth 59
151. Brachypteryx, Horsf. 60
488. cruralis, Hodgs 60
489. hyperythra, Jerd and Blyth. .. 6 1
490. nip.i'.. -i;M>, Moore 61
491. stellata, Gould 62
15-'. Chimarrhorms, Hodgs 63
492. leucocephalus, Vigors 63
ix3- Thamnobia, Swains 53
493. f ill irata. Linn 64
• cambaiensis, Lath 64
< lopsychus, Wagler, 65
405. saularis Linn 65
Lioptila, Blyth 66
;'//. 67
PAGE
155. Hodgsonius, Bp 67
497. phoenicuroides, Hodgs 67
157. Cittocincla, Sclater 68
498. tricolor, Vieill 68
499. albiventris, Blyth 69
Group- HENICURI.
158. Henicurus, Tem 69
500. Leschenaulti, Vieill 70
501 immaculatus, Hodgs 70
502. schistaceus, Hodgs 71
503. guttatus, Gould 72
504. maculatus, Vig 73
159. Hydrocichla, Sharps 73
505. ruficapilla, Tem 73
506. frontalis, Blyth 74
1 60. Microcichla, Sharpe 74
507. scouleri, Vigors 74
Order— CRATEROPODES.
161. Trochalopterum, Blyth 76
508. affine, Blyth 76
509. variegatum, Vigors 76
510. erythrocephalum, Vigors 77
511. chrysopterum, Gould 78
512. ruficapillum, Blyth 79
513. erythrolaema, Hume 79
514. melanostigma, Blyth go
515. rufigulare, Gould 80
516. cineraceum, Godw- Aust 81
517. squamatum, Gould 82
518. sub-unicolor, Blyth 82
519. Austeni, Jerd 83
520 ph(Kniceum, Gould 83
521. cachinnans, Jerd 84
522. Jerdoni, Blyth 85
523. Fairbanki, Blanf. 85
524. meridionale, Blanf. 86
525. lineatum, Vigors. ... 86
526. imbricatum, Blyth 87
527. virgatum, Godia.-Aust 88
162. Acanthoptila. Blyth 88
528. nipalensis, Hodgs 89
163. lanthocincla, Gould 89
529 ocellata, Vigors 90
164. Gampsorhynchus, Blyth. ... go
530. rufulus, Blyth 91
531- torquatus, Hume 91
165. Argya, Less p2
532. subrufa, Jerd 92
CONTENTS.
Ill
PAGR
533. hyperythra, Sharp? 92
:> 534. Earlii, Blyth 92
535. caudata, Drap 93
536. eclipes, Hume .... 94
537. gularis, Blyth 94
538. malcolmi, Sykes 95
166. Sibia, Hodgs 95
539. picoides, Hodgs 95
167. Malacias, Cab 96
540. capistrata, Vigors 96
541. melanoleuca, Tickell 97
542. gracilis, McClell 97
543. pulchella, Godw^Aust 98
168. Pomatorhinus, Horsf. 98
544. schisticeps, Hodgs 99
545. Pinwilli, Sharpe .. 100
546. Horsfieldi, Sykes loo
547. ochraiceps, Waid IOI
548. Austeni, Hume POI
549. ferruginosus, Hodgs IO2
550. Phayrii, Blyth « IO2
551. albigularis, Blyth 103
552. stenorhynchus, Qodw.-Aust. ... 103
553. ruficollis, Hodgs 104
554. hypoleucus, Blyth: 104
555. Tickelli, Blyth- 105
556. erythrogenys, Vigors 105
557. Macclellandi, Jerd K>6
169. Xiphoramphus, Blyth'. 106
558. superciliarifi, Blyth. 106
170. Garrulax, Less 107
559- leucolophus, Hardis): ,. ... 1077
560. Belangeri, Less Io8;
561. Diardi, Less 109
562. albigularis, Gould'. 109
563. pectoralis, Gould Iio
564. moniliger, Hodgs. Ill
565. galbanus, Godw.-Aust 112
566. gularis, McLell 112
567. delesserti, Jerd JI2
171. StactOCichla, Sharpe 113
568. merulina, Blyth 113
172. Grammatoptila, Reich. 113
569. striata, Vigors 114
173. Dryonastes, Sharpe 114
570. ruficollis, Jard. and Selby 114
571. chinensis, Scop 115
572. nuchalis, Godw-Aust 1 16
573. strepitans, Tickell 116
574. sannio, Swinh 117
PAGF
575. caerulatus, Hodgs 117
576. subcaerulatus, ffume 118
174. Actinodnra, Gould. 118
577- Egertoni, Gould 118
578. Ramsayi, Walden «... 119
579. Waldbni, Godw.-Ahst 119
580. nipalensis, Hodgson 12O
581. Dafikensis, Godw.-Ausf. 120
582. Ogleii, Godiso.-Aust: Ki
F75- Crateropus, Swains 122
583. canorus, Linn F22
584. griseus, Gmel 122
585. Somervillei, Sykes 123
176. Conostoma, Hodgs 123
586. semodium, Hod"gs 123
177- Suthora, Hodgs 124
587. Humiii Sharpe „ 124
588. poliotis, fflytb. 125
589. nipalensis, Hodgs 125
590. ruficeps, .Blyth 125
591. gularis, Gray 126
592. unicolor, Hodgs 126
178. Chleuasicusy Blyth 127
593. ruficeps, Blyth 127
594. fulvifrons-, Hodgs 127
179. Paradoxornis. Gould 128
595. flavirostris, Gould 128
596. guttatioollis, A. David 128
Group—XIMELLE.
1 80. Timelia, Horsf. 129
597. pileata, Horsf. 129
598. longjrostris, Moore. 130
1*1. Pyctorhis, Hodgs 130
599. sinensis, Gm 130
600. altirostris, Jerd. 131
182 Dumetia, Blyth 132
6ai. albigularis, Blyth 132
602. hyperythra, Frankl 133
183. Pellorneum, Swains 134
603. nipalense, Hodgs 134
604. intermedium, Sharpe 135
605. ruficeps, Swains 136
606. subochraceum, Swinh. « ... 137
607. palustre, Gould 138
184. Stachyris, Hodgs. 138
608. nigriceps, Hodgs 138
609. guttata, Blyth 139
185. Turdinus, Blyth 140
610. Abbotti, Blyth 140
6n. magnirostris, Moore 141
IV
CONTENTS,
PACK
186. Erythrocichla, Sharpe M2
612. bicolor, Less I42
187. Drymocataphus* Blvth i42
613. nigricapitatus, Eyton 143
614. ignotus, Hume 143
615. Assamensis. Sharpe 144
616. Tickelli, Blyth 144
617. rubiginosus, Walden 145
188. Gypsophila, Oates 145
618. crispifrons, Blyth 146
189. Trichastoma, Blyth 146
619. rostratum, Blyth I46
190. Malacopterum, Eyton. 147
620. magnum, Eyton 147
191. Mixornis, Hodgs 148
621. gularis, Raffles H8
622. rubricapilla, Tiekell 148
623. erythroptera, Blyth 149
192 Corythociclila. Sharpe 15°
624. brevicaudata, Blyth 150
625. striata, Walden 151
193. Turdinulus, Hume 151
626 murinus, Blyth I52
194 Bimator, Blyth is2
627. malacoptilus, Blyth 153
Group— LIOTRICHES.
195 Stachyridopsis, Sharpe 153
628. ruficeps, Blyth 153
629. rufifrons, Hume 154
630. pyrrhops, Hodgs 154
631. chrysaea, Hodgs 155
632. assimilis, Wold 155
196. Oligura, Hodgs 156
633. castaneocoronala, Burton 156
634. cyaniventris, Hodgs 157
197. Minla, Hodgs 157
^35- igneotincta, Hodgs 158
636. castaneiceps, Hodgs 158
637. brunneicauda, Sharpe 159
638. cinerea, Blyth 160
679. rufigularis, Mandelli 160
640. Mandelli, God-w.-Aust 161
641. dubia, Hume 161
198. IxuhlS, Hodgs 162
642. flavicollis, Hodgs 162
643. occipitalis, Blyth. ... 163
644. humilis, Hume 164
iQv? Staphidia, Swinhoe 164
645. rastaneiceps, Moore 164
PACK
646 rufigenis. Hume 165
647. striata, Blyth 165
200. Alcippe, Blyth 166
64$. vinipectus, Hodgs 166
649. nipalensis, Hodgs 167
650. phaeocephala, Jerd 167
651. Phayrii, Blyth 168
652. atriceps, Jerd 169
653. Bourdilloni, Hume 169
654. chryssea, Hodgs 170
201. Yuhina, Hodgs 171
655. gularis, Hodgs 171
656. occipitalis, Hodgs 172
657. nigrimentum, Hodgs 172
202. Myzornis, Hodgs 173
658. pyrrhura, Hodgs 173
203. Herpornis, Hodgs ,. 174
659. xantholeuca, Hodgs 174
204. Siva, Hodgs 175
660. strigula, Hodgs 175
661. castaneicauda, Htime 175
662. cyanuroptera, Hodgs 176
663. sordida, Hume 177
205. Mesia, Hodgs 178
664. argentauris, Hodgs 178
206. Liothrix, S-wainson 179
665. lutea, Scop 179
207. Cutia, Hodgs 180
666. nipalensis, Hodgs 180
Family-PARID>£
Sub-Family— PARING.
208. ParUS, Linn 181
667. sultaneus, Hodgs 182
668. cinereus, Bonn. et. Vieill. ... 182
669. monticolus, Vigors 183
670. xanthogenys, Vigors 184
671. haplonotus, Blyth 185
672. spilonotus, Blyth 185
673 melanolophus, Vigors 186
674. rufonuchalis, Blyth 186
675. rubidiventer, Blyth 187
676. dichrous, Hodgs 188
677. modestus, Burton 188
678. nuchalis, Jerd 188
679. acmodius, Hodgs 189
Group-ACCENTORES.
209. Accentor, Hodgs 190
680. immaculatus, Hodgs 190
681. atrigularis, .Brandt 190
CONTENTS,
682. rubeculoides, Moore 191
683. strophiatus, Hodgs 19!
684. Jerdoni, Brooks 192
685. altaicus, Brandt 193
686. nipalensis, Hodgs 193
210. Acredula, Koch 194
687. erythrocephala, Vigors 194
688. Jouschistos, Hodgs 195
689. niveogularis, Moore 196
an. JEgithalus, Boie 196
690. flammiceps, Burton 196
212. RegulUS, Koch 197
691. cristatus, Koch 197
Family— LAN II DJ£.
Sub-Family-MALACONOTIN^:.
213. Ptererythrius, strickl 198
692. erythropterus, Vigors 198
693. aeralatus, Tickell 199
694. rufiventer, Blyth 200
695. intermedius, Hume 2OO
696. melanotis, Hodgs , 2OO
697. xanthochloris, Hodgs 2Oi
Sub-Family— LANIIN^:.
214. Lanius, Linn 202
698. fallax, Finsch 202
699. assimilis, Brehm 203
700. lahtora, Sykes 203
701. tephronotus, Vigors 204
702. erythronotus, Vigors 205
703. nigriceps, Frankl 206
704. cristatus, Linn 207
705. lucionensis, Linn 207
706. isabellinus, Ehrenbr 208
707. phoenicuroides, Severtz 209
708. vittatus, Valenc , 2io
709. collyrioides, Less 2IO
Group-CERTHIOMORPH^].
Family — C E RT H 1 1 D.^ .
Sub-Family— CERTHIIN,£.
215. Certhia, Linn 211
710 himalayana, Vig 212
711. discolor, Blyth 212
712. nipalensis, Hodgs 212
216. SalpOmiS, Gray 213
713. spilonotus, Frankl 213
217. Tichodroma, Illiger 213
714. muraria, Linn 213
Sub-Family -SITTING.
218. Sitta, Linn 215
715. nagaensis, Godw.-Aust 215
716. magna, Wardlaw-Ramsay. ... 215
717. himalayensis, Jard. and Selb. . 215
718. neglecta, Wald 216
719. castaneoventris, Frankl 217
720. cinnamomeiventris, Blyth. ... 217
721. leucopsis, Gould 217
722. formosa, Blyth 2l8
723. frontalis, Swains 218
Group— CINNYRIMORPH^:.
Family— NECTARINIID^.
219. Chalcostetha, Cab 220
724. insignis, Jard 22O
220. .ZEthopyga, Cab 220
725. saturata, Hodgs 221
726. Vigorsii, Sykes 221
727. seherise, Tickell 222
728. ignicauda, Hodgs 224
729. nipalensis, Hodgs 225
730. sanguinipectus, Wald 226
731. gouldi, Vigors 226
732. dabryi, y. Verr 227
221. Cinnyris, Cuv 228
733. asiatica, Lath 228
734. brevirostris, Blanf. 228
735. lotenia, Linn 229
736. minima, Sykes 230
737. zeylonica, Linn. 230
738. hasselti, Tern 232
739. flammaxillaris, "Blyth 233
222. Arachnothera, Tem 234
740. longirostris, Lath 234
741. magna, Hodgs 235
742. modesta, Eyton 236
743. chrysogenys, Tem 237
223. Anthothreptes, Swains 237
744. hypogrammica, 5. Mull 238
745. simplex, S Mull 238
746. phcenicotis, Tem 239
747 malaccensis, Scop 240
Family— MELIPHAGID./E.
Sub-Family— ZOSTEROPIN^E.
224. Zosterops, Vig 242
748. palpebrosa, Tem 242
749. aureiventer, Hume 243
750. siamensis, Blyth 243
VI
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Section-FRlNGILUFORMES.
Family— DICSEIDJE.
225. Dicseurn, Cuv 244
751. cruentatum, I Ann 244
752. trigonostigma, Scop 245
753. ignipectus, Hodgs 246
754. chrysorrhseum. Tern 247
755. concolor, Jerd 247
756. inornatum, Hodgs 248
757. erythrorhynchum, Lath. ...... 249
226. Prionochilus, Strickl 249
758. ignicapillus, Eyton 249
759. maculatus, Tern 250
760. melanoxanthus, Hodgs 251
761. squalidus, Burton 251
762. modestus, Hume 252
Family— HI RUN DINID/E.
Sub-Family— HIRUNDININVE.
227. Chelidon, Bole 253
763. urbica, Linn 253
764. cashmiriensis, Gould w 254
765. lagopus. Pall 254
766. nipalensis, Hodgs 255
228. Cotile, Boie 255
767. riparia, Linn 255
768. sinensis, J. E. Gray 256
769. concolor, Sykes 257
770. rupestris, Scop 258
771. obsoleta, Cab 258
229. Hirundo, Linn 259
772. rustica, Linn 259
773- gutturalis, Scop 261
774. erythrogastra, Bodd 262
775. Tytleri, Jcrd 262
776. Javanica, Sparrm 263
777. Smithi, Leach 264
778. nipalensis, Hodgs 265
779. Japonica, Temm. and Schleg... 265
780. erythropygia, Sykes 266
230. Petrochelidon, Cab. 268
781. fluvicola, Blyth 26$
Family —M OT AC I L LI D^E.
231. Motacilla, Linn 269
782. alba, Linn 269
783. ocularis, Swinh 272
784. personata, Gould 273
785. leucopsis, Gould 275
PACK
786. Hodgsoni, Blyth 276
787. madraspatensis, Gm 277
788. melanope, Pall 278
789. citreola, Pall 279
790. citreoloides, Hodgs. 280
791. beema, Sykes 281
792. borealis, Sundev 281
793. Feldeggi, Michah 282
232. Limonidromus, Gould 283
794. indicus, Gould 283
233. Anthus, Linn 284
795- trivialis, Linn 284
796. maculatus, Hodgs 285
797. nilghiriensis, Sharpc 286
798. sordidus, Rupp 287
799. Jerdoni, Finsch 288
800. Richardi, Vieill 289
801. striolatus, Blyth 290
802. campestris, Linn 290
803. rufulus, Vieill 291
804. cervinus, Pall 292
805. rosaceus, Hodgs 293
806. spipoletta, Linn 294
234. Oreocorys, Sharpe 295
807. sylvanus, Hodgs 295
Family.-FRlNGILLID/£.
Sub-Family. -COCCOTHRAUSTIN^.
2.15- Coccothraustes, Linn 296
808. humii, Sfiarpe 296
236- Mycerobasr/fo^s 296
809. melanoxanthus, Hodgs 296
237- Pycnoramphus, Hume 297
810. icteroides, Vigors 297
811. affinis, Blyth: 298
812. carneipes, Hodgs 298
Sub-Family.— FRINGILLIN^.
238. Fringilla, Linn ,. 299
813. montifringilla, Linn 299
239. Procarduelis, Hodgs. 299
814. nipalensis, Hodgs 299
815. rubescens, Blanf. 300
240. Carduelis, Briss 300
816. cariiceps, Vigors 300
241. Chrysomitris, Boie 301
817. spinoides, Vigors 301
818. thibetana, Hume 301
242. Callacanthis, Reich 302
819. burtoni, Gould 302
CONTENTS.
vn
PAGE
243. Acanthis, Bechst ... 302
820- brevirostris, Bp 302
821. fringillirostris, Bp. and Schleg. 303
244. Montifringilla, Linn 303
822. adamsi, Moore 303
823. ruficollis, Blanf. 304
824. blanfordi, Hume. 304
825. sordida, Stol 305
826. nemoricola, Hodgs 305
827. Brandti, Bp 3°6
245. Rhodopechys, Cab 306
828. sanguinea, Gould 306
246. Erythrospiza, Bp 307
829. githaginea, Licht 307
247. Petronia, Kaup 3°8
830. flavicollis, Fretnkl 308
248. Passer, Briss 3°9
831. montanus, Koch 309
832. domesticus, Linn 310
833. pyrrhonotus, Blyth 310
834. hispaniolensis, Temm 311
835. cinnamomeus, Gould 311
836. assimilis, Wold 312
837. flaveolus, Blyth 313
249. Serinus, Koch 314
838. pectoralis, Murray 314
839. pusillus, Pa// 315
250. Pyrrhoplectus, Hodgs 315
840. epauletta, Hodgs 315
251. Carpodacus, Kaup 316
841. erythrinus, Pall 316
842. sipahi, Hodgs 317
843. rubicilla, Gould 317
844. grandis, Blyth 318
845. rhodochrous, Vigors 318
846. rhodopeplus, Vigors 318
847. Edwardsii, Verr 319
848- thura, Bp. & Schleg 320
849. dubius, Pryer 320
850. ambiguus, Hume 321
851. pulcherrimus, Hodgs 321
252. Pyrrhospiza, Hodgs 322
852. punicea, Hodgs 322
253. IsOXia, Linn 323
853. curvirostra, Linn 323
254. Pyrrhula, Briss 324
854. erythrocephala, Vigors 324
855. nipalensis, Hodgs 324
856. erithacus, Blyth 325
857- aurantiaca, Gould 325
PAGE
255. Propyrrhula, Hodgs 326
858. subhimalayensis, Hodgs 326
Sub-Family— EM BERIZIN/E.
256. Emberiza, Linn 326
859. schceniclus, Linn 326
860. pusilla, Pall 327
861. fucata, Pall 328
862. melanocephala, Scop 329
863. luteola, Sparrm 329
864. aureola, Pa// 330
865. rutila, Pall ; 331
866. spodocephala, Pall 332
867. Buchanan!, Blyth 333
868. Stracheyi, Moore 333
869. Steward, Blyth 334
870. leucocephala, Gm 334
257. Fringillaria, Swains 335
871. striolata, Licht 335
258. MelophUS, Swains 337
872. melanicterus, Gm 337
Sub-Family— PLOCEIN^E.
259. PloCGUS, Linn 338
873. phillipinus, Linn 338
874. baya, Blyth 339
875. manyar, Horsf. 339
876. bengalensis, Linn 340
877. Javanensis, Less 340
Sub-Family — ESTRELDIN^S.
260. Amadina, Swains 341
878. malacca, Linn 341
879. atricapilla, Vieill ,342
880. punctulata, Linn 342
881. pectoralis, Jerdon 343
882. leucogastra, Blyth 343
883 acuticauda, Hodgs 344,
884. striata, Linn 344
885. malabarica, Linn 345
261. Erythrura, Swains 346
886. prasina, Sparrm 346
262. Estrilda, Swains 346
887. punicea, Horsf. 346
888. amandava, Linn 347
889. Formosa, Ln th. 348
Family— ALA UDID/E 348
263. Mirafra, Horsf. 348
890. Assamica, McClell 348
891. affinis, Jerd 349
VI 11
CONTENTS.
PAGE
892. erythroptera, Jerd 350
893. cantillans, Jerd 350
264. Ammomanes, Cab 351
894. lusitania, Gmel. 351
895. phoenicura, Frankl 352
265. Pyrrhulauda, Smith 352
896. grisea, Scop. ... 352
897. melanauchen, Cab 353
266. Calendrella, Kaup 355
898. brachjdactyla, Leisl 355
267. Melanocorypha, Boie 355
899. bimaculata, Menet 355
268. Alau.du.la, Blyth 356
900. raytal, Blyth 356
901. A dam si, Hit me ... 357
269. Otocorys, Bonap 358
902. penicillata, Gould 358
270. Spizalauda. Blyth 359
903. deva, Sykes ; 359
271. Alauda, Linn 359
904. gulgula, Frankl 359
272. Galorida, Bole.. 360
905. cristata, Linn 360
2/3. Certhilauda, Swains 361
906. desertorum, Stanley 361
Section.— OSCINES CULTIROSTRES.
Family— STURNID^E.
Sub-Family —STURN I N/E.
274. Sturnus, Linn 363
907. vulgaris, Linn 363
908. minor, Hume 363
909. unicolor, Marmora 364
275. Sturnopastor, Hodgs. 364
910. superciliaris, Blyth 364
911. contra, Linn 364
276. Acridotheres, Vieill 365
912. tristis, Linn 365
913. ginginianus, Lath 365
914. fuscus, Tern 366
915. siamensis, Swinh 367
277. Sturnia, Less 367
916. pagodarum, Gmel. ... 367
917. sturnina, Pall 368
918. sinensis, Gmel. 368
919. burmannica, Jerd 369
920. leucocephala, Gigl. and Salv. . 369
921. malabarica, Gmel , 370
922. Blythi, Jerd 37!
923. nemoricola, Jerd 37!
PAGE
278. Calomis, G. R. Gray 371
924. chalybea, Horsf. 771
279. Pastor, Tern 372
925. roseus, Linn 372
280. Gracula, Linn 373
926. intermedia, A. Hay 373
927. religiosa, Linn 373
281. Saraglossa, Hodgs 374
928. spiloptera, Vigors 374
282. Ampeliceps, Blyth 374
929. coronatus, Blyth 374
283. Gracupica, Less 375
930. nigricollis, Payk 375
Family— PITTIDyE 375
284. Anthocincla, Blyth 376
931. Phayrii, Blyth 376
285. Pitta, Vieil. 376
932. nipalensis, Hodgs 376
933- Oatesi, Hume 377
934. caerulea, Raffles 377
935. cyanea, Blyth 37^
936. cyanoptera, Temm 379
937. megarhyncha, Schl 379
938. brachyura, Linn 380
939. coccinea, Eyton 380
940. cucullata, Hartl 381
286. JEucichla, Cab. ct Hein 381
941. Gurneyi, Hume 381
Family— EUR YL/EM I DJE, Swains ... 382
Sub-Family— CALYPTOMENIN/E- 382
287. Calyptomena, Raffles 382
942. viridis, Raffles 382
288. Psarisomus, Swains 382
943. dalhousiae, Jameson 383
289. Serilophus, Sivains 383
944. lunatus, Gould 383
945. rubropygius, Hodgs 384
290. Eurylaemus, Horsf.- 385
946. Javanicus, Horsf. 385
947. ochromelas, Raffles 385
291. Corydon, Lesson 386
948. sumatranus, Raffles 386
292. Cymborhynchus, Vigors. 386
949. macrorhynchus, Cm 386
Order— MACROCHIRES 387
Family— CYPSELID^ 337
Sub-Family- CYPSELIN^ 388
29J. CypSelUS, llliger 3*8
950. melba. Linn 388
CONTENTS.
IX
PAGE
951. apus, Lin 388
952. affinis, Gray , 388
953. acuticaudus, Blytk 389
954. pacificus, Lath , 389
955. subfureatus, Blytk 389
956. leuconyx, Blytk 390
957. batassiensis, Gray , 390
958. infumatus, Sclater 390
39i
294- Hirundinapus, tiodgs 391
959- giganteus. Van Hass. ,...,,... 391
960. indicus, Hume 392
961. leucopygialis, Blyth. 392
962. sylvatica, Tickell 392
963. caudacuta, Lath 393
695. Collocalia, Gray 393
964. unicolor, Jerd 393
965. innominata, Hume 394
966. spodiopygia, Pe&le 394
967. Linchi, Horsf. , ,,.».... 394
296. Dendrockelidon, Boie. 395
968. coronatus, tick ** 395
969. longipennis, Rafin^ *.... 396
970. comatus, Temm 397
I'amily-CAPRIMULGID^E, Vigors. 397
Sub-Fam.— STEATORNIN^), Gray.- 397
297. Batrachostomus, Gould* 397
971. montliger, Blytk. ., 397
972. affinis, Blytk 398
Sub-Family-CAPRIMULGIN^. ... 399
698. Caprimulgus, Lin 399
973. asiaticus, Lath 399
974. mahrattensis, Sykes. 399
975. monticolus, Frankl 400
976. albonotatus, Tick ».... 400
977. atripennis, jerd. 401
978. Unwinii, Hume 401
979. indicus, Latham. ,-. 402
980.. kelaarti, Blyth 403
981. jotaka, tem 400
Sub -Family— POD AGERIN/E. 404
299. Lyncornis, Gould ». 404
982. cerviniceps, Gould 404
Sub-Order- COCCYGES HE-
TERODACTYLyE
Family— TROGONID^: 405
300. Harpactes, Swainson 405
PAGE
983. fasciatus, Gmel 405
984. erythrocephalus, Gould, 405
985. oreskios, Temm 406
986. Duvaucellii, Temm 407
Sub-Order— ZYGODACTYLI ... 407
Family— CUCULTD^E, Leach. ... 408
Sub-Family-CUCULIN^E. ... 408
301. CUCUIUS, Linn 408
987. canorus, Linn* *.... 408
988. striatus, Drop 468
989. poliocephalus, Latham 409
990. Sonnerati, Lath 410
091. micropterus, Gould *... 410
302. Hierococcyx, Muller 411
992. sparverioides, Vigors 411
993. varitis, Vahl *.... ,. 412
994. nanus, Hume 412
995* nisicolor, Hodgs 413
303. Cacomantis, Muller 413
996. threnodes, Cab, et Hein 413
997. nigra, Jerd 414
304. Surniculus, Lesson 414
998. lugubris, Horsf. 414
305. Chrysococcyx, Boie. 415
999. maculatus, Gm* 415
IOOO. xanthorhynchus, Horsf. 416
loor. Limborgi, Tweed 416
306. Coccystes, Gloger 416
1002. Jacobinus, Bodd 417
1003. coromandus, Linn 41?
307. Endynamys, Vig. and Horsf. ... 418
1004. honorata, Linn 418
1005. malayana, Cab. et Hein 418
Sub-Family— PHCENICOPH^IN^ 418
308. Rhinortha, Vigors 419
1006. chlorophsea, Raffles 419
309. Rhopodytes, Cab. et Hein 419
1007. tristis, Lesson 419
1008. diardi, Lesson 420
1609. sumatranus, Raffles. 420
IOIO. viridirostris, Jerd i 421
310. Rhamphococcyx, Cab. et Hein. 421
ion erythrognathus, Hartl 421
311. Zanclostomus, Swains 422
1012. javanicus, Horsf* 422
Sub-Family— CENTROPODIN^)5^.422
312. Centrococcyx, linger 422
1013. maximus, Hume 422
CONTENTS.
PAGE
1014. rufipennis, llliger. 423
1015. intermedius, Hume 423
1016- bengalensis, Gmel 424
313. Taecocua, Lesson 425
1017. leschenaulti, Less 425
1018. sirkeer, Gray 425
1019. infuscata, Blyth 425
Family— CAPITONID^E 426
314. Megalsema, G. R. Gray 426
1020. marshallorum, Swinh. ... 426
1021. virens, Bodd 427
1022. mystacophanus, Tern 427
1023. hodgsoni, Bonap 427
1024. caniceps, Frankl 428
1025. inornata, Wald 428
1026- viridis, Gmel 429
315. Cyanops, Bonap 429
1027. asiatica, Lath 429
1028. Davisoni, Hume 430
1029. incognita, Hume 430
1030. Ramsayi, Wald 430
316. Xantholsema, Bonap 431
1031. hsemacephala, P. L. S. Mull. 431
1032. malabarica, Blyth 432
1033. cyanotis, Blyth 432
317. Caloramphus, Less 432
1034. Hayi, Gray 432
ORDER-PICI 433
Family— PICID^E 433
Sub-Family— YUNCIN^ 433
318. Yunx, Linn 433
l»35- torquilla, Linn 433
Sub/Family-INDICATORIN,E. 433
319. Indicator, £/x/A 433
1036. xanthonotus, Blyth 434
Sub-Family— PICUMNIN^E ... 435
320 Vivia, Hodgs 435
1037. innominata, Burton 435
321. Sasia, Hodgs 436
1038. ochracea, Hodgs, 4,36
Sub-Family— GECININyE. ... 436
322. Gauropicoides, Math 436
1039. rafflesi, Vigors 436
323. Gecinulus, Blyth 437
1040. grantia, McClell 437
1041. viridis, Blyth '.... 437
PAGE
324. Tiga, Kaup 43$
1042. javanensis, Ljungh 438
325. Brachypternus, Strickl 439
1043. aurantias, Linn 439
1044. chrysonotus, Less 440
326. Micropternus, Blyth 440
1045. phaeoceps, Blyth 440
1046. brachyurus, Viell 441
1047. gularis, Jerd 441
327. Venilia, Bonap 441
1048. pyrrhotis, Hodgs 441
1049. porphyromelas, Boie 442
328. CallolophUS, Salvad 442
1050. mentalis, Tern 443
1051. malaccensis, Lath 443
1052. puniceus, Horsf. 444
329. Chrysophlegma, Gould 444
1053. flavinucha, Gould 444
1054. chlorolophus, Vieill 445
1055 chlorigaster, Jard. and Selb. 446
33°- Gecinus, Boie 446
1056. squamatus, Vigors 446
1057. striolatus, Blyth 447
1058. occipitalis, Vigors 447
1059. viridanus, Blyth 448
1060. erythropygius, Elliot 449
Sub-Family— CAMPEPHILIN/E. 449
331. Thriponax, Cab. et Hein 449
1061. Hodgsoni, Jerd 449
1062. Javensis, Horsf. 450
1063. Feddeni, Blanf. 450
332. Mulleripicus, Bonap 450
1064. pulverulentus, Tern 450
333- Chrysocolaptes, Blyth 451
1065. strictus, Horsf. 451
1066. festivus, Bodd 452
334. Hemicercus, Swains 453
1067. cordatus, Jerd 453
ic68. sordidus, Eyton 453
335- PiCUS, Linn 454
1069. himalayanus, Jard. and Selby 454
1070. majoroides, Hodgs. 455
1071. cathpharius, Hodgs 455
1072. scindianus, Gould 455
1073. macii, Vieill 456
1074. analis, Tern 456
1075. atratus, Blyth 457
1076. brunneifrons, Vigors 4^,7
1077. mahrattensis, Lath 457
CONTENTS.
XI
PAGE
1078. canicapillus, Blyth 475
1079. pumilus, Hargitt 458
336. HypOpiCUS, Bonap 459
1080. hyperythrus, Vigors 459
337. lyngipicUS, Bonap 459
1081. rubricatus, Blyth 459
1082. pygmceus, Vigors 460
1083. Hardwickii, Jerd 460
338. Meiglyptes, Swains 460
1084. grammithorax, Malh ,. 460
1085. jugularis, Blyth 461
1086. tukki, Lesson 461
Order— PSITTACI 462
Family— PS ITT A CIDJE 462
Sub-Family— PSITTACIN^: ... 462
339. Psittinus, Blyth 462
1087. incertus, Sham 462
Sub-Pamily-LORIIN^E 463
340. Loriculus, Blyth 463
1088. vernalis, Sparrm 463
Sub-Pamily-PAL^EORNIN^:. 464
341. Palseornis, Vigors 464
1089. fasciatus, P. L. S. Muller. ... 464
1090. columboides, Vigors 465
1091. indo-burmannicus, Hume. ... 465
1092. schisticeps, Hodgs 466
1093. torquatus, Bodd 467
1094. cyanocephalus, Linn 467
1095. rosa, Bodd 468
Sub-Order— COCCYGES ANISO-
DACTYUE 469
Family -UPUPIM: 469
Sub-Family— UPUPIN^E, Bp. 469
342. Upupa, Linn 469
1096. epops, Linn 469
1097. longirostris, Jerd 469
1098. ceylonensis, Reich , ... 470
Family— ME RO PI M: 470
343. Merops, Linn 470
1099. viridis, Linn 471
1100. phillipinus, Linn 471
1101. Leschenaulti, Vieill 472
1 102. persicus, Pall 473
1103. apiaster, Linn 473
344. Nyctiornis, Swains 474
1104. Athertonl, Jard. and Selby. .. 474
1105. amicta, Tern 474
PAGE
Family— COR ACI AM: 475
345. Coracias, Linn 475
1106. garrula, Linn 475
1107. indica, Linn 476
1108. affinis, McClell 476
346. Eurystomus, Vieill 477
1109. orientalis, Linn 477
Family— A LCEDINID^: 478
Sub-Family-ALCEDININ^E. . 478
347- Alcedo, Linn 478
1110. bengalensis, Gm 478
1111. grandis, Blyth 479
IU2. ispida, Linn 479
1113. asiatica, Swains , 479
1114. euryzona, Tern. , 480
448. Ceryle, Boie , 481
1115. guttata, Vigors 481
1116. rudis, Linn 481
Sub-Family -HALCYONIN^S.. 482
349. Halcyon, Swains 482
1117. coromanda, Lath 482
1118. smyrnensis, Linn 483
1119. pileata, Bodd 483
U2o. chloris, Bodd 484
1121. concreta, Tent 485
350. Carcineutes, Cab. et Hein 486
1122. pulchellus, Horsf. 486
351. Ceyx, Lacep 486
1123. tridactyla, Pallas 486
352. Pelargopsis, Gloger 487
1124. gurial, Pearson 487
1125. amauroptera, Pearson 487
1126. burmannica, Sharpe 488
Family— BUCEROTID^E 488
353. Dichoceros, Gloger 489
1127. bicornis, Linn 489
354. Anthracoceros, Reich 490
1128. coronatus, Bodd 490
1129. albirostris, Shaw 490
1130. affinis, Button 491
355. Rhinoplax, Gloger 491
1131. vigil, J. R. Forst 491
1132. griseus, Lath 492
356. Ocyceros, Hume 492
1133. birostris, Scop 492
357. Rhytidoceros, Reich 493
1134. subruficollis, Blyth 493
Xll
CONTENTS.
1135. undulatus, Shaw. ... 494
358. Aceros 494
1136. nipalensis, Hodgs 494
359. Anorrhinus, Reich 495
1137. comatus, Raffles 495
1138. galeritus, Tern 495
1139. Tickelli, Blyth 496
Order— GEMITORES 497
Family— TRERON I D/£ 497
360. Treron, Vieill 497
1140. nipalensis, Hodgs 497
361. CrOCOpUS, Bonap 497
1141. phcenicopterus, Lath 498
1142. chlorigaster, Blyth 498
1143. viridifrons, Blyth 499
362. Osmotreron, Bonap 499
1144. bicincta, Jerd 499
1145. vernans, Linn 500
1146. malabarica, Jerd, 500
1147. Phayrii, Blyth 501
1148. fulvicollis, Wagler 501
1149. pompadoura, Gmel 502
363. Sphenocercus, Gray 502
1150. sphenurus, Vigors 502
1151. apicaudus, Hodgs 503
Sub-Family-CARPOPHAGINLE... 503
364. Carpophaga, Selby 503
1152. senea, Linn 503
1153. insignis, Hodgs 504
1154. griseicapilla, Wald 504
1155. bicolor 505
Family— COLUMBID^E 505
Sub-Family— PALUMBI1SWE. ... 505
365. Palumbus, Linn 505
1156. pulchricollis, Hodgs 505
1157. casiotis, Bonap 506
1158. Elphinstonei, Sykes 507
366. Palumbsenaj Bonap 507
1159. Eversmanni, Bonap 507
367. Columba, Linn 507
1160. intermedia, Strickl 507 |
n6i. livia, Bonap 508
1162. rupestris, Pall 509
1163. leuconota, Vigors 509
368. Alsocomus, Tick 509
1164. puniceus, Tickell 509
1165. Hodgsonii, Vigors 510
PAGE
Sub-Family— MACROPYGIIN.E ... 510
369. Macropygia, Swains 511
1166 leptogrammica, Temm 511
1167. assimilis, Hume 512
Sub-Family— TURTURIN/E 512
370. Turtur, Selby 512
. 1168. pulchratus, Hodgs 512
1169. meena, Sykes 513
1170. senegalensis, Linn 513
1171. suratensis, Gm 514
1172. tigrinus, Tern 515
1173. risorius, Linn 515
1174. humilis, Temm 515
Family— GO URID^E 517
Sub-Family— PH API DIN^E ... 517
371. Chalcophaps, Gould 517
1175. indica, Linn 517
372. Geopelia, Swains 518
1176. striata, Linn. 518
Sub-Family— C A LCEN I Ny£ ... 518
373- Calcenas,
1177. nicobarica. Linn 518
Order— RASORES 519
Family— PTEROCLIDJE 519
374. Pterocles, Tem 519
1178. coronatus, Liclit 520
1179. senegallus, Linn 521
1180. arenarius, Pall 523
1181. exustus, Tem 524
1182. alchata, Linn 525
1183. Lichtensteinii, Tem 526
1184. fasciatus, Scop 527
375- Syrrhaptes, Lin 528
1185. thibetanus, Gould 528
Family— PH ASIAN ID>£ 529
Sub-Family— PAVONINE ... 529
376. Pavo, Linn 529
1186. cristatus, Linn 529
1187. muticus, Linn 529
377. Argusianus, Rafin 530
1188. argus, Linn 530
378. Polyplectron, Tem 531
1189. thibetanum, Gm 531
Family— MEGAPODID^: 53,
379- Megapodius 532
1190. nicobariensis, Blyth ,,,, 532
CONTENTS.
Xlll
Sub-Family— PHASIANIN^E. . 532
380. Crossoptilon, Hodgs 532
1191. thibetanum, Hodgson 533
381. Lophophorus, Temm 533
1192. Impeyanus, Lath 533
1193. Sclateri, Jerd 534
382. Ceriornis, Swainson 534
1194. satyra, Linn 534
1195. melanocephalus, Gray 535
383. Ithaginis, Wagler 536
1196. cruentus, Hardm 53^
384. Pucrasia, Gray 538
1197. macrolopha, Lesion 53&
385. Phasianus, Linn 539
1198. Wallichii, Hardw 539
386. Euplocamus, Temm , 540
1199. albocristatus, Vigors 54°
1200. leucomelanus, Lath 541
1201. melanonotus, Blyth 541
1202. horsfieldi, G. R. Gray 542
1203. lineatus, Elliot 542
1204. Cuvieri, Temm 543
1205. Andersoni, Elliot 544
1206. Vieilloti, G. R. Gray 544
Sub-Family-GALLIN^ 545
387. GallTlS, Linn 545
1207. ferruginous, Gm 545
1208. Sonneratti, Tern 546
388. Galloperdix, Blyth 547
1209. spadiceus, Gmel 547
1210. lunulatus, Valenc 548
Family— TETRAONIM: 549
Sub-Family— PERDICIN^ ... 549
389. Tetraogallus, Gray 549
121 1. Himalayensis, G. R. Gray. ... 549
1212. thibetanus, Gould 549
390. Lerwa, Hodgs 550
1213. nivicola, Hodgs 55°
391. Francolinus 550
1214. vulgaris, Steph 550
1215. pictus, Jerd. and Selby 551
1216. chinensis, Osb 552
392. Caccabis, Kaup 552
1217. chukor, Gray 553
393. Ammoperdix, Gray 553
1218. bo n ham i, Gray 553
394. Ortygornis, Reich 554
1219. ponticeriana, Gmel 554
1220. gularis, Temm, «,,,, ,,c.,. 554
PAGE
395. Arboricola, Hodgs 555
1221. torqueola, Valenc 556
1222. atrogularis, Blyth 556
1223. brunneipectus, Tickell 556
1224. chloropus, Tickell 557
1225. intermedia, Blyth 558
1226. rufogularis, Blyth 558
1227. Mandelli, Hume 559
396. Bambusicola 560
1228. Fytchii, Anderson 560
397. Caloperdix, Blyth 560
1229. oculea, Temm 560
398. RoHulus, Bonn 561
1230. roulroul, Scop 561
399* Perdicula, Hodgs 562
1231. asiatica, Latham 562
1232. argoondah, Sykes 562
400. Ophrysia, Gray 563
1233. superciliosa, J. E. Gray 563
401 Microperdix, Gould. 564
1234. erythrorhyncha, Sykes 564
1235. Blewitti, Hume 565
Sub-Family— COTURNICIN/E. ... 565
402. Coturnix, Brisson 565
1236 communis, Linn 565
1237. coromandelica, Gmel 566
403. Excalfactoria, Bonap 567
1238. chinensis, Linn 567
Family— TINAMID^E 568
404. Turnix, Bonap 568
1239. plumbipes, Hodgs 568
1240. joudera, Hodgs 569
1241. Dussumieri, Temm 570
1242. maculosa, Temm 570
1243. albiventris, Hume 571
Order-GRALLATORES 571
Tribe— PRESSIROSTRES, Cuvier.... 571
Family— OTITID.E 572
405. Otis, Linn 572
1244. tarda, Linn 572
1245. tetrax, Linn 573
406. Eupodotis, Less. 574
1246. Edvvardsi, Gray 574
407. Houbara, Bonap 575
1247. Macqueenii, Gray 575
408. Sypheotides, Lesson 577
1248. bengalensis, Gmel 577
1249. auritus, Lath 578
XIV
CONTENTS,
PAGE
Family— CURSORID.E 578
409. Cursorius, Lath 579
1250. coromandelicus, Gmel 579
1251. gallicus, Gmel 579
410. RhinOptilUS, Strickland. 58°
1252. bitorquatus, Jerd 58°
Pamily-GLAREOLID^E 580
411. Glareola, Linn 58z
1253. orientalis, Leach 5^1
1254. pratincola, Linn 5Sl
1255. lactea, Tern 582
Sub-Family— CHARADRIN^: 583
412. Squatarola, Cuv 583
1256. helvetica, Linn 5^4
413. Charadrius
1257. fulvus, Gm 584
1258. pluvialis, Linn 584
414. .Slgialitis, Boie 585
1259. Geoffroyi, Wagl 585
1260. mongolica, Pall £86
1261. cantiana, Lath 587
1262. dubia, Scop 588
1263. Jerdonii, Legge 588
Sub-Family— VANELLIN^E 589
415. Vanellus, Linn 589
1264. cristatus, Meyer 589
416. Chettusia, Bp 59°
1265. gregaria, Pallas 59°
1266. leucura, Licht 59'
1267. cinerea, Blyth 591
417. Hoplopterus, Bonap 592
1268. ventralis, Wagl 592
418. Lobivanellus, Strickl 592
1269. indicus, Bodd 592
1270. atronuchalis, Blyth 593
419 Sarciophorus, Strickl 593
1271. bilobus, Gmel 593
Sub-Family-^SACIN>E 594
420. JEsacus 594
1272. recurvirostris, Cuv 594
421. CEdicnemus, Cuv 595
1273. crepitans. Temtn. 59^
Family— HJEMATOPODIOE, Bp. 596
S ub -Family— STREPS I LI N/E, Bp. 596
422. Strepsilas
1274. interpres, Linn 597
PAGE
423. Dromas, Payk 598
1275. ardeola, Paykl. 598
424. Heematopus, Linn 599
1276. ostralegus, Linn 599
Family— GRUID/E 599
425. GrUS, Linn 599
1277. antigone, Linn 599
1278. leucogeranus, Pall 600
1279. cinerea, Bechst 60 1
426. Anthropoides, Vieill. ... 602
1280. virgo, Linn 603
Tribe— LONGIROSTRES.
Family— SCOLOPACID/E 603
427. Scolopax, Linn 603
1281. rusticola, Linn 603
428. Gallinago, Stepk 604
1282. nemoricola, Hodgs 604
1283. solitaria, Hodgs 605
1284. stenura, Kuhl 605
1285. scolopacina, Bonap. , 606
1286. gallinula, Linn 608
429. Rhynchsea, Cuv 609
1287. capensis, Linn 609
430. Limicola, Koch 610
1288. platyrhyncha, Temm 610
Sub-Family— TRINGIN^ .. 610
431. Eurynorhynehus, Nilsson. ... 611
1289. pygmseus, Linn 6ll
432. Tringa, Linn 611
1290. minuta, Lcisl 6ir
1291. subminuta, Midd 6l2
1292. Temmincki, Leisl 613
1293. crassirostris, Temm 613
1294. subarquata, Gould 615
1295. cinclus, Linn 615
433. Machetes, Cuv 616
1296. pugnax, Linn 616
434. Calidris, Cuv 617
1297. arenaria, Linn 617
Sub-Family— PHALAROPIN/E. 617
435. Phalaropus, Briss 617
1298. hyperboreus, Linn 617
1299. fulicarius, Linn 618
Sub-Family— TOTANIN^:. ... 619
436. Actitis, /// 619
1300. hypoleucos, Linn 619
CONTENTS.
xv
PAGE
1301. ochropus, Linn 619
437. Totanus, Beck 620
1302. glareola, Cm 620
1303. canescens, Gmel 621
1304. stagnatilis, Bechst 621
1305. calidris, Linn 622
1306. fuscus, Linn 622
1307. Haughtoni, Hume 623
1308. dubius, Murray 623
438. Terekia, Bonap 624
1309. cinerea, Gould 624
Sub-Family— LIMOSIN^E 625
439. Pseudoscolopax, 625
1310. semipalmatus, Jerd 625
440. Limosa, Briss 626
1311. segocephala, Linn 626
1312. lapponica, Linn 627
Sub-Family— NUMENIN^E ... 629
441. Numenius 629
1313. phseopus, Linn 629
1314. arquatus, Linn 630
442. Ibidorhynchus, Vigors 631
1315. Struthersii, Vigors 631
Sub-Fam.— RECURVIROSTRIN.E. 631
443. Recur virostra, Linn 631
1316. avocetta, Linn 631
444- Himantopus, Briss 632
1317. candidus, Linn 632
Family— PAR RID^E 632
445 Metopodius, Wagi 633
1318. indicus, Lath 633
Sub-Family— EARRING 633
446. Hydrophasianus, Wagl 633
1319. chirurgus, Scop 634
Family— RALLIDyE 634
Sub-Family— GALLINULIN^E. 634
447- Porphyrio, Briss 635
1320. poliocephalus, Lath 635
448. Fulica, Linn 636
1321. atra, Linn 639
449. Podica, Less 637
1322. personata, G. R. Gray 637
450. Hypotsenidia, Reich 637
1323. striata, Linn 637
451. Rallus, Linn 638
1324. indicus, Blyth 638
452. Rallina, Reich 639
1325. evwyzonoides, Lafresn 639
PAGE
1326. fasciata, Raffl 640
1327. Canning!, Tytler 640
Sub -Family— RALLINA 641
453. Porzana, Vieill 641
1328. Bailloni, Vieill 641
1329. maruetta, Linn 642
1330. fusca, Linn 642
1331. minuta, Pall 643
1332. akool, Sykes 643
454. Gallinula, Briss. 644
J333- chloropus, Linn 644
1334. phcenicura, Penn 645
455- Gallicrex, Blyth 646
1335. cinereus, Gra 646
Order— HERODIONES 647
Family— CICONID^: 647
456- Leptoptilos 647
1336. argula, Lath 647
!337- Javanicus, Horsf. 648
457- Xenorhynchus, Bp 648
1338. asiaticus, Lath 648
458. Ciconia, Linn 649
J339- nigra, £w» 649
1340. alba, Belon. 649
1341. leucocephala, Cm 649
Family.— AR DEI DM 650
459. Ardea, Linn 651
1342. goliath, Tern 651
1343. sumatrana, Raffles 651
1344. insignis, Hodgs 652
1345. cinerea, Linn 652
1346. purpurea, Linn 653
460. Herodias, Boie 653
1347. alba, Linn 655
1348. intermedia, Von Haast 655
1349. garzetta, Linn 655
1350. eulophotes, Swinh 656
461. Demi-egretta, Blyth 656
1351- gularis, Bosc 656
1352. sacra, Gmel 657
462. BubulCUS, Pucker 657
1353. coromandus, Bodd 657
463. Ardeola, Boie 658
1354. Grayi,Sy£« 658
1355. prasinoceles, Svtinh 658
464. Butorides, Blyth 659
1356. Javanica, Horsf. 659
465. Ardetta, Gray 660
'357- flavicollis, Lath 660
XVI
CONTENTS.
PAGE
1358. cinnamomea, Gmel 661
1359. sinensis, Gmel 661
1360. minuta, Linn 662
466. Botaurus, Briss 662
1361. stellaris, Linn 662
467. Nycticorax, Steph 663
*362. griseus, Linn 663
468. Gorsachius, Pucker 664
1363. melanolophus 664
Family— TANTALID/E 664
Sub-Fam.— TANTALIN/E 664
469. Tantalus, Linn 665
1364. leucocephalus, Penn 665
Sub-Fam.— PLATAIJEIN/E. ... 665
470. Platalea, Linn 665
1365. leucorodia 665
Sub-Fam.-ANASTOMIN/E ... 666
471- Anastomoua, Illiger 666
1366. oscitans, Bodd 666
Sub-Fam.— 1BIDINME 666
472- Threskiornis, Gray 667
1367. meianocephalus, Lath 667
473- Geronticus 667
1368. papillosus, Tent 667
474- Graptocephalus, Elliot 667
1369. Davisoni, Hume 667
475- Falcinellus, Beck 668
I37°- igneus, Linn 668
Order— NAT ATORES 669
Family— PHCENICOPTERID/E. 669
476. Phcenieopterus, Linn 669
1371. antiquorum, Tern 669
1372. minor, Geoff. St. Hill 670
Family— CYGN I D/E 671
477- CygmiS, Linn 671
1373. olor, Gm 671
Family— AN SE RIM: 672
Sub-Fam.— ANSERINE 673
478- Anser, Briss 673
1374. cinereus, Meyer 673
1375- brachyrrhynchus, Baillon. ... 673
1376. albifrons, Gm 674
1377. erythropus, Linn 675
1378. indicus, Lath 675
Family.— A NATION 676
Bub-Pam.— PLECTOPTERIN/E. . 676
479. Sarkidiornis, Eyton 677
1379. melanonotus, Penn 677
PAGE
480. Nettapus 677
1380, coromandelianus, Gmel 677
Sub-Fam, —TADORNIN/E 678
481. Dendrocygna, Sw 678
1381 javanica, Horsf. 678
1382. fulva, Gmel 679
482. Casarca, Bp 679
1383. rutila, Pall 680
1384. scutulata, P. L. S. Mull 680
483. Tadorna , 681
1385. cornuta, Gm 681
Sub-Fam.— ANATIN.E 682
484. Spatula, Boie 682
1386. clypeata, Linn 682
485. Anas, Linn. 683
1387. boscas, Linn 684
1388. psecilorhyncha, Forst 684
1389. caryophyllacea, Lath 685
486. Chaulelasmus, Gray 686
1390. streperus, Linn 685
1391. rufiventris, Sf. NOT) 686
1392. augnstirostris, Menet 687
487. Daflla, Leach 689
1393. acuta, Linn 689
488. Mareca, Steph 691
1394. penelope, Linn 691
489. Querquedula, Steph 692
I395- crecca, Linn 692
1396. circia, Linn ...» 693
1397. formosa, Georgi 694
1398 falcata, Georgi 695
Sub-Fam.-FULIGULIN^) 697
490. Fuligula, Steph 697
1399. rufina, Pall 697
1400. cristata, Linn 698
1401. mania., Linn 699
1402. ferina, Linn 700
1403. nyroca, Gould 701
491. Clangula 702
1404. glaucion, Linn. 702
492. Erismatura, 703
1405. leucocephala, Scop 703
Family— MERGID/E 704
493. Mergus, Linn 704
1406. serrator, Linn 704
1407. merganser, Linn 706
494. Mergellus, Selby 706
1408. albellus, Linn 706
Family— PO DIG I PI D/E 707
CONTENTS,
PAGE
495. Podiceps, Lath 707
1409. cristatus> Linn 707
1410. nigricollis, Linn 708
1411. minor, Linn* 709
Family— PROCELLAR1M: ... 709
Sub-Fam.— PRO-CELLARING. . 709
496. Oceanites, Keys and Bias-. 709
1412. oCeanica, Kuhl. 7°9
497- Daption, Stephens 710
1413. capensisj Linn 710
498. Puffinus 711
1414. persicus, Hum*. ,. 711
1415. chlororhynchus, Less 712
Order— GAVI^-E 712
Family— LA RID^E 712
Sub-Fam — STERCORARIN^E., 712
499. Stercorarius, Briss 712
1416. asiaticus, Hume 7:3
Sub-Fam.— LARING 714
500. LaruS) Lin'n 714
1417. cacchinnans, Pall 714
1418. affinis, Reinhardt 715
1419. gelastes, Licht 715
1420. hemprichi, Bp *ji6
1421. brunneicephalus, Je'rdon. ... 717
1422. ichthysetus, Pall. 717
1423. ridibundus, Linn 718
Sub-Fam.— STERN ING 719
501. Hydrochelidon, Boie 719
1424. hybrida, Pall 719
1425. leucoptera, Meisn. & Schine. . 719
1426. nigra, Linn 720
502. Gelochelidon, Linn 721
1427. anglica, Mont 721
503. Sterna, Linn 721
1428. caspia, Pall 721
1429. Bergii, Licht 721
1430. cantiaca, Gm 722
1431. media, Horsf. 723
1432. melanauchen, Temm 723
1433. seena, Sykes 724
1434. melanogastra, Temm 724
1435. Dougalli, Mont. ,., 725
PAGE
1436. hirundo, Linn 726
1437. albigena, Licht 726
1438. Saundersii, Hume 727
1439. sinensis, Gm. .kl •. 728
1440. anaesthetus, Scop ...» 728
1441. fuliginosa, Gm 729
504. Anous, Leach » 729
1442. stolida, Linn 730
1443. tenuirostris, Tern 730
1444. leucocapillus, Gould 730
Sub-Fam.— RHYNCHOPSING. 731
505. Rhynchops, Linn 731
1445. albicollis, Szvains 731
Qrder-^STEGANOPODES 731
Family— PH/E"TONTIDG 732
506. Phaeton, Lin 732
1446. rubricauda, Bodd 732
1447. flavirostris, Brandt 732
1448. indicus, Hume 733
Family- FREGATIDG 733
507. Fregata, Briss 734
1449. aquila, Linn 734
Family-PELECANIDG 734
Sub-Fam.— SU LI DG 734
508. Sula 734
1450. Cyanops, Sundew 734
1451. austral is, Steph 735
1452. piscator, Linn 735
Sub-Fam.— PELECANING 735
509. Pelecanus, Linn 735
1453. crispus, Bruch 736
1454. manillensis, Gm, 737
1455. roseus, Gm , 738
Sub-Fam.— PHALACROCORACID^738
510. Phalacrocorax, Briss 738
1456. carbcs, Linn 73^
1457. fuscicollis, Steph 739
1458. pygmseus, Pall 740
Sub-Fam.— PLOTIN^E 740
511. Plotus, Linn 741
1459. melanogaster, Penn.,.% „ 741
THE
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA
AND
ITS DEPENDENCIES.
ORDER.— PASSERIFORMES.
SUB-ORDER.— PASSERES.
GROUP.-CICHLOMORPH.E.
Family.— TURDID^:.
Sub-Family.— TURDIN^E.
Gen. Myrmecocichla.— Cab.
Bill moderate, slender, straight, tolerably curving at tip and barely notched ;
rictal bristles small; wings as in Saxicola; 2nd quill generally slightly the
longest; tail long, of 12 feathers, and slightly rounded; feet stout; bill
Saxicoli'ncz, black.
405. Myrmecocichla fusca (Blyth), Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
v. p. 361. Saxicola fusca, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 523 ; id. J. A. S. B.
xxiv. p. 1 88. Cercomela fusca (BlytK), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 134 ; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 319; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 477.— The INDIAN CHAT
ROBIN, or BROWN ROCK-CHAT.
Upper parts chocolate brown, paler on the forehead and ear-coverts ;
wing coverts and quills dark brown ; tail nearly black ; under surface of body
pale chocolate brown, shading into dark brown on the under tail coverts,
axillaries and under wing coverts ; bill, legs, feet and claws black ; 3rd
and 4th primaries sub-equal and longest ; second intermediate in length
between the sixth and seventh ; irides deep brown.
Length. — 6*5 inches; wing 3-4 to 3-65 ; tail 2-5 ; culmen 0-65 ; tarsus ro.
Hab. — The Northern Provinces of India. Has been recorded from Saugor
in Central India, also from the States of Bhopal, Gwalior and Bundelcund.
1
,v»» »/;
Not uncommon in the N.-W. Provinces. Jerdon says it is a permanent
resident at Saugor, living among sand-hills and rocks, and rarely or never
coming to cultivated ground.
Gen. SaxiCOla. — Bechst.
Bill rather flat at base ; nostrils in a membranous groove, opening round ;
wings long; 3rd and 4th quills longest; tail even; outer toe longer than
inner.
Head of Saxicola cenanthe.
406. SaxiCOla albonigra (Hume), Blanf. and Dresser, P. Z. S.,
1874, p. 226 ; Blf. East. Persia, ii. p. 153, pi. xi. ; Seebolim, Cat. B. Br. Mus>
p. 366. Saxicola alboniger, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 2 (1873). Dromolgea albo-
niger, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 185 ; Murray, Hdbk. ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 146.—
HUME'S PIED STONE CHAT.
Adult Male. — Head, neck, upper back and throat black ; quills dark brown ;
under wing coverts and axillaries black ; tail white, with a broad terminal band
of dark brown, broader on the two central feathers ; lower back, rump, upper
tail-coverts, breast, belly and under tail coverts white ; bill and legs black ;
irides dark brown.
Length. — 7-5 inches, wing 4-25, bill at front 0-65.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan (Kundilanee, Abigoom, Bolan Pass and Bam-
pusht, Kalagan, Blf), South E. Persia, S. Afghanistan (Gulistan, Chaman,
Dubrai, and Kandahar). Winters in Sind, and probably also in S. E. Persia.
407- SaxiCOla picata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 131; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 304 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 131, No. 489; Blf. and Dresser, P. Z. S.
1874, p. 227 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 367; Blf. Eastern Persia, ii. p.
153; Hume Str. F. i. pp. 3, 184. Dromolaea picata (Blyth), Gould B.
Asia, pt. xvii. — The PIED STONE CHAT.
Head, neck, back, throat and upper breast black ; quills dark brown, much
paler on the under surface ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black ; rump,
upper tail coverts, lower breast, under tail coverts and vent white ; the under
tail coverts in some specimens with a very faint tinge of buffy ; tail white, the
two central feathers black for their terminal half, and the others for about one-
fourth terminated with blackish brown ; bill and legs black ; irides dark brown.
SAXICOLA. 3
The adult female in breeding plumage is earthy brown, slightly paler on
the margins of the quills, wing coverts, the chin, upper throat and breast
shading into nearly white on the belly and more or less suffused with buff on
the under tail coverts ; rump and tail as in the male, except that the white is
occasionally slightly suffused with buff.
Length. — 6^25 to 6*5 inches ; wing 37 ; tail 2*75 ; bill at front 0*5.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, S. E. Persia, S. Afghanistan, the Punjab. N. W.
Provinces, Oudh, and Guzerat. Breeds in Persia and South Afghanistan.
408. SaxiCOla Capistrata, Gould B. Asia, pt. xvii. 1865 ; Seebohm,
Cat. J?. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 368 ; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 224. Saxicola
leucomela (Pall), apud. Elyth, J . A. S. B, xvi. p. 131 ; apud. Jerd. B. 2nd.
ii. p. 131, No. 490. Saxicola morio, Hemp, et Ehr. apud. Blanf, and Dresser,
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 225 (pariim) ; apud. Sever tz. Sir. F. iii. p. 429. — The
INDIAN STONE CHAT.
Adult Male in Breeding Plumage. — Head and nape greyish white, shading
into white on the hind neck and eye stripes ; lores, chin, throat, ear coverts,
sides of neck, scapulars, back, wing coverts, axillaries and under wing coverts
black; quills dark brown, slightly paler on the under surface; rump, upper
tail coverts, breast, flanks, belly and under tail coverts white, the latter occa-
sionally suffused with buff ; tail white, the two central feathers nearly black
for the terminal half, and the remainder tipped with nearly black from a
quarter to half an inch; bill and legs black ; wings, 3rd, 4th and 5th prima-
ries nearly equal and longest ; second, intermediate in length between the 6th
and 7th ; bastard primary o'9 to 0*7.
Length. — Wing 37 to 3-5 inches; tail 27 to 2*4 ; oilmen 07 to 0*62; tarsus
J'l to 0*9. Fe ma le unknown. — {Seebohm.)
Hab.— North- Western and Central India, and Sind during winter. Breeds
in Turkistan and probably Afghanistan also. — (Seeboh?n, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
p. 368.)
409. Saxicola monacha, Rupp. fide Ten. Pi. Col. No. 359, fig. i ;
id. Syst. Uebers. p. 58 ; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 226 ; Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 78 ; Sharpe and Dresser $ B. Eur. pt. xvi. ; Blf. and Dresser ; P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 227; Blf. East. Pers. ii. p. 150; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v.
p. 369. Saxicola pallida, Rupp. fide Cretzschm, Rupp. Atl. xxxiv. ; Gray,
Handlist B. i. p. 224, No. 3213. Dromolaea monacha (Rupp.), Bp. Consp. i.
302 ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 186. Saxicola gracilis, Licht. Nom. Av. p. 35.
— The HOODED STONE CHAT.
Adult Male.— General colour black ; quills dark brown, paler on under
surface ; head, nape, upper and lower tail coverts, belly, and flanks white ;
tatf white, except the terminal half of the two central feathers, and the tips of
others, which are very dark brown ; bill and legs black ; irides brown.
4 TURDID/E.
Length. — 7 to 7*25 inches; wing 4 to 4-42 ; tail from vent 275; tarsus 0*9 •,
bill at front 0-62.
Adult Female. — General colour very similar to the male, but browner, and
the white parts suffused or tinged with buffy,
Hab.— Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Egypt, Nubia and Palestine ; wintering
in Sind. Said to be resident in Persia and Egypt.
410. SaxiCOla moriO, Hemp, et Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol, a. a. ; Dresser,
JB. Eur. pt. xxvii. (1874 partim) ; Dresser and Blf. Ibis 1874, p. 338;
Blf. East. Pers. ii. p. 152; Ward I. Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 55; Seebohm,
Cat. Birds Br. Mus. p. 372. Saxicola leucomela (Pall), Tern. Man. d'Orn. i.
p. 243 ; Gould. B. Eur. ii. pi, 89 ; Gray, Gen. Birds, i. p. 178; Bp. Consp. i.
303 ; Severtz. Sir. F. 1875, P- 4^9- Saxicola hendersoni, Hume, Ibis, 1871,
p. 408 ; Hume and Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 206, pi. xiii. — The
WHITE-HEADED STONE CHAT.
Adult Male. — General colour black ; quills dark brown, paler on the under
side ; head, nape, hind neck, rump, upper and lower tail coverts, breast,
flanks, and belly, white ; the head and nape tinged greyish ; tail white, the
two centre feathers black for the terminal half, and the others tipped black
from a quarter to half an inch ; bill and legs black j irides brown.
Length.— Wing 3-9 103-6 inches (Female 3-6 to 3-45); tail 2-66102-25,
culmen 07 to 0-6; tarsus ro to 0'8$.—(See&ohm.') Female, like the male,
but the upper parts earthy brown.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Cashmere, Palestine, and
Egypt. Winters in Sind, Arabia, and Abyssinia ; and breeds (according to
Seebohm) in Cyprus, Crimea, Caucasus, Persia, Afghanistan and Turkistan ;
also in Western Thibet, Mongolia, Siberia, and N. W. China.
411. SaxiCOla Opistholeuca, (Strickl.\ Jard. Contr. Orn. 1849,
p. 60; Blyth* Cat. B. Mus. A. S. p. 167; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 226;
Blanf. and Dresser, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 229; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vol. v. p. 376. Saxicola leucura, Gmel. apud. Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 131.
Saxicola leucoroides, Guer. apud. Jerd. B. Ind. p. 130. Saxicola syenitica,
HeugL apud. Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 65. Saxicola leucopygia {Brehm /^)
Dresser, Ibis 1875, p. 337 ; Str. F. vol. viii. p. 473 ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL,
&c., Sind, p. 146. — The INDIAN WHITE-TAILED STONE CHAT,
Entire head, neck, back, throat, breast, belly, wings, and under wing coverts
black ; quills dark brown ; rump, upper and under tail coverts, vent and tail
white ; the terminal half or a little more of the two central feathers of the tail,
and the tips of others from a quarter to half an inch deep, dark brown ; bill
and legs black ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 6-5 inches ; wing 375 ; tail 275 ; bill at front O'68. Female,
length— 6'5 inches; wing 3-52; tail 2'6; tarsus 0-95 to 0-99.
SAXICOLA. 5
>.—S'md, Punjab (at Mooltan and Cheechawutnee), N.-W. Provinces,
Beloochistan (Quetta, May 2 1st), Afghanistan (Chaman), and S.-W. Turkistan.
Occurs also in Jodhpore, and probably in Kutch and Kattiawar.
412. Saxicola deserti, Tem. Pi. Col. pi. 459, fig. 2 ; Rupp. Sysi.
Uebers. p. 58 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 179 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 303 ; Jerd. B. Ind.
ii, p. 132, No. 492 ; Blf. Geol. and Zaol. Abyssinia, p. 362; Shelley, Birds
Egypt, p. 74 ; Blf. East. Pers. ii. p. 148 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v.
p. 383. Saxicola atrigularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 131 ; Gould, B. of
Asia, pt. xvii. Saxicola homochroa, Tristram, Ibis, 1839, p. 59; Heugl.
N. 0. Afr. B. i. p. 243 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 75. — The BLACK-THROATED
WHEATEAR.
Top of head, neck, back, scapulars, breast and belly buff ; upper and under
tail coverts very pale buff ; chin, throat, lores, behind the eye, and terminal
half of the tail black ; the two central feathers of the tail with the black for
nearly a quarter of an inch higher from the base than the others ; basal half of
tail feathers and a supercilium from the base of the bill to the nape white ;
wings and wing coverts dark brown, the secondaries margined on the outer
webs with buff ; tertiaries lighter, broadly margined and narrowly tipped with
buffy, the basal half of inner webs of all margined with white ; axillaries
and under wing coverts black, some of the feathers white tipped ; bill and
legs black ; irides hazel.
Length.— 675 to 7 inches ; wing 3*9 to 4 ; tail 275 ; tarsus I to ri ; bill at
front 0-5.
Hob. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Beloochistan, S.-E. Persia, Afghan-
istan, E. Turkistan, Arabia, Egypt, Palestine, Nubia. Occurs also in Central
India, Deccan, Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and North Guzerat.
Seebohm, in his Cat. B. Br. Mus., p. 385, describes — Saxicola mon-
tana, Gould., B. As. pt. xvii. from Gwadur, Yarkand and Cashmere. I have
a long series of the Desert Chat from Beloochistan, S. Afghanistan, Sind and
Sibi in Afghanistan and all have the basal half of the inner webs of quills
margined white. S. deserti and S. montana I believe to be one and the same
species, the differences, if any, are due to seasonal changes. In one stage of
plumage (autumn and beginning of winter) the edge of the wing is a mixture
of buffy white and black, the axillaries whitish, and the black feathers of the
throat tipped with buffy white.
413. SaxiCOla ChrySOpygia, De FUlippi, Arch. Zool. Genova, ii.
p. 381 ; id. Viag. Pers. p, 347 ; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 226 ; Blf. East. Pers.
ii. p. 151; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. M. p. 389; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, &c.,
Sind> p. 148. Saxicola kingi, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 29 ; id. Sir. F. i. p. 187 ;
vii. p. 57.— The RED-TAILED WHEATEAR.
0 TURDID^E.
PLATE.
A dark grey line from the gape to and under the eye ; a broad slightly
greyish white line from the nostrils over the eye much more conspicuous
in some specimens than in others ; ear coverts silky rufescent brown ; fore-
head greyish brown; crown, occiput, nape, back and scapulars nearly
uniform grey-earthy brown, as a rule only very slightly tinged with rufescent
towards the rump, but in some specimens more strongly so ; rump and upper
tail coverts bright rufous fawn, in some specimens pale rufous buff ; tail
feathers bright, in some pale ferruginous, with a sub-terminal blackish brown
band extending over both webs, and a narrow tipping of rufous white jets in
at the shafts for about the tenth of an inch ; occasionally on the lateral
feathers the black bar is more or less imperfect, the dark band is from ri to
1-4 broad on the central tail feathers, about o'6 to 0*8 on the feathers next
the centre, and 0*4 to 0*6 on the external ones. The tertiaries and most of
the coverts are hair brown, broadly margined with pale rufescent ; the vvinglet,
primaries, and secondaries, and primary greater coverts are slightly darker
hair brown, very narrowly tipped with white, and some of them, the seconda-
ries especially, very narrowly margined with pale rufescent ; the chin and
upper throat white with a faint creamy tinge ; the sides of the neck, behind
and below the ear coverts, grey, greyish white and greyish brown, blending
on the one side into the colour of the throat, and on the other into that of the
back of the neck. The breast and upper abdomen are a very pale rufescent
brown, all the tips of the feathers being paler. The centre of the abdomen
and vent slightly rufescent white ; flanks rufescent fawn ; lower tail coverts a
somewhat pale buff ; wing lining and axillaries pure white ; legs and feet
black ; bill black ; irides dark brown.
Length* — 6'2 to 6*5 inches, expanse 10 to ii'3, tail from vent 2*2 to 2'4 ;
wings, when closed, reach to within 07 to 1-5 of end of tail, wing 37 to 4-4;
the 3rd primary is the longest, the second 0*25, and the 1st 2-0 shorter than
the third ; the tail is perfectly square ; bill, length at front 0*55 to O'6 ; tarsus
1 to roi ; foot, greatest length, 1*15 to 1*3; mid-toe to root of claw 0-55 to
0-65, its claw straight, o'2 to 0-24. — (Hume, Str. F. vol. i. p. 187.)
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Beloochistan, S.-E. Persia, Afghan-
istan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and North Guzerat. In one specimen
I possess, a female collected at Kurrachee in January, the feathers on the
crown of the head are dark shafted, the tertiaries are tipped greyish white, and
the edge of wing is also greyish white, with a few dusky spots ; the basal
third or little more of the inner webs of the primaries, secondaries, and
tertiaries narrowly margined with white. S. cenanthe is said to migrate as
far as N. India, but of this there is nothing positive known.
414. Saxicola isabellina, Crelszchm. Rupp. AtL p. 52 ; id. Syst.
Uebers. p. 58; Bonap. Consp. i. p. 304 ; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 225 ; Blf.
AVIFAUNA or BRITISH INDIA
Minteni Bros .
• • ;: „• A '*'*
1 .:.
^GITHINA.
and Dresser ', P. Z. S. 1874, p, 229 ; Dresser, B. Eur. pi. xxviii. 1874 j
j£0j/. Pers. ii. p. 147 ; Seebohm, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. v. p. 400. Motacilla
stapazina, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso, As. i. p. 474 ; ex. Willoughby nee. Motacilla
stapazina, Lin. Saxicola saltator, Menet. Cat. Rais< Cauc. p. 30 ; Severtz,
Jevotn. Turkest. p. 65. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.) apud. Jerd. B. Ind. ii.
p. 132; Hume, Str. F. i. pp. 45, 48, 187; vii. pp. 57, 95, 112; Murray,
Hdbk., ZooLj 8fc., Sind, p. 148.— The WHEATEAR.
Adult Male. — Head, neck, back, and scapulars sandy brown. A stripe from
the nostrils, above the eye as a supercilium ; the nape white or buffy white, a
narrow black stripe below this from the gape to the eye ; chin buffy white ;
throat, breast, and belly pale buff, darker on the breast ; rump and upper tail
coverts white ; under tail coverts also white, tinged with buffy ; primaries,
their coverts, secondaries and tertiaries brown, margined on their outer webs
with whitish or buffy white ; the secondaries (in all Sind specimens) tipped
with whitish ; wing coverts brown, margined with pale rufescent brown ; ear
coverts rufescent brown ; tail white, the terminal half of the central feathers
and about one-third of the others dark brown ; axillariesand under wing coverts
white ; bill and legs black ; irides light brown.
Length. — 6'5 to 675 inches ; wing 3-75 to 4; tail 275.
Had. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan,
Eastern Turkistan, Cashmere, Palestine, Abyssinia, Thibet and North China.
Breeds in Asia Minor; winters in Sind, N. W. -Provinces, Punjab, Egypt, Nubia
and Abyssinia. Occurs also in Kutch, Jodhpore, Deccan, Kattiawar and
North Guzerat.
Family.— TIMELIID.E.
Sub-family.— BRACHYPODIN^:.
Rictal bristles scanty or numerous, generally strong; tarsi short, not longer
than the length of the bill measured from the gape ; legs and feet strong
and short ; wings moderate ; bill variable, more or less wide and depressed
at base.
Gen. .aSgitirina.— Vieill.
Bill moderate ; culmen shorter than the tarsus, somewhat compressed,
slightly curved and hooked at the tip ; rictal bristles scanty, not extending
beyond the hind edge of the nostrils, which are apert ; wing short and
rounded ; 4th, 5th, and 6th quills generally sub-equal and longest ; tail even
and short ; tarsi short, scutellate.
This genus contains three good species, i.e., ^E. viridissima, tiphia and nigro-
lutea, and twice as many races. Mr. Hume, in Stray Feathers, 1877, p. 423,
and Mr. Sharpe, in B. M. Cat., have both exhaustively treated the subject ; and
so far, Mr. Sharpe, the latest writer, says that Mr. Hume's conclusions with
regard to sE. tiphia and its races are thoroughly borne out by the series of
8 TIMELIID^.
specimens he has examined. It is scarcely necessary to say that the changes
of plumage in " tiphia " and its races are still not quite understood. Mr.
Sharpe's account of the results obtained by him are given as follows, He
says : —
1. JE. viridissima and sE. nigrolutea are both distinct species. JE. tiphia
is the most widely spread form, and embraces five races, or sub-species, which
cannot infallibly be recognized.
2. The females of all the races of JE. tiphia cannot be recognized one
from the other.
3. In Southern India and Ceylon the full-plumaged birds are black on the
head and back. Birds with more or less black are found in other parts of the
Indian Peninsula and the Burmese countries ; but black-backed birds are
rather the exception than the rule. In the Malayan Peninsula, however,
black-backed birds again occur, not to be distinguished from South Indian
specimens.
4. In East Central India there is a black -backed form like sE. zeylonica,
but easily distinguished by its paler colouration. This race is noticed by
Mr. Hume in Str. F.> 1877, p. 439.
5. ^E. scapular is from Java never has any black on the males, which
appear to resemble1 the females , excepting in being a little darker on the
wings.
6. JE. viridis from Sumatra and Borneo is the JE. scapularis of authors
from the abovementioned Islands. From an examination of numerous
individuals, I am certain that it never has a black-backed plumage ; and it
might be considered a distinct species were it not that the adult males can be
matched by others' from Ceylon in the stage of plumage which they assume
before getting the black head and back, but when they are brilliant yellow
below with black wings and tail the lores and forehead of JE. viridis is
also brilliant yellow. This is peculiar to the adult Bornean birds.
415. ^githina viridissima (-#/>.), Tweed, Ibis, 1877, p. 304, pi. v. ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 6 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 20. lora
viridissima, Bonap., Consp. Av. i. p. 307 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 192 ;
Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 427 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 327 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 99. — The GREEN DWARF BULBUL.
Adult Male. — Plumage dark grass green above and below, slightly yellower
on the abdomen and vent, and lighter on the lower back and rump ; lores
blackish ; a narrow line above the eye and a large spot below it yellow ; upper
tail coverts and tail black, also the scapulars ; wings black, with a double white
wing bar formed by the white tips to the greater and median series of coverts ;
quills black, narrowly edged with green ; thighs yellow, the feathers with
black bases, flanks with a silky white tuft ; axillaries white ; the under wing
coverts the same, but washed with yellowish ; edge of the wing yellow.
Legs and feet plumbeous blue ; claws black ; lower mandible, gape and a
line on each side of upper mandible dark plumbeous blue ; rest of upper
mandible black or blackish brown ; irides dark to reddish brown. (Hume.)
Length. — 5'O to 5-2 inches; wing 2-35 to 2*4; tail rS to 1-9 ; tarsus 07;
bill from gape 075 ; culmen 0*65.
The female has the upper plumage dark grass green ; the tail green,
narrowly edged with yellow ; lores and sides of the head greenish yellow ;
wing coverts brown, broadly edged and tipped with pale yellow ; quills blackish
brown, edged with greenish yellow ; ear coverts streaked with yellow ; a large
tuft of silky white feathers on the flanks ; under wing coverts white, washed
with yellow ; axillaries white.
Length. — 5'O to 5*1 inches ; wing 2*25 ; tail r6 ; tarsus 07.
Hah, — Throughout the Malay Peninsula, and in Borneo and Sumatra. Occurs
as a rare straggler in the southern portion of Tenasserim. Mr. Davison
procured one specimen in Mergui. It is found chiefly in low brushwood and
in mangrove swamps, where it feeds on insects.
416. ^Sgithina tiphia (Linn.), Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 295 ;
Gates, Sir. F. v. p. 157 ; Sharpy Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 7 ; Gales, B. Br.
Burm. i. p. 202. Motacilla tiphia, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 331. Motacilla
zeylonica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 964. lora zeylonica, Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 101,
No. 467. lora typhia, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 103, No. 468 ; Blyth and Wald.,
B. Burm. p. 137; Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 428; Anders., Yunnan Exped.
p. 660 ; Legge, B. Ceyl. p. 490 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 99.— The COMMON
DWARF BULBUL.
Adult Male in summer plumage. — Lores, forehead, crown and back black,
the feathers of the mantle yellowish white at base and showing through;
rump greenish yellow ; upper tail coverts and tail black, also the lesser wing
coverts ; the greater coverts black, tipped with white ; the median coverts white,
the white tippings forming a double bar across the wing ; quills black ; the
primaries narrowly edged with yellow, and the secondaries fringed with whitish
at the tips ; sides of the head and neck, lores and eyelids glossy black ; lower
edge of eyelids, cheeks, ear coverts, chin, throat, breast and under surface of
body deep intense, or bright yellow, fading off into paler or greenish yellow
on the lower abdomen, vent, under tail coverts and sides : a large tuft of silky
white plumes on either flank; thighs yellowish green, with dark brown
bases ; under wing coverts white, washed with yellowish ; axillaries white.
The female is yellowish green above, with rather more yellow on the head ;
mantle long and silky ; tail green, with a narrow yellowish edge ; wings with
two bars across ; median coverts dusky green, with broad white tips ; greater
2
10
coverts blackish, tipped with white ; quills dusky blackish, narrowly edged
with pale yellowish ; lores, sides of the head and face, round the eye and
under surface of the body bright yellow, the sides washed with greenish;
axillaries and under wing coverts as in the male. In winter the male loses all
the black of the upper parts except on the tail and wings, while the immature
have not the black even on the wings and tail. Feet and claws plumbeous ;
iris yellowish, olive grey, or hazel ; bill bluish, darker on the culmen.
Length.— $'i to 5*4 inches; wing 2-4 to 2-6; tail 1-85 to 2'o; tarsus 07 ;
bill from gape 07 ; culmen o'6.
Hob.-— The Punjab (?), N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Central
India, the Central Provinces, Kutch, Concan, Guzerat, Deccan, South India,
British Burmah, Nepaul, and Sikkim.
The Dwarf or White-winged Green Bulbul is common in all the places
mentioned above. Jerdon mentions Nagpore, Saugor, and Jaulnah as some
localities. It is a very widely spread species, and, owing to the changes
of its plumage is difficult to identify with any degree of certainty. In
Assam, Arrakan, Pegu, and Tenasserim it is abundant. Captain Wardlaw-
Ramsay met with it in Karenne. In the Indo-Burmese countries, Siam,
Cochin-China, and the Malay Peninsula to Singapore, it is abundantly met
with. It frequents orchards, low trees and brushwood, active, and restlessly
searching the twigs, leaves, and smaller branches for insects, which are
its chief food. It does not, according to Jerdon, confine itself to cultivated
ground, but is also a denizen of the open spaces of jungles. Its flight is per-
formed by a succession of quick vibrations of the wing, and causes a loud whir-
ring sound. When searching for food it keeps up a continuous loud warble
or a peculiar querulous note.
The breeding season of this Bulbul is from May to September, building
usually on the upper surface of a horizontal bough at a height of from 10 to 25
feet from the ground. The nest is not unlike that of a Leucocirca. It is cup-
shaped, but not very compact, with an egg cavity of 2 inches diameter on an
average, and lined with fine grass stems. The general structure is of fine fibres
and grass, coated on the outside with cobwebs. The eggs, usually three in
number, are greyish white, or with a creamy or salmon tinge, streaked with
long pale brown, brown or reddish brown markings, confined chiefly to the large
end. In shape they are moderately broad ovals and slightly pointed at one end.
In size the average may be said to be 0'6 to 076 X 0*51 to 0-57.
417. JEgithina nigrolutea* G. F. L. Marshall, Sir. F. 1876,
p. 410; Hume, Str.F. 1877, pp. 134, 441 ; id. i878,p.454; id. 1879^.99;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi., p. 12. — MARSHALL'S DWARF BULBUL.
Adult Male in breeding plumage. — Forehead, crown, occiput and nape
glossy black ; chin, throat, cheeks, ear coverts, breast, sides of neck, and a
broad half collar occupying the base of the back of the neck and upper back,
, AETHORHYNCHUS. H
intense gamboge yellow. This collar is rarely entirely uniform, as generally
a few of the feathers are fringed at the tips with black. Mid-back glossy
black, generally with a little of the yellowish bases showing through ; rump
pale greenish ; upper tail coverts and tail black, the tail with all the feathers
broadly tipped with white, the white not unfrequently running some distance
up the margin of the inner, and in a few cases of the outer webs also. Coverts
and tertiaries black, both median and greater coverts broadly tipped with
white ; primaries and secondaries hair brown, more or less of their outer
webs towards their bases blackish and margined, in some very narrowly with
white ; abdomen pale gamboge yellow, the sides tinged with greenish ; wing
lining and axillaries and more or less of the inner margins of the quills
satiny white ; edge of the wings slightly tinged with primrose. (Hume.)
The females have the under parts a pale mealy yellow, shaded with olive
green. The head is similar, but not quite so light; the nape and entire back
similar, but strongly overlaid with olive green. The wings and tail are as in
the breeding season, except that the wings have the margins, especially of the
tertiaries, very conspicuous and much tinged with pale yellow ; that the greater
coverts often have pale yellow margins besides the white tips ; and that the
central tail feathers are almost entirely greyish white, tipped pure white, and
with the outer webs in many specimens more or less shaded with ashy or
olivaceous ashy. (Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 443.) The soft parts and measure-
ments are not given by Hume.
The range of Marshall's Dwarf Bulbul is given by Mr. Hume as follows :
Western India — Kutch, Deesa, Anadra at the foot of Mount Aboo, Sambhur,
Koochawun, Agra, Muttra, Delhi, Etawah, Jhansi, Sumbulpoor, Allyghur,
Meerut, Saharunpoor. It is not correct to call these places Western India.
The present geography or distribution of Provinces would bring the localities
quoted under the following districts : Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Rajputana, Central India, Central Provinces, Kutch, and Guzerat.
Gen. AethorhynchuS.— Sundev.
Characters the same as those of ^Egitliina tarsus equalling the length of
bill or sub-equal with it.
418. Aethorhynchus lafresnayii, Hartl., Rev. Zool. 1844^.401 ;
Blyth and Wald., B. Burm., p. 13?; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 423 J Hume and
Dav., Str. F. vi. -pp. 328, 516; Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 63, 99; Oates,
B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 204; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 14. lora innotata,
Blyth. J . A. S. B. xvi. p. 472. Phoenicomanes iora, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 427, pi, liv.— LAFRESNAY'S DWARF BULBUL.
12 TIMELIID/E.
Adult Male. — Lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, sides of the neck and
the whole lower plumage bright yellow ; flanks with a large tuft of silky white
feathers; forehead tinged with yellowish; crown, nape and back greenish
yellow, the feathers terminated with black ; rump black ; upper tail coverts
and tail greenish black ; wing-coverts and quills black, externally washed
with greenish black ; the primaries narrowly edged with yellow ; under wing
coverts and axillaries white, washed with yellowish.
The female is dull grass green above with a gloss of oily green, the feathers
grey at the base ; least wing coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts
and quills dusky black, washed with green and inclining to pale yellow on the
edges ; tail, yellowish green, edged with brighter yellow on the inner webs ;
rest of plumage as in the male. (Sharpe.) Bill dark above, bluish grey
underneath ; legs bluish grey ; iris brown.
Length. — 5-8 to 6 inches ; wing, 2*75 to 2'8 ; tail, 2*2 to 2-3 ; tarsus, O'8 ;
oilmen o'8 to 07. (Sharpe.)
Hob. — Arrakan and through Tenasserim into the Malay Peninsula as far
as Malacca.
Gates says this Dwarf Bulbul is a rare bird in Burmah, except in the extreme
southern portion of Tenasserim. Blyth has recorded it from Arrakan.
Gates met with it in Pegu. Captain Bingham found it in the Thoungyeen
Valley. Davison procured it in Mergui and Bankasoon.
In habits it does not appear to differ from the common Dwarf Bulbul, and
Gates adds that it goes about in couples or singly, searching the leaves of trees,
and has a fine whistling call.
An allied species is sEthorynchus xanthotis, which occurs in Cambodia. It
is smaller than lafresnayii and has the wing coverts conspicuously tipped and
margined with yellow. The ear coverts, too, are bright yellow.
Gen. ChloropSiS-— Jard and Selby.
Bill moderate, longer than the tarsus, and variable ; the culmen keeled and
more or less curved ; tip bent down and notched ; nostrils basal, long ;
rictal bristles scanty ; wing rounded, moderately long ; the 4th and 5th quills
sub-equal ; tail moderate, even.
This genus comprises birds of bright grass green plumage. All are marked
or varied with blue and yellow markings about the head, neck, or wings.
419. Chlor OpsiS hardwickii, Jard and Selby y III. Orn. ii. App. p. I ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 18. Chloropsis auriventris, Deless., Rev.
Zool. 1840, p. loo; id. Mag. de. ZooL 1840, pi. 17. Phyllornis hardwickii,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii., p. 392; Gould, B. Asia Pt. xiii ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.
p. loo, No. 466; Blyth B. Burm. p. 137; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 327; id.
1879, p. 99 ; Scully t. c. 297 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 206.— The ORANGE-
BELLIED GREEN BULBUL.
CHLOROPSIS. 13
Adult Male. — Upper plumage green, yellower on the head, and washed
with fulvous yellow on the mantle and back ; lores, feathers under the eye,
chin, throat, ear coverts and upper breast black ; a broad moustachial streak
reaching to the end of the ear coverts cobalt ; remainder of under surface of
body rich ochraceous orange, the flanks slightly washed with greenish ; tail
dull purple, the inner webs blacker ; lesser wing coverts verdigris blue or
bright greenish cobalt, forming a shoulder patch ; remaining wing coverts
purplish blue ; secondaries brown on the inner and green on the outer webs ;
tertiaries and inner greater coverts entirely green ; under wing coverts ashy,
washed with blue ; bill black ; legs plumbeous ; iris light brown.
Length. — 7*5 inches; wing 3*8 ; tail 3*1 ; tarsus 0*7 ; culmen 0*9.
The female has the upper plumage green like the male, but without any
yellowish wash on the head ; lesser wing coverts blue ; other coverts and
tertiaries wholly green ; secondaries and primaries brown, edged with green,
the first three primaries with a tinge of blue ; tail green ; moustachial streak
cobalt, but not as bright as in the male ; sides of the head and neck, chin,
throat, and upper breast with the whole of the flanks green, the throat tinged
with blue ; lower breast, abdomen, vent and under tail coverts orange.
Young birds are entirely green, and the moustache and wing patch are
barely indicated. As they mature, traces of the orange belly are seen.
Hab. — N.-W. Provinces, and perhaps the Punjab also ; East Bengal,
British Burmah, Assam, Sikkim, and along the Himalayan range to Nepaul.
Occurs also in Bhootan, Sylhet, Cachar and Arrakan. It has been got in the
Tounghoo Hills and in Karenne at from 3,500 to 4,000 feet elevation. In
Tenasserim it is said to be confined to the Mooleyit Mountain and its spurs,
where it appears to be not uncommon. Sharpe records it from Nynee Tal,
Darjeeling, Khasia Hills and the Karin Hills. Of its nidification nothing
appears to be known.
420- ChlorOpsiS aurifrons (Tern.), Jard. and Sell., III. Orn. text.
to pl..c. ; Blyth., J .A. S. B . xi. p. 458 ; xii. p. 956 ; Jcrd., Madr.Journ. xiii.
p. 123; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. vi. p. 20; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
p. 205. Phyllornis aurifrons, Tern., PI Col. 484, fig. I. ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.
p. 99, No. 465 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 411 ; Hume, t. c. p. 477 ; id., Sir. F.
1875, p. 129; Ball, Str. F. 1877, p. 417; 1878, pp. 215, 326; vol. viii.
p. 99 ; Scully, Sir. F. 1878, p. 297. Phyllornis hodgsoni, Gould., B. Asia.
pt. xiii.; Blanf.,J,A.S. B. xxxii. p. 73; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm.
p. 137. — The GOLD-FRONTED GREEN BULBUL.
Adult.— General colour bright grass green; fore-crown brilliant deep orange ;
lores, eyelids, sides of face and throat black ; a superciliary fringe of yellow
extends to the ear coverts and skirts the black down the sides of the neck ;
cheeks and throat deep purplish cobalt ; remainder of under surface of body
14 TIMELIID/E.
bright green, lighter in the centre of the abdomen ; wings deeper green than
the back ; lesser coverts cobalt blue, forming a shoulder patch ; quills blackish
and externally green, shading off into yellowish towards the tips of the
primaries; tail dark green; the inner webs dusky; axillaries green; bill
black ; legs bluish plumbeous ; iris dark bro\vn.
The female is not unlike the male, but the colours are less vivid.
Length.—- 6-5 to 7-5 inches; wing 2-9 103-45 ; tail 2-4 to 2-6; tarsus 07;
culmen 0-85.
Hab. — The sub-Himalayan region from Dehra Doon to Sikkim, extending to
Lower Bengal. It also occurs through Arrakan, Pegu, Assam and Burmah to
Tenasserim and Cambodia ; also Cochin-China. In Tenasserim, according to
Davison, it is common as far south as Amherst, and Captain Bingham states it
is abundant in the Thoungyeen Valley. It has also been procured in Karenne.
According to Gates, this Bulbul goes in pairs when feeding. Their food
consists of insects. The male bird, he says, frequently sits on the summit of
a tree and gives utterance to a series of notes, which at times becomes a rather
sweet song. They feed a good deal on fruit too and the nectar of flowers.
They are not at all shy, and may be met with in gardens and compounds just
as frequently as in deep forests.
421. ChlorOpSiS malabarica (GmeL), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vi. p. 22. Turdus malabaricus, GmeL, Syst. Nat. i. p. 837. Phyllornis
malabaricus, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xiv. p. 566 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xiii. ; Jerd.
Bt Ind. ii. p. 99, No. 464 ; Fairbank, Str. F. 1876, p. 258 ; Bourdillon, t. c.
p. 400 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99 : Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 488. — The
MALABAR GREEN BULBUL.
Adult Male. — Bright grass green ; wing coverts like the back, the lesser
series bright greenish cobalt, forming a shoulder patch; quills blackish,
externally green, and edged with brighter green ; tail dull green, the inner
webs blackish ; forehead bright orange ; no orange across the foreneck, which,
like the breast, is green ; lores, a circle of feathers round the eye and below
it, under part of the cheeks as well as the entire thorax black ; ear coverts
and sides of neck green ; moustachial streak cobalt ; under surface of body
light green ; edge of the wing blue ; bill blackish ; legs and feet plumbeous ;
irides light yellow brown.
Length. — 7*3 to 7-5 inches; wing 3-5 to 375 ; tail 27 to 3; tarsus O'8;
culmen 0*9.
The female is smaller and has the forehead green, and the throat patch and
moustachial stripe smaller.
Hab. — The forests of Malabar and Southern India, occurring also inTravan-
core, on the Eastern Ghauts, forests of Central India, and throughout the
northern half of Ceylon. Jerdon mentions it from Wynaad, Coorg, and on the
I
CHLOROPSIS. 15
sides of the Neilgherries up to about 4,000 feet elevation. It has also been
reported from the Deccan. In its habits the Malabar Green Bulbul does not
differ from the last.
422. Chloropsis zosterops, Vig., App. Mem. Life Raff. p. 674;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 24 ; Oates, B. Br. Btirm. i. p. 207.
Phyllornis sonneratti, apud, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 193 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877,
p. 15. Phyllornis javensis (Horsf.), apud. Blyth, B. Burm. p. 136 ; Hume and
Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 324; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 99. — The MALACHITE-
SHOULDERED GREEN BULBUL.
Adult Male. — Whole upper plumage, wing coverts and tertiaries bright
green ; a patch on the lesser wing coverts malachite-green ; other wing
coverts bright green ; quills dusky blackish, broadly edged with bright green ;
tail green, the inner webs of all but the central pair of feathers brown towards
the outer edge ; lores, feathers above the nostrils, a narrow line above and
round the eye, the cheeks, chin and throat black ; ear coverts and a line along
the black of the throat on each side paler green than the back ; moustachial
streak deep violet cobalt, under surface of body bright green, also the axil-
laries and edge of wing, but darker ; under wing coverts ashy, washed with
greenish at the tips ; legs, feet and claws pale plumbeous j bill black ; irides
brown, dark brown or crimson ; eyelids blackish grey.
Length.— 7-5 to 8-5 inches; wing 3-85 to 3-9; tail 2'6 to 3; tarsus 075 ;
culmen 0*85.
The female has not the black throat of the male ; the shoulder patch is
emerald green ; the moustachial streak very small.
Hal. — Central and Southern Tenasserim, through the Malay Peninsula to
Sumatra, Borneo and Malacca.
423. Chloropsis jerdoni (Dlyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi.
p. 26; Jerd., Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. 2, p. 124. Phyllornis jerdoni, Blyth, J.
A. S. B. xiii. p. 392 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 97, No. 463; Holdszv. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 451 ; Ball., Str. F- 1874, p. 410; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 294 ; Fairbank^ Str. F. 1876, p. 259 ; id. 1877, P- 4°6 ; Ball., t. c. p. 215 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99. — JERDON'S or the COMMON GREEN BULBUL.
Above light grass green ; the head dull yellow, shading into the emerald
green of the occiput and nape ; anterior edge of eyelid and lores black, also
the feathers below the eye, the cheeks and throat ; ear coverts dull yellow, sepa-
rated from the black throat by a similar band which extends from behind the
eye down the sides of the neck on to the lower throat, where it forms a gorget;
moustachial streak violet cobalt ; shoulder patch turquoise blue ; quills
blackish brown, edged externally with green, the primaries yellow towards
the tips of the outer webs ; inner secondaries green ; tail green ; under plumage
16 TIMELIID/E.
emerald green, deeper on the sides ; under wing coverts and axillaries green,
with greyish bases ; edge of wing emerald green ; bill blackish ; legs and
feet plumbeous or pale lavender ; iris brown or pale brown. (Legge.)
Length. — 7*8 inches ; wing 3*45 ; tail 3 ; tarsus 0*75 ; culmen O48.
The/emale has not the black throat, which is pale turquoise blue, and is
much smaller.
Hal. — The greater part of the Continent of India, but does not extend to
Lower Bengal or the sub-Himalayan districts. It is common in Ceylon,
also, according to Jerdon, in the Western Provinces of India and in the jungles
of the Eastern Ghauts. In the open country of the Carnatic, Travancore,
Mysore, and Hydrabad it is said to be rare, but not so in Central India, at
Mhow, Saugor, &c., and through the jungles of Chota Nagpore up to Midna-
pore.
Its habits are quite those of the other species.
Tickell says it is an excellent mocker, and imitates the notes of almost every
small bird of the country.
The Common Green Bulbul breeds in July and August, but eggs have been
taken in different parts during April, May, and June also. The nest is a
shallow cup composed entirely of vegetable fibre worked over fine roots or
stems. The eggs are rather elongated ovals, white or creamy white in colour,
and sparingly marked, chiefly at the large end, with specks, spots and minute
blotches, lines, &c., of blackish and reddish or purplish brown ; in size they
vary from 0*8 to 0-92 x 0-56 to 0-63.
424. Chloropsis Chlorocephala (Wald.), Sharpy Cat. B. Br. Hits.
vi. p. 28 ; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, p. 208. Phyllornis chlorocephala, Wald., Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, vii. p. 241 ; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 137 ; Hume, Sir. F. iii.
p. 127 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 323 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 99.— The
BURMESE GREEN BULBUL.
Adult Male. — (Type of species: Tounghoo). Above grass green, the fore-
head rather lighter and more emerald green, shaded with golden on
the crown, nape, sides of the neck and hinder neck ; base of forehead, eye-
brow and eyelid yellow; lores, anterior edge of eyelid, feathers below the eye,
cheeks, chin and throat black; sides of crown emerald green, also the
ear coverts, which are shaded with golden and separated from the black
throat by a broad band of yellow, which crosses the ear coverts and hinder
cheeks and descends on to the foreneck, where it forms a gorget, which is
faintly shaded with emerald green; forepart of cheeks with a small violet
cobalt moustachial streak ; wing coverts darker green than the back ; lesser
wing coverts bright cobalt blue, forming a shoulder patch ; bastard wing and
primary coverts deep blue, rather lighter blue on their margins ; quills
blackish, the primaries externally bright blue, the secondaries bluish green
' PYCNONOTIN^E. 17
edged with brighter green, the inner secondaries entirely grass green ; tail
dull blue, the centre feathers grass green; under surface of body emerald
green, slightly yellowish green on the breast ; axillaries and under wing
coverts emerald green with greyish bases. (Sharpe.) Bill black ; legs slate
colour ; iris umber brown. (Wardlaw- Ramsay.)
Lenglh. — frb to 7*1 inches ; wing 3*3 to 3*4; tail 2*7 to 2'8 ; tarsus O'6c; to
0*8; culmen O'8 to 0^85.
The female wants the black on the throat and the yellow on the sides of the
head ; the yellow band encircling the black is absent ; the forehead and lores
as well as the feathers round the eye are emerald green, with a slight tinge
of blue in front of the eye. It is also smaller than the male.
Le.ngth.—b inches; wing 3-05.
Hab. — Hill country of the Indo-Chinese sub-region from Pegu and Tenas*
serim through Burmah (Tounghoo and Karenne), and Cachar to Cochin-
China. (Sharpe.) According to Gates, it is stated to have been found in
Arrakan ; also abundantly in all the higher hills of Pegu where the forest is
evergreen, but is not, he thinks> found in the plains. Davison found it very
common throughout Tenasserim, and Captain Bingham in the Thoungyeen
Valley. To the south it has been found in the Malay Peninsula, extending east
to Cochin-China. It has also occurred in the Garo Hills in Eastern Bengal.
425. ClllorOpSiS Cyanopogon (Tern.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vi. p. 32 ; OateS) B. Br. Burm. i. p. 209. Phyllornis cyanopogon, Tern. PL
Col. 512, f. i.; Salvad. Ucc. Born.^. 194; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p.
325 ; Hume, Str. F. p. 99. — The BLUE-WHISKERED GREEN BULBUL.
Adult Male. — Above bright grass green ; wing coverts and sides of the neck
like the back ; lesser coverts rather brighter green, but not forming a bright
or distinct shoulder patch ; forehead tinged with yellow ; lores, anterior edge
of eyelid, feathers below the eye,, cheeks, chin and throat black ; moustachial
streak cobalt ; a line bordering the black throat green, tinged with yellow;
quills dusky blackish, externally green like the back, the primaries yellowish
towards the tips of the outer webs ; tail dark green, dusky blackish on the inner
webs ; under surface of body bright green, more yellow on the foreneck,
breast, abdomen, thighs and under tail coverts ; axillaries green with greyish
bases ; under wing coverts ashy, washed with yellowish green ; legs and feet
dark plumbeous ; bill black ; irides dark-brown.
Length. — 6'2 to 7 inches; wing 3-05 to 3*3; tail 2'6 to 2*65; tarsus 0*65
to 0*7 ; culmen 0-75.
Hab.— Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, ranging into the extreme
south of the Tenasserim Province,. where, at Bankasoon, Mr. Davison obtained
the bird. Nothing is known of its nidification.
3
18 TIMELIID/E.
C. icierocephala is another species which is close to chlorocephala, but this,
till now, is only known from the Malay Peninsula. The crown of the head
is rich golden fulvous, and the forehead and band encircling the throat pure
yellow.
Sub-family.— PYCNONOTIKME.
Head generally crested or sub-crested. Plumage usually full, and with
hairs or bristles arising in many instances from either the head or nape. Sexes
usually alike and plain in colour. Inhabitants of forests, jungles, orchards
and groves. Food — fruit and insects.
Gen.— Hypsipetes. — Vigors.
Bill moderately long, nearly straight ; culmen very slightly arched ; nostrils
long, with a few scanty hairs at base ; wings longer than in Chloropsis ; 4th
and 5th quills generally the longest, 3rd sub-equal ; tail long, square, emar-
ginate ; legs and feet short ; tarsi not scutellate in front.
426. Hypsipotes psaroides, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 43 ; Gould,
Cent. Him. B. PI. 10; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 77, No. 444 ; Hend. and Hume,
Lahore to Yarhand, p. 198 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 132 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F.
vi. p. 296 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98 ; Scully, t. c. p. 293 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vi. p. 36; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 173. — The HIMALAYAN BLACK
BULBUL.
Adult Male. — Head and nape glossy greenish black, the feathers lanceolate
in shape and forming a conspicuous crest ; ear coverts and a spot at the base
of the nostrils hoary grey ; lores, a spot at the base of the lower mandible,
another at the angle of the chin, forepart of eyelid, and a streak under the ear
coverts black ; chin, throat, breast and flanks grey ; abdomen and vent whitish,
the feathers being pale grey with white margins ; under tail coverts grey with
broad white edges ; under wing coverts and axillaries light ashy brown with
indistinct white tips . back and least wing coverts light slaty grey ; the median
and greater coverts, also primary coverts, more ashy grey, but externally edged
with light slaty like the back ; quills dusky brown, externally light grey ; tail
blackish brown, edged with light slaty grey towards their base ; bill and
feet bright coral red ; irides dark brown ; claws horny brown.
Length.— 9-5 to 10 inches; wing 4-6 to 5 ; tail 3-85 to 4-4; tarsus 07
to O'/5 ; culmen i.
Hab. — The Himalayan Black Bulbul inhabits the whole range of the Hima-
layas from Cashmere to Assam and Arrakan. It has been found at Simla, in
Kumaon, Nepaul, Darjeeling, Bhootan and Assam, also Punjab, N.-W. Pro-
vinces, Oudh and Bengal, and probably occurs in the hill tracts of the Indo-
Burmese countries. It is, according to Dr. Scully, a sociable bird, but in the
breeding season it is said to be fearless and noisy, and to imitate the songs of
other birds. Usually this species is found in large flocks during spring and
HYPSIPETES. 19
winter, frequenting the tops of trees, searching for fruit and insects from flower-
laden trees. The nest is a large cup-shaped structure of grass and leaves,
and is generally placed in the fork of a branch of a tree. Eggs usually four,
pinkish white or purplish white, or rosy sprinkled with claret red, or purple
specks and spots. April to July is the breeding season.
427. HypsipeteS COnCOlor, Blyth. J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 816 ; Blylh
and Wald., B. Burm. p. 132 ; Hume and Dav.y vi. p. 295 ; Hume, Str. F. viir.
p. 98 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 181 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 38 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm., i. p. 174. Hypsipetes yunnanensis, Anders. P. Z. S.,
1871, p. 213. Hypsipetes subniger, Hume, Str. F. v. p. 109. — The BURMESE
BLACK BULBUL.
Like H. psaroides, but darker, the whole back between the scapulars, the
lesser coverts, the cheeks and sides of the neck being black. Legs,, bill, and
feet from bright to deep coral red ; irides dull crimson.
Length. — 10 inches ; tail 4*5 ; wing 5 ; tarsus 0*7.
Hal. — According to Davison, the Burmese Black Bulbul is found in
Tenasserim, from the extreme north down to Meetan at the foot of the
Mooleyit Mountain, but it does not ascend to the summit of the highest hills.
Captain Ramsay found it atTounghoo, and also in the Karin Hills, and Captain
Bingham in the Thoungyeen Valley. Out of British Burmah, Oates says, it
has only been found in the east of Bhamo and in the Khasia Hills. Like
other species of the genus it goes about in small flocks.
Sharpe says "it is not easy to draw the line between H. psaroides and this
species, and although Assam specimens are referable to H. psaroides rather
than this species, there can be no doubt that they are slightly intermediate
between the two. Mr. Hume at one time considered this species as distinct,
and named it H. subniger, but he has now retracted his decision. To me
it appears that H. concolor and H. ganeesa are only provincial or local races
or varieties of H. psaroides, and can scarcely be distinct species. H. psaroidts
may be said to be the Himalayan form, H. concolor the Burman form, and H.
ganeesa the more southern form extending into Ceylon, and all three should
be placed under one specific name ; shades of colouring and slightly variable
dimensions can hardly be allowed as characters for making specific differences,
though there is more than these to speak for ganeesa than for concolor.
428. Hypsipetes ganeesa, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 86; yard, and
Selb., III. Orn. 2nd Ser. iv. pi. 2 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 574 ; Jerd. B.
2nd. ii. p. 78; Fairbank, Str. F. 1876, p. 258; Hume, t. c. p. 400; id., Str.
F. 1879, 59^ Hypsipetes nilgherriensis, Jerd. Madr. Journ. 1839, p. 245 ;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 78, No. 446; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 280;
id., Str. F. 1873, p. 438; Fairbank, Str. F. 1877, p. 405.— SYKES' BLACK
BULBUL.
20 TIMELID/E.
Above dark slaty grey or grey brown, paler beneath, wings and tail brown ;
head subcrested metallic black ; sides of face slate grey, no black stripe on
cheek ; bill coral red or orange vermilion in skin ; feet orange yellow.
Length.— 8-5 to 9 inches; wing 4-5; tail 4 to 4-15; tarsus 07 to 075;
culmen I to ri.
Hab. — Hill ranges of Southern India, extending on the western side
along the Western Ghauts to the Mahableshwar Hills and to Matheran and
Ceylon. Sykes' Bulbul breeds from March and April to June. The nest is
placed in some dense clump of leaves or parasitic plant (in Southern India),
which covers nearly every acacia and other tree. It builds a cup-shaped nest,
neatly and firmly made of green moss, grass, stalks and fibres. Eggs similar
to those of psaroides-, 1*0 to 17 X 07 to 0*8. Hypsipetes virescens, a species
with a dull olive greenish upper surface, white throat and pale yellow under
surface, streaked with brighter yellow, and with a horny brown bill, is an
inhabitant of the Nicobar Islands.
Gen. HemiXUS- — Hodgs.
Bill moderately slender ; rictal bristles strongly developed, reaching much
beyond the nostrils ; culmen very slightly arched, longer than or equalling the
tarsus ; nostrils oval, with a distinct superior membrane ; tarsus strong,
smooth, without scutes, or a subtenninal one only ; tail moderately long,
even, almost emarginate, square ; wings with the 5th and 6th quills longest ;
toes short, unequal ; claws much curved.
Head of Hemixus flavala to show pointed form of crest plumes.
429. HemiXUS flavala, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br.Mus., Passerespls.
190, 191, fig. 2 ; id., J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 572; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 80,
No. 448 ; Godw.- Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 106. Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 133 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. iii. ; id., 1879, p. 98; Scully, t. c. p. 295 •
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 49; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 175, — The
BROWN-EARED BULBUL.
Adult. — Upper plumage with the lesser and median wing coverts dark
ashy, the upper tail coverts tinged with olive green ; bastard wing and
primary coverts and quills dark brown, the outer greater ones and the secon-
HEMIXUS. 21
daries externally olive yellow, forming a longitudinal band down the wing;
the primaries only slightly edged with dull yellow on the outer web ; tail dark
brown, edged with olive yellow near the base of the outer web ; head crested
with pointed hair-like feathers ; lores dusky ; ear coverts bronze brown ; below
the eye and cheeks black ; chin, throat, centre of abdomen and vent white ;
breast, sides of neck and flanks light grey ; under wing coverts and axillaries
white, the latter washed with yellow ; bill black ; feet dusky ; irides dark
reddish brown.
Length. — 7-2 to 8 inches; wing 3*85; tail 3*55; tarsus 07 to 07$;
culmen 075.
Hal. — The Himalayas from between Simla and Mussoorie eastward to
Bhootan and apparently to the head of the Assam Valley. Found also in the
Khasia Hills and British Burmah. It has been recorded from Arrakan by
Blyth, and Gates procured specimens from the hills in that Division. Dr.
Anderson got it in Ponsee on the Kakhyen Hills. It extends through the
Indo-Burmese countries into Assam. Jerdon records it from Darjeeling, and
Sharpe from Nepaul. Jerdon says it associates in small parties, feeds on
berries and insects, and has a loud warbling note.
430. Hemixus hildebrandti, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p, 508;
Wald. in Blyth, B. Burm. p. 133 ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. iii ; Hume and Dav.,
Sfr. F. vi, p. 299; id., viii. p. 98; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 50;
Oates, B. Burm. i. p. 176. — HILDEBRANDT'S BROWN-EARED BULBUL.
" Adult Female (type of H brunneiceps, Wald ; Karin Hills, 2,ooO feet,
January loth, 1875, R- G. Wardlaw-Ramsay). General colour above dark
ashy grey, washed with brown on the back ; upper tail coverts and tail brown,
the feathers edged with dull olive yellow ; the tail feathers white along the
inner web ; wing coverts blackish brown, the median series slightly, and the
greater coverts and quills broadly margined with yellow, imparting a yellow
aspect to the wing ; primaries hoary grey towards the ends of the outer webs ;
crown of head and nape blackish brown ; lores, feathers below the eye and
the fore part of the cheeks black, the hinder part of the cheeks grey like the
sides of the neck ; ear coverts light earthy brown, with an ashy brown lustre
contrasting with the adjacent parts ; throat white, as also are the abdomen,
thighs and under tail coverts ; foreneck, breast and sides of the body ashy
grey ; under wing coverts and axillaries white, faintly washed with yellow ; bill
black ; legs light brown or pinkish brown; irides lake or lake brown. "(R. G.
Wardlaw-Ramsay; MS.)
Length. — 7-5 inches; wing 3-9; tail 3*65; tarsus o'6; culmen 075.
(Sharpe.)
The adult male is like the female in colour, and larger.
Length. — 8'5 inches, with a wing of 4*0 and tail 37.
22 TIMELIID/E.
Hab. — Hildebrandt's Brown- eared Bulbul occurs throughout the hills of
Northern Tenasserim from the Karin Hills north of Tounghoo to close to
Pahpoon. Gates says it was procured by Davison in the pine forests of the
Salween districts in Tenasserim at an elevation of 300 feet. Captain Ramsay's
specimens are from further north. Nothing has been noted about its habits.
431. HemixilS daviSOni, Hume, Str. F, 1877, p. in; Hume,
andDav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 299 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 98 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vi. p. 51; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 176. — DAVISON'S BROWN-
EARED BULBUL.
Head (entire cap), back, wings and tail rich full brown or warm brown,
deepest on the head and mantle, slightly paler on the nape, and with a decided
grey tinge on the rump, where it forms a well-defined band ; lores, base of
lower mandible, under the eye and under the ear coverts deep brown, almost
black, but not so black as in flavala and hildebrandti \ winglet, first six
primaries and their greater coverts, also the tail feathers, without a trace of any
yellow margin ; the later primaries, secondaries and tertiaries, and their greater
coverts, very narrowly margined with bright olive yellow about one third the
width of those in flavala and one half the width of those in hildebrandti ;
chin and throat pure white, conspicuously limited by the dark streak on either
side ; sides of the neck, behind the ear coverts, upper breast, sides and flanks
a delicate ash-grey ; middle of lower breast, abdomen, vent and lower tail
coverts with a more or less faint ashy shade ; under wing coverts with a faint
yellow tinge near the carpal joint ; bill and claws black ; legs and feet reddish
brown ; irides crimson lake. (Hume.)
Length. — 8-5 inches ; wing 4-04; tail 3-6 ; bill from gape 0.95. (Hume,)
Hab.— The Central Tenasserim hill regions. The type, the only specimen
apparently procured by Mr. Davison, was shot at Thoungya Sakan in Tenas-
serim.
432. HemixilS malaCCensis (Blyth}, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vi. p. 53 ; Oates. B. Br. Burm. i. p. 177. Hypsipetes malaccensis, Blyth, J . A.
S. B. xiv. p. 574 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 202 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi.
p. 298 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, P- 25^- Trichophorus
striolatus, Bp. Comp. i. p. 262 (ex. Mull. MS. in Mus. Lugd.).— The
STREAKED BULBUL.
Whole upper plumage olive or brownish green ; wings and tail dark brown,
edged with the olive or brownish green of the back ; sides of the head and
neck like the back ; lores and feathers under the eye ashy grey ; ear coverts
brownish green, streaked with dusky whitish ; cheeks, chin, throat, breast and
sides of the body ashy with broad greyish white shaft streaks, less distinct on
the latter; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white, the latter slightly
tinged with yellowish ; thighs washed with olive brown ; under wing coverts
IDLE. 23
and axillaries pale yellow ; legs and feet pinkish brown to reddish brown ; bill
horny brown ; irides mahogany brown or litharge red. (Hume and Davison.)
Length.— 9 inches; wing 4*4 ; tail 3-7; tarsus 07; oilmen 0-95.
The female is smaller, and alike in colour.
Hab.— Hills south of Mergui in Tenasserim ; southwards to the Malayan
Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, and, according to Dr. Tiraud, Cochin-China.
Davison states that the habits of this bird is not unlike those of lole tickelli.
Gen. lole.— Blyth.
General characters same as those of Hemixus. Bill long and rather broad,
broader than high at the nostrils; wings as in Hemixus; tail- rounded;
feathers of the head pointed, and forming a more or less distinct crest. There
is no banded tuft of feathers on the lower back as in Pinarocichla. (Sharpe.)
Head of lole viridescens,
433. lole viridescens, Blyth., Ibis, 1867, p. 7; id., Blyth and
Wald., B. Burm. p. 133; Hume andJlav., Str. F. 1878, pp. 315, 516; Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 98 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi.p. 56 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
I. p. 177, lole virescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 573.— The SMALL
OLIVE BULBUL.
Above dull olive or olive brown, the head darker and with the feathers
pointed ; wings dark brown, edged on the outer iveb with the colour of the back or
a little brighter ; upper tail coverts and tail the same but with a rufescent tinge ;
lores and an indistinct eyebrow, also the chin, throat, breast and flanks, olive -
yellow ; ear coverts a little darker; abdomen brighter yellow ; under tail coverts
and thighs fawn-brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries pale yellow ; iris
brown ; eyelids grey ; legs and claws pinkish brown ; bill bluish horn colour.
Length. — 6'8 to 7-25 inches; wing 3 to 3*25; tail 2-82 to 3*25; tarsus
0-62 to 0'68 ; culmen 0-7 to O'8.
The female is alike in size and colour.
Hab. — Arrakan and the Khasia and Tipperah Hills to the Tenasserim Pro-
vinces. (Sharpe.) Oates says the Olive Bulbul is plentiful in Pegu on the
spurs of the Pegu Hills and in the forests of the adjacent plains, except in the
dry portion near Thayetmyo and Prome, where it appears to be absent. It
extends up the Sittang Valley to Tounghoo, and further east in the Tsankoo
24 TIMELHD^E.
Hills, where Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay found it. Davison found it in every
portion of Tenasserim, but not ascending the higher hills. It extends, 'ac-
cording to Gates, down the Malay Peninsula as far as Tonka, and to the
north he says it appears to have a considerable range, having been procured
in the Khasia Hills and in Cachar.
The habits of this Bulbul are not unlike those of the Pycnonotina, group.
Several are said to be found together in forests and their outskirts, and the
edges of clearings and orchards. Food — berries only (Gates,) but there can
be no doubt that insects also form part of their food. Nothing is yet known
of its nidification.
434. lole macelellandi (ffon/.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mm. vi.
p. 59; Oates, B. Br. Burin. I p. 178. Hypsipetes macelellandi, Horsf.
P, Z. S. 1839, p. 159; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 79, No. 447 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 281 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 133 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 298 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98 ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 294. — The RUFOUS-
BELLIED BULBUL.
Forehead to nape, including crest of pointed feathers, rich brown, the shafts
of the feathers buffy white ; whole upper plumage, wing coverts, tertiaries,
and tail olive green, in some with faint indications of light shaft stripes ;
shafts of the tail feathers blackish above, yellow below ; lores, feathers around
and below the eye, cheeks, chin and throat white, the feathers lanceolate and
with greyish bases ; ear coverts and sides of the neck chestnut ; breast the same,
with pale shaft stripes ; abdomen and flanks pale chestnut ; under tail coverts
thighs and vent ochraceous yellow; under wing coverts olive yellow, the
auxiliaries tinged with saffron colour ; primaries and secondaries dark brown,
edged with olive green ; bill blackish brown above, livid grey or horny below ;
irides brownish red or dark red ; feet fleshy brown ; claws horny brown.
Length. — 9 to 9-5 inches; wing 4-3 to 4-4; tail 4-3; tarsus 07; cul-
men I.
The young male is duller in colour than'the adult, and washed with 'rufous
on the scapulars, wing coverts, and upper tail-coverts ; under surface of body
light chestnut ; the abdomen whitish, washed with dingy olive yellow ; lores,
chin and a moustachial line on each side of the throat dull white, mottled with
grey bases. (Sharpe.)
Hab. — Himalayan hill ranges to Nepaul, ranging eastward into Assam, the
Khasia, Arrakan, and Tipperah Hills. In Sikkim it occurs from 2,000 feet
or so. It frequents high trees, lives chiefly on fruit, and has a loud cheerful
note. It is said to frequent forests and to be seen commonly in pairs.
The Rufous-bellied Bulbul, according to Hodgson's notes, breeds in the
central region of Nepaul from April to June. The nest is a shallow saucer,
made of roots and leaves, bound together with fine fibres and lined with
moss roots. It is said to lay 4 eggs, but these have neither been figured nor
described.
PINAROCICHLA. 25
435- IOl3 tickelli (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 60;
Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 179. Hypsipetes tickelli, BJyth, J. A. S. B.
xxiv. p. 275 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 133; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.
vi. p. 296; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p 98.— TICKELL'S BULBUL.
Not unlike lole macclellandi, but differing from it in having the ear
coverts a light rufescent brown, with whitish shaft lines ; the breast very pale
earthy or ashy brown, streaked with whitish shaft lines, and the abdomen and
vent white ; the under tail coverts are also pure yellow, and the sides of the
body washed with olive ; legs and feet fleshy pink, dark fleshy pink, light
purplish brown or pale reddish brown ; bill black, horny black, or dark horny
brown ; irides wood brown, light red or crimson.
Length. — 8-5 to 9*5 inches; wing 3-95 to 4; tail 4 ; tarsus 0*7; culmen,
0-95.
Hab. — Tenasserim, Occurs in the pine forests of the Sal ween districts
down to Mooleyit. Usually found on the outskirts of the forests along forest
paths. Gates adds that it lives chiefly on berries, \vith an occasional insect ;
also that it sucks the nectar of flowers.
Gen. PinarOCichla.— Sharpe.
General characters the same as lole. No wattle round the eye. A large
tuft of conspicuous feathers on each side of the lower back banded with
black and white.
436. PinarOCichla euptilosa (Jard. and Selb.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vi. p. 62; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 180. Brachypus euptilosus,
Jard, and Sclby, III. Orn. iv. pi. iii. Brachypodius tristis, Blyth, J. A. S.
B. xiv. p. 576. Criniger tristis, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47 ; Hume and Dav., Str.
F. vi. p. 303 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98. Criniger susannii {Mull), Salvad,
Ucc. Born. p. 207. Euptilosus euptilosus, Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 62, 162. —
The CRESTED BROWN BULBUL.
Above brown, washed with olive on the mantle and scapulars, which are also
tinged with rufous ; wing coverts reddish brown, the lesser series washed with
olive ; upper tail coverts rufous brown ; on each side of the rump a large
tuft of long feathers springing from the sides of the back black, with pale
yellow ends ; tail darker rufous brown, the three outer pairs of feathers tipped
with white ; forehead and crown dark greyish brown, deeper on the occiput ;
occipital crest the same ; lores and feathers round the eye dusky ash colour ;
ear coverts light ashy brown ; cheeks ashy white ; throat dull white ; fore-
neck, chest and sides of body very pale ashy grey, the flanks rather browner ;
centre of body, abdomen, vent, thighs and under tail coverts yellowish white,
the latter slightly tinged with brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries
yellowish white, the edge of the wing all yellow ; legs and feet variable in
colour, dark grey brown to dark plumbeous brown or black ; bill black ; irides
crimson or litharge red.
4
26
Length. — 77 to 8-8 inches; wing 3*6 to 3-7; tail 3-2 to 3-3; tarsus 07 to
0*75 ; culmen 075.
Hab. — Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the extreme southern portion
of Tenasserim, at Pakchan and Bankasoon.
According to Mr. Davison, this Bulbul avoids forests and affects clumps of
trees, bushes or scrubby jungle, and is only seen in pairs or singly.
Gen. "SLicropMB.—Swainson.
Bill as in lole and Pinarocichla, but stouter, shorter, and higher than broad
at the nostrils. Head not crested.
Head of Micropus melanocephalus.
4:31 MicrOpUS melanocephalus (Gmel.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vi. p. 56; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 181. Lanius melanocephalus,
Gmel., Syst. Nat. i. p. 309. Turdus atriceps, Tern. PI. Col. 147. Ixos
metallicus, Eyton, Ann. N. Hist. Ser. I, xvi. p. 228. Brachypodius
melanocephalus, Sahad. Ucc. Born. p. 201; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 136;
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 324 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 318 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 98. Brachypodius immaculatus, Sharpe, Ibis, 1876 p. 39. —
The BLACK- HEADED BULBUL.
Entire head, chin and throat metallic black with a purplish lustre ; breast,
flanks, upper abdomen, and lower surface olive yellow, brighter yellow in the
centre of the body and under tail coverts ; back olive yellow ; rump the same,
the feathers with black bases ; upper tail coverts bright yellow; tail feathers
yellow, with a subterminal black band and bright yellow tips ; lesser wing
coverts like the back, the greater and median series brighter yellow ; winglet,
primaries and their coverts black, edged paler on the outer web ; secondaries
black, broadly edged on the outer web with olive green ; tertiaries olive green
on the outer webs and black on the inner ; under wing coverts and axillaries
bright yellow; bill black; mouth pale blue; iris blue; legs plumbeous.
The female is darker in colour, and the young bird has the whole plumage,
including the head, of a dull olive green colour.
Length.— 6"] to 7-2 inches ; wing 3-3 ; tail 275 to 3*2 ; tarsus o'5 to 0-55 ;
culmen O'6.
Hob.— Malacca, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and the Philippine Islands of
MICROPUS. 27
Palawan. Ranges to these parts from Dacca and Tipperah through Tenasserim
and the Malay Peninsula. Ic is stated by Blyth to occur in Arrakan.
Gates says it is generally distributed over the southern portions of Pegu, and
that it is very abundant near Rangoon, and all the way up to Pegu, also on the
spurs of hills north of that town. It was met with at Bassein by Mr.Blanford,
and at Syriam by Dr. Armstrong. According to Davison it is found abun-
dantly over the whole of Tenasserim. It is more abundant during the rains
than at any other time, and is common everywhere, in small or large com-
panies, frequenting thin jungle and the neighbourhood of gardens, feeding
entirely on fruit. Davison says it has two notes, very distinct and unlike those
of other Bulbuls— one a lively sharp chirp, and the other a melancholy double
whistle.
438. MicropUS fusciflavescens (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vi. p. 66. Micropus fuscoflavescens, Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 297 ;
Wald^ Ibis, 1873, p. 306 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 224 ; id., Sir. F. 1879,
p. 98. Brachypodius melanocephalus (nee. Gm.}, Ball, J . A. S. B. xli.
pi. 2, 1872, p. 284 ; /</., Str. F. 1873, p. TI.— The ANDAMAN BLACK-HEADED
BULBUL.
Adult Male.— General colour above olive yellow, the wing coverts like the
back, the edges of the greater series rather brighter yellow; quills dusky
brown, externally olive yellow, brighter on the secondaries, the innermost of
which are entirely of this latter colour; lower back, rump and upper tail
coverts brighter yellow, with an appearance of black bands across the rump,
the feathers of which are black, with broad golden yellow ends ; tail feathers
dull olive yellow, with bright yellow tips, before which is a subterminal black
shade ; head dull olive, with an oily greenish gloss not distinct enough to
form a regular cap ; lores, a narrow eyebrow, and the sides of the head and
neck, as well as the lower throat and foreneck, dull olive green ; throat
dull glossy purple ; remainder of under surface of body, including the wing
coverts and axillaries, bright yellow ; bill greenish slate colour ; iris bluish
white. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 6-3 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 27 ; tarsus O-6 ; culmen 0*65 .
The female is larger and similar in colour.
Hab. — Confined to the Andaman Island, where it is resident. (Sharpe.)
439. Micropus cinereiventris (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vi. p. 67; Oates B. Br. Burm. i. p. 182. Brachypodius cinereiventris,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 576 ; Wald. in Blyth, B. Burm. p. 136 ; Hume and
Dav., vi. p. 319 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 198 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 2IO.— The
GREY-BELLIED BULBUL.
Similar to Micropus melanocephalus, excepting that the breast, upper
abdomen and mantle are ashy or light bluish grey instead of olive yellow ;
iris blue; eyelids grey; bill black; legs and claws brownish black.
28 TIMELIID^E.
Length. — 67 to 6*9 inches ; wing 3*15 to 3*4 ; tail 2*8 to 2-9 ; culmen 0'6.
Had.— British Burmah and Tipperah. Gates (B. Er. Burm.) says it occurs
sparingly in Pegu, and has been found near Rangoon and at Tounghoo. Mr.
Hume records it from Tonka in the Malay Peninsula, and it has also been
found in Dacca.
440- MicrOpUS phaeOCephalUS (Jerdori), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vi. p. 68. Brachypus poiocephalus, Jerd., Madr. Journ. x. p. 246. Brachy-
podiuspoiocephalus, Elyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 576 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 89;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 98. — The SOUTH INDIAN or GREY-HEADED BULBUL.
Lores and forehead olive yellow or siskin green ; crown of head and nape
bluish grey ; round the eye and ear coverts olive greenish, the latter washed
with grey ; fore part of cheeks olive yellow, the hinder part grey like the
throat, which has a black chin spot ; under surface of body yellowish green ;
under tail coverts grey ; under wing coverts and axillaries pale yellow; upper
surface of body yellowish green ; wing coverts like the back ; greater coverts
and quills blackish, externally edged with yellowish ; primaries and their
coverts narrowly edged with yellowish ; rump barred black, the feathers black
with paler olive yellow tips ; upper tail coverts bluish grey, washed with
yellow ; centre tail feathers bluish grey with olive yellow margins, the remainder
blackish, tipped with ashy grey and slightly edged with olive yellow.
Bill greenish horn ; legs reddish yellow ; irides bluish white.
Length. — 6-4 to 7 inches ; wing 2-8 ; tail 2-6 ; tarsus 0-65 ; culmen O'6.
Hab.— South India. Confined, according to Jerdon, to the forests of the
Malabar Coast, extending from Travancore to Honore. It is found from near
the sea level to 2,000 feet or so of elevation, living in small families and
feeding chiefly on small stony fruit.
Gen. Criniger.— Tern.
Head more or less crested. Bill moderately long, strong and deep ;
culmen curved ; rictal bristles long ; nostrils exposed, not hidden by bristles,
oval. Membrane of nostril large posteriorly; several long hairs springing
from the nape, but not from the centre of the back, tarsus longer than mid
toe and claw.
Head of Criniger barbatus.
CRINIGER. 29
441. Criniger phaeocephalus (Hartlaub.), Wald. Ibis, 1871,
p. 169, f. 2 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 207 ; Hume and Dav. Str. F. vi. p. 302 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 74; Gates,
B. Br. Burmah i. p. 183. Ixos phaeocephalus, Hartl. Re-). Zool. 1844,
p. 401. — The GREY-HEADED BULBUL.
Entire head from the forehead to the nape dark slaty grey ; lores, ear-coverts
and sides of the head pale grey ; cheeks, chin and throat white ; remainder
of lower plumage deep yellow, suffused with olive-green on the flanks and
sides of the breast ; upper plumage with the wing coverts olive green ; tail
rufous brown, brighter on the edges of the outer webs ; wings brown, the
outer webs edged with ruddy olive and the tertiaries wholly of this colour. Legs
and feet fleshy white to fleshy pinkish yellow. Bill pale plumbeous ; irides
snuff brown.
Length. — 7-6 to 87 inches ; wing 3-35 to 3-37 ; tail 3-25 to 3-62 ; tarsus
075 to 0-8.
Hab. — Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, ranging into the forests
in the neighbourhood of Tenasserim. (Sharpe.) Gates says the Grey-headed
Bulbul occurs in the extreme south of Tenasserim about Malewoon and
Bankasoon, where it appears to be common. They are characterized by a
loud harsh note, which is incessantly uttered when the birds are disturbed.
They are generally met with in small parties.
442. Criniger flaveolus (Gould}, Biyth J. A. S. B. xvi. p 571 ;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 83 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 283 ; id. Str. F.
1879, p. 98 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 77. Trichophorus flaveolus,
Gould, P. Z. S., 1836, p. 6.— The WHITE-THROATED BULBUL.
Above dark olive yellow, the upper tail coverts with a slightly ruddy tinge ;
least and median wing coverts like the back ; the greater and primary coverts
as well as the quills externally edged with olive yellow ; tail ruddy brown,
the bases of the feathers edged with olive ; head olive brown, the feathers long
and forming a crest, a^ll margined with yellowish ; lores greyish white ; ear-
coverts white shafted ; cheeks and throat white ; under surface of body bright
yellow, slightly tinged with olive on the flanks ; under wing coverts and axil-
laries yellow. Bill light or greyish plumbeous ; legs pale fleshy yellow ; iris
brown- red.
Length. — 8 to 8-5 inches; wing 3-95 to 4; tail 3*65 to 3*7; tarsus 075
to O*8 ; culmen o'8.
Hab. — The Himalayas, extending to the hills of Assam, Sylhet, Arrakan
and Khasia. Jerdon says it is chiefly found at from 2,000 to 5,OOO feet.
He got several specimens from the vicinity of Darjeeling, but did not himself
observe it. Hume received a nest from Darjeeling, found in July. It was
placed on the branches of a medium sized tree at about 5 feet from the
ground. It was compact, rather shallow, saucer-shaped, and about 5*5 inches
30 TIMELIID^E.
in diameter ; the greater portion of the nest was composed of dead leaves
bound together firmly by fine brown roots, and again an inner lining of fine
horse hair like roots and stems of the maidenhair fern. Eggs 3 in number,
a beautiful salmon pink, thinly spotted, blotched and marked with irregular
lines of deep maroon red ; size 0/9 to I o x 07 to 0*72.
443. Criniger griseiceps, Hume, Str. F. 1873, P- 478; id- l874>
p. 476; Wald. B. Burm. p. 134; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 124; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 300; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 98; Sharpe, Cat* B.
Br. Mus. vi. p. 77 ; Oatest Str. F. x. p. 209. Criniger flaveolus (nee.
Hodgs.) Blyth, B. Burm. p. 134. — The BURMESE WHITE-THROATED BULBUL.
Head much crested, pale ashy brown, lighter on the forehead ; lores, cheeks
and ear coverts pale grey; chin and throat white; upper plumage with the
lesser and median wing coverts dull olive yellow or yellowish green ; upper
tail coverts and tail ruddy or rufous brown ; quills dull brown, externally
washed with olive ; the secondaries with a ruddy tint. Under surface of body
bright yellow, deeper on the abdomen and under tail coverts ; sides of the
breast and flanks washed with olive ; under wing coverts and axillaries yellow.
Bill bluish, rather dark towards the tip; eyelids plumbeous; iris reddish
brown ; legs pinkish brown ; claws pale horn.
Length.— 8-7 to 8-8 inches ; wing 3-9; tail 3-5 to 3-8; tarsus 075.
Hab. — Northern and Central Tenasserim, Pegu, and Burmah. According
to Gates, the White-throated Bulbul is found generally diffused over the hills
of Pegu, where the vegetation is thick and evergreen, and specially abundant
on the Eastern slopes. It has been procured at Tounghoo and also at
Karennee. In Tenasserim, according to Davison, it is found only as far
south as Meetan. They are remarkably noisy birds, and may generally be
found in parties of six or more. They fly from tree to tree, backwards and
forwards, continually uttering their harsh notes. Gates says that they never
descend to the ground, and appear to feed entirely on fruit. Nothing is
known of the nidification of this Bulbul.
444. Criniger gutturalis (Bonap.), Sdater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 216 ;
Salvad. Ucc* Born. p. 206 ; Wald. in Bl. B. Burm. p. 134 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 98; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 80 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- 61 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. 185. Trichophorus gutturalis, Bonap. Consp. Av. i.
p. 262. Criniger ochraceus, Moore, in Horsf., and Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E.
I. Co. i. p. 252; Bl. B. Burm. p. 134; Hume and Dav., vi. pp. 301, 515. —
The MALAYAN WHITE-THROATED BULBUL.
Head rufous brown ; hind neck tinged with ashy ; lores, feathers round the
eye and an indistinct supercilium ashy, the ear coverts rather darker and
with fulvous shaft streaks; chin and throat white. Upper plumage olive
brown with an ochraceous tinge, purer on the upper tail coverts ; tail rufous
brown ; the outer feathers paler at the tip of the inner webs ; lesser wing
TRICHOLESTES. 31
coverts more rufescent than the back ; median and greater coverts brown
edged narrowly with a tinge of olivaceous on their outer webs ; quills dull
brown, inclining to rufescent brown and washed with olivaceous on their outer
margins. Under surface of body olive yellowish, purer yellow on the abdo-
men and deepening to fawn colour on the under tail coverts ; under wing
coverts fawn color washed with yellowish. Bill blackish, pale at base ; legs
and feet pale pinkish brown ; irides wood-brown.
Length. — 8-5 inches,- wing 4-0; tail 3-8; tarsus 075; '.culmen 0-9; bill
from gape ro.
Hab. — The forests of Sumatra, Borneo, and Malay Peninsula ranging into
the evergreen forests of the extreme southern division of Tenasserim.
'Sharpe.) Mr. Davison says : " This is eminently a forest Bulbul, never, that
I am aware of, coming into gardens or clearings. In its voice and habits it
resembles C. griseiceps, and is quite as noisy as that bird, if not more so ; and,
like it, goes about in small parties, though I have occasionally seen it in pairs
or singly. This bird also never, I believe, descends to the ground."
Gen. Tricholestes.— Salvad.
General characters same as those of Criniger. A lunch of long hairs
springing from the centre of the back ; rictal bristles long and strong.
445. Tricholestes Criniger (Blytfi), Hume and Dav. Str. F. vi.
p. 304; Tweed. Ibis, 1877, p. 306; Plume, Str. F. viii. p 98; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 89 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 186. Brachypodius
criniger, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 577 ; War dlaiv- Ramsay , Tweed. Mem.
App. p. 67. Trichophorus minutus, Hartl. Journ. F. Orn. 1853, p. 156.
Tricholestes minutus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 205, pi. v. f. I — The BRISTLE-
BACKED BULBUL.
Forehead and crown olive brown washed with yellow; hind-neck, back
and rump dull olive green ; the lores and sides of the head yellow ; chin and
throat whitish ; hind neck and mantle with long black bristly hairs springing
from them ; wing coverts brown, washed with dull olive green ; quills brown,
externally olive brown ; upper tail coverts and tail feathers fawn or rufous
brown ; the outer edges tinged with greenish ; under surface of body yellow,
tinged with ashy on the sides of the body and on the breast; under tail
coverts yellow.
Bill pale leaden ; legs and feet light yellow brown ; iris pale sepia brown ;
ridge of culmen black.
Length.— 6-5 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 2-8 ; tarsus O'6; bill from gape 075.
Hab.— Java, Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, ranging into the
extreme southern portion of Tenasserim. (Sharpe.) According to Davison,
the bristle-backed Bulbul keeps together in small parties. Habits much nearer
the Timelimaj birds, hunting as they do, the foliage of trees and brushwood
for insects, which almost exclusively form their food.
32
TIMELIID/E.
Gen. Alcurus.— Hodgs.
Bill slightly longer than in the preceding genus and somewhat wider at
base; rictal bristles well developed though weak; nostrils oval, apert; no long
hairs on the centre of the back. Head crested. Tarsus scutellate, nearly as
long as the culmen.
Head of Alcurus striatus.
446. AlCUrilS striatUS (Blyth), Jerd B. Ind. ii. p. 8 1, No. 449 ;
Wald. in Bl. B. Burm. p. 134; Hume and Dav. Sir, F. vi. p. 299; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 98 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mm. vi. p. 91 ; Oates, B. Burmah
i. p. 187. Trichophorus striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 184. Alcurus
nipalensis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 83. — The STRIATED GREEN
BULBUL.
Whole head, crest, back and scapulars olive green, the feathers with a
mesial yellowish white shaft stripe ; rump and upper tail coverts brighter and
more olive yellow, the mesial shaft streaks not very distinct, and in some skins
nearly obsolete ; tail brown, edged externally with olive green and internally
with yellowish, the three outer pairs on each side tipped with yellow ; lesser
and median wing coverts like the back and similarly streaked ; greater and
primary coverts dull olive greenish ; quills dark brown, olive yellow externally.
A spot of yellow at the base of the lower mandible ; chin and throat yellow,
the latter with triangular black spots; cheeks and ear-coverts dark brown,
streaked with yellowish white ; sides of the neck, breast, abdomen and flanks
yellow, each feather broadly margined with dark brown ; under wing and tail
coverts, also axillaries, bright yellow ; legs and feet deep plumbeous ; bill
black ; irides deep red-brown.
Length.— %' to 8*5 inches ; wing 4 to 4*3 ; tail 3-8 to 4 ; tarsus 0*7 to O 8 ;
culmen O-8; bill from gape I.
Hab. — The forests of the Himalayas, extending to the hills of Burmah and
Tenasserim. Jerdon says it is extremely abundant about Darjeeling, and most
common from 7,000 feet and upwards. It has been observed on the Tonghoo
hills in Pegu by Capt. Ward law- Ram say, who found it common also in the
Karen hills. Davison got it in Tenasserim, where he says it is confined to
XENOCICHLA. 33
the highest portions of the mountains. It occurs also in the Dafla and Khasia
hills in Eastern Bengal, also in Sikkim and Nepaul. It is said by Jerdon to
keep to the tops of high trees, going in small parties, and to have a loud
mellow warble, uttered both when feeding and on the wing. It feeds chiefly
on fruit and sometimes on insects.
Gen. Trachycomus.*— Cab.
Bill moderate ; tarsus longer than culmen ; rictal bristles feeble ; no dis-
tinct rictal hairs.
447. Trachycomus ochrocephalus, Gmel., Cab. Mus. Hein.
Tfi. I. p. 109; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 279; Hume, Str. F., 1873, p. 455 ;
Blyth* Wald. B. Burm. p. 133; Salvad UcC. Born. p. 196; Sharpe, Ibis,
p. 38 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F., 1878, p. 300 ; Hume, Str. F., 1879, pp. 61,
98; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 93. Turdus ochrocephalus, Gmel., Syst.
Nat. I. p. 821. Alcurus ochrocephalus, Wald., Ibis, 1872, p. 379.— The
YELLOW-CROWNED BULBUL.
Forehead, crown, a patch under the eye, branching out into two streaks
extending over and under the ear coverts straw yellow ; upper plumage
and lesser wing coverts ashy brown, dashed with green ; all the feathers
except those of the rump with conspicuous white shafts, and the upper tail
coverts margined with olive green ; greater coverts, wing and tail dark
brown margined with olive green ; ear-coverts brown with white shafts ; lores
and cheeks black ; chin and throat white ; breast and sides of the neck ashy
brown, with white shaft streaks ; abdomen and vent brownish white ; thighs
and under tail coverts ochraceous ; under wing coverts and axillaries
ochraceous brown (Gates) ; legs and feet dark horny brown or black ; bill
black ; irides litharge red (Dav.)
Length. — 9^5 to II inches; wing 4*6; tail 4/8 ; tarsus i'O; bill from
gape 1/2.
Hab. — Java, Sumatra and Borneo, ranging through the Malay peninsula to
the southernmost districts of Tenasserim, inhabiting scrub and jungle.
Its habits appear to be those of the preceding, except that it descends and
feeds on the ground, an unusual thing for forest Bulbuls to do.
Gen. Xenocichla.— Hartl.
General characters like those of Criniger, but with conspicuous hairs
springing from the nape. Nostrils oval, bare, and with a posterior membrane.
448. Xenocichla icterica (Stn'dd.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.,
vi. p. 96. Criniger ictericus, Strickl., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiii. p. 411;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 82; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B p. 282; Bourd.
Str. F., 1876, p. 800 ; Fairbank, Str. F., 1877, p. 405 ; Hume, Str. F., 1879,
5
34 TIMELIID^E.
p. 61. Pycnonotus ictericus, Elyth, J. A. S. B. 1844, xiv. p. 570. — The
YELLOW-BROWED BULBUL.
Above bright olive yellow or olive green ; wing coverts the same ; quills
dark brown, their outer webs edged with olive yellow ; tail dull olive yellow,
dusky along the inner webs and towards the tips ; lores, a narrow eyebrow
and feathers round the eye bright yellow; ear coverts yellow, shaded with
olive; cheeks and under surface of body bright yellow; the sides and breast
washed with olive ; under wing coverts and axillaries bright yellow ; bill
black ; legs and feet dusky slatish ; iris red or blood red.
Length. — 7*4 to 8 inches; wing 3-4 to 37; tail 3 ; tarsus cr8; culmen 075.
Hab. — Ceylon and Southern India, not ranging higher than Bombay. (Sh.)
Recorded from Malabar, Coorg, Travancore and Ceylon. Jerdon says it
prefers mountainous regions, and that it is abundant on the slopes of the
Neilgherries, living in small flocks and keeping up a continual mellow warble
when flying from tree to tree. Breeds from March to May. Nest a small
shallow cup hung between two twigs, and composed of excessively fine twigs.
It is lined with hair-like grasses, and attached by cobwebs. Eggs two to three
in number of a pinkish salmon colour, with a dark ring at the thick end,
and speckled more or less thickly over the whole surface of the egg with
pale brownish red or pink. Size 0*9 to 1*03 x 0^64 to 07.
Gen. Pycnonotus.— Bole.
Bill rather long, thin and slightly curved ; rictal bristles strong ; legs and
feet stoutish ; tarsi with a single scute at insertion of feet ; toes scutellate ;
head more or less crested, but not conspicuously so.
449. Pycnonotus haemorrhous, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 566;
id. xv. p. 50; Gray, Gen. B. i p. 237; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 94, No. 462 ;
Sir. F., 1875, p. 292; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. vi. ; Murray, Handbk.,
ZooL, &c., Sind. Haematornis haemorrhous, Swains, Faun. Bor. Amer. B.
p. 485. Pycnonotus pusillus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 237; Sir. F. 1878,
p. 258; Hume, t. c.p. 456; Str. F., 1877, p. 246. Molpastes hoemorrhous,
Hume, Str. F., 1879, p. 98. — The COMMON MADRAS BULBUL.
Head crested, black ; chin and throat black ; neck, back and wing coverts
brown, more or less pale edged ; upper tail coverts white ; tail brownish
black, tipped with white ; breast brown, all the feathers edged with white or
ashy; lower abdomen and vent white; flanks and thigh coverts light brown ;
under tail coverts crimson ; under wing coverts whitish. Bill black ; legs
greenish or slaty green ; hides deep brown.
Length.— 775 to 8 inches ; wing 3-4 ; tail 3-4 ; tarsus O'S ; bill at front 0-9.
Hab.— Ceylon, Southern and Central India (Mhow), Travancore, Deccan,
Concan, Malabar, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and North Guzerat ; also the
PYCNONOTUS. 35
Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Bengal and Oudh. In Sind it appears to be a
permanent resident, breeding from June to August. Eggs 2 — 4, white,
speckled with lake red or deep claret.
This, with P. leucoti , is the common Bulbul of all India. It is found in
gardens, orchards, Babool groves, and wherever there are any clumps of
trees, but never in forests, either associating in small families or in pairs, rest-
lessly flying about from tree to tre2 in search of fruit and insects. It does
much damage in gardens, where it picks off blossoms of cherries and flower
buds. It is commonly caged throughout India, or kept tied by a cord round
the waist. Being pugnacious they are made to fight for small prizes, and
when being trained for this purpose are fed on minced meat and a compound
made of wheat flour, sugar and milk boiled together, otherwise dates and
other seasonal fruit. Breeds chiefly in June and July — many often as early
as April and as late as the middle of August. Nest generally a compa:t
structure composed of delicate stems, dry leaves and grass, with a little lining
of any soft material. Eggs 3—4 in number. In shape the eggs are rather
long ovals, slightly compressed or pointed towards the small end. The
markings are very var'ous, and as, Mr. Hume says, take almost every conceiv-
able form defined and undefined specks, spots, blotches, streaks, smudges
and clouds ; their combinations are as varied as their colours, wHch^embrace
every shade of red, brownish and purplish red. In length the eggs vary from
O'7 to 0*89 and in breadth from o'6 to 0*72.
450. Pycnonotus burmair ell"1*, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus« vi.
p. 125; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 2 1 1 ; jtf,, />'. Lr. Burm. I, p. 189. Pycnonotus
hcemorrhous, apud. Bl. and Wald. B. Burm. p. 135. Molpastes pygaeus,
(ffodgs.), Hume, Str. F. iii. p. I2f>. Molpastes intermedius {Hay}, Armstrong,
Str. F. iv. p 326; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98. Pycnonotus pygaeus (Hodgs.)t
Gates, Str. F. v. p. 157. Pycnonotus intermedius (//tfy), Oates, Str. F. v.
p. 157. Pycnonotus nigripileus (.#/.), Anders. Yunnan Exped. p. 658. — The
BURMESE RED-VENTED BULBUL.
Forehead, crown, lores, cheeks, feathers round the eye, chin and throat
black ; back, scapulars, rump ai d w ng coverts dark brown, each feath?r
edged with whity brown ; lower back and rump uniform ashy ; upper tail
coverts lighter ash-colour; wing coverts like ihe back, the feathers with
broad ashy margins ; quills brown with narrow ashy margins, the shafts
reddish brown ; tail brown, tipped with white on all but the two centre
feathers ; breast blackish, the feathers edged with whitish ; abdomen more or
less white ; flanks whitish, streaked with brown ; under tail coverts crimson j
bill and legs black ; iris dark brown.
Length.— % inches; wing 37 ; tail 3-9 ; tarsus 09 to i ; oilmen 0-9.
Hab. — Through the Indo-Burmese countries to Cachar. According to Gates,
the Burmese Red-vented Bulbul occurs in every portion of Pegu, and is a
36 TIMELIID;E.
very common bird. Blyth says it occurs in Arrakan. Its habits are quite those
of P. hamorrhous. Breeds at about the same time of year, building a nest of
the same construction, and laying eggs of a similar type.
451. Pycnonotus nigripileus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 472;
id., Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 209 ; Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 549 ; Blyth and
Wald., B. Br. Burnt, p. 135 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 126; Gates,
B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 191. Ixos nigripileus, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 265. Mol-
pastes nigropileus, Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 126; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 321 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98. — The TENASSERIM RED-VENTED BULBUL.
Crown of the head black, forming a cap ; lores, feathers round the eye,
base of cheeks and chin black ; ear coverts, cheeks and throat pale earthy
brown ; foreneck and breast light brown, the feathers margined with ashy
whitish ; back light earthy brown, the feathers with ashy margins; lower back
and rump the same but with less whitish margins ; upper tail coverts dull white
with a slight shade of pink ; wing coverts like the back ; greater and primary
coverts also the quills dark brown, the primaries margined narrowly with
ashy ; tail dark brown, the base rather lighter and the tips white ; abdomen
dull white ; under tail coverts crimson ;. under wing coverts and axillaries
light ashy brown ; bill, legs and feet black ; irides deep brown.
Length. — 7-5 to 8 inches ; wing 3-55 ; tail 3-5 to 3*7 ; tarsus 0*85 ; culmen
075.
Hal. — The Burmese countries. Common throughout the more open and
better cultivated portions of Tenasserim, north of Amherst. Recorded from
Tonghoo and the Karen hills and Kaukaryit.
452. PycnonotUS atricapillus (Vieill), Wald in Bl. B. Burm.
p. 136; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 127; Oates, B. Br. Burm. \. p. 127.
Muscicapa atricapillus, Vieill, Nouv. Diet. d'Nat. Hist. xxi. p. 489.
Haematornis chrysorrhoides, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 367. Haematornis
atricapillus, Hay, Madr. Journ. xiii. 1844, p. 160. Molpastes chrysorrhoides,
Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 477. Molpastes atricapillus, Hume and Dav., Str. F.
vi. p. 322 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 99. — The CHINESE RED-VENTED BULBUL.
Above light ashy brown, the edges of the feathers lighter ; head crested ;
forehead, crown of head, lores, chin and cheeks black ; throat, ear coverts,
sides of neck and whole lower plumage whity brown ; under tail coverts
crimson ; tail brown, paler at the base, all the feathers tipped with white ; rump
whity brown ; upper tail coverts whity brown, the longer ones tipped with
darker brown ; wings and their coverts brown, edged exteriorly with paler ;
under wing coverts and axillaries pale fulvescent brown j legs, feet and
claws black ; iris brown to dark brown.
Length.— *]•$ to 8 inches; wing 37 to 375; tail 37; tarsus 0-8 to 0-9;
culmen 07.
PYCNONOTUS. 37
Hab. — Southern China to Ningpo, also the Burmese hills and the more
hilly and richly wooded parts of Tenasserim, north of 13° N. lat. (Sharpe).
According to Gates, Capt. Bingham found it abundant in the Thoungyeen
Valley, and Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay procured it in Karennee at from 1,000 to
2,000 feet elevation.
453. PyCHOnotUS pygSBUS (Hodgs.}, Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B.
Mus. E. I. Co. i. p. 239; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 93, No. 461; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 128. Molpastes pygaeus, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 378;
id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 290; id , Sir. F. 1875, p. 126; id., Sir. F.
1879, p. 98 ; Scully, t. c. p. 297. — The COMMON RED-VENTED BULBUL.
Crown of the head, which is crested, and the nape black ; sides of the face
also black ; ear coverts glossy chocolate brown ; throat and foreneck black,
shading off into brown on the breast, the lower feathers of which are edged
with whity brown ; hind nape and upper back deep chocolate brown, the
feathers margined paler ; lower back and rump more ashy with subterminal
marks of brown to each feather ; upper tail coverts white ; tail dark sepia
brown tipped with white ; wings brown, all the coverts and quills edged with
paler brown, rather ashy on the greater coverts and primaries ; under surface
of body dull ashy white, with mottlings of dark brown about the middle of
each feather ; under tail coverts crimson ; under wing coverts ashy white with
dark brown centres to the feathers ; bill black ; feet dusky; iris dark brown.
Length. — 7-8 to 8 inches; wing 3-85 ; tail 3-8 to 3-9 ; tarsus 0*9 ; culmen O'8.
Hab. — Throughout Lower Bengal as far south as Midnapore and the jungles
stretching thence to Central India north of the Nerbudda, also the Himalayas
to 7,000 feet from Kumaon eastward to Assam. (Sharpe.) Under " Obs."
Mr. Sharpe remarks that the Common Red-vented Bulbul is easily dis-
tinguished from the other races or species by its long crest and chocolate brown
ear coverts ; the hind neck is black like the head, which colour also occupies the
sides of the neck and the throat extending well on to the foreneck. Specimens
in the British Museum from Darjeeling are the same, also those from Nepaul,
Kumaon, Calcutta, Cachar and Upper Assam, but in the Kumaon birds he
notices a slight tendency toward P. inter?nedius, which (from the Punjab)
he says is a good distinguishable race or species. It resembles the Nepaul
bird in having brown ear coverts, but the shade of black is not so strongly
pronounced on the hind neck and chest ; the abdomen is uniform greyish
ash color, the brown shading of the chest not extending beyond that part, the
breast being mottled with a few brown centres to the feathers." In any
case the characters given above are not sufficient to define intermedius ; some-
thing more than shades of color is wanted by which it should be distinguished
with certainty from the typical forms. I there f >re exclude P. intermedium,
and extend the range of pyg&us to Cashmere and Afghanistan.
38 TIMELIID/E.
The common red-vented Bulbul is found in the Punjab, N.-W. Himalayas,
(N.-W. Provinces), Oudh, Bengal. Assam, and Nepaul. Its habits are pre-
cisely those of H&morrhous, and like that species is caged and trained.
454. Pycnouotus leucotis (Gould.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv.
p. 567; Blanf. East Pers. ii. p. 218; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 135.
Ixos leucotis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 6; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 265; DC
Fillipi, Viagg. in Pers. p. 347. Otocompsa leucotis, Jerd., B. Jnd. ii. p. 91,
No. 459 ; Hume, Sir. F., 1873, p. 1881 ; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 286 ;
Adam t. c. p. 378 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1875, P- 2o6 J Butler t. c., p. 473 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 98. — The WHITE-EARED BULBUL.
Head, hind neck, round the eye, forecheek, chin, throat and upper breast
black ; back, wing coverts, scapulars, and upper tail coverts earthy brown ;
quills dusky brown ; the outer webs like the back ; ear coverts and hinder
part of cheeks white ; tail dark brown, lighter at the base, all the feathers
tipped with white ; lower breast and abdomen ashy brown ; thigh coverts
dusky brown ; under tail coverts rich golden or saffron yellow ; bill horny
brown ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet dark brown.
Length. — 7 inches; wing 3^5 ; tail 3*25 ; tarsus, 0*9.
Hab. — Western and Northern India, Beloochistan (Khelat, Bolan, Mekran
Coast, and Quetta), S. Afghanistan (Chaman), Persia. Common in the
Punjab and N.-W. Provinces. Resident in Sind. Breeds from April to July.
The nests are built generally in dense thorny acacia or other trees not very
high from the ground, and are composed of fine dry twigs mixed with tow-like
fibre, and lined with any soft material procurable. Eggs 2 — 4, ovato-pyriform,
in color similar to those of pygccus and varying in size from 0^75 to 0*9 x 0*52
to O-6.
455. Pycnonotus analis (Horsf\ Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 216;
Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 197; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 38; id. 1879, p. 168 ; id.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 339 ; id. Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 140; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
i. p. 191. Turdus analis, Horsf. Trans. Lin. Sec. xiii. p. 147. Otocompsa
personata, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 457 ; ii. p. 333. Pycnonotus gourdini (G. J?.
Gray), Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 198. Otocompsa analis, Hume and Dav. Sir.
F. vi. p. 308 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98. — The YELLOW-VENTED BULBUL.
Above earthy brown, slightly tinged with olive, the head rather darker
brown ; a broad supercilium white ; lores and a ring round the eye black ;
forecheeks, chin, and throat white ; ear coverts and hind cheeks pale brown ;
breast brown, the feathers edged paler ; vent and under tail coverts yellow ;
abdomen whitish ; thighs brown washed with yellow ; under wing coverts
whitish, washed with olive yellow ; edge of the wing the same ; wing coverts
and quills dark brown, edged with earthy brown ; upper tail coverts tinged
with reddish brown; tail dark brown, edged and tipped with olive brown.
Bill, legs, feet, and claws black ; irides wood brown or chocolate.
PYCNON7OTUS. 39
Length.— 7-8 to 8 inches; wing 3-3 to 3'6 ; tail 3-2 to 3-5; tarsus 0-9;
culmen 0*75 to 0*8.
Hab. — The southern part of Tenasserim, through the Malay Peninsula
to the Islands of Java, Sumatra, and Borneo. According to Dr. Tirand, it is
one of the commonest birds in Cochin-China. Mr. Davison, who collected
specimens, is quoted by Gates (B. Br. Burm) to the effect that it is abundant
in the Island of Mergui in the secondary scrub and in gardens. It feeds
largely on insects and also on berries and fruit. It is usually found singly or in
pairs, though often half-a-dozen or more may be seen seated about the bushes,
near each other, looking as if they all belonged to one flock or party.
456. Pycnonotus flavescens, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 568;
Anders. Yunnan, Exp. p. 659 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 192; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. i. p. 192. Ixus flavescens, Bl. and Wald., B. Burm. p. 134 ;
Hume and Dav. Sir. F. vi. p. 306; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 98.— BLYTH'S
BULBUL.
Forehead and crown brown, the feathers edged with olive yellow ; upper
surface of body and wing coverts olive brown, tinged with olive yellow ; lores
dark brown with a whitish line above them ; sides of the head greenish brown;
under surface of body washed with yellow, the feathers of the breast with
darker streaks ; vent and under tail coverts deep yellow ; legs, feet, and claws
variable, deep reddish to plumbeous or black ; bill black.
Length. — 8-5 to S'8 inches; wing 3-5; tail 4'2 ; tarsus 0*85; bill from
gape 0'8.
//<23.— The hill portions of Tenasserim, as far south, according to
Mr. Davison, as a point between Mooleyit and Paraduba. Capt. Wardlaw-
Ramsay procured it in the Tonghoo hills and in Karennee, and he states, that
it is common in the Karen hills. It is recorded by Blyth from Arrakan ; by
Col. Godwin-Austen from the Khasia hills, and Dr. Anderson procured it
near Bhamo. (Gates.) Its habits are not unlike other species of the genus,
but it avoids dense forests and keeps generally to the outskirts.
457- PycnonotUS luteolUS (Less), Gray, Gen. B. I. p. 237.
Haematornis luteolus, Less, Rev. Zool. p. 354. Pycnonotus flavirictes,
Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 413. Ixus luteolus, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 84,
No. 452 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 283 ; Ball, Sir. F., 1874, p. 410 ;
1876, p. 235 ; Fairbanlt, t. c. p. 258 ; Hume, t. c. p. 415 ; Fairbank Str. F.
1877, p. 405 ; Ball, t. c. p. 417 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 98.— The WHITE
EYE-BROWED BUSH BULBUL.
Above olive brown, more olivaceous on the lower back and rump, where
there is a perceptible tinge of greenish yellow ; lores, eyelids, supercilium, also
a streak under the eye dull white ; ear coverts light brown, washed with olive
and with narrow whitish shaft streaks ; forepart of cheeks yellow, forming a
short moustachial streak ; forcncck, forepart of cheeks, breast, and flanks pale
40 TIMELllD^E.
ashy brown, washed with olive ; chin yellow ; throat dingy white ; wing coverts
and quills brown, externally olive yellow ; tail light brown, the feathers margined
with olive ; under tail coverts yellow, under surface of body pale yellowish
white, rather deeper yellow on the axillaries and under wing coverts; bill
blackish; legs dark plumbeous; iris blood red.
Length.— 6 •$ to 7 inches ; wing 3*35 ; tail 3 ; tarsus 0-85 ; culmen 07.
Hab. — Central and South India, also Ceylon. It is recorded from Madras,
Malabar and Trevandrum. Jerdon says it is a tolerably common bird in many
parts of the south -of India ; rare in others. Common in the low jungles of
Malabar and in the bushy jungle and gardens in the Carnatic, also throughout
the Northern Circars to Goomsoor. Common in Midnapore. (Hume.) It
is usually seen alone and avoids observation. It flies from bush to bush
with a fine, loud, clear, thrush-like warble, and feeds entirely on fruit.
It breeds about Bombay. According to Mr. Hume it builds in a bush a
rather loose structure of twigs lined with fine grass roots, &c,, cobwebs
and wool being used to tie it firmly to its support. Eggs 2 — 4 in number,
reddish white, with darker lake red spots. They are elongated ovals and
measure 0^92 x o-62.
458. PycnonotUS finlaySOni, Strickl, Ann. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 4 1 1 ;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 568; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 144;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 193. Ixus finlaysoni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 266 ; Blyth
end Wald., B. Burm. v. p. 134 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 301 ; Hume and JDav.
vi. p. 307; Hume, Sir. F. viii., p. 98. — FINLAYSON'S BULBUL.
Crown of the head and nape deep grey with pale centres ; forehead and
head as far back as the eyes bright yellow ; lores black ; above the lores a
small streak of orange ; cheeks, ear coverts, throat, chin, and upper neck grey
with bright golden mesial streaks ; upper surface of body and wing coverts
olive green, the back washed with ashy; quills brown, externally yellowish
olive ; tail olive green, brighter on the outer webs ; breast, flanks, and upper
abdomen dark ashy with pale shafts ; centre of abdomen yellowish grey ;
vent and under tail coverts bright yellow; edge of wing, under, wing coverts,
and axillaries also yellow ; bill bluish black ; irides pale brown ; legs dark
plumbeous.
Length.— 7'6 inches; wing 3*2 ; tail 3-3 ; tarsus o'8; culmen 07.
Hab. — The whole of Tenasseiim, also Arrakan. It ranges down the
Malaya Peninsula as far as Malacca, and extends to Si am and Cochin-China.
459. PycnonotUS daviSOni (Hume], Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vi. p. 145 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 194. Ixus davisoni, Hume, Str. F.
l%7$> P- 301;' Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 324; Oates, Str. F. vii. p. 47 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 98; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 209. Ixus annectens, Wald.
Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xv. p. 401 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 404 ; Wald. in BL B.
Burm. p. 134; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 466.— DAVISON'S BULBUL.
PYCNONOTUS. 41
Whole head dull olive yellow, the crown rather bright yellow ; a loral spot
of orange ; ear coverts olive yellow ; throat olive yellow, the feathers with
ashy bases ; breast and sides of the body ashy brown, slightly washed with
olive ; lower abdomen, vent, under wing coverts, axillaries, edge of wings, and
tinder tail coverts bright yellow ; thighs olive, yellow behind ; back and
rump ashy brown washed with olive ; upper tail coverts olive yellow ; wing
coverts olive green ; quills brown, edged on the outer webs with olive green ;
the primaries edged externally with olive yellow ; tail olive brown, the feathers
margined externally with olive yellow ; bill dark horny or dusky black ; legs
and feet dusky black ; iris brownish white or pale yellow.
Length. — 77 inches; wing 3-3; tail 3%l ; tarsus 075; oilmen 07.
Hab. — The Western Burmese countries from Arrakan to Rangoon, Gates
says it is confined to the southern portion of Pegu and that it is abundant at
Rangoon, also at Kyakpadien and near the Sittang River. Mr. Blanford met
with it at Bassein.
This Bulbul, Gates adds, is a bird of the cultivated parts of the country.
It is usually found in gardens, clearings, and the neighbouring scrub jungle.
It has a pleasant cheerful note, and where one bird is seen others are generally
found. Two nests were taken by Gates near Kyakpadien in the beginning
of June. They were placed, one in a bush and the other in a creeper about 4
feet from the ground. They were flimsy, shallow cups made of dry weeds
and Hned with grass, and contained two eggs each. Eggs pinkish white,
marked with red and purple.
460. PycnonOtUS XatltllOla&mUS, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xiii. p.
122 ; id. III. Ind. Orn., pi. 35 ; Blyth J . A. S. B. xiv. p. 568 ; Sharpe, Cat.
B.Br. Mus. vi., p. 146. Brachypus xantholaemus, Bp» Consp. Av. i., p. 264.
Ixus xantholaemus, Jerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 85, No. 453; Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 98. — JERDON'S YELLOW-THROATED BULBUL.
Head and sides of the face yellowish olive ; fore part of cheeks and throat
bright yellow ; general color above ashy grey ; wing coverts and quills light
brown margined externally with olive ; upper tail coverts dull olive ; tail
feathers light brown edged with olive, all but the centre ones tipped with
yellowish white, increasing in extent towards the outermost feathers ; under
surface of body light ashy grey from the fore-neck downwards, the centre of
the abdomen white ; thighs and under tail coverts yellow ; under wing coverts
and axillaries light yellow ; bill and legs black ; irides red (Sharpe).
Length.-— 7-6 inches ; wing 3-2 ; tail 3-2 ; tarsus O'8 ; culmen 07.
Hab. — Southern India, confined to the Eastern Ghauts west of Nellore.
461. PycnonOtUS blanfordi, Jerd. Ibis. 1862, p. 20; Anderson,
Yunnan Exp., p. 659; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Must vi. p. 151 ; Oates, B. Br.
Burnt, i. p. 195. Pycnonotus familiaris, Bl. J. A. S. B. xxxi. p. 343.
6
42 TIMELIID^E.
Microtarsus blanfordi, Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 125 ; Ixus blanfordi, Bl. and
Wald. B. Burm. p. 134; Oates, Sir. F. v. p. 156; Hume, Sir. F. viii.
p. 98 ; Oates, Str. F- x. p. 210— BLANFORD'S BULBUL.
Cheeks and throat dull white ; ear coverts brown with distinct silvery white
shaft lines ; lores greyish tinged with fulvous ; whole upper plumage and tail
olive brown ; the forehead and crown paler with dark centres to the feathers ;
wings like the back, the outer webs of the quills edged externally with fulvous
yellow ; neck and breast brownish grey, mingled with a good deal of fulvous ;
abdomen, sides of the body, under wing and tail coverts pure fulvous ; thighs
fulvous brown j axillaries the same ; bill light brown, paler at the base of the
lower mandible and gape ; legs clear plumbeous ; irides pale yellowish brown ;
eyelids greenish plumbeous.
Length.— ?$ to 77 inches ; wing 3*2 to 3^3 ; tail 3'2 to 3-45 ; tarsus 0*8 ;
culmen 07.
Hab. — Indo-Chinese sub-region. Found in Burmah and Upper Pegu, rang-
ing into the hills of Cochin-China, Its habits are similar to those of the last,
also its nidification.
462. Pycnonotus plumosus, Blytk, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 567;
Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 198 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 152 ; Oates,
B. Br.Burm.i.p. 196. Brachypus plumosus Tweedd. IbiSj 1877, P- 3°7*
Ixus plumosus, Hume and Damson, Str. F. vi. p. 309 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 98. — The LARGE OLIVE BULBUL.
Upper plumage olive brown, rather darker on the head, the feathers edged
with olive green ; lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts slightly clearer
olive brown ; the wing coverts darker than the back and more strongly shaded
with olive yellow ; quills brown, edged on their outer web with olive yellow ;
tail the same, the feathers margined with olive yellow ; cheeks and ear coverts
brown with dull white shaft streaks ; under surface of body earthy brown,
darker on the sides of the breast and flanks ; chin, throat, and centre of
abdomen dull whitish ; under tail coverts buffish or olivaceous ochrey ; under
wing coverts, axillaries, and edge of wing buff or saffron-yellow ; bill blackish
brown ; legs and feet reddish brown ; irides deep red or burnt sienna.
Length. — 7-5 to 7'8 inches ; wing 3-3 to 3*5 ; tail 2-8 to 3^2 ; tarsus 0*85 ;
culmen 07.
Hab. — Sumatra and Borneo, ranging through the Malayan Peninsula to the
southern part of the Tenasserim province. (Sharpe.) The British Museum
possesses specimens from Sarawak, Labuan, Sumatra, and Malacca. Gates
says it inhabits Tenasserim as far north as Pabyin, which is a village close to
Mergui, and quotes Dr. Tirand to the effect that it is common in Cochin-
China, and Mr. Davison that it keeps chiefly to the forests and does not
appear ever to descend to the ground.
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.
Pycnonotus salvadorti
"Mnvtem Bros . litK .
OTOCOMPSA. 43
463. PycnonotUS Simplex, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 167 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 153, pi. ix ; Oates, B. Br. Burmah i. p. 196.
Pycnonotus brunneus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 568 ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As.
Soc,p.2io. Ixus brunneus, Bp. Consp. \. p. 266. Microtarsus olivaceus,
Moore, in Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. /. Coy. i. p. 249. Ixus
brunneus, Hunie and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 312; Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
pp. 62, 98. — MOORE'S OLIVE BULBUL.
Whole upper plumage, including the entire head dull brown washed with
olive ; tail rufescent olive brown ; quills and wing coverts brown with olive
margins to the feathers; throat dusky yellowish white, also the chin; fore-
neck, breast and sides of body earthy brown washed with olive; centre of
body, abdomen, and under tail coverts yellowish white, also the under wing
coverts and axillaries ; bill dark horny brown, the lower mandible paler ;
iricles variable orange red, pale red or whity pink, or crimson and Indian red.
Length.— 6'8 to 7-5 inches ; wing 2'8 to 3-4 ; tail 278 to 3-27 ; tarsus 0*65
to 075.
Hab. — Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, extending up the Malayan Peninsula as
high as Tenasserim, where it is sparingly distributed throughout the province
south of Tavoy.
Mr. Sharpe remarks that great variation exists in the shade of colour in this
species, some specimens being much lighter and others darker. He attributes
this "to the fading of the plumage after death, somewhat in the same way as
the skins of the different Hypsipetes, which lose their colour when preserved.
See Sir. F. 1878, pp. 309-312 for remarks on the differences between this
species and P. plumosus.
464. PycnonotUS salvadorii, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi.
p. 401 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 197. Pycnonotus pusillus, Salvad. Ucc.
Born.> p. 220 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 401, pi. X. Ixus pusillus,
Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 312 ; viii. p. 98.— The SMALL OLIVE BULBUL.
PLATE.
Above olive brown, slightly rufescent on lower back, rump, upper tail
coverts, and tail ; the wing coverts olive brown ; quills dark brown with olive
margins ; lores, ear coverts, and sides of the face ashy brown ; throat and chin
ashy white ; breast and sides of the body ashy brown washed with yellow ; abdo-
men, vent, and under tail coverts dusky yellow ; under wing coverts olive
brown, rather more yellowish on the edge of the wing ; axillaries dull yellow.
Bill black ; legs and feet pale reddish horny ; irides crimson.
Length.— 6-5 inches; wing 2-85 to 2-9; tail 2-9 ; culmen 0-55 ; tarsus 0*6.
Hab. — The same as the last, but sparingly distributed.
Gen. OtoCOmpSa,— Cab.
Bill moderately long and thin, the gonys upcurved ; head conspicuously
crested ; crest erectile, longer than the tarsus.
44 TIMELIID^E.
465. OtOCOmpsa JOCOSa (Linn), Jerd. B. Ind, ii. p. 92 ;
Aust., J. A. S- B. 1870, p. 1 06; Sharpe, Cat. JB. Br. Mus.v'i. p. 159; Oates,
B. Br. Burnt., i. p. 198. Lanius jocosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 138. Ixos
Jocosus, Pears. J . A. S. B . x. p. 640. Pycnonotus jocosus, Blyth, J. A.
S. B. xiv., p. 566. Otocompsa monticola, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 8; Hume,
Sir. F. 1873, p. 309; BL B. Burm. p. 135; Hum*, Sir. F. 1879, p. 98.
Otocompsa emeria, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 309; 1874, pp. 225, 447 ; id. Nesls
and Eggs, Ind. £.p. 287; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 410; Hume, Sir. F. 1875,
p. 126 ; Armstrong, Str. F. 1876, p. 325: Hume, Sir, F. 1-877 P- 35 > Oates,
t. c. p. 157;. Hume and Davis&n, Six. F. 1879, PP- 63., 98. j Scully t. c,
p. 296. — The RED-WHISKERED BULBUL.
Head crested, black ; cheeks and ear coverts white, with a tuft of glossy
hair-like crimson feathers springing from under the eye and reaching to the
ends of the ear coverts crimson ; a narrow black line separates the cheeks anti
ear coverts ; sides of the neck and a patch on either side of the breast brown-
ish black ; chin and under surface of body white; under tail coverts crimson- j
edge of wing pinkish ; under wing coverts dull white ; plumage above light
hair brown^ the quills darker and edged with light hair brown ;. tail the same,
except the four central feathers tipped with white. Bill and legs black ; irides
brown. The, young have no crimson under the eye; the head ia dark brown
and the plumage fulvous.
Length.— 6-5 ta 7-8 inches; wing 3. to 3-15 ;; tail 3-2 to- 3-3,,*- culmen 07 ?
tarsus 0*75.
Hab.—rThQ Central Himalayas to Assam an<I throughout the Burmese-
countries and Southern China down the Malayan Peninsula and also
to the Andamans. Common in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Assam, Sikkim, and Nepaul, affecting well-wooded districts. Ac-
cording to Jerdon, it is rare in the Carnatic, It periodically visits Madras ;
is generally spread on the Western- Coast ; and abundant on the Neil-
gherries. It is rare in the Central tableland, common in the Northern
Circars and Lower Bengal. Gates says it is one of the best known
birds of Burmah. Abounds in the whole of Pegu except in the portion
lying between Prome and Thayetmyo, where it is either rare or absent.
Common throughout Tenasserim, and diffused over Cochin-China, the
Indo-Burmese countries, and almost the whole peninsula of India. It is
a pretty bird, and is generally seen in gardens. It lives on fruit and seeds,
and is like P. hcEmorrhou-s, caged or trained by hand. It breeds from March
to the end of May. The nest is placed in a bush or on creepers. The
nest is saucer-s-haped, and like that of other species of Pycnono-tus. Eggs 3 to
4, three being the normal number ; colour pinkish white, thickly mottled and
blotched with purplish red.
486. OtOCOmpsa emeria (Linn.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi.
p. 159. Muscicapa emeria, Linn. Syst. Nat. Hist. i. p. 326 (ex.
OTOCOMPSA. 45
Lanius emeria, Shaw, Gen. Zool. vii. p. 332. Hasmatornis jocosus, Jerd.,
Madr. Journ. x. p. 250. Otocompsa fuscicaudata, Gould, B. Z. S. 1865,
p. 664 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 309 ; id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 288 ;
Butler, Sir. F. 1875, p. 473 ; Fairbank, Sir. F. 1876, p. 258 ; Hume, t. c.
p. 458; Fairbank, Sir. F. 1877, P- 4°S ; *#•» Slr- &• l879> P- 9s-— The
MADRAS RED-WHISKERED BULBUL.
Above earthy brown, the wings and tail brown like the back, the outer
coverts and the quills and tail feathers rather darker, all the shafts of the
feathers reddish brown ; head and nape blackish brown with a very long crest,
the forehead, lores, and feathers under the forepart of the eye also blackish ;
under the hinder part of the eye a tuft of bright crimson feathers ; ear coverts
pure white ; cheeks the same, and separated from the ear coverts by a
narrow line of black running from below the forepart of the eye to the sides
of the neck ; throat and foreneck pure white, also the centre of the body ;
sides of body and thighs brown, sides of the upper breast deep brown,
extending in a half crescent on each side of the breast ; tail feathers
uniform, not tipped with white ; under tail coverts scarlet ; under wing coverts
isabelline brown. (Sharpe.) Bill black ; feet greyish plumbeous ; irides brown.
Length— % to 8-2 inches ; wing 3-2 to 3-5 ; tail 3-5 ; culmen 07 ; tarsus o'8.
Hab. — Southern India, Guzerat and Khandeish, also the Deccan. It has
been recorded from Mount Aboo, the Eastern Ghauts above Nellore, the
Satpooras, Madras, Neilgherries, Coorg, Deccan, Malabar, Trevandrum (Tra-
vancore), and Khandeish.
In its habits the Southern Red-whiskered Bulbul is not unlike others of the
Pycnonotine group. It is, like Jocosa, caught, caged, and trained to do
various feats.
It breeds from February to May. The nests are usually placed at no great
height from the ground in some thick bush, and are usually composed of
grass, roots, and twigs, or fine grass with roots and dry fern or other dead
leaves intermixed. Eggs, 3 to 4 in number, pale pink, with thickly freckled,
mottled, and streaked spots of purple and brick red, more dense at the larger
end. Size 0-82 to 0-97 x O'62 to 071. Hume gives the average of*36 eggs
as 0-9 x o'66.
467- OtOCOmpsa leUCOgenyS (Gray and Hardwick), Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 91, No. 458 ; Hume, Nests and JEggs, Ind. B . p. 285 ; id. Str. F.
1879, p. 98; Scully, /. c. p. 296. Brachypus leucogenys, Gr. and Hardw.,
111. Ind. Zool., i. p. 35, fig. 3. Pycnonotus leucogenys, Blyth, J . A. S. B.
xiv, p 567. Ixos leucogenys, Bp. Consp. i. p. 265. — The WHITE-CHEEKED
CRESTED BULBUL.
Top of head and nape hair brown ; the feathers long and forming an
erectile crest, the feathers of which are slightly recurved and margined with
dull whity brown ; lores and feathers round the eye black ; a streak of white
46 TIMELIID^E.
from the nostrils to above the fore part of the eye ; ear coverts and cheeks
silky white ; a small spot of blackish brown behind them ; rest of cheeks and
throat blackish brown. Above pale earthy brown or ashy brown washed slightly
with olive ; upper tail coverts darker ; wing coverts and quills brown, edged
with dull olive ; tail dark brown, paler at the base, edged with olive and
tipped with white; under surface of the body ashy or pale whitey brown,
mottled with dusky mesially; under tail coverts bright yellow; under wing
coverts and auxiliaries ashy brown. Bill black ; feet plumbeous ; irides light
brown.
Length. — 7*5 inches; wing 3-55 to 37; tail 3-4 to 3*6; oilmen 07;
tarsus o-S5.
Hab. — The Himalayan range from Cashmere to Bhootan to 5,000 feet
elevation. Abundant in Sikkim. Feeds on seeds, fruits, and insects. Nest
of the same construction as that of O. emeria. Eggs 3 to 4 ; colour and size
same as those of emeria, pinkish or rosy white, speckled, blotched, and streaked
with purplish or claret.
468. OtOCOmpsa flaviventriS (TicMl), Sharpe, Cat. B.Br. Mus.,
Gates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 199. Vanga flaviventris, Tickell, J. A. S. B.
ii. p. 573. Rubigula flaviventris, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 88, No. 456; Bl. B.
Sunn. p. 136; Hume, Sir. F, 1878, p. 317; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 98;
Scully, Sir. F. 1879, p. 295. — The BLACK-CRESTED YELLOW BULBUL.
Whole head, which is crested, chin, and throat black ; sides of the neck and
lower plumage yellow ; upper plumage olive yellow, also the wing coverts ;
quills dusky brown, externally olive yellow ; tail brown, margined with yellow ;
under wing coverts yellowish white. Bill black ; legs and feet dark plumbeous
or greenish black ; irides pale yellow.
Length. — 7-4 to 7-6 inches ; wing 3*3 to 3-65 ; tail 3-5 to 3-6 ; oilmen o'6 ;
tarsus 0*7.
Hab. — The Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan, extending into Assam,
Arrakan, and Burmah, also in the forests of Central India, where it was, accord-
ing to Jerdon, procured by 'tickell. Jerdon found it in the warm valleys of
Sikkim from 1,200 to 3,000 feet, and most abundant in the lower elevation as
on the'banks of the Runjeet. He adds that it associates in small flocks, is lively
and active, and has the usually twittering notes of the family. Gates says it is
common throughout Pegu, both in the hills and in the plains, and that Capt.
Wardlaw-Ramsay observed it in Karennee. He also remarks that it is spread
throughout the whole of Tenasserim. It ranges into Cochin-China and
necessarily into Siam. It is found in the Indo-Burmese countries, also in
the Eastern Bengal Hills. It nests in bushes about three feet from theground.
Structure cup-shaped, made of twigs and roots, and lined with grass. Eggs
three in number, white, marked with pink and claret.
RUBIGULA. 47
Gen. Rubigula.— Blyth.
Bill as in Otocompsa, but broader than it is high ; rictal bristles moderate ;
tail slightly rounded or nearly even. Head more or less crested ; feathers of
the back lax and decomposed.
489. Rubigula gularis (Gould}, Biyth,J. A.S.B. xiv. p. 576 ; xv.
p. 287; Jerd., B. Ltd. ii. p. 87; Hartl., Str. F. 1877, p. 405; Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 98. Brachypus gularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, P- l86 J Bp-
Consp.i. p. 264; Walden, Ibis, 1866, p. 423. Pycnonotus gularis, Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 237. — The INDIAN RUBY-THROATED BULBUL.
Crown and nape and entire sides of head glossy black ; upper surface,
including the wing coverts, yellowish olive green, the latter edged with brighter
yellow ; quills dusky brown, the outer webs yellowish olive, which again is
narrowly edged with brighter yellow ; tail olive brown, edged with olive yellow.
A small black chin spot present ; throat shining ruby red, the feathers rather
bristly ; under surface of the body from the lower throat bright yellow, the
sides of the breast and flanks washed with olive; under wing coverts and
axillaries yellowish white. Bill black; legs greenish dusky; irides light yellow.
Length. — 6 inches; wing 2'8 ; tail 2*5; culmen o'6 ; tarsus O'6.
Hal). — Southern India, in the forests of Malabar, extending from Travancore
to North Canara. Jerdon observes that it frequents open spots and glades in
thick jungle, and that it is usually found in the neighbourhood of water. It
lives in small families, is sprightly and active, hopping about the smaller
branches of trees, and uttering now and then its pleasant twitter.
470. Rubigula cyaniventris (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vi. p. 109; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 200. Pycnonotus cyaniventris, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xi. p. 792; Stricki., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 101. Ixidia cyaniventris,
Bp. Consp. i. p. 260; Stol., J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 316; Plume and T)av.,
Str. F. 1874, p. 477; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 320; 1879, pp. 63, 98.— The
GREY-BELLIED BULBUL.
Head, neck, sides of the neck, ear coverts, sides of the face, and lower
plumage deep slaty blue; lores black; a streak over the eye and forehead
paler slaty ; upper plumage, including the wing coverts bright greenish yellow ;
quills dark brown, all but the first two primaries broadly edged with greenish
yellow, brighter than the colour of the back ; tail light brown, the feathers
washed with olive yellow on their outer webs ; under tail coverts and edge of
the wing bright yellow ; under wing coverts very pale sulphur yellow ; thighs
dusky grey washed with olive yellow. Bill black ; legs and feet very dark
plumbeous ; irides dark brown, dark plumbeous slate colour and grey brown.
Length. — 5-5 to 6*5 inches; wing 2-95 to 3'i2; tail 2-55 to 27; tarsus 0-55
to 0-65 ; culmen 0*5 ; from gape 075.
Females smaller and darker in colour.
48 TIMELIID^E.
Hab.— South Tenasserim down the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra. Gates
says it is a rare straggler into the extreme southern portion of Tenasserim,
where Mr- Davison got only one specimen, and who is quoted by Gates as to
its being a bird of rather shy habits and on being disturbed retreats to dense
cover in the forest.
Gen. SpiziXUS.— Blyth.
'Bill short and thick, nearly as high as long-, nostrils hidden by dense
plumes ; rictal bristles well developed ; laid forward it nearly reaches the first
fourth of the bill, which is distinctly notched. Head crested.
471- Spizixus canifrons, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 571; xx.
p. 520; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B. 1870, vol. xxxix. p. 106; Blyth, Ibis,
1872, p. 90; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 172.— The FINCH-BILLED
BULBUL.
Head strongly crested, the crown black, the nape slightly washed with
grey ; forehead ashy grey ; ear coverts light brown ; cheeks blackish, streaked
with hoary grey ; throat chocolate brown varied with hoary grey tips to the
chin feathers ; rest of under surface of body light olive greenish ; brighter
down the centre of the body and on the under tail coverts ; under wing coverts
and axillaries very pale yellowish, brighter olive yellow on the edge of the
wing ; upper surface of body dark olive yellow, yellower on the lower back,
rump, and upper tail coverts ; tail feathers dull olive yellow, browner on the
inner web and having a broad terminal band of blackish brown ; wing coverts
like the back ; quills dark brown, externally olive yellow, thighs like the flanks.
(Sharpe.)
Length. — 8 inches ; wing 3-65 ; tail 37; tarsus 6'8 ; culmen 0*65.
Hal. — The Khasia Hills and Sylhet. The British Museum has a specimen
from Chera Punji also.
Sub-family II.— TROGLODYTIN.E.
In this large sub-family of Timeline birds, we have only three genera
inhabiting India, viz., Anorthura, Pnoepyga, and Cinclus, and these comprise
in all six species, all inhabitants of the Himalayan range of hills. In their
habits and in their form Sharpe states that they (the wrens) are essentially
Timeliinse. The group consists of birds which do not migrate, or if they do,
do not go far. They have strong legs, concave and round wings, and a short
or rudimentary tail. They live in moist places, and build domed nests.
Gen. UrOCichla.— Sharpe.
Bill short, straight, somewhat depressed at the base ; rictals smooth ; wings
short, rounded, and as long as or a very little longer than the tail ; tarsus
longer than the culmen, stout and strong. Nostrils linear and closed by an
overhanging membrane; tail more than one-third the length of the bird.
ANORTHURA. 49
472- UrOCichla longicaudata (Moore), Sharpe, Cat, 2*. £r. Mus.
vi. p 263. Pnoepyga longicaudata, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 74; Jerd., B.
Ind. i. p. 490; Godw.-Aust., y. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 101 ; Hume, Str. F.
1879, p. 93. Pnoepyga chocolatina, Godw.-Aust, and Wald., Ibis, 1875,
p. 252 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 218 ; id., Str. F. 1879, p. 93.— The LONG'
TAILED WREN.
Above deep olive brown, the feathers slightly margined with blackish ;
lower back, rump and upper tail coverts uniform olive brown ; lesser and
median wing coverts like the back ; the greater wing coverts and quills some-
what rufescent; tail dull reddish brown ; lores dusky ; cheeks and ear coverts
uniform dark olive brown ; under surface of body light ochraceous buff, the
flanks brown ; breast and sides of the abdomen tipped with dusky and the
feathers with whitish shaft streaks ; chin and throat whiter than the breast ;
vent and under tail coverts dark ferruginous. Bill dark horny; legs paler;
irides brownish.
Length. — 4-5 inches; wing 1-95 to 2; tail 1*95 to 2*2; tarsus O'8S ;
culmen 0*5.
Hab,— Khasia and Munipur Hills.
Gen, Anorthura. — Rennie.
Bill moderately long, slender, compressed, and without notch ; wings short
and rounded ; tail narrow, rounded and short, about one-third the entire
length of the bird ; nostrils, a longitudinal slit covered by membrane.
473 Anorthura nipalensis (Biyth\ Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vi. p. 277. Troglodytes nipalensis, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xiv. p. 589 ; Bp.
Consp. i. p, 222 ; Gould., B. Asia, pt. iv. ; Jtrd., B. Ind. i. p. 491, No. 333 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B., p. 218; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 93. Trog-
lodytes subhemalachanus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. Brit. Mus. Passeres i., pi. 49. —
The NKPALESE WREN.
Above dark chocolate brown or umber brown ; the mantle, wing coverts and
back barred with blackish, and the rump with a few white subterminal spots,
and more reddish in colour ; upper tail coverts rufous, barred transversely
with blackish ; quills brown, notched with reddish brown ; primaries speckled
with rufous or white on the outer web ; tail rufous, also barred transversely
with blackish ; lores dull white ; supercilium pale fulvous brown, with which
colour the sides of the face and ear coverts are spotted ; cheeks, throat and
under surface of the body light rufous brown, barred transversely with dusky
blackish, the abdomen less rufescent ; under tail coverts rufous, barred with
dusky blackish and tipped with white ; under wing coverts whitish and barred
with blackish. Bill brown ; legs horny ; iris hazel brown.
Length.— 3-5 to 3-8 inches; wing l'8 ; tail 1-2 ; tarsus 075 ; culmen 0-55.
7
50
Hab. — Himalayas to Nepaul and Sikkim, also Cashmere. Recorded from
Mussoorie and Simla. Jerdon says Adams observed it commonly among stony
places in glens and around the margins of the avalanches on the Cashmere
ranges. The Nepaulese wren breeds in May and June throughout the Hima-
layas and far into Thibet at elevations from 6,OOO to iO,OOO feet. Mr. Brooks
took two nests in Cashmere, one with three and the other two with four eggs.
The eggs are white, minutely freckled with pale red specks, which are
chiefly confined to the larger end. Anorthura neghcta also occurs on the
hills of Cashmere.
474. Anorthura formosa (Wald\ Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.vi.
p. 279. Troglodytes formosus, Wald., Ibis, 1874, p. 91. Troglodytes puncta-
tus (nee Boie), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 589; Bp. Consp. I. p. 222; Jerd.,
B.Ind. I. p. 492; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 525; 1877, p. 238; and 1879,
p. 93.— The SPOTTED WREN.
Above fuscous or smoky brown, each feather tipped with a whitish or
fulvous spot ; crown of the head unspotted, uniform smoky brown ; wing
coverts dusky brown, the spots being larger and more fulvous ; greater coverts
rufous, also tipped with fulvous, their outer webs mottled with fulvous ; quills
blackish, crossed with five broad bands of black, their outer webs margined
with rufous ; tail rufous, also barred with black ; lores and sides of the face
like the crown, but mottled with fulvous spots; throat light sandy buff,
deepening in colour on the breast and abdomen ; under parts mottled with
triangular pale spots ; under wing coverts and axillaries reddish brown,
slightly mottled with dusky bars. Bill horny brown ; legs pale brown.
Length. — 4-6 inches ; wing 175 ; tail 1-25 ; tarsus 07.
Hab.— Darjeeling, where it is said to be rare.
Gen. SpheilOCichla. — Godw.-Aust.
Tail quite long, longer than the length of the wing ; bill conical and pointed ;
the culmen and gonys straight ; nostrils a narrow slit, covered by a horny
membrane which overhangs the anterior edge of it.
475. SphenOCichla humii (Mandelli), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.Mus.Mi.
p. 283. Heterorhynchus humii, Mandclli, Str. F. 1873^.415. Sphenocichla
roberti, Godw.-Aust. and Wald., Ibis, 1875, P-25°J Hume, Str. F. 1876,
p. 217; id., Str. F. 1879, p. 95. Stachyrirhynchus roberti, Hume, Str. F.
1876, p. 217, note; id., Str. F. 1879, P-95- — HUME'S WEDGE-BILLED WREN.
Adult. — (Native Sikkim, April, 1875 ; Mandelli.) General colour above
scaly, the feathers being brown in the centre, edged with black ; the feathers
of the head and mantle with buffy-white shaft lines, less distinct on the
lower back and rump ; the dorsal feathers indistinctly waved with narrow
blackish cross bars ; upper tail coverts reddish brown, narrowly barred with
SPHENOCICHLA.
51
indistinct blackish cross lines ; wing coverts like the back, edged and obscurely
barred in the same manner ; some of the greater coverts more ochraceous
brown towards the tips ; quills blackish brown, obsoletely barred with lighter
brown and black externally, the bars a little more distinct towards the end of
the secondaries ; upper tail coverts and tail rather more reddish brown
numerously barred with blackish brown, the bars about 2 1 in number •
forehead blacker than the head, with very distinct white shaft streaks ; the
lores and sides of the crown similarly coloured ; an eyebrow of light ashy
feathers tipped with white, drawn from above the eye to the sides of the neck,
which is also mottled with ashy spots; ear coverts and cheeks blackish,
narrowly streaked with white shaft lines, as also the fore part of the cheeks ;
under surface of body blackish brown, the feathers of the throat and breast
obsoletely margined with dull ashy, producing a scaly appearance ; chin
with distinct white shaft lines ; centre of breast ashy, the lateral feathers
blackish, tipped with ashy ; flank feathers and vent blackish, tipped with fulvous
brown ; under tail coverts entirely fulvous brown ; under wing coverts light
fulvous brown edged with blackish, the outer ones more ashy ; quills brown
below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web.
Total length.— 6-3 inches; culmen I; wing 27; tail 2'6 ; tarsus 1-05
(Mus. CoL Godwin- Austen.)
Adult Female — (Konchungbum, Munipur Hills ; H. Robert : type of Sphe-
nocichla roberti.) Differs from the male in being reddish brown above,
the feathers edged with black and subterminally spotted with ashy, producing
a scaly appearance ; the ashy spots absent on the head, and more rufescenton
the lower back and rump ; the upper tail coverts numerously barred with
dusky ; wing coverts like the back and spotted with ashy in the same manner ;
greater coverts with numerous dusky cross bars ; quills dark brown, the
secondaries rufous brown externally, the innermost lighter brown and barred
across with dusky ; primaries externally barred with fulvous brown and
more narrowly with blackish ; tail feathers dull brown, with numerous bars
of dusky blackish, about 22 bars being perceptible on the central feathers ;
forehead a little clearer than the crown, the lores dusky ; upper edge
of eyelid white ; ear coverts blackish with nearly obsolete whitish shaft
lines, cheeks ashy whitish, the feathers with dark brown centres and blackish
margins, producing a scaly appearance ; throat and chest scaly, the feathers
being olive brown in the centre, blackish on the margin, with a subterminal
line of white ; the feathers in the centre of the breast ashy, with less
pronounced blackish edges, sides of body reddish brown, slightly washed with
olive, and mottled by the presence of a few feathers which are edged
with blackish, and subterminally marked with a line of dull white ; under
tail coverts rufous brown, subterminally marked with a line of dull white ;
under wing coverts brown, those near the edge of the wing ashy ; quills dusky
brown below, pale ashy rufous along the edge of the inner web.
52 TIMELlIDdE.
Total length.— 6-5 inches; culmen 1-15; wing 2-95; tail 27; tarsus PI
{Mus. H. H. Godwin- Austen?) (Sharpe.)
Hume's Wedge-billed Wren was originally discovered in Native Sikkim by
Mr. Mandelli, and has since been found in the North Cachar and Munipur
hills by Colonel Godwin-Austen. (Sharpe.)
Gen. Pnoepyga- — Hodgson.
General characters the same as in Sphenocichla • tail rudimentary or in-
visible, being completely hidden by the upper tail coverts and feathers o|
the rump ; tarsi plain in front, scutellate at the base of toes j hind claw long
and curved.
476. Pnoepyga albiventris (Hodgs.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
vi. p. 302 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 152. Tesia albiventer, Hodgs.t
J. A. S. B. vi. p. 1 02. Microura squamata, Gould., Icones. Avium. pi. v.
Pnoepyga albiventer, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Mus. Br. Pass. pi. xlvii. ; id.*
P. Z. S. 1845, p. 25. Pnoepyga squamata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 179; Jerd. B. 2nd. i. p. 488, No. 329 ; Wald. in Bl. B. Burm. p. 99;
Godw.-Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. pi. ii. p. 101 ; Hume and Dav., Str.F.
vi. p. 234; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 93. — The SCALY-BREASTED HILL WREN.
Upper plumage and wing coverts dark earthy or chocolate brown, darker
at the tip of each feather, and with a subterminal fulvous spot ; ear coverts
dark brown, the feathers with fulvous shaft stripes ; cheeks, chin and throat
dull white, the edges of the feathers mottled with dusky ; lower plumage
whitish or fulvous, the feathers with dark centres ; wings brown, the outer
webs of the quills chocolate or earthy brown ; under wing coverts ochraceous
buff, edged with brown. Bill dusky brown ; legs fleshy brown ; irides brown,
Length. — 3*5 to 4^5 inches ; tail 0*6 ; wing 2-35 ; tarsus 0*1.
Hal. — Throughout the Himalayas ranging into the Karen Hills in Burmaru
Jerdon says this is the largest of the hill-wrens, and that it is not uncommon
about Darjeeling, and up to at least 8,000 feet elevation. He has seen it hunting
under and on a fallen moss-clad tree, and now and then on a forest path by
the trunk of some large tree to which it would cling for a few moments. In
Lurmah it has been procured by Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay in Karennee.
Mussoorie and Simla are given as localities in the N.-W. Provinces of India,
They feed chiefly on insects, and sometimes eat seeds, and build on the
ground under the trunk of a tree, making an oval nest with an entrance on one
side.
477. Pnoepyga pusilla, Hodgs P. Z. S. 1845, P. 25; Jerd. B.
Jnd. i. p. 489, No. 330 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 234 ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 93 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 304 ; Oates, B. Br.
. \. p. iS3- — The BROWN HILL- WREN.
CINCLUS. 53
Above, including the lesser and median wing coverts, dark brown, the latter
and the greater series, also the scapulars, tipped with a spot of ochraceous buff ;
quills margined externally with reddish brown ; tail rufous brown ; lores dull
whitish ; ear-coverts with narrow whitish shaft streaks ; cheeks and throat dull
white, with dusky edgings to the feathers ; lower plumage white, with black
centres ; flanks dull brown or rufous brown, with fulvous edges ; under wing
coverts ochraceous buff. Bill blackish above, pale brown below ; legs and
feet pale brown ; irides deep brown.
Length.— 27 to 3-5 inches; wing 1-9 to 2; tail 0*5 ; tarsus o'8 ; culmen
0-55-
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending into Tenasserim. Occurs in the hill
tracts of Eastern Bengal and in Nepaul. Mr. Davison, who got two species on
the highest part of Mooleyit, says he always met it in dense fern growths
edging the mountain streams in heavy forest. As a rule they do not fly when
disturbed, but get away out of sight in the undergrowth.
478. Pnoepyga caudata, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 588 ; Godw.-
Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 101 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 490, No. 331 ; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 93; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 305.— The TAILED
HILL-WREN.
Above dark olive brown, the feathers faintly edged with black ; no white or
fulvous spots on the wing coverts ; tail reddish brown ; lores, eyebrow, cheeks
and ear coverts dusky or ashy grey ; throat ferruginous, paling on the breast ;
under surface of body mottled with ochraceous, the feathers centred with
dark brown; the lower breast and flanks barred and centred with linear
streaks. Bill blackish ; legs brown ; irides brown.
Length. — 3-3 to 37 inches ; wing i'g to 2; tail T2; tarsus 075 ; culmen O'5.
Hal. — Eastern Himalayas, and, according to Jerdon, Nepaul and Sikkim.
He procured specimens at Darjeeling.
Gen. CinclUS.— Bechst.
Bill of moderate length, straight, cultrate and slightly ascending ; no rictal
bristles; nostrils longitudinal; wings concave ; 1st quill very short ; 3rd and
4th sub-equal and longest ; tarsus longer than mid-toe.
The Dippers, as the members of this genus are called, form one of the most
interesting group of birds among the whole class of Perchers, owing to their
peculiar habit of procuring their food under water, though they are noted
as birds of rapid flight. As far as I know, nothing has been investigated
anatomically in regard to any special organs they possess for the purpose.
That the feathers are like those of the Duck tribe impervious to water there
can be no doubt, else they could not fly immediately on leaving the water.
Their nests are made of moss and grass and placed on the banks of a stream,
54 TIMELIID^.
under or among" the roots of a tree or a crevice in a rock. , They lay 4 — 6
pinkish white eggs.
479. Cinclus cashmeriensis, Gould, P. z. S. 1859, p. 474 ; id.
B. Asia pt. xii. (1860); Salvin, Ibis, 1867, p. 117; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xii.
p. 48 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 945 Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 438. Hydrobata
cashmeriensis, Jerd. B. I?id. i. p. 5°7J Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 374; Hume and
Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand,\>. 189. Cinclus aquaticus, var. Cashmeriensis,
Blf. E. Pers. ii. p. 212. — The BROWN-BACKED WHITE-THROATED DIPPER.
Crown of the head, ear coverts, lores and sides of face chocolate brown ;
wing coverts and upper back darker ; lower back, rump and upper tail
coverts slaty brown ; an indistinct spot of white over and under the eye :
cheeks, throat, foreneck and chest white ; breast chocolate brown ; the
abdomen, flanks, thighs and under tail coverts deeper brown, the latter shaded
with slaty grey; under wing coverts and axillaries dark brown ; tail blackish
brown, shaded and edged with slate color ; quills the same. Bill black ; legs
pale brown.
Length. — 6'8 to 7 inches; wing 3-7 to 3*9; tail 2'2 to 2*25 ; culmen 0*9 ;
tarsus i 'i.
Hab. — The mountainous district of Asia Minor, Persia, the mountain
ranges of Cashmere and Ladak, the hill regions of Sikkim north of Darjeel-
ing and thence into China,
480. CinclUS asiatiCUS, Swains., Faun. Bor. Amer. Bird. p. 174;
Gould, B. Asia, pt. xii. ; Blanf. J. A. S. B. xii. p. 48 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 94; Scully, Sir. F. 1879, pp. 281, 365, 367. Hydrobata asiatica, Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 215; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 506; Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 375;
Stolickza, Ibis, 1868, p. 33 ; Godw.-Aust.J . A. S. B. xxxix. p. 102 ; Biddulph,
Ibist 1 88 1, p. 52 ; Scully, t. c. p. 437.— The HIMALAYAN DIPPER.
Above and below uniform pale brown ; median and greater coverts, also
the quills, edged externally with paler margins ; axillaries and under wing
coverts dark chocolate brown. Bill black ; legs pale brown. Soles of the
feet yellow ; iris dark brown. The young is mottled with dusky and whitish ;
the quills are edged with white, and the tail tipped with white.
Length. — 7*5 inches; wing 3-8; tail 2-25 ; culmen 0*85 ; tarsus 1*15.
Hab. — Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh and Nepaul, and from
Cashmere to Bhootan and the Khasia Hills.
Gen. MiOhoneilS.— Temm.
Bill large, strong, compressed, of moderate length, hooked at tip, and
much higher than broad at nostrils ; rictal bristles few or almost wanting ;
nares round with some frontal plumes and hairs at their base ; wings long,
rather pointed ; 4th and 5th quills nearly equal, the 5th generally the longest ;
tail moderate ; tarsus large, stout, entire, or with a subterminal scute.
CINCLUS. 55
These birds are generally known as Whistling Thrushes. They are birds of
fairly large size, black plumage, glossed or enamelled with blue, and their
bills are either yellow or black. They have a range from Turkestan to
Afghanistan and the whole of India and Ceylon, throughout the Burmese
countries and China. According to Sharpe apparently absent in the Malayan
Peninsula, but re-occurs in Java and Sumatra.
481. Myiophoneus Temmincki, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 171 ;
Gould, Cent. Him. B. PI. 21 ; Tern. PL Col. ii. livr. 29; Blyth, J. A. S.
B. xvi. p. 154; Bp. Consp. i. p. 258; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 500; Hume and
Hend., Lahore to Yarkand, p. 187 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 221 ;
Hume and Oates, Str. F. 1874, p. 105; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 331 ; Bl.
and Wald. B. Burm. p. 98 ; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B. xlv. p. 72 ; Hume, Str.
F. 1877, p. 30 ; id. andDav., Str. F. 1878, p. 236 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879^. 93 ;
Scully, t. c. p. 281 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 52 ; C. Swinhoe, t. c. p. 105 ; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. i. p. 18. — The HIMALAYAN WHISTLING THRUSH.
PLATE, figs. 1,2, 3.
Above blue black, each feather tipped with glistening bright or glossy blue ;
lower back and rump rather ashy black, the feathers with concealed white
shaft streaks ; lesser wing coverts brilliant purplish blue, forming a shoulder
spot ; remainder of wing coverts black, washed with blue on the outer webs,
the median coverts tipped with ivhite ; quills blackish, margined on their outer
web with purplish blue ; tail feathers the same ; base of forehead and lores
black ; forepart of crown with a band of bright purplish blue ; sides of face
and ear coverts black, very narrowly streaked with silvery grey ; under surface
of body purplish black, the feathers mesially tipped with a spot of silvery
grey ; abdomen, thighs, vent and under tail coverts purplish black ; under
wing coverts and axillaries dingy black, slightly washed with purplish blue.
Bill dull yellow ; the culmen and the base of the upper mandible- blackish ;
feet black ; irides rich brown.
Length.— 12 to 13-5 inches; wing 6-8 to 7; tail 5-5 to 6-4; culmen 1-4;
from gape 1*5 5 ; tarsus 1*9.
The young are uniform dull blue black above and below, and want the
glistening spots, and the white spots on the wing coverts.
Hab. — Turkestan, Afghanistan, throughout the whole of the Himalayas from
Cashmere to Bhootan, extending to Siam and the Arrakan and Karen hills, in
Burmah as far south as Thayetmyo. It is recorded by Sharpe (Br. Mus.
Cat.*) from Kandahar, Afghanistan, Peshawur, Cashmere, N.-W. Himalayas,
Kumaon, Nepaul, Darjeeling, Upper Assam, Bhootan, and the Arrakan hills ;
and, according to Oates, the spurs of the latter nearly down to the Irrawaddy.
Capt. Wardlaw- Ramsay procured it in the Karen hills. It is said to be resident
wherever it occurs. Hume says it breeds throughout the Himalayas from Assam
to Afghanistan in shady ravines and wooded glens from an elevation of 2,000 to
56
5,000 feet, but at times, especially far into the interior of the hills, up to even
10,000 feet. They lay during the last week of April and during May and
June. Eggs 3—5. The nest, according to the same writer, is almost invariably
placed in the closest proximity to some mountain stream, on the rocks and
boulders of which, the male so loves to warble, and sometimes on a mossy
bank ; sometimes in some rocky crevice hidden amongst drooping maiden
hair. Safety is always the aim of the parent bird in choosing the site for the
nest. Hume records Darjeeling as a place where nests were taken, also
Kumaon, Mussoorie and Dhurrumsala. Eggs, French grey, greyish white or
pale greenish, speckled or freckled with minute pink, pale purplish pink or
pinkish brown specks. In length they vary from 1*24 to 1*55 inch and in
breadth from 0*95 to ri inch. (Hume.)
482. MyiOphoneUS Eugenii, Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 475 ; id. and
Oales, Sir. F. 1874, p. 106; id. and JDav., Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 236 ; id., Sir.
F. 1879, p. 93; Oales, B. Brit. JBurm. p. 17. — The BURMESE WHISTLING-
THRUSH.
Like M. Temminckii, but without the white spots at the tips of the wing
coverts, which are glistening dull blue like the rest of the upper surface. Bill
orange yellow ; region of the nostrils and portion of the culmen dark brown ;
iris umber brown ; eyelids straw yellow ; legs black.
Length. — 13 to 13-5 inches; culmen 1*4; wings 67 ; tail 4-9 ; tarsus, 2*1.
Hob. — Hills of Tenasserim and Pegu to the eastward of the Irrawaddy rivers
extending to the Karen hills, where M. Temminckii is also found. Gates says it
is found in the whole of Pegu, east of the Irrawaddy, wherever there are rocky
nullahs. Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay observed it in the Karen hills. Accord-
ing to Davison, he adds, it is confined in Tenasserim to the hills and isolated
limestone rocks of the northern and central portions only. Captain Bingham
records it from the Thoungyeen Valley, and it is said to occur also in Siam.
It is said by Gates to be abundant in rocky hill streams, going about singly
or in couples, and to feed largely on land-shells, which it breaks to pieces
against rocks in the nullah. He quotes Captain Bingham's account of the
nesting of this beautiful thrush, which is to the effect that " on a frail and tot-
tering foundation, as collected pieces of wood, leaves and other floating
matter jammed in by force of water between a dam formed by a small tree
•which had drifted down a stream, and rising some six inches above the water, was
placed a round, solid nest about nine inches in diameter, made of green moss
and lined with fine black roots and fibres, in which lay four fresh eggs of a
pale stone colour, sparsely spotted, especially at the larger end, with minute
specks of reddish brown." Captain Bingham saw a pair of the birds and one of
the parents sit on the eggs in the nest. In shape the eggs are said to be
some what like those of a Pitta, and measure 2-45 x 1*02, 1*50 x 1*02, 1-46 x
roi, and 1-50 x roi.
CALLENE. 57
483. Myiophoneus horsfieldi, Vig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 35; Tem
PI. Col. livr. 29 ; Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. 20 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 499 ; Ball,
Sir. F. 1874, p. 406 ; id., 1875, p. 292 ; Butler, t. c. p. 469; Fairbank, Sir. F.
1876, p. 257; JSourd., t. c. p. 398; Ftiirbank, Sir. F. 1877, p. 403; Dav.
and Wenden, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 81 ; Hume, t. c. p. 150; J5allt t. c. p. 467;
Butler, t. c. p. 467 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 10. Arrenga horsfieldi,
Bp. Consp. i. p. 258. — HORSFIELD'S or the SOUTHERN INDIAN WHISTLING
THRUSH.
Base of forehead with a bright blue band, rest of the head, neck and mantle
jet black, without any blue shade ; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts
ultramarine blue ; wing coverts the same, the least series brighter and more
cobalt, forming a shoulder spot ; under surface of the body jet black ; the feathers
of the breast and abdomen broadly margined with bright ultramarine, and the
flanks as well as the thighs, under tail coverts, under wing coverts and
axillaries washed with the same ; quills black^ externally margined with ultra-
marine blue ; tail dark blue. Bill black ; legs brown black ; irides dark brown.
Length. — io'6 to 12 inches ; wing 5-5 to 6'l6 ; tail 4-6; culmen 1-25.
Hab. — Central and Southern India. According to Jerdon it is found through-
out all the forests of Southern and Western India from near the top of the
Neilgherries to almost the level of the sea. It is not found on the plateau of
the Neilgherries, but is abundant at Coonoor and Kotagherry. In Coorg and
the Wynaad it is common at moderate elevations. It has been obtained in
Malabar, also in the Pulney Hills and Travancore. Its song, Jerdon says,
consists of four or five beautifully clear whistling notes, so like the whistle of a
man or a boy as to be constantly mistaken for it- Its habits are quite those of its
congeners. Its nesting, too, is not peculiar. Hume describes the eggs he
received from Kotagherry and other places as broad, nearly regular ovals,
slightly compressed towards the lesser end ; considerably elongated and more
or less spherical and pyriform varieties occur. Ground colour salmon pink
or pinkish white, the whole finely speckled, splashed and spotted with pinkish
brown or brownish pink, more dense at the large end, where they form an ill-
defined cap. Length ri to 1-35 inches ; breadth O'88to T02 inches. A closely
allied species, M. cyaneus, is found in Java, and another, M. blighi, is known
from Ceylon.
Gen. Callene.— Biyth.
Bill more slender than in Myiophoneus, shorter than the head, and straight ;
the lower gonys slightly ascending; wings and tail rounded; 4th, 5th, and 6th
quills equal and longest, the wing falling short of the tail by as much or more
than the length of the tarsus ; legs and feet slender ; first primary more than
half the length of the second.
58 TIMELIID^E.
484. Callene frontalis, Biyth, J. A. S. JB. xvi. p. 136; Moore,
P. Z. S. 1854, p. 75 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 4965 Blyth, Ibis, 1866, p. 373;
Plan/., P. Z. S. 1867, p. 833 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 220; id.,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 93; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br, Mus. vii. p. 15. The BLUE-
FRONTED SHORT- WING.
Above dull fusco-cyaneus ; the rump dusky ; crown of the head like the back;
forehead black, with a distinct band of cobalt blue extending on each side over
the eye ; ear coverts, sides of the face, throat and breast dull fusco-cyaneus ;
the abdomen, sides of the body, flanks and thighs the same, but washed
with ashy ; lesser and median wing coverts brighter than the back, and more
cobalt blue, forming a wing patch ; quills and their coverts, bastard wing
feathers and greater coverts blackish, edged externally with fusco-cyaneus ;
tail the §ame; under tail coverts dull ashy blue with whitish tips and margins;
under wing coverts and axillaries like the breast, with a large patch of white
near the outer edge formed by the outer greater coverts. Bill black ; legs
brown.
Length. — 7 to 7-4 inches ; wing 3-35 to 3-5 ; tail 3-4 to 3-5 ; tarsus 1-4;
culmen 0-65.
Eab.— The Eastern Himalayas from Nepaul to Sikkim. Recorded from
Darjeeling. It is said to be very rare, and the British Museum has three
specimens only.
485. Calleno albiventris, Bianford, P. z. S. 1867, p. 833, pi. 39
(ex Fairbank MSS.) ; Gould, B. Ana, pi. xx., 1868 ; Hume, Nests and &ggs>
Indian Birds, p. 220 ; Fairbank, Sir. F. 1877, p. 402 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1878,
p. 35; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 93; JBut'er, Cat. B. Bombay Pres. p. 101 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 15. — The WHITE-BELLIED SHORT-WING.
Crown of the head slaty blue ; the base of the forehead black, followed
by a narrow frontal band of bluish white continued on each side over the
eye- lores an 1 feathers round the eye black; ear covert*, sides of the face,
throat, breast, back and rump slaty blue, the sides of the rump with long siiky
white plumes ; lesser and median wing coverts slaty blue ; greater and
primary coverts and quills, also the tail feathers, blackish, margined externally
with slaty blue; abdomen ashy white; sides of the body, flanks and thigha
slaty blue ; under tail coverts white; under wing coverts and axillaries slaty
blue e:lgeJ with whits. Bi 1 and feet d.irk brown ; irides brown.
The female is like the male in colour, but has the lower flanks, thighs and
under tail coverts tinged with rufous brown.
Length.— 6 to 6'5 inches; wing 3-1 ; tail 2-4 to 2-6; tarsus ri ; culmen
0-65.
.7703. — Southern India ; Palani Hills extending to Travancore.
There is no account of the habits of this species in any of the books available
to me. Mr. Hume, however, quotas the Rev. S. Fairbanks account of its
NOTODELA. 59
nidiftcation in the Pulney Hills, from which it may be inferred that the White-
bellied or Pulney Short-wing breeds during April in a hole in the side of the
trunk of a tree, and that two is the normal number of eggs. Colour grey, with
a tinge of green or olive brown, thickly covered with small spots of bistre.
Size 0*9 x O'68 inch.
483. C illeU3 rulivontriS, Jerd., J?. Ind. i. p. 496 ; id , Ibis, 1872,
p 13?; Hume, Ncs/s and Eggs, Ind. 23. p. 219; id., Sir. F. 1879, P- 93;
Sharp?, Cat. B. Br.Mus, vii. p. 16. Phcenicura major, Jerd., Madr. Journ.
xiii. p. 170; Blythy Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 178. — The RUFOUS-FLANKED
SHORT-WING.
Above slaty grey, the forehead paler, showing an indistinct band of paler
blue; the lores and nasal plumes blackish, the former washed with slaty blue;
sides of face and throat slaty blue, lesser and median wing coverts slaty grey ;
the greater series and quills blackish, externally washed with slaty grey;
tail dusky, the feathers externally washed with slaty grey ; abdomen white ;
sides of body and flanks reddish buff; under tail coverts brighter fulvous ;
Uftder wing coverts the same, the axillaries also, but with grey bases- Bill
black ; legs dirty reddish ; irides brown.
Length, — 6-5 to 7 inches; wing 3^3 ; tail 2'6 ; tarsus ri5; culmen 0*65*
Hab. — Southern India ; confined to the Neilgherries. Reid in his " Cat, B.
Prov. Mus., Lucknow," records it also from the Brahmagerries, Coorg. It
breeds in holes or depressions of banks in the Neilgherries in April and May.
The nests, Mr. Hume says, resemble those of Niltava Macgrigoritz from
Darjeeling. They are soft masses of green moss, some 4 or 5 inches in
diameter externally, lined with very fine dark moss roots. Eggs two in
number, pale olive-brown mottled with reddish brown at the large end, and
forming an ill-defined cap. Size 0^97 to 1*02 inch x 0-65 to 0*69 inch.
Gen. NotOdela — Less.
Bill short, slender, compressed, notched and slightly curved at the tip ;
rictus very feebly bristled ; wings long, falling short of tail by less than the
length of tarsus; 5th quill longest; tail moderately long, broad, slightly
rounded ; tarsi long and smooth.
497- NotOdela lOUCUra, Blyth, J. A. S. B xvi. p. 138; Hume, Str.
F. 1874, p. 477 ; id., Nesfs and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 306 •; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 23. Muscisylvia leucura, ffodgs., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 27. Myiomela
leucura, Hodgs., P. Z. S. 1845, P- 27- Myiomela leucura, Jerd., B. Ind.
ii. p. Il8, No. 477; Bl. and Wald. B. Burm. p. loo; Hume, Sir. F. vi.
p. 103 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 334 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 23.—
The WHITE-TAILED BLUE-CHAT.
Male. — Forehead, over the eye and the lesser wing coverts, bright smalt
blue ; the whole plumage indigo blue or blue black, the edges of the feathers
only being of a blue colour ; throat, breast and abdomen almost plain black.
60 TIMELIID^E.
the bases of some of the feathers of the side of the neck white, forming a
half concealed white patch ; wings black, edged with blue ; tail feathers black,
the basal portion of the outer web white ; middle feathers entirely black.
The female is dull rufous brown, the wings edged brighter and the throat,
cheeks and foreneck mottled with grey ; the tail has similar white patches as in
the male.
Bill, legs and feet black ; irides deep brown.
Length.— 6-5 to 7 inches ; wing 3-45 to 3*8 ; tail 3 to 3*45 ; tarsus 1-05 to
I -I ; culmen 0*7.
]jab. — The Himalayas, ranging into the Khasia and Burmese hills as far south
as Tenasserim, at elevations of 3,500 feet and upwards. It has been procured
on the Mooleyit and Karenne hills ; and has occurred in the Khasia hills,
whence it extends along the Himalayas as far as Sikkim to Mussoorie.
Jerdon says it frequents dense underwood or very thick forest, perches low
and seeks its food chiefly on the ground, which, according to Jerdon and
Gates, is insects. Hodgson says that it feeds equally on pulpy berries.
Wherever found this species appears to be resident. According to Hodgson
it breeds in the central regions of Nepaul during the months of April and
May, making its nest on some ledge of rock, more or less sheltered by grasses
or bushes. The nest is a deep massive cup composed of mosses or of
moss roots. Four eggs are said to be laid, and these are figured as moderately
broad ovals, much pointed towards one end, measuring 0-9 x 0*65 inch,
and of an uniform mottled or curdled pinkish clay colour. (Hume.) Mr.
Hume also records a nest with two eggs taken by Mr. Gammie near
Darjeeling at an elevation of about 4,000 feet. These eggs, Mr. Hume
describes as uniform, very pale salmon pink, entirely devoid of all regular
markings, though, if examined in a very bright light, they appear to be
excessively faintly freckled all over with the palest possible grey, which is
absolutely invisible unless looked very closely into. The eggs measure
O'9S x 0-69 and 0-91 x 0-69.
Gen. Brachypteryx.— Horsf.
Bill of moderate length, straight, slightly curved at the tip ; a tuft of bristles
at the base of the nostrils ; wings short, rounded ; 4th, 5th, and 6th quills
longest ; tail short ; tarsus long.
488. BrachypteryX Crural is, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. App.
pi. 73 ; Blytk, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 136; Jerd. and Bly., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201 ;
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 495, No. 338 ; Hume, Nesis and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 2 19 ; Wald
in Bly., B. Burm. p. 99; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 93 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm* i.
p. 19 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 26. Calliope cruralis, Bly., J. A. S.
B. xii. p. 933. Larvivora cruralis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 301. Brachypteryx
hyperythra, Godw-Aust. (nee. Jerd. and Bly.)t J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 192
(1870 tette G. A in lift.). — The WHITE-BROWED SHORT- WING.
BRACHYPTERYX. 5}
The whole plumage indigo blue ; the quills dusky blackish, margined
externally with indigo blue ; rump with a half concealed spot of greyish white ;
lores black, bordered above by white, which is produced back over the eye ;
throat blue black ; centre of breast ashy grey, whiter on the abdomen ; under
tail coverts ashy blue with whitish margins ; under wing coverts ashy brown
tinged with blue.
The female has the upper plumage, sides of the head and neck olivaceous
brown ; wings and tail rufous brown ; also the lores extending over the eye,
feathers round the eye, cheek and throat ; remainder of under surface light
ashy ; sides of body fulvous brown ; the under tail coverts brighter fulvous.
Bill black ; legs pale brownish.
Length. — 5 to 5*25 inches ; wing 2*4 to 27 ; tail 175 to 195 ; tarsus 1-15
to 1-2 ; bill from gape I.
Hab. — The Eastern Himalayas, extending into the Burmese and Tenasserim
hills. Gates says it has been observed in the Munipoor and Khasia hills, and,
according to Jerdon, has been found in Sikkim and Nepaul. Darjeeling
and Nepaul are quoted localities whence specimens have been procured.
Hodgson describes the nest as made of moss, globular in shape and rather
bulky ; it is placed about one foot from the ground amongst grass and creep-
ing plants at the base of trunks of tree-s. Eggs white.
489. Brachypteryx hyperythra, Jerd. and Biyth, P. z. S.
1 86 1, p. 201 (descr. $ ) ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 495, No. 337 ; Hume, Sir. F.
1877, p. 499 (descr. £ ) ; id., Sir. F. 1879, p. 93 ; Sharps, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 28. — The RUSTY-BELLIED SHORT-WING.
Upper surface of the body, including the face, sides of the head and of the
neck, also of the body, blackish cyaneous ; a supercilium above the lores white ;
the base of the lower mandible, feathers above and below the eye, and a portion
of the ear coverts black ; chin, throat, breast, abdomen and tinder tail coverts
orange ferruginous, a little paler on the chin, throat and middle of the abdo-
men. Bill carneous ; legs fleshy ; irides brown.
The female is described by Jerdon as dusky olive brown above ; lores
tinged with ferruginous, middle of the belly white. Length nearly 5 inches ;
wing 2-5 ; tail 175 ; bill at front 0*43. (Jerdon.)
Length.— $ inches; wing 2'5 ; tarsus 1-3; culmen 0-43. (Hume.)
Hab.— Eastern Himalayas. Jerdon procured a single specimen at Darjeeling.
490. Brachypteryx nipalensis,^^^,/*. z. S. 1854^.74; Jerd.
and Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 201 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 494, No. 336; Blanf.,
J. A. S. B. xli. p. 160 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 236; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 93 ; Oates* B. Br. Burmah, i. p. 19 ; Skarpe. Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 29. — The NEPAUL SHORT-WING.
62 TIMELIID^.
Upper plumage and sides of the head and neck dull cyaneous ; lores
black, bordered above by white, which is continued back over the eye ; wings
dusky brown, margined externally with cyaneous ; tail feathers dusky, washed
on the outer webs with cyaneous ; throat white, also the breast and abdomen ;
foreneck, sides of the body, flanks and thighs ashy grey ; under tail coverts
white ; under wing coverts ashy grey, edged with white ; rump with a half
concealed greyish white band.
The female has the upper plumage, including the wings and tail, rusty brown,
the inner webs of quills plain brown, the outer margined with rusty brown ;
lores whitish or fulvous brown ; a white patch over the lores and eye; breast
and abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks fulvous brown ; throat dull
white washed with fulvous brown ; under wing and under tail coverts and
axillaries light fulvous brown, also the foreneck and chest. Bill darky horny ;
legs pale horn ; irides light brown.
Length. — 4-5 to 5 inches ; wing 2-5 ; tail 1*4 ; bill at front 0*5.
ffa&. — Th? Himalayas, extending to the Khasia, Burmese and the Tenasse-
rim hills. Davison found it near the summit of the Mooleyit mountain in Tenas-
serim. It has also been found in the Khasia hills and in Sikkim and Nepaul.
Davison says they keep entirely to the ground, hopping about amongst dead
leaves and moss or on fallen trunks, picking up insects. Affects only dense
forests, and by preference the banks of streams.
491. Brachypteryx stellata, Gould., P. Z. S. 1868, p. 218 ; Gray*
Hdlist. Birds, i. p. 312; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, ii. p. 377; id., Sir. F. 1879,
p. 93 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 30.— The BARRED SHORT-WING.
Adult (type). — Above dull chestnut or rufous ; the rump feathers loose and
ashy brown, barred with black near the ends and tipped with white ; wing
coverts like the back ; quills light sepia brown, externally rufous brown ;
upper tail coverts and tail feathers rufous or dull chestnut; outer feathers
brown on the inner web ; forehead slaty grey, vermiculated with blackish bars ;
lores and feathers in front of and below the eye, also the base of the cheeks,
black ; ear coverts grey, washed with brown and finely vermiculated with black
lines ; cheeks, sides of neck, throat and breast slaty grey, with finely vermiculated
cross bars of black ; the breast with arrowhead spots of white ; abdomen and
sides of body slaty grey, less strongly vermiculated with black and with large
spots of white ; lower abdomen and flanks tinged with brown, also the thighs
and under tail covert?, which are also vermiculated with black lines and spotted
with white ; under wing coverts and axillaries slaty grey, with narrow cross
bars of black and spotted with white. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 4-7 inches; wing 2-85; tail 1-9; tarsus i'i; culmen 0*55.
(Sharpe.)
ffab. — Sikkim.
THAMNOBIA. 63
Gen. Chimarrhornis.— Hodgson.
Bill moderately long, straight, slender, slightly notched ; rictus nearly
smooth ; wings moderately long, the primaries rounded at the end ; tarsus of
moderate length, the outstretched feet not reaching the tip of the tail ; feet
moderate.
492. Chimarrhornis leucocephalus (Vigors), Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 47 ; Anderson, Rep. Zool. Exp. Yunnan, Aves, p. 614 ; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. B. xlv. p. 79; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. IO°; Scully, t. c.
p. 303 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 64; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 34. Phoeni-
cura leucocephala, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 35. Chsemorornis leucocephala,
Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82; Jerd., B. 2nd. ii. p. 143, No, 506;
y. A. S. B. xxxvii. 64 ; Hume and Henders., Lahore to Yarkand, p. 214;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. loi ; Reid Cat. B. Prov. Mus. Luck. p. lol. — The
WHITE-CAPPED RED-START.
Crown of the head and nape white ; forehead, lores, sides of the face, cheeksy
throat, neck all round, upper breast, upper back, wing coverts and a broad
black band at the tip of the tail black ; base of the tail, lower back, rump,
upper tail coverts, lower breast, abdomen, sides of the body and flanks bright
chestnut ; thighs dusky brown ; quills black, margined externally with blue
black ; under wing coverts black, also the axillaries, the latter edged with
chestnut. Bill black ; tarsus vinaceous brown ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 7 inches ; wings 3-8 to 3-85 ; tail 3-1 to 3-5; tarsus T2 ; culmen
0-65.
Hab. — Entire Himalayan range from Gilgit, occurring throughout Western
China to Kansu, and as far as the Ichang gorge on the Yangtze river. It also
occurs on the Dafla hills and in Arrakan, and extends as far south as the
second defile of the Irrawaddy river. (Sharpe.) According to Jerdon this
handsome Red-start is found from the extreme N.-W. Afghanistan to the
Khasia hills. In Sikkim it occurs from a level of 1,000 to 5,000 feet, but it
is there only a winter visitant. Dr. Anderson procured it near Bhamo, and it
also occurs in the hill ranges of Eastern Bengal. It is recorded by Sharpe from
Cashmere, Kangra, Nepaul, Irrawaddy defile (2nd), and Reid in his Catalogue,
from Ranibagh, Almora, Pethoragurh, and Kumaon, in the Himalayas.
It affects the banks of rivers and streams, where it picks up insects near the
water, but not the rapids of torrents. In its continual flittings, and spreading
of the tail when feeding or picking, it resembles the Redstarts.
Gen. Thamnobia. — Swains.
Bill slender, as wide a> high at the nostrils, slightly arched throughout ;
wings short and rounded, the 4th and 5th quills longest, the primaries hardly
exceeding in length the secondaries and tertiaries ; tail moderate, broad and
rounded, the outer feather on each side shorter than the longest by the
length of the tarsus.
64 TIMELIID.-E.
493. Thamnobia fulicata (Lin.}, J*rd. Mad. Joum. x. p. 264 ;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 139; Layard, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 266;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. I2J, No. 419 ; Hume, Nests and -Eggs, Ind. B. p. 307 ;
Fairbank, Str. F. 1876, p. 459; Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 406; id. Str.F. 1878,
ii. p. 55; Ball t. c. p. 216; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 440. — The BROWN-BACKED
INDIAN ROBIN.
Above glossy blue black ; wings with a large white spot formed by the lesser
wing coverts; median and greater coverts white, tipped with glossy blue
black ; primary coverts and quills brown, margined externally with blue black ;
lores, sides of the face and under surface of body glossy blue black ; lower
abdomen and under tail coverts bright chestnut. Bill, legs and feet black ;
irides brown.
Length.— 6 to 6-8 inches ; wings 2-5 to 27; tail 275 ; tarsus i'O; culmen
055-
The female is larger and dusky brown, more sooty on the back and rump,
the white shoulder patch is wanting, and the upper tail coverts are blue black ;
under tail coverts chestnut ; feathers round the eye fulvous ; cheeks and under
surface of the body ashy brown, darker on the abdomen, sides of the body and
flanks.
The young are entirely sooty brown with paler margins to the feathers ; under
tail coverts ferruginous.
Hab. — Central, Southern and Western India ; also Ceylon.
The Indian Robin affects villages, and their neighborhood, chiefly ruins of
old houses and mud-walls ; also rocky and stony situations. It is usually seen in
pairs, briskly hopping about on the ground or flitting from a branch to the
ground, or vice versd, or from one large boulder to another, continually jerking
its tail upwards on to the back of its head. It breeds from February to May,
building its nest among rocks, in mud walls, in roofs of houses, or under
tussocks of grass.
The nest is a neat structure of grass, roots and hair. The eggs are round
ovals, moderately glossed, and of a greyish white or pale bluish white ground,
thinly sprinkled here and there, and in some all over with spots and specks of
pale yellowish brown. Size 0-68 to 076 inch x o'55 to O 56.
494. Thamnobia cambaiensis (Lath.}, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xvi.
p. 139 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 122; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 444 ; Blanf. J. A.
S. B. xl. p. 273 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 309 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874,
p. 412; 1875, p. 206; Butler, Str.F. 1875^.474; Hume, t. c. p. 474 ; Ball,
Str. F. 1878, p. 216; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 66;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 55 ; Murray, Hdbk. Zool. &c., Sind,p. US ;
id. Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 138. — The BROWN-BACKED INDIAN ROBIN.
COPSYCHUS.
65
Above earthy brown, darker on the lower back and rump ; a white wing
spot, the outer edges of the feathers blue black ; quills brown, edged with
paler brown ; upper tail coverts blue black ; lores, feathers above the eye, sides of
the face, ear coverts and under surface of the body glossy blue black ; lower
abdomen and under tail coverts bright chestnut ; thighs brown ; under wing
coverts like the breast. Bill and legs black ; irides brown.
The female is paler earthy brown, and has no shoulder patch ; the upper
tail coverts are of the same color as the back ; under surface brown.
Length. — 5*6 to6'8 inches ; wing 27 to 275 ; tail 2-5 to 2'6; tarsus I.
Hab. — Central and Northern India to the Himalayas. Found commonly
in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, Jodh-
pore, the Concan and Deccan, also in Khandeish, and, as in Sind, is probably
a resident of these places. In Sind it breeds from March to July. Eggs
white or pale greenish white, speckled with pale red.
Gen. CopSychUS.— Wagl.
Bill moderately long and strong ; culmen slightly curving and bent at the
tip ; nostrils basal, large ; rictal bristles very scanty ; wings with the 4th and 5th
quills longest, the 3rd sub-equal ; tail graduated ; tarsus scutellated, moder-
ately long and stout; mid toe long ; claws curved.
Head and leg of Copsychns saularis.
495- CopSychllS saularis (Lin), Wagler, Syst. Av. 1827 ; Blyth, J.
A. S. B. xi. p. 889; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 114, No. 475 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs,
Ind. B. p. 303 ; Hume and Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 202 ; Hume* Sir
F. ii. p. 230 ; iii. p. 133 ; Bl. B. Burnt, p. 100 ; Oates, Str. F.v.p. 157 ; Hume
and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 332 fLegge, B. Ceylon, p. 433 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 99 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 62 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm.
i. p. 21. Gracula saularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 165. Copsychus minda-
nensis (non. Gm.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 139; Hume, Sir. F. 1873,
9
66 TIMELHD/E,
p. 459 5 Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 254, Copsychtrs ceylorrensis, Sclater, P. Z. S.
1861, p. 186, Copsychus musicus, Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 203; Tweed. Ibis,
l877» P- 302 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. i878, i. p. 33 ; Hume, Sir* F. 1879,
p. 99. Copsychus andamanensis, Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p.- 231. Kittacincla
melanoleuca, Less. Rep. Zool. i8>4O, p. 354. — The INDIAN MAGPIE. ROBIN or
the INDIAN DHAYAL BIRD,
Head, neck all round, back, wings, chin, throat, breast, central tail feathers,
upper abdomen, and edge of the wing black ; lower abdomen, vent and under
tail coverts, also the shoulder of the wing, some of the outer webs of the
secondaries arid also the outer tail feathers white ; u'nder wing coverts white.
The female is dark grey where the male is black, with a slight gloss on- the
upper surface ; under surface white ; wings as in the male \ central tail feathers
dark brown; outer feathers white; throat grey; under wing coverts and
axillaries white. Bill and legs black ; irides brown.-
Length. — 8 to 85 inches; wing 3-8 to 4-2; tail 3'6 ; tarstis f'0$ ;
culmen of8.
Hab. — All over India and Ceylon, eastward to Assafn and as far soutfi as
Pegu. It is recorded from Central and South India, also from NepauJ,
Darjeeling, Kumaon, Pegu and the Andamans, and as a race (rtutsicus)
Malacca, Penang, Siam and Java.
The geographical distribution of the Dhayal bird, Sharpe says, is of great
interest ; so gradual is the transition of one supposed species to the other,
and so uncertain are the characters for their specific separation, that he has
deemed it best to recognize but a single actual species, and in this I agree,
especially when hybrids have1 to be given consideration to. Jerdon says it is
generally seen alone or in pairs, usually seeks its prey from a Ittw perch or
hops a few steps to pick up insects, which are its chief food.
It breeds, according to Hume, but sparingly throughout the plains of Upper
India. The majority resort to the Dhoons and Terais that skirt the Hima-
layas. They lay from the end of March to the end of July, building their nests
in holes in trees, banks or walls, or under the eaves of huts. The nest is
composed of coarse grass or flower-stalks intermixed with fine roots and dry
tendrils of climbing plants. Eggs, 5 — 6 in number, of a pale bluish green, thickly
spotted and blotched with purplish brown, and showing an imperfect ring of
nearly confluent blotches at the larger end.
Gen. Lioptila-— Blyth.
Bill somewhat lengthened, slender, slightly curved and bent at the tip, where
it is rather broader than high; wings rather short and rounded, the 4th and
5th quills longest; tail moderately long, the outer ones graduating.
HODGSONIUS. 67
496. Lioptila annectens, Biyth, J. A. §. B. xvi. p. 450 ; Jerd., B.
Jnd.\\. p. 248 ; Godw-Aust. J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 109; Walden, in Bl. B.
Burnt. ?. 109; Hume, Str. F. 1877, P- IJO; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 80 ; Leioptila saturata, Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 352. Leioptila Davisoni,
Hume, Str. F. 1877, p, uo.— The BLACK-HEADED SHRIKE-TIT.
Head, nape, lores, sides of the head and of the neck and upper back,
black ; the mantle, head, and nape streaked with white ; lower back, rump,
scapulars and upper tail coverts deep maroon ; lesser, median and greater
coverts black, the latter tipped with maroon ; quills black ; all but the first two
primaries edged with grey, and the tertiaries tipped with greyish white ; chin,
throat, breast, and abdomen white ; flanks, vent, and under tail coverts pale
ferruginous ; tail black, all but the two centra} pairs of feathers tipped with
white. Bill black, the base of the lower mandible yellow ; legs p.ale fleshy
brown ; irides brown.
Length.— 6*5 to 7 inches; wing 3- 1 to 3'2;tail 3- 1 ; tarsus 0-95 ; culmenO'65.
Hab, — Eastern Himalayas, extending to the hills of Assam, Burmah, and
Tenasserirn. According to Jerdon, who obtained it near Darjeejing, it
frequents very high trees in small flocks. It hunts about the leaves and smaller
branches of the tree tops. Its food is insects.
Gen. Hodgsonius,— Bp,
Bill slender and not much curved, and with a distinct notch ; rictal bristles
scanty ; wings short, moderately rounded, and not as long as the tail, which"%is
graduated ; tarsus long, entire ; 2 — 3 small scutes at the base of the toes ; feet
large, toes slender, claws curved.
497- Hpdgsonius phcenicuroides (Hodgs^, Bp. Consp. \. p. 300 ;
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 497, No. 341 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 529; Jerd. Ibis,
1872, p, 132 ; Hume and Henderson, Lah. to Fark., p. 187; Hume, Str. F.
1879, pf 93 ; firoofts, t. c. p. 476, Callene Hodgsoni, Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p.
132 ; Hume, Sir, F, 1875, p. 41 I J id. 1879, p. 83 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.Mus.
vii. p. 8 1. Bradybates phoenicuroides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc, p. 83,
(1844). — HODGSON'S WHITE-PELLIED SHORT-WING.
Crown of the head and upper surface slaty blue ; the ear coverts, sides of
face an4 cheeks darker ; a faint light blue supercilium from across the fore-
head, the base of which latter and lores are blackish ; primary coverts blackish,
edged externally with slaty blue ; the bastard wing the same, and with broad
white tips ; quills dusky, edged externally with slaty blue ; upper tail coverts slaty
blue, also the throat, sides, under surface of the body, thighs and flanks ;
abdomen white, under tail coverts slaty blue, tipped with white ; tail, with the
two central feathers, blackish brown, edged with slaty blue ; the remainder
orange rufous for their basal half or two-thirds, blackish at the end, and edged
with blue ; under wing coverts and axillaries slaty blue, the edge of the wing
brighter. Bill dusky, reddish at the gape; legs pale red brown; iris dark
brown.
68 TIMELHD^E.
Length. — 7 inches ; wing 2*9 ; tail 3 ; culmen 0^55 ; tarsus ri.
The female is wholly brown throughout; tail reddish brown ; lores buff,
also the ear coverts and cheeks ; under surface of the body ochreous brown.
Hab. — The Himalayas from Cashmere to Bhootan ; also Western China. It
is recorded by Sharpe from Nepaul and Bhootan, and by Jerdon from Sikkim,
where he says it is a rare bird.
Gen. CittOCinda.— Sclater.
Bill more slender than in Copsychus • tail very long, graduated; wings
rounded ; tarsus slender.
49 8. CittOCinda tricolor ( Vieill.), Sharpe, A nn $nd Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5) x. p. 49 ; id. Cat. B. Br. JUus, vii. p. 85, Turd us tricolor, Vieill, N. Diet.
d'Hist. Nat, pt. xx, p, 291. .Copsychus macrurus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Art.
Copsychus, Sp. Cercotrichas macrurus, Boie, Isis, 1831, p. 542 ; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B, p. 306; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 412 ; Hume /. c. p. 477;
Hume and Oates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 13 ; Ball, t. c. p. 293 ; Fairbk. Str. F.
1876, p. 259; Inglis, Sir. F. 1877, p. 36; Oates, /. c. p. 157; Hume and
Davison, Sir. F. 1878, i. p. 333; Ball, Str. F. 1878, p. 216; Hume, Str. F.
1879, pp. 64, 99; Butler, Cat. B. Bom. Pres. p. 47; Vidal, Str. F. 1880,
p. 66. Kittacincla macrura, Gould, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 7 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B,
xvi. p. 139; Jerd. B. Jnd. ii, p. 116, No. 476; Walden, P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 550; Godwin- Aust. J. A- S, B. xii. p. 142. Cittocirjcla macrura, Sclater ',
Ibis, 1886, p. 109; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 445 , Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 396 j
id. B, Ceylon, p. 437 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 22.— The SHAMA.
Head, neck, upper breast, back, scapulars, wing coverts and tertjaries,
glossy black ; rump and upper tail coverts white j lower breast, abdomen,
sides, flanks, and undertail coverts, also the under wjng coverts, chestnut ;
thighs white ; edge of the wing blapk ; also the primaries, their coverts, and
secondaries ; central pair of tail feathers black, the others black with broad
white tips.
The female is olive brown, where the male is black j the wing coverts and
quills are edged with ferruginous, and the lower surface is dull chestnut,
whitish on the abdomen ; tail much shorter. Bill black j legs arid feet fleshy
white ; irides dark brown.
JLengih — Male — n to j r8 inches; wing 3*45 to 3*65 ; tail 7 to 7^4 ; tarsus
T05 ; culmen 07. Length — Female — 7 to 7-2 inches; tail 4*4 to 4-6.
Hob. — Southern and Central India ; sub- flimalayan region, westward from
the Ganges to Assam, through the Burmese countries to Siam, Cochin China,
and Hainan, down the Malayan Peninsula to Java. According to Jerdon, it
is common in the dense and lofty jungles of Malabar, especially in the upland
districts, also in the Wynaad ; more rare in the Eastern Ghauts. It extends to
the hill tracts of Assam, Sylhet, Burmah and Malacca, and also to Ceylon. In
HENICURUS. 69
British Burmah it is spread abundantly wherever there is thick jungle. It is
said to be almost always solitary, to perch low on branches, and to secure prey
from off the ground. It is a charming songster, and its song, according to
Jerdon, is chiefly heard in the evening, just before and after sunset. He says
it is a most gushing melody of great power, surpassed by no Indian bird. It
is caught and caged, and in confinement imitates the song of other birds.
The Shama breeds in April and May. Mr. Hume gives an account of Mr.
Davison's finds of two nests in April and May at Shymootee, and on the road
to Meeta Myo in Tenasserim. The nests were found in holes of old stumps
of trees. The eggs, four in number, are said to be moderately broad ovals, a
good deal compressed towards the small end, and exhibiting a slight pyriform
tendency ; the shell is fine and compact, and has a slight gloss, The ground
colour is a dull greenish stone colour, everywhere densely freckled with a rich
raw sienna brown and dull purplish markings, Bize 0*87 to 0-89 x O-6
to 0-62.
499. Cittocincla albiventris (Biytk), Sharps, Cat. B. Br. Musf
vii. p. 90. Kittacincla albiventris, J9 lyth, J. A. S. B. xxvii. p. 269; Ball,
Sir. F. 1873, p. 73; Hume, op. cit. 1874, p. 232; Walden, Ibis, 1873,
p. 307. Cercotrichas albiventris, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 99.— The WHITE^
BELLIED SHAMA.
Above, including the wings, throat and upper breast, glossy purplish black ;
four central tail feathers black, the rest black at the base, and white terminally ;
under surface of body white ; the undertail coverts and flanks pale chestnut ;
underwing coverts white. Bill black ; legs pale fleshy.
Length. — 8*75 inches; wing 3*6; tail 4/5 ; tarsus 1*05 ; culmen O'6.
Hal. — South Andamans
GroUp.—HENICURI,
The Birds comprising this group are essentially Timeliinse, and have habits
in common with the Wagtails, which they resemble also in plumage. They live
almost entirely on the ground, run along it like the Wagtails by sudden jerking,
short movements, and feed like them on insects. They breed on the
ground or on ledges of rocks, and always in close proximity to water. They
are, however, distinguished from the Wagtails by their rounded wings and
smaller tertials, more Cinclinae bill, and more slender body, as well as by their
long and forked tail.
Gen. HeniCUrug.— Tern.
Bill moderate or long, straight, stout; the culmen strongly keeled, the
gonys inclining upwards ; nostrils apert ; gape with 2 — 3 stiff bristles ; wings
rounded, the 1st quill small, the 4th and $th subequal and longest ; tail long
and forked; tarsus long and entire; feet moderate.
70 TIMELIID^E.
500. Henicurus Leschenaulti (Vieiil.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 251.
Turdus Leschenaulti, Elwes, Ibis, 1872, p. 258; StoL, J. A. S. B. xxxix.
p. 304; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, i. p. 360; Hume, Str. F. 1879
pp. 65, 103 ; Oafes, B. Br. Burm. p. 27 • Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 313. Turdus Leschenaulti, Vieill., N. Diet. d'Eist. Nat. xx. p. 269.
Enicurus sinensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 665. — The LARGER BLACK-BACKED
FORK-TAIL.
Upper back uniform black, also the lesser and median coverts, as well as
the primary coverts and primaries, occiput, nape, sides of the crown, lores,
eyebrows, ear coverts, cheeks, sides of the neck, throat and breast ; greater
coverts tipped with white, the innermost white for their terminal half ; lower
back, rump and upper tail coverts, also the crown of the head, tapering to a
point on the vertex, abdomen, sides of the body, flanks, thighs, under tail and
under wing coverts white ; tail black, with a broad white spot at the tip, the two
outermost feathers entirely white ; axillaries black. Bill black ; irises dark
brown ; legs and feet pale fleshy white.
Length — 10 to 1 1 inches ; wing 4*2 to 4*3 ; tail 57 ; tarsus 1-3 ; culmen 0-95.
ffab.— Java, and according to Gates, extends to Tenasserim. He quotes
Davison to the effect that he met with it in various places in Tenasserim from
Kollidoo down to Meeta Myo, and that it seems to be confined to the rivulets
of the denser evergreen forests below 2,500 feet elevation; also that it has been
observed in the Lushai and Daffla hills and in Assam, but Mr. Sharpe says a fur-
ther comparison of specimens from Tenasserim will probably prove the species
to be H. sineniis. The specimens by me prove the identity of both species.
I cannot admit the distinctness of Henicurus Sineiisis, Gould,
P. Z. S., 1865, p. 665 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br Mus. vii. p. 313, characterized
as it is only by the white of the crown ending in a rounded form, and the
spot on the tip of the tail feathers being oblique. The distribution of
Leschenaulti must therefore be extended to China and Malacca, and H.
sinensis, Gould, become a synonym of Leschenaulti, VieilL
501. Henicurus immacUlatUS, Hodgs., Av'at. Research, xix.
p. 190 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 157 • Bp. Consp. i. p. 25 1 ; Jerd., B. Jnd. ii,
p. 213, No. 585 ; Hume and Oates, Str. F. 1875, pp. 9, 141 ; Hume, Str. F.
iii. p. 141 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 314 ; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 466;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- IO3 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 25. — The WHITE-
BREASTED FORK-TAIL.
Base of the bill black ; forehead and a narrow line over and above the eye
white ; lores, face, sides of the neck, chin, throat, top of head and neck and
the back deep black ; rump, upper tail coverts and the whole lower plumage
white, except the feathers on the sides of the upper breast, which are tipped
with black ; axillaries and under wing coverts white ; primaries black, the
later ones white basally on their outer web ; the secondaries and tertiaries
HENICURUS. 71
black, tipped with white, and their basal third also white ; wing coverts black,
the larger ones broadly tipped with white ; tail feathers black, broadly tipped
with white, the base of each feather and the whole of the outer pairs also
white. The young are sooty black where the adult is deep black, and there
is no white on the forehead and over the eyes. Bill black ; irides brown ; feet
and claws pale yellowish white.
Length. — g-% to 10 inches; wing 3-95 to 4; tail 5-1 to 5*3; tarsus i;
culmen O'8.
Hab. — The Himalayas, ranging through the Indo-Burmese countries to the
hill tracts of Eastern Bengal, Sikkim and Nepaul. It is found over the whole
of the Pegu hills, and is very common in Arracan in all the mountain streams.
Blyth records it from Tenasserim. It frequents rocky hill streams, where there
is water in pools, along the edges of which it searches for insects, incessantly
wagging its tail in the same way as the wagtails. Its short jerky, wavy flights
too are not unlike those of the Motacillina. Mr. Hume has no account of its
nidification, but Gates says it breeds in April, placing its nest, which is
cup-shaped and constructed entirely of moss bound together with earth, on a
bank of a stream, either under a rock or among tree roots or even on a log of
wood which may have been caught in the stream during the past rains. The
eggs are usually three in number, and are pale greenish blotched with reddish
brown.
502. HeniCUfUS SChistaceUS, Hodgs.> Asiat. Research, xix.
p. 189; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 157; Bp. Consp. i. p. 251; Jerd.,
B. hid. ii. p. 214, No. 586 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 3765 Bl.
and Wald.) B. Btirm. p. 97 ; Godwin-Aust., J. A. S. B. xlv. p. 80 ; Hume
and Dav,, Sir. F. vL pp. 361, 517; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 103; Scully,
Str. F. viii, p. 31 1 ; Bingham, Sir. F. 1880, p. 189 ; Oates, B. Br. Bunn. i.
p 28; Sharpe^ Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 315. — The SLATEY FORK-TAIL.
Base of bill black ; forehead and a line extending over the eye and behind
it white ; lores, cheeks, throat and under ear coverts black ; ear coverts, head,
sides of the neck and back with the lesser wing coverts and flanlts slaty ; fore-
neck, breast, thighs, under tail coverts, rump, upper tail coverts and lower
plumage white ; tail feathers black, the basal portion and the tip of each feather
white ; primaries, secondaries, and primary coverts black ; the greater coverts
broadly tipped with white, also the quills, the basal portions of which from the
third to seventh primaries are white, and form a large and conspicuous alar
speculum. Bill black ; legs and feet pale fleshy white, tinged with blue ; irides
dark brown.
Length.— 9-5 to 10-5 inches ; wing 3-8 ; tail 4*8 to 5 ; tarsus ri ; culmen cr8.
Hab. — Himalayas extending to Burmah. Occurs in every part of Ten-
nasserim. It has been obtained in the Karin hills, and Blyth records it from
Arracan. It is also found in Bhootan, the Khasia and Eastern Bengal hills.
72 TIMELllD^E.
also Sikkim (Darjeeling) and Nepaul. Its habits are the same as the other
species of the genus. Hume says it breeds in the valleys of the Surjoo and
Ramgunga in Kumaon, and thence eastwards in all the warmer mountain
valleys at elevations of from 1,500 to 3,500 feet through the Himalayas
and the various chains and hill systems running down from Assam to Burmah.
Mr. Gammie's account of a nest, found by him in Sikkim, is quoted by
Mr. Hume, and is to the effect, that the nest was close to the ground on a
natural ledge in the root of an uprooted tree at the edge of a shady stream.
The nest was cup -shaped and composed of moss, lined with a few skeleton
leaves and fibres. The eggs were 4 in number, regular ovals, a little com-
pressed at one end, white, marked at the large end with a small cap of
densely crowded specks and spots of brownish red and sienna of various
shades ; size, 0-84 to 0*87 x 0*63 to 0-67.
503. Henicurus guttatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 664; id.,
B. Asia, part xviii ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 376 ; id., and Oates,
Str. F. 1875, p. 342 ; BL and Wald, B. Burnt, p, 97 ; Hume, S/r. F.
1878, p. 399; id., Sir. F. 1879, P- IO3 5 Scully, t. c. p. 311 ; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. i. p. 26; Sharpe, Cat. B- Br. Mus. vii. 316. Enicurus maculatus,
pt. (non Vig.), Gray, Cat. Mamm., &c., Nepaul, pres* Hodgs. p. 76 ; Jerd. B.
Jnd. ii. p. 212. — GOULD'S SPOTTED FORK-TAIL.
Forehead as far back as the eyes white ; chin, throat, breast, upper abdomen,
lores, cheeks and ear coverts, black ; crown of the head brown, the feathers tipped
with white ; feathers in the centre of the breast tipped with white ; back of the neck
thickly mottled, the feathers white with a narrow line of black ; back sparsely
spotted with white, the spots smaller and oval ; on the sides of the neck larger
and drop-like ; wing coverts black, the greater series tipped with white ;
primary coverts and quills black ; the inner primaries and inner secondaries
with white bases ; rump and upper tail coverts white ; tail feathers black,
obliquely tipped with white, the two outer feathers entirely white ; abdomen,
flanks, thighs and under tail coverts white ; under wing coverts black, the
lower greater series white. Bill black ; legs pale fleshy white ; irides dark
brown.
Length. — 9109*5 inches; wing 3*9 to 4; tail 5*1 to 5*2; culmen O'9$ ;
tarsus 1*15.
Hab — Eastern Himalayas, extending throughout Burmah and Tenasserim
and Southern China. It has been procured in Arracan and in the Khasia
hills, also in Assam and Nepaul to an elevation of about 7,000 feet. In the
North-West it is found as far as Simla. It breeds in May and June, making
a nest similar to that of H. schistaceus. The eggs, too, are not unlike those
of that species. In size they vary from 0*9 to 1*03 x O'68 to o-75.
HYDROCICHLA. 73
504. Henicurus maculatus, Vigors, P. z. s. 1830-31, p. 9;
Gould. Cent. B. Him. Mis. pi. xxvii. ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 212, No. 584;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 374. Enicurus fuliginosus, Hodgs.,
Asiat. Res. xix. p. 190. Henicurus maculatus, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 29 ;
Beavan, Ibis, 1868^.75; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 57- Hu?ne, Str. F. 1879,
p. 103 ; Scully, t. c. p. 1 10. — The WESTERN SPOTTED FORK-TAIL.
Above black, with distinct white tips to all the feathers, producing a barred
appearance on the back and scapulars ; median and greater wing coverts
black, the latter very broadly tipped with white, forming a broad wing bar ;
primary coverts and quills black, the primaries with white bases to the shafts
and the secondaries white at base and tipped white on the outer web ; lower
back, rump and upper tail coverts pure white ; tail feathers black, bordered
with white along the tips and extending further along the inner web ; two outer
feathers white, the next black with white tips ; crown of the head black, the
centre browner with black tips to the feathers ; forehead entirely white ; nape
and hind neck black with very large ovate spots of white, those on the sides
of the neck white, fringed with black; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, ear
coverts, foreneck and chest black ; breast, abdomen, sides of the body, flanks,
thighs and under tail coverts white ; lower chest feathers and sides of breast
black fringed with white ; under wing coverts black with a white patch
formed of the outer greater coverts ; axillaries black. Bill black ; feet and
claws fleshy white ; irides dark brown. (Sharpe.)
The young is earthy brown, the feathers with whitish shaft lines.
Length. — ii inches; wing 4- 15; tail 5'S ; culmen o'9 ; tarsus ri.
Hab. — The Western Himalayan mountains, not extending eastwards
beyond NepauL Recorded from Cashmere and Murree ; also from the
Dhoon, Almorah, Dhurmsala and Kumaon. It breeds west of Nepaul, south
of the first snowy range, along the banks of almost every streamlet. The
season extends from April to June. Nest and eggs similar to those of
H. schistaceus.
Gen. HydrOCichla.— Sharpe.
General characters of Henicurus ; tail and wing equal, or the latter slightly
exceeding the tail in length ; tail forked.
505. Hydrocichla ruficapilla (Tern.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 319; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 28. Enicurus ruficapillus, Tern.,
PI. Col. iii. pi. 534; Blyth., J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 155 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 251.
Henicurus ruficapillus, Elwes, Ibis, 1872, p. 257; Stol., J, A. S. B. xxxix.
p. 304; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, pp. 361, 518; Hume, Str.F. 1879,
p. 65. — The CHESTNUT-BACKED FORK-TAIL.
Base of forehead, lores, eyelids, ear coverts, cheeks, chin and throat black ;
forehead white, followed by a narrow black line separating the white frontal
band from the rufous crown and hind neck ; foreneck with a triangular patch
10
74 TIMELI1D/E.
of pure white ; sides of neck and breast white, tipped with blackish ; rest of
under surface white ; back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts black ; greater
coverts black, tipped with white ; primaries wholly black ; secondaries and
tertiaries black, each feather white at base, and also tipped with white ; rump
and upper tail coverts white ; tail black, tipped and basally white, the two
outermost white.
In the female the red colour extends over the whole upper back in undimi-
nished purity of colour, and thence over the scapulars and nearly all that portion
of the back which is black in the male, leaving only a black band from o'l to
0'2 inch wide, dividing the red from the white of the rump ; but on all these
parts, the red is duller, browner and less pure. Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878,
p. 362. Bill black ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet pale pinky or fleshy
white ; irides dark brown.
Length.— 7-2 to 8 inches; wing 3-25 to 37 ; tail 2-9 to 3'5 ; tarsus 1*05 ;
culmen 0*9.
Hab. — The Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo ; also in Tenasserim,
in the extreme south about Malewoon.
506. HydrOCichla frontaliS (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 321 ; Dates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 29. Enicurus frontalis, BL, J . A. S. B.
xvi. p. 156. Henicurus frontalis, Elwes, Ibis, 1872, p. 259, pi, ix, ; Oatest
Sir. F. 1877, P- 248 5 Hume, Sir. F. 1879, PP- 65> 103 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879,
p. 255. — The LESSER BLACK-BACKED FORK-TAIL.
Forehead and front of crown white ; rest of head, also the neck, breast,
back and lesser wing coverts black ; rump, upper and under tail coverts and
lower plumage white; primaries black, also the secondaries and tertiaries, their
bases white, two outermost tail feathers white, the others black, with white
bases and tips.
The young have no white on the head, and the general colour is sooty black.
Bill black.
Length. — 8 inches; wing 3-45 to 3-5 ; tail 3*5 ; tarsus ri ; culmen 0-8.
Hab. — From South Tenasserim down the Malayan Peninsula. It has
only been found in South Tennasserim at Bankasom, where Mr. Davison, and
Mr. Gates' collectors secured specimens.
Gen. MicrOCichla.— Sharpe.
Characters the same as those of Hydrocichla^ but the wing much longer
than the tail, which is nearly square.
507- MicrOCichla SCOUleri (Vigors}, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 322. Enicurus scouleri, Vigors. P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 174; Gould,
Cent. Him. B . pi. xxvii. 1832 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 214 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 377. Enicurus nigrifrons, Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 102 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 215 ; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix, p. 107. Heni-
CRATEROPODES. 75
curtis scouleri, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 75 ; StoL J. A. S. B. xxxvii. p. 473 ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 457 ; id., Sir. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Scully, /. c. p. 31 1 ;
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 67 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 423. — The SHORT-TAILED
FORK-TAIL.
Forehead white ; hind crown, occiput, nape, lores and feathers above the
eye, sides of face and breast, ear coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, foreneck, throat,
back, lesser and median wing coverts, bastard wing, primary coverts and quills
purplish black ; the greater coverts black, tipped with white, forming a wing
bar ; the primaries conspicuously white-shafted and the secondaries with white
bases and edged with white near the ends ; innermost secondaries pure white ;
lower back and rump white, with a black band across the rump ; tail black, the
feathers with white bases, the outer feathers white and the next two with an
oblique black mark at the tip ; under surface white ; under wing coverts black,
the outer lower series white. Bill black ; feet and claws fleshy white ; irides
dark brown.
Young, with the forehead black, throat white.
Length. — 6 inches ; wing 3-1 ; tail 2'2 ; oilmen 0*55 ; tarsus 0-95.
Hab. — From Samarcand throughout the Himalayas to the hills of Assam
and extending into Western China. (Sharpe.) Jerdon says this little bird,
aberrant as regards the shortness of its tail, appears to be found throughout
the whole extent of the Himalayas, though more common in the eastern
portion. It is rare in the N.-W. It has been observed in Cashmere,
from where Scully also notices it. In Sikkim, about Darjeeling, it is not un-
common, but does not ascend as high as H. maculatus. It affects the larger
rapid streams, and as Jerdon adds, may often be seen seated on a rock in the
midst of a boiling torrent. Feeds exclusively on rocks that are washed over.
Food water insects and larvae. Jerdon mentions having a nest brought to
him found on a ledge of rock near a stream with three eggs very similar to
those of H. maculatus, but smaller. Mr. Hume has no notice of the eggs.
Group.— CRATEROPODES.
The Crateropodes are characterized by their strong and stout legs and feet,
and a short and rounded wing as well as a compressed bill, which is various
in form and length. Including non-Indian species, and all those at present
known from various parts, it presents a large assemblage of birds of diverse
and varied aspect of plain, sombre and in some varied and generally lax
plumage. In it are comprised the laughing thrushes, shrike thrushes, the
thick-billed finch thrushes, the jay thrush, the tit thrushes, as well as the
scimitar, spiny and other true babbling thrushes. They are social and
gregarious in their habits, feed on the ground either on insects, grain, seeds,
fruit, &c. Some affect open spots or groves, others delight in climbing
through interlaced hedges and thickets, in which also they build. The
majority lay eggs of a blue colour. Two-thirds of the recognized genera are
76 TIMELIID/E.
Indian, and the rest are either African or peculiar to Australia, New Guinea,
China, and the Malayan Peninsula. The majority of the Indian representatives
belong to the great Himalayan mountains ranging east, west and north-west,
a few only are residents of the plains, and a smaller number are found in the
hill ranges of Bengal extending to Tenasserim, from north to south, alike in
the hills and plains.
Gen. Trochalopterum.— Biyth.
Bill moderate or short, nearly straight, slightly hooked at the tip and dis-
tinctly notched ; nostrils nearly covered with bristles ; nasal opening longitu-
dinal with a large operculum ; rictal bristles soft and long ; wings short,
much rounded, the tertiaries being as long as the primaries ; tail moderately
long, broad ; tarsus and feet strong.
508. Trochalopterum afflne (Btyth), Sharpe, Cat, B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 357. Garrulax affinis, Blyth, J ' . A. S. B. xii. p. 950 (ex Hodgs. MS.).
Trochalopteron affine, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 45, No. 419 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt.
xxviii. ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 97. — The BLACK-FACED LAUGHING THRUSH.
Crown of the head dark reddish brown ; sides of the head, lores, sides of
face and ear coverts black, the feathers of the hinder part of the ear coverts
tipped with white ; cheeks with a broad, fulvous or white band ; on the sides of
the neck a dull white patch, the feathers centred with rufescent ; chin and
throat black ; lower throat chestnut brown ; foreneck, breast and upper
abdomen rufous, the feathers with ashy margins ; lower abdomen pale fulvous
brown ; flanks, thighs and undertail coverts olivaceous brown ; upper surface
of body reddish brown, the feathers of the upper back with ashy olive tips ;
lower back olive brown ; rump olive brown ; upper tail coverts rufous ; wing
coverts reddish brown ; the greater series rufous on their outer web ; bastard
wing coverts blue grey ; primary coverts blacky forming a patch on
the wing ; quills dusky, slaty grey at the ends, rest of outer webs golden
olive ; tail dull slaty grey, the feathers golden olive on their outer web ; under
wing coverts and axillaries light reddish brown. Bill black ; legs reddish
brown ; irides brown.
Length.— 8-8 to 975 inches; wing 3-9 to 4-2 ; tail 4-5 to 5; tarsus 1-5;
culmen 0*95.
Hab. — The Eastern Himalaya. Recorded from Darjeeling, Sikkim, Nepaul
and Bhootan. It affects elevations of from 8,000 to 9,000 feet, chiefly heavy
bamboo jungle. It does not appear to be common, and like others of the
genus, frequents roads in search of insects and grain found in cattle dung.
509. Trochalopterum variegatum ( Vigors), Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 359. Cinclosoma variegatum, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 56;
Gould, Cent. Him. B. pl.i6. Trochalopteron variegatum, Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 45 ; id., Ibis, 1872, p. 305, No. 418 ; Cock and Marshall, Sir. F. 1873,
p. 354; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 260; id., Sir. F. 1878, p. 457;
TROCHALOPTERUM. 77
1879, p. 97. Trochalopteron simile, Hume> Ibis, 1871, p. 408; id. and
Henderson, Lahore to Fark.,p. 193, pi. vii. ; Hume, Str. F. 1875^.407;
1879, p. 97 ; Biddulph Ibis, 1881, p. 53. — The VARIEGATED LAUGHING
THRUSH.
Forehead fulvous, crown of the head, ear coverts and hind neck ashy
brown ; a small stripe from the nape through the eyes black, surmounted by a
narrow white line behind the eye ; cheeks and sides of the throat fulvous,
separated from the ear coverts by an indistinct streak of whitish, on the
hinder part of which is a black spot ; throat black ; foreneck, chest, sides of
the breast and flanks ashy olive brown, slightly washed with fulvous ; the
breast, abdomen, thighs, vent and under tail coverts tawny buff, deepening on
the latter ; upper surface of body olive brown, or brownish grey ; wing coverts
the same ; the greater series orange rufous at the tips and on the outer webs of
the external ones, forming a wing patch ; primary coverts black ; quills dusky,
olive golden on the outer webs ; the primaries ashy grey on the outer webs,
the secondaries the same towards their ends, with a black band across the
centre of the feather on the outer web ; inner secondaries tipped with white
on their outer webs ; central tail feathers black, with a broad subterminal
ashy grey band and tipped narrowly with white ; the rest black, externally
golden olive, the inner webs ashy brown near the tips ; under wing coverts
and axillaries tawny buff; the edge of the wing rufous. Bill black; legs
reddish ; irides brown.
Length. — 10 to I0'8 inches; wing 4*1 ; tail 47 to 5-1 ; tarsus 1-45 ; oil-
men 0*9
Hab.— Himalayas from Cashmere to Nepaul. Recorded from Gilgit,
Murree, Simla and Kumaon. Does not appear to extend to Sikkim. Breeds
from the central portion of Nepaul to Murree during April, May and June.
Nest a compact shallow cup, composed of coarse grass exteriorly, fine roots
and fibres on the inside, intermixed both on the outer and inner side with
pieces of dead leaves. There is little or no lining in the nest, which is from
5 to 8 inches in diameter, with an egg-cavity of about 3 inches. The
nest is usually placed a few feet from the ground (8 to 18 feet), in a densely-
foliaged tree or high thicket. Eggs light greenish blue, sparingly spotted,
blotched and speckled at the large end with reddish brown. Size 1*07 to 1*15
inches by 076 to o-82.
510. Trochalopterum erythrocephalum (Vigors}, Skarpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 360, Cinclosoma erythropterum, Vigors, P. Z. S.
1831, p. 171; Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. 17. Crateropus erythrocephalus
(Hodgs.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 179. Garrulax erythrocephalus, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xii. p. 951. Trochalopteron erythrocephalum, Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 43, No. 415 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 258 ; id., Str. F. 1879,
p. 97 ; Scully, t. c, p. 296. — The RED-HEADED LAUGHING THRUSH.
78 IIMELIID/E.
Head and nape rich chestnut ; hind neck mottled, the feathers black, edged
with olive or ashy grey on the sides of the neck ; lores black, sides of crown
streaked with black, also some of the feathers of the sinciput ; ear coverts black,
with silvery white margins to the feathers* the bases of the feathers rufous ;
cheeks and throat black ; mantle and upper back olive brown ; lower back, rump
and upper tail coverts ashy olive ; wing coverts the same but washed with rufous,
the greater series chestnut ; bastard wing and primary coverts olive yellow ;
quills dusky brown, externally golden olive, ashy grey at their ends ; tail
feathers dull ashy, externally golden olive, brighter at the bases ; under surface
of the body fulvous or ochraceous buff, washed with ashy on the foreneck,
breast and flanks, as well as the thighs and under tail coverts ; foreneck and
breast mottled with crescentic spots and subterminal bars of black ; under
wing coverts and axillaries fulvous brown. Bill horny black ; feet brownish
fleshy ; irides greyish brown. (Scully.)
Length. — 9*8 to IO'5 inches ; wing 4*15 ; tail 4*8; tarsus 1*5 ; culmen 0*9.
The young are lighter in colour, without any crescentic markings on the hind
neck ; lower back earthy brown ; breast unbarred rufescent brown.
Hab. — The N.-W. Himalayas to Nepaul. Common from Kumaon westwards
as far as the valley of the Beas, frequenting shady ravines, building in hollows and
their preciptous sides during May and June. Nest composed of dead leaves
bound round into a deep cup with delicate fronds of ferns and coarse and fine
grass and moss-roots. Eggs, long ovals, of a delicate pale greenish blue
ground colour with a few spots, streaks and streaky blotches of brownish red at
the large end. Size 1*15 to T22 x 0-8 to o'86.
51L Trochalopterum chrysopterum (Gould}, Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 362. lanthocincla chrysoptera, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 48.
Crateropus chrysopterus, Blyth, J. A. S. Jleng.xi. p. 179. Garrulax chrysop-
terus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 95- Trochalopteron
chrysopterum, Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 43 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 259; id. Str. F. 1879, P- 97- — The YELLOW-WINGED LAUGHING
THRUSH.
Upper surface particolored. Forehead dark rufous with black streaks ; lores
ashy black, over which is a black line forming an indistinct eye-brow ; sinci-
put and sides of the crown dark ashy grey, the former with black centres ;
occiput and nape dark chestnut ; hind neck, mantle and sides of the neck
reddish brown, each feather with a black subterminal bar ; upper back
reddish brown ; lower back, rump and upper tail covert ashy olive brown ;
lesser and median wing coverts reddish brown, the greater coverts chestnut ;
primary coverts and quills blackish, externally golden olive ; all the feathers
ashy towards the tips ; tail golden olive, dusky on the inner webs ; ear coverts
black, edged with silvery white ; cheeks and throat black, the former with
indistinct ashy margins ; lower throat and sides of the upper neck chestnut
brown ; breast and under surface reddish brown, the former mottled with black ;
TROCHALOPTERUM. 79
sides of the body olivaceous ; the thighs and under tail coverts darker ; under
wing coverts and axillaries reddish brown. Bill dusky brown ; legs horny
yellow brown ; irides red.
Length. — 10 8 to n inches; wing 4 to 5 ; tail 4*5 to 4*7; tarsus i'55 ;
culmen i.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas from Nepaul to Bhootan. About Darjeeling,
Jerdon says, this is about the most common and abundant species. It is often
seen on the road feeding on insects and grain from the dung of cattle, hopping
away like the Babblers to the nearest thicket on approach of danger. Breeds
only in Nepaul, Sikkim and Bhootan. The eggs, according to Jerdon, are
greenish blue.
512. Trochalopterum ruficapillum (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 363. Garrulax ruficapillus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 521.
Trochalopteron ruficapillum, Jerd. B.Ind.m.^>. 44; Hume, Sir. F. 1878,
p. 385 ; 1879, P- 97- — The CHESTNUT-NAPED LAUGHING THRUSH.
Above ashy olive, upper back lunulated with ashy tips and subterminal bars
of reddish brown ; lesser wing coverts olivaceous, washed with reddish ; median
and greater coverts deep chestnut brown ; primary coverts golden olive, the
bastard wing brighter ; quills blackish golden olive on the outer webs ; the
secondaries ashy for their terminal third ; tail olive, golden on the outer webs
of the feathers ; forehead and crown grey, slightly washed with rufous ; a
bright chestnut patch on the nape ; lores grey ; supercilium hoary grey. Ear
coverts deep vinous chestnut red, also the cheeks, throat and foreneck,
the latter paler, and with lunate margins of rufescent ; abdomen rufous ;
flanks, thighs and under tail coverts ashy olive; axillaries buffish ; under wing
coverts washed with chestnut with a hoary grey spot on the edge of the wing.
Bill dusky brown ; legs horny brown ; irides reddish.
Length. — 8'6 inches; wing 3-95 ; tail 4-35 ; tarsus 1-6; culmen 0-95.
Hab.— Khasia and the Naga Hills. Very little is known of this species, and
specimens are scarce. The description is taken from Sharpe's Catalogue, and
is of a male bird. The British Museum possesses but a single skin of an
adult female presented by Captain R. G. Ward law- Ram say.
513. Trochalopterum erythrolaema (Hume], Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 363. Trochalopteron erythrolaema, Hume, Str. F. 1881,
p. 154. — The RED-THROATED LAUGHING THRUSH.
Lores and extreme tip of chin dusky ; rest of the entire head and upper
neck all round chestnut red, a little brighter on top and a little duller on the
throat ; upper breast the same, paling on the upper abdomen and becoming
yellower and rustier ; most of the feathers on these parts with subterminal
blackish spots and fringed paler; middle of lower abdomen unspotted pale
ferruginous ; rest of lower surface, a dull olivaceous earth-brown ; intersca-
pulary region a pale greenish olive grey, all the feathers with large subterminal
80 TIMELIID>E.
blackish spots succeeded by a paler fringe; lower back, rump, upper tail
coverts, tertiaries and tail, where not tinged with golden, pale greenish olive
grey ; tail feathers tinged and margined on their outer webs with a somewhat
olivaceous golden ; outer webs of primaries and secondaries the same but
brighter ; secondary and tertiary coverts rich maroon chestnut ; the median
and lesser coverts paler and mingled with yellow. Legs and feet fleshy
brown; bill blackish brown ; irides grey. (Hume.)
Length. — 10*3 inches; bill from gape 1*07; wing 3-7; tail 4-5; tarsus 1*5
(ex.. Sharpe).
Hab. — Eastern Munipur Hills.
514. Trochalopterum melanostigma (Biyth\ Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 364 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 39. Trochalopteron melano-
stigma, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 268 ; id. B. Burm. p. 108 ; Wardlaw-
Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464 ; Hume and Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 291 ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 96. — The CHESTNUT-HEADED LAUGHING THRUSH.
Base of the forehead, lores, cheeks and chin black ; a short supercilium, ear
coverts and sides of the nape silvery grey^ the feathers black shafted; the whole
top of the head contracting to a point on the nape bright chestnut ; back,
rump, lesser wing coverts and the tail coverts olive brown, tinged with ochra-
ceous on the back ; greater wing coverts olive brown tipped with ferruginous;
primary coverts black ; wings olive yellow on the outer webs, dark brown on
the inner ; tail dusky, the outer webs olive yellow ; throat chestnut, the
remainder of under surface reddish brown or ochraceous red, shading off
into paler on the sides of the neck, breast and middle of abdomen ; sides of
the abdomen, flanks and under tail coverts olive grey ; under wing coverts
light reddish, except the lower series, which are dusky. Bill black ; legs, feet
and claws pinkish brown ; irides brown.
Length.— 9 to i0'5 inches; wing 4*2 ; tail 4*2; tarsus i'5 ; culmen I.
The female is a little larger.
Hab. — Karen Hills in Burmah, extending into Tennasserim. (Sharpe.)
The Chestnut-headed Laughing Thrush was discovered by Col. Tickell on
Mooleyit at an elevation of 7,500 feet. Mr. Davison met with it on the
same mountain, and also procured specimens in the pine forests of the Salween
River. Capt. W. Ramsay also observed it both in the Karen Hills and in
Karennee. Davison says the bird keeps in parties of 6 or 8, feeds chiefly
on the ground, and keeps much in the brushwood.
515. Trochalopterum rufigulare (Gould), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. viii. p. 365. lanthocincla rufogularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 48 ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 371. Cinclosoma rufimenta, Hodgs. Asiat. Res. xix. p. 148.
Garrulax rufogularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 951. Trochalopteron rufi-
gulare, Gray, Cat. Mamm., fyc., Nepauly Coll. Hodgs. p. 84 ; Jerd. B. Ind. \\.
p. 47; Hume. Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 261; id. Sir. F. 1878, p. 156;
TROCHALOPTERUM. gj
1879, p. 97; Reid, Cat. £. Prov. Mus. Lucknow, p. 80.— The RUFOUS-
CHINNED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Croivn of the head black, the feathers with ashy grey bases; lores white,
forming a conspicuous spot ; eyebrow pale brown, a broad longitudinal patch
behind the gape which extends under and behind the ear coverts, which are
rufescent, and tipped with black; cheeks ashy, the feathers with a spot of
black at the tip ; chin bright rufous ; lower throat white ; above olive brown ;
the rump and upper tail coverts slightly rufous ; all the feathers broadly
iunated with black ; wing coverts the same ; bastard wing ashy grey, lunated
with black ; primary coverts black ; quills dusky ; primaries externally ashy
grey, with a black band across the middle ; secondaries like the back, but
tipped with white, and with a broad sub-terminal black bar ; tail dark rufescent
olivaceous, with a rufous tip and broad bar of black ; foreneck and chest
ashy, spotted with black ; centre of breast and abdomen white ; sides of body
and flanks pale olive brown, here and there spotted with black ; vent and
under tail coverts bright rufous ; under wing coverts and axillaries pale olive
brown* Bill horny yellow ; legs fleshy brown ; orbitar skin blue.
Length. — 9 to lo inches; wing 3*6; tail 3*9; tarsus 1*4; culmen 0*95.
Hab.-— Himalayas from the N.-West eastwards to Bhootan, extending to the
Khasia Hills. It is also found in Cashmere. In Darjeeling it is fairly
common ; also at Mussoorie, where it is known to breed. According to Hutton
it is said to breed in May. Eggs 3 ; pure white, a colour unknown in this
group of birds. Jerdon says, it is generally seen in flocks, and its call is loud
and harsh. The Lucknow Museum has specimens from Almora and Kumaon.
516. Trochalopterum cineraceum, Godwin- Austen, P. z. S.
1874, p. 46, pi. xi. ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxvii. ; Sharp e, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 366.— The CINEREOUS LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Adult Male. — (Thobal Valley, Munipur : type of species.) General colour
above uniform ashy olive, more fulvescent on the lower back and rump ; the
upper tail coverts more decidedly olive ; hind neck and mantle slightly
marked with black tips to a few of the feathers ; wing coverts like the back ;
bastard wing feathers lavender grey, with broad black centres ; primary coverts
black, forming a wing patch ; quills blackish, the primaries externally lavender
grey ; the secondaries externally ashy olive, like the back, for two-thirds of
Iheir length ; the remaining third blackish like the inner web, with a terminal
border of white ; tail feathers ashy olive, tipped with white, before which is a
broad sub-terminal band of black ; crown of head black, forming a cap ;
feathers at the base of nostrils also black ; lores, feathers round the eye and
a broad eyebrow ashy whitish, separated from the ear coverts by a narrow
line of black ; ear coverts ashy whitish, fringed behind with isabelline feathers
having dusky bases ; cheeks and sides of the neck isabelline brown, spotted
with longitudinal black centres ', a black patch below the eye ; under
11
82 TIMELllD^E.
surface of the body isabelline buff, whiter on the throat, which has a few
narrow lines of black ; centre of abdomen paler, thighs and under tail coverts
ochraceous buff like the lower flanks, axillaries, and under wing coverts,
(Sharpe.)
Length. — 8-5 inches; wing 325 ; tail 39; tarsus 1-3; culmen O'8. (Mus.
JET. H. Godw.-Aust.)
Hab. — Munipur.
517. Trochalopterum squamatum (Gould), Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 367. lanthocincla squamata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 48.
Trochalopteron squamatum, Gray, Cat. Mamm., &V., Nepaul,^. 83; Jerd.
B. Ind. ii. p. 46; JJume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 260; id., Str. F. 1879,
p. 97.— The BLUE-WINGED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Head, neck and body above olive brown, each feather edged with black
lunules ; rump and upper tail coverts dark chestnut ; eyebrows black ; lores
fulvescent ; wing coverts olive brown, the feathers edged with black ; greater
coverts and secondaries externally ferruginous ; bastard wing blue grey on the
outer webs ; primary coverts black ; quills black, also blue grey on the outer
webs ; tail black, tipped with ferruginous, and dull chestnut near the base ;
chin, cheeks, throat, and under surface of body rufescent brown, fulvous in the
centre of the body, all the feathers margined with black ; under tail coverts
chestnut. Bill black ; legs shining fleshy brown ; irides red brown.
Length. — 8'8 to 9 inches; wing 3*9 to 4; tail 4-0 ; tarsus 1-5.
Hab.— Eastern Himalayas ; Nepaul to Darjeeling, Sikkim, Bhootan, and the
Khasia Hills. Jerdon says it is common in the neighbourhood of Darjeeling.
According to Hodgson, it breeds in the central region of Nepaul during May
and June in forests. The nest is placed in a fork of a branch on a small tree,
and is a large mass of dry leaves and coarse grass made firm and compact.
Eggs 4 — 5, unspotted, verditer blue, cylindrical oval, obtuse at both ends.
Size 1-25 x 0-82. Mr. Gammie also took nests in Sikkim.
518. Trochalopterum subunicolor (Biyth\ Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 368. Trochalopteron subunicolor, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xii. p.
952 (descr nulld} ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 44, No. 417 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs,
Ind. B. p. 259 ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 97. Garrulax subunicolor, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 599 (descr prima) ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 96. — The
PLAIN-COLOURED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Above, including the rump and upper tail coverts, olive brown ; the feathers
with a sub-terminal bar of paler olive, and margined with black mottlings ; the
dark margins less conspicuous on the rump and upper tail coverts ; crown of
the head slightly darker olive, with black edges to the feathers ; lores blackish ;
ear coverts and cheeks dusky brown with silvery ash shaft lines ; wing coverts
olive brown, lighter on the bastard wing ; primary coverts blackish ; outer
webs olive brown ; quills dusky ^ their outer ivebs gulden olive ; the primaries ashy
TROCHALOPTERUM. 83
grey, near the tips ; the secondaries olive greenwh on their outer webs, the
innermost tipped with ashy; central tail feathers golden olive green; lateral
feathers blackish washed with golden olive on their outer webs, and narrowly
lipped with white ; under surface of body pale ochraceous buff ; the feathers
mottled with dusky bases and olive margins ; throat dark ashy, shaded with
olive ; foreneck and chest dark olive brown, with a sub-terminal bar of pale
ochraceous, and edged with dusky brown"-; under tail coverts olive brown, as
are also the axillaries and under wing coverts. Bill dusky ; legs reddish
brown ; irides reddish brown.
Length.— §•$ to 9-5 inches ; wing 3-65 to 3'8 ; tail 3-8 to 3-9; tarsus 1-45 ;
culmen O'8.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas ; Nepaul, Darjeeling, Sikkim. Breeds from
April to June in the central region of Nepaul in open forests and groves, build-
ing its nest on a low branch, 2 — 3 feet from the ground. Eggs 3 — 4, greenish
blue.
519. Trochalopterum austeni, Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 304 ;
B. Asia, pt. xxv. (1^73) ', Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 105 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1875, p. 414 ; 1879, p. 97 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 369.—
AUSTEN'S LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Above reddish brown, more or less olivaceous on the lower back and rump ;
wing coverts like the back, the greater series rufous, tipped with yellowish
white, with a sub-terminal bar of black ; bastard wing feathers externally ashy
olive ; primary coverts rufous, tipped with dusky blackish ; quills dusky, the
primaries externally grey ; the secondaries externally rufous brown, like the
greater wing coverts, and tipped with white ; central tail feathers reddish
brown, the others blackish, their outer webs reddish brown, and tipped with
white. Crown of the head, hind neck and sides of the neck more rufous
than the back, and with yellowish shaft streaks ; lores ashy grey ; ear coverts
dark chestnut brown, with pale shaft streaks ; cheeks, throat, and foreneck
reddish brown, mottled with dusky bars, each feather having an obscure sub-
terminal paler bar ; under parts reddish Urown, barred with white ; abdomen
white, tipped with a bar of dusky ; under tail coverts olive brown, with pale
fulvescent tips ; under wing coverts and axillaries olive brown ; the lower
series dusky. (Sharpe.)
Length.— 10 inches ; wing 3-85 ; tail 4-5 ; tarsus 1-5 ; culmen 0*9. (Mus.
R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay) (Sharpe.)
Hab.— Hill ranges of North-Eastern Bengal.
520. Trochalopterum phoenicenm (Gould), Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 371. lanthocincla phcenicea, Gould, Icones A vium. pi. 3.
Garrulax phceniceus, Blyth, J. A. S B. xii. p. 951.- Trochalopteron
phceniceum, Gra-v, Cat. Mamm., &c., Nepaul^ p. 83 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 372 ;
84 TIMELIID/E.
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 48, No. 422 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 262 ; id.
Str. F. 1879, p. 97.— The CRIMSON-WINGED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Above dark fulvous brown, inclining to r.ufous brown on the upper tail and
wing coverts, the outer webs of the latter tinged with crimson ; primary coverts
black ; quills black, their outer webs, also the tips of the secondaries and the
longer tertiaries crimson ; tail feathers black, tipped with orange, increasing in
extent on the lateral feathers. Head more olive brown than the back ; fore-
head washed with crimson at the base ; lores, cheeks, ear coverts and sides of
the face crimson, also a narrow supercilium, which is separated from the
crown by a streak of black ; under surface of the body dark earthy brown, the
chin washed with crimson ; under tail coverts crimson ; breast ashy ; wing
coverts and auxiliaries like the breast. Bill black ; legs livid brown; irides red
brown.
Length. — 8*5 to 9'5 inches ; wing 3-5 ; tail 4* to 4-25 ; tarsus 1*5.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas : Nepaul, Darjeeling, Sikkim and the Khasia
Hills. Abundant in Sikkim at 4,000 to 5,OOO feet elevation. It breeds,
according to Hume, at 5>oo° ^eet elevation in moist forests amongst dense
under-growths. The nest is placed in shrubs at from 6 to 10 feet high,
suspended between several upright stems and attached by fibres. The eggs,
three in number, are, in shape, elongated ovals, generally very obtuse at both
ends ; ground color, a beautiful clear pale sea-green or greenish blue with
deep maroon spots, dashes, cloudy spots, and lines of hieroglyphics. Size
0^98 to 1*15 inches by 0*7 to 0*79.
521. Trochalopterum cachinnans (Jerd.), Sharpc, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 373. Crateropus cachinnans, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 255,
pi. 7. Garrulax cachinnans, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 952. Trochalopteron
cachinnans, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 48 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 263 ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 97 ; Reid, Cat. JB. Luckn. Mus. p. 80.— The
NEILGHERRY LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Above olive brown, the head and nape ashy ; lores and the base of the
forehead bkck ; a white eyebrow bordered above and below by a streak of
black ; eyelids white ; ear coverts rufous ; base of cheeks, chin and upper
throat black ; under sicrface of body bright rufous, lighter on the abdomen ;
foreneck, chest and breast deep orange ; the flanks and under . tail coverts
olivaceous ; under wing coverts rufous ; quills brown, olivaceous externally,
axillaries olive brown. Bill black; legs dusky greenish ; irides fine red.
Length.— -8 to 8-8 inches; wing 3-5 ; tail 3-9; tarsus 1-35 ; culmen 0-8.
Hab.— South India : the Neilgherry Hills, Ootacamund,Kotergherry, Madras
and Coonoor are 'localities whence the specimens have been obtained, and
are fairly common. According to Jerdon, it is a noisy bird, and is abundant
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.
Trochalopterum j
Mintem. Bros.litK.
TROCHALOPTERUM. §5
in all the woods on the summit of the Neilgherries, and its loud laughing call
is often heard when the bird itself is unseen. Like others of the genus it lives in
small scattered flocks foraging about the thick brushwood. Their chief food
appears to be fruit, and especially that of the Phy sails peruviana ; insects too
they are very partial to. Breeds from February to June. The nest is, according
to Hume, a coarse clumsy structure composed of coarse grass, roots, &c. -,
the external diameter is from 6 to 9 inches, and the egg-cavity about 3 inches.
Eggs a delicate pale blue, speckled, spotted and blotched with brownish red
and dusky. Size 0*92 to ro8 inches by 074 to O'8.
522. Trochalopterum jerdoni (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat, B. Br. Mus.
vi. p. 373. Garrulax Jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. J3. xx. p. 522. Trochalop-
teron Terdoni ^Blyth\ Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 49, No. 424; Hume, Str. F.
1879, p. 97. — JERDON'S or the BANASORE LAUGHING-THRUSH,
PLATE.
Above olive brown, a little darker on the rump and upper tail coverts ;
head slaty, gradually shading off into ashy grey on the nape and hind-neck ;
wing coverts olive brown like the back ; primary coverts dusky brown ; quills
dark brown, edged on the outer web with olive brown ; tail feathers olive
brown with a slight ruddy tinge ; lores and behind the eye black ; supercilium
extending to the ear coverts white, tinged with ashy grey near its termina-
tion ; eyelids white ; forepart of the cheeks ashy grey ; ear coverts hoary
whitish ; chin and upper throat black ; lower throat hoary whitish ; foreneck
and breast pale ashy, forming a broad band ; under surface of body orange
rufous ; the sides of the body, flanks, thighs and under tail coverts, also the
axillaries, olive brown ; under wing coverts light orange buff. Bill black; legs
horny ; irides red.
Length, — 8 to 8*5 inches ; wing 3-3 ; tail 3*75 ; tarsus 1*3 ; culmen 0*8.
Hab. — Wynaad and Coorg in Southern India : Jerdon says he procured it
near the top of the Banasore peak, a high hill at the edge of the Ghats,
separating Malabar from the Wynaad, at an elevation of 5,OOO to 6,OOO feet. Its
voice, he adds, is very like its Neilgherry congener (to which it is very closely
allied) but more subdued.
Nothing is known of its nidification, but it is no doubt the same as those of
T. cachinnans.
523. Trochalopterum fairbanki (Elan/.), Sharpe, Cat, B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 374. Trochalopteron fairbanki, Blanf.^ J. A. S. B, xxxviii.
PP- 175, 177, pi. I?; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 413; Fairbk. Str. F. 1877,
p. 404; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97. — FAIRBANK'S LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Above, including the wing coverts, olive brown ; primary coverts and quills
dusky brown, narrewly edged on the outer web with olive brown ; the secon-
daries olive brown. Crown of the head brown j lores dusky brown ; eyelids
86 TIMELIID/E.
white ; ear coverts and sides of the face dull ashy ; cheeks also ashy ; a broad
super cilium white ; hind neck ashy gray ; sides of the neck bluish grey ;
foreneck and chest ashy grey, paler in the centre with dusky longitudinal
stripes ; under surface of the body, including the under wing coverts and
axillaries, orange rufous ; thighs fulvous brown.
Length. — 87 to 9 inches; wing 3-5 ; tail 37 ; tarsus 1-35 ; culmen 0-85.
The young is similar to the adult but duller in colour and have the head
of the same colour as the back ; the upper tail coverts rufous brown ; the ear
coverts light rufescent brown ; breast entirely ashy with no appearance of
dusky streaks. (Sharpe.)
Hab.—Tte Palani Hills.
524. Trochalopterum meridionale (Bianft, J. A. s. B. xiix.
p. 142; Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 500; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.Mus. vii. p. 375.
Trochalopteron fairbanki (non. Blanf.), Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 36. — The
TRAVANCORE LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Adult male (type of spesies). — Above, including the wing coverts, slaty grey,
washed with olive, the lower back and rump being perceptibly more olive ;
quills dusky brown, externally ashy grey with a tinge of olive ; tail feathers
dark brown, washed with olive on the outer webs and barred with dusky under
certain lights ; crown of head slaty brown, darker than the back ; lores sooty
blackish, relieved by a spot of white just in front of the eye ; no eyebroiv ;
ear coverts and sides of face light slaty brown, the sides of the neck more
ashy; under surface of the body dull white; the foreneck washed with ashy ;
the throat and breast streaked with ashy brown centres to the feathers ; sides
of breast and flanks bright chestnut ; thighs olive brown ; under tail coverts
darker chestnut ; under wing coverts and axiHaries light rufous. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 8*5 inches; wing 3-5; tail 3-6; tarsus 1-4; culmen 0-9.
The female is like the male but smaller.
Length. — 7-5 inches; wing 3-25 ; tail 3*4; tarsus 1-25.
Hab.— Travancore (South India). The highlands at an elevation of 4,000
feet.
525. Trochalopterum lineatum ( Vigors), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 377. Cinclosoma lineatum, Vigors, P. Z,. S. 1831, p. 56.
Garrulax lineatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 951. Trochalopteron lineatum,
(Vigors), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 50, No. 425 ; Cock, and Harsh., Str. F. 1873,
p, 352 ; Hume and Hend., Lahore to Yarkand, p. 195 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 264; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, P- 238 5 Hume, Sfr. F. 1879,
p. 97; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 34; Scully, t. c. p. 440.— The STREAKED
LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Head and back olivaceous ashy, the feathers centred with reddish brown
and dusky ; middle of back reddish brown, the feathers edged with ashy grey
TROCHALOPTERUM. 87
at the tip, with a white shaft streak ; lower back, rump and Upper tail coverts
dull ashy grey, washed slightly with olive ; centre ta?l feathers ashy, washed with
olive and barred with dusky under certain lights ; the tips light ashy grey, others
fulvous or tawny brown, broadly tipped with ashy grey ; outer feathers blackish
brown on their outer webs ; wing coverts like the back ; quills light brown,
edged on the outer web with bright tawny brown j the primaries ashy towards
their tips ; lores and feathers in front of the eye ashy with white streaks ; over
the line a very narrow line of bright rufous, the superciliary plumes tipped with
this colour ; ear coverts uniform rufescent ; sides of the head and neck streaked
with reddish brown ; cheeks, throat and breast ashy grey with bright rufous
centres to the feathers ; rest of under surface dull ashy, slightly washed with
olive ; the centre of the abdomen and thighs fulvous brown ; under wing coverts
dull fulvous brown.
Length. — 7-5 to 8 inches; wing 3-1 ; tail 3-8 ; tarsus I ; culmen 07.
Hab.— Himalayas, from Gilgit to Nepaul. Recorded from both localities,
also Beluchistan, Cashmere, Ramgurh, Simla, and Kumaon. Adams found it
living in flocks, and very tame, and says it has a low chattering note. Hutton
says it is seen in pairs of four or five together ; while Hume says (Nests and
Eggs) that next to the common house-sparrow, the Streaked Laughing-Thrush
is perhaps the most familiar bird about our houses at all the hill-stations of
the Himalayas westward of Nepaul, and throughout the lower ranges on which
these stations are situated, and breeds at elevations of from S,OOO to 8,ooO
feet. It lays from the end of April to the beginning of September and possibly
earlier. Nests have been taken at Mussoorie, also at Almorah, Murree and
Simla. Mr, Hume's experience is that the nests are always placed in very thick
bushes, or in low thick branches of some tree about 4 feet from the ground.
As a rule, the nest is concealed. It is nearly circular with a deep cup-like
cavity in the centre, and constructed of dry grass and the fine stems of herba-
ceous plants, intermixed with fibres and dead leaves. Eggs, 3 in number,
spotless, delicate pale greenish blue. Size o'S to 1-13 x ©'63 to o-8 inches.
526. Trochalopterum imbricatum (BiytJi), Sharps, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 379. Garrulax imbricatus, Elyth, J. A. S. £. xii. p. 951.
Trochalopteron setifer (Hodgs.), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 51. Trochalopteron
imbricatum (Blyth\ Hume, Nests and Eggsy Ind. B. p. 266; id. Sir. F.
1879, p. 97. — The BRISTLY LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Above dark rufescent brown, darker on the head and more rufous on the
wings and tail ; the crown of the head with dusky shaft streaks, and the back
with mesial whitish shaft lines ; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts dark
ashy olive brown with nearly obsolete tiny tips of fulvous at the ends of the
shafts ; quills dark brown margined on their outer webs with dark fulvous
brown ; the inner secondaries deep rufous brown, the primaries ashy grey on
the outer webs towards the tip. Tail feathers rufous brown, dusky towards
88 TIMEL1ID/E.
the ends and tipped with buffy white, the dusky black Increasing in extent
towards the outer tail feathers and extending along the outer web of the
external ones ; lores and feathers round the eye dull white ; above the eye the
feathers are lighter brown with small whitish tips ; ear coverts light brown
with pale shaft streaks ; cheeks and under surface of the body dark rufous
brown with pale fulvous shaft lines ; under tail coverts dark olivaceous brown ;
under wing coverts rufous brown. Bill and feet brown*
Length* — 8-75 to 9 inches ; wing 3; tail 4; tarsus 1*15 ; culmen 0*75.
IIab* — Nepaul and Bhootan, and probably also Sikkim.
527. Trochalopterum virgatum, Godwin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 43 ; Gould. B. Asia, part xxvii. ; Sharpe> Cat, B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 379. — •
AUSTEN'S LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Adult Male. — (Naga Hills; H. H. Godwin-Austen; type of species.)
Above striated, the back olive with dusky margins to the feathers, all of
which have very distinct white shaft streaks ; the upper tail coverts a little
more reddish olive; scapulars olive, with distinct white shaft lines; lesser
wing coverts dark olive, streaked with white, a few of them slightly tinged
with rufous at the base ; primary coverts very conspicuous ashy olive, with a
broad central streak of white ; median and greater coverts rich chestnut,
tipped with fulvous and with distinct shaft lines of reddish buff ; quills sepia
brown ; primaries externally ashy grey, the secondaries deep chestnut, the
innermost edged with olive brown, and having distinct shaft lines of whitish
like the back ; quills dark olive brown near the base, inclining to dull ashy
brown towards their ends, all crossed with dusky cross bars ; head and hind-
neck dark chestnut with distinct white shaft streaks, the feathers on the neck
tipped with dusky margins ; lores orange chestnut, extending below the eye ;
from the base of the bill a broad white eyebrow of lanceolate feathers ; eyelids
white ; ear coverts chestnut with fulvous centres ; cheeks and feathers below
the eye fulvous white, mottled with dusky or chestnut margins to the feathers ;
throat deep chestnut, separated from the cheeks by a black moustachial line ;
lower throat and foreneck chestnut with distinct shaft streaks of yellowish
white ; under surface of body and thighs yellowish buff with white shaft
lines ; sides of the body and flanks olive with whitish shaft lines ; under tail
coverts deep orange buff ; axillaries pale orange buff. Legs and feet dull
grey ; irides dull reddish brown.
Length.— 9 inches; wing 375>; tail 475; tarsus 1-3; culmen 075.
Hab. — Naga Hills and Munipur.
Gen. Acanthoptila.— Biyth.
Bill moderately long, compressed, gently curved, pointed and feebly
notched; rictal bristles scarce ; feathers of the head with stiffened shafts;
wings rounded ; tail long and broad ; tarsus moderately long.
IANTHOCINCLA.
89
528. Acanthoptila nipalensis (AW^.), Biyth, J. A. s. £. xxiv.
p. 478 ; Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 57, No. 43; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 459; id.
Sir. F. 1879, p. 97; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 380. Timalia
nipalensis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 182. Timalia pellotis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix.
p. 182. Malacocercus nipalensis, Blyfh, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 370. Mala-
cocercus pellotis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 370 ; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 461 ;
id. S'fr. F. 1879, p. 97.— The SPINY BABBLER.
Above olive brown, the feathers of the head and mantle with stiffened black
shafts ; lores, eyebrow, sides of face and throat white ; ear coverts white,
with longitudinal brown streaks ; upper wing coverts like the back ; quills
brown, margined on the outer web with olivaceous brown ; tail also brown,
margined at the base with olivaceous and with indistinct dusky cross bars
under certain lights ; chin, throat, neck and upper breast rufescent ; lower
breast, belly and vent albescent, the feathers on the lower surface with dark
shaft streaks ; flanks, thighs and under tail coverts brown, margined with
ochraceous ; under wing coverts dark brown, the lower series tinged with
rufous. Bill and legs plumbeous or horny brown ; irides pale yellow. (Jerd.)
Hoary blue. (Hodgs.)
Length.— 9 to IO inches; wing 3-3; tail 4-2 to 4*4; tarsus 1*25; cul-
men ro«j.
Hab. — Nepaul and Eastern Kumaon. Rare, according to Jerdon.
Bill of lanthoclncla ocellata.
Gen. lanthocinela. — Gould.
Bill moderately long and stout, and exceeding the hind-toe and claw in
length; the tip, slightly hooked and notched; nostrils nearly hidden by
nareal tufts, rounded, and exposed in front ; bristles long, the longest above
f rds the length of the bill ; wings moderate, rather shorter than in Garrulax ;
tail long.
12
90 TIMELIID^E.
529. lanthocincla ocellata (Vigors), Bp. Consp. \. p. 371 ;
Sharpet Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 382. Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vig. P. Z. S.
IS3i,p. 55; Gould. Cent. Him. B. pi. 15. Crateropus ocellatus, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xi. p. 179. Garrulax ocellatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 951 ;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 41, No. 414 ; Hume, Nests a?id Eggs, Ind. B. p. 257.—
The WHITE-SPOTTED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
PLATE.
Head, nape, cheeks and throat black, the hinder part of the cheeks tawny
with narrow black bars ; the base of the chin also tawny ; lower throat,
foreneck and chest ashy fulvous with subterminal black bars ; upper surface
of body chestnut brown, the feathers of the mantle with a subterminal black
bar and a yellowish buff tip ; lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts with
a large triangular spot of white at the tip of each feather and a subterminal
black bar ; wing coverts like the back, also spotted with white ; bastard wing
and primary coverts black, tipped with a spot of white ; quills blackish, all
tipped with white ; the primaries greyish and the secondaries chestnut on
their outer webs ; innermost secondaries tipped white and with a black
subterminal bar ; central feathers chestnut brown, tipped with white and with
a broad subterminal band of black, which increases in size towards the outer
feathers ; under surface of the body ochraceous buff, tawny on the flanks,
thighs and under tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky black-
ish, tipped with fulvous. Bill yellowish, dusky on the ridge and tip ; legs dull-
yellow ; irides yellow-brown.
Length. — 12'5 to 13*5 inches; wing 5-25 to 5-5; tail 6-26; tarsus 1-85 ;
culmen 1-25.
ffafr. — Eastern Himalayas, Darjeeling, Sikkim, Nepaul. Abundant about
Darjeeling between 8,000 and 10,000 feet elevation. Breeds, according to
Hume, in the low warm valleys leading to the Great Runjeet. Eggs long,
cylindrical ovals, very obtuse even at the smaller end ; delicate pale blue, spot-
less or with a few chocolate brown specks. Size, 1-18 to 1-25 x 0-85 to 0*86.
Gen. Gampsorhynchus.— Blyth.
Bill shorter than in lanthocincla, about the length of the head, wide and
deep at the base, curving to the tip, which is much hooked and notched ;
nostrils with a posterior operculum, rounded and exposed ; rictal bristles
strong, stiff, and long ; wings moderate, much rounded, the 5th, 6th, and 7th
quills nearly equal and longest ; tail long, graduated.
AVIFAUNA . OF BRITISH INDIA
Heads, leg, b'dl asul wuig o/ lcuitttociricla>
GAMPSORHYNCHUS. 91
530. Gampsorhynchus rufulus, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 371 ;
Jerd.B. Ind. ii. p. 14; Wald. Ibis, 1875, p. 450; ffume, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 95 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 40 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. JBr. Mus. vii.
p. 386.— The WHITE-HEADED SHRIKE-THRUSH.
Above, including'the scapulars, golden brown ; head, neck, throat and breast,
also the under surface, pure white ; the vent, flanks and under tail-coverts
tinged with buff ; rump and upper tail-coverts fulvous or golden brown ; tail
the same, and tipped paler ; lesser and median wing-coverts white, forming a
shoulder patch ; bastard wing and primary coverts dusky on their inner webs,
and golden brown on the outer ; quills the same ; axillaries and under wing-
coverts yellowish buff, with white bases.
Young birds have the top of the head, nape, ear-coverts, and sides of the
head chestnut; under surface of the body yellowish buff. Bill dusky horny
above, paler beneath ; legs reddish horny ; irides orange yellow in some, in
others straw yellow.
Length.— 8*3 to 9 inches ; wing 3-85 to 3*9 ; tail 4-5 to 47 ; culmen 0-85 ;
tarsus 1*15.
Hab — Eastern Himalayas to Arrakan. It has been found in Nepaul and in
Sikkim ; also the hill tracts of Bengal. In, Sikkim Jerdon says it frequents the
warmer valleys to 3,000 feet elevation. Those which he had examined had
eaten grasshoppers and other insects.
531. Gampsorhynchus torquatus, Hume, P. A. S. Beng. 1874,
p. 107; id. Sir. F. ii. p. 446 ; Hume, and Dav. Sir. F. vi. p. 258; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. pp. 95, 168; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 178; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
i. p. 41; Sharps, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 41.— The TENASSERIM SHRIKE-
THRUSH.
Resembles rufulus, but is smaller and has a slightly smaller bill ; the white
of the head does not extend backwards beyond the crown, nor that of the throat
on to the breast ; a deep rufous band bounds the white of the head everywhere,
being deepest and most conspicuous across the base of the throat, where it
forms a regular and most marked collar.
Bill greyish horny or fleshy white, with, in some cases, a dusky line on the
culmen ; the legs and feet greyish white ; irides pale to bright golden ; tail
feathers tipped with white, not golden buff.
Length.— 9-4 to 10-2 inches; wing 37 to 4'i J tail 4*5 to 5; tarsus ro$
tO I'2.
Hab. -Tenasserim, ranging into the Karen Hills in Burmah.
92 TIMELIID/E.
Gen. Argya.— Lesson.
Bill shorter than the tarsus, much compressed, slightly curving from the
base, and barely hooked at the tip; commissure slighty curved; nostrils
apert ; its operculum stout and swollen ; a few pale short rictal setae ; wings
short, not so much rounded as in Gampsorhynchus ; 4th, 5th, and 6th quills
nearly equal and longest ; tail moderately long and broad ; tarsus stout and
scutellate ; claws curved.
532. Argya SUbrufa ( Jerd), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 390.
Timalia subrufa, Jerd. Madr. Journ. x. p. 239. Malacocercus subrufus,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 369. Layardia subrufa, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv.
p. 478; JerdoHy B. Ind. ii. p. 66; Fairbznk, Str. F. 1876, p. 258 ; Rume>
Str. F. 1879, p. 97. — The RUFOUS BABBLER.
Above, including the wing coverts, olive brown ; forehead hoary grey ; lores
and feathers round the eye duslcy grey; ear-cover ts olive brown; cheeks dull
rufous ; throat and remainder of under surface of the body bright rufous '•>
the lower throat and breast with blackish hair-like shaft streaks ; primaries and
their coverts brown, paler on the outer web; the secondaries olive brown
externally ; tail feathers olive brown, barred with numerous dusky lines, more
strongly so -on the centre feathers. Bill dusky above, yellow beneath ; legs
dull yellow ; irides light yellow.
Length.— 9 inches; wing 3-5 1037; tail 4-4 to 4-5; oilmen 0-9; tarsus
1-35-
Hab. — Southern India, along the crests of the Western Ghauts from the
Southern Mahratta Country to Coorg, the Wynaad and Malabar. According
to Jerdon it frequents thick jungle, and feeds on the ground in parties of
eight or ten.
533. Argya hyperythra, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 390.
Malacocercus subrufus, Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. i. App.
p. 420, No. 31$ (nee. Jerd). — The RUFOUS-BACKED BABBLER.
Similar to A. subrufa, except that the upper parts are reddish brown instead
of olive brown, darker and more decided chestnut on the upper tail coverts and
tail; cheeks and under surface of the body bright chestnut; forehead ashy,
the feathers with black shaft streaks; ear-coverts like the head. Bill and legs
as in subrufa.
Length. — 9-8 to 10 inches ; wing 3*4 to 3-5 ; tail 4-3 ; culmen O'85 ; tarsus
1-35-
Hab. — Madras.
534. Argya Earlii (Blyth\ Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 392.
Malacocercus Earlii, Blyih, J. A. S. ^.xiii. p. 369; Jm/. III. Ind. Orn. (text
to pi. 19). Chatorhaea Earlii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 478 ; Blanf. Ibis,
ARGYA. 93
1870, p. 466; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 180; id. Nests and Eggs, hid. B.
p. 275, No. 439; James, Sir. F. 1873, P- 42° J Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 124 ;
Murray, Vertebrate Zoology of Sind, p. 134 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 30.
Craleropus Earlii, Blyth and Wald. B. Burm. p. 118. — The STRIATED REED*
BABBLER.
Above pale greyish brown ; head and back with dark brown streaks ; tail
like the back, with faint traces of transverse striae ; chin, throat and breast
fulvescent or reddish brown, with faint mesial streaks ; abdomen, vent and
under tail-coverts fulvescent white ; bill dusky yellow ; legs dusky brown ;
irides bright yellow.
Length. — 9'5 to 10; wing 3-5 ; tail 5*5 ; bill at front 0*75.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central Provinces,
Kutch, Kattiawar and Rajpootana, also extending along the valley of Assam,
and southwards to Burmah. All the Babblers (bush or reed) associate in
small or large parties of from 10 to 20 or more. They affect high grass,
hedges, clumps of thick scrub or reed jungle. They feed exclusively on the
ground, and when disturbed fly back into the thicket whence they issued,
chattering the whole time. They are not very shy, as they build fearlessly in
the vicinity of houses as in the open plains, covered with scattered bushes.
Reed-margined lakes, canals, and perennial streams are their favourite
haunts. The Striated Reed-Babbler lays twice during the year, in March
and in September. The nest is a neat and compact structure of grass, roots,
leaves, &c., and is generally lined with fine grass stems. The egg-cavity
averages 3 to 3*5 inches in diameter. It breeds wherever it is found. The
eggs, 4 in number, are of a clear blue colour, varying in size from 0-87 to roi
in length, and in breadth from 0*7 to 0*78.
535. Argya caudata (Drap^, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 393.
Cos'syphus caudatus, Drapiez, Diet. Class, d'Hist. Nat. x. p. 219. Timalia
chatorhaea, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118. Malacoceicus caudatus, Blyth,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 141. Chatorhaea caudata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv.
p. 478; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 67, No 438; Butler, Str. F. 1872, p. 472;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 274 ; id. Str. F. 1873, p. 180; Adam, t. c.
p. 378; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 409; Fairbank, Str. F. 1876, p. 258;
Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 132. Crateropus caudatus, Blanf. Ibis, 1874,
p. 76; Blyth and Walden, B. Burm., p. 118 ; Fairbank Str. F. 1876, p. 258 ;
Oates, B. Br. Mus. p. 32. — The STRIATED BUSH-BABBLER.
Above pale greyish brown ; crown of head and hind neck dark brown, with
pale edgings ; back pale greyish brown, the feathers with dark mesial
streaks ; rump and upper tail-coverts like the back, the rump unstriped ; the
upper tail coverts mesially streaked with dark brown ; outer webs of primaries
concolourous with the back ; inner webs dusky ; tail feathers pale greyish brown,
94
with dark shafts and obsolete transverse barring ; ear- coverts silky, fulvous
brown; under surface pale isabelline orrufescent white ; chin and throat white;
sides of the breast and flanks with narrow mesial streaks ; irides reddish ; bill
horny brown, yellowish near the base ; legs pale or yellowish brown.
Length. — 9 to 10 inches ; wing 3 to 3 '5 ; tail 4*5 to 5 ; bill O'8S to I.
Hob. — Sind, Beloochistan, S.-E. Persia ; also Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Bengal, Kutch, Rajputana, Guzerat and Central India, British Burmah and
South India. It is spread over the whole of the Indian Peninsula from Cape
Comorin to Cashmere and Bengal.
Its habits are quite those of Earlii, but it is less shy. It lays from March
to September, and has two or more broods a year. As a rule they build in
low thorny acacias, or milk bush hedges. Eggs, 4 in number, glossy, deli-
cate, pure, spotless, somewhat pale blue, and smaller than those of Ear Hi.
536. Argya edipes (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mm. vii. p. 394.
Chatorhaea caudata, Hume and Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 197, pi.
ix. Chatorhaea eclipes, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 337 ; id., Sir. F. 1879,
p. 97. — The PUNJAB BUSH-BABBLER.
Like Argya caudata, but much larger ; upper surface darker and more
strongly striated ; tail more narrowly banded ; feathers of breast and sides
dark shafted. (Hume.)
Hal. — Punjab, Trans-Indus, and the lower valleys of the surrounding
hills. Habits the same as others of the genus. C. Huttoni occurs in
Afghanistan and Beloochistan, ranging to Persia.
537. Argya gulariS (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mies. vii. p. 396.
Chatorhaea gularis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 478 ; Jerd. Ibis, 1862, p. 19 ;
Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 460; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 124; Anderson, Yunnan
Exped., p. 639, pi. xlviii ; Hu?ne, Sir. F. viii. p. 97. Crateropus gularis, Bl.
B. Burm. p. 117.— The WHITE-THROATED BUSH-BABBLER.
Forehead and a line on each side continued back to the eye grey ; each
feather with a blackish shaft stripe ; top of the head, neck, back, and scapulars
ruddy brown, the feathers with a dark brown shaft stripe ; rump and upper
tail coverts olive brown, the shaft stripes indistinct ; wings and wing coverts
olive brown, some of the greater series dark shafted ; ear coverts and sides of
the neck ruddy brown ; lores black ; chin, throat, cheeks and upper breast
white ; remainder of lower surface ruddy brown ; tail olive brown, with numer-
ous transverse bars of darker brown, the outermost feathers washed and tipped
externally with sandy buff ; under wing coverts sandy.
Length. — \Q inches; wing 3-2; tail 5-4; tarsus i'4; bill from gape I;
culmen o-8o.
SIBIA. 95
Hab* — Upper Burmah. Gates says it is confined to the northern portions
of the Pegu division in the Irrawady Valley. Common at Thayetmyo. It has
been procured both at Prome and near Bhamo. Nothing is known of its
modification.
538- Argya malCOlmi (Sykes), Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- 97 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 399. Timalia malcolmi, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 88.
Malacocercus malcolmi, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 369; Jerd. B. Ind. ii,
p. 64, No. 436; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 133. — The LARGE GREY
BABBLER.
Forehead pale bluish, the feathers white shafted ; a dusky streak from the
nostrils to the eye ; ear-coverts brownish grey, the feathers white shafted and
lax ; crown of head, hind neck and back brownish grey, with dark mesial
streaks to the feathers ; rump lighter ; primaries edged pale grey on the outer
web ; the inner webs dusky brown ; secondaries dusky brown ; tertiaries and
wing coverts concolorous with the back, or greyer in some specimens; tail,
with the central feathers, dusky brown, and with numerous faint cross bars, the
next two on each side lighter, and the rest fulvescent white ; under surface of
body fulvescent white, darker or rufescent on the chin, throat and breast ;
under wing coverts silky buff. Bill horny brown ; legs yellowish ; irides
light yellow.
Length. — II inches ; wing 4/5 to 4*75 ; bill at front 0*75 to nearly one.
Hab. — The Western and Southern Presidencies of India, does not extend
beyond Sind. Usually found associated with Crateropus canorus at Larkhana
and Sehwan. Rare in Lower Sind. Rather numerous in the Concan and
Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and North Guzerat.
In its habits the Large Grey Babbler does not differ from its congeners. It
breeds nearly throughout India. Its eggs are not unlike those of its con-
geners, unspotted, delicate pale blue.
Gen. Sibia.— Hodgs.
Bill rather long, slender, almost entire, barely hooked at tip ; culmen gently
curving to tip ; nares lateral, lengthened ; wings moderately rounded ; tarsi
stout, moderately long ; tail one and a half or more the length of the
wing.
539. Sibia picOldeS, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passeres, pis.
^95) J96 ; id. J. A. S. B. viii. p. 38 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 55 ; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 268 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 108 ; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 294 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
p. 43. Heterophasia cuculopsis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 187. — The LONG-
TAILED SIBIA.
96 TIMELIID/E.
Above, including the wing coverts, slaty grey, slightly darker on the fore-
head and the greater series of the wing coverts ; primaries black, edged
narrowly on the outer web with greyish; secondaries the same ; four of them
white about the middle and forming a wing patch ; tail dusky, the feathers
with broad white or greyish white tips ; lores blackish ; beneath dark ashy,
paler on the abdomen ; under wing coverts and axil-lanes slaty grey. Bill
and legs slaty black ; irides reddish brown.
Length. — 13*510 14 inches; wing 475 to 4*9; tail 8*75; tarsus ri;
culmen I.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending to Bhootan, Burmah and Tenasserim.
It has been found in Nepaul, Bhootan and Sikkim. At Darjeeling it is said
to be very common at about 4,000 feet elevation, associating in flocks of six
or seven, and flying from tree to tree, feeding both on fruit and insects. At
Karenne, Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay procured it at an elevation of 5,000 feet.
It has also been observed in the Dafla Hills in Assam. Mr. Gammie found
a nest in Sikkim, in the neighbourhood of Rungbee, near Darjeeling. It
contained 5 eggs. The nest, Mr. Hume says, is as perplexing as the eggs,
the first being like that of a bulbul, and the eggs not unlike those of a shrike or
minivet ; — broad ovals, pointed towards one end, with a slight gloss, the ground
colour a slightly greyish white with a good many small spots and specks of
pale yellowish brown and dingy purple, chiefly confined to a large irregular
zone towards the larger end. Size o'86 to 0-93 x 0*7 to 073.
Gen. Malacias.— Cab.
General characters as in Sibia, tail a trifle longer than the wimg ; head
crested.
540. Malacias capistrata (Vigors), Hume, Sir. F. 1879, P- 97;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 403. Cinclosoma capistrata, Vigors, P. Z. S.
1831, p. 56. Sibia nigriceps, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passer es, pis.
197, 198. Actinodura nigriceps, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 98. Sibia
capistrata, Gray, Cat. Mamm., &V., Nepaul ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 55, No. 429 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 267. — The BLACK-HEADED SIBIA.
Head much crested ; crest black, falling back on the nape ; cheeks, ear
coverts, and sides of the face black ; base of chin white ; neck behind and on the
sides rufous ; upper back and scapulars ashy brown ; lower back, rump and
upper tail-coverts chestnut red; tail black, broadly tipped with bluish grey ;
the centre feathers rufous, with a broad sub-terminal band of black ; lesser and
median wing coverts dusky black, washed with ashy brown ; the greater series
bluish grey, tipped with black and white at the base, forming a transverse wing
bar ; primary coverts blue black ; quills blackish, externally bluish grey ; the
outer edges of the primaries paler ; inner secondaries chestnut rufous ; their
MALACIAS. 97
outer webs margined with bluish grey ; under surface of body, including
the under tail coverts, rufous ; under wing coverts like the breast. Bill black ;
legs yellowish brown ; irides brown.
Length— •]'% to 8'8 inches ; wing 3-45 to 4 ; tail 3-5 to 4-55 ; tarsus ri ;
culmen 0*95.
Hab. — Himalayas from Cashmere to Bhootan ; abundant in Sikkim.
Recorded localities are Murree, Kumaon, Nepaul, Darjeeling, Bhootan, Mus-
soorie and Simla. Jerdon says it frequents the highest trees, climbing up the
larger 'branches, and clinging round and below the smaller branches, like a
wood-pecker or nut-hatch. Hume says it breeds throughout the Himalayas
during May, June, and part of July. The nest is made chiefly of moss, lined
with 'stalks of the maiden-hair fern and fine roots. Eggs, pale bluish green,
spotted and blotched with dark brownish red. In size they vary from 0*95 to
ro in length, and 0-69 to 072 in breadth.
541. Malacias melanoleuca (Tickeify ffume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 405. Sibia melanoleuca, Tickell, MSS. ;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 413; Hume and Davison, Sir. F. 1878^
p. 293 ; Gould. B. Asia, part xxxiii. Sibia picata, Tick., J . A. S. B. xxviii.
p. 45 i ; Walden, Ibis, 1866, p. 355 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 43. — TICKELL'S
SHORT-TAILED SIBIA.
Forehead, crown, nape, chin, lores, and cheeks, also the sides of the face, jet
black ; ear coverts, neck and upper plumage rich brown ; tail brown, broadly
tipped with white; wing coverts jet black; quills blackish, externally washed
with glossy greenish black ; the primaries with a concealed patch of white at
the base, on the inner webs. Except a small black chin spot, the whole
under surface, including the under wing coverts and axillaries, white. Legs,
feet, and claws dark horny brown ; bill black ; irides lake.
Length.— -8 to 8-5 inches; wing 3-35 to 3-5; tail 3-95 to 4; tarsus rrs ;
culmen 0-75.
Hab.— Hills of Tenasserirn, confined, as far as is at present known, to the
higher slopes of the Mooleyit mountains. Gates, quoting Davison, says the
note of this bird is a single, long-drawn, clear-sounding whistle. Its food
consists of small berries and insects, which latter are captured amongst the
foliage on the tree-tops, in which small parties are always moving. They
never descend to the ground or even to brushwood.
542. Malacias gracilis (McCleU.), Hume, Str, F. 1879, P. 97;
Sharpe, Cat. B, Br. Mus. vii. p. 406. Hypsipetes gracilis, McClell. P. Z S.
^39, p. 159. Sibia gracilis, Blyih, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 449 ; Jerd. B. Ind.
ii. p, 56; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B. xxxix., p. 105. — The ASSAM SIBIA.
13
98 TIMELIID/E.
Crown of the head black, inclining to blackish brown on the nape; lores
and sides of the face black, as also the fore part of the ear coverts, which shade
off into brown on the hinder part, and resemble the sides of the neck, which
are slightly washed with slate colour ; cheeks, throat, and centre of belly
whitish ; the lower throat and breast washed with yellowish buff ; the sides of
the breast and flanks lilac grey, with a vinous tinge ; upper back slaty
brown ; the rump and upper tail coverts ashy grey ; lesser and median wing
coverts black ; the greater series slaty grey, edged with black at the tip, and
with broad white bases forming a conspicuous band across the wing ; quills
black, the primaries margined with horny grey ; the innermost secondaries ashy
grey, margined with black on both webs ; tail black, broadly tipped with ashy
grey, the two centre feathers ashy grey with a broad sub terminal band of
black ; thighs, vent and under tail coverts sandy buff ; under wing coverts and
axillaries white. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 9 inches; wing 3*65; tail 4*25; tarsus 1*15 ; culmen 0*95.
Hab.— Hills of Assam. Sharpe records specimens from Assam, Shillong
and the Khasia Hills.
543. Malacias pulchella (Godw.-Aust.), Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 97; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus, vii. p. 407. Sibia pulchellus, Godw.-Aust-
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 160 ; id. J. A. S. B. xliii. pt. 2, p. 164. —
The FASCIATED SIBIA.
A narrow frontal band and lores, extending both over and below the
eye to the base of the ear-coverts, black ; upper parts ashy grey, tinged with
bluish on the head ; shoulder of wing blue grey ; a band of pale chocolate
coming in at the base of the black primary and secondary coverts. Quills
greyish black ; the primaries edged with pale hoary blue, the secondaries with
blue grey, the last three umber brown ; the hindmost two edged narrowly on
the outer web with black. Tail with the two centre feathers umber brown,
terminating in rich black, followed by dark grey ; outer feathers the same, the
black increasing on each feather to the outermost. Under surface of body
ashy blue, with a vinous brown tinge on the lower breast and abdomen. Bill
black; legs horny brown.
Length. — 9'$ inches; wing 4*1; tail 4*85; tarsus 1-3; bill at front 075.
(Godwin-Austen, ex. Sharpe.)
Hab.— Naga Hills, 8,000 feet.
Pomatorhinus.-— Horsf.
Bill long, the culmen longer than the tarsus, compressed, pointed, and much
curved throughout ; nostrils barely apert ; rictal bristles minute and a few
only; wing equal to or longer than the tail, rounded; 5th and 6th quills
longest; tail long or moderate ; tarsi stout, shorter than the culmen.
POMATORHINUS, 99
544. Pomatorhinus schisticeps, Hodgs. Asiat. Res. xix. p. 181 ;
"Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 175 ; xiv. p. 598 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 220; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 29 ; Keavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 433 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 121 ; Ward-
law-Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 133, pi. iii., figs.. I and 2; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 96 ; Scully t. c. p. 288 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 72. Pomatorhinus
leucogaster, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, P- *37 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Br. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 146. Pomatorhinus nuchalis, Tweed, Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist. (4) xx.
P' 535 ; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p- 134 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878,
p. 282 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- 96 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 71 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B, Br. Mus. vii. p. 413. Pomatorhinus leucogaster, Wald. in Ely. B.
Burm. p. 113. Pomatorhinus olivaceus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 451 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 137; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 133; Hume
and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 283; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus xii. p. 414. — The SLATY-HEADED SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Above, including the wing coverts, dark olive brown ; crown of head and nape
dark slate colour, duller in some ; the hind neck a little brighter olive brown
than the back, sometimes separated (Tenasserim specimens) from the latter
by a rufescent collar ; a broad white eyebrow from the base of the bill ; lores
and feathers below the eye and ear coverts black ; neck rich ferruginous or
chestnut; cheeks, throat, and breast white ; sides of the chest white, with rufous
margins to the tips ; sides of the breast ferruginous, streaked with white ; quills
dusky brown, externally dark olive, shaded with grey near the base of the pri-
maries ; tail feathers dusky brown, washed with olive brown on the outer webs,
and barred across under certain lights ; centre tail feathers washed with olive
for nearly their whole length ; flanks fulvescent olive brown, tinged with
rufous ; thighs ashy olive ; under tail coverts olive brown ; axillaries olive
brown, slightly tinged with rufous ; under wing coverts light rufous. Bill
horny or deep yellow ; feet plumbeous ; irides reddish cream colour.
Length. — 8 to 10 inches ; wing 3-2 to 4; tail 3-9 to 4-5 ; tarsus r2 to i'4;
culmen 1*15 to 2.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas from Nepaul, extending through Sikkim to
Bhootan, Assam, the Tipperah Hills, Sylhet, Arrakan, Burmah, Upper Pegu
and the lower hills of Central and Southern Tenasserim. Jerdon says it is not
rare near Darjeeling at above 500 feet elevation, and goes generally in pairs,
the male uttering a loud hooting call. A nest made of moss and some fibres,
and with four pure white eggs, was brought to him at Darjeeling. It occurs in
Thayetmyo and, according to Oates (under P. olivaceus and P. nuchalis,
which I do not separate from schisticeps) from Thoungya Sakan down to
Malewoon in Tenasserim, and (Capt. Bingham) throughout the Thoungwyeen
Valley. Capt Wardlaw-Ramsay got it at Tounghoo on the Karin Hills and in
Karennee at 3,000 feet elevation. Capt. Bingham found the nest in March
(P. olivaceus) in the Meplay forest reserve. It was cup-shaped, loosely
100
made of bamboo leaves, and lined with strips of the same. It contained three
white eggs. Davison also found a nest in January, said to be a globular
structure. The habits, according to Oates, of all the Scimitar Babblers, are much
alike. They live on the ground, or in shrubs very close to the ground, only very
occasionally mounting on trees. They conceal themselves so well that they
are seldom seen, but when seen they generally perform fantastic motions,
spreading out the tail and drooping the wings. They have different calls
which resolve themselves into " hoot-hoot-hoot" constantly repeated. They
frequent the thickest piece of jungle, where the low undergrowth is entangled
and intricate. They nest on the ground on sloping banks, making a nest which
in most cases is domed, otherwise only cup-shaped. Eggs invariably white.
545. PomatorhimiS pinwilli, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus, vii.;
p. 413. — PINWILL'S SCIMITAR-BABBLER,
Adult.— Similar to P. schisticeps, but very small, and having a very distinct
ferruginous collar separating the head from the mantle ; sides of neck and sides
of chest ferruginous, distinctly streaked with white.
Length. — 8 inches; wing 3-25 ; tail 37; tarsus J'2; culmen ro.
Sharpe says this is a rufous-necked race of P. schisticeps, representing that
species in the N.-W. Himalayas. It is described from two skins in the British
Museum, and is given sub-specific rank.
546. Pomatorhinus horsfieldii, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 89 •,
id. J. A. S. B. iii. p. 537 ; Jerd., Madr. Journ. x. p. 256; Bp. Comp. i.
p. 220; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 31, No. 404; Ball. Sir. F. 1874, p. 409;
Eourd., Str. F. 1876, p. 399; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 137 ; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 96; Fairbk, Str. F. 1876, p. 265; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 415. Pomatorhinus obscurus, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 7; Butler,
Str. F. 1875, p. 471; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96, Sharpe, Cat, B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 416.— The SOUTHERN SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Above, including the wing coverts, dark olive brown, more ashy in some ;
head more or less darker than the back, the feathers being tipped with dark
brown ; sides of the crown with a line of black, followed by a distinct white
eyebrow extending from the base of the bill to the sides othe hind neck ;
lores and ear coverts black ; sides of the neck black, with narrow strealts of
white-, cheeks white ; primary coverts paler than the back ; quills dark brown,
olivaceous on their outer webs ; tail the same ; under surface of the body
• white ; lower abdomen, flanks, thighs and under tail coverts olive brown ; fore-
neck and breast white ; the sides of these more or less strongly marked with
black. Bill yellow ; base of maxilla dark brown ; legs dusky ; irides dark red.
Length.— %'2 to 9-5 inches; wing 375 to 3-9; tail 4-0; culmen 1-2 ;
tarsus 1*3.
POMATORHINUS. 101
Hab. — Southern India, extending into Central and S.-W. India and Guzerat,
as far as Mount Aboo. Recorded from the Concan, Deccan, Neilgherries
Mynall in Travancore, Matheran near Bombay, and Khandalla, Common in
Ootacamund and Coonoor; also in all the forests and hill ranges of the more
elevated districts of S. India, as the Wynaad, Coorg, and the Neilgherries;
also in the Eastern Ghauts, Goomsoor, &c., and in the heavy jungles of
Central India. It breeds in the Neilgherries, more abundantly at Ootacamnnd,
building a large globular nest of grass, moss, and roots, placed on or near to
the ground in some bush or clump of fern or grass. Eggs 4 — 5 in number,
nearly perfect ovals, usually much elongated, but sometimes moderately broad
and slightly compressed towards one end. In colour they are spotless white,
and are also said to be very fragile. Size 0-98 to ri2 x 075 to 079.
547. PomatorhinuS OChraceicepS, Walden, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (4) xii, p. 487; id. in Blyth, B. Burm. p. 113; Hume, Str. F.
1875, p. 282; 'Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 465, pi. xiii.; Plume and
Dav.t Str. F. 1878, p. 281 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- 96 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
p. 73.— LLOYD'S SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Whole upper plumage bright ochraceous ; the inner webs of the quills pale
brown ; tail paler ochraceous, the terminal halves of the feathers suffused with
brown, and obsoletely cross-barred with blackish ; base of the forehead, lores,
and feathers above and round the eye black ; supercilium extending to the
nape white ; ear coverts chestnut brown ; chin, throat, breast and centre of
abdomen pure white; sides of the breast and flanks, as well as the thighs,
light ochraceous brown ; under tail coverts olive brown, axillaries and under
wing coverts pale reddish. Bill bright vermilion or coral red ; legs, feet, and
claws dingy green or greenish brown ; irides pale straw yellow.
Length.— g'^ inches; wing 3-6; tail 4-4 ; tarsus 1-3 ; culmen 1-45.
Hab. — Hills of Burmah and Tenasserim. Has been procured in the
Karin Hills; also in Karennee. Mr. Davison is said to have observed it on the
higher slopes of Mooleyit Mountain in Tenasserim : it has not been observed
elsewhere.
548. Pomatorhinus Austeni, Hume, Str. F. 1881, p. 152;
Sharpe, Cat. B '. Br. Mus. vii. p. 418. — AUSTEN'S SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Entire upper surface, also the flanks, sides, vent and lower tail coverts dull
earthy olive brown ; the head with a faint ochraceous tinge ; lores, cheeks, and
ear coverts black ; supercilium white ; chin, throat, and abdomen also white ;
sides of the breast dull earthy olive brown, tinged with buffy ; legs and feet
pale grey brown, tinged greenish ; soles yellowish ; bill coral red to orange
vermilion ; irides pale buff or pale orange.
Length. — 10 to IO'2 inches; wing 3-5 to 3'66 ; tail 4-5 to 475 ; tarsus
rs to 2.
Hab. — Munipur Hills.
102 TlMELllDM.
549. Pomatorhinus ferruginosus, Hodgs., icon. ined. in Br.
Mus. Passeres, pi. 92 ; lllyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 597 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii.
p. 29, No. 401 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96; id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 249 ; Scully, /. c. p. 288 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 422.— The
FERRUGINOUS SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Above, including the wing coverts, dark olive brown ; crown of the head,
nape, lores, and feathers below the eye black ; a tuft of chestnut feathers above
the lores ; supercilium, extending to the nape, white ; quills brown, the outer
webs margined with reddish brown ; tail light brown ; the feathers washed
with olivaceous on their edges, and obsoletely cross-barred with dusky ;
cheeks, chin, and upper throat white ; lower throat, foreneck, and chest bright
orange chestnut, becoming duller and paler on the centre of the breast ; sides
of body, abdomen, and under tail coverts olive brown, slightly tinged with
rufous. Bill coral red; legs greenish brown ; irides red brown.
Length.— 7-5 to 8*25 inches; wing 3-4 to 3-5; tail 3-25 to 37; tarsus l'35;
culmen 1*2.
Hob. — Eastern Himalayas, Nepaul, and Sikkim at from 3,000 to 6,00o feet
elevation. Jerdon says he procured it near Darjeeling, but knew nothing
peculiar in its habits. According to Hodgson's notes, however, it breeds in
Sikkim, making a more or less egg-shaped nest, with the longer diameter
horizontal, some 7x5 inches, with an opening of 3 inches diameter at one
end. Eggs 4 — 5, elongated ovals, pure white, and measuring ro8 x 0*7.
550. Pomatorhinus Phayrii, Biyth,J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 452;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 220; Godw.-Aust. J . A. S. B. xxxix. p. 103; Wardlaw-
Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 135, pi. iv. fig 2 ; Hume and J)av., Str. F. 1879,
p. 96 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 73 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p.
422. — PHAYRE'S SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Above, including the head and wing coverts and outer webs of the quills,
olivaceous brown ; the secondaries slightly washed with rufous ; tail light
brown, washed with olive brown on the margins of the feathers ; base of the
forehead, a line along the sides of the crown, eyelid, and a line from the
lores extending to and beyond the ear coverts black; supercilium white;
cheeks, chin, and upper throat white ; rest of under surface of the body chest-
nut, or light tawny rufous ; the flanks, vent, and under tail coverts olive brown ;
under wing coverts and axillaries pale olive brown.
Length. — 9 inches; wing 3*7; tail 4*1; tarsus 1*3 ; culmen i'2; from
gape 1-3.
Hob. — Arrakan, extending to the Khasia Hills. It occurs in Munipur and
in the hill tracts of Bengal.
POMATORHINUS. J 03
551. Pomatorhinus albigularis, Biyth, J. A. s. E. xxiv.
p. 274; Bl. and Wald. JB. Burm. p. 113; Hume, Sir. F. 1877, P- 136;
War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 135, pi. v. fig. I ; Hume and Dav., Str. F.
1879, P- Q^; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 74 ; Sharpe, Cat B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 423. Pomatorhinus mariae, Wald. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xv.
p. 403 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, i. p. 280. — The WHITE-THROATED or
BLYTH'S SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Above, including the head and wing coverts, rufescent brown or fulvescent
olive brown ; markings on the head the same as in P. Phayrii ; cheeks, chin
and throat white; quills reddish brown externally; tail umber brown, the
feathers shaded with reddish brown on their edges and with obsolete dusky
cross bars ; under surface of the body light ochraceous buff, or pale buffy ;
sides of the breast, flanks and under tail coverts olivaceous brown ; thighs,
axillaries, and under wing coverts pale tawny huff. Bill vermilion red; legs
and feet pale greenish brown, sometimes a dingy brownish green ; irides
creamy white.
Length. — 9*6 to 10 inches; tail 4-2 ; wing 3-8 to 3*9; tarsus 1-35 to 1-4;
bill from gape ri2; culmen 1-15.
Hab. — Tenasserim, where it was first observed on the Mooleyit Mountain
at 5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation. It has also been found on the Tounghoo Hills
by Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay.
552. Pomatorhinus stenorhynchus, Godwin- Austen,J. A.S.B.
xlvi. p. 43 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 342; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p.
135, pi. v. fig 2 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 424. — The ASSAM SCIMITAR- BABBLER.
General colour above light ochraceous olive brown ; the head like the back,
but rather richer ochraceous ; wing coverts like the back ; those near the edge
of the wing somewhat washed with ashy ; quills dusky, externally like the
back ; tail feathers dark olive brown, obscurely barred with dusky under certain
lights, and washed on their margins with the same colour as the back • a broad
white eyebrow from the base of the forehead reaching nearly to the occiput, but not
fringed above by a line of black on the sides of the crown ; lores, feathers below
the eye, and ear-coverts black, not extending on to the sides of the neck;
cheeks and throat white, fading on the latter into the light fulvous of the under
parts ; the abdomen whiter ; the sides of the body a little deeper than the
breast and inclining to tawny ; flanks, thighs, and under tail coverts olive
brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries very light reddish, the edge of the
wing ashy. Legs and feet horny grey ; bill bright orange red. (Godwin-
Austen ex. Sharpe.)
Length.— 8-5 inches ; wing 37 ; tail 4-1 ; tarsus T2. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw-
Ramsay.) Sharpe.
Hab. — Upper Assam.
104 TIMELIID/E.
553- Pomatorhinus ruficollis, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 182 ;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 175 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 29, No. 400; Wardlaw-
Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 138 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; Scully t. c, p. 287.
— The RUFOUS-NECKED SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Above fulvous brown with an olivaceous tinge on the back. Head dusky
brown ; supercilium white ; lores, sides of the face and ear coverts black ;
cheeks and throat white, the feathers on the former tipped with yellowish
brown; neck chestnut rufous; breast whitish, the feathers streaked with
yellowish brown and with a distinct white shaft-streak ; sides of the body,
thighs, under wing and under tail coverts fulvous brown ; wing coverts and
quills like the back, the primaries washed with olive on their outer webs ; tail
brown, the feathers with obsolete, wavy dusky bars, their outer webs washed
with olive. Bill horny yellow, paler at tip ; base of maxilla and basal three-
fourths of culmen brownish black ; feet greenish plumbeous ; irides pale red
to crimson.
Length.— 8-5 inches; wing 3-15 to 3-2 ; tail 3-7 ; culmen 0*95 ; tarsus 1*2,
The young is more rufescent, especially on the head, forehead, throat and
breast ; cheeks and chin white.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending to Bhootan and the Khasia Hills, also
the hills of Southern China. Sharpe records specimens from Nepaul, Darjeel-
ing and Sikkim.
554. Pomatorhinus hypoleucus, Blyth, J, A. S. B. xiii,
p. 371 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 31 ; id. 1879, p. 96; 1880, p. 253 ; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 32; Oates, B. Br. Burm., i. p. 75; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 428. Pomatorhinus Inglisi, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 31 ; 1879, p. 96;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 429 ; sub-sp. a.— The ARRAKAN SCIMITAR-
BABBLER.
Upper surface reddish brown, duller on the head ; lores dull ashy ; sides of
the face and ear coverts brown ; no eyebrow ; generally no streak of dull rufous
from above the eye, passing over the ear coverts to the sides of the neck ; cheeks,
throat, chin, breast and centre of abdomen white ; sides of the breast ashy,
each feather with a triangular patch of white; sides of the abdomen rufous
ashy ; under tail coverts ferruginous ; axillaries and under wing coverts ashy ;
culmen and base of upper mandible horny blackish.
Length.— 10*5 to 12 inches; wing 4-3; tail 4-3; tarsus 1*7; culmen
Hal% — The Khasia Hills, Arrakan and Cachar, extending to Assam and
Sikkim to the Garo Hills.
POMATORH1NUS. 105
555. Pomatorhinus Tickelli (BlytK), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 429; Blyth MSS.\ Tickell, Ibis, 1863. p. 113; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis,
1878, p. 142; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, p. 76. Orthorhinus Tickelli, Hume,
Sir. F. 1877, p. 32; id, and Dav,, Sir. F. 1878, p. 185 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 96; Bingham, Sir. F. 1880, p. i8i; Hume, t. c. p. 253.— TICKELL'S
SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Upper surface of the body including the lesser wing coverts olive brown
with a ferruginous tinge ; the greater wing coverts rufous on their outer webs ;
primary coverts and quills blackish, also rufous on their outer webs ; inner
secondaries reddish brown ; rump paler than the back ; upper tail coverts
reddish brown ; tail feathers deep chestnut brown ; head and nape olive
brown ; lores, cheeks and ear coverts rufous grey ; a patch behind and below
the ear coverts deep ferruginous-, superciliary streak from over the eye
passing over the ear coverts, and joining the patch on the neck ferruginous,
each feather of the supercilium mesially streaked with creamy white ;
cheeks, throat and under surface of the body white ; the flanks and thighs
olive brown, narrowly streaked with buff ; sides of the breast ashy grey, the
feathers streaked with white and margined with black; under tail coverts
chestnut. Bill horny, darker at the base of the upper mandible ; iris dark
red-brown ; legs and feet fleshy white. (Bingham, MSS.)
Length. — 12 inches; wing 4-4; tail 4-5; tarsus 1*7; culmen 1-85; from
gape 1-98.
Hab. — Tenasserim, Houndraw Valley. According to Davison, quoted by
Gates, this Babbler is found in thick forest, usually in pairs, but occasionally
in small parties. It keeps much more to the ground than any Pomatorhinus,
hopping about in a very ungainly manner. Their food consists of insects of
all kinds.
556. Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, Vigors, P. z. S. 1831,
p. 173 ; Gould. Cent. Him. Birds, pi. 55 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 175 ;
Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 31, No. 405 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 251;
Wald. in Bl. B. Burm. p. 113; Wardlaw- Ramsay , Ibis, 1878, p. 142 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96; Scully, t. c. p. 288; Oates, B. Br. Burmah i.
p. 75. — The RUSTY-CHEEKED SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Whole upper plumage, including the top of the head, olive brown ; the tail
obsoletely barred with dusky in certain lights ; forehead, cheeks, ear coverts,
sides of the neck and breast, sides of the body, the thighs, flanks, vent
and under tail coverts chestnut ; moustacial streak dusky blackish ; chin and
throat whitish ashy, or smoky brown ; centre of breast and abdomen white,
under wing coverts orange rufous. Bill dusky grey or horny ; base of the
maxilla blackish and of the mandible greenish; irides yellowish white or
hoary ; feet brownish fleshy.
14
106 TIMELIID^E.
Length. — 8*8 to IO inches ; wing 3-55 to 6; tail 3'8 to 4*1 ; tarsus !"$$ •
culmen 1*3.
Hab.-— Himalayas, also the hills of Eastern Bengal and Tenasserim. Com-
mon from Simla down to Bhootan. In Tenasserim it has been found in the
pine forests of Salween; also at Thatone. Darjeeling, Kumaon, Murree and
Khotegurh are other quoted localities. It is always found in pairs, turning
up dead leaves on copsewood covered banks, uttering a loud whistle, answer-
ing and calling each other. It breeds on the Himalayas from April to June,
making a nest on the ground in some thick clump of dry fern or coarse
grass, amongst dead leaves ; sometimes the nest is placed in a bush— 2 to 3
feet from the ground. The nest is domed in shape, but loosely constructed
of coarse grass, &c. Eggs white ; in shape long and at times narrow ovals ;
in length they vary from 1*05 to ri3 x 0^73 to 0^83, usually 3 in number.
557. Pomatorhinus Macclellandi, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 32 (descr.
nulld)\ Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 104; Jerd. Ibis, 1872, p. 302;
War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1878, p. 143; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 412; 1879,
p. 96; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 431. Pomatorhinus gravivox,
David. Ann. Set. Nat. xviii. art. v. p. 2. — MACCLELLAND'S SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Upper plumage olive brown ; quills tinged with fulvous on their outer web ;
tail light brown, washed with olive brown near the base ; base of forehead
rufous ,• lores white ; ear coverts and cheeks rufous, the latter with white bases
to the feathers ; moustachial streak dusky blackish ; throat and under surface
of the body white, the sides olive brown ; thighs and under tail coverts rufous ;
foreneck and chest white with triangular dusky spots.
Length. — 8 inches; wing 3; tail 3; tarsus 1-35; culmen 1-15.
Hab. — Assam (Debrughur), Khasia Hills.
Gen. Xiphoramphus.— ^M.
General characters as in Pomatorhinus, but the bill very slender and much
more curved and compressed; tail slightly longer than the wing; tarsus
shorter than the bill.
558. Xiphoramphus superciliaris, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xii.
p. 9475 Jerd. III. Ind. Orn. pi. 49; id. B. Ind. ii. p. 33, No. 406; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, P- 96; Sharpe, Cat.B.Br.Mus.vii.^.^. Xiphorynchus
superciliaris, Biyth, J.A.S. B. ii. p. 175. Pomatorhinus superciliaris, Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 229. — The SLENDER-BILLED SCIMITAR-BABBLER.
Head and sides of the face dark slaty grey, darker on the forehead and
sides of the face ; over the eye a superciliary streak composed of white-tipped
feathers ; wing coverts ashy brown, the feathers edged narrowly with rufous
GARRULAX.
brown ; primaries externally ashy brown ; the secondaries rufous brown on
the outer web ; tail dark brown, slightly washed with rufous brown near the
base ; throat dark ashy grey streaked with white ; under surface dull rusty
rufous ; under tail coverts dark ochraceous brown ; thighs dark slaty grey.
Bill dusky black, plumbeous at the tip ; legs leaden brown ; irides red brown.
Length.— 7-5 to 8-5 inches; wing 2*9 to 3 ; tail 3-3 to 4-5 ; tarsus n to 1-25 ;
culmen 2*1.
Hab— Sikkim, at elevations of 3,OOO to 6,000 feet, where, according to
Hodgson's notes, it breeds during the months of May and June. Nest a
large globular structure composed of dry bamboo leaves and green grass inter-
mingled and lined with fine roots and fibres placed in tufts of high grass or in
thick bushes. Eggs 4 in number, pure white.
Gen. Garrulax.— Less.
Bill nearly straight, rather long, moderately stout, the culmen shorter than the
tarsus, gently curved towards the tip, which is slightly hooked and notched ; nos-
trils rounded, pierced in the anterior part of the nasal depression, more or less
impended by nareal tufts ; rictal bristles long and strong, not reaching much
beyond the nostrils ; the feet outstretched does not reach the end of the tail ;
wings moderate, 5th and 6th quills generally the longest; tail long, much
rounded ; legs and feet strong ; claws long.
Birds of moderately large size, the largest averaging 12 inches; plumage
lax and disunited; coloration plain ; head crested or not.
559. Garrulax leucolophus (Hardw.), Blyth, y. A. S. B. xii.
p. 948; xiv. p. 598; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 35, No. 407; Hume, Nests and
•Eggs> I>ld> £< P. 253;. Blyth, B. Burm. p. 107; Brooks, Str. F. 1875,
p. 238; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; Scully, t. c. p.. 289; Oatcs, B. Br.
Bunn.Tp. 34; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 435. Corvus leucolophus,
JJard. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 208, pi. 15. Crateropus leucolophus, Blyth,
J . A. Sr B. xi. p. 179. Garrulax Belangeri, Blanf., Ibis, 1870, p. 467 (nee.
Less}.— The WHITE-CRESTED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Head and crest, chin, cheeks, throat, breast and foreneck white ; the occiput
greyish and the breast shaded with chestnut ; a narrow black streak from the
nostrils through the eye to the ear coverts ; a band of rufous round the hind
neck ; chest chestnut ; back, wing coverts, abdomen, flanks, sides of the breast,
thighs and under tail coverts rufescent olive brown ; under wing coverts and
axillaries dark olive brown ; quills dark brown, the outer webs olive brown ;
tail blackish 'brown, washed with olive brown near the base.
The young is more rufous brown on the back and lower surface. Bill
black ; legs plumbeous ; irides red brown or brownish yellow.
108 TIMELlIOffi.
Length. — n to 12 inches ; wing 5 to 5-13; tail 5 to 5-3; culmen \"2 ;
tarsus i '8.
.—ThQ N.-W. Himalayas to Bhootan and through the Khasia hills to
Arracan and Pegu. Kumaon Nepaul, Sikkim, Arrakan, Pegu, Bhootan and
the Khasia hills, as also the hills of Eastern Bengal, are recorded localities.
Occurs in large flocks of twenty or more, and are well known birds to every
forester on account of their peculiar discordant laughter-like or chattering
notes which are uttered now and again, and especially at a given signal of
danger, when it is said to be a deafening, demonaical chorus, which is kept
up till there is no further cause for anxiety. They are also said to execute
wonderful capers at times, erecting their crests, drooping their wings and
spreading out their tails. They feed on the ground, turning over dead leaves
in search of insects ; berries also form their food. They breed at various
elevations in Sikkim and Nepaul during April, May and June, laying from 4
to 6 eggs, which are white in colour, regular broad ovals, varying in size from
1-05 to ri3 x 0-89 to O'95. The nests are built in small trees and are made
of dry bamboo leaves and creepers, together with moss, roots and grass, &c.,
intermixed.
560. Garrulax Belangeri, Less, Traite d' o™. p, 648 ; id. in
Belang. Voy. Inde, p. 258, pi. iv. ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 948; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 37o ; Blyth, Wald. B. Burnt, p. 107 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 122 ;
Oates, Sir. F. 1877, p. 156; Hume and Damson, Str. F. 1878, p. 286;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; 1880, p. 292; Gates, B. Brit, fiurm.p. 33;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 436. — The BURMESE WHITE-CRESTED
LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Base of upper mandible, lores, a ring round the eye, and the ear coverts
black ; head and crest pearly grey, tipped with white ; nape, hind neck, and
sides of the neck pearly grey, the feathers tipped with chestnut ; forehead and
feathers over the eye white, also the cheeks, throat, breast and upper abdomen,
but shaded with pearly grey ; on the sides of the breast, the feathers are
tipped with chestnut ; flanks bright chestnut ; upper wing coverts, back,
scapulars, rump, and upper tail coverts, the sides of the body, vent, under tail
coverts, and thighs rich ferruginous or deep chestnut ; quills dark sepia brown,
their outer webs rufescent olive brown ; tail feathers blackish brown, washed
with olive near the base ; under wing coverts and axillaries rufous brown.
Bill black ; gape yellow ; legs and feet dark plumbeous ; iris deep wood brown
or pinkish hazel ; eyelids purplish grey.
Length. — 10*5 to li'S inches ; wing 5 ; tail 4-6; tarsus r65 ; culmen 1*15,
Hab. — Pegu and Tenasserim, where it is found abundantly in all the
wooded parts. Tounghoo is also given as a locality.
'2.
GARRULAX. ] Q9
The young are like the adult, with the plumage more fluffy, and sides of
the body and flanks brick red.
561. Garrulax Diardi (Less.), Gray, Handl., B. i. p. 28 1 , No. 4 1 5 1 ;
Oaies B. Br. Burm. i. p. 34 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 437. Turdus
Diardi, Less. Traite d' Orn. p. 408. Garrulax leucogaster, Wald. P. Z. S.
1866, p. 549; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 387; Hume, Str. F. 1880, p. 292. The
SIAMESE WHITE-CRESTED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
•
Base of upper mandible, lores, feathers round the eye, and ear coverts
black ; forehead and crown white, the feathers of the crest tipped with grey ;
nape and hind neck greyish ; cheeks, throat, and under parts white, the sides
of the breast washed with ashy; flanks rufous brown; thighs olivaceous
brown ; back, scapulars, rump, and lesser wing coverts bright chestnut ;
the outer webs of the median and greater coverts rufous brown ; outer
webs of quills the same ; the inner secondaries entirely rufous brown ; upper
tail coverts olivaceous brown ; tail feathers blackish brown, washed with olive
near the base ; under wing coverts and axillaries dull reddish brown ; bill
as in G. Belangeri.
Length. — u-2 to 1 1*5 inches ; wing 5 '2 ; tail 4' 6 ; tarsus I 9 ; culmen
Hab. — Siam and the hills separating Tenasserim and Siam, extending into
Cochin-China (Sharpe). Gates says it appears to have occurred on the hills
between Tavoy and Siam.
562. Garrulax albigularis (Gould}, Lesson, Rev. Zool. 1840,
p. 163 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 949; Bp. Consp. i. p. 225 ; Jerd. B. Ind.
ii. p 39, No. 411 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 303 ; Cock, and Marsh, Str. F. 1873,
p. 354 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 255 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ;
Scully, t. c. p. 289. lanthocincla albigularis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 187.
Cinclosoma albigula, Hodgs. As. Res. xix. p. 146. — The WHITE-THROATED
LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Base of upper mandible, lores, and feathers below the eye black, followed
by a rufous band extending above the lores to the eye; crown dull olive brown ;
ear coverts olive brown ; a black spot at the base of the chin ; cheeks and
throat white ; foreneck and chest olive brown ; under surface of the body, in-
cluding the under wing coverts and axillaries, orange rufous, paler on the two
latter ; back, scapulars, lesser, median and primary coverts, outer webs of
primaries and entire inner secondaries olive brown, rather greyish at base of
outer webs of primaries ; rump with an indistinct bar of orange buff across ;
tail ashy olive, all except the four centre ones broadly tipped with white ; bill
horny black, brownish at tip ; iris pale bluish white.
Length.— 1 0*5 to 12 inches; wing 5-2 to 5*4; tail S'S ; tarsus I '8 ; cul-
men 1*25.
110 TIMEL1ID/E.
Hal. — The Himalayas from Cashmere to Bhoolan and Simla, at elevations
of from 6,000 feet to 9,000 feet. Cashmere, Murree, Ramgurh, Kumaon,
Nepaul, Bhootan, Mussoorie and Darjeeling are recorded localities ; butjerdon
says the White-throated Laughing-Thrush is not very common in these
localities. It prefers higher elevations. It lives in large flocks, feeds mostly
on the ground, and like its congeners is every now and then screaming and
chattering. Hume says it breeds throughout the lower southern1 range of the
Himalayas from Assam to Afghanistan, from April to the end of June. The
nest is a structure composed of coarse grass, flags, creepers, dead leaves,
moss and moss roots, lined with finer roots. It is placed on a small bush,
3 to 10 feet from the ground. The eggs are 2 — 4 in number, of a deep
and beautiful shining green colour, or greenish blue. In size they vary from
ri6 to 1*25 inches x O'8 to O'86. They are long ovals and pointed at one
end.
563. Garrulax pectoralis (Gould), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii,
p. 949; Bp. Consp. i. p. 371 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 39, No. 412 ; Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 256 ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 122 ; Blyth and Wald.
B. Burnt, p. 108 ; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 156; Hume and Day., Str. F. 1878,
p. 29; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 96, 169; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 181 ;
Gates, Str. F. 1881, p. 208; id. B. Br. Burm. i. p. 36; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br> Mus. vii. p. 441. lanthocincla pectoralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. i86»
Garrulax melanotis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 949. Garrulax uropygialis*
Cab. in Ersch and Grub. Allg. Encyc. Band. 55, p. 62. — The BLACK-GORGETTED
LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Crown of the head ashy olivaceous brown, separated from the lack by a broad
orange rufous band; lores and a distinct eyebrow ashy white, edged above
and below with a narrow black line, the latter extending from the base of the
bill, unites into a broad band, and descends on the sides of the neck to form a
gorget on the top of the breast', moustache and throat white; ear coverts
various, white brown or black ; rest of under surface creamy white, washed
with fulvous on the under tail coverts ; back and rump rufescent olivaceous
brown ; wing coverts the same ; primary coverts dusky blackish, washed with
ashy* grey ; quills dark brown ; the primaries hoary grey externally ; upper
tail coverts and tail olivaceous brown, all but the two centre feathers tipped
with white and with a subterminal black band ; sides of the body orange buff ;
axillaries the same ; under wing coverts dusky brown. Upper mandible dark
horn colour : lower one bluish horn at the base and tip, darker in the middle ;
iris orange brown. Eyelids and orbital skin dusky blue ; edges of the eyelids
orange yellow ; legs light plumbeous.
Length. — 10*5 to n inches; wing 5-6; tail 5*2; tarsus 1*85; culmen 1-4.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending through Assam and Arrakan to Pegu
and Tenasserim. Recorded from Nepaul, Darjeeling, Garo Hills, Arrakan,
GARRULAX. ] 1 j
the slopes of the Pegu Hills and Thayetmyo. According to Gates it is common
throughout the northern half of Pegu, or perhaps only down to the latitude of
Prome. Mr. Hume has, however, seen specimens from Rangoon. Capt. Wardlaw-
Ramsay found it in Karenne. Mr. Davison met with it at Meetan, at the foot of
Mooleyit ; Mr. Darling at Kaukarit ; and Capt. Bingham in the Thougyeen
Valley. Mr. Gates found the nest in the Pegu Hills, containing three fresh
eggs. It was in a bamboo clump, seven feet from the ground, made outwardly
of dead leaves and coarse roots, lined with finer roots and a few feathers ;
another nest taken at Sikkim, Mr. Hume says, was also found in a bamboo
clump, and contained two eggs ; broad ovals, somewhat pointed towards one
end, of a uniform pale greenish blue and fairly glossy. Size 1*33 xo'QS inch.
564. GarriUax moniliger (Hodgs), Blyth, J. A. s. B. xii. p. 949 ;
lip. Consp. i, p. 371; Jerd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 40, No. 413; Godw.-Ausl.
y. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 104; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 257; id.
Sir. F. 1874, p. 476; 1875, p. 123 ; Blyth and Wald. B. Burm. p. 108 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 34 ; Dates, t. c. p. 156; id. and Dav. Str. F. 1878,
pp. 20i, 515 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 96, 169 ; Bingham, Str. F. 1880,
p. 181 ; Oates, Sir. F. 1881, p. 208 ; id. B. Br. Burm. p. 35.— Cinclosoma
moniliger, Hodgs. Asia/. Res. xix. p. 147. lanthocincla pectoralis (non
Gould), McClell. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 160. Garrulax macclellandi, Blyth,
J". A. S. B. xii. p. 949. — The NECK-LACED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Forehead and crown olive brown, the shafts rather darker; a collar of
bright rusty on the back of the neck ; back, scapulars, rump, upper wing and
upper tail coverts olive brown, tinged with ferruginous ; superciliary streak
white ; lores black, also the feathers round the eye ; a line from the eye passing
over the ear coverts and widening to form a broad collar across the breast ;
•ear coverts white grey and sometimes black ; chin, throat, cheeks and
breast above the black collar white, tinged with rusty near the collar ; under
surface fulvous, turning to whitish on the abdomen ; primaries and secon-
daries brown, their outer margin cinereous ; tertiaries cinereous ; tail feathers
cinereous, all except the centre pair with a subterminal black band and a
broad white tip. Bill dark horn, the tip paler ; iris bright yellow ; eyelids
dull purple ; legs light plumbeous.
Length. — 11*3 to 12 inches; tail 4-9; wing 5; tarsus 17; bill from
gape 1-3.
Hab. — Throughout the Indo-Burmese countries, and in the Himalayas
from Assam to Sikkim. Found in the Khasia hills, Sylhet, Cachar, Lower Pegu,
Nepaul, Darjeeling, Bhootan, Tonghoo and Thayetmyo. Blyth records it from
Arrakan. In Tenasserim it has been found as far south as Tavoy and also
in the Thoungyeen valley. It breeds during June and July. Eggs, greenish
blue, T2 x 0-9.
112 TIMELIID/E.
565. Garrulax galbanus, Godw.-Aust., P. z. S. 1874, p. T0; id.,
J. A. S. B. xliii. p. 162 ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 394; id., Sir. F. 1879,
p. 96; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 445. — The MUNIPUR LAUGHING-
THRUSH.
Above olive brown, with a tinge of ochraceous on the mantle, rump and wing
coverts ; quills brown, their outer edge olive brown washed with ochraceous •
the inner secondaries entirely ochraceous brown ; the primaries edged
externally with ashy olive ; four centre feathers ashy, washed with olive, with a
broad subterminal black band and a narrow ashy white tip ; the others broadly
tipped with white and also with a subterminal black band ; head light ashy
brown, also the nape and hind neck ; the sides of the neck washed with
ochraceous ; forehead and feathers over the eye black, separated from the crown
by a narrow line of hoary grey ; lores, feathers below the eye, ear coverts,
feathers at base of lower mandible and chin Hack ; remainder of cheeks, chin,
foreneck and throat ochraceous yellow or buff \ under surface of the body
yellowish buff, paler on the thighs and under tail coverts, which are nearly
white ; sides of the body and flanks ashy brown ; under wing coverts and
.axillaries the same. Bill black ; legs ash grey ; iris red brown. (Godwin-
Austen.)
Length. — 775 inches; wing 3-6; tail 3*8; culmen 0-9; tarsus 1-3.
(Sharpe.)
Hab. — Sunting, Munipur.
566. Garrulax gularis (Me dell ^, Biyth, J.A.S. B. xi. p. 179 ;
Jerd.,Ibis, 1872, p. 413; Hume, Str, F. 1875, p. 412; id., 1879, P- 9^.
lanthocincla gularis, McClell. P. Z. S, 1839, p. 159; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 445. — The YELLOW-THROATED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
General colour above, including the wing coverts, reddish brown ; outer
webs of the quills and entire inner secondaries the same ; tail feathers reddish
brown at base of the central feathers and dark brown terminally ; outer
feathers rufous with black shafts and shaded with blackish brown on the
inner web as they approach the centre ; head, nape, hind neck and sides of the
neck dark slaty grey ; lores, nasal plumes, feathers in front of the eye, ear
coverts, a spot at base of lower mandible and another at the chin black ;
cheeks, throat and chest yelloiv, paler and whiter on the lower breast and
abdomen ; sides of breast dark slaty grey ; thighs and under tail coverts
deep chestnut ; under wing coverts and axillaries chestnut.
Length. — 9' 3 inches ; wing 3*85 ; tail 3*7 ; tarsus 1*5 ; culmen 1*2.
Hab. — Assam and hills of N. E. Bengal (Khasia).
587- Garrulax delesserti, Jerd., B. ind. \\. p. 37 ; Gould, B.
Asia, part xix. ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 446. Crateropus delesserti, Jerd., Madr. Journal, x. p. 256; id., ill. Ind.
Orn- pi. xii. — The WYNAAD LAUGHING-THRUSH.
GRAMMATOPTILA. j'j.J
Head, nape and neck dull slaty brown ; lores, feathers round the eye and
ear-coverts black ; cheeks, chin and throat white, the foreneck ashy ; breast
ashy grey ; under surface of the body light reddish brown ; upper back dark
brownish rufous paler on the rump and upper tail coverts ; the wing coverts
like the back ; primary coverts and quills externally edged with dark brownish
rufous, the inner secondaries entirely so ; tail black, washed with reddish
brown at base ; auxiliaries and under wing-coverts like the back. Bill dusky,
yellow at base beneath; legs fleshy ; irides dull red.
Length. — 9-5 to n inches; wing 4 to 4-3; tail 4-1 104-4; tarsus 1-5 ;
culmen i'2.
Hab. — The Wynaad, Brahmagherry Hills and the Neilgherries in Southern
India. Jerdon says it associates in large flocks, and that he saw them and
procured specimens on the slopes of the Neilgherries, where Mr. Delessert
procured his specimen.
Gen. StactOCichla.— Sharpe.
General characters as in Garrulax ; nostrils hidden by plumes ; rictal
bristles very strong and reaching beyond the nostrils ; the feet laid behind
reaches the tip of the tail. (Sharpe.)
568. StactOCichla merulina (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B- Br. Mus.
vii. p. 449. Garrulax merulinus, Blyih, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 521 ; Jerd., Ibis,
1872, p. 303; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 394; 1879, p. 96.— The NAGA
LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Above rufescent brown, the wing coverts a little duller, the quills rufescent
on their outer webs ; tail brown, the feathers margined with rufescent ; lores
dull ashy ; feathers in front of and below the eye, also on the forepart of the
cheeks, dusky blackish; ear coverts rufescent brown, separated from the
crown by an ill-defined streak of white ; throat, foreneck and chest yellowish-
buff, the feathers with broad triangular spots of black • breast rufous buff,
paler on the abdomen ; sides of body rufous brown ; thighs and under tail
coverts rufescent ; under wing coverts like the breast.
Length. — 8'2 inches; wing 3*55 ; tail 3^5 ; tarsus 1*5 ; culmen I. (Sharpe.)
Mr. Sharpe adds that the amount of spotting on the throat varies greatly
in this species, also the extent of the orange buff tinge on the foreneck.
Hab.— Khasia and Naga Hills, extending into Munipur.
Gen. Grammatoptila.— Reich.
Head with a large crest. Bill moderately long, stout, and notched ; it is
deeper at the nostrils than it is broad ; nostrils exposed, with a large
superior operculum ; rictal bristles few; wings short and rounded, the 5th
and 6th quills longest ; tarsus strong, longer than the bill ; feet stout.
114 TIMELIID^.
569. Grammatoptila striata ( Vigors), Retchenb, Syst. Av Nat.
pi. Ixxxv. fig. 8; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. II. ; id., Ibis, 1872, p. 298; Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind B. p. 237 ; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B., xlvii. p. 15 ; Ball,
Str. F. 1878, p. 234; Scully, Sir. F. 1879, p. 287; Hume. Sir. F. 1879,
p. 95 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 449. Garrulus striatus, Vigors,
P. Z. S. 1830, p. 7; Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. 37. — The STRIATED JAY
THRUSH.
Above rufous brown, with a slight olive wash on the rump and upper tail
coverts, each feather with a mesial white streak ; wing coverts rufescent, with
fulvous shaft-streaks ; the primary coverts reddish brown tipped with
dusky ; quills the same but rufous brown externally ; innermost secondaries
washed with olivaceous and white shafted ; tail reddish brown, margined with
rufous brown on their outer webs, except the outermost on each side which
are margined with pale ashy. Head with a large crest ; crown and nape
brighter rufous than the back, the feathers with white shaft-streaks ; ear
coverts, cheeks and throat dark rufous brown, also with white shaft-streaks ;
lores rufous buff ; under surface of body light ashy brown, all the feathers
streaked with white, the streaks margined with dusky ; abdomen more
uniform pale ashy, the streaks being obscure. Under tail coverts light ashy
brown, streaked with dull white ; under wing coverts deep fawn colour with
paler shaft-streaks. Bill black ; legs dusky plumbeous ; irides red brown.
Length.— \ 1-5 to 12 inches; wing 5*25 to 5 8 ; tail 5*4 ; tarsus r8.
Hab. — -The Himalayas from Simla to Bhootan extending into the hill-ranges
of Eastern Bengal. The British Museum specimens are from near Simla,
Kumaon, Nepaul, Darjeeling and Bhootan. About Darjeeling, Jerdon says
it is a very common bird from about6,ooo, to 9,000 feet, but is more often
heard than seen. It frequents the densest thickets and are always in pairs or
in small and scattered parties. One of its calls, he says, is not unlike the
clucking of a hen which has just laid an egg. It feeds both on fruit and
insects.
Gen. DryonasteS— Sharpe.
General characters as in Garrulax. Nostrils hidden by plumes; bill
moderately long ; rictal bristles strong ; tail moderate, very slightly exceeding
the wing in length.
570. DryonasteS ruficollis (Jard. and Selby), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 454. lanthocincla ruficollis, J. and S. III. Orn. 2nd Ser.
pi. 2. Garrulax ruficollis, Blyth, J- A. S. B. xii. p. 950; Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 38, No. 410; Hume, Nests and Eggs. Ind. B. p. 254; id., Str.F. 1879,
p. 96; id., Sir. F. 1879, p. 96.— The RUFOUS-NECKED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Head and nape dark slaty grey ; a broad frontal band, nasal plumes, lores,
orbital region, cheeks, ear coverts, throat and foreneck deep black ; sides of
DRYONASTES. ]J5
the neck, lower abdomen and under tail coverts bright rufous ; rest of under
surface ashy olive brown ; back and quills and their coverts olive brown, the
primaries margined on their outer web with ashy ; tail black, obsoletely
banded across with dusky under certain lights ; thighs ashy olive brown,
washed with ferruginous ; under wing coverts and axillaries the same. Bill
black ; legs livid brown ; irides dull red.
Length.— q to 9-5 inches; wing 375 to 4; tail 4*3 to 5-5; tarsus 1-4;
culmen 0*9.
Hab. — Nepaul to Assam, and the hills of Upper Burmah. Jerdon says it is
found at the foot of the Himalayas, extending up to the slopes of the hills to
perhaps 2,000 feet, and is also common in the forests of Assam, Sylhet, Cachar
and the Eastern frontier of Bengal. He observed it in the Sikkim Terai, whence
specimens have since been found. It is generally in large troops of from twenty
to thirty. Their presence is soon known by an extraordinary burst of harsh
cackling, chattering, &c. They affect bamboo jungle and feed chiefly on the
ground, insects and seeds being their food. Nests have been found in
Darjeeling and Sikkim. Eggs, clear pale blue.
571. Dryonastes chinensis (Scop.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 455. Lanius chinensis, Scop. Del. Flor. el. Fauna Insubr. ii. p. 86.
Garrulax chinensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 598; Bp. Consp. i. p. 370;
Wald., P. Z. S. 1866, p. 549; Blyth and Wald. B. Burm. p. 107; Hume
and Dw.t Str. F. 1878, p. 289 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96; Oates, B. Br
Burm. i. p. 38. — The BLACK-THROATED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Head and nape slaty blue; nasal plumes and base of forehead black;
round the eye and a line over the ear coverts white ; a patch below the lores,
chin and throat also black ; hinder cheeks and ear coverts white ; foreneck
black washed with reddish brown on the lower part ; back olive brown ; wing
coverts the same; the bastard wing washed with ashy; quills externally olive
brown ; tail the same but with the tips and the outer webs black, washed with
olive brown near the base ; breast and sides of foreneck ashy grey ; abdomen,
sides of the body, and thighs olive brown, darker on the tinder tail coverts;
axillaries and under wing coverts olive brown. Bill black ; legs dusky brown ;
iris lake.
Length.--^'*) to II inches ; wing 4*5 to 4-9; tail 47 to 5 ; tarsus 1-65 ;
culmen 1*1.
.— Burmah and Tenasserim. Occurs in Pegu, but rarely. Oates pro-
cured it once or twice near Kyakpadien, and again in the forests between
Nyounglay-bin and Shwaygheen on the west of the Sittang river. In Tenas-
serim Davison found it from Pahpoon down to Meetan at the foot of the
Mooleyit. It has also been got in the Thoungyeen Valley.
116 TIMELIID^E.
572- Dryonastes nUChaliS (Godw.-Aust.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
JWus. vii. p. 456. Garrulax nuchalis, Godwin- Aust., Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist, xviii. p. 411 ; id., J. A. S. B. xlvii. p. 17, pl.x.; Hume, Str. F. v.
p. 58 ; id., Sir. F. 1879, p. 96. — The BROWN-XAPED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Crown of head and nape slaty grey ; lores, nasal plumes, feathers in front of
and round the eye black ; base of forehead black ; separated from the crown
by a narrow line of white ; cheeks, ear coverts, sides of throat also of the
neck white ; base of cheeks, chin and middle of throat black ; chest light
ashy ; abdomen, flanks, thighs and under tail coverts olive brown, also the
under wing coverts and axillaries ; hind neck, mantle and wing coverts rufescent
olive brown; bastard wing feathers ashy; primary coverts washed with
rufescent, also the outer webs of the quills, the primaries rather ashy ; tail
dusky brown, blackish towards the tips and washed with olive brown on both
webs. Bill black ; legs dusky.
Length.— 10 to 10*5 inches; wing 4-2 to 4-5; tail 4-3 to 4-6; tarsus
i'55 ; culmen 1-05.
Hal. — Lhota — Naga Hills in North Eastern Bengal. (Sharpe.)
573. Dryonastes strepitans (Tickeii), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 457. Garrulax strepitans, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xxiv. p. 268.; id. B. Br ,
Burm.^. 107; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 288; Hume, Str. F.
1879 ; p. 96 ; Oates B. Br. ~Bur?n. p. 37. — TICKELL'S LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Forehead and nasal plumes, also the lores black, paling into chocolate brown
on the forepart of the crown, and reddish brown on the crown of the head
and nape ; feathers over and round the eye, cheeks and fore part of the
ear-coverts black ; hinder ear coverts chestnut ; chin and edge of the throat
black ; centre of the latter and foreneck blackish chocolate, the feathers
tipped with reddish brown. Upper parts olive brown ; wing coverts the
same ; mantle slaty grey ; a hoary grey collar on the neck, on the sides of
which is a white spot ; primary coverts and quills blackish brown; their outer
webs edged with olive brown, rather broader on the secondaries ; rump and upper
tail coverts olive brown ; tail blackish, washed with olive brown on the edge,
find obscurely barred with dusky under certain lights ; breast and middle of
abdomen slaty grey, inclining to hoary white ; sides of body, flanks, thighs,
under wing and under tail coverts olive brown. Bill black ; legs and feet dark
brown ; iris lake red to crimson.
Length.— 11-5 to I r8 inches ; wing 5-3 to 5-5 ; tail $' 3 to 5-5 ; tarsus r8 ;
culmen i'i5.
Hab. — The Mooleyit Mountain in Tenasserim, at elevations of from 3,000 to
5,000 feet. Davison says it is by no means uncommon, occurring in small
flocks of twenty or more, and keeping entirely to the forest, especially to the
ravines, .where this is densest. He adds that it is very shy and beats a rapid
retreat at the approach of anybody.
DRYONASTES. ]J7
574. DryOIiastes SanniO (Swinhoe), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii.
p. 459. Garrulax sannio Swin., Ibis, 1867, p. 403 ; Andcr. Zool. Exp.
West. Yunnan, p. 627 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96. Garrulax albosuper-
ciliaris, Godw.-Aust., P.Z. S. 1874, p. 45 ; id. J. A. S. B. xliii. pt. 2, p. 161,
pi. vii. ; Hume, Sir. 'F. 1875, P- 393 \ Godw.-Aust. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. xvii. p. 34 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 502. — The WHITE-BROWED LAUGHING-
THRUSH.
Crown of the head chestnut brown ; hind neck slightly rufescent, the
feathers with dusky streaks ; nasal plumes blackish ; lores, a broad band
below the eye, along the sides of the face, yellowish white ; eyebrow pure white .
ear coverts dark chestnut brown ; cheeks and throat lighter chestnut brown !
centre of body pale ochraceous buff ; sides of breast and flanks olive brown ;
a tuft of buffish fawn feathers on each side of the lower back ; under tail
coverts deep fawn ; under wing covert yellowish buff ; upper back olivaceous
brown ; wing coverts the same ; primary coverts dusky brown ; quills light
brown, olivaceous on their outer webs ; tail feathers rufous brown, dusky
towards the tips and on their outer webs ; the centre feathers rufous brown ; all
transversely barred with dusky under certain lights. Bill horny brown ; iris
chestnut red.
Length. — 8*2 to 8*5 inches ; wing 4*05 ; tail 4*05 ; tarsus I'S ; culmen I.
Hab.— Hills of North-Eastern Bengal to South China.
575- Dryonastes CSBrulatus (Hodgs.\ Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 461. Cinclosoma caerulatum, Hodgs., Asiat. Res. xix. p. 147; id.
Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passer es, pi. 167; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 461. Crateropus caerulatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 179. Garrulax
cserulatus, Slylh, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 951 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 36, No. 408 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 254 ; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S- B. xliii.
p. 160; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96. lanthocincla caerulatum Bp. Consp.
i. p. 377. — The GREY-SIDED LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Base of the forehead, nasal plumes, lores, feathers round the eye, edge of
the throat, base of lower mandible and a streak below the eye black ; ear
coverts grey, tinged with rufescent and forming a conspicuous patch ; cheeks
reddish brown or rufescent, the feathers narrowly (in some only) edged with
black ; the general colour above including the lesser and median wing coverts,
mantle, and crown of the head rufous or olivaceous brown, the head in some
varied with black margins to the feathers; the greater coverts brighter rufous, as
are also the whole of the innermost secondaries ; outer web of primaries fulvous
brown ; throat and under surface of the body white ; sides of the upper
breast reddish brown ; the sides of the body ashy grey, slightly washed with
brown ; under tail coverts white ; tail chestnut, the inner webs paler ; upper
tail coverts reddish brown, also the axillaries and under wing coverts ; bill
black- legs fleshy white; orbital skin livid; irides red-brown.
118 TIMELIID^E.
Length. — 10 inches ; wing 4*1 ; tail 4' 6 ; tarsus 1-65 ; culmen ri.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending to Assam and the Naga Hills. Record-
ed from Nepal, Darjeeling and Sikkim. In the latter country Jerdon says it is
not rare from about 2,000 to 4,000 feet, and records a nest having been
brought to him at Darjeeling, containing two pale blue eggs. According to
Mr. Gammie, quoted by Hume in " Nests and Eggs," it breeds in Sikkim
during May and June, always in forests with a more or less dense under-
growth. The nest is cup-shaped, usually rather shallow, composed of dry
bamboo leaves and twigs and lined with root fibres. The eggs average
in size 1*16 X 0*8.
576. Dryonastes subcserulatus, Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 140;
id, Str. F. 1879, p. 96; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 463.— -HUME'S
LAUGHING-THRUSH.
Mr. Hume's description is comparative, and runs thus : " Like G.
carula/us, but more olivaceous and less rufescent above, and with the ear
coverts, feathers behind the eye and posterior portion of cheeks silvery white,
more or less tipped with black, and with the three exterior tail feathers on
either side broadly tipped with white.
Length.— loto II inches ; wing 4*2 to 4-6 ; tail 5 to 5 -8; tarsus 1-4810 r6 ;
culmen 0-96 to 1-03.
Hab. — Khasia Hills near Shillong.
Gen. Actinodura.— GW</.
Head crested ; bill moderately long, compressed and slightly curved ;
nostrils linear, with a distinct superior membrane; rictal bristles, four on
each side, fairly strong and stiff ; wings short and rounded ; 5th, 6th and 7th
quills subequal ; tail long ; tarsus moderate ; feet stout ; plumage dense and
silky : wings barred ; tail banded.
577. Actinodura Egertoni, Gould, P. z. S. 1836, p. 18 ; Hodgs.
Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passeres. App. pi. 82 ; Jerd, B. Ind. ii. p. 52, No. 427 ;
Hume, Nests and E%gs, Ind. B. p 266; id. Sir. F. 1879, px>7 ; id. Str. F. vii.
p. 153 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br Mus. vii. p. 463 — The RUFOUS BAR- WING.
Head strongly crested, ashy brown, with rufous edges to the feathers ; fore-
head, nasal plumes, lores, feathers, round the eye and forepart of cheeks chestnut
rufous ; ear-coverts and sides of neck ashy brown ; mantle fulvous ; wing
coverts bay, the inner ones and bastard wing feathers fulvous brown ;
primary coverts brown, rather dusky at the ends, sepia brown on the outer
webs of the primaries, which are barred with dusky black near the tips, bright
bay at the base; upper tail coverts and tail rufescent brown, with dusky cross-
bars ; the tail feathers tipped with white ; thighs earthy brown ; sides of body
fulvous brown ; abdomen white ; bill horny ; legs pale brown ; irides brown.
ACTINODURA. ] 19
Length.— % to S'S inches ; wing 3-35 to 3-4 ; tail 4-5 to 4*8.
Hah. — The Himalayas extending into North-Eastern Bengal. Common rom
Nepaul to the hill ranges of Assam and Sylhet. In Sikkim it is found at from
5,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, associating in small flocks, and feeding on
insects and fruit.
578. Actinodura Ramsayi ( Walden}, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mas.
vii. p. 465. Actinura Ramsayi, Walden, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xv.
p. 402; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 404; Wald. in Blyth's B. Burnt, p. 108 ;
Godivin-Austen, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 340; Ramsay, Ibis, 1877,
p. 464, pi. xii. — RAMSAY'S BAR-WING.
Whole upper plumage ashy brown tinged with ferruginous on the forehead ;
most of the feathers, especially the scapulars and upper tail coverts, barred with
black ; feathers round the eye white ; lores dusky ; ear coverts ashy brown ;
sides of the back and of the head, also the lateral feathers of the crest, ashy ;
under surface of body ochraceous buff ; tail olive brown, with numerous
cross-bars of black and tipped with white ; outer webs of primaries and
secondaries ferruginous, barred throughout with black ; inner webs brown ;
tertiaries olive brown barred with black ; axillaries and under wing coverts
fawn colour. Bill horny brown ; legs slaty brown ; irides light hair brown.
Length.— 9-5 to 9-8 inches; wing 3-5 ; tail 5 ; tarsus 1-15 ; culmen 07.
Hab.— Karenne (British Burmah), at an elevation of about 3,000 feet.
Affects jungle-covered mountain-streams.
579. Actinodura Waldeni, Godwin- Austen, P.Z. S. 1874; Gould,
B. Asia, part xxvii. ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 465. — WALDEN'S BAR-WING.
Above rufous brown, a little clearer rufous on the rump and upper tail
coverts ; wing coverts like the back, the greater series edged with lavender
grey near the tips of the outer webs ; bastard wing feathers dull ashy with a
tinge of rufous and barred across with black ; primary coverts black, forming a
conspicuous wing spot; quills black, externally rufous, brighter towards the
base of the primaries, the outer web all barred with black ; secondaries dull
brown, barred across with black ; outer primaries edged towards their tip
with lavender grey ; tail feathers black, all except the centre ones tipped with
white, bright rufous towards the base and barred with black ; hind neck dull
ashy brown overspreading the mantle ; head crested, dusky brown, the feathers
edged with ashy whitish ; lores and cheeks dusky ash brown, the latter washed
with rufous ; ear coverts hoary grey ; entire under surface of the body rufous,
paler on the throat and chest, which are slightly mottled with dark rufous
brown centres to the feathers ; flanks, thighs and under tail coverts darker and
more of a mahogany brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries rufous brown
like the breast.
120 TIMELUD^E.
Length. — 7-5 inches; culmen o-8 ; wing 3-65 ; tail 3-4 ; tarsus i'3> (Mus.
H. H. Godwin-Austen; ex. Sharped)
Hab.— Munipur, N.-E. Bengal.
580 Actinodura Nipalensis (Hodgs.), Gray, Gen. B.\. p. 226;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 53, No. 428 ; Gould, Birds Asia, pt. xviii. ; Godw.-Aust.t
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvi. p. 340; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97.
Cinclosoma nipalensis, Hodgs., Asiat. Research, xix. p. 145. — The HOARY BAR-
WING.
PLATE.— jFY. 2—1 and 2.
Plumage above rufescent brown with an olivaceous tinge ; head and nape,
also the crest, which is full and soft, pure brown, the centre of each feather
hoary; lores streaked with hoary ; cheeks black ; under surface of body pale
ashy brown, fulvescent on the throat, more so on the lower flanks and thighs,
and tawny on the under tail coverts ; rump and upper tail coverts more rufous
than the back, the latter with indistinct dusky cross bars ; bastard wing
feathers grey, barred and tipped black ; primary coverts black ; quills blackish
brown, externally bright rufous and chequered with narrow cross bars of
black ; inner secondaries fulvous brown, inclining to ashy at the ends and
barred across with black : tail black, barred with rufous and black near the
base and tipped with white ; axillaries ashy fulvous ; under wing coverts light
rufous. Bill dusky horny ; legs fleshy brown ; irides brown.
Length. — 7-5 to 8 inches ; wing 3-6 to 3-8; tail 3-1 to 3-5 ; culmen o'8 ;
tarsus 1-25.
The young are paler brown and more rufescent on the head, where the
white streaks are broader and more plainly marked ; cheek stripe brown.
Hab. — The Himalayas, extending into the hills of N.-E. Bengal. Accord-
ing to Jerdon it replaces A. Egertoni at higher elevations, being found from
about 7,000 to 10.000 feet and upwards. It is recorded from Nepaul,
Darjeeling, Sikkim and Bhootan. In its habits it is like its congeners, quite
arboreal, never descending to the ground. Feeds on insects and berries.
581. Actinodura DaflaensiS, Godwin- Austen, Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. xvi. p. 339; id. J. A. S. B. xlvi. part 2, p. 77, pi. iv.j Hume, Str. F.
1876, p. 219; 1879, p. 97 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 467.— The
DAFLA BAR-WING.
Adult female. —(Dafla hills, February). General colour above dark rufous
chocolate, becoming lighter rufous on the rump and upper tail coverts ; wing
coverts rufous brown ; the greater series edged with lavender grey near the
tips of the outer webs ; bastard wing feathers ashy grey barred with black ;
primary coverts black, forming a wing patch ; quills black, externally sandy
brown, inclining to bright rufous near the base of the primaries, the outermost
of the latter being margined with grey; all the quills chequered with black
AVIFAUNA. OF BRITISH INDIA
. 1 . *, 2 *3; Hco^, % ^t^ 6i^ of Mylffphorveus
Fig. 2. 1 & 2 , Head an^ leg of A ctirunktra,
ArTlNOD-URA.
bars on the outer web, these bars more distinct o>n the secondaries and
continued right across to the innermost of the latter, which are also browner ;
tail feathers black, bright rufous towards the base, with a few black bars, the
rufous colour extending for half the distance of the centre feathers and diminish-
ing towards the outer ones, all but the centre feathers tipped with white; head
strongly crested, dusky brown, the frontal feathers narrowly fringed with
greyish white ; hind neck and mantle dull earthy brown ; lores and feathers
below the eye dusky ; over the latter a shade of ashy not sufficient to form
an eyebrow ; ear coverts dull ashy grey slightly blacker towards the eye ;
cheeks, throat, and entire breast ashy greyish, a little whiter on the throat, all
the feathers obscurely centred with dusky brown; flanks and thighs dull
rufous, the latter washed with grey like the abdomen; under tail coverts
rufous ; under wing coverts and axillaries ashy, the latter browner.
Length. — 7*4 inches ; culmen 075 ; wing 3-15 ; tail 3*1 : tarsus 1*25. (Mus.
H, H. Godwin- Aus ten*}
Hub.— Dafla Hills.
582. Actinodlira Ogleil, Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Seng. xlvi.
part 2, p. 42, pi. xi. (1877); Ifume, Str. F. 1877, p. 341 ; Sharpe, Cat.B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 466. Actinodura Oglei, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 97. — OGLE'S
BAR-WING.
Adult male. — (Type of species). — General colour above fulvescent brown,
with fine dusky cross markings on most of the feathers ; wing coverts like
the back ; the greater series a trifle more rufescent ; quills dusky brown,
externally fulvous brown and barred with blackish, these bars being continued
across the inner secondaries ; upper tail coverts a little more fulvous than the
back and with the same dusky cross markings ; tail feathers brown externally,
washed with dull fulvous brown and regularly barred across with dusky cross
lines ; head and hind neck golden brown, slightly overspreading the mantle,
many of the feathers edged and tipped with black, which appears to form a
bar separating the head from the white-spotted plumes on the eyebrow and
sides of neck ; base of forehead and lores with blackish shaft lines ; a
broad white eyebrow continued on to the sides of the neck and behind the
ear coverts in the form of ovate white drops bordered with black ; ear coverts
black ; cheeks and throat pure white ; sides of neck and breast ashy grey ;
sides of body and abdomen rufescent brown, clearer on the under tail coverts
and thighs ; under wing coverts and axillaries fulvous brown, more or less
washed with ashy. Bill black above, grey below ; legs and feet umber brown ;
iris crimson lake. (Ogle.)
Length.— 6 inches; culmen 0-85; wing 27; (SJiarpe) ; tail 2-5; tarsus
10-5. (Mus. H. H. Godwin-Austen.) (Sharpe.)
Hal>.— Sadiya, Assam.
18
122 TIMELIID/E.
This species is rather aberrant in form, having a thicker bill and shorter
tail than the other Actinodnnz.
Gen. CrateropUS.— Swainson.
Bill short or moderate, much compressed, rather deep, and curving from the
base ; nostrils apert ; a few short rictal bristles ; wing short, rounded, 4th, 5th
and 6th quills nearly equal and longest ; tail moderately long and broad ;
tarsus stout ; frontal plumes rigid ; general colour sombre grey, mixed more
or less with rufescent, and the feathers mesially striated with dusky.
583. CrateropUS Canorus (Lin.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 479. Turdus canorus, Lin., Syst. Nat. i. p. 293. Malacocircus terricolor,
Hodgs., y. A. S. B. 1836, 771 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 59, No. 432 ; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 142. Malacocircus bengalensis, Blyth, Cat. of B.
p. 140; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 133. — The BENGAL BABBLER.
Head and hind neck pale ashy ; upper back ashy or grey brown, the
feathers pale shafted ; feathers of the lower back and rump greyish brown,
and very lax ; outer webs of primaries pale grey ; inner webs dusky ; tertiaries
dusky, the feathers with indistinct darker cross bars ; tail reddish ash or
brown, the lateral feathers dusky brown, with faint bars, and the external
ones tipped with whitish ; chin and throat ashy, the feathers edged and shafted
lighter; breast fulvous brown, also with lighter edges and shafts ; abdomen,
vent and under tail coverts buffy white, paler and almost white on the under
tail .coverts. Bill yellowish brown ; irides pale yellow ; legs pale yellow.
Length. — 9 to IO inches ; wing 4*25 ; tail 4-5 ; bill at front 075.
Hab. — India generally, extending to Nepaul. Common in the Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Oudh, Central India, Bengal, Sind, on the Western Coast and in
Kutch and Kattiawar. Recorded from Aboo, North Guzerat and Jodhpore,
also Rajpootana, Concan, Deccan, Madras and Travancore. Breeds from
April to July, wherever it occurs, building in thick bushes or gardens
laying 3 eggs, variable both in size and colour. In colour they are from a
pale blue to a deep dull blue and glossy.
584- CrateropUS griseUS (GmeL), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 481. Turdus griseus, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 824. Malococercus griseus,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 368 ; Jerd., III. Ind. Orn. pi. 19; Bp. Consp. i.
P- 373 J Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 60, No. 433 ; Hume, Sir. F. iv. p. 456.
Timalea grisea, Jerd., Madras, Journ. x. p. 258.— The WHITE-HEADED
BABBLER.
PLATE (Figs, i— i and 2).
Above earthy brown, streaked on the mantle and scapulars with dull white ;
rump and upper tail coverts light ashy brown, paler than the back and with
\rhitish shaft lines ; lesser and median wing coverts like the upper surface of
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA
Fig. 1. Head; and leg of Crateropujs gri
Fig 2 . Beads cutdb lag of Cdia njupalen<si.*.
CONOSTOMA.
the body ; quills dark brown, ashy on the outer webs ; innermost secondaries
light brown ; tail dark brown, ashy at base, and with pale ends ; head creamy
buff ; cheeks and ear coverts dark brown, washed with fulvous ; throat blackish
brown, the feathers margined with fulvous brown ; hinder surface ashy brown ;
the middle of the abdomen pale fulvous ; feathers of the chest and sides of the
body streaked with white, also the under tail coverts, which are ashy fulvous.
Bill yellowish ; legs fleshy yellow ; iris yellowish white.
Length. — 8-5 to 9 inches ; wing 3'8 to 4 ; tail 4 ; tarsus 1*3.
Hab. — The Deccan and Southern India. Common and abundant in the
Carnatic ; also Travancore and the Northern Circars. Affects hedges, gardens,
&c. Breeds from January to May and June. Eggs the same colour as the
last and other species of the genus.
585. CraterOpUS Somervillei (Sykes), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 482. Timalia Somervillei, SyUes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 88 ; id., J.A.S. B.
iii. p. 536; Jtrd., Madr. Journ. x. p. 257. Malacocercus Somervillei,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 368 ; Jerd., III. Lid. Orn. text to pi. 19 (1847) ;
Jerd'., B. Ind. ii. p. 63, No. 435; Fairbank, Sir. F. 1876, p. 258 ; Hume,
t. c. p. 456; id., Str> F. 1879, p. 97 ; Vidal, Sir. F. 1879, p. 64. Malaco-
cercus Sykesii, Jerd., B Ind. ii. p. 63. — The RUFOUS-TAILED BABBLER.
Above light brown, the head a little more dusky than the back, the feathers
of which latter are white-shafted ; rump and upper tail coverts sandy buff, the
feathers white-shafted ; quills dark brown, their outer margin ashy ; tail rufous
brown, the outermost feathers tipped paler, and all with obsolete dusky trans-
verse bars under certain lights ; lores dull whitish ; sides of face pale ashy ;
throat dusky brown, the feathers margined with ashy ; foreneck and chest ashy ;
the feathers with fulvous shaft streaks ; under surface of the body light tawny
buff; the under wing coverts deeper and more fawn-coloured. Bill horny
yellow ; legs dirty yellow ; irides pale yellow.
Length.— 9*5 to 9*8 inches; wing4'i to 4*4; tail 4 to 4*3 ; tarsus 1*45.
7/tf£.— The Concan and Deccan. Found on the Khandalla Ghauts and
along the Western Coast. Breeds during May and June. Eggs greenish blue.
Gen. ConostOEQa.— Hodgs.
Bill short, stout, compressed and arched with the culmen broad and rounded;
nostrils round, hidden by plumes ; rictal bristles scanty and feeble ; wing short,
rounded, 6th, 7th and 8th quills about equal and longest ; tail long ; feet large
and strong and with four toes ; outer toe longer than the inner ; hind toe very
large ; claws long, and slender.
586. Conostoma semodium, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. x. p. 857; id.,
Icon. ined. m Br. Mus. Passer es, pi. 263; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
P- 4^5; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. I o, No. 381 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B>
p. 237 ; id., Str. F. 1879, P- 95* — The RED-BILLED JAY-THRUSH.
124 MMELIID/E.
Above dull olive or pale earthy brown, paler on the upper tail coverts; wing
coverts and outer margin of primary coverts like the back ; outer edge of the
first three primaries and also of the secondaries rtifescent brown ; tail ashy,
the feathers washed with rufous along the sides of the shafts ; forehead creamy
white ; crown pale earthy or dull olive brown ; lores and feathers below the
eye the same but blackish brown at their bases ; sides of face and ear coverts
pale earthy brown ; under surface of body light ashy, the flanks washed with
olive brown ; axillaries and under wing coverts like the breast, the lower series
creamy buff. Bill dull orange ; legs slaty grey ; irides brown.
Length. — 10*5 to 1 1*5 inches ; wing 4*9 to 5 ; tail 4/9 ; tarsus 1*5.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, Nepaul and Sikkim. Jerdon, quoting Hodgson,
says it is a shy forester, adhering to the wilds and tenanting the skirts of forests,
where brushwood as well as trees abound. Food chiefly insects. Breeds in
Native Sikkim at an elevation of 10,000 feet. A nest sent to Mr. Hume
contained three eggs. It was a regular and perfect hemisphere both externally
and internally, compactly made of coarse grass and bamboo leaves, and lined
on the inside with stiff and fine grass stems. According to Mr. Hume the egg
is a regular moderately elongated oval, slightly compressed towards the smaller
end. Ground colour dull white, sparsely blotched, streaked, and smudged
with pale yellowish brown. Sizei'ii x o'8.
Gen. Sllthora — Hodgson.
Bill shorter than in Conostoma, stout and nearly as high as wide ; culmen
turned and much rounded ; nostrils concealed by plumes ; wing short, round-
ed, 6th quill the longest ; tail long, graduated ; tarsus long and smooth; outer
toe longer than the inner.
587. Suthora Humil Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 487. Tem-
norhis v. pictifrons, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passeres, pi. 65. Suthora
nipalensis(//0/j Bodgs.), Gould, B. Asia part iv. Suthora poliotis (non Blyth),
Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. E. L Co. Mus. i. p. 370; Jerd., B. Lid. ii. p. 9;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95.— The ORANGE-EARED TIT-THRUSH.
Above yellowish brown, paler on the head, but brighter and inclining to
orange brown on the rump and upper tail coverts ; tail feathers brown,
margined with chestnut, deeper and more conspicuous near the base ; wing
coverts like the back, the outer greater coverts externally shaded with grey, the
primary coverts black ; quills blackish, externally golden chestnut, the outer
primaries edged with white ; over the eye a broad black band drawn from the
biH to the sides of the occiput; feathers at base of bill and cheeks white,
extending above and below the eye ; ear coverts bright orange, surrounded by
a w.ash of light ashy grey on the sides of the neck ; throat blackish, the
feathers edged with white ; rest of under surface buffy white, the sides of
the body tawny buff as well as the thighs and under tail coverts. Bill blackish ;
legs fleshy. (Sharpe.)
SUTHORA.
.— 3*8 inches; wing 1-7$ ; tail 2; tarsus 075 j culmen 0-35.
. — Eastern Himalayas, Nepaul and Sikkim.
588. Suthora poliotiS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 522. Suthora
munipurensis, Godw.-Aust. and Wald., Ibis, 1875, p. 250; Hutne, Str. F.
1876, p. 216 ; id., S/r. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 487.
Suthora daflaensis, Godw.-Atist., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 32 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1876, p. 489; id., 1877, p. 138; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B. xlvii.
p. 15. — The GREY-EARED TIT-THRUSH.
Adult male. — Similar to S. Humii, but distinguished at a glance by its
grey ear coverts and by the very distinct white eyebrow which extends above
the ear coverts.
Length. — 375 inches; wing 175; tail 2; tarsus 07 ; culmen 0*3.
The adult female is similar, but has a wing of 1-85. (Sharpe.)
Hab. — Naga, Dafla and Munipur Hills.
589. Suthora nipalensia, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. ii. p. 32 ; Blyth, J.
A. S. B. xiv. p. 579 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. S, No. 378 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 95 ; Sharpe, Cat B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 489. — The BLACK-FRONTED TIT-
THRUSH.
General colour above yellowish brown, brighter on the lower back ; head
greyish, washed with yellowish brown on the nape ; forehead and a broad
streak over the eye to the nape black ; lores, sides of the face and feathers at
base of lower mandible white ; throat black ; ear coverts and a spot behind
the eye below the black streak bright fulvous ; sides of the neck pure ashy ;
rest of under surface of the body bright golden buff ; thighs fulvous ; centre
of abdomen white ; upper and lower tail coverts orange chestnut ; tail cinna-
mon brown, edged externally with rufous or orange chestnut, deeper near the
tip ; wing coverts like the back ; primary coverts black, also the quills ;
primaries edged with white, golden chestnut at the base ; secondaries broadly
edged with golden chestnut, whitish near the tips ; under wing coverts and
edge of wing silky white. Bill black, bluish at base ; legs fleshy white ; irides
brown.
Length. — 4-2 to 4*5 inches; wing r8 to 2; tail 2*2 to 2-25 ; tarsus 07 ;
culmen 0-3.
Hab.— Himalayas from Nepaul to Sikkim. Jerdon obtained a specimen at
Darjeeling. It associates, according to Hodgson, in small flocks, frequenting
brushwood and tall grass. Has the manners of a Parus.
590. Suthora ruficeps (.Blyth}, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 491. Paradoxornis ruficeps, Blyth, J.A. S. B. xx.p. 177 ; Gould, B.Asia,
pt. vi. ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 5, No. 375 ; Blyth and Walden, B. Burm.
p. 117; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 257 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ;
126 TIMELIID^E.
Oates, B. Br. Burnt, p. 139. Heteromorpha ruficeps, Blyth, J . A. S. B.
xiv. p. 578.— The RED-HEADED PINCH-THRUSH.
Head, cheeks, ear coverts, nape and sides of the neck bright rufous, rest of
the upper plumage olivaceous brown, the bastard wing and primary coverts
washed with rufous ; quills reddish brown or sandy buff, the primaries paler
towards their ends ; upper tail coverts tinged with rufous; tail like the backr
the feathers with reddish shafts ; entire under surface white, the breast and
flanks washed with pale" fulvous ; under wing coverts and axillaries light
yellowish buff. Bill with the upper mandible horny brown, the lower one pale
yellowish ; irides red brown ; orbitar skin pale blue.
Length.—'] to 7-5 inches; wing 3-45 to 3-5; tail 3-5; tarsus 1-15-
culmen O'6.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending into Bunnah and Tennaserim.
Recorded from Nepaul, Bhootan, Karennee and Darjeeling. Jerdon says it is
found in the hilly regions of Nepaul and Sikkim, also on the Khasia hillsr
extending into Arrakan. He found it in dense bamboo jungle feeding on
seeds, maize, rice, &c. Mr. Davison obtained it in Tennaserim.
591. Suthora gulariS (Gray), Sharpe, Cat B. Br. Mus. vii,
p. 492. Paradoxornis gularis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 389, pi. 94 ; Gould,
B. Asia, part vi.; Jerd. B Ind. ii. p. 5, No. 374 ; Wald. in Bl. B. Burm.
p. 117 ; Hume and Davison, Str. F, vi. p. 257 ; Hume. Str. F. viii. p. 95 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 131. — The GREY-HEADED FINCH-THRUSH.
Forehead, chin and a streak running from above the eye to the nape black -r
lores, feathers round the eye and cheeks whitish ; whole top of head and ear
coverts grey ; whole upper plumage ruddy brown ; wings and tail brown,
edged on the outer webs with ruddy brown ; lower plumage white. Bill
yellow ; legs and feet plumbeous ; claws pale ; irides light brown.
Length.— -6 inches ; wing 3-4; tail 3*2 ; tarsus 0^95 ; culmen 0*5.
Nab. — Eastern Himalayas from Sikkim eastward into the hill ranges of
N.-E. Bengal, and Burmah to Western Fokien in China. Not uncommon at
Darjeeling and Sikkim.
It was obtained by Capt. Wardlaw- Ramsay in Karenne at an elevation of
5,600 feet. It has also been found in the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal,
Bhootan and Sikkim.
592. Suthora Unicolor (Hodgs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 493. Heteromorpha unicolor, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passer es,
pi. 264; id.% J. A. S. B. xii. p. 448; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 6, No. 376;
Hume Str. F. 1879, p. 95. Paradoxornis unicolor, Gray, Cat. Mam., etc.,
Nepaul. pres.; Hodgs. p. iii. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 500; (Gould), B. Asia,
part vi.— The BROWN FINCH-THRUSH.
CHLEUASICUS. ]27
Above ashy olive brown, the head crested, dull, vinous brown ; the quills-
brown; secondaries, and wing coverts like the back; the primaries tinged
reddish brown ; tail light fulvous brown, the feathers edged at the tips with
whitish ; sides of the crown with a black streak extending to the sides of the
nape ; ear coverts and sides of face vinous brown with paler tips to some of
the feathers ; throat and foreneck ashy brown, washed with vinous on the chin ;
rest of under surface of the body light fulvous brown ; axillaries like the
breast ; under wing coverts pale tawny buff. Bill orange yellow ; legs slaty
grey ; irides brown.
Length— TZ to 775 inches; wing 3*65 to 3-8; tail 4-3; tarsus 1-2; culmen
0-6.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, Nepaul to Darjeeling and Sikkim. Jerdon says
it is peculiar to the more elevated regions of Nepaul, living in thick brush-
wood in small flocks, frequently alighting on the ground and feeding on bugs
and other insects.
Gen. Chleuasicus.— ^/y//&.
Characters the same as in Suthora, but the bill is shorter, wider and more
tumid on the sides.
593. Chleuasicus ruficeps, Biytk, 7. A. S. B. xiv. p. 578 ; Jtrd.,
B. Ind. ii. p. 7, No. 377 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Var. atrosuperciliaris,
Godwin-Aust., J. A. S. B. 1877, p. 147; Hume, Str. F. 1877, P- 499-~
The RED-HEADED TIT-THRUSH.
Head, which is much crested, and the hind neck, bright ferruginous or bright
sandy rufous ; a ring of buffy white feathers round the eye ; wings brighter
rufous than the back ; tail brown with obsolete dusky barrings ; entire under
parts white with a very slight tinge of buffy. Bill whitish horny ; legs greenish
plumbeous ; irides red brown.
Length. — 5-5 to 6' 5 inches ; wing 2-95 ; tail 3-1 ; tarsus 0-95 ; culmen 0-6.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending into Assam and N. Cachar. As yet
only obtained at Darjeeling and Sikkim.
594. ChleuasicUS fulvifrons, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus.
Passeres, pi. 109; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. p. 495. Suthora fulvifrons,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 579; Jerd.t B. Ind. ii. p. 9, No. 380.— The
FULVOUS-FRONTED TIT-THRUSH.
Crown of the head, cheeks, throat and breast tawny buff, the forehead and
chin slightly deeper ; wing coverts like the back, the greater series edged
like the quills with golden buff ; tail ashy brown margined with the same
golden buff ; sides of body light grey ; abdomen whitish ; under tail coverts
buffy white.
Length. — 5 inches ; wing 2-25 ; tail 2*7; tarsus 0*8.
Hab. — Nepaul and Darjeeling.
128
Gen. Paradoxornis.— Gould.
Bill short, as high at the base as long ; culmen curved, compressed on the
sides, blunt and sinuated on the margin ; nostrils small, concealed by hair-like
feathers ; rictal bristles scanty ; wings rounded, the 6th quill longest ; tail
long and graduated ; legs stout ; tarsus entire ; hind toe and claw large ;
plumage soft and lax.
595- Paradoxornis flavirostris, Gould, P. z. S. 1836, p. 17;
id., Icones Avium. pi. 6; McClelL, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 164; Gray, Gen. B. ii.
p. 389; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 578 ; Jerd., B. bid. ii. p. 4, No. 373;
Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 457 ; id., Str. F. 1879, P- 95-— The YELLOW-BILLED
FINCH-THRUSH.
Adult (type of species). — Above fulvescent olive brown, a little lighter on
the rump ; wing coverts brown, margined with fulvous brown, the outer lesser
coverts entirely fulvous or slightly rufescent ; quills brown, externally rufous
brown, lighter on the outer webs of the primaries ; tail feathers brown, slightly
edged with fulvous brown ; entire head and neck rufous ; lores, as well as a spot
above the eye, forepart of ear coverts, feathers below the eye and cheeks white,
barred with dusky blackish at the tips of the feathers ; hinder part of ear
coverts jet black, forming a large patch ; chin black ; remainder of throat
white, broadly barred at the tip with black ; foreneck entirely blackish ; re-
mainder of under surface pale yellowish buff, including the thighs and under
tail coverts ; legs plumbeous ; irides red brown. Bill bright yellow.
Length. — 7'5 inches; wing 3-4 ; tail 3*9; tarsus 1*2 ; culmen 0-75.
Hab. — Hills of N.-E. Bengal and Assam, ranging into the Sikkim and
Nepaul Terai. Jerdon procured it on the Khasia hills at an elevation of about
5,000 feet. He adds that there were three young birds in company with
the parents, and that the one young bird he shot resembled the birds in
plumage. McClelland's specimen was obtained in Assam, and Hodgson got
his specimens in the Sikkim Terai and Nepaul.
596. Paradoxornis guttaticollis, A. David, N. Arch. Mus. \\\. •,
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 497. Paradoxornis Austeni, Gould, B.Asia,
partxxvi.; Godw.-Aust., J '. A. S. B. xliii. p. 159 ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 392 ;
1879, p. 95. — The SPOTTED-NECKED FINCH-THRUSH.
Head and hind neck light rufous ; lores and feathers below the eye white,
the feathers with dusky bases ; ear coverts black ; throat with some large
blackish spots ; upper surface of body sandy brown ; the wings like the back
but more rufous ; quills dark brown, their outer webs sandy rufous ; under
surface of body whitish, washed with pale sandy buff on the throat, sides of
the body and breast, as well as the under tail coverts ; thighs dusky fulvous.
Bill yellow ; feet greenish ; irides chestnut rufous.
Length. — 6 inches; wing 3-05 ; tail 3*2 ; tarsus ros ; culmen 0-6.
Had.— Naga Hills. Nothing is known of its habits. There is only a single
skin in the British Museum Collection.
TIMELI/E. 129
GROUP.— TIMELLE.
This group contains chiefly the Wren, grass, tree, ground and thrush Babblers,
which are considered to be the most typical of the Timeliina, and closely
affined by their general appearance to the Murcicapince. They vary much in
the form of their bill, some having it long, slender, and much bent downwards
at the tip, others more arched and notched ; others again broader and with the
tip but slightly bent downwards. The plumage of the group is generally of a
sombre tint; the head is either crested, or subcrested, and in some not crested.
The wing is either equal to, or longer than, the tail, and very seldom shorter
than it, which again is in most of the families graduated. Their habits, too,
are various.
Gen. Timelia-— Horsf.
Bill strong, deep, much compressed and curved throughout, its length
being nearly that of the tarsus ; nostrils oval, apert ; rictal bristles well deve-
loped ; tail strongly graduated ; wing short and rounded ; 5th and 6th quills
generally the longest ; tarsi stout ; hind toe and claw large, both together
exceeding the length of the bill.
597- Timelia pileata, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 151 ; id.,
Zool. Res. Java, pi. 43, fg. I ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 24; Hume, Nests and Eggs,
Ind. B. p. 246; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 118; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 152; Anders.,
Yunnan Exp. p. 634 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 267 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. viii. p. 507 ; Oates, Br. Burm. i. p. 45. Timelia Jerdoni, Wald.,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 4) x. p. 61 ; Bl. and Wald., B. Burm.
p. 114; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 119. Timalia bengalensis, Godw.-Aust.t
J. A. S. B. xli. pi. ii. p. 143 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 95.— The RED-CAPPED
GRASS-BABBLER.
Forehead and supercilium white; lores, a narrow line separating
the chestnut of the crown, and feathers between the nostrils and
eye, black ; crown of the head chestnut ; upper plumage, including
the wing coverts, from olive to fulvous brown ; quills light brown,
externally fulvous brown ; tail the same, but faintly cross-barred under certain
lights ; chin, cheeks, throat and ear coverts pure white ; sides of the neck ashy
grey, also the sides of breast and nape ; all the feathers of these parts, also the
throat, with mesial black shaft streaks ; neck and upper breast white, the
feathers black shafted ; lower breast, abdomen, sides and under tail and wing
coverts fulvous brown, nearly ferruginous ; the sides a little darker ; axillaries
light fulvous brown ; under wing coverts pale tawny buff. Bill black ; irides
dark red ; eyelids dark bluish grey ; legs purplish brown.
Length.-^ to 6-8 inches; wing 2-5 ; tail 2*85 to 3-2; culmen 07;
tarsus 0-95.
VOL. II.— 17
]30 TIMELIID/E.
Hab. — The lower hills of Nepaul and Sikkim, throughout the plains of
Eastern Bengal, Burmah and the Malay Peninsula (rare), and Java. It has
been procured in Cachar and the Sundurbuns, also in Cochin-China. Gates
says it is a common species all over Burmah and Pegu, and that it
frequents secondary jungle and gardens, especially in the southern parts. In
the plains it is common to a remarkable degree. It is a bright and cheerful
bird, and is always on the move. It is most abundant in the grass jungles of
Purneah, Sylhet and Cachar. Horsfield (in Jerd.) says it is common in Java,
in groves and woods, constructs its nests in hedges, and is one of the social
birds, which delight to dwell in the neighbourhood of cultivation. It has, he
says, a pleasant note, which consists of a slow repetition of the five notes of the
diatonic scale (C, D, E, F, G), with perfect regularity and at small intervals
of time.
Its nest has been found during May and June, and is a domed structure
made of grass. Gates says it is either placed on the ground or in the fork of
a bush close to it. Eggs, three in number, white, speckled with brown.
598. Timelia longirOStriS (Moore), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 509. Pyctorhis longirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 104; Jerd.,
B. Ind. ii. p. 16, No. 386. Malacocercus rubiginosus, Godw.-Aust., P. Z. S.
1874, p. 47 ; id., J. A. S. B. xliii. pt. ii. p. 164, pi. v. ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 397. Pyctorhis longirostris, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95. — The LARGER
YELLOW-EYED BABBLER.
Head dull rufous brown ; rest of upper parts deep rufous brown, the lower
back and rump slightly paler ; wing coverts like the back ; quills dusky, the
primaries light rufous on their outer webs ; tail feathers dull rufous brown ;
lores, eyebrow and ear coverts pale tawny buff ; feathers round the eye, fore-
cheeks, below the eye and throat white ; under surface buffish white ; the
flanks, thighs and under tail coverts, also the under wing coverts, tawny buff.
Bill black ; legs pale fleshy; irides nearly white.
Length.— 7-9 to 8 inches ; wing 275 to 2'8; tail 4-4; tarsus ri ; culmen
0-85.
Hab. — Oude to Bhootan, the hills of Munipur and Khasia, also Cachar.
It is common about Nepaul and the country below the Himalayas.
Gen. Pyctorhis.— Hodgs.
Bill rather short, strong and deep ; rictus bristled : orbits nude ; 4th and
5th quills longest.
599. Pyctorhis sinensis, (Gm.), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 15, No. 385 ;
Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 431 ; StoL, J . A. S. B. xxxvii. pt. 2, p. 36; Blanf.
/. c. xl. p. 273; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B. xliii. pt. 2, p. 160; Hume*
PYCTORHIS.
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 237 ; id., Sir. F. 1873, p. 179; Ball, Sir. F.
1874, p. 408; Hume, t. c. p. 475; id., Str. F. 1875, p. 115; 1876, p. 34;
Fairb. t. c. pp. 258, 265; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 117; Murray,
Vert. Zool. Sind, p 132; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 46 ; Sharps, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 510. Timelia hypoleuca, FrankL, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 1 18.
Chrysomma sinense, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 454. — The YELLOW-EYED
BABBLER.
Above reddish brown, darker on the head, and rufous on the wings ; inner
webs of primaries and secondaries dusky; tail dull brown, with very indistinct
or nearly obsolete dusky cross bands ; a stripe from the nostrils through the
eye ; chin, throat, and entire under surface white ; bill black, the base at the
nostrils yellow; legs yellow ; irides yellow brown; orbits orange.
Length. — 6*25 to 6-5 inches; wing 2-75 ; tail 3*5 ; bill at front 0*5.
Hab. — India generally, extending to Nepaul and Burmah. Common in
Bengal, N.-W. Provinces, Punjab and Sind ; also in Kutch, Kattiawar, N.
Guzerat, Jodhpore and the Deccan. Occurs also in Upper Pegu, Ceylon and
Southern India. In Sind it is as in other parts of India a resident, and breeds
in July and August. The nest is typically cone-shaped (apex downwards),
from 5 to 6 inches in depth and 3 or 4 in diameter at the base, the cone
sometimes or rather often truncated according to the situation of the nest.
The base of the cone is uppermost, and in it. is the egg cavity. The whole
structure is compactly woven with blades of grass and strips of fibrous bark,
and more or less coated exteriorly with cobwebs. The number of eggs
is from 2 to 3. They vary a good deal in shape and size, as well as in
colouring. Eggs usually two, and sometimes three in number, prettily marked
on a dusky or pinkish ground with streaks, spots and blotches of a brick red and
brown colour. Affects chiefly the low tamarisk jungle, in which it also
builds its nest. Oates says that in Burmah it affects grass jungle of all
description, and is much more common in such situations. Though it creeps
through grass without very perceptibly moving it, its pleasant and oft-repeated
notes are sufficient to show its whereabouts.
600. Pyctorhis altirostris (Jerd.\ Godw.-Aust., y. A. S. B.
xlv. pt. 2, p. 197, pi. ix. ; Blanf., Str. F. 1877, p. 225 ; Oates, Str. F. 1877,
p. 249; Hume, t. c. p. 329; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B. xlvii. pt. 2, p. 24;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Oates, Str. F. 1880, p. 200 ; id. B. Br. Burm.
p. 47 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 512. Chrysomma altirostris, Jerd.,
Ibis, 1862, p. 22; Godw.-Aust. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. p. 34;
Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 505. Pyctorhis griseigularis, Hume, Str. F. 18^7,
p. 1 16; id., Str. F. 1879, p. 95.— JERDON'S GRASS-BABBLER.
Upper plumage, including the cheeks and ear coverts, also the wing coverts,
uniform reddish or fulvescent brown ; forehead and crown bright rufous brown,
the feathers of the forehead centred slightly darker ; chin, throat and upper
132 TIMELIID/E.
breast greyish white ; lores and a streak over the eye dirty white, the centre of
each feather black ; quills brown, their outer webs broadly edged with reddish
brown, the inner secondaries almost entirely reddish brown ; tail brown,
broadly edged with rufous on their outer webs and narrowly on their inner, all
the feathers indistinctly cross-rayed ; under surface of body from the breast
to the vent a warm buff; the feathers of the chin with mesial black shaft
streaks ; under wing coverts tawny buff washed with rufous. Upper mandible
pale horn colour ; lower pinkish flesh colour ; iris hazel brown ; eyelids and
orbital skin greenish yellow; legs and feet pinkish brown; claws pinkish
horn colour.
Length.— -6- 2 to 6-5 inches ; wing 2-4 to 2-5 ; tarsus o-9 ; bill from gape 0^55.
Hab.— Burmah and Pegu, ranging through the low Assam country to the
Bhootan Dooars, and westwards into Sind.
Jerdon's Grass Babbler was first discovered at Thayetmyo. It has since
been found abundantly in the Rangoon and Shwaygheen districts from the
village of Wan, along the Pegu canal and northwards nearly up to Tonghoo.
Colonel Godwin-Austen got it in the Eastern Bengal hill tracts, and Mr.
Mandelli in the Bhootan Doars. It is common in Sind in grassy situations
along the river bank about Sehwan and Sukkur. Its habits are not unlike
those of P. sinensis, but it does not seem to affect tamarisk or other jungle
bush. Gates says he has not seen it in tree or bush jungle.
Gen. Dumetia.— Biyth.
Bill moderate, rather compressed, pointed, and with a subterminal notch ;
culmen slightly curving from the base ; rictal bristles small and few ; wings
short and rounded; 4th, 5th and 6th quills nearly equal; tail moderate;
tarsus stout. Frontal feathers stiff, with rigid shafts.
601. Dumetia albigularis, Biyth, J. A. s. B. xvi. p. 453; id.,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 140 ; Layard. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xii.
p. 272 ; Gould, B. Asia, part 12 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 26, No. 398 ; Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. ii. p. 247; Butler, Sir. F. 1875, p. 471 ; Fairb.,
Str. F. 1876, pp. 258, 265 ; Bourdillon, t. c. p. 399 ; Butler, Sir. F. 1878,
p. 94; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 505 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Vidal, Str.
F. 1880, p. 63; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 514.— The WHITE-
THROATED WREN-BABBLER.
Above ashy olive brown, slightly more fulvescent on the rump, the feathers
of the back, also of the lesser and median wing coverts, with pale shaft lines ;
greater coverts and quills light brown, edged with ashy olive brown, a little
darker on the outer webs of the primaries ; tail light brown, the feathers in-
distinctly cross-rayed under certain lights, shaded with ashy, and tipped with a
DUMETIA. 133
narrow edging of whity brown ; feathers of the crown stiffened ; forehead
rufescent, with blackish shafts ; lores and eyelids whitish ; ear coverts oliva-
ceous ashy ; cheeks and under surface of body bright sienna buff ; throat,
centre of breast and abdomen white ; thighs more fulvous ; axillaries
sienna buff with white bases ; under wing coverts bright sienna buff ; irides
greenish white or white ; upper mandible dusky or pinkish brown with fleshy
margins ; lower mandible fleshy, the tip dusky ; legs and feet reddish dusky.
Length. — 57 to 5-9 inches ; wing 2*15 ; tail 2-45 ; tarsus O'8 ; culmen o'6.
fjab. — The peninsula of India, ranging from Travancore along the West
Coast as high as Khandeish, and occurring again on Mount Abu.
In Ceylon it is said to be found all over the low country in all parts of the
island. It affects bushy jungle, ravines, thick hedge-rows, &c., and is
usually found in small parties skulking along one after the other, under and
through from bush to bush, not unlike species of Malacocercus. It feeds on
small insects. Breeds during June. Hume in his Nests and Eggs has an
account of its nesting from Miss Cockburn of Kotagherry. The nest was
constructed on a coffee-tree and contained three eggs, which were white and
profusely covered with reddish spots of all sizes. The nest was small and
nearly globular, and constructed of broad flaggy grass, without any lining or
admixture of other material. In shape, Mr. Hume says, the eggs are mode-
rately elongated ovals. The shell is very fine and smooth, and has, in some,
a rather bright gloss. In length the eggs vary from 07 to 075 inches and in
breadth from 0-5 to 0-53.
602. Dumetia hyperythra (Franldin*), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As.
Soc. p. 140 ; Jcrd., B. Ind. ii. p. 26, No. 397 ; Gould. B. Asia. pt. 12 ; Blanf.*
J. A. S. B. xi. p. 273 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 246 ; Ball, Str. F.
1874, p. 409; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 96; Butler, Str. F. 1880, p. 399;
id., Cat. B. S. B. Pres. p. 42; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 515.
Timelia hyperythra, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 118. Pellorneum hypery-
thrum, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxi. p. 357.— The RUFOUS-BELLIED BABBLER.
Crown of the head and upper back ashy olive brown, the forepart of crown
ferruginous, the feathers with stiff shafts and blackish shaft streaks ; the
lower back and rump rather fulvescent, the mantle with dusky brown shaft
streaks ; wing coverts like the back ; the greater series and quills margined
on their outer webs with fulvescent brown ; upper tail coverts and tail ashy
brown, faintly cross-barred under certain lights ; lores and feathers round
the eye whitish ; sides of face, ear coverts and under surface of the body
sienna buff ; the cheeks and throat somewhat rufescent and with paler shaft
lines ; under wing coverts and axillaries like the breast. Bill horny ; legs
fleshy yellow ; irides pale yellowish-brown.
Length. — S'4 to 5'8 inches j wing 2-2 j tail 2-4 ; tarsus 0*8 ; culmen 0^55.
.
134 TIMELIID^E.
Hab. — The Central Provinces of the Indian peninsula, from the Midnapoor
jungles westwards to Nagpore, and south to the Godavery Valley. Hume
adds Chota Nagpore, Upper Bengal, eastern portions of the N.-W. Provinces,
parts of Oudh, and even in the low valleys of Kumaon.
Its occurrence in the Konkan is doubtful, where, I think with Sharpe,
albigularis only occurs. The bird is very common on the Shevaroy Hills, and
may always be met with where there are clumps of grass, which is used for
thatching houses in those parts. Mr. W. Mahon Daly writes to say that he
had taken its nest very frequently, and always found four eggs, white and
very thickly spotted with reddish brown ; they are about the size of those of
the White-eyed Tit. It breeds there in April and May, and makes its nest
of thick blades of grass, covered in, with an entrance hole in the side.
The nest is generally placed in a date bush or in a clump of grass, and never
more than a foot or two feet from the ground. It is not a shy bird. It
returned to its nest after two eggs had been taken out of the four. He tried
to rear the young, but always failed, as they seem to feed entirely on small
insects.
Eggs taken 23rd May 1885 and I2th April 1886.
It breeds from June to August, building a globular nest of broad grass
blades or bamboo leaves, and placing it among dead leaves on the ground or
not very high from the ground in a small shrub. Eggs 2 — 4 in number, and,
according to Hume, short, broad ovals, very slightly compressed towards one
end. Ground colour white or pinkish white, streaked, spotted and speckled
most thickly at the large end and thinly towards the small end, with shades
of red, brownish-red and reddish purple, varying much in different examples.
Some are said to be miniatures of some types of Pyctorhis sinensis. In length
they vary from 0-63 to 07, and in breadth from 0-5 to 0-56.
Gen. Pellorneura- — Sws.
Bill moderately long, straight, compressed, very slightly hooked at the tip
and notched, the distance between the front of the nostril and tip of the bill
more than the length of the hind toe without claw ; rictal bristles feeble ; wing
rounded, the 5th, 6th and 7th quills nearly equal ; tail moderate, rounded,
less graduated than in Dumetia ; the distance between the tip of the outer
feather and tip of the middle feather less than the length of the tarsus ; tarsus
moderate, with four distinct scutes ; feet large ; mid-toe lengthened.
603. Pellorneum nipalense (Hodgs.), Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 96 ;
id. Str. F. 1880, p. 250; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 519. Hemipteron
nipalense, Hodgs., Icon. ined. Br. Mus. Passeres, pi. 170, fig. i. Pellorneum
ruficeps (non Swains.}, Gray, Cat. Mam., etc., Nepaul ; Hume, Str> F. 1873,
p. 403. Pellorneum mandellii, Pr. As. Soc. Beng. p. 215 ; Hume, Str. F.
1873, p. 298, note. Pellorneum pectoralis, Godw.-Aust., J, A. S. B. xlvi.
pt. 2, p. 41.— The NEPAULESE SPOTTED WREN -BABBLER.
PELLORNEUM. ] 35
Above dark olive brown ; wing coverts like the back with pale shaft lines to
the lesser and median series; the greater coverts with narrow fulvescent
margins ; quills sepia brown, olive brown on their external margins, and rather
ashy on the outer webs of the primaries ; tail dark olive brown, the tips of the
feathers narrowly fringed with whitish ; head and nape dull rufous brown with
dull fulvous shaft stripes ; centre of the feathers of the forehead, hind neck and
mantle blaclt ; of the sides of the neck streaked with brown and whitish ; lores
and eyebrow ashy white, the feathers tipped with minute spots of dark brown ;
ear coverts rufescent brown ; under surface of the body ochraceous buff ; the
feathers mesially streaked with dark brown; throat and centre of abdomen
creamy white ; under tail coverts brown, edged with whitish.
Length. — 6'6 to 67 inches; wing 275; tail 275; tarsus 1*05; culmen
075-
Hab. — Nepaul and Sikkim on the lower hills, extending to the Bhootan
Dooars and the Khasia Hills. According to Hodgson it begins to lay in
April. The nest is more or less oval or globular, and is laid lengthwise on the
ground in some bush or clump of rush or reed. It is composed of moss, dry
leaves and vegetable fibres and lined with moss roots. A nest measured by
Mr. Hodgson was 675 inches in length and 3 inches in height. The aperture
was at one end, and about 2 inches in diameter ; the cavity was about 2- 5 inches
in diameter and nearly 4 inches deep. The eggs are three or four in number,
and are figured as broad ovals, pointed towards the small end, measuring about
O'86 x 0*65, and having a greyish white ground thickly speckled and spotted
with more or less bright red or brownish red, and most thickly so at the large
end where the markings are nearly confluent. According to Hume, a nest
said to be of this species was found near Darjeeling in July, at an elevation of
4,000 feet. The eggs in this nest were three in number, very regular, mode,
rately broad ovals; the shell fine and compact with a slight gloss. The
colour white, everywhere very finely speckled with chocolate or purplish
brown, the markings being more confluent and dense at the large end. They
measured O'86 x o'66.
604. Pellorneum intermedium, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vif.
p. 519, plate xii., fig. I ;• Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 67. — SHARPENS STRIATED
GROUND-BABBLER.
Adult female. — Similar to P. nipalense, but smaller and having the eyebrow
light tawny or creamy buff and unspoiled ; lores streaked with blackish shaft
lines ; breast streaked with brownish, but not extending beyond the middle of it.
Length. — 6*1 inches ; culmen 07 ; wing 2*55 ; tail 2-5 ; tarsus i.
Sharpe describes the young as rufescent brown, rather more olive on the
wings and tail ; head slightly more rufous than the body., with narrow fulvous
shaft streaks ; sides of face tawny ; under surface of body white, washed with
tawny buff on the breast, sides of body, flanks and thighs.
136 TIMELIID^E.
Hal. — From Cachar to the neighbourhood of Thayetmyo. The specimens
in the British Museum are from Dilkoosha, Cachar.
605. Pellorneum ruflcepS, Swains, Faun. Bor. Amer. Birds,
p. 487; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 883; Bp. Consp.i.^. 219; Horsf. and
Moore, Cat. B. Br. Mus. i. p. 224 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 27, No. 399 ;
Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 409; Fairbk. Str. F. 1876, p. 258; Bourd.t t. c.
p. 399; Fairbk. Str. F. 1877, p. 404; Hume, Str. F. 1878, i. p. 277;
Ball, Str. F. 1878, p. 214; Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- 96; Vidal, Str. F.
1880, p. 63; Butler, t. c. p. 400; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 520.—
The SPOTTED WREN -BABBLER.
Head and nape dull rufous with fulvescent mesial shaft streaks, more
distinct on the forehead ; lores, supercilium extending to the sides of the
nape and feathers round the eye ochraceous or vinous buff ; the feathers of
the superciliary streak tipped with black only just above the eye, a dusky
spot in front of the eye ; ear coverts dusky white, with fulvous shaft
streaks ; entire throat and cheeks buffy white, the latter with dusky hair-like
streaks ; the foreneck and breast ochraceous buff, streaked with dark brown ;
rest of under surface of body plain ochraceous buff, except the centre of the
abdomen, which is whitish, and the sides of the body olive brown margined
with ochraceous buff ; under tail coverts whitish with dusky brown centres ;
axillaries, under wing coverts and thighs rufescent ochre ; upper parts dull
olive brown; the lower back and rump more uniform and without olive
margins as on the mantle and upper back ; upper tail coverts the same ;
wing coverts like the back with paler shaft lines ; quills dusky brown, the outer
margins olive brown; tail uniform ashy brown, slightly olive on the edges.
Bill horny above, yellowish fleshy beneath; legs fleshy yellow; irides
brick-red.
Length.— 6-9 to 7'O inches ; wing 2-8 to 3 ; tail 2-65 to 3 ; tarsus ri.
jjal, — The hills of Southern India (Nilghiris), Matheran, and Mahablesh-
war in the Concan and Deccan, also on the west coast and Madras on the
east, occurring also in the Rajmehal Hills and in Maunbhoom. Jerdon says it
occurs also in Central India, the S.-E. Himalayas, the Khasia Hills, and
through Burmah to Tenasserim, but of this extensive range there is some
doubt. He adds that it associates in small flocks, frequenting underwood and
thickets in forest jungle, often descending to the ground, where it hops about
in search of insects. It keeps up a continual chattering, and occasionally one
of them, perched on a bough, elevating the head and neck, gives utterance to
a sort of crowing laugh, not unlike that of Trochalopterum cacchinans.
Mr. W. Mahon Daly says the bird is rather rare on the Shevaroys, and is very
shy. It generally frequents streams and thick scrub jungle. He only once saw it
on a path from the coffee plantation to his bungalow— it was building a nest on
an orange tree. He removed one of the two eggs, but the bird never returned.
PELLORNEUM.
The eggs, two in number, are pinkish white, handsomely spotted and streaked
with reddish brown. Nest is made exactly like that of Otocompsa emeria, and
generally placed about four feet from the ground. He has taken its nest in
March as well as in November, and has never seen it in the low country
around Salem.
Hume, in his Nests and Eggs of Indian .Birds, quotes Miss Cockburn, who
writes from Kotagherry to the effect that the species is exceedingly shy, and
that three nests were found in the months of March and April. The description
and situation of the nests are the same nearly as those of other species of the
genus. The number of eggs was three; one which Mr. Hume received, he
says, was a moderately broad oval ; the ground colour a slightly greenish white,
and the whole surface of the egg excessively finely freckled, and speckled
with black or pale purplish grey, and a more or less rufous brown. It
measured O-88 X 0-65 .
606. Pellorneum subochracenm, Swinh., Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (4) vii. p. 257; Blanf. Sir. F. 1872, p. 87; Jerd., Ibis, 1872,
p. 300 ; Tweed., Ibis, 1877, pp. 380.452, pi. x. ; Hume and Davidson, Sir. F.
1878, pp. 278, 514; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 61-96; Bingham, Sir. F. 1880,
p. 180; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 521. Pellorneum Tickelli, Blanf.,
Ibis, 1872, p. 87 (nee Blyth); Wald. in Blyths B. Burm. p. 115. Pellorneum
minor, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 298 ; Oates, Str. F. 1875, p. 120; Hume, i.e.
p. 121 ; Blyth, and Wald., B. Burm. p. 114; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 154.
Pellorneum ruficeps (non Sykes), Blyth, B. Burm. p. 114. — The BURMESE
STRIATED GROUND-BABBLER.
Entire head above to the nape bright chestnut, the feathers of the forehead
with mesial black shaft streaks ; lores fulvous white, the feathers also dark
shafted ; superciliary stripe reaching to the nape creamy buff, a few feathers
just over the eye tipped with black ; feathers under the eye, also the ear coverts,
fulvous, the latter washed with dusky olive on their hind margin ; cheeks
the same ; chin and throat pure white ; sides of the neck slightly streaked
with ashy olive margins to the feathers; under surface of the body light
fulvous or ochraceous buff, the feathers of the breast and sides of the
body with a central narrow streak of brown, narrower on the breast than
on the sides ; middle of abdomen spotless ; under tail coverts fulvous, with
large central streaks of brown ; axillaries and under wing coverts light tawny
buff ; upper plumage, including the wings and tail, olive brown ; the outer
webs of the primaries lighter and tinged with ochraceous ; upper tail coverts
tinged with rufous ; tail barred across under certain lights and narrowly
fringed with fulvous at the tip ; upper mandible dark brown, the lower yellow
at base, changing to light brown at the tip ; eyelids greenish ; legs light
brownish yellow.
Le?igth.—6'z> inches; wing 2-55 to 2-6; tail 2-45 to 27; tarsus 0'95 to
ro ; culmen 07.
VOL. II.— 18
138 JlMELIiD^E.
Hab. — The whole of the Burmese province, extending over the whole of
Pegu and ranging through Tenasserim to the Malay peninsula as far as
Tonka. Dr. Tiraud records it from Cochin-China. According to Gates, it is
found in every description of jungle, in gardens, orchards and compounds.
It keeps entirely to the ground and feeds on various insects. It nests during
May and June, making a domed structure of dry bamboo leaves, lined with grass
and fine roots. It is always placed on the ground, and half the nest is often
embedded in dead leaves accumulated on the ground. Eggs three in number,
white, and speckled with reddish brown and purple.
607- Pellorneum palllStre, Gould, B. Asia, part xxiv. (1872, e«
Jerd. MSS.); Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 4 ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 96 ; Jerd., Ibis,
1872, p. 300; Blanf., Ibis, 1873, p. 215; Sharpe, Cat. B. B>\ Mus. vii.
p. 522 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 68.— The ASSAM GROUND-BABBLER.
Uniform dark olive brown above, including the wing coverts ; quills dusky
brown, edged with dark olive brown ; upper tail coverts and tail a little
darker brown ; a streak across the forehead and a streak above the lores to
above the eye light rufous ; lores white, also the cheek, which is washed with
fulvous and tipped with blackish brown, the hinder portion being deep
ochraceous buff ; throat and centre of abdomen white ; foreneck and breast
white, washed with ochraceous, and broadly streaked with brown ; sides of the
body rich ochraceous buff, also streaked with brown ; thighs and under tail
coverts rich fawn brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries the same.
(Sharpe.)
Length. — S'7 inches; wing 2*35; tail 2^65; tarsus O'95 ; culmen O'6.
(Mus. R. G. Ward law- Ramsay.) (Sharpe.)
Hab. — Assam and the foot of the Khasia Hills. Nothing is known of its
nidification.
Gen. Stachyris.— Ilodgs.
Bill somewhat long, much curved, higher than broad at nostrils ; cutting
edge of mandible decurved or faintly notched at the tip ; rictal bristles small,
not very evident ; nostrils nearly concealed ; wing short, rounded ; the 5th, 6th
and 7th quills equal and longest; tail shorter than the wing, slightly graduated ;
tarsus moderately long ; lateral toes nearly equal ; claws moderately curved ;
head with a semi-crest, divergent feathers, or crested.
608. Stachyris nigricepS, Ilodgs., Icon, inedin Br. Mus. Passeres,
App. PI. 87; id., J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 378 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 150; Bp. Consp. i p. 332; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 21, No. 391; Godwin-
Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix p. 103 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 242 j
Blvth and WaJd., B. Burm. p. I 16 ; Hume and Oates, Sir. F. 1876, p. 117;
Oates, Sir F, 1877. p. 152 ; Audit's., Zool. Yunnan, p. 636; Hume and
STACHYRIS. 139
Str. F. 1878, pp. 264, 265 ; Hume. Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
i. p. 48 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mas. vii. p. 532. — The BLACK-THROATED
TREE-WARBLER.
Top of the head from the bill to the nape blackish, each feather edged
with hoary white ; a small circle round the eye, also the chin and throat, white,
the latter of a smoky colour ; cheeks pure white ; ear coverts reddish brown,
separated from the white cheek by a line of black ; centre of throat blackish ;
sides of the neck and the whole of the lower plumage fulvous or light orange
rufous, paler on the centre of the abdomen; sides of the body, thighs and under
tail coverts brown; the breast with or without faint indications of whitish
streaks ; under wing coverts and axillaries fulvous ; upper surface of the
body, including the wing coverts, outer webs of the quills and tail rufescent
olive brown, the latter obsoletely barred with dusky under certain lights ; inner
webs of quills plain brown. Bill bluish black above, paler on the lower
mandible \ iris orange-brown ; legs pale dusky green.
Length. — 5 to 5*5 inches; wing 2'2 to 2*3; tail 2'O; tarsus 0*85 ; culmen
07,
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas from Nepaul to Bhootan, and thence through the
Khasia hills and Burmese ranges to Tenasserim. According to Jerdon it is
very common about Darjeeling from 5,000 feet to nearly 10,000 in summer.
It is quite arboreal, hunting among the upper foliage and flowers of trees either
singly or in small parties. It is common at Sikkim, also in the evergreen forests
of the Pegu Hills on the eastern spurs. Blyth gives it from Arrakan, and it
is said to occur on the hills east of Bhamo, in Cachar and the hill tracts of
Eastern Bengal. It nests at the beginning of April and during May, making
a large deep cup-shaped structure either upon the ground or near the ground
in the midst of grass. Eggs, 3 — 4 in number, broad ovals, somewhat
compressed at one end, pure white and spotless. They vary from 0-73 to 0*84
in length, and from 0*56 to 0*6 1 in breadth.
609. Stachyris guttata (Blyth), Gates, sir. F. 1877, p. 251 ; id.,
B- Br. Burm. i. p. 49; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 535. Turdinus
guttatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 414 ; Tick. 1. c. p. 4.50; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 116; Wald, Ibis, 1876, p. 353; Plume, and Dav. Sir. F. 1878, p. 264;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 179.— The SPOTTED
TREE-WARBLER,
Lores and forehead varied with mottlings of black and white, the shafts and
a portion of the web being black; a line beginning at the anterior corner of the
eye, passing over the ear coverts, thence widening so as to occupy the whole
of the sides and back of the neck black, each feather marked with an elongate
oval white spot in the middle; cheeks black, the hinder portion orange-chest-
nut ; throat white, upper plumage rufescent brown, with small triangular spots
140 TIMELIID^E.
at the ends of the feathers ; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts rufous;
lesser and median wing coverts rufescent brown ; greater coverts and quills
more rufescent brown; quills dusky brown on their inner webs; tail reddish
brown, externally brighter rufous ; head and nape umber brown, tinged with
golden ; ear coverts brown, bordered below by a line of white mottled with
black centres ; a patch under the ear coverts, breast and rest of lower plumage
orange-chestnut, paler on the centre of the abdomen ; under tail and under
wing coverts a little paler. Legs and feet pale dingy green ; lower mandible
and edge of the upper one plumbeous ; rest of bill black ; irides crimson
lake.
Length. — 6*1 to 6-5 inches; wing 27; tail 2-15 to 2'2 ; tarsus I ; culmeno'8.
Hab. — The Mooleyit mountain in Tenasserim, where it was first discovered
by Colonel Tickell. Davison met with it on the lower hills north of Meetan.
Gates' men procured specimens at Malewoon south of that division, and Capt.
Bingham, according to Gates, states that it occurs sparingly on the Dawna
range and other parts of the western water -shed of the Thotmgyeen river. It
affects forests and even open spots or bamboo jungle. It goes about in small
parties, keeping much to the undergrowth.
Gen. TurdinuS.— Blyth.
Bill more slender than in Stachyris, about equal to the head, straight, stout,
high, much compressed, the cutting edge straight, tip slightly hooked • nostrils
large, aperture closed by a membrane ; tail somewhat short, wing with the
4th quill generally the longest ; tarsus moderate, feet large, middle and hind
claw long ; plumage lax ; coronal feathers divergent and slightly elongated.
610- TurdinuS Abbott! (Blyth), Oates, B. Br. Burmah, I. p. 58 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mies, vii. p. 541. Malacocincla abbotti, Blyth, J. A.
S. B. xvi., p. 601. Trichastoma abbotti, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 462;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 259; Jerd., B. 2nd. ii. p. 17 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 535 ;
Blyth and Wald., B.Eurm.^. 115; Oates, Str. F. 1877, p. 151; Tweed.,
Ibis, 1877, p. 452, pi. xi. fig. 2 ; Hume and Dav.> Str. F. 1878, p. 259 ;
Cripps, Str. F. 1878, p. 277 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, PP- 6o» 95. Trichastoma
olivaceum, Hume, Sir. F. 1880, p. 108. — ABBOTT'S THRUSH-BABBLER.
Whole upper surface olivaceous brown, the shafts of the feathers very
slightly paler especially on the head and mantle ; the rump a little brighter
and tinged with ferruginous ; lores, eye streak extending to the ear coverts, and
feathers round the eyelids grey or ashy whitish ; sides of face and
ear coverts fulvous with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks, throat and upper
breast dull white ; foreneck and chest fulvescent brown ; rather ochreous
buff on the flanks and thighs ; vent and under tail coverts deep rufous ochre ;
under wing coverts and axillaries light fulvescent brown ; tail brown with
TURDINUS.
dusky cross bars under certain lights ; wing coverts like the back, greater
series and quills sepia brown, externally fulvescent olive brown; irides
reddish brown; eyelids plumbeous ; upper mandible dark brown, except the tip
and terminal third of the margins, which, together with the lower mandible,
are pale bluish ; legs and feet pinkish fleshy.
Length. — 5 '6 to 6-5 inches ; wing 2-9 to 2-95 ; tail 2 ; tarsus I ; culmen 0-85.
Hab. — N.-E. Bengal and Eastern Himalayas through Burmah and Tenas-
serim to the Malay peninsula and Borneo. It has been recorded from Nepaul,
Dacca, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malacca and Bankasoon, also from Arrakan on the
island of Ramree. Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay obtained it in Tonghoo and at
the foot of the Karin Hills, Gates says it is only found in the thickest
vegetation, evergreen forests by preference, and also in pine-apple gardens
and secondary jungle. It keeps to the ground generally, but at times may be
seen tolerably high up in trees, searching for insects. He adds, that though
not gregarious, numerous birds are generally met with in one patch of jungle.
The species constructs its nest in May and June and part of July, a cup-
shaped structure of dead leaves lined with fern roots, which is placed near the
ground in some thick bush. The eggs, three in number, are of a beautiful
salmon pink colour scrawled and marked with deep purple.
611. TurdinUS magnirOStris (Moore), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 547. Alcippe magnirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 277. Malacop-
teron magnirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. "$\j;Hume and Dav. Sir. F. 1878,
p. 274; Hut?ie, Sir. F. 1879, pp. 61, 96. Malacopterum rnagnirostre, Oates,
B. Br. Burm, i. p. 56. — The BROWN-HEADED TREE-BABBLER.
Adult (type of species).— Head, neck, mantle and upper back dull oliva-
ceous brown, the lower back and rump more rufescent brown, with some long
plumes of yellowish white on the latter, forming a narrow band concealed by
the feathers of the rump ; lesser and median wing coverts like the back, the
greater series and the quills dusky brown, externally olivaceous brown, with a
slight rufous tinge ; upper tail coverts and tail uniform rufous, the feathers of
the latter a little browner towards the ends ; lores and feathers round the eye
ashy white ; over the eye a shade of grey ; ear coverts ashy brown with
dull whitish shaft lines; cheeks dull ashy, forming a broad and distinct
moustachial streak ; throat and abdomen white, also the under tail coverts ;
breast and sides of the body washed with ashy brown with a few
few streaks of ashy on the lower throat and foreneck ; axillaries and under
wing coverts buffy white, or white edged with pale fulvous; quills dusky brown
below, fulvescent along the edge of the inner web (Sharps) ; legs, feet and claws
pale bluish, sometimes a little darker and more plumbeous ; upper mandible
dark horny brown, the lower bluish white, pale blue or plumbeous ; gape dull
yellow ; irides red, varying from cinnabar to lake, and from lake to crimson.
( W. Davison, Ex. Cat. B. Br. Mus.)
142 TIMELI1D/E.
Length. — 6 to 7 inches; wing 3 to 3-35 ; tail 2'6 to 3 ; tarsus o 9; culmen
075. Females are smaller, the wing being 2-9 against 3*35 of ihe male.
II ab. — Malayan peninsula, extending into Southern Tenasserim and
Cochin-China. It is recorded from Malacca and Sumatra. Davison found it in
the extreme south of Tenasserim, where he says it is usually found in small
parties hunting about the brushwood and tops of the smaller trees for insects.
He adds that it does not descend to the ground.
Gen. ErythrOCichla-— Sharpe.
General characters as in Turdinus, the, first primary very large, more than
half the length of the longest quills; rictal bristles large and very strong,
reaching to two-thirds of the length of the bill. Culmen shorter than the
tarsus.
612. ErythrOCichla biCOlor (Less.), Sharpe Cat. B. Br. Mas. vii.
p. 551. Brachypteryx bicolor, Less., Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 138. Malacopteron
ferruginosum, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xiii. p. 383 ; Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 228 ;
Hume and Dav.. Sir. F. 1878, p. 58 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, P- 96- Trichas-
toma bicolor, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 147; Bp. Consp. i. p. 259;
Hume, S/r. F. 1874, p. 536. Napothera rubicauda, Bp. Consp. i. p. 359.
Trichastoma ferruginosum, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47; Gates* B. Br. Burm.
p. 58. — The FERRUGINOUS THRUSH-BABBLER.
Whole upper plumage ferruginous, the inner webs of the wing quills brown ;
the forehead and crown with light shaft lines, the upper tail coverts and tail
bright ferruginous or chestnut ; a narrow band of silky white plumes
nearly concealed by the long feathers of the rump ; lores and feathers
round the eye buffy white ; ear coverts pale brown ; cheeks, throat and under
surface of body white, the foreneck and breast with a fulvous tint ; thighs
tawny ; under tail coverts very pale buff ; wing coverts and axillarics the
same ; upper mandible dirty white ; lower mandible dark brown ; legs and
feet fleshy white ; iris pale wood brown.
Length.— 6-3 to 6'5 inches ; wing 2-95 to 3 ; tail 2-35 to 2-65 ; tarsus o'l ;
culmen o'8.
Hab. — From South Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra
and Borneo. It has occurred only in the extreme south of Tenasserim at
Malewoon and on the Pakchan, where it is said to be rare. According to
Davison, it keeps habitually on the ground, only flying up into the bushes and
trees when disturbed. It inhabits dense forests.
Gen. Drymocataphus.—
General characters as in Erylhrocichla ; bill moderately stout, but some-
what shorter ; nostrils nearly concealed ; rictal bristles very small, not reaching
beyond the nostrils ; wing rounded, longer than the tail in length, the inner
secondaries about equal in length to the primaries ; culmen much shorter than
the tarsus.
DRYMOCATAt-'HUS, 143
613. Drymocataphus nigricapitatus (Eyton\ Biyth, j. A.
8. B. xviii. p. 815; Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 273; Salvad, Ucc. Born.
p. 219; Tweed* Ibis, 1877, p. 308; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 275 ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, pp. 6l, 96 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 511.; Gates, B. Br.
Bunn. i. p. 64 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 554. Brachypteryx
nigrocapitata, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103; Biyth, J. A. S. B. xiii.
P- 3^5- — The BLACK-HEADED GROUND-BABBLER.
Upper plumage including the wings and tail rufous brown ; inner webs
of quills plain brown, the tail with chestnut margins, the mantle with indistinct
pale shafts ; crown of the head and nape, also a moustacial stripe black ;
lores, feathers round the eye, eyebrow, sides of the face, and ear coverts ashy
grey, streaked with white shaft lines ; ear coverts washed with rufous ; sides
of the neck, hinder cheeks and under surface of the body orange rufous or
ferruginous; forepart of cheeks, chin and throat white; thighs, flanks and
under tail coverts with a shade of olive brown ; under wing coverts light
orange ; legs and feet fleshy white ; irides rhubarb red.
Length. — 6-5 to 7 inches; tail 2-25 to 27; wing 2-4 to 2-65; tarsus i'2;
culm en 0-7.
Hab. — The Malayan peninsula, straggling into Sumatra and the southern
portions of Tenasserim, at Bankasoon and Malewoon It occurs either singly
or in pairs. Davison says they are shy birds, frequenting only the densest
portions of the forest, and especially cane-brakes. They feed on insects. Nothing
whatever is known of their nidification.
614. DrymOCataphUS ignotUS (Hume), Sharpe, Cat.B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 556. Pellorneurn ignotum, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 334 ; id., Sir. F.
1878, p. 143; id., Sir. F. 1879, P- 96- Turdinus nagaensis, Godwin-Austen,
Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist. (4) xx. p. 5 19 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, p. 143, note.—
HUME'S GROUND-BABBLER.
Adult male. — (Naga Hills; type of T. nagaensis). Above uniform dark
brown of rather a reddish tint ; the lesser and median wing coverts like the
back; greater coverts and quills dusky brown, externally like the back; tail
feathers brown; over the eye apparently a paler shade of ashy whitish ; ear coverts
and sides of the face brown ; throat conspicuously white, with scarcely per-
ceptible dusky tips to some of the feathers ; foreneck and breast olive fulvous
brown, with slight fulvescent shaft streaks ; centre of breast and of abdomen
white ; sides of the body more fulvescent brown, inclining to tawny on the
lower flanks and thighs, and deepening perceptibly on the under tail coverts ;
under wing coverts and axillaries fulvous brown ; quills dusky brown below,
pale ashy rufous along the inner web. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 4-4 inches; wing 2-2 ; tail 2; tarsus O'9 ; culmen O'6. (Mus.
H. H. Godwin- Austen, ex. Sharpe, Cat B. Br, Mus.)
Hal>.— Hills of North-Eastern Bengal.
]44
615 Drymocataphus Assamensis, Sharpe, CatB. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 557. Pellorneum Tickellii (iwn Blytfi), Hume and Dav., S/r. F. 1878,
pp. 277, 514; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 143, note; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 114; id.,
Str. F. 1879, p. 96. Turdinus garoensis, ad., <*> Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B.
xlv. p. 75 ; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 65. — SHARPE'S ASSAM GROUND-BABBLER.
Adult male. — (Dikrang Valley.) Above dark brown with pale shaft streaks to
the feathers of the head and mantle ; forepart of crown rather lighter with
distinct yellowish buff shaft streaks ; rump with scarcely perceptible shaft
lines ; wing coverts like the back, the greater series externally more fulvous
brown ; primary coverts blackish, externally washed with fulvous, forming a
small wing patch ; quills blackish, their outer webs deep fulvous brown with
pale shafts ; tail feathers dusky brown, externally washed with dark fulvous
brown ; lores ashy fulvous mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ; plumes
round the eye ashy fulvous, ashy grey on the hinder margin ; a slight shade of
ashy grey above the ear coverts, not pronounced enough to form an eye-brow ;
ear coverts dark brown with paler fulvous shaft lines ; cheeks pale fulvous
brown, slightly mottled with dusky tips to the feathers ; under surface pale
fulvous brown with dusky brown streaks on the throat and cheeks; centre of
breast and abdomen creamy white; flanks and sides of body dark olive brown,
the thighs a little more fulvescent ; under tail coverts pale fulvous ; under
wing coverts and axillaries light fulvous brown ; bill dark brown above, pale
grey below; legs and feet very pale flesh colour ; iris brown. {Sharpe)
Length. — 5-5 inches; wing 2*5 ; tail 2- 1 ; tarsus 1-15 ; culmen ^'6. (Mus.
H. H. Godwin-Austin ex. Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.)
Ilab.— Hills of Assam and North-Easter n Bengal.
There appears to be only a single adult & skin of this species in the British
Museum, collected by Mr. Cockburn at Dhollah in Assam, and presented to
it by Mr. E. W. Gates.
616. Drymocataphus Tickelli (Blyth), Tweed, Ibis, 1877, p. 451,
pi. xi. fig. a; Oafes, B. Br. Burm, i. p. 64; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mns.
vii. p. 558. Pellorneum Tickellii, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 414; Tickell,
Ibis, 1863, p. 113; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 299 (note) ; Gates, Str. F. 1875,
p. 119; id. 1876, p. 406 ; Godwin- Austen, Ibis, 1878, p. 115. Trichastoma
minor, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 535; Wald. in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 115;
Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 59; id. and Damson, Str. F. 1878, p. 259; id., Ibis
1878, p. 114; Godw.-Aust., t. c. p. 115. Turdinus garoensis, Godw.-Ausf.
J. A. S. ^.xliii. p. 160, pi. viii. (1874) ; Hume, Str. F- 1875, p. 396 ; id., 1878,
p. 514. Drymocataphus fulvous, Wald. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 401 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 403, Alcippe Tickelli, Godw.-Aust., Pr. A. S.Seng.
xlvi. p. 146. Trichastoma minus, Tweed., Ibis, 1877, p. 385 ; Godw.-Aust.,
Ibis, 1878, p. 115 ; Hume, Str. F 1879, p 95.— TICKELL'S GROUND-BABBLER.
GYPSOPHII..A, 145
Whole upper plumage olive brown> with a tinge of rufous, the forehead
fulvescent, and the feathers of the head pale shafted ; ear coverts, cheeks and
under surface (except the centre of the abdomen, which is white,) clear
fulvous ; wings dark brown, the outer edges pale fulvous ; tail fulvous brown,
the outer edges pale fulvous; thighs and under tail coverts, also the under
wing coverts and axillaries, fulvous. Bill dusky above, pale fleshy beneath j
irides reddish brown ; eyelids greenish flesh colour.
Length.— 4-5 to 6 inches; wing 2*25 to 2*4; tail 2 to 2*2; tarsus O'i ;
culmen O-6.
Hab. — British Burmah. (The hills of Karennee, Pegu and Tenasserim.)
Gates says it occurs plentifully on the eastern spurs of the Pegu hills, in those
portions which are covered with evergreen forest. Davison, he says, met with
it in the central and southern portions of Tenasserim, and procured specimens
from Thoungya Sakan down to the Thoungyeen river. Captain Wardlaw-
Ramsay's specimens were got in Karennee, at an elevation of 2,500 feet, and
were described as D.fidvus. Bamboo and cane-brakes appear to be the sort
of forests it affects.
Its notes, according to Davison, are not unlike those of Turdinus Abbotti.
Captain Bingham found the nest in the Thoungyeen Valley on the 1 5th March, —
a domed structure placed in a cane bush about one foot from the ground. It
was made of dry bamboo leaves and lined with fine roots, and contained three
eggs, which were white, dotted with pink.
617. Drymocataphus rubiginosus ( Waiden), Sharpe, Cat. B.
JBr. Mus. vii. p. 560. Trichostoma rubiginosa, Waiden, Ann, and Mag.
Nat. Hist. (4) xv. p. 402 (1875); id., in BlytVs B. Burm. p. 115 ; Hume
and Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 260; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, P- 95 > Oales B. Br.
Burm. i p. 65, — The RUFOUS GROUND- BABBLER.
Adult female. — Upper plumage olive brown, the head a little duller than
the back, and the forehead washed with tawny ; the wings rufescent brown
externally ; chin and centre of throat and centre of the breast and abdomen
white ; a narrow supercilium, sides of face and cheeks, also the sides of the
throat and under surface of the body, ferruginous ; under wing coverts and
axillaries like the breast. Bill blackish brown above, paler below and yellowish
at gape; legs dull pinkish white; iris light brown. (Sharped)
Length. — 6-3 inches; wing 0*3 ; tail 2*55 ; tarsus 1^35 ; culmen 075. (Mus.
R. G. Wardlaw- Ramsay.)
Hab. — British Burmah. The Karennee Hills.
Gen. GypSOphila,* E. W. Oales. B. Br. Burm.
General characters not unlike those of Drymocataphus} the first primary
shorter than in Erythrocichla, and less than half the longest quills ; nctal
bristles weak, not reaching to the nostrils.
* Without genetic
VOL II.— 19
146
618. Gypsophila crispifrons (Biytk), Oates, B. Br. Burm. K
p. 6 1 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 561. Turdinus crispifrons, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xxiv, p. 269 ; id., B. Burm. p. 114; Hume, Sir. F. 1877,
p. 87; id., and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 262; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95 ;
Bingham, Sir. F. 1880, p. 179. Turdinus Darwini, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p.
90. — The LIMESTONE THRUSH-BABBLER.
Top of the head, upper side of the neck, the back and scapulars olive brown,
each feather edged with blackish ; wing coverts, wings, rump, upper tail
coverts and tail olive brown, the inner webs of the quills darker, and each of
the tertiaries tipped with a minute spot of white ; tail obsoletely barred darker ;
lores ashy with whitish shaft lines ; supercilium ashy grey ; ear coverts olive
brown with whitish shaft lines ; chin, throat and breast dull white, with broad
dusky brown centres to the feathers, less conspicuous on the chin; under
surface of the body ochraceous brown ; the centre of the abdomen whitish or
bufTy white. In Winter, the forehead, lores, supercilium, chin, throat, sides of
the head and neck, a portion of the breast and a collar at the back of the
neck are pure white (Gates) ; irides variable in colour, from light to deep red ;
upper mandible dark brown or black ; lower one pale plumbeous ; legs dark
brown. (Davison.)
Length. — 7*0 to 7'5 inches; wing 2-95 103-2 ; tail 27 to 3*0; tarsus r
to 1*15; oilmen O-8.
Hab. — Tenasserim, in the central portions, affecting limestone rocks near
Moulmein and at Wimpong. Mr. Davison found it entirely confined to the
limestone rocks, moving about either singly or in pairs, but more often in
small parties. He says they are excessively lively, sprightly birds, keeping
up continually a twittering, chattering note. They feed on insects and land
shells, also seeds. They are easily procured, but unless killed outright they
scramble into some of the numerous holes in the crevices of the honey-
combed rock.
Gen. TrichOStoma-— Blyth.
General characters as in Timelia ; the bill long and slender, and the rictal
setce at gape very strong, reaching beyond the nostrils', plumage lax and puffy.
One species only is known in India.
619. Trichostoma rostratum, Biyth. J. A. S. B. xi. p. 795 ; id.,
xiii. p. 383; xvi. p. 462 ; id., Cat. B. Mus. A. S. Beng. p. 147; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 259; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, PP- 6o» l6° J l88o» PP-JO9* I27; Oates, B.
Br.Burm.\.\). 56; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 562. Turdirostris
umbratilis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 218. Brachypteryx macroptera, Salvad., Atti. R.
Ac. Torin. iii. p. 528. Brachypteryx Buxtoni, Walden, P. Z. S. 1877, p, 367;
id., Ibis, 1877, P- 3°8> pi. 6, fig. 2. — BLYTH'S THRUSH-BABBLER.
MALACOPTERUM. 147
Whole upper plumage olive brown with a rufescent tinge, a little paler on
the forehead and brighter on the rump, where the feathers, are very long and
more or less conceal a large tuft of silky white plumes ; upper tail coverts
rufous ; tail dark brown with a reddish tint ; quills dusky brown, of a ruddy
tint on the outer web, innermost secondaries entirely so ; lores dull white
obscured with ashy brown tips to the feathers; sides of the head, feathers
over and round the eye pale fulvescent brown ; ear coverts brown with whitish
shaft-lines ; entire under surface, pure white, a little sullied on the breast and
under tail coverts ; under wing coverts and axillaries ashy brown washed
with fulvous ; the sides of the breast the same ; upper mandible of bill horny
black, the lower yellowish white, except the extreme tip ; legs and feet leaden
blue ; iris Indian red.
Length. — 4-9 to 5-5 inches ; wing 2*65 to 275 ; tail 2'i to 2'2 ; tarsus ro;
cuimen 0-7.
Hab. — From the extreme south of Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula
to Sumatra and Borneo. It has been procured at Malewoon by Mr. Gates'
men. Of its habits there is nothing on record.
Gen. Malacopterum.— Eyton.
General characters of Trichostoma> the back without spine-like plumes, the
rictal bristles long, and exceeding the length of hind toe ; tarsal envelope
strongly scutellate.
620. Malacopterum magnum, Eyton, P. z. S. 1839, p. 103;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 259; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 270; Hume, Str. F.
1879, pp. 6 1, 95 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1882, p. 6 1 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 55 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 564. Malacopteron majus, Blyth, J. A.
S. B. xvi. p. 461; Salvad.t Ucc. Born. p. 225 ; Tw-eed, Ibis, 1877, p.
309. — The RED-HEADED TREE-BABBLER.
Forehead and crown bright ferruginous, the anterior feathers black -shafted,
and the posterior ones faintly edged with black ; lores and a broad super-
cilium ashy grey with small ashy streaks on the latter ; a black patch on the
nape ; ear coverts fulvous brown with pale shafts ; upper plumage olive brown,
tinged with ferruginous on the rump ; the inner webs of the quills plain
brown ; upper tail coverts, central pair of feathers and the outer webs of all
the other feathers ferruginous ; the lateral tail feathers and the inner webs of the
others, except the central pair, plain brown ; chin, throat and upper breast
white streaked with grey ; rest of under surface of body greyish white, the
flanks washed with ashy brown ; the under tail coverts white ; under wing
coverts and axillaries ashy ; legs white ; feet and claws blue to pale
plumbeous ; upper mandible dark horny brown, the lower phumbeous or tinged
with blue, bluish white at tip j irides carmine to orange red.
348 TIMELIID/E.
Length— 6*5 to 7 inches ; tail 30; wing 3-5 ; tarsus 0-9; culmen 07$. The
males are larger than the females, the wing of the latter being only 3-2 to 3-25
jjab. — Southern Tenasserim to Sumatra and Borneo. Davison says it does
not descend to the ground as far as his observations go. The species goes
about in pairs or small parties ; food insects.
Gen. MlXOrniS.— Hodgs.
Bill moderately long and compressed, broader than high at nostrils, which
are ovoid ; wings moderate, rounded, generally the first four quills graduated,
the 5th and 6th subequal and longest ; tail moderate ; tarsus short.
621. Mixornis gularis (Raffl.\ Biyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
Beng. p. 149; W aid., Ibis, 1872, p. 376; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878,
p. 266; Hume, Sir. F, 1879, pp. 60, 95; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 51;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 576. Motacilla gularis, Raffi., Trans.
Lin. Socy. xiii. p. 312; Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 547. Mixornis Sumatrana,
Bp. Consp. i. p. 266. Mixornis similis, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47.— The
SUMATRAN YELLOW-BREASTED TREE-BABBLER.
Above reddish brown ; the head and sides of the neck deep chestnut, also
the upper tail coverts ; lores and frontal plumes dusky lead colour, the ear
coverts also dusky, with a distinct wash of reddish brown ; a pale yellow line
from the nostrils over the eye ; wing coverts chestnut ; quills sepia brown, the
margins chestnut, and the inner secondaries entirely chestnut like the back ;
tail chestnut ; under surface of body bright yellow, cheeks also yellow ; the
throat and f oreneck yellow, broadly streaked with black ; sides of the body
and under tail coverts greenish ; under wing coverts yellow, with a few dusky
markings. Bill bluish slate colour ; legs greenish ; iris brown.
Length. — 5'3 inches ; wing 2*35 to 2*4; tail 2*4; tarsus O'7 ; culmen 0*55.
Hab,— Tenasserim, in the southern division to the Malayan peninsula and
Sumatra. It frequents tree and bush jungle, and is generally seen in
pairs,
622. Mixornis rubricapilla (Tickell), Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B.
Mus. E. 1. Co. i. p. 229; Jerd.t B. Ind. ii. p. 23; Wald., P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 547; Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 170; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 3; Wald., Ibis, 1872,
p. 376; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 1 18 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 409; Hume, t.c.
p. 476 ; id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 245 ; Anders. Zool. Eocp. Yunnan, p. 635 ;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, i. p. 266; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. i. p 50; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 578. Motacilla
rubricapilla, Tick., J. A. S. B. 1833, p. 576.— The YELLOW-BREASTED TREE-
BABBLER.
MIXORNIS. 149
Top of the head ferruginous or light chestnut red ; a yellow line from the
nostrils produced back over the eyes; nape, back, rump, scapulars, wing
coverts and tail coverts dull olive green ; lores dusky ; sides of the neck olive
green ; ear coverts pale yellow ; quills brown, the outer webs rufescent
brown ; chin, throat, cheeks and upper breast yellow with black shaft stripes ;
rest of under surface of the body paler yellow tinged with ashy on the flanks
and vent ; tail dull reddish brown, the shafts of the feathers darker red ;
under wing coverts yellowish white, inclining to bright yellow near the edge of
the wing. Bill horny brown ; iris dull white (? hazel) ; eyelids plumbeous ;
legs fleshy horn.
Length.— 4*3 to 5 inches; wing 2* 1 5 to 2-3; tail rpS to 2fi ; tarsus 07 ;
culmen 0*55.
Hal. — The Himalayas, extending into the Burmese countries. It is recorded
from Nepaul, Bhootan, Cachar, Pegu and Cochin China. It also occurs in
Assam, and the hill tracts generally of Eastern Bengal and in Sikkim.
Colonel Tickell procured it in Central India. Gates says it is found
commonly over the whole of Pegu, except perhaps in the drier portions. It
affects bush jungle, and is generally like the last species found in pairs or
small parties. It has a metallic note, which it utters for hours at a time
sitting on a bough concealed by leaves. It breeds during May, making its
nest in some low shrub and near to the ground. The nest is made of bamboo
leaves and lined with grass, or built entirely of grass. In form it is globular,
and has an opening at the side. The eggs, three in number, are regular
ovals, moderately elongated, only very slightly compressed at one end. The
ground colour is white with a slight pinkish tinge marked with tiny specks of
brown and purplish, more thickly at the larger end. Size 0*6510071 in
length and o'5 to 0*51 in breadth.
623. Mixornis erythroptera (Biytk), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 580; Oates, B. Br. Burm.i. p. 51. Timalia erythroptera, Blytht
y. A. S. B. xi. p. 794. Cyanoderma erythropterum, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875,
p. 105 ; Tweed, Ibis, 1877, p. 308 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, pp. 60,95. Cyanop-
tera erythroptera, Hume and Dav.9 Sir. F. 1878, p. 269. — The RED-WINGED
TREE-BABBLER.
Forehead, supercilium, ear coverts, sides of the head and neck, the chin,
throat and breast and upper abdomen slaty grey or plumbeous ; flanks, vent,
thighs and under tail coverts fulvous brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries
pale fulvous ; tail brown, with rufous margins. Bill dark plumbeous blue ; legs,
feet and claws pale, almost white tinged with greenish ; iris madder-red to deep
brown. (W. Dav.)
Length. — 5-2 to -5*5 inches; wing 2'2 to 2^3; tail 1*9 to 2; tarsus O'8 •
culmen 0-65.
150 TIMELIID/E.
Hab. — From Southern Tenasserim down the Malayan peninsula to Sumatra.
Its habits are not unlike those of its allied congeners, and like them affects
tree and bush jungle, and is seldom seen on the ground. Mr. Davison found
a nest in April, which is said to be a ball about 6 inches in diameter, composed
of dry reed leaves with an aperture on one side. The nest was placed about
3 feet from the ground.
Gen. CorythOCichla.— Sharps.
This genus is characterized by Sharpe (Cat B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 507) as
differing from the preceding in having the tail very short, far exceeded by
the outstretched feet, and not hidden by the plumes of the rump, the culmen
shorter than the tarsus, the bill broader than deep at the nostrils, and the rictal
bristles well developed.
624. Corythocichla brevicaudata (Biyth), Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 592. Turdinus brevicaudatus, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xxiv.
p. 272; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 345 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 262 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 462 ; 1879, p. 95 ; Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 179;
Gales, B. Br. Burn. i. p. 60. Macronus brevicaudatus, Gray, Hand-l. B.
i. p. 319. — The SHORT-TAILED THRUSH-BABBLER.
Head, upper back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts olive grey with
the shafts lighter, and each feather margined with dark brown ; lores, superci-
lium, sides of the face, ear coverts and cheeks ashy grey, with indistinct whitish
shaft streaks ; lesser and median wing coverts with narrow pale shaft lines,
the greater series darker brown with tiny white spots at the tip ; primary
coverts and quills dark brown, externally washed with olivaceous ; the inner
secondaries tipped with a white spot ; tail dark brown, the outer webs oliva-
ceous brown ; chin and throat streaked with white and dusky ; foreneck, breast
and under surface of the body light tawny or ferruginous buff: the centre of
the breast and abdomen creamy buff, and the sides and flanks browner ; sides of
the foreneck pale ashy, streaked mesially with whitish ; thighs dusky brown,
washed with tawny ; under tail coverts tawny with buffish tips ; under wing
coverts and axillaries dull tawny with whitish shaft lines on a dusky centre ;
eggs, feet and claws pale brown to pale fleshy brown ; upper mandible very
dark brown ; the lower one plumbeous ; irides variable, deep brown, red brown
or cinnamon red.
Length. — 4*5 to 5*5 inches; wing 2-4 ; tail 1-5 to rg"; tarsus 0-9; culmen
0-6.
Hab.— Tenasserim on the higher slopes of the Mooleyit. Mr. Davison says
he only met with it here at elevations from and above 5,000 feet among the
boulders hopping about on and amongst the rocks, and turning over leaves
in search of insects. He found them in small parties, also in pairs and
occasionally singly.
TURDINULUS.
625. CorythOClchla Striata ( Walden), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 593. Turdinus striatus, Walden, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) vii.
p. 241 (1871); Godw.-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlvi.pt. 2, p. 44. Turdinus William-
soni, Godw.-Austen, J. A. S. B. xlvi. pt. 2, p. 44 ; id., op. cit. xlvi. pt. 2,
p. 1 6 (1878). — The STRIATED THRUSH-BABBLER.
Above ashy olive brown, mottled with blackish margins to the feathers and
whitish shaft lines ; rump and upper tail coverts uniform : wing coverts like
the back, but the dusky margins not so pronounced ; the greater coverts with
small triangular spots of rufous buff; quills sepia brown, externally olive
brown with distinct spots of rufous buff at the tips, larger on the inner
secondaries ; tail sepia brown, the outer webs olive brown, and minutely tipped
with rufous buff ; base of forehead, lores and feathers over the eye ashy grey,
slightly margined with dark brown margins to the feathers ; ear coverts dull
ashy washed with brown ; cheeks and throat whitish, mottled with obscure
central markings of dusky brown ; foreneck and chest, as well as the sides
of the body, pale fulvous brown, becoming bright tawny on the lower flanks,
vent and under tail coverts ; centre of breast whity brown, the feathers with
white shaft streaks ; under wing coverts and axillaries light tawny. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 5*5 inches; wing 24; tail 1*4; tarsus I; culmen O'6. (Sharpe.)
Hab.—Wt* of-N.-E. Bengal (Khasia Hills).
Nothing appears to be on record in regard to the habits, &c., of this species,
which not unlikely are the same as those of the preceding species.
Gen. Turdinulus-— Hume.
Turdinulus, Gen. Nov.
Like " Turdinus" but with the bill proportionately longer, and much more
compressed at the base, and with the tail extremely short.
Plumage soft and full, very full and lax on rump and flanks.
Bill large, straight, much compressed throughout its entire length ; culmen
almost perfectly straight, curved downwards just at the tip; upper mandible
projecting appreciably beyond lower mandible ; a notch in the upper man.
dible ; nostrils large, in a triangular basal fossa, nearly covered in by a mem-
braneous shelf.
Wings short, about three times the length of the bill from forehead to point,
very much rounded, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th sub-equal and longest, sometimes
5th a shade shorter, sometimes 8th a shade shorter or longer ; first four quills
graduated ; 1st quill longer than tail from forehead.
Legs and feet very strong ; mid toe without claw equal to bill at front ; tarsus
rather longer ; hind toe and claw rather shorter ; outer toe longer than inner
toe; outer toe and claw a little larger than inner toe and claw; the tail so short
as to be hidden by the plumes of the rump.
152
TIMELllD/E.
626. Turdinulus murinus (Biyth), Hume, Sir. F. 1880, p. 115 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 62 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 593.
Myiothera murina, Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 47 (ex. Mull. MS. in Mus. Lugd.
Pnoepyga Roberti, Godw.-Aust. and Wald., Ibis, 1875^.253; Hume, Sir. F.
1876, p. 218. Turdinulus Roberti, Hume and Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 235 ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 93; Gould, B. Asia, part xxxiii. — ROBERT'S GROUND-
BABBLER.
Adult (type of species).— General colour above brown, mottled with blackish
edges to the feathers ; the mantle and upper back varied with whitish shaft
streaks ; rump and lower back uniform brown, rather more fulvescent ; wing
coverts rather more reddish brown than the back, with a small triangular spot
of white at the tips ; tail feathers reddish brown ; lores and base of forehead
whitish, the feathers tipped with dusky, producing a somewhat scaly
appearance ; a pale fulvous superciliary streak, the feathers slightly mottled
with dusky edges ; ear coverts dull brown ; cheeks rufous buff, mottled with
blackish tips to the feathers; throat white, thickly mottled with triangular
blackish spots in the centre of the feathers ; breast whitish or creamy buff,
rather mottled with dusky edges to the feathers ; centre of abdomen whitish ;
sides of the body fulvescent brown, the plumes on the sides of the breast with
whitish shaft lines ; thighs and under tail coverts more fawn-coloured; axillaries
and under wing coverts fulvescent. Bill sepia brown ; legs burnt-umber ;
iris vandyke brown. (Sharpe, Cat. B. M.)
Length. — 4 inches; wing 2*05 ; tail I ; tarsus O'8 ; culmen 0*65.
Hab. — Munipur Hills, extending to Mooleyit in Tenasserim, and probably
found throughout the mountains of the Malayan peninsula, as it re-appears
in Sumatra. (Sharped)
The above description is by Sharpe, and is from a skin in Colonel Godwin-
Austen's collection. Gates describes a specimen from the collection of
Captain Wardlaw -Ramsay, but the sex is not mentioned ; Sharpe, however, says
that a female in Captain Wardlaw- Ramsay's collection is rather paler in colour,
and has the spots on the throat dusky brown instead of black. The species
has been procured in the Malayan peninsula and in Sumatra. Colonel Godwin-
Austen got specimens in Munipur. According to Mr. Davison, this species
is generally seen in pairs, occasionally three or four together hopping about
on the ground or about the stems of the undergrowth only in the densest
portions of the forest. They are not shy, and do not fly unless very closely
pressed.
Gen. Rimator — Blyth.
Bill longer than the head, slightly compressed, curved, and without
notch ; nostrils basal, ovate ; gape to the eye with only a few inconspicu-
ous hairs ; legs moderately strong ; tarsus scutellate ; toes long, the outer
longer than the inner ; wings rounded, $th, 6th and 7th quills equal and
STACHYRIDOPStS. 153
longest ; tail short and weak, the feathers slender with soft slightly pointed
tips ; plumage lax, very much so on the rump* (Jerd.)
Fig. on Plate, p. 152.
627. Rimator malacoptilus, Biytk, J. A. s. B. xvi. pp. 155,
864, 878 ; id., Cat. B. M®s, As. Set. p. 38 ; Jerd., B. hid, i. p. 493 ; Gould,
JB. Asia^ pt. 22; H&ine, Sfr* F. 1879, p. 93. Caulodroma gracei, Gray and
•Mitch* Gen. B. \. p. 144 ; id. Ann. and M&g* Nat. Hist. xix. p. 362.
Merva Jerdoni, Hvdgs.) Calc. yourn* Nat* Hist. 1847, P- 9& — The LONG-
BILLED WREN.
Head and upper parts deep bro\vn> with pale fulvous shaft streaks ; lesser
and median wing coverts with narrow pale shaft lines ; the greater coverts
washed with rufous externally 5 bastard wing and primary coverts dusky brown,
externally edged with lighter brown ; quills the same, the inner secondaries
entirely brown 5 tail dusky brown, the outer Webs washed with rufescent ; lores
reddish buff, with dusky tips to the feathers ; cheeks light -fulvous, separated
from the ear coverts by a distinct line of black ; chin whitish ; throat pale
fulvous brown, mottled with light centres, and a black streak on each side, with
a few dusky spots ; under surface of the body streaked with ashy fulvous
whitish and brown, the feathers of the breast margined with olive j under tail
coverts deep tawny buff with paler shaft streaks ; under wing coverts and
axillaries pale tawny buff, with a small dark patch on the lower wing coverts.
Bill dark horny, fleshy at the base ; legs brownish red ; iris light brown.
Length.— ^ inches; wing 2*2 ; tail 1-05 to 1-25; tarsus 0-9 ; culmen 1-05.
Hab. — -The Eastern Himalayas. Has only yet been found at Darjeeling
and in Nepaul. It is said to feed on the ground on insects. One other
species known of this genus (R. albostriata) occurs in Sumatra.
GROUP.— LIOTRICHES.
In this group is comprised the Hill-Tits or Leiotrithea and the Flower-peckers
or Ixulea>> inhabitants chiefly of the Himalayas, some extending their range to
the south-east, and through Burmaru Their plumage is very varied ; the
majority are of small size. Several are crested or have the feathers of the head
more or less elongated ; the rictal bristles are absent or very small, but in no
case exceeding beyond the nostrils ; the tail is small, very few only reaching
half an inch beyond the tips of the wings. They feed chiefly on seeds, fruits,
flower buds and insects, and nidificate on trees.
Gen. StachyridOpsiS.— Sharpe.
Bill rather higher than wide at base, straight, slightly tapering, bent down-
wards and faintly notched ; nostrils nearly concealed ; rictals almost smooth ;
wings rounded, $th, 6th and 7th quills generally equal ; tarsus moderately long ;
bill not as long as tarsus.
628. Stachyridopsis ruficeps (Blyth), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 598. Stachyris ruficeps, Blyth, J. A. S, B. xvi. p. 452; Bp. Consp,
VOL, 11—20
154 TlMEUin/E.
4. p. 232 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 265 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 9$.
Stachyris prsecognitus, Swinh., Ibis, 1866, p. 310.— The RUFOUS-HEADED
TREE-BABBLER.
Above including the wing coverts olive brown to brown, the greater series,
quills and tail feathers brown, washed on their outer webs with olive ; crown of
the head bright rufous ; the nape also tinged with a rufescent shade ; lores
and an indistinct eyebrow, sides of the face and under surface of the body
light yellow ; ear coverts, sides of the body, thighs and under tail coverts olive
brown ; frontal plumes, throat and foreneck with faint dark shaft streaks ; under
wing coverts and axillaries white, slightly tinged with yellow. Bill plumbeous
brewn, reddish beneath ; legs pale yellow brown ; iris light brown.
Length.— 4-9 to 5- inches; wing 2*1 ; tail 2-1 ; tarsus 0-85 ; culmen 0-65,
flab.— The Eastern Himalayas and the Khasia Hills, Sikkim, Nepaul and
Formosa are recorded localities of its occurrence. According to Hodgson
it breeds from April to June, building a large massive cup-shaped nest amongst
bamboos, as a rule, at heights of from 7 to 10 feet from the ground. Eggs
4 in number, brownish white, speckled and spotted with brown or reddish
brown. Size 07 x 0-52.
629. StachyridOpSiS rufifrons (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 599. Stachyris rufifrons, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 479 ; id. and Gates,
Str. F. 1875, p. 117 ; id., Str.F. \^6, pp. 274, 501 ; id. and Dav., Str.F.
1878, vol. i. p. 265 ; id., Str. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 54.
Stachyris ruficeps (non Blyth), Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 476 ; Wald in Blyth's
B. Br. Burm. p. 1 16. — HUME'S TREE-BABBLER.
Forehead and anterior half of crown chestnut or pale rufous brown ; the
feathers with very faint indications of dark shaft streaks ; lores and a streak
over the eye pale fulvous brown ; rest of upper plumage, including the wings
and tail, olive brown, in some tinged with rufescent ; inner webs of quills hair
brown ; chin and throat whitish with black shafts ; cheeks, ear coverts, sides
of the face and neck and whole under surface of the body fulvous brown ;
under wing coverts and axillaries pale greyish white. Bill blue ; iris deep red ;
eyelids plumbeous ; legs fleshy brown.
Length. — 4*5 inches; wing 1*2 to 2' I; tail 1*95 ; tarsus 0*67 to 0*7 ; bill
from gape 0*55. The female is smaller, with a paler rufous head.
Hab. — The Pegu Hills. Distributed throughout Tenasserim. It has also
been recorded from the Thounghyeen Valley and in Karennee. Cachar and
the Bhootan Dooars are also recorded localities.
630. StachyridOpSiS pyrrhops (Eodgs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 600. Stachyris pyrrhops, Hodgs, Icon. ined. Br. Mus. Passeres,
pi. 78, fig. 4; id., J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 379 (1844); Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 21 ;
Reid. Cat. B, Prov. Mus., Lueknow, p. 74; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95.
STACHYRIDOPSIS. 155
Stachyris pyrops, Hodgs. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 23 ;•-£/•.. Consp. i. p. 332.— The
RED-BILLED TREE-BABBLER.
Above olivaceous to mfeseent brown with a tinge of rufous on the head ;
back olivaceous, as also on the wing coverts and outer webs of the quills;
crown of the head ochraceons brown, with mesial dark streaks ; sides of the
face ochraceous brown, also the ear-coverts, but with an ashy tinge ; chin
and a spot in front of the eye black ; under surface of the body, including
the under tail coverts, light ochraceous brown ; under wing coverts and axil-
laries white, ochrey near the edge ; tail light brown, edged narrowly with
olivaceous. Bill sordid sanguine ; legs pale fleshy brown ; irides blood-red.
Length. — 4-5 to 4'8 inches ; wing 2'i ; tail 2; tarsus O'8 ; culmen 0-65.
Hab. — The Himalayas. The Lucknow Museum possesses specimens from
Pethoragurh and Kumaon, and the British Museum from Dehra and Nepaul.
Jerdon mentions it from Mussoorie and Kussowlie. Breeds during May and
June. Nest a deep cup coarsely made of grass stems, and placed in a small
shrub about 2 — 3 feet from the ground. Eggs oval, pale green speckled with
purplish red.
631 Stachyridopsis chryssea (Hodgs.), Sharps, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p, 6oi -, Oates, B . Br. Burm. i. p. 52. Stachyris chrysaea, Hodgs. ,.
Icon. ined. Br. Mm* App. pi. 88, No. 869 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p>. 22; Hume*
Nests and J?ggs, p. 245 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. ri6 : Anders., Yun-
nan Exp. p\ 637; Hume, Str. F. viii. p; 95. — The GOLDEN-HEADED TREE-
BABBLER.
Above, the edges of the quills and the ear coverts yellowish olive ; wing coverts
dusky brown edged with greenish ; tail the same, edged with yellowish olive ;.
crown golden yellow with mesial dark streaks; forehead, supercilium, cheeks,,
chin, throat and under surface of body golden yellow, paler on the breasU
centre of the abdomen and under tail coverts \ under wing coverts yellow -t
lores and feathers above and below the eye black.. Bill plumbeous ; legs pale
brownish yellow ; irides light brown.
Length.— 4*3 to 4*5 inches; wing 1-95 to 2; tail 17 to 2 ; tarsus 075;:
culmen 0-5.
ffao—Tte Himalayas, extending into the hills of Arrakart and Khasia.
It has been met with by Dr. Anderson near Bhamo, and occurs also in Sik-
kim, Eastern Bengal and Nepaul to 5,000 feet. Dr. Jerdon says it frequents
high trees, and feeds on insects which infest flower buds. The eggs of
this species is said to be pinkish white, and the nest domed and placed on the
summit of a sedge.
632. Stachyridop&is assimilis: (WaU), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 602 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 53. Stachyris assimilis, Wald.
in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 116 -r Hume, Sir. F. 1877, pp. 57, 115 ; Hume and
Dav,, Sir. F. 1878, p. 265 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- 95 ; Ramsay- in Tweed,
156 TIMELIID^E.
Orn. Works p. 661 (1881). Stachyris vocagii, Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civic.
Genov. xiv. p. 223 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1880, p. 1 17. — The ALLIED TREE-BABBLER.
Adult female (type of species ; Karennee, R. G. Ward law-Ramsay). — Above
ashy greenish olive, a little yellower on the rump ; wing coverts ashy brown,
narrowly margined with the same colour as the back ; quills dusky olive,
externally margined with olive yellow, brighter on the primaries ; tail feathers
light ashy brown, edged with olive greenish ; head pale golden yellow, brighter
on the forehead and lores ; the crown and nape streaked with dusky down the
centre of the feathers ; sides of face dusky yellowish, ashy on the ear coverts,
.which have indistinct streaks ; cheeks, throat and under surface of the body
light golden yellow ; a little greener on the sides of the breast and flanks ;
under wing coverts white or yellowish white, brighter on the edge of the
wing. (Sharped) Iris brown ; bill dark plumbeous, pinkish at base of lower
mandible; legs light greenish brown. (R. G. W.-R.)
Length. — 4'! inches; wing 1*9; tail 1*65; tarsus 0*7 ; culmeno'5. (Mus.
£. G. W.- Rams ay).
Hab. — Karennee, B. Burmah. Gates says it was first discovered by Captain
Wardlaw-Ramsay in Karennee at 2,800 feet elevation, also that he has
examined the specimens and find them identical with others sent by Hodgson
from Nepaul and Sikkim. Davison found it on the slopes of the Mooleyit
in Tenasserim.
Gen. Oligura-— Hodgs.
Bill of moderate length, slightly depressed, straight, and barely bent at the
tip ; rictal bristles few, not very evident ; wings feeble, round ; tail very short,
hidden by the upper tail coverts and not reaching beyond the tip of the closed
wing ; tarsus high, slender and without scutes ; toes slender and compressed ;
hind toe large ; claws long, slightly curved. Inhabitants of the Himalayas,
affecting moist woods. Two species are only known in India, and one, O.
superciliaris, in Java.
633. Oligura castaneocoronata (Burton), Sharpc, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 603. Sylvia castaneocoronata, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 152.
Tesia flavi venter, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. vi. p. 102. Tesia castaneocoronata,
Blytht y. A. S. B. xiv. p. 586; Bp. Consp. i. p. 257; Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p. 487 ; Godw.-Aust., y. A. S.B. xxxix. p. loi ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 93 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. i. p. 217. — The CHESTNUT-HEADED WREN.
Above bright olive green ; wing coverts the same ; quills dusky, edged
externally with olive green ; tail dull olive green ; sides of the body, under
wing coverts and thighs darkish green, the latter with a yellow spot above the
tarsal joint ; under tail coverts greenish yellow ; crown of the head, sides of
the face and ear-coverts chestnut ; cheeks and under surface of the body pure
yellow. Bill dusky, yellowish beneath ; legs pale brownish yellow ; iris dark
brown. The young bird is paler in colour.
OL1GURA, 157
Length. — 3*5 to 375 inches; wing 1-9 ; tail 0*95 ; tarsus 0-85 ; culmen 0-55.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, Nepaul and Sikkim, at about from 3,000 to
6,000 feet of elevation. Jerdon says he saw it on the banks of the Rungbee
solitary, flying near the ground among some low brushwood. He found
remains of insects in its stomach. A nest was brought to him said to be of
this species. It was composed chiefly of moss, and contained four small
white eggs. Mr. Hume, however, is inclined to the belief that the nests and
eggs belonged to Anura pusillus. Hodgson's note* and figures of the Chest-
nut-headed Wren is to the effect that it builds a large globular nest, more or less
egg-shaped, some 6 inches high and 4 in breadth, and that the nest was com-
posed of moss roots and fibres, and lined with feathers, with a circular aper-
ture in the middle of one side. The nest is said to be placed in some clumps
of shoots or thick bush, at a height of I or 2 feet from the ground. It nidifi-
cates in April and May, laying 3 or 4 eggs, which are figured as moderately
broad ovals, somewhat pointed at one end, reddish, and measuring O'66
X 0^48 inch. Mr. Hume (in Nests and Eggs), says the three eggs in his
museum, supposed to belong to this species, are excessively tiny, and a
somewhat long oval of a pure dull glossless, unspotted white.
634. Oligura cyaniventris (ffodgs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 604. Tesia cyaniventer, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. vi. p. 101 (1837);
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 487 ; Godw.-Ausf., J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. IOI ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 93. — The SLATY-BELLIED WREN.
Above dark olive greenish, the outer webs of the wing coverts and quills
edged with the same ; under wing coverts and tail dull green ; head golden
greenish yellow ; lores, sides of the face and sides of the neck dark slaty
blue, darker above the eye and ear coverts ; tinder surface of the body slaty blue,
paler along the centre of the abdomen ; thighs olive greenish. Bill dusky
above, reddish beneath ; legs pale reddish brown ; irides brown.
Immature birds have the heads greenish without any golden colouring.
Length. — 3-5 to 37 inches ; wing 2'05 ; tail 0*65 to 0*9; wing 2 to 2*05 ;
tarsus o'9 ; culmen 0*55.
Hab. — The Eastern Himalayas and hills of N.-E. Bengal. It is recorded
also from the Khasia Hills, Sikkim and Assam. According to Hodgson the
Slaty-bellied Wren breeds during April and May. The nest is of the same
shape as that of the preceding. Eggs are 3 — 4 in number. They are figured
as rather broad ovals, somewhat pointed towards one end with a whitish
ground profusely speckled and spotted with bright red, especially towards the
large end, where the markings are nearly confluent. The legs measure
072 x 0*54 inch.
Gen. Minla-— Hodgs.
Bill more lengthened than Oligura, very slightly curved, depressed at the
base, the tip strongly notched ; rictus nearly smooth ; tail short, rounded ;
158
tarsus moderate ; toes moderate, slender, basally much connected, hind toe
very large ; head subcrested. All the known species except one belong to
India and Burmah, chiefly the Himalayas and the hills of North-Eastern
Bengal.
635. Minla igneotincta, ffodgs., Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 36 ; Jerd.>
It.Ind.ii.p. 254, No. 618; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104. Sharpe, Cat.
B. Mas. vii, p. 607. Proparus ignotinctus, Hodgs., J . A. S. B. x. p. 29.
Certhiparus (Minla) ignitincta, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passeres,
pi. 86, fig. 2.— The RED-TAILED HiLL-Trr.
Above dark chocolate brown, with a fulvous shade on the rump ; wing
coverts black, the lesser series washed with the brown of the back, and the
median and greater series edged with white ; primary coverts black ; quills
black, margined and tipped with crimson ; the secondaries edged and tipped
with white ; upper tail coverts and tail black, the feathers of the latter edged
on the outer web with crimson and tipped with white, the inner webs white,
the centre ones conspicuously so ; head, hind neck, lores, feathers below the
eye and ear coverts black, the head bordered by a broad white super ciliuin
extending along the sides of the nape and hind neck ; eyelids, cheeks, under
wing and under tail coverts, as also the under surface of the body, white ;
the flanks and sides of the breast with an ashy tinge ,- centre of breast and
abdomen whitish ; under tail coverts yellow. Bill blackish ; legs horny
yellow ; iris brown. The female is white beneath or much paler in colour
throughout.
Length. — 4*5 to 5*25 inches; wing 2*4 to 2'6 ; tail rS to 1-9,- oilmen
07$.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of North-Eastern Bengal..
According to Jerdon it is tolerably common about Darjeeling, ranging froms
5,000 to 8,000 feet. Found in small parties of five or six, hunting about for
insects on the extreme end of the branches. It occurs also from Nepaul to-
Bhootan, and extends into the hill ranges of Assam and Sikkim. At Cherra
Poonjee Dr. Jerdon found it far from rare. According to Hodgson it breeds in
the central region of Nepaul and near Darjeeling during May and June. The
nest is cup-shaped and made of moss, moss roots and cow's hair, and also lined
with the two latter. It is usually placed in the fork of three or four slender
branches of some bushy tree. The species lays from two to four eggs, a
pale verditer blue ground, speckled and spotted with brownish red,
636. Minla CastaneicepS, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. 1838, p. 33 ; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 608 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 393. Proparus
castaneiceps, Hodgs., J . A. S. B. x. p. 29(1841). Leiothrix castaniceps,
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 100; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 255, No. 619 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104. — The CHESTNUT-
HEADED HlLL-TlT.
MINLA,
Above olive brown, also the lesser and median wing coverts, margins of the
greater series of coverts, all the innermost secondaries, and outer edges of the
quills ; primary coverts black ; quills dusky brown on their inner webs ;
primaries margined with orange or deep rusty, the first two outermost with
grey at the base ; outermost secondaries orange or deep rusty at their base ;
upper tail coverts and tail dull slaty grey, the inner webs of the latter dusky ;
forehead and crown to nape deep chestnut, the fore part centred with white
and the crown with reddish buff; hind-neck washed with chestnut and streaked
with fulvous ; ear coverts white streaked with dusky or dark brown ; lores,
feathers round and below the eye, throat, foreneck and centre of body yellowish
white, purer white on the abdomen and under tail coverts ; eyelid, a broad
supercilium extending to the nape ; the axillaries and under wing coverts white,
the latter tinged with yellowish ; a broad stripe above the ear coverts and a
spot in front of the eye black ; cheeks yellowish buff, streaked with black and
washed with olive brown ; sides of neck olive brown mottled with white ; sides
of body and flanks also the thighs olive brown, the feathers of the latter with
pale tips. Bill dusky brown ; legs fleshy ; iris brown.
Length. — 4/15 to 5 inches ; wing 2-2 to 2*25 ; tail 1*7 to r8 ; tarsus O'8 ;
culmen 0*45.
Hab.— South-East Himalayas from Nepaul to Sikkim, extending also to
the Khasia Hills. Jerdon says it is common about Darjeeling. It breeds in
the neighbourhood during May and June, laying four eggs. According to
Hodgson's figures (Hume), the eggs are somewhat elongated ovals, having a
very pale greenish yellow or dingy yellowish white ground, finely speckled,
chiefly at the large end, where there is a tendency to form a zone with red or
brownish red, and measuring 075 -f 0-52. The nest is said to be placed in
a thick bush at a height of about 3 feet from the ground. It is composed
chiefly of twigs, grasses and moss roots, lined with leaves.
637- Minla brunneicauda, Skarpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. \\\.
p. 609. Minla castaneiceps, (non Hodgs.), Wald. in Blyths Burm. p. HO;
Hume and Dav.y Sir. F. 1878, i. p. 372; Hume, Sir. F. 1880, p. 104;
Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 146. — The BROWN-TAILED HILL-TIT.
Similar to M. castaneiceps, but distinguished by its olive brown tail. The
wing is much duller in colour, being externally orange brown like the wing
coverts, without the brilliant orange aspect of the above named species
(Sharpe) ; " legs, feet and claws pale greenish brown. Bill dark brown ; base
of lower mandible plumbeous ; irides deep brown." (Davison.)
Length. — 4^5 inches; wing 2'2; tail 1*7 ; tarsus 0-9; culmen 0*5.
Hab.— Replaces the foregoing species in the Khasia Hills, probably extend-
ing into Tenasserim. (Sharpe.)
160
638. Minla cinerea, B/y/&> y. A. s. B. xvi. p. 449; yerd.>
B. Lid. ii. p. 255 ; Hume, Str. F, 1879, p. 104; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus,
vii. p. 609. Leiothrix cinerea, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As, Soc. p, 100;
Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 142.— The DUSKY-GREEN HILL-TIT,
Above dark ashy grey, the mantle and upper back streaked with black;
feathers of the head, ashy brown streaked with black; a yellowish white super-
cilium present, succeeded by a black streak above the ear coverts, which are
ashy brown streaked with white ; feathers round the eye white ; in front of
the eye a dusky spot ; cheeks white, with small mottlings of dusky at the tips
of the feathers; chin, throat, and under surface of the body yellowish white;
sides of the body ashy brown, with a large tuft of white on the flanks ;
under tail coverts dull white ; under wing coverts and axillaries white ; wing
coverts and quills brown, the primaries with paler margins ; tail brown. Bill
dusky ; legs fleshy yellow ; iris brown.
Length. — 3*7 inches ; wing 2 ; tail 1*45 ; tarsus O'85 ; culmen 0-45.
Hab.— Eastern Himalayas, extending into the hills of N -E. Bengal. Not
common in Sikkim, fairly abundant in Nepaul. Jerdon says he got specimens
in Darjeeling and also on the Khasia hills.
639. Minla rufigUlariS, Mandelli, Str. F. 1873, i. p. 416; Hume,
Str. F. 1874, p. 447 ; Godw.-Aust. Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist. (4) xvii.
p. 33; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 113; 1879, p. 104; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 6lO. Alcippe collaris, Wald., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv.,
p. 156. Schoeniparus rufogularis, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 113, note. — The
RUFOUS-THROATED HILL-TIT.
Adult male (Sibsagar, Assam). — General color above brown ; wing coverts
like the back ; primary coverts and quills dusky brown, externally a little
more reddish brown than the back ; upper tail coverts like the back ; tail
feathers reddish brown ; crown of head and hind neck dull tawny rufous with
pale shaft streaks to the feathers of the crown, which have also faint indica-
tions of dusky mottlings ; sides of crown bordered by a broad band of black,
which meets on the forehead and extends down the sides of the hind neck ;
lores and a broad eyebrow white, the latter extending to beyond the ear
coverts ; eyelids white ; ear coverts dusky brown ; cheeks, throat, and under
parts white with a broad band of ferruginous across the lower throat ; sides
of neck ochraceous buff ; breast washed with ashy : sides of body and flanks
olive brown ; thighs and under tail coverts tawny, the latter with paler
tips ; under wing coverts and axillaries pale tawny buff washed with olive
brown.
Length— 47 inches; wing 2-35; tail 2-85; tarsus 0-9; culmen 0-55.
(Mus. H. H. Godwin- Austen^)
MINLA.
ffab. — From the Bhoolan Dooars to throughout the hill ranges of N.-E
Bengal. The above is Mr. Sharpe's description of the species in the collection
of H, H, Godwin-Austen. There does not appear to have been a specimen
in the British Museum at the time he was writing, nor of the next.
640. Minla Mandelli, Godwin. -Austen, Ann. and Mag, Nat.
Hist. (4) xvii. p. 33 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1870, p. 490; Gudiv in- Austen, Ibis,
1878, p. 116; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 610. Proparus Mandelli,
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104.— MANDELLI'S HILL-TIT.
Adult male (Naga Hills). — General color above brown ; wing coverts like
the back ; primary coverts and quills dark brown, externally a little more
rufescent than the back ; upper tail coverts and tail feathers rufous brown,
indistinctly barred with dusky under certain lights ; crown of head and nape
of an ochraceous rufescent brown, the feathers faintly mottled with dusky mar-
gins ; forehead and crown with pale shaft lines ; the forehead brighter rufous
than the rest of the head ; sides of crown bordered by a broad line of black,
which starts from above the eye and extends down the sides of the hind neck ;
a distinct eyebrow of pointed white feathers ; lores and feathers round the
eye black ; ear coverts dusky brown ; cheeks fulvous, more rufous near the
base of the lower mandible ; sides of neck varied with lanceolate feathers
of ochraceous buff margined with black ; throat and under surface of the
body light ochraceous buff, a little whiter on the throat ; sides of body and
flanks olive brown ; thighs rufescent ; under tail coverts olive brown ; under
wing coverts and axillaries light tawny buff. (Sharped)
Length. — 5*6 inches ; wing 2*25 ; tail 2*3; tarsus O'9 ; culmen o'5S ; the
adult female is similar, but smaller.
Length. — 5 inches; wing 2*25 ; tail 2*6; tarsus 09. (Mus.H. H. Godwin-
A usten) . {Sharpe.)
Hab.—H.\\\ ranges of N.-E. Bengal. (Naga Hills.)
641. Minla dubia (Hume), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 611.
Proparus dubius, Hume, Proc. A. S. Beng. xliii., pt. 2, p. 107 ; id. Str. F%
1874, p. 447 ; Wald. in RlytVs, B. Br. Bunn., p. 1 10 ; Davison, Str. F. 1877,
p. 459; Godwin- Austen, Ibis, 1878, p. 116; Hume and Davison, Str. F+
l878, p. 373 ; Hume, t. c. p. 519; id. Str. F. 1879, P- IO4; Gates, B. Br.
Burm. i. 148. Schoeniparus dubius, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 44 ; id. Str. F.
1877, p. 113. Minla dubius, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 1 13.— HUME'S HILL-
TIT.
Forehead clear pale rufous ; crown, occiput and nape rich rufous olive
brown, each feather very narrowly fringed with dark brown ; anterior portion
of lores pale rufescent, paler and duller than the forehead ; posterior portion of
lores, ear coverts, and an indistinct ring round the eye brown ; eyelids white ; a
white superciliary streak from over the eye to beyond the ear coverts with a
VOL. II.— 21
162 TIMEUID/E.
black stripe above it extending on each side to the nape and meeting behind ;
upper surface of the body, including the wing covert and quills, rufescent olive
brown, more rufescent on the wings and tail ; chin, throat, sides of the neck,
breast, middle of abdomen, and wing lining uniform pale rufescent ; tibial
plumes darker ; sides, flanks, and lower tail coverts somewhat rufescent olive
brown ; legs, feet, and claws fleshy pink ; bill black, tip albescent horny ;
irides pale yellowish red. (Hu?ne, ex Sharped)
Length.— 5-5 inches ; wing 2-05 ; tail 2-35 ; tarsus 0-9 ; culmen 0-4.
Hafr — Tenasserim. According to Gates this species was discovered by Mr.
Davison in the pine forests of the Salween River north of Pahpoon, and was
again met with by him on Moleyit Mountain. Davison found the bird gene-
rally in small parties, occasionally in pairs or singly. They feed on the ground
among the low brushwood, chiefly on insects. The nest is a globular struc-
ture made of reed-leaves and lined with fibres, and is generally placed on or
close to the ground. Eggs, three in number ; white, marked with dark brown
or black, and also with a little dull purplish. The nests were found in
Mooleyit in February.
Gen. IxuluS.— Hodgs.
Bill as long as in Minla, straight ; very slightly curved at the tip and notched ;
rictal setae scanty and minute ; wings moderate, the first three quills graduated,
the next three sub-equal ; tail moderate, sometimes slightly furcate ; tarsus
moderate, stout, longer than the culmen ; head with a large blunt crest ;
plumage plain and of sombre tint. Habits arboreal ; food insects, flowerbuds,
small fruits, &c.
642. IxulUS flaviCOllis (Hodgs), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 612 ; Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82 ; id. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 24 ; id. J.A.S. Be?ig.
xiv. p. 562 ; J erd. B. 2nd. ii. p. 258 ; Godwin- Aust., J. A. S. JBeng. xxxix,
p. 109; jBroolcs, Sir. F. 1875, p. 252; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, P- IO45 *'<?•
Nests and Eggs, ii. p. 395. — The YELLOW-NAPED FLOWER-PECKER.
Above, including the wing coverts, dusky brown ; quills dark brown ; the outer
webs dusky brown ; primaries edged with white near the tips ; upper tail coverts
and tail dusky brown, the feathers of the latter with olivaceous margins ; head
crested, the crown brown ; occipital plumes greyish ; sides of the neck with an
orange brown or rusty yellow demi-collar; cheeks, lores, and ear coverts
brown ; a ring of white feathers round the eye ; spot in front of the eye and
moustachial streak black ; chin and throat white ; rest of the under surface
pale yellow ; the throat and foreneck with a few dusky streaks ; sides of the
body shaded with brownish and with yellowish streaks ; under tail coverts
ochraceous ; wing lining white. The female is nearly white beneath, or the
yellow is very pale, Bill fleshy brown ; legs fleshy yellow ; irides brown.
IXULUS.
Ltngth.— 5-25 to 5-4 inches ; wing 2-5 ; tail 2*05 j tarsus O 8 ; cul-
men 0*55.
Hab. — The Himalayas from Simla to Bhootan, extending also to the Khasia
hills, from where, also from the Nepaul Valley, Simla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling,
and Sikkhn it is recorded. According to Jerdon it is a common species
about Darjeeling. It associates in large flocks, is very active and incessantly
on the move among the foliage of bamboo trees hunting for insects, larvae,
&c. It breeds in the central region of Nepaul and about Darjeeling. Dr.
Gammie found a nest which, he says, was most artfully concealed in forest in
the cinchona reserves. It was a rather deep cup composed of moss and fine
root fibres, and thickly lined with the latter. It was suspended at a height of
about 6 feet from the ground amongst the natural moss, hanging from a
horizontal branch of a small tree, in which it was entirely enveloped. Mr.
Hodgson, however, says it builds on the ground in tufts of grass. The number
of eggs is said to be 3 — 4. Those in Mr. Hume's possession (Nests and
Eggs, p. 396,) are all of one type, rather elongated ovals, with scarcely any
gloss, and strongly recalling in shape and size, also in appearance, densely
marked varieties of the eggs of Hirundo rustica, but with the markings
rather browner and slightly more smudgy. The ground colour is white with
perhaps a slight yellowish tinge, or more or less pale salmon colour when
unblown ; they are profusely blotched, streaked, freckled and spotted with two
shades of dull but not dark brown, the one reddish, the other yellowish : the
markings are of a streaky and ill-defined character. Size 0*78 to O'8 in length
and 0-54 to 0-56 in breadth.
643. Ixulns occipitalis, Blyth, J. A, S. B. xiv. p. 552 ; Jerd. B.
Ind. ii. p. 259, No. 624 ; Godw -Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 109 ; Hume,
Str.F. 1879, p. 104; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind.B. p. 395; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. vi. p. 613. Siva occipitalis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xiii. p. 937.
Yuhina occipitalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 276. — The CHESTNUT-HEADED
FLOWER-PECKER.
Crown and nape orange or/erntginous brown, with a half concealed white
occipital patch ; head crested, the long feathers with dusky centres ; lores and
feathers above and below the eye dusky blackish ; ear coverts the same, but
streaked mesially with white ; cheeks mottled orange, dusky and white ;
throat dull white ; foreneck and breast pale vinous, streaked mesially with
dusky ; centre of abdomen very pale with dusky streaks, the sides brown ;
vent and under tail coverts ochraceous buff ; wing lining white ; upper sur-
face of the body dusky olive brown ; the back with narrow white streaks, the
rump slightly washed with fulvous ; lesser and median wing coverts like the
back in colour and in character of streaks ; primaries edged externally with
yellowish olive; upper tail coverts margined with yellowish olive; tail dusky
brown. Bill black ; legs pale yellowish brown ; iris brown.
164 TIMELIID/E.
Length. — 5*25 inches; wing 2*75; tail 2*15; tarsus 0*8; culmen 0*5.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, extending to the Khasia and Sikkim hills in
N.-E. Bengal. A nest of the species was taken by Mr. Gammie below Rungbee
at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. It was similar in structure to that of the
last. Only three eggs were found in the nest.
644. IxillllS humiliS, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 106; id. and Davi-
son, Sir. F. 1878, p. 374 ; Oatcs, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 149 ; Sharpe, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. vii. p. 614. Staphidia humilis, Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104. —
DAVISON'S FLOWER-PECKER.
Forehead, crown, occiput, the full broad occipital crest, back, entire visible
portion of the closed wings and tail, checks and ear coverts, a nearly uniform
brown ; upper tail coverts the same, but with a slightly more olivaceous tinge ;
lores and an obscure stripe on either side from the gape under the cheeks
and ear coverts a richer and darker brown ; chin, throat, sides of
neck, and entire lower surface of the body silky white, everywhere —
except on the middle of the abdomen— with longitudinal brown streaks very
narrow (as in I. flavicollis)^ on chin, throat and breast, broader on the sides,
flanks and lower abdomen, and occupying nearly the whole feather on the
lower tail coverts ; tibial plumes brown ; wing lining white (Hume) ; upper
mandible black ; the lower one pale brown ; legs and feet fleshy brown ;
irides red brown. (Davison.)
Length, — 5*2 inches ; tail r8 ; wing 2*5 ; tarsus 0*8 ; bill from gape O*6.
Hab. — Tenasserim, on the highest parts of Mooleyit mountain, where
Davison says he saw it hunting among the foliage near the top of a good-sized
tree for insects, which its stomach contained.
Gen. Staphidia- — Swinhoe.
General characters as in Ixulus ; crest blunt, but very conspicuous ; rictal
bristles feeble and not reaching beyond the nostrils ; tail strongly graduated.
645. Staphidia CastaneicepS (Moore), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 616 ; Swinh., P. Z. S. 1871, p. 374 ; Godw.-Austen, J. A. S. B.
xlvii. pt. 2, p. 20; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 403 ; id., Str. F. 1879, p. 104.—
The CHESTNUT-HEADED FLOWER-PECKER.
Adult (type of species). — General colour above dusky brown, relieved by
white shaft streaks on the mantle and upper back ; wing coverts exactly like
the back and streaked in the same way ; bastard wing and primary coverts
blackish brown ; quills dark brown edged lighter brown, the inner secondaries
with white shafts ; tail feathers blackish brown, shafted with lighter brown
near the base, all but the four centre feathers tipped with white, which in-
creases in extent towards the outermost, where the white also extends some
distance up the outer web ; forehead and top of head rufous brown, mottled
with ashy brown margins to the feathers ; hinder part of crown chestnut
STAPHIDIA, 165
brown becoming brighter chestnut on the occiput and nape ; lores and
feathers round the eye whitish ; ear coverts chestnut streaked with pale shaft
lines ; an indistinct superciliary streak of ashy whitish above the ear coverts ;
cheeks and under surface of body dirty white washed with brown on the
flanks ; under tail coverts dull white, with dusky brown bases to the feathers ;
under wing coverts and auxiliaries buffy white. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 5-5 inches ; wing 2-3 ; tail 2-15 ; tarsus O'6$ ; culmen 0-45.
Hab.— Hills of N.-E. Bengal. The type is from the Khasia hills.
648. Staphidia rufigenis (Humi), Godw.-Aust. y. A. S. B.
xlvii. pt. 2, p. 20; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 145 ; id., Str. F. 1879, p. 104.
Ixulus rufigenis, Hume, Str, F. 1877, p. 106. Ixulus striatus, Jerd., B. Ind.
ii. p. 260. Staphidea plumbiceps, Godw.-Aust. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4), xx. p. 519, (1877); id., J. A. S. B. xlvii. pt. ii. p. 20; Hume, Str. F.
1878, p. 143 ; id., Str. F. 1879, p. 104. — The CHESTNUT-EARED FLOWER-
PECKER.
Above, including the wing coverts brown, with distinct whitish shaft streaks ;
primary coverts blackish brown ; quills dark brown, edged externally with
the same brown as on the back, the tips of the primaries margined with
white and the inner secondaries with white shafts ; uppper tail coverts rufe-
scent brown ; tail blackish brown, washed with lighter brown near the base ; all
but the centre feathers tipped with white ; head crested, dusky brown, edged
with grey ; lores whitish ; sides of crown behind the eye rufous with whitish
shaft streaks ; ear coverts chestnut with paler shaft streaks ; cheeks mottled
with white and rufous ; under surface of body pale fulvous white; under tail
coverts white ; under wing coverts and axillaries pale fulvous white. Bill
dusky brown, fleshy yellow at the base ; legs pale brown ; iris light brown.
Length. — 5 inches ; wing 2*35 ; tail 2* I ; tarsus 0*65 ; culmen 0*45.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas (Sikkim).
647. Staphidia Striata (Blyth), Blyth and Wald., B. Burm.
p. 1 10 ; Godiv.-Aust., J. A. S. B. xlvii. pt ii. p. 20 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 104; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 150; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.p. 617.
Ixulus striatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 413. Pycnonotus nanus, Tickell,
J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 452.— The STRIATED FLOWER-PECKER.
Above greyish brown, each feather with a white mesial streak ; below
albescent, outermost feather of tail f inch shorter than the middle pair and
broadly tipped with white, as is also the ante-penultimate and next ; the outer
four feathers successively graduating (Blyth) ; iris blood- red. Bill dark horn ;
legs reddish horn.
Length.— $ inches ; wing 275 ; tail 275 ; tarsus O'6 ; bill from gape 0-5.
166 TIMELIID^E.
Hab— Tenasserim, on the Mooleyit mountain (Tretoungplee), where Col,
Tickell first discovered it.
Gen. Alcippe.— Blyth.
Bill short, moderately stout and compressed ; culmen curved, hooked
and notched ; a few rictal setae ; wings moderate, rounded, 4th and 5th
quills generally equal ; tail moderate or rather short, very slightly rounded ;
tarsus stout ; head sub-crested. Birds of small size and plain sombre plumage
ranging through the hills of Southern and Western India and Ceylon, also
the Himalayas and the hills of N.-E. Bengal.
648. Alcippe vinipectUS (Hodgs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 619. Siva vinipectus, Eodgs. 2nd. Rev. 1838, p. 89. Leiothrix
vinipectus, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 262 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. S&c. p. loo.
Proparus vinipectus, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 938 ; Jerd>. B. Ind. ii.
p. 257; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104. The PLAIN-BROWN HILL-TIT or
QUAKER-THRUSH.
Head crested ; upper surface of the body brown, tinged with rusty on the
rump and on the wing coverts; quills dark brown, the secondaries tinged
with rusty, the primaries lavender grey for one-half the length of their outer
webs; tail brown, the feathers rusty on their outer web; crown of the head,
hind neck, ear coverts, mantle and sides of the neck vinous brown, duller on
the sides of the neck and darker on the crown and hind neck ; a broad
supercilium extending from above the eye to the sides of the hind neck white ;
a second black streak above the supercilium extending down the sides of the
neck ; cheeks and throat white, streaked with vinous brown ; breast vinous
brown with paler centres ; under surface of the body, including the under tail
coverts, dull fulvous brown; under wing coverts paler, the axillaries white with
a vinous tinge. Bill and legs fleshy brown.
Length.—^ to 4-9 inches; wing 2-15; tail 2-15; tarsus 0-85; culmen
0-45-
Sharpe says that there is considerable variation in the strength of the brown
striping on the breast, and that in some birds it is scarcely visible.
, — Himalayas, extending into the hill ranges of N.-E. Bengal. Has
been obtained between Simla and Mussoorie, also Nepaul and Darjeeling.
Breeds about Simla, making a rather compact massive cup-like nest composed
of blades of grass. The egg, Hume says, is a moderately elongated oval,
slightly compressed towards one end ; it has a pale green ground, and near the
large end a strongly marked but very irregular sepia brown zone and pale
stains of the same colour here and there.
ALCIPPE.
649- Alcippe nipalensis (Hodgs.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi.
pp. 448, 462; Up. Consp. i. p. 260; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 18, No. 388;
Godw.- Austen, J. A. S, B. xxxix. p. 103; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 476;
id., Sir. F. 1875, p. 117; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, pp. 260, 513;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Scully, t. c. p. 287 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 471 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1881, p. 206 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 68 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 620. Siva nipalensis, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. p. 89. — The NEPAUL
QUAKER-THRUSH.
Above fulvous brown ; the top of the head, nape and upper back ashy
brown ; a streak of dusky blackish along the sides of the crown ; ear coverts and
sides of the ne ck paler ; lores, feathers in front of and round the eye whitish
ashy ; chin and cheeks slightly darker than the lores ; back, scapulars, wing
coverts, rump, upper tail coverts and tail fulvous brown ; primary coverts and
quills dusky brown, edged on the outer web with fulvous brown, the innermost
secondaries entirely fulvous brown ; under surface of the body ochraceous
or pale buff, deeper on the sides and flanks ; and more whitish on the centre
of the abdomen ; under tail coverts ochraceous buff ; under wing coverts and
axillaries buffy white. Bill grey or livid horny ; the base of the upper mandible
and a line along the culmen black ; feet livid fleshy ; iris hazel brown.
Length. — 5*0 inches ; wing 2*35 ; tail 2-4 ; tarsus O'8 ; culmen 0*55.
Hab.— Eastern Himalayas, hills of N.-E. Bengal, ranging into Tenasserim.
It has been procured in Nepaul, Sikkim, the Khasia and Dafla hills, Bhootan,
Cachar and Darjeeling. In the latter, Jerdon says, it is very common, frequent-
ing trees, either singly or in pairs, feeding chiefly on insects. Gates says
it is rather local, and rare in Burmah. Hume has had specimens from the
northern part of the Pegu hills ; while Davison procured it in the pine forests
of the Salween and on Mooleyit mountain in Tenasserim. Blyth has recorded
it from Arrakan. They breed from March to May in the Himalayas. The
nest is said to be deep, massive and cup-shaped. The number of eggs are
three or four, moderately elongated ovals, very regular and pointed towards
one end, the ground colour is white or pinkish white, and very minutely
speckled all over with purplish red. Size 0-71-72 x 0*52-54.
650. Alcippe phaeocephala (Jerd.}, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
vii. p. 622. Timaliapoiocephala, Jerd., Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 169. Alcippe
poiocephala, Blyth, Cat. B. Br. Mus. As. Soc. p. 148; Bp. Consp. i.
p 260 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 18 ; id., Ibis, 1872, p. 298 ; Davison and Wenden,
Sir. F. 1878, p. 82; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 95 ; Blanf. t. c. p. 181 ; Vidal,
Str. F. 1880, p. 83 ; Butler, t. c. p. 399. — The NEILGHERRY QUAKER-THRUSH.
Above, including the mantle, wing coverts, outer edge of quills and all the
inner secondaries fulvous brown ; upper tail coverts deep fulvous brown ; tail
reddish brown washed externally with rufous ; head and nape light ashy
grey ; no blackish band down the sides of the crown ; lores dull whitish ;
sides of face and ear coverts light brown with svhitish shaft lines to the latter
168 TIMELIIDjE.
under surface of body light tawny buff, ashy whitish on the chin and white
down the centre of the breast and abdomen ; under wing coverts and axillaries
tawny buff. Bill horny yellow at the gape and edges ; legs pale fleshy ; irides
greenish white.
Length**— 6 to 6'2 inches; wing 27 ; tail 2-5 ; tarsus 0-85 ; culmen cr6.
Hab. — Hills of Southern India, extending as high as Kattyawar. It is
recorded from Mahableshwar and Rajkote. Jerdon says it is found in all
the forests of Malabar as high as North Canara, also in Coorg, Wynaad, and
on the slopes of the Neilgherries. It goes singly or in small flocks, flying from
branch to branch of low trees. Lives on insects. It breeds from January
to June throughout the hilly regions of Southern India. The nest is
usually placed about five or six feet above the ground between the forks
of three twigs of some large bush, and is a deep cup, loosely put together,
composed of green moss, dead leaves, moss roots and a little grass
or grass stems; there is also a little wool incorporated on the outer surface.
The eggs are extremely handsome, and differ much in colour and markings.
Hume says those he had sent to him from Kotagherry by Miss Cockburn
were moderately broad ovals, very obtuse at the larger end, and somewhat
compressed towards the smaller. The ground colour, he says, is a delicate
pinkish or pinkish white ; thickly mottled, and speckled with spots and hair
lines of deep brownish red, dark brown, and pinkish brown, and often smeared
with patches and clouds of faint inky purple. Size 0*83 to of86 in length
and 0'6 to 0*65 in breadth.
651. Alcippe Phayrii, Biytkty.A. S. B. xiv. p. 60 1 ; Hume, Sir.
F. 1874, p. 476; id. and Oates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 116; Blyth, B. Burnt.
p. 115 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 60 ; Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yunnan, p. 635,
pi. xlvii. ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, vol. i. p. 260; id., Sir. F. 1879,
p. 95; JBingham, Sir. F. 1880, p. 179; Oates,B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 69.
Alcippe magnirostris, Wald. in Blytlis B. Burm. i.p. 1 15 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877,
p. 96. Alcippe fusca, Godw.-Aust., J . A. S. B. xlv. p. 197 ; Hume, Sir.
F. 1877, p. 55 ; 1879, p. 95. — The BURMESE QUAKER-THRUSH.
Above, including the wing coverts, external edges of the quills and tail
feathers fulvous brown ; the back the same, but with a shade of ashy ; upper
tail coverts rich fulvous brown ; inner webs of quills and tail feathers dusky
brown ; head and nape ashy brown ; a dark line from above the eye, extend-
ing to the sides of the hind neck ; lores and base of cheeks dull white, the feathers
tipped with dusky ; ear coverts and cheeks unstriped fulvous brown or with
very faint indications of stripes ; inner webs of tail feathers brown with a slight
ochraceous tinge ; under surface of the body, the axillaries and under wing
coverts deep fulvous; the centre of the breast and abdomen buffy whitish;
upper mandible dusky brown, the lower one somewhat paler and turning to
yellow at the base ; iris whity brown to pale blue ; eyelids plumbeous.
ALCIPPE. 1G9
Length.— 6*2 inches; wing 27; tail 2'8 ; tarsus 0-85; ciilmen o'6. The
female is smaller.
Length. — 5-5 inches ; wing 2-5 ; tail 2-45.
Hab. — The evergreen forests on the eastern spurs of the Pegu hills and the
low hills throughout Tenassefim, where Davison collected specimens. Cap-
tain Wardlaw-Ramsay procured it in Karennee, and Captain Bingham in the
Thoungyeen Valley. It also occurs in Arrakan, Bhamo, and the Naga hills.
Gates says he found the species affecting brushwood on the sides of the nullahs
deep down in the valleys of the Pegu hills.
652. Alcippe atriceps (Jerd^, Biyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 148, No. 390; Bp. Consp. i. p. 260; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 19; Hume, Sir. F.
^79, p. 95; Butler, Sir. F. 1880, p. 399; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 625. Brachypteryx atriceps, Jord., Madr. Joufn. x. p. 250. — The BLACK-
HEADED QUAKER-THRUSH,
Above, including the back and median wing coverts, dark sandy or olive
brown ; the greater coverts sepia brown edged externally with fulvous brown ;
tail brownish olive> very indistinctly rayed across under certain lights ; head,
nape, and feathers round the eye and ear coverts black ; lores, cheeks and
entire under surface of the body white ; the breast streaked with ashy and the
flanks washed with fulvous ; under tail coverts and thighs fulvous brown ;
axillaries and under wing coverts pale tawny buff ; bill horny brown ; legs
plumbeous ; iris pale orange or buff.
Length.-^ 47 to 5*5 inches; wing 2-15 to 2 25 ; tail 1*9 to 2; tarsus 0*9;
culmen 0*6.
Hab.— Southern India. It is found nearly throughout Coorg and Malabar,
also in North Canara, the Wynaad and the slopes of the Neilgherries, but
does not ascend as high as A. phaocephala. It is most abundant in the lower
forests, where it frequents, in small flocks, the thickest underwood. Jerdon
adds that it is continually hopping about the thick bushes with an incessant
loud twittering note. It lives on insects, as mantidse, gryllidae, &c. It breeds
on the Neilgherries during June and July, making its nest in weeds and grasSj
beside the bank of old walls or on the edge of a stream about 2 — 3 feet above
the water. The eggs, 2 — 3 in number, are moderately broad ovals, slightly
compressed towards the smaller end. The shell is satiny ; the ground colour
white, marked with brownish or purplish red in the shape of very tiny speckles.
Size c'75 x 0*55.
653. Alcippe Bourdilloni flume, Str* F. 1876, p. 185 ; id.y
Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 36; id., Str. F. 1879, P- 95 5 Bourdillon, Sir. F.
1880, p. 300; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br, Mus. vii. p. 625. — BOURDILLON'S QUAKER-
THRUSH.
VOL II.— 22
170 TIMELUD/E.
General colour above dark fulvous brown ; the head like the back, tut dusky
on the forehead, which is washed with fulvous brown ; wing coverts like th^
back ; median and greater series dusky, edged with light fulvous brown ; quills
dark brown, externally margined with reddish brown ; tail feathers dusky
brown, washed with deep fulvous brown on their margins ; sides of crown and
ear coverts, as well as the lores and the feathers under the eye, black ; cheeks,
throat and chest ashy white ; rest of under surface of the body fulvous
brown, paler in the centre of the body and a little deeper on the under tail
coverts ; thighs slightly washed with ashy ; axillaries and under wing coverts
fulvous brown. (Sharpe) Bill above black, below pale slaty ; legs and feet dull
brown ; iris white. (Bovrditten.)
Length. — 5*2 inches ; wing 2-3 ; tail 2' i ; tarsus 0-9 ; culmen cr6.
Hab. — Travancore.
654. Alcippe Chrysaea (Hadgs.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus*
vii, p. 627. Siva (chrysotis) chryseus, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. App,
pi. 122. Proparus chrysotis, Hodgs., J . A. S. B. xiii. p. 938 (1844) ; Blyth7
op. cit. xvi. p. 448. Proparus chrysaeus, Jerd., B. 2nd. ii. p. 256 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 104. — The YELLOW-BREASTED QUAKER-THRUSH or HILL-
TIT.
Above, including the lesser and median wing coverts, ashy grey ; the lower
back and rump washed with olive green ; a longitudinal band of rieh orange
yellow on the wings formed by the yellow margins to the secondaries,
which are also tipped with white; primaries, coverts and greater series black,
the former with narrow yellow margins on some of the feathers ; quills black,
the outer primaries margined with yellow, becoming paler towards the tips;
tail feathers dark ash margined with golden yellow ; head darker than the
back, blackish on the forehead and lores ; ear coverts silvery grey ; throat
silvery ash grey ; under surface of the body bright yellow ; axiJlaries and
under wing coverts dusky, margined with yellowish white. Bill plumbeous ;
legs pale fleshy ; iris brown.
Length. — 4 to 475 inches ; wing 2 to 2-2 ; tail 2 j tarsus 0*85 ; culmen
0*4.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas. Recorded from Nepatrl and Darjeeling.
Jerdon says it is not very common in Sikkim. According to Hodgson it breeds
near Darjeeling and in the central region of Nepaul, laying three to four eggs,
which are figured as somewhat broad ovals, measuring 0*7 x 0*5, with a
pinky white ground, speckled and spotted thinly, except to\vards the large
end, where there is a tendency to- form a cap or zone with brownish red. The
nest is entirely composed of dry bamboo kaves and broad blades of grass
loosely interwoven, and with a little grass and moss roots as lining.
YUHINA. 171
Gen. Yuhina.—
Bill rather long and slender, much compressed beyond the nares ; tip of
upper mandible slightly inclined with three serratures, forming minate teeth on
each side not always distinguishable ; a few weak rictal bristles, wing as in
Ixidus\ tail moderate nearly even (jferd?)\ head crested, its feathers
lengthened and longer than the culmen, Jerdon says they are usually
found in small flocks in the wild uplands of the Himalayas, preferring the
lower and more umbrageous trees. They feed on viscid stony berries and
seeds, also tiny insects from the inside of flowers.
Yuhina gularis.
655. Yuhina gularis, Ho-dgs,, Asiaf. &s. xix. 166 ; id., J. A. S*. B.
vi. p. 231 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 397 ; Jerd,, B. Ind. ii. p. 261, No. 626 ; Hume,
Nesls and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 396 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burnt, p. 1 10 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 104 ; Scully L c p. 32?. — The STRIPE-THROATED YUHINA.
Above, including the least wing coverts, brown \ the lower back and rump
with a strong, fulvous wash ; median and greater coverts, with their outer edges
rufescent ; primaries and their coverts blackish ; the primaries margined with
ashy near the tips; secondaries edged exteriorly with orange; tail dull
brown, their inner webs dusky, also at the tips ; head fully crested, the feathers
long and recurved; the whole crown brown, washed with ashy, especially
on the nape and tips of the long crest feathers ; lores mottled with fulvous ;
ear coverts ashy brown ; cheeks, throat and breast pale vinous or obscure
wood brown, the throat streaked with black ; under surface of the body
orange brown, or bright orange rusty ; under tail coverts the same, sides of
the body duller orange brown ; axillaries and under wing coverts white, the
outermost of the latter ashy. Bill fleshy brown, the culmen dark brown ;
legs deep orange ; iris brown or dark brown.
Length. — 5'6 to 6*6 inches; wing 3; tail 2-3 to 2-5 ; tarsus 0*9; cu-lmen 07.
Hab.— Eastern Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan. It is recorded from
Sikkim and Arrafcan, also from Darjeeling and Nepaul. According to
Jerdon it is common and abundant near Darjeeling, ascending as high as from
4,000 to 10,000 feet. It associates in large flocks of 15 — 20 or more. Parties
like these fly from tree to tree, alight on the middle of the trunk and ascend
or climb over the mossy trunk looking for insects till they gain the summit.
Hume has it from Hodgson's notes, that the species breeds from April to
172 TIMELIID/E.
July, building a large massive nest of moss, lined with moss roots, and
wedged either into a fork of a branch or between ledges of rocks. The
eggs are figured as rather elongated ovals, O*8 x 0*56, with a pale buffy or
cafe au lait ground colour, thickly spotted with red or brownish red, the
markings forming a confluent zone about the large end.
656. Yuhina occipitalis, ffodgs., Asiat. Res. xix. p. 167 ; id.,
J. A. S. B. vi, p. 231 (1837); Bp. Consp. i, p. 397; Jerd., B. Ind. \\,
p. 261, No. 627; Gould, B. Asia. pt. xv. ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104;
Scully, t. c. p. 321 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 633. Polyodon
occipitalis, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. Passer es, pi. 68, — The SLATY »
HEADED or ORANGE^XAPED YUHINA.
.Above, including the wing coverts, brown, tinged fulvescent on the rump ;
back, scapulars, tertiaries, outer webs of the quills and of the tail feathers
olive brown ; the primaries black, edged on the outer web with olive brown
and near the tip ashy ; crest dark ashy brown, tinged with rusty in some
specimens, the long feathers and nape tipped with ashy ; a narrow band of
orange rufous behind the nape, extending from eye to eye ; the lores dull
orange rufous ; the ear coverts dull ashy brown with whitish shaft streaks ; chin,
throat and breast, also the lower neck, vinous buff; an indistinct black
moustachial streak ; abdomen and under tail coverts orange buff ; the lower
breast and sides pale ashy brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries white.
Bill fleshy red ; legs orange buff ; iris brown.
Length. — 5 to 5-25 inches ; wing 2-5 ; tail 2 ; tarsus 0-65 ; culmen 0-65.
Hob. — Eastern Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan ; recorded from
Nepaul, Darjeeling and Sikkim 10,000 feet.
657. Yuhina nigrimentum, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.
Passer es, pi. 66, figs 13 (No. 697); id,, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 562 ; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 262, No. 628; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104 ; Sharp*, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 634. — The BLACK-CHINNED YUHINA.
Above, including the lesser and median wing coverts, dull olive brown ;
the mantle shaded with ashy ; greater series of coverts, also the primary coverts
and quills, dusky brown, edged externally with dull olive brown; tail dusky brown,
also edged on the outer web with olive brown ; head and nape slaty grey, the
feathers of crest blackish, edged with slaty grey; lores, base of mandible and
chin black ; ear coverts ashy grey ; cheeks and throat white; remainder of
the under surface, including the under tail coverts, fulvous or rufescent brown ;
the sides of the breast shaded with ashy ; under wing coverts fulvous. Bill
dusky above; the lower mandible red ; feet reddish yellow; iris brown.
Length. — 4*1 to 4-25 inches; wing 2-1 to 2'2; tail I'SS; tarsus <r6;
culmen o'.
MYZORNIS. 173
The young, Mr. Sharpe describes as browner in colour, upper tail coverts
being somewhat rufescent ; quills and tail feathers margined externally with
rufescent brown instead of dull olive brown ; head ashy brown, the crest
being dingy black ; lores and chin spot black as in the adult ; the under
surface whitish, washed with fulvous.
Hab. — The Himalayas, extending eastwards into the Naga hills and to
the borders of Moupin and Szetchuen. It is recorded by Sharpe from
N.-W. Himalayas, Nepaul and Sikkim. Reid, in his Catalogue of Birds in the
Provincial Museum at Lucknow, notes it from Ranibagh, Himalayas and
Kumaon. According to Jerdon, it is a rare bird. It is said to breed near
Moupin, but Hume notes a nest taken by Mr. Gammie on the 1 7th June
below Rungbee, at an elevation of about 3,500 feet, which was placed in a
large tree at a height of about 10 feet from the ground and contained four
hard set eggs. The nest is said to be a mere pad of moss below, mingled
with a little wool and moss roots, and above with excessively fine grass roots.
The eggs are tiny, little elongated ovals, pure white and absolutely glossless,
measuring 0*58 by 0*43 — 0*5.
Gen. MyzomiS- — Hodgs.
Bill rather long, slightly curved, slender, entire ; nostrils almost closed by
an impending scale ; gape with a few fine vibrissae ; wings much graduated ;
4th, 5th, 6th, and yth quills subequal and longest ; tail short, even ; tarsus
moderate ; outer toe much syndactyle ; claws moderately curved, hind claw
large (Jerd.}\ crest only moderately developed. Plumage soft, dense, and
copious, very puffy over the rump ; feathers of the head scale-like ; tongue
brushed. Only one species confined to the North-Eastern Himalayas.
658. Myzornis pyrrhura, Hodgs., J.A. S. Beng. xii p. 984;
id., in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82; ztf., J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 561 ; Blyth, Cat.
B. As. Soc. p. 101 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. viii.; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p, 263.
Yuhina pyrrhoura, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passeres^ pi, 67, figs, i, 2
(No. 694) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 397. Myzornis pyrrhurus, Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
p. 104. — The FIRE-TAILED FLOWER-PECKER.
Above grass green ; wing coverts the same ; the head bright emerald
green ; the feathers with black centres and scale-like in appearance ; lores and
eyelids black ; primary coverts green, tipped with bluish, forming an alar
speculum ; quills black, tipped with white, the secondaries edged with chestnut,
the innermost grass green ; tail feathers dark ashy, tipped with black, reddish
on their outer webs, the two centre feathers only greenish on their inner webs ;
a faint indication of a yellowish green supercilium ; sides of the face and
under surface of body grass green, with a rufous shade on the throat and
breast, also on the abdomen ; under tail coverts saffron yellow ; axillaries and
under wing coverts greenish, washed with yellow, their bases yellow. Bill
dusky brown ; legs fleshy ; iris brown.
174 T1MELI1DA.
Length. — 4-6 inches ; wing 2-4; tail 0-9; tarsus 0*95 ; culmen 07.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas. Recorded from Nepaul and Sikkim ; has been
found at Darjeeling. Hume says he received a single egg said to belong
to this species from Native Sikkim, where it was found in May, at about
I O,OOO feet elevation. Hume, however, says he discredits its authenticity,— more
need not be said.
Gen. Herpornis.— Hodgs.
Bill rather long ; culmen 0-5, conic, compressed, strong, straight and
pointed ; upper mandible longer than the lower and notched ; nostrils with a
round aperture, shut in by a membrane ; wings moderate, round, 5th and 6th
quills longest, the first small ; tail bifurcate ; legs and feet moderately strong.
A single species in India ; two others belong to the Malayan peninsula and
the Burmese countries.
659. Herpornis xantholeuca (Hodgs.), Blyth and Wald.t B.
Burnt, p. Iio; BlytJi, Cal. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. lOi ; Jerd., B. fnd. ii.
p. 264; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 479; 1875, p. 142. lora xantholeuca, Hodgs.,
Icon. ined. Br. Mus. Passeres, pi. 177, figs. I, 2 (No. 760). Herpornis
xantholeuca, Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. i lo ; Godiv.-Aust., J. A. S. B.
xlv. p. 83 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 41 ; Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yunnan, Aves,
p. 631 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, i. p. 374; Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
pp. 104, 157; Bingham, Sir. F. 1880, p. 190; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
p. 151. — The WHITE-BELLIED FLOWER-PECKER.
Head which is much crested, and the whole upper plumage, including the
tail, upper wing coverts and tertiaries greenish yellow ; the primaries and
secondaries brown, externally edged with brighter greenish yellow than the
back ; under tail coverts bright yellow ; under wing coverts pale yellow ; lores
ashy white ; cheeks and under surface of the body also ashy white ; the
flanks and vent yellow ; axillaries ashy white, washed with yellow ; upper
mandible fleshy horn colour, the edges and the whole lower mandible light
flesh colour ; gape yellow ; mouth yellow ; eyelids plumbeous ; iris brown ;
legs and claws pinkish flesh colour.
Length. — 4-8 inches; wing 2-65 ; tail r8 ; tarsus 07; culmen 0-55.
Hab. — The Indo-Burmese countries, the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal,
Sikkim and Nepaul, also down the Malayan peninsula. Gates says it is
found in all the forests of Pegu, alike in the hills and plains. It is recorded
by Blyth from Arrakan. In Tenasserim Mr. Davison found it distributed
throughout the evergreen forests, and, according to Captain Bingham, it is very
common in the Thoungyeen Valley. It affects forests only. Gates adds that
he generally found it in large companies, each flock scattered over several
contiguous trees, under the leaves of which the birds were searching for minute
insects on which they feed. They keep up a continuous twitter. He has
never been able to find the nest, and there is nothing known of the nidification
of the species.
SIVA. i7r>
(3eri. Siva.— Hodgs*
Bill short, somewhat conic, compressed, gently curved, arid the tip entire ;
I'ictal setae few and weak ; tail with the four central feathers square and
equal to the wing ; feet short ; hind -toe long ; claws well curved. Inhabitants
of the Himalayas, rangirig to Assam, Burmah and Teriasserim.
660. Siva Strigula, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. 1838 ; id., Icon. ined. in Br<
Mus. Passeres, pi. 68, fig. 5 (No. 314) ; Gould, B. Asia, part xiv. ; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 252, No* 6i6 ; Brooks, Str. F* 187$, p. 252; Hume, Sir, F.
1879, p. 104; Scully, t. c. p. 319. Leiothrix strigtila, Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 269; Blyih, Cat. B, Mus. As. Soc< p. 99; Bp. Consp. i. p. 333. Hemi-
parus strigilla, Hodgs., J< A. S. B. x. p. 29.— The STRIPE-THROATED SIVA.
Head fully crested, dull orange ; lores dull white, mottled with black bases ;
cheeks black, the feathers tipped with whitish ; a whitish ring round the eye.
Above slaty, shaded with greenish ; wing coverts the same ; the greater series
olivaceous yellow, and the primary coverts black, forming a wing patch ; quills
black, edged with yellow, scarlet or deep orange ; secondaries tipped with olive ;
the innermost black, the outer webs lavender grey tipped with black ; tertiaries
lavender grey tipped with white ; a patch of black on the inner web, and a'
subterminal spot of the same colour ; tail feathers black, tipped with yellowish
white, the middle ones chestnut at base of the inner web, the remainder edged
with yellow on both webs, the black at the base of the feathers increasing
in extent towards the centre feathers ; chin yellow ; throat white, varied
with transverse dark markings; under surface of the body and under tail
coverts yellow, the sides washed with olive ; under wirig coverts and axillaries
white, washed with yellow ; lower mandible horny ; feet dull grey ; iris
brownish red.
Length.— b'i to 6*25 ; wings 2*7; tail 2-75 ; tarsus 0*95 ; culmen O'6.
Hab.—rY\\Q whole range of the Himalayas to Assam and Sikkim. It is
recorded from Nepaul, the hills near Mussoorie, Darjeeling, Assam and
Sikkim. In Sikkim, according to Jerdon, it is tolerably common, frequenting
forests from 3,000 to 7,000 feet. It goes in large flocks, keeping at a
moderate height on trees, where, under the leaves, it searches for insects
which are its chief food. Sharpe says, from the specimens in the British
Museum Collection, that N.-W. Himalayan forms are decidedly paler than
Nepaulese birds, but my collection of the species from Pethoragurh and
Kumaon does not show this.
661. Siva castaneicauda, Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 100; id. and
Dav., Str. F. 1878, i. p. 376; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. p, 145. Leiothrix Strigula (nee Hodgs), Wald. in BlytVs B. Burm.
p. 1 10 ; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 464. — The CHESTNUT-TAILED or
ORANGE-HEADED SIVA.
170 TIMELIID/E.
Head and crest orange brown ; upper plumage with wing coverts and
winglet slaty green ; lores and feathers round the eye grey, mottled with
black ; ear coverts grey with white shafts ; a broad but indistinct supercilium
whitish ; a long black moustachial streak ; chin pale orange ; throat pale
yellow ; primaries and secondaries dark brown, edged with yellow on the
outer web ; the margin tinged with orange red at the base of the second
primary, and progressively more so inwards, until the last secondaries have the
margins wholly orange red ; the orange margins absent on the greater portion
of the last three primaries ; all the secondaries tipped white ; tertiaries black on
the inner web and at the tip of the outer web, the remainder of the feather being
grey ; tail black, the four outer pairs of feathers broadly edged and tipped
with yellow ; the central two pairs merely tipped with yellow, and the inner
webs maroon for about five-sixths of their length from the base ; the outer
webs partially maroon near the webs ; legs and feet dingy glaucous green ;
upper mandible dark brown ; the lower fleshy ; iris deep brown.
Length.— 6 inches ; tail 3; wing 2-8 ; tarsus 1*05 ; bill from gape 075.
Differs from 6". strigula in having the chestnut colour on the tail much
more extended, and the greater portion of both webs of the central tail feathers
and inner webs of next feathers pure rich chestnut.
Hab. — Tenasserim. Replaces S. strigula of the Himalayas in Bhootan and
the Burmese hills, ranging into Tenasserim. Captain Wardlaw- Ramsay got his
specimens on a high mountain in Karennee about forty miles north-east of
Shwaygheen at an elevation of 7»ooo feet. Mr. Davison obtained it on Moole-
yit mountain, where, he says, he usually met with it singly, on the outskirts of the
forests among the trees dotted about the grass-land hunting about like a true
Tit amongst the leaves and branches. According to Hodgson's notes the
nests and eggs of this species is very similar to those of S. cyanuroptera.
662. Siva cyanuroptera, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. ii. p. 88 ; Gould,
B. Asia, part xiv. ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii« p. 253 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Indian
Birds, p. 393 ; Scully, Str- F. 1879, p. 319. Leiothrix cyanuroptera, Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 105. — The BLUE-WINGED SIVA.
Above yellowish brown, slightly rufescent on the lower back and
rump, and ashy brown on the hind neck ; forehead washed with cyaneous,
the feathers streaked with dark brown ; wing coverts yellowish brown ;
with primaries and their coverts black, the latter forming a wing patch ;
primaries edged externally with blue ; secondaries and tertiaries tipped
white, their external edges greyish ; tail blackish, tipped with white, the external
web of the feathers blue, the centre ones greyish, washed with blue ; outermost
feathers white on the inner and black on the outer web, the next edged on
the inner web and broadly tipped with white ; lores, feathers round the eye,
superciliary streak, centre of breast, abdomen, under wing and under tail
SIVA. 177
coverts also the axillaries white, the latter tinged with vinous ; ear coverts
ashy brown and paler shafted ; cheeks and under surface of the body pale
vinoiis. Bill dusky yellow ; legs fleshy ; irides brown.
Length. — 5*5 to 6*2 inches; wing 2-45; tail 2-45; tarsus 0-9; culmen
0*65.
Young and immature birds have not the cyaneous blue tinge on the
forehead.
Hab. — The Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan, and also in the hills of
Assam and Sikkim. Common near Darjeeling, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet.
Found in considerable flocks. Breeds in the central region of Nepaul and in
the neighbourhood of Darjeeling during May and June. The nest (Hume
quoting Hodgson) is placed in trees at no great elevation above the ground,
and is wedged in where three Or four slender twigs make a convenient
fork. The nest is large but compact, composed of fine stems of grass,
dry leaves, moss and moss roots bound together with pieces of creepers,
roots, and vegetable fibres, and lined with fine grass roots. Eggs, from
3 to 4, moderately broad ovals, considerably pointed towards the small
end, 0*85 in length by 0*6 in width, having a pale greenish ground, pretty
thickly spotted and speckled, especially on the broader half of the egg, with a
brownish brick-red.
663. Siva SOrdida, Hume, $tr. F. 1877, p. 104; id. and Dav. Str.
F. 1878, p. 37 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104 ; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 144;
Sharpe^ Cat. B . Br. Mus. vii. p. 641. — The BURMESE BLUE-WINGED SIVA.
Forehead, crown and nape, also the back, scapulars, wing coverts and the
outer webs of the tertiaries earthy brown, Very slightly paler on the latter ;
Upper tail coverts brown, a little rufescent On the rump ; lores and cheeks
greyish white ; ear coverts brown with pale mesial streaks ; primaries brown>
the outer webs purplish ; secondaries the same, edged and tipped with white ;
primary coverts black, edged with purplish ; tail with the two centre feathers
brown, washed with purple and narrowly tipped with white ; the exterior
feathers and the whole of the inner webs white ; the outer feathers brown,
more broadly tipped with white, their outer webs purplish. Entire under
surface white; the sides of the throat and breast, the sides and flanks much
sullied ; lower mandible, legs and feet whity brown ; irides creamy yellow.
Length. — 6 to 6'2 inches; wing 2*5 to 2 6; tail 27 ; tarsus 0-89; bill from
gape 075.
Hab. — The Karennee hills and those of Tenasserim, where it represents
Siva cyanuroptera, of which it is what is usually in the present day called
a race, differing only from it in wanting the white tip to the winglet, and the
upper plumage being more brown. The female, according to Sharpe, is
" much duller brown and only slightly brighter on the rilmp, showing none of
the bright fulvous-brown of the Himalayan bird. The streaks on the head
are scarcely perceptible, and there is no pronounced tinge of blue/'
VOL. II.— 23
TIMELIID^E.
Gen. Mesia.—
Bill short, strong, wide at the base, compressed at the tip, which is bent over
and slightly notched ; culmen moderately curved ; a few long rictal bristles ;
tail slightly forked ; wing longer than the tail ; the 4th quill generally shorter
than the 5th and 6th.
664. Mesia argentauriS, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. p.88; id., Icon, ined
in Br. Mus. Passeres, pi. 68, fig. 4 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 392 ;
id., Str. F. 1879, p. 104 ; Oa/es, B. Br. Bunn. i. p. 143 ; Sharpe, Cat. Br.
Mus. vii. p. 642. Leiothrix argentauris, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 269; Bp. Consp.
i- P« 332 5 Jerd.t B. Ind. ii. p. 251, No. 615. — The SILVER-EARED MESIA or
HlLL-TlT.
Forehead golden yellow ; top of head, lores, cheeks, feathers round the eye
and a line below the ear coverts black ; ear coverts silvery white ; chin, throat
and breast bright orange ; round the hind neck an orange collar ; sides of the
neck and upper back fulvous yellow ; lower back, scapulars, tertiaries and
wing coverts slaty ; the greater and primary coverts narrowly fringed with
yellow ; quills slaty brown, the first two edged with yellow, the rest inclining
to paler yellow towards the ends of the primaries ; the bases of the feathers
washed on the exterior web with crimson and forming a wing patch ; upper
tail coverts crimson ; tail blackish brown, the three outer pairs of feathers
edged with yellowish ; the centre feathers edged with dusky at the base ; under
surface of the body olive green, yellower on the centre of the abdomen;
under tail coverts crimson ; under wing coverts and axillaries light olive ; a
daik olivaceous patch on the edge of the wing, which is bright yellow.
The young have the upper and under tail coverts more fulvous yellow. Bill
ochre yellow, slightly greenish at the base ; irides dark or reddish brown ;
feet fleshy yellow.
Length. — 6 to 7 inches; wing 2-9 to 3*1 ; tail 2-65 to 3; tarsus i ; cul-
men 07.
Hob. —Eastern Himalayas, throughout the hills of N.-E. Bengal and
Burmah to Tenasserim. Recorded from Nepaul, Sikkim, Khasia and the
Kakhyen hills, also Darjeeling and Bhootan. It was got by Captain Ward law-
Ramsay in the Tonghoo hills and also in the Karennee hills at altitudes
of from 1,500 to 4,000 feet. Davison met with it on the Mooleyit mountain in
Tenasserim ; near Bhamo it has been procured by Dr. Anderson, and in the
hill tracts of Eastern Bengal by Colonel Godwin-Austen. Hume, quoting
Hodgson, says it breeds in the lowlands of Nepaul, laying in May and June.
The nest is placed on a bushy tree between two or three thin twigs to which it
is attached. The structure is composed of dry bamboo and other leaves, thin
grass roots and moss, and is lined inside with fine roots. Eggs, 3 — 4, pale green,
with a few brownish red spots and specks, more closely speckled at the larger
end and forming an annular zone.
LIOTHRIX. 179
Gen. LiothriX-— Swainson.
General character of the genus Mesia ; upper tail coverts very long, reach-
ing nearly to the end of the tail ; tarsus long and slender j wings shorter than
the tail.
665. Liothrix lutea, Scop. (Biyth), J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 552; id.,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 99; Gould., B.Asia pl.iii.; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 250,
No. 614. Sylvia lutea, Scop., Del., Flor. et. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96. Liothrix
lutea, Swinh.% P. Z. S. 1863, p. 298; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 109; Hume, Sir.
F. 1879, P- IO4; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 644. Liothrix luteus,
Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 142. Leiothrix callypyga, Hodgs., Ind. Rev.
ii. p. 88 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 390.— The RED-BILLED
HILL-TIT.
Above, including the wing coverts, dull olive greenish ; the primary coverts
and bastard wing tinged with yellow ; primaries dark brown, the first seven
fiery orange tinged with yellow basally, and golden yellow on the outer
margins ; secondaries glossy black externally, and orange at the base of their
outer webs, some of the others orange yellow towards the tip of their outer
webs and some margined throughout with vermilion ; upper tail coverts
browner than the back, with a subterminal bar of grey and tipped white ; tail
ashy brown, the feathers glossy black along the outer margin and at tip ; head
brighter yellowish green than the back ; lores pale yellow ; ear coverts dull
grey ; feathers round the eye pale yellow j a slaty moustachial streak from the
bill to below the ear coverts ; chin and throat deep yellow, tinged with orange
and terminating in a bright orange gorget on the lower throat ; breast and
centre of abdomen greyish yellow, deeper on the tinder tail coverts ; sides
of the body, flanks and thighs light ashy brown washed with greenish olive ;
under wing coverts and axillaries light ashy. The female has the orange
gorget paler and the flaming red of the wing replaced by orange yellow.
Sharpe says, considerable allowance must be made for the fading of colours
in this species,, for the way in which the green and yellow colours vanish is
most remarkable, the former changing to grey and the latter becoming very
pale. Bill, coral red ; legs fleshy brown ; irides brown.
Hab- — Throughout the Himalayas, to the hills of N.-E. Bengal, and through-
out Southern China. Common about Dehra Doon and Darjeeling, also on the
Khasia hills, in Sikkim, Bhootan and the Kakhyen hills. Blyth records it from
Arrakan, and Dr. Anderson obtained it near Bhamo. Jerdon says it is one of
the most common birds about Darjeeling. It usually associates in small
parties of five or six, frequenting the dense thickets and underwood which
spring up wherever the forest is partially cleared. Its food consists of berries,
fruit, seeds and insects. Its usual note is a chattering call, but in the spring
it has a pleasing song. It breeds from April to August at elevations of from,
180 TIMELIID^v
3,000 to 6,000 feet, throughout the Himalayas, south, as a rule, of the first .
snowy range and eastward of the Sutlej. It also breeds on the hill range,
running from Assam to Burmah. The nest is cup-shaped and made of dry
leaves an,d moss, bound together with grass an.d roots. It is generally placed
in a leafy bush at no great height from the ground. The number of
eggs is usually three, and, according to Hume, they vary a good deal in
shape and size, but all are more or less long ovals, slightly pointed towards
the lesser end. The ground colour is a very- pale delicate greenish blue (some
very pure white), pretty boldly blotched or spotted and speckled most thickly
towards the large end forming a zone or cap, of various shades of reddish
purple and brown, or brownish red. The eggs vary in size from 0*8 1 to 0*95
in length and in breadth from o'6 to Q'66. The average of twenty eggs is
given as 0-85 x 0*62,
Gen. Cutia.— Sodgs,
Bill moderately long, strong at the base, higher than broad ; culmen keeled,
and curving, once and a half as long as the distance between the front of the
eye and nostrils ; nares broad, lunate ; rictus nearly smooth ; wings moderate,
falling short of the tail by only a trifle ; first three quills graduated ; 4th and
5th longest; tail short, nearly square; tarsus clumsy and strong, almost
smooth, not exceeding in length the midtoe and claw ; upper tail coverts long.
666. Cutia nipalensis, Hodgs., J. A S. B. \. p. 774; id., op tit.
vi. p. 112; Blytk, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 183 ; Gould; B. Asia, pt. 8 ; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 247, No. 612 ; Wald. in BlytJis B. Burm. p. 109; Bulger^ Ibis,
1869, p. 167; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1875, p. 352; Walden, t. c. p. 459;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, i. p. 370; Hume, Str. F. 1879, ?• IO4 J Gates,
B. Br. Burm. i. p. 140.— The CHESTNUT-BACKED SHRIKE-TIT.
PLATE at p. 122.
A broad band enveloping the lores, sides of the [forehead, feathers above
and below the eye and the ear coverts, extending round and meeting on
the hinder neck black ; crown of the head a,nd nape slaty blue ; a black
spot at the base of the lower mandible ; hind neck, back, rump and upper
tail coverts bright chestnut ; scapulars ochraceous brown, washed wkh
orange ; wing coverts black, the edges glossy black ; quills black, edged
externally with slaty grey, broader on the inner secondaries, which are tipped
with black ; tips of the primaries with usually a small white spot ; tail black,
the outer feathers narrowly edged with white at the tip, and the centre ones
orange at the base for more than one-half their length, but this colour is con-
cealed by the very long upper tail coverts ; chin, throat, cheeks and under
surface of the body white, shaded with yellowish buff on the flanks, lower
abdomen and long under tail coverts; sidea of the breast and the flanks boldly
barred with black ; under wing and tail coverts white. Bill blackish above,
plumbeous below ; legs orange yellow ; iris brown.
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.
Accentor Nipatensis. j j
Parus
Liottvr'wc,
PARUS.
Length.— 6'$ inches; wing 3-5$; tail 2-3; tarsus 1-05 ;; culmen 0-85.
The adult female has the back ochraceous brown, the slaty head of the male
is much paler ; the band round the head chocolate brown ; the back and
scapulars reddish brown with large ovate spots of black ; ear coverts brown.
Length 7 inches ; wing 3*4; tail 2*4; tarsus 1*05.
IIab. — Himalayas to Bhootan and the Dafla hills in Assam, extending into
Karennee, Jerdon found it common near Darjeeling and at Sikkim, frequent-
ing large trees in small flocks.
Family.—
Tarsus generally short or moderate ; feet fitted for perching ; wings and
tail moderate ; bill various, strong, somewhat conic; plumage variegated. All
are arboreal in their habits.
Sub-Family.— PARING.
Bill typically rather short, less than the head in length, somewhat conic,
stout, and without a notch ; nostrils lateral or basal, the nares tufted ; wings
moderate, rounded, 3rd to 5th primaries longest, the first very short ; tail
varying in length and shape, long in a few only; tarsi and feet short and
stout ; hind toe long ; claws curved ; plumage soft, woolly and lax. In colour
they are mostly sober compared with the LiotrichincB ; the principal colours
however are white, black, yellow and blue ; crown of the head generally
crested. All the species are non-migratory, and are chiefly confined to the
Himalayas ; a few only extend to the hill regions of Central and Southern
India. In their habits they are strictly arboreal, actively climbing about and
clinging to the twigs and flowering branches of trees and continually flitting from
spray to spray, and suspending themselves in all kinds of attitudes. They are
noted for the peculiarly elegant construction of their nests, which are composed
of the softest materials ; and many of them are fastened to the extreme end
of a small branch that projects over water ; they also nidificate in holes of
trees or even in walls, and occasionally on the ground. A few build pendulous
nests. Their principal food consists of insects, which they find in the opening
buds or in flower cups, but they also feed on seeds and fruits. They are
indefatigably industrious.
Gen. ParUS.— Lin.
Bill short, subulate, more or less conical, blunt at tip and without a notch ;
nostrils round, hidden by recumbent frontal feathers ; tail rounded or square ;
tarsus scutate ; head often crested. The well-known genera, Lophophanes,
Cyanistes, Melanochlora, and Machlolophus, have all, at the hands of Dr.
Gadow, become synonyms of Parus.
PLATE at p. 152.
182 PARID^E.
667. Par us sultaneus, Hodgs., ind. Rev. p. 31 (1831); Blyth,
J . A. S. B. xiii. p. 943; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus.v'm. p. 6. Parus flavocris-
tatus, Lafr.Mag. Zool. 1837, P1- 8o 5 Blyth, Cat. B. Br. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 102; Gould, Birds Asia. pt. xx., pi. 150. Melanochlora sultanea, Jerd.,
B. Ind. ii. p, 282, No. 650; Walden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 551 ; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. 1878, i. p. 378; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp.64, 105. Mela-
nochlora flavocristata, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 92 ; Blyth and Walden, B. Burnt.
p. in.; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 129. — The SULTAN YKLLOW-TIT.
Forehead and crown with a long pointed crest brilliant yellow ; also the breast,
abdomen, under tail coverts and axillaries; under wing coverts blackish, tipped
with yellow; whole upper plumage, lores, sides of the head and neck, chin,
throat and breast deep glossy black. Bill black ; feet slaty ; iris dark brown.
The female has the yellow parts duller than in the male ; sides of the head
and upper plumage dark greenish brown ; chin and throat yellowish ; wings
and tail dull black.
Length. — 7 to 8 inches; wing 4 to 4-2 ; tail 3-4 to 3-6; tarsus 0*95 to i,
The female is smaller ; wing only 37 ; tail 3*3.
Hab. — The warmer valleys of the Himalayas through Assam and Burmah,
and Malacca to Sumatra. Common, according to Jerdon, near Darjeeling, in
the great valley of the Runjeet. Oates says it is abundant over the whole of
the Pegu hills ; Blyth got it from Arrakan, and Mr. Davison found it through-
out the whole division of Tenasserim, except on the higher hills. It has been
procured by Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay in Karennee. In the hill ranges of
Eastern Bengal and in Assam and Sikkim, it is fairly abundant. Nothing is
known of its nidification in India.
668. ParuS CinereUS, Bonn. et. Vieill. Tall. Cont. Meth. p. 506,
(1823), ex Levaill', Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 460; Bp. Consp.Av. p. 229;
Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. 121 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. x., pi.; Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 278 ; Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 315 ; Holdsw., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 460 ; Hume and
Benders, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 167;' Cock and Marsh, Str. F. 1873, p. 384;
Ball. Str. F. 1874, p. 417; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 62; Gadow,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 16. Parus atriceps,. Horsf., Trans. Lin. Soc. xiii.
p. 160; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 92; McLell, P. Z. S. 1839; Temm. PL
Col. 207, fig. 2 ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 92; Jerd., Madr. Journ. 1840,
p. 7; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 557 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 125. Parus nipa-
lensis, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. p. 31 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 459; Blyth and Wald.,
B. Burm. p. 112; Scully, Str. F. 1879, PP- 329-367; Blanf., J. A. S. B.
1869, ii. p. 181. Parus caesius, Tick., J. A. S. B. (fide auctt.); Swinhoe,
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 361 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. ii. p. 405; Brooks,
Str. F. 1875, p. 253 ; Butler, ibid, 1875, p. 491 ; Hume, ibid, 1876, p. 402 ;
Hume and 'Dav., ibid, 1878, p. 376; Dav. and Wenden, ibid, 1879, P- 95-
Parus commixtus, Swinh., Ibis, 1868, 'p. 63 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm.
p. ui ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, i. p. 376.— The GREY INDIAN TITMOUSE.
PARUS. 183
Forehead and crown to the nape, also the chin, throat, and a large patch
on the breast, continued as a mesial abdominal line to the vent black ; sides
of the neck black, connecting the black of the nape and breast ; under
surface of the body pale rufescent ashy ; upper tail coverts, and lesser and
median wing coverts ashy blue ; greater coverts black, tipped with whitish ;
primary coverts and quills blackish, edged externally with ashy blue ; outer tail
feathers white, brown at the base : the next pair bluish on the outer web
and white terminally, the inner webs blackish with a white stripe, the third
outer pair with a small white tip ; the remainder blackish on the inner
and bluish on the outer webs. Bill black j iris brown ; legs and feet
plumbeous.
Length. -5-5 inches; wing 2'6; tail 2 -6 to 2-8; tarsus 0-65 ; culmen 0-46.
Hab. — Nearly all over India from the Himalayas to Ceylon, also in Affghan-
istan. Extends to the southern half of China as well as to Java and Lombock.
It is found in Nepaul, Bhootan, Assam and through Central India to
the Neilgherries. It extends all along the range of western ghauts north to
Khandeish. Occurs also in the hilly regions of Nagpore and at Saugor. Gilgit,
Cashmere, Peshawur, Mussoorie, Simla, Kumaon, Nepaul, Behar, Khandeish,
Madras, Travancore, Bhootan, Upper Assam and Bhamo, are "given as
localities. Gates says it is irregularly distributed over Pegu. He found
it at Thayetmyo, and again met with it west of the Irrawaddy, towards
the foot of the Arrakan hills. In Tenasserim it is rare. It is a familiar
bird wherever found. It is known to breed in the Himalayas and on
the Neilgherry hills. Hume says, — throughout the more wooded mountains of
the Empire, wherever these attain an altitude of S,OOO feet to even 9,000 feet.
In the Neilgherries the breeding season is from February * to May, and
in the Himalayas from March to June. The nests are placed in holes
in banks, in walls of buildings or of terraced fields, in outhouses of dwellings
or deserted huts and houses, and in holes in trees, and, very frequently,
in deserted nests of Woodpeckers and Barbels. The eggs are a broad oval,
but somewhat elongated and pointed towards the smaller end. Colour pinkish
white, sprinkled with pale purplish, thickly so towards the large end, where
they form a heavy zone of red blotches, spots and streaks. Size 0*65 to o"j
in length, and in breadth from 0*5 to 0*58.
The North-Western race (Affghanistan and Turkestan) is named P. boccha-
riensis. It is said to be a larger and paler race, being pale or french grey
above.
689. Pams montiCOlUS, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 22 ; Gould,
Cent. Him. B. pi. 29, fig. 2; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 277, No. 644; Brooks, Sir.
F. 1875, p. 253; id., 1879, P- 487; Scully, op. cit. 1879, p. 323, Gadow,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 21. — The GREEN -BACKED TIT.
184 PARID^E.
Crown of the head, sides of neck, chin, throat, breast and middle of the
abdomen glossy blue black ; ear coverts and patch on the occiput white ; hind
neck yellow ; quills black, edged externally with blue at the base and white
terminally ; secondaries and tertiaries broadly tipped with white ; median and
greater coverts black, edged with blue on their outer margin and tipped with
white, forming two wing bars ; lesser coverts grey ; back and rump olive
green ; upper tail coverts and tail blackish, strongly tinged with blue, the
latter with white tips, the outer pair with the outer web white for some distance ;
under tail coverts, thighs, and some of the feathers of the lower abdomen
black, with white tips ; rest of the under surface of the body sulphur yellow,
the flanks tinged with greenish. Bill black ; legs plumbeous ; iris brown.
Length. — 4*5 inches to 5-2 ; wing 2-5 to 2 '62 ; tail 2*2 to 2-5 ; tarsus 075 ;
culmen 0-5.
Hab. — Himalayas and the mountain regions of Assam and Southern China.
According to Jerdon it is very common in the Himalayas, descending lower
than about 5,OOO feet. It is also common on the top of the Khasia hills, and
about Darjeeling, Dhurmsala, Simla, Murree, Nepaul, Sikkim and Bhootan.
It breeds throughout the Himalayas at elevations of from 4,000 to 8,000 feet
from Maj-ch to June. Eggs, 4^-5 in number, not unlike those of the
preceding species, but smaller.
670. Pattis xanthogetiys, Vigors^ P. 2. S. 1831, p. 23; Gould,
Cent. Him. B. pi. 22, fig. I ; Jerd., Madr. Journ. xi. p. 7 ; Blyth, Cat. B.
Mus. As. Soc p. 103; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xvii. pt. ii., p. 960; Gould, B.
Asia pt. ix., pi. 14; GadoWi Cat., B. Br. Mus. viii. ps 25. Machlolophus
xanthogenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. p. c)t ; Jerd., B. Irid. ii. p. 279; Brooks, Ibis,
1875, p. 253.— The YELLOW-CHEEKED Tit.
Crown of the head, which is fully crested, black ; occiput, lores, cheeks,
sides of the neck, superciliary stripe and breast bright yellow, also the posterior
part of crest ; Chin, throat, a line down the middle of the breast and the centre
of the abdomen black; flanks and axillaries dull greenish yellow; under .tail
coverts pale yellow ; mantle, back and rump olive green; scapulars black, edged
with olive green ; wing coverts black, broadly tipped with pale yellowish white ;
quills black, the innermost secondaries largely tipped and edged with white ;
the outer ones with narrow tips and greyish edges; outer primaries edged
externally With white, and with white bases forming a white bar or alar band ;
Upper tail coverts edged with bluish grey ; tail black, tipped with white, the
outer webs of some of the feathers bluish grey and the outer pair with the whole
outer web white ; thighs pale yellowish white. Bill black ; legs plumbeous ;
iris light brown.
The flanks, sides of breast and abdomen of the immature birds are dull
yellow, and the black on the abdominal region is not developed,
PARUS.
Length.— 5*25 inches; wing 2-5 to 2-95 ; tail 2-05 to 2-25 ; tarsus 07 to 075 ;
culmen 0*46 to O'52.
Hab — The N.-W. Himalayas to Nepaul. Noted from Simla, Murree,
Mussoorie, Behar and Nepaul. It is one of the commonest birds in the
neighbourhood of Simla, where and at Dhurmsala, also at Mussoorie, it breeds
at elevations from 4,000 to 7,000 feet. The eggs, according to Hume, are
regular, somewhat elongated ovals, in some cases slightly compressed towards
one end. The ground is white or reddish white, thickly spotted, speckled and
even blotched with brick-dust red. 812607—78 x 0*52—55.
671. Parus haplonotUS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 44; Gadow,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 25, sub-sp. a. Parus xanthogenys, Jerd. (nee.
Vigors), Madr. Journ. xi. p. 7. Parus jerdoni, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxv.
p. 445 J Gould, B. Asia, pt. i. Machlolophus Jerdoni (Blyth), Jerd., B. Ind.
ii. p. 280, No. 648 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 417 ; Butler, Sir. F. 1875, p. 492 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 260; Fairbank, Str. F. 1877, p. 407. Machlolophus
aplonotus, Hume, Str. F. 1878, ii, p. 405; 1879, P- IO5- — The SOUTHERN
YELLOW TIT.
Similar to the last, but conspicuously larger, the back is olive grey and the
tips of the greater and median wing coverts are pure white ; head, sides of
neck and breast pale yellow ; flanks and part of the abdomen greenish grey ;
crest feathers plain black. Bill black ; legs plumbeous ; iris light brown.
Length. — 575 to 6 inches ; wing 2-9 to 3-15 ; tail 2'2 to 2'5 ; tarsus 078 to
8; culmen 0'5 to 0-55.
Hab. — Southern and Central India. Recorded from Ootacamund, Tra-
vancore, Madras, the Western Ghats and Saugor ; also in Coorg, Wynaad
and all along the range of ghauts ; in the Vindhyan range of mountains near
Mhow, and the jungles south-east of Nagpore. It is the southern represen-
tative of P. xanthogenys. I have no information as to its nidification.
672. Parus spilonotus, Biyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 103 ;
id., in Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 49, fig. 2 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 26.
Machlolophus spilonotus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 91 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. ix.
pi. 15 ; Blyth and Walden, B. Burm. p. 1 12 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878,
p. 377; Oatesy B. Br. Burm. i. p. 128. Parus subviridis, Tickell, J.
A. S. B. xxiv. p. 267. Machlolophus spilinotus, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 281,
No. 649. Machlolophus subviridis, Blyth and Walden, B. Burm. p. 1 12. —
The BLACK-SPOTTED YELLOW-TIT.
Intermediate in size between P. xanthogenys and P. haplonolus, but
much brighter coloured ; upper back yellowish green, with broad black longi-
tudinal spots ; lower back olive brown ; crest long, the posterior feathers
broadly tipped with bright yellow ; occiput, nape, lores, feathers round the
VOL. II.— 24
186 PARID^E.
eye, a broad supercilium, cheeks, ear coverts and sides of the neck bright
yellow ; tertiaries tipped, but less conspicuously margined with white ; throat
and front of the neck not so broad as in xanthogenys ; lesser wing coverts
black, tipped with slaty ; median coverts black, tipped with white ; quills black,
the first two plain and the next three edged with white ; bases of 2nd to 8th
primaries with a patch of white ; tail black edged with slaty ; outer feathers
entirely white on outer web, the rest, except the central ones, tipped with
white. Bill black ; legs plumbeous ; iris light brown.
Length. — 5-5 inches; wing 2-8 ; tail 2-15 ; tarsus 072 ; culmen 0-55.
Bab. — Eastern Nepaul, Sikkim, Khasia, hills of Assam, also Bhootan,
extending into Tenasserim. Jerdon says it is common about Darjeeling, and
is chiefly found from 4,000 to 5,500 feet. According to Davison, not unlike
other species of the genus, it keeps about the tops of large trees, especially
those about the open camping grounds.
673. Partis melanolophus, Vigors, P. z. S. 1830, p. 22 ; Gould,
Cent. Him. B. pi. 30, fig. 2 ; Jerd., Ma.d. Journ. xi. p. 8 ; Gould, B. Asia,
pt. xi. ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 12; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 28.
Machlolophus melanolophus, Cab. Mus. Rein., i. p. 91. Lophophanes melano-
lophus, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 273, No. 635 ; Brooks, Str. F. 1875^.253;
War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 61.— The CRESTED BLACK-TIT.
Crown of the head and hind neck glossy black ; the long recurved crest
also black ; lores, space below the eyes, ear coverts, cheeks, and a patch on
the nape white ; chin, entire throat and upper breast deep black ; mantle,
back, upper tail coverts and lesser wing coverts dark iron grey ; quills ashy
grey, margined on their outer webs with dark iron grey of a slightly bluish
tinge, the secondaries narrowly tipped with white ; greater and median wing
coverts ashy grey with buffish white spots terminally ; tail ashy grey, margined
externally with dark iron grey ; lower breast, abdomen and flanks iron grey,
tinged with rufous; sides of the breast, axillaries, under wing and under tail
coverts rufous. Bill blackish ; legs plumbeous ; iris pale brown.
Length.— 4*25 to 4*5 inches; wing 2-3 to 2-5; tail 175; tarsus O'6S ;
culmen 0*4.
Immature birds have the general colour above dull ashy grey; the crown of
the head black with a short crest and the white on the nape little developed ;
the cheeks and ear coverts are dingy white. (Gadow?)
ffab.—N.-W. Himalayas, ranging into Eastern Afghanistan. Common at
Simla, Mussoorie, Murree and Sikkim.
674. Parus rilfonuchalis, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 810;
Gould, B. Asia, pt. xi. ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1 88 1, p. 72 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 568 ;
Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 29 Lophophanes rufonuchalis,
PARUS,
B> Ind. ii. p. 273, No. 640 ; Hume and Henderson, Lahore to Farkand,
p. 167; Brooks, Sir. F. 1875, p. 253; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 62.
Lopophanes Beavani, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 275, No. 641. Parus Beavani, Brooks,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 487. Parus Atkinsoni, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 273,^.643;
Blanford, J. A. S. B. xii.pt. ii., p. 57 ; id., Sir. F. 1879, p. 183 ; Hume, /. c.
p. 189. — The RUFOUS-NAPED or SIMLA BLACK-TIT.
Crown of the head, including the crest, also the hind neck, chin, throat and
breast glossy black ; nape pale ferruginous ; cheeks, ear coverts and sides of
the neck white ; lower breast, abdomen and flanks dark grey with a rufescent
tinge ; axillaries and under tail coverts ferruginous ; under wing coverts dark
brown, edged with ashy white; mantle and back dark grey washed with
' olivaceous ; wing coverts and quills margined externally with iron grey ; tail
ashy grey, margined with iron grey on the outer webs of the feathers. Bill
black; legs and feet plumbeous ; iris brown.
Length. — 5 to 5-5 inches; wing 27 to 3; tail 2' I to 2*25 ; tarsus O'8 ;
culmen 0*52.
Hab. — The Himalayas, and from Samarkand to Afghanistan to the mountains
of Southern China. Dr. Gadow's record of the British Museum specimens
shows the following localities. — Gilgit and Cashmere, China, Nepaul, Sikkim,
Darjeeling and Khasia hills, to which has to be added Simla up to the
snowy line.
675. Parus rubidiventer, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 445 (1847);
id., Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 104; Gould, B. Asia, pi. xij Gadow, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. viii p. 30. Machlolophus rubidiventris, Cab. Mus. Hein.i.p.Ql.
Lophophanes rubidiventris (Biyth), Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 274, No. 639 ; Dav.
and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 284. — The RUFOUS-BELLIED CRESTED-TIT.
Head and crest black ; a large white spot on the cheeks from the base of the
lower mandible ; ear coverts and sides of the neck white ; throat dull black ;
upper surface of the body pale rufescent grey, strongly tinged on the rump
with ferruginous ; wings, tail and wing coverts uniform ashy grey without any
spots of white ; breast, abdomen, flanks, under wing and under tail coverts
buff, tinged with greyish. Bill blackish ; legs plumbeous ; irides brown.
Length.— •$ inches; wing 2-45 to 2-55 ; tail r8; tarsus 0-75 ; culmen 0-43.
Hab. — The N.-W. Himalayas, Nepaul.
Very little seems to be known of the Rufous-bellied Crested-Tit. There are
only five skins in the British Museum collection, and from an examination of
these, Dr. Gadow says : " one might suppose that this bird is the female of
P. rufonuchalis, but in the British Museum are specimens which were distinct-
ly marked as males, and show the colours above described." It does not
appear to have been met with by any of Mr. Hume's numerous correspondents,
nor is there any reference to the species in the pages of " Stray Feathers."
188 PARID/E.
678. PaTOS dichrOUS, ffodgs. m Gra-y's Zoo I. Misc. (1844), p. 85 ;
id., J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 943 ; id. Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 236 ; Ely Ms Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 104; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xi. ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Must
viii. p. 33. Lophophanes dichrous (ffodgs.), Jerd.^ B. Ind. ii. p. 273,
No. 637. — The BROWN-CRESTED TIT.
Forehead and sides of the head, also sides of the neck, forming a demi-
collar dirty or creamy white ; crown of the head, including the long recurved
crest, brownish grey ; under surface of the body, including the under wing
coverts, pale ochraceous, washed with greyish on the flanks and on the throat.
Bill dusky bluish ; feet plumbeous ; iris brick red.
Length. — 4-5 to 5 inches ; wing 2f8 ; tail 2 \ tarsus O'8 ; culmen 0*45.
Hob. — Throughout the Himalayas, from Cashmere eastwards and in the
hills of Moupin. It is found about Simla and Mussoorie, also in Nepaul and
Darjeeling. Jerdon mentions a specimen obtained by Adams on the oak
covered slopes of one of the lesser ranges near the valley of Cashmere.
677. ParilS mOdestUS (Burton), Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii.
p. 33. Sylviparus modestus, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 154; Blyth, Cat. B.
Mus. As. Soc. p. 104; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 267, No. 632. Parus sericophrys,
Hodgs., J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 942. — The YELLOW-BROWED TIT.
Above light olive green, a little yellower on the rump ; head not crested ;
crown and hind neck olive green ; the forehead more greyish and less olive ;
supercilium yellow ; sides of the head, throat and foreneck, also entire under
parts dingy yellowish ; the flanks and lower abdomen tinned with greenish ;
wing coverts, quills and tail dusky brown, edged with the colour of the back.
Bill and legs plumbeous ; iris light brown.
Length. — 3-5 inches; wing 2'i$ to 2-3; tail 1-3 ; tarsus O'6 ; culmen 0*35.
Ha<b. — Himalayas, throughout which Jerdon says it is found. He adds
that he procured one specimen near Ajunteh, at the edge of the northern
ghauts, and again at Darjeeling. It hunts about in small flocks among the
foliage and flowers of high trees, feeding chiefly on minute insects.
678. Parus nuchaliS, Jerd., J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 131 (1844); M.,
Illustr. Ind. Orn. pi. 46 ; id., Birds of India, vol. ii. p. 279 ; Adams, Str. F.
l873> P- 385 ; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 292 ; id., 1877, p. 221 ; Gadow, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 38. — The WHITE-NAPED BLACK-TIT.
Head above, hind neck, mantle and back glossy black ; a white spot on
the nape, sides of the breast and neck ; cheeks, ear coverts, flanks, thighs,
sides of the abdomen, under tail-coverts, also most of under wing coverts
white ; chin, throat and a broad line extending down the middle of the breast
and abdomen black ; wing coverts dark brown, nearly black ; quills the same,
the primaries with a basal white patch on the outer webs forming a band
PARUS. 189
across the wing ; inner secondaries, broadly margined and tipped with white ;
tail black, the outermost feathers almost entirely white, the next pair white on
the outer web only and the third with the outer web white at the base and tip
only. Bill black ; legs and feet plumbeous ; iris red brown.
Length.— 4-5 to 5 inches; wing 2' 3 to 2-5; tail 2; tarsus 07; cul-
men 0*42.
Hab. — Table land of the Indian peninsula. Recorded from Koochamun
from the eastern ghauts west of Nellore, and from Bangalore in Mysore
territory.
679. Parus semodiUS, Hodgs.,J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 943 (1844);
Jerd., B. Ind. ii, p. 276, No. 642 ; Swinh., Ibis, 1870, p. 155 ; Blanf., J . A.
S. B. 1872, ii. p. 57 ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1879, p. 487 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
viii. p. 41. — The HIMALAYAN COLE-TIT.
Crown of head and hind neck glossy black ; a large patch of white on the
occiput and nape ; cheeks, ear coverts and sides of neck white ; chin and
throat dull black, descending on to the upper breast and laterally towards the
sides ; centre of breast dull white ; mantle, back and rump slaty blue ; wing
coverts the same, but spotted with white ; quills greyish black, margined with
silvery grey ; the secondaries narrowly tipped with white ; under surface of
the body pale buff or fawn colour ; under tail coverts fawn-coloured ; tail
greyish black. Bill dark brown ; feet plumbeous ; iris brown.
Length. — 4*2 inches j wing 2- 2 to 2-4; tail 17 to r8j tarsus 0^65 • cul-
men 0-4.
Hab. — The Himalayas (Nepaul and Sikkim). .1 have preferred to give this
Himalayan representative of the British Cole-Tit, the name under which it was
described by Hodgson, the slender bill and other characters given of it,
I consider sufficient to give it specific rank ; though otherwise P. ater and
P. Brittanicus do not differ much from it.
GROUP.— ACCENTORES.
Bill straight, somewhat conic, high at the base, entire or slightly notched at
the tip ; nostrils exposed ; wings moderate, more or less rounded ; tail mode-
rate or short ; legs and feet stout.
The Accentores are chiefly terrestrial, but their feet are also adapted for
climbing on rocks. They nidificate in bushes, and on the ground. In habits
they may be said to be sedentary, and are seldom met with, except either in
pairs, solitary, or in small parties of 4 — 5, and may be said to have their life-
habits between those of a Tit and a Finch, less however like the latter. The
group has been a puzzle to the systematist for ever so long. Its place in
the Order Passeriformes has not been so easy to define, and even at the present
190
day, the differences of opinion leave the matter unsettled. Though excluded
from his Catalogue of the Turdida, Mr. Seebohm has placed the group with
ParidcB in his " History of British Birds," and it appears to me the only
natural position for it.
Gen. Accentor.— Hodgs.
Bill straight, conic, sharp, of moderate length, high, rather wide at the base,
slightly notched at the tip, which is also very slightly bent down ; wings
moderate, the 3rd quill longest ; tail moderate, even ; legs and feet stout.
680. Accentor immaCUlatUS, Hodgs., Icon, ined in Br. Mus.
Passeres, pi. 101 ; Gould, B. Asia, pi. 7 (1855) ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 286, No.
651; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 656. Accentor mollis, Blyth,
J: A. S. B. xiv. p. 581 ; id., Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 131 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i.
p. 306. — The MAROON-BACKED ACCENTOR.
Head and neck dark ashy ; lores and feathers round the eye dusky blackish ;
ear coverts dusky grey, shaded with olive brown ; cheeks dull ashy grey ;
upper back and scapulars maroon, passing into reddish brown on the lower
back and upper tail coverts, the latter washed with olive brown ; wing coverts
slaty grey with dusky bases ; primary coverts black ; primaries blackish, their
outer margin edged with pale grey forming a wing patch ; secondaries chest-
nut brown externally; tail dusky brown, the feathers edged paler exter-
nally ; throat and breast dull ashy grey ; abdomen and flanks chestnut brown ;
the middle of the abdomen creamy or ashy white ; under wing coverts and
axillaries ashy grey ; under tail coverts chestnut brown. Bill blackish ;
feet pale.
Length. — 5-2 to 5'6 inches ; wing 2-95 ; tail 2'i ; tarsus O'8 ; culmen 0*55.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas (Nepaul and Darjeeling).
681. Accentor atrigulariS, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb.
ii. p. 40; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 811 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Br. Mus. As.
Soc. p. 131; Gould, B. Asia, p. 10 (1858); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 105;
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 75; Scully, t. c. p. 569; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 423;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 656. Accentor Huttoni, Moore, P. Z. S.
1854, p. 119; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 288, No. 655; Sever tz., Str. F.iSjS,
p. 428; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 155. — The BLACK-THROATED ACCENTOR.
Above brown, the feathers dusky and rufescent on the back, showing a
striped appearance ; rump and upper tail coverts dull ashy, the bases of the
feathers dusky ; crown of head and nape ashy brown ; of lores, sides of face,
ear coverts, forecheeks and throat black ; a narrow frontal line of black,
extending above the eye along the sides of the crown ; a white streak from
behind the eye to the nape ; hindcheek and lower throat pale ochraceous
buff; wing coverts dusky, edged externally with reddish brown and tipped
with bullish white ; primary coverts dusky brown, narrowly margined with
ACCENTOR. 191
paler brown; quills dusky, margined with pale reddish brown, ashy on
the primaries, and much broader on the secondaries, which are tipped with
bumsh white ; tail dusky brown, margined on the outer web with ashy ;
foreneck and breast pale ochraceous buff ; rest of the under surface of the
body white ; the flanks streaked with dusky ; under tail coverts white, streaked
with dusky ; under wing coverts and axillaries ashy with longitudinal dusky
centres. Bill black ; nape yellow; legs and feet" fleshy ; iris brown.
Length.— 5*4 to 6 inches ; wing 2'8 to 2-9; tail 2-45 to 2-5; tarsus 07;
culmen 0*4.
Mr. Sharpe observes that in the winter dress the black throat is much
obscured by whitish margins to the feathers, and that the crown is altogether
browner and not so grey as in summer ; the ochraceous colour of the foreneck,
too, seems to vary considerably.
Hal. — The Altai mountains, Samarkand and Turkestan, ranging into
Afghanistan and the North-Western Himalayas in winter. According to
Jerdon it has been found near Simla, and also in the Punjab salt range.
682. Accentor rubeculoides,^^, P. z.S. 1854, p. u8; Gould,
B.Asia, pt.7 (1855) ; Jerd., B. hid. ii.p. 288, No. 656; Hume and Henderson,
Lahore to Yarkand,^. 234; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 105. — The ROBIN
ACCENTOR.
Crown of the head, nape, ear coverts, entire sides of the face and foreneck
uniform ashy brown, the infra-orbital feathers tipped with whitish ; lores, cheeks
and throat paler ashy brown than the crown ; mantle, back, scapulars and
rump ferruginous, all the feathers with mesial dusky centres ; lesser and
median wing coverts ashy grey, the latter tipped with hoary white ; greater
coverts blackish brown, edged externally with ferruginous ; primary coverts
dusky, edged externally with greyish ; primaries dusky brown, edged with
greyish, the secondaries edged with pale ferruginous and tipped with white ;
tail dusky, margined externally with pale ferruginous, the outermost feathers
very narrowly edged and tipped with fulvous white; foreneck and breast bright
chestnut, forming a broad band; rest of under surface creamy white, the flanks
broadly streaked with dusky ; under wing coverts white ; under tail coverts
creamy buff. Bill blackish ; feet pale reddish.
Length.— 4-9 to 5-5 inches ; wing 2-45 ; tail 1-85 ; tarsus O'8 ; culmen 0-5.
Hab. — Throughout the Himalayas, extending to Ladakh, Cashmere and
Native Sikkim. Kumaon is recorded as a locality.
683. Accentor Strophiatlis, Hodgs., Icon ined. in Br. Mus.
Passeres, pi. IOI ; id., J. A. S. B. xii. p. 959; Blyth, Cat. B. Br. Mus. As.
Soc. p. 131 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. 7 (1855); Jerd , B.
Ind. ii. p. 287, No. 654; Hume, Nest and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 408; Brooks, Sir.
F. 1876, p. 278 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 105 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 658. — The RUFOUS-BREASTED ACCENTOR.
192 PARID^E.
Above, including the crown of the head, reddish brown, streaked with dark
brown ; a broad creamy buff eye streak surmounting a ferruginous one, which
is continued backward to the occiput; above these a black streak on the
sides of the crown ; lores dull whity brown ; ear coverts black ; sides of neck
ashy grey, streaked with black ; cheeks and throat white, mottled with trian-
gular black spots; foreneck and breast deep ferruginous, forming a broad
pectoral band; centre of breast creamy white, the sides pale ferruginous
streaked with dusky ; under wing coverts creamy buff, washed with pale ferru-
ginous ; axillaries ashy ; wings dusky, margined with dark ferruginous, the
coverts tipped with albescent ; quills blackish, edged with rufescent externally ;
tail brown, margined with rufous. Bill black ; legs reddish brown ; irides dark
brown.
Length. — 4-9 to 5 inches; wing 2-45 ; tail 1*85 ; tarsus 0*8 ; culmen 0*5.
Hob. — The Himalayas, extending, to Nepaul and Sikkim, also into the
hills of Western Schzuen, Moupin and Kokonoor, and occurring more rarely
on the mountains of Tsenling. Jerdon says he obtained a specimen at Darjeel-
ing. It is recorded also from Kumaon and Nepaul. Breeds from May to
August in Sikkim and the naked ranges of the Himalayas. Nest placed on the
ground. Eggs, 3 — 4, spotless, sky blue.
684, Accentor Jerdoni, Brocks, J. A. S. B. 1872, part 2, p. 327;
Hume, Sir. F. 1876, p. 491 ; id., ibid, 1879, p. 105; Biddulpli, Ibis, 1881,
p. 75 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus., vii. p. 660. Accentor strophiatus, Hume
and Henderson, Lahore to Yarkand, p. 234 (1878, nee Hodgs.) — JERDON'S
ACCENTOR.
Adult male. — General aspect of upper surface streaked, the back ashy brown
with slight reddish edgings to some of the dorsal feathers, all of which are
broadly centred with black ; rump and upper tail coverts more uniform ashy
brown; wing coverts like the back, the median and greater series dark brown,
externally edged with paler brown and tipped with fulvous ; bastard wing,
primary coverts and quills blackish brown, externally margined with paler
brown, broader on the secondaries ; tail feathers brown, edged with ashy ;
crown of head dingy brown, darker than the back and washed with ashy ;
sides of the crown black, forming a distinct lateral streak ; lores black, sur-
mounted by a broad white streak which passes into pale cinnamon above the
ear coverts, which are uniform black ; sides of neck ashy grey ; cheeks and
throat white with a few black spots chiefly on the malar line ; foreneck and
breast pale cinnamon, forming a broad pectoral band ; abdomen white ; sides
of the body washed with pale cinnamon, browner on the lower flanks ; the sides
of the body streaked with blackish brown ; thighs ashy ; under tail coverts
white, mottled with dusky bases ; under wing coverts and axillaries ashy, those
near the edge of the wing mottled with dusky bases.
ACCENTOR. 193
— 5-3 inches; wing 2-6; tail 2-15; tarsus 07; culmen 0-45.
(Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 660.)
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas and Cashmere. Recorded from Desoai plain, and
also from near Simla.
685 Accentor altaiCUS, Brandt., Bull Acad. St. Petersb. i.
P 365 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 305 ; Gould, B. Asia. pt. x. (1858) ; Jerd., B. Ind.
ii. p. 287, No. 653 (1863) ; Servertz, Turkest. Jevotn, pp. 66, 133 ; id.t Str.
F- l87S» P- 428; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 91 ; Hiune^ Str. F. 1879, p. 105
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 74; Scully, t. c.p. 569; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii.
p. 660. Accentor Himalayensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 187. Accentor
variegatus, Blyth,J. A. S. B. xii. p. 960.— The HIMALAYAN ACCENTOR.
Forehead, crown, occiput, neck, shoulders and rump uniform dusky ashy
brown ; in winter streaked with a faint eyebrow of greyish white ; lores,
feathers below the eye and ear coverts dusky, tipped very narrowly with
fulvous ; cheeks and throat white, spotted with black ; sides of the neck dull
ashy grey ; foreneck and breast ashy white, the feathers with light rufous
centres ; mantle and back rufous brown, with fulvescent margins and broad
centres to the feathers; scapulars and tertiaries rufous brown, mottled with
large black spots; upper tail coverts ashy with dark centres to the feathers;
under tail coverts the same ; lesser wing coverts ashy brown ; median series
black, tipped with white, forming a bar across the wing ; greater coverts
blackish brown, edged with fulvous externally and tipped with white ; bastard
wing, primary coverts and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy fulvous, the
secondaries margined and tipped with pale buff, the innermost edged with
rufous on both webs ; tail dark brown edged with ashy and tipped on the inner
web with white; breast and sides of the body white, broadly streaked with
rufous; lower abdomen unstreaked white; breast, axillaries and under wing
coverts very pale rufescent, edged with ashy whitish. Bill black ; legs reddish
brown.
Length.— 57 to 6 inches; wing 3-25 to 3-55; tail 2-3; tarsus 0-9; cul-
men o'55.
Hab.— Altai mountains, and throughout the Himalayas. Has been found
in the middle range of hills north of Mussoorie, also near Chumba, and at
Simla and Nepaul. It has also been found in Sikkim and at Kussowlie.
Accentor rufilaius occurs from Turkestan to the neighbourhood of Gilgit and
Northern Cashmere, and not unlikely will be found in the Himalayas.
686. Accentor nipalensis, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. xii. p. 958;
op. cit. xv. p. 42 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. 7 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 286, No. 652 ;
Hume and Henderson* Lahore to Yarkand, p. 234 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 105 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 664. Accentor cacharensis,
Hodgs.t P. Z. S. 1845, p. 34; id , Icon- ined. in Br.Mus. Passeres, pi. IOIA.,
fig. i— The LARGE HIMALAYAN ACCENTOR.
VOL, II— 2
194
Head, neck, and ear coverts uniform dark grey, with faint indications of
dusky centres to the feathers ; back, rump and upper tail coverts greyish
brown, the feathers centred with dusky ; lores blackish, mottled with pale
fulvous tips ; a faint fulvous eyebrow, not always present; feathers round the
eye mottled with pale fulvous tips ; cheeks dark grey ; sides of the neck sooty
brown ; throat white, mottled with dark spots, forming transverse streaks ;
scapulars externally chestnut brown ; lesser wing coverts dusky brown ;
median and greater coverts darker brown nearly black, tipped with white on
the outer web ; quills blackish brown, their outer webs chestnut, secondaries
the same, the innermost with white tips ; foreneck and upper breast ashy,
washed with chestnut on the sides ; the lower breast and abdomen paler ashy,
with whitish transverse bars, and a subterminal dusky one before each feather ;
sides of the body chestnut, the flanks edged with white and with broad mesial
dusky streaks ; under tail coverts rufescent broadly tipped with white ;
tail brownish black, edged with pale rufous and tipped with the same colour on
the inner web, the outermost feathers with a large white spot. Bill dusky ;
yellow on the lower mandible ; legs reddish brown.
Length. — 6 to 7 inches ; wing 3-65 ; tail 2'6 ; tarsus i ; culmen O 6'
Hab. — The Himalaya mountains. No specified locality is given of this
representative of the European A.alpinus. There is only a single adult $
skin in the British Museum presented to it by Captain Pinwill, and the
locality against it is " N.-W. Himalayas/'
Gen Acredula.— Koch.
Bill extremely short and stout ; culmen strongly curved ; nostrils com-
pletely hidden by short recumbent feathers ; first primary well developed, but
shorter than half the length of the next ; tip of wing formed by the 4th, 5th
and 6th primaries ; tail generally much longer than the wing and much
graduated ; the scales covering the tarsus inclined to fuse into one long
scutum. No crest. Plumage very soft and of light colours. (Gadoiv.)
687. Acredula ery throe epliala (Vigors), Gadow, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. viii. p. 56. Parus erythrocephalus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 23,-
Gould, Cent. B. Him. Mts., pi. xxx. fig. I ; id., B. Asia, pt. 7, p. 1 1 ; JB rooks,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 487. Orites erythrocephalus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 104. ^Egithaliscus erythrocephalus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 90 (1850);
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 270, No. 634 ; Blyth and Walden, B. Burm. p. 1 12 ;
Brooks, Sir. F. 1875, P* 252 5 Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 127.— The RED-
HEADEH TlT^VIoUSE.
Forehead, crown and nape chestnut, a short but broad supercilium white ;
lores, ear coverts, feathers round the eye and throat black ; chin and a line
separating the black of the throat from that of the sides of the head white ; upper
surface of the body, including the wing coverts, ashy blue, tinged with russet
ACREDULA.
on the rump ; quills and tail ashy brown, edged on the outer web very slightly
with ashy; outer tail feathers brown, the terminal two-thirds of the outer web
and the tip of the inner white ; the next two pairs brown with large triangular
white tips, and the three central pairs ashy brown, lighter on the outer webs ;
sides of the throat and neck pure white ; under surface of the body ochra-
ceous, deepest on the abdomen and flanks. Bill black ; legs fleshy yellow ; iris
brown (Jerri.); iris pale yellow or yellowish creamy; feet buffy yellow; claws
livid. (Scully,)
Length. — 4 to 4*2 inches ; wing 2*05 ; feail 2 ; tarsus O*6; culmen o'3.
Hob, — Throughout the Himalayas from the far north-west to Bhootan.
It is recorded from Murree, Simla, Mussoorie, Nynee Tal, Nepaul, Bhootan
and Assam ;. also from? Darjeeling, where Jerdon says it is very common
at 7,000 feet of elevation-, and is found up to 1 0,000 feet. It associates in
small flocks, frequenting shrubs, hedges and high trees, and lives chiefly
on insects. In Burmah Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay obtained it in Karennee
at 3,000 feet elevation, and Colonel God win -Austen got it in the Naga hills.
It breeds from March to May. The nest is usually placed between several
twigs, in low bushes, tufts of grass, banksr or other convenient situation. The
nest is in shape a round ball with a small lateral entrance,, and is composed
of green mosses, lichen and moss roots, lined with feathers. The eggs are five
in number, and, according to Hume, tiny, about 0-53 X 0-45 inch, broad ovals,
sometimes almost globular, but generally somewhat compressed towards one
end, so as to assume something of a pyriform shape. They are almost
entirely glossless, have a pinkish or at times a creamy white ground, and exhibit
a conspicuous reddish or purple zone towards the large end, composed o&
multitudes of minute spots almost confident and interspaced with a purplish:
cloud.
688. Acredula jOUSCllistOS (Ilodgs^ Gadow; Cat. B. Br. Mus.
viii. p. 58. Parus jouschistos, Hodgs in' Grays Zool. Misc. p; 83- (1844)^
id., J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 943 ; Btyth, Cat. B. Br. Mus. As. Soc. p. 104.
^Egithaliscus jouschistos, Cab. Mus. Heinr\. p, 90; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 271,
No. 635. — The RUFOUS. FRONTED* TIT-MOUSE.
Forehead and crown* black, except a broad band of fawn colour which
extends from the base of the bill to the nape in the centre of the crown ;
sides of the head and neck, ear coverts and the imder wing coverts slightly
paler fawn colour. The upper surface of the body ashy, slightly tinged with
olive ; the rump a little fulvous ; wing coverts ashy, with a slight tinge o£
olive ; quills and tail dark brown edged with greyish, the feathers of the latter
more or less tipped with, whitish ; under surface of the body deep reddish,
fawi* or rufescent. Bill black ; legs yellow brown ; iris brown.
Length. — 4 to 4*25 inches ; wing 2'2 ; tail 2 ; tarsus 0-65 ; culmen 0-34.
Hab. — The Himalayas. Has been found in Nepaul, Darjeeling. and
Bhootan.
196 PARID^E.
689. Acredula niveogularis (Moore), Gadow, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. viii. p. 58. Orites (?) niveogularis, Moore, P. Z. S 1854, p. 140. Acanthi-
parus niveogularis, Gould, B. Asia, pt. 7, 1855. ^Egithaliscus niveogularis
(Moore), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 272, No. 636. — The WHITE-THROATED
TIT-MOUSE.
Forehead white, passing to buff brown on the occiput and nape ; lores, over
the eyes and ear coverts black, passing as a band to the sides of the nape ;
upper surface of the body ashy grey, a little fulvous on the rump ; tail, quills
and wing coverts brownish grey, narrowly edged with grey ; most of the tail
feathers broadly tipped with white ; cheeks, chin, throat, foreneck and sides
of the neck white ; a broad band of a brownish tinge across the breast, the
lower part of which with the abdomen is pale pinky-isabelline or reddish
fawn, passing to white on the middle of the abdomen. Bill black ; feet
yellowish ; iris brown.
Length.— 4*5 inches; wing 2-4 to 2*5; tail 2*3 to 2-5 ; tarsus 0*6 5; cul-
men 0*37 to 0*4.
Hal. — Northern and North-Western India. Acredula leucogenys occurs in
Afghanistan and Cashmere.
Gen. .aSithalUS.— - Boie.
Bill short and straight, much pointed, slightly longer than that of Acredula ;
nostrils apert; wing longer in length than the tail ; third, fourth and fifth
primaries longest and forming the tip ; tarsus short and stout, covered in front
with transverse scutes ; feet small ; lateral toes unequal.
690. JEgithalus flammiceps, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 153;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 104; Bp. Consp. i. p. 231. Cephalopyrus
flammiceps, jferd*, B. Ind. ii. p. 267, No 633. — The FLAME-FRONTED TIT.
Forehead, crown and chin rich orange red ; sides of neck, throat, breast
and under surface of the body bright golden yellow, paler on the lower abdo-
men and under tail coverts ; upper surface of the body yellowish green,
brighter on the rump and upper tail coverts ; wing coverts, quills and tail
brown, the feathers edged with yellowish green ; under wing coverts white ;
axillaries yellow. Bill plumbeous ; legs leaden brown.
Length. — 4 inches ; wing 2-3 to 2-4 ; tail 1-4 ; tarsus 0*47; culmen 0*35—
0-38.
The female differs from the male in the colour of the crown and throat
being yellowish green, and duller everywhere.
— N.-W. Himalayas, extending from Cashmere into Afghanistan,
REGULUS. 197
Gen. RegulUB.— Koch.
Bill short, straight, somewhat conic and keeled ; nostrils basal, with an
opening in front of a coriaceous groove, protected by one or two rigid
plumes ; first primary equal to half the second in length ; 4th, 5th, and 6th
primaries the longest ; tail square, the feathers with pointed tips ; tarsus
covered with one long scute ; plumage soft and lax.
691. ReguluS CristatUS, Koch, Syst. d. baier. Zool. p. 199 (The
European race). Regulus himalayensis, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 206, No. 580 ;
Gould, B. Asia, pt. 7 ; Stol., Sir. F. 1875, p. 246. — The HIMALAYAN FIRE-
CRESTED WREN.
Head with a central patch of bright orange yellow or flame colour, edged
with pale yellow and bordered with a dark streak from the base of the upper
mandible ; lores, supercilium and ear coverts ashy grey, tinged in some
with greenish ; upper surface of the body olive green, passing into yellowish
on the rump, and upper tail coverts ; wing coverts dingy, edged and tipped
with spots of paler dingy greenish ; primaries brown, yellowish externally ; the
secondaries white at the base, blackish in the middle ; the inner ones
margined externally with yellowish and tipped with white ; tail brown, exter-
nally margined with yellowish green ; under wing coverts and axillaries white ;
under surface of the body dingy greenish yellow. Bill blackish brown ; legs
and claws pale horny brown.
Length.— 375 to 4 inches; wing 2'i to 2*5; tail 1*5 ; tarsus 0*7; oil-
men 0*4-
Hab. — Throughout the Palsearctic region. The N.-W. Himalayan race
is a slightly larger bird than the European one. It is recorded from Nepaul,
Cashmere and Native Sikkim, but everywhere rather scarce.
Family.— LANIID^:.
Bill strong, short, or of moderate length, notched or toothed at the tip ;
gape wide, with rather rigid rictal bristles ; tarsus short and strong, and covered
with large scutes on both sides ; nostrils basal and of various forms ; wing
with ten primaries, the first small j tail of twelve feathers ; toes four ; midtoe
largest.
This large family, including the genera found outside of India Proper,
has been divided by Dr. Gadow into 5 sub -families, viz., Gymnorhince,
comprising genera in the Australian region and Borneo ; MalaconotincB,
comprising genera found in Africa, Madras and India, one genera only
{Ptererythrius) being found in the hilly and mountainous districts of the
Indian region. The next is Laniince, in which are comprised four genera, the
genus Lanim only being Indian, but the species, however, extend their range
198 LANUD/E.
into the Patoarctic and African regions in the old world ; and following this
are Paehyccphalina and Vireonime, both unrepresented in India. Dr. Gadow,
however, places Tephrodortiis grisola in the Pocky ctphalina sub-family, but
this cannot stand there, nor can /*. cyanea, both of which are true Niltavas
without tarsal scutes.
Sub-Family-MALACONOTlN/K.
Bill longer, wider and less compressed than in Lanius, the tip well hooked
and strongly toothed, also slightly longer, and the tail shorter, tip bent down ;
nostrils uncovered by feathers ; 1st primary shorter than the 2nd, the 4lh,
$th, and 6th longest. Plumage lax and soft, forming a thick covering.
Gen. Ptererythrius.— Stricki.
Bill short and straight ; culmen with a prominent ridge bent down at tip,
hooked and notched ; base of bill broad and more flattened than in Lanius;
other characters the same as those of the sub-familly.
692. Ptererythrius erythropterus (Vigors), Swains., Classif.
B. i. p. 249; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 113. Pteruthius erythrop-
terus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. pp. 106, 183 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. viii. ; Jerd.
B. Ind. ii. p. 245, No. 609; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 356 ; 1879, P- IO4- Lanius
erythropterus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p, 22; Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. n.—
The RED-WINGED SHRIKE-TIT.
Adult male.— Head black ; rest of upper surface light plumbeous grey ;
cheeks and supercilium white ; tips of the upper tail coverts and tail black ;
wing coverts and quills black, tipped white on their inner webs ; lertiaries
edged with chestnut red on the outer webs, and fulvous on the inner ; under
surface of the body white, the flanks washed with a vinous colour ; under tail
and under wing coverts white, with a grey patch near the edge of the wing.
Bill black ; feet pale fleshy ; iris dark brown. The adult female is olive brown
above, including the scapulars and upper tail coverts ; lesser wings coverts
black edged with grey, the median and greater series olive brown ; primary
coverts and quills black, the latter, except the first three primaries, tipped white
on their inner webs, the secondaries conspicuously margined with olive green ;
outer webs of the outermost tail feathers olive greenish and tipped with yellowish
green, the inner webs black ; central feathers olive green tipped with black ;
head grey : supercilium darker than in the male ; under surface of the body
white ; the thighs, under tail coverts, middle of abdomen and flanks washed
with fulvous ; under wing coverts and axillaries white.
Length. — 6-3 107 inches; wing 3*1 to 3*25; tail 2*2 to 2-5 ; tarsus 1*03
to ri ; culmen 0*6 to 0*7.
PTERERYTHRIUS. 199
JJab. — Throughout the Himalayas from the N.-W. to Bhootan, extending
also into the hill ranges of Assam, Common about Kumaon, Mussoorie,
Simla, Cashmere, Murree, and Darjeeling, from 2,500 to nearly 6,000 feet.
Jerdon says it lives in small flocks flying from tree to tree with a lively mellow
call, feeding at times on fruit and insects.
693. Ptererythrius seralatus, TicMi J. A. S. Beng. 1855,
xxiv. p. 267 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1861, p. 32 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 109;
Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxviii. ; Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yunnan, Aves, p. 628, pi.
47; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 479; v. p. 114; vi. p. 368; 1879, p. 104; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. \. p. 137. — TICKELL'S SHRIKE-TIT.
Male. — The whole summit of head from the forehead to the nape, the
lores, ear coverts and feathers round the eye deep black ; a broad stripe from
above the eye to the nape white ; back, rump, scapulars and upper tail
coverts grey, the latter margined with black ; chin, throat, cheeks, sides of
neck, breast and flanks pale grey ; abdomen white, tinged with vinous, as are
also the feathers of the flanks covering the thighs ; vent and under tail coverts
white ; tail glossy black ; primaries black, all but the first three tipped with
white ; secondaries all black ; tertiaries chestnut on the inner webs, also the
tips of the outer ; tlie remainder of the outer webs golden yellow ; wing coverts
black, the lesser ones marked with grey.
Female. — According to Mr. Hume, the stripe over and behind the eye is
less marked and greyish white ; the lores are very pale grey ; the forehead
and crown are pure clear grey, shaded on the occiput with olivaceous ; the entire
back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts pale greenish grey, faintly fulvous on
the rump, and generally pure grey on the longest upper tail coverts (Oates) ;
legs and feet fleshy white ; claws pale brown to black ; lower mandible and
basal edges of upper mandible along commissure pale blue ; rest of bill black ;
irides varied considerably, slaty grey, pale greenish blue and deep brown.
(Damson.)
Length.— 67 inches ; tail 2*3; wing 3; tarsus 1*05 ; bill from gape -9. The
female is quite as large.
Hab. — British Burmah. According to Gates it was first described from
specimens obtained on the Tenasserim mountains by Colonel Tickell at eleva-
tions from 3,500 to 4,500 feet. Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay procured it in
Karennee from 4,500 to 5,000 feet elevation, and Mr. Davison rediscovered it
on Mooleyit mountain. Out of Burmah it is known to occur in the Kakhyen
hills, east of Bhamo, on the borders of China, where Dr. Anderson observed it.
Mr. Davison says he only obtained it in the forests of Mooleyit, where he found
it usually in pairs, hunting amongst the foliage for insects. He adds that
it has a rather pleasant single note, which might be syllabized toweech, which
it utters at short intervals.
200 LANIID/E.
694. Ptererythrius ruflventer, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 183 ;
xii. p 954 ; id., Cat. B. Mus. As, Soc. p. 28 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. ix. ; Jcrd.
B. Ind. ii. p. 245, No. 610; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 104; Gates, B. Br.
Burm. i, p. 138.— The RUFOUS-BELLIED SHRIKE-TIT.
Head, cheeks and hind neck black ; back, scapulars and upper tail coverts
dark chestnut; wing coverts, quills and tail shining black; the primaries
narrowly margined on their outer web with white, and the secondaries and tail
feathers tipped with ferruginous ; ear coverts, lores, and below the eyes black ;
chin, throat, and foreneck pale grey or pure ashy ; sides of the breast light
yellowish brown ; centre of breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts vinous
brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries white.
The female differs in having the upper parts, wings and middle of tail
feathers dark olive green, and the upper tail coverts and rump ferruginous.
Bill black ; feet flesh-coloured.
Length. — 7*5 to 77 inches; wing 3*5 ; tail 3-6 ; tarsus \'2 ; oilmen O'8.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas (Darjeeling, Nepaul and Sikkim).
695. Ptererythrius intermedius (Hume), Gadoiv, Cat. B.
Br. Mus. viii. p. 117. Allotrius intermedius, Hume, Str. F. v. pp. 112 et
115; vi. p. 370; 1879, p. 104; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 140. — HUME'S
SHRIKE-TIT.
Head olivaceous, the forehead with a chestnut band ; throat chestnut, also
the centre of the breast ; superciliary stripe grey, extending as a broad band
over the ear coverts ; no nuchal collar as in A. mdanotis. Lower mandible
and edge of upper one pale blue ; rest of upper mandible black; irides brown;
feet and claws fleshy.
Length. — 4-7 inches ; wing 2-45 ; tail r ; tarsus 075.
Hab. — Tenasserim, on the higher slopes of Mooleyit mountain.
696. Ptererythrius melanotis (Hodgs-), Gadow, Cat. B. Br.
Mus.vm. p. 117; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 139. Allotrius melanotis,
Uodgs.,J. A. S. Bang, xvi., p. 448 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. viii. ; Hume, Sir. F.
1879, P' IO4 » Blyth, B. Burm. p. 109; Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 390 ;
id., Str. F. vi. p. 369. Allotrius senobarbus, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 246,
No 611. — HODGSON'S SHRIKE-TIT.
Male. — Whole summit of head, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts
greenish yellow ; a ring of feathers round the eye white; a very narrow line
from the nostrils over the eye and another broader one from the anterior
corner of the eye, passing under the eye and over the ear coverts and termina-
ting in a patch at the rear of the ear-coverts, black ; lores and a broad band
from eye to eye, round the nape, clear ashy ; ear coverts yellow ; chin and
throat dusky chestnut ; lower plumage bright yellow suffused with chestnut on
the breast ; central tail feathers green tipped with black ; the next four pairs
PTERERYTHRIUS. 201
black, tipped with white, the tips becoming broader from the centre to the
outside of the tail ; outermost tail feathers wholly white ; wings black, edged
exteriorly with grey, and each quill, except the first few primaries, tipped with
white ; lesser wing coverts black edged with grey ; median and greater coverts
black, broadly tipped with white, ' The female has the tips to the median and
greater wing coverts salmon-coloured instead of white, and the chestnut on the
throat is less intense, and does not extend down to the breast. The young
have the upper plumage olive brown ; the grey band round the head
and the black lines are wanting, and the whole lower plumage is pale
yellowish white. Bill plumbeous; legs fleshy white; irides light brown.
(Gales.}
Length.— 47 inches ; wing 2-5 ; tail r8 ; tarsus O'S ; culmen 0*44.
Hab.~— The Eastern Himalayas from Bhootan to Nepaul. Occurs also in
Sikkim, Darjeeling, the Khasia hills, and in British Burmah, east of Tonghoo.
Hume, quoting Hodgson's notes and figures, says that it breeds in Sikkim
and Nepaul, up to an elvation of 6,000 or 7,000 feet. The nest is placed at a
height of 6 to i O feet from the ground, between some leafy, horizontal fork,
between which it is suspended. It is composed of moss and moss roots and
vegetable fibres, beautifully and compactly woven into a shallow cup, some
4 inches in diameter, with a cavity some 4 — 5 inches in depth. Interiorly
the nest is lined with hair-like fibres and moss roots and exteriorly adorned
with lichen. The eggs are two or three in number, very regular ovals,
about 077 in length x 0*49 in width ; ground colour a delicate pinky lilac,
speckled and spotted with violet or violet purple, the markings being more
numerous towards the large end, where they have a tendency to form a
mottled zone.
697. Ptererythrius xanthochloris, Hodgs., y. A. S. J?. xvi.
p. 448 (1847); Gould., B. Asia, pt. viii. ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii.
p. 118. Allotrius xanthochloris, J3p. C. A. i. p. 362; Hume, Sir. F. vii.
p. 456; 1879, p. 104. Allotrius aenobarbus, Jerd^ B. Ind. ii. p. 246
(nee Temm.) — The CHESTNUT-THROATED SHRIKE-TIT.
Above dusky olive green ; wings with their coverts, and also the tail feathers,
blackish, washed exteriorly with olive green ; the tips of the secondaries and
tail feathers paler ; crown of the head slaty grey ; ear coverts pale greyish
olive ; throat and upper breast dingy white, tinged with isabelline ; rest of
under parts dingy white, strongly washed with pale greenish yellow; inner edge
of quills, edge of wing and under wing coverts whitish yellow. Bill plum-
beous ; legs fleshy white; iris brown. (Gadow.)
Length. — 4 to 4'2 inches ; wing 2-35 to 2-50 ; tail 1-95 to 2*05 ; tarsus 075
to O'8i ; culmen 0*45.
Young birds have the upper parts uniform pale olive grey ; wings and tail
brown ; under parts dingy yellowish white.
VOL, II.— 26
202 LANIID/E.
Hal. — Eastern Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan. It is also recorded
from Sikkim and the Khasia hills.
Sub-Family.— LANIINvE. TRUE SHRIKES.
Bill stout, strong, deep, laterally slightly compressed ; culmen bent, and
fending in a hook with a well-developed notch ; nostrils partially covered with
feathers and bristles and non-operculated ; tail graduated or square; wings
moderate, the first primary variable in length ; the third, fourth (fifth)
primaries the longest ; tarsus short and stout. Birds of sombre and lax
plumage, which is either black, grey, rufous or white, never red, green or
blue ; found throughout the Palaearctic, Indian and African regions. They
feed on insects and small birds, pouncing on their prey from their perch, and
invariably returning with their victim to the same spot to feed. The young
are barred across.
Gen. LANIUS.— Lin.
General characters the same as those of the sub-family.
698. LaniUS fallax, Finsch, Trans. Z. S. vii. 1872, p. 249, pi. xxv. ;
Gadow, Cat. B, Br. Mus. viii. p. 240. Lanius pallidirostris, Cass., Pr. As.
Soc. Phil. 1851, p. 244; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 51 ; Heugl., Orn.N. O.A/r.
p. 482. Lanius aucheri, Bp. Rev. et. Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 433 ; Sivinhoe, B.
Southern Afgh., Ibis, 1884, p. 163; Murray, Zool. Beloochistan and S. A/gh.
p. 52. — The PALE GREY SHRIKE.
Head and upper parts pale grey ; a well-marked white superciliary stripe,
extending to behind the ear coverts and joining the white of the sides of the
neck; rictal bristles and a broad streak through the eye enveloping the
ear coverts black ; basal half of both the inner and outer webs of the
primaries white, forming abroad speculum, the terminal half black ; secondaries
black, margined at the tips and bordered on the terminal half of the outer as
well as the basal half of the inner webs with white ; tail black, the two central
pairs of feathers narrowly tipped with white ; the outermost feathers white on
their outer webs, black shafted and blackish at the base, the white decreasing
m extent towards the central feathers; under wing coverts dull white, tinged
with greyish ; a spot of greyish on the edge of the wing ; sides of the breast
and abdomen also tinged with greyish. Bill and feet horny.
The young bird Dr. Gadow describes as " much paler than the adult, and
tinged above with pale tawny colour ; under parts dull white ; loral and frontal
region dull white instead of blackish ; ear coverts, quills and tail feathers brown
instead of black; all the wing coverts are brown, and broadly edged with dull
white ; bill and feet pale horny yellow." (Gadoiv.)
Length.— 9 to 9-4 inches; wing 4-1 to 4-25; tail 4-1 to 4-25; tarsus
1*15 to P2 ; culmen 0*75 to ergo.
LANIUS. 203
. — From Abyssinia and Nubia to Beloochistan and Afghanistan. It is not
unlikely this species will also be found to inhabit the Sind frontier. Lanius
minor is also found in (Kandahar) S. Afghanistan.
699. LaniUS aSSimiliS, Brehm., J. F. 0. 1854, p. 146; Sogdanow,
Russian Shrikes t p. 160; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii.p. 249. — The ALLIEI>
SHRIKE.
Upper parts, including the rump, pale grey ; scapulars broadly edged with
white or white throughout their terminal half ; a broad black band extends
from the nostrils through the eye, including the ear coverts, sometimes
joining its fellow of the other side at the base of the culmen, producing thus
a very narrow black frontal band ; supercilium white ; outer web of secon-
daries black at the base ; inner web white throughout or broadly bordered with
white; basal half or two-thirds of most of the primaries pure white on the
outer and inner web, thus producing a large speculum ; secondaries broadly
edged with white round their tips j lesser wing coverts and ulnar bend grey
like the back ; all the other wing coverts black ; central pair of tail feathers
entirely black, and the next pair narrowly tipped with white, the two outer
pairs entirely white, the shafts only black. All the under parts are generally
pure white, frequently with a slight rosy tinge on the breast ; under wing
coverts near the base of the primaries not pure white but pale silky grey.
Length.— 9-2 inches ; wing 4 to 4*2; tail 3*1 to 4*1,
Hab.—Tht Punjab, Sind, Deccan, Ghiznee in S. Affghanistarr and East
Africa,
Lanius grimmi is said to occur in Beloochistan in Khelat territory. It will
probably be found in Northern Sind.
700. LaniUS lahtora (Sykes), Gray, Gen. S. i. p. 290; Blyth*
J. A. S. B. xv. p. 300, et xvi. p. 473 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 400, No. 256 ;
Murray, H'dbk. ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 133 j id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 120 j id^
Zool. Bel. and Afgh, p. 29 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 252. Collyrio
lahtora, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 86. — The INDIAN GREY SHRIKE,
A narrow frontal streak (not always distinct) continued through the eyes
including the ear coverts to the nape, black ; head, back and upper tail coverts
blue grey ; primaries dusky, the feathers with a broad band of white at their
bases on both webs ; secondaries dusky, their inner webs broadly margined,
and the tips edged with white ; tertiaries and wing coverts black ; the tertiaries
broadly tipped with white, some of the feathers also margined broadly on their
inner webs with the same colour ; scapulars white ; entire under surface white;
middle feathers of the tail black, tipped white, the external feathers wholly
white, black shafted, the two next following margined on their outer web and
also tipped white ; under wing coverts white. Bill black j legs brown black ;
irides hazel brown.
204
Length. — 9*5 to'io inches ; wing 4-25 ; tail 4-5 to 5 ; bill at front O'62.
Hab. — India generally, Sind, Beloochistan, Southern Persia, Affghanistan,
Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, Deccan, Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Joclhpore
(Rajputana generally), North Guzerat and Khandeish.
Breeds from February to July, but the majority lay during March and April.
The nest is generally a compact structure, heavy, deep and cup-shaped, and is
placed generally at a height of from 4 to 12 feet from the ground in some
thorny acacia or other thorny shrub. The nest is composed of very various
materials, as grass, grass roots, sheep's wool or vegetable fibres, and lined with
rags, feathers and other soft material. The number of eggs is from 3 to 6 ;
but 4 — 5 is the usual number. Typically, Hume says, the eggs are of a broad
oval shape, more or less pointed towards one end ; the ground colour is a deli-
cate greenish white, over which are thickly and prettily speckled blotches,
spots and lines of brown and purplish markings ; in some these form zones at
the larger end. Size 0*9 to 1-17 inch x o'75 100*83.
701. LaniUS tephronotUS (Vigors), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 301 ; id., Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 151 ; Jcrd. B.
Jnd. i. p. 403, No. 258; Godw.- Austen, J. A. S. B. p. 99; and 1875,
p. 93; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 475 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 260;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 249. Collurio tephronotus, Vigors, P.Z.S. 1831,
p. 43 ; JBp. Rev. et Zool Mag. 1853, p. 435; Hume, Nests and Eggs,
Ind. B. p. 171. Lanius nipalensis, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. i. p. 445. — The
GREY-BACKED SHRIKE.
Head, nape, upper back and scapulars ashy, the latter washed with rufous ;
the lower back and upper tail coverts slightly rufescent ; a narrow band on
the forehead (not always present), and a broad streak passing through the
eye and ear coverts black ; cheeks white ; wing coverts black, the lesser series
washed with grey, the greater series and quills narrowly margined with buffy
white ; primaries with a white spot at the base, but completely hidden by the
wing coverts ; tail dull brown, the central pair darker and obscurely tipped
with fulvous, this colour increasing in extent on the outer feathers, which are
also tipped and edged with fulvous ; throat and centre of the body white ;
sides of the body and under tail coverts orange, inclining to buff ; thighs ashy
white; under wing coverts creamy white. Bill and feet black ; iris dark brown.
Young and immature birds have the cheeks, sides of the neck, breast and
flanks barred with brown.
Length. — 9 to 9'8 inches; wing 4-05 to 4*27; tail 4-8 to 5; tarsus ri;
culmen 075.
Hab. — Throughout Lower Bengal, thence extending to the Himalayas from
Nepaul to Bhootan, and eastwards to Assam ami Arrakan. It is also recorded
from Sikkim and Upper Burmah, and Cashmere in the valley of Astor.
LANIUS. 205
It has been procured in the Tenasserim province of Burmah, at Kyouknyat,
and is found over a great portion of Northern India. Hodgson says it is
common in Nepaul in the open country and in groves and gardens during
winter. It has a loud harsh voice, and, like all true Shrikes, is bold and daring
in its manners. It breeds wiihin our limits only in the Himalayas, and chiefly
in the interior at heights of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea level. In
the interior of Sikkim, in the Sutlej Valley near Chini in Lahoul, and well
up the valley of the Beas, they are pretty common during the summer. They
lay from May to July. Hume adds Darjeeling and Murree as localities
whence eggs have been obtained. The eggs, 3 — 4 in number, are not
unlike those of L. lahtora ; the ground is of a pale creamy colour, thickly
spotted and blotched all over with olive brown and pale purple. Size 0^97
to ro6 inch x 0*76100-81.
702. LaniUS erythronotuS (Vigors), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290;
' Blylh, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 302 ; Jerd.t B. 2nd. i. p. 402, No. 257 ; Murray,
ITdbk. ZooL, Sfc., Sind, p. 134 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind,p. 121 ; id.t Zool. Beloo-
chistan and Southern Afghanistan, p. 52 ; Sivinhoe, Birds of South Afgh.,
Ibis, 1884, p. 104 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 263. Collurio erythro-
notus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 42; Gould., Cent. Hun. B. pi. xii. fig. 2;
Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 174; id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 167. Lanius
caniceps, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 302; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. Sub-
sp. a. viii. p. 265. — The RUFOUS-BACKED SHRIKE.
A black frontal band continued through the eyes to the back of the ear-
coverts ; head, neck and upper back pale ashy grey ; lower back, rump, upper
tail coverts, lower scapulars, flanks, lower abdomen and vent rufous, a little
lighter on the vent ; chin, throat and upper breast white, in some a buffy tinge ;
primaries dusky with a small white spot at the base, and the edge of the wing
white ; secondaries dusky, faintly margined whitish on the external webs in
some specimens, in others absent ; tertiaries and wing coverts dark brown or
blackish, edged and margined on the external web with whitish ; tail, with the
central feathers, black or dark brown, lateral feathers greyish brown, edged and
tipped whitish. Bill and legs dark brown ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 975 to lO inches; wing 3-5 to 375 ; tail 4'5 to 5.
The young has the head, neck and mantle ashy brown ; the back, rump and
upper tail coverts pale orange rufous ; all the feathers of the upper surface
paler at tip, and barred with dusky brown ; the wing feathers edged with dull
rufous ; tail ashy brown, marked with indistinct wavy lines across.
Hab— India generally and Ceylon, Beloochistan (Quetta), S. Afghanistan,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, N. Guzerat.
It is found also in Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Cashmere
and the N.-W. Himalayas, extending throughout India nearly to Ceylon.
206 LANIID^E,
Common, in Sind and the Malabar Coast, also the Neilgherries, and the better
portion of the Carnatic and Central India, as well as Lower Bengal. It is
recorded from all parts of Sind, from Murree, Kotegurh, Cashmere, Rajkote,
Kamptee, and the Concan and Deccan. It breeds, at least the majority of
the birds, in N.-W. Himalayas, the Neilgherries, Pulneys, Arrakan hills and the
Rajmahal hills. March to July, and often very late in August, is the period.
4 to 6 eggs is the usual number, and the colouring is not unlike that of
Lanius tephronotus. In length the eggs vary from 093 to ro inch, and in
breadth 0.7 to 072.
It will be seen that I do not admit L. caniceps to specific rank. It is only
a paler species, and the amount of rufous varies so much in birds from the
Malabar Coast, the Deccan and the Neilgherries, that placed alongside in
a line of 40 or more specimens from different parts of India, no very distinct
character can be obtained. Caniceps is only in my estimation a climatic
race, and no more.
703. LaniUS nigriceps (Franld.), Jerd., B. Ind. \. p. 404, No. 259 ;
id., III. Ind. Orn. pi. 17 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 121 ; Dav., et. Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 95 ; Anders., Yunnan, Exp., p. 644 ; Hume and Dav., vi. p. 202 ;
Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 268; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 91 ; Scully, Str. F. viii.
p. 264 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 199. Collurio nigriceps, FrankL, P. Z. S. 1831,
p. 117. Lanius tricolor, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. 1837, P- 44^- Collyrio nigriceps,
Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 172. Lanius nasutus (Scop.), Oa'tes, B. Er.
Burm.'i. p. 248. — The BLACK-HEADED SHRIKE.
The whole head from forehead to nape, also the lores and feathers behind
the eye, black ; feathers immediately below the nape ashy ; cheeks and sides of
the head black ; back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts chestnut ; central
pair of tail feathers black ; the rest brown, becoming successively more and
more rufous towards the outside, \rhere they are broadly edged and tipped
with pale rufous ; chin and throat white ; breast and abdomen tinged with
rufous ; flanks, vent and under tail coverts bright rufous ; wing coverts black ;
quills brown, edged with rufous, the primaries with a patch of light fulvous at
the base ; iris dull reddish brown ; eyelids pinkish plumbeous. Bill dark homy
black ; legs dark brown.
Length. — 9-5 to 97 inches ; wing 3-8 ; tail 5 ; tarsus 1-2 ; culmen o-8 ; from
gape i.
ffab. — The Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan, and from the foot of the
hills through Purneah and Dinajpore to Calcutta and the Sunderbuns, extend-
ing eastwards into Assam, Arrakan, and even to China and the Phillipines.
Jerdon says he saw it at Goomsor and that from there it ranges into the
northern part of Central India. The Rajmahal hills and Darjeeling are also
recorded localities. According to Gates it is generally distributed over Pegu
LANIUS. 207
and Arrakan, is abundant in the grassy plains which lie between the Pegu and
Sittang rivers. He observed it at Prome, and Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay pro-
cured it at Tonghoo. Mr. Hume received it from the mouth of the Bassein
river, and Mr. Davison found it in the northern portion of Tenasserim. It
has the usual habits of Shrikes, perching on bare branches or high stalks of
grass, and pouncing on insects on the ground. Mr. Thompson (Hume) says it
breeds all along the south-western termination of the Kumaon and Garhwal
forests in swampy, high grass lands, also in the high jungly tracts in Southern
Mirzapore, and in the Nepaul Valley (Hodgs.}, as well as at Darjeeling. The
nest is similar in shape and structure to those of the other shrikes, and the
markings on the eggs are rather sparse in the cream-coloured ground though
larger and more dense at the large end, and of a dark purplish colour.
Size 0-92 to o'95 x 07 to 073.
704- LaniUS cristatUS, Linn., Sysl. Nat.\. p. 134; Jerd.,B. Ind.
i. p. 406, No. 261; Wald., Ibis, 1867, p. 212; Beavan, Ibis,, 1870, p. 312;
Holdsivorth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 436 ; Ball, Sir. F. 1873, p. 65; Hume, t.c.
p. 65 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 175 ; Blyth, and Wald., B. Burm.
p. 12 1 ; Fairbank, Sir. F. 1876, p. 256; Armstrong, t. c. p. 316; Hume,
Str.F. 1877, p. 29; Butler, Sir. F. 1877, p. 228 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 377;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 91 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 172; Gadow, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. viii. p. 271; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p- 252; Murray, H'dbk. ZooL,
&V., Sind, p. 134; id., Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 122. Lanius phoenicurus,
Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. i. p. 405; Wald., Ibis, 1867, pi. 5, fig. 2, p. 216;
1871, p. 173. — The BROWN SHRIKE.
A broad band from the lores through the eyes to the ear coverts dusky
brown ; head, tail and upper tail coverts rufous ; back rufous brown ; streak
over the eye white ; throat white ; rest of under surface fulvous ; wing dusky ;
the tertiaries margined rufous brown ; tail rufous brown. The young birds
and females have the feathers of the head, wings and lower parts edged with
brown and whitish. Bill horny above, below pinkish white ; irides brown.
Length.— 8-9 inches; wing 3'SO; tail 3-92 ; bill at front 0-50.
From Lake Baikal to the Malay peninsula, and from Yarkand to the east
coast of China. Occurs during the winter months only, throughout India,
the Andamans and British Burmah. Found in Colombo, Kandy, Southern India
generally, the Deccan, Bengal, N.-W. Provinces, Sind, Punjab, Nepaul,
Mussoorie, Bhootan, Assam, Pegu and Tenasserim.
705. Lanius lucionensis, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 135; Wald.,
Ibis, 1867, p. 215 ; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 199; Wald., Trans.. ZooL Soc. ix.
p. 171, pi. xxix., fig. i ; David et. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 99 ; Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 378 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 91 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Burm. i. p. 251.
Lanius Schwaneri, Wald.,_Ibis, 1867, p. 223. — The PHILLIPINE SHRIKE.
208 LANIID^E.
The forehead and a distinct supercilium greyish white; the feathers
immediately at the base of the upper mandible, the lores, and a broad streak
passing through the eye and covering the ear coverts, black ; the whole upper
plumage and scapulars liver brown, tinged with rufous on the rump and upper
tail coverts ; tail brown, tinged with rufous and tipped paler; chin, throat
and sides of neck white ; remainder of lower plumage pale buff; lesser coverts
white, the remaining coverts and all the wing dark brown, edged with rufescent,
more broadly so on the tertiaries than elsewhere. The young have the
upper plumage brown, closely barred with black, and the lower plumage
yellowish or buffy white ; all the feathers, except those on the chin, throat,
centre of breast and abdomen, barred with dark brown; legs and feet
dull leaden blue ; the upper mandible horny brown, edged whitish near the
gape, the terminal third of the lower mandible horny brown, the basal two-
third bluish or fleshy white ; irides brown. (Davisou.)
Length. — 8 inches ; tail 3-8 ; wing 3-5 ; tarsus I ; bill from gape 0-9. (Oa/es.)
Hab. — Tenasserim, in the extreme south, where Gates says it is only a rare
straggler. In winter it is said to be found in the Malay peninsula, the
Andaman Islands, and the Phillipine Islands. It passes through China on
migration, and is said to have occurred in Ceylon. In the Andamans it
appears to be a permanent resident.
The adult female differs from the male in having the ear coverts and lores
more brownish, and the under parts paler. The young are brownish rufous
above, brighter on the upper tail coverts ; no grey on the head ; loral region
and a supercilium dingy white or cream colour ; head, hind neck, mantle and
upper tail coverts showing faint dark vermiculations ; wing coverts and
secondaries brown, broadly edged with rufous, each feather with a dark brown
submarginal line ; ear coverts and a small spot in front of the eye dark
brown ; chin, throat, middle of abdomen and under wing coverts creamy
white ; rest of under surface strongly washed with creamy or even with
rufous, and marked with numerous dark brown cross vermiculations.
706. LaniUS isabellinus, Ehrenb., Symb. Phys. i. fol. e. note ;
Stricld., P. Z. S. 1850, p. 217; Walden, Ibis, 1867, pi. v. f. t., p. 224 ; HeugL,
y. F. 0. 1 86 1, p. 195 ; Blanf., GeoL and Zool. Abyss., p. 339 ; Dresser, B.
Eur. iii. pi. 152 ; Jerd., Ibis, 1872, p. 1 16 ; Severtz, J. F. 0. 1875, p. 145 ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, pi. 185; Seebhom, Ibis, 1877, p. 164; Henders. and
Hume, Lahore to Yark.,^. 183, pi. iii.; Plume, Str. F. i. p. 174; Scully,
Str. F. 1876, p. 137 ; Murray, H'dbk. Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 135 ; id., Vert. Zool.
Sind, p. 122; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 277. Lanius arenarius,
Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 304 ; StrickL P. Z. S. 1850, p. 217 ; Jerd., B.
Ind. i. p. 407, No. 262 ; Wald., Ibis, 1867, p. 223; Henders and Hume,
Lahore to Yarkand, p. 183, pi. iii. ; Plume, S/r. F. i. p. 174 ; Scully, S/r.
F. 1876, p. 137; Murray, H'dblc. ZoiL, fyc., Sind, p. 136; id., Vert. Zool.
Sind, p. 122. — The DESERT SHRIKE.
LANIUS, 209
Head and back of the neck bright rufous, seasonally duller ; eye streak
black or brownish ; a narrow white superciliary stripe ; lores whitish ; wings
pale brown, the primaries narrowly edged, and the coverts and secondaries
broadly with rufescent ; beneath white ; in some specimens, the young birds
especially are rufous white with crescentic marks ; upper tail coverts and tail
brown with a rufous tinge in some, the central tail feathers marked with
irregular dusky bands ; under tail coverts white. Bill dark brown ; legs dusky.
Length. — 775 inches ; wing 375 ; tail 3-5.
Uab.— Sind, N.-W. Provinces, Peshawar, Kutch, Kattiawar, and Behar,
also Punjab, Beloochistan, S. Persia, Arabia, Affghanistan, Khordafan,
Tuikestan, and Abyssinia. In Sind it is common as a winter visitant only.
707. Lanius phoenicuroides, Sever tz, J. F. o. 1873; Gadow,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 278. Lanius isabellinus (non. Ehrenb\ Wald.t
Ibis, 1867, p. 224, pi. v. f. I. (teste Schalow). Otomela phcenicuroides,
Schalozv, J. F. 0. 1875, p. 148.
The following are the distinguishing characters given of this species, which
Dr. Gadow has given specific rank to : —
General colour above dingy reddish brown, always with a strong grey hue,
darker than L. isabellinus, but not nearly so rufous as Z. cristatus. Crown
of the head contrasting with the back, being always reddish brown, " almost
as rufous as the tail, which, with the rump, is dark reddish brown with a
chestnut tinge, in fresh plumage." (Severtzow.) Primary quills much darker
than in L. isabellinus ; in old specimens in breeding plumage blackish brown;
3rd to 8th primaries with the basal parts forming a white speculum which is
just hidden by the wing coverts. Old males have the under parts almost
white ; the flanks and sides of the breast washed with rusty colour, and
the under parts never show the strong creamy tinge of L. isabellinus ; white
superciliary stripe well developed ; ear coverts deep black ; the whole loral
region blackish instead of the small spot seen just in front of the eye in
L. isabellinus.
Adult females are paler, more isabelline grey, and have the under parts
dingy ; sides of neck, flanks and the whole breast tinged with isabelline ;
superciliary streak creamy and less distinct.
Length. — About 7 inches ; wing 3'4 to 3-62 ; tail 3-3 to 3-4 ; tarsus 0-91 to
0*96; culmen O*6 to O'J.
Hab, — Turkestan, where it breeds, migrating to Sind, Beloochistan Kattia-
war, Umballa (Punjab) and Hissar. L. speculigerus, Taczan, is yet only known
from Turkestan and Afghanistan (Kandahar), and from Central Africa. I am,
however, inclined to place it, as well as L. phcenicuroides, as climatic varieties
of L. isabellinus.
VOL. II.— 27
210 LANIID^E.
708. LanitlS VittatUS, Valenc., Diet. Sc. Nat. xl. p. 227 ; Wald.,
Ibis, 1867, p. 220; Beavan, Ibis, 1870, p. 311 ; Blanf., J. A. S. B. 1871,
p. 272; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 408 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 398; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, i. p. 173 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 134; id., Vert.
Zool., Sind, p. 121 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 280. Lanius Hardwickii,
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 290; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 304 ; id., Cat. B. Mus.
As. Soc. p. 152 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 495, No. 260. — The BAY-BACKED SHRIKE.
A broad black frontal band continued through the eyes to the nape ; top of
head whitish ; back of head, hind neck, lower back and upper tail coverts
greyish white, paler on the rump and upper tail coverts ; middle of back and
scapulars chestnut bay ; primaries, secondaries, tertiaries, wing coverts and
four central tail feathers black, the primaries with a broad white patch on both
webs ; outermost tail feathers on each side, and the bases and tips of the three
next following white ; entire under surface white or buffy white, tinged with
ferruginous on the flanks, breast and abdomen. Bill and legs black ; irides
hazel.
Length.— 7-5 to 8 inches; wing 3*25: tail 4; bill at front nearly 075 ;
tarsus 0*75.
Female. — Head ashy grey, shading off into dull rufous on the back and
scapulars; forehead whitish ; ear coverts dull brown ; upper tail coverts ashy
grey ; tail dull brown, the feathers edged and tipped with rufous buff, the
outermost pair entirely pale rufous buff; no black frontal band.
Hab.— India generally ; not on the Malabar Coast and Bengal. (Jerd^}
Occurs in Beloochistan, South Afghanistan, Mooltan, in the Punjab, through-
out the Concan and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and North Guzerat,
South India, Behar, Nepaul, Kamptee, and Rajkote. A permanent resident
where found. Breeds from April to August, and like those of the preceding
species of the genus, the eggs are white, speckled all over, or near the larger
end with rusty.
709. LaniUS COlly rioideS, Less, in B clangers Voy. Zool. p. 254 ;
Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 220 ; Godw.-Aust., J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 157; Ander-
son, B. Yunnan, p. 646 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 250; Gadow, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. viii. p. 289. Lanius hypoleucus, Blyth, J.A. S. B. xvii. p. 249;
Hume, Str.F. 1874, p. 473, 1875. — The BURMESE SHRIKE.
Forehead, lores, ear coverts and round the eyes blackish ; crown, nape, and
sides of the neck dark ashy ; back, rump, scapulars and upper tail coverts
chestnut; wing coverts brown, edged with ferruginous; tertiaries the same;
primaries and secondaries dark brown, narrowly edged on the outer webs
with whitish ; inner webs of all white at the base ; the fifth to tenth primaries
also with a white spot on the outer web near the base ; the outermost pair
of tail feathers white with black shafts, the next white with a large black
patch on the inner web ; the others black tipped with white ; under wing
CERTHIA. 211
coverts mixed black and white ; iris pale reddish brown ; eyelids plumbeous.
Bill black ; the gape and the greater portion of the lower mandible flesh
colour ; legs plumbeous; claws dark horn colour. (Gates.)
Length. — 7-5 to 8 inches ; wing 3-5 ; tail 4 ; tarsus I ; culmen 07.
Hab. — Burmah and Pegu. Gates says generally distributed over the Pegu
division ; abundant in the Thayetmyo and Prome districts. Procured also at
Rangoon and in Karenne. Found generally in gardens and secondary jungle,
and the outskirts of cultivation. Like the rest of the species of the genus,
makes the telegraph wire and posts serve as a perch from which to swoop on
insects.
Group.— CERTHIOMQRPEUE.
Bill entire, and no I notched.
Family .— GERTRUDE.
Bill either straight and subulate, or slender, long, acute, entire and much
curved ; culmen keeled ; tarsi comparatively short, covered anteriorly with
transverse scutae, except in Tichodroma, in which genus they are nearly fused
together ; sides of the tarsus with one long scutum ; feet large ; toes more
often syndactyle ; hind toe and claw large ; wing and tail variable in size
and structure, the wing with ten primaries.
This family of Tenuirostral or slender-billed Passerine birds are commonly
known as Creepers. They are for the most part adapted to live upon the trunks
and branches of trees, and to feed upon insects which infest the bark. The
form of the bill is either long or short, slender or stout, and capable of pene-
trating very hard substances. They cling with their feet to the perpendicular
surface of trees, resting upon the stiff quills of their tail, and creep from the
base to the summit of the stem, with short jerking movements, searching every
crevice as they ascend. They are divided into Certhiina, or true Creepers,
and Sittin<K-t or Nuthatches, the latter having affinities for the Woodpeckers.
Sub-Family-— CERTHIIN.E.
Bill slender, longer than the head, curved downwards ; wings moderate or
long, ample, rounded ; primaries ten, the first always present, though
generally very short ; tarsus anteriorly covered with transverse scales in Sal-
pornis and Certhia fused together in Tichodroma ; tongue not cleft.
Non-migratory birds of small size.
Gen. Certhia.— £*«.
Bill moderate, slender, slightly curved, entire ; nostrils basal, partially
covered by a vaulted membrane ; wings long, the tip formed by the 3rd to 6th
primaries j tail stiff, the feathers much pointed, generally longer than wing
212 CERTHIID^E.
710. Certhia himalayana, Vig., P. Z. S. 1831, P. 174; Gould,
B. Asia ii. pi. 17 ; Jerd.> B. Ind. i. p. 380, No. 243 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1877,
p. 78; Biddulph, Sir. F. ix. p. 31$; Reid, Cat. B. Prov. Mus. Luckn.
p. 46; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 327. — The HIMALAYAN TREE-
CREEPER.
Above dark brown, each feather centred with pale earthy olive brown ; some
of the feathers of the rump and upper tail coverts ferruginous at the tip ;
greater coverts ferruginous at the base, then dusky black with a light spot ;
quills brown, faintly barred on the outer web for half the length, and a broad
fulvous bar on the inner web ; first four primaries generally unspotted ; tail
brown, with numerous darker brown bars. Bill blackish ; legs brown black;
irides brown.
Length— $'$ inches; wing 2'6 to 27; tail 2-3 to 2-5; bill at front 0-5 ;
culmen 0-65.
Hab. — The Himalayas, from Cashmere to Assam and from Turkestan to
Afghanistan. Recorded from Pushut, Cashmere, Gilgit, Jellalabad, Almorah,
Kumaon, Ranibagh, Peshawar, Simla, Dehra-Doon, Nepaul and Assam.
711- Certhia discolor, Biyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 580; 1847,
p. 864; id., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 317; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 381,
No. 245; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 323. Certhia nipalensis, Hodgs.
(var. ?) apud, Gould, B. Asia, ii. pi. 16 (lower figure) ; teste Hume.
Certhia Stolickzae, Brooks, J. A. S. B. 1873, p. 256 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1877,
p. 78. — The SIKKIM TREE-CREEPER.
Above rufous brown, with diffused pale central spots ; the rump, upper tail
coverts and tail rufous or ferruginous ; tail unbarred ; chin, throat and breast
dull buff ; rest of under parts suffused with yellowish ochraceous ; under
tail coverts rusty ochraceous ; the first four primaries unspotted.
Length. — 575 to 6 inches ; wing 2*5 to 2-6; tail 3.
Hab.— The Himalayas, from Bhootan to Nepaul, extending into Cashmere
and Ladakh. Occurs at Darjeeling, in Sikkim, Nepaul, Bhootan and Ladakh.
712. Certhia nipalensis, Hodgs., Icon. imd. in Br. Mus. pas.
seres, Nos. 289 and 598 ; Biyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 581 ; 1847, p. 864 ;
id., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 317; Gould, B.Asia ii. pi. ID'
(upper figure) ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 381, No. 244; Hume, Sir. F. 1877'
pp. 74-78 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 329. Certhia Mandellii, Brooks^
Sir. F. 1873, p. 256.— The NEPAUL TREE-CREEPER.
Above rufous brown, with well-defined pale central spots of pale fulvous-
white ; rump and upper tail coverts unspotted deep ferruginous ; quills brown,
edged lighter; a pale fulvous bar on the outer webs of most of them, except
the first four. On the inner web the bars become somewhat oblique ; tail
unbarred light ferruginous brown, the central pair of feathers much elongated,
AVIFAUNA OT BRITISH
Tichoch'orruv
SaLporn..l$
TICHODROMA. 213
and longer than the wing ; throat white ; breast pale ochraceous ; flanks and
under tail coverts ferruginous.
Length.^'*) inches ; wing 2-6 to 2-85 ; tail 2-9 to 3'i ; tarsus 0*65 to 0-85 ;
culmen 0-53 to O'6o.
Halt.— Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan and Assam. Recorded from
Nepaul, Darjeeling, Sikkim and Bhootan.
Gen. SalpomiS.— Gray.
Bill long, curved, broadish at base, curved downwards, and laterally com-
pressed beyond the nostrils ; culmen pointed ; tail short and soft, the wing
reaching to the end of it; 1st primary very short; 2nd nearly as long as
3rd and 4th, which, with the 5th, are longest, and form the tip of the wing ;
tarsus covered with transverse scutes.
713. SalpomiS SpilonOtUS (Frankl.\ Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 7 ;
id., Gen. B. i. p. 144; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 382, No. 246; Ball, Str. F. 1874,
p. 397 ; 1876, p. 232; 1878, p. 209; Butter, Sir. F. 1875, P- 4^2; 1876,
p. 37; Swinhoe, B. Cent. India, Ibis, 1884 ; Gadow.> Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii.
p. 330. Certhia spilonota, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 121. — The SPOTTED
GREY CREEPER.
Upper surface of the body dark brown with numerous white spots, the
crown with longitudinal white streaks ; wings with transverse barrings on the
inner webs of the quills; tail except the central pair with 5-6 distinct bars ;
throat and sides of the head pure white ; all the rest of the under parts pale,
buff or buffish white, with numerous dark brown bars ; culmen pale brown.
Length. — 4-8 to 5 inches ; wing 3-5 ; tail 2; tarsus O'6.
Hab.— Central India (Behar, Oude and Bundelkund). ^ . ,
Gen. TicllOdroma. —Illiger.
Bill long and slender, slightly curved, trigonal at base, cylindric in front,
slightly depressed at the tip; nostrils basal, exposed, longitudinal, with a
distinct vaulted operculum ; wings long, ample, the 1st quill well-developed
but short, the 4th and 5th longest ; tail short, rounded, broad and soft ; tarsus
moderate, covered in front with one long scutse ; toes long and slender ;
outer toe syndactyle.
714. Ticliodroma muraria (Linn), Iiliger, Prod. p. 21 1 ; Gould,
B. Eur. iii. pi. 239; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 383, No. 247; Scully, Str. F. 1879,
p. 262 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 332 ; Murray, Zool. Bel. and
South Afghanistan, p. 53. Certhia muraria, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 184.
Tichodroma alpina, Koch., Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 80. Tichodroma subhima-
layana, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 82. Tichodroma nipalensis, Hodgs.
J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 5 8 1. —The RED-WINGED WALL-CREEPER.
214 CERTHIID^:.
Adult male (in winter plumage). Hind neck, mantle and back pale
ashy grey ; upper tail coverts darker ; entire crown of the head grey, strongly
washed with grey brown ; the whole shoulder, edge of wing and the basal half
of the outer web of most of the quills carmine red ; rest of the quills dark
brown with greyish white tips ; second to fifth primary with two large
conspicuous white patches on the inner web ; tail brownish black, the
outer pairs with large subt erminal white patches ; all the feathers with
greyish tips ; sides of the head and ear coverts brownish white ; chin,
throat, sides of the neck and upper part of breast white ; rest of under
surface dark ashy grey ; under wing coverts blackish, edged like the axillaries
with carmine colour; under tail coverts tipped with white. Bill, feet and
claws black; iris brown. (Gadow.) In summer plumage the throat and
foreneck is black instead of white.
Length.— -6-5 to 7 inches; wing 4 ; tail 2-25 to 2-40; oilmen no to 1-38.
Hab. — The Alpine regions of Central and South Europe, Asia and North
Africa, being found in the Alps, Carpathians, in Abyssinia and in the Himalayas.
In Afghanistan it has been procured at Kandahar, also at Sagee and in
Beloochistan in the Zhob Valley, where Captain F. Babington Peile collected
specimens. It is also recorded from Kangra, Kumaon, the banks of the
Ganges and Nepaul. Jerdon says it descends in winter to the Alpine parts of
the Punjab. He saw it frequently near Darjeeling in winter from a level of
2,500 to 5,000 feet. It hunts about for insects in small ravines, on rocks and
on the face^of perpendicular cliffs.
Sub-Family .-SITTING.
Bill slightly longer than the head, nearly straight, subulate and compressed
at the tip ; nostrils in a coriaceous groove, exposed or hidden by the frontal
plumes ; wings long and pointed ; first primary short ; tail short, rounded
or square ; tarsi short, anteriorly covered with transverse scutae.
Nuthatches, like woodpeckers, climb with great facility up, down and around
the trunks and branches of trees, but unlike them do not use their tail to assist
them ; usually they alight on trees with their head downwards, and it is said
they sleep in that position. They feed on insects and nuts of kinds, some
build in holes of trees, and others on the face of perpendicular cliffs. In the
case of S, syriaca, which is common both in Afghanistan and Beloochistan
in the Bolan Pass, the nests are made of mud plaster and cowdung in the
form of a projecting cone with the entrance inclined downwards. All about
the walls, within a radius of 2 or 3 feet, pieces of rag, feathers, &c., are
placed in small chinks, or plastered on to the wall. When breeding in holes
of trees, the holes are cemented till a small entrance is formed.
SITTA. 215
Gen. Sitta — Lin.
General characters same as those of the sub-family ; nostrils covered by
setaceous tufts ; wing with the ist primary short, the 4th and 5th equal and
longest: tail short, even, soft.
715. Sitta nagaensiS, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 44; Gadow,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 344. — The MUNIPUR NUTHATCH.
Crown of the head, neck, mantle, back, scapulars and central tail feathers
pale slaty blue ; quills and wing coverts brownish, the outer webs of the secon-
daries and wing coverts washed with pale slaty blue, all the tail feathers except
the central pair, dark brown with greyish tips, the outer pairs with a subterminal
white patch ; a black stripe from the nostrils through the eye ; chin, cheeks,
coverts and under parts whitish ; the breast greyish white ; entire flanks rich
chestnut red ; under tail coverts with a large white subterminal spot, edged
and tipped with chestnut red ; under wing coverts black. Bill slaty blue ;
iris dark brown ; legs horny fleshy.
Length. — 6 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 175 ; culmen 0*68.
Hab.— Hills N.-E. of Bengal (Munipur).
716. Sitta magna, War dlaw- Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 677, pi.
Ixiii. ; id., Ibis, 1877, p. 465 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 343 ; id. and Dai'., Sir.
F. 1878, p. 201 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 90; Gates, B. Br. Burm. p. 133;
Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 344.— The GIANT NUTHATCH.
Above dark bluish slate colour; a broad (i inch) black stripe from the
base of the bill over the eye to the shoulder ; crown of the head and neck
smoky grey ; wing bluish slate colour, the primaries edged on their outer webs
with bluish slate, except the second, third and fourth, which are slightly
margined with whitish on their outer webs, and the fifth and sixth white at
the base ; under wing coverts greyish brown ; the edge -of the wing jet
black under the shoulder ; tail feathers dark brown, the two central pairs
bluish slate colour, the rest dark brown, the outer pair broadly tipped on the
outer web with white and margined with the same on the inner ; under
surface of the body smoky grey ; the throat and foreneck whitish ; under tail
coverts, vent and thighs brilliant chestnut, each feather of the former tipped
with white.
Length. — 7-3 inches; wing 4-5; tail 27 ; culmen ro ; tarsus 0-95.
Hab. — British Burmah, between Tounghoo and Karennee. Sitta syriaca,
a species without chestnut on the flanks, and with a white throat, is found in
Beloochistan (Bolan Pass), Persia and South Afghanistan, also Turkestan.
717. Sitta himalayensis, Jard. et. Selby, III. o™. Hi. pi. 144 ;
Gould, B. Asia. pt. i., Bp. C. A. r. p. 227 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i.p. 385, No. 248 ;
216 CERTHIID/E.
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 262 ; Gadoiv, Cat. It. Br. Mus. viii. p. 349. Sitta
himalayana, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xix. p. 579; id., Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 190. Sitta nipalensis, HoJgs., J. A. S. B. v. p. 779. — The HIMALAYAN
NUTHATCH.
Above deep slaty blue with a purplish tinge ; below pale rufescent whitish,
deepening and becoming rich rufous, rusty or chestnut red on the sides of
the breast, flanks, abdomen and the whole of the under tail coverts ; a black
band from the nostrils through .the eye to the shoulders ; quills and lateral tail
feathers blackish, the outer two pairs having a large white subterminal patch,
and the basal two-thirds of the central pairs pure white.
The female has the throat, foreneck and upper part of breast, a pale cream
colour. Bill dusky bluish ; changing to fleshy grey towards the base ; hides
dark brown ; legs fleshy grey.
Length. — 4-5 to 4-75 inches; wing 2-7 to 2-9 ; tail 1-45 to r6; tarsus 07.
Hab. — Nearly throughout the Himalayas. Abundant in Sikkim, also about
Darjeeling, frequenting large trees. It has been recorded from Nepaul,
Kumaon, Mussoorie and Bhootan.
718. Sitta neglecta, Wald., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 218;
Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 473; 1875, p. 87; Elwes, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 661;
Blyth, B. Bunn. p. 112; Htime and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 201 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 90; Bingham, Sir. F. 1879, p. 90; id., Sir. F. 1880,
p. 171 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 131 ; Gadoiv, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii. p. 349. —
The BURMESE NUTHATCH.
Whole upper plumage, wing coverts, outer webs of all the quills and the
central tail feathers slate colour; inner webs of the quills dark brown, the
primaries with a patch of white at their bases ; lores and a streak reaching to
the nape black ; chin, throat, cheeks and ear coverts fulvous white ; lower
plumage chestnut, paler on the upper breast ; three outer pairs of tail feathers
black at the base, ashy towards the tip, with a subterminal spat of white on the
inner web; the next two pairs slaty on the outer web and black on the inner ;
the tips of the latter also slaty ; under tail coverts slate colour, broadly tipped
with white ; iris brown ; upper mandible bluish black, lower plumbeous ; legs
and feet dark plumbeous. (Oates.)
Length. — 5-5 inches; wing 3-2 ; tail 17 ; tarsus 075; culmen 073.
Hab.— Burmah, from the Karen hills to Tenasserim. According to Gates,
it is common in the plains of Pegu, and in the Karen hills of the Tonghoo
district. Mr. Davison found it in the northern and central portions of
Tenasserim as far south as the base of Mooleyit mountain. Captain Bingham
states that it is very common in the Thoungyeen Valley, and Captain
Wardlaw-Ramsay procured it in Karenne. Found only in the dry forests ;
usually seen in pairs climbing the trunks and branches of trees, the bark of
which it searches for insects.
SITTA. 217
719. Sitta castaneoventris, Frank!., P. z. s. 1831, p. 121 ;
, and Selby, III. Orn. iii. pi. 145 ; Gould, B. Asia, pi. 9; Jerd.,B.Ind.\.
p. 386, No. 250; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 424 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. viii.
p. 351. Sitta castaneiventris, Bp. C. A. i. p. 227; Hume, Sir. F. 1878,
p. 209. — The FERRUGINOUS-BELLIED NUTHATCH.
Above slaty blue, lighter on the head and neck ; a black stripe from the
nostrils through the eye along the sides of the neck ; lores, cheeks, chin and
upper throat white ; ear coverts and part of the sides of the neck black ; quills
blackish, edged exteriorly with slaty blue and margined on the inner web with
white ; central pair of tail feathers and outer web of the rest slaty blue, the
outermost with a subterminal white patch on the inner web ; under wing
coverts black, a patch of white at the base of the primaries ; under surface of
the body (except the throat which is white) deep cinnamon chestnut ; under
tail coveris bluish grey. Bill horny black, paler at base ; legs plumbeous ; iris
brown.
Length. — 5 to 575 inches; wing 2-85 to 3 ; tail 1-5 ; tarsus 0*7; culmen
075.
Hal— The N.-W. Himalayas, extending into the jungles of Central India.
Jerdon gives Central and Southern India, from the extreme south, to
Rajmahal and Mirzapore. Rare in the damp forests of Malabar ; not so,
however, in the Wynaad, and on the Neilgherry slopes and Mysore.
720. Sitta cinnamomeiventris, Blyih, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 459.
Sitta castaneoventris, Hodgs. in Gray's ZooL Misc. p. 82. Sitta cinnamomei-
ventris, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 93 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 387, No. 251 ; Hume
Sir. F- 1879, p. 263. — The CINNAMON-BELLIED NUTHATCH.
Above ashy plumbeous, lighter on the head and neck ; chin and lores white,
also the cheeks ; neck, breast, abdomen, and lower tail coverts deep bright
cinnamon chestnut in the male, dull rusty in the female ; eye streak from
the nostrils black ; under tail coverts grey at base, broadly edged with cinnamon
brown, each feather with a conspicuous white terminal spot; tail feathers
deep black, tipped with grey, and a subterminal white patch ; central feathers
like the back ; throat cinnamon brown.
Length. — 575 inches; wing 3 to 3*1 ; tail 175; culmen 0'8 to 0*9. The
female has all the under parts vinous brown, or fawn colour.
Hab. — Himalayas, and the Burmese countries. Recorded from Nepaul,
Darjeeling, Bhootan, Tonghoo and Bhamo. Jerdon says he found it in
Sikkim.
721. Sitta leUCOpSiS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1849, P« !I3; #., B. Asia i.
pi. 10; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 585; jfcrd., Ibis, 1872, p. 2O ; Scully ', Ibis,
1 88 1, p. 655. — The WHITE-FACED NUTHATCH.
VOL. II.— 28
218 CERTHIID^E.
Above dark slaty blue ; crown of the head and part of the sides of the
neck glossy black ; quills brown ; central pair of tail feathers like the back,
the others black with greyish tips and with white subterminal patches to the
inner web ; under wing coverts sooty black ; flanks, abdomen and under
tail coverts rich chestnut red ; sides of the head, orbital region and the whole
of the foreneck and breast white. Bill dark horny ; lighter at base of man-
dible ; legs dark lead colour.
Length* — 5 inches; wing 3 ; tail 1*7; tarsus o 75 ; culmen O'8.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas and Cashmere (Gilgit 10,000 feet, and Astor
io;ooo feet).
722. Sitta forinosa, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 938; id., Cat. P.
Mus. As. Soc. p. 189; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 387, No. 252 ; Sclater, Ibis, 1865,
p. 308; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vii. p. 357. Callisitta formosa, Sundcv.,
Av. Meth. Tent. p. 47. — The BEAUTIFUL NUTHATCH.
Above black, variegated with different shades of blue, streaked with
cobalt blue on the head and with azure blue on the back, and with whitish
mixed with lavender on the sides of the neck ; shoulders, lesser wing coverts,
scapulars, lower back, rump and upper tail coverts verdigris blue ; greater
wing coverts and tertiaries black ; quills black, the lower and secondary quills
margined and tipped with white or pale-bluish white ; primaries with narrow
blue edgings ; tail feathers black, edged on the outer web with blue, except
the central pair, which are edged with whitish ; under wing coverts and
edge of wing black, the edge with a white patch ; under surface of the body
light rusty fulvous, paler on the breast and throat. Bill dark horn ; legs
greenish horny ; soles yellow ; irides dark brown.
Length.— 6 to 7 inches ; wing 3-95 ; tail 2-3 ; tarsus 0-85 ; culmen 0-83.
Hal. — Sikkim, in the higher mountains only. Has been obtained at
Darjeeling.
723. Sitta frontaliS (Swains.), Horsf., Tr. Lin. Soc. xii. p 162 ;
Vt'g.y Mem. -Raffl., p. 670; Tick. J. A. S. Beng. ii. p. 579; McLelL, P. Z. S.
1839, P- l65 J Oates, B. Br. Burm, i. p. 134; Gadow, Cat. B. Br., Mus. viii.
p. 358. Orthorhynchus frontalis, Swains,, Zool.Ill. ist Ser., pi. 2. Dendro-
phila frontalis, Swains,, Classif. B. ii. p. 318; Jerd., Mad.Journ. xi. p. 218;
Blythy J. A.S.Beng.xvi. p. 580; Mason, Burmah, p. 280; Jerd., B. Ind.'i.
p. 388, No. 253 ; id., Ibis, 1872, p. 21 ; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 435 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. i. p. 161 ; Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 16 ; Ball, Str.
F. 1874, p. 397 ; Kourdillon, Str. F. 1876, p. 393 ; Fairbank, Str. F. 1877,
p. 399; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 201 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 560;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- 459- Dendrophila corallina (Rich.), Hume, S/r.
F. 1874, p. 473; 1875, p. 89; Sharpe, Str. F. 1876,^436; Anders., Zool.
Exped, Yunnan, p. 633. — The VELVET-FRONTED BLUE-NUTHATCH.
SITTA. 219
A broad band on the forehead and a long supercilium black ; ear coverts
lilac; chin and throat whitish; rest of the upper plumage, including the wing
coverts, fine cerulean blue, with a slight purplish shade ; quills and primary
coverts deep black, edged with blue ; central pair of tail feathers blue, the rest
black, largely tipped and margined with blue ; under wing coverts deep
black ; under surface of the body pale vinous brown. Bill bright cobalt
blue ; legs sienna yellow ; orbital skin lemon yellow ; iris light straw yellow.
Length. — 4*5 to 5 inches ; wing 2-9; tail 17 ; tarsus 07; oilmen 0*65.
Ifa£.— From the Himalayas to Ceylon, throughout the Burmese countries,
Java, Borneo and the Phillipines. According to Jerdon, it is found over the
greater part of India in suitable localities. He found it on the Malabar Coast,
on the summit of the Neilgherries, in Central India, in Goomsoor, and also on
the Himalayas. In Ceylon as well as in Assam, Burmah and Malayana, it is
not uncommon. Gates says it occurs over every portion of Pegu where
there is thick forest, but is commoner on the hills than elsewhere. Davison
found it throughout Tenasserim, and Captain Bingham in the Thoungyeen
valley. The species is generally found in small companies of 5 or 6, affecting
trees and brushwood. They nest during February and March, lay 3 — 4 eggs
of a whitish colour, spotted with red and purple.
Group.— CINNYRIMORPH^E.
Bill long, always pointed and curved ; tongue extensile. No rictal
bristles. Colours metallic.
Family.— NECTARINIID^E.
Bill of various lengths, generally long, always much pointed, and more or less
curved. Nostrils basal, rounded, covered by membrane. Rictal and nasal
bristles wanting ; wings moderate, first primary small ; third to fifth primaries
form the tip of the wing ; tongue long, protractile, and ending in a tube, which
is divided anteriorly ; tarsus anteriorly covered with transverse scales ; hallux
and claws stout
The Honeysuckers, or Sunbirds as they are called, are noted for the
brilliant and metallic splendour of their plumage, and may be said to take
the place in India of the humming birds of America. The principal
ground colours are yellow and green, with the addition of other ornamental
and metallic colours, which are generally, with the pectoral tufts, characteristic
of the male bird. The central tail feathers of many are elongated. The
sexes differ much in colour, the females being dressed in plain yellow, greenish
yellow, or pale fawn yellow. They live chiefly on minute insects, and on the
nectar of flowers. Nests pensile ; eggs generally two, white.
220 NECTARINIID^E.
Gen. Chalcostetha.— Cab.
Bill of moderate length and cuvature ; tail graduated ; feathers of the back
and rump short and metallic coloured ; females plainly coloured.
724. Chalcostetha insignis (yard.), Wald., Ibis, 1870, p. 44;
Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 319; Tweed, t. c. p. 302 ; id., P. Z. S. 1878, p. 621 ;
Hume and Damson, Sir. F. vi. p. 183 ; Shelley, Monog. Nect. p. 87, pi. 30 ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 89 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 13. Nectarinia
insignis, Jard., Monog. Sun-birds, p. 274; Gould., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 663.
Cinnyris macklotti, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 408. Nectarinia pectoralis,
Temm. PL Col. 138, fig. 3. Chalcostetha insperata, Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 320
(footnote). Chalcostetha pectoralis (Temm), Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 319.
— MACKLOT'S SUN-BIRD.
Forehead and crown metallic emerald green ; sides of the head and neck,
nape and upper back dull black; lesser and median wing coverts,
scapulars, lower back, rump and upper tail coverts metallic green, purplish
x>n the latter, according to the light ; tail blue, edged with metallic
green ; wing coverts and quills dark brown, edged narrowly with metallic
green or purple ; chin, throat and upper breast brilliant metallic golden
bronze, or according to light, brilliant purplish blue ; a narrow band bordering
this and the lower breast metallic violet purple ; axillary tufts bright yellow ;
nnder wing coverts and edge of wing black.
The female has the crown and nape ashy brown ; sides of the head, chin,
throat and feathers round the eye grey j upper surface of the body dull olive
green ; tail pale black, all but the central feathers broadly tipped with
white ; quills brown, edged on their outer webs with dull olive green ; under
surface of the body from the breast yellow, paler on the vent and under tail
coverts ; legs and feet black. Bill black ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 5*5 inches ; wing 2fi ? , 2-3 $ ; tail2'i; tarsus O*60; culmen
0-8.
Hob. — Cochin-China and Siam to^ Southern Tenasserim; Malay Penin-
sula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Phillipine Islands. A rare straggler at Malewoon
and Patoe Islands in Tenasserim.
Gen. JEthopyga— Cab.
Bill longer than the head and curved ; the culmen ridged ; nostrils bare,
longitudinal and operculated ; the first primary short, tip of wing formed by
the 3rd, 4th, and 5th primaries ; tail graduated, the centre feathers in the
males projecting far beyond the lateral ones ; in the male, the crown and tail
have metallic colours, and the sides of the head and neck plain.
^THOPYGA. 221
725. ^Ethopyga saturata (Hodgs), Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 103 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 367, No. 23 1 ; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 36 ; Jerd., Ibis, 1872,
p. 17 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 147 ; Shelley, Monog. Nect. p. 33,
pi. II ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus, ix. p. 15. Cinnyris saturata, Hodgs., Ind.
Rev. ii. p. 273; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 192. Cinnyris assamensis,
McClelland, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 157. Nectarinia saturata, Hodgs., J.A. S. B.
xii. p. 976; Blyth, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 316; Gould, B. Asia,
p. !£. — The BLACK-BREASTED HONEYSUCKER.
Crown, occiput, nape, moustache, neck streak, sides of the throat, upper
tail coverts and the central feathers of the tail brilliant metallic violet or steel
blue ; throat, breast, belly in front, lores, ear coverts, sides of the neck, wing
coverts, rump and tail feathers, except the central ones, deep sooty black;
scapulars and inter-scapulars dark maroon ; rump and lower back with a
faint trace of yellow on the feathers, forming as it were a narrow band across
the rump ; flanks, lower abdomen and under tail coverts dull olive yellow ;
axillaries yellowish ; edge of wing black ; under wing coverts white ; the
fluffy pectoral tufts very pale, almost white. Bill black ; legs dark brown ; irides
dark brown.
Length.— -6 inches ; wing 2*10 to 3*0; tail 2-8 to 3-3 ; tarsus O'6 ; culmen
0-85.
The female is dull green above and below, with an ashy tinge on the chin ;
throat and breast rather fulvescent on the vent and under tail coverts ; a pale
yellowish band across the rump.
Hab.—S.-E. Himalayas to Sikkim, Assam and Bhootan. Has been found
in Nepaul, Darjeeling and Somgurh. In Sikkim it is common from 3,000
to 5,000 feet of elevation.
726. .ZEthOpyga Vigorsii (Sylces), Reichb. Handl. Scansorice,
p. 303, No. 707, pi. 586, figs. 39, 79-81 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i., p. 363, No. 226 ;
Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 36; Fair dank, Sfr. F. 1876, p. 255 ; Shelley, Monog.
Nectarinia, pi. 71, p. 23 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br.Mus.ix, p. 18. Cinnyris
Vigorsii, Sykes,P. Z. S. 1832, p. 98; id., J. A. S.B.iii. p. 542 (1834);
J-erd.y Mad. Journ. ix. p. 227 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. iii. p. 543. Nectarinia
Vigorsii, Gould, B. Asia, part 2, pi. 26 (1850). — The VIOLET-EARED RED-
HONEYSUCKER.
Anterior half of crown, upper tail coverts and outer web of inner tail feathers,
also the middle tail feathers, except the outermost pair, metallic green ; nape,
hindneck above shoulders and scapulars a deep sanguineous ; a patch on the
ear coverts and moustachial streak metallic blue, under certain lights ; back
and rump yellow ; foreneck and chest crimson red, mottled with yellow ; ear
coverts and wings blackish brown, also part of the nape ; edge of wing and
centre of breast dusky brown ; under wing coverts and under edge of
quills white ; rest of under parts ashy grey. Bill black ; irides dark brown.
222 NECTARINIID/E.
The female has the under and upper parts dull olive \vith a strong greyish
tinge ; wings and tail brown, the latter with very small light tips to the under
web of the outer pairs of feathers.
Length. — ^ inches; wing 2-13 $ , 2-5 to 2-6 $ ; tail 2 15 to 3 ; tarsus
O'6i ; culmen o'8.
Hub. — The Deccan and Southern India (Madras). Colonel Sykes (accord-
ing to Jerdon) found it inhabiting the lofty trees of the dense woods of the
ghauts, and found the larvse of flies, spiders and ants in its stomach, Jerdon
got a specimen in the Bustar country south-east of Nagpore in thick forest
at about 2,000 feet elevation,
727- -ZEthopyga seherise (Tickeii), Hume, Sir. F. 1877, p. 122;
Shelley, Monog. Ned. pi. 22 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 89; Jerd. B. Lid. i.
p. 364, No. 225. Nectarinia seheriae, Tick., J . A. S. B. ii. p. 577; Waldent
Ibis, 1876, p. 347-348. Cinnyris Miles, Hodgs., Ind. Rev. ii. p. 273; id.,
J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 575. Certhia goalpariensis, Royle, III. Him* Bot. ii.
p. 78, pi. 7, fig. 10. Nectarinia goalpariensis, yard., Monog. Sun-birds,
pp. 230, 267, pi. 26. y£thopyga Milesi, Cab. Mus. Hein. \. p. 103 ; Jerd. B.
Ind. i, p. 362 ; Blyth and Wald., Cat. B. Burm. p. 141 ; Wald., Ibis, 1876,
p. 348; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 28; Anderson, Zool. Yunnan Expd. p. 66l.
The Eastern (par., yEthopyga cara.) ; Cynniris mystacalis (pt.), Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xi. p. 107 (1842). Nectarinia goalpariensis (pt.), Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xii. p. 969 (1843). ^thopyga Miles, Walden, P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 541; id., Ibis, 1876, p. 348; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 419. yEthopyga
Lathami, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 473. ^Ethopyga cara, Hume id. v. p. 71 ;
no/evi. p. 179; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 348; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi.
p. 179(1878); Shelley, Monog. Nectarinidce^. 63, pi. 21; Oates, B. JBr.
Burm, i. p. 316.— The TENASSERTM YELLOW-BACKED HONEYSUCKER.
PLATE.
Adult male.— Anterior half of crown, upper tail coverts and central pair of
tail feathers metallic violet green ; the crown purplish green, the tail dark
green ; hinder part of crown and nape, also the tail and the long fluffy feathers
of the sides of the back olive brown ; quills and wing coverts brown, edged
with olive ; under wing coverts and axillaries and the under lining of quills
white ; lower breast, abdomen and flanks grey, more or less strongly washed
with olive.
Dr. Gadow's observations on the species from the specimens in the British
Museum collection are as follows : —
The amount of olive colour on the under parts varies from olive greenish
or yellowish (^. goalpariensis, Royle, from Kumaon and N.-W. Himalayas) to
a clear pale ashy grey (typical &• Miles, Hodgs., from Nepaul). In
^ETHOPYGA.
223
Assam we have again the olive-bellied form (sE. lalecula, McClelland), and
in Burmah the birds have the nape and hinder part of the crown red like the
mantle, instead of olive brown. (^E. Cara, Hume). Every intermediate form,
however, occurs in Burmah itself, as will be seen from the following table : —
Locality.
Colour of
nape.
Colour of abdomen.
Culmen.Wing, Tail.
In. In. In.
$ Burmah
Olive brown ...
Olive yellowish
•075 2-15 2-55
C Feathers 1
i edged with
| red, with a
($ Burmah
"{ subterminal r
Olive yellowish
o 7C 2' ic 2*£c
narrow olive
line, rest
[ black.
i Assam
Red
Olive orev .
O* 8 2' 2 2' 6
($ Moulmein ..
Red
Pale vellowish orey ...
0*70 2 15 r 8
(*> S Tenasserim
Red
Grey and slightly olive.
0*70 2*00 i* c
$ Bhamo
Brown
0*70 2'OO 2* 4
<$ Rangoon
Red
Greyish olive
O'7O 2*30
$ (3) Kumaon
Brown
Pale orreyish olive ..
O'8C 2'^; 2* 2
£j (6) Nepaul
Brown
Pale ashy grey
O'8o 2* 2 2'35
The two specimens from Bhamo and from Tenasserim have the central tail
feathers remarkably short and of the same length as the rest, and with a deep
blue gloss, the green colour being restricted to the upper tail coverts.
In the specimens from Rangoon the bases of the red feathers of the fore-
neck are whitish yellow ; in the other specimens blackish, or, as in some,
those of the upper throat white, whilst those of the chest and lower throat are
dusky. The above are observations transcribed from Dr. Gadow's Cat. B. M.,
vol. ix., pp. 19-20, and show how the plumage varies in birds from Nepaul,
Tenasserim, Assam, &c.
The female has the upper plumage olive green ; centres of the feathers of
the crown brown ; coverts and quills brown, edged with olive yellow ; tail
blackish, the edges olive and the tips whitish ; lower plumage and the sides of
the head dull olive green.
Legs and feet dark chocolate brown ; upper mandible black ; lores pale
reddish brown ; iris dark brown ; mouth pale salmon colour.
Length.— $ inches j wing 2-15 to 2-35; tail 1*5 to 3'2; culmen 07 to o'S,
224 NECTARINIID^E.
Hal). — From the N.-W. Himalayas, through Nepaul and Assam to Burmah
and Tenasserim. Occurs, according to Gates, commonly throughout Southern
Pegu (from Rangoon up to Pegu), and further North in the hills. In Tenasserim
Davison found it generally distributed, and Captain Bingham met with it in the
Thoungyeen Valley. Its occurrence is recorded from Nepaul, Dehra Doon,
Kumaon, Upper Assam, Bhamo, the Bhootan Dooars, Darjeeling Moulmein
and Rangoon. It frequents flowering trees and shrubs, subsists chiefly on
the nectar or honey found in flowers, but it also seems to consume a consider-
able number of minute insects.
A race of &. -siparaja (^E*. nicobarica, Hume,) is said to be found in the
Nicobars.
728. JEthopyga ignicauda (Hodgs.), Cab. Mus. Uein. i. p. 103,
note (1850); Reich. Handbk., Scansorice, p. 302, No. 705, pi. 585, figs. 3973-
75 ; Jerd.* B.Ind. i. p. 365, No. 228 (1862) ; Wald., Ibis, 1870, p. 36; Jerd.,
Ibis, 1872, p. 17; Shelley, Monog. Nect, p. 45, pi. 15. Cinnyris ignicaudus,
Hodgs* Ind. Rev. ii. p. 273 (1837). Cinnyris rubricauda, Blyth, J. A. S. B.
xi. p. 192. Nectarinia phoenicura, Jard.> Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 242, 270,
pi. 29. Cinnyris epimacurus, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 82. — The
FIRE-TAILED RED-HONEYSUCKER.
Crown of the head, throat and foreneck rich dark shining purple, shaded
laterally with brilliant violet ; lores, cheeks and ear-coverts glossless or sooty
black ; nape, back of neck, hind part of supercilium, centre of mantle and of
back, also the upper tail coverts, outer webs of tail feathers, and entire
lengthened central tail feathers bright scarlet-crimson ; .a yellow band across
the rump and lower back; wings and their coverts dusky, edged .on their
outer webs with greenish olive ; chest bright yellow, washed with scarlet in the
middle ; rest of under surface of the body bright yellow, tinged with greenish
in some. Bill black ; legs brown ; irides brown.
The male in winter plumage is olive green above ; rump and under surface
of body yellow ; chin, cheeks and part of neck blue grey with a greenish gloss ;
breast washed with fiery red ; tail and upper tail coverts intense igneous red.
The female is olive green above, rather brown on the crown and throat ;
rump yellow ; tail washed with rufous and tipped paler ; foreneck, sides of
neck and head dull olive grey ; rest of under parts olive yellow.
Length.— 7 inches; wing 2'2 to 2-25; tail, the middle feathers, 3-9 to 4-2
inches; lateral feathers, 28 to 3 ; culmen 075 to 0-9 ; tarsus 0-63.
Hab. — Nepaul and Assam, also Sikkim, at Darjeeling and Bhootan and
Sylhet. Jerdon says it appears in considerable numbers at Darjeeling during
the month of May, at which time they are then putting on their nuptial
plumage. It is not known where they go to breed, but it is probable they do
so somewhere at the foot of the hills.
Plate 1
'ig 1. sethojrasa iiipaLensiu.
/ETHOPYGA. 225
729. 2Ethopyga nipalensis (Hodg$.\ Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 103
; Jerd. B. Jnd. i. p. 366, No. 229; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 17; Walden, Ibis,
I87o, p. 35 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B, p. 147; Gadow, Cat. B. Bf.
Mus. ix. p. 26. Cinnyris nipalensis, Hodgs., Ind.Rev. ii. p. 273. Nectarinia
nipalensis, Jard., Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 236-238, pi. 27 ; Blyth, J.A. S. B.
xii. p. 974 ; Gould, B. Asia, pi. 27. Nectarinia Horsfieldi, Blyth, J. A. S. B.
xii. p. 975 ; xvi. p. 472. ^thopyga Horsfieldi, Reichb^ ffandbk. Scansdrice,
P- 304 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 37, No. 230 ; Wold., Ibis, 1870, p. 36 ; Shelley,
Monogr. B. Ind. p. 33, pi. 16, fig. 2.— The MAROON-BACKED HONEYSUCKER.
PLATE.
Head, nape, and hindneck, also the upper half of throat, the upper tail
coverts, two lengthened central tail feathers, and the outer margins of the
others brilliantly glossy dark steel green ; outer pairs of feathers with pale
tips ; lores and ear coverts black, the latter glossed with purple ; sides of the
neck and mantle dark glossless maroon-red ; wing coverts, outer webs of the
quills and centre of back olive yellowish ; lower back and rump bright yellow ;
under wing coverts white ; rest of under surface of the body bright yellow ;
chest feathers washed with scarlet ; abdomen|and flanks tinged with olive. Bill
black ; iris and feet dark brown.
Adult female. — Above dull olive green ; crown tinged with greyish ; edges of
tail feathers more yellow ; rump pale olive green ; chin and throat greyish,
passing into olive yellowish on the chest, and becoming still paler and more
yellowish on the flanks and abdomen ; under tail coverts deep yellow ; under
wing coverts and inner margins of quills white ; tail largely tipped with
whitish.
Length. — 5'6 to 5*8 inches; wing 2fi to 2-25 ; tail 2'5 to 2'8 ; tarsus O'6 to
0-62 ; culmen O'8 to 0*9.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas from Nepaul to Bhootan and the Khasia hills.
Extremely common at Darjeeling in gardens in and about the station.
According to Hodgson's notes, quoted by Hume (JVests and Eggs), it begins to
lay in April, and builds a comparatively large, oval, pensile nest, composed of
moss and wool and lined throughout with silky down. The nest is attached to
some leafy twig at an elevation of from 3 to 5 feet from the ground. It
breeds in Nepaul in the central hilly region. Eggs, 2 to 3, moderately broad
ovals, 0'68 x o'43, white, with reddish mottlings towards the large end.
Dr. Gadow's observation in regard to this species is that it is represented in
Western Nepaul and Gurhwal by <ffi. Horsfieldii, which differs only by the
absence of the deep maroon red colour of the mantle, which is olive, like the
rest of the back ; the deep red is, however, still visible on the sides of the lower
neck and between the metallic parts of the hind neck and the mantle.
730. JEthopyga sanguinipectus, Wald., Ann. and Mag. N. Hist.
1875 ; xv. p. 400 ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 402; id. and Dav.t Str. F. 1878,
VOL. II.— 29
226 NECTARINIID^:.
p. 182; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 89; Shelley, Monogr. Nectar., p. 37, pi. 21 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm., i. p. 313 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 27. ^Etho-
pyga Waldeni, Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 51.— The BURMESE YELLOW-B^CKEJ)
SUN-BlRD.
PLATE.
Forehead, crown, nape and hindneck purplish steel blue ; sides of the head
dull black ; sides of the neck, the back, and the shorter scapulars red ; lesser
wing coverts, longer scapulars and a band on the back below and next to the
red deep black ; next this black band another yellow one ; remainder of the rump,
upper tail coverts, and the basal three-quarters of the central tail feathers steel
blue ; remainder of the tail, median, and greater wing coverts and the quills
blackish brown; chin black; throat purplish steel blue ; tipper breast black,
the .lateral feathers tipped with red, remainder of the lower plumage pale
yellow ; the breast streaked with scarlet ; under wing coverts and' axillaries-
yellowish white. (Oates) , .
Capt. Shelley describes the female as having the upper half of the head and
back of the neck olive shaded ashy brown, with the centres of the feathers
rather darker ; back, scapulars, least and median series of wing coverts and the
upper tail coverts olive green ; remainder of the wings dark brown, with the ?
greater series of coverts and the quills broadly edged with" yellowish ;*
across the lowe"r back a band of very pale olive-tinted yellow ; tail brownish
black, the feathers edged with olive, and most of them with whitish tips,
broadest on the outer ones ; on the sides of the head a small black patch in
front of the eyes, beneath which is a nearly white loral band ; chin and throat
pale dusky olive ; chest more olive ; lower breast, abdomen and under ta.il
coverts very pale olive yellow ; thighs brown ; flanks nearly white ; und-er
surface of the wings dark brown. Legs and feet very dark reddish or purplish
brown; bill black ; irides very deep brown. (Davison.)
Length.— 5-5 inches ; wing 2' I ; tail 2-7 ; tarsus O'5 ; culmen 07.
Hab. — Hills of Karenne in Burmah extending to Mooleyit in Tenasserim.
731. JEthOpyga gOUldise (Vigors), Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 103;
Jerd., B. Ind. i.p. 364, No. 227 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 419 ; Stol. jf. A. S.
B. xxxvii. pt. ii. p. 23 ; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 35 ; Jerd., Ibis, 1872, p. 16 ;
Blyth B. Burm. p. 141 ; Shelley, Monog. p. 41, pi. 14; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. \ p. 315; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 28. Cinnyris Gouldia?,
Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 41 ; Gould, Cent. Him. B» pi. 56 ; Ely fa, J. A. S.
B. xi. p. 192. Nectarinia Gouldiae, Jard., Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 233, 269 ;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 974; Gould, B. Asia, pt. 21, pi. 6.— MRS. GOULD'S
HONEYSUCKER.
Forehead, crown, chin, throat and posterior part of the ear coverts coppery
red or burnished purple according to the light ; lores blackish ; a line of feathers
over the lores crimson ; cheeks, sides of the head and neck, entire mantle,
^ETHOPYGA. 227
centre ot back, scapulars and least wing coverts crimson or blood red ; rump
yellpw; upper tail coverts rich purple or violet ; basal three-fourths of the central
. te.il feathers bright purple ; terminal fourth brown ; rest of tail feathers brown
*orblackish with large white tips, and tinged with purplish on their outer webs ;
v wings and greater coverts dark brown, externally edged with yellowish brown
or olive ; lower plumage bright yellow, the breast more or less streaked with
crimson ; sides of the breast crimson ; under wing coverts pale yellow, white
in some. The adult female is like that of JE. nipalensis but with the rump
yellow. Bill black ; legs brown ; irides brown.
flab. — The whole range of the Himalayas as far as the Sutlej ; found in the
hill tracts of Eastern Bengal, Tipperah, Chittagong ; and, according to Blyth,.
Arrakan. Assam, Simla, Kumaon, Sikkim, and Khatee are also given as.
loealities"!\vhere it has been found.
732. JEthopyga dabryi (J. Verr.), Dav. and Oust., Ois. Chine,
p. 80, pi. ii. (1871); Anderson, Zool. Exp. Yunnan, Aves, p. 663; Hume
and Damson, Str. F. 1878, p. 180; Shelley, Monog. Nect. p. 39, pi. 13;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 89; Oates, B. Br. Mus. i. p. 314; Gadow, Cat. B.
• Br. Mus. ix. p. 28.- Nectarinia Dabryi, J. Verr., Rev. et. Mag. Zool. 1867,
vp. 173, pi. ^5. jEthopyga debrii, Wald., Ibis, 1870, p. 35; if. in Blyitts
B\ Burmah, p. 141.— DABRY'S SCARLET HONKYSUCKER.
Forehead, crown, chin, throat and ear coverts metallic purple or lilac,,
according to the light ; nape, sides of the crown,, feathers round the eye, sides
of the. neck, back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts deep crimson ; rump,
bright yellow ; upper tail coverts and basal two-thirds of the central tail
fe"athers metallic purple ; remainder of the tail black, the outer three pairs*
of feathers tipped with dull white ; greater coverts and quills brown, edged
with yellowish green or olive ; breast scarlet, with a patch of metallic purple
on either side ; abdomen, vent, sides of the body and under tail coverts yellow,,
slightly tinged with dusky ; under wing coverts and axillaries whitish.
The female has -the upper plumage olive green, the feathers of the crown
with dark brown centres ; rump pale yellow ; tail brown, edged narrowly with
olive green, the three outer pairs of feathers tipped with dull white \ quills
brown, edged with dull greenish yellow, the whole lower plumage dull pale
green. Legs dark horny brown ; bill dusky black ;. irides deep brown ; iris,
bill and legs brown.
Length.— 57 inches; wing 2*2 to 2*3; tail 2'6; tarsus 0-55; bill from
gape -7.
Hab. — British Burmah, Kachyin hills east of Bhamo on the borders of
China and Karenne at an elevation of 4,000 feet ; also the higher portions of
Mooleyit in Tenasserim. Its habits are quite the same as the other species of
Sun-birds ; frequents large flowering trees.
228 NECTARINIIDjE.
Gen. Cinnyris.— Cm.
Bill longer than the head, strongly curved, and much pointed ; culmen
keeled ; no rictal bristles ; first primary short ; third, fourth and fifth longest ;
tail shorter than the wing ; tarsus covered with transverse scales.
733. Cinnyris asiatica (Lath.), Less., Man. d'Om. ii. p. 36;
Vieill, N. Diet. a" Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 493 ; Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 1 8 1, pi. 57 ;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 566 ; Gadow, Cat. B.Br.Mus. ix. p. 57. Cinnyris
orientalis, Frankl., P. Z. S. 1831, p. 122. Cinnyris currucaria, Sykes, P. Z. S.
1832, p. 98. Nectarinia Mahrattensis, Jard., Monogr. Sun-Birds, pp. 222,
264, pi. 24(1843). Nectarinia asiatica, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. B. p. 224 ;
Gould, B. Asia, pt. 8, pi. 2. Arachnethra asiatica, Reichb., Handb. Scansorice,
p. 295, No. 691, pi. 579; Jerd., B.Ind.i. p. 370, No. 234; Beavan, Ibis,
1865, p. 414; Walden, Ibis, 1870, p. 20; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 151 ; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 396; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 87 ; Armstrong,
tom.cit.-p. 313; Blyth, and Wald., Cat. B. Br. Burmah ; Butler, Str. F.
iii. p. 462 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. ii. p, 190 ; Murray, Hdblt. Zool., &c.,
Stnd, p. 132 ; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 119. Arachnethra intermedia, Hume,
Ibis, 1870, p 436; Jerd., Ibis, 1872, p. 18; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 154. — THe PURPLE HONEYSUCKER.
Summer plumage, — Head, neck, throat, breast, and back glossy greenish
purple ; abdomen purplish black ; tail dull black, faintly white-tipped ; wings
dull black ; a tuft of crimson and yellow feathers on the flanks behind the
axil. In the winter garb, or non-breeding plumage, the upper parts are dull
olive green, beneath yellow ; shoulder and stripe from chin to vent brilliant
glossy violet ; wings and tail dusky. The female is olive grey above and
olive yellow beneath; the breast and throat deep yellow; wings dusky; tail
black. Bill and legs black ; irides reddish brown.
Length. — 4-5 inches; wings 2*25 ; tail 1*5 ; bill at front 075.
Hab. — Throughout India to Ceylon and Burmah ; also Nepaul and Upper
Pegu. Occurs in Beloochistan, S. Persia, S. Afghanistan, South India,
Travancore, the Deccan, Kutch, Karttiawar, Jodhpore, and N. Guzerat- It is
everywhere extremely common, and breeds during June and July, laying two
eggs, which are greenish white, speckled and marked with a deep grey. The
nest is pendulous, usually suspended from the end of the branch of a tree,
and composed of wool, fibres, leaves, grasses, &c., with a hole at nearly the
bottom for an entrance.
734. Cinnyris brevirostris (Blan/.\ Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
ix.p. 59. Nectarinia (Arachnethra) brevirostris, Blanf., Ibis, 1873, p. 86; id.,
East. Persia, ii. p. 220, pi. 14. Cinnyris asiaticus, Shelley, Monog. Nect.
P. 182. Arachnethra asiaticus, Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 119. — The
SHORT-BILLED PURPLE HONEYSUCKER.
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.
Mintern. Bros . lith .
CINNYRIS. 229
PLATE.
Male in breeding plumage. — Upper parts with the sides of the head and
neck very dark glossy metallic green, passing more or less into purple ; in
freshly moulted specimens almost as purple as in Cinnyris asiatica, but
usually much greener ; lores black ; ear coverts with less gloss than the
adjoining parts ; wings and the larger coverts hair brown ; tail feathers black,
with a faint purplish gloss and sometimes, but not generally, with narrow
pale tips ; chin, middle of throat and upper breast rich metallic purple, with
a shade of steel blue, the latter separated by a narrow pectoral band, not always
well marked, of copper red, from the still darker bluish purple of the lower
breast, abdomen and under tail coverts ; on each flank behind the axil is the
tuft of yellow and scarlet feathers characteristic of the group to which this
species belong ; iris brown. Bill and legs black.
The male in non-breeding plumage resembles the female, except that it has
the usual purple stripe from the throat to vent, the rest of the under parts being
pale grey, whilst the wings and tail are rather darker than in females, and
there is a tinge of purple gloss on the smaller wing coverts and rectrices ; the
female is greyish brown above ; quills and wing coverts hair brown, with pale
margins ; tail blackish brown, all the outer tail feathers tipped with whitish,
the amount of white being largest on the outermost feathers, on which it
extends some distance up the outer web ; lower parts greyish white with more
or less pale yellow on the throat and breast ; chin white, also the abdomen ;
cheeks yellowish. (Blanf.) The species is closely allied to C. asiatica ; but
differs in being a little smaller with a considerably shorter bill, 0-53 to o'68
against 0*7 to 0*88 in asiatica, and a green instead of purple gloss on the upper
parts approaching in this respect to C. osea, Bp.
Length. — 4-25 to 4-5 ; wing 2*1 to 2*23 ; tail 1-15 to 1-48 ; tarsus o'6 ; culmen
0-53-
Hal. — Sind, Beloochistan, S. Persia, and the Persian Gulf. Mr. Blanford's
experience is that its favourite resort is the thick tamarisk bushes along the
beds of streams.
735. Cinnyris lotenia (Z/««.), Cuv. Regn. Anim. i. p. 412; Bp.
C. A. i. p. 408 ; Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 177, pi. 56; Gadow, Cat. JB. Br.
Mus. ix. p. 60. Cinnyris politus, VieilL, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxi.
p. 500; Jerd., Madr. Journ. xi. p. 225. Nectarinia lotenia, Jard., Monogr.
Sun-birds, pp. 220-263, pi. 23 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii, p. 978 ; Gould, B As.
pt. viii. pi. in. Arachnethra lotenia, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 105 ; Reichenb,,
Handb. Scansorice, p. 294, pi. 579; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p, 372; Walden, Ibis,
1870, p. 23 ; Holds-worth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 434 j Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 563.
—The LARGE PURPLE HONEYSUCKER,
230 NECTARINIID/E.
Above brilliantly glossed with metallic green and purple ; throat and breast
rich purple ; a narrow bright maroon collar or band below this and the sooty
brown abdomen ; flanks and under wing coverts sooty brown ; pectoral tufts
pure yellow. Bill and legs black ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 5-5 inches ; wing 2-15 to 2-3 ; tail 1*5 ; tarsus 0*65 ; culmen r I
to i '3. The female like that of C. asiatica is silky or greyish white on the
under surface.
Hab,— Southern India and Ceylon. According to Jerdon common along
the Malabar Coast, and the more wooded parts of the Carnatic as about Madras
and other large towns.
736. Cinnyris minima, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p 99; fykes,
J. A. S. B. iii. p. 543 ; Jerd., Madr. Journ. xi. p. 226 ; Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 572 ; Shelley, Monogr. Nee/, p. 143, pi. 46; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
ix. p. 62. Nectarinia minima, Tick., J. A. S. B. ii. p. 277. Nectarinia
minuta, Jard.* Monogr. Sun-birds, pp. 224-265. Leptocoma minima, Horsf.
and Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 742 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 369 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 42 ; id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. i. p. 150; Fairbk.,
Str. F. iv. p. 392. — The TINY HONEYSUCKER.
Entire crown metallic green ; throat metallic violet ; ear coverts and loral
region black; hind neck and sides of neck and a broad collar across
the foreneck and chest, also the back and wing coverts, rich bright sanguine or
blood-red ; rump and upper tail coverts metallic amethystine purple ; no distinct
pectoral tufts', undEr surface of the body pale lemon yellow. In winter
plumage the male resembles the female, but retains invariably the amethystine
rump, and usually a little red about the shoulder of the wing, (flume)
The female is olive brown above, has a red rump, and the under parts are
pale yellowish buff.
Length. — 3*5 inches ; wing 1*9; tail i'2; tarsus 0*52; culmen 0*58.
Hal. — South-Western India and Ceylon. Found on the west coast of India,
also on the Neilgherries to about 3,000 feet elevation, the Malabar Coast and
Travancore.
737. Cinnyris zeylonica (Linn.), Vieill, N. Diet. d:Hist. Nat.
xxxi. p. 507 ; Hahne, Vogt. pt. 7, pi. 4 ; Vieill, Enc. Meth. ii. p. 594 ; Hume,
Str. F. v. p. 270; Cripps, torn. cit. p. 267; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 569; Shelley,
Monogr. Ned. p. 137, pi. 45. Certhia zeylonica, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 188,
No. 23. Nectarinia zeylonica, Jard.t Monog. Sun-birds, pp. 213, 261, pi. 20;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 976; Gould, B. Asia, pt. 19, pi. 40. Lepto-
coma zeylonica, Cab. Mus. Hem, i. p. 104; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 368, No. 232 ;
Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 232; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 232; id. Sir. F. vii.
p. 208 ; Godw.- Austen, J . A. S. B. 1870, p. 267 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs,
Ind. B. p. 147. Nectarophila zeylonica, Rdchb., Handl. Scans, p. 282,
pi. 570, figs. 3885-87.— The AMETHYST-RUMPED HONEYSUCKER.
Plate 2
Cinnyris Minimus
CINNYRIS. 231
Head above and lesser wing coverts bright metallic glossy purplish green ;
upper back, scapulars and median wing coverts maroon brown ; lower back
and upper tail coverts metallic lilac, shaded with blue ; tail brownish black,
the outer feathers paler at the tips, the rest very slightly edged with
metallic violet ; remainder of the wing dark brown ; the greater coverts and
quills edged with rufous brown ; cheeks and ear coverts deep coppery brown,
shading into dull brown behind the ear coverts ; under surface of the body
sulphur yellow ; chin and throat metallic lilac ; sides of the neck and a pec-
toral collar maroon brown like the back ; sides of the body and under wing
coverts white. Bill and legs black ; irides reddish brown.
Length. — 4*1 to 4*5 inches ; wing 2*25 ; tail 1*4$ ; tarsus 075 ; culmen 0-65.
The adult female is ashy olive brown above ; tail black, broadly tipped with
white ; crown ashy grey ; foreneck silky white ; a white eyebrow and a dark
streak through the eye ; chest and centre of abdomen sulphur yellow ; under
tail coverts paler yellow.
Length. — 3*6 to 3*9; wing 2' I.
Hab. — Ceylon, the Indian Peninsula and Assam ; not found in Sind and
theN.-W. Provinces of India, otherwise it is generally spread throughout India,
from the extreme south to Bengal, extends through Dacca into Assam.
Abundant in Madras, Malabar, Mysore, Coorg, Pondicherry, the Carnatic,
Deccan, Singbhoom, Maunbhoon, Kamptee, Sumbulpoor and Khasia hills.
Seen in every garden flying from flower to flower. The species has not much
of a note. Blyth describes it as having a weak shrill chant followed by fre-
quent low chirps analogous to that of Certhiafamiliaris. In Calcutta, as well
as in Madras, many are taken daily with birdlime for sale. It is said to lay at
least twice a year, in February and August, and sometimes in December. The
breeding season, Hume says, is variable. The nests are generally attached
to the terminal twigs of branches, from 10 to 30 feet from the ground. In
shape they are purse-like, with the aperture near the top. According to Mr.
Morgan, the bird often selects a cobweb in which to build its nest, and this is
so ingeniously built, that it is impossible to detect the existence of the nest
unless the cobweb is examined. An average-sized nest is about 5-6 inches in
length and about 3 in. diameter. It is composed of very fine grass or vegetable
fibre, and the inner or egg chamber is lined with feathers or vegetable down,
while the exterior is ornamented with flower buds, lichen, &c. Eggs, two in
number ; in shape and size quite like those of C. asiatica. Hume describes them
as moderately broad ovals, a good deal elongated and usually pointed towards
one end ; the shell is delicate and close grained and almost devoid of gloss ;
the ground colour varies considerably ; in some it is nearly pure white, but
generally it is a dingy greenish or brownish white, much freckled, clouded and
streaked with minute greyish brown or brown markings, which commonly form
an irregular zone round the larger end, and sometimes a confluent cap. In
232 NECTARINIID/E.
others the whole surface is finely and closely speckled so as to entirely conceal
the ground colour,
738. Cinnyris haSSeltii (Temm.\ Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 31;
Shelley, Monogr. Ned. p. 127, pi. 42 ; Sharpe, P. 2. S. 1879, p- 342; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. i. p. 318. Nectarinia hasseltii, Temm. PI. Col. 376, fig 3;
yard., Monog. Sun-birds, pp. 218, 262, pi. 22; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 226, No. 1370; Sclaler, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 220. Cinnyris ruber, Less.,
Traite fOrn. p. 296. Nectarinia Phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 1008.
Leptocoma hasseltii, Cab. Mus, Hein. i. p. 104 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 462 ;
Hume, Str.F. 1874, p. 473. Nectarophila hasseltii, Reich., Hdbk. Scansoricc,
p, 280, No. 650 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 106. Certhia brasiliana, Gm. S.
N. i. p 474. Nectarophilia brasiliana, Walden, Jot's, 1870, p. 41 ; Stol. J. A.
S. B. xxxix. p. 300. Cynniris brasiliana, Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 27. Leptocoma
brasiliana, Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 184. — VAN HASSELT'S HONEY-
SUCKER.
Forehead, crown and nape shining metallic golden green ; sides of the head
and neck and the upper half of the back and scapulars black ; lesser wing
coverts, scapulars, lower back, and upper tail coverts brilliant steel blue with
green and violet reflections ; remainder of the wings black ; tail blue black,
the feathers edged with steel blue ; chin and throat rich metallic lilac,
or amethystine purple ; breast and upper abdomen rich red ; lower abdo-
men, sides of the body, vent, under tail coverts, also the under surface of the
wings, black. Bill and legs black ; irides dark brown or hazel ; eyelids
-plumbeous.
Length. — 4 inches; wing 1-9; tail I'2; tarsus 0*5 ; culmen 0'$.
The female has the forehead and crown grey, the feathers dark centred and
edged with green ; rest of the upper plumage with the lesser wing coverts and
scapulars pale greenish yellow ; the feathers of the rump, upper tail coverts,
lesser wing coverts and scapulars darker centred ; greater coverts dark brown,
edged with greenish ; quills dark brown, edged exteriorly with cinnamon ;
throat yellowish white ; feathers round the eye, the lores, ear coverts, sides
of the neck and upper breast dull greenish yellow ; lower breast, abdo-
men, vent and sides of the body pure yellow ; under wing coverts yellowish
white; under tail coverts paler; tail black, edged near the base with cinnamon
and tipped with white, the outermost pair entirely whitish. Bill and legs
black ; irides brown.
Length. — 3*5 inches; wing 1*75 ; tail ri ; tarsus 0*5 ; culmen 0*5.
Hab. — Hill Tipperah and Chittagong, Arracan, Southern Burmah, Tenas-
serim, the entire Malay Peninsula, and the Islands of Sumatra, Java and
Borneo. It is sparingly distributed over most parts of British Burmah. Blyth
received it from Arracan, and it has been frequently met with by Gates in Pegu
in the neighbourhood of that town, and also at Kyeikpadien. Davison got it in
Tenasserim, from Moulmein down to Malewoon. Gates says it is found
CINNYRIS. 233
chiefly in open jungle and gardens, wandering about from shrub to shrub.
The nest is suspended from the end of a twig by a cord of bark fibres 2-5
inches in length, at the end of which it swells gradually into the shape of a
pear with an oval aperture at one side near the top. Eggs, two in number,
072 x 0-50, a nearly uniform oval. Colour white, clouded with a greyish
zone towards the large or obtuse end, and thickly striped longitudinally with
irregular rufous brown bands.
739- Cinnyris flammaxillaris (Blyth), Bp. C. A. i. p. 408,
No. 45 ; Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 161, pi. 51 ; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p.
320. Nectarinia flammaxillaris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 557 ; xv. p. 370
(1846). Arachnethra flammaxillaris, Wald., P. Z. S. 1866, p. 541 ; id., Ibis,
1870, p. 24; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 154; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 141;
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 313; Oa/es, Sir. F. v. p. 148; vii. p. 40; Hume
and Davison, S/r. F. vi. p. 192 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 83.
Cinnyris andamanicus (Hume), Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 157, pi. 50.
Arachnethra andamanica, Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 404 ; id., Str. F. 1874,
pp. 60, 105, 109, 198. Arachnethra frenata, Ball, J. A. S. B. xli. p. 280.—
The BURMESE YELLOW-BREASTED HONEYSUCKER.
Forehead, crown, sides of the head, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail
coverts greenish brown ; tail black, the centre feathers narrowly tipped with
white, the others progressively with larger white tips ; chin, throat and breast
rich metallic purple, bordered by rich steel-blue below the breast ; a band of
orange red and another black and broader one below it ; axillaries flame
red ; abdomen, sides of the body, vent and under tail coverts yellow ;
wings and coverts brown, edged with greenish brown ; under wing coverts
yellowish white, edge of the wing bright yellow.
The female has the upper plumage, wings and tail like the male, but the
lower plumage is entirely yellow. Bill and legs bluish black j irides light
brown.
Length. — 4-5 inches; wing 2- 1 ; tail i'4; tarsus 0*55 ; bill from gape O'8.
(Oa/es.)
Hab. — The whole of British Burmah. Recorded from Arracan by Blyth
and Dr. Cantor. Lieut. Wardlaw-Ramsay collected it at Rangoon, Pegu and
in the Tonghoo hills. Gates also met with it in Pegu, and Capt. Beavan secured
it at Kyodan, and on the Salween river. It extends down the Malay Peninsula
and ranges into Siam and Cochin-China, in which latter country Dr. Tiraud
states that it is most abundant. Gates, in his Birds of Burmah^ says it is
perhaps the best known of all the Sun-birds in Burmah, for it is a most
familiar and fearless little bird. It is quite often seen hovering about
flowers growing close to the verandah of a house as well as in the forest, and
is generally found in pairs. It secures nectar from the flowers, either by
poising itself in the air, or by perching quite close to the flower and bending-
VOL. II.— 30
234 NECTARINIID^E.
over its head. The male during the dry weather, Gates says, has a jubilant
song, and when singing it perches itself on the top-most branch of a bamboo
clump or tree. The nest is a beautiful pear-shaped structure, six or eight
inches in length, with a small circular hole about the centre for an entrance*
This hole is overhung by a portico, projecting an inch or more from the body
of the nest. The materials used are fine grasses; and the exterior of the
nest is covered with cobwebs, to which are attached pieces of bark, dead
leaves and cocoons in such a way that it is most difficult to discover the nest,
which is usually suspended from the tip of a low branch quite near the
ground. The eggs are two in number, and are greenish white, marked with
greyish ash,
I have followed Dr. Gadow in uniting with this species the Andaman race,
C. Andamanicus, which differs from it only in the slightly longer bill and in
the paler colouration of the breast and axillary tufts, and in the less extent of
the non-metallic breast band. Another closely allied species is Cinnyris
pectoralis, found in the Nicpbars and the Malayan Peninsula. It has the
foreneck and cheeks metallic blue, with a purple or greenish gloss, and
wants the superciliary streak. The pectoral tufts are gamboge yellow, and the
loral and preocular region black, all the other parts are as in flammaxillaris
and andamanica.
Gen. Arachnothera.— Temm.
Bill very long, moderately curved, either rounded or keeled, the base broad
and somewhat three-sided ; tip entire ; nostrils basal, small, longitudinal,
covered by a membrane, operculated laterally in the form of a slit; nasal
bristles none ; wings long ; the first primary short ; tip of wing formed by the
third, fourth and fifth primaries, which are longest. Tail short, about half the
length of the wing, broad, and even ; tarsus covered with scales, which are
often fused into one ; legs large and strong ; plumage of back and rump
often long and fluffy. Males generally with pectoral tufts.
74O. Arachnothera longirostris (Lath), Temm. PL Col.
pi. 388, text; Lesson, Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 32 ; id., Traite d'Orn. i. p. 292 ;
Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. pp. 222, 347 ; Bp., C. A. i. p. 409; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. vi. pp. 174, 507 (1878) ; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 35 ; Shelley,
Monogr. Nect. p. 357, pi. 114; Hume and Dav. , Str. F. 1878, p. 330;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 330; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 330. Certhia
longirostra, Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 299. Cinnyris longirostris, Vieill, N. Diet.
d'Hist. Nat. xxxi. p. 504. Arachnothera affinis, Blyth, (nee. Hors/.), J. A,
S. B. xv. p. 43. Arachnothera pusilla, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. S. B.
App. p. 328; Jerd.y B. Ind. i. p. 361, No. 224; Beavan, Ibis, 1867,
PP. 322, 334 5 Ball, Str. F. 1873, p. 64 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 473 ; 1875,
p. 85 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 140 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 103.— The
LITTLE SPIDER-HUNTER.
ARACHNOTHERA. 235
Upper surface of the body olive, more yellow on the back and scapulars ;
crown dark brown, with olive edges to the feathers ; wings dark brown, the
lesser and median coverts olive or broadly edged with that colour ; greater
series of coverts and the quills with broad olive yellow margins to their outer
webs ; tail brownish black, the feathers margined with oHve and with white
ends, broadest towards the outer feathers ; sides of the head ashy brown, with
a space in front and beneath the eye and a very light eyebrow white ; a dark
loral band, chin and throat white ; breast,, abdomen and under tail coverts
bright yellow ; pectoral tufts deep chrome yellow ; under surface of the wings
brown, with the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white ;, upper
mandible black ; lower mandible as well as the legs and feet leaden grey ;
irides dark brown.
Length. — 575 to 6-5 inches; wing 2-8 ; tail 1-9 ; tarsus 07 ; oilmen 1-65.
The adult female is similar in plumage to the male, except that the pectoral
tufts are absent.
Hab.— South India, Bengal, Tipperah, Chittagong and Arracan hills;
also Tenasserim and southern portion of the Malay Peninsula, the Andaman
Islands and the islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Celebes. It has been
found also in the Wynaad and in parts of Mysore and Travancore, also on the
Neilgherries and the Malabar Coast. Shelley, quoting Hume and Davison,
says that in the southern portion of the Indian Peninsula, it has been obtained
from Kotagherry and other localities in the Neilgherries, but it is not so
abundant as in Tenasserim, where it is the most widely-spread Spider Hunter
and frequents the plantain gardens. It clings upside down to the purple bract-
leaves of the young plantain bunches, with its head turned up inside the bract
to suck the nectar from the flowers »
741. Arachnothera magna (Sodgs.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1848-,
p. 981 . ; 1846, p. 43; id., Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 221 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. ii.
p. 106 ; Reichb., Handb. Scansorice, p. 3 i6> pi. 593, fig. 4023 ;. Jerd., B. Tnd.
i. 360; Godwin- Aust., J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 98; Hume, Str. F. 1874,
p. 473 ; 1%7S> p- 85 ; Blyth and Wald., B, B'urm. p. 140 ; Wald., Ibis, 1846,
P- 3O7 5 Shelley, Monogr. Ned. p. 347, pi. 1 12, fig. i. ; Gammie, Sir. F. v*
p. 385 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, pp. 173, 507 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879-,.
p. 89; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 327; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Hits* ix. p. 105.
Arachnothera aurata, Blyth, y. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 478; Hume, Str. F. 1875,
PP- J5> 85; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 410; Shelley, Monogr. Nect.
p. 351, pi. 1 1 2, fig. 2; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1879, P- ^95 Oates, B. Br.
Burm. i. p. 328. — The LARGE SPIDER-HUNTER.
FIG. at p. 212..
Forehead and crown olive yellow, each feather with a large black patch in
the centre ; lesser and median wing coverts the same ; remainder of the upper
236 NECTARIN1ID/E.
plumage olive yellow with distinct broad black shaft -stripes ; greater wing
coverts and tertiaries olive yellow with black shafts ; primaries and secondaries
dark brown margined with olive yellow ; tail olive yellow, each feather with a
band near the end, followed on all but the centre pair by a lighter patch of
pale yellowish ; sides of the head like the back, but paler ; the entire under
plumage pale yellowish, each feather with a broad streak of black. Bill
black ; iris brown ; leg orange yellow ; claws yellow.
Length. — 7 inches; tail 2; wing 37 ; tarsus O'8 ; bill from gape i'8. The
female is smaller.
Hab. — Nepaul, Sikkim, Assam, Khasia hills, Chittagong, Arracan, south-
ward to Pahpoon, Tenasserim, Burmah and Pegu. Common in the Arracan
and Tenasserim divisions, also in the Thoungyeen Valley. Abundant over
many portions of Pegu (A. attrala), especially in the evergreen forests of
the Pegu hills in the northern portion of the division. In both Sikkim and
Nepaul, it is extremely common in the hills and valleys from an elevation of
about two to five thousand feet, descending in the winter, when it is found
as a straggler in the Dears and Terai. It breeds in Sikkim during May,
building an excessively massive, deep cup-shaped nest, composed of vegetable
fibre densely felted together, externally intermingled with portions of fine
skeleton leaves and internally lined with soft grass. The nest is said by Mr.
Gammie to be a neat structure usually suspended from about the middle of the
under surface of a large plantain leaf, by numerous threads of plantain stem fibre
attached to rather more than half the rim of the cup put through the blade of the
leaf and knotted on the upper side. Eggs, 3 in number, moderately elongated
ovals, considerably pointed and compressed towards the small end. The shell
is fine and compact and has a very fair amount of gloss. The ground is a
drab or sepia brown with occasionally a decided purplish tinge, and they are
minutely stippled and speckled all over, but most densely so about the large
end, with a deep purple which is almost black. In length they vary from
0-85 to 0-91 inch, and in breadth from 0-62 to 0-63. .
742. Arachnothera modesta (By ton), Biyth, J. A. S. B. xii.
p. 981 ; xv. p. 43 (1846) ; id., Cat. B. Must As. Soc. p. 222 ; Bp. C. A. i.
p. 410; Stol.,J.A. S. B. xxxix. p. 302; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 473;
1875, p. 85 ; Biyth, B. Burnt, p. 140 ; Hume and D civ., Sir. F. vi. pp. 176,
507; Shelley, M&nogr. Nect. p. 353, pi. 113, fig. I ; Oates, B. Br. Burrn.
p. 329 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 107. Anthreptes modesta, Eyton,
P. Z. S. 1839, p. 105. — The GREY-BREASTED SPIDER-HUNTER.
Upper surface of the body yellowish olive ; the centres of the feathers of
the forehead and crown more dusky with black shaft stripes ; wings of the
same colour as the back, with the inner webs of the greater coverts and
quills brownish black ; tail yellowish olive with a broad terminal band, and the
inner webs of all but the two centre feathers black, and having a clear white
ARACHNOTHERA. 237
subterminal spot on the inner webs of the four outer feathers on each side ;
sides of the head yellowish olive, shaded with ashy grey in front of the eyes
and on the lower portion of the cheeks and ear coverts ; under parts pale
olive shaded with ashy ; the feathers on the lower half of the throat with rather
indistinct dusky brown shaft-stripes ; under tail coverts dusky-olive broadly
edged with pale buff ; under surface of the wings dark brown ; upper mandible
black, the lower one reddish horn colour ; iris brown.
Length. — 6-5 to 7 inches ; wing 3-3; tail v\ ; tarsus 07 ; culmen 1-4.
The female is similar in colour but a little smaller.
Hab. — Tenasserim from the extreme south up to the north-west spurs
of Mooleyit mountain, extending down the Malay Peninsula. Found also in
the islands of Sumatra and Java.
743. Arachnothera chrysogenys, Temm., PL Col 388, fig. i ;
Diet. Class xv. p. 512; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 981 • xv. p. 43; Bp.
Consp. Av. i. p. 410; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 106; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875,
p. 107; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, pp. 85, 319; Sharpe* Ibis, 1877, p. 18; Tweed. ,
torn. cit. p. 301 ; Shelley, Monogr. Nee/, p. 365, pi. 117 ; Hume and Dav.,
Sir. F. vi. p. 177 ; Sharpey Ibis, 1879, p. 261 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
p. 331; Gadowy Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 108. Cinnyris longirostra, Horsf.t
(nee. Lath)., Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 169. Cinnyris chrysogenys, Less , Man*
d'Orn. ii. p. 31.— The LESSER or YELLOW-EARED SPIDER-HUNTER.
Upper surface of the body uniform dark olive green, with a yellowish tinge
on the wings and the tail ; space in front of and below the eye without
feathers ; a broad supercilium and the front of and lower half of the ear
coverts bright yellow ; remainder of the ear coverts olive ; throat and front of
the chest olive yellow, broadly but indistinctly streaked with yellow and dusky
olive ; under surface of the body and the under tail coverts bright yellow
slightly shaded on the sides with olive ; under wing coverts buff mottled with
whitish. Legs and feet fleshy white ; the bill darker horny brown ; the edges
of both mandibles to near the tip dirty yellow.
Length. — 6 to 7 inches; wing 3-5 ; tail 1-7; tarsus 075 ; culmen 1-65.
Hab. — Tenasserim from Mergui down to Malewoon, where Davison found it.
It ranges down the Malay Peninsula, and is found in the islands of Sumatra,
Java and Borneo. Common in Cochin China. According to Dr. Tiraud,
Mr. Davison, who got this species in Tenasserim, says of it that it affects gardens
more than any of the other species, less so about cocoanut groves and forest
trees.
Gen. AnthothreptOS.— Swains.
Bill shorter than or equal to the rest of the head ; culmen and gonys rather
straight ; nostrils basal, operculated, exposed ; first primary short ; tip of wing
formed by 3rd, 4th and 5th primaries ; tail square or slightly rounded, shorter
238 NECTARINIID^E.
than the wing ; tarsus covered with scales, males with metallic colours, and
sometimes with pectoral tufts.
744. Anthothreptes hypogrammica (S. Mull.), Bp. Consp.
Av. i. p. 409, No. 2; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 461, No. 186; Hume and
Dav., S/r. F. vi. p. 178 (1878) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 260; Shelley, Monogr.
Nect. p. 305, pi. 98; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 90; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
p. 323. Nectarinia hypogrammica, .S" Mull., Natural Gesch. Lands en Vol~
kenk, p. 173 ; Low, Sarawak, p. 410; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 125,
No. 1364; Gadow, Cat.B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 113. Anthreptes nuchalis, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xii. p. 980 (1843). Arachnethra hypogrammica, Walden, Ibis,
1870, p. 30. Arachnethra macularia, Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 381. — The
BANDED SUN-BIRD.
Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the head and neck, back, scapulars and
wing coverts yellowish olive ; a collar on the back of the neck, lower back,
rump and upper tail coverts steel blue ; quills dark brown, broadly edged
with olive yellow; tail -dark brown, the feathers narrowly edged with olive
yellow, and the two or three outer ones on each side tipped with white ;
under surface of the body pale yellow, rather whitish on the chinr and each
feather with a broad olive brown band down the centre, forming broad streaks
on the chin, throat, breast, abdomen and sides of the body ; vent, flanks and
under tail coverts uniform olive yellow; under surface of the wing dark
brown, the inner margins of the quills and the coverts white. Bill black ;
legs greenish brown ; irides brown.
Length. — $•$ to 5-6 inches; wing 2'6 ; tail 2*1 ; tarsus 065 ; culmen 0-75.
The female is a little smaller than the male, and has the same plumage,
except that the entire upper parts are yellowish olive with no metallic or steel
blue feathers.
Hab. — Southern Tenasserim, ranging down the Malayan Peninsula,
to Sumatra and Borneo. Davison found it in the extreme south of Tenasserim,
where, Gates says, it appears to be only a straggler. Miiller found it in
Sumatra and Borneo ; it has also been got by Cantor at Penang. According
to Hume and Davison's notes it is found in Tenasserim only to the south-
ward of Mergui ; thence it occurs, though everywhere a rare bird, southward
to Johore and Singapore. The same indefatigable labourers in the cause of
this branch of Natural History observes that in all its habits, mode of flight and
voice it is closely allied to Anthothreptes malaccensis, being more of an insect-
eater, than a honey-feeder, but unlike it, it affects forests and not gardens
except occasionally.
745. Anthothreptes simplex (S. Hull.), Hume, Str. F. iii.
p. 319, No. 232 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, P- !^ ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 188 (1878) ; Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 309, pi. loo ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
ANTHOTHREPTES. 239
p. 324 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 114. Nectarinia simplex, S. Mull.
Natuurl. Gesch. Land-en. Volkenk. p. 173. Nectarinia frontalis, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 558 (1845). Arachnethra simplex, Walden, Ibis, 1870,
p. 31. Anthreptes xanthochlora, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 320. Arachnophila
simplex, Salvad., Nect. Born. p. 172; Tweed., Ibis, 1877, p. 301. — The
PLAIN-COLOURED SUN-BIRD.
Forehead metallic green or blue black ; rest of the upper plumage, includ-
ing the wing coverts, olive yellow ; tail deeper yellow ; quills brown, edged with
olive yellow ; feathers in front of the eye dusky ash colour ; cheeks and ear
coverts olive, tinted with ashy ; chin, throat and foreneck greenish ashy ; rest
of lower plumage dull oily yellow ; pectoral tufts sulphur yellow ; under
surface of the quills ashy brown ; under wing coverts white, washed with
yellow. Bill blackish brown ; base of mandible pale.
Length. — 4-65 inches ; wing 2-45 ; tail 2 ; tarsus 0-65 ; culmen 0-55.
The adult female is similar in plumage, but without the metallic forehead or
pectoral tufts.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, from Mergui, Southern Tenasserim to Singapore ;
also Sumatra and Borneo. Nothing is known of its habits.
746. Anthothreptes phcenicotiS (Temm.), Gadoiv, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. ix. p. 121. Nectarinia phoenicotis, Tern., PI. Col. 108, fig. i, 388, fig. 2.
Cinnyris phoenicotis, Less.) Man. d' Orn. ii. p. 38 ; id., Traite d'Orn. i. p. 298.
Anthreptes phoenicotis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 979 ; Shelley, Monogr.
Nect. p. 326, pi. 105. Chalcoparia singalensis, Cab. Mus. Hein i. p. 103 ;
Reichb., Handbk. Scansorice, p. 304; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 86; Armstrong,
Str. F. 1876, p. 313. Chalcoparia phoenicotis, Bp. C. A. xxxix. p. 265 ;
Blyth and Walden, B. Burm. p. 142; Tweedd ale, Ibis, 1877, p. 303. An-
threptes singalensis, Wald., P. Z. S. 1866, p. 543 ; Hume, Str. F. 1877, p. 28 ;
Dates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 326. Chalcoparia singalensis, Wald., Ibis, 1870,
p. 48; Hume and Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 189; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 90. — The RUBY-CHEEKED SUN-BIRD.
The whole upper plumage rich metallic green, including the least and
median series of wing coverts and broad margins to the greater wing coverts
and tail feathers ; remainder of the wings and tail black ; the quills more or
less glossed with metallic violet on their outer webs; sides of the head includ-
ing the upper eyelid ruby-copper, margined beneath by a band of metallic
lilac shaded with steel blue ; lores blackish ; chin, throat and fore part of the
chest fawn-colour or ferruginous buff ; abdomen, sides of the body, vent and
under tail coverts yellow ; under wing coverts pale yellow. Bill black ; gape
orange yellow ; mouth yellow ; iris lake red ; legs yellowish green.
Length. — 4*2 to 4-4 inches; wing 2-1 ; tail r6; tarsus 0*65 ; culmen 0-5.
240 NECTARINIID^:.
The female is slightly smaller; the upper plumage and the lesser wing
coverts are olive green ; ear coverts and cheeks slate colour ; greater coverts
and wings dark brown, edged with yellowish green ; tail brown, also edged
with yellowish green ; the lower surface of the body yellow.
Length.— $6 inches ; wing 2 ; tail I 6; tarsus 0 6.
Hab.— Bhootan, Assam, Sylhet, Tipperah, Arracan, Southern Pegu, Tenas-
serim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. According to Hume
and Davison's notes, the most northern point from which this beautiful
Sun-bird has been obtained is the Bhootan Dooars ; thence it stretches
southward along the Brahmapootra, and eastward across into Assam,
the Khasia hills, Dacca, Chittagong and Pegu, avoiding, however, the
dry northern portion of the latter province, but being common enough
about Rangoon and the neighbourhood of Sittang in southern Pegu,
where Gates found it breeding from May to July or August. He says, " the
nest is hung from the tip of a branch, sometimes not far from the ground ;
at other times high up in a mango tree. It is always well protected by leaves,
and is a beautiful pear-shaped structure, constructed in most cases entirely
of black hair-like fibres, and ornamented exteriorly with cocoons, pieces of
bark and small twigs. The eggs, two in number, are pinkish white, marked
with brown and purplish brown. Except when breeding it is found generally
in small troops traversing the low bushes with a low twitter, and searching the
leaves for minute insects. At other times it frequents flowering trees and
shrubs, and parasitic plants, and is found in gardens as frequently as in
jungles.
747. Anthothreptes malaccensis (Scop.)> Cab. Mus. Hem, i.
p. 104 ; Blyth and Wald., B. JBurm. p. 142 ; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 348.
Anthreptes malaccensis, Reichb., Handbk. Scansorice, p. 305, pi. 588; Wald.,
Ibis, 1870, p. 47 (pt.)j Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 473; Shelley, Monogr. Nect.
p. 316, pi. 101, fig. 2; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 186; Hume, Str.
F. 1879, p. 90 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 324. Anthreptes celebensis,
Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 319, pi. 103, figs. 2 and 3. Certhia malaccensis,
Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr., ii. p. 91. Nectarophila malaccensis,
StoL, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 301.— The MALACCAN BROWN-THROATKD
SUN-BlRD.
Forehead, crown, nape, back and sides of the neck metallic green or coppery
red according to the light; lower back, rump, upper tail coverts and the lesser
wing coverts rich metallic violet ; median series of wing coverts, edges of the
greater coverts and a portion of the scapulars maroon brown ; remainder of
the wing dark brown with olive edges to the feathers; tail bluish brown, the
feathers edged with metallic violet and green ; lores and sides of the head dull
greenish yellow ; a stripe from the gape down the sides of the throat coppery
ANTHOTHREPTES. 241
purple ; chin and throat cinnamon or maroon brown ; lower plumage rich
yellow tinged with greenish on the flanks and vent ; under wing coverts and
auxiliaries yellowish white. Bill dark brown; iridesred; legs yellowish green.
Length. — $ inches; wing 2'6 to 27; tail r8 to 1*9; tarsus of6; bill from
gape o-8 ; culmen O'65.
The female has the upper parts olive green ; wings and tail dark brown, the
feathers edged with olive yellow ; under surface of the body yellow, paler on
the chin, and washed with olive on the throat and sides of the body ; tail brown,
tipped very narrowly with whitish and edged on the outer webs with yellowish
green.
Hab. — Arracan, Southern Burmah, Siam, Cambodia, the Malay Peninsula
and the Island of Penang ; Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Flores, Labuan, Palawan
and Celebes. Tenasserim is also given as a locality where Mr. Davison met
with it from Amherst downwards. South of Mergui along the western coast of
the Malay Peninsula to its extremity at Singapore it is said to be one of the
most common of all the Sun-birds, occurring in large numbers in every
garden. Both this and A. hypogramtmca, according to Hume and Davison,
differ in their habits from the more typical Sun-birds, feeding as they do more
largely on insects. According to Captain Shelley, the nest of this species is
oval in form, with a hole at one side near the top. It is loosely constructed of
cocoanut fibres, shreds of bark and a few dead leaves, which bind together the
white silk-like down of some plant seeds, giving consistency to the structure,
but not specially forming the lining.
Family— MELIPHAGID^E.
Bill variable in length, but always with a prominent culmen, broadened
out at the base, curved, and almost always with a slight notch ; maxilla
serrated. Nostrils basal, situated in a large unossified groove which is quite
soft and membranous, either longitudinal and with a well-developed coriace-
ous operculum, or oval, and situated in front of a coriaceous groove ; never
entirely covered with feathers. Tongue protractile, bifid, each half broken up
into numerous stiff horny fibres, so as to form a brush ; wings, tail and tarsus
variable in shape and length, plumage greenish or greenish yellow ; in the
MyzomelincR red, generally nude wattles on the ears or cheeks or round the
eye. (Gadoiu.)
This family is divided by Dr. Gadow into three sub-families, viz., i, Myzo-
mdincB ; 2, Zosteropina ; and 3, Meliphagine ; three species of the second of
which only are known in India.
Sub-family— ZOSTEROPIN^E.
Bill shorter or equal to the length of the head ; a ring of whitish feathers
round the eye ; ist primary absent or very short.
VOL. II.— 31
242 MELIPHAGID^E.
Gen. Zosterops— Vtg.
Bill of about the same length as the head, wide at base, somewhat conic,
acute at the tip and slightly but distinctly notched ; culmen slightly curved ;
rictus smooth ; eyes surrounded by close-set minute white feathers ; nostrils
longitudinal exposed ; wings moderate ; 1st primary extremely short; some-
times absent ; 3rd and 4th primaries longest and forming the tip of the wing ;
tail short, even ; tarsus moderate, covered in front with a few scales ; toes
strong ; outer syndactyle.
748. Zosterops palpebrOSa (Temm.), Blyth, J. A. S B. xiv.
p. 563; Bp., Consp. Av. i. p. 398; Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. 121 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind ii. p. 265, No. 631 ; Stol, J. A. S. B. xxxvii. p. 51 ; Beavan, Ibis,
1868, p. 82; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 57; Holdsw., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 458;
Hume, Nests and JEggs, Ind. B. p. 397 ; Cock, and Mar-sli. Sir. F. 1873,
p. 356; Adams, t. c. p. 384; Hayes, Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 412; Legge, Ibis,
1874, p. 22; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 417; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 143;
Brooks, t. c. p. 252; Butler, t. c. p. 491 ; Blyth and Wold, B.Burm.^. HO;
Fairbk., Str. F. 1876, p. 260; id., 1877, P- 4°7 J David and Walden, Sir. F.
1878, p. 84 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 42, ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 582 ; Hume,
Str.F. 1879, p. 104 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 69 ; Butler, t. c. p. 413 ; Hume,
t. c. p. 413 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 165 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 174. Sylvia palpebrosa, Temm., PL Col. 293, fig. 3 (1824). Zosterops
Madraspatensis, Jerd., Madr. Journ. xi, p. 7. Zosterops nicobarica, Blyili,
J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 563. Zosterops simplex, Sivinh., Ibis, 1861, p. 331;
Gould, B. Asia, part xxiii.; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 403; id., Str. F.
1879, p. 104. Zosterops nicobariensis, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 242 ; 1879,
p. 104. Zosterops palpebrosa- nicobariensis, Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 291. —
The WHITE-EYED TIT.
Head, nape, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts siskin green,
yellowish on the upper tail coverts ; chin, throat and upper breast canary
yellow ; eyes with a circle of whrte feathers ; lower breast, abdomen and flanks
white with a bluish tinge ; vent, under tail and thigh coverts yellow ; primaries,
secondaries and tertiaries brown, edged externally with the colour of the back,
all margined white on their inner webs, except the innermost tertiaries ; edge
of wing and under wing coverts yellowish ; tail brown, the feathers margined
on their outer webs with greenish, and on their inner webs with whitish. Bill
blackish brown ; legs horny brown.
Length. — 4-5 inches ; wing 2-3 ; tail 1-7 ; bill at front 0*33 to 0-4; tarsus 0-75.
Hal. — India generally to Assam, Arracan, Nepaul and Ceylon ; also Sind,
(probably Kulch), Rajputana, Deccan, Concan, Central and Southern India, also
the Burmese countries eastwards into South China ; Andaman Islands, and
Nicobars. Found wherever it occurs in small flocks moving from tree to tree with
ZOSTEROPS. 243
a low twitter, searching for insects among the leaves. It breeds throughout
India, sparingly in the hotter parts, and abundantly in the Neilgherries and
other ranges of the Peninsula to their very summit, and in the Himalayas to an
elevation of 5,000 or 6,000 feet. The breeding season lasts from January to
September ; sometimes they have two broods. The nest is a soft delicate little
cup, sometimes very shallow and at other times deep, and, as a rule, suspended
between two twigs.' The materials of which it is made are various, as fine
grasses, grass roots, fibres, thread, floss-silk and cobwebs. The eggs are
usually two in number, and pale blue in colour, and vary in length from
o -5 3 to 07 and in breadth from 0*42 to 0-58.
Mr. A. G. Cardew's experience in the Neilgherries is that out of a dozen
nests or more at least five-sixths were built in the common Berberis aristota.
The eggs, always two, are a delicate blue with a greenish tinge. Breeds
February —April. It is known as Pa-Chit-Tam or Flower-Small-Bird.
749. Zosterops aurei venter, Hume, Str. F, 1878, p. 519;
Nicholson, Ibis, 1880, p. 152; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 163. Zosterops
lateralis (nee Lath.}, HartL, J. F. O. 1865, p. 15 (ex. Temm. MSS.);
Tweed., Ibis, 1877, p. 303; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, i. p. 452; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, pp. 65, 104, 497. Zosterops Buxtoni, Nicholson, Ibis, 1879,
p. i67 ; Oates, B Br. Burnt, i. p. 346. — TEMMINCK'S WHITE-EYED TIT.
Similar to Z. palpebrosa, but differing in having the tail black but without
any greenish yellow margins, in being smaller and greener above and having a
very black wing ; sides of the breast grey ; breast and abdomen, also the chin
and throat, washed with bright yellow. Bill black ; legs and feet slaty blue ;
iris grey.
Length. — 3-4 inches; wing 1-95; tail ri; tarsus 0*5 5 ; culmen 0*45.
Hab.— Southern Tenasserim near Tavoy, w/here Mr. Davison obtained it.
It also occurs down the Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra, Java and Timor.
750. Zosterops Siamensis, Biyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 34; Wald.,
Ibis, 1876, p. 350, pi. 10, fig. I; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 375;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 104; Oates, B. Br. Sunn. i. p. 343 ; id., Str. F. x.
p. 228 ; Gadow, Cat. B. Br. Mus. ix. p. 180. Zosterops palpebrosa (nee. T.),
Tickell, MSS. teste Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 350. Zosterops Austeni, Wald. in
Elyth, B. Burm. p. in; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 376; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 104.— The SIAMESE WHITE-EYED TIT.
Lores and a small patch under the eye black, a circle of feathers round the
eye white ; general colour olive yellow, brightest on the under surface of the
body, duller on the mantle, back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts ; median
and greater coverts margined with deep olive yellow ; bastard wing and
primary coverts dusky, the former tipped and the latter edged with yellow ; quills
dusky brown, externally edged with olive yellow ; rump and upper tail coverts
brighter yellow than the back ; tail dusky, margined externally with olive
244
yellow ; crown of the head, nape and hind neck olive yellow ; ear coverts olive
yellow ; cheeks, throat, foreneck and breast golden yellow ; under wing
coverts and axillaries pale yellow ; thighs and under tail coverts bright yellow.
Bill horny, plumbeous at the base of the lower mandible and at the angle of
the mouth; feet and claws light plumbeous ; iris light reddish brown.
Length. — 4 to 4*2 inches; wing 1-95 to 2; tail r6; tarsus 0-55 ; culmen
0-45-
Hal. — Siam, extending into Burmah. Gates says it is abundant in
Southern Pegu from Rangoon up to Kyeikpadien and Pegu. Mr. Davison
met with it in Tenasserim, and Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay procured it in Karenne.
It is found only in forests and remote orchards in high trees, to the tops of
which it persistently keeps.
Section.— FRINGILLIFORMES.
Wings with generally nine primaries ; the first well developed and long,
except in Prionochilus and Pardalotus.
Family .— DIC^EID^ .
Bill moderate, broad at the base, the culmen curved ; tip entire ; wings with
nine primaries ; habits nearly similar to those of the Sun-birds.
Gen. Dicseum.— Cuv.
Bill creeper-like, broad at the base ; tip entire ; culmen curved ; wings
with the first three primaries sub-equal, the second slightly the longest ; tail
short, exceeding the wing in length. Birds of small size.
751- DiCSOUm Cruentatum (Linn.), Strickl., Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. xiii. p. 38 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 402 ; Cab. Mus. Hein.'i. p. 98 ; Tythr,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiii. p. 373 ; Gould, B. Asia, pt. vi. (1854) ;
Wald., P. Z. S. 1866, p. 544 ; Hume, Nt sis and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 155 ; id., Str.
F. 1874, p. 473 5 l875> P- 87> Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 142 ; Hume, Sir.
F. 1875, p. 87; Armstrong, Str. F. 1876, p. 315 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F.
1878, p. 192 ; Anderson, Yunnan - Exped. p. 663 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. \.
p. 332; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Burnt.*. 15. Certhia cruentata, Linn., Syst.
Nat. i. p. 87; Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 296. Dicoeum erythronotum, Cuv., Regne.
Anim. i. p. 410; Blytli, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 983. Dictum coccimeum,
Gray, Gen. B. i. p. lOO; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 373; Beavan, Ibis, 1866,
p. 365; Godwin- Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix., p. 99; Jerd., Ibis, 1872,
p. 18. — The SCARLET-BACKED FLOWER-PECKER.
Forehead, crown, nape, back, rump and upper tail coverts rich crimson ;
lores, sides of the head and neck, also the tail, wings and wing coverts black ;
chin, throat and the whole lower plumage buffy white ; flanks and sides of the
body ashy grey; axillaries and under wing coverts pure white. Bill and
mouth black ; legs and feet black ; iris dark brown ; eyelids plumbeous.
DIC/EUM. 245
The female has the head, nape and back olive green or yellowish olive, a
little deeper on the hind neck and mantle, the centres of the feathers of the
crown darker ; rump and upper tail coverts bright scarlet ; scapulars and wing
coverts dull steel-green, edged with olive ; quills dusky with narrow olive
margins ; tail blue black ; ear coverts pale brown ; lores and cheeks ashy
fulvous, the bases of the feathers dusky ; throat and under surface of the body
ashy buff, darker on the sides of the neck and body; axillaries and under wing
coverts white.
Length. — 3-3 to 3*5 inches; wing 1-9; tail 0*95 to ro5 ; tarsus 0-5;
culmen 0-45.
Hab.— S.-E. Himalayas, throughout the Burmese countries and Southern
China to Hainan and down the Malayan Peninsula to Java and Sumatra.
According to Gates it is found over every portion of British Burmah. It is
recorded from Arracan, also as being abundant in Southern Pegu, as well as at
Thayetmyo. Mr. Davison procured it in every portion of Tenasserim. It is
said to be more plentiful in Lower Bengal and Assam, also in Nepaul, occur-
ring in all descriptions of jungle, but, according to Gates, most partial to
mango trees, and other large trees covered with parasitic plants. Breeds
in March and April, building a nest suspended from the extremity of a branch
high up. It is egg-shaped and about 4 inches in height, and constructed
of the finest white vegetable down. Eggs, 2 — 3 in number, pure white.
752. Dicseum trigonostigrma (Scop.\ Gray, Gen. B. \. p. 100;
Bp. Cojisp. Av. i. p. 403 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Hi. i. p. 98 ; Reichb., Hdbk. Scan-
soria, p. 241 ; taf. cllvii., fig. 3, 3788-89; Sdater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 22O ;
Wald., P. Z. S. 1866, p. 545 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1869, p. 422 ; Godwin-Austen,
?. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 303 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 473 ; Salvad., Nee.
Born. p. 166 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 142; Wald, Ibis, 1876, p. 349, pi. x.,
fig. 2; Hume and Dai'., Str. F. vi. p. 194; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 90:
Bingham, Str. F. viii. p. 195; Sharpe, P. Z. S. iSSi, p. 796; Gates, B.
Br. Burm. i. p. 336 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 38. Certhia trigono-
stigma, Scop., Del. F/or. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 91. Certhia cantillans,
Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 299. Dictum croceoventre, Vig., Mem. Raffl.
p. 673.— The ORANGE-BELLIED FLOWER-PECKER.
Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the head and of the neck, scapulars and
wing coverts glossy leaden blue ; lores, sides of the face and ear coverts
leaden blue ; back bright yellow, inclining to flaming orange yellow on the
mantle and upper back ; upper tail coverts slaty or leaden blue ; tail black,
edged narrowly with slaty blue ; bastard wing, primary coverts and quills
blackish, edged narrowly with slaty blue ; chin, throat, cheeks, foreneck and
breast pale slaty grey ; abdomen, sides of the body, vent and under tail
coverts rich or flaming orange ; under wing coverts and axillaries white,
mottled with greyish on the edge of the wing.
2-16
The female has the forehead, crown, nape, back, sides of the head and
scapulars olive green ; the rump and upper tail coverts yellow, deepening into
orange on the rump ; hind neck dull lead colour ; lores and sides of the face
dull lead colour washed with olive green ; tail blackish edged with narrow
olive margins ; wing coverts and quills dark brown narrowly edged with olive
green ; chin and throat sordid green ; sides of the body ashy green ; abdomen,
vent and under tail coverts bright yellow ; centre of the breast deepening into
orange ; axillaries and under wing coverts white. Bill, legs and feet horny
black in the male ; dark plumbeous in the female ; base of upper mandible
reddish brown ; hides grey to dark brown.
Length.— $ to 3-6 inches ; wing r8 to 1-9; tail O'g to I ; tarsus 0*5; bill
from gape 0-55.
ffab. — The hills N.-E. of Bengal, through Burmah and Tenasserim, down
the Malayan Peninsula to Java, Sumatra and Borneo. It has occurred in
Arracan. In Burmah it is said to be a rare species. It has been met with
in Pegu, Tavoy and Tenasserim, also in the Karen hills by Captain Wardlaw-
Ramsay.
753. DiCSeum ignipectUS (Hodgs.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. loo ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. 41. Micrura ignipectus, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in
Br. Mus. Passer es, pi. 36, fig. 393. Myzanthe ignipectus, Hodgs., J.A.S. B.
xii. p 983; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 377, No. 241 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 402;
Gould, B. Asia, ii., pi. 46; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xxxix. p 98; Stol.,
J. A. S. B. xxxvii., pt. ii., p. 24 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 159 ;
Wald. in Blyth, B. Burm. p 143 ; David, et. Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 84 ; Hume,
and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 200; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 90 ; Scully, Str. F. viii.
p. 261 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. \. p. 337. — The FIRE-BREASTED FLOWER-PECKER.
The whole upper plumage glossy steel-green, somewhat metallic ; median
and greater coverts, also the bastard wing, primary coverts and quills, black,
edged externally with steel-green ; tail blue black, also edged externally with a
steel-green gloss ; head, sides of the face, ear coverts and cheeks glossy
steel-green, the lores a little darker ; throat and under surface of the body
deep ochraceous buff, the lower throat and foreneck with a patch of crimson
or deep scarlet, and a longitudinal patch of glossy black down the centre of the
breast and on the sides of the upper breast, which are glossed with greenish ;
thighs and under tail coverts ochraceous buff ; under wing coverts and axilla-
ries pure white, slightly washed with yellowish buff.
The female is olive green above, tinged with ashy on the head, yellower and
more olive on the rump and upper tail coverts ; lesser and median wing
coverts like the back ; other coverts and quills dusky glossed with steel-green
and externally edged with olive ; tail dark brown, tipped with ashy brown on
the outer feathers ; cheeks and under surface of the body pale ochraceous buff.
No scarlet spot on foreneck. Bill black, base of lower mandible plumbeous or
blackish brown.
DICTUM. 247
Length.— yn to 3-6 inches ; wing 175 to 1-9; tail I; tarsus 0-5 to O'6 j
culmen 0*4.
Hob. — The Himalayas to the hills of N.-E. Bengal, and externally to the Ka-
renne hills in Burmah at an elevation of 4,000 feet, and Mooleyit in Tenasserim,
also occurring in the province of Fokien in China. Recorded from near Simla,
Darjeeling, Nepaul and Bhootan. Jerdon says it is common in Sikkim from
2,000 to 6,000 feet, and feeds on small insects and flower buds. Nests
pendulous; eggs white, 2 — 3 in number. According to Mr. R, Thompson
(Hume), it breeds regularly at Nynee Tal during June and July. It constructs a
pendant nest which it attaches to a bare bough of some large tree In shape
the nest is like a purse opening at the side towards its upper extremity, and the
materials it is made of is said to be the pubescent covering of the stems of
various species of Loranthus or mistletoes.
754. Dicaeum chrysorrhaeum, Temm.t Pi. Col. 478, fig. i ;
Strickl., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 100 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 403 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p. 374, No. 237; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 168 ; Wald., Ibis, 1872, p. 380;
Blythand Wald., B. Burnt, p. 142; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 195;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 90 ; Ringham, Sir. F. ix. p. 1 70 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
p. 335 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 44, — The YELLOW-VENTED FLOWER-
PECKER.
The whole upper plumage and lesser wing coverts yellowish olive, brighter
on the rump and upper tail coverts ; bastard wing and primary coverts, also
the quills and tail feathers, blackish brown, edged with yellowish olive ; crown
of the head, sides of the face, and ear coverts yellowish olive ; cheeks white ;
chin and throat white with a greenish brown mandibular streak between them
and the cheeks ; under surface of the body creamy white, streaked with
greenish brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries white ; edge of the wing
dusky ; under tail coverts golden yellow. Upper mandible and tip of the
lower black ; remainder of the lower mandible pale plumbeous ; legs dark
plumbeous ; iris crimson.
Length. — 3-9 to 4 inches ; wing 2'3 to 2-35 ; tail 1*2 ; tarsus o'6; culmen
0-45-
Hal).— Eastern Himalayas, thence through Burmah and the Malay Peninsula
to Java, Sumatra and Borneo. According to Dr. Jerdon it is found in Nepaul
and the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal. In Burmah, Gates says, it is sparingly
distributed over the whole province. It is more common in Arracan and
Tenasserim.
755. DiCaeum COnCOlor, Jerd., Madr. Journ. xi. p. 227 ; id., Ill
Ind. Orn. pi. 39 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 403 ; Reichb., Handblt. Scamorice,
p. 241 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 375, No. 239; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 156; Morgan, Ibis, 1875, p. 316; Fairbk., Sir. F. 1876, pp. 256, 265;
l877> P- 399; Hume, Str. F. 1879^.90; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x.
p. 45. — The NEILGHERRY FLOWER-PECKER.
248 DIC^ID^.
The whole upper plumage dingy olive brown, rather olivaceous on the
upper back ; bastard wing and primary coverts uniform dark brown ; quills
and tail dark brown, narrowly edged with dull olive yellowish. Head dingy
olive brown, the feathers centred with dusky ; base of forehead, lores and
eyelids whitish ; ear coverts streaked with narrow shaft lines; centre of breast
and abdomen pale olive yellowish, also the under tail coverts ; under wing
coverts and axillaries white with a faint yellowish tinge. Bill dusky brown ;
legs slate colour ; iris brown.
Length. — 3*5 to 37 inches; wing 1*95 to 2 ; tail 1-05 to r 15 ; culmen 0-45.
Hal.— Southern India (Coonoor). Jerdon says it is very abundant on the
top of the Neilgherries, also in most of the forests of Malabar and in the
woods of the eastern ghauts. It frequents the highest branches of lofty trees,
hopping actively about the small twigs and flowering branches and feeding on
various minute insects ; also occasionally on the nectar of flowers and on
flower buds. It breeds in the Neilgherries during March, making a beautiful
little purse-like nest which is hung from the branch of some shrub. It is
loosely woven, exteriorly with fine grass and lined with the silky pappus of
some Asteraceous plant. The length of the nest is about 3 inches, and the
exterior diameter about 2 inches. Eggs, 2 in number, elongated ovals, pure
white and glossless, varying in length from O'6 to O-68 inch and in breadth
from 0*4 to 0-46 inch.
756. Dicseum inornatum (Hodgs.}, Sharpe, p. z. s. 1883,
p. 580 ; id., Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 45. Myzanthe inornata, Hodgs., Icon, imd in
Br. Mus. Passeres, pi. 37. Dicaeum olivaceum, Wald., Ann, and Mag. Nat.
Hist (4) xv. p. 401 ; id., in Ely Ms B. Burm. p. 143; Tweed., Ibis, 1877,
p. 302; Hume and Vav., Str. F. 1878, p. 195 ; Hume, Str. F> 1879, p. 90;
Bingham, Str. F. 1880, p. 171 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 333.— The PLAIN-
COLOURED FLOWER-PECKER.
The whole upper plumage dull olive, brighter on the lower back and rump,
and the feathers of the head centred darker ; tail dark brown, the feathers
faintly edged with olive ; wing coverts blackish brown, the feathers edged with
dull olive ; wings dark brown edged with olive green; lores, sides of the face
and cheeks pale ashy olive, also a line of feathers over the eye ; upper parts of
the ear coverts darker olive brown ; under surface of the body greenish yellow,
tinged somewhat with ashy olive on the sides and flanks ; under tail coverts
yellowish white ; under wing coverts and axillaries white, slightly washed with
yellow. Upper mandible and tip of lower dark brown ; rest of lower mandible
very dark brown or black ; legs dark plumbeous ; iris deep brown.
Length.— y I lo 3-3 inches ; wing r8 ; tail I ; tarsus 0-45 ; culmen 0-4.
Hab. — From Nepaul and the Eastern Himalayas throughout the Burmese
countries down the Malay Peninsula, Recorded from Bhootan, the Tonghoo
PRIONOCHILUS. 249
and Karin hills and Pahpoon in Tenasserim. Captain Bingham got it at
Moulmein, and Captain Wardkw-Ramsay in Pegu.
A closely-allied race> D. virestens, occurs in the Andaman Islands. It
differs in having the chin and throat albescent, and the abdomen more yellow,
contrastin with the throat,
757. Dicseum erythrorhynchum (Lath), Efyth and
B. Rurm. p, 143 ; Fairbk., Str. F. 1877, p. 399 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.
1878, 196; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 90 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 57 ; Sutler,
/. c. p, 390; Oales, ]>. Br. Burm. i. p, 334* Cefthia erythrorhynchos, Lath*,
bid. Orn. i, p. 299. Dictum minimum, Blyth, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Sisf.
*x. p. 316; Tytler, op. til. xiii. p. 373 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 374; Jerd., B.
Ind. i. p. 374, No. 238; Jleavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 416; Hume, Nests and Eggs,
Ind. B, p. 155 ; Ball, Str, F. 1878, p. 208 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p, 574 ; Butler,
Cat. B. B. Pres. p-. 30. — The SMALL FLOWER-PECKER.
The whole upper plumage ashy olive, the feathers of the crown darker
centred ; tail dark brown ; wings and coverts brown, edged with ashy olive ;
lores, sides of the head and face pale ashy brown ; the ear coverts streaked with
narrow whitish shaft lines ; under surface of the body pale ashy with a buffish
tinge ; under tail coverts buffy white ; under wing coverts and axillaries white*
Bill pale fleshy with a dusky tip ; legs plumbeous ; iris brown.
Length. — $2 inches; wing I '8 ; tail i ; tarsus 0*5 ; culmen O'4.
Hal. — Ceylon, Lower Bengal and Central and Southern India as far as the
Eastern Himalayas and Assam, extending through Arracan to Moulmein in
Tenasserim. Recorded from Nepaul, Madras, Belgaum, Dacca, Rhandalla
in the Deccan, Poona and Bombay. Breeds in the Deccan and the Neil-
gherries ; nesting habits same as those of the other species of the genus,
Eggs, 2—3, pure white.
Gen, PrionocMlUS, StrickL
Bill stout and finch-like, occasionally with tomical serrations, broader than
high at nostrils; gape without wattles; tail short, not exceeding the tip of the
wing by as much as the length of the tarsus ; wing with a distinct bastard
primary ; nostrils only a narrow slit ; tarsus large ; inner toe shorter than the
outer.
758. Prionochilus ignicapillus (Eyton), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1883,
p. 580; id,, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 65. Dicseum ignicapillum, Eyton,
P. Z. S. 1839, P- IO5' Prionochilus percussus (non. Temm.), Strickl., P. Z. S.
1841, p. 29 ; Blyth, J. A, S. B. xiv. pp. 558, 559 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 335 ;
Cab. Mus. Hem. Th. i. p. H2; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 56, 90; Gates, B.
Br. Burm. i. p, 339. — The CRIMSON-BREASTED FLOWER-PECKER.
Adult male. — Above slaty blue, the rump and upper tail coverts a little
clearer blue ; wing coverts like the back ; bastard wing, primary coverts and
VOL II.— 32
250
quills dusky blackish, edged externally with slaty blue, lighter on the outer
webs of the secondaries ; tail feathers blackish, washed on the outer web with
slaty blue ; head like the back, more dusky on the forehead and lores ; a longi-
tudinal patch of scarlet in the centre of the crown ; ear coverts and sides
of the face slaty blue like the crown ; cheeks white, tinged with yellow
posteriorly and separated from the "throat by a moustachial line of
slaty grey skirting the rami of the lower jaw ; throat and under surface of the
body bright yellow, paler towards the abdomen ; a central patch of scarlet
vermilion in the centre of the foreneck and chest ; sides of upper breast slaty
blue ; under tail coverts white, also the axillaries and under wing coverts.
(Sharpe.) " Bill black, slaty beneath ; legs dark leaden ; iris reddish
brown." ( Wardlaw-Ramsay.)
The female is described by Mr. Sharpe as dull olive greenish above, clearer
olive on the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts ; greater coverts, quills
and tail dusky brown, washed externally with a little brighter olive green than
the back ; centre of crown with a patch of dull orange ; lores and eyelids
ashy whitish; a small cheek stripe of greyish white, followed by a distinct
malar stripe of dull ashy ; throat pale yellow, whiter towards the chin ; centre
of breast and abdomen yellow, with a tinge of orange on the chest.
Length.— -$ to 3-5 inches; wing 2 to 2*1 ; tail 0-95 to T2 ; tarsus 0*5$;
culmen 0-4 to 0*45.
Hab. — Southern Tenasserim, down the Malay Peninsula to Malacca, Sumatra
and Borneo. P. tkoractca, a species found in the Malay Peninsula, is likely to
be found in Tenasserim.
759. Prionochilus maculatus (Tem.\ SincM., P. z. S. 1841,
p. 29; Wald, Ibis, 1872, p. 379 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 104; Sharpe, Ibis,
1876, p. 43 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 199; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, PP-
59, 90 ; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 340 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vol. x.
p. 69. Pardalotus maculatus, Tern., pi. col. iii. pi. 600, fig. 3. Prionochilus
thoracicus, $ , Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc, p. 227 ; Bp., Consp. Av. i.
p. 335. — The WHITE-THROATED FLOWER-PECKER.
Adult.— (Type of species.) — General colour above uniform olivaceous, the
lesser and median wing coverts like the back ; greater coverts and quills dusky
brown, edged externally with olive ; tail dusky brown, the feathers edged with
Olive ; head like the back, with an orange patch on the centre of the crown, the
feathers tipped with tiny olive spots ; lores obscure whitish ashy; sides of the
face olive like the crown ; cheeks dull white, washed with olive behind ; a
broad moustachial streak of dusky olive continuous with the striping of the rest
of the under parts ; centre of the throat, breast, abdomen and under tail coverts
yellow, paler towards the chin ; flanks washed with olive, and having broad
longitudinal streaks of dusky olive very distinct on the sides of the foreneck
and breast; under wing coverts and axillaries white with a faint wash of
PRfONOCHILUS. 251
yellow and with a dusky patch near the edge of the wing. (Sharpe) Legs and
feet dusky or dark plumbeous in males ; dirty smalt blue in females ; upper
mandible and lower mandible to angle of gonys black ; rest plumbeous in males,
smalt blue in females ; iris dull red (Davison), dragon's blood red (Everett}.
Length, — 3*5 inches; wing 2*05 ; tail PI ; tarsus 0*55 ; culmeno*45.
The female has the patch on the crown paler and more orange; iris
crimson. {Everett,)
Hab. — Southern Tenasserim, down the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and
Borneo. According to Davison, it is found in Tenasserim from its southern-
most point to about Mergui, or a little further north ; and he states it is rare.
760. Prionochilus melanoxanthus (ffodgs.), Sdatcr, Ibis,
5^74, p. 3, pi, i, fig. 3; Sharpe^ Cat. B. Br. Mus, x~-p. 71. Micrura melano-
xantha, Hodgs,, Icon, ined in Br, Mus. Passeres, pi. 38. Pachyglossa melano-
xantha, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. xii. p, 1009 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 378, No. 242 ;
Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 455; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. B. xliii., pt. 2, p. 156;
Hume, Str, F. 1879, P« 90.— The YELLOW-BELLIED FLOWER-PECKER.
General color above dark slaty blackish with a slight gloss; least wing
coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts and quills blackish brown,
slightly edged with slate color externally ; tail feathers black, the two outermost
with a large spot of white near the end of the inner web ; lores, sides of the
face, ear coverts, cheeks, sides of the neck and of the throat black with a slaty
grey gloss which extends down the sides of the breast ; throat and foreneck
white, forming a longitudinal patch ; chest and remainder of under surface of
the body, including the flanks and under tail coverts, yellow ; axillaries and
under wing coverts white. (Sharpe.) Bill black ; legs dark plumbeous.
The adult female is described by Mr. Sharpe as having a very dusky olive
green upper surface ; the lores dusky, a broad irregular fulvous stripe covering
the chin, middle of the throat and breast ; abdomen, vent and lower tail coverts
dull pale yellow ; outer tail feathers tipped white.
Length. — 3*5 inches ; wing 2*55 ; tail 1*5 ; tarsus 0'5 ; bill from forehead 0*4 3.
Hab. — Nepaul and Sikkim. Feeds on small insects and viscid berries.
Prionochilus vincent, a species at present known only from Ceylon, will pro-
bably be found in Southern India ; it differs from this species in being smaller
(2'i to 2'3 wing), and the sides of the breast being yellow like the flanks.
761. Prionochilus SqualidUS (Bur ion), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. x. p, 73. Pipra squalida, Burton, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 113. Fringilla
agilis, Tick., J. A. S. B. ii. p. 578. Piprisoma agile, Blyth, J. -A. S. B. xiii.
P- 395 5 Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 376, No. 240 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 158; Beavan, Ibis, 1867, p. 430, pi. x. ; Hume, Str. F. \. p. 434 ; id.,
viii. p. 90; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 579; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 260; Gates,
Str. F. x. p. 198; id., B.Br. Burnt, i. p. 338, — The THICK-BELLIED FLOWER-
PECKER.
252 DIC/EID/E.
Whole upper plumage and lesser wing coverts ashy brown with a slight
olive tinge on the rump and upper tail coverts ; quills brown, externally edged
with olive ; median and greater series of coverts the same ; tail blackish,
edged with green on the outer webs of the feathers and a bar of white on the
two outermost ; sides of face and ear coverts ashy brown ; cheeks and under
surface of the body greyish white with a faint tinge of yellowish; foreneck
and breast with indistinct dusky stripes ; chin and throat yellowish white ; an
indistinct or obscure line runs down either side of the throat from the base of
the lower mandible to the breast ; sides of the body, flanks and thighs washed
with ashy brown ; under tail coverts white ; under wing coverts and
axillaries white. Bill plumbeous, blackish at tip j iris orange yellow ; legs
dark plumbeous.
Length.— $6 to 4 inches; wing 2*3 to 2'4; tail 1-25 to 1*3; tarsus O'6;
culmen 0-35.
Hal. — Ceylon, and the whole of India, except the drier parts up to the
Himalayas, occurring in the N.-W. portion of the range, and in Nepaul
extending to Tenasserim. Jerdon found it on the Malabar Coast and Ceylon,
most commonly in jungly districts. He procured it at Goomsoor, on the
Eastern Ghauts and in the Deccan. Blyth got it in the Midnapoor jungles,
while in Pegu and Tenasserim and the hill tracts of Bengal it is said to be
common. It has been recorded from Darjeeling, the N.-W. Himalayas, Maun-
bhoom, Madras, Jhansi (Bundelkund), Bangalore, Mirzapore and Ram-
nuggur.
It breeds from the middle of February to the end of May, according
to the locality, making a nest of various materials, but small in shape
and size ; a full-bottomed purse-like bag, which is hung from a small twig,
and has the aperture near to the top. The number of eggs is 2 — 3, varying
in size and shape, elongated ovals, white in colour, and marked with reddish
brown.
762. Prionochilus modestus, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 298;
id. and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 200; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 56, 90;
JBingham, Str. F. ix. p. 171 ; Hume, Str. F. x. p. 198, note ; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. i. p. 340 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 74.— HUME'S FLOWER-
PECKER.
Whole upper plumage dark olive green, in some lighter or brighter,
clearer on the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts ; head like the back ;
sides of face and ear coverts pale greenish olive ; the lores more ashy, also
the sides of the neck ; cheeks ashy white ; a narrow ill-defined stripe of
olivaceous grey runs down either side of the throat from the base of the lower
mandible ; throat and under surface of the body white, washed with ashy on
the foreneck and breast, which are streaked with ashy brown ; sides of the
body and flanks pale ashy brown, washed with olive ; wing coverts like the
CHELIDON. 253
back ; bastard wing, primary coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with
olive ; tail blackish brown, edged with olive ; the four outer tail feathers white
at the tip of the inner web ; under tail coverts white, washed with yellow, and
with dusky centres to the feathers. Bill plumbeous, blackish at tip ; iris orange
yellow ; legs dark plumbeous.
Length. — 3-9 to 4 inches; wing 2-3 to 2-35; tail 1*25; tarsus 0*45. The
female is similar in colour, but slightly smaller.
Hab. — Pegu and Tenasserim ; found also in the Thoungyeen Valley.
According to Gates, it extends down the Malay Peninsula as far as Copah.
Family— HIRUNDINID^E.
Broad-billed Passeres, with nine primaries. Bill short, depressed, com-
pressed at the tip, more or less curved ; gape very wide ; wings long and
pointed ; tarsi short j feet feeble.
. Sub-Family.— HIRUNDINIISLE OR SWALLOWS.
Bill short, flat, nearly triangular, compressed at the tips with a slight emar-
gination ; gape large ; rictal bristles wanting ; two first quills generally equal ;
tail various, even, slightly emarginate or deeply forked ; tarsus and toes
feathered in some, plumage dense and soft, and always glossy. Nests usually
made of mud, or intermixed with hair, feathers, grass, &c., and against rocks,
walls, or under roofs of buildings, culverts, bridges, &c.
Gen. Chelidon. — Boie.
Bill shorter than in Hirundo \ ist quill longest, tarsi and toes feathered ;
tail slighly forked.
763. Chelidon Urbica (Linn.}, Boie, 7m, 1822, p. 550; £p.,
Consp. Av. i. p. 343 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 166, No. 92 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873,
p. 323 ; Blanf., East. Pers. ii. p. 216; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 84; Butler,
Cat. B. Bombay Pres. p. 15. Hirundo urbica, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 344 ;
Tern. Man. d* Orn. i. p. 428 ; Me Gill, Br. B. iii. p. 573 ; Seebohm, Br. B,
iii. p. 178. — The ENGLISH HOUSE MARTIN.
Above glossy blue black ; wing coverts blackish brown or dull black, the
lesser series slightly glossed with purple, and the median and greater series
with a steely gloss ; lower back and rump white with narrow dusky shaft lines ;
upper tail coverts steel blue ; tail blackish brown, with a slight steel gloss to
the centre feathers ; head blue black ; lores, feathers round the eye and ear
coverts black ; cheeks and entire under surface of the body pure white, also
the thighs ; sides of the body, flanks, under wing coverts and axillaries smoky
brown ; under tail coverts white, washed with dingy. Bill and feet black ; iris
dark brown.
Length. — 5-5 inches ; wing 4*25 ; tail 2-5 ; tarsus 0*45 ; culm en 0*35.
Hal. — Europe, S.-E. and Central Africa, Turkestan, Persia and N.-W. India,
also in the Neilgherries. Breeds in Europe, building a globular nest of mud.
254 HIRUNDINID/E.
764. Chelidon Cashmiriensis, Gould, P. Z. s. 1858, p. 356;
Adams, t.c. p. 494; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 167; Sivinh., Ibis, 1863, p. 90;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.^. 152 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 498 ; Brooks,
Sir. F. 1875, p. 231 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 84. Hirundo Cashmiriensis,
Seebohm, Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 179. — The CASHMERE HOUSE MARTIN.
Above deep black with steel blue reflections ; crown of the head the same ;
rump white, tinged with smoky brown and with faint dusky shaft lines, inner-
most secondaries narrowly tipped with white ; upper tail coverts smoky white
with dusky shaft lines, the long ones dull blue black ; tail blackish, also the
lores ; ear coverts and cheeks white, the upper edge of the former dusky
blackish ; under surface of the body dull whitish ; throat, foreneck and chest
white, washed with smoky brown ; under tail coverts white, with smoky bases
and dusky shaft streaks ; under wing coverts and axillaries darker smoky
brown ; legs fleshy white ; iris brown.
Length. — 5 inches; wing 4 ; tail 2' 2; tarsus 0*5 ; culmen o'3.
Sab. — Probably (Sharpe) confined to the Himalayas during summer, de-
scending to the valleys and plains of India in winter. Jerdon records it from
Darjeeling. Hume says it breeds only in the interior of the Himalayas, and
lays in April and May, but it is said to have a second brood during the rains.
The nest is made of mud, and is shallow and cup-shaped with a largish
aperture, very close one above the other. They build against the roof of
houses.
785. Chelidon lagOpUS (Pallas), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x.
p. 93. Chelidon lagopoda, Swinh., Ibis, 1863, p. 91 ; David and Oust., Ots.
Chine, p. 130; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 17; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 311.
Hirundo lagopoda, Pall., Zoogr. Ross-Asiat. i. p. 532 ; Seebohm, Hist. Br. B.
iii. p. 179. Chelidon urbica (non Z.), Tickell, J. A. S. Bengal, xxiv. p. 227 ;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 127 ; Hume and Dai'., Str. F. 1878, p. 45 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 84 (pt.).— The SIBERIAN HOUSE MARTIN.
Forehead, crown, nape, back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts glossy steel
black ; rump and upper tail coverts white, washed with smoky brown and
dark shafted ; tail, wings and greater coverts brown ; lores, feathers under the
eye and above the ear coverts dull black ; cheeks, lower ear coverts and all
the under surface white, the throat tinged with reddish buff ; the sides and
flanks pale smoky brown ; under wing coverts and axillaries dark smoky
brown; the outermost small coverts tipped with white.
Length. — 4-6 to 4 '8 inches ; wing 4*5 ; tail 2-05 to 2-3 ; tarsus 0-45 ;
culmen 0*3.
Hob. — Siberia, from the valley of the Yen-e-say eastwards, breeding through-
out S.-E. Siberia and Northern China, occurring also in Turkestan. It pro-
bably winters in the Burmese countries and Southern China.
COTILE. 255
766. Chelidon nipalensis (Hodgs.\ Jtrd., B. ind. i. p. 168,
No. 94 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 499. Delichon nipalensis, Hodgs., Icon. ined.
Br. Mus. App. pi. xiv.; Moore, P.Z.S. 1854, p. 104, pt. Ixiii. ; Gould, B.
Asia, i. pi. 31; Hume, Sir. F. 1879^ p. 84. Hirundo nipalensis, Seebohm,
Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 179.— The LITTLE HIMALAYAN MARTIN.
Above, including the wing coverts, glossy blue black ; some of the white
bases of the feathers as of the preceding species showing through on the hind
neck ; primary coverts and quills black, edged with glossy blue black ; rump
white, the lower feathers barred with black tips ; upper tail coverts glossy blue
black, the basal ones white, and barred at the tip with glossy blue black ; tail
black with steel blue reflections ; lores, feathers round the eye and chin glossy
black ; cheeks, ear coverts, sides of upper breast, under tail coverts and throat
glossy blue black ; rest of under surface of the body from the lower throat
downwards white, slightly mottled with dark bases on the former ; thighs and
tarsal plumes white ; flanks washed with smoky brown j under wing coverts
and axillaries black, glossed with blue black.
Length.- ^'i to 4-3 inches ; wing 3-7 to 375 ; tail 175; tarsus 0-35 to 0-4.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas ; recorded from Nepaul, Sikkim and Nynee Tal.
Jerdon says he procured it at Darjeeling at about 4,500 feet of elevation in
the valley of the Rungnoo near the mineral springs, where, he adds he found it
flying over the jungles in large flocks towards the close of the rains and during
the cold weather.
Gen. Cotile.— Boie.
Bill smaller than in Hirundo, weak, depressed, broad at the base, and barely
hooked at the tip ; nostrils with an overhanging superior membrane, the nasal
aperture being longitudinal ; wing long, 1st primary generally the longest and
longer than the tail, which is even and without any indentation or fork on the
inner web of the outer tail feathers ; tarsus slightly longer than in Chelidon ;
toes smaller and weaker ; some species with a small tuft of feathers above the
hind toe.
767. Cotile riparia (Linn.), Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 550; Selby, Br.
B. p. 125 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1880, p. 246; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 184$ Dresser,
B, Eur. iii. p. 505 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 310. Hirundo riparia, Linn.,
Syst. Nat. i. p. 344 ; Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. \. p. 535 ; Wilson, Amer. Orn.
v. p. 46; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 58; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 372; id., Hist.
Brit. B. iii. p. 184. Cotyle riparia, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971 ; Bp., Consp. Av.
i. p. 342 ; jferd., B. Ind. i. p. 163, No. 87 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 164 ;
Butler, Sir, F. 1875, p. 452 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 452 ; Blanf., East.
Pers. iii. p. 216; Butler, Sir. F. 1877, pp. 217, 227 ; Hume and Damson,
Sir. F. 1878, pp. 44, 497 '•> Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Bingham, t. c. p. 192 ;
Butler, Cat. B. Sind, &c.t p. 13; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 103. -The
EUROPEAN SAND MARTIN.
256 HIRUNDINID^E,
The whole upper plumage, tail, sides of the head and neck and a broad
pectoral band greyish brown, the feathers of the rump and tail narrowly
margined paler ; wings and coverts dark brown ; chin, throat, abdomen and
vent, also the under tail coverts, white ; tarsus feathered above the hind toe,
Bill black ; iris brown ; legs dark brown.
Length. — 5 inches; wing 4; tail 2' 3, forked to the extent of 0' 4 ; tarsus
0*45 ; culmen 0*3.
Hab.— The whole of the northern parts of the Old World in summer, extend-
ing in winter to S.-E. Africa, greater part of India and the Burmese countries ;
also N. America, ranging as far, south as Brazil in winter. (Sharpe.) The
recorded localities in India are Sind, Kutch and the Punjab ; outside of India,
Beloochistan (Quetta) and Afghanistan. Sharpe records Madras (S. India),
Pegu, British Burmah ; and Gates says it is a some what rare visitor there as well
as in Tenasserim, and that it probably occurs in Arracan. Davison found it on
the Sittang and Salween rivers in January and February. It has a very wide
range. The birds which are found in Southern Asia appear to migrate into
South China and Siberia. Pere David states that it breeds in this latter
country, and Mr. Swinhoe observes that it is found near Pekin in summer.
According to Seebohm (Oates), it arrived on the Arctic Circle in June, but he
did not see it further north than lat. 67°. Both on the banks of the Yen-e-say
and the Ob, large colonies of these birds were frequent. It nests in the banks
of the rivers.
The young are distinguished by being lighter brown than the adult, and by
the wings and feathers of the back having a rufescent edge ; the breast band,
too, is more strongly pronounced.
768. Cotlle sinensiS (J. E. Gray}, Jerd., Madr. Joiirn. xi.
p. 238 ; Blyth, J. A- S. B. xvi. p. 119. Hirundo chinensis, J. E. Gray in
Hardw. Illustr. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 35, fig. 3. Cotyle sinensis, Gray, Cat. Fissir.
Brit. Hits. p. 30 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 342 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 164, No 89 ;
Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 370; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 469: 1875, p. 452;
Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 127; Fairb., Str. F. 1876, p. 254; Butler,
Sir. F. 1877, p. 227 ; Hume, and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 45 ; Davids and
Wend., Str. F. 1878, ii. p 76 ; Ball, t. c. p. 402 ; Cripps, I. c. p. 257 ; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 84; Scully, t. c. p. 234; Doig, t. c. p. 370; Butler, Cat.
B. Sind, &c., p. 13 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 103 ; Sharpe, Cat.B. Br.
Jlfus. x. p. 105. Cotyle subsoccata (Hodgs), Adams, P. Z S. 1858, p. 495 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 163, No. 88. Cotile sinensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 173 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 82; id., Sir. F. 1873, p. 164; Gales, B.
Br. Burm. i. p. 309. Cotile subsoccata, Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 82. — The INDIAN BANK MARTIN.
Adult. — Above dusky greyish brown, darker on the crown ; throat and breast
pale grey ; wings and tail dusky brown ; belly and lower tail coverts white ;
upper tail coverts albescent ; tarsus with a small tuft.
COTILE 257
Length. — 4-25 inches; wing 3-5; tail 17.
Hab. — India generally; rare in the south, numerous in Sind, Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Bengal and Nepaul ; also in Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, North
Guzerat, the Deccan and Concan. It is recorded from N. Pegu and the
Indo-Burmese countries to China. In Sind it is a resident, and breeds at
Buggatora and upwards towards and beyond Sehwan, in holes in the river
banks, about January.
769. Cotile 'COncolor (Sykes), Gray, Hand-l. B. i. 73; Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 83 ; Aitken, Str. F. 1875, p. 214; Butler, t. c.
P- 453; Hume, t. c. p. 453; id., Str. F. 1876, p. 35. Hirundo concolor,
SyJees, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 83 ; Jerd* Madr. Journ. xi. p. 238 ; Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 58 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 119. Cotyle concolor, Boie, his, 1844,
p. 170, Bp., Consp. Av. i. p. 342 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 165, No. 90 ; Blanf.,
Ibis, 1867, p. 403 ; Sutler^ Str. F. 1877, p. 277. Ptyonoprogne concolor,
Adams, Sir. F. 1873, p. 370; Fairbk., Str. F. 1876, p. 254; Davids and
Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii., p. 77 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84; Butler,
Cat. B. Sind, &V., p. 13.— The DUSKY CRAG MARTIN.
Above uniform dark sooty brown ; wing coverts like the back ; bastard
wing, primary coverts and quills dark brown, externally washed with the same
brown as the back ; tail feathers dark brown with a white spot on the inner
web of all but the two centre feathers and the outer web on each side ; head
like the back ; lores, sides of the face, ear coverts and cheeks uniform dark
brown with a few fulvous streaks only on the cheeks; throat and cheeks dull
rufescent, streaked with dusky brown mesially ; breast, abdomen, flanks and
under tail coverts uniform dark sooty brown, with a few of the feathers of the
abdomen paler edged ; axillaries and under wing coverts dark brown with
rufous edges. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 4*8 inches ; wing 4*05 ; tail 1*85 ; tarsus 0-35 ; culmen 0-35.
Mr. Sharpens observations in regard to this species are that the specimens in
the British Museum Collection from the N.-W. Himalayas appear to him to
belong to a lighter form than typical C. concolor from Southern India, and to
have the rufescent shade extended more over the breast. There are also
specimens which show a faint trace of a spot on the outer tail feather as well
as on the centre ones.
Hab. — Southern India, and the greater part of the Indian Peninsula, except
Lower Bengal, extending into Kutch and Kattiawar, and occurring on Mount
Abu. According to Jerdon it is rare on the Malabar Coast. He procured
it at Vellore and Seringapatam, where it breeds on the large fort walls, also
on rocky hills throughout the Carnatic and in Central India. It also extends
to the N.-W. Provinces, where it has been obtained at Delhi, and also at
Allahabad. In the Deccan it builds in the eaves of lofty houses, and on
rocks in the Neilgherries, from February to April and May, The nests
VOL. II. — 33
258 HIRUNDINID^:.
are made of clay and of a cup-shape, and are lined with feathers and
soft flowering grasses. The number of eggs are 3 — 4, white, with minute dark
spots all over them, but particularly at the larger end. In length they vary
from 0'68 to 075 inch, and in breadth from o'S to O 56 inch.
770- Cotile rupestris (S<-op\ Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 73; Butler,
Sir. F. 1875, p. 453; Ward law -Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 48; Biddulph, Ibis,
1881, p. 47; Dixon, Sir. F. 1882, p. 561; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 22.
Hirundo rupestris, Scop., Ann. i. p. 167. Cotyle rupestris, Boie, his, 1826,
p. 971 ; JBp, Consp. Av. i. p. 341 ; Cab., Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 50; Tristram,
Ibis, 1859, p. 434; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 166, No. 91 ; Blanf., Geol. Zool
Abyssinia, -p. 350; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 237; Hume and Hend., Lahore to
Yarlt. p. 84 ; "Dresser, B.Eur. iii. p. 513, pi. 164 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 162 ;
Builer, Sir. F. 1877, p. 227; Scully, Sir. F. 1879, p. 234 ; Blanf., E. Pers.
ii. p. 216. Ptyonoprogne rupestris, Reichenb., Syst. Av. pi. Ixxxvii., fig. 6 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 84 ; id., Str. F. 1876, p. 131 ; Fairb., t. c.
p. 254 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, tyc., p. 13. — The MOUNTAIN CRAG MARTIN.
Above light ashy brown, a little darker on the head ; rump and upper
tail coverts decidedly lighter ; wing coverts and quills dark brown, also the
tail feathers, all of which, except the two centre ones and the outermost on
each side have a large oval white spot on their inner web ; lores, cheeks
and ear coverts dull brown ; abdomen rufous ashy ; under tail coverts, flanks
and vent smoky brown like the under wing coverts and axillaries, which have
faint rufous margins. Bill black j legs and feet fleshy ; iris dark brown.
Length. — 4-8 to 5'2 inches ; wing 4-9 to 575, exceeding the tail by 3 inch ;
tail 2 -2 to 2-4 ; tarsus 0-4 ; culmen 0-4.
Hab. — Southern Europe, and countries bordering the Mediterranean. Moun-
tains of N.-E. Africa and Palestine, ranging to the Caucasus and Central Asia,
the Himalayas and Neilgherries ; occurring also on the mountains of Mongolia
and North China. Indian recorded localities are N.-W. India, Madras,
Neilgherries and Darjeeling. Nepaul and Bhootan are also given as places
where it occurs. Jerdon says he saw it occasionally in large flocks, and at
other times in small parties at Darjeeling and on the Neilgherries, and adds
that the number he saw in October at Darjeeling seemed to be birds of passage.
In Nepaul, according to Hodgson, they are found throughout the year.
771. Cotile ObSOleta, Cab., Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 50; Heugl., B.
N. O. Afr. i. p. 163 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 301 ; Blanf., Ibis, 1875,
p. 214; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 104; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x.
p. in. Ptyonoprogne pallida, Hume, Str.F. 1873, pp. I, 417; Blanf., Ibis,
1873, p. 214. Cotyle obsoleta, Blanf., East Pcrs. ii. p. 217. Ptyonoprogne
obsoleta, Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 84; Butler, Cat. B. Sind. p. 13.— The
PALE CRAG MARTIN.
HIRUNDO. 259
The whole upper surface a very pale greyish earthy brown, very much paler
than the same parts in either P. rupestris or Cotyle sinensis, the quills only
slightly darker, yet sufficiently so to contrast pretty markedly with the scapu-
lars, back, rump and upper tail coverts ; the lateral tail feathers and all but the
external feather on each side with a large oval white spot on the inner web,
as in rupestris, and with dark shafts, and a darker tint on the web, near the
shaft, as in that latter species. Lower surface as in rupestris, but much paler,
the whole of the chin, throat, breast and abdomen being white, with only a
faint fulvous or rufous tinge ; wing lining and lower tail coverts the same
pale earthy grey brown as the upper surface. Bill black ; legs and feet horny
brown ; irides dark brown. {Hume, S. F. vol. I, p. 417.)
Male, length — 5*35 to 6 inches ; expanse 12-25 to *3 '•> wing 4-4 to 4*7.
Female, length — 5-25 to 5-5 ; expanse I2'3 ; wing 4*510475; tail from
vent r8 to 2; tarsus 0-4.
Hab, — N.-E. Africa ; found also in Beloochistan, Kutch and N. Guzerat.
In Sind it is less common than the preceding species, and generally affects
hilly situations ; arrives during winter.
Gen. Hirundo, Linn* — TRUE SWALLOWS.
Bill broad at the base, triangular and compressed at the tip ; wings long ;
tail long, furcate or subfurcate, the outer feathers on each side emarginate on
the inner web, and generally elongated to a great extent ; nostrils lateral, with
a distinct superior membrane ; tarsus moderate, nude ; feet moderate.
772. Hirundo rustica Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 343; Gould, B.
Eur. ii. pi. 54 ; Yarrell, Br. B. ii. p. 213; Hodgs., Icon, ined Br. Mus.
Passers, pi. 8; Bp., Comp. Av. i. p. 338 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 157, No. 82;
Godwin- Austen, J '. A. S. B. xxxix. p. 94; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 72;
id., Sir. F. 1874, p. 155 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 477 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1875,
p. 451 (pt.); Blanf., East. Pers. ii. p. 215; Leggf, B. Ceylon, p. 587;
Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 84; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 43 ; Reid, Sir. F. iSSi,
p. 16; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 292; id., Str. F. 1883, p. 346; Seebohm,
Hist, Br. B. ii. 171 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 102. — The COMMON
SWALLOW.
Before giving a description of this species it is due to Ornithologists who
have not access to the works issued by the British Museum, to transcribe here
Mr. Sharpe's observations in regard to " Hirundo rustica and its allies," and
every working Ornithologist will agree with him, that " the races of Chimney
Swallows are by no means easy to decipher," notwithstanding that they have
been the subject of much discussion." He recognizes only five species.
" Mr. Dresser," he says in his " Birds of Europe," does not distinguish the
Eastern Chimney Swallow (ff. gutturalis) from H. rustica, and says that the
latter merges gradually into H. erythrogastra, as it proceeds eastward^.
This certainly was my belief, but Mr. Sharpe thinks otherwise, and has given
260 HIRUNDINID^E.
the latter sub-specific rank. He goes on, " I say nothing about the probabi-
lity of hybridization* taking place between the various forms of H. rustica^
for at present we have no positive evidence of such being the case, but I
would draw attention to the fact that although, in my opinion, H. Savignii
does not occur in Palestine, the examples of H. rustica from that country are
permanently more rufous than those from any part of Europe." How is this
to be accounted for? According to Mr. Sharpe — and it is possible too —
" it may be due to a strain of H. Savignii from adjoining localities. They
are, however, always to be distinguished even from young H. Savignii, and
are to be matched by specimens from different parts of Europe/' The same
difficulties attend the determination of the swallows which winter in Burmah,
where many specimens occur which are puzzling to the Naturalist. They
may be hybrids between the various races of H. rustica ; and nothing but
continued study by field naturalists can solve these points in question. It
seems to me that a case of hybridization between H. rustica and H. tylleri
would result in offspring very difficult to distinguish from H. erythrogastra.
More recently Mr. Seebohm has reviewed the question. He recognizes five
races. H. rtistica, according to this author, has a wide summer range in
Europe, extending to the valley of the Yen-e-say, but it is said to winter in
" Sind and West India/' Mr. Sharpe continues, and adds his experience
"that it shares to a great extent the winter quarters of the Eastern Chimney
Swallow, called by Mr. Seebohm H. rustica var. gutturalis^ and that
it is quite possible it accompanies the latter occasionally back to its summer
home. There are many places where both races occur together in winter ;
and the Burmese countries appear to be the winter residence of at least four
of the Chimney Swallows—//, rustica, PL gutturalis, H. erythrogastra and
H. tytleri. Speaking of H. rustica var. horreorum, Mr. Seebohm says that
it winters in Burmah, " where it has been re-named H. tytleri." This is not
strictly correct, for although specimens from Lake Baical are identical with
the North-American bird, and undoubted examples are in the British Museum
from Burmah ; yet, they cannot be said to be identical with H. tytleri, which
is a distinct race leading on to H. Savignii, which it resembles in its deep
chestnut under surface, while it retains the broken breast band of the //.
gutturalis and ff. horreorum type."
Male. — Forehead light chestnut ; body and wings glossy steel blue ; pri-
maries and secondaries black; tail feathers black, with a large white spot on
the inner webs of all except the mesial ones ; throat chestnut ; a dark blue
band across the upper part of the chest j rest of under parts white or rufescent
white. Bill, legs, and feet black.
Length. — To end of outer tail feathers 7-5 inches, of which the tail is 4-5 ;
middle tail feathers 2 inches; wing 4-8. The female is distinguished by the
* The italics are mine.
HIRUNDO. 261
smaller chestnut patch on the forehead, less intense tints, whiter under parts,
and the narrowness of the band across the chest.
Hab. — Europe, Palestine, Africa, Natal, Malacca, Penang, Tenasserim,
Burmah, Sumatra, Borneo, China and Celebes; also Persia, Beloochistan,
Afghanistan, Eastern Turkestan, Nepaul and the whole Continent of India
and Ceylon. Other recorded localities are Behar, Darjeeling, Quilon in
Travancore, Nicobar Islands, Assam and Pegu. In Sind, as in other parts
of India, it is a winter visitant. Said to breed in Persia at heights from about
4,000 to 8,000 feet in the months of April and May. Hume says they also
breed along the whole line of the Himalayas from Cabul to Assam. The
nests are made of pellets of clay mingled with fur, straw, &c. The eggs
are 3—4 in number, thickly spotted with brownish red and inky purple.
In size the eggs vary from 0*7 to 0*84 inch in length and from 0*5 to 0*55 in
breadth.
773. HimndO gllttliraliS, Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii.
p. 96; Temm. Man. cTOrn. i. p. 427; Blyth, J . A. S. B. xvi. p. 117;
Cab.,Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 46; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 157 (pt); Hume, Ibis,
1876, p. 286; and 1877, p. 17; Tweed., P. Z. S. 1877, PP- 545> 694; Hume
and Davison, Sir. F. 1878, p. 41 ; Cripps, Sir. F. 1878, ii. p. 256 ; Bingham,
Sir. F. 1880, p. 48 ; Hume, t. c. p. 245; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x.
p. 135. Hirundo panayana, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 1018. Hirundo jewan,
Sykest P. Z. S. 1832, p. 83. Hirundo rustica (non. Linn.), Meyen., Nova.
Ada. Acad. Cas. Scop. Car. Nat. Cur. Suppl. taf. 10, fig. i. Hirundo
javanica, (iion. Sparrm.), Bp. Consp. i. p. 338; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873,
p. 405. Hirundo Andamanensis, Tytler and Beav.t Ibis, 1867, p. 316;
Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 155. Hirundo rustica, var. gutturalis, Seebohm,
Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 1 7 1 . — The PANAYAN SWALLOW.
Above glossy purplish blue, the white bases of the feathers of the mantle
showing through ; forehead, chin and throat deep ferruginous ; lores blackish ;
ear coverts purplish blue ; sides of the foreneck purplish blue, the collar not
complete but slightly broken with a few blue spots on the feathers ; wing
coverts like the back ; bastard wing, primary coverts and quills blackish,
washed externally with glossy blue ; tail washed with blue ; all but the centre
feathers with a large oval white spot on the inner web, becoming an oblique
patch on the outermost feathers ; under surface from the chest downwards
white, including the thighs and under tail coverts ; the flanks with a very faint
tinge of smoky brown ; axillaries and under wing coverts pale smoky brown.
(Sharpe.) Bill black ; feet brown ; iris black. (David.) The adult female is
similar in colour.
Length. — 6'2 to 6'8 inches ; wing 47 ; tail 3 ; tarsus 0-45.
Hab. — N.-E. Asia, S. China, the Burmese countries and the Malayan
Peninsula, straying into India more rarely. It is recorded from N.-W. India,
262 HIRUNDINID^E.
Rajkote (Kattiawar), Central India (Mhow and Kamptee), the Deccan,
South India, Assam, Bhootan, Bhamo, Pegu and Tenasserim.
774. Hirundo erythrogastra, Bodd., Tall. Pi Enl p. 45 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 137. Hirundo rufa, Gm.y Syst. Nat. i.
p. 1018; Bp ., Consp- Av.i. p. 339; Cab., Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 46. Hirundo
horreorum, Barlr., Fragm.Nat. Hist. p. 17 ; Wald. in Bl, B. Hurm.p. 127 ;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 42 ; id., viii. p. 84 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm \.
p. 303. Hirundo erythrogastra, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 57. Hirundo rustica,
var. horreorum, Seebchm, Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 171.— The AMERICAN BARN
SWALLOW.
General colour above glossy purplish blue, varied with white on the mantle
and back, where the white bases to the feathers show through ; lesser and
median wing coverts like the back ; greater coverts, bastard wing, primary
coverts and quills blackish with a purplish gloss on the outer web, inclining
more to steel-green on the outer webs of the bastard wing and primary
coverts ; the innermost greater coverts ashy on their inner webs with a
strong rufous tinge ; tail feathers blackish with a steel-green gloss, all but
the centre ones with a large rounded spot, increasing in size towards the
outermost, where it is a large oblique mark ; forehead deep bay or chestnut,
extending slightly blackwards over the eye ; lores black ; ear coverts purplish
blue like the head ; cheeks and entire throat deep bay, of a different
colour from the rest of the under surface, but not separated from the chest by
a complete band ; sides of the neck glossy purplish blue like the back, this
colour impinging on to the sides of the foreneck in a half crescent shape
but not forming a band across ; under surface from the chest downwards,
including the under wing coverts and axillaries, clear rufous deepening into
chestnut in the region of the vent ; under tail coverts with blackish shaft lines.
(Sharpe.) The adult female is similar to the male in colour.
Length. — 67 to 6-8 inches ; wing 4-5 to 4-55 ; tail 3-25 to 3-45 ; tarsus O'4 ;
culmen 0*35.
Hab. — The whole of North America, reaching to Alaska and Greenland,
extending across to Lake Baikal and wintering in Burmah ; also ranging
through the whole of Central America and the Antilles, reaching in winter as
far as Southern Brazil. (Sharpe.) Pegu and Tonghoo are given as localities
of the occurrence of this species.
775. Hirundo Tytleri, Jerd., B. ind. iii. App. p. 870 (1864);
Blyth,Ibis, 1866, p. 336; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 4^.; Wald. in BlytJis
B. Burm. p. 127; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 466; Hume and Dav.,
Sir. F. 1878, p. 41 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 84 ;
Godwin- Austen, t. c.p. 345 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 304; Seebohm, Hist.
Br. B. ii. p. 171. — TYTLER'S SWALLOW.
HIRUNDO. 263
Adult male described by Mr. Sharpe is from Irkutsh. The general colour
above is glossy purplish blue, the mantle and scapulars streaked with reddish
white, where the bases of the feathers show through ; remainder of the plumage
as in H. rustica, but with the under parts very dark ferruginous, nearly as dark
as the throat ; the collar across the throat is very narrow and indistinct.
Length— 6-9 to 7-3 inches ; wing 5-05 ; tail O'4 ; tarsus 0-5.
Hal. — E. Siberia and Kamtschatka, wintering in Burmah, where Oates says
it occurs in considerable numbers, but it is much more common in some years
than in others. Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay remarks that it is common in
Karenne. Dr. Tirand that it is not rare in Cochin-China, and Mr. Simson, who
first drew Dr. Jerdon's attention to the species, writes that it visits Dacca
in an erratic manner, sometimes abundantly, sometimes in small numbers.
Colonel God win -Austen met with it in the Khasia hills, and it has been pro-
cured also at Darjeeling. In the British Museum Catalogue is a record
from Tenasserim, Heifer being quoted.
776. HirundO Javaniea, Sparrm., Mus. Carls, ii. pi. IOO;
Vieill., N. Diet. a" Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 523; Temm., PL Col. iv. pi. 83; Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 57 ; Temm. and Schleg., Faun. Jap. Aves, p. 32 ; Cab., Mus.
JJein. Th. i. p. 46; Wall, Ibis, 1860, p. 147 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 126;
Bourd., Sir. F. 1876, p. 374; Fairb., Str. F. 1877, p. 392 ; Sharpe, Journ.
Lin. Soc. ZooL xiii. p. 498 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 43 ; Ramsay,
Proc. Lin. Soc. N. S. Wales iii. p. 275 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 47, 84 ;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 597 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1880, p. I2O; Davison, Strt F.
1883, p. 345 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 142. Hirundo frontalis, Quoy et
Gaim., Voy. del Astrol. ZooL i. p. 204, pi- 12, fig. I. Hirundo domicola,
.Jerd., Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 173; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 198;
Kelaart, Prod. Cat. p. 118; Layard, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. xii. p. 170;
Jerd., B. Ind. i p. 158 ; Eoldsw., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 418 ; Jerd., Ibis, 1871,
p. 351. Hypurolepis domicola, Gould, B. Asia i. pi. 32 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs, Ind. B.\>. 73; id., Str. F. 1874, p. 155. Hypurolepis Javanica, Oates,
B. Br. Burm. i. p. 308.— The NEILGHERRY or TROPICAL HOUSE SWALLOW.
Above glossy black or dull steel-blue, the white bases of the feathers of the
hind neck showing through ; a broad band on the forehead ; the chin, throat,
upper breast, cheeks, and ear coverts deep ferruginous ; lores dusky ; wings and
tail dark brown, slightly glossed with steel-blue ; the tail with an oval white
spot on all the tail feathers, except those of the central pair ; under surface
of the body pale ashy, albescent on the abdomen; breast with dusky shaft
streaks ; sides of the upper breast with a bluish patch ; sides of the body and
flanks dull smoky brown; under tail coverts ashy, the feathers with white
tips and subterminal patches of black.
Length. — 5 inches; wing 4'2; tail 2*1 ; depth of fork O'3 ; tarsus 0*4;
bill from gape o'65.
2G4 HIRUNDINID.E.
Hab.— Southern India and Ceylon, also British Burmah, Malay Penin-
sula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, the Phillipine Islands, Celebes and some of the
further islands. It is recorded from Mynall in Travancore, from Coonoor,
Ootacamund (Neilgherries) and Bangalore. In British Burmah it was
procured by Mr. Davison at Mergui in Tenasserim. Theobald found them
breeding in Tenasserim during April. They not only build under the roofs
of bungalows and in verandahs of houses, but also in caves and under boats
which are unused. The nests are made of mud, cup-like in shape, and are
lined with feathers. The eggs, normally, three in number, are white, speckled
with reddish.
777. HirundO Smithi, Leach , App. to Tucktfs Voyage Congo,
p. 407. Hirundo filifera, Steph., Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 78 ; Gray, Gen. B. \.
p. 58 ; Bp., Consp. Av. i.p. 338 ; Cab,, Mus. Hein. Th. \. p. 46 ; Jerd., B. Lid,\.
p. 159, No. 84; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 164; Adam, t. c. p. 370; Vipan.,
t. c. p. 495; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 409; Aitken, Sir. F. 1875, p. 212;
Butler, t. c. p. 451 ; Fairbk., Sir. F. 1876, p. 254; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis,
1877, p. 466 ; Hume andUav., Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 43 ; Davidson and Wenden,
Sir. F. 1878, p. 43 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84 ; Bingham, t. c. p. 192 ; Doig,
t. c. p 370 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, fyc., p. 12 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 43 ; Reid,
Sir. F. 1 88 1, p. 18; Davison, Sir. F. 1882, p. 292; Murray, Vert. ZooL
Sind,ip. 102. Hirundo filicauda, Frankl., P.Z.S. 1831, p. 115. Uromitrus
filifera, Bp., Rivist. Contemp. Torino, 1857, p. 4; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind.
B. p. 75; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 383; id., Sir. F. 1875, p 289. Uromitrus
filiferus, Oates, B. Br. Burmah, i. p. 307. — The WIRE-TAILED Sw ALLOW.
Head deep ferruginous ; lores black ; ear coverts, nape and entire upper
surface purplish blue ; wings glossy steel-blue ; tail black, the outer web
attenuated and elongated 5—6 inch beyond the rest, the two centre feathers un-
spotted purplish blue ; rest of the feathers with a white spot on the inner web ;
under surface of the body white, tinged with pinkish on the breast ; a crescent-
shaped patch of feathers on each side of the breast dull purplish blue. Bill
black ; feet dark brown.
Length.— 475 to 5-75 inches; wing 4-3; tail 2-85, to end of elongated
feathers 4*75.
Hab.— Throughout the greater part of India and Cashmere, also
Beloochistan (Quetta) and Afghanistan, extending into Tenasserim on the
east and to Sind on the west. Recorded from the Salween River (Tenasserim),
Bhamo (Burmah), Bengal, Kumaon, Nepaul, >Behar, Mhow, Madras,
Malabar, Deccan, Concan, Mysore, Kattiawar, N.-W. Himalayas, Kurrachee,
Sukkur, Kotree, and Cashmere. Breeds in the plains of India during February
and March, and again in July, August and September. In the lower ranges
of the Himalayas, it breeds up to an elevation of 4,000 to 5,000 feet.
Hume records having taken nests in April and May. He adds that they breed
exclusively in the neighbourhood of water, under the cornices of bridges
HIRUNDO. 265
under culverts beneath which there is some water, and under overhanging
shelves of rock or kunker projecting from the face of stony or earthy river
cliff. The nest is composed exteriorly of mud, and is usually lined with
feathers. Eggs, 2 — 3 in number, a long narrow oval, a good deal pointed
towards one end ; ground color white or pinkish white, richly speckled and
spotted with shades of reddish brown or brownish red. Often the markings
form a zone round the large end. Size 0*65 to o-8 X O'5 to 0*57.
Hirundo rufula, Temm., a species distinguished by its blue head, cinna-
mon rufous rump fading off into creamy buff, and with the under surface
fulvescent with mesial shaft streaks, is recorded from Bampur in Beloochistan,
and a var. or sub-sp. closely resembling it but smaller from Pushut, Afghan-
istan. Wing 4 35 — 45 against 4-7 of H. rufula.
778. HirundO nipalensis, ffodgs., Icon, ined in Br. Mus.
Passeres, pi. 6; id. J , A. S, B. vi. p. 780; Hume and Davison, Str. F. 1878,
p 44; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84; Scully, /. c. p. 233; Bingham, Sir. F.
1880, p. 148 ; Hume, /. c. p. 246 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 306. Hirundo
daurica (non Pall.), Gray, Cat. Fissirostres, Br. Mus. p. 23 ; JFerd., B. Ind.\.
p. 1 60, No. 85 (1862 pt.) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 46. Lillia daurica, Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 78. Cecropis nipalensis, Hume, Str. F. 1875,
p. 42. Hirundo (Cecropis) nipalensis, Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 230. Lillia
arctivitta, Hume, Str. F. 1877, PP- 261, 266. Hirundo arctivitta, Oates, B.
Br. Burm. i. p. 307. — SWINHOE'S STREAKED SWALLOW.
Forehead, crown, back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts glossy steel
black ; lores ashy ; a spot in front of the eye black, a narrow supercilium
and a broad patch behind and above the ear coverts chestnut, these patches
narrowly and interruptedly connected on the nape ; ear coverts, cheeks and the
whole under surface white, narrowly streaked with dusky ; rump chestnut,
the band very narrow ; upper tail coverts black ; under tail coverts white at
base, black at the tip, the black not more than 07 in length. Bill black ; feet
dusky.
Length, — 7 inches ; wing 4-4 to 4*7 ; smaller than H. daurica, vera.
Hab. — N. China, the Himalayas from Simla to Assam, wintering in the
plains of India and the Burmese countries. Sharpe's record gives the following
localities : — Upper Assam, Nepaul, Behar, Kamptee, Godavery Valley, Pegu
and Tenasserim. Gates says Captain Wardlaw-Ramsay obtained a specimen
on the Karin hills east of Tounghoo. Breeds in the Himalayas and the Dhoon,
also at Murree about May, June, July and August. Eggs, pure white,
0-81—89 X 0-55— 0-6.
779. HirundO Japonica, Temm. and Schleg., Faun. Japan. Avcs,
p. 33, pi. ii.; Bp., Consp. Av. i. p. 340. Hirundo daurica, Swinh., Ibis, 1860,
p. 48 ; 1863, pp. 89, 255. Hirundo striolata (non. Tern, and Schleg.}, Wall.,
P. Z. S. 1863, P- 485 ; Wald.,B. Burm. p. 127; Hume and Dav., Str. F.
VOL. 1I.-34
266 HIRUNDINID^E.
1878, p. 44 ; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 305. Lillia Japonica, Hume, Str. F.
1877, p. 261. Lillia substriolata, Hume, Str- F. 1877, p. 264 Cecropis
erythropygia (nee. Sykes), Blakist and Pryer B. Japan, p. 139. Hirundo
striolata, Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 169. Hirundo Japonica, Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. x. p. 162. — The JAPANESE STRIPED SWALLOW.
Adult. — Forehead, crown, back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts glossy
steel black ; lores ashy ; a spot in front of the eye black ; a very narrow
supercilium and a broad patch behind and above the ear coverts chestnut ;
these patches narrowly andinterrtiptedly connected over the nape ; ear coverts,
cheeks and whole lower plumage white, tinged with rufous, and broadly
streaked everywhere with dark brown ; rump chestnut, the shafts of the
feathers conspicuously black ; upper tail coverts black ; under tail coverts
white at base, black at the end ; the black portion being about an inch long ;
greater wing coverts, wings and tail black with a bluish gloss ; under tail
coverts like the back ; rump band ri inch with distinct black shafts.
Length. — 7 to 7^4 inches ; wing 4-55 to 4*7 ; tail 4 ; tarsus 0-65.
Rab. — Japan and China, extending into the Burmese countries. Captain
Wardlaw-Ramsay obtained a specimen on the Karen hills, which the British
Museum is now in possession of. According to Blakiston arid Pryer, in the
Catalogue of the Birds of Japan, the species builds a long bottle-shaped
nest under the eaves of the buildings, and the eggs, six in number, are white.
Sharpe observes that H. striolata (Boie), distinguished by much broader
rump stripes, is a larger race than H. Japonica, with a wing of 5'O5— 5*1
inches. I have not included the species owing to its occurrence in Burmah
being doubtful, and the species being confounded by various authors with the
present one.
780. Hirundo erythrcpygia, Sytos, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 83;
Jerd., Madr. Journ. xi. p. 237 (1840); Blyth, Ibis, 1866, pp. 237, 337;
Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 69, No. 806 (1869) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, pp. 46, 47 ;
Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 161 ; Cock, and Marsh., Str. F. 1873, p. 350 ; Adam, t. c.
p. 370; Aitken, Str. F. 1875, p. 212; Hume, t. c. p. 318; Butler, /. c.
p. 451 ; Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 338; Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 226; Davidson
and Wenden, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 76; Murray, t. c. p. 113; Legge, B.
Ceylon, p. 594(1879); Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 84; Butler, Cat. B. Sind,
fc., p. 13 (1879) ; id., Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 14 (1880) ; id., Sir. F.
(1880), p. 377 ; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, rj; 48 ; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 43
Butler, t. c. p. 377; Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 18 ; Davidson, Str. F. 1882,
p. 292 ; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 345; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 169. Hi-
rundo daurica (non Pall.) Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. At. Soc. p. 198 (1849, P*-) '•>
Layard, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 170 (1873); id. and Kelaart,
Prodr. Cat., app. p. 58 (1853); Cass. Cat. Hirund, Mus. Philad. Acad.
P- 4 (l853) ; Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. E. 7. Co. Mus. i. p. 92 (1854, pt.) ;
Jerd.t B. India, i. p. 160 (1862, pt.) ; Boulger, P. Z, S. 1866, p. 568;
HIRUNDO. 267
Boldsw., P. Z. S. 1874, p. 419; Murray, Vertbr. Faun. Stnd, p. 103 (1884).
Cecropis erythropygia, Gould, B. Asia,i. pi. 29 (1868); Jerd., Ibis, 1871,
p. 352 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 127 (1875); fairb.% Sir. F. 1876, p. 254.
Lillia erythropygia, Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 76 (1873) ; id., Str. F.
1877, p. 255. — The RED-RUMPED SWALLOW.
Adult.— General colour above deep purplish blue with white striations
where the bases of the feathers show through ; the wing coverts like the back ;
quills blackish externally, glossed with dull blue ; rump and upper tail coverts
deep ferruginous, the longer coverts deep purplish blue ; tail feathers blackish,
glossed with dull blue; crown of head like the back, from which it is
almost separated by a nuchal collar of deep ferruginous, the sides of the
hinder crown and sides of the neck being of the latter colour and converging
on to the nape, the nuchal collar being only interrupted by a few dark
blue plumes in the form of spots ; a narrow frontal line and a streak
over the eye deep ferruginous ; lores whitish, tipped with dusky ; ear
coverts pale rufous with dusky shaft streaks ; cheeks, throat, and under
surface of body whitish, slightly marked with rufous on the breast and
flanks ; the whole of the under parts narrowly streaked with dusky black-
ish shaft lines, disappearing on the under tail coverts, the long ones of which
are deep blue black with whitish bases ; under wing coverts and axillaries
rather deeper fulvous than the breast, with nearly obsolete dusky shaft lines,
which are, however, more plainly developed on the small wing coverts near
the edge of the wing ; quills dusky below, paler along the edge of the inner
web. (Sharps.) Bill, legs and feet black ; iris brown. (Legge.}
Total length. — 6'2 inches; culmeno'35; wing 4*45 ; tail 3'n j tarsus 0-5.
Hab. — All over India, to Nepaul, Himalaya, Siberia, N.-E. Asia, Persia,
Beloochistan and Afghanistan. In Ceylon rarely. Occurs in Sind, the
Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajutana and N. Gujerat ; also the Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces and Oudh, Bengal, Central and Southern India. It is a permanent
resident of the plains of India, and breeds from April to August. The nest,
according to Hume, is usually fixed to the under surface of some ledge of
rock or the roof of some cave or building, and is constructed of fine pellets of
mud or clay, making up a tubular passage terminating in a bulb-like chamber,
some 4 to 7 inches in diameter. The eggs are pure white, and generally
four in number. The nest chamber is lined sometimes thickly and sometimes
thinly with feathers only as a rule, but occasionally with a mixture of these
and fine grass. During the breeding season the old birds, like all the other
species, fly round about their nest morning and evening, uttering quite a
variety of ratho? pretty somewhat musical notes. During the day they re-
main near, and one of them generally in the nest, or the pair may be seen
perched on some stone below the nest sitting for an hour at a time, preening
their feathers, the male every now and then singing a few notes. Hirundo
hyperythra is closely allied to this species, and is found in Ceylon.
268 MOTACILLID/E.
Gen. Petrochelidon.— Cab.
Tail square or only slightly emarginate ; rump differing from the back in
colour. (Sharpe.)
781. Petrochelidon flUViCOla (Blyth\ Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. x. p. 2OO. Hirundo fluvicola, Blyth, J. A. S. tt. xxiv. p. 470 ; Jerd.t
B. Ind. i. p. 161 ; id., Ibis, 1871, p. 352 ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 406 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 80 ; Adams, Sir. F. 1873, P- 37° ', Aitken,
Sir. F. 1875, p. 213 ; Davidson and Wenden, Sir. F. 1882, p. 293. Lageno-
plastes fluvicola, Gould, B. Asia, i. pi. 33; Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 452;
Fairb., Sir. F. 1876, p. 2545 Butler, Sir. F. 1877, p. 217.— The INDIAN
CLIFF SWALLOW.
Above glossy blue -black ; lesser wing coverts the same ; the remainder
dusky blackish, glossed with steel-green ; rump and upper tail coverts smoky
brown, mottled with blackish ; tail blackish with a steel-green gloss ; crown of
the head dull brick red, the feathers with blackish shaft lines ; lores white,
separated from the forehead by a line of black ; ear coverts dusky brown,
streaked with fulvous brown ; abdomen and under tail coverts pure white with
narrow dusky shaft lines.
Length. — 4-5 inches; wing 4-6 ; tail 175; tarsus 0-4 ; culmen 0-25.
jjaj)t — India generally, Central India, Kutch, Kattiawar Punjab, Nagpoor,
Berar and the Godavery Valley. It is also recorded from Mirzapoor, Ajmere,
Ahmedabad, Etawah and Gwalior, also from the Dhoon. Hume says they
breed from February to April, and again in July and August, building a more
or less retort-shaped mud nest in cluster of from 20 to 200, packed as closely
as possible. The normal number of eggs is three. They are generally long
ovals, a good deal pointed at one end. In colour they are pure white or white,
speckled, streaked and spotted with pale yellowish or reddish brown. In size
they vary from 0-65 to O'8 inch in length, and from 0*48 to 0-58 inch in
breadth.
Family.— MOTACILLID^:.
Nine-quilled Passeres with bill generally of moderate length, slender, straight,
and more or less deflected at the tip ; rictus nearly smooth ; wings long and
pointed ; tertiaries lengthened and nearly as long as the primaries ; tail long ;
tarsus long and slender ; toes moderate ; hind claw long and slightly
curved. No bastard primary ; plumage either black and white, or grey and
white with a good deal of yellow.
The family Motacillidae comprises two groups of birds, the^pecies of each
bear a very close resemblance one to another. They live almost entirely on
the ground, though some do perch on trees, and their natural habitat is by the
river side, on the margin of lakes, damp ground, meadows, marshes and
irrigated fields ; some of the Anthinae or pipits, however, affect bare stony
MOTACILLA. 269
plains and perch on trees. Their habits are peculiar and characteristic.
Living as they do on the ground they run at a great speed by short jerky
movements, and when still, wag their tails up and down continually. Their
food is chiefly insects, but some eat grain and seeds also. They breed mostly
on the ground or on the ledges of rock, and lay whitish or clay-coloured eggs.
A few species only breed in India proper, and those chiefly in the Himalayas
and Cashmere, the rest (a considerable number) are migratory, and visit India
only during winter.
Gen. Motacilla.— Linn.
Bill moderate, slender and compressed at the tip, profile of oilmen straight
from the base of the bill to the tip ; nostrils apert ; wings with nine long
primary quills, the first two subequal and longest ; tertiaries equal to the
primaries in length, or nearly so ; tarsus long and slender ; hind toe short with
slightly curved claw.
Owing to the many stages of plumage in which the species of this large
family of birds are met with in India, and also to the insufficient materials
for comparison and study, I consider it best to follow Mr. Sharpe as closely
as possible in the description and key to the plumage of each species, as the
admirable manner in which he has worked them out, with the immense mass
of materials at his hand, leaves nothing to be added or desired.
782. Motacilla alba, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 331; StoL, Sir. F.
1875, p. 217; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 233 ; Blanf., East Persia, ii. p. 232;
Scully, Str.F. 1876, p. i5i ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1877, p. 472 ; id. Str. F. 1878,
vol. ii. p. 137; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103; Scully, t. c. p. 313 ; Brooks,
t. c. p. 484; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 69; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 68;
Scully, t. c. p. 45 1 ; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i. p. 156; Seebohm, Hist. Br.
B. iii. p. 199; Murray, Vert. Zool. Stnd, p. 166. Motacilla dukhenensis,
Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 250 ; Gould, B. Asia,
pi. 62 ; Blanf., Ibis, 1863, p. 219; Hume, Str. F. 1873, pp. 29, 30; Ball,
Str. F. 1874, p. 416 ; Brooks, t. c. p. 457 ; id. Str. F. 1875, p. 49 ; Wald. in
Bl. B. Burmah, p. 97 ; Hume and Davison, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 137 ;
Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 69; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 395. Motacilla
dakhanensis, Fairb., Str. F. 1876, p. 260. — The WHITE-FACED WAGTAIL.
The following is Mr. Sharpe's key to the plumage of this species : —
(a) Throat white or yellowish white.
(a') Forehead like the crown.
(a") Throat dingy white, tinged with yellow ; foreneck and
chest dull ashy with a dusky patch in the centre of the
former —
Young: ist plumage.
(£") Throat white, washed with yellow, separated from the
white breast by a crescent of black on the foreneck —
Young-, ist autumn plumage.
270 MOTACILLID^E.
(£') Forehead white.
(c") Crown grey like the back— Fotmg : 1st winter plumage.
(d") Crown black, contrasting with the grey back —
Adult : winter plumage.
(I)) Throat and foreneck black.
(cf) Head and nape black — Adult & breeding plumage.
(d') Nape mixed with ashy — Adult 9 breeding plumage.
" Young in ist plumage. — Above uniform ashy grey, washed with olive; the
lesser wing coverts the same ; median and greater series dusky ashy, washed
with brown externally, and with white at the ends ; bastard wing, primary
coverts and quills blackish edged with ashy externally, the secondaries with
white, subterminally shaded with brown ; tail black, the two centre feathers
edged with white, the two outer ones white with blackish edgings to the inner
web ; the base of the penultimate feather also black ; forehead and crown
like the back ; lores ashy ; above the ear coverts a streak of yellowish white;
ear coverts pale yellowish white ; cheeks and throat dingy white with a slight
yellowish tinge ; foreneck, chest and sides of the body ashy grey with a patch
of blackish on the foreneck ; remainder of under parts white ; thighs dull ashy
with dusky bases ; axillaries and under wing coverts white.
"From this plumage a complete moult brings the bird into its full winter
plumage ; the upper surface uniform grey, and there is generally a strong
suffusion of yellow on the face, but — Sharpe says— this is not always the
case, and may be peculiar to one sex or to the birds of the second brood.
In the following spring the full plumage is reached not by a moult but
by a change of feather, the black on the head generally appearing first and
afterwards that on the throat. In the case of the female birds, at least in
their first spring, the head never seems to become entirely black, the nape
still retaining some ashy plumes. The young male in first winter plumage
is light ashy grey above, washed with yellowish olive on the head and
back ; the rump being purer grey, and becoming dusky towards the upper
tail coverts which are black, washed externally with ashy, the lateral coverts
white on their outer webs ; lesser wing coverts ashy grey like the back, and
similarly washed with olive ; median and greater wing coverts blackish,
externally washed with brownish ashy; whiter towards the ends of the feathers j
bastard wing, primary coverts and quills blackish, externally edged with dull
ashy, the inner secondaries browner on the outer web which is fringed with
dull white ; tail as in the adult, but with black extending along the outer web
of the penultimate feather ; head light ashy grey, washed with yellowish olive ;
a frontal band of white obscured with yellowish olive ; lores ashy ; a streak of
whitish yellow above the ear coverts, surmounted by a line of blackish along
the sides of the crown ; ear coverts pale yellowish, also the sides of the neck ;
throat yellowish white, followed by a crescentic band of black on the foreneck
MOTACILLA. 271
which extends upwards in a broad line to the hinder part of the cheeks ; the
black crescent extending to a point on the centre of the chest, remainder
of under surface of the body white, washed with yellowish on the upper breast,
and with grey on the sides of the body and flanks ; axillaries white, washed
with yellow."
Length. — 7 inches ; wing 3^45 ; tail 3^35 ; tarsus 0*85 ; culmen 0-55.
" The adult in winter plumage has a grey back, white forehead, and black
crown and nape ; the sides of the crown, region of the eye, ear coverts, sides
of neck, cheeks and throat pure white, sometimes with a slight tinge of
yellow ; on the foreneck a broad black crescent, extending to the sides of
the throat to the hinder cheeks ; otherwise the plumage is the same as in
summer, excepting that the wing coverts are more ashy."
" Adult male in breeding-plumage. — General colour above light ashy grey from
the nape to the upper tail coverts, the latter being blackish, edged with ashy
grey, the lateral ones externally white, the outer greater coverts browner;
bastard wing, primary coverts and quills dark brown, edged with ashy, the
longer inner secondaries rather broadly margined with white, the two outermost
white, black at the base, and obliquely along the edge of the inner web ; a broad
frontal band, lores, cheeks, sides of face, ear coverts and sides of crown pure
white, the top of the head and nape black ; sides of neck white, washed with
ashy ; throat and foreneck black, the lower feathers tipped white where they
adjoin the breast, which is entirely white as the under tail coverts ; flanks and
sides of body light ashy grey, clearer on the sides of the upper breast ; thighs
ashy white ; under wing coverts and axillaries white, the coverts near the edge
of the wing with blackish bases ; quills dusky brown below, lighter along the
edge of the inner web, whiter near the base of the feathers. Bill, legs and feet
black ; iris dark brown."
Totallength. — 6-7 inches; culmen 0*5 ; wing 3^35 ; tail 3*35 ; tarsus 0*55.
Adult female. — Similar to the male. Females in the first spring.
Witrfregard to M. dukhunensis, as the Oriental form of this Wagtail is
called, specimens from Siberia, collected by Mr. Seebohm in the valley of
the Yen-e-say, cannot be specifically separated from M. alba> being merely of
a little purer french grey. This applies to the examples from India and
Burmah collected in the winter season ; and it seems to be a fact, as
Mr. Brooks says, that the young ones killed in these countries have not the
yellow face of European specimens ; but this cannot be made a specific
character, for many European individuals do not have it either.
A gradual transition seems to take place, as the species ranges eastwards,
from the duller grey of the West-European specimens to the pure grey of the
Siberian birds. This difference is only visible on the actual comparison of
a large series, and may be due to a strain of M. lugubris* with which
272 MOTACILLID^.
M. alba undoubtedly sometimes crosses. A pair of birds presented by Lord
Walsingham with their nest and young birds, to illustrate the breeding of the
Common-Pied Wagtail of England (M. lugubris), proved to belong, the
male to M. alba, and the female to M. lugubris. Mr. Seebohm informs us that
in winter he has always seen the two consorting in flocks in the south of
France ; and it is, therefore, quite likely that, on their return lo their breeding
quarters, a White Wagtail may often mate with a Pied Wagtail. In addition
to the purer grey of the Eastern birds, there is always more white on the
wing coverts in the Siberian and Indian specimens than in West-European
examples.
Hab. — The whole of Europe and Northern Asia, wintering in N.-E.
Africa and Senegambia, also the plains of India.
Sub-spf A. Motacilla baicalensis. — Motacilla baicalensis, Sivinhoe, P.Z.S.
1871, p. 363 ; David and Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 301 ; Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 433,
is also described by Mr. Sharpe.
General colour of the Adult male(typQ of species). — Above very pure pearly
grey, the rump like the back; the upper tail coverts blackish, edged with
grey, the lateral ones externally white ; lesser wing coverts like the back ;
median and greater coverts pure white, the blackish bases entirely hidden ;
bastard wing black> edged with white ; primary coverts and quills blackish,
externally edged with grey ; the long secondaries externally white, preceded
by a shade of light brown ; tail feathers black, the two centre ones edged
with white, the two outermost pure white, with the extreme base and a
broad edge to the inner webs blackish ; fore part of the head white ; the
hinder crown and hind neck black ; lores, sides of face, cheeks, ear coverts,
sides of hinder crown and sides of neck pure white ; chin and sides of throat
white ; centre of throat, foreneck and chest black ; remainder of under
surface, including the under tail coverts, pure white ; the sides of the breast
and flanks ashy grey ; axillaries white, washed with ashy ; under wing coverts
pure white. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 7*2 inches; wing 3*5; tail 3'55 ; tarsus 0*85; culmen cr$5.
(Mus. H. Seebohm.)
Hab. — Eastern Siberia, probably wintering in India and China. Gates has
it as a synonym of M. alba, of which it is an eastern form. It is probably
found in British Burmah. Sharpe's record of this is from Lake Baikal and
India (Gould Collection), but there is no precise locality given.
783. Motacilla ocularis, Swinh., Ibis, 1860, p. 55 ; id., P. z. S.
1870, p. 129; 1871, p. 364; David et. Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 299; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1875, p. 345 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 518 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 103; Scully, Str. F. viii. pp. 312,315; Hume, t. c. p. 413 ; Gates, Str.
F. x. p. 225 ; id., B. Br. Burm. i. p. 158 ; Dybowsky, Bull, Soc. Zool. France
viii. p. 360; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 471.— SWINHOE'S WAGTAIL.
MOTACILLA. 273
Key to plumage of M. ocular is.
(a) Throat white or white tinged with yellow.
(a!) Only a dusky brown patch on the foreneck ; upper
parts ashy brown.
Young, ist plumage.
(bf) A black crescent on the foreneck.
(a"} Head like the back white, forehead slightly
indicated.
Young, ist winter plumage.
(//) Head black, forehead white.
Adult) 2nd winter plumage.
(b) Throat black up to the chin or nearly so.
Adult, £ Q , Summer plumage.
c( Male and female in breeding plumage. — Forehead and crown as far back
as the eyes, face and sides of the neck pure white, remainder of the crown
and nape and a streak extending from the angle of the bill through the eye
and over the ear coverts to the nape black ; lower surface from the chin to
the lower breast black, remainder of lower ' plumage white ; back, rump and
upper tail coverts and also the smaller wing coverts pure grey ; larger wing
coverts, secondaries and tertiaries brown, margined on the outer webs with
white ; primaries brown, edged with white interiorly ; tail black, with the
exception of the two outer pairs of feathers which are white with a linear
patch of black on the edge of the inner webs/'
In winter the upper surface is blue grey, also the wings and tail ; the head
black with a broad white frontal band ; instead of the throat being entirely
black, there is only a black crescent on the foreneck,
The young have the margins to the wing coverts and tertiaries narrower,
and the forehead is grey instead of being white ; head suffused with a yellow
tinge, and the grey of the upper plumage is much less pure white than in the
adult ; the black eye streak is well developed.
Adult. — Bill black, plumbeous at base ; iris brown ; legs and claws black.
Length. — 7'8 to 8 inches ; wing 3*85 ; tail 4 ; tarsus 0*94 ; culmen 0*6.
Had. — From Kamschatka and Amoor Land to South China, breeding
throughout this extent of country, wintering in the Burmese countries and
extending westwards to Cachar and Nepaul. (Sharpe.) According to Gates it
is very abundant in Pegu from the beginning of November to the end of April ;
more common on the Pegu canal and in the Sittang river, extending to
Rangoon and up to Tounghoo. Davison procured it abundantly at Moulmein
and further North Captain Bingham got it in the Thoungyeen Valley.
784. Motacilla personata, Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. 63; Biyth,
Ibis, 1865, p. 49; Klanf., Ibis, 1873, p. 219; Severtz., Turkest.yevotn.pp.66,
139; Hume and Benders., Lahore to Yark., p. 224; Hume, Sir. F. 1873,
pp. 29-30; Ball, Sir. F. 1874, p. 440; Brooks, /. c. p. 456; id., 1875,
VOL. 11. —35
274 MOTACILLID/E.
p. 250 ; Scully, Sir. F. 1876, p. 150 ; Broolss, Str. F. 1877, p. 472 ; Blanf.,
/. c. p. 246; Hume, t. c. p. 329 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 344 ; Brooks, Str. F.
1878, ii. p. 140; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 219; Hume, Str. F. 1879 P- IO3 ;
War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 60; Reid, Sir. F. 1881, p. 48. Motacilla
dukhunensis, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 218 (nee Sykes). Motacilla Cashmeriensis,
Brooks, Pr. As. Socy. Beng. 1871, p. 289; id., J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 82 ;
id., Str. F. 1874, p. 456.— The BLACK- FACED WAGTAIL.
Adult male. — A broad frontal band extending to the front of the eye and
forming a narrow supercilium, white ; sides of the face, ear coverts, chin,
throat, lower parts from below the breast and under wing coverts white ;
crown and nape black ; breast black ; back, rump and upper tail coverts grey,
the upper tail coverts darker; primaries dusky brown, the outer webs darker ;
secondaries and tertiaries darker brown, margined on their outer webs and
tipped with white ; the secondaries margined for the basal half on their inner
webs with white ; tail black, the two outermost feathers on each side white, except
a dark brown margin on their inner webs. Bill and legs black ; irides brown.
Length.— 7-5 to 8 inches ; wing 3-6 to 37 inches; tail 4-5 to 475; bill at
front 075.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Central Provinces, Beloo-
chistan, Persia, South Afghanistan, East Turkistan ; also in Rajputana. A
winter visitant throughout India ; breeds in Persia and Cashmere.
The Wagtails of India have been fully treated of by Mr. Hume, in Vols. I.
and II. of Stray Feathers, in respect to the distinctness of the several species
occurring in India, and the outcome of his investigations has placed the
present species under the name it bears here. " In winter," Mr. Hume
says, " both M. personata and dulthenensis = alba entirely lose in both sexes
the black of the head, which is replaced in the male by a dark, in the
female by a light, grey. The black of the chin, throat, and breast is
reduced in dukhenensis = alba to a moderately broad more or less crescentic
pectoral band with two ill-defined broken blackish stripes running up the
side of the neck, as it were from the points of the crescent, which stripes
never, he thinks, entirely disappear, though in some specimens they become
entirely obsolete ; the br&ad white frontal band remains unchanged in width
or nearly so in the adult male, though its colour is less pure ; but in the
female it is greatly diminished in width so as in some specimens to become
almost obsolete ; while in all specimens it is more or less overlaid with sordid
grey. In personata, on the other hand, the whole breast always remains
black, and though the chin and upper part of the throat are white, the lower
part of the throat is still more or less speckled with black. In the perfect
winter plumage of both species, the amount of the black on the breast, sides
of the neck and throat at once serve to distinguish the two species, but
specimens of alba changing into winter plumage often (so far as the
amount of black on the throat is concerned) exactly resemble the perfect
winter plumage of personata, and the only ready and unfailing diagnosis of the
MOTACILLA. 275
two species is that in loth sexes, and at all seasons, the ear coverts and aural
region are in personala black, blackish, or dark grey; in dukhenensis = alba
pure white or greyish or sordid white."
Sharpe (Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 481) says that old birds in winter plumage
are remarkably like the summer plumage, and have the same black ear coverts,
the chin, however, is white, as well as a good deal of the throat and the forepart
of the cheeks, so that a narrow black stripe is left between the white lores and
white cheeks, running from the base of the bill to the ear coverts. It seems
certain, he adds, that old birds have the white chin spot for a short time only,
for December specimens have nearly got the full black chin.
The female in breeding plumage (Gilgit, Scully,) exactly resembles the
male. Length— 6-5 inches ; culmen O'5 ; wing 3-5 ; tail 3-3 ; tarsus 0*9.
785. Motacilla leucopsis, Gould, p. z. S. 1837, p. 78; Swinh.,
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 121 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 103; Scully, t. c. p. 313;
Oales, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 154. Motacilla Hodgsoni, Ilodgs., Icon. ined. in
Brit. Mus. Passeres, pi. 113, fig. 2. Motacilla alboides, Eodgs., Asiat. Res.
xix. p. 191. Motacilla luzoniensis (tion. Scop.), Gray, Cat. Mamm., &Y.,
Nepaul; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 250; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. nS; Hume,
Str. F. 1873, pp. 26-28; Ball, t. c. p. 73; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 237 ;
Blylh and Wald., B. Burm. p. 96 ; Hume and Oates, Sir. F. 1875, p. 142 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 291 ; Wald.. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 198 ; War dlaw- Ramsay,
Ibis, 1877, p. 462; Hume and Dav., Str. F. 1875, p. 362; Anderson, ZooL
Yunnan Aves, p. 609; Brooks, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 137 ; Hume, t. c. p. 519.
Key to the plumage of M. leucopsis.
(a) Forehead like the back ; upper surface light ashy or pale
olivaceous; least wing coverts like the back; median
coverts white with a mesial streak of dark brown ; on the
foreneck a dusky blackish patch.
Young, ist plumage.
(b) Forehead white ; upper surface grey ; median wing coverts
white ; a narrow black band on the foreneck.
Young ist winter.
(c) Forehead white ; head black ; back grey or grey mottled with
black ; least wing coverts black ; a black band on foreneck.
Adult, second winter.
(d) Forehead white ; remainder of upper surface black, as also
the least wing coverts ; black extending on the throat,
leaving the upper throat white ; secondaries with the white
confined to the inner web.
Adult, breeding plumage.
(e) Black extending on to the chin ; base of secondaries white
on both webs.
. Adult, final plumage.
276 MOTACILLID^.
Maleand female in breeding plumage. — Forehead, lores, ear coverts, feathers
over the eye, sides of the head and of the neck pure white ; the whole upper
plumage, chin, throat and breast black ; lower plumage white ; the four
central pairs of rectrices black, narrowly edged with white ; the next pair white,
with a streak of black on the edge of the inner web ; the outer pair white,
with a still narrower streak of black on the inner web ; lesser wing coverts
black ; median and greater series pure white, with concealed dark bases ;
bastard wing, primary coverts and quills black, edged with ashy white, purer
and broader on the secondaries ; under tail coverts white ; thighs white with
dark bases to the feathers ; under wing coverts and axillaries pure white. Bill
black, bluish below ; iris brown ; legs dark brown or nearly black. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 6-8 to 77 inches; wing 3-45 to 3^5 ; tail 3*4 to 3-6; tarsus 0*85
to 0*9; culm en 0*65,
In winter the black of the upper plumage becomes iron grey; the frontal
band is washed with brown and becomes much like the back, the chin and
throat are white, and there is only a circular dark patch on the breast.
Hab. — Eastern Siberia to China generally and the Himalayas, wintering in
Southern China, the Burmese countries, the Andaman Islands and the plains
of India (Sharpe). Nepaul, Darjeeling, Bengal, Assam, Bhamo, Pegu, Tavoy
and Tenasserim are recorded localities. In Pegu, according to Gates, it is
found abundantly over the whole of the plains during winter, arriving about
the middle of September and leaving in April. In the Tenasserim Division
it is only found in the northern half. It is one of the commonest birds
wherever it occurs, and frequents by preference margins of ponds and rivei^.
786. Motacilla HodgSOIli, Blyth, MSS. ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in
Br. Mm. Passcres, pi. 133, fig. 3; Blanf., J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 59; Hume,
Str. F. 1873, p. 26; Brooks, Sir. F. 1875, pp.247, 278 ; M>, MM, 1878,
p. 472 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 346 ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1878, ii. p. I4o ; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Scully, t. c. p. 312; Brooks, t. c. p. 484; Scully, Ibis,
1881, p. 451. Motacilla luzoniensis, Hume and Henderson, Lahore lo Yark,
p. 223.— HODGSON'S WAGTAIL.
PLATE.
Adult in summer plumage. — A broad frontal band, including in its extent
the sides of the crown, lores, feathers all round and below the eye, and also
behind the eye, above the black ear coverts white ; crown of the head, nape,
back, scapulars and whole upper surface including the upper tail coverts
black, the latter with white edges on the outermost; a line of black from the
gape, joining the black of the nape and sides of the neck ; followed by a
white line, the feathers being 'mottled with black ; chin, throat, sides of the
neck, foreneck and breast black ; under surface of the body, including the
under tail coverts, axillaries and under coverts, white ; median and greater
series of wing coverts white, with concealed dark bases to the latter ; bastard
MOTACILLA. 277
wing, primary coverts and quills black, edged with white, more broadly so on
the margins of the secondaries ; tail black, the outermost white, with a broad
black margin on the inner web. (S/iarpe.)
The adult female is like the male, except that the back is dusky ash colour.
In the winter plumage it is ashy grey on the back ; the chin is white, and the
feathers of the foreneck and throat are mottled with white.
Hab. — The Himalayas, extending to Turkestan to the West and Tenasserim
in the South. The recorded localities are Gilgit, Nepaul, Bhootan, Assam and
the Salween river in Tenasserim.
787. Motaciila Madraspatensis, Gm., Syst. Nat. \. p. 961;
Gould, B. Asia, pi. 61 ; Holdsworlh, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 458 ; Sever 7z., Turkest.
Je-)otn. pp. 66, 139; Murray, Sir. F. 1878, p. 113; Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 107 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p 103 ; Reid, Sir. F. 1881, p. 47 ; Damson,
ibid, iSSi, p. 310. Motaciila madraspatana, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi.
p. 428 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 251 ; J'erd., B. Jnd. ii. p. 217 ; Hu?ne, Nests and
Eggs. Ltd. B. p. 377 ; id., Sir. F. 1873, p. 28 ; Fair bank, Sir. F. 1876,
p. 2OO; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 177 ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1877, p. 472; Murray,
Hdblt., Zoo I. $v., Sind, p. 165 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 164 ; "Davison and
Wenden, Sir. F. 1878, p. 348 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 92. Motaciila picata,
Frank!., P. Z. S. 1831, p. 1 19.— The PIED WAGTAIL.
Head, lores, sides of the face, nape, ear coverts, chin, throat, breast, back,
rump and upper tail coverts black ; a broad white stripe from the nostrils over
the eye as a supercilium and extending to the nape ; primaries and their
coverts, secondaries, tertiaries and inner webs of greater coverts dark brown ;
the primaries and their coverts narrowly, the secondaries, tertiaries, median
and greater coverts tipped, and broadly margined on their outer webs with
white, forming a conspicuous wing patch ; the basal half of all the primaries
and secondaries white on the inner webs, and tipped with white ; the inner
webs of the innermost narrowly margined with white ; tail black, the two
outermost feathers on each side white, except a margin of dark brown on their
inner webs, which is broader on the next outermost ; breast, belly, vent, under
tail and wing coverts white ; edge of the wing and thigh coverts white, with a
few dark spots. Bill and legs black ; irides dark brown.
Length — 8-25 to 9 inches ; wing 375 to 4 ; tail 4 ; bill at front O'S ; tarsi ro.
Hob. — Nearly throughout India, extending into the Eastern Himalayas ;
westward to Cashmere, and thence to Turkestan. Occurs in Sind, Kutch,
Rajputana, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, Khandeish, Berars, Central and
Southern India, Ceylon and Sikkim. The localities quoted are, — Kumaon,
Nepaul, Behar, Mhow, Saugor, Kamptee, Deccan, Madras, Travancore and
Ootacamund.
According to Hume, the Pied Wagtail breeds throughout India from north
to south, only avoiding the low country of Bengal Proper. It ascends to
278 MOTACILLID/R.
mountains of Southern India, and breeds at Ootacamund. The months are
generally March, April and May. They nest in the neighbourhood of water,
in holes in banks ; crevices in rocks, under stones, in drains, holes in walls, and
in fact anywhere. The normal number of eggs is four. They differ much
in size and shape, and vary from a long to a broad oval more or less pointed
towards the small end. The ground colour of the eggs varies from pale
brownish to greenish white, and the markings are clouds, smudges, streaks,
spots and specks of earthy brown, dark olive brown and sometimes purplish
brown.
788- Motacilla melanope, Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. App.
p. 696 ; Gm., Sysf Nat. i. p. 997 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 25 1, pi. 128 ; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. 610. Motacilla boarula, Linn., Mant. p. 517; G??i., Sysf. Nat.
i. p. 997; Gould, B. Eur. ii. pi. 147; Bp. Comp. List. B. Eur. and N.
.Amer. p. 19; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. ^. 97. Motacilla sulphurea, Bechst.
Naiurg. Deulschl. iii. p. 459; Blanf., East. Pers. ii. p. 233; Seebohm, Hist.
Br. B. ii.p. 263. Calobates sulphurea, Kaup., Naturl. Syst. p. 33 ; Jerd., B.
I nd. ii. p. 220, No. 592; Butler and Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 489; Butler,
Sir. F. 1877, p. 230. Calobates boarula, Sivinh., Ibis, 1870, p. 346; Hume,
Sir. F. 1873, p. zoi ; id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 381; Hurray, Hdbk.
ZooL, Sfc.y Si7id, p. 167 ; id , Vert. Zool. Sim/, p. 166. Calobates melanope,
Swinh., P. Z. S. 1871, p. 364 ; Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli. p. 82 ; Fairb., Str.
F. 1876, p. 260; Bourd., t. c. p. 401 ; Tweed., Ibis, 1877, p. 310; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 362 ; Davison and Wenden, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 84 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1829, pp. 63, 103, 161 ; Scully, t. c. p. 315 ; Vidal, Str. F.
1880, p. 69; Reid, Str. F. iSSi, p. 48 ; Davison, Str. F. 1882, p. 310; td.t
Str. F. 1883, p. 395 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 159. — The GREY AND YELLOW
WAGTAIL.
Head, nape, sides of the face and back pale grey, with an olive tinge ; rump
and upper tail coverts pale greenish yellow ; chin, supercilium and throat
white, rest of under surface yellow, purest on the middle of the abdomen,
under tail coverts and flanks ; primaries dusky brown, lighter on the margin
of their inner webs, and darker on the outer ; secondaries dusky brown, white
on both webs at their bases, forming a conspicuous wing band ; tertiaries
dark brown, also white at their bases, and edged on both webs with yellowish,
narrow on the outer, and broad on the inner webs, being a continuation of the
basal white patch ; tail dark brown, nearly black, the feathers with greenish
yellow edging, the outermost feathers whiter and dark shafted ; the next also
white, both the shaft and outer web for three-fourths their length dark brown.
Bill black ; legs pale brown ; irides brown.
Length.— 7-25 to 7-5 inches ; wing 2-25 to 2-5 ; longest tertiaries the length
of the first three primaries ; tail 3-8 ; bill at front nearly 0-5. In summer plu-
mage the chin and throat are black, and the under parts dark yellow ; the
upper surface is clear blue grey, with a slight wash of olive yellow on the
MOTACILLA. 279
back and crown ; rump and upper tail coverts sulphur yellow, tinged with
olive ; a short streak from the eye over the ear coverts and a moustacial stripe
white ; three middle pairs of tail feathers black, slightly edged with yellow on
the outer webs ; the next two pairs black on the outer webs and white on the
inner; the outer pair all white ; wing coverts dark brown edged paler; quills
dark brown ; the tertiaries edged broadly with yellowish white. The birds found
in India during winter with a buff coloured throat and eyebrow are immature.
Hab. — Central and Southern Europe, N.-E. Africa, Australia and Asia
Minor. Occurs throughout India to Nepaul and Ceylon as a winter visitant ;
also in Sind, Punjab, and N.-W. Provinces ; Beloochistan, Persia and Afghan-
istan ; Kutch, Katliawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, North Guzerat, Concan,
Deccan, and Central and Southern India ; also the Indo-Burmese countries,
China, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Breeds in Cashmere,
according to Brooks, along the mountain streams at elevations of above 6,000
feet during the month of May. Eggs, 4 — 5 in number, nearly uniform in
shape and size, broad ovals at the larger end and much compressed and
pointed at the smaller end. Typically the ground colour is yellowish or
brownish white, closely mottled and clouded all over with pale yellowish
brown or brownish yellow. In length the eggs vary from 0*68 to 0*73 and in
breadth from 0*53 to o'SS-
789. Motacilla Citreola, Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs., \\\. App.
p. 696 ; Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 963 ; Tern., Man. cVOrn. p. 259 ; Gould, B. Eur.
ii. pi. 144 ; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 245 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mns. x. p. 503.
Budytes aureocapilla, Less.) Traite p. 422; Hume, Lahore to Yark. p. 225.
Budytes citreola, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 90 ; Jerd., Madr. Journ. xi. p. 9;
Bp., Consp. Av. i. p. 250; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 142; Wald.y t. c. p. 293;
Brooks, J. A. S. B. xli. p. 82; Ball, Sir. F. 1873, p. 73; Hume, t. c.
p. 202 ; Adam, t. c. p. 384 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 239 ; Blanf., East. Pers.
ii p. 235 ; Murray, H'dbk. ZooL, 8fc., Sind., p. 1 68 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 169. Budytes calcarata, Hodgs., Asia/. Res. xix. p. 190. — The GREY-
BACKED YELLOW WAGTAIL.
Adult. — Forehead, crown of head, sides of the face, car coverts, chin,
throat, breast, and entire under surface bright yellow, paler on the vent, and
nearly white on the under tail coverts ; nape and upper back black ; lower
back and scapulars dark grey ; rump and upper tail coverts pale or dark
brown or yellowish green, the feathers edged with greenish ; primaries and
secondaries dusky; tertiaries dark' brown; the primaries and secondaries
faintly edged and tipped with white, and the tertiaries broadly so, all basally
white on their inner webs ; lesser wing coverts like the back and tipped brown ;
median and greater coverts brown, edged with white and forming two conspicu-
ous white or yellowish white bands ; the second band oblique in the closed
wing, being formed by the white of the greater coverts, and that of the inner-
most tertiaries, the longest of which is nearly equal in length with the 4th
280 MOTACILLID/E.
primary ; under wing coverts white ; tail black ; the feathers with a faint tinge
of whitish on their outer webs ; the two outermost tail feathers on each side
white, with a brown margin on their inner webs, to about half an inch from
the tip ; the next black, with the edge of the outer web and tip white. Bill
and legs pale brown ; irides brown.
Length. — 7*1 inches; wing 3*18 ; tail 2*75 ; bill at front O'4.
The adult female is much browner above and has not the yellow head,
which is dull olive greenish, with the eyelid and a distinct eyebrow yellow ;
the cheeks and under surface of the body are yellow. The adult male in
winter plumage is very pale yellow, and the forehead and sides of the crown
only are yellow, the top of the head being dusky greenish.
Hab. — E. Europe, Africa ; Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Deccan ; Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan,
and E. Turkestan ; Nepaul, Gilgit, N.-W. and Central India, Darjeeling, Assam
and Bhamo. Breeds in Cashmere, where Mr. Theobald found the nest placed
in a depression in soft earth beneath a rock. Eggs, four in number, pale grey,
dotted with greyish brown.
790, Motacilla CitreoloideS (Hodgs.}, Gray, Hand.-l. J5. i.
p. 247. Budytes citreoloides, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. HPisc. 1844, p. 83;
Gould, B. Asiat iv. pi. 64; Butler and Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 490; Butler,
Sir. F. 1877, p. 230. Budytes citreola, Blyih, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 138; Jtrd., B. Lid. ii. p. 225, No. 594 (nee. Pall.); Hume, Sir. F. 1873,
p. 202 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 50. Budytes calcaratus, Blylh, Ibis,
1865, p 49; Wald.t Ibis, 1869, p. 214; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 382 ; Wald., B. Burmah, p. 96 ; Brooks, Sir. F. 1876, p. 502 ; Fairb., t. c.
p. 560; Hume andl)av.t Sir. F. 1878, p. 364 ; Reid, Sir. F. 1881, p. 48 ;
Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 163. — The BLACK BACKED YELLOW WAGTAIL.
Adult male in breeding plumage. — Entire head, chin, throat, breast, and
under surface bright yellow; back, rump and upper tail coverts dark brown,
nearly black ; lesser wing coverts dark grey ; median and greater wing-coverts
dark brown, margined and tipped with white ; the tertiaries broadly margined
with white ; primaries and secondaries dark brown on their outer webs, dusky
on their inner, and with whitish margins ; tail dark brown or black, the feathers
very narrowly edged with greenish ; the four outermost white, except a dusky
brown margin on the inner web for three-fourths their length. In winter the
adult is light ashy grey above, the nape and sides of the breast darker ; head
and under surface yellow, olivaceous on the flanks ; primaries dusky, edged
with greyish white on their outer webs ; secondaries dusky ; tertiaries darker,
broadly margined with white ; wing coverts brown, broadly tipped with white,
forming two conspicuous wing bands ; lower tail coverts albescent or very
pale yellow ; tail as in the breeding plumage. Bill and legs black ; irides
brown.
MOTAC1U.A
Length. — 6-5 to 7 inches; wing 3-5 ; tail 3-5 ; bill at front 0-5.
Hal. — India generally to Ncpaul. Affects, during winter, the paddy fields,
the banks of the River Indus, marshes and canals. Numerous in Sind, on
the Munchur ; also in Rajputana and the Deccan, Beloochistan, Afghanistan,
and E. Turkestan ; Nepaul, Assam, N.-W. Himalayas, and Gilgit.
791. Motacilla beema, Sykes, P.Z.S. 1832, p. 90; SAarpe
Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 521. Budytes flava (iion Z.), Hume, Ibis, 1869,
P- 3575 l87°, P- J42; id-* Sir. F. 1874, pp. Si, 238; Armstrong, Sir. F.
1876, p. 329; Butler, Sir. F. 1877, pp. 210, 230; Hume, Sir. F. 1879,
pp. 65, 103 ; Seebhom, Ibis, 1880, p. 189.— The LONG-CLAWED YELLOW
WAGTAIL.
Adult male. — General colour above yellowish green, rather brighter yellow
towards the lower back and rump ; upper tail coverts dusky brown, edged
with yellowish, the lateral ones externally white, washed with yellow ; lesser
wing coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dull brown, edged and
tipped with dull olive yellow, or white, tinged with olive yellow ; primary
coverts and quills dark brown, edged with ashy olive ; secondaries broadly
edged with yellowish white or brown, washed with olive ; tail feathers
blackish, edged with pale olive yellowish, the two outer ones white, with a
broad oblique mark of dark brown on the inner web ; head and hind neck
light pearly grey ; lores dusky, surmounted by a very broad white eyebrow,
extending from the base of the nostrils to above the ear coverts ; ear coverts
white, only the upper portion dark slaty or dusky blackish ; cheeks and chin
white ; remainder of throat and under surface of body brilliant yellow, a little
more green on the sides of the upper breast; thighs ashy; axillaries yellow,
dusky ash colour at the base ; under wing coverts yellow.
Length. — 5*8 to 6 inches ; wing 3-15 ; tail 2-8 ; tarsus 0*95 ; culmen O'6.
I/ab. — N.-W. Himalayas to Afghanistan, wintering in the plains of India,
It has been found in Kandahar and Nepaul ; also in Sind, Mhow (Central
India), Sikkim and Behar.
792. Motacilla borealiS, Sundcv, (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. F'drh.
Stockh.', Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 522. Budytes flava melanocephala,
DeSetys-Longchamps, Faun. Belg. p. 88. Motacilla viridis, Gray, Gen. B.
i. p. 203. Budytes viridis, Jerd,, Madr. Journ. xiii. p. 132 ; Blyth, J. A.
S. B. xvi. p. 430; Bp., Consp. A?', i. p. 250; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 222,
No. 593; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 458; Wald. and Layard, Ibis, 1872,
p. 97; Blyth and Wald., B. Bnrrn. p. 96; Seebohm and Harvie-Brown, Ibis,
1876, p. 122; Brooks, Ibis, 1877, P- 2°8 ; Legget B. Ceylon, p. 617; Oates,
B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 161. Budytes cinereocapillus (nee. Savi.}, Hume, /^/s
1869, p. 357; Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 82; Adam, Str. F.
p. 384 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 237; 1875, p. 489 ; id., Oates, t. c. p.
Fairb., S/r. F. 1876, p. 260; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, pp. 363,
VOL. II.— 36
2S2 MOTACILLID/E.
Bally Sir. F. 1878, ii. p. 219; Davison and Wendett, /. £. p. 84; Brooks, I. c
p. 139; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, pp. 65, 103, 161 ; Vidal, Sir. F. 1880, p. 69;
Davison, Sir. F. 1882, p. 310; Davison Sir. F. 1883, p. 396. — The GREY-
HEADED WAGTAIL.
Male and female in breeding plumage. — Whole head from bill to the nape
deep slaty ; lores and ear coverts nearly black ; a narrow indistinct line over
the lores ; a short streak of white occasionally behind the eye, frequently
absent ; upper plumage dull greenish yellow ; upper tail coverts brown,
margined with yellowish ; median and greater coverts brownish black, edged
and margined with yellowish white; quills brown, the secondaries and tertiaries
margined with yellowish white on the outer webs ; four central pair of tail
feathers black ; the two outer pairs black at base and white on the terminal
portion, the junction being oblique ; chin white, the whole lower plumage
bright yellow ; a little dusky on the lower throat.
In winter the head becomes greenish yellow like the back and the ear
coverts also become yellowish ; the eyestreak is distinct and the under surface
of the body duller yellow. The young are more or less fulvous or white below,
and there are spots on the throat and breast. Bill blackish brown ; the base of
the lower mandible yellowish ; iris brown ; legs, feet and claws dark horn
colour. (Oates.)
Length. — 7 inches; wing 3*2; tail 3'i ; tarsus 0'9 ; bill from gape 0*7 ;
culmen 0-5.
Hab. — From Northern Scandinavia across Northern Europe and Siberia,
occurring on migration throughout Southern Europe down to South Africa, and
being met with in winter throughout the plains of India, the Burmese countries
and the Malay Peninsula. (Sharpe.) It occurs in Kandahar and throughout
S. Afghanistan ; also in the N.-W. Provinces, Punjab, and Sind. It is recorded
from Nepaul, Behar, Mhow, Calcutta, Poona and Sholapoor in the Deccan,
Madras, Assam, Pegu, Tenasserim and Ceylon. In Burmah Gates says it is
abundantly distributed over the plans of Arrakan and Pegu and in the
Northern and Central portions of Tenasserim as far South as the Malay
Peninsula. Its breeding habitat is Europe, where, it is said to place its nest on
the ground under cover of a tussock on the side of a ditch. The nest is made
of fine roots and fibres, and lined with horsehair and wool. Eggs, 4 — 5 in
number, white, spotted with grey. In fact it has a very wide distribution in
India during winter, being then found in swampy lands, grass fields, meadows
and paddy fields.
793. Motacilla Peldeggi, Michah., Isis, 1830, p. 814. Motacilla
melanocephala, Lichl., Verz. DoubL p. 36. Budytes melanocephalus, Bp.,
Faun. Hal. Ucc. pi. 31, fig- 35 Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 290; Jerd., Madr.
Journ. p. 9 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1876, p. 30 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 195 ; Blanf., Geol.
Zool. Abyssinia, p. 381 ; Adam, Sir. F. 1873, p. 384; Siol., Sir. F. 1874,
p. 464; Butler and Hume, Sir. F. 1875, p. 490; Blan/.> East. Persia, ii.
LIMON1DROMUS. 283
p. 235; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 363; Brooks, Sir. F. 1878, ii.
p. 138; Murray, Handb]^. Zool., &c., Sind, p. 167; id., Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 1 68 ; Vavison, Sir. F. 1881, p. 310 ; Reid, Sir. F. 1881, p. 48.— The INDIAN
FIELD WAGTAIL.
Adult male in breeding plumage. — Head, nape, lores, sides of the face
and ear coverts black ; back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts yellowish
green, the latter lighter, and the feathers edged with yellowish ; chin white or
buffy white ; rest of under surface pure yellow ; primaries and secondaries
dull brown, lighter and whitish on the margins at the base of their inner webs;
tertiaries dark brown, edged on their outer webs with yellow ; lesser wing
coverts yellowish olive, subterminally dark brown, and tipped yellowish ;
median and greater coverts dark brown, tipped yellowish, forming two con-
spicuous wing bands ; tail black, margined with greenish, the two outermost
feathers on each side white, except a broad dark brown margin on their inner
webs ; bill and legs dark brown ; irides brownish.
Length.— 6-25 to 6'5 inches ; wing 3*1 to 3*25 ; tail 275 ; bill at front 0-43.
The adult in winter garb is olive green above, with a yellowish white super-
cilium ; the chin and throat white, and the rest of the under surface yellow ;
the wing bands formed by the median and greater coverts are paler, the
yellow,, edgings of the tertiaries broader and purer yellow. The female is like
the male, but in some specimens (in December) there is a brown band across
the breast.
Hab. — S.-E. Europe, N.-E. Africa, and Moluccas \ Sind, Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Bengal, Southern and Central India, Deccan, Concany Kutch,
Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. With the last species it
is very abundant in the large marshes, and especially on the Munchur Lake in
Sind.
Gen. Limonidromus.— Gould.
General form and characters of Motacilla, but with the plumage uniform ;
feet pale ; bill long and exceeding in length the outer toe and claw. Inter-
mediate between the Wagtails and Pipits both in structure and habits.
794. Limonidromus indicus, Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. 67;
Holdsworih, P. Z. S. 1872 ; Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. 239; Sahad., Ucc. Born,
y. 261 -, H time, Sir. F. 1874, p. 239; 1875, p, i^i; Blyth and Wald., B.
Burm. p. 16; Bourd., Sir. F. l876, p. 401 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878,
p. 364; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 614; Eume, Sir. F. 1879, PP- 65, 103;
Vidal, Sir. F. 1880, p. 69; Bingham, t. c. p. 189; Oales, B. Brit. Burm.
i. p. 164; Davison, Sir. F. 1883, p. 397; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x.
p. 532. Motacilla indica, Gm., Sysl. Nat. i. p. 962; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p. 203. Nemoricola indica, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xvi., p. 429 ; Bp.,
Consp. i. p. 251; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 226, No. 595; Hume, Sir. F. 1873,
p. 450; Armstrong^ Sir. F. 1876, p. 329. — The BLACK-BREASTED WAGTAIL.
284 MOTACILLID^E.
Above dull olive brown, the upper tail coverts dark brown, the lateral ones
with whitish margins ; ear coverts and lesser wing coverts like the back ;
cheeks, chin, throat, lores, eyelids, and supercilium extending from the bill to
the nape, and whole under surface of the body yellowish white ; two black bands
across the breast, the upper one entire and the lower one interrupted in the
middle; median and greater series of wing coverts dark brown with broad
yellowish white tips forming two bands across the coverts ; quills brown, the
2nd to the 7th primaries with a patch of yellowish white on the outer webs
near their bases ; all the primaries and secondaries with an abrupt margin of
yellowish white near their tips on the outer webs ; tertiaries brown, broadly
tipped with olive green ; tail with two central feathers olive brown like the
back, and washed externally with olive ; remainder of the feathers blackish,
obsoletely tipped with white ; outermost feathers white, except at the base
where it is brown ; penultimate feather dark brown, with the terminal third of
the inner web white ; under wing coverts dull white, washed with olive ;
axillaries white, washed with olive yellow, irides black ; upper mandible dusky
brown ; lower mandible fleshy white ; legs and feet purplish white.
Length. — 6-3 to 6-6 inches; wing 3*1 ; tail 27; tarsus 0-85 ; culmen 0-55.
Hab. — Eastern Siberia and N. China, ranging in winter into the Indian
Peninsula and Ceylon,the Andaman Islands and the Burmese countries (Sharpe).
It also occurs in Cochin China, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
In Burmah, Gates says, it is uncommon in Pegu ; it was only once met with by
Armstrong in the Irrawaddy delta. On the Tenasserim division it appears
to be tolerably abundant. In South India it is fairly common on the Neil-
gherries and in Coonoor, also in Malabar on the Coast. Jerdon procured it at
Nellore, and it is said to be not very uncommon about Calcutta, also in
Assam. It is quite a forest-loving species, being found in well-wooded loca-
lities and in shady orchards. It is usually seen solitary feeding on insects.
Gen. AnthuS.— Becks t.
Plumage sombre, generally mottled and lark-like, the feathers of the back
with dark centres and pale edges ; feet pale ; bill straight, stout and shorter
than in Motacilla; profile of culmen swollen from the centre to the tip. No
scutellations on upper part of back of tarsus ; the outstretched feet do not
reach beyond the tail ; 1st to 3rd quills longest ; tertials long.
795. AnthuS trivialiS (£*««.), Fleming, Br. An. p. 75 ; Yarrell,
Br. B. i. p. 384 ; Dresser JB. Eur. iii. p. 309, pi. 132 ; Blanf., East. Persia,
ii. P- 23S; Brooks, t. c. p. 499; Ball, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 240; Cripps, t. c.
p. 288; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103; Vidal, Sir. F. 1880, p. 69; Reid,
Str. F. 1881, p. 49. Alauda trivialis, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 288. Alauda,
plumata, P. L. S. Mull. Natur. Syst. Anhang, p. 137. Pipastes arboreus,
Bechst. Naturg. "Deutschl. iii. p. 33 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 229; Hume, Ibis,
1870, pp. 287, 400; Brooks, J. A. S. ficng. xli. p. 83; Hares Lhyd, Ibis,
ANTHUS. 285
1873, p. 412; Murray, Sir. F. 1878, ii. p. 109. Anthus agilis, Sykes,
P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91. Pipastes trivialis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 31 ; Gates,
B. Br. Burm. i. p. 172. Pipastes plumatus, Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 202 ; id,,
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 383. Anthus arboreus (Bechst.), Murray, Verl.
Zool., Sind, p. 170. — The EUROPEAN OR WESTERN TREE PIPIT.
Plead, nape, back and scapulars dusky olive green, the feathers centred
dark brown ; rump and upper tail coverts duller olive green, with no dusky
strire ; chin and throat fulvescent or fulvous white, with dark brown spots on
the throat ; rest of under surface fulvescent, olive on the flanks, and the under
tail coverts albescent ; the breast streaked with dark brown ; primaries,
secondaries and tertiaries dark brown, the primaries narrowly edged on their
external webs with pale white ; the secondaries and tips of the primaries
white, the tertiaries broadly margined with dusky olive ; the wing coverts
brown, with yellowish white tips ; tail brown, the feathers with pale edgings ;
the outermost feather white, except the basal fourth and margin of the inner
web to within one-fifth of the tip ; the next all brown, edged and tipped with
white. Bill dusky yellowish at base of lower mandible ; legs pale brown,
irides dark brown.
Length. — 6*5 inches ; wing 3*5 ; tail 2*5 ; bill at front 0*43 ; tarsus 0*8.
Hab.— Europe and India generally to Nepaul ; Sind, Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Oudh, Assam and British Burmah, Central and South India,
Beloochistan, S. and N. Persia, Afghanistan, Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat,
Jodhpore, and the Deccan. It is found over all India nearly during winter
arriving early in October and leaving about the end of April. Burmah
appears to be the extreme limit of this species. Some of the birds
remain in the Himalayas, which is about the most southern limit in Asia.
Hume, in " Nests and Eggs," speaks of the nidification of P. agilis, Sykes,
and P. plumatus, Mull., both of which are now considered to be the same
ias Anthus trivialis. He says, all he knows of the nidification of this
species (P. agilis) is that a loose grass nest was sent to him containing
a single egg with a male bird shot off the nest in Upper Kooloo. The nest;
he says, was found on the snowy range beyond Spiti, at an elevation of pro-
bably 11,000 feet. The egg is a moderately broad oval, slightly compressed
towards one end, has a greyish white ground, and is thickly and minutely,
speckled and spotted all over with two different shades of rather pale dingy
purple. The description of the egg of P. plumatus is much the same as the
above.
796. Anthus maCUlatUS, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Pas-
seres, pi. II8A. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 248; Broolts, Str. F. 1876, p. 278; Ball
Str.F. 1877, p. 417; id., Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 219; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 103; Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 48; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, fyc., p. 41;
Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 396. Anthus agilis (non Sykes), Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
286 MOTACILLTID/E.
p. 229, No. 596 ; Gould, B. Asia, iv. pi. 65 ; Adam, S/r. F. 1873, p. 384 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1874, p.' 499; id., Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 382. Pipastes
maculatus, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 287; 1871, p. 35; Blyth and Wald., B.
Burnt, p. 96; Armstrong, Str. F. 1876, p. 330; Butler, Sir. F. 1877, p. 230;
Davidson and Wende?i, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 84; Murray, t. c. p. 109; Scully,
Str. F. 1879, p. 316; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 171. Pipastes agilis,
Blanf., J. A. S. Beng. 1872, p. 60.— The EASTERN TREE PIPIT.
Whole upper plumage rich olive brown ; the head with distinct brown broad
mesial streaks ; the back the same ; rump and lower back entirely uniform ;
lesser wing coverts like the back ; median and greater series dusky brown,
externally olive brown, the median series tipped with yellowish white ; tail dark
brown, the outer pair with a long diagonal patch of white from base to tip ; the
next tipped with white, which and the others are all margined with olive brown
on the outer web ; eyelid and a broad eyebrow fulvous, becoming whiter above ;
the 'bar coverts are white and the lores fulvous brown ; cheeks, chin, throat
and breast, rich fulvous ; a moustachial streak from the sides of the throat to
the breast, which is marked with numerous oval black spots ; flanks dull fulvous,
streaked with brown ; under surface of the body white ; under wing coverts
smoky brown, edged with olive yellow.
In winter the fulvous colour of the head changes to fulvescent white. Bill
bluish black ; yellowish at the angle of the lower mandible ; iris brown ; legs
and feet flesh colour.
Length.— 6 to 6-5 inches; wing 3-2 to 3-5; tail 2-5 ; tarsus 0-85; culmen
0-55-
Hal. — Eastern Asia, from Japan and Eastern Siberia as far as the Yen-e-
say, wintering in the plains of India, the Burmese countries and Cochin-
China. In Northern India and the Himalayas its occurrence is recorded as from
Nepaul, Mogul Serai, Cawnpore, Behar, Ootacamund, and Bhootan, also the
Khasia hills, and in Burmah from Pegu, Karenne, Poonsee (Kakhyen hills),
Bassein, Tenasserim and Bhamo. It is found all over India nearly as a winter
visitant, arriving in October and leaving in April. In Burmah, Oates says,
it is found very abundantly in all the wooded tracts and gardens in small flocks
under the shade of trees, feeding on insects and seeds.
797- AnthuS nilghiriensiS, Sharpe, Cat. B Br. Mus. x. p. 550.
Anthus rufescens, Jcrd., Madr. Journ. xi. p. 34 (nee. Te??im.). Anthus
rnontanus (nee. Koch.}, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 435 (Ex. Jerd. Mss.)\
Hume, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 461 ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 103; Davison, Str. F.
1883, p. 397. Pipastes montanus, Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 230, No. 598 ; Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 383; Fairb., 1877, p. 407. — The NILGHERRY TREE
PIPIT.
Above light sandy buff, the upper surface of the body mesially streaked
with black ; rump more uniform, the mesial dark streaks being less distinct
ANTHUS. 287
and not numerous ; wing coverts olive brown, also mesially streaked with dark
brown; primary coverts edged with fulvous; quills blackish, edged with pale
olivaceous ; the first primary with bullish white ; fifth primary shorter than
the first and equal in length to the long secondaries ; 2nd to 5th emarginate ;
upper tail coverts and tail blackish edged with paler brown, the tail with
pale sandy buff ; outer tail feathers smoky brown, whitish at tip ; the
inner web with an oblique mark of dark brown; third feather with an
irregular wedge-shaped spot of white at the end of the 'inner web ; superci-
lium extending from the base of the nostril to above the ear-coverts white ;
ear-coverts and feathers below the eye reddish brown ; lores blackish ; cheeks
rich sandy buff brighter on the throat and foreneck as well as the sides of
the body ; foreneck, chest and sides streaked with black ; under tail coverts
rich sandy buff ; auxiliaries paler sandy buff, washed with olive near the edge
of the wing ; bill blackish ; legs pale brown ; irides dark brown.
Length.— 6-5 inches ; wing 2-95 ; tail 27 ; tarsus 0-95 ; culmen 0*55.
Hind claw stout and strongly curved, shorter than the hind toe.
Hab. — Hills of Southern India (the Neilgherries), where only it is found
and is a permanent resident. Breeds during May at an elevation of about
6,500 feet, making a shallow cup of grass loosely put together and lined with
finer grass. According to Davison (Hume) the nest is placed under a tuft of
grass or bush on the side of a hill. The eggs, two or three in number, are
pale dingy greenish brown, thickly mottled with a darker shade. In length the
eggs vary from 079 to 0-89, and in breadth from 0-59 to 0*62.
798. Anthus sordidus, Rupp. Neue, Wirb. Aves, p. 103, pi. 39,
fig. i. Anthus similis, Jerd.> Madr, Journ. xi. p. 36; id. III. Ind. Orn.
pi. 45. Agrodroma cinnamomea, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 235. Agrodroma
similis, Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 385 ; id., Sir. F. 1873, p, 203 ;
Fairb., Sir. F. 1876, p. 260; Butler, B. Bom. Pres. p. 56; Davison,
Str. F. 1883, p. 397. Agrodroma sordida, An/in and Salvad, Viagg.
Bogos, p. 1 10; Butler, Sir. F. 1878, ii. p. 183; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
p. 103; Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 49; Davidson, Str. F. 1882, p. 311. The
RUFOUS ROCK PIPIT.
Above dusky brown, the feathers edged with pale ferruginous ; upper tail
coverts the same, much lengthened ; lesser wing coverts like the back ;
median and greater series dark brown, broadly edged with pale ferruginous ;
primaries and their coverts dark brown narrowly edged with fulvescent ; tail
dark brown, margined with pale ferruginous or fulvous, the outer web of
the outermost being entirely of this color, the penultimate feather with a
triangular spot of ferruginous at the tip ; supercilium pale ferruginous ; ear
coverts the same but tipped with dusky; chin fulvescent white ; cheeks and
throat, also the under surface of the body, pale ferruginous ; the foreneck and
breast streaked with triangular dusky spots, and a few spots along the mous-
288 MOTACILLID^.
tachial line ; flanks unstreakecl ; thighs and under tail coverts deep sandy buff ;
axillaries and under wing coverts dusky with sandy margins.
Length. — 7 to 8 inches ; wing 3-4 to 37 ; tail 2-85 to 3-05 ; tarsus I to IT ;
culmen 0*65 ; hind claw strongly curved, primaries emarginate, 2-3 x 4*5 ;
equal 3rd and 4th.
Hal. — North-Eastern Africa as far as the Upper Nile regions and occurring
throughout North-Western India as far as the Neilgherries (Sharpe), but every-
where sparingly. Jerdon says he obtained it on the Segoor Pass of the Neil-
gherries, where they were found seated on rocks by the roadside and occa-
sionally descending to the road to feed on insects. The British Museum has
two specimens from Coonoor. Hume, who calls this species the Neilgherry Tit-
Lark, says it is a very rare bird even on the Neilgherries. The eggs obtained
by, Dr. Jerdon, Hume says, closely resemble those of Alauda Malabarica, but
are more glossy. They are moderately elongated ovals, somewhat compressed
and pointed towards one end with a creamy white ground, densely, but very
minutely freckled and speckled all over with very pale yellowish brown and
pale. purplish grey. The eggs were taken on the i6th May and measured
0*85 x O'65.
799. AnthUS Jerdoni (Finsch.), Sharpe, Cat. It. Br. Mus. x.
p. 562. Agrodroma Jerdoni, Finsch., Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 241 ; Hume and
Henders., Lahore to Yarlt., p. 227 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Lid. B. p. 386 ;
Brooks, 5/r.F. 1875, p. 252; Hume and Butler, Str.F. 1875, p. 491 ; Butler,
Sir. F. 1877, p. 230; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 61. Corydalla griseo-
rufescens, Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 286. Agrodroma sordida (nee Rupp.}, Jerd.,
B. Ind. ii. p. 236; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 42; Murray, Hdbk. Zool., $-c.,
Sind, p. 169; id., Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 173. — The BROWN ROCK PIPIT.
Head, nape, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail coverts dull earthy
brown, the feathers edged paler ; wings and tail darker brown than the upper
parts ; supercilium fulvous or fawn coloured ; a faint brown stripe from the
base of the lower mandible down the sides of the throat ; primaries, seconda-
ries and tertiaries as in the last, but edged with rufescent ; first primary short,
dark brown, outermost feathers rufescent on their outer webs, and for about
an inch and a quarter obliquely on their inner webs at the tip ; rest of the
feathers dark brown, the next dark brown, except at the tip and for a short
distance (i of an inch) along the shaft ; chin and throat whitish ; rest of under
surface bright rufescent fawn; the breast with a few indistinct streaks. Bill
dusky ; lower mandible yellowish, except at tip ; legs yellowish.
Length. — 775 to 8 inches ; wing 4 ; tail 3-5 ; bill at front 0-5.
Hab. — India generally to the Himalayas, Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
N. Guzerat, Deccan, Beloochistan and Persia. Breeds in the Punjab and
N.-W. Provinces from May till the middle of July low down the hill side.
Captain Marshall, who took its eggs at Murrec, says the eggs are not unlike
ANTHUS. 289
those of other species of the family. Hume says, the eggs sent him by
Captain Marshall are barely, if at all, separable from those of Oreocorys sylva-
mis. They are moderately broad, fairly regular ovals, somewhat compressed
or pointed towards one end ; the shells are compact but almost entirely
devoid of gloss, brownish or greyish white, profusely speckled, spotted and
streaked, and in places blotched and clouded with sienna brown or pale inky
purple ; the markings are thickly set, but most dense at the large end.
800. Anthus Richardi, N. 'Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 491 ;
Temm. PI. Col. iii. pi. 101 ; McGill. Br. B. ii. p. 199; Hume, Ibis, 1869?
p. I2O; Blanf. East, Persia, ii. p. 236: Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 343; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 564. Corydalla Richardi, Vigors, Zool. Journ. ii.
p. 397 ; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 247; Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. Cat. p. 121 ;
Jerd., B.Jnd. ii. p. 231, No. 599; Blanf., Ibis, 1870, p. 466 ; Holdsw., P. Z.
S. 1871, p. 458 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 239; Ball, t. c. pp. 416, 479, 496 .
Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 95 ; Armstrong, Str. F. 1876, p. 330; Hume
and Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 365 ; Ball, Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 220 ; Cripps, t. c.
p. 288; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 621; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103; Oates, B.
Br. Burmah i. p. 166. Cichlops monticolus, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus.
Passeres, pis. 12 1, 124, fig. I. Corydalla sinensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 247;
David et Oust., Ois Chine, p. 311. — RICHARD'S PIPIT or the LARGE MARSH
PIPIT.
Upper surface of the body, including the scapulars and wing coverts, brown,
the feathers edged with fulvous ; lower back and rump more uniform, the
feathers centred with dusky ; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries brown, the
primaries narrowly, and the secondaries and tertiaries broadly edged with
fulvous ; the first primary ashy white externally ; tail dark brown, with ashy
fulvous margins ; the outermost pair of feathers nearly entirely white, the
next with a large triangular patch of white on the inner web ; supercilium,
chin, cheeks, throat and axillaries fulvous white ; ear coverts sandy rufous or
fulvous brown ; under surface of the body pale fulvous, darker on the flanks,
thighs and vent, and striated on the breast ; lower throat and foreneck with
dusky brown. Bill brown ; yellowish at the base of the lower mandible; irides
brown; legs flesh colour.
Length. — 7 to 8 inches ; wing 3-6 to 3*9 ; tail 3'4 ; tarsus 1*2 ; culmen 0'6.
Hab. — Central and Eastern Asia where it breeds, migrating to India and
Ceylon in winter, also into Southern China, the Moluccas and the Burmese
countries ; occurring also in parts of Europe. It is found from Nepaul and
the Himalayas to the extreme South ; more rare, however, in Southern India
and the Carnatic. Jerdon adds that it is tolerably abundant in Lower Bengal,
Ceylon and countries to the eastward. According to Oates it is exces-
sively common in all the vast plains in the south of Pegu. It has been
procured in Tonghoo and in Karenne also throughout Tenasserim and the
Thoungyeen Valley. It is as common in the Malay Peninsula and has been
VOL. II.— 37
290 MOTACILLID^:.
got in Siam. It abounds in all the rice-fields and swampy lands covered with
grass, and numbers are generally found together, but this fact would not admit
of them being called gregarious. Nothing of its nidification in India is yet
known.
801. Anthus striolatus, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. P. 435 ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 248 ; Layard, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 268 ; Blanf.,
J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 61 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 568. Corydalla
striolata, Kelaart, Prodr. Fauna Zeyl. Cat. p. 12 1 ; Jerd.,B.Ind.\\. p. 232,
No. 601 ; Holdsw., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 453 J Brooks, Str. F. 1873, p. 369;
Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. 140; Ball, Str. F. 1874, p. 417 ; Hume and Davison,
Str. F. 1878, p. 366 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 628 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ;
Butler, Cat. B. Bom. Pres. p. 56; Oates, B. Br. Burmah i. p. 167. Cichlops
thermophilus, Hodgs., Icon. ined. Passeres, pi. I22A. — BLYTH'S PIPIT.
Like Anthus Richardi, except that the triangular patch of white on the inner
web of the penultimate tail feathers in Anthus Richardi is about two inches in
length, or never less than an inch and a half, but in this species it is never quite
an inch ; the tarsus is also shorter, and the markings on the breast more
numerous.
Length. — 7 to 8 inches; wing 3-5 ; tail 3 ; tarsus 1*05 ; culmen 0-6.
Hab.— Throughout India and Ceylon, occurring as far west as Sind. It has
also been met with in Burmah and the Andaman Islands. Jerdon records il
from Saugor in Central India, Nellore and Darjeeling. It is also stated to be
found in South India generally (Madras, Travancore), also in Dinapoor, Sultan
poor (Punjab), Sikkim and Nepaul. Visits India in September, and leaves
again by the I5th April.
802. AnthUS campestriS (Linn.), Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. iii
p. 722 ; Blanf., East Persia ii. p. 237. Anthus rufescens, Temm., Man. d'Orn
i. p. 267 ; Gould, B. Europe, p. 18. Agrodroma rufula, Jerd., Madr. Journ
p. 34. Agrodroma campestris, Bp., Consp. Av. p. 247 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 234
No. 602 ; Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 35; Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 384; Butler ana
Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 491 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103; Davidson, Str. F
1882, p. 310 ; Murray, Hdbk. Zool, &c., Sind, p. 169 ; id., VerL Zool. Sind
p. 173. — The STONE PIPIT.
Head, nape, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts olive brown wit!
a faint rufescent tinge, the feathers of the head with mesial dark streaks, those
of the back very faintly streaked or absent ; rump unstreaked ; upper tai
coverts with dusky shafts ; chin whitish ; rest of under surface and superci
Hum pale or rufescent fawn, albescent on the vent and under tail coverts ; i
brown stripe from the base of the lower mandible down the sides of the throat
and another from the gape ; primaries and secondaries very pale brown, edgec
externally with pale or rufescent fawn; the secondaries tipped whitish
tertiaries brown, with broad fulvous or pale fawn margins ; wing coverts brown
ANTHUS. 291
broadly tipped and edged with the same colour ; tail dark brown, the feathers
edged fulvous, the centre feathers broadly edged with fawn, the outermost
feather on each side white, basally dark shafted, and margined on the inner
web with brown, the next, edged on the outer web, tipped, and for about an
inch running up the inner web, whitish ; the shaft and rest of the feathers
brown. Bill horny ; lower mandible yellowish ; legs yellowish.
Length. — 7 to 7-25 inches ; wing 3*6; tail 275 to 3; tarsus nearly I ; bill
at front 0*5.
Hab. — Central and Southern Europe, N. and W. Africa, Central and Southern
India, Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Bengal ; also Beloochistan, Persia,
Afghanistan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, N. Guzerat, Concan and
Deccan. Winters in the plains of India, arriving in September and departing
in April. It affects barren, open, stony land.
803. AnthuS rufulus, Vieill, N. Diet. d'Hisl. Nat. xxvi. p. 494 ;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 437 ; JBp.t Consp. Av. i. p. 248 ; Layard, Ann. and
Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 268. Anthus cinnamomeus, Rupp., Neue Wirb. p. 103 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. x. p. 574. Anthus malayensis, Eyton, P. Z. S.
1839, p 104 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 797 ; Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 497 ;
Tweed.t Ibis, 1877, p. 310; Hume and Damson, Str. F. 1878, p. 366; Hume,
Str. F. 1879, pp. 65, 103. Agrodroma agilis, Jerd., Madr. Journ. xi-
p. 33. Cichlops ubiquitarius, Hodgs., Icon, ined- in Br. Mus. Passeres, pi.
1 22 A. Anthus caffer, Sundev., (Efv. K. Vet. Akad. Fork. Stockh; Layard,
Ibis, 1869, p. 368. Anthus raalteni, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 248. Corydalla
rufula, Kelaart, Prodr. Fauna. Zeyl. Cat. p. 121 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 232;
Blanf., Ibis, 1880, p. 469 ; Holdsw., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 458 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 384; Brooks, Str. F. 1873, p. 359; Ball, Str. F. 1874,
p. 416 ; Hume t. c. p. 497 ; Blyth and Walden, B. Burm. p. 96; Fairb., Str.
F. 1876, p. 260; Armstrong, t. c. p. 330 ; Botird., t. c. p. 401 ; Fairb., Str. F.
1877, p. 407 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 625 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 103 ; Vidal,
Str. F. 1880, p. 69; Reid, Str, F. 1881, p. 49; Davidson, Str. F. 1882,
p. 310; Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 168 ; Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 397;
Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 317. Corydalla rufulus, Murray, HdHk., ZooL, &.c.,
Sind, p. 160; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 172.— The INDIAN TIT LARK.
Head, nape, back, scapulars and upper tail coverts olive brown, the feathers
with dark mesial streaks ; rump unstreaked pale olive ; supercilium fulvous
white; chin white; throat, breast and rest of under surface, including the
under wing coverts fulvous white, deeper on the breast and sides of the throat,
the feathers of which are centred darker ; primaries, secondaries, tertiaries and
wing coverts brown ; the primaries slightly paler brown and edged externally
with fulvous white ; the secondaries edged with light olive brown and tipped
whitish ; the tertiaries broadly edged externally with pale olive or fawn brown,
all, except the innermost tertiaries, fulvous and basally whitish on their inner
292 MOTACILLID^:.
webs ; tail dark brown, the two centre feathers shorter than the others, pale
brown and margined narrowly with pale olive ; the outermost feathers on each
side white, except a narrow margin on the inner web, which is brown ; the
next feather also white, with a dark shaft, and a wider brown margin on the
inner web. Bill dusky, yellowish at base of lower mandible ; irides brown ;
legs pale yellowish brown,
Length. — 6'$ to 7 inches ; wing 3 to 3*25 ; tail 2*5 ; tarsus I ; bill at front 0*4
Hab- — The whole of Southern Africa, extending up the eastern side of
that continent to N.-E. Africa, and occurring even in Egypt; also throughout
India and Ceylon, the Burmese countries and Malayan Peninsula, extending
to Java, Sumatra, Borneo and the Phillipines. (Sharped) In India it is found
in Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, Assam, British Burmah and
Nepaul ; also Beloochistan, Afghanistan and Eastern Turkestan. Common in
the Concan and Deccan; breeds in Sind during April and May. Eggs 3 — 4,
of a greenish colour, with numerous brown mottlings all over, chiefly at the
larger end. It is one of the most common birds, and is abundantly spread
over all India, except the higher elevations. In Burmah as elsewhere it is
partial to open grass plains and dry paddy fields.
804. Anthus cervinus (Pall), Naum. Vogt. Deutsclil, iii. pi. 85,
fig. I ; Gould, B. Asia, iv. p . 66; Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 35 ; Ball, Str. F. 1873,
p. 74; Hume, t. c. p, 310; Hume, Sir. F. 1874, pp. 239, 479; Blyth and
Wald., B. Burm. p. 96; David and Oust., Ois Chine, p. 306; Hume and
Davison, Str. F. 1878, p. 367; Seebohm, Hist, Br. B. ii. p. 229; Oates, B.
Br. Burm, i, p. 169. Motacilla cervina, Pall,, Zoogr. Rosso, Asiat. i. p. 51 1. —
The RED-THROATED PIPIT.
Male in summer plumage. — Whole upper surface of the body, including the
wing coverts and tertiaries dark brown, each feather edged with fulvous;
superciliary streak, cheeks, chin, throat and breast vinous pink, the breast and
sides of the breast streaked with brown ; lores and ear coverts vinous brown .
quills brown, narrowly edged with fulvous white ; tail dark brown, the outer-
most pair of feathers with a large diagonal streak of white, extending from the
base to the tip ; the next pair faintly tipped with white ; axillaries buff ; under
surface of the body pale rufescent, streaked on the flanks with brown ; under
tail coverts deeper rufescent.
ThQ/emale in summer plumage is similar to the male, except that the throat
alone is vinous ; the rest of the under surface of the body from the foreneck
downwards being pale rufescent or sandy buff, the foreneck, breast and flanks
profusely spotted with blackish centres to the feathers, linear on the sides and
flanks.
The winter plumage of both sexes is the same as the summer plumage of
the female, except that the vinous flush on the foreneck is absent in most birds,
and the throat is like the abdomen. Bill dusky above, yellowish beneath ;
irides brown.
ANTHUS, 293
Length, — 6-4 to 6 S inches; wing 3-3 ; tail 2-4; tarsus 0-9 ; culmen 0-55 to
0-6. The females are smaller.
Had. — Throughout Northern Europe and Siberia, above the limits of forest
growth, where it is said to breed. Occurs in England and Western Europe on
migration. Winters in Egypt, N.-E., Africa, Beloochistan, Persia and North -
Western India, but principally in Southern China and the Burmese countries,
extending at least to Borneo. Its northern range to the eastwards appears to be
Kamtschatka and as far as Behring Island (Sharpe.) Gates says it is a
winter visitor to Burmah ; abundant from October to April in Southern Pegu,
and equally so throughout Tenasserim and the Thoungyeen Valley, where
Captain Bingham met with it. It is said to frequent the open parts of the
country, on waste lands and the margins of rivers.
805- AnthuS rosaceus, Hodgs., Icon, ined in Br. Mus. Passeres,
pi. 1 18; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mm. x. p. 589; Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B.
E. I. Co. Mus. i. p. 357 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 287; id., Nes/s and Eggs,
Ind. B. p. 386; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 252; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm.
p. 96 ; Hume, Sir. F- 1879, p. 103; Scully, t. c. p. 317; Oafes, B. Br.
Burm. i. p. 170. Anthus cervinus (nee. Pall.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 237,
No. 605. — The VINOUS-THROATED PIPIT.
Adult male in breeding plumage. — Above ashy, the feathers streaked with
black mesially, the head more narrowly, the hindneck less distinctly, and the
back very broadly, the latter and the mantle mottled with edges of ashy white,
faintly tinged with olive ; rump more uniform olive brown ; upper tail coverts
dusky brown, edged with ashy fulvous ; lesser wing coverts dusky brown,
washed with olive yellow ; median and greater wing coverts blackish brown,
edged with fulvous or olive brown and tipped with dull white ; bastard wing
dark brown, edged with ashy ; primary coverts and quills dusky brown,
margined with yellowish ; the secondaries margined with whity brown, whiter
on the inner secondaries which are blackish ; upper tail coverts and tail blackish
brown, edged with ashy or olive brown ; penultimate feather with a white spot
at the tip of the outer web, the outer feather white, smoky brown at the
tip of the outer web, the inner one with a broad oblique mark of
blackish brown ; eyelids and a broad supercilium, extending from the base of
the bill to above the ear coverts white, with a fulvous tinge ; lores blackish ;
ear coverts dusky blackish, mottled with white below the eye ; cheeks, throat
and breast pale vinous ; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts dull white, also
the sides of the body and flanks, but washed with olive and broadly streaked
with black ; axillaries pale olive yellow ; under wing coverts dull white,
washed with yellow and mottled near the edge of the wing with dusky bases.
(Sharpe.) Bill dusky, blackish on the culmen and fleshy brown at the base of
the lower mandible ; iris dark brown. (Scully.)
Length. — 5*7 inches; wing 3-45 ; tail 2-45 ; tarsus O'S ; culmen 0*55.
VOL. II.— 38.
MOTACILLID/E.
The adult female in breeding plumage is similar in colour 'to the male, hut
with remains of a fe\v blackish streak on the foreneck.
Hab. — The Himalayas, from Afghanistan to Bhootan and the Khasia hills,
extending into Moupin and Kansu in China. Winters in the plains of India,
It has been found in Cachar, Gilgit, Etawah, Kumaon, Darjeeling, Nepaul,
Bhootan and the Khasia hills. It is believed to breed in Gurhwal, but the find
of the eggs and nest has not been properly authenticated.
806- AnthllS spipoletta (Linn.), Jaub.. et Barth-Lapomm. Rich.
Orn. p. 285 ; Sharpe, Cat.B. Br. Mus. x. p. 593. Alauda spinoletta, Linn.,
Syst. Nat. i. p. 288 ; Grn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 794. Anthus aquaticus, Bechst.,
Naturg. DeutschL iii. p. 745. Anthus .montanus, Koch., Syst. baier Zool. \.
p. 179. Anthus spinoletta, Bp., Comp. List, B. Eur. and N. America, p. 18 ;
Walden, Ibis, 1869, p. 213 ; Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 36 ; id., Sir. F. 1875, p. 491 ;
Blanf., East. Pers. ii. p. 236; Butler, Str. F. 1877, p. 230; Hume, Sir F.
1878, p 521 ; Murray, H'dblc. Zool, fyc., Sind, p 169; id., Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 170. Anthus Blakistoni, Swinh., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 90; Brooks, Ibis,
1877, pp. 206, 207 ; Butler, Str. F. viii. p. 177 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind,
p 171. Anthus neglectus, Brooks, Ibis, 1876, p. 501 ; Hume, Sjr. F. 1877
p. 345,— The WATER PIPIT.
" In the winter plumage the upper surface is a sort of olive brown, with
more or less of a faintly rufous tinge ; the rump unstriated ; the head and
back with dark hair brown centres to the feathers ; there is a well-marked
dull white stripe from the nostrils over the eye ; the coverts and the quills are
mostly hair brown, the former broadly margined with brownish or olivaceous
white, purer just at the tips of the coverts, and the latter narrowly margined,
the first few primaries with greyish white, the rest with a sort of greenish or
olivaceous white ; the tippings of the coverts form two tolerably well-marked
wing bars ; the tertiaries, which are somewhat paler than the rest of the quills,
are broadly margined with brownish white. The central tail feathers, which
are the shortest, are a comparatively pale brown, margined all round with
brownish white ; the next pair on either side are very dark brown, very
narrowly margined with pale olivaceous, and the fourth with a tiny whitish
spot at the extreme tip ; the exterior tail feathers of all has the whole outer
web white, slightly brownish towards the tip, the whole inner web svhite for
nearly half an inch from the tip, beyond which for another three-quarters of an
inch the white occupies (next the shaft) a gradually diminishing portion of the
inner web, the rest of the feather being brown. The lower surface is a dull
white, in many specimens with a faint vinaceous tinge, in parts with a row of
small brown spots down the sides of the neck, with similar spots on the breast
and longer striae along the sides and flanks.
"In the summer plumage the whole upper surface becomes greatly overlaid
with an earthy or greyish brown shade, the striations of the back and head
OREOCORYS. 295
almost disappear, though the edges of the feathers are still somewhat paler
than the centres, and the whole lower parts become a nearly uniform pale
vinaceous colour, without, in what I take to be the perfect plumage, a single
spot or streak ; in some specimens, which is somewhat less advanced, a few
spots still remain on the breast, and one or two streaks on the flanks. In all
stages of plumage the axillaries are white, and the greater portion of the wing
lining and the lower surface of the quills are pale satin grey.
" Male, length. — 675 to 7*25 inches; expanse 1 1 to 11*25; wing 3*46 to
3*6; bill at front o-45 to 0*53; hind toe and claw 0*7 to nearly O'8.
" Female, length. — 6-37 to 6-62 inches ; wing 3-15 to 3'3 ; expanse 9-5 to
IO'5 ; bill at front 0-45 to 0*5 ; hind toe and claw 07 to 075 ; legs and feet
brown, or dark brown ; bill dark horny brown." — Str. F. i. p. 204.
Hab. — Central and Southern Europe and N.-W. Africa, Sind, Punjab,.N.-W.
Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and E. Turkestan. In India
during winter only.
Gen. OreOCOryS.— Sharpe.
Bill deep and strong ; culmen arched ; wings with the first five primaries
sub-equal; tail attenuated to a point at the tip ; tarsus strong; the upper part
behind scutellated.
807- OreOCOryS sylvanus (Bodgs), Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
x. p. 622. Heterura sylvana, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 556 ; Bp. Consp. i.
279 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 239 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. So ; Ball, Str. F. 1878,
p. 207; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 387. Cichloramphus sylvanus,
Gray, Gen. B. p. 168.— The UPLAND PIPIT.
Above brown, the feathers with dark brown mesial centres and pale rufous
buff edges ; wing coverts blackish, broadly edged with rufous buff ; primary
coverts the same ; tail light brown, edged with fulvous, the outermost feather
obliquely white towards the tip of the inner web, and the penultimate feather
with a white tip to the inner web; lores and a distinct supercilium dull white ;
sides of the face dull white ; ear coverts rufescent, streaked with buffy white ;
the sides of the neck with narrow brown streaks ; throat dull white, with a narrow
black mystacal line ; under surface of the body dull white, the breast spotted
with dark brown on the flanks and with fulvous on the sides ; under wing
coverts fulvous with narrow brown shaft lines. (Sharpe.) Bill dusky above,
yellowish beneath ; legs pale cinereous.
Length. — 67 inches; wing 2-9; tail 2-9.
Hab. — The Himalayas. Hodgson says exclusively monticolus, being found
in the uplands of the central region of Nepaul. Adam records it from Cashmere,
and Sharpe from Murree.
VOL. II.— 89
296 FRINGILLID^E.
Family.— FRINGILLID.E.
Birds with conical bill, usually entire at the tip, the lower mandible generally
of the same proportions as the upper, but in some deeper ; margin of bill not
toothed or indented ; wings moderate ; tail moderate or short, even, rounded
or emarginate; feet fitted for walking on the ground. They are chiefly
ground-feeders, and while some may be said to be omnivorous, others feed
almost exclusively on grain. They nidificate on trees, holes in rocks, or
banks of nullahs and river beds. Plumage generally plain, in some only
sandy. They are usually possessed of much intelligence, and .there are
among them some of the most familiar birds, which are the most appreciable
songsters. The gizzard of many is thick and muscular, and in such cases
the birds swallow stone, or gravel, to assist the trituration of the seeds they
feed pn.
Sub-Family.— COCCOTHRAUSTIN.E.
Bill very stout, otherwise as in the family.
808. Coccothraustes humii, Sharpe, P. z. S. 1886, p. 97;
id. Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 40. Coccothraustes vulgaris (nee. Z.), Hume,
Ibis, 1869, p. 456 ; id. Str. F. vii. pp. 416, 462.— The PUNJAB GROSBEAK.
Above pale chocolate brown, with a broad ashy grey collar ; lower back,
rump and upper tail coverts pale cinnamon brown ; lesser wing coverts dark
brown, nearly black, the median series ashy white, the bases only black ;
greater coverts blackish brown, externally ashy white, primaries with a large
white spot about the middle of the inner webs ; sides of the body tawny or
orange brown ; tail blackish and edged with brown, the middle one cinnamon
brown, externally ashy towards the end, and the rest are white tipped ;
lower abdomen white ; crown of head pale cinnamon buff ; a narrow black line
along the forehead continued as a patch in the loral region, and along the base
of the mandible extending on to the chin and throat, the upper edges of
which are shaded with fulvous.
Length. — 6-75 inches ; wing 3*8 ; tail 2-35 ; tarsus o'8; culmen o 75.
Hob. — N.-W. Punjab and Attock.
Gen. Mycerobas.— Hodgs.
Bill extremely thick, as deep as long, very nearly conic ; upper mandible
compressed, and slightly bent over, dentate at base. Commissure sinuate.
809. Mycerobas melanoxanthus (Hodgs.), Bp. Consp. Av.,
p. 505 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 386, No. 772. Coccothraustes melanoxanthus,
Hodgs., As. Res. xix. p. 150 ; id. J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 950, pi. fig. 3 ; Gould,
B. Asia v. pi. 20; Bp., Consp. Av. i. p. 505; Jerd., B. Ind.ii.p. 386;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 41.— The
SPOTTED GROSBEAK.
PYCNORAMPHUS. 297
Head, neck and upper surface of the body dull slaty black ; lesser wing
coverts like the back, beneath siskin yellow ; base of the primaries, except of
the first three or four pure white, forming a conspicuous wing spot ; some of the
greater coverts, the shorter primaries, and the secondaries and tertiaries with
an oval yellowish white spot near the tip on the outer webs ; upper tail coverts
and tail black; sides of the body black spotted. Bill and feet plumbeous ;
irides brown.
Length.— 8-5 inches ; wing 5-25 ; tail 3 ; bill at front o'8 ; tarsus 075.
The female is a little smaller, has the upper parts like the male, but there
is a yellow supercilium, occasionally some of the same colour on the forehead,
crown and nape, as also on the upper plumage ; the cheeks too are yellow ;
upper ear coverts dark brown ; beneath bright yellow spotted with black, except
on the vent and tail coverts ; a dark line from the gape, another from the lower
mandible enclosing the chin ; wing as in the male, but with larger spots on the
feathers/especially on the wing coverts. The young female is whitish beneath,
and on the crown, nape and interscapulary region. (jferd)
Hal. — N.-W. Himalayas at considerable elevations, ranging into Sikkim
and Munipur. Jerdon procured specimens near Darjeeling ; Hodgson obtained
it in Nepaul ; and according to Hutton, it comes to Mussoorie in flocks during
March and April. He adds that it remains as long as it can get plenty of
cherry stones to crack ; when at this operation they are easily detected by
the noise. It is also recorded from Chamba, Kotegurh, Simla, Mussoorie,
Kumaon, Nepaul and Sikkim.
Gen. PycnoramphuS.— Hume.
Bill conic, thick, longer than deep, tumid at base ; the tip of upper mandible
bent a little over the lower; 2nd, 3rd and 4th quills subequal.
810. Pycnoramphus icteroides, Vigors, P. z. S. 1830, p. 8 ;
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. 1844; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 469;
id. Sir. F. 1819, p. 107. Hesperiphona icteroides, Bp. Consp, Av. p. 505.
Coccothraustes icteroides, Vig.t Proc. Comm. Sci. and Corr. Zool. Soc. ;
Hodgson, J. A. 'S. B. xiii. p. 950, pi. fig. 5.; Gould, B. Asia v. pL 22;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 384. — The BLACK AND YELLOW GROSBEAK.
Head, neck, wings, thigh coverts, extreme upper tail coverts and tail black ;
no alar speculum ; rest of the plumage rich yellow, inclining to orange on
the nape and paler beneath. Bill apple green ; legs fleshy.
The female is dull olivaceous grey, with the back and rump tinged with
fulvous and the abdomen and under tail coverts more strongly fulvous or rusty
yellow ; quills and tail black. Bill yellow ; legs fleshy.
Length.— % to 9 inches ; wing 5-25 ; tail nearly 4 ; bill at front I.
298 FRINGILLID^E.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas, extending into Nepaul, but it is unknown
further east. Adams states it haunts the pine forests of Cashmere in small
flocks. According to Hume, it breeds in the pine forests, south of the first
snowy range and west of the Ganges, from 5,°°° to 6,000 feet. Murree,
Chamba, Kotegurh and Dharamsala are recorded localities of its occurrence.
811- Pycnoramphus affinis, Myth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 179;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. £. p. 469 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 46.
Hesperiphona affinis, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xxiv. p. 179; Jerd., B. Ind. ii,
p. 385, No. 726 ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 23.— The ALLIED GROSBEAK.
Very nearly allied to H. icteroides ; differs in the male having the black
portion of the plumage deep and shining instead of dull ashy black ; the
black of the head extends somewhat lower down, and the interscapularies and
axillaries are also black, and the tibial feathers yellow, while the reverse is
the case in H. icteroides ; entire wing, upper tail coverts and tail black ;
hind neck, upper mandible, lower back and rump orange yellow.
The female differs in having the upper parts olive green, tinged with
yellowish on the collar and rump, more brightly so on the lower plumage ;
wings and tail black ; the coverts, secondaries, and tertiaries broadly margined
externally with yellow green ; crown and ear coverts ashy, passing into pale
grey on the chin and throat. Bill bluish in winter, yellow in summer ; feet
fleshy yellow.
Length. — 8*8 to 9 inches; wing 4*75 ; tail 3-5.
Hab. — The Alpine Punjab to the Eastern Himalayas ; said to be common,
about Dharamsala, Nepaul, Darjeeling, Sikkim, and Thibet.
812. Pycnora"mplms carneipes (Hodgs), Hume, Sir. F. viii,
p. 108 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. xiii. p. 49. Hesperiphona carneipes, Hodgs., As. Res.
xix. p. 151 ; id. J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 950. Coccothraustes speculigerus, Brandt^
Bull. Sci. del Acad. ix. p. I IO. Hesperiphona speculigerus, Bp. Consp. Av.
p. 506; Gould. , B. Asia. v. pi, 21. Mycerobas carneipes, Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 387, No. 728. — The WHITE- WINGED GROSBEAK.
Head, neck and breast sooty brown ; wings and tail dusky with yellowish
edgings and a white speculum on the wings ; back, wing coverts and tertiaries
with olive yellow spots and stripes ; lower back and rump greenish yellow,
also the abdomen, vent and under tail coverts, the latter sometimes dashed
with dusky. Bill and legs fleshy grey ; irides brown.
Length. — 8 75 inches ; wing 4-6 ; tail 3-7 to 4.
Hab. — Nepaul and Sikkirn. Recorded also from Dharamsala, Gilgit^
Mussoorie, Darjeeling, and Thibet.
Sub-Family.— FRINGILLIN.E.
Bill variable in size and form, more or less conical and thick, short andi
bulged in some or thick and elongate.
PROCARDUELIS. 299
Gen. Pringilla-— Lin.
Bill a lengthened cone ; upper mandible slightly notched near the tip ;
wings with the first four primaries nearly equal ; tail emarginate.
813. Pringilla montifringilla (Linn.), Gould, B. Eur. pi. 188;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 412; Sir. F. vii. p. 465; id. 1879, P- lo8 J Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 179. — The MOUNTAIN FINCH.
Head, lores, cheeks, sides of neck, back and rump dark brown, the feathers
of the latter with pale edges ; lesser wing coverts rufous, margined with
white ; median coverts the same ; quills with a white spot ; tail black, edged
with brownish yellow, the outermost on each side edged at the base with
white ; chin, throat, breast and flanks rufous ; abdomen cinereous or ashy
grey. In the winter plumage the back is black, and the feathers of the upper
surface are edged with rufous ; rump pure white ; sides of the head and nape
greyish white.
The female differs in having the head grey ; and the breast not so rufous
as in the male. Bill horny brown ; legs fleshy ; irides dark hazel.
Length. — 6 to 6-3 inches ; wing 375 ; tail 2-5.
Hab. — The Himalayas, in the North-West during winter. Jerdon says it
has been obtained in Simla and Afghanistan, and that Hutton observed it at
Mussoorie as a rare winter visitant in flocks of Propasser rhodochrous. In
the Hume collection it is recorded from Kandahar and the Abbottabad
Valley,
Gen. Procarduelis.— Hodgs.
Bill longer and more slender than in either Propasser or Pyrrhospiza ;
2nd, 3rd and 4th primaries subequal ; 1st a little shorter.
814. Procarduelis nipalensis, Hodgs., y. A. S. B. xii. p. 955;
id., As. Res. xix. 157; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 405, No. 746; Hume, Sir. F.
1879, p. 108. Linota saturata, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 192 ; Reid, Cat. B.
Lucknow, Prov. Mus. p. 136. — The DARK ROSE FINCH.
Forehead, a line over the eye to the occiput, chin, throat and abdomen pure
blossom-red ; neck and breast sooty brown, tinted with dark sanguineous
blossom red ; above sooty black washed with deep vinous ; crown of head the
same ; quills and tail the same, but tinted on the margins only with the
sanguineous hue of the back. Bill brown ; irides red brown j legs fleshy
brown.
Length.— -6*5 to 7 inches; wing 3*9; tail 2*75.
The female is olive brown above ; from the chin to the breast dirty
yellowish ; breast to tail white ; wings dusky brown ; wing coverts and tertia-
rjes externally margined and tipped with dirty yellowish.
300 FRINGILLID/E.
Hab. — Himalayas, Kumaon, Bhootan, Nepaul and Sikkim. Jerdon says it
is a cold weather visitant at Darjeeling, being found there in moderate flocks,
feeding on the roads sometimes or among the ferns and brushwood.
815. Procarduelis rubescens, Blanf., P. z. S. 1871, p. 694,
pi. 74; Hume, Str. F. 1873, PP- H-SiS; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii.
p. 184. — The PALE ROSE FINCH.
Adult male.— General colour above dark vinous red, the mantle and scapulars
with somewhat dusky bases ; wing coverts like the back ; the greater coverts,
bastard wing, primary coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with rhubarb
brown ; upper tail coverts like the back ; tail dusky brown, edged with dull red ;
crown of head brighter and more crimson -t lores dusky ; sides of the face,
feathers round the eye, ear coverts, cheeks and under surface of the body rosy
crimson; abdomen ashy grey, paler and whiter towards the vent; sides of
the body and flanks rosy crimson ; under tail »coverls ashy grey, edged with
greyish white.
The female is brown above, washed with crimson on the rump and lower
back and upper tail coverts; cheeks, throat and under surface of the body
brown, whitish on the lower abdomen and vent.
Length. — 5 to 5'2 inches; wing 3-15 ; tail 2 ; tarsus 07; oilmen 0-5.
Hab. — Nepaul and Sikkim. Hume's collection contains four specimens
from Darjeeling.
Gen.
Bill more lengthened than in the last, conic, compressed, the tip attenuated
and acute ; gonys straight, ascending ,* commissure slightly sinuated ; wings
lengthened, pointed, the first three quills equal ; tail moderate, emarginate ;
feet short, hind claw rather long.
816. Carduelis caniceps, Vigors., P. z. S. 1831, p. 71; Gould,
Cent. Him. B. pi. 32, fig. i ; Roylc, III. Bot. Him. pi. 8, fig 2 ; Blyth, Cat.
Mus. As. Soc. No. 675 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 408, No. 749 ; Str. F. iiu
255. — The HIMALAYAN GOLD FINCH.
Upper surface of the body whitey brown ; rump and upper tail coverts
white ; a narrow band of scarlet continued round the base of the bill to the
chin ; wings black, with a golden yellow band, and a few spots on the
secondaries ; tail black ; the inner webs of the outermost feathers with a large
patch of white and the four centre feathers tipped with white ; under surface
of the body whitish, the breast and flanks tinged with ashy. Bill carneous, the
tip dusky ; legs pale brown ; irides brown.
Length.— 5-5 inches ; wing 3-25 ; tail 2*1 ; bill at front 0*5.
/fo3.— N.-W. Himalayas ; common about Mussoorie and Simla, extending
into Afghanistan.
CHRYSOMITRIS. 301
Gen. Chrysomitris.--^0/>.
Bill short, rather broad at the base, compressed at the tip and acute ; culmen
flat ; tail forked, other characters as in Carduelis.
817. Chrysomitris spinoides (Vigors^ Gould, Cent. Him.
Birds, pi. 32, fig. 2 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. No. 673 ; Jerd., B. Ind.
ii. p. 409, No. 750; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 25 5» Hypacanthus spinoides, Cat.
Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 16 1 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 472; id.
Str. F. 1879, p. 1 88.— The HIMALAYAN SISKIN.
Forehead, occiput and back of neck yellow, the rest of the upper surface
-olivaceous brown ; wings dusky brown, with a few yellowish or greenish olive
spots on the wing coverts, and a pale yellow band on the primaries ; tail
feathers dusky, the outermost yellow, except the shaft and tip ; beneath yellow,
olivaceous yellow on the sides of the breast and flanks.
The female is less bright in colour and has both the upper and lower surface
of the body striated. Bill fleshy; legs fleshy brown ; irides light brown,
Length. — 5*5 inches; wing 3*1 ; tail 1*9.
Hab. — Throughout the Himalayas. Common at Darjeeling, and also at
Mussoorie. Breeds in all the well-wooded hills at elevations of from 4,000 to
7,000 feet. In the neighbourhood of Simla it lays in July and August in trees
and bushes. The nest, according to Hume, is a beautiful structure, cups-haped,
woven of the finest grass roots with a good deal of hair interwoven in the interior,
and with much moss blended with the exterior. It is a very solid and compact
structure. The eggs are usually three in number, and, when fresh, are a
delicate slightly greenish white, with an irregular ring. Recorded from
Hupali, Ramgunga Valley, Kumaon, Bhimtal, Almorah, and Pethoragurh.
818. Chrysomitris thibetana, Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 107 ; Brooks.
Ibis, 1872, p. 469; Hume , Str. F. 1877, p. 416; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 108
Sharpe, Cat. B: Br. Mus. xii. p. 226. — The THIBETAN SISKIN.
Adult male. — General colour above dark olive green, the feathers of the head
and nape subterminally marked with yellow, and forming a patch ; a narrow
yellow line above the base of the bill, extending as a supercilium and enclosing
the dusky ear coverts ; feathers immediately round the eye yellow ; cheeks
yellow with a dusky stripe behind ; lower back and rump dark greenish yellow
washed with olive green, the feathers mesially dark brown ; wing coverts the
same, the greater series with pale yellowish white tips ; primary coverts and
quills blackish, edged externally with greenish yellow ; the secondaries fringed
with whitish at the tips ; throat and under surface of the body yellow ; abdomen
white ; sides of the body and flanks washed with greenish yellow, and with
long mesial dark bruwn streaks ; under tail coverts similar.
802 FRINGILLID/E.
The female is dull greenish above, the feathers washed with yellow and
streaked mesially with dusky ; median and greater coverts dusky blackish ;
broadly tipped with greenish yellow, and forming a double wing bar, otherwise
as in the male.
Sides of the breast, sides of the body and flanks broadly streaked with dark
brown; thighs ashy ; under tail coverts yellow, white at tip and streaked with
black.
Length.— 4-5 to 5 inches ; wing 275 ; tail r6; tarsus O'S ; culmen 0-4.
Hab. — Sikkim ; Himalaya Mountains.
Gen. CallacanthiS-— Reich,
Bill shorter than in Chrysomitris ; wing does not reach to the end of the tail,
otherwise as in Chrysomitris.
819. CallacanthiS burtoni, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 90; id. B.
of Asia, pt. I, pi. 15. Fringilla burtoni, Gray and Mitch., Gen. B. ii. p. 371.
Fringilla erythrophrys, Blyth* J. A. S. B. xv. p. 38. CallacanthiS burtoni,
(Gould), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 407. — The RED-BROWED FINCH.
Crown of the head, ear coverts, wings and tail brownish black ; forehead,
supercilium, chin and throat crimson ; upper suface of the body ruddy brown,
deeper on the rump and upper tail coverts ; wings Jprown, marked with white
on the primary and greater coverts, also on the secondaries ; outermost tail
feathers mostly white towards the tip ; the rest, except the middle pair, tipped
with white. In summer the under surface of the body becomes crimson. Bill
yellow ; legs light brown.
Length. — 7 inches ; wing 3-9 ; tail 2'6.
The female is plain brown above, darker on the crown ; supercilium saffron
yellow ; forehead ochreous ; back yellowish brown ; the under surface of the
body tinged with fulvous.
Hab. — N.W. Himalayas, Simla, Kotegurh.
Gen. AcanthiS- — Bechst.
General characters of Chrysomitris, claws larger, and equal to the toe.
820. Acanthis brevirostris, Bp. Consp. List B. Eur. and N.
Amer.p.34; Moore, P, Z. S. 1855, p. 216. Linaria brevirostris, Hume,
Sir. F. 1879, p. 108; id. Sir. F. vii. p. 417. — The SHORT-BILLED LINNET.
General colour above brown, the feathers blackish in the centre and streaked
with white ; lower back and rump rosy pifik ; lesser and median coverts
reddish brown ; greater coverts blackish, edged with brown and tipped with
white ; quills black, externally margined with white ; head like the back, and
similarly streaked ; lores, and a broad line over the eye, also the ear coverts,
cheeks and throat creamy buff ; foreneck and breast ashy whitish, with broad
blackish brown centres to the feathers ; lower breast and abdomen pure white,
also the under wing coverts and axillaries ; legs and feet brown, claws dusky ;
iris brown.
MONTIFRINGILLA. 303
Length,— *, inches ; wing 2-95 ; tail 2-4 ; tarsus O'6 ; culmen 0-4.
The female has not the rose colour on the rump as in the male, and the
breast is less broadly streaked with dusky.
Hab. — Himalayas.
821. Acanthis fringillirostris, Up. and Schleg. Monogr. Loxiens,
p. 45. Linaria cannabina, Dresser, Ibis, 1875, p. 242 (pt.) ; Blanf., East.
Pers.\\*v* 246; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 108, 389; Bidd., Ibis, 1881,
p. 86. — The FINCH-BILLED LINNET.
Above pale reddish brown, ashy about the hind neck, the mantle with a few
nearly obsolete dark shaft lines ; the back nearly uniform chestnut ; rump
paler, edged with rufescent ; wing coverts like the back ;; quills blackish ;
primaries and primary coverts edged with white; secondaries tipped with
white ; upper tail coverts black, edged with ash colour ; tail black; the edges
of both webs white ; crown of head and nape ashy brown ; base of forehead
ashy, a crimson patch on the occiput ; lores and found the eye bufty white ;
throat buffy white, with minute brown spots ; foreneck and breast bright scarlet ;
sides of the body and flanks pale reddish brown, mottled with brown centres ;
lower breast and abdomen dull buffy white ; under tail coverts buffish white ;
under wing coverts and axillaries white.
Length.— 5*3 inches; wings 3" 15; tail 2-25 ; tarsus 0*65 ; culmen 0*4.
The female is like that of A. cannabina.
Hab. — Asia Minor to the Caucasus, and Persia. Found also in Sind and
Arabia during winter.
Gen. Montifringilla.— z,
Claws long and slightly curved, the third primary shorter than the first.
Other characters as in Fringilla.
822. Montifringilla adamst Mo-ore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 482;
Adams, P Z. S. 1859, p. 178 ; Gould, B. Asia, vol. v., pi. ; Jerd., £. Ind. ii.
p. 413; Sir, F. iv. p. 486 ; vii. pp. 41*2, 418 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind.
B. ii. p. 473. — ADAMS' MOUNTAIN FINCH.
Head and upper surface of the body pale grey brown or ash colour ; wings
brownish black, the greater coverts and secondaries tipped with wrn'te;
spurious wing white, each feather tipped with brown ; two central tail
feathers brownish black, the lateral ones narrowly tipped with black ; under
surfaee of the body creamy white. Bill, legs, and feet black.
Length.-— 6 inches ; wing 3'75; tail 2-5.
Hab.— Ladakh. According to Adams it is common on the bare and
barren mountains of Ladakh and Little Thibet, and feeds on the seeds of the
few plants found in these desolate and dreary-looking mountains. Its cry is
like that of a lark, and its habits on the ground very similar. The nest is
composed of grass, and generally placed in the long dykes by the Tartars, over
their dead.
TOL. II.— 40
304 FRINGILLID^E.
823. Montifringilla ruficollis, Bianf., J. A. S. B. xli. p. 67 ;
Gould, B. Asia, vol. v. pi.; Sir. F. iv. p. 486; vii. p. 420.— The RED-
NECKED MOUNTAIN FINCH.
Forehead whitish, passing into the rather pale umber brown of the head ;
supercilia white ; lores and a line from them passing under the eye black ;
this line is continued posteriorly over the ear coverts, and its colour changes to
dark ferruginous ; back umber brown, with dark central dusky streaks to the
feathers ; rump more ferruginous j wings brown, the first primary with the
outer web white, the others with fulvous outer margins, — all with white in-
ternal edges and a broad white wing band, visible only in the expanded wing,
formed by a white spot on the inner webs of all the primaries except the first
four and the whole basal portion of the inner web of the remaining quills,
except the last three, which have broad fulvous borders ; lesser wing coverts
mostly white, with a row of dark spots on the upper series of feathers ; angle
of wing greyish ; upper tail coverts long, pale umber brown, with a fulvous
tinge ; central tail feathers and the tips of the remainder for about half an
inch dark brown with fulvous margins ; basal portion of all the tail feathers
except the central pair ashy, external web of the outermost white ; cheeks,
chin and throat white, with two black lines, one from each side of the base of
the lower mandible ; ear coverts bright ferruginous ; sides of the neck the
same but a little paler, the rufous tint forming a demi-collar very slightly
interrupted ; under surface of the body white, tinged with isabelline ; iris red-
dish brown. Bill and legs black.
The female has not the white forehead and the rufescent tinge on the
rump ; the demi-collar is brown posteriorly and continuous round the front of
the neck.
Length. — 6*75 inches; wing 3*56 to 3*63; tail 2*1 to 2*3; tarsus 0*85;
hind claw 0-36; culmen 0-43.
Hab. — Himalayas, ranging to Sikkim and Thibet.
824. Montifringilla blanfordi, Hume, Sir. F. iv. 487; id. 1879,
p. 108 ; Sharpe> Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 265. — BLANFORD'S MOUNTAIN
FINCH.
Above uniform sandy brown, the upper tail coverts resembling the back ;
wing coverts like the back, with sandy edges to the median and greater coverts;
bastard wing and primary coverts black, fringed with ashy brown ; quills
blackish, externally edged with ashy brown ; the inner secondaries more
broadly margined and tipped with pale sandy ; the inner primaries and secon-
daries white at the base of the inner web, the former also white externally, as
well as the first primary ; centre tail feathers blackish, edged with white, the
remainder having the white increasing externally and towards the end, which
are edged with sandy buff and have a large subterminal blackish spot ; crown
of the head like the back ; the occiput, nape, and hind neck more rufous,
MONTIFRINGILLA. 305
forming an indistinct collar commencing behind the eye ; forehead white,
intersected by a black median streak ; lores black, extending in a streak
above the eyes and followed by a white eyebrow ; eyelids black above, white
below like the ear coverts and cheeks, which have a slight tinge of rufous, like
the sides of the neck ; throat and under surface of body white ; chin black ;
sides of breast, body and flanks fawn brown ; thighs and under tail coverts
white ; under wing coverts and axillaries white ; quills below dusky, but white
along the inner edge. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 5*7 inches ; wing 3-8 ; tail 2*25 ; culmen 0*5 ; tarsus 0*65.
Hab.— Sikkim and Thibet. Noted from near Darjeeling.
825. Montifringilla sordida, Stoi. J. A. S. B. xxxvii. p. 63 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 41 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 597; Sharps, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xii. p. 266. Propasser Murrayi, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxii. p. 458 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1876, p. 504. Fringillauda nemoricola (nee Hodgs.), Horsf. and Moore,
Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 492 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 414. Carpodacus
Murrayi, Gray, Handl. B. ii. p. 85. — The HIMALAYAN LARK-FINCH.
Above brown, the feathers centred with darker brown, those of the mantle
and back broadly edged with white ; lower back and rump ashy grey ; lesser
wing coverts sandy brown, centred with blackish ; median series the same,
and edged with yellowish buff ; greater coverts dusky blackish, narrowly
tipped with yellowish white, and edged externally with light brown ; bastard
wing blackish, edged with light brown ; primary coverts blackish, with ashy
grey bases and conspicuous white edges on the outer web ; quills blackish,
edged with sandy brown, the inner secondaries with ochreous buff, and con-
spicuously blackish at the base of the outer web, forming a similar pattern to
the inner greater coverts ; upper tail coverts blackish, broadly tipped with
white ; tail feathers dark brown, edged with sandy buff ; crown of the head,
like the back, sandy brown and mottled with black centres; hind neck
uniform ashy brown : lores ashy ; eyelids and supercilium pale sandy buff ;
ear coverts and cheeks pale ashy brown, slightly streaked with dusky centres ;
throat and under surface of the body pale ashy brown, the feathers edged with
greyish white on the lower breast and sides of the body ; breast rather more
ashy ; abdomen whitish ; thighs pale ashy ; under tail coverts white mottled
with dusky blackish centres ; upper mandible brown ; lower brownish fleshy ;
legs, feet and claws blackish brown; iris cinnabar-red. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 6 inches ; wing 3*85 ; tail 2*2 ; tarsus O'75 ; culmen O'5.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas, as far as Kumaon; also Afghanistan. Recorded
from Kashgar, Gilgit, Chamba, the Sutlej Valley, and Simla. Nothing is
known of its habits.
826. Montifringilla nemoricola, Hodgs., As. Res. xix. p. 158 ;
id. Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passer es, pi. 288 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 538 ; Hume, Str.
306 FRINGILLID/E.
F. 1873, p. 41 ; flume, Sir. F. 1879, P- IoS '•> Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 954.
Leucosticte nemoricola, Blyth, J. A- S. B. xxiii. p. 213. — The SIKKIM
LARK-FINCH.
Very similar to M. sordida, but differs in being larger and in having the
wing coverts tipped and edged with pure white, and the axillaries tinged with
sulphur yellow or orange, Bill brown, the base paler; lower mandible
yellowish: feet and claws brown. (Sharpe.)
Hob.— Eastern Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan, extending to the moun-
tains of Moupin and Kokonoor in Western China. (Sharpe,) Recorded from
Nepaul and Native Sikkim, Darjeeling and Bhootan.
827. Montifringilla brandti Bp. Consp. i. p, 537. Montifringiiia
haematopygia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, F- U4 ; id. B.Asia, v. pi, 3; Hume
and Henderson^ Lah. to Yark. p. 261 ; Scully, Str.F. 1876, p. 171. Leuco.s-
ticte haematopygia, Salvad., P. Z. Sf 1868, p. 580; Hume, Str, F, 1879,
p. 108. — BRANDT'S MOUNTAIN FINCH.
Mantle and upper back sooty brown, streaked with blackish brown ; scapu-
lars ashy grey with dusky shaft stripes ; lower back and rump dusky brown,
the feathers edged with rosy at the tips ; lesser and median coverts ashy grey,
with dusky shaft lines and hoary edges; primary coverts and quills dusky
blackish, edged with white, more broadly so on the secondaries ; upper tail
coverts pale brown, with whitish edges ; tail blackish brown, edged with white ;
crown of head and neck sooty black, also the lores and feathers round the eye
as well as at the base of the bill ; ear coverts and sides of the hinder crown dark
ashy brown ; cheeks and throat the same ; rest of under surface of the body
ashy grey, with dusky shaft lines to the breast feathers ; lower abdomen white ;
sides and flanks ashy grey ; under tail coverts whitish, with dusky shaft lines ;
. under wing coverts and axillaries white. (Sharpe.) Bill black in summer,
dusky brownish in autumn, yellow at base ; legs, feet and claws black ; iris
brown. (Scully.)
Length. — 7 inches; wing 4-5 ; tail 3-1; tarsus O' 8 ; culmen 0'4S»
Had.— Himalayas, from Sikkim to Kulu and Cashmere,
Gen. Khodopechys-— Cab.
Bill rather swollen at base ; culmen gently curved j wings do not reach the
tip of the tail ; nostrils covered by bristles, wings with a patch of red,
828. Rhodopechys sanguinea, (Gould), Cad. Mus. Hein, Th. \.
P. 157 ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 28. Fringilla sanguinea, Gould, P. Z. S.
l%37> p. 127. Erythrospiza phcenicoptera, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. and N.
Amer. p. 34. Erythrospiza sanguinea, Blanf., East Pers. ii. p. 252 ; Dresser,
B. Eur. iv. p. 91, pi. 197; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 108. — The RED-WINGED
JIOSE-FINCH.
ERYTHROSPIZA. 307
Crown of the head black, forming a cap, the feathers of the forehead
minutely tipped with rosy; lores and feathers round the eye bright rosy;
eyebrow a little paler rosy, sandy brown posteriorly ; ear coverts, cheeks and
throat sandy brown with black streaks along the shafts, forming large spots
on the foreneck ; upper surface of the body chocolate brown ; the mantle and
tipper back mottled with blackish ; lower back sandy brown ; rump and upper
tail coverts rosy, the longer feathers of the latter black, edged with rosy ;
median and greater wing coverts brown, edged with rosy ; primary coverts and
quills black, edged with bright rosy ; secondaries narrowly tipped with white,
all the quills with white concealed bases ; outer tail feathers white, with
black shafts ; centre feathers black, edged with rosy, their bases white ; under
surface of the body creamy white, tinged with rosy, the abdominal region a
little paler ; sides of the body sandy brown with narrow central streaks of
brown; axillaries white, edged with rosy. (Sharped) Bill yellow, dusky
towards the tip of the upper mandible ; claws and feet blackish.
Length. — 6 to 6'2 inches; wing 4*1 ; tail 2'2 ; tarsus 0*75 ; culmen O'55.
The adult female is duller than the male ; the crown is obscured with sandy
brown edges ; the wing is less rosy in colour ; the base of the secondaries
conspicuously white.
Length. — 6 '2 inches.
Hab,— Yarkand through Persia to the Caucasus and Eastern Asia Minor,
reaching to Arabia. A single specimen only of this species was got on the
Upper Sind Frontier by Mr. Charles Hutchins during the winter of 1885.
Gen. Erythrospiza.— Bp.
Bill scarcely bulged, more sparrowlike ; culmen and gonys slightly curved,
the depth at base nearly equal to the length ; commissure scarcely sinuated.
829. Erythrospiza githaginea (Licht.}, Bp. Faun. Ital. pi. 35,
fig. 3; Dresser* B. Eur. p. 85, pi. 196; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii.
p. 64; Butler, t. c. p. 284; Hume, t.c. p. 454; id. Str. F. 1879, P- IO^-
Fringilla githaginea, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 24. Pyrrhula githaginea,
Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. 400 ; Hume, Ibis, 1872, p. 468. Carpodacus cras-
sirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 476. Bucanetes githagineus, Cab. Mus,
Hein. Th. i. p, 164; Hume, Str. F. 1878, p. 210; Blanf., East. Pers. ii.
p. 250; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 190. Propasser githaginea, Jerd.,
B. Ind. ii. p. 404.— The TRUMPETER BULL-FINCH.
In the male the head is pale bluish grey, the feathers tipped brown ; the
chin, throat, breast, cheeks, and ear coverts a sort of blue grey, the feathers
faintly tinged, most conspicuously so round the base of the lower mandible,
with pale rosy ; the abdomen, vent, and lower tail coverts very pale rosy white,
the longest of the latter with dark shafts ; the back and scapulars dull earthy
brown, with, when fresh, a faint rosy tinge, which disappears in the dried skin.
308 FRINGILLID/E.
and somewhat greyer towards the nape ; rump pale brown, more decidedly
tinged with rosy ; the visible portion of upper tail coverts rosy white, more
strongly tinged with rosy at the margins, the centres and bases of the longest
being pale brown ; these, however, are not seen till the feathers are lifted ; tail
feathers dark brown, conspicuously, though narrowly, margined with rosy
white, most rosy towards the bases of the lateral feathers ; the wings hair-
brown, conspicuously margined and tipped with pale rose colour, or rosy
white ; the coverts, secondaries, and tertiaries most broadly so. There is a very
narrow, inconspicuous, pale rosy frontal band. The wing lining and axillaries
are pure white ; the winglet alone is dark brown, unmargined with rosy.
'* The female has the whole upper surface and the sides of the head and
body a dull pale earthy brown, with only a faint rosy tinge upon the rump and
upper tail coverts ; the lower parts a still paler earthy brown with the faintest
possible roseate tinge on the breast and becoming albescent on the vent, lower
tail covert and tibial plumes ; the wings and tail are as in the male ; but the
margins are narrower and less conspicuous, and are pale brownish instead of
rosy white.
" Both Sexes.— Bill at front 0*35 to 0-41 ; tarsus 0-67 to 077. The irides
are brown ; the legs and feet fleshy brown ; claws dusky ; soles whitish ; the
bill orange yellow, in some probably less mature, pale yellow, brownish on
upper mandible.
" Male, Length.— $"j to 6 inches; expanse 10 to 10*7 ; tail from vent 2'i to
3 ; wing 3*3 to 3*6; wing, when closed, reach to within 0'7 of end of tail.
« Female, Length. — 57 to 5'S inches ; expanse 10-5 to iri ; tail from vent
r8 to 2 ; wings 3*2 to 3*4; wings, when closed, reach to within 0*6 to 0*8 of
end of tail."— (Hume, Str. F. vi. 210, 211.)
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, Kutch, and Jodhpore, (Quetta) Beloochistan, Persia
and Afghanistan. Winters in India ; breeds in Persia and Afghanistan.
Erythrospizamongolica, a species found in Gilgit and Southern Afghanistan,
may be probably found in the Himalayas, or to range through Beloochistan
into Upper Sind.
Gen. Petronia.— Kaup.
General characters of Erythrospiza ; nostrils exposed.
830. Petronia fiaviCOlliSJ (Frank!.), Blyth, Cat. B. Br. Mus. As.
Soc. p. 120 ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 231 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 293.
Fringilla flavicollis, Frankl., P. Z. S. 1831, p. 20. Gymnoris flavicollis,
Blyth, y.A. S. B. xiii. p. 948 ; Adam, Str. F. 1873, p. 388 ; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 461 ; Ball., Str. F. 1874, p. 421 ; Blan/., East. Pers. \\.
p. 256; id. Str. F. 1877, p. 249; Vidal, Str. F. 1880, p. 72 ; Reid, Str. F.
1881, p. 56. Passer flavicollis, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 368; Butler, Str. F.
l875, P. 497 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 184 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 486.
— The YELLOW-THROATED SPARROW,
PASSER. g09
Male. — Head, neck, back, rump, scapulars and under tail coverts pale
earthy brown ; a pale or fulvous superCilitim, more distinct in females ; chin
white; throat-spot yellow ; the rest of the under surface whity brown, albe-
scent on the vent and under tail coverts ; primaries and secondaries dull brown,
the primaries edged paler and tipped whitish, as are also the secondaries ;
tertiaries broadly edged and tipped with fulvous ; lesser wing coverts chestnut;
median and greater coverts dull brown, tipped with fulvous white, forming two
conspicuous wing bars ; edge of the wing white ; tail dull brown, the outer-
most feathers on each side paler.
The female wants the chestnut on the wing, and is more brown in colour
beneath; the throat-spot too is less bright; upper mandible black, lower
yellowish at the base ; irides brown ; legs pale brown.
Length.— 5-5 inches; wing 3-4; tail 2 ; tarsus -7.
Hob. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces Beloochistan, Persia, Rajputana,
Kutch, (Kattiawar, Jodhpore), N. Guzerat, Deccan and Concan. Other
localities are Shiraz, Bushire, Fao, all over Sind, Kutch, Sharunpore, Lucknow,
Etawah, Allahabad, Mhow, Indore, Saugor, Mahableshwar, the Malabar
countries, Travancore, and Mysore.
Breeds throughout India nearly, during the months of April and May, also in
June, in holes in trees in which a little grass is placed, but thickly lined with
feathers, hair, tow, or any suitable fibrous material. Eggs, three to four, dull
and glossless, moderately elongated ovals, greenish white or glossless white,
thickly streaked, smudged and blotched with brownish.
Gen. Passer. — Briss.
Bill broad at base, slightly scooped at tip j 2nd and 3rd quills longest ;
nostrils partly covered by plumes.
831. Passer montanilS, Koch., Syst. Baier, Zool.p. 219; MacGiU,
Brit. B. i. p. 351 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 120; Jerd., B. Ind. \\.
p. 306; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 460 ; id. Sir. F. 1874, p. 481 ;
Bianf., East. Pers. ii. p. 255 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, pp. 67, 107; Oates, B.
Br. Burm. i. p. 348 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 302. — The RED-
HEADED or MOUNTAIN SPARROW.
Above fawn colour, the mantle with ashy fulvous edgings and broad black
streaks ; lower back and rump, also the upper tail coverts ashy brown, tinged
with fulvous ; lesser wing coverts uniform chestnut ; median series black with
broad white tips, forming a wing bar ; greater series dusky blackish edged with
pale rufous brown and with white at the ends ; primary coverts and primaries
the same ; tail brown edged -with ashy tulvous ; entire head vinous chestnut ;
lores, feathers under the eye, and a patch under the ear coverts black j sides
of face and neck white ; chin and throat black ; under surface of the body
310 FRINGILLID^E.
ashy, whitish on the abdominal region and tinged with fulvous on the sides
of the breast, flanks and under tail coverts. Bill black ; iris brown ; legs
flesh colour.
Length. — 5-6 inches ; wing 2-75 ; tail 2*3 ; tarsus 07 ; oilmen o'45-
Hob. — The greater part of Europe, and eastward through Siberia to Japan
and China. It is also found in N.-E. Africa, Central Asia, Persia, aftd Afghan-
istan, as well as in the Himalaya mountains, eastwards to Assam, Burmah,
and through Tenasserim and the Malay Penninsula to Java. It is recorded
from Nepaul, Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kashgar, Yarkand, and Kandahar ; also from
the Deccan, and in Burmah from Pegu, Bassein, Bhamo, Mergui, Tavoy,
Poongyah, and Pakchan, where it almost replaces Passer domesticus.
832. Passer domesticUS, (Linn.'}, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso. Asia/, ii.
p. 29 ; McGill. Brit. B. I. p. 340 ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 148 ; Blanf., East.
Pers. ii. p. 254; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, ii. p. 64 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p, 600.
Fringilla domestica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 323. Pyrgita domestica, Cuv.
JRegne. Anim. i. p. 385. Passer Indicus, Jerd, and Selby, 111. Orn. iii.
p. 1 18 ; Jerd.) B. Ind. ii. p. 362 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 457;
Blanf., East. Persia, ii. p. 254; Oales, B. Br. Burm. I. p. 346; Murray,
Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 183. — The COMMON HOUSE-SPARROW.
Male. — Head and nape dark grey ; lores, feathers below the eye, sides of the
lower mandible, chin, throat and breast black ; mantle and scapulars chestnut
with dark mesial streaks; rump and upper tail-coverts ashy brown; lesser wing
coverts chestnut, the last row or series of feathers dark brown at the base and
tipped with white ; the greater series dark brown, edged with rufescent and
tipped with fulvous white ; primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries dusky brown,
edged with rufous, paler and narrow on the primaries, which are darkish
brown on the middle of their outer webs ; tertiaries tipped with fulvous white ;
sides of the face and neck and entire under surface white, the flanks cinereous ;
tail dusky or pale brown, the feathers edged with fulvous brown.
The female is pale earthy or light brown, with a fulvous supercilium
extending to the nape and the lower parts less pure white ; bill horny brown ;
legs dusky ; irides light brown.
Length.— 5-25 to 6 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 2-25 ; tarsus 0-65 ; culmen 0-4,
Hab. — Throughout India to the Himalayas, Ceylon, Assam and Upper
Pegu ; also Beloochistan, Persia, and Afghanistan. Its nidification is too
well known to need description.
833. Passer pyrrhonotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 946;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 508; Jerd., B. 2nd- ii. p. 365 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, P- 2O95
Scrope Doig. Sir. F. 1880, p. 280; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 184;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 316. — The SIND SPARROW.
PASSER. 311
Head and ear coverts ashy grey ; back and rump chestnut, the feathers
with black central streaks and yellowish buff margins ; throat stripe black,
the margins of the feathers greyish ; lores and eyelids blackish, a broad chest-
nut supercilium continued to the sides of the neck, the anterior portion being
whitish ; cheeks and sides of the neck white ; lesser wing coverts chestnut ;
the median series also chestnut, with broad black centres and white tips ;
greater coverts chestnut with broad black centres and white tips ; primaries,
secondaries, and tertiaries dull brown or blackish brown, edged with rufous
and with a white spot at base, forming a wing bar ; upper tail coverts ashy
brown, with dusky centres ; tail dark brown, edged with fulvous white ; under
surface of the body white ; foreneck and breast ashy, the flanks pale brown,
and the thighs and under tail coverts, also the axillaries, white. Bill dusky
brown ; tarsi dusky fleshy brown ; iris light brown.
Length. — 5-2 to 5-3 inches; wing 2-6; tail 2-5 ; tarsus 0-65 ; oilmen 0*4.
The female is not unlike the female of the House Sparrow.
Hab,-^ Sind, on the Eastern Narra
834. Passer hispaniOlensis (Temm.\ Rupp. Syst. Uebers, p. 78 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 317. Fringilla hispaniolensis, Temm., Man.
dOrn. p. 353. Passer salicicolus, Bp. Consp. \. p. 509 ; Jerd., B.lnd. \\.
p. 64 ; Murrav, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 183. — The WILLOW SPARROW.
Male. — Head and back of neck dark chestnut, the feathers edged paler ;
back sooty brown with whitish edgings ; rump and upper tail coverts pale
brown ; shoulder of wing chestnut, with white borders to the lesser coverts ; rest
of the wing dusky with broad pale rufous brown edgings, and a whitish bar
formed by the tips of the greater coverts ; secondaries edged and tipped
whitish ; tail dusky with pale edgings ; lores, cheeks, and a narrow superci-
lium white, passing into ashy brown on the ear coverts ; beneath, the cbin,
throat and breast black, some of the feathers edged whitish ; rest of the lower
parts sullied white or whitish ; the flanks and under tail coverts with dusky
longitudinal streaks.
Length. — 5 -75 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 2.
The female resembles that of the common House Sparrow, but the striation
on the dorsal feathers is less strongly marked. (Jerdon,}
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan,
Rajputana (Koochamun), and E. Turkistan.
835. Passer cinnamomeus (Gould), Blyth< J. A. S. B. xiii.
p. 947 ; Jerd., B. Jnd. ii. p. 365 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 42 ; Beavan, /. c. p. 138 ;
Stohckza, J. A. S. B. xxxvii. p. 57 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Jnd. U.p. 459 ;
Cock and Marsh, Str. F. 1873, p. 357; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 254;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- IO7 5 Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 326. Pyrgita
cinnamomea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 185 ; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 1 08.—
The CINNAMON-HEADED SPARROW.
VOL. II. —41
312 FRINGILLIDiE.
Whole upper plumage including the top of the head cinnamon rufous,
the feathers of the mantle streaked with black and tipped with fulvous ; lesser
wing coverts cinnamon rufous, the median series white with black bases, form-
ing a broad wing bar ; quills blackish brown, edged with ashy brown, the
innermost secondaries with pale cinnamon, a pale whitish spot at the base of
the primaries forming a speculum, the outer edge near the tip whitish ; upper
tail coverts and tail ashy brown ; lores and feathers below the eye blackish,
with a few whitish spots ; cheeks and ear coverts pale yellow ; upper edge of
ear coverts cinnamon ; chin and throat with a narrow central black patch ;
rest of the under surface of the body pale yellow ; the sides of the body and
flanks, also the thighs, pale ashy brown ; axillaries and under wing coverts
pale sulphur yellow. In winter plumage (male) the chestnut of the upper
surface is edged with sandy buff.
The 'female is light brown above, with a pale supercilium, and wants the
black throat ; the under surface is dingy brown.
Length. — 4-5 to 5 inches ; wing 275 to 2-95 ; tail r8 to 1-9 ; tarsus 07 ;
culmen 0-45 to 0-5.
Hab. — The Punjab and N.-W. Provinces to the Himalayas, Afghanistan,
Cashmere, Sikkim, Assam, and Bhootan. Common at Darjeeling, Mussoorie,
and Simla ; also at Peshawar. Recorded also from Shillong and Munipoor.
Breeds throughout the Himalayas, from Murree to Nepaul, at elevations
of from 4,000 to 7,000 feet, during May and June, nesting in holes in trees.
Eggs four to six; rather smaller than those of Passer indtcus, and not unlike
them in marking.
836. Passer assimilis, Walden, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) v.
p. 218; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 157; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 94; Hume
and Dav^ Str. F. 1878, p. 407; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 107; Wardlaw
Ramsay, Works Tweed, App. pp. 93, 668 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 350 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 330. — The ALLIED HOUSE-SPARROW.
Male. — The whole upper plumage from the nostrils to the rump deep
chestnut ; upper tail coverts greyish brown with dark shaft-stripes ; feathers of
.the back with the inner webs black at the tip ; lores, feathers round the eye
and over the ear coverts brown ; cheeks, ear coverts and sides of the neck
pure white ; abroad black streak from the chin over the throat to the upper breast,
where it becomes wider ; lower plumage sooty brown ; lesser wing coverts
chestnut ; median coverts black, broadly tipped with white ; greater coverts
brown, edged with pale rufous and tipped with whitish ; primaries and
secondaries dark brown narrowly edged with pale rufescent, the third to the
seventh primaries with a broader edge of the same at the base of the outer
webs ; tertiaries blackish, edged with chestnut ; tail brown, edged paler.
(Oates.)
PASSER. 313
The female has the head and nape brown, tinged with rufescent, the feathers
of the forehead with darker centres ; the back rufescent brown, the feathers of
which have the terminal portion of the inner webs black and the outer webs a
little paler ; rump pale chestnut ; upper tail coverts greyish brown ; tail
brown ; superciiium pale rufescent ; lores and a streak behind the eye
dark brown ; lower plumage greyish brown, fulvescent or yellowish on the
abdomen ; under tail coverts brown, edged with yellowish ; lesser wing coverts
rufescent ; median series dark brown, broadly tipped with white ; greater
coverts dark brown, narrowly edged with whitish ; quills dark brown, narrowly
edged with pale rufescent ; third to seventh primaries with a broader edge of
the same near the base of the outer webs ; tertiaries and inner coverts dark
brown, edged broadly with rufous. (Gates.)
Length. — 4-5 inches; wing 27 ; tail 17 ; tarsus 0*5 ; bill from gape 0*55.
Hal. — Tonghoo and Karenne, Burmah.
837. Passer flaveolus, Biyth, J. A. s. B. xiii. p. 946; Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 460 ; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 94 ; Hume, Str. F. iii.
p. 156; Anders. Yunnan Exped. p. 602 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107; Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 233. Passer jugiferus, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p, 508 ; Blyth, Ibis.
1870, p. 172; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 349. — The PEGU HOUSE-SPARROW.
Entire top of head, also the nape and hinder portion of the neck, greenish
olive ; lores, chin, and mesial line on the throat black ; a loral streak from the
nostrils to eye yellow ; cheeks and ear coverts brighter yellow ; a patch from
the eye over the ear coverts to the sides of the nape chestnut, also the backf
scapulars and lesser wing coverts ; lower back and rump tinged yellowish ;
median wing coverts dark brown, tipped with white ; the greater series and
quills dark brown edged with yellowish white ; under surface of the body with
the under wing coverts bright yellow ; tail brown, the outer webs tinged with
olive yellow.
The female has the chin, cheeks, throat, and under surface of the body with
the under wing coverts pale yellow; a yellowish white superciliary streak
extends to the nape ; the plumage of the entire upper surface of the body,
including the scapulars and ear coverts hair brown, with darker shafts ; wing
coverts dark brown, the feathers edged with yellowish white ; tail brown, the
feathers edged with whitish on their outer webs. Bill black $ ; flesh colour
& ; iris hazel ; legs plumbeous.
Length.— 5*5 inches ; wing 27 ; tail 2-1 ; tarsus o'6 ; bill from gape 0-55.
The female is smaller.
Hab. — British Burmah. Gates says, common about Thayetmyo. It has
been observed at Rangoon, and is common also at Pegu. Captain Wardlaw-
Ramsay met with it in Karenne. In Cochin China, according to Dr. Tiraud, it
is abundant. Breeds on trees, generally in bamboo clumps.
314 FRINGII.LID/t:.
. Serinus. — Koch.
Bill swollen, both mandibles curved, tornium deflected ; plumage yellow.
838. Serinus pectoraliS, Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 190,
(1884) ; Sharpc, Cat. B. Br. Mas. xii. p. 372. — The COLLARED SERIN.
Male. — A dark brown nearly black streak at the base of the upper
mandible, followed by a bright yellow frontal band, extending as a broad
supercilium to behind the ear coverts ; a slaty grey streak through the eye ;
crown of the head slaty grey, each feather with a dark central streak ; nape
greenish olive; back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts yellowish green, the
feathers with a dark mesial streak ; median coverts dark brown, edged with
yellow ; greater coverts also dark brown, margined on their outer webs, and
tipped with yellow ; primaries and secondaries dusky brown, margined whitish
on their inner webs, and edged on the outer very narrowly with greenish ;
rump olivaceous : upper tail coverts yellowish, some of the lateral feathers
with a dark mesial streak ; chin, throat, breast and sides of the face bright
golden yellow ; a dark brown nearly black streak from each side of the base
of the lower mandible extending to the sides of the neck, which is slaty grey ;
sides of the breast slaty grey with a narrow band issuing from each side, nearly
meeting on the lower breast and forming a nearly complete pectoral band ;
rest of under surface yellow ; tail dusky brown, the feathers slightly darker
on their outer webs, and all tipped yellowish white on their inner webs ; bill
horny ; legs dark fleshy ; irides light brown.
Length. — 4*93 inches; wing 2*62 ; tail 1*5 ; bill at front 0*31.
This pretty little species was got at Kurrachee, and was alive when it was
described in the possession of Mr. J, Strip, Assistant Collector of Customs, to
whom I am indebted for having very kindly permitted me to describe it,
Sharpe remarks, that it is closely allied to £. canonicus^ if not identical with
it ; but the description of S. canonicus does not agree with it. It was captured
in May 1 88 1, having been struck by a catapult, and the wing so hurt as to
disable it from flying. It has been a captive since, and appears quite happy.
A second one was seen by Mr. Strip shortly after on a mound near an
abandoned well in one of the Kurrachee gardens. He says that the bird in
his possession is hardy and lively, and has an extremely pleasant song. It has
outlived three canaries, and never yet appeared dull or ill, even when moulting.
It differs from hortulana, canaria and auri/rons, rirst in size, being smaller
than the first two, and quite unlike in colour ; and from Tristram's aurifrons,
pi. 7, Ibis, 1868, in having no striations on the flanks, and from all the species
J know, in having a nearly complete pectoral band, which is its chief charac-
teristic. Tristram refers (/. c.) to Bonaparte's S. syriacus, which, he says, has
4 bright yellow forehead, light coloured back, and uniform yellow under surface
PYRRHOPLECTES. 315
without striations. It may possibly be this species, but there is no mention of
the pectoral band, the slaty grey sides of the breast, and the dark streak at the
base of the upper mandible.
839. SerinUS pusillus (Pall.), Brandt, Bull. Sci. Acad. St.
Petersb. i. p. 366 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 524. Passer pusillus, Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-
Asiat. ii. p. 28, No. 43. Metoponia pusilla, Bp. Notes, Orn. Coll. Delattre,
p. 17 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 410; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 473 ;
Blanf., East. Pers. ii. p. 250; Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- IQ8; C. Swinhoe,
Ibis, 1882, p. 115; Biddulph, t. c. p. 284 ; Murray, Zool. of Beloch. and
S. Afghanistan. Fringilla aurifrons. Horsf., J. A. S. B. xv. p. 38. Serinus
aurifrons, Blyth, Cat. Mus. A. Soc. No. 68 1. — The GOLD-HEADED FINCH.
Forehead crimson ; crown of head dusky blackish, also the feathers round
the eye, the sides of the face, occiput, cheeks, throat, and foreneck ; nape and
hind neck blackish, the feathers more narrowly streaked with this colour and
golden yellow ; back more broadly streaked with the same ; rump yellow, the
feathers streaked mesially with blackish ; lesser wing coverts black, the lesser
coverts margined with yellow and the median and greater series edged and
tipped with whitish with a slight yellow tinge ; primary coverts blackish
edged with ashy yellowish; quills dusky brown; the primaries edged with
golden yellow ; the secondaries margined with the same near the base and
fringed near the tip with whitish ashy ; upper tail coverts black, broadly edged
with ashy white ; tail blackish, edged with whitish and tinged with golden
yellow near the base ; under tail coverts golden yellow, also the under wing
coverts and axillaries. Bill dull black ; base of lower mandible slightly tinged
with brown.
Length. — 4*8 inches; wing 2-95 ; tail 2'OS; tarsus O'6; culmen 0*3.
The female is less bright in colour and rather smaller.
Hab. — From the Caucasus and Northern Persia to Turkistan, wintering in
Asia Minor and in the N.-W. Himalayas. Common in Southern Afghanistan,
also in Cashmere, and at Simla, Kotegurh, Murree, and Mussoorie. In the
Hume collection there are specimens from Kashgar, Ladak, and Gilgit ; also
from Murdan and Kotekhale.
This species is generally found in small flocks and affects cereal crops and
grasses which are in seed ; often, however, they may be seen solitary or in
pairs.
Gen. Pyrrhoplectes.— Hodgs.
Bill bulged ; tip of upper mandible slightly overhanging ; lower mandible
very thick ; wings moderate, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th primaries subequal and longest ;
tail even or very slightly divaricate.
VOL. ii. — 41 •*"
316 FRINGILLID^E.
840. Pyrrhoplectes epauletta, Hodgs., As. Res. xix. p. 156;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 382 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 108 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xii. p. 386. — The GOLD-HEADED BLACK BULL-FINCH.
Top of head and occiput bright golden orange ; rest of the body brownish
black, except a tuft of golden yellow feathers on the axillaries ; inner webs of
the uppermost tertiaries partially white.
The female is reddish brown with the forehead and neck grey and the coronal
patch with the ear coverts dull greenish saffron ; axillaries as in the male ;
primaries and tail dusky, with white on the inner webs of the tertiaries. Bill
dusky horny ; legs brown ; irides brown.
Length. — 5*75 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 2^25 ; tarsus 0-7 ; bill at front 0-45.
Eab.— Himalayas, Nepaul, Sikkim and Darjeeling.
Gen. CarpOdaCUS-— Kaup.
Bill tumid, rather longer than in Pyrrhula, and compressed at the tip,
notched near its base ; tail forked.
841. Carpodacus erythrinus, Pall., Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv.
p. 587, pi. 23, fig. I ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 398, No. 738 ; Dresser, B, Eur.
iv. p. 75 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 94 ; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 342 ; Scully,
Str. F. iv. p. 170; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 356; Blanf., East. Pers.
ii. p. 250 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 108 ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 335 ; Biddulph,
Ibis, 1 88 1, p. 83; id., Str. F. ix. p. 348; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 234; Murray,
Hdbk. Zool., 8fc.t Sind, p. 185 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 345 ; Murray,
Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 189; id,, Zool. Bel. and S. Afghan, p. 59.— The COM-
MON ROSEFINCH.
Chin, throat, head, nape and rump brilliant crimson, the sides of the head
duller and the ear coverts tinged with brown ; lores brown ; back and
scapulars dull red, the terminal third of the feathers being red and the basal
two-thirds grey ; upper tail coverts brown, margined with dull red ; tail brown,
suffused with ruddy on the outer webs ; belly and flanks pale crimson, paling
to rosy white on the vent and under tail coverts ; axillaries smoky grey ; upper
wing coverts brown, tipped and margined with dull crimson ; wing brown,
more or less suffused with dull crimson on the outer webs of the quills.
In winter plumage the male has the chin, throat, head, nape and rump a
dull crimson, but brighter than the back ; the breast, abdomen, flanks and
vent pale rose colour with a tinge of yellow ; wing coverts tipped with rose
colour instead of crimson. (Oates.)
The female has the whole upper plumage olive brown, each feather tinged
with yellowish brown ; upper wing coverts brown, broadly tipped with ochra-
ceous, paler and more yellowish white in some ; wings and tail brown, the
outer webs narrowly margined with pale ochraceous ; ear coverts brown, with
paler shafts ; chin, throat, breast, upper abdomen and flanks light brown,
CARPODACUS. 317
streaked with dark brown; centre of abdomen, vent and under tail coverts
whity brown. Bill horny grey, darker on the culmen ; irides brown ; feet
fleshy brown. {Scully)
Length. — 6 inches ; wing 3'2 ; tail 2-6 ; tarsus O-8 ; bill from gape 0*5.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Central and South India, Sikkim and in the Himalayas, chiefly at the foot of
the hills and in the valley. Jerdon says it extends to Assam and Arrakan, and
Gates that it has also been procured at Tounghoo and in the Karin hills, also
Thayetmyo. It is found in India and Burmah as a winter visitor only, resorting
to Northern Asia and Europe to breed. The eggs are said to be five in
number, bluish green in colour, marked with reddish black j like the
Passerinse, it feeds on various seeds and grain.
842. CarpodaCUS Sipahi (Hodgs.\ Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii.
p. 397. Corythus sipahi, Hodgs., As. Res. xix. p. 151. Hsematospiza sipahi,
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. App. p. 342 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 394; Hume,
Str.F., 1869, p. 108 ; Haematospiza boetonensis, BIyth, J. A. S. B. 1841,
p. 95 1. —The SCARLET GROSSES AK.
Brilliant scarlet above and below ; the wings and tail dusky brown, edged
more or less with scarlet ; tibial feathers dark brown ; lower tail coverts scarlet
with dusky bases ; thighs sooty black ; axillaries scarlet.
The female is dusky brown, the feathers broadly margined with dull
greenish yellow ; beneath pale olivaceous yellow with dusky crescentic marks,
becoming more albescent on the lower abdomen. Bill yellow ; legs brown ;
irides hazel brown. (Jerd*)
Length.— T$ inches ; wing 4-1 ; tail 2-5 ; bill at front 0*5 ; tarsus 075.
Hab. — S.-E. Himalayas, in Nepaul and Sikkim. Jerdon adds that it is by
no means rare about Darjeeling, haunting elevations from 5,000 to 1 ,000 feet.
843. CarpodaCUS rubicilla ( Gould), Bp. et Schleg. Mon. de Loxiens,
p. 23; Jerd., B Ind. ii. p. 397, No. 737. Loxia rubicilla, Gould, Nov.
Comm. Petrop. xix. p. 464 ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 25. Coccothraustes cauca-
sica, Pall. Zoogr. ii. p. 13. Pyrrhula caucasica, Keys and Blast, Wirb. Eur.
pp. xi. et 158. — The CAUCASIAN ROSEFINCH.
Forehead, ear coverts and throat shining white, bordered with carmine red ;
crown of the head, nape, back, wing coverts, scapulars and upper tail coverts
beautiful pale rosy grey ; primaries, secondaries and tail brownish black,
narrowly edged with reddish ; chin, abdomen and breast carmine red, each
feather with a triangular spot of shining white at the tip ; under tail coverts
pale carmine red ; rump the same.
Thz/emale is brown above, paler beneath, the feathers streaked with dark
brown; primaries and secondaries brown, edged with pale brown. Bill dark
brown above, fleshy on the lower mandible ; feet dark brown.
318
Length.— 8-5 inches ; wing 4%5 ; tail 4 ; tarsus I.
Hab.— N.-W. Himalayas. Has been found in the Punjab, at Pind Dadun
Khan, also in Cashmere.
844. Carpodacus grandis, B/yth, J.A.S. B. xiii. p. 810, Carpo-
dacus rhodochlamys (nee. Brandt?), Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 26. Propasser
rhodochlamys, (nee Brandt.} Bp. et Schleg. Monog. de Loxiens< p. 22, pi. 25 ;
Jerd., B. Indt ii. p. 401, No. 741 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 1 08 ; Scully, Ibis,
iSSi, p. 578 ; Biddulph, t< c. p. 84. — The RED-MANTLED ROSEFINCH.
Upper surface of the body greyish brown, strongly tinged with rosy red ;
crown of the head washed with purplish rose colour, the feathers streaked with
dark brown; supercilium, cheeks and throat shining rosy white ; quills and
tail brownish black, margined with greyish red j rump and under surface of
the body deep rose-red ; under wing coverts rosy white.
The female is brown, somewhat brighter on the lower surface, and with a
streak of brownish black down each feather ; the wings and tail brown with
paler margins especially on the greater and middle coverts of the wings. Bill
brownish grey above, yellowish beneath ; feet brownish yellow.
Length— female. — 7 inches ; wing 3-5 ; tail 275. The male is larger,
Hab< — Himalayas, between Simla and Mussoorie, Thibet and the Altai
mountains, also Afghanistan and Native Sikkim. In the Hume collection are
specimens from Kotegurh, Simla, Chamba and hills north of Mussoorie.
845- CarpOdaCUS rhOdOChroUS ( Vigors), Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 384.
Propasser rhodochrous, Hodgs., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 36 ; Jerd., B. Ind ii, p.
402, No. 714; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 255 ; Butler, Sir, F, 1880, p. 368.
Fringilla rhodochrous, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831. —The PINK-BROWED ROSEFINCH.
Upper surface of the body brown, edged with reddish ; head and neck dusky
crimson or vinous rosy ; forehead, supercilium and rump pale rosy ; wings
unspotted brown ; wing coverts reddish brown ; quills blackish, edged exter-
nally with ruddy brown ; under surface of the body dull vinous rosy.
The female is brown above, the feathers edged with pale olive brown ;
beneath pale rufous or rufescent, with brown streaks. Bill pale brown ; legs
and feet fleshy brown.
Length.— -6 inches ; wing 2-8 ; tail 2-3.
Hah.— Western Himalayas, Cashmere to Nepaul. According to Hutton it is
common at Mussoorie, flying about in small flocks with Bulfinches and Siskins.
846. CarpOdaCUS rhodOpeplllS (Vigors}, Gray, Gen. B. ii.
p. 384 ; Blylh, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 121 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 53, Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 416. Propasser rhodopeplus, Hodgs., tned. in Br. Mus.
pi. 299; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 400, No. 739; Str. F. i. p. 15. Fringilla
rhodopeplus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 193 ; Gould, Cent. Him. B, pi. 31, fig. I.
The SPOTTED-WINGED ROSEFINCH.
CARPODACUS. 319
Above dark crimson or ruddy brown with dusky or blackish median streaks ;
supercilium pale glistening roseate ; rump and the tips of the wing coverts and
tertiaries vinaceous rosy pink; throat, breast and under surface of the body
dull vinous rosy.
The female is deep brown above with paler margins to the feathers ; under
surface of the body light yellowish brown with dark central lines ; a broad
pale supercilium and another pale line from the lower mandible. Bill horny
brown ; legs pale brown ; irides brown.
Length.— 675 ; wing 3*25 ; tail 2-75.
Hab.— Himalayas. Found at Mussoorie, and also in Nepaul and Sikkim.
847. Carpodacus Edwardsii, Verr., N. Arch. Mus. vi. Bull
p. 39; id, vii. p. 58; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 418. Propasser
saturatus, Blanf. J. A. S. B. xli. p. 168 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 180.
Propasser Edwardsii, David et. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 355 -,Hume, S/r. F. 1878,
vol. ii. p. 415 ; id. Sir. F. 1879, p. 108. — EDWARD'S ROSEFINCH.
Above ruddy brown washed with crimson, the mantle and back streaked
with dusky blackish centres to the feathers ; rump and upper tail coverts
more uniform; lesser wing coverts ruddy brown ; .median and greater series
dusky, edged with ruddy brown, and tipped with pale rosy, forming a double
wing bar ; bastard wing, primary coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with
ruddy brown, more rosy on the primaries; the inner secondaries tipped with
rosy ; tail dusky brown, edged with ruddy brown ; crown of head dull crimson
with longitudinal dusky centres ; base of forehead varied with rosy tips to
the feathers, this being continued over the eye, forming a supercilium ; lores,
feathers round the eye and upper part of ear coverts dark crimson, the
remainder of ear coverts, sides and cheeks rosy, the feathers tipped
with pearly rose colour ; throat like the cheeks ; foreneck and breast dark
crimson with dusky shaft lines ; lower breast and abdomen washed with rosy,
the latter with dusky shaft lines ; sides of body and flanks brown, washed with
crimson ; thighs brown ; under tail coverts brown, washed with rosy and with
dusky shaft lines -r under wing coverts and axillaries dark ochreous brown,
washed with crimson. {Sharped) Bill brown, the lower mandible greyish ; feet
reddish grey ; iris reddish chestnut. (A. David.)
Length. — 5*5 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 2-25 ; tarsus Cr8 ; culmen 0-5.
The adult female is dark ochreous brown above, streaked with dusky brown ;
head the same ; rump and upper tail coverts nearly uniform ; lesser coverts
dull ochreous brown ; median and greater coverts dusky, edged externally
with pale ochreous, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard wing and primary
coverts blackish, edged with ashy ochreous ; quills dusky brown, edged with
pale ochreous ; lores ashy ; eyebrow and eyelid ochreous buff ; ear coverts
dark brown ; cheeks ochreous buff, streaked with dark brown ; under surface
of the body ochreous buff, broadly streaked with black on the throat, narrowly
VOL. II.— 42
320
on the foreneck and breast ; abdomen clear ochreous buff, with obsolete
dusky shaft lines ; sides of the body and flanks dark ochreous brown ; under
tail coverts pale ochreous with lighter margins and dusky centres ; under
wing coverts and axillaries pale ochreous with dusky bases.
Length. — 5-5 inches ; wing 3*1 ; tail 2-3 ; tarsus o'9; culmen 0-55.
Hab. — The Himalayas from Nepaul to Bhootan. Recorded from Sikkim
and Darjeeling.
848- CarpodaCUS ttiura, Bp. and Schleg. Monog. Lox. pi. 23.
Propasser thura, Jerd., B. 2nd. ii. p. 400, No. 740 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 15 ;
id., Sir. F. vii. p. 459. — The WHITE-BROWED ROSEFINCH.
Similar to P. rhodopeplus ; differs in the male being hair-brown above
centred with blackish ; rump rose color ; only the lesser wing coverts tipped
with pale crimson: end of the superciliary streak and the centre of the
belly pure white ; bastard wing, primary coverts and quills blackish, edged
with dull rosy ; secondaries edged with creamy white like the greater
coverts ; crown of head like the back ; forehead rosy, extending back in a
line over the eye as an eyebrow ; feathers round the eye and a broad streak
above the ear coverts dark brown ; ear coverts, cheeks and throat rose
colour ; under surface of the body rosy, the foreneck streaked with pearly
white ; lower abdomen white; sides of the body and flanks brown streaked with
black ; under tail coverts rosy ; under wing coverts and axillaries greyish white.
Length. — 7-5 inches; wing 3-4 ; tail 3 ; tarsus 0-9.
The female is brown above, all the feathers broadly centred with black ;
rump golden yellow, streaked with black centres to the feathers ; upper tail
coverts dark brown, edged with whitey brown and tinged with golden yellow ;
lesser wing coverts dull golden yellow with black centres ; median and greater
coverts blackish, edged with brown ; tail the same ; quills blackish ; base of
forehead brownish white, streaked with black ; eyebrow pale rufous ; also
the cheeks, which are streaked with black ; throat, foreneck and chest rufous,
narrowly streaked with black ; abdomen white, with narrow black streaks;
sides of body and flanks brown, tinged with rufous and streaked with black ;
under tail coverts yellowish buff, with black centres ; under wing coverts
and axillaries white ; edge of wing pale rufous. (Sharpe.)
Length. — 6*5 inches ; wing 3*25 ; tail 2*85 ; tarsus 0-9.
Hab. — The Himalayas from Nepaul to Sikkim and Thibet.
849- CarpodaCUS dubiUS, Pryr. in Rowley's Misc. ii. p. 30.
Propasser frontalis, Blylh, J . A. S. B. xxxii. p. 458 ; Jerdon, B. Ind. ii.
p. 403, No. 744; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 459; id. Sir. F. 1879,
p. 108. — The ROSY-FRONTED ROSEFINCH.
Frontal band, and supercilium silvery rose pink ; lores and a narrow band
round the base of the bill beneath, crimson ; top of the head, nape and cheeks
CARPODACUS. 321
plain dark brown ; back brown, with broad central streaks ; wings brown,
the median coverts tipped with rosy, forming a prominent band; greater
coverts and tertiaries narrowly edged with rosy white ; tail brown ; rump and
upper tail coverts pale vinaceous rosy ; chin, throat, neck and breast rufous,
with black mesial streaks and silvery white shafts ; rest of the lower plumage
of a dull rosy tint.
The female has the whole of the upper plumage yellowish brown, with black
streaks and two pale, very narrow wing bands ; quills and tail dark brown ;
forehead, eyebrow, lores and face white with black stripes ; chin, throat and
breast rufous, with black stripes ; belly, vent and under tail coverts white,
with dark stripes. Bill horny brown ; legs pale brown ; irides brown.
Length. — 6-75 inches; wing 3^25 ; tail 3.
Hab.— Sikkim, N.-W. Himalayas.
850. CarpodaCUS ambigUUS (Hume], Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus.
xii. p. 428, pi. x. Propasser ambiguus, Hume, Sir. F. 1874, p. 326 ; Brooks,
Sir. F. 1875, p. 255 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 108. — HUME'S ROSEFINCH.
Above dull brown, the feathers centred with blackish, the pale edges to the
feathers more distinct on the mantle and upper back ; rump uniform pale
rosy ; lesser wing coverts dark brown ; median and greater series the same,
edged with pale brown and tinged with rosy ; bastard wing and primary
coverts dark brown ; quills and upper tail coverts the same, edged with paler
brown; crown of head blackish, with a faint tinge of crimson; lores and
eyebrow dark crimson, also the feathers round the eye, sides of face, ear-coverts
cheeks and throat ; under surface of the body pale rose colour, with dusky
shaft streaks ; the feathers of the foreneck and chest slightly washed with
crimson ; sides of the body and flanks more broadly streaked with blackish
brown ; thighs ashy brown ; under tail coverts pale rosy ; under wing coverts
and axillaries whitish, washed with rosy.
Length. — 5-5 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 2*l«
The female is marked like the male but is pale brown, and the black streaks
are broader and well defined on the fulvous white under surface of the body.
Hab.— Himalayas, from the neighbourhood of Mussoorie to Nepaul.
851. CarpodaCUS pulcherrimus (Hodgs.*), Gray, Hand.-l. Birds
ii., p. 102 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii., p. 429. Propasser pulcherrima ve!
rhodochroa, Hodgs., Icon. ined. pi. 301 (fig. 467). Propasser pulcherrimus,
Moore, P. Z S. 1855, p. 210 ; Jerd., B. Ind, ii., p. 462; Hume, Nests and
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 471; id., Sir. F. 1874, p. 317; id., Str. F. 1879, p. 108.
Carpodacus Davidianus, Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch, i, Bull, p. 19, pi. ii.,
fig. 2.— The BEAUTIFUL ROSEFINCH.
Above -ruddy brown, streaked with black centres, the mantle rather more
ashy ; rump clear rosy ; lesser wing coverts ruddy brown ; median and
322 FRINGILLID^E.
greater series, dusky brown edged with lighter brown, rather rosy towards the
ends ; bastard wing, primary coverts and quills dark brown, edged with dull
rosy; the secondaries edged with ruddy brown, the inner ones with ashy
whitish near the tips ; upper tail coverts brown, tipped with rosy and centred
with black ; tail dark brown, edged with ruddy brown ; crown of the head
ruddy brown, tinged with rosy and centred with black ; lores dusky ; base of
forehead and eyebrow pale rosy, with a pearly gloss, streaked with black on the
anterior portion of the eyebrow ; ear coverts, sides of face and cheeks rosy
with a pearly gloss, surmounted by a dark brown stripe over the ear coverts ;
throat and under surface of the body rosy, with a pearly gloss on the throat and
foreneck and with black shaft lines ; breast and abdomen with crimson reflec-
tions, the latter uniform ; sides of the body and flanks brown, streaked
with black ; thighs brown ; under tail coverts rosy, streaked with black, the
long ones edged with whitish near the tips ; under wing coverts rosy, centred
with black, the longer ones whitish ; axillaries pale rosy. (Sharpe.)
Length— 72 to 7-5- inches; wing 3-05 ; tail 2-4 ; tarsus 07; culmen 0-45.
The female is ruddy brown above, streaked with black centres to the
feathers ; the lesser wing coverts like the back, and the median and greater
series blackish, margined with light reddish brown, paler at the tips of the
feathers ; bastard wing, primary coverts and quills blackish, edged with brown,
the inner secondaries with pale reddish brown ; rump more uniform than the
back ; upper tail coverts ruddy brown, with black centres ; tail dark brown,
margined with paler brown ; crown of head like the back, centred with black
streaks ; eyebrow creamy white, narrowly streaked with black ; sides of face,
ear coverts and cheeks pale tawny buff, streaked with black ; a dark brown
line above the upper edge of the ear coverts ; throat and under surface of the
body pale tawny buff, paler on the throat and whiter on the abdomen ; under
tail coverts pale tawny buff and centred with black ; axillaries and under
wing coverts pale tawfiy buff wkh ashy bases. {Sharpe.}
Length. — 5-5 inches; wing 3; tail 2-2 ; tarsus 07; culmen 0-45.
Hal. — The Himalayas from Kumaon to Nepaul and Sikkim.
Gen. Pyrrhospiza- —Hodgs.
Bill conical, elongate, with a slightly curved outline both above and below,
somewhat compressed and tapering to the tip ; gonys arched ; wings long,
reaching to more than half the length of the tail, which is moderately long.
1st four primaries subequal, 2nd and 3rd rather the longest; feet adapted for
ground habits ; toes rather long ; claws large and arched. (Jerd?)
852. Pyrrhospiza punicea, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xiii., p. 953;
Jerd., B. Jnd.ii., p. 406, No. 747 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, P- Io8 '> Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 431. Propyrrhula rubeculoides, Hodgs,, P. Z. S. 1845,
p. 36. Pyrrhospiza Humii, Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii., p. 433. — The
LARGE RED-BREASTED FINCH.
LOXIA. 323
Upper surface of the body dark brown, the feathers centred with blackish ;
rump bright rose colour ; wing coverts like the back, the lesser coverts
washed with reddish ; the median and greater series with reddish brown and
edged with pale brown ; primary coverts and quills dark brown, narrowly
edged with ashy brown ; upper tail coverts light brown ; forehead crimson ;
crown of the head like the back, the feathers with blackish centres ; lores
dusky, with crimson tips ; eyebrows crimson ; ear coverts dark brown, streaked
with blackish centres ; cheeks and feathers below the eye crimson, the feathers
with silvery white tips ; throat, foreneck and breast crimson, with silvery white
centres to the feathers ; abdomen earthy brown, centred with black; sides of
the breast and body, also the flanks, dark brown, with blackish centres to the
feathers ; under tail coverts rosy, with dark brown centres ; under wing coverts
ashy brown, washed with rosy and centred with black. Bill dark homy ; feet
dusky black ; irides brown.
Length. — 7^5 to 8 inches ; wing 4/5 to 4*75 ; tail 3"i.
The female is fulvescent brown throughout, with the feathers mesially
streaked with black ; wing coverts and quills dark brown, with paler edges ;
eyebrow and feathers round the eye ochreous buff, streaked with black ; ear
coverts the same ; cheeks and under surface of the body ochreous buff ; from
the throat below, streaked and spotted with black.
Hab. — Himalayas, from Nepaul to Sikkim.
Gen. Loxia.— 'Lin.
Bill somewhat lengthened, strong, and compressed towards the tip ; culmen
keeled and strongly hooked at the tip; both mandibles hooked, so that the tips
cross each other ; wings moderately long, 1st and 2nd quills subequal and
longest; tail short, forked. Jerdon says "the peculiar structure of the bill of
these finches enables them to extract the seeds from the hard woody cones of
the various pines, and the ease and rapidity -with which they do this is said
to be very wonderful. They nidificate high up on pine trees, making a nest
of twigs and grass lined with hair.
853. Loxia CUrvirostra, Linn, Syst. Nat. i., p. 299; SharpeJ Cat.
B. Br. Mus. xii., p. 435. Loxia himalayana, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
1844, p. 85 ; id., J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 952 ; id., P. Z. S. xxxv., p. 35 ; id., Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 206 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 393, No. 734 ; Gould,
B. Asia, v., pi. 41 ; Httme, Sfr. F. 1879, p. Io^- — The HIMALAYAN CROSS-BILL.
The greater part of the head and neck and the whole body beneath rich
roseate blood red, more or less tinged with dusky brown ; rest of the head, neck,
back, wings and tail ashy brown, smeared and edged with red.
The female is brown above, the rump tinged with yellow ; pale yellowish
beneath, tinged on the breast and abdomen with olive yellow.
Length. — 575 to 6*5 inches ; wing 3-25 ; tail 2*3 ; bill at front 0-5.
324 FRINGILLID^F.
Hab.— The greater part of Europe, and Northern Asia to Japan and North
China, the Himalayas, Nepaul, Sikkim, and Thibet.
Gen. Pyrrhula.— Briss.
Bill short, as high as its greatest length and breadth ; tip slightly compressed
and overhanging; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th primaries subequal and longest, the 1st
and 5th shorter ; sole of the foot broad, the feet formed for perching ; tail
emarginate.
854. Pyrrhula erythrocephala, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 174;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 457; Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. 32; id.,
B. Asia, pi. 35; Gray and Mitch., Gen B.ii., p. 387; Bp. Consp. Av.
p. 525 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 389.— The RED-HEADED BULLFINCH.
• Head dull crimson, continued round the sides of the neck and more or less
on the ear coverts ; lores, feathers below the eye, eyelids, forepart of cheeks,
chin and a narrow band on the forehead and round the base of the bill black,
set off with whitish passing into the red of the hinder cheeks ; back, scapulars
and wing coverts dull reddish ashy ; rump, upper tail coverts and tail
purplish black, the outermost feathers of the latter black ; median coverts,
wings and tail glossy black; greater coverts ashy terminally and purplish
black basally ; lower throat ashy grey tinged with red ; sides of the neck and
body, foreneck and breast pale vermilion ; abdomen ashy grey, white towards
the vent and on the under tail coverts ; thighs ashy grey ; under tail-coverts
white ; under wing coverts and axillaries whitish, the latter more ashy and with
a reddish tinge. Bill black ; legs pale fleshy brown.
Length. — 5*4 inches ; wing 3 to 3'2 inches; tail 2-4; tarsus 0*7 ; culmenO'4.
The female has the head and neck dull greenish yellow, the back browner
than in the male, and the lower parts pale brown.
Bill black ; legs pale fleshy brown ; irides light brown.
Length.— 6 inches ; wing 3*1 to 3-2 ; tail 275.
Hab.— The Himalayas ; Jerdon says more common in the N.-West, some-
times rare in the S.-East. He procured it at Darjeeling, where it is only a
winter visitant. It has also been recorded from Sikkim and from Mussoorie,
where, according to Blyth (Jerd.), it feeds on the ground, as well as on berry
bearing bushes, and perches high on the top of trees. Kotegurh, Simla apd
Nepaul are other recorded localities.
855. Pyrrhula nipalensis, Hodgs., Asiat. Res. xix. p. 155 ; id.
Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. pi. 330 fig. I ; Blyth, Cat Mus. As. Soc. Calc.
p. 122; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 525 ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 27 ; Jerd. B. Ind.,
ii. p. 390, No. 731 ; Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 108 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xii. p. 453. — The BROWN BULLFINCH.
Above drab brown, smeared with slaty cinereous ; rump, upper tail coverts,
wings and tail glossy black, the rump with a white band across it; outer web
PYRRHULA. 325
©f innermost secondaries crimson; a pale drab band formed by the tips of the
greater coverts ; a narrow band of dusky brown round the base of the bill ; a
small white spot under the eye ; ear coverts, cheeks, sides of body and flanks,
also the thighs and under surface of the body like the back but paler and
passing to white on the lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts. Bill
greenish horny, tipped with black ; legs fleshy brown ; irides brown.
Length. — 6'2 to 6-3 ; wing 3-3 ; tail 3-5, emarginate, the middle feather
0*75 inch shorter than the rest.
The female has the outer web of the tertiaries saffron yellow instead of red.
Hal. — S.-E. Himalayas, Nepaul and Sikkim.
856. Pyrrhula erithacus, Biyth, ibis, 1862, p. 359; id ,J. A. S. B,
xxxii. p. 459; J£rd. B.Ind. ii. p. 389, No. 730; Hume, Str. F. 1874,
p. 455 ; id., Sir. F. 1879, p. 108 ; Biyth, Ibis, 1862, p. 389; Beavan, Ibis,
1868, p. 177; Gould, B. Asia v. pi. 39; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii.
P« 455- — BEAVAN'S BULLFINCH.
A narrow black band edged with white round the base of the bill ; head,
neck, back and wing coverts pure ashy grey, paler on the chin and throat, and
edged with black where it joins the pure white on the rump ; wing and tail
glossy black ; greater coverts pale silvery ashy, forming a conspicuous pale
wing bar ; beneath from the breast lively red passing to white on the vent and
under tail coverts ; eyelids, lores, forepart of cheeks and chin spot black ;
lower throat ashy grey washed with orange ; neck and breast orange scarlet ;
bill black ; feet fleshy ; iris dark brown,
Length. — 5*8 to 6 inches; wing 3*3 to 3*4; tail 3.
Hal.— Sikkim (Darjeeling).
857. Pyrrhula aurantiaca, Gould, P. z. S. 1857, p- 22 ; id.,B.
Asia v. pi. 34; Jerd. B> 2nd. ii. p. 390, No. 732; Stolickza, Str. F. 1874,
p. 461; Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- I0^ 5 Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 5.77; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 455. Pyrrhula aurantia, Gould, E. Asia, v. pi. 34 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 47. — The ORANGE BULLFINCH.
Frontal band, lores, eyelid, forepart of cheeks, upper throat, wings and tail
deep black ; also the upper tail coverts ; sides of neck and of face, ear coverts
and upper and under surface of the body deep orange ; under tail and under
wings coverts, also the axillaries and rump, white ; wing coverts black, mar-
gined with orange, ashy subterminally ; apical half of the innermost of the
greater wing coverts orange, the outer ones slightly tipped with buffy white.
Bill black; feet fleshy ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 5*5 inches ; wing 3*25 ; tail 2*3 ; tarsus O"6.
The female has a black circle round the bill ; head and neck ash colour ; back
ashy, tinged with orange red ; lower parts as in the male but less brilliant.
Hab.— Cashmere, the Sind Valley, Murree and the N.-W. Himalayas.
326 FRINGILLID^:.
Gen. Propyrrhula. — Hodgs.
Bill short, a little longer than high or than its greatest breadth ; tip of the
upper mandible very little prolonged and overhanging.
858- Propyrrhula subhimalayensis, Hodgs., As. Res. xix. p.
152 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 462. Corythus subhimalayensis,
Hodgs., Icon ined in Br. Mus. Passeres, pi. 305 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 396,
No. 736. — The RED-HEADED ROSEFINCK.
The forehead, supercilium, cheeks, throat and breast roseate, brightening to
crimson in the breeding season ; crown, back and wings olivaceous brown,
margined with crimson, more or less bright and often mingled with dull
greenish orange, purer on the rump and upper tail coverts ; primaries
and tail hair brown margined with red or orange ; ear-coverts and sides of the
neck dark crimson ; feathers round eye paler ; under surface of the body from
below the breast dull brownish grey, tinged with olivaceous on the flanks ;
lower abdomen whitish.
The female has the forehead arid part of throat and breast bright yellow ;
rest of the head, the neck and the lower plumage plumbeous grey, tinged
with greenish, paler and albescent on the vent and under tail coverts ; upper
plumage dusky greenish ; wings and tail dusky brown with yellow edges on
the outer webs. Bill fleshy brown ; legs pale brown ; irides hazel brown.
{Jerd.)
Length. — 7-8 to 8 inches ; wing 3*75 to 4 ; tail 3 ; tarsus o'Q.
Hab.— S.-E. Himalayas, in Nepaul and Sikkim during winter; Jerdon
obtained it in near Darjeeling, where it was found frequenting the more open
parts of the woods in small parties.
Sub-Family.— EMBERIZIN.E.
Bill flattened on the sides, smaller and more compressed than in Passer, the
edges indented or waved — a palatal knob on upper mandible; wings pointed ;
tarsi moderate, scutate ; hind toe longer than inner ; tail moderate, even, or
emarginate.
Gen. Emberiza.
Bill small ; second to 4th quills longest ; tail rather forked ; outermost
feather white or whitish.
859. Emberiza SChoenicluS, Linn., Syst. Nat. \. p. 311 ; Yarrell,
Br. B. i. p. 438 ; Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 355 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii.
p. 457. Emberiza schcenicola, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 38; C. Swinh, Ibis,
1882.— The ROSY ORTOLAN.
Adult Male in breeding plumage. — General color above rufous, the feathers
margined paler, and those of the mantle and back with broad black centres ;
lower back, rump and upper tail coverts ashy grey, mesially centred with black
or pale brown; scapulars, and lesser and median wing coverts chestnut, the
EMBERIZA. 327
scapulars centred with black and the latter with black bases ; greater coverts
black with chestnut margins and sandy buff outer edges ; bastard wing and
primary coverts dusky brown, edged with ashy or pale rufous, which color also
fringes the outer webs of the quills, which are blackish ; tail dark brown, margined
with whitey brown, the outer pairs of feathers white on the outer web, except a
dusky mark at the tip ; the inner web white at the base only ; crown of the
head, sides of the face, ear coverts, throat and foreneck black ; sides of the neck,
a demi collar on the neck, cheek, under tail coverts, axillaries, under wing
coverts and under surface of the body white ; the sides of the body streaked
with b'lack, also the flanks ; sides of the breast ashy grey with narrow streaks of
black ; thighs brown.
Length. — 6 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 2-6 ; tarsus 0-75 ; culmen 0-45.
In winter the upper plumage is rufous chestnut with narrow central black
streaks, and the black of the head, throat and neck is fringed with sandy brown.
The adult female in breeding plumage has the head reddish brown instead
of black, the feathers mesially streaked with black like the back ; ear coverts
reddish brown ; above the eye a streak of sandy buff ; cheeks white ; hind neck
ashy with central black streaks ; foreneck rufous and also streaked with black ;
under surface of body white, the sides streaked with dusky.
Length. — 5*2 inches ; wing 2^9 ; tail 2*4 ; tarsus 07; culmen 0*45.
flab.— The whole of Europe extending as far as Kamtschatka, reaching in
winter to the N.-W. Provinces of India in the Punjab and S. Afghanistan.
860. Emberiza pUSilla, Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 697 ; Blyth,
J.A.S. B. xv. p. 40 ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 42 ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 7 ; Hume,
Sir. F. 1876, pp. 279, 29; Anderson, Zool. Exped. Yunan Aves, p. 604;
Hume and Dav. Sir. F. 1878, p. 407 ; Secbohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 379 ; Oates, B.
Br. Burm. i. p. 343; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 487. Ocyris oinops,
Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Passeres, pi. 292. —The DWARF BUNTING.
Upper plumage streaked with black, rufous and grey ; forehead to nape over
the crown light chestnut and a similar line over the ear coverts ; lores, sides
of the face, ear coverts and throat light or vinous chestnut, with a black
moustachial line extending behind the ear coverts ; hind neck and sides of the
neck pale chestnut streaked with whitish ; chin and upper throat pale chestnut ;
lower throat and under surface of the body dull white, streaked with black ;
under wing coverts and axillaries white ; wing coverts brown edged with
rufous, the median series broadly tipped with rufous forming a wing bar ;
bastard wing, primary coverts and quills blackish, fringed on the outer web
with brown, the primaries margined with ashy brown and the secondaries with
rufous; tail brown or blackish brown edged with lighter brown, the penultimate
feathers with a white diagonal or wedge-shaped bar of white on the inner web,
the outer pair with a larger band extending to both webs.
VOL. II.— 43
328 FRINGILLID/E.
In winter the male has the black bands fringed with rufous and the head is
not so rufous.
The female in summer is similar to the male in winter, but it wants the
chestnut on the throat which is white and bounded by a black moustachial line
on both sides. Bill horny; legs pale fleshy ; irides brown.
Length. — 5-25 inches ; wing 2'8 ; tail 2'4; tarsus 07 ; culmen 0-4.
Hab. — Northern Europe, wintering in the Himalayas, Assam, Burmah and
Tenasserim. Recorded from Nepaul, Sikkim, Shillong, Khasia hills, Sylhet,
Munipoor and Mooleyit in Tenasserim, It occurs in small flocks in bare
spots of ground covered with low bushes. According to Seebohm it breeds in
Siberia, building on the ground, amongst dead leaves, a nest made of moss
and grass, thickly lined with fine grass. Eggs, 5 in number, pale grey,
blotched and spotted with darker and paler grey.
861. Emberiza fUCata, Pall, Reis. Rnss. Reichs, \\\. p. 608 ; Gm.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 871 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 375; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 42;
Beavan, t. c. p. 41 ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 9; Godwin-Auslen, J. A. S. B.
1874, p. 171 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 95 ; Hume and Dav,, Str. F.
1878, p. 407 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107 ; Dates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 351 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 493. Euspiza fucata, Blyth, J . A. S. B.
xxiii. p. 215. Citrinella fucata, Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 465; id.
and Gates, Str. F. 1875, p. 157.— The GREY-HEADED BUNTING.
Male in breeding plumage. — Head, nape and sides of the neck grey,
streaked with black ; back and mantle reddish brown, also streaked with
black ; rump uniform reddish brown ; upper tail coverts isabelline with
dark shaft streaks ; tail dark brown, with russet edges on the outer webs ; the
outer feathers white on the outer web and with a diagonal patch of the same
on the inner ; the next pair dark brown with a patch of white on the inner web
near the tip ; lesser and median wing coverts chestnut, the latter with black
shaft stripes, the greater series and inner secondaries dark or dusky brown
margined broadly on both webs with reddish brown ; primaries and secon-
daries brown, also margined on the outer webs with reddish brown ; lores
and feathers round the eye greyish brown ; ear coverts chestnut ; cheeks and
a line below the ears white, below which latter again is a thin black line which
widens on the neck and forms an interrupted pectoral gorget, below which
again is another of chestnut ; chin and throat white ; under surface of the body
isabelline or fawn colour, the flanks streaked with black.
In winter the male has an olive brown head, much mixed with grey ;
the black gorget line is not so evident and the chestnut streak below is
wanting. Bill dark fleshy brown ; iris brown.
Length.— $-1$. to 6*5 inches ; tail 27 ; wing 2-8; tarsus O'8 ; culmen 0-5.
Hab. — Eastern Siberia and Japan. Resident in the N.-W. Himalayas
migrating to the Burmese countries and the plains of India during winter.
EMBERIZA. 329
According to Gates it is a common winter visitor to Pegu, and is said to be
found nearly throughout British Burmah and parts of Tenasserim. Breeds
under tufts of grass, or under a large stone, making a shallow cup, lined with
grasses and hairs. Eggs, 4 in number, greenish grey, marked with reddish
brown.
862. Emberiza melanocephala, Scop., Ann. i. p. 142;
Man. a" Orn. i. p. 393; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 93; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi.
172 ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 29; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 957; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 503. Euspiza melanocephala, Bp. Comp. List B.
Eur. and N. Amer. p. 32 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 128 ; Bp. Consp..
i. p. 488 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 378-; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 13 ; James, Str. F.
1871, p.. 421; Brooks, Ibis, 1873, p. 246; Butler, Str. F. 1875, p. 397;
Blanf. E. Pers.. ii. p. 260; Fairb'k. Str. F. 1876, p. 261 ; James, Str. F.
1877, p. 6 1 ; Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- 107 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 188 j
id. Zool. of Beloochistan and Afgh. p. 23,; Swinhoe and Barnes, Ibis, 1885,
p. 129. Euspiza simillima,. BlytJi, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 811 ; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 466. — The BLACK- HEADED CORN BUNTING.
Male. — Whole head, feathers under the eye and ear coverts black; in winter
edged with yellowish or greyish brown ; chin, throat, sides of the neck, and
entire under surface bright yellow ; sides of the breast chestnut ; back and
scapulars rich chestnut ; rump and upper tail coverts yellowish with a faint
tinge of chestnut on some of the feathers; wing coverts dark brown, the
feathers edged and tipped with fulvous ; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries
brown, the primaries and secondaries narrowly, and the tertiaries broadly
margined with fulvous ; edge of the wing bright yellow ; tail brown, the feathers
edged paler. The/e?nale is yellowish brown above, the feathers of the head!
and back with mesial dark streaks ; the chin whitish, and the rest of the under
surface very pale yellow ; bill and legs yellowish brown ; irides light brown.
Length. — 7*5 to 8 inches ; wing 3-8 to 4;. tail 3; bill at front -5 ; tarsus ro.
In winter plumage the feathers of the male is obscured by ashy margins to
the feathers of the head, and the back, nearly obscuring the black and chest-
nut of these parts.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab (at Mooltan and Montgomery), Beloochistan, Persia^
Afghanistan, Kutch,. Kattiawar, Jodhpore, N. Guzerat, Conean.and Deccan.
Found outside of India, in Turkey, Asia Minor and.S. E. Europe. Arrives in
large flocks in the middle of August, and during their stay till October
commits great havoc in the barley and jowaree crops.
863. Emberiza luteola, Sparrman; Mus. Carls, fasc. iv. Taf. 93 ;
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. $05. Euspiza luteola, Bly>th, Cat. B, Mus.
As. Soc. p. 127; Bp. Consp. i. p. 469; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p.« 378; Hume,
Str. F. iii. p. 498; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 107; Murray, Vat. Zort; Sind,
p. 188. — The RED H-EAPED BUNTING.
330 FRINGILLID^E.
Head, neck, chin, throat and breast rich chestnut ; sides of the breast
greenish yellow ; back and scapulars greenish yellow, the feathers mesially
streaked with dark brown ; the whole under surface including the under tail
coverts bright yellow ; wing coverts dark brown, broadly edged and tipped
with fulvous ; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries brown with fulvous edgings,
broader on the tertiaries ; tail brown, the outermost feather on each side much
paler, and the rest edged with greenish ; edge of the wing yellow. The
female wants the chestnut of the head, chin, throat and breast ; the upper
surface is olive brown, and the under surface very pale fulvous ; bill and legs
yellowish brown.
Length.— 675 to 7 ; wing 3-5 ; tail 3 ; bill at front O'S.
The female in summer plumage is light ashy brown above, streaked with
blackish shaft lines, the head like the back and the hind neck -more uniform ;
wings and tail as in the male.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, E. Turkistan, Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Oudh, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, N. Guzerat, Concan,
Deccan and Southern India, also Khandeish and Central India.
The adult male in winter is not unlike the male in summer, but like the
preceding has ashy brown edges to the feathers, which obscure the summer
plumage, even the yellow rump.
864. Emberiza aureola, Pall., Reis. Russ. Reichs, ii. p. 711 ; Gm.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 875 ; Tern., Man. d'Orn. iii, p. 232 ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi.
174; Gates, B. Br. Burm. p. 355; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 510.
Emberiza aureola, Bp. Comp. List* B. Eur. and N. Amer. p. 36; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 380; Hume, Str. F. 1874, pp. 258,481; Gates, Str.F. 1875,
p. 159; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 94; Godwin-Austen, J. A. S.B. xlv.
p. 83 ; ILume and Dav., Str. F. 1878, p. 409; Hume, Str. F. 1879, pp. 67,
107 ; Scully, /, c. p. 334 ; Hingham, Str. F. ix. p. 193. Emberiza flavogu-
laris, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. pp. 86, 811. — The YELLOW-BREASTED
BUNTING.
Crown of the head, back, rump and scapulars rich chestnut, margined or not
with faint yellowish white ; forehead, sides of the head, chin and upper throat
black ; lesser wing coverts smoky brown ; the median series white, and the
greater ones chestnut, edged with white near the tips ; quills brown, the
primaries edged on the outer webs with whity brown, and the rest with pale
chestnut ; upper tail coverts pale rufous brown ; tail brown, edged paler, the
outer web of the outer feathers white for two-thirds of its length from the base,
and the inner web with a diagonal streak of white ; the next feather generally
with a small obscure mark of white on the inner web ; lower throat, breast
and abdomen bright yellow ; a band of chestnut feathers across the breast
slightly fringed with black ; sides of the body yellow with brown streaks ; vent
and under tail coverts pale yellow, with a few obscure streaks. (Oatcs.)
feMBERIZA, 331
During winter the male has no black on the head ; the upper plumage is
chestnut with very broad greyish yellow fringes ; the ear coverts are purplish
brown marked with yellow; the chin and throat are deep yellow like the breast
.and abdomen ; the pectoral band becomes obscure by the yellow fringe to the
feathers, and the greater coverts are rufous instead of white.
The female at all seasons has the head chestnut brown, streaked with dark
brown ; the nape, back of the neck, back and scapulars olive brown more or less
tinged with chestnut brown and with dark brown streaks ; rump pale chestnut
edged with grey ; upper tail coverts brown centred darker ; all the wing coverts
and quills brown, the median series broadly tipped with white and the greater
ones and quills edged on the outer webs with pale rufous brown ; supercilium
reaching to the nape yellowish white ; chin and throat whitish ; breast, sides
of the neck and abdomen bright yellow, tinged with brown across the breast ;
vent and under tail coverts pale yellow ; iris rich brown ; upper mandible dark
brown ; lower fleshy brown ; feet and claws pinkish brown.
Length.— 5-75 to 6'2 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 2-4 ; tarsus 0-85.
Hab. — Northern Europe and Siberia, wintering in the Burmese countries.
Found in Nepaul, Assam, Sikkim, Cachar, Munipur, Pegu, Bhamo, Johore
and the Nicobars. It is a winter visitor to the whole of Burmah, arriving in
October and leaving in May. Like the last it affects corn crops- The nest is
said to be placed on or near the ground. It is made of dry bents and lined
with hair. Eggs, 4—6, greenish, clouded with purplish grey and marked with
some dark scrawls.
865- Emberiza rutila, Pall., Rets. Russ. Reichs. \\\. p. 698; Blyth,
B. JBurm. p. 95; Dav. et Oust. Oi's Chine, p. 331 ; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis,
1877, p. 462 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 234 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii.p. 514.
Euspiza rutila, Bp. Consp. i. p. 469: Hume and Dav. Sir. F. 1878, p. 408;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107. Citrinella rutila, Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 117. —
The CHESTNUT BUNTING.
Entire head and upper breast and the whole upper plumage including the
wing coverts chestnut, the feathers except those of the rump fringed with olive
greyish; primaries, secondaries and primary coverts brown, the primaries edged
on the outer webs with ashy and the inner secondaries with chestnut ; tail
brown, margined with olive or lighter brown, the two outer feathers with a
small whitish mark near the tip on the outer web ; foreneck chestnut, rest of
under surface of the body sulphur yellow ; the thighs and under tail coverts
sulphur yellow ; sides of the body and flanks olive greenish, streaked with
dusky ; axillaries and under wing coverts yellowish white, the bases yellow.
Legs and feet grey ; iris brownish rufous.
Length. — 5 inches; wing 2*95 ; tail 2*25 ; tarsus 0*7; culmen 0*45.
The female has the top of the head, neck, back, and scapulars olive brown,
broadly streaked with black on the mantle and back ; hind neck the same but
332 FRINGILUD/E.
less distinctly streaked ; rump and upper tail co-verts chestnut, the latter duller
and tinged with grey ; wing coverts and quills dark brown edged and tipped
with dirty white ; lores, feathers round the eye. and a faint eyebrow isabelline ;
ear coverts pale ashy brown with a streak of blackish along the upper margin ;
cheeks, chin and throat fulvous brown, separated by a dark brown narrow
malar line ; under surface of the body pale sulphur yellow, the breast with a
few indistinct dusky streaks.
Length. — 4*5 inches ; wing 2-65 ; tail 1*85 ; tarsus 07 ; culmen 0-45.
The young male is not unlike the female except that the head and rump
are chestnut.
Hab. — E. Siberia and N. and S. China, where as well as in the Indo-
Burmese countries and the S.-E. Himalayas it winters. In Burmah it has
been got in Pegu and near Rangoon. It is also recorded from Sikkim, and
the Bhootan Doars.
866. Emberiza spodocephala, Pall., Rets. Russ. Reichs. Hi. p. 698 ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 465 ; Dav. el Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 329 ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 374 ;
Hume, Str. F. 1879, P- IO7; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 188 ; Sharpe, Cat.
B. Br. Mus., xii. p. 522. Emberiza melanops, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv.
p. 554. — The BLACK-FACED BUNTING.
Head and neck all round, sides of the face, throat and chest olivaceous ashy ;
lores, base of cheeks and chin black ; breast pale sulphur yellow ; upper back
and scapulars brown washed with rufous, edged with fulvous and broadly
streaked mesially with black ; lesser wing coverts uniform rufescent ; median
and greater series blackish brown edged with sandy brown and tipped with buffy
white ; quills dusky brown, externally washed with rufous, the primaries with
ashy white ; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts earthy brown ; tail dark
brown, edged with lighter brown, the centre tail feathers light brown, the pen-
ultimate with a large wedge-shaped spot of white near the end of the outer
web, and the outer feathers entirely white except a dusky mark on the inner
web, and a spot near the tip of the outer web ; abdomen whitish ; under tail
coverts and axillaries pale sulphur yellow ; bill brown ; feet flesh colour.
Length. — 4*75 inches ; wing 2*7 ; tail 2-7 ; tarsus 0*75 ; culmen 0-45.
The winter plumage of the male is not unlike that of the summer, except
being more olive yellow on the head and neck and the feathers of the crown
tipped with rufous brown. The female is browner on the head than the male,
there is no black on the face or chin, the cheek stripe is yellow and there is a
distinct malar streak of dusky blackish spots ; the lores, eyelids and an in-
distinct supercilium are yellowish buff ; sides of the body and flanks reddish
brown ; lower abdomen and under tail coverts yellowish white.
Hab. — Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Bhootan, Nepaul, Cachar and Munipur,
where it winters. Breeds in Siberia eastwards from the Yenesai Valley.
EMBERIZA. 333
867- Emberiza Buchanan!, Biytk, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 957, xvi.,
p. 780; Hume, Sir. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 150; id., Sir. F. 1879, p. 107; Reid,
Str. F. i88i,p. 57. Emberiza huttoni, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 373 j Blyth,
Ibis, 1867, p. 42 ; Blanford, t. c. p. 463 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 400 ; Blanf.,
East. Pers. ii. p. 258; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 185.— The GREY-NECKED
BUNTING.
Head, neck, nape, and sides of the neck grey ; from the lower corner of the
under mandible on each side is a short streak of buffy, between which and the
chin — which is also buff — is a streak of greyish, meeting the grey of the sides of
the neck ; orbital feathers whitish ; back grey, with a slight rufescent tinge, the
feathers being faintly striated ; rump and upper tail coverts greyish brown, un-
striated ; breast and rest of lower surface reddish brown or ferruginous, paler
on the abdomen and vent, and nearly buff on the under tail- coverts; lesser
coverts ferruginous; median and greater coverts brown, edged with ferru-
ginous ; primaries dull brown, margined narrowly on their outer, and broadly
on their inner web with pale white or rufescent white ; secondaries the same,
but the feathers also tipped with pale rufous ; edge of the wing fulvous ; tail
blackish brown, the outer web of the outermost feather, except at the extreme
base, and half of the inner web, white ; the next outermost blackish brown on
the outer web, and for nearly two-thirds its length on the inner web, blackish
brown, the rest white on their inner web only ; centre tail feathers edged with
pale rufous ; bill reddish ; legs pale brown.
Length.— 5*75 to 6 inches ; wing 3-5 ; tail 3 ; tarsi 75.
Hob* — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Central India, Beloochistan, Persia
and Afghanistan. Occurs also in Kutch, Rajputana, Guzerat, Concan and the
Deccan.
Specimens from Jeempeer and Jacobabad (Sind), and Quetta and Dozan
(Beloochistan), have the chin and the streak above the greyish moustachral line
unspottted buff, except in a single specimen from Dozan.
868. Emberiza stracheyi, Moore, P. z. S. 1855, p. 215, pi. 112;
Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 483 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 372; Brooks, Str. F. 1875, p. 254; Hume, Str. F. 1879, p. 107; Ward-
law-Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 65 ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 79; Marshall, Ibis,
1884, p. 419. Emberiza Cia (nee. L.), Jerd., B. Ind.ii.p. 371 ; Beavan, Ibis,
1868, p. 175; Cock and Marsh, Str. F. 1873, p. 357. — The WHITE-NECKED
BUNTING.
Above rufescent brown with black mesial streaks ; the rump and upper tail
coverts unstreaked ; crown of the head pale bluish grey, with a broad band of
black on either side of the crown ; supercilium ashy white ; lores and eyelids
black, continued as a streak over the ear coverts which are ashy whitish and
separated from the throat by a streak of black, which meets the other black
line ; median and greater wing coverts tipped with rufous but not forming
334 FRINGILLID/E.
distinct wing bars as in E. Cia ; quills blackish, the primaries margined with
ashy whitish, the secondaries with pale rufous, the inner ones being rufous on
the inner webs also ; middle tail feathers pale rufous, black in the centre, the
remainder blackish, edged with sandy rufous, the penultimate feather with a
large wedge-shaped mark of white at the tip of the inner web, larger on the
outermost, which is also externally margined with white ; under surface of the
body pale cinnamon rufous washed with isabelline. Bill dark brown or black,
the base of the lower mandible bluish ; legs and feet fleshy brownish ; iris
dark brown.
Length.— 6 to 6-8 inches; wing yi ; tail 2-85 ; tarsus 07; culmeri 0-5.
Hab.— From Eastern Beloochistan and Cashmere eastwards to Kumaon,
wintering slightly to the southward. It is found plentifully in Gilgit, also at
Dhurmsala, Murree, Kotegurh, Simla, Mussoorie, and Bhawulpoor in Sind,
also at Mutiana in the Punjab.
869. Emberiza stewarti, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiii. p. 215 ; Horsf.
and Moore, Cat. B. E. /% Co. Mus. ii. p. 485 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 374 ; Hume,
Ibis, 1870, p. 400, Cock and Marsh, Sir. F. 1878, p. 112; Hume, Sir. F.
1879, p. 107; Murray, Sir. F. 1878, p. 112 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 185,
Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 547. Citrinella stewarti, Hume, Nests and
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 465. — The WHITE-CAPPED BUNTING.
Male. — Forehead and crown greyish white ; lores and a broad supercilium
extending to the nape black ; chin and throat black ; back, scapulars, rump,
upper tail coverts, flanks, and a broad band across the chest reddish chestnut ;
the feathers of the back in some specimens with a mesial dark streak ; cheeks
and ear coverts white ; breast, belly and under tail coverts greyish white or
rufescent white ; the under tail coverts with dark mesial streaks ; wing coverts
dark brown, edged with fulvous, or buffy brown ; primaries and secondaries
pale brown, the primaries edged whitish, and the secondaries fulvous brown ;
tail dark brown, the outermost feather on each side white on the outer web ;
the shaft dark brown, the white of the inner web running obliquely from about
one-fourth its length at the base ; the next like the outermost, but with the
outer web dark brown, and narrowly edged with white. The female is olive
brown above, the feathers with dark mesial streaks ; upper tail coverts tinged
rufescent ; under surface fulvous or buffy brown, the feathers mesially streaked
with dark brown ; bill and legs pale brown.
Length. — 6 inches; wings 3 to 3-1 ; tail 2-75 ; tarsus 07.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, N.-W. Himalayas, Beloochistan and
Southern Afghanistan. Uncommon in Sind, and occurs less abundantly in
the Southern Districts during winter.
870. Emberiza loucocephala, Gm., N. Comm. Acad. Sti. imp.
Petrov. xv. p. 480, tab. xxiii. p. fig. 3 ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 549.
FRINGILLARIA. 335
Emberiza pithyornis, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 875 ; Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B.
E. I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 482; Blyth, Ibis, 1868, p. 355 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 370.
Emberiza albida, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. pi. 2. — The WHITE-CROWNED
BUNTING.
Above cinnamon rufous, the back and mantle streaked with black ; the hind
neck and sides of the neck, also the lower back, rump and upper tail
coverts unstreaked rufous ; crown of the head white, bounded on either
side by a broad black band ; base of forehead washed with rufous ; lores
and eyebrow chestnut ; chin, throat and a moustachial line rich vinous
chestnut, middle of throat with a triangular patch of white ; chest, sides
of the body and flanks chestnut, the flanks narrowly streaked with black ;
breast, abdomen, thighs and under tail coverts white ; median coverts
rufous, their bases black and their margins whitish ; the greater series
blackish edged with whity brown and tipped with whitish; bastard wing and
primary coverts blackish ; quills blackish, edged with ashy white ; the secon-
daries edged with brown and the innermost rufous on their outer webs ; tail
feathers blackish, edged with whity brown, the penultimate one with a large
wedge-shaped mark of white at the tip of the inner web, which is much
larger on the outermost feather and entirely white on the outer web ; auxiliaries
and under wing coverts white, the latter with dusky bases ; upper mandible
dark brown, the lower one yellowish brown ; feet pale yellowish ; iris dark
brown.
Length. — 6 to 6*5 inches; wing 3*75 ; tail 3*15 ; tarsus 0*75 ; culmen 0*5.
Hab. — Siberia, extending to the Himalayas. Found in Cashmere, Mus-
soorie, Dehra-Doon, Simla, and Quetta in Southern Afghanistan.
Miliaria miliaria has once occurred in Sind during an extremely severe
winter, but the question is, should such a straggler find a place among the
birds proper of India. I think not, and hence do not include it. It occurs
in the Persian Gulf as low down as Bushire.
Gen. Pringillaria.—^azw.
Bill longer than in Emberiza and pointed ; 1st long primary longer than
the inner secondaries ; tail without any white pattern on it.
871. Pringillaria striolata, Licht., Verz. Doubi. p. 24 ; Swains.,
Classif. B. ii. p. 290; Bp., Consp. i. p. 467; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 463 -Adams, Str. F. 1873, p. 388; Hume, t. c. p. 420 ; id., Sir. F. 1877,
p. 329; 1878, vol. ii. p. 74; Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 561.
Emberiza striolata, Cretzschm in Rupp. Atlas, p. 15, pi. IO, fig. 9; Dresser, B.
Eur.iv.p. 197, pi 213; Butler, Sir. F. 1876, p. 35; Elanf., E. Pars. ii.
p. 258 ; Hume, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. pp. in, 410; l879» P- 1O7 ; Murray,
Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 186. — The STRIOLATED BUNTING.
VOL. II.— 4-1
336 FRINGILLin/E.
" Male. — Forehead, top of the head and nape greyish white, grey or white
in different specimens, each feather with a conspicuous linear median black
streak ; a narrow, pure white superciliary stripe starting from the base of the
bill and extending behind the eye over the ear coverts ; the lores and a
moderately broad stripe directly behind the eye (and immediately under the
white stripe), involving the upper portions of the ear coverts black: ; below this
another greyish white stripe, involving the rest of the ear coverts ; below this,
starting from the base of the lower mandible, a greyish white stripe, which
is again divided from the greyish white of the chin by a narrow inconspicuous
dark streak. In the fresh birds in breeding plumage all these streaks and
stripes are as clearly and sharply defined as if painted ; but at other seasons
and in stuffed specimens they are not so clear ; the whole of the back, scapu-
lars, and tertials are hair brown, the former two very broadly, the latter more
narrowly margined with pale more or less sandy, or even rufous brown; in
many specimens the darker median streaks of the back feathers are
reduced to mere lines, and in some the rufous tinge on the upper
back is well marked ; the primaries "and secondaries and their coverts are
a mixture of hair brown -and rich rufous (recalling in -colour the wings of
Mirafra erythroptera), the extent of each varying in different specimens,
but the brown predominating in the 'earlier primaries and everywhere at
the tips, and decreasing in extent in the hinder part of the wing and
towards the bases of the feathers ; the second primary for instance will
be all brown, except -a narrow rufous edging for the basal two-thirds of the
outer web and -a broad rufous stripe on tfhe margin of the inner web for the
same distance, while one of the later secondaries will be all rufous, except a
narrow brown stripe running down the shaft till within one-third of the end of
the feather, whence it gradually widens so as to occupy the tip and the whole
of both webs ; the rump and upper tail coverts are much the same as the back,
but in some specimens slightly more rufous than the lower back, and the
longest of the coverts -are in some specimens very narrowly tipped with very
pale fulvous white -; the tail is faair brown, darker than the brown portion of the
quills ; all the feathers externally very narrowly margined with pale rufous,
except the external feather on each side, which has the whole outer web of
that colour.; the throat -and upper breast are greyish white or grey, with more
or less numerous and conspicuous black median stripes on the feathers. Speci-
mens differ widely in this respect; in some the greyish white is a mere
edging to dusky black feathers ; in others only a few black spots and streaks
peep out of an almost unbroken grey, and this among specimens killed at the
same time and of apparently the same age ; the lower breast and the whole
lower parts of the body are pale greyish rufous, all the bases of the feathers
(only seen if the tips are lifted) being a sort of bluish dusky ; the axillaries,
wing lining, and in fact the whole lower -surface of the wings, except the points
of the quills, a pale delicate salmon rufous.
MELOPHUS. 337
" The/emale only differs in being generally somewhat smaller, in having
the white, grey, and black of ths head, neck,, throat and breast much duller
(and in many specimens overcast with, a sandy or pale rufous shade), the
various stripes being less well marked, and in having the dark spots and
streaks of the throat and: breast almost obsolete."
Male. .Female.
r A r i
Length 575 to 5*97 5'5 to S'9
Expanse 9'37 » 975 9' >» 9*5
Tail from vent 2-45 „ 275 2*2 „ 2-72
Wing from carpal joint to tip* of longest
primary 2-96 „ 3-1 2'8; „ 2-96
When closed' reaching, within i.'i to 1*3, 1*1 „ 17
of the end of tail.
Foot r „. IT i* i „ 1-17
Width „ -63 „ •& 72 „ -8
Bill at front -36,, -39 -35 „ "38
Legs and feet were in some pale- waxy yellow, in some dingy, income fleshy
yellow or yellowish fleshy. The feet, especially at the joints, more or less
tinged with brownish : the claws rather pale brown ; the bill had the upper
mandible brown, in some blackish brown ; the lower in some waxy, in some
fleshy, and' in some dingy yellow;- irides brown.- — (Hume, Ibis,. 1869.)
Hab— Sind, Punjab, N'.-W. Provinces, and Beloochistan, affecting sandy
plains ; also R'ajputana,.Kutch and Guzerat. In Sind, chiefly the barren hills,
during winter.
Gen. MelOphUS. — Swains.
Head' crested ; upper mandible ridged and slightly notched at tip.
872. Melophus melanicterus (Gm.), Bp., Consp. \. p. 470;
Jerd.t B. Ind. ii. p. 38'*; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ihd. B. p. 467-; id., Str. F.
1873, p* 47; Cock and Marsh., t. c. p. 357 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Br. Burm.
p. 95 ; Hume, Str. F. 1875, p. 254 ; Ward law -Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 462 ;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. 1878, p. 409 ; Murray, Str. F. 1878, vol. ii. p. 113;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 357; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind,y. 189; Sharpe,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. xii. p. 569.. Fringilla melanictera, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 910.
Melophus erythropterus, Swains, Classif. B. ii. p. 29. Euspiza lathami, Blyth,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc., p. 129.— The CRESTED BLACK BUNTING.
Entire head, neck, back, scapulars, rump, upper tail coverts, chin, throat,
breast, and under surface, including the under tail coverts, glossy black,
unglossedon the latter; lesser wing coverts black ; median and greater series,
primaries, secondaries and tail dark cinnamon ; the primaries, secondaries and
tail feathers tipped dusky brown ; bill pale brown, darkish on the upper man-
dible ; legs reddish brown ; irides dark brown.
338 FRINGILLID^E.
Length. — 6-5 inches ; wing 3-25 ; tail 275 ; bill at front 0-5. The female is
dusky brown, the feathers edged paler ; under surface rufescent white ; wings
duller or pale cinnamon.
Hab. — Sind, Rajputana, Northern Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Nepaul and
Tenasserim ; also Central and Southern India.
Breeds in parts of the Central and N.-W. Provinces and the Punjab ; also at
Mount Aboo, in Guzerat and throughout the Himalayas. The breeding season,
according to Hume, extends from April to June in the Himalayas and July
to August in the plains. The nest is placed in holes in banks or walls, under
some overhanging clod or rock, or concealed in some thick tuft of grass.
Eggs, 3—4, pale greenish white, thickly speckled, freckled, and spotted with
red, purple or purplish brown, more dense at the larger end-
Sub-Family.— PLOCEIN^E,— WEAVER BIRDS.
Bill thick at base, with the keel projecting on the forehead and arched to
the tip; wings rounded ; ist quill very short; tarsi and toes strong, scutate;
hind toe long and strong.
873. PloceUS phillipinus, Lin., Syst. Nat. i. 305 ; HAul. P. E.
135, 2; Reich.-Sing. t. 36, 283. Ploceus phillipensis, JBriss., Orn. iii. 232,
pi xii. f. i. Ploceus maculata, P. L. S. Mull. Suppl. 150; ex P. E. • Hume,
Str. F. vi. 399. Ploceus baya (Blyth), apudjerd. B. hid. ii. 343, No. 694;
Hurray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 176. — THE COMMON WEAVER BIRD.
Adult Male in Breeding Plumage. — Forhead, crown, sides of the neck and
breast bright yellow; lores, sides of the face, ear coverts, chin and throat dull
brown, paler on the chin ; back brown, the feathers with yellow edgings ; rump
paler brown, edged lighter ; upper tail coverts a dirty buff colour or rufous
white ; wing coverts dull brown, the greater series and the primary coverts
narrowly edged with greyish white ; primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dull
brown, the primaries with a narrow edging of pale yellow on their outer websf
also on the secondaries; tertiaries broadly edged yellowish white; tail dull
brown, the feathers faintly and narrowly edged with yellowish green ; abdomen,
vent and under tail coverts dull white, also the thigh coverts ; the middle of the
abdomen and thigh coverts tinged yellowish ; edge of the wing fulvous white.
Bill black ; irides brown ; legs yellowish brown.
Length. — 5-5 inches ; extent 8-5 ; wing 275 ; tail 175 ; bill at front 0-6.
The female is like the male, but wants the yellow crown and breast, and the
chin and throat are whitish or rufous white.
Ilab. — Throughout India to Ceylon, Assam, Burmah and Nepaul. Common
everywhere in Sind with the two next species, as well as in the Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces and Bengal, also Central and Southern India, the Concan and
Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and N. Gu/erat. Breeds freely in
company with niiinyar and bengahnsis. Nest non-pensile, being attached lo the
PLOCEUS. 339
upper stalks of reeds, with the leaves interwoven, and smaller than that of
bengalensis or manyar, less large in the body, and generally with a long and
narrow tubular entrance. The unfinished-like nests are inhabited by the males.
Breeds wherever found from April to June. Eggs white, 3, 4 or 5 in number-
All the species of this genus are taken young by natives, and taught to perch
on the hands and to perform various feats.
874. Ploceus baya, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 945 ; Jerd., B. Ind.
ii- P- 343 (part); JBlanf., J. A. S. B. xli. pt. ii. p. 167 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs Ind. B . p. 436 (part) ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 153 ; Hume and Davison,
Sir. F. vi. p. 398 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 1 20 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm, i. p. 360.
Ploceus phillipinus, apud Blyth, B. Burm. p. 92 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 160.
Ploceus megarhynchus, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 406 ; id., Str. F. vi. p. 400. —
The BAYA.
Male in Summer. — Forehead and top of head yellow ; plumage of the upper
surface of the body, including the wings and tail, dark brown edged with
fulvous, the rump and upper tail coverts being almost uniform, fulvous ; sides
of the head, chin and throat blackish brown; breast and under surface of the
body rusty, brightest on the breast and palest on the abdomen. Bill black ;
inside of mouth flesh colour; eyelids grey; iris dark brown; legs flesh
colour.
Length. — 5-5 to 5*7 inches ; wing 2'8 ; tarsus O'9 ; bill from gape 0*7.
Hab. — British Burmah, where, according to Oates, it is found abundantly
over the plains and lower hills. It ranges through the Indo-Burmese countries
into Bengal, Sikkim and Nepaul. In the Peninsula it is represented by
P. phillipinus. Dr. Tiraud states it is found in Cochin-China, also in the
Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. These birds associate in large flocks at
all seasons of the year, and are commonly found in rice and corn fields in
company with various Buntings, also Sparrows and Amadinas.
They breed under the eaves of houses, or on trees, make a large flask-
shaped structure of grass, the admittance to the inside of which is from a
long narrow tube about 18 inches in length. The breeding season, according
to locality, is from April to September, and from 10 to 50 pairs of birds
breed in company. Eggs 2 — 3 in number, glossless white, typically rather
long ovals, pointed toward one end or at both ends, varying in size from 0^75
to 0-9 x 0-52 to 0-62.
875- Ploceus manyar, Horsf., Trans. Lin. Socy. xiii. p. 160;
Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 399 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 348 ; Hume, Nest's and Eggs
Ind. B. p. 440 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 92 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 160 ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 106 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 646 ; Murray, Vert. ZooL Sind,
p. 181 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 360. Euplectes striatus, Blyth, J. A.
S. B. xi. p. 873. — The STRIATED WEAVER BIRD,
340 FRINGILLID^E.
Adult Male in Breeding Plumage, — Forehead and crown bright golden
yellow ; lores, cheeks, chin and throat and sides of the neck blackish or sooty
brown ; back, rump and upper tail coverts brown, the feathers edged with
fulvous white ; wing coverts, primaries, secondaries and tertiaries concolorous
with the back, the primaries edged yellowish, and the secondaries, wing
coverts and tertiaries whitish or fulvous white ; tail brown, the feathers edged
greenish ; breast and flanks fulvous white, with mesial dark streaks ; abdomen
and under tail coverts white, tinged fulvous ; bill black ; irides brown ; legs
pale brown.
Length. — 5'8 inches ; wing 2-75 ; extent 9 ; tail 1^75 ; bill at front o-56.
Females and males in non-breeding plumage want the yellow head, and have
a pale supercilium, and the chin and throat are whitish.
Hab. — Northern and Central India to Assam and Burmah. Occurs in Sind,
Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Deccan, Concan, Travancore, Kutch,
Kattiawar and N. Guzerat. Breeding season same as the last. The nest is
generally suspended from the top of four or five leaves of high bulrush or
elephant grass, which are also incorporated into the nest. The entrance
tube is not as long as that of P. baya.
876. PlOCeUS bengalensiS (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 349 ; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 441 ; Blyih* B. Burmah p. 92 ; Hume, Sir. F.
viii. p. 107; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 231 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 181 ;
Oates, B. Burm. i. p. 361.— The BLACK-THROATED WEAVER BIRD.
Adult Male in Breeding Plumage. — Forehead and crown bright golden
yellow ; cheeks, ear coverts, sides of neck and throat white, more or less
suffused with dusky; a dark brown pectoral band ; back dusky brown; rump
and upper tail coverts greyer ; wings and tail dark brown, the coverts and
secondaries with pale margins ; body below fulvous white ; flanks brownish.
The female has the head dusky brown and unstreaked, the feathers of the back
edged with pale rufous or fulvous ; a pale yellow supercilium and a spot of
the same colour behind the ear coverts ; a small dark stripe at the base of the
bill on each side ; the throat yellowish, with a few dark spots ; bill white ;
irides light brown ; legs fleshy brown.
Length. — 5-5 to 6 inches ; wing 275 ; tail 1*75.
Hal. — Lower Bengal, extending into Assam and parts of Burmah. Occurs
also in Sind ; not known from the Punjab and N.-W. Provinces.
877. PlOCGUS JavanensiS (Less.), Blyth, B. Burm. p. 9i.Loxia
Javanensis, Less., Traite d'Orn. p. 446. Fringilla phillipinus (Linn), apud.
Horsf. Trans. L. Soc. xiii. p. 160. Ploceus hypoxanthus (Daud.), Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 442; id., S/r. F. iii. p. 154. Ploceela Javanensis,
Oates, Str. F. v. p. 160 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 231.
Ploceela chrysea, Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 399 (footnote). — The GOLDEN WEAVER
BIRD.
AMADINA. 341
Chin, throat, cheeks and ear coverts black ; forehead, top of head and lower
plumage bright yellow ; back and scapulars black, each feather broadly
margined with yellow ; rump and upper tail coverts bright yellow ; wings and
tail brown, margined with yellowish white. Bill black ; lower mandible dark
horn ; iris brown ; legs pinkish flesh colour.
The Female in Summer and both Sexes in Winter have the whole lower
plumage with the cheeks and supercilium rusty, paling on the abdomen ;
upper plumage brown with broad yellowish brown margins ; tail and wings
brown, margined with yellowish white. (Oates.)
Length. — 5-5 to 5-7 inches; wing 2*7; tail 2-3; tarsus 0'8 ; bill from
gape 0-55.
Hab. — British Burmah, also Siam and Cochin-China and the Islands of Java
and Lombock.
Oates says the stronghold of the Golden Weaver Bird lies in the large
plains of Southern Pegu, where it is extremely abundant. During winter they
associate with other species of Weaver birds, but in summer they break up,
and separate into small groups and keep apart. The nest he adds is a cylin-
drical structure made entirely of grass with an opening at the side, and is
attached to the tops of elephant grass. The eggs differ from other species of
Weaver birds ; they are 2 — 3 in number, and vary much in colour, being white,
greenish white or grey, or purplish unmarked, or speckled with grey or greenish
brown. The normal number is three, but two is common.
Sub-Family.— ESTRELDINLE.
Bill large, conic, more or less bulged or slender ; wings short, rounded ; the
1st primary minute as in Ploceus.
Gen. Amadina.— Swains.
Bill thick, as long as deep ; culmen arched, prolonged behind on the fore-
head ; tarsi stout, moderate. These birds inhabit grassy or reedy ground and
cultivation generally, feeding on rice, grain and other seeds.
878. Amadina malacca (Lin.\ Jerd., B. ind. ii. p. 352, No. 697.
Loxia malacca, Lin., Syst. Nat. i. p. 300; Edward, Birds, pi. 356, fig. 2.
The BLACK-HEADED MUNIA.
Head, neck and breast rich black ; back, wings and tail pure cinnamon red,
the upper tail coverts brighter, tinged with a glistening lustre ; under surface
of the body from below the breast white ; middle of abdomen and vent black.
Bill bluish, the tip yellowish ; irides dark brown ; legs plumbeous.
Length. — 4-5 inches ; wing 2'6 ; tail 1-5.
The young is pale cinnamon brown above, whitish below, and dusky about
the head and neck.
342 FRINGILLID^E.
77(73.— Southern India and Ceylon, a few stragglers, according to Jerdon,
being found in Central India and even in Bengal. On the Malabar Coast it is
extremely abundant, frequenting long grass by the sides of rivers and tanks; also
grain and cane-fields. The nest is placed among reeds, and is a rather large
or nearly round or oval structure made of grass with the entrance on one sid'e.
The eggs, according to Jerdon, are 4—6 in number, and in colour pure white.
Hume says he had notes of eggs sent to him from the Coimbatore districts?
also from the Bhundara districts, and describes them as somewhat elongated
ovals, from 0*6 to 0*72 inch in length, and from 0*44 to 0*5 in breadth.
879. Amadina atricapilla ( Vieill.), Gates, B. Br. Burm. \. p 366.
Loxia atricapilla, Vieill., Ois. Chant, p. 53 Coccothraustes sinensis, Briss,,
Orn. iii. p. 235. Munia rubronigra, Hodgs., As. Res. xix. p. 156; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 353, No. 698 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 625 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p 92 ;
Gates, Sir. F. v. p. 160; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 401 (footnote). Munia
atricapilla, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. ii. p. 444 ; Salv., Ucc. Born,
p. 265 ; Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 208. Munia sinensis, Daud. et Oust.,
Ois. Ckine'.p. 342. Amadina rubronigra, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107 ; Scully ',
Str. F. viii. p. 32. — The CHESTNUT-BELLIED MUNIA.
Head, neck and breast black ; remainder of the plumage chestnut, turning
to glistening fulvous on the rump, upper tail coverts and the outer edges of
the tail feathers ; centre of abdomen, vent and under tail coverts black. Bill
and feet plumbeous ; iris dark brown.
Length.— 4'5 inches ; wing 2*1 ; tarsus O*55 ; bill from gape 0*45.
The young are pale fulvous throughout ; lighter below than above.
Hab. — Northern India ; found throughout Lower Bengal and along the foot
of the Himalayas as far as Dehra Dhoon ; also in the N.-W. Provinces. It
has been procured in Ceylon as well as in Southern India ; rare in the latter
country, but is much more common in Assam and Burmah, throughout the
Malay Peninsula, the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo, South- West China, and
the Indo-Burmese countries. In Burmah it occurs in all parts of the province.
It everywhere affects grassy land in flocks of from 6 to 12 ; breeds from
June to August in Burmah, placing the nest in a clump of elephant grass.
Eggs generally five, pure white. Gates says that the nest of this bird is very
often tenanted by a snake, and great care should be taken not to insert the
hand without previous examination.
880- Amadina punctulata (Lmn.}, Gates, B. Br. Burm. i,
p- 368. Loxia punctulata, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 302. Loxia undulata, Lath.,
Ind. Orn. i. p. 387. Munia undulata, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 354, No. 699.
Munia punctulata, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 444 ; Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 656. Munia subundulata, Godw.-AusL, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 48 ; Hume, Str.
F. iii. p. 398 ; Gates, Str. F. v. p. 162. Munia superstriata, Hume, Sir. F.
i. p. 481 (footnote) ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 402. Munia punctularia,
AMADWA, 343
and Wald., B. Burm. p. 93. Lonchura purictulata, Pftime, S/r. F. iiu
p. [56. Munia Inglisi, Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 39. Amadina punctulata, A. sut>
unduiata, A. superstriata* and A* Inglisi, Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 107. Ama*
dina superstriata, Oafos and Humt, Str. F. xfc p. 232. — The BARRED MUNIA.
Back as far as the rump chocolate brown,, the shafts slightly paler and the
feathers of the rump barred with whitish ; upper tail coverts glistening
yellow fulvous ; chin, throaU ear coverts and sides of the neck chestnut ; head
and neck behind ruddy brown ; tail brown, the edges of the feathers glistening
yellow or fulvous ; primaries and secondaries brown*, the edges and tertiaries
the same chocolate brown as the upper surface ; under wing coverts buff j
under surface of the body white with zigzag markings of brownish fulvous ;
lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts unmarked whitish. Bill and legs
plumbeous ; iris deep reddish brown.
Length. — 47 inches ; wing 2M ; tail 1*7 ; tarsus 6'6 ; bill from gape 0*45.
Hab. — Throughout India and Ceylon. Common in the North» spreading into
Assam and Burmah* It is found throughout the Indo-Burmese countries*
and is recorded from Arrakan, Pegu, Tavoy and Tenasserim. Occurs in the
Himalayas and the south of India on the edges of the Neilgherries ; also in
various parts of the Carnatic, Central India and Bengal. In the Punjab, Sind,
N.-W. Provinces, and Rajpootana it is rarely seen* It frequents gardens,
groves and orchards, and is quite a familiar bird. It builds in thorny bushes,
chiefly about fields. Acacias are generally selected* The nest is not unlike
that of other species of Munia, and the eggs glossless white.
881. Amadina pectoralis, Jerdon, B. ind. ii. p. 355 ; Hume,
Str. F. iii. p. 263 ; id., iv. p. 403.— The RUFOUS-BELLIED MUNIA.
Head, neck and back brown, the shafts of the feathers pale ; upper tail coverts
dark brown, the feathers tipped with glistening yellow ; wings and tail dark
brown ; face, forehead, throat and breast dark brown, strongly contrasting with
the sides of the neck; lower parts from the breast reddish fawn colour;
under tail coverts dark brown with pale shafts. Bill plumbeous ; legs plum-
beous brown ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 4*5 inches; wing 2*2; tail 1*7 ; tarsus O'56.
Hab. — The Wynaad and Coorg. Hume in his "Nests and Eggs'" quotes
Miss Cockburn to the effect that it is a summer visitant to the slopes of the
Neilgherries about Kotagherry. The birds build in July, and !ike all the
species construct a large nest, laying from 6 to 8 pure white eggs, o'6i to
0-63 inch in length and 0-42 to 0*46 in breadth.
882. Amadina leucogastra, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. P. 286 (foot-
note) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 107. Munia leucogastra, Salvad. Ucc. Born.
p. 267; Dav., Str. F. v. p. 460; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 402 ; Oates,
B. Br. Burmah i. p. 367.— The WHITE-BELLIED MUNIA.
VOL. II.— 45
344
Upper plumage chocolate brown, all the feathers except those of the head
white shafted ; cheeks, ear coverts, throat, breast, under tail coverts and sides
of the body deep brownish black, paler on the latter parts ; abdomen white ;
upper tail coverts black ; middle pair of tail feathers shiny fulvous, the rest
dark brown with fulvous edges ; under wing coverts white ; legs and feet
dusky plumbeous; lower mandible dull smalt or pale blue, upper mandible
black ; irides dark brown.
Length.— 4-5 inches; wing 1-9; tail r8; tarsus O«55 ; bill from gape
0-45. (Gates.)*
Hab.— Tenasserim in the south, where Davison found it nesting.
883. Amadina acuticauda (Hodgs.\ Hume, Sir. F. viii.p. 107.
Munia acuticauda, As. Res. xix. p. 153; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 356, No. 702;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 450; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 93 ; David el
Oust., Ois. Chine, p. 343. — HODGSON'S MUNIA.
Upper surface of the body deep brown, the shafts of all the feathers, except
those of the forehead, whitish ; chin, throat and cheeks black ; ear coverts
fulvous with lighter centres ; wings very dark brown ; tail black ; rump white ;
breast and sides of the neck dark brown, the feathers pale shafted and with
fulvous edgings ; abdomen and sides white with indistinct arrow head marks
of brown ; flanks and under tail coverts fulvous, mottled with fulvous white
and the shafts pale ; under wing coverts buff. Bill with the upper mandible
blackish, the lower one plumbeous ; iris dark brown ; legs plumbeous.
Length. — 4*5 inches ; wing 2 ; tail r8 ; tarsus O'5S ; bill 0*4.
Hab.— The Himalayas, extending into Assam, parts of Burmah and Mala-
yana. Jerdon says that in the Sikkim Himalayas it ascends to at least 5,000
feet, and is tolerably abundant near cultivated land. Its nest is not unlike that
of its congeners, and the eggs too, both in colour and number.
884- Amadina Striata* Linn., Syst. Nat. \. p. 306 ; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 107 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p 365. Fringilla leuconota, Temm., PL
Col. 500, fig. 2. Munia striata, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 356 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs Ind. B. p. 448 ; Wald., Ibis, 1874, p. 144; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 600.
Munia leuconota, Blylli, B. Burm. p. 93. — The WHITE-BACKED MUNIA.
Upper surface of the body rich dark brown, darkest on the forehead ; all the
feathers, except those on the forehead, conspicuously white-shafted ; ear
coverts and sides of the neck the same as the back ; cheeks, chin, throat, and
upper breast, dark blackish brown; wings and tail dark, nearly blackish
brown ; middle tail feathers exceed the outermost by 0-5 inch ; lower breast,
abdomen, and vent white ; flanks brown with white shafts. Under tail coverts
darker brown with less conspicuous shaft lines ; upper mandible blackish,
the lower one bluish ; iris reddish brown ; legs greenish horny.
Length-- 4-5 inches; wing 2 ; tail r6; tarsus 0-5 j bill 0*4.
AMADFNA. 345
.— Peninsular India. Abundant on the Malabar Coast, sparingly
in other parts of India, in the Northern Circars, Lower Bengal, Arrakan, and
Ceylon. In the Andamans and Nicobars it is replaced by A. fumigata, Wald.,
and A. semistriata, Hume. Its habits do not differ from those -of the preced-
ing species. Breeds throughout the peninsula of India, the eastern portions
of the Central Provinces, Orissa, Lower and Eastern Bengal, and Arrakan.
The breeding season, according to Hume, varies according to locality. In
the Neilgherries, he says, they appear to lay in July and August. In Yercaud
a nest was taken in the last week of September. The eggs are regular,
somewhat elongated ovals, pure white, and perfectly devoid of gloss. They,
vary in length from o'5$ to 0^65 inch, and in breadth from 0*42 lo o'47.
885. Amadina malabarica (Linn.), Jard. andSelby, III. Orn. 2nd
Ser. pi. 34; Reich., Sing* t. 150 ; Jerd.t B. Jnd. ii. p. 3.5.7, No. 703; Murray*
Ildbk., Zool.r fyc+, Smd, p. 177; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 182.— The
PLAIN BROWN MUNIA.
Head, back and scapulars pale earthy brown, the feathers of the head
centred darker, giving it a rufescent brown appearance ; rump pale earthy
brown ; upper tail coverts white, barred with dusky \ primaries, secondaries
and tertiaries dusky brown ; the secondaries and tertiaries rufescent brown on
their outer webs and tipped very slightly with whitish ;. wing coverts like the
back, the first three or four from the edge of the wing whitish : chin, throat,
breast, belly, and under tail coverts greyish white, the flanks and sides of the
breast in some specimens with transverse bars of rufescent ; under tail coverts
white ; tail dark brown, edged with dark reddish brown, the central feathers
broadly so, and prolonged 075 beyond the others. Bill plumbeous ; legs pale
brown ; irides deep brown.
Length.—^ inches ; tail 2 \ wing 2' I ;. bill at front 0-4.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Southern and Central India,. Malabar,
Deccan, Concan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Jeypore, N. Guzerat, and
in fact nearly throughout India, but not extending to the countries towards the
east. Breeds everywhere it is found, but chiefly in the more arid tracts and
nearly throughout the year if the record of its nidification in different parts of
the country has been properly ascertained. They build in thorny bushes,
generally making a large globular nest made of fine grass and loosely put
together. The eggs are pure glossless white-
Padda (Amadina) Oryzivora, the well-known Java sparrow, is naturalized
now in various parts of India. It is not however, in the proper sense, a native
of India, but the following characters will suffice for its identification. Cheeks
and ear coverts white ; chin, throat, a line bondering the ear coverts, the
forehead, and whole top of head black; above, also the neck, breast, and
upper abdomen bluish grey ; abdomen, sides, thighs and vent vinous ; under tail,
coverts white ; rump, upper tail coverts and tail black..
346 FRINGILLID^.
Gen. Erythrura.— Swains.
General characters as in Amadina ; plumage green and crimson.
886. Erythrura prasi.na, Sparrm., Salvad, Ucc. Bom. p. 268 ;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 405 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 107^ Oates, B. Br.
Burm. \. p. 370. Fringilla prasina, Sparrm., Mus. Carls, t. 72, 73.— The
GREEN MUNIA.
Forehead, cheeks, feathers round the eye, the ear coverts, chin and throat
blue ; top of head, sides of neck, back, wing coverts and tertiaries green ;
rump, upper tail coverts and middle pair of tail feathers crimson ; other
feathers of the tail brown ; abdomen crimson ; sides of body, vent and under
tail coverts buff ; primaries and secondaries brown, edged with green.
The female has the whole upper plumage green, except the tail coverts and
central tail feathers, which are red but duller than in the male ; lower plumage
fulvous, tinged with green on the breast, throat and flanks. (Dates.)
Young birds have the crimson of the upper parts replaced by yellow, and
the abdomen is gamboge yellow. Legs, feet and claws fleshy pink ; bill
black ; irides dark brown.
Length.— 6 inches; wing 2-3 j tail 275; tarsus 0-3; bill from gape 0*58.
Hab. — Burmah, in the extreme south of Tenasserim, where it is a visitor
during the rice harvest. It extends to Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Davison says
he found it associated with flocks of Amadina acuticauda.
Gen. Estrilfla.— Swains.
Bill not so broad, nor as high as in Munia, and more compressed.
887. Estrilda punicea (Bors/.)t Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 371.
Fringilla punicea, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Socy. xiii. p. 160. Estrilda flavidi-
ventris, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 495 ; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 461 ;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 107 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 232. Estrilda amandava
(Lin.), Blyth, B. Burm. p. 93; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 342.— HORSFIELD'S
WAX-BILL.
Sides of the face, chin, throat, breast and sides of neck crimson, the two
latter speckled with white ; sides of the body pale red, much spotted with
vrhite ; belly and vent yellowish red ; under tail coverts variable. In some the
centres of the feathers are whitish tinged with pink, the edges blackish
brown and the tips maroon ; in others the feathers are uniform blackish brown ;
forehead and top of head greenish, each feather broadly tipped with crimson ;
upper surface of the body pale greenish, washed with red ; rump with short
transverse lines or elongated spots of white ; upper tail coverts crimson, spotted
with white ; tail black, the outer four pairs of feathers tipped with white ;
upper series of small wing coverts plain brown ; the second and third series
brown, each feather with a terminal spot of white ; quills plain brown, the
tertiaries with a terminal spot of white. (Oates.)
ESTRILDA. 347
The female has the sides of face and neck, also the upper surface of the
body from the bill to the rump, hair brown ; upper tail coverts dull crimson ;
tail blackish brown, the two outer pairs of feathers with the terminal half of the
outer web broadly edged with white, the next two pairs merely tipped with
white ; chin, throat, breast and flanks greyish yellow ; abdomen and vent
saffron yellow ; wings brown, each of the feathers of the tertiaries and greater
coverts with a white spot at the tip ; under tail coverts same as the abdomen
but paler.
Bill deep red, the posterior half of culmen black ; iris crimson ; legs flesh
colour.
Length. — 4 inches ; wing r8 ; tail i'5 ; tarsus 0-58 ; bill from gape, 0*36.
(00**.)
Hal. — Horsfield's Waxbill, Gates says, is very abundant in Southern Pegu.
It occurs in Rangoon, but is rare there. It has been procured near Bhamo and
is said to also occur in Siam and Cochin-China, and also in the islands of
Java, Timor, and Flores. Gates says " it is found only in grass land and
paddy fields." They associate in tolerably large flocks and feed on the
ground on minute seeds. Their flight is very rapid and is effected by con-
stant beatings of the wings, so rapidly carried out that the wings cannot be
clearly seen, and these tiny birds seem when flying like so many huge bees.
The nesting season commences about the middle of October and lasts till the
beginning of December. The nest is a spherical mass of grass lined with
feathers and placed near the ground in a soft tuft of grass. The eggs are
4 — 6 in number and white in colour.
888. Estrilda amandava, Linn., P. E. 115*3; Reich., Sing. t. 4,
25, 33; Jerd., Birds Ind. ii. p. 359, No. 704; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.t fyc.,
Sind, p. 177 ; Gray, Handlist B. i. p. 60.— The RED WAX-BILL.
Summer Plumage. — Feathers of the forehead and crown brown, tipped with
crimson ; a spot in front of the eye black ; a bright crimson supercilium, and
a row of white feathers under the eye ; sides of the face, chin, throat, breast,
flanks and upper tail coverts crimson, the feathers basally dark brown, and
those of the breast and upper tail coverts and flanks with a terminal white
spot ; back, rump, wing coverts, primaries, secondaries and tertiaries olive
brown, the tips of the coverts, tertiaries and some of the scapulars with a
white spot ; tail black, the outer feathers tipped with white ; lower tail coverts
black ; lower abdomen sooty or blackish brown. The female is like the
male, with the lower back and rump tinged crimson and a few white
spots ; the abdomen and vent whitish, as also the lower tail coverts ; bill
reddish, the upper mandible blackish on the edge ; irides crimson ; feet
fleshy.
Length.— 4 to 4*5 inches ; wing 1-9 ; tail 1*4.
348 ALAUDID^E.
Hab — Throughout India to Assam ; common in Sind, affecting the woody
districts, especially in the vicinity of the Indus. It is also common in Kutch,
Kattiawar, Rajputana generally, N. Guzerat, Deccan, Concan, Southern and
Central India, Oudh and Lower Bengal, extending to the Himalayas. Breeds
from May to September, making a rather loose purse-shaped structure of grass,
and lined with the fine glossy filaments of Calotropis procera. Eggs, like those
of the Munia, white, but smaller, and more elongate.
889. Estrilda formosa (Lath:), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 361, No. 705 ;
Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 496 ; viii. p. 492. — THE GREEN WAX-BILL.
Above light olive green; quills and tail dusky, the former edged with
green; beneath very pale yellow, somewhat darker on the lower belly and
under tail coverts, and with broad transverse dashes of dusky on the flanks
and sides of the abdomen. Bill waxy red; feet plumbeous brown; irides
p ale brown. (Jerd.)
Length. — 3*8 to 4 inches; wing 1*75 ; tail 1*3.
Hab.— Northern and Central India, also the Central Provinces. Jerdon
records it from Mhow, Saugor, the jungles of Nagpore and the Vindhian range
of hills.
Family, ALAUDID^:.
Bill typically longer and more slender than in most Fringillida ; short and
thick in many ; wings broad ; tertiaries elongated, pointed ; hind toe and claw
long, the latter curved ; plumage brown, more or less striated, (jferd.)
Gen. Mirafra. — Horsf.
Bill thick, much compressed, the culmen curved and convex, the tip of the
upper mandible wide above and inflexed ; wings short, rounded ; primaries
scarcely longer than the secondaries and tertials ; ist quills short, half the
length of the second, which is shorter than the third ; tail short, even,
890. Mirafra Assamica, McChil., P. z. s. 1839, p. 162 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind. ii. p. 416. No. 754; Hume, Nesfs and Eggs Ind. B. ii. p. 473;
Ball, Sir. F. ii. p. 421 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 95 ; Anderson, Yunnan Exped.
p. 606; Cripps, Sir. F. vii. p. 294; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 108 ; Oates, B.
British Burmah i. p. 375.— The BENGAL BUSH LARK.
Entire upper surface of the body ashy brown, tinged with olive, each feather
with mesial dusky brown streaks, less conspicuous on the rump and upper
tail coverts ; wing coverts brown, edged with pale rufous white ; quills brown t
the outer webs of the primaries deep ferruginous, the second primary equal
to the sixth, the edges of the secondaries slightly paler ferruginous, and the,
tertiaries edged on both webs with pale rufous white ; inner webs of quills
ferruginous ; lores, ear coverts and cheeks mixed with brown and pale fulvous ;
a pale fulvous superciliary streak ; tail brown, edged with fulvous ; chin and
MIRAFRA. 349
throat white ; under surface of the body fulvescent ; breast streaked with dark
brown centres. Bill dusky, fleshy white beneath ; legs pale fleshy brown ;
irides hazel.
Length.— 5-5 to 575 inches; wing 3-3 to 3*5 ; tail r8 to 2-1 ; tarsns 0-95 ;
bill from gape, 0-75 ; hind claw 0*5 to O'6.
Hab.— Throughout Lower and Eastern Bengal, the wooded tracts of the
Central Provinces and Chota Nagpore ; also Assam, Cachar, Dacca Sylhet
and in the Dhoons, Terais and Bhaburs that lie at the feet of the Himalayas
and the immediate adjacent districts of Behar, Oudh, and the N.-W. Provinces,
where it is a permanent resident. (Hume.) According to Blyth it is said to occur
in Arrakan, and Gates says it occurs in the Indo-Burmese countries. Jerdon
states that it is a tolerably familiar bird feeding in gardens and bushy places,
squatting when watched and then taking a short flight. According to Blyth
it is a heavy, inactive bird in captivity, prone to hide itself from observation.
Its song is pleasing, but of no power. Breeds from May to July, building
in a hollow in the ground under some tuft of grass. Eggs 3 — 5, dull greenish
white, thickly freckled, spotted and streaked with yellowish or pale purplish
brown, more dense towards the large end. In length they vary from 079 to
O'9 inch, and in breadth from 0-57 to 0*65.
891. Mirafra affiniS, Jerd., Madr. Journ. xiii. pt. ii. p. 136 ; id., B,
2nd. ii. p. 417, No. 755; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 474; Ball,
Str. F. ii. p. 422 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 95 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 108 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 634. Mirafra microptera, Hume, Str. F. i.
p. 483 ; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 475 ; id., Str. F. iii. p. 159; Oates,
Str. F. v. p. 163 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 108; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p 376.
— The MADRAS BUSH LARK.
Entire upper surface of the body dusky brown, each feather edged with pale
rufous ; wing coverts brown, edged with rufous ; quills dusky brown, edged
with bright rufous on the outer webs of the primaries and secondaries, and
pale rufescent on both webs of the tertiaries ; inner webs of the primaries pale
rufous at the base ; tail brown edged with pale rufous more conspicuous on
the outermost feathers ; lores and cheeks mixed rufous and brown ; chin, and
throat white ; superciliary streak pale fulvous ; under surface of the body
white, faintly tinged with fulvous, the breast streaked with dark brown. Bill
dusky, fleshy beneath ; legs fleshy ; irides hazel.
Length.—-^ to 6 inches; wing 2-9 to 3*25; tail 175 to 2 ; tarsus i ;
culmen, 0-5 ; hind claw 0-45.
Hal. — Southern India generally. It is recorded from the Malabar Coast,
Carnatic, Mysore and the Southern portion of the table land, extending, accord-
ing to Jerdon, to Goomsoor and Midnapore in Bengal. It is found in Ceylon,
also in Burmah and Cochin-China. In Burmah, Oates says it is very abun-
dant at Thayetmyo and its immediate neighbourhood. It is found in gardens
350 ALAUDID^.
and compounds as well as on road sides and patches of jungle. He found a
nest in July, which is said to have been made of grass partially domed, like the
last species, and placed in a hoof mark under a tuft of grass and overhung by
a small bush. The eggs, two in number, were white, thickly spotted with rusty
brown. Hume says it lays 3 — 4 eggs, O 81 x O 56 in size.
892. Mirafra erythroptera, Jerd., in. ind. Om. pi. 38 ; id., Birds
Ind. ii p 418, No. 756; Murray, Hdbk., Zool. fyctt Smd, p. 185.— The
RED-WINGED BUSH LARK.
Head, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail-coverts fulvous brown ; feathers
of the head (coronal) lengthened, tinged rufescent and, like those of the upper
parts, mesially streaked with dark brown ; eye streak and supercilium fulvous
\yhite ; ear coverts fulvous brown, very slightly tinged with rufescent ; wing
coverts dusky brown, edged with fulvous or rufescent brown ; primaries rufous
on their outer webs, and dark shafted ; the inner web of the second primary
rufous for about one-half its length at the base, the other half dusky, the dusky
tips growing less in extent on the others, and in some specimens reduced to a
minute shaft-streak on the secondaries ; tertials dusky brown, broadly edged
with rufous ; tail dark brown, the centre feathers pale sandy brown, with
slightly rufous edgings, and the outer web of the outermost feather white ; chin
and throat white ; sides of the throat fulvous white, the feathers edged brown,
forming two bands from the base of the lower mandible to the sides of the
neck ; breast and under parts white or fulvous white, spotted with dark
brown ; bill horny ; legs pale brown ; irides light brown.
Length. — 5'25 to 5*5 inches ; wing 3'2 ; tail 2 ; bill at front 0*4.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central India,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Guzerat, Concan and the Deccan ; affecting
low jungle, bare plains, or the vicinity of cultivation. Breeds from March to
August in similar situations as the last. Mr. Hume says he has found them in
a hoof- print, in a perfectly bare plain, in an equally bare field, under clods of
earth, in open country, or foot of some dense tuft of grass ; in scattered jungle
at the foot of nim, caper or young babool trees ; also between the rails of a
railway amo*ng ballast. The eggs, 3 — 5 in number, are perfect ovals, greenish,
or pinkish white with tine speckles and spots all over of red, brownish red,
and inky purple. Size, 0*72 — 0-82 x O'55 — 65.
893. Mirafra cantillans, Jcrd., J.A.S. B. xiii. p. 960 ; M., Suppi.
Cat. 185 ; id., B. Ind. ii. p. 420. No. 757 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 476. — The SINGING BUSH LARK.
Entire upper surface of the body dusky brown, the feathers margined with
rufescent brown ; those of the head elongated ; wing coverts margined with
paler rufous brown. Quills brown, margined with rufous brown ; tail brown,
the outermost pair on each side nearly all white, the penultimate, white on the
AMMOMANES. 351
outer webs only ; lores, sides of the face, and ear coverts mixed dusky and
rufescent, whitish below the ear coverts ; superciliary streak pale rufous ; chin
and throat white ; breast rufescent with a few dark brown spots ; rest of
under surface of body pale rufescent. Bill dusky, fleshy beneath ; legs fleshy
brown ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 5*5 to 5'8 inches ; wing 27 to 2-9; tail 2; culmen 0-48.
Hah, — Southern India generally, also N.-W. India, the Central Provinces,
Bengal, and the Punjab. It is recorded from the Carnatic, the Northern
Circars and Mysore, also Gorgaon, Lahore, Hansie, Cawnpore and Jhansi.
Jerdon says it is generally spread throughout India, frequenting meadows and
grass land near cultivation, and rising high in the air singing the while its
sweet and pleasant song. Breeds from March to August, making a nest, not
unlike those of the foregoing species. Eggs 3—4, of the same type of marking
as the other Mir of r as, varying in length from 072 to 0-9, and in breadth from
0-58 to O'65.
Gen. Ammomanes.— Cab.
Bill as in the last, but longer and more compressed; 1st quill minute; 2nd
shorter than the third, which, and the fourth, are equal «and longest ; tertiaries
shorter than the secondaries ; tail long ; hind claw long and curved. Nostrils
covered with a tuft of incumbent feathers ; plumage uniform, with scarcely
any dark striations.
894. Ammomanes lusitania, Gm., Syst. Nat. \\. p. 798 ; Hume,
Sir. F. i. p. 2il ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., #vr., Sind, p. 185 ; Gray, Handlist
Birds, No. 7808 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 192. Ammomanes lusitanica,
(Gm.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 422, No. 759 ; Tern., P. C. 244, 2. Ammomanes
deserti (Licht.), Blf., East. Pers. p. 245. Ammomanes isabellinl, Tern., Col.
PL 244, f. 2 ; Gould, Birds Eur. pi. 163.— The PALE RUFOUS FINCH-LARK.
Top of head, nape, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts earthy
greyish brown, slightly tinged with rufescent on the rump ; feathers round
the eye, as well as a line from the nostrils to the eye, and at the gape, fulvous
white ; a faint streak in front of the eye in the middle of the white line ;
cheeks and ear coverts like the back ; chin, throat and breast fulvous or
greyish white, with a few dusky streaks on the breast ; rest of lower surface
rufescent brown ; wing coverts like the back, with paler edges and dark shaft
streaks ; primaries and secondaries dusky, margined on the outer and inner
webs with pale rufous, the tips fulvous white ; tail brown ; the outer web of the
outermost, and its basal half, pale rufous, the others narrowly margined and
tipped paler ; bill dusky ; base of lower mandible yellowish ; legs pale brown.
Length. — 6 to 6-25 inches ; wing 4 ; tail 275 ; bii? at front 0*56.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N,-W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Arabia, Southern
Persia, Afghanistan, Cashmere, Southern and Eastern Europe and N.-E. Africa.
Extremely common in Sind on the bare stony hills and plains. Breeds,
VOL. II. —46
352 ALALTDID/E.
according to Hume, throughout the rocky barren hills of Sind and also the
Western and N.-W. Punjab, laying during April, May, and June. The nest is
placed under a shelf of rock or flat stones upon the ground, and is constructed
of grass stalks lined with fine roots. The bird is said to pile up little flat
pieces of stone all round the nest. The eggs are oval, rather compressed
towards the small end. The ground colour is white, thickly sprinkled with
specks and spots of pale yellowish brown. They are 3 — 4 in number, and
vary in size from 0*78— '87 x 0-59 — '62.
895. Ammomanes phoenicura (Frank l.), Jerd., B. Ind. \\.
p. 421, No. 758 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. Seng., 188 ; Hume, Sir. F.
iii. p. 499. Mirafra phoenicura, Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 731. — The
RUFOUS-TAILED FINCH-LARK.
Entire upper surface ashy brown, tinged with rufescent ; rump, upper tail
coverts and tail ferruginous ; quills dark brown ; tail ashy brown tipped with
dark brown ; primaries and secondaries narrowly edged with pale rufous ;
sides of the head mixed ashy brown and pale rufous ; throat pale ferruginous,
deeper on the breast, which has a few dusky streaks ; under surface ferru-
ginous; under tail coverts paler and with a dusky spot on the feathers ; inner
webs of quills dull ferruginous. Bill horny brown above, fleshy at the base
beneath ; legs fleshy ; irides brown.
Length. — 6-5 to 6*8 inches ; wing 4*2 to 4-3 ; tail 2-25 to 2-3 ; culmen 0*9 ;
hind claw 0*6.
Hab. — Northern and Central India. Recorded from the Nerbudda (west).
Mhow, Saugor, and Jaulnah. Hume says it is common enough in the Sumbul-
poor, Jubbulpoor, and Jhansi districts, also in Gwalior, and that it is by no
means rare in Etawah, Agra, Aligurh, &c,, and in the eastern portions of
Rajpootana, for instance, the Sambhur Lake. In the Punjab and Sind it is
replaced by lusitania. Occurs also in parts of Southern India. The
breeding season lasts from February to April. The nest is very similar to that
of the preceding species, and is made in similar situations. Four is said to be
the full complement of eggs, and the colour and markings are almost similar
to those o|(0. lusitania. The eggs, however, are 0*77 — 0^95 XO'56 — 0-65.
Gen. Pyrrhulauda.— Smith.
Bill short, very stout, sides compressed ; culmen arched ; commissure
straight ; wings long ; tertiaries lengthened ; 1st primary small ; tail moderate ;
toes small.
896. Pyrrhulauda grisea, Scop., Son. Voy.t. 113, 2; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 424, No. 760; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 212 ; id., vol. vii. p. 66; Gray,
Handlist B. No. 7834; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 186. Pyrrhulauda
crucigera, Tern., PL Col. 269, I. — THE BLACK- BELLIED FINCH-LARK,
PYRRHULAUDA. 353
Male. — Forehead and cheeks white, or fulvotrs white ; crown of the head
b- ack, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts grey brown, with a slight tinge
of rufescent on the back, the feathers centred dusky ; cheeks whitish ;
primaries, secondaries and wing coverts brown, the feathers edged paler;
chin, throat, breast, sides of the neck and entire lower surface black ; the
flanks, sides of breast and abdomen greyish white. Bill pale brown ; legs
fleshy ; irides dark brown.
Length.— 475 to 5 inches; wing 3; tail 2 ; bill at front 0*37. The Female
is readily distinguishable by the absence of the black under surface and a
more rufescent tinge on the upper.
ffab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch, Kattiawar,
Rajputana (Jeypore and Jodhpore), N. Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Central and
South India. Affects open plains and ploughed lands. Breeds all over the
plains of India from January to August — the first brood being hatched in
February and March and the second in July and August. Eggs have also
been taken in April and May. The nest is always on the ground, and placed
in some small depression on open fallow plains. The eggs are moderately
elongated ovals, having a greenish or greyish white ground, densely mottled,
speckled and spotted, or finely streaked with various shades of yellowish and
earthy brown. Hume adds that with the exception of the eggs of Alauda
ray /at, these are the smallest of all our Indian Lark's eggs, 0*65 — o'8
x 0-5— 0-62.
897. Pyrrhulauda melanauchen, Cab., Mus. Hein. t. p. 124;
Finsch, Trans. Zool. Socy. vii. p. 275, pi. xxvi. : Gray, Handlist Birds, No.
7837 ; Blf., East. Pers. ii. p. 246; Murray, Vert. Zool. Smd,p. 193 ; Hume,
Sir. F. vii. p. 64. Pyrrhulauda affinis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 185 ; Hume,
Sir. F. i. p. 212; id., vii. p. 66; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &V., Sind, p. 186. —
The BLACK-COLLARED LARK.
"The male has a broad frontal band, cheeks, ear coverts and a band from
these round the base of the occiput and a large patch on either side of the
breast, white ; in the case of the two latter often tinged brownish."
" The base of the lower mandible^ chin, throat, central portion of breast,
abdomen, vent, and lower tail coverts, axillaries and wing lining (except
lower primary greater coverts, which are pale grey brown like the lower sur-
face of the quills) intensely deep, at times somewhat sooty, at times almost
chocolate -brown ; the crown and upper part of occiput are deep brown, never
quite so intense as the lower parts, often considerably lighter, and more
purely brown ; the anterior portion of the side of the neck behind the lower
half of the ear coverts is always like the breast,, sometimes the deep colour
of these parts extends behind the whole of the ear coverts, and right round
the back of the neck, forming a collar immediately behind the white basal
occipital band already noticed, sometimes there is not the faintest trace of
354 AI.AUDIDjE.
this, and sometimes again the collar is only represented by a larger or smaller
nuchal patch. This is perhaps the most common form, and hence the name
melanauchen.
"The interscapulary region is a pale earthy brown, sometimes with a sandy
tinge ; the wings rather darker, but all the feathers with a pale whitey brown
edging ; inner webs of quills darker, a sort of pale hair-brown ; central tail
feathers slightly paler than tertiaries ; rest of tail feathers deep brown, but the
outer web of the exterior feather white or nearly so, and the inner half or more
of the inner web pale whitey brown ; rump and upper tail coverts pale earthy
or sandy brown, noticeably paler than the interscapulary region ; flanks much
the same colour as the rump.
" The female has the chin, throat, abdomen, vent, and lower tail coverts
white, with more or less traces of a very faint fawny tinge ; a broad ill-defined
pale tawny band, which is sometimes feebly striated darker, covers the breast.
The axillaries and lesser lower coverts about the ulna are deep brown, some-
times almost as deep as the breast of the male.
" The female also wants the white frontal band and patch on the sides of the
head, the white occipital band, the dark brown, and dark sides of the neck,
and of course the dark collar or dark nuchal patch so common in the males ;
the whole top of the head is unicolorous or nearly so with the interscapulary
region, though the feathers are generally feebly darker centred. The rest of
the upper surface is much as in the male, but as a rule sandier and less earthy
in tinge. The males are distinguished at once from those of grisea by their
dark crowns. Both sexes are distinguished by their somewhat larger size
(Wings in grisea taken at random measure — Males, 3fo8 ; 3*07; 3-0; 3*01 ;
3-1. Females, 2-99; 3-0; 2-9; 2*99; 3-06; 2-9; 2-87; 2-95,) and their
somewhat larger bills. Females are further distinguishable by their whiter
under surface, paler upper surface, and especially crowns, and by their deep
coloured axillaries, which in grisea are little darker than the breast. In this
latter species the lesser lower coverts about the ulna are dark brown in the
female, but not nearly so deep as in melanauchcn. Dimensions, as under : —
Length. Expanse. Tail. Wing. Tarsus. Bill at Gape. Culmen.
Male. 5 -6 1 io'i 2-2 3-2 O'6 0-5 0*55
„ 5- 6 10*0 2-2 3-17 0-7 0-47 0*56
Female 5* 4 icro 2'o 3-11 0*69 0*48 0^52
„ 5- 6 9-6 2-1 3-02 07 0-49 0-52
" Irides brown ; the bill from pale whitey brown, bluish on lower mandible
to pearly white with a bluish tinge ; the legs and feet pale whitey brown, pale
hoary fleshy or pale brownish fleshy." — (Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 46.)
Hab. — Sind, Kutch, Jodhpore, Rajputana generally, and in Jeysulmere ; also
in Beloochistan and Southern Persia, affecting ploughed lands and cultivation.
CALENDRELLA. 355
Gen. Calendrella.— Kaup.
Bill short, sub-conic ; wings long ; ist primary minute ; 2nd, 3rd and 4th
equal and longest ; tertiaries elongated, nearly as long as the primaries ; feet
small; toes and claws short ; hind claw straight.
898. Calendrella brachydactyla (Zm/.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. 426,
No. 761; Bl/., East. Pers. ii. p. 242; Murray, Hdblt., Zool., &c., Sind,
p. 187. Alauda calendrella, Bonelli, Naum. vogt. t. 98, 2 ; Gould, B. Eur-
pi. 163. — The SHORT-TOED or SOCIAL LARK.
Eead, nape, back, scapulars and rump pale rufous brown, the feathers with
dark centres ; upper tail coverts paler, with fulvous edgings and dark shaft-
streaks ; supercilium fulvous white ; chin and throat whitish ; breast and rest
of under surface fulvous white, with a brownish tinge on the breast, which in
some is spotless, in others with a few faint brown spots ; under tail coverts
white ; wing coverts, primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dusky brown, the
outer margin of the first (2nd) long primary pale fulvous, and the secondaries
and tertials with pale rufous edgings, broader on the tertials ; edge of the
wing pale white ; tail dusky, with the outermost feather fulvous white, except
an oblique dusky streak on the inner margin of the inner web ; the next
feather white on the outer web only, all the others, in some specimens tipped
whitish, in others not tipped ; central tail feathers with broad rufescent
edgings ; bill horny, dusky on the ridge of upper mandible to the tip j
legs brown ; irides dark brown.
Length.— 6 to 6*25 inches; wing 4; tail 2-25 ; tarsus O'8.
Hab. — Europe, Asia and Africa. Found throughout India to the foot of
the Himalayas. Common in Sind, the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Bengal j
Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana generally and North Guzerat ; also Khandeish and
Central India, less numerous in parts of Southern India. In the Concan and
Deccan it is extremely common, as also in Beloochistan, Persia, S. Afghanis-
tan, and E. Turkistan. Breeds in Sind during April and May.
Gen. Melanocorypha — -
Bill thick and convex; tertiaries not elongated; hind claw moderate
straight.
899. Melanocorypha bimaculata, Menet., Cat. Rais. p. 37;
Sharpe, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. p. 180, Series 4, 1871 ; Blf., E.
Pers. ii. p. 244 ; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 42! ; Murray, Hddk., ZooL, fyc., Sind,
p. 189. Melanocorypha calandra, Rupp, Syst. Uebers. p. 78. M. torquata,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 476. M. rufescens, Brehm,, Naum. 1856, p. 376. —
The PIED LARK.
" Adult Male in Summer Plumage. — Above fulvous brown, the centres of
the plumes much darker brown, giving a somewhat mottled appearance, all the
356 ALAUDID/E.
feathers being edged with fulvous, especially on the hinder part of the neck
and centre of the back ; wing coverts coloured like the back, but a little more
rufous, plainly edged with fulvous, less distinct on the greater coverts ; quills
brown with a slight shade of ashy grey on the outer webs ; all the feathers
more or less narrowly edged with fulvous, but none of the feathers tipped with
white ; tail dark brown, with conspicuous white tips to all the feathers except
the two central ones ; all the rectrices edged more or less broadly with fulvous ;
lores and a distinct eyebrow whitish; cheeks fulvous white with a slight
mottling of rufous ; ear coverts entirely rufous ; throat white; rest of the under
surface dull white, the upper part of the breast and flanks rufous ; a black
pectoral gorget extending right across the lower part of the breast ; on the upper
part of the breast are a few indistinct mottled lines below the black gorget ;
under tail coverts whitish ; under wing coverts entirely greyish brown. Bill
horn-brown, the under mandible yellowish; feet fleshy yellow; iris dark
brown.
« Qbs. — Some specimens are much greyer than others; others again are more
rufous ; some are more white on the belly and have the breast much obscured,
so that the pectoral gorget is scarcely discernible. This last dress seems to
be the winter plumage.
" Young. — Similar to the adult, but more rufous in the centre of the back ;
gorget more obscure, and the stripes on the upper breast more indistinct ; the
bill likewise seems to be more yellow." — Sharpe and Dresser, Birds of Europe.
(The males are larger than the females.)
Length. — 7-o6 to 8 inches; expanse 13*13 to 15*25; wing 4*2 to 4'8 ; 2nd
primary is the longest, the 1st is subequal to O'2 shorter, the 3rd is from 0*13
to 0'3 shorter, and the 4th 0*5 to 07 shorter; tail from vent from 2-12 to 2*4 ;
tarsus i to ri. Bill from forehead to point o'6 to 0*7 ; from gape 0-7 to 0*9 ;
height at front o'2 to 0*25, the closed wing falls short of end of tail by from
038 to 0-87.
" Legs and feet fleshy or yellowish fleshy, more or less dusky at joints ;
claws dusky ; irides brown, in some light brown. Bill horny brown or blackish
horny on upper mandible ; lower mandible greenish horny, changing to yellow
at base and gape." — Hume, Lahore to Farkand.
Hab. — Upper Sind, and the Desert East of Omercote (Blf.)> in the Thurr
and Parkur Districts, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, and Eastern Tur-
kestan.
900. Alaudula raytal Biyth, y. A. s. B. xiii. p. 962 ; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 428, No. 762 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 481 ; Biyth, B.
Burm. p. 95 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 159; Anders., Yunnan Exped. p. 606 ;
Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 295; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109; Oates, Str.
F. x. p. 234 ; id.t B. Br. Burm. i. p. 374. — The INDIAN or GANGES SAND
LARK.
ALAUDULA. 357
Upper surface of the body greyish brown with narrow dark brown mesial
streaks to the feathers ; lores, supercilium and feathers under the eye white ;
ear coverts streaked with grey and brown ; wings brown, the coverts and
tertiaries margined with pale fulvescent or whitish ; tail brown, edged with
greyish white ; the outermost tail feathers all white, except the edge of the
inner webs, the penultimate white on the outer webs on the marginal half,
brown on the inner webs ; under surface of the body white with a few small
dark streaks on the breast. Bill horn colour ; legs fleshy yellow ; irides brown ;
claws pale horn.
Length. — 5*4 to 5-5 inches; wing 3 ; tail r8 ; culmen O 6; tarsus 075.
Halt. — The banks of the Hooghly, Ganges and Indus, also the Brahmapootra
and the Irrawaddy in Upper Burmah. Occurs also in Assam and Northern
India. Gates says he observed this Lark near Thayetmyo, where it was
common. It runs along the edges of the sand-banks very swiftly, feeding
on minute insects which lie at the water's edge. Breeds along the sandy
dunes which fringe the Ganges and its numerous affluents, and in similar
situations along the Brahmapootra, the Irrawaddy and the Nerbudda. It lays
in March, April and May. Hume says it makes a tiny circular nest in some
little hollow under a tuft of grass or tamarisk, or beside and partly under
a stranded log, the fragments of some old bo'at, or a large stone. The eggs
are 2, sometimes 3 in number ; two is however the normal number. In shape,
size, markings and general appearance not unlike those of Pyrrhulauda grisea.
901. Alaudula adamsi, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 405; id., Str. F. i.
p. 213; v. 327; Murray, Handbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 190.— The LITTLE
SAND-LARK.
The following is a description of the species by Mr. Hume : —
In the winter the whole upper surface is very pale grey or whitey brown, all
the feathers narrowly centred with grey brown, so as to produce a striated
appearance. There is in many specimens a more or less perceptible, but
still very faint rufous tinge on the back. The wings are pale brown, the outer
webs of the first primaries nearly entirely cream colour, the other primaries
narrowly tipped and margined white ; secondaries more broadly ; tertiaries and
coverts still more broadly margined with fulvous or slightly greyish white ; the
central tail feathers brown, somewhat conspicuously margined with brownish
or fulvous white ; the exterior tail feather on either side wholly white, except
a dark brown stripe down the inner margin of the inner web ; the next feather
with the whole exterior web pure white ; interior web dark brown ; tail
feathers dark brown, very narrowly margined with dull white ; the lores and a
stripe over and under the eye white or rufescent white ; a very narrow grey line
through the centre of the lores only noticeable in very good specimens or in the
fresh bird ; ear coverts mingled grey brown and fulvous white, and usually
exhibiting a somewhat darker spot just behind and below the posterior angle
358 ALAUDID^E.
of the eye ; the lower parts white, with, in some, a very faint rufescent tinge
on breast, sides, and flanks, and with numerous narrow or linear darkish brown
spots on the breast, very strongly marked, conspicuous in some specimens,
reduced almost to speckles in other birds ; flanks and sides are faintly tinged
with brown, or in some pale rufescent ; the irides are pale brown ; the bill
pale greyish or slaty grey, brownish on culmen and the tip, slightly yellowish
white at base of lower mandible ; legs and feet fleshy brown, or in some
brownish yellow, dusky on joints.
'« Male, Length. — 5-9 to 6-0 inches ; expanse 10-4 to iro ; tail from vent
2'i to 2-2; wing 3-3 to 3-5 ; bill at front 0-35 to 0-38 ; tarsus 075 to O'S ; wings,
when closed, reach to within 0*7 to O'S of end of tail ; weight 0*75 oz.
"Female, Length. — 5-6 to 57 inches; expanse IO to lo'S ; tail from vent2;
wing 3-05 to 3-2 ; bill at front 0-32 to 0-38 ; tarsus 075 to 078 ; wings, when
closed, reach to within of6 to 07 of end of tail ; weight 0*6 to 07 oz."
Eab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, extending to the Hima-
layas. Resident in Sind, but nothing is known of its nidification, except
that Captain Cock, writing to Mr. Hume, mentions having obtained the eggs
on the banks of the Jhelum during April and May. The eggs are said to be
more glossy than those of A. rqytal, the ground colour purer white, and less
densely spotted and speckled.
Gen. OtOCOrys. — Bonap.
Bill moderately short, slender, somewhat conical : culmen arched ; wing
moderately long, not reaching to the tip of the tail ; ist three primaries equal
and longest. No minute primary. Claws long and straight or nearly so.
Head with a double erectile sincipital crest.
902. Otocorys penicillata (Gould), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 429,
No. 763; Str.F. pp. 36, 417; ii. p. 529; vii. p. 422. Otocorys scriba
(Bonap), Gray, Gen. B. pi. 92. Otocorys longirostris, Moore, P. Z. S. 1855,
fig. ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 431, No. 764 ; Str. F. ii. p. 529 ; vii. p. 422. — The
HORNED LARK.
Head, neck and back streakless vinaceous ashy, passing to purer grey on the
wings ; narrow frontal band, lores, ear coverts, and the sides of the neck
meeting as a gorget across the breast purple black ; the crown and the pointed
sincipital tuft also black ; forehead, supercilia continued round the ear
coverts posteriorly, throat and below the breast white, the latter tinged with
yellow ; primaries fuscous ashy, the first white externally ; tail blackish,
except the medial feathers, which are vinaceous ashy, and the outermost and
penultimate which have white margins. Bill and feet black.
Length.— -8 inches ; wing 4-5 ; tail 3 ; culmen 0-4 ; tarsus I.
Hab. — The Himalayas, Nepaul, Kumaon, also Cashmere,
#>->
SP1ZALAUDA, 359
Gen. Spizalauda.—
Bill as in Alauda, with the nostrils protected by bristles, but thicker and
Mirafra-like in its form ; wings long; 1st quill minute; the next four about
equal and longest as in the true Larks ; tertiaries lengthened ; hind toe and
claw moderately developed but the claws longer than in Mirafra, Coronal
feathers lengthened and forming a pointed crest, (/erd.)
903, Spisalauda deva (Sykei), Jerd., B, Ind. ii. p, 433> No. 765 ;
Sir. I1, iv. p. 237. Alauda deva, Sykes, Cal. 98. Mirafra Hayi, Jerd,, 2nd
SuppL Cat. 1 88, bis; id,, J. A. S. B, xiii. p. 959. Spizalauda malabarica
(Scop.\ Hume, Nests and Egg Ltd. B. p. 483. — The SMALL CRESTED LARK.
Upper plumage, including the crest, isabeHine or rufous brown, with black
mesial streaks ; the upper tail coverts plain rufcscent ; first primary broadly
edged with rufescent, and the outermost tail feather and most of the penulti-
mate of the same hue ; superciliary streak continued round the back of the
head and lower plumage isabeHine, the breast with a few dusky striae ; the
throat paler isabeHine. Bill horny brown, yellowish below ; feet fleshy brown ;
irides dark brown.
Length, — 5-5 to 575 inches; wing 3*3-, tail 2 ; culmen 0*7; tarsus 0-7$;
hind toe and claw 0-75 ; crest about 075, with a dark brown mesial streak to
each feather,
Hab. — Southern India, the Carnatic, Deccan, and Central India, the Central
Provinces, Punjab, N.-vV. Provinces, Oudh, and Behar. Recorded from Lahore,
Etawah, Jhansi, Saugor, Mysore, and the Neilgherries. Breeds wherever
found. Eggs like those of its congeners.
Gen. Alauda.— Linn.
Bill cylindrical, conical or subulate ; nostrils concealed ; wings very long,
no spurious quill; 1st, 2nd and 3rd primaries longest, tips of the lesser quill
marginate; tail forked, short or moderate ; head crested.
904. Alauda glllgula, Frankl, P. Z, S. 1831, p. 119; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 434 ; Hume and Dav., Lahore to Yarkand, p. 269, pi. xxxix. ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 486 ; Blylh, B. Burm. p. 95 ; Armstrong, Sir. F.
iv. p. 337 > Oates, Sir. F. v. p. 163 ; Anderson^ Yunnan Evped. p. 605 ; Hume
and Dav., Sfr. F. vi. p. 409; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 630; Hume, S/r. F. viii.
p. 109; Scully, S/r. F. viii. p. 338 ; Hume, Sir. F. ix. p. 355 ; Oates, S/r.
F. x. p. 234. Alauda peguensis, Oates, Sir. F. iii. p. 342. Alauda arvensis
(£.), David el Oust., Ois. Chine; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 373.— The
INDIAN SKY LARK.
Head, nape, back, scapulars, and rump dark brown, margined with fulvous
crest moderately long ; eye streak pale fulvous ; ear coverts dusky with a few
brown spots ; upper tail coverts like the back, tinged slightly with rufous ;
VOL. II.— 47
fa
360 ALAUDID^E.
wing coverts brown, edged with greyish ; primaries and secondaries brown,
with rufous or fulvous margins on their outer webs ; tail dark brown, outer-
most feather on each side fulvescent white, except a faint dusky margin on the
inner margin of the inner web, the next with the outer web only fulvescent ;
chin, throat, breast and rest of under surface fulvescent white, deeper on the
breast and streaked with dusky: bill horny brown, pale beneath ; legs fleshy
brown ; irides dark brown.
Length.— 6 to 6-5 inches ; wing 3-25 to 375 ; tail 2-25 ; bill at front 0-37
to 0-5.
Hab— Throughout India to Cashmere and Nepaul ; Sind, Kutch, Raj-
putana, N. Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Punjab,
N.-W. Provinces and Cashmere. It is said by Blyth to occur in Arracan. Gates
found it abundant in Southern Pegu, and according to Dr. Armstrong it is
said to be spread over the whole Irrawady delta. Davison observed it in the
plains between the Sittangand Salween rivers and in the immediate neighbour-
hood of Moulmein. It ranges throughout India, also the Indo-Burmese
countries, and Ceylon. Frequents cultivated lands. Breeds during December:
The nest is not unlike that of other larks, and is made in depressions in the
ground under the shelter of a stone or tuft of grass. Eggs 3—4, white, or
greyish-white mottled with brown. Eggs have been taken in the Nilgherries,
in the Central Provinces, Central India, Punjab, and N.-W. Provinces.
Gen. Galerida.— Boie.
Bill lengthened, curved slightly ; wings with the first primary partially
developed, next four sub-equal ; head crested.
905. Galerida cristata (Zz>/«.), Gould, B. Eur. pi. 165; p. E.
503, i. Naum. vogt. t. 99, i. ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 437, No. 769 ; Blf., East.
Pers. ii. p. 240 ; Hume, Str. F. i. 214 ; vii. p. 185 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.
fyc. Sind, p. 19 1. — The LARGE CRESTED LARK.
Head, nape, back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts pale sandy or pale
rufous brown ; the feathers of the crest, and in some specimens, of the fore-
head also, with a mesial dark brown streak ; the back and scapulars with dark-
shaft stripes ; a pale fulvous streak from the nostrils to above the eye as a
supercilium ; lores pale fulvous or fulvous white, with, in some specimens,
a faint dusky streak in the centre, in front of the eye ; feathers below the eye
whitish, followed by curved dusky line, then white, and followed by a dusky
streak at the base of the lower mandible on each side ; chin, throat, sides of
the neck and breast white ; abdomen, flanks, and under tail coverts sullied
white ; breast with longitudinal streaks or oval spots ; ear coverts pale brown ;
\vings pale brown ; the wing coverts edged and tipped pale rufous, also the
primaries, secondaries and tertiaries, and all with a broad rufous or pale
salmon margin on their inner web, the under wing coverts and wing lining
being of this hue ; tail dusky or dark brown, the centre feathers broadly
CERTHILAUDA. 361
margined with rufescent, or mixed rufescent and dusky, the Outermost
feather on each side rufescent, or rufescent white, except a dusky wash on
the inner web ; the next margined with rufescent white on the outer web,
forming a tip of the same colour, and running up and forming a very narrow
edge on the inner web for one-half the length of the feathers (this is
not constant), rest of the tail feathers very narrowly tipped with rufescent
white. Bill yellowish dusky on the ridge of the upper mandible; legs pale
brown ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 7 to 7'5 inches ; wing 3-75 to 4*25 ; tail 2-25 to 275 ; bill at front
075.
Hab. — Universally distributed from sea level to nearly 8,000 feet above the
sea ; S.-E. Europe, Asia, Africa, throughout India, Persia, Beloochistan, and
Afghanistan. Like A. gulgula it rises in the air to a great height, soaring
up to the sun often so high that the eye cannot follow it, all the while singing,
as it advances higher, as if springing up into the higher regions. This is
chiefly noticed during the breeding season (April and May). It however
descends rapidly, but continues its song till within a few feet of the ground.
As remarked by Mr. Hume, this species is variable in size and colouration,
so much so, that at least half-a-dozen species have been made by Franklin,
Sykes, Jerdon and Blyth. "The examination of a large series," Mr. Hume
says, " proves that it is impossible to draw a line anywhere between the largest
and the smallest examples. A perfect series of the wings occurs, and as for
the difference in tone of plumage, big and little examples are alike met with
amongst the brown, rufous, sandy, grey or desert colour types."
Gen. Certhilauda.— Sws.
Bill slender, lengthened, longer than in Galerida, more or less curved ;
nostrils naked; wings long, first quill spurious, next three sub-equal; tail
moderate or long, even; hind claw variable.
906. Certhilauda desertorum (Stanley), Gould, Eur. pi. 168 ;
Tern., PL Col. 393 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. 439, No. 770; Hume, Sir. F. i. 216 ;
Blf., East. Per. ii. p. 240 ; Murray, Zool., 8fc., Sind, p. 192 ; Gray, Handlist,
No. 7794; Rupp., Abyss, pi. 5. Certhilauda doriae, Salv., Atti. R. Acad. Set.
Tor. iii. 1868, p. 292.— The DESERT LARK.
Head, nape, back, scapulars and rump isabelline or pale earthy grey,
slightly tinged with fulvescent on the back and scapulars ; upper tail coverts
pale brown, edged with whitish ; supercilium, a small patch under the eye,
chin and throat white; ear coverts fulvous white; a spot in front of the eye,
another behind the eye just above the ear coverts, and a streak from the gape,
dark brown ; feathers of the breast dusky or dark brown, edged and tipped
with white ; the lower breast with a few dark brown oval spots ; sides of the
breast isabelline or pale earthy grey, tinged with fulvescent; rest of under
surface, including the vent and under tail coverts, white ; primaries and their
362 STURNID^E.
coverts dark brown, nearly black ; the primaries basally white, and their
coverts margined and tipped with white ; first primary pale brown, very short ;
second twice its length, and a third shorter than the third ; secondaries white,
dark brown on the middle of each feather, the dark brown broadest on the
first secondary of the sixth quill, and decreasing obliquely in extent on the next
and following, towards their bases, till on the last it forms a small spot ;
tertiaries fulvescent, broadly shaded in the middle along the shaft with dusky,
and all with obsolete dusky transverse barrings ; wing coverts pale brown,
edged with fulvescent ; edge of the wing and under wing coverts white ;
tail dark brown, graduated ; the centre feathers fulvescent, shaded with dusky
or pale earthy brown, the outermost on each side margined on the outer web
and tipped white, the next very narrowly margined and tipped whitish, and
the rest with very faint margins of fulvescent, and all with obsolete dusky
transverse barrings. Bill horny, darker on the ridge and yellowish white at the
base of the lower mandible; irides brown ; legs china white.
Length. — 9 to ii inches; wing 5 to 5-45 ; tail 3-75 to 4*2 ; bill at front n to
1*2.
Hab. — S.-E. Europe, N. Africa, Arabia, Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan. Inhabits desert places and sandy
tracts.
Tristram has an interesting account of this species in Vol. i. of the " Ibis,"
p. 527. It runs with great rapidity and is never found congregated in flocks.
Mr. Hume (S. F. i. 216) says "they never apparently fly if left undisturbed,
but run about with their little porcelain white legs twinkling in the sunlight,
hither and thither, for all the world like miniature coursers." Tristram
however says " he has watched it in the early morning, rise perpendicularly
to some elevation, and then suddenly drop, repeating these gambols uninter-
ruptedly over exactly the same spot for nearly an hour. Except in this there
is nothing of the lark in its flight."
SECTION.— OSCINES CULTIROSTRES.
Family.— STURNID^:.— STARLINGS.
Bill straight or very slightly curved, rather long pointed and compressed,
often angulated at the base, the tip entire or slightly notched ; wings long and
pointed ; tail moderate ; tarsus strong ; nostrils on each side covered with
feathers. They walk freely on the ground, fly well, are gregarious, and
live on fruit, insects, grain, and some on the ordure of cattle. They nidificate
under the eaves of roofs or in holes of trees. Some arc intelligent and are
caged, and taught to utter long and amusing sentences. The Indian species
may be said to be divided into Starlings and Mynahs ; Glossy Mynahs or
Grakles.
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.
STURNUS VULGARIS, L
Linn,
STURNUS. 363
Sub-Family.— STURNIN^E.
Bill with the sides compressed, tip rather blunt and flattened ; wings long
and pointed ; tail rather short ; tarsi strong, scutate in front; toes long and
strong. .
Gen. SturnUS-— Linn.
Bill sharp, straight, and with a conical groove; nostrils feathered; 2nd
quill longest.
907. Sturnus vulgaris (Lin.), Gould, B. Eur. pi. 210; P. E. 76;
Naum. vogt. t. 62 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii p. 321, No. 68 1 ; Murray, Vert. Zool.,
Sind, p. 178 ; id., Zool. Bel. and Afgh. — The COMMON STARLING.
Head, neck, nape, chin, throat, breast and back black, glossed with purple,
bronze, and green in different lights, the latter predominating on the head and
neck, each feather tipped with a small brownish white triangular or round
spot, which, in very old birds, wear out on the head and neck chiefly. Greater
and lesser wing coverts dusky, edged with pale reddish brown ; primaries,
secondaries and tertiaries also dusky, their outer webs glossed green,
margined with light reddish brown ; tail short, dusky, their outer webs
more or less glossed with green and edged with pale reddish brown or
buffish ; under tail coverts black, edged with white. Bill black ; legs dark
brownish red.
Length. — 9 inches ; wing 5 ; tail 3 ; bill at front 1*25.
Hab. — Europe, Asia, and India generally during winter, to the Himalayas.
More common in Sind and the North- West Provinces, associating in large
flocks. It is said by Theobald to breed in Cashmere. Eggs 4 — 6, pale bluish
green.
908. SturnUS minor, Hume, Sir. F. \. p. 207; v. p. 328 ; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., '8fc.y Sind, p. 175; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 178; Str. F.
v. p. 328. — The LESSER STARLING.
"The general character of the plumage is like that of the ordinary Star-
ing, but in the first place, whereas in the common Starling the reflexions
of the head are purple and of the back green; in these birds, the head is
green and the back purple ; secondly, whereas in the common Starling the
wing varies from 5 to 5*35 and the tarsus from 1*1 to 1*2; in these birds the
wing is only 4-3 and the tarsus barely I ; the bills arc about the same length
as the common Starling, measuring exactly an inch in front, but they are
more pointed, have a more decided culmen ridge, and are less broad at the
base." — (Hume.}
Hab. — Sind ; breeds from March to June.
Eggs not unlike in shape those of the common Starling, but decidedly
smaller, a light pale bluish green, the shell finely pitted.
364 STURNID^:.
909. SturilUS UniCOlor (Marmora), Gould, D. Asia, pi. 21 1 ; Jcrd.,
B. Ind- ii. p. 322, No. 682. Sturnus nitens, Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 409 ; v. 328.
— The GLOSSY BLACK STARLING.
Glossy black throughout, with a few or without any speckles of white.
Length.— 9-5 ; wing 5-1 ; tail 175 ; bill at front I.
Hab. — Europe ; also in Sind and the N.-W. Provinces of India to Cashmere,
and Afghanistan, where it is said to breed, building in holes of trees, in river
banks and in old buildings, making a loose nest of grass and thin sticks,
and laying 4 — 6 eggs, more or less pyriform in shape, and of an uniform pale
bluish green colour.
Gen. Sturnopastor.— Hodgs.
Bill nearly straight, more depressed than in Sturnus ; orbits bare ; plumage
pied.
910. Sturnopastor superciliaris, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xxxii.
p. 77; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 427; id., Str. F. iii. p. 149;
Armstrong* Sfr. F. iv. p. 331 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 387; Hume,
Str. F, viii. p. 106 ; OatestB. Br. Burm. i. p. 378. Sturnopastor contra
(Z.), Blyth, B. Burm. p. 90. Sturnopastor contra, var. superciliaris,
Anderson, Yunnan Exped. p. 594. — The BURMESE PIED MYNAH.
Forehead streaked with white, which and the nape, also the sides of the
neck, chin, throat and upper breast are glossy black; lores, supercilium,
cheeks, ear coverts and entire under plumage white ; back, rump and upper
tail coverts dark brown ; a band of white across the lower rump ; wings and
tail dark brown ; the greater wing coverts black, the median series white, the
lesser coverts black, margined with white, the tertiaries broadly margined with
white.
Gape and basal half of bill orange, the rest yellowish white ; mouth black ;
eyelids orange yellow ; irides pale yellow ; legs and claws brown.
Length. — 9 inches ; wing 4*5 ; tail 2*6 ; tarsus 2 ; bill from gape 1*45.
Hab. — British Burmah — except Tenasserim — extending as far as Bhamo.
Like the other species is found about houses, and among grazing cattle.
Gates says it breeds in Burmah from April to June, making a large nest of grass
and straw, placing it on the lower bough of a tree. Eggs 4 — 5 in number,
blue to pale sky blue in colour, rather glossy, roxo82.
911. Sturnopastor contra (Linn.), Jerd. ii. p. 323, No. 683;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 379 ; Hume, Nests a?id Eggs Ind. B. p. 426. —
The PIED MYNAH.
Head, neck and upper breast glossy black; ear coverts, supercilium, upper
and under tail coverts, also an oblique wing bar and rest of the under surface,
white, the latter tinged with reddish ash. Bill reddish at base, yellow al the
tip; legs yellowish ; orbital ring orange yellow ; irides brown.
ACRIDOTHERES. 355
Length. — 9 inches ; wing 475 ; tail 275 ; culmen ri ; tarsus 1-25,
Hab.— Nearly throughout the Indian Peninsula, except in the South and
South-West. Jerdon says it is found throughout Bengal up to the foot of the
Himalayas. Ic is said to be more common in the Northern Circars than any-
where else, thence inland to Hydrabad, Nagpore, and Sangor (Central
Provinces) and through Bundelcund to Allahabad. It breeds, according to
Hume, throughout the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, Bengal, the Eastern portions
of the Punjab and Rajputana, the Central Provinces and Central India. The
breeding season lasts from May to August. The nests are built in trees (a
shapeless mass of rubbish), at the extremities of lateral branches, made up
of straw, grass, twigs, roots and rags, with a deep cavity lined with feathers.
The eggs, Hume says, are moderately broad ovals, a good deal pointed towards
one end, but pyriform and elongated examples also occur. The eggs are
spotless blue and commonly brilliantly glossy, having also a tinge of green.
In length they vary from 0-95 to T25, and in breadth from 075 to O'Q, the
average of too being rn x 0*82.
Gen. Acridotheres,— Vieill. ; Gracula, Cm.
Bill stouter and shorter than in Sturnus. Culmen deflected at tip ; nostrils
concealed by the frontal plumes ; tail rounded ; tarsi stout ; a naked space
usually behind the eye ; head crested or sub-crested ; its quill rudimentary.
912. Acridotheres tristis (Linn), Jerd., B. ind. ii. p. 325, No.
684 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 428 ; Blyth, B. Br. Burm. p. 89 ;
Gates, Sir. F. v. p. 160; Plume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 388; Anderson,
Yunnan Exped. p. 593 ; Cripps, Sir. F. vii. p. 290 ; Hti??ie, Sir. F. viii.
p. 106; Scully, Sir. F. viii. p. 330; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 178;
Gates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 379.— The COMMON MYNA.
Head sub-crested ; nape, neck behind, chin, throat and breast glossy black ;
back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts brown ; wing coverts, primaries
and secondaries black ; edge of the wing and the base of the primaries white,
forming a conspicuous wing patch ; tail black, the feathers tipped white ;
lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white. Bill and orbits deep
yellow ; legs dull yellow ; irides reddish.
Length. — 9*5 to 10 inches ; wing 5*25 ; tail 3*5 ; bill at front O'S to 0*9.
Hab. — Throughout India to Assam, Burmah and Ceylon, and a resident
everywhere ; breeding in holes of trees, roofs of houses and almost anywhere,
except on the ground, from June to August. Eggs 4, of a glossy pale green,
greenish or deep bluish green colour.
913. Acridotheres ginginianus (Lath.), Lev., 0. A. t. 952;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 326, No. 685 ; Murray \ Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 175 ;
id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 179; Hume, Nesls and Eggs Ind. B. i. p. 29;
Gates, B. Br. Burmah, p. 382.— The BANK MYNA.
366 STURNID^E.
Head, nape, sides of the face, lores and ear coverts black ; chin, throat,
breast, flanks and outer thigh coverts cinereous or dark ashy ; neck, the back,
rump and upper tail coverts dark ashy ; wings black, edge of wing and wing
spot orange buff or ferruginous ; tail black, the feathers tipped with dull
ferruginous ; middle of abdomen, vent, under tail, and inner thigh coverts
pale ferruginous. Bill yellow, red at the tip ; orbits and nude spot behind the
eye red ; feet dull yellow.
Length. — 8-5 to 9 inches ; wing 5 ; tail 3*25 ; bill at front 1*25.
Hab.— India, generally to Assam and Burmah ; common in Sind, Punjab,
N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central India, Deccan, Concan, Kutch,
Kattiawar and Jodhpore. Breeds in nearly every locality it is found, either in
holes in earthen banks and cliffs, from April to August ; eggs generally 4 — 5.
Like the rest of the family the eggs are spotless, very glossy, and of different
shades of very pale sky and greenish blue.
914. Acridotheres fuscus(7^™.)' Jerd.,B. Ind. ii. p. 327, No. 686;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Lid. B. p. 431 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 90 ; Armstrong,
Sir. F. iv. p. 332 ; Oates, S/r. F. v. p. 160; Hume and Davison, Sir. F. vi.
p. 388; Anders., Yunnan Exped. p. 594; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 291 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 106 ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 330; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
p. 380. — The JUNGLE MYNAH,
Entire head, including the nasal plumes, frontal crest, ear coverts and nape
glossy black ; back, rump, and upper tail coverts fuscous black tinged with
vinous ; scapulars the same ; primaries black, with a white spot near the base,
and tipped with bronze ; secondaries black, broadly edged with bronze on the
outer webs ; tertiaries and upper wing coverts wholly bronze ; tail brownish
black, the feathers tipped with white, but more narrowly on the middle
.feathers ; chin, throat and breast cinereous brown, albescent on the abdomen,
the sides of the body having a ruddy tinge in some specimens; under tail
coverts white ; under wing coverts black. Bill bluish black at base, orange
yellow at tip ; irides variable, greyish white, pale yellow or bright gamboge
yellow ; legs orange yellow.
Length.— 9*5 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 4*7 ; tarsus 1*45 ; culmen 0*8.
Hab.— Nearly throughout India. Occurs in the Punjab and N.-W. Provinces
as a summer visitant, where it breeds in favourable localities. In South India
it occurs on the Neilgheries, also in Mysore and the Wynaad. In British
Burmah, Oates says, it is found abundantly in all parts as far South as Mergui.
It also inhabits the Malay Peninsula. It is found also in Central India and the
Central Provinces, Lower Bengal, Assam, Nepaul, Cachar and a considerable
portion of Western India. Their breeding habits are not unlike those of
Acrid, tristis, and the eggs too, which can be scarcely distinguished from
them. Acridotheres albocinctus, a species distinguished by its conspicuous
STURNIA, 30?
white collar, is said to be found in Munipur, which is not British territory ; it is
possible however that it may be found in Tenasserim.
915. Acridotheres siamensis, Swinhoe, P. z. S. 1863, p. 303 ;
Wald. in Blyth, B. Burm. p. 90 ; id., Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 203 ; Wardlaw-
Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 460 ; Hume and Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 388 ; Anders.^
Yunnan Expcd. p. 594; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 106 ; ix. p. 285 ; Oates, B+
Br. Burm. i. p. 381. — The SIAMESE MYNAH.
Upper plumage black, lower blackish brown, except the under tail coverts,
which are pure white with black bases ; tail black, broadly tipped with white ;
wings black, glossed with bronze, the primaries with a large patch of white
near their bases. Feathers of the head very narrow and pointed; frontal
plumes long, about 0*75 inch. Bill orange yellow ; irides pale chocolate; legs
dusky yellow. (War dlaw- Ramsay, ex. Oates, B. Burm.)
Length. — 10 inches ; wing 5*2 ; tail 3*5 ; tarsus I '5 ; bill from gape 1*3.
Hab. — Karenne, at an elevation of 3,000 feet, where it was obtained by
Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay. It is found in Siam and abundantly so in Cochin-
China. Dr. Anderson, Oates says, found it at Bhamo in Native Burmah.
Gen. Sturnia — Less.
General characters same as those of Acridotheres. Bill less stout, barely
deflected at tip ; ist and 2nd primaries sub-equal; head usually crested.
916. Sturnia pagodarum (Gmel.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 329, No. 687 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 432 ; Ball, Sir. F. ii. p. 419. Sturnia
pagodarum, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 90; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 677 ; Hume, S/r.
F. viii. p. 106. Temenuchus pagodarum, Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 179;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 382. Turdus pagodarum, Gmel., Sysf. Nat. i.
p. 816. — The BLACK-HEADED MYNAH.
Head, with the long crest, nape and lores black ; ear coverts, sides of the
neck and behind, breast and abdomen, fulvous or pale orange buff, the feathers
with mesial whitish streaks ; back, scapulars, outer webs of secondaries and
tertiaries grey, the innermost tertiaries entirely grey; primaries dark brown,
edged with black on their outer webs ; edge of wing under wing, and under tail
coverts and the vent white ; tail dark brown, the feathers broadly tipped white ;
the centre feathers grey like the back. Bill bluish at base, rest yellow ; irides
whitish ; legs bright yellow.
Length. — 8'5 to 9 inches ; wing 4-2 ; tail 3 ; bill at front 0*37.
Hab. — India. Ceylon, Cashmere, Assam, Burmah ; common in Southern
India and in the Carnatic ; also Travancore and the Northern Circars. Occurs
also in Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Deccan and Concan, but not in any
numbers ; usually in company with Acridotheres tristis.
VOL. II. —48
368 STURNID^.
917. Sturnia Stumina (/V/.), Hume ami Dav., Sir. F. \i. p. 393 ;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 106; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 193; Gates, B. Br.
Burm. p. 383. Gracula sturnina, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs iii. p. 965 ; Gm.,
Syst. Nat. i. p. 399 ; Wald., Trans. Zool. Socy. ix. p. 204. Sturnia dauricus,
Pall., Act, Holm. 1778, p. 197, t. vii. ; Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 806; Pal/.,
Zoogr. Rosso. Asia/, i. p. 422. Pastor malayensis, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 103.
Temenuchus dauricus, Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 249; David et Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 362. Sturnia daurica, Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 270. Calornis daurica, Bl.
and Wald., B. Burm. p. 91.— The DAURIAN MYNAH.
Head grey, with a spot of metallic purple on the crown ; neck, under wing
coverts and axillaries, also the whole lower plumage, grey ; chin and throat
tinged with fawn ; vent and under tail coverts buff ; back, rump and lesser
•wing coverts metallic purple; a band of buff across the rump ; tail metallic
green, the outer webs of the outer pair of feathers buff ; median wing coverts
black, broadly tipped with white and tinged with buff ; greater coverts black,
edged with metallic green, the scapulars with most of their outer webs buff,
and the inner webs black at base and buffy brown at the ends ; primaries
brown, edged and tipped with metallic green, and the first few primaries further
edged mesially with buffy brown ; secondaries brown, edged with metallic
green, and with a patch of buffish brown near the base of the outer webs.
In some birds the grey of the head and neck is produced on to the upper
back, arid is streaked with brown. (Oa/es.) Legs and feet dull earthy green ;
the bill varies from black to brown, blue or whitish, and is greenish at the
base of the lower mandible. (Davison.) Irides dark brown, claws horn
colour. (Bingham.)
Length.— 7$ inches ; wing 4 ; tail 2 ; tarsus ri ; bill from gape \.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, Cochin-China and the Island of Java. A winter
visitor to British Burmah. Gates says, Mr. Davison procured it in Tenasserim
from Moulmein down to Mergui, and that Captain Bingham got it on the banks
of the Hoongdraw River. Abundant near Tavoy, going about in small flocks.
918. Sturnia SinensiS (Gmel.), Blyth and Walden, B. Burm. p. 91 ;
Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 363 ; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 514; viii. p. 106;
ix. p. 118 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 229; id., Birds Br. Burm. i. p. 384. Oriolus
sinensis, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 394. Pastor elegans, Less. Voy. Belanger,
,p. 266, pi. 6. — The CHINESE MYNAH.'
Forehead, crown, lores, round the eye, the chin, rump and upper tail
coverts, also the flanks, under tail coverts, axillaries, and under wing coverts
rosy ferruginous ; nape and back deep grey ; sides of the neck, throat, breast
and abdomen lighter grey than the back ; ear coverts grey tinged with ferru-
ginous ; wings, primary coverts and winglet black ; the tertiaries suffused with
metallic blue, the other feathers edged with the same; wing coverts white, the
greater series suffused with rosy ferruginous; tail black, the middle pair
STURNIA. 369
narrowly, the others broadly, tipped with ferruginous. After moulting the
rosy ferruginous fades to whitish.
The young are uniform greyish brown-, with the wing coverts pure white.
Bill blue ; the mouth darker blue ; iris white ; legs plumbeous ; claws horn
colour.
Length. — 8 inches; wing 4; tail 2'6; tarsus ri; bill from gape imi:
(Oates.)
Hab. — Cochin-China and Pegu in British Burmah during winter, retiring, it
is said, to Soath China in the summer, where, according to P6re David, it
breeds in holes of the roofs of houses. The birds, Gates met in Pegu, were
feeding on the ground in small flocks.
919. Sturnia burmannica, Jerd., Ibis, 1862, p. 21 ; Blyih and
Wald. B. Bttrm. p.QO; Hume, Str. F. viii, p. K)6; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 230;
id., Birds Br. Burm. i. p. 385.. Temenuchus burmannicus, Hume, Sir. F. Hi.
p. 149; Armstrong, Str> F. iv. p, 332. — JERDQN'S MYNAH.
Whole head and upper breast dull white ; back and scapulars ashy brown ;
rump and upper tail coverts paler ;. central pair of tail feathers dark ashy
brown, the others blackish, all broadly tipped with white; breast and abdomen.'
vinous ; vent and under tail coverts fulvous white ; under wing coverts and
axillaries white ;. primaries dark brown, tipped paler, and the bases of all pure
white ; primary coverts white, with a little black near the base of the outer
feathers ; secondaries, tertiaries and wing coverts bronze, each feather very
narrowly margined with black on the outer web.
Iris da.rk brown; eyelids and naked skin, of the head slaty brown ; the gape,
the basal half OE the lower mandible and the base of the upper mandible black,.
the remainder of the bill black; mouth dark blue; legs and claws dusky
orange brown.
Length,— 9 inches; wing 4'6<; tail 3-1 ; tarsus 1:3; bill from gape 1/2.
Hab.— British Burmah. Gates says abundant in Pegu, especially round about
Thayetmyo. It has been procured at Tonghoo and in Karenne. In.the Irrawaddy
it has been found as far north; as Mandalay. He adds that it is a resident
species, and is generally found in large flocks, feeding on the ground, in
gardens and road sides, as well as in fields.
920. Sturnia leucocephala, Gigi. and Saiv., Atti. R. Ace. Sc. di.
Tor. v. p. 273; id.,. Ibis, 1870, p. 185; Oates, B. Br. Burm. \. p. 386.
Sturnia incognita, Hume, Str. F. viii, p. 396; ix. p. 295.— HUME'S MYNAH.
Forehead,, crown, occiput, crest and sides of the occiput dull earthy brown ;
chin, throat and sides of the head dusky brown ; nuchal collar vinous buff ;
breast, upper abdomen, sides and flanks vinous ; middle of lower abdomen,
vent, tibia! plumes and under tail coverts sullied white, tinged in some
370
specimens with vinous ; axillaries, under wing coverts, the bases of the pri-
maries and greater coverts white ; primaries black on the outer and brownish
on their inner webs ; secondaries and their coverts bronze-brown ; scapulars,
back and lesser wing coverts black, with in some lights greenish reflections ;
upper tail coverts pinkish white or vinous buff ; tail black, all the feathers
broadly tipped with white, the central pair very narrowly so. Bill orange,
reddish at the base, yellower at the tip ; legs and feet yellow ; orbital skin
below the eye extending behind for about half an inch blue black.
Le?igfh.—g\.Q 10 inches; wing 4-75 to 5-1 ; tail 3 to 3-4; tarsus 1*28 to
1*4; bill from forehead I to ri.
Hob. — Cochin-China, British Burmah and the hilly frontier dividing Tavoy
from Siam.
921. Stumia malabarica (Gruel.*), Blyth and Wald., B. Burm.
p. 90 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 380; Oates, -SVr. F. vii. p. 48 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 106; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 387. Turdus malabaricus,
Gm., Syst.Nat. i. p. 816. Temenuchus malabaricus, Jerd^ B, Ind. ii.
p. 330 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 433; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 419; Armstrong,
Str.F.iv. p. 332; Anderson, Yunnan Ex ped. p. 596. — The GREY-HEADED
MYNAH.
Male in new Moult. — Forehead, feathers over the eye and throat whitish ;
the whole upper plumage dark grey, tinged with ferruginous on the rump and
upper tail coverts ; the shafts of the feathers of the head and neck whitish j
winglet, primary coverts and all the primaries black, the Jatter tipped with
grey ; remainder of the wing blackish, all the feathers tipped and edged on
the outer web with grey ; the central pair of tail feathers grey, the others brown
at the base and tipped with dark ferruginous ; cheeks and ear coverts pale
rufous grey ; chin, throat and upper breast rufous grey, the feathers with
white centres ; rest of the lower plumage deep ferruginous, darker on the under
tail coverts. Bill blue at base, greenish in the middle and yellow at the tip ;
leg brownish yellow; claws greenish; iris light blue.
Length.— % inches ; wing 4- 1 to 4*2 ; tail 2-7 to 2-09; tarsus 0-9; bill from
gape i.
Later on, abrasion of the feathers begins and the colours fade, the grey becom-
ing brownish and the ferruginous of the lower surface fading into pale rufous.
//#£.— The Indo-Burmese countries, and a great portion of the Indian
Peninsula. Gates says it is spread over Arrakan, the southern portion of
Pegu, and in some parts of Tenasserim. Common all over Rangoon, also in
Northern India, and in Lower Bengal, extending to the N.-W. Provinces and
Central India, where it is found in small numbers. In South India and along
the Rutnagherry coast it is only a winter visitant. It also occurs in Assam in
small numbers. Like its congeners it lives on various fruits, seeds, insects, &c.
Its nidificalion, too, is not unlike that of its congeners in every particular.
tcALORNIS. 371
922. Sturnia Blythi, Jerd., B. 2nd. ii. p. 33i, NO. 689 ; str. F.
p. 391 ; Jerd.) III. Ind. Orn. pi. 22.— The WHITE-HEADED MYNAH.
Head, crest, neck, throat and breast silky white ; back and scapulars grey ;
der surface of the body deep rufous ; wing coverts and outer webs of the
ills and all the tertiaries grey ; quills black, tipped with grey ; central
feathers of the tail dark grey, blackish at base, the outer feathers deep ferru-
ginous brown, their bases dusky.
Bill blue at base, greenish in the centre, yellow at the tip ; irides greyish
white ; legs reddish yellow.
Length. — 8-5 inches; wing 4*2 ; tail 3 ; culmen 0*7 ; tarsus I.
Hab. — Malabar forests to 2,OOO feet in the Wynaad and the slopes of the
Ghats. Jerdon says it is found from the extreme south of the Malabar Coast
to about north lat. 15° or 16.° It is entirely arboreal, living in small flocks and
keeping to the tops of high trees, feeding on various insects and larvae, small
shells, and occasionally on fruit.
923. Sturnia nemoricola, Jerd., Ibis, 1862, p. 22 \ Biyth and
Wald.y B. Burm. p. 91 ; Hume and Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 390; Oates,
Sir. F. vii. p. 48 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 106 ; Oates* B. Br. Burm. i. p. 389.
Temenuchus leucopterus, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 48 (note). Temenuchus
nemoricolus, Str. F. iii. p. 151 ; Armstrong and Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 333. —
The WHITE-WINGED MYNAH.
Not unlike Sturnia malabarica in general appearance. After the moult,
the forehead and crown as far back as the eyes, also the chin, throat and
breast are a pearly grey ; lower plumage rosy buff ; winglet, primary coverts
and the first primary white.
Length. — 8 inches ; wing 4' I ; tail 2*7 ; tarsus 0*9; bill from gape I.
Hab. — British Burmah, extending into Cochin-China and to Thayetmyo in
the Irrawaddy Valley. S. erythropygia, Blyth, occurs in the Nicobars.
Gen. Calomis. — G. 7?. Gray.
General characters as in Sturnia ; plumage glossy black.
924. CalorniS Chalybea (Horsf.), Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 271 ; Blyth
and Wald., B. Burm. p. 91; Tweed., Ibis, 1877, p. 318; Hume and Dav.,
Str. F. vi. p. 394; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 101. Turdus chalybeus, Horsf.,
Trans. Lin. Soc. xiii. p. 148: Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 79. Turdus
strigatus, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 307. Calornis affinis (A. Say),
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. pp. 36, 369; id., B. Burm. p. 91 ; Wald., Ibis, 1875,
p. 461. Calornis Irwini, Hu?ne, Str. F. i. p. 481. Calornis Tytleri, Hume,
Str. F. i. p. 480; vi. p. 396.— The GLOSSY BLACK MYNAH.
372 STURNID/E.
Whole plumage above and below black, with a brilliant green gloss; lores
and feathers at the base of upper mandible unglossed black ; wings and tail
black, only slightly glossed bluish. Bill, legs and feet black ; irides crimson.
The young have the upper plumage brownish glossed with green ; wings
brown, with a paler edging ; under surface of the body buffy white, streaked
with greenish brown ; legs and feet brownish or blue-black ; irides yellowish
white.
Length. — 8-5 inches; wing 4-1 ; tail 3-2 ; tarsus 0-9; bill from gape i.
Hab.— The Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and British Burmah,
also the Andaman Islands and Arracan. Gates says it has been met with in
Chittagong, Tipperah, Cachar and Dacca. Davison says that about Male-
woon and Bankasoon it is very abundant in smaller or larger flocks. They
are very noisy birds, and have a sharp metallic single note. The eggs are
said to be " green, or light blue with brown spots and marks, closest together at
the thick end of the egg."
Gen. Pastor. —Tern.
Bill short, compressed, curving from the base, slightly deflected at the
tip ; groove of nostril clothed with short plumes; 2nd quill longest ; 1st spuri-
ous ; tarsus scutate ; tail even ; head with an occipital crest.
925. Pastor roseus (Zt«.), Gould, Birds of Eur. pi. 212; Nauru,
vogt. t. 63 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p, 333, No. 690; Blf., East. Persia ii. p. 267 ;
Sir. F. i. p. 208 ; iii. pp. 208, 495 ; Murray, Hdbk.t Zool., 8fc.t Sind, p. 176 ;
Murray, Vert. Zool, Sind. Pastor peguanus, Less. Pastor suratensis et
seleucus, Gm., Syst. Nat. — The ROSE-COLOURED PASTOR.
Head, crest, crown, neck on the back and nape black, glossed with bluish
purple; chin and throat black; entire back, breast, rump and upper tail
coverts pale salmon or delicate rose colour ; wing coverts black, the lesser
series margined with grey, and the greater series glossy black with purple
reflections ; primaries dark brown, tinged with greenish ; some of the seconda-
ries glossy black, also with green reflections, and others only so on the outer
web; tail greenish black; under tail coverts black. Bill yellowish rose;
legs yellowish brown ; irides deep brown.
Length. — 9 to 9-5 inches; wing 5-25 ; tail 3; bill at front 0*8.
Hab. — S.-E. Europe, Asia Minor, India, Ceylon and Assam. In the Deccan and
the Carnatic they come about November, and this is the time they come in
throughout Western India. They are very voracious feeders, and commit great
havoc among the jowaree and bajree crops, and in fact corn of any kind,
flower buds, and small fruits, as mulberries, capers, &c. A winter visitant in
most parts of India; arrives in Sind about the beginning of April in large
flocks ; in the Punjab and N.-W. Provinces in August. Occurs also as a
migrant in Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and Eastern Turkistan.
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA.
PASTOR ROSEUS, Linn.
GRACULA. 373
Sub-Family-— LAMPROTORNIN^E.—GRAKLES OR HILL MYNAHS.
Bill stouter than in the Sturnina ; culmen more or less curved and hooked,
tip notched ; nostrils more or less hidden by the frontal plumes ; wings long
or moderate and pointed ; tarsi short and stout ; plumage glossy. Like the
SturnincE, all the species live on fruit and insects, and nidificate in holes of
trees t>r in rocks, and like them associate with cattle.
Gen. Gracula. — Linn.
General characters of the sub-family ; head with naked wattles ; habits
frugivorous ; the species hop instead of walk on the ground.
926. Gracula intermedia, A. Hay, Madras Journ. xiii. pt. ii.
p. 157. Eulabes intermedia, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 339; Ball, Sir. F. i. p. 77 ;
Blyth and Wald., B. Burnt, p. 89; War dlaw- Ramsay , Ibis, 1877, p. 460;
Gates, Str. F. x. p. 230 ; 'Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. pp. 392-393. Eulabes Andaman-
ensis (Tytler}, Beavan,Ibis, 1867, p. 331 ; Wald., Ibis, 1871, p. 176. Eulabes
Javanensis (OsbJ), Hume, Sir. F.ii.p. 254; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 436; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 153; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 335; Bingham,
Sir. F. v. p. 86; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 396; Hume, Sir. F. viii.
p. 106. Corvus Javanensis, Osb., Voy. to China, i.p. 157. Eulabes Javanensis,
Wald., Ibis, 1871, p. 176. — The MALAYAN TALKING MYNAH.
Whole plumage black, the feathers broadly edged with shining metallic
lilac and green ; head, mantle and breast lilac : rump and upper tail coverts
green ; chin green, tinged with blue ; wings and tail unglossed blackish brown ;
1st six primaries with a white patch on the inner webs, the 2nd to the 7th with
the same on the inner ; wattles and naked skin of the head yellow, tinged with
orange ; corner of the eye tinged with blue ; legs yellow.
Length. — I r6 to 12 inches ; wing 6- 5 to6'8 ;tail 3*3 ; bill from gape 1*5 to r6.
Hab.-~ British Burmah, the hill tracts of Bengal as far as Kumaon, the Central
Provinces, and the Andaman Islands. Extends to the Malay Peninsula, and is
met with in Sumatra, Java, Bangka, Borneo and Palawan. According to
Blyth it inhabits Siam, and Dr. Tiraud says Cochin-China. This species
frequents jungles in small companies, and feeds entirely on fruit. On account
of their varied notes, they are favourite cage birds, and are said to excel the
best of parrots in the repetition of long sentences. According to Oates,
Captain Bingham found the nest of this species in Tenasserim in April in the
hollow of a stump of a broken branch. The nest consisted of a little grass
and a few twigs. The single egg found, with three young birds, was light
blue, spotted with purplish brown.
927. Gracula religiosa(£f«ra.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 337, NO. 692.—
The SOUTHERN HILL MYNAH.
Whole plumage glossy purplish black, with green reflections on the lower
back and upper tail coverts ; under surface less bright ; wings and tail deep
374 STURNID^R.
black; ist seven primaries with a white spot, forming a conspicuous wing
band ; wattles begin from below the eye, and form a large loose lappet. Bill
orange ; wattles deep yellow ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 10 inches ; wing 5-6 ; tail 2-8 ; culmen i.
Hab. — The forests of Malabar, Wynaad, Coorg and the Northern Circars-
Found in parties of 5 — 6.
Gen. Saraglossa.— //0</^.
Bill rather long, straight at base, depressed and compressed at the tip ;
culmen ridged, curved and slightly hooked ; gonys nearly straight ; nostrils
apert, but the frontal plumes descend over the base of the bill, which does
not divide the plumes ; wings pointed, the 1st three nearly equal ; tail firm,
short, subfurcate or nearly even ; legs and feet strong and arboreal ; claws
acute and well curved. (Jerd.)
928. Saraglossa spiloptera (Vigors), Jerd., B. ind. \\. p. 336;
No. 691 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 434 ; Wald. in BlytJis B. Burm.
p. 91 ; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 334 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi, p. 394 ;
Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 106; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 394. — The SPOTTED-
WINGED STARE or CHESTNUT-THROATED MYNAH.
Forehead to the upper back pale plumbeous, the feathers tipped with dusky
black ; lower back and scapulars pale plumbeous, each feather edged or tipped
with brownish ; rump brown ; upper tail coverts brown tinged with rufous ;
lores, cheeks and ear coverts black ; chin and throat deep chestnut rufous ;
centre of abdomen, under wing coverts, axillaries and under tail coverts white;
flanks and rest of under surface deep rufous; primaries, secondaries and
primary coverts glossy greenish black ; the primaries with a white spot at
their base ; wing coverts dark brown edged with grey. Bill dusky horny ; legs
brown ; irides white ; upper and lower mandible margined with pale yellow.
Length. — 7-5 to 8 inches ; wing 4'2 ; tail 2'5 ; culmen 075 ; tarsus 0-85.
Hab. — Western and Central Himalayas. Inhabits the valleys about Simla
and Mussoorie up to 6,000 feet. In Burmah it has been observed in the Pegu
Division, also on the Karin hills and at the mouth of the Rangoon river. Said
to nidificate in holes gf trees, lining the cavity with bits of leaves. The eggs
are usually three in number, sometimes 4 — 5, of a delicate pale sea green,
speckled with blood-like stains, sometimes tending to form a ring at the larger
end. The eggs, Hume says, are glossless and vary in size from 1*03 — ro8 x
0-60—074.
Gen. Ampeliceps.— Biyth.
Characters similar to Saraglossa. Head yellow.
929. Ampeliceps coronatus, Biyth, 7. A. S. B. xi. p. 194;
xv. p. 32 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 436 ; Biyth, B. Burm. p. 89;
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 335 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 398 ; Hume,
GRACUPICA. 375
Sir. F. viii. p. 106 ; Ing I is, Sir. F. ix. p. 256 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 231 ; Gates,
B. Br. Burmah i. p. 395. — The YELLOW-CROWNED MYNAH.
Entire head, chin and throat bright yellow ; rest of the plumage glossy
black ; 2nd to 7th primaries with a yellow patch on the outer webs, and the
1st six with a white patch on the inner webs.
The young have not the yellow head. Bill pale orange ; gape bluish; mouth
livid; irides dark brown ; orbital ring yellow, tinged with orange; legs dull
orange.
Length.— 8-5 inches ; wing 5 ; tail 2'4; tarsus I ; bill from gape i*i.
Sab. — British Burmah ; Kyakpadien, China-ka-beer, Tonghoo and
Tenasserim from Moulmein to Tavoy. It has also been recorded from
Cachar. Mr. Davison found its nest in April near Tavoy on a low range of
hills in a hole in the branch of a large dry tree 20 feet from the ground. The
nest was composed, he says, of coarse dry grass, mixed with dried leaves, twigs
and bits of bark.
Gen. Gracupica.— Less.
930. Gracupica nigricollis (Pqyk.\ David et Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 364 ; Hume, Str. F. ix. p. 288 ; Oates, B. Br. Burmah i. p. 377. Gra-
cula nigricollis, Payk., Act. Holm, xxviii. t. ix. (1766). — The BLACK-NECKED
MYNAH.
Whole head white, encircled by a broad ('75 to 1*2 inch) black collar,
followed by a demicollar of broadly white-margined black feathers ; back,
scapulars, upper rump and the longer tail coverts dark brown, edged paler ;
lower rump and shorter tail coverts white ; tail dark brown, broadly tipped
with white ; under surface of the body (the black collar excepted) white ; under
wing coverts black, tipped with white ; primary coverts white ; wings and other
coverts dark brown, the feathers tipped with white ; very minutely on the
primaries.
In the young the whole head and collar space is light brown. Nude orbital
skin bright yellow. {Oates.)
Length.— \\ inches; wing 6- 3; fail 4 ; tarsus r6; culmen ri.
Hab. — Southern China, Siam and Cochin China, extending upwards to Upper
Burmah, where it was procured at Bhamo by Dr. Anderson. It has also been
procured in Tenasserim.
Family .— PiTTiDyE.
Bill strong, moderately long or nearly as long as the head, culmen convex
slightly curved ; nasal aperture basal, oblong, covered by membrane ; tarsus
long, seldom equal or longer than the tail. Plumage brilliant, They nidifi-
cate in open nests and lay spotted eggs.
VOL. II.— 49
376 PITTID^E.
Gen. Anthocincla.— Biytk.
Frontal plumes recumbent ; tail short, one half the length of the wing.
931. Anthocincla Phayrii, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xxxi. p. 343; id.,
B. Burm. p. IOO ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 109, pi. ii., et viii. p. 94 ; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 245 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. pp. 177, 474 ; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. i. p. 420; Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiv. p. 413.— PHAYRE'S PITTA.
A mesial band from the forehead passing along the centre of the crown and
widening on the nape and entire hind neck black ; sides of the mesial band
fulvous brown, or light brown, each feather narrowly edged with black ; lores,
cheeks and ear coverts mixed rufescent brown and black ; long supercilium
reaching down the side of the neck white, bordered by a black line ; upper
plumage rufescent or clear brown ; wing coverts brown, with black subapical
cross bars and bright rufous tips ; tertiaries and tail duller than the back ;
primaries brown, broadly tipped paler and with a broad fulvous patch at the
base of each feather ; secondaries brown, edged with rufescent brown ; chin
and centre of throat white ; the sides, fulvous, margined with black ; under
surface of the body fulvous ; breast feathers and flanks spotted with black ;
legs and under tail coverts pink.
The female is similar to the male, except that the mesial coronal streak is
absent and the under surface more spotted. Bill dark horn ; irides chestnut
brown ; legs and feet flesh colour. Female — Bill horny ; irides dark brown ;
feet fleshy white.
Length.— -8-4 to 87 inches ; wing 3-95 to 4 ; tail 2 to 2-3 ; tarsus 1-25 ; bill
from gape 1*48-
Hab. — Tenasserim and the Karin hills. According to Mr. Davison this
species has quite the habits of a Pitta, feeding exclusively on the ground.
Capt. Bingham found its nests in the Thoungyen valley ; it was a compact little
oven-shaped nest made on the ground at the foot of a tree constructed of
leaves, roots and grass. The entrance was on the side looking down the steep
slope on which it was built. It contained four eggs, glossy white, and spotted
chiefly at the larger end with purplish black.
Gen. Pitta, Vieill.
Bill shorter than in Anthocincla, and less compressed, tail shorter, more or
less square, tarsus nearly always shorter than it.
932. Pitta nipalensis, (Hodgs.), Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 214; Blyth,
Cat. B. Br. Mus. As. Soc. p. 156; Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 108 ; Gould, B.
Asia, vi. pi. 79. Paludicola nipalensis, Hodgs.* J. A- S. B., vi. p. 103.
Brachyurus nipalensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 153 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 253;
Elliot, Ibis, 1870, p. 413. Hydrornis nipalensis, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 502,
No. 344; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 97; Gates, Str. F. iii. p. 337; id., B. Br.
Burm. i. p. 412 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 93. — The BLUE-NAPED PITTA.
PITTA. 377
Above dull greenish ; nnchal patch blue ; forecrown and sides of the
head pale brown, whiter on the lores ; wings blackish edged with pale brown ;
tail dull greenish ; beneath brown, rather more buffy on the middle of the
belly ; throat whitish ; bill blackish ; feet brown. (Sclater.)
Length. — 9-3 to 10 inches; wing 4-8; tail 27; tarsus 2'2 ; bill from
gape 1-25.
tfafrt — From Nepaul, through Assam and the Khasia hills to Pegu. Re-
corded from Sikkim, Darjeeling, Buxa and Bhootan Doars, Dubragurh, Dilkoo-
sha, Munipur, Cachar, Karenne and Upper Pegu. Inhabits evergreen, damp
forests, 'where it feeds on worms of every kind. A nest of this was found by
Mr. Hume in the month of May. It was a mass of leaves placed on the
ground at the foot of a bush in which were three white eggs spotted with
purple.
933. Pitta OateSL (Hume), Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiv. p. 416.
Hydrornis Oatesi, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 477, et viii. p. 93 ; Wald. in Blyth, B.
Burm. p. 98; Hume and Dav., Str, F. vi. p. 237; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, i.
p. 411 ; Salvad., Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. Ser. v. p. 273 (Tenasserim). — OATES'S
PITTA.
Entire head, nape and mantle rich rufous ; cheeks, ear coverts and the
whole under surface of the body slightly paler ; the middle of the belly and
under tail coverts deep buff ; back, rump, upper tail coverts and central tail
feathers dull green, the rump and tail tinged with blue ; lateral tail feathers
greenish brown ; wings rusty, with a tinge of green on the secondaries and
tertiaries ; upper wing coverts greenish rusty, some of the feathers tipped with
fulvous.
The female has not the tinge of blue on the rump. Upper mandible of bill
brow-n, the tip and edges salmon colour ; lower mandible brown ; inside of
mouth flesh colour ; irides rich brown; eyelids plumbeous; legs and claws
pinkish flesh colour. (Gates.)
Length. — 9-5 to 10 inches; wing 47 to 4-8; tail2'6; tarsus 2*1 to 2-5 ;
bill from gape 1-4.
Hob. — Pegu and Tenasserim. In habits the same as the preceding.
934. Pitta C3erulea, (Raffles), Vig. Mem. Raffl.es, p. 659 ; Moore, P.
Z. S. 1854, 'p. 273 ; Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 108 ; Hume et Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 238 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 94 ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 81 ; Sharpe, P. Z.
S. 1881, p. 798. Brachyurus caeruleus, Blyth,J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 153;
Elliot, Ibis, 1870, p. 412. Gigantipitta caerulea, Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
p. 413. Brachyurus Davisoni, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 321. — The GIANT PITTA.
Upper surface of the body bright blue ; front, forehead and sides of the head
whitish ashy or greyish brown ; crown, nape and back of neck black ; a broad
supercilium produced back to nearly the end of the black on the neck fulve-
scent; chin and upper throat plain fulvescent ; lower throat and sides of the neck
the same, but each feather slightly margined with blackish ; under surface of the
body fulvous with a tinge of green ; an irregular, half-concealed black guttural
collar (not always present) formed by the black bases of the feathers there ;
wings black, more or less edged with blue ; rump, upper wing coverts, back,
tail coverts and tail bright blue. The female is similar except that the back
and wing coverts are chestnut, the whole head and nape rufous grey, closely
barred with black, and there is a black demicollar on the back of the neck.
Bill black ; eyelids add gape dark fleshy ; legs and feet dark or bluish fleshy ;
irides hazel-grey.
Length.— 11-4 to 12 inches; wing 6 to 6*2; tail 2-5 to 2'8 j tarsus 2-4 to
2-5; bill 175.
Hab.—* Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, also Siam.
935. Pitta cyanea, Btyth,J.A.S.B.*\\. p. 1008(1843); xvi. p. 153;
Gould, B. Asia, v., pL 80; Wallace, Ibis, 1864, p. 198 ; Hume and Dav., Str.
F. vi. p. 230 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 93 ; Binghain, Str. F. ix. p. 473. Brachy-
urus cyaneus, Blyth, J. A. S. Bt xvi. p. 153; id., B. Br. Burin, p. 98;
Elliot^ Monog Pitta, pi. xiii. ; id., Ibis, 1870, p. 413; Hume, Sir. F. iii.
p. 107. Eucichla cyanea, Dates, B. Br* Burm. i. p. 419. — The BLUE PITTA.
Head greenish grey, changing to reddish on the crown and scarlet on the
nape ; a narrow vertical streak from the base of the bill, over the centre of the
crown to the nape black ; lores and a line through the eye to the nape black ;
upper surface of the body bright blue ; tail blue ; quills of the wing brown, their
bases with a white patch ; cheeks and ear coverts fulvous, below which is a
moustachial stripe on each side ; chin and throat whitish or buffy white mottled
with black ; under surface of the body light blue, barred with black shaft
spots ; the breast washed with yellowish j1 centre of abdomen, under wing
coverts and under tail coverts white. The female is .similar, but duller ; the
plumage is brown tinged with blue and the lower plumage yellowish brown
barred with black. Bill black ; legs pinkish flesh colour ; irides dark reddish
brown ; eyelids plumbeous.
Length.— 8-5 to 9 inches; wing 4-5 ; tail 2-3; tarsus r8 ; bill from gape i'2.
ffab. — Bhootan, Burmah and Siam. It was got by Sir Arthur Phayre in
Arracan, and Gates found it common on the Pegu hills in the evergreen
forests on the eastern spurs between Thayetmyo and Tonghoo. Capt. Wardlaw-
Ramsay got it in the Karin hills, and Mr. Davison, throughout Tenasserim as
far south as Tavoy. Capt. Bingham procured it in the Thoungyeen valley.
Notwithstanding this distribution, it is said to be everywhere rare. It svas
found breeding at Kaukarit in Tenasserim during May by Capt. Binghain.
The eggs, he says, are not unlike those of other species of the genus.
PITTA. 379
936. Pitta cyanoptera, Temm., Pi. Col p. 218; Wallace,
1864, pp. 105, 1 10 ; Sclater, Cat. B. Br* J/#.r. xiv, p. 420. Turdus mollnc-
censis, P. L. S. Mull, Nat. Syst. Suppl. p. 144. Pitta malaccensis, Blylh,
y. A. S. B. xii. p. 960. Brachytirus cyanopterus, Blyth, J, A. S. B. xvi.
p. 153; Elliot Monog. Pitt. pi, iv. Brachyurus moluccensis, Elliot ', Ibis,
1870, p. 413; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 106; Blyth and Wald., B. Burmah,
p. 98; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p, lo. Pitta moluccensis, Swinh., P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 374; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 149; id., B. Br. Burm. i. p. 415 ; Hume and
Davison, Sir. F. vi. p. 240 ; id., Str. F. viii. p. 94. — The LESSER BLUE-
WINGED PITTA.
Top of the head brown, with a dark brown mesial vertical streak ; nape
brown, tinged with fulvous ; lores and sides of the head, meeting in a band
on the nape, black ; back, scapulars and tertials from dull to dark green ;
rump, lesser wing coverts, the upper tail coverts and edges of the secondaries
bright blue ; chin at the base of the bill blackish ; rest of chin and throat
white ; breast and under surface of the body deep fawn or ruddy buff, the
abdomen with a mesial broad crimson stripe. Vent and under tail coverts
crimson ; tail black, tipped with blue ; wings black, with a broad white bar
across ; under wing coverts black. Bill black ; feet brown 5 irides dark brown.
Length. — 7-5 to 8 inches; tail 1*5 to r6; wing 4-6 to 4^9 ; tarsus 1-5 to
1-7 ; bill from gape r2.
Hab. — Burmah, Siam, South China, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. It
occurs also in Arracan. It has been obtained in Tenasserim, Thayetmyo,
Pegu, and Rangoon. According to Oates this Pitta is a summer visitor to
Burmah, where it is abundantly distributed over the whole country from May to
July. Nesting operations begin soon after their arrival. The nest, Oates says,
is a huge structure composed of sticks, leaves and roots bound together with
earth. It is placed on the ground either in an open place or against the root
of a tree. The eggs, 4—6 in number, are white, marked with spots and
scrawls of purplish.
937. Pitta megarhyncha, Scki, Voy. Ned. Ind. p. n, pi. 4, fig. 2 ;
Hume and Dav., S/r. F. vi. p. 242 ; id., Str. F. viii. p. 94 ; Oates, B. Burm. \.
p. 416; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 70; Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiv. p. 421.
Brachyurus megarhynchus, Wald. in Bly.> B. Burm. p. 98 j Hume, Str. F. ii.
p. 475. — The LONG-BILLED BLUE-WINGED PITTA.
Very similar to Pitta cyanoptera, except that the top of the head is darker
brown, and the coronal streak nearly obsolete ; the bill is also longer, r6 inches
against 1*2 from gape, and the species larger, 9 lo 9-3 inches against 7*5 to 8
inches.
Hab. — Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula. Said to be resident in the
extreme south of Tenasserim, but there is no account of its nidification.
380 FITTID/E.
938. Pitta brachyura, (Linn.), Royle, in. Bot. Him. pi. 7, fig. 3;
Jerd., Madras Journ. x. p. 25 ; Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Zeyl. p. 122 ; Legge,
Ibis, 1874, p. 18; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 213; Sclatcr, Cat. B, Br. M. xiv.
p. 423. Corvus brachyurus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 158. Pitta bengalensis,
Vieill., Enc. Meth. p. 685 ; Jcrd., B. Ind. i. p. 503. Pitta coronata, Hume,
Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 224 ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 406; id., v. p. 416;
Butler and Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 470; Fairbank, Str. F. iv. p. 257 ; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. 687. — .The INDIAN PITTA or GROUND THRUSH.
Upper surface of the body green ; vertical stripe on top of the head black,
bordered on each side with pale yellowish or buffy brown ; supercilium buffy
white ; lores and cheeks black, also the wings, which have a broad white basal
band and white tips to the feathers ; rump, lesser wing coverts and upper tail
coverts bright light blue ; back, scapulars and greater wing coverts green ;
under surface of the body fawn colour, the throat white, but the middle of
the abdomen and under tail coverts scarlet ; under wing coverts black with a
broad white patch. Bill black ; culmen paler ; feet yellowish.
Length.— *] inches ; tail 1*5 ; wing 4.
flab. — Indian Peninsula, Assam, Arracan, Tenasserim and Ceylon. Recorded
localities in India are Simla, Bareilly, Behar, Assam, Kattywar, Sikkim,
Mysore, Travancore, Coorg, Raipur, Mallegaum, Ahmednuggur, Khandalla,
Belgaum, Calicut, Ootacamund, Madras, Malabar, the Godavery Valley and
Mount Aboo. This species breeds wherever it is found from May to August.
The nest is a globular structure with an aperture on one side, composed of
dry leaves, twigs, and roots. The eggs are irregular ovals, glossy, china-white,
speckled and spotted with maroon, dark purple and brownish purple. In size
they vary from 0-96 to 1-07 inch in length and by O'8i to 0-9 inch in breadth.
939. Pitta COCCinea, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, P- 104; Blyth, J. A.
S. B. xii. p. 961 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 51 1 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 94 ; Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiv. p. 43 1 ; Gould, B. Asia, pi. 68. Pitta
granatina, Moore, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 274; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 432.
Eucichla coccinea (Eyton), Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 417. — The MALAYAN
SCARLET PITTA.
Upper surface of the body purplish blue, more brilliant on the back ,' back of
crown and nape scarlet ; forehead black for about a quarter of an inch ; sides
of the head black ; supercilum pale blue ; wings brownish black, their coverts
and secondaries edged with purplish blue ; throat dark purplish brown ;
abdomen dull scarlet ; tail dull black, edged with purplish. Bill black ; feet
brown.
Length. — 6 to 7 inches ; tail 1*5 ; wing 3*5 ; tarsus 1*5 ; bill from gape PO5.
Hob. — Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Davison obtained it at the
foot of Nwalabo mountain.
EUCICHLA. 381
940. Pitta CUCUllata, ffartl., Rev. Zool. 1 843, P- 65 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p, 504; Dav., Sir. F. v. p. 457; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 243 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 04 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 414 5 Sclater, Cat. B. Br.
Mus. xiv. p. 442. Brachyurus cuculatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 255 ; Elliot, Mon.
Pitt. pi. xxviii. ; Hume, Str.F.m. p. 109; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 98.— The
GREEN-BREASTED PITTA.
Entire head and nape rich rufous brown or chestnut ; lores, cheeks, ear
coverts, chin, throat and a band round the head black ; breast and under
surface of the body pale greenish blue to bright green, except a central black
patch on the abdomen, and the crimson vent and under tail coverts ; under
wing coverts black ; upper tail coverts as well as the lesser wing coverts
ultramarine blue, the greater wing coverts dull green ; primaries black, their
apical portion with a broad white band ; secondaries black, the terminal half
of the outer webs edged with greenish blue ; tertiaries dark green ; tail black,
tipped with blue. Bill black ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet fleshy pink.
Length.— 6'$ to 7'5 inches; tail r6 ; wing 4^5; tarsus 17 ; bill from
gape 1-05.
7/0£.— British Burmah, Assam, the Malay Peninsula, Sikkim, Khasia hills
and Nepaul. It has also been recorded by Blyth from Arrakan. Gates says it
is generally distributed over British Burmah in suitable localities, that it is
plentiful on the Pegu hills, and that Mr. Davison procured it in the Tenasserim
Division at Amherst, Bankasoon and Malewoon.
Gen. Eucichla.— Cab. et Hein.
General characters of Pitta. Bill moderate but the tail longer than in that
genus and more pointed.
941. Eucichla Gurneyi, (Hume), Gould, Hon. /Y//. pi. 5; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. i. p. 418; Sclater, Cat. B.Br. Mus. xiv. p. 448. Pitta Gurneyi,
Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 296, pi. iii. ; id., Str.F. viii. p. 94; id., Davison, Str. F.
vi. p. 244.— GURNEY'S PITTA.
Upper surface of the body light chestnut brown ; front half and sides of the
head, continued as a stripe over the eye and round the nape, black ; breast,
abdomen, vent and under tail coverts also black ; occiput and nape brilliant
blue, the feathers long and pointed, and forming a crest ; tail black, broadly
edged on the outer webs with blue ; on the under surface the chin is whitish,
also the throat ; sides of the neck and breast bright yellow ; flanks yellow,
barred with black ; under wing coverts black, spotted with white ; wings
blackish brown ; upper wing coverts light chestnut brown ; primaries and their
coverts black ; secondaries the same, the inner ones slightly edged with whitish,
and the primaries with a white bar at their base. The female has the forehead
pale brown, the crown and nape bright ferruginous and the lower plumage
yellow, closely barred with black ; tail blue ; throat white.
382 EURYL^EMID^E.
Bill black ; irides dark brown ; legs fleshy white.
Length. — 8 to 8*5 inches; tail 2*2; wing 4-1 ; tarsus i'o; bill from gape n.
Hab. — Tenasserim, where Mr. Davison first discovered it. According to
Gates it inhabits the evergreen forests, and appears to be, to some extent,
migratory. It has also been found in the Malay Peninsula at Tonka.
Family,— EURYLMNLIDJE,—Swainson.
Plantar vinculum retained ; manubrium not forked ("Desmodactyli, Forbes).
Sclater. Bill short, broad, and depressed, the culmen bluntly ridged and
more or less rounded ; tip hooked ; margins of upper mandible somewhat
dilated and folding over the lower one; nostrils apert, covered by a few
bristles ; wings short ; tail graduated ; tarsus short ; outer toe syndactyle.
Sub-Family.— CALYPTOMENIN^E.
Frontal plumes projecting forwards and covering the nostrils ; tail very
short, nearly square ; bill short ; chin angle carried forward. (Sclater.)
Gen. Calyptomena.— Raffles.
942. Calyptomena ViridiS, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Socy. xiii. p. 295 ;
Blylh, B. Burnt, p. 124; Wald., Ibis, 1872, p. 369; Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 106 ; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 470 ; id., Str. F. viii. pp. 50, 86 ; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. vi. pp. 86, 499 ; Oales, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 422 ; Sclater ', Cat. B.
£r. Mus. xiv. p. 456.— The GREEN BROAD- BILL.
Whole plumage bright shining green, paler on the abdomen ; a small yellow
spot in front of the eye ; a black band in front across the forehead concealed
by the frontal plumes, and a black spot behind the ear coverts ; wings dark
brown ; wing coverts bright shining green, with three cross bands of black ;
under wing coverts black.
The female is green but less brilliant than the male ; the spot in front of the
eye is yellowish green, and the black spots and bars are absent. Bill yellowish ;
legs horny green ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 6 to 7*5 inches; tail r$ to 2'i ; wing 4*2; tarsus 0*8; bill from
gape 1*1.
Hab. — Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. According to
Mr. Davison it is a forest bird, but prefers thin tree-jungle and the tops of trees.
Found singly or in pairs, or in small parties. Food fruits.
Gen. PsarisOmUS. — Swains.
Nostrils more or less rounded, concealed by the small frontal plumes ;
tail long and much graduated, and longer than the wing. (Sclater.) Bill
moderate, broad, deep, triangular as seen from above ; culmen curved, ridge
blunt, hooked and notched at the tip.
SERILOPHUS. 383
943- PsarisomilS dalllOUSise (Jameson}, Jerd., B. Ind. \. p. 236,
No. 138; Blyth, B. Bunn. p. 126; WahL, Ibis, 1875, p. 460 ; Hume,
Sir. F. ii. p. 470 ; Hume and DO.V., Str. F. vi. p. 88 ; Binghamt Str. F. viii.
p. 193 ; id., Str. F. ix. p. 156 ; Gates, Str. F. x. p. 188 ; id., B. Br. Burm.
i. p. 423 ; Gould, B. Asia i. pi. 64 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1887, p. 453 ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Br. MILS. xiv. p. 458. Psarisomus assimilis, Hume, Str. F. iiu
p. 53. — The LONG-TAILED BROAD-BILL.
Top and sides of the head black ; a large patch on the crown and a line
on the back of the nape bright blue ; a line at the base of the bill, lores,
cheeks, chin, throat, and sides of the neck meeting the blue nuchal band
bright yellow ; a spot above the ear coverts yellow ; upper plumage, including
the wing coverts, tertiaries and outer webs of the secondaries green ; the
inner webs of the latter and primaries dark brown ; first eight primaries with
a white bar on the inner webs, and a large patch of bright blue on the basal
portion of their outer webs ; tail graduated; blue above, and black beneath ;
under surface of the body bright bluish green ; bill horn colour in the dry
skin ; the culmen and edge yellowish. In the fresh skin the bill is green,
the anterior half of the culmen bluish, the middle of the lower mandible
dusky orange, also a patch of the same on the edge of the upper mandible.
(Oates.} Irides brown ; legs dull greenish.
Length. — 10-5 inches ; tail 5 ; v;ing 4-1 ; tarsus ri ; bill from gape 1-3.
Hal. — Eastern Himalayas and through Assam and Cachar down to Tenas-
serim, Sumatra and Borneo. Recorded from Mussoorie, Naini Tal, Gurhwal,
Sikkim, Darjeeling, Nepal, Bhootan and Assam ; also the Karen hills, Cachar,
Tonghoo, Pegu, Rangoon and various parts of Tenasserim. According to
Capt. Bingham it is common in the Thoungyeen Valley. Unlike the
preceding species, this bird lives on insects and inhabits the thickest forests,
going about singly or in pairs. It breeds in Tenasserim during April. The
nest, according to Capt. Bingham, is suspended from the branch of a very
thorny tree. Nothing is known of its eggs..
Gen. SerilOpllUS. — Swains.
General characters as in Psarisomus, tail much rounded, shorter than the
wing. Bill narrow and short ; sides of upper mandible not overlapping.
Plumage smooth and silky; 1st four primaries with slender pointed tips,
and the secondaries emarginate ; 3rd and 4th quills longest and equal ;
tarsus moderate ; toes slender.
944- SorilOpllUS lunatUSCGW/foQ, Swainson, Classif. B. ii. p. 262 ;
id., Flycatchers, p. 242 ; Bp. Consp i. p. 169 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 125 ; Hume,.
Str. F. ii. p. 470 ; id., iii. pp. 470, 73 ; D ivison, Str. F. v. p. 455 ; Hume
and Dav., Str. F. vi. pp. 89, 499 ; O<ites, Sir. F. viii. p. 164 ; x. p. 188; id.>
B . Br. Bunn. i. p. 424 ; Gould, B. Asia i. pi. 62 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix.
VOL. II.— 50
384
p. 157; Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiv. p. 460. Eurylaimus lunatus, Gould,
P. Z. S. 1833. — GOULD'S BROAD-BILL.
Head, nape, lores and ear coverts grey, purer on the forehead ; supercilium
black ; under surface of the body greyish white ; rump and upper tail coverts
brownish chestnut ; tertiaries the same ; tail black, three outer pairs of feathers
broadly tipped with white ; the next pair either entirely black or tipped with a
small spot of white ; primaries and secondaries black ; the 3rd and 4th broadly
tipped with white, and the basal half of the outer webs of all blue ; inner webs
with a large white spot ; outer secondaries and tips of some of the wing
feathers chestnut ; thighs black ; bill plumbeous ; culmen and edges yellowish ;
feet blackish.
Length. — 7 inches ; tail 2*8 ; wing 3*4 ; tarsus 0*8 ; bill from gape '92.
The female has 3 — -4 silvery white bands across the breast.
Hab. — British Burmah. Occurs in small flocks, is strictly arboreal and
restricted to dense forests or well-wooded localities. Gates says he found its
nest in May near Pegu. It was a spherical structure, suspended from the
branch of a tree not far from the ground, and was composed of coarse grass,
vegetable fibres, &c. The entrance was at the side, and protected by a rude
porch. The exterior of the nest, Gates adds, was adorned with cocoons, excreta
of caterpillars and pieces of bark. Eggs 4 in number, white, marked with
purple and rusty brown.
945. Serilophus rubropygius (Hodgs.), Bp. Comp. \. p. 169;
Jerd., B Lid. i. p. 238 ; Blyth, Cat. B. Burmah p. 125 ; Hume, Sir. F. vii.
p. 53 ; viii. p. 86 ; ix. p. 247 ; Oates, B. Br.,Burm. i. p. 425 ; Gould, B. Asia,
pi. 93; Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiv. p. 461. Raya rubropygia, Hodgs.,
y. A. S. B. viii. p. 36. Eurylaimus (Serilophus) rubropygius, Horsf. et
Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. Mus. i. p. 1 19. — HODGSON'S BROAD-BILL.
Upper surface dark iron grey ; supercilium black ; rump and upper tail
coverts chestnut red ; wings black, crossed by a bluish band above the coverts 9
and by another occupying the tips of the outqr webs, also by a white band
beneath, across the inner webs ; outer secondaries and tips of the inner webs
of the inner primaries chestnut like the back; a row of small white spots
adjacent to the second bluish band ; tail black ; outer rectrices broadly tipped
with white, beneath grey, more whitish on the belly. Bill plumbeous with
yellowish tip and edges ; feet pale greenish brown. (Sdater.)
Length. — 7 to 7*25 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 3*5 ; bill at front 0*55 ; tarsus 0*9.
(Oatcs.)
Hab. — Hill tracts of Bengal to the Eastern portion of the Himalayas, and as
far as Nepaul. Recorded from Sikkim, Darjeeling, Bhootan, Assam, Munipur,
and Khasia Hills.
EURYL^MUS. 385
Gen. EurylsemilS, ffors/.
Nostrils concealed by the frontal plumes ; bill longer than in Serilophus,
strong and much widened, the sides of the upper mandible overlapping ; eye
without caruncle.
948. Euryl8BmUS javanioUS, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 170 ;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 125 ; Bp. Consp. i, p. 1 68 ; Walden, /£*>,( 1 872, p. 369;
Gould, B. Asia i. pi. 57 ; Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 107 ; Dav., Str. F. v. p. 456
(?i,'s/} ; Hume and Dart., Str. F. vi. pp. 89, 499; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 470;
id., viii. pp. 56, 86; Bingham, Str. F.'ix.. p. 157; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i.
p. 427 ; Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiv. p. 463. Eurylaimus horsfieldi, Temm.
PL Col. 130, 131. — -HORSFIELD'S BROAD-BILL.
Whole head, neck and lower plumage vinaceous purple, darker and
blackish on the forehead, chin and throat ; lighter and purer on the lower
parts ; above black ; a broad central patch in the middle of the back, large
spot on the scapulars and upper tail coverts and bar on the outer webs of the
secondaries bright yellow; 'tail black, each feather with a subterminal fulvous
white spot ; feathers of the flanks and under tail coverts tipped with
yellowish; across the breast a narrow black collar immediately below which
the feathers are greenish brown ; edge of the wing and under wing coverts
bright yellow ; thighs blackish; under tail coverts rufous.
In the female the narrow pectoral band is absent. Young birds have the
wing coverts tipped with. yellow and the lower plumage is dashed with yellow
and orange. Bill dark plumbeous; culmen yellowish ; feet pale hazel. (Dry
skin.) In the freshly-killed bird the upper mandible is bright blue to within
one-third of the tip, the rest is pale sea green ; lower mandible pale greenish
blue, both mandibles edged and tipped with brownish red ; legs and feet
fleshy. (Darjisyn.)
Length. — 8-3 to 9 inches ; tail 2*7 to 2*9; wing 4 to 4*3 ; tarsus PI ; bill
from gape r6.
Hal).— Tenasserim and throughout the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra,
Java and Borneo. It has been found breeding at Bankasoon in March by Mr.
Davison. The nest, he says, was a massive structure composed of moss, leaves
and twigs, and suspended from the tip of a tall bamboo overhanging a stream.
It contained two white eggs, speckled with rusty brown.
947- EurylsemilS OChromelaS, Raffles, Tram. Linn. Soc. xiii.
p. 297 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 125 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 168 ; Gould, B. Asia, i.
pi. 58 ; Wald., Ibis, 1872, p. 370; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 91 ; Hume,
Str. F. ii. p. 470 ; id., viii. pp. 50, 86 ; Oates, B. Burm. i. p. 426 ; Sclater,
Cat. B. Burm. Mus. xiv. p. 465. Eurylaemus cucullatus, Temm., PL Col.
261. Cymbirhynchus cucullatus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1.339, p. 101. — The BLACK
AND YELLOW BROAD-BILL.
38G
Head, neck, upper back and pectoral hand black ; lower throat up to the
pectoral band white, forming a collar round the back of the neck ; a mesial
band down the back, and the rump and upper tail coverts bright yellow ; vent,
sides of the body and under tail coverts also bright yellow; back yellow, each
feather margined with black ; spots on scapulars, and outer webs of secondaries
yellow; primaries black, a small portion of the outer webs near the base
yellowish white ; lesser wing coverts mixed yellow and Mack, the greater series
black ; under wing coverts and flanks yellow ; thighs black; tail black, each
feather with a subterminal yellowish white spot on the inner webs ; breast
and abdomen pale claret colour. (Dry skin.) Bill plumbeous, with yellowish
culmen and edges ; feet reddish ; irides bright yellow.
Length.— 6-5 inches; tail 2-3; wing 3-2; tarsus O'S ; bill from gape ri.
' Hab. — Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo.
According to Mr. Davison it is uncommon in Tenasserim. In habits, he says
it resembles the other Broad-bills, and like the rest is chiefly insectivorous.
He often shot the birds while catching insects on the wing.
Gen. Cor yd OH — Lesson.
Bill nearly as wide as long, and strongly hooked. Colouration dull. One
species only.
948. Corydon sumatranus (Raffles}, StrickL, Ann. Nat. Hist. \\.
p. 417 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 125 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 168 ; Hume and~Dav,, Sir.
F. vi. p. 97 ; Gould, B. Asia i. pi. 6 1 ; Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 369; Oatesy
B. Br. Burmah, i p. 430; Sclater, Cat. B. Br. Mus. xiv. p. 467. Coracias
sumatranus, Roffles, Tram. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 303. Eurylsemus sumatranus;
Horsf. et Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. 1. Co. i. p. 1 17.— The DUSKY BROAD-BILL.
Whole plumage dull black ; upper breast and throat light brownish white ;
middle of back with a large concealed patch of white tinged with crimson ;
alar speculum white ; tail black, with a broad white subterminal band on all
the lateral rectrices.
The young bird is sooty black throughout, and has not the patch of white
on the back ; the upper breast and throat are duller brown. Bill plumbeous
above, yellowish beneath ; feet black.
Length. — 10 to 10*5 inches; tail 4-2; wing 5-4; tarsus ri ; bill from
• gape 1-6.
Hab. — Tennaserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
Gen. Cytnborhynchus. — Vigors.
Bill not as wide as in Corydon ; nostrils in a longitudinal sulcus in the
centre of the mandible.
949. Cymborhynehus macrorhynchus (Gm.), G. R. Gray,
Gen. B. i. p. 66; Blyth, B.Biirm.,^. 126; Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 270;
CYMBORHVNCHUS. 387
Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 470; viii. pp. 50-86; Davison, Sir. F. v. p. 457; flume
and Dav., Sfr.F. vi. p. 92; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. i. p. 428 ; Cat. B. Br.
Jllus. xiv. p. 468. Cymborhynchus malaccensis, Salvad, Atti. R. Ac. Sc.
Tor. ix. p. 425 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 126 ; Dav., Sir. F. v. p.
457 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 92; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86. Todus
macrorhynchus, Gm., Sj'sf. Nat i. p. 446. Cymborhynchus affinis, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. vi. p. 312 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. i. p. 429 — The BLACK AND
RED BROAD-BILL.
Head, cheeks, lores, neck, chin, upper throat, a broad pectoral band, back,
and wing coverts black ; long scapulars white on the outer webs ; rump and
upper tail coverts, also the ear coverts and space above the pectoral band and
throat, as well as the whole under surface of the body crimson, dashed on the
abdomen with golden yellow ; under wing coverts blackish ; tail black, with a
white subterminal spot on the inner and sometimes both webs of all but the
central pair of feathers; axillaries yellowish ; edge of wing bright golden
yellow ; bill dark plumbeous ; tip and edges greenish ; legs and feet light
plumbeous (dry skin). In the freshly killed bird, the upper mandible and a
line bordering the edge of the lower mandible brilliant blue ; remainder of the
latter yellowish ; edges of both transparent white ; irides emerald green, shot
with gold; legs and feet ultramarine blue; claws horny. (Eingham, ex
Oates, B. B.)
Length. — IO to ii inches; tail 4-2; wing 5-4; tarsus n ; bill from
gape r6.
Hab. — Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.
It will be seen that C. affinis of Blyth,. has not been allowed to stand as a
species. Mr. Sclater says : " It is hardly more than a sub-species," and all
sub-species are bad. It must be one or the other ; affinis in my opinion is simply
an adolescent form nearly merging into the adult. This I say from the series
I possess of both from nearly all the localities quoted in the Br. Mus. Cat. The
habits of both are similar, and except the distinctive character given to affinis
by Mr. Gates, there is nothing which would permit a specific separation, and
these characters are seen merging from the young into the adolescent and
adults.
ORDER— MACROCHIRES.
Gape wide ; bill short, broad at base ; keel curved to the tip ; tail
generally forked.
Family-CYPSELiM:.
Bill short, broad at base, depressed, compressed at tip ; gape wide ; wings
long and pointed ; tarsi short.
388 CYPSELIN/E.
Sub-Family— CYPSELIN/E.— -SWIFTS.
Wings very long and curved, scimitar-like ; toes short, hinder ones generally
directed forwards ; claws curved and sharp; tail short, of 10 feathers only;
rictal bristles absent ; keel of sternum large ; posteriorly entire.
Gen. CypseluS.— llliger.
Bill with the sides gradually compressed to the tip; nostrils partially
feathered ; second quill longest ; tail generally forked ; tarsi short, plumed to
the toes ; toes all directed forward.
950. CypseluS melba (Linn.], Edw., B. pi. 27 ; Nauw. 7">g/. 147,
i. ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 53, 2 ; Jerd., B. Ind. p. 175, No. 98 ; Murray, Hdbk.
Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 124 ; id., Vert Zool., Sind, p. 105. — The ALPINE SWIFT.
Above wood-brown, glossy purple on the back; wings darker brown; under
surface white, except a broad dusky bar across the breast ; rump, on the sides,
under tail coverts and tarsal plumes brown ; bill black ; i rides deep brown ;
toes brown with an orange tinge.
LengfA.~& to 9 inches, wing 8-5 to 875, 2*5 inches beyond the tip of the
tail, which is forked, and 3 inches in length ; outer feathers 3 '75-
Hal. — S.-W. Europe, Palestine, W. Asia, Africa, Greece, Beloochistan,
Afghanistan, Persia. In India it occurs as a migrant, passing through the
Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, Guzerat, and the Deccan
during winter. Jerdon says it is not rare in South India all along the Western
Ghats from Honore to Cape Comorin, extending its daily flight often to the
Western Coast, and occasionally eastwards to Salem, Madura, and even
Madras; abundant on the Neilgheries and on the Malabar Coast.
951. CypseluS apUS (Lin.), PI. Enl. 542, I ; Naum. vogt. t. 147,
2; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 53, I ; Jerd., B. lnd.\. p. 177, No. 99; Hume, Sir.
F. i. p. 65; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 125 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 105. — The EUROPEAN SWIFT.
The whole of the plumage dark sooty-black, except a greyish white patch
on the chin and throat. Bill, legs, toes and claws black ; irides brown ; second
primary longest in the wing, which reaches more than an inch beyond the tip
of the tail ; tail more forked than in the last.
Length.— 7 inches ; wing 6'25 ; tail 2*75.
Hab. — Europe, N. and E. Africa, W. Asia. Occurs in Persia, Beloochistan
and Afghanistan ; also in Sind, the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Kutch, Kattia-
war and Jodhpore as a migrant.
952. CypseluS affitlis, Gray, III 2nd. Zool. pi. 35, 2 ; Jerd., B.
Ind., i. p. 177, No. 100 : Sir. F. i. p. 166 ; Murray, Zool, fyc., Sind, p. 125 ;
id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 105. — The COMMON INDIAN SWIFT.
CYPSELUS. 389
Upper surface brown-black, darker, and glossed greenish on the back ;
head brownish, forehead paler ; under surface brownish black ; chin, throat
and rump white. Bill black ; feet brownish ; irides deep brown.
Length.— 5-5 to 6 inches ; wing 5, extends i'5 beyond tip of tail, which
is 175.
Hab. — Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Nepaul and Abyssinia. In India
very generally distributed. Occurs in Sind, the Punjab, Deccan, Concan,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore and N. Guzerat. Wherever it is found, it
breeds in large colonies under the eaves of roofs and in untenanted buildings.
Eggs 2 — 4 in number, pure white.
953- Cypselus acuticaudus, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 605;
Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 156. — The PINTAILED SWIFT.
Very similar to Cypselus apus, but has no white rump ; lower parts banded
with white.
Length. — 6-4 to 7 inches; wing 7*3 ; tail 3-2.
Hab.— N.-W. Himalayas.
954. Cypselus pacifiCUS (Lath.}, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 599,
Salvad., Ucc. Borneo, p. 1 19 ; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 84; Hume, Str. F. iii. p.
43 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 69 : Hume and ~Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 48;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 84; Inglis, Str. F. ix. p. 246 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. i. — The WHITE-RUMPED BARRED SWIFT.
Whole upper plumage from dark brown to blackish, each feather narrowly
edged with whitey brown ; a blackish spot in front of the eye ; rump white,
the feathers brown-shafted ; chin and throat white, the feathers also dark
shafted ; sides of the neck and under surface of the body, including the under
wing coverts, brown, the feathers subterminally darker brown, and fringed with
white. Bill black ; irides brown ; feet pinkish.
Length. — 7*25 inches; tail 3-3 ; wing 7*3 ; tarsus 0-45 ; bill from gape 0*8.
Hab.— From Siberia and Japan to Australia ; its southern limit is Cachar
and Tipperah. According to Oates, it is found at various localities in the
Pegu Division, also in the southern half of Tenasserim and over the whole of
British Burmah, flying at vast heights in large flocks. They breed in Southern
China.
955. Cypselus SUbfurcatUS, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 807;
Swinhoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 254 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 602 ; Salvad., Ucc.
Borneo p. Il8 ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 524 ; David et. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 69 ;
Hume and Dav.t Str. F. vi. p. 47 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 84; Kelham, Ibis,
1 88 1, p. 373. Cypselus leucopygialis, Cass., Proc. Ac. Phil. v. p. 58. — The
WHITE-RUMPED BLACK SWIFT.
390 CYPSELID/E.
Whole plumage dark blackish brown, except the head, back and abdomen,
\vhich is glossy black, and the rump white ; chin, throat and foreneck dull
white, with' brown shafts. Bill black ; trides dark brown ; legs brownish fleshy.
Length— $"j inches; tail 2-2; wing 5-3 to 5-5; tarsus 0-4; bill from
gape 0*8.
Sad. — Southern China, Cochin-China, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Recorded
from throughout British Burmah and the Indo-Burmese countries, also Chanda
in North India and the Khasia hills. It was observed by Mr. Davison in the
south of Tenasserim, and by Gates between Pegu and Rangoon.
956. Cypselus leuconyx, Biyth, J. A. s. B. xiv. P. 218 ; id., Cat.
B. Mux. As. Soc. Beng. 424; Jerd., 2nd Suppl. Birds Cat. 255 bis ; id.,
Birds of India \. p. 179; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 44. — The WHITE CLAWED
SWIFT.
Upper surface glossy blackish brown, darker on the head ; rump white,
chin and throat dirty white ; rest of under surface glossy brown, the feathers
fringed with whitish ; in some specimens a slight pale supercilium. Bill
black ; claws white, but not so in all specimens.
Length. — 6-2$ inches; tail 2-5 ; wing 6*25 ; tarsus 0*37.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas, the Deccan and Malabar.
Dr. Stolickza says it occupies in summer the ranges of hills between the
outer ranges where C. ' affinis is abundant, and the higher and more interior
hills occupied by C. apus.
957- CypselUS bataSSiensiS (Gray). C. palmarum, Gray and
Hardw.y III Ind. Zod. i. p. 35, fig. i. ; Jerd.t B. Ind. i. p. 180, No. 102.—
The PALM SWIFT.
Entire plumage glossy ashy brown or fuscous, darker on the wings and tail,
and more albescent on the under surface. Bill black ; irides brown ; feet
dusky reddish ; tail much forked, the inner feathers of the fork 1-25 inch
shorter than the outer ; primaries dark brown, the 1st shorter than the second,
and much pointed at the tip.
Length. — 5 to 5*5 inches ; tail 2'5 (outer feathers) ; wing 4*5.
Hab. — Throughout India in the more moist regions as the Malabar
Coast, Carnatic, the Northern Concan, Bengal, the central tableland and the
North- West Provinces ; in fact, wherever palms grow. Extends to Assam,
(Burmah ? Jerdori), and Ceylon. Hume says they nest solely on the " Tar" (or
toddy tree?), which he calls Borassusflabelliformis, on the under surface of
which it builds its nests. The eggs are long ovals, slightly compressed towards
one end and pure white.
958 CypselUS infumatUS, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 602 ; Jerd.,
Ibis, 1871, p. 355, pi. x. ; Hume, Nests and Eggs i. p. 88 ; Salvad., Ucc.
HIRUNDINAPUS. 391
Borneo p. 1 19; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 44 ; Wald. in Blyttfs B. Burm. p. 85 ;
David e/ <9w^/. <9/>. 6^i«<?, p. 70; Hume f and Dav., Sir. F. vi, p. 48; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 85 ; Bingham, Sir. F. viii. p. 192 ; id., Str. F. ix. p. 149.
Cypselus tectorum, Jerd.,Proc. As. Soc. £eng. 1870, p. 61 ; Godwin-Austen,
J. A. 5. B. xxxix. pt. ii. p. 94. Cypselus tinus, Swmhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 90.
—The EASTERN PALM SWIFT.
Upper plumage nearly black or very dark brown, the rump and upper tail
coverts paler ; sides of the head and neck and the whole under surface of the
body smoky brown. Bill and feet black : eyelids plumbeous ; irides brown.
Length. — 5 to 5*5 inches ; tail 2-2 to 2-4 ; wing 5*6 ; tarsus 0-3 ; bill from
gape 0*55 ; fork of tail about 0*9.
Hab.— British Burmah, Assam, the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal, extending
to the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and China. Gates says it is abundant through-
out Burinah,. being found in small flocks flying at no- great height from the
ground, and that it is a constant resident. Capt. Bingham and Mr. Theobald
found their nests in Tenasserim and Pegu. They breed from March to May
in the Garro and North Cachar Hills, and from April to July in Pegu and
Tenasserim, attaching their nests to the palm leaves used by the people to
roof their huts. The nests, according to Hume, are tiny little shallow saucers,
some 2 inches in diameter ; composed of fluffy vegetable down, and a few
feathers agglutinated with saliva. The eggs, generally 2 — 3 in number, are
pure white.
Sub-Family.— CH.ETURIN.E.
Characters same as those of Cypselmce ; tail feathers ending in a spinou3
tip ; the species comprised in it are mostly of large size, and pale colours.
Gen. Hirundinapus, Hodgs.
Toes three in front ; hind toe or hallux shorter than the front toes, oppos-
able and reversible to the front ; tarsus naked ; tail short, even or wedge-
shaped ; the naked shafts of the feathers ending in a spinous tip.
959. HirundinapUS giganteus (Van ffass.), Salvad, Ucc. Born.
p. 124 (partim)', Oatcs, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 5. Cypselus giganteus, Temm.
pi. Col. 364. Chaetura gigantea, -Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 608 (partini) ;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 46; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 84. — The GIANT
SPINE-TAIL.
Top and sides of the head and neck, upper tail coverts, wings and tail
black, or very dark brown ; lores very deep black ; back, scapulars, and run/p
pale brown, more or less glossy ; under surface of the body smoky brown ; the
under tail coverts white with black shafts. Bill black; irides dark brown; feet
pale brown.
Length. — 9 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 8' to 8-2 ; tarsus O'y ; bill from gape ri
Hab. — The Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and British Burmah. In the
VOL II.— 51
392 CYPSELID^E.
latter country a straggler. Mr. Davison obtained a specimen in the extreme
South of Tenasserim at Malewoon.
960. Hirundinapus indicus, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 471 ; /'</.,
S/r. F. ii. p. 155 ; iv. p. 286 ; Inglis, Str. F. v. p. 17 ; Gates, B. Br. Bnrm.,
i. p. 5. Acanthylis gigantea (Temm.\ apudjerd., B. 2nd. i. p. 172 ; Blyth
and Wald., B. Burm. p. 84 ; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 459. Chaetura
gigantea, apud Legge, Birds Ceylon, p. 314. — The INDIAN GIANT SPINE-TAIL.
Not unlike H. giganteus, but differs in having the chin and throat
whitey brown ; a white spot between the eye and base of the bill, and the back
and rump much paler brown. Bill black ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet
pale purplish or plumbeous.
Length— 9 to 9-25 inches ; tail 2'8 ; wing 7-8 to 8 ; tarsus O 75 ; bill from
gape ri.
//#£.— Southern India, Ceylon, Andamans, Tenasserim and the Malay
Peninsula. It has been obtained in Malabar and the Wynaad, also the coast
at Tellicherry. They occur in large flocks, wherever they are located, and in
the early morning and the dusk of the evening are seen in scattered flocks,
crossing and recrossing one another, while the setting sun now and again show
their glossy plumage. It is said they build upon rocks jutting out in the sea
or on rocks in the sea.
961. Hirundinapus leucopygialis, Biyth.j.A. S. B. xviii.
p. 809. Cypselus coracinus, Mull., Schleg. Handl. Dierk. i. pp. 221 — 479 ;
Vogels pi. ii. fig. 14. Chtetura coracina, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 614;
Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 124; Hume and Dav., Str. F.\i. p. 45. Chaetura
leucopygialis, Hume, S/r. F. vii. p. $18; viii. p. 84. Rhaphidura leucopy-
gialis, Oa/es, B. Br* Burm. ii. p. 6. — The SMALL BLACK, or WHITE RUMFED
SPINE-TAIL.
Glossy black throughout, except the rump and upper tail coverts, which are
greyish white with black shafts ; tail coverts reach to nearly the tip of the tail.
Bill black ; irides brown ; legs livid purple.
Length.— 4-7 to 5 inches ; tail 17 ; wing 4 8 to 5 ; tarsus 0-35 ; bill from
gape 0*6.
fjabt — The Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Tenasserim (South). A
forest loving species, frequenting banks and streams in the vicinity of forests.
Davison says in habits " they much resemble the Giant Spine-tail, shooting
down with the rapidity of lightning with a shrill scream, just touching the
surface of the water and rising again with equal rapidity, turning and swoop-
ing down again, up stream and down stream for the hour together/'
962. Hirundinapus sylvatica, Tickeii, J. A. S. B. xv., p. 284 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 170; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 202.— The WHITE -KI-MFED
SPINE-TAIL.
COLLOCALIA. 393
Upper plumage glossy black with greenish rejections ; rump and upper
tail coverts white, the outermost of the latter tipped with black ; abdomen and
the under tail coverts which reach to nearly the tip of the tail white ; throat,
cheeks and breast pale grey ; flanks and sides of the body blackish. Bill
black ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet livid.
" Length.— 4-25 to 4-5 -inches ; wing 5 ; tail I'S ; bill from gape i.
ffah — N.-W., Central and South India. Jerdon records it from Chyebassa,
Darjeeling, Chanda, the Godavery, Coonoor, Neilgherries and Gurhwal.
963. Hirundinapus caudacuta (Lath.), Jerd. B. ind. \.
p. 173. Chcetura nudipes, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. v. p. 779. Chaetura leuco-
notus, Dcless., Guer. Mag. Zool. pi. 20 ; Gould, B. Australia ii. pi. 10.— The
WHITE-NECKED SPINE-TAIL.
Head, back of neck, upper tail coverts, sides of the rump, wings and
tail dusky black ; lower neck, breast, and abdomen sooty brown ; back,
scapulars, chin, throat, neck in front and on the sides, vent, under tail
coverts, a stripe along the thighs and inner webs of the last tertiaries white ;
stripe on the thigh mixed with black. Bill black ; irides deep brown ; legs
and feet purplish livid.
Length. — 8- 5 inches ; wing 8 ; tail 2.
Hab.— S.-E. Himalayas, Nepaul, Sikkim and Bhootan. Jerdon says he
frequently saw them near Darjeeling. often in the station itself, at Kurseong
and other places in Sikkim, scattered in vast numbers over a considerable tract
of country, and flying with amazing rapidity. Quoting Tickell, who also
observed it,— he says " it is at once recognized by its great size, and the
prodigious swiftness of its movements. It breeds among the huge wall-like
crags of the Himalayas and under the snow level.
Gen. Collocalia> Gray. — EDIBLE-NEST-BUILDING SWALLOWS.
General characters as in Cypselus ; hind toe pointing backwards ; 2nd quill
longest ; tail moderate, even, or slightly forked ; bill very small, much
hooked ; feet small. (Jerd.)
964. Collocalia unicolor, Jerd., B. ind. i, p. 182 ; Hume, Sir.
F. i. p. 296; ii. p. 493; iv., p. 375 ; vi. p. 50. Collocalia nidifica (Lath.),
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 182. Hirundo brevirostris, McLelland P. Z. S. 1839.
Collocalia concolor, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 886. — The INDIAN EDIBLE-
NEST SWIFTLET.
Glossy cinereous brown throughout, darker on the head, wings and tail ;
under surface paler. Bill dark brown ; irides brown.
Length. — 475 to 5 inches; wing 4-5 to 4*75; tail 2*25 to 2-3. Wings
reach from I to r2 inch beyond the tail.
Hab. — Java, and the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago. Recorded from
Assam, and Sikkim, also from the Himalayas, Neilgherries, and Ceylon. It
394 CYPSE.LiD^E.
has been found breeding on the Malabar Coast, about Honore and Yingorla ;
and is said to occur throughout the Western ghauts, chiefly in the more
elevated regions, as Coorg, Wynaad and Mysore.
The nest is never entirely composed of saliva, but always consists of a
long grey thread-like lichen firmly agglutinated together with saliva. It is
a small shallow, semi-saucer-like structure, glued to the rocks. Eggs 2 in
number, glossless white. The birds breed in April, May and June.
965. Collocalia innominata, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 294; id.,
Sir. F. ii. p. 160; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 49; Hume, Sir. F. viii.
p. 85 ; OateSy B. Br. Burmah, ii. p. 7. Collocalia linchi, Horsf. apud. Bl. B.
Burm. p. 85. Collocalia maxima, Hume, Sir. F. iv. p. 223. — HUME'S
SwiFTLET.
• Adult.— Forehead, crown, occiput and nape smoky black; a black line
surrounding the eye ; a white spot in front of the eye ; cheeks, ear coverts,
throat, abdomen, vent and under tail coverts dusky grey brown, the feathers of
the under surface dark shafted ; wing lining and axillaries dark brown ; back
and upper tail coverts smoky black; rump pale brown or greyish white ; wings
and tail like the back ; the latter glossed bluish at the tips. Bill and legs
black ; the legs feathered to the toes.
Length. — 5 to 5-5 inches ; tail 2 to 2-3 ; wing 5-2 to 5*5 ; tarsus 0-4 to 5 ;
bill from gape O'6.
Hab. — British Burmah and the Andaman Islands. Mr. Davison met with
it in Tenasserim. According to him <c it hawks about along the coast, up
estuaries, along the course of creeks and rivers, over paddy-fields, and some-
times a little way inland. During the day they usually keep high up and out
of shot, but descend lower in the evening." Nothing is known of their
nidification.
966. Collocalia spodiopygia (Peaie\ Cassin, V. S. Expi.
Exped. Orn. p. 184, pi. xii., fig. 3; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 384; Hume,
Str. F. i. p. 296 ; ii. p. 160 ; id., Nests and Eggs Ind* B . p. 91 ; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 51 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 85; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
i. p. 8. Macropteryx spodiopygius, Peak, ZooL U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds,
ist edit., p. 176. Collocalia inexpectata, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 296.— PEALE'S
SWIFTLET.
Whole upper plumage smoky brown ; a band across the rump ashy white,
the feathers dark shafted ; wings and tail glossy brown ; under-surface of the
body pale smoky brown. Bill black ; irides deep brown ; legs and feet
brownish pink.
Length. — 4^7 to 4*8 inches; tail 2 ; wing 4-6 to 5 ; tarsus 0*35 ; bill from
gape 0-45.
Hab. — Tenasserim and the Andaman Islands. According to Mr. Davison
it is a permanent resident in the southern portion of Tenasserim, where it is
DENDRO'CHELIDON. 395
extremely common and breeds in the islands of the Mergui Archipelago, from
Tavoy Islands southwards. Breeds in caves, and makes the edible nests of
commerce. " The nest is composed of the most exquisite silvery white gelatine.
Exteriorly the surface is compact and somewhat roughened in laminae ;
interiorly it is a network of the finest and whitest threads, reminding one of
the Euplectella. The true nest is pure white, and in shape rather more than
half of a shallow cup — from 2 to 2-75 inches broad ; stands out from 1*5 to 2
inches from the wall, and varies in depth interiorly from \ to I inch. The
eggs are white and two in number." (Davison.)
967- Collocalia Linchi, Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. E. I. Co. i.
p. 100; Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 384 ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 157 ; id., Nests
and Eggs Ind. B. p. 89; Sahad, Ucc. Born. p. 1 21 ; Hume and Dav., Sir.
F. vi. p. 49 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 85 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 10.
Hirundo fuciphaga, apud, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Socy. xiii. p. 143. Collocalia
fuciphaga, apud, Bl. and Wald., B. Burm. p. 85. Collocalia francica, apud,
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 324. — HORSFIELD'S SWIFTLET.
Above glossy bronze-black ; chin, throat, sides of the head and of , the body
ashy-brown, each feather margined paler ; abdomen and vent white, streaked
with brown ; under tail coverts dark brown margined with white ; wings and
tail glossy black. Bill black; irides brown; feet brownish black.
Length. — 4 inches; tail 1*75 ; wing 4 ; tarsus 03 ; bill from gape 0*4.
Hab. — Java, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim and Arracan; also the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The correct distribution of this Swiftlet has not
yet been ascertained. Mr. Davison's experience of the species is that they
are very familiar birds, coming even into the house, and taking up their quarters
in it, day after day. It breeds abundantly in both the Andaman and Nicobars.
Eggs pure white, devoid of gloss, long ovals, and average 0*7 x 0^45 inch.
Gen. DendrOChelidon, Boie. (Macropteryx, Sws.)
Hallux not reversible ; tarsus short, either naked or feathered; wings long ;
first two primaries sub-equal ; tail long and forked; head sub-crested.
968. Dendrochelidon coronatus (Tick.), Sdater, P. z. S.,
1865, p-6i7; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 185, No, 104; Hume, Nests and Eggs,
p. 92; id., Str. F. iii. p. 45; Hume and Dav., Str, F. vi. p. 51 ; Legge, B.
Ceylon, p. 328 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 85 ; Parker, Str. F. ix. p. 476.
Hirundo coronata, Tick., J . A. S. B. ii. p. 580; xv. p. 2. Macropteryx
coronatus, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 86; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 458;
Oates, B. British Burmah ii. p. 12. — THE INDIAN CRESTED TREE-SWIFT.
Upper plumage and sides of the neck ashy, tinged with metallic green on
the forehead, crown, and the longer upper tail coverts ; lores and a narrow
space round the eye black ; a narrow white supercilium ; chin, moustache and
ear coverts ferruginous ; under surface of the body pale ashy, whitish on the
S9G CYPSELID/F.
abdomen, vent and under tail coverts ; wing coverts metallic blue ; quills
brown, suffused with bluish green; tail metallic greenish-brown.
The female differs in having the ear coverts black instead of chestnut, and
the chin and moustache ashy like the throat. Bill black : legs blue-black ;
irides brown.
Length. — 9 to 9-5 inches ; tail 5'2 to 5^5 ; wing 6-3 ; tarsus 0*3 ; bill from
gape o'8.
Hab. — Central and Southern India, the Malabar Coast, Wynaad, Mysore,
Southern Ghauts of Nellore and the whole of British Burmah. In the sub-
Himalayan tract, below Gurhwal and Kumaon, the Mandla districts of the
Central Provinces, and in Darjeeling, it is said to be extremely common and
to breed. The nest is a shallow half-saucer, composed of flakes of thin
bark agglutinated with saliva. Egg one only, pure white, a long almost cylin-
drical oval, 0-85 by O'$$. The breeding season lasts from April to June.
969. Dendrochelidon longipennis (Rafm.\ Sahad., Ucc.
Born. p. 122; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 52 ; Hu?ne, Sir. F. viii. p. 85.
Hirundo longipennis, Rafin., Soc. Philom. Bull iii. 1802, p. 153. Hirundo
klecho, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 143. Cypselus longipennis, Temm.
PL Col. 83, fig. I (descr. orig.) Dendrochelidon klecho, Sclaler, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 616. Macropteryx longipennis, Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 13. — The
MALAYAN CRESTED TREE-SWIFT.
Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the neck, back, scapulars, and upper wing
coverts metallic green, each feather more or less margined and edged with
blue, darker on the forehead and crown ; chin, throat, breast, upper abdomen,
sides of the body, rump, the smaller upper tail coverts and tips of scapulars
grey, the longer upper tail coverts greenish-brown ; lores and cheeks black ;
ear coverts chestnut; lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white;
quills brown, tinged with blue ; tertiaries whitish ; tail greenish at the base,
the rest blue.
The female is distinguished by the ear coverts being a greenish brown
instead of chestnut, and the young by the upper plumage being tipped with
white. Bill black ; irides brown.
Length.— 9 to 9*2 inches; tail 4-5 ; wing 6*5 ; tarsus 0*4; bill from gape
07.
Hab. — Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula and Tenasserim. Gates
says in Tenasserim from the most southernmost point up to Mergui and
Nwalabo mountain. Like the preceding it affects forests and makes its nest
of moss and scraps of bark cemented with saliva. He adds (quoting
Bernstein, J. Fur. Orn. 1859, p. 183,) that the nest is so small, that the bird,
also like the last, sits upon the branch, and is able to cover the single large
white egg with only the end of her belly.
BATRACHOSTOMUS. 397
970. Dendrochelidon comatus (Temm.), Sdater, P. z. S. 1865,
p. 617 ; Salvady Ucc. Born. p. 123 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 5 I ; Hume^
Str. F. viii. p. 85 ; Cypselus comatus, Temm., PI. Col. 268. Macropteryx
comatus, Oa/es, B. Br, Burm. ii. p. 14. — The TUFTED TREE-SWIFT.
Forehead, crown, nape, throat, sides of the head, greater, median, lesser,
and under wing coverts metallic blue ; superciliary streak from the base of
bill to nape, the under tail coverts, uppermost tertiaries, the chin and a stripe
under the ear coverts white ; back, rump, upper tail coverts, sides of the neck,
lower throat, abdomen, vent and sides of the body metallic bronze ; lores
black ; ear coverts chestnut ; quills and tail brown, tinged with deep blue,
more conspicuous on the outer webs.
The female has the ear coverts metallic blue. Bill black ; irides dark
brown; legs and feet purplish pink. (Davison.)
Length. — 6*5 inches ; tail 3' 2 ; wing 5 ; tarsus o-3 ; bill from gape 0*65.
Hal. — The Malay Peninsula, Siam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Timor,
the Phillipine Islands, and Tenasserim from the extreme south to Mergui.
According to Davison this species frequents by preference clearings where
there are a number of dead trees standing.
Family.— CAPRIMULJIM, Vigors.— GOATSUCKERS.
Bill short, flat, and broad, weak and curved ; gape wide, extending to
below the eyes, and with numerous strong bristles ; wings long or short ; tail
moderate, of ten feathers ; tarsi short; toes long, hind toe joined to inner at
base ; eyes large ; plumage mottled and pencilled ; habits nocturnal.
Sub-Family.— STEATORNI1SLE, Gray.
Bill large, wide, depressed, slightly curved and strongly hooked ; gape very
wide; base of bill covered with feathers and bipectinated bristles. Hallux
partially reversible in some. (Jerd.)
Gen. Batrachostomus, Gould.
Bill very large, strong, broad and hooked at tip ; nostrils narrow, lateral,
covered by plumes ; no rictal brisles ; wings short and rounded ; tail long ;
tarsi feathered.
971. Batrachostomus moniliger, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p- 806 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 119, No. 105 ; Str. F. ii. p. 350 ; iv. p. 376 ; vi. p. 55,
Podargus Javensis, Jerd., 2nd Suppl. Cat. 253. Batrachostomus Javensis,
(HorsfJ, Str. F vii. p. 147. — The WYNAAD FROGMOUTH.
Above with the throat and breast bright bay or chestnut ; a torque
of white spots edged black on the upper part of the breast and another
below it; belly and lower tail coverts pale isabelline with similar but
smaller spots ; flanks mottled with dusky j coronal feathers long ; occipital
398 CAPRIMULGID^E.
feathers tipped white and edged black, forming a nuchal ring continuous -with
the pectoral collar ; supercilium pale rufescent ; loral plumes tipped black
and white; wing coverts tipped white and edged black; tertiaries pale,
mottled dusky, with a minute terminal black and white spot; primaries black;
scapulars like the tertiaries ; tail mottled and obscurely banded, each band
ending in a series of white spots, successively more developed on each outer
feather, the lateral halves of the tail separated into two distinct lobes. (Jcrd.)
Bill black ; irides hazel.
Length. — 10 inches; tail 4*25; wing 475; tarsus 07; bill from gape
1-2; width at gape ri.
fJab. — The Malabar Coast, Wynaad, Coorg, Travancore and the Central
Provinces. Very little is known of its habits or of that of any other species
of the genus, being a nocturnal bird. Mr. Bourdillon, however, says that, if
he is not mistaken, the habits of this species is very shy and retiring, for it
never appears to venture into the open, and only commences calling in the
breeding season some considerable time after dark, and lives entirely in dense
jungle. He adds that it is a very difficult bird to secure.
972. Batrachostomus aflftnis, Biyth.J. A. S.B.xvi.p. n8o;
id., J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 806 ; Hume, Str.F. ii.p. 351 ; iv. p. 376; Tweeddale,
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 426, pi. 45 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 53; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 85; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 149; Gates, B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. 15. Otothrix Hodgsoni, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 101, pi. clii. ;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 190, No. 106 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 93 ; id.,
Str. F. ii. p. 348. Batrachostomus Hodgsoni, Blyth and Wald., B. Burm.
p. 83; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 53; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 85.—
HODGSON'S FROGMOUTH.
Crown and nape black, barred with rufous white ; back and wing coverts
barred and spotted with black and rufous ; scapulars with large white blotches ;
primaries, secondaries and tertiaries brownish black, the primaries with rufous
bars on the outer webs, and the secondaries with the same on both webs ; tail
ferruginous, with black specks and oblique bands of rufous white ; beneath
whitish, barred with rufous and tipped with black. Bill light madder ; legs
the same, tinged with violet ; iris marbled buff. (Wardlaw-Ramsay.)
Length. — 7 to 8 inches ; tail 5-4 to 5-5 ; wing 5-1 to 5-3 ; tarsus 07; bill
from gape T2 ; width of gape I.
Hab. — Malacca, Sikkim and Tenasserim.
Very little is known of the habits and distribution of this species. From
Hume's Nests and Eggs Ind. B., I learn that Mr. Hodgson has figured a
young bird of this species with remarks on the reverse of the plate, that the
female with young and nest were obtained on the 2Oth May 1856, behind
Darjeeling, towards the Great Runjeet, at an elevation of between 3,000 and
4,000 feet ; nest nearly flat ; a soft mass of lichen and moss overlaid with a
soft downy vegetable substance blended into a felt-like mass.
CAPRIMULGUS. 399
Sub-Family.— CAPRIMULGIN^E.
Bill small and weak, with bristles at the base ; wings long ; tail rather long ;
tarsi short, scaled or plumed ; middle toe longest ; its claw long and serrated.
Found in most parts of the world ; all live on insects, which they capture on
the wing.
Gen. Caprimulgus.— Lin.
General characters as in the sub-family. Bill very short, flexible and broad
at base, compressed and bent at the tip ; rictal bristles strong and numerous.
973. Caprimulgus asiaticus, Lath., ind. Om. iii. p. 588 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. \. p. 197, No. 112; Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 97; id., Sir. F.
iii. p. 46; Blyth, B. Br. Burm. p. 46; Hume and Dav., Str. F. v. p. 59;
Lcgge, B. Ceylon, p. 343; Brooks, Str. F. vii. p. 169; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 85 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zoo!., Sfc., Smd, p. 126; id., Vert. Zool. Sind',
p. 1 06 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 150; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 17.— The
COMMON INDIAN NIGHT-JAR.
Plumage remarkably soft and lax, pale rufescent ashy ; the feathers finely
pencilled and mottled with dusky ; top of head with narrow longitudinal
blackish streaks ; neck with a white spot ; collar rufescent ; wing coverts and
scapulars edged with buffy or tawny ; quills with a white spot on- each of the
first four feathers, and mottled at the tip, the exterior feathers with a large
white patch near the tips of the inner webs ; a central patch of white on the
throat. Lower parts and tail irregularly barred and mottled lightly ; the tail,
in the male, with white spots on the outer tail feathers; tarsi bare.
Length. — 9 inches; extent 18 to i8*£; wing 5*5 to 6; tail 4'5.
Hab. — Very widely spread in India and Ceylon, Occurs in Sind, the
Concan and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, and North Guzerat; recorded also
from Upper Pegu and Amherst. Breeds wherever it is found, ascending
the lower ranges of the Himalayas to the height of 5,000 or 6,000 feet in
spring and summer. May is the month in which they breed, but eggs have"
also been taken in April, Eggs, two in number, long, cylindrical ovals, of a
pinkish stone colour, blotched, clouded, spotted and streaked with different
shades of pale reddish and purplish brown. Average size 1*04 X 0*77.
The eggs are laid in a depression on the ground.
974. Caprimulgus mahrattensis (Sykes), Jerd. in. bid. Om.
p. 24 pi. ; Gould, B. Asia ; Jerd., i. p. 197, No. 113 ; Hume, Str. F. i. 167 ;
iii. pp. 206, 381, 455 5 iv- PP. 254> 5°i ; vii. p. 181; viii. p. 372; ix. p. 381.;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind,+ p. 1 27. — SYKES' NIGHT-JAR.
General colour pale sandy-grey, variegated with pencillings of dusky and
ferruginous ; head very sparingly streaked and spotted ; breast with a white
spot ; wing coverts, scapulars and tertiaries with buffy spots ; primaries
with a white spot on the outer webs of the three exterior feathers, mottled
VOL. II.— 52
400 CAPRIMULGID/E.
grey at the tip and with fulvous bands ; tail pale grey ; the central feat-
finely vermiculatcd ; the rest with zigzag pencilling or hands of black,
tipped fulvous and spotted on the two lateral feathers with white ; undev tail
coverts fulvous.
Length.— 875 to 9-5 inches ; wing 675 to 7 ; tail 4-5 to 5.
Hob. — India generally and Ceylon. A permanent resident in Sind, breed
on the plains in February and March. A resident also of Kutch, Kattiawar,
N. Guzerat and Jodhpore. Occurs in the Punjab (Dera Ghazi Khan),
Beloochistan and the Deccan
975. Caprimulgus monticolus, Frank!., P. z S. 1831, p. n6;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p 198, No. 1 14 ; Plume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 98 ; />/.,
S,tr. F. iii. p. 46; BlytKsB. Burm. p. 83; David el Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 67 ;
Davison, Sir. F. v. p. 453; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 59; Hume, Sir.
F. viii. p. 85 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p 151 ; Oatesy B. Er. Burm. ii. p. 18. —
FRANKLIN'S NIGHT-JAR.
Upper surface of the body from pale ashy brown to dark ashy, variegated
with rufous and dusky ; under-surface of the body banded with dusky reddish ;
primaries brownish black ; first primary with a streak of rufous white on the
outer web and a large patch of white on the inner ; next three primaries with
a patch of white extending across both webs; tail feathers ashy brown, the
six middle ones with slender black undulations, and the two outer feathers
entirely white and narrowly tipped with brown ; tarsus bare. The female is
paler in colour, and has the patches on the four primaries rufous instead of
white ; all the tail feathers barred black and rufous.
Bill pale brown, dark horny at the tip ; iris dark brown ; legs and feet pale
fleshy brown ; claws horny.
Length. — 10 inches ; tail 4*5 ; wing 7*5 ; tarsus 0*8 ; bill from gape 1*25.
Hab. — Nearly throughout India, from the extreme South to the Himalayas,
extending into Arrakan and Burmah, but is somewhat locally distributed. It
is recorded from Khandeish, Central Provinces (Mhow and Saugor), the
Nerbudda Valley, Godavery, Calcutta, Tonghoo, in Burmah, various localities
in Tenasserim and the Thoungyeen Valley. It is also spread over Central
and Southern China. Breeds from April to August, almost everywhere it is
found. Eggs, normally two in number, are laid on the bare ground in some
shady and concealed spot ; they are not unlike those of C. asia/tcus, but larger
and with more of the salmon hue and less of a stone colour, thickly clouded
and streaked with pale brownish-red. In size they vary from ri to 1*22 inch
in length and from 0*8 to 0-85 in breadth.
976. Caprimulgus albonotatus, Tick., J.A. S. B. ii. p. 580;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 194, No. 109; Hume, Nesls and Eggs Ind. B. p. 95 ; /</.,
Str. F. iii. p. 45 ; Wald. in BlyWs B, Burm, p. 83 ; Plume and Dav.y Sir,
CAPRIMULGUS. 401
F. vi. p. 57 ; C/ipps, Sir. F. vii. p. 257 ; Hume, S/r. F. viii. p. 85 ; Gates,
l> />'/-. Burnt, ii. p. 19. Caprimulgus macrurus, Hnrsf., Trans. Linn. Soc.
xiii. p. 142 ; Jerd., B. hid- i. p 195, No. HO; Hume, S/r. F. iii. p. 46;
Rlythand Wald., B. Burm. p. 83 ; flume and Dav., Str. F. vi p. 58; Oates,
B Br, Burm. \\. p. 20— The LARGE BENGAL NIGHT-]AR.
Crown and tertiaries cineraceous, minutely mottled with black; the crown
\vith a broad black mesial longitudinal streak ; wing coverts and scapulars
black, bordered broadly with rufescent white; neck in front with a broad
white patch; first primary with a white spot on the inner web; the next three
with a white patch extending across both webs ; outer tail feathers with a
broad white tip ; rictal bristles white at base and tipped black.
The female is like the male, except that the white on the tail is tinged with
rufous and is much contracted, and the marks on the primaries are narrow, ill-
dcfined and rufescent. Bill pinkish brown; irides brown; feet and legs brown.
Length. — 13 inches ; tail 6-8 to 7 ; wing 8-4 to 9 ; tarsus 07 ; bill from gape
i '4 ; wings reach from 1-5 to 2 inches beyond the tip of the tail.
Hab. — The Malay Peninsula to Northern Australia, the Burmese countries
and the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal, Sikkim, and a great portion of Northern
and Central India. Inhabitant of forests and well-wooded localities. Breeds
from March to May, and like the other species lays two eggs. Habits. the
same. Eggs of a salmon colour, blotched with pink and brown. In size they
vary from ro8 to 1*3 inch, and in breadth from 0*85 to O'95.
977- Caprimulgus atripennis, Jerd., Ill Ind. Om. pi. 24; /</.,
B.Ind.i.^. 196, No. in. Caprimulgus spilocircus (Gray), Hume, Nests
and Eggs Ind. B. p. 97. — The GHAUT NIGHT-] AR.
Similar to C. albonotatus, except that it is smaller; io'5 inches against 12 to
13 inches in length ; wing 6-5 against 8-5 to 9 inches. In colour it has a russet
tinge about the nape, breast and back ; quills black, not mottled at the tip ;
ear coverts ferruginous.
Hal. — Eastern ghauts; nearly throughout Southern India, Malabar Coast,
and Ceylon. According to Hume, it breeds on the Neilgherries. The eggs have
the usual gloss and a pale somewhat creamy pink ground, faintly streaked and
mottled all over with pale reddish and purple. Eggs average ri3 X 072.
978 Caprimulgus Unwinii, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 407 ; iv. p. 501 ;
vii. p. 175 ; viii. pp. 180, 189, 236, 372; ix. pp. 313, 315; Ibis, 1871, i.
p. 406; id., 1877, pp. 249, 250; Murray, ZooL, fyc., Si/id, p. 125. — UNWIN'S
NIGHT-JAR.
Mr. Hume, in describing this species, says : " It has the upper three-
fourths of the tarsus feathered in front. In both sexes the two outer tail
feathers on each side are tipped with white; but the tippings are about
i '55 and ro broad in the male on the outer and penultimate feathers,
402 CAPRIMULGID/E.
respectively, and only about 075 and 0-44 in the female, and in the latter sex
the white is less pure. Both sexes have a white spot on the inner webs of the
first three, and a corresponding one on the outer webs of the second and third
primaries ; but here again, while the white spots on the inner webs of the male
are about one inch broad, those of the female are about half of that size." IL>
adds : " The best description I can give of its plumage is, that it is an exces-
sively pale version of C. Indicus, and that while (with the exception of the
difference in the size of the white markings on tail and wings) the sexes
closely resemble each other, the under tail coverts of the male are a uniform
rufous buff, while those of the female are somewhat paler and are very dis-
tinctly barred with narrow bars more than a quarter of an inch apart" ; but Mr.
W. T. Blanford, in a letter to the Ibis, vol. i., 1877, pp. 249-250, states
"•that after examining all Mr. Hume's specimens of this species with speci-
mens of C. Europceus, (a large English female and a male specimen from
Europe,) the sex of one of the types of C. Unwinii was probably wrongly
determined, and that instead of being male and female, both skins are those of
males, and that they are quite distinct from C. Mahr attends, and belong to the
pale grey race of C. Europceus, of which he obtained specimens in S.-E.
Persia." He adds " whilst the name of C. Unwinii must become a synonym,
C. Europceus must be added to the Indian fauna."
The following is a description of Caprimulgiis Europceus, Linn. :—
Plumage above and that of the throat ashy grey, thickly streaked and spotted
with brown, mostly of a yellowish tinge ; head and neck with longitudinal
blackish streaks ; a white stripe beneath the base of the lower mandible extends
along each side of the lower part of the head, and there is a central patch of
white upon the throat. Primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries dark brown ; the
outer webs blotched with reddish brown, and the three exterior feathers with a
large white patch near the tips of the inner webs. Tail irregularly marked
and indistinctly barred with blackish grey and yellowish brown ; the two
external feathers on each side white at their termination ; plumage of under
parts yellowish brown ; tarsi paler. Female like the male, the white spots on
quills and tail feathers absent.
Length* — IO'3 to io'6 inches ; expanse 21 ; wing 6 to 6*2 ; tail 4*5 to 5.
This species is a visitant to Sind, and has hitherto been found at Hydrabad
and in its neighbourhood, also in Beloochistan and Afghanistan, Nepaul,
Gilgit, and Persia. Breeds in Afghanistan at Chaman, where Lieut. H. E.
Barnes obtained unfledged birds. It arrives in September and remains till
about the end of October, some few being seen as late as the first week
in November.
979 CaprimulgUS indiCUS (Latham), Jerd., Ill Ind. Orn. letter
press to pi. 24 (in part); id., B. Ind. i. p. 192, No. 107 ; Hume, S/r. F. iv.
p. 381 ; id., vi. pp. 56-57.— The JUNGLE NIGHT- JAR.
CAPRIMULGUS. 403
Upper surface of the body pale ashy, with dusky pencillings and black
streaks on the head, neck behind, back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail
coverts : wing coverts the same and with fulvous spots or blotches ; tail
cinereous, with narrow black bars and dusky mottlings, the outer feathers
tinned with rufous; all except the middle feathers with a subterminal white
spot; tarsus feathered; quills with dark rufous spots or interrupted bars,
on the first three primaries ; beneath rufescent ashy, with dark bars and
mottlings.
The female has these marks more or less rufescent and wants the white
terminations to the tail feathers ; the primaries are strongly mottled towards
their tips ; the first primary nearly equals the fourth. Bill dusky brown ;
irides hazel.
980. Caprimulgus Kelaarti, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xx. p. 175;
id., J. A, S. B. xiv. p. 208; Jerd., III. Ind. Orn. pi. 24; Hume, Sir. F. \M.
p. 381. — The NEILGHERRY NIGHT-JAR.
Plumage above and below light cinereous, tinged on the scapulars and
under surface with pale fawn ; head, neck, back, scapulars, rump and upper
tail coverts mottled and pencilled with black and dusky ; ear coverts black,
edged with light rufous ; a line from below the ear coverts to the gape, also the
throat white ; first four primaries with a white spot on the under web ; all
mottled at the tips except the middle feathers, all the tail feathers tipped with
white and margined with dusky. Bill dusky brown ; irides brown.
Length.— 1 1*5 inches ; tail 575 ; wing 7' to 7-2.
Hab. — The Neilgherries, Central Provinces, on the Ghauts and Ceylon.
Hume says it breeds throughout Southern India and the Central Provinces
from February to August ; the eggs, not unlike those of other species, are laid
in a depression in the ground under a bush or tuft of grass. They are two in
number, and resemble exactly those of C. indicus.
981- CaprimulgUS jotaka, Tern., PI. Schleg. Faun. Jap. Aves.
p. 37, pis. xii.-xiii.; Wald. in Blyth, B. Burm. p. 83 ; Godwin- Aust., J. A.
S. B. xliii. pi. ii. p. 153; Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 67; Anderson,
Yunnan Exped. p. 588 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 56 ; Hume, S/r. F.
viii. p. 85; Scully, torn. cit. p. 236; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 21. Capri-
mulgus indicus, apud, Blyth, JB. Burm. p. 83; Hume and Dav., vi. p. 56. —
The JAPANESE NIGHT-]AR.
Of very dark colour, most of the marks on the upper plumage being black ;
first primary with a white spot on the inner web not reaching to the shaft ;
no patch on the outer web; second and third primaries with a patch of white
across both webs ; fourth primary with a white patch on the inner web and a
rufescent one on the outer ; in some specimens the patches on the outer webs
of the second and third primaries are rufous ; all the tail feathers except the
404 PODAGERIN/3E.
central ones, with a band of pure white near the tip, about 0*5 inch wide, and
the same distance from the tip.
The female has the same dark plumage as the male, the patches on the
primaries are rufous, small and ill-defined ; there is no white whatever on the
tail, all the feathers being black, barred with rufous. (Oates.}
Length — 12 inches; tail 5'5; wing 8'4 to S'S; tarsus 0*65; bill from
gape 1-4.
Hab. — China, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia and Japan. Has been procured
near Bhamo in Native Burmah, hills of the N -E. Frontier and Nepaul. In
British Burmah, Gates says, it is apparently a rare bird. It has been procured
at Tonghoo and Tenasserim. Quoting Messrs. Blackiston and Pryer, Gates
says that the eggs are two in number, white, patched with grey, and that
they are placed on the ground, Colonel Godwin-Austen found the eggs
in May.
Sub-Family-PODAGERlN^.
Inner toe longer than the outer; tarsus longer than in the Caprimulgina ;
head with lengthened feathers forming ear tufts in some species.
Gen. Lyncornis.— Gould.
Head with lengthened feathers forming ear tufts.
982. Lyncornis cerviniceps, Gould, hones Avmm, pt. ii. pi. 4 ;
Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 82; Wardlaw-Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, P« 4595 Davison, Str.
F. v. p. 454 ; Hume and Davison, vi. p. 60 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 48, 85 ;
ix. p. 120; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 151. — The BURMESE EARED NIGHT- JAR.
Forehead, crown and nape clear buff, very finely vermiculated with black ;
ear tufts black, tipped with buff; upper plumage and wings buff, variegated
with chestnut and black ; tail barred, buff and black; throat and breast dark
chocolate brown, the feathers slightly tipped with chestnut ; a broad band of
white across the throat ; lower plumage black, barred with buff. (Oa/es.)
Irides dark brown ; b.ll light horn colour ; claws light brown.
Length. — 16 inches; tail 8*5 ; wing 12 ; tarsus O'8 ; bill from gape i'j.
Hab. — British Burmah, where, according to Gates, it is generally spread all
over the country in suitable localities. He observed it to be very abundant at
the foot of the Arracan hills near Prome. Colonel Lloyd got it at Tonghoo, and
Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay between Thayetmyo and Tonghoo. It frequents hilly
country -where the forest is dense and the ground broken up by rivers and
ravines. Gates adds that they associate in large flocks, roost in caves during
the day, and come out late in the evening as the darkness deepens and fly close
to the ground. An egg belonging to this species was found by Mr. Davison
at Malewoon in January. It was of a cream colour, marked with lilac-grey.
HARPACTES. 405
SUB-ORDER—COCCYGES HETERODACTYL^E.
Family— TROGONID^:.
Bill short, stout, somewhat triangular, strong and curved from the base, the
tip and sometimes the margin toothed ; gape wide; nostrils and base of bill
concealed by long tufts of bristles ; wings moderate or short ; tarsus short7
partially feathered ; toes short, two before and two behind, inner toe being
turned backwards ; tail long and broad of 12 feathers j plumage soft ; skin
tender and thin.
Gen. HarpacteS, Swaimon.
Bill strong, broad and deep, conic and much curved ; nostrils partially
covered by hairs ; tarsus half -feathered ; orbital region nude. Birds of rich
plumage, living in dense forests, and feeding on insects, which, like the Capri-
mulgida, they capture in the air,
983. Harpactes fasciatus, (Gmel\ Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 201,
No. 115; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 507. Trogon Malabaricus, Gould, Monog.
pi. 31. — The MALABAR TROGON.
Entire head and neck black ; rest of the upper plumage castaneous olive-
brown ; lesser wing coverts, tertiaries and some of the secondaries finely
streaked with black and white ; breast, belly and lower parts fine crimson red ;
tail with the centre feathers more chestnut than the back ; rest black and
white. The/emale has the head and neck of the same colour as the body,
and the wing coverts and tertiaries are finely banded black and brown ; lower
plumage ochreous yellow. Bill deep blue ; orbital skin smalt blue : irides
dark brown ; feet light lavender-blue. (Jerd.}
Length.— 12 inches; tail 6; wing 5; tarsus 0*6; bill at front 0-5; at
gape ro.
Hab.— Malabar, Central India and Ceylon. Found in the forests of Mala-
bar from the extreme south to about N. lat. 17°, reaching up the ghauts and
hill ranges to at least 3,000 feet. Jerdon adds that it prefers the more elevated
situations, and keeps to the thickest parts of the woods. It is usually solitary,
and sometimes in pairs. Layard says it is found in small .parties of three or
four and feeds on various insects.
984- Harpactes erythrocephalus, Gould, Monog. Trog. 2nd
Relit., pi. 43 , Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 498 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii.
p. 85 ; Oates, Str. F. viii. p. 164 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 152 ; Hume and
IngUs, Str. F. ix. p. 246 ; Gates, JB. Br. Burm. ii. p. 99. Trogon erythro-
cephalus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 25; id., Mon. Trogon, 1st Edit. pi. 33.
Trogon Hodgsoni, Gould, t. c. 1st Edit. pi. 34. Harpactes Hodgsoni, Gould,
t. c. 2nd Edit. pi. 42 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 2O2, No. 1 16 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs Ind. B. p. 99; Blylh, B. Burm. p. 82; Hume, Str- F. iii. p. 47 ;
Hume and Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 66.— The RED-HEADED TROGON,
406 TROGONID^E.
Head, nape, throat, neck, breast and lower plumage rich, but dull dark
crimson ; back, scapulars, lesser wing coverts, rump and upper tail coverts
chestnut brown or ferruginous, brightest on the rump ; greater wing coverts,
the median series and tertiaries, finely vermiculated with undulations of black
and white ; quills black, the outer margins of the primaries whitish near the
base ; secondaries black, vermiculated with white on their outer webs ; two
central tail feathers deep chestnut, tipped with black ; next pair chestnut on
the outer webs, and black on the inner web and at tip ; outer three black,
with a broad white tip and part of the outer web also white. The female has
the whole head, neck, breast and upper parts ferruginous brown, lighter on
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; the lower plumage is light crimson ; lesser
wing coverts and tertiaries vermiculated with black and buff.
Bill smalt blue, blackish on the culmen and at tip of both mandibles ;
irides dull red, or chestnut brown ; orbitar skin lavender blue ; legs and feet
pale lavender.
Length. — 13 to 13'$ inches ; tail 8 ; wings 5'8 to 6 ; tarsus O-6 ; bill at front
O-6 ; at gape r i .
Hab. — Himalayas, from Nepaul eastwards to Sylhet, Assam, Arracan,
and Tenasserim, also Sikkim. Gates says it is found abundantly over the
whole of Pegu and Arracan in tracts of heavy forest, and is more common on
the hills than in the plains. Jerdon says he found it at Darjeeling at eleva-
tions of 4,000 feet, frequenting dark shaded valleys and flying from tree to tree.
He had the eggs brought to him, said to have been taken from a hole in a
tree. They were two in number, white and somewhat round. According to
Hodgson, they lay in April, making a hole in a decayed tree. He gives the
number of eggs as 3 to 4, pure white, moderately broad ovals, slightly
pointed towards one end, and measure about 1-25 by 0-87 inch. Gates
however says that the eggs he found near Pegu in May were 3 in number,
laid on the bare wood in the hollow of a decayed tree, and were a very pale
buff in colour. The colour of the eggs found by Capt. Bingham in Tenas-
serim in March is not stated.
985. Harpactes oreskios (Temm.\ Waid., P. z S. 1866, p. 538;
Gould, Monog. Trogon. 2nd Edit., pi. 46 ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 47 ; Bingham,
Sir. F. v. pp. 50, 82 ; Dav., Sir. F. v. p. 454; Hume and Dav., vi. p. 66;
Htimet Str. F. viii. p. 85 ; Oales, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 100. Trogon oreskios,
Temm., PL Col. 181; Gould, Monog. 1st Edit. pi. 36. Harpactes Gouldii,
Swains., Classif. B. ii. p. 337. Orescius Gouldii, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 31.
Harpactes orescuis, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 82 ; Oa/es, Sir. F. x. p. i86.-The
YELLOW-BREASTED TROGON.
Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the head and of the neck yellowish green ;
chin, throat and upper breast dull yellow ; lower breast, abdomen and sides
brilliant orange yellow ; vent and under tail-coverts yellow ; back, scapulars,
HARPACTES, 40?
tump and upper tail coverts chestnut ; central tail feathers chestnut, tipped
with black ; next two pairs black ; outer pairs black at base, white at tip ;
lesser wing coverts chestnut brown ; greater and median coverts and tertiaries
black, closely barred with white ; secondaries black, barred with white on the
outer webs only ; primaries black, the outer webs of the second to the eighth
edged with white. {Oates.)
The female has the upper plumage reddish brown ; the head and nape olive
brown ; wings and tail as in the male, except the coverts, secondaries and
tertiaries which are buff, and the chin yellowish ; lower parts yellow. Bill smalt-
blue, culmen and tip blackish ; orbitar skin bluish ; legs plumbeous j irides
dark brown.
Length.—~\2 inches; tail 7-3; wings 5 ; tarsus O'6 ; bill from gape 0*85.
Hab. — Sumatra, Java, Siam, Cambodia, and the greater part of British
Burmah. It occurs also in Arracan and Tenasserim. Like the last confined
to dense forest. Breeds in Tenasserim during the months of February and
March, Eggs 2 — 3 in number, placed in a hole in a branch of a tree, and of
a pale buff colour.
988, Harpactes DuvaUCelli (Temm.\ Gould, Monog. Trog. 2nd
Edit., pi. 40; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 63 ; ffume, Sir. F. viii. p. 85 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. TOi. Trogon Duvaucelli, Temm.y PL Col. 291 ;
Gould, Monog, Trog. 1st Edit., pi. 32, Pyrotrogon Duvaucelli, Salvad. Ucc,
Born. p. 2i.— DUVAUCELL'S TROGON.
Whole head and neck black ; back and scapulars ruddy buff ; rump, upper tail
coverts, breast and lower plumage bright crimson, paler on the vent and under
tail coverts ; central tail feathers bright bay, sometimes tipped black ; next
two pairs black ; the rest black at base and broadly tipped white ; wings
blackish ; all the coverts, tertiaries, outer webs of the secondaries and of the
first primary barred with white ; outer webs of the other primaries narrowly
edged with white. (Oates.) The female has the head brown tinged with rusty
on the throat ; lower plumage pale crimson ; wing bars buff ; rump and upper
tail coverts like the back, but washed with crimson.
Bill on the sides and gape cobalt blue ; culmen and tip of upper and lower
mandible black at base ; legs smalt blue ; irides deep brown ; orbitar skin
pale blue.
Length. — IO inches; tail 5*4; wing 4*2 ; tarsus O'4 ; bill from gape 0*9.
Hab. — The Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and the extreme south of
Tenasserim. Habits not unlike the other members of the genus.
SUB-ORDER.— ZYGODACTYLI.
Bill various, more or less arched, often straight and angular ; toes two
before and two behind ; outer hind toe often reversible.
VOL. II.— 53
408 CUCULID;E.
Family— CUCULIDvE, Leach.— CUCKOOS.
Bill rather slender and compressed, curved above, tip hooked ; gape wide ;
nostrils in a membranous groove ; wings long- tail rounded.
Sub-Family— CUCULIN^
Tarsi short, feathered and scaled •* bill broad, flattened at base.
Gen. Cueulus.— Lin.
3rd quill longest ; two outer feathers of tail shortest ; tarsi feathered below
the knee ; outer front toe longest, united at base to the inner toe and
reversible.
987. CuCtlluS canoruS, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 168 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p. 322, No. 199 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind, B. p. 133 ; Wald,7 Trans. Zool.
Soc. viii. p. 115; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p". 7&; Blytk, B. Burm.p-. 79; Hume,
Sir. F. iv, p. 288; W&rdlaw-Ramsqy, Ibis, 1877, p. 458; David et Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 65; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 22 1 ; Anders,, Yunnan Exped. p. 589;
Dresser, B. Europe \. p. 199, pi. ; Hume and Dav., Sfr. F. vi. p. 156; Htime,
Sir. F. viii. p. 88; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 253 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 192 ;
id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 103 ; Murray* Hdbk., Zool., Sfc.t Sind, p. 131 ; id.,
Vert* ZooL Sind, p» 1 16. — The EUROPEAN CUCKOO.
Head and upper parts dark ashy, ashy, or pale blue ; breast and belly white,
elegantly crossed with wavy bars of black ; the quills are dusky, their inner
webs marked with large oval white spots ; tail long, the two middle feathers
black with white tips, the others dusky, with alternate spots of white on each
side of the shaft ; legs short, yellow ; bill black, yellowish at base beneath ;
orbits and irides deep yellow. The young bird has the whole upper plumage,
wings and tail barred with ferruginous and the feathers tipped white ; lower
plumage, white, barred with brown.
Length.— 14 inches ; wing 875 to 9 ; tail 7 ; bill at front 075.
Had.— Europe, N. Africa, China, Formosa, Beloochistan, Persia, S. Afghan-
istan, Eastern Turkistan, and India generally ; Nepaul, Burmah, Ceylon,
Upper Pegu, and throughout Western, Central, and Southern India as a
'migrant. It arrives in Sind during August and September. Breeds in the
Himalayas, round Almorah, Kumaon, and Kotegurh during the latter half of
May, selecting the nests of Pipits and Stone-chats, also Malacocirci. The
eggs are variable in size and colouring, but the general colour is pure white,
thinly freckled and streaked with brownish red and pale purple. Length from
O*88 to 0*95 inch, breadth 0'68 to 073.
988- CUCU1US StriatUS, Drap., Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat. iv. p. 570;
Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 395 ; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 190; id., Nests and
Eggs Ind. B. p. 134 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 79; Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine ,
p. 65 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p, 156 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88 ; Scully,
CUCULUS. 409
Sir. F. viii. p. 255 ; Hume, Sir. F. ix. p. 315 (Note) ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 193 ;
O ales, B,Br.Burm, \\.^. 105, Cuculus Himalayanus, Vigors, P. Z. S» 1831,
p. 172 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 323, No. 200 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1878, p. 326. — The
ASIATIC CUCKOO,
Upper plumage uniform dark bluish ashy, cinereous on the wings ; inner
webs of quills barred and spotted with white ; tail dark ashy grey ; the feathers
with a subterminal dark bar and large white shaft spots, which on the outer
feathers become bars ; chin, throat, and breast pale grey ; rest of under surface
white or buffish white, closely barred with dusky black, except on the under
tail coverts, where the bars are nearly obsolete. Bill with the upper mandible
and tip horny green ; rest of lower mandible yellowish horny. Legs and feet,
also the irides, yellowish horny.
Length, — 1 2 inches; tail 5 75 to 6; wing 6%S to 7; tarsus 07: bill from
gape i-i.
HaL — The greater portion of Asia, Australia, Siberia, Pegu, Sikkim, Khasia
hills, Pegu and Tenasserim ; also the Nicobars and Cashmere. (BrooksC) Oates
says it is rare in Pegu, but, according to Davison, not so in Tenasserim^ It
lays during June in the Himalayas, dep-ositing its eggs in the nest of Trocha-
lopteron lineatum* The egg is a nearly perfect oval, pure white, with minute
specks and tiny lines of dingy olive brown and very pale inky purple or
purplish grey.
989. CUCUIUS pOliocephalUSr Latham, Ind. Orn. i. p. 213 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind. i. p. 324, No. 201 ; zV/., 2nd SuppL Cat. No. 223 bis; id+y Idi's, 1872,
Suppl. List\ Legg^ B, Ceylon p. 231. Cuculus Himalayanus, Gould, CenL
Him. B. pi. 54; Hume^ Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 135.— The SMALL or
HOARY-HEADED CUCKOO.
Upper surface of the body ashy, tinged sometimes with rufous bay, and
slightly glossed with green on the back and upper tail coverts ; quills brown,
glossed greenish, with numerous close large white spots; tail deep ashy or
blackish brown,. with large white spots on the middle of each feather and on
the edge of the inner webs, also at the tip ; chin and throat pale ashy ; breast
tinged with rusty ; under surface of the body white, with narrow distant bars
of dark brown or buff ; under tail coverts white. Bill dusky horny ; irides
reddish brown.
Length. — 10 to IO'6 inches; tail 5'! to S'2; wingS'6; bill at front O'6 ;
tarsus 0-6.
H&b. — The Himalayas, migrating to the plains during winter. Jerdon says
it has been found as far south as Nellore on the East Coast ; at Darjeeling it
is said to be tolerably common. Nothing certain, Hume says, is known of the
eggs of this species. Mr. Thomson, he adds, says it lays in May and June.
Mr. Brooks, in Cashmere, took an egg supposed to belong to this species from
the nest of Reguloidts superciliosus at Goolmerg, Cashmere, on 2nd June ;
410 cucuui
Si It was an elongated cylindrically ovate egg, neatly the same size at both
ends, which are obtuse, pure white and glossy ; size o 81 by 0-57 inch.
990 CllCUlUS Soniieratii, Lath , Ind. Orn. i. p. 215 ; Jerd., B, Jnd.
>• P« 325> No 220; Wold., Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 55 ; Blyth, B. Burnt.,
p. 80 ; Anderson, Yunnan Exped. p. 587; Eume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 156;
Lfgge, B. Ceylon p. 233 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88 ; Vidal, Sir. F. ix. p. 54 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 107. — The BANDED CUCKOO.
General colour above dusky tinged with greenish and closely barred with
rufous ; the wing coverts barred with paler rufous or white ; outer web of
quills rufescent ; tail rufous, the feathers dusky on the outer webs ; the inner
webs narrowly barred, the tip white and with a subterminal broad, dusky bar ;
beneath, from throat, white, tinged with fulvous on the flanks and marked with
numerous narrow dusky cross bars ; sides of the head and neck white barred
with dusky ; ear coverts dusky.
The young are more coarsely barred than adults, with pale rufescent on a
blackish ground ; breast white, banded with dusky ; central feathers of tail
nearly black, the edges scolloped with rufous ; outer feathers dusky. (Jerd.)
Bill dusky ; irides brown ; legs greenish grey.
Length. — 9*5 inches ; tail 4*5 ; wing 4-8 ; tarsus 07 ; bill from gape ri.
Hab. — Peninsular India and Ceylon, also Tenasserim and the Indo-
Burmese countries. Jerdon records it from the forests of Malabar and Travan-
core, where he says it is tolerably common ; also from the sides of the Neilgh.r-
ries and in the Wynaad, and more rarely on the Eastern Ghauts about the
latitude of Madras. In Burmah it has been procured at Thayetmyo.
991 . Cuculus micropterus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 137;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 326, No. 203 ; Swinhoe, P Z. S, 1871, p. 395 ; Blyth
and Wald.y B. Burm. p. 79 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine p. 64 ; Hume and
Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 156; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 228; Hume, Sir. F. viii.
p. 88 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 193 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. ICH. Cuculus affinis
(A. Hay), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 18; Blyth, B, Burm. p. 79; Wardlaw*
Ramsay ', Tweedd. Mem. p. 67 I ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 8. Cuculus striatus,
(Drap.) apud. Jerd. i. p. 328, No. 204 — The INDIAN CUCKOO.
Upper parts, including the wings, dark ashy, purer on the forehead ; crown,
nape, sides of the head and neck, also ihe cheeks, ashy ; chin, throat and
breast grey ; inner webs of quills barred with white ; tail ashy brown, tipped
with whitish, and with a subterminal broad dark band ; all the feathers with
white shaft spots, which become bars on the outermost ones ; the edges of
the centre feathers scolloped with rufous ; abdomen, vent and sides of the
body white, ba'nded broadly throughout with black ; upper tail coverts brown,
tinged with ashy ; under tail coverts white, with a few nearly obsolete bars.
The young are dark brown ; the upper surface is broadly tipped with rufous
HIEROCOCCYX. 4] J
and the head barred with rufous white. Bill dark horny black; legs yellow;
irides brown.
Length —12-5 to 13 inches ; tail 6-4 to 6-8 ; wing 7-5 to 8-5 ; tarsus 0-85 ;
bill from gape 1*3.
Hab. — Central Asia, China, Cochin-China, and the Malay Peninsula.
It occurs in the Indo-Burmese countries and the greater part of Peninsular
India and Ceylon. Gates says it is distributed over Pegu both on the hills and
in the plains It extends to Assam and the Malay countries. Jerdon says it
is rare in the South of India, but common in the North ; rare on the Malabar
Coast and in the Carnatic ; it is also rare in Ceylon, but tolerably common in
the jungles of Central India, as at Nagpore, Chanda, Mhow, and Saugor, and
moderately common in Lower Bengal and on the Himalayas. Habits the
same as other members of the genus.
Gen. HieroCOCCyX, Muller.
Bill as in Cuculus but stouter, wider at gape and much deeper; wings with
the 4th quill longest, the 5th subequal with the 2nd ; tail nearly even, broad
and barred ; plumage barred.
992. Hierococcyx sparverioides (Vigors), Jerd., B. ind. i.
p. 331, No. 207; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 135; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 79; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 80 ; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 311 ; Hume and
Dav,, Str, F, vi. p. 137 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 89 ; Scully, Str. F. viii, p. 256.
Cuculus sparverioides, Vigors, P. Z S. 1831, p. 173; David et Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 63. Cuculus strenuus, Gould, B. Asia, pi. viii.— The LARGE
HAWK CUCKOO.
Forehead, crown, occiput, nape, sides of the upper neck, head and hind
neck dark ashy ; back, scapulars, wing coverts, and tertiaries brown ; primaries
and secondaries brown, banded with white on their inner webs, and obscurely
BO on the outer ; rump and upper tail coverts ashy brown, the latter barred
and tipped paler; tail grey, crossed with 4 — 5 dark broad cross bars, the
subterminal one rufous ; tip whitish or pale rufous ; chin ashy ; throat white,
streaked with ashy ; under parts from the breast, including the under wing
coverts, white, barred with brown ; vent and under tail coverts pure white, with
in some specimens some dark bars on the longest of the latter. The young
have the upper plumage brown barred with rufous ; the wings barred with
rufous on both webs ; chin ashy ; throat and breast pale buff, streaked with
brown, and the abdomen and vent barred, interruptedly, with brown ; bill with
the upper mandible dark brown ; the lower greenish ; irides yellow.
Length, — 15 to 16 inches; tail 9; wing 8*5 to 9; bill from gape 1-4;
females smaller,
Hab. — The Indo-Burmese countries, ranging into China, Amurland, and
Malacca. Spread over a great portion of India, also over Pegu, Arracan, and
412 CUCULID^E.
Tenasserim. It is found throughout the Himalayas and during winter in
South India on the Neilgherries. It also occurs at Darjeeling. From the
Neilgherries Mr. Davison is said to have obtained an egg from Mr. R. Morgan,
which was perfectly white and moderately glossy. The question whether Hawk
Cuckoos build their own nests is yet in doubt. Mr. Morgan (Hume) says he
watched the bird build the nest and had then taken the eggs, which were four
in number. Mr. Hodgson, however, attributes to them the habits of the Cuckoos,
which lay their eggs in the nests of other birds.
993. Hierococcyx varius ( VakL), Jerd., B. Jnd. \. p. 329, No. 329.
— The COMMON HAWK CUCKOO.
Upper parts uniform ash grey, darker on the wings and their coverts ; fore-
neck and breast pale rufous, the feathers greyish mesially ; abdomen and
flanks white, barred with grey and rufous ; vent and under tail coverts white,
tail grey, tipped with white, crossed with 5 — 6 narrow undulating bands ;
and a broad dusky subterminal one ; quills barred with white on their inner
webs ; chin white ; throat greyish. Bill dusky ; lower mandible yellowish ;
irides gamboge yellow.
Length. — 13 to 13-5 inches ; tail 675 ; wing 7 ; bill at front O'8.
Hab. — Northern and Southern India, Bengal, and Ceylon ; affects gardens,
groves, avenues, &c. Lives like its congeners on caterpillars and other insects.
994. HieroCOCCyX nanUS, Hume, Str. F. v. p. 490; Hume and
Dav., Str. F. vi. pp. 157, 502; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88; Gates, B. Br.
Burm. ii. p. 510. — HUME'S HAWK CUCKOO.
The whole of the lower parts are white, tinged creamy on the lower throat
and breast, and more feebly so on the middle of the abdomen and tibial
plumes ; all these parts with conspicuous black central stripes ; chin,
upper throat and lower tail coverts pure unmarked white ; forehead, crown,
occiput and nape deep brownish slaty; sides of the neck ferruginous, the
feathers dark centred ; nape similar, but the feathers feebly margined with
pale ferruginous, and one or two of the feathers on each side white-tipped ;
entire mantle, wings and back deep brown ; the feathers, some of them, very
obscurely margined with dull ferruginous (showing that the birds are not
quite adult), and spots of the same colour pn the outer webs of the quills ; the
inner webs, except towards the tips of the primaries, with broad triangular
buffy white bars, coalescing at the margin towards the bases of the feathers ;
tail tipped with sordid white, then an Of8 subterminal blackish band, then an
0-6 to O*8 pale grey-brown interspace; the next succeeding 0-5 blackish-brown
band, cuspidate on its lower margin, then an 0*5 pale interspace, then an O'45
dark bar, also cuspidate, on the lower margin, then an O'5 interspace, and
then another dark bar ; the whole of which, as well as half of the last inter-
space, hidden by the upper tail coverts ; the entire wing-lining and edge of the
wing at the carpal joint uniform cream colour. (Hume.) Irides brown ; the
CACOMANTIS. 413
lower mandible, gape and base of upper mandible greenish yellow; upper
mandible and extreme tip of lower mandible dull black; eyelids, legs, feet
and claws orange yellow. (Davison.)
Length. — About n inches; tail 5*5; wing 5-6; tarsus 7*5; bill from gape
ri.
Hal. — Tenasserim, in the Southern portion of the division from Bankasoon
to Tavoy and Nwalabo mountain. There is no record of its habits, which
must be the same as those of other members of the genus.
995. Hierococcyx nisicolor (Hodgs), Biyth, J. A. S. B. xii.
p. 943; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 330, No. 206; Hume, Str. F.v. pp. 96, 347;
Hume and Damson, Sir. F. vi. p. 157 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88; Gates, Str.
F. x. p. 193; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 109.— HODGSON'S HAWK CUCKOO.
Upper parts, including the wing and their coverts, deep ashy ; the rump and
upper tail coverts tipped rather paler ; inner webs of quills barred with white ;
tail ashy brown, tipped with rusty, with five narrow black bars (2 concealed),
bordered by pale rufous and a broad subterminal black band ; chin, sides of
the head and neck like the back ; lores whitish ; throat and foreneck rufous
white, streaked with grey ; breast, abdomen and sides of the body bright
rufous, the feathers centred with ashy ; vent and under tail coverts white ; bill
homy black on upper mandible, pale green on lower ; legs, feet and claws
bright yellow ; irides orange red,
Length. — 1 1*5 inches; tail 6f I ; wing 6*8 ; tarsus O'8 ; bill from gape r2.
Hab. — British Burmah, in Tenasserim, Nepaul, and Malacca.
Nothing is known in regard to its habits.
Gen. Cacomantis, Midler.
Cuckoos of small size and variable plumage, generally grey or dusky ;
plumage not barred in the normal adult state ; tarsi less plumed than in
Cuculus.
996- Cacomantis threnodes, Cab. et. Hem. Mus. Hein. iv.
p. 19 ; Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 54; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.vi. p. 158 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 89; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 167 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881,
p. 391 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 193 ; Oates, B. Br. Burmah. ii. p. m. Polyphasia
tenuirostris (Gray\ apud. Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 335. Polyphasia rufiventris,
Jerd., Ibis, 1872, p. 15. Caccomantis passerinus (Vahl^) apud. Blyth and
Wald., B. Burm. p. 80. Ololygon tenuirostris (Gray), apud. Hume, Str. F.
Hi. p. 80. Cacomantis rufiventris, Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 312; Wardlaw-
Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 458 ; Anders., Yunnan Exped. p. 587. Cacomantis
tenuirostris, David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 62. — The RUFOUS-BELLIED CUCKOO.
Head, neck, and upper breast clear ashy ; back, scapulars, coverts, and wings
brown, glossed with green ; a white patch on the inner webs of the quills ;
rump and upper tail coverts cfark ashy, most of the feathers tipped paler ; tail
414 CUCUUD^E.
dark brown, tipped with white, the central feathers notched with white on hoth
webs, the others barred with white on the inner webs ; lower breast, abdomen,
vent, under tail coverts, sides of the body and under wing coverts rufous
which in some males extend up to the throat. The female has the whole
upper plumage, wing coverts and tail ferruginous, closely barred with black,
lower plumage rufescent white, closely and finely barred with brown. Young
birds are like the females, but the head, neck, throat and breast are streaked
and not barred with brown. Bill dark horny on the upper mandible, brownish
orange on the lower; irides reddish brown. (Oates.)
Length. — 9 inches; tail 4*9; wing 4*4; tarsus 07; bill from gape O'Q.
Had. — The Indo-Burmese countries to Bengal. Found abundantly over
the whole Province of Burmah.
997. Cacomantis nigra, Jerd., Ms, ii. 1872, Plate i ; Jerd., B.
2nd. i. p. 333. — The INDIAN PLAINTIVE CUCKOO.
Adult uniform dark ashy above, glossed with green ; beneath pale ashy ;
vent and under tail coverts white ; quills dusky, with a broad white band on
the inner web of each feather; tail blackish, except the middle pair, all the
feathers banded and tipped with white. Bill blackish, red at base beneath and
at the gape; feet reddish yellow; irides ruby red or brownish red. (Jerd.}
Length. — 9 inches ; tail 4-5 ; wing 4-5 ; bill at front o-6 ; tarsus o'6.
Had. — Nearly all over India in moist and woody colmtries. Abundant on
the Malabar Coast, in the Wynaad, and the warmer slopes of the Neilgherries;
rare in the Carnatic ; on the eastern ghauts here and there; also in Central
India, Lower Bengal, *up to the foot of the N.-W. Himalayas. Common in
Ceylon. Breeds on the Neilgherries in the nests of Drymoipus inornalus,
the Common Wren Warbler, during September. The eggs, according to
Hume, are elongated ovals, occasionally more or less cylindrical. The shell is
fine and smooth. The ground colour is a delicate pale greenish blue,
blotched and spotted towards the large end with reddish or purplish brown and
pale reddish purple. Size 078 to cr8i x 0-53 to 0-57.
Gen. SurniCUlUS-— Lesson.
Plumage black ; tail even or forked ; outermost feathers short, the penulti-
mate slightly the longest, and each lateral half curling outwards towards the
tip ; otherwise as in Cacomantis. (Jerd.)
998. SurniCUlUS lugubriS (Horsf.), Salvad, Ucc. Born. 179,
p. 63; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 80 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi.
p. 159 ; Anders., Yunnan Exped. p. 587; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 243 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 89; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 112. Cuculus lugubris,
Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 179. Pseudornis dicruroides, Hodgs., J. A.
S. B. viii. p. 136. Surniculus dicruroides, Jerd.> B. Ind. i. p. 336, No. 210.
— The BLACK FORK-TAILED CUCKOO.
CHRYSOCOCCYX. 415
Upper parts glossy black, glossed green and blue ; head subcrested ; a few
white feathers on the nape ; tail glossy- blue black, the outermost pair of
feathers barred and tipped with white ; the next pair with only a few white
spots near the shaft and very narrowly tipped with white ; primaries black ;
all except the second with a white spot on the inner web ; tibial plumes spotted
with white ; upper tail coverts with some white specks occasionally ; lower
surface of the body dull black ; inner wing coverts the same, with minute white
specks. The young are black, and the plumage above and below is much
spotted with white. Bill black ; irides brown ; legs plumbeous.
Length. — 10 inches; tail 5-3 to 5*75; wing 5-5; tarsus O 6$ ; bill from
gape r i.
Hab. — The Indo-Burmese countries, India generally, and Ceylon. Ranges
into China, Siam and Cochin-China, and extends down the Malay Peninsula,
to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.. It is common on the Malabar Coast, in the
Wynaad, Central India, and at Darjeeling. In the Himalayas, Ceylon,
Burmah, and Tenasserim, it is said to be not uncommon. Gates says it is
found over the whole of British Burmah and Karenne-
Gen. ChrySOCOCCyX.— Boie.
Bill as in Cuculus, but a little more depressed at the base and entire at tip ;
wings pointed; 2nd quill longer than the 4th ; 3rd subequal with the 4th;
feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts soft ; tarsi short, feathered.
999. Chrysococcyx maculatus (Gm.), Blyth, B. iturm.p. So;
Wald., Ibis, 1876, p. 345 ; Wardlaw- Ramsay, 7^,1877, p. 438; Hume, Str.
F. viii. p. 89 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 167 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 193 ; id., B.
Br. Burn. ii. p. 113. Trogon maculatus, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 404; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. 238. Chrysococcyx smaragdinus, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xv. p. 53.
Chrysococcyx Hodgsoni, Moore, in Horsf. and Moore, Cat. Birds, Mus. E.
I. Co. ii. p. 705 ; Jerdn B. Ind, i. p. 338, No. 21 1 ; David' et Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 62. Chrysococcyx Schomburgki, Gould, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 73.
Lamprococcyx maculatus, Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. pp. 161, 502. — The
EMERALD CUCKOO.
Head, neck, and entire upper plumage, including the wings and tail, also the
breast, emerald green, with a golden gloss; inner webs of quills marked with
white, and the outer tail feathers with large white spots ; lower breast and rest
of the lower plumage white, crossed with bars of shining or metallic green.
Bill yellow, tipped dusky or black ; legs and feet brownish green ; irides red
brown. The young are variously marked ; generally the forehead, crown, and
nape are rufous, or barred with rufous.
Length. — 7 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 4-4; tarsus 0'5 ; bill from gape 0-85.
Hab. — The Himalayas to Ceylon. Found in the greater portion of
Burmah and Tenasserim ; also Arracan. Jerdon says it has been procured at
Darjeeling and also in Central India.
VOL II.— 54
416 CUCUUD^E.
1000. Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus (Horf.\ Sahad, Vcc.
Born. p. 62 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 80 ; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 459;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 89; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 193 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 114, Cuculus xanthorhynchus, Horsf., Trans. Linn* Soc. xiii. p 179,
Cuculus malayanus, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 286. Chalcococcyx
xanthorhynchus, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 191; iii. p 81 ; Hume and Dav., Str.
F. vi. pp. 161, 506. Lamprococcyx malayanus, Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 502 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 89. — The VIOLET CUCKOO.
Whole plumage brilliant violet purple, except on the abdomen, vent, tinder
tail and under wing coverts, which are barred with white and greenish purple ;
outer tail feathers with large white spots on both webs The adult female has
the whole lower surface, also the lores, cheeks, ear coverts and sides of the
neck white, closely barred with greenish bronze ; head, neck, back, rump and
upper tail coverts shining bronze, coppery on the head ; forehead and super-
ciliary region speckled with white ; wing coverts bronze, edged with rufous ;
also the secondaries and tertiaries; primaries brown, glossed with greenish and
edged with rufous, their inner webs with a broad streak of rufous along the
basal two-thirds of the edge : centre pair of tail feathers uniform bronze
green, tinged with blue near the tip ; the next pair has on each web alternate
triangular patches of greenish brown and rufous, these patches becoming
less in extent on the lateral feathers, with the tip white ; the outermost
feathers are rufous with 4 black bars and a broad white tip. Bill orange
yellow in the male ; orange in the female ; irides red ; legs greenish brown.
(Oates.)
Length. — 6*5 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 4 ; tarsus O'6 ; bill from gape 0*75.
Hab. — The Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Phillippine Islands,
and Cochin-China. Found in all parts of British Burmah, extending north to
Cachar, and the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal and the Andaman Islands. It
is found, according to Oates, in dense groves of trees, searching among the
leaves for caterpillars.
1001. Chrysococcyx Limborgi, Tweedd., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 360 ;
Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 319; viii. p. 89; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 168; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 1 14. — The WHITE-COLLARED VIOLET CUCKOO.
Like C. xanthorhynchusy but with a broad white collar on the upper back
reaching to the sides of the neck. (Oates.) Bill yellow ; legs rich green ;
irides red. (Limborg.)
Length. — 6'5 to 7 inches ; tail 3-1 ; wing 4 ; tarsus O'$$ ; bill from gape 0'8.
Hal. — Tenasserim.
Gen. CoCCysteS. — Gloger.
Head crested : nostrils basal, ovate ; 4th quill longest ; 3rd and 4th sub-
equal \ tail long, graduated; tarsi not plumed.
COCCYS'l L-.s 4] 7
1002. Coccystes jaCObiUUS, Bodd., PI. Enl. 872 ; Levail O. A.
t. 208 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 137; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind,
p. 117; Oates, B. Br. Burmah ii. p. 1 18 • Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 216; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 89. Oxylophus jacobinus, Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 81. Coccystes
melanoleucos, (Gmel.), Horsf. and Moore, Cat. B. ii. p. 694; Jerd., B.
Ind. i p. 339, No. 2IO; Murray, Hdblc , ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 131. Leptoso-
mus afer, Frankl., Proc. ZooL Soc. 1831, p. 121. Oxylophus serratus, Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 464. — The PIED-CRESTED CUCKOO.
Entire upper surface black with a greenish gloss ; chin, throat, belly, vent,
and under tail coverts white or fulvescent white; bases of the primaries white,
forming a conspicuous wing patch ; tail feathers broadly tipped white, the two
middle narrowly; shoulders white ; under wing coverts fulvescent white. Bill
black ; legs bluish ; irides red brown.
Length. — 13 inches ; wing 5-5 to 575 ; tail 675 to 7 ; bill at front 075.
Hab. — Throughout India to Nepaul. Common in Central and Southern
India, Bengal, Upper Pegu and Ceylon, rare on the Malabar Coast. In Sind,
Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana and North Guzerat, and in fact wherever it is
found, it lays according to the breeding season of the various Babblers, in
whose nests it deposits its eggs, from January to July. The eggs, like those of
the Malacocirci, are a spotless sky blue, and highly glossy, round ovals, varying
in length from 0-9 to 0-98 inch, and in breadth from 0*72 to 0*82 inch.
1003. Coccystes COromanduS (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 341 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. .Z?. p. 138; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 67 ; Hume,
Str. F. iii. p. 82 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 81 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 61 ;
Legge, B . Ceylon, p. 249 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 162 ; Hume, Str.
F. viii. p. 89; Scully, t. c. p. 257. Cuculus coromandus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 171. —The RED-WINGED CRESTED CUCKOO.
Whole head and neck black ; the chin, throat, and foreneck fulvous ; collar
round the neck white ; upper parts of the body black, glossed with green ;
tail, and lesser wing coverts black, tinged with greenish blue, the tail tipped
with fulvous white, increasing in extent towards the outer ^feathers ; primaries,
secondaries, and greater wing coverts deep ferruginous or chestnut, the tips
dusky ; tertiaries brown ; under surface of the body fulvous white, changing to
smoky brown on the vent, and dusky black on the under tail coverts ; under
wing coverts pale ferruginous ; flanks greyish brown, with a slight rufescent
tinge. Theyoung have the upper parts glossed brown and the feathers are
edged with rufous.
Bill black ; legs plumbeous ; irides red brown.
Length — 13 to 18 inches; tail 10; wing 6-4 ; tarsus ri ; bill from gape r4.
Hab. — Generally spread throughout India, Ceylon, Burmah, and Malay-
ana. Recorded from Siam, China, and Cochin China, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
and the Phillippine Islands. Occurs abundantly in Pegu and Tenasserim. it
418 ' • V
is found in Malabar, the Carnatic, and Central India, It has also been
obtained in Bengal. It is seen generally singly, flying from tree to tree. It
utters a loud call note, which rings through the forest or topes of trees.
Gen. Eudynamys.— Vig. and Horsf.
Bill strong, thick, vertically deep, and hooked at tip ; 4th quill longest ; tarsi
not plumed below the joint, flattened in front,
1004. Eudynamys honorata, (Linn.} Bodd. Tabl Pi. Enl. 294,
586; Lev. O. A. t. 214. Eudynamys orientalis (£/'»«.), Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p. 342, No. 214; Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 119; Murray, Hdbk. Zool.,
$*c., Stud, p. 132; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 117. — The INDIAN KOEL.
. Male.— Entirely black with a greenish gloss ; bill pale greenish ; irides fine
crimson ; legs slaty blue.
Length.—- 15-5 ; wing 7-5 ; bill at front I.
Female.— Dusky brown with a greenish tinge, spotted with white on the
head, scapulars, and wings coverts; quills, tail, and entire under parts,
including the under wing and thigh coverts, barred with white.
Length. — 17 to 17-5 inches ; wing 775 to 8 ; tail 8
Hab. — Throughout India, extending to Nepaul, Ceylon, Burmah, Malayana
and the Philippines ; common in the Deccan and Concan, Kutch, Guzerat and
Kattiawar. In Sind it is rare, and occurs only during the rains, laying its
eggs in the nest of the common crow, Corvus splendens.
1005. Eudynamys malayana, Cab. et Hem. iv. p. 52 ; Waid., Ibis,
1869, p. 339; 1873, p. 303; Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 68; Hume, Str. F. ii.
p. 192; iii. p. 82 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 81 ; Wald., Trans Zool.
Soc. ix. p. 162 ; David et Oust. Ois Chine, p. 61 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F.
vi. p. 162 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 89; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 168; Kelham,
Ibis, 1 88 1, p. 362. Eudynamis chinensis (Cab. et Hem}, apud Blyth,
B. Burm. p. 81. — The MALAYAN KOEL.
Whole plumage black glossed with blue. The female has the head and neck
streaked with black and rufous, the lower surface with black and rufous un-
dulating lines ; wings the same. Bill dull green, dusky at gape ; irides
crimson.
Length. — 17 inches ; tail 8 ; wing 8 ; tarsus i'3 ; bill from gape r6,
Hab. — British Burmah, hill tracts of Eastern Bengal, and Malay Peninsula.
Sub-Family-—
Bill moderate or longish ; ridge curved ; nostrils linear ; orbital region
generally naked ; wings short ; tail long and graduated ; plumage decomposed
and hair-like. Food, chiefly insects.
RHOPODYTES, /(.]y
Gen. Rhinortlia.— - Vigors,
Bill much compressed, curved both at the culmen and lower mandible;
wings short and rounded ; tail lengthened, graduated.
1006. Rhinortha chlorophsea (Raffles), Biyth, B. Burm. p. 82 ;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 166; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 89; Oates, B.
Br. Burmah ii. p. 120. Cuculus chlorophaeus, Raffles, Trans, Linn. Soc.
xiii. p. 288. Rhynortha chlorophasa, Salvad, Ucc. Born, p, 69.— The SMALL
GREEN-BILLED MALKOHA.
Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the head and neck, back and wings chest-
nut, deeper on the wings, the quills of which are tipped dusky ; rump and
upper tail coverts smoky brown, or blackish, tipped with white, the whole
surface, except near the white tips, closely barred with yellowish brown ;
cheeks, chin, throat and breast pale chestnut or buff, passing to dusky on the
lower breast ; remainder of the lower plumage smoky grey, obsoletely barred
darker ; under wing coverts chestnut. The female has the forehead, crown,
nape, sides of the head and neck, grey ; the remainder of the upper
plumage, bright chestnut, the quills tipped dusky, the tail tipped white, with a
subterminal black bar ; chin, throat, and upper breast grey, paler than the
head, and in some birds tinged with fulvous ; lower breast fulvous, deepening
on the abdomen and sides of the body ; vent and under tail coverts dull chest-
nut ; under wing coverts chestnut, (pates.) Legs and feet dark plumbeous ;
claws black ; bill apple-green ; orbital skin pale green inclining to bluish ;
irides dark brown. (Davison.)
Length. — 13 inches ; tail 7 ; wing 4-5 ; tarsus IT ; bill from gape 1*4. The
female is of the same size.
Eab. — Malay Peninsula, to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. In Tenasserim it is
found as far north as Lemyne, a village about a day's march of Yea. Accord-
ing to Davison it frequents the densest parts of the evergreen forests and cane
brakes and densest of scrub jungle. In all its habits it resembles Rhopodytes,
but has quite a different note from it.
Gen. Rhopodytes.— Cab. et Hein.
Bill much compressed throughout and curved ; nostrils basal, pierced in
a slight depression in the horny substance ; wing short, rounded, with the
4th, 5th, and 6th quills nearly equal and longest ; tail much lengthened,
graduated ; hallux short ; claws sharp.
1007. Rhopodytes tristiS (Lesson), Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 312 ;
Hume and Dav., S/r. F. vi. p. 162 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 89 ; Bingham,
Str. F. ix. p. 168 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 190; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 121.
Melias tristis, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 132 ; id., Voy. B clang, p. 231 ; Ois. pi. i.
Zanclostomus tristis, Jerd., B. Tnd. i. p. 345 ; Hume} Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
420 CUCULID/E.
p. 142; JBly/h, B. Burm p. 81 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 58; Oates,
Str. F. v. p. 144. — The LARGE GREEN -BILLED MALKOHA.
Upper plumage dark greenish grey, the head and neck paler grey ; the
bases of the feathers on the forehead and superciliary region black ; cheeks
and throat whitish, with black shafts ; wings, upper tail coverts, and tail dark
shining green, the feathers of the latter tipped broadly with white ; lores
blackish ; front of neck and breast grey with a russet tinge and dark shafts ;
under surface of the body smoky brown with a greenish tinge ; under wing
and under tail coverts the same. Bill bright apple-green ; nude orbital
region crimson ; irides dark brown ; legs slaty. In the female the orbital
nude space is blood-red ; irides paler.
.Length. — 23 to 24 inches; tail 16; wing 6-5; tarsus 1-3; bill from
gape 1*6.
Eab.— The Himalayas and Sikkim in the warmer valleys, ranging into
Northern and Central India, Bengal, the Northern Circars, Assam, Burmah,
Arracan and Malacca. In Burmah, Gates says, it is common all over Pegu,
both in the hills and plains. In Tenasserim it extends as far as Mergui. In
the Thoungyeen Valley it is said to be common ; affects orchards as well as
forests ; wanders about solitary or in pairs, picking off and eating grass-
hoppers, caterpillars, and other insects from the branches and leaves of trees.
Breeds in Pegu, according to Gates, from June to August. The nest, he says,
is a slight structure constructed of a few dead twigs and leaves, and placed
in a bush or a leafy bamboo. Eggs chalky white, and two in number. Jerdon
says the egg he got was of a long oval form.
1008. RhOpodytes diardi (Lesson}, Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 163 ; Hume, Str. F. viii., p. 89. Melias diardi, Less., Tr. d'Orn. p. 132.
Zanclostomus diardi, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 81. — DIARD'S GREEN-BILLED
MALKOHA.
Forehead, crown, nape, upper back, sides of the head and neck, ashy grey ;
remainder of upper plumage metallic green tinged with blue ; tail tipped with
white; chin, throat and breast of the same colour as the head but paler,
becoming dusky on the abdomen and sides of the body, and smoky brown on
the vent and under tail coverts. Bill pale green ; legs and feet dark plumbeous
green ; irides dark brown ; nude orbital space crimson.
Length. — 14 inches; tail 9; wing 5 ; tarsus P2 ; bill from gape 1*4.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Cochin-China. Has been found in
Tenasserim from Mergui southwards. Mr. Davison says its habits and notes
are not unlike those of R. tristis.
1003. Rhopodytes SlimatranuS (Raffles), Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 73 ; Hume and Dav.t Str. F. vi. p. 164 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 89 ; Kelham,
RHAMPHOCOCCYX, 421
Ibis, 1881, p. 393; Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 123, Cuculus sumatranus,
Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 287. — The SUMATRAN GREEN-BILLED
MALKOHA.
Like Rhopodytes diardi but with the centre of the abdomen, vent and under
tail coverts deep chestnut; facial skin bordered above by a very narrow white
band. It is also considerably larger than R* diardi.
Length. — 16 inches against 14; wing 6-2 against 5*0; tarsus 1-5 against
r2 ; bill from gape 1-5 against 1-4; tail 9-0.
Legs and feet dark plumbeous green ; bill pale green; irides dark brown ;
bare orbital space clear orange, palest round the eye, shading to blood-red at
posterior angle. (Dav.)
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangkok, Java, and Borneo. Mr. Davison
found it in Tenasserim in the secondary scrub, with which a great portion of
the island of Mergui is covered, where he says it is quite common. A nest of
this species was found by Lieut. Kelham near Perak on the i6th March. The
nest, according to him, was a loosely-put-together structure of dry twigs slightly
cup-shaped, and built at about 5 feet from the ground in a bush standing on
the edge of a jungle path. The eggs were two in number, white, r6 inch
in length.
1010. Rhopodytes viridirostris, Jerd. III. Ind. Om. PL 3 id.,
Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 346. Phcenicophaus Jerdoni, Blyth, J . A. S. B. p. 3 ;
Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 163.— The SMALL GREEN-BILLED MALKOHA.
Upper parts dusky cinereous, glossed with greenish ; wings and tail black,
glossed with greenish, the tail feathers tipped with white ; under surface of the
body greyish, tinged with fawn, paler on the abdomen ; chin and throat with
a few black feathers. Bill bright apple green; nude orbital space cobalt
blue ; irides blood red ; legs blackish green.
Length.— 15 inches ; tail 10; wing 5-25 ; bill at front i ; tarsus i'3.
Hab. — South India and Ceylon ; frequents thick bamboo and bushy jungles,
also groves and avenues, feeds on various large insects,, grasshoppers, '&c.
Phcenicophaus pyrrhocephalus occurs in Ceylon and will probably be found
to occur Ail South India.
Gen. RhamphOCOCCyX.— Cab. et Hem.
General characters similar to Rhopodytes, but the nude orbital space larger,
and the bill wider and deeper.
1011. Rhamphocoecyx erythrognathus (Harti.), Saivad. Ucc.
Born. p. 74 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 89; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 393 ; Oatest
B. Br. Burm, ii. p. 124. Phoenicophaeus erythrognathus, Hard., Verz.
Mus. Brem. p. 95. Phoenicophaes erythrognathus, Blyth, B. Burmah, p. 81.
Phcenicophaus erythrognathus, Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 165. — The
GREATER RED- BILLED MALKOHA.
422 CUCULID^E.
Top and sides of the head, nape, a mandibular stripe, and point of the chin
ashy grey; back,, scapulars, greater, median and lesser wing coverts, also the
primaries and secondaries metallic green, the primaries with a bluish tinge ;
sides of the neck and breast chestnut, changing gradually to smoky or dusky
black towards the vent ; thighs smoky black ; under tail-coverts dull ferru-
ginous ; under wing coverts greenish ; tail metallic green, the terminal third
deep ferruginous. " Bill with the upper mandible pale green above and dark
maroon red at base below the nostril ; lower mandible to gonys, dark maroon
red, the fore part dark greenish ; legs and feet dark plumbeous ; nude facial
skin red. Irides bluish, yellow in the female." (Davison.)
Length. — 19 inches; tail IO'5 ; wing 6'8; tarsus 1-65 ; bill from gape, r8.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo, and British Burmah.
Davison found it in Tenasserim, where he says it frequents open forests,
gardens, and thick secondary scrub.
Gen. ZanclostomUS- — Swains.
Bill much compressed throughout, culmen curved, wings short and round-
ed ; tail lengthened.
1012. Zanclostomus javaniCUS (Horsf.), Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 75 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 81 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 167 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 89. Phcenicophaus javanicus, Horsf., Trans., Linn. Soc.t
xiii. p. 178. — The LESSER RED-BILLED MALKOHA.
Top and sides of the neck ashy grey, tinged with fulvescent on the fore-
head ; lores, cheeks, chin, throat, foreneck, and breast chestnut, deeper chestnut
on the vent and under tail-coverts ; back, scapulars, wings and their coverts,
and tail metallic green, tinged with blue, the tail feathers tipped white ; abdomen
grey, with a fulvescent tinge ; flanks and under wing coverts ashy grey.
Bill coral red ; facial skin blue ; irides brown ; legs and feet plumbeous.
Length. — 18 inches; tail II ; wing 5-8; tarsus 1*3 ; bill from gape 1-5.
Hab.— Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo ; also Tenasserim from
Tavoy southwards. Nothing is known of its habits.
Sub-Family CENTROPODIN^E, Bp.— COUCALS or CROW
PHEASANTS.
Bill strong, deep, compressed ; wings rounded ; tail long, graduated ; tarsi
long and scaled ; hallux lengthened in some.
Gen. Centrococcyx.— iiiiget .
Bill well curved, high at base ; claw of the hallux lengthened, nearly
straight.
1013. Centrococcyx maximus, Hume, Str. F. vol. i. 454; vi.
169; Murray, Vert.Zool. Sind, p. 118.— The CROW PHEASANT,
CENTROCOCCYX. 423
Head, neck, lower back, upper tail coverts and entire under parts richly
empurpled black, duller towards the vent ; feathers of the forehead bristly,
and those on the neck and breast with spiny shafts ; tail dusky black with a
greenish gloss ; wings deep rufous bay or dark red. Bill black ; irides crim-
son ; legs black.
Length. — 19 to 20 inches, wing 9 to 10; tail IO to IO'5 ; bill at front 1*25.
ffa&.—Smd, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Burmah. Hume (S. F. vol. vi.
page 170) says it is not yet possible to define accurately the limits of rufipennis,
maximus and inter medius. Rufipennis, he says, appears to be a South and
Central Indian species; maximus, Western and N. -Western continental India /
and intermedius Eastern continental India and the whole of Burmah.
1014. Centrococcyx rufipennis (linger.), Jerd., B. ind. i.
p. 348, No. 217 ; Sir. F. i. p. 453 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 142. —
The COMMON COUCAL or CROW PHEASANT.
Whole head, neck, lower back, upper tail-coverts and under surface of the
body rich black, with a purplish gloss ; tail glossed with green ; upper back
and wings, deep chestnut. Bill black ; irides crimson ; legs black.
Length. — 19 to 20 inches ; tail 10; wing 7 ; bill at front 1-3 ; tarsus 2; hind
claw I. The young vary much in plumage, generally the upper parts are
barred with black and rufous and the lower with dusky and fulvous white; the
tail is also banded with greyish.
Hab. — India generally, frequenting wooded and cultivated localities, espe-
cially along the banks of rivers and on the edges of cultivation, where it
captures mice, snakes, worms, rats, lizards, and other insects, upon which it
feeds. This is the diet of all the members.
All the species build a large, globular, open, or domed nest in the middle of
thick, thorny bushes or trees. The nest is usually made of dry sticks or twigs
lined with a few green leaves. The hole for entrance and exit is made on
one side. June to August are the months in which they lay. The eggs are
from 2 to 5 in number, oval, and measure from 1*3 to 1*55 inch in length, and
from ri2 to 1*25 inch in breadth. In texture they are coarse and chalky and
of a dull white colour, sometimes with a pale yellowish glaze.
1015. Centrococcyx intermedius, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 454;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 168 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 89 ; Bingham, Str.
F. ix. p. 169; Oates, B, JBr. Burm. ii. p. 126. Centropus rufipennis, apud
Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 81. Centropus eurycercus apud Wald. and
Blyth, B. Burm., p. 82. Centrococcyx eurycercus, apud Hume, Str. F. iii.
p. 83; Armstrong, Str. F.v. p. 312. Centropus intermedius, Oates, Str.
F. v. p. 145. — The BURMESE COUCAL.
Whole head, neck, upper and lower back, rump and entire under surface
black, glossed with purple, the shafts rigid and spiny ; middle of back and
VOL 1L— 55
424 CENTROPODIN/E.
wings, bright chestnut ; upper tail coverts glossy black, the feathers stiff ; under
wing coverts black> crossed with rufous bars. Young birds are much barred,
the plumage unglossed and more dusky throughout, as in the other species.
Bill black ; irides crimson ; legs and claws black.
Length. — 19 inches ; tail 10 ; wing 7-5 ; tarsus 2*2 ; bill from gape 2-8.
Hab. — The Indo-Burmese Countries to Eastern Bengal. Habits the same
as other members of the genus.
1016. Centrococcyx bengalensis (Gmei.), Waid.y Tram. Zooi.
Soc. viii. p. 59 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 84; viii. p. 89 ; Oafes, Str. F. x. p. 196;
Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 395 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 127. Cuculus benga-
lensis, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 412. Centropus bengalensis, Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p; 350, No. 218; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 144; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 82 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 59; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 146; Hume
andDav., Str. F. vi. p. 171 ; Gammie, Str. F. v. p. 385 ; Bingham, Str. F.
ix. p. 169.— The LESSER COUCAL.
Whole head, neck and lower plumage black, glossed with purple, the shafts
glistening black ; wings, scapulars and back pale-chestnut, the quills tipped
with dusky, and the feathers of the back and scapulars, also the coverts, with
yellowish shaft-stripes ; rump and upper tail coverts bluish-black; tail black,
tipped narrowly with yellowish white ; under wing coverts pale chestnut.
In winter the plumage above is edged with rufous, and the back and scapu-
lars have yellowish shaft-stripes ; the under-surface is barred with black and
fulvous, and the tail tipped with yellowish-white. Bill black ; irides brownish
yellow ; legs and feet plumbeous.
Length.— 14'$ to 15-5 inches; tail 7-5 to 8'5 ; wing 5-3 to 6'5 ; tarsus r8 ;
bill from gape 1*3.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, the Indo-Burmese Countries and Arracan. Spread
throughout most parts of India. Occurs on the Eastern Ghauts, Mysore,
Central India, Upper and Lower Bengal, and in the sub-Himalayan region. In
British Burmah it is also widely spread, It has also been found in Karennee.
-Gates says it is more abundant in the grassy plains of southern Pegu than
elsewhere, and is also found in considerable numbers in Arracan and in
Tenasserim. It has a preference for grass lands. Nidification and habits like
other members of the genus.
Gen. TacCOClia, Lesson.
Bill short, or of moderate length, much compressed ; culmen arched.
Culmen or gonys straight or slightly concave ,- nostrils bordered on their upper
edge with a tuft of bristly feathers ; 3rd and 4th quills nearly equal and longest ;
tail long, graduated ; plumage of the head and superciliary region bristly, of
the body stiffish.
TACCOCUA. 425
1017. TaCCOCUa LoSChenaulti (Less.), Jerd., B. Ind. i. p, 352;
Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 218. Zanclostomus sirkeer, Jtrd., Cat. 230; id., 2nd
Suppl. Cat. 230; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 145. — The SOUTHERN
SIRKEER.
Upper surface of the body pale earthy-brown, the feathers of the head
inclining to ashy ; the shafts, also those of the neck and breast, glistening
black ; upper tail coverts long ; lateral tail feathers dark-brown and broadly
tipped with white ; throat whitish ; foreneck and breast ashy, tinged with
ferruginous ; abdomen dark ferruginous. Bill cherry red, yellowish at tip ;
feet plumbeous ; irides reddish brown.
Length. — 15 to 15-5 inches; wing 5*5 to 575 ; tail 8'O.
Hab.— Southern India on the Neilgherries, also on the Eastern Ghauts and in
the Deccan, frequenting grassy slopes near jungle at from 5,000 to 6,000 ft.
elevation. Feeds chiefly on the ground. Nest similar to that of a crow-
pheasant. Breeds in March. Eggs 2 — 3, white.
1018. Taccocua sirkeer, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. pi. 28 ; Jerd., B.
Ind. i. p. 353, No. 220 ; Murray, Sir. F. v. p. 219; id., Hdbk. Zool., Sfc.,
Sind, p. 132 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 118 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 145. Centropus cuculoides, Smith, J . A. S. B. x. p. 658. — The BENGAL
SIRKEER.
Head, neck, sides of the face, entire upper parts, including upper tail
coverts and tail sandy brown with a slight satiny sheen ; barbs of the feathers
of the forehead, crown, lores and sides of the face very lax and with stiff bristly
black shafts. Eye-lashes also with black bristles, which are basally white.
Chin yellowish brown, the feathers black-shafted ; throat, sides of the neck and
breast concolorous with the back, the feathers lax and black- shafted; scapulars
the same. Primaries and secondaries plain sandy brown on their outer webs,
their inner webs slightly darker, their shafts dark brown. Secondaries and tail
feathers with obsolete bars. Lower breast, abdomen, flanks, tibial plumes,
under wing coverts and vent ferruginous ; under tail coverts brown, tinged
with ferruginous. Bill cherry red, the tip yellowish ; orbits purplish. Legs
dusky greenish.
Length.— 17 inches ; wing 5 '6 to 6'2 ; tail 9-2 to 9-5 ; bill from gape 1-5.
Hab— Sind (Jacobabad), Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, Kutch, Concan,
Deccan, and Central India. The Bengal Sirkeer lays from May to August ;
builds a nest similar to that of a crow-pheasant and in similar situations.
Eggs 2 in number, dull glossless white, of a chalky texture, stained with a
yellowish glaze; size T25 to 1-45 inch x roz to n in breadth.
1019. Taccocua infuscata, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 200; Jerd.,
B. Ind. i. p. 353. Taccocua affinis, Biyth, J, A. S. B. xv. p. 19 ; Jerd., B.
Ind. p 354 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 146.— The NORTHERN SIRKEER.
426 CAPITONID/E.
Above dusky brown, washed with green, the feathers black-shafted ; beneath
paler, slightly ferruginous on the neck and breast ; abdomen and tibial plumes
deep ferruginous. Bill cherry red, yellowish at tip; feet plumbeous; irides
reddish brown.
Length. — 19 inches; tail IO; wings 6*5 ; tarsus 1*6.
Hab. — Lower regions of the Himalayas, Nepal and Sikkim. Habits similar
to the other members.
Family CAPITONID^.— BARBETS/
Bill stout, somewhat conic, inflated at the sides, moderately long or short,
wide at the base and more or less compressed at the tip ; base of upper man-
dible continued backward to the gape and furnished at base with numerous stiff
bristles, which project forward. Some African species have the mandibles
denticulated and grooved at the sides ; wings and tail short, the latter even, or
nearly so ; tail feathers 10 in number ; toes in pairs. Plumage gay, and in
nearly all the species green is the predominant colour. They breed in holes of
trees, and lay from two to four white eggs. Food, fruits and berries. (Jerd.)
Gen. MegalSDina, G. R. Gray.
Bill nearly as long or slightly longer than the head, more or less wide at the
base and compressed at the tip ; culmen slightly arched ; upper mandible
somewhat overlapping the lower one ; gape wide ; feet zygodactyle. Habits
arboreal, frequenting forests, groves, and tree jungle.
1020. Megalsema marshallorum, Swinhoe, Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser.
4 ; vi. p. 348 ; JBlyth and Wald., B. Burn. p. 73 ; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis,
1877, p. 457; Hume, Str. F. viii. p, 88; Scully, Sir. F. viii. p. 250; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 129. Bucco grandis, Gould, Cent. Him. Birds pi. 41.
Megalaima grandis, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 128 ; Hume and Dav.,
Str. F.vi. p. 150. Megalaema virens (Bodd), apud. Jerd., B. Ind. \. p. 309;
Marsh., Mon. Capit. pi. xvi. (part). — The GREAT INDIAN BARBET.
Whole head, neck all round, including chin and throat, violet blue ; a
yellow collar on the hind neck immediately following the violet blue ; back,
scapular, median and lesser wing coverts and breast coppery or bronze brown ;
primaries and their coverts black, edged with blue ; secondaries brown on the
inner webs and green tinged with coppery on the outer ; tail bluish green ;
under tail coverts crimson ; abdomen bluish, changing to green towards the
vent ; flanks streaked green and yellowish. Bill yellow, dusky at the edge of
upper mandible ; irides brown ; legs greenish horny.
Length.— 12 to 13 inches ; tail 4 to 4-5 ; wing 5-5 to 5-75 ; tarsus 1-25 ; bill
from gape 2-3.
ffab.—The Himalayas, hill tracts of Eastern Bengal, Arracan, and British
Burmah, on the Karin hills east of Tounghoo. Breeds in the Himalayas from
MEGALAEMA. 427
Bhootan to Cashmere, at elevations of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet, from the
middle of May to the middle of July. Nests made in holes of trees excavated
by the parents. Eggs, 3 — 4, pure white, from 1-25 to 1-48 inch in length and
from 0-89 to i '05 in breadth.
1021. Megalsema virens (Bodd.), Swiniwe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 391 ;
Dav. et. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 56; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p 150.
Hume, Str F. viii. p. 88; Bingham, Str. F. ix. pp. 165, 473. Bucco virens,
Bodd., Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 53. Bucco grandis, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. 408.— The
GREAT CHINESE BARBET.
Like Megalccma marshallorum, but without the yellow collar on the hind
neck, and the head is a duller blue. Bill yellow, horny at the tip ; irides dark
brown ; legs and feet dirty green.
Length. — 13 to 13*3 inches; tail 4-6; wing 5-8; tarsus i'2 ; bill from
gape 2-1.
Hab. — China, and Tenasserim in the neighbourhood of Pahpoon. Breeds in
Tenasserim, where Capt. Bingham found the eggs in February and March.
Eggs pure white, 2 — 3 in number.
1022. Megalaema mystacophanus (7>/«.), Marsh., Mon. Capt/.
pi. xix. ; Wald. in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 74; Tweedd., Ibis, 1877, p. 299;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 152; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88. Bucco mysta-
cophanus Tern., PI. Col. 315. Chotorea mystacophanus, Gates, B. Burm. ii.
p. 130. — The GAUDY BARBET.
Upper surface of the body including the tertiaries green, glistening on the
nape and upper neck ; lower surface dull green ; inner webs of quills dark
brown, outer webs the same and margined with green; forehead, forecrown
and a patch on the nape golden yellow ; lores, hind crown, middle of nape, chin,
throat and a small spot on each side of the neck scarlet ; superciliary streak
black ; cheeks and a broad band across the foreneck blue ; tail bluish below.
Bill black ; legs and feet horny green ; irides deep brown.
Length. — 9 inches; tail 2*5 ; wing 4 ; tarsus I ; bill from gape 1*7.
Hab. — The Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Tenasserim in British
Burmah, where it is found, according to Gates, from the extreme south up to
Nwalabo mountain and Tavoy, affecting the evergreen forests.
1023. Megalsema Hodgsoni, Bonap., Consp. Av. i. p. 144 ;
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 540; Marsh., Mon. Capit. pi. xxxvi. ; Hume, Nests and Eggs
Ind.B.p. 129; id., Str. F. Hi. p. 75; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 73;
Anderson, Yunnan "Exped. p. 583; Hume and T)av., Str. F. vi. p. 151;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88 ; Oates, t. c. p. 166 ; Scully t. c. p. 251 ; Bingham,
Sjr. F. ix. p. 165. Megalaema lineata, apud Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 309, No. 192.
Cyanops Hodgsoni, Oates, B. Burm. ii, p. 132. — The LINEATED BARBET.
428 CAPITONID/31.
Upper surface of the body, including the wing coverts, tertiaries, tail and
outer edges of the primaries and secondaries bright green ; back the same but
each feather streaked with pale whitish brown ; head brown, each feather with
a whitey brown tip, those on the nape streaked with the same ; chin and throat
white ; sides of the head and of the neck, also the breast and upper abdomen,
brown, the feathers with a mesial whitey brown streak; flanks, lower abdomen,
vent and under tail coverts pale green ; inner webs of primaries and secondaries
black, some of the earlier primaries margined with pale brown terminally.
Bill flesh-coloured, paler at gape ; iris brown ; orbital skin and legs deep
yellow.
Length. — io'5 inches to 11*3 inches ; tail 3 to 3-5 ; wing 5-25 ; tarsus r i ;
bill from gape 17.
Hab. — The Indo-Burmese countries to the base of the Himalayas in the
lower hills and plains, not ascending the hills above 1000 or 2000 feet. It is
found in Dacca in Eastern Bengal, Assam, Sylhet, the Sikkim Terai and Nepaul.
In Burmah, Gates says, it is found abundantly in all the forests, except in the
extreme south of Tenasserim. According to Hodgson it breeds in the valley
of the lower regions of Nepaul, It begins to lay about April. It excavates
a hole in the trunk of some decayed tree about 16 inches deep, and in it lays
3 — 4 pure white eggs, which, Hume says, are figured as broad ovals consider-
ably pointed towards one end, and measure 1*3 X 1*98 inch.
1024. Megalaema caniceps (Frankly Jerd. B. ind. \. p. 310,
No. 193 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 129. Bucco caniceps, Franklin,
P. Z. S. 1831, p. 147.— The COMMON GREEN BARBET.
Like M. lineata> but theforeneck and breast uniform brown with pale mesial
streaks ; head, neck and lower surface brown ; the throat dusky brown, these
parts very faintly streaked paler ; upper surface green as in M. lineata, the
streaks very faint ; wing coverts and tertiaries tipped with white. Bill pale
orange brown ; irides red brown ; orbitar skin dull orange.
Length. — 10*5 inches ; wing 5 ; tail 3*5 ; tarsus PI ; bill at front 1-2.
Hab. — The Eastern Ghauts, Central and Northern India, Guzerat, Oudh and
Bengal. Found in wooded and well-watered districts. Lays in March and
April. Eggs 3 — 4 in number, oval, dull white and slightly glossy.
1025. Megalaema inornata, Waid., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.
1870, v. p. 219; Jerd.y B. Ind. i. Suppl. p. xlvii. ; Str. F. iii. pp. 401, 459 ;
Marsh.) Mon. Capit. pi. xxviii. — The MALABAR GREEN BARBET.
Chin, throat, breast and upper portion of abdominal region uniform pale
brown, the shafts faintly paler. Upper surface as in caniceps, the terminal
spots on the wing coverts and tertiaries almost wanting. Length similar to
that of caniceps. Bill at front 1-5 inch ; wing 5*2 ; tail 3*5 ; tarsus ri.
Hab.— Malabar, Coorg and Khandeish.
CYANOPS. 429
1026. Megaleema viridiS, Gmel.t Sysl. Nat. \. p. ; Jerdon, 111.
Ind. Orn. pi. 26; id., B. Ind. i. p. 311, No. 194 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 419;
iv., p. 319.— The SMALL GREEN BARBET.
Similar to M. caniceps, but is devoid of the specklings on the wing coverts
and lineations on the back; the head and nape also are scarcely lineated ;
throat whitish. Bill horny brown ; irides red brown ; orbitar skin brown ; legs
plumbeous.
Length. — 8 inches; tail 275 ; wing 4 ; bill at front O'9.
/fa£.— South India, the Neilgherries and Malabar Coast. Breeds on the
Ncilgherries in April and May. Eggs pure white, a little glossy, 3—5 in
number.
Gen. Cyanops, Bonap.
Bill shorter than in Megalcema ; head with bright colours ; sides of the face
blue.
1027, Cyanops asiatica (Lath.), Jerd., B. Ind. \. p. 313, No. 195 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 130; id.. Sir. F. iii. p. 77. Trogon
asiaticus, Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 201 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 133.
Megalaima asiatica, Marsh. Mon. Capit. pi. xxix. ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 73;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 151; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88; Scully,
Str. F. viii. p. 252. — The BLUE-FACED BARBET.
Forehead, crown, a spot on each side at the base of the lower mandible, and
one on each side at the base of the foreneck, crimson ; a band across the
crown continued backward as a supercilium black ; a superciliary streak
below this, as well as the chin, throat, cheeks and ear coverts verditer-blue ;
upper plumage gre/ n, with a faint ruddy gloss on the back, yellower on the
under surface ; quiks dark brown, margined with bluish green ; under side of
tail feathers blue. Bill greenish yellow, the terminal two-thirds of upper
mandible dark brown ; irides hazel brown ; eyelid edge orange-brown ; legs
pale green.
Length. — 9-2 to 9-5 inches; tail 3; wing 4 to 4'3; tarsus I; bill from
gape 1-5.
Hal. — The Indo-Burmese countries into India. Found in Bengal and along
the sub-Himalayan region as far as the Jumna river. It is confined, according
to Oates, to the densest forests on the Eastern side of the Pegu hills. It has
been met with at Tonghoo. In Tenasserim Mr. Davison obtained it in the
northern portion of the division about Kollidoo and Pahpoon. It is recorded
from Arracan by Blyth, and Jerdon says it is found throughout Lower Bengal,
extending through the sub-Himalayan region as far as the Dehra Doon,
also Assam and Sylhet ; and that he observed it all through Lower Bengal
from Calcutta to the Sikkim Himalayas. It is said to breed in April and May,
There is nothing known of its eggs.
430 CAPITONID^E.
1028. Cyanops DaviSOni, Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 108 ; Hume and
Vav., Sir. F. vi. p. 151 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88; Bingham, Sir. F. ix.
p. 165; Qates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 134. — DAVISON'S BARBET.
Precisely similar to C. asiatica, but somewhat smaller ; entirely wants the
black crown-band, and to a great extent the narrow yellowish line preceding it,
and has these replaced by a broader turquoise blue band, thus diminishing the
depth of the occipital red patch ; pectoral red patches rather larger.
Length. — 8'5 inches; wing 3-9; tail 2*8; tarsus 0*97. (Hume, ex Oa/cs.)
Hab. — Tenasserim, where it also breeds in March. Eggs two in number.
1029. Cyanops incognita (Hume), Oales, B. Br. Burm. ii. p.
134. Megalaima incognita, Hume, Sir. F. ii. pp. 442, 486; Wald. in Blyltfs
B. Burm. p. 74 ; Hume and Vav., Sir. F. vi. pp. 151, 501 ; Hume, Sir. F-
viii. p. 88 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 166. — HUME'S BARBET.
"Green; lores, a very narrow frontal band, a small patch on the nape,
and two small pectoral patches dark crimson; chin, throat, cheeks, ear
coverts, forehead, and stripe over the eye, tinged with turquoise-blue. A narrow
ring of tiny bright yellow feathers surrounds the eye." (Hume.) Male.— Upper
mandible, eyelids, and tip of lower mandible dusky horny ; remainder of bill
paler; legs and feet grass green; irides nut-brown. Female.— Lower man-
dible and base of upper mandible pale horny blue ; rest of bill black ; legs
and feet dirty bluish-green. (Davison.)
Length. — 8*6 to 9 inches ; tail 2-4 to 2-5 ; wing 3*9; tarsus I to ri ; bill
from gape 1*4 to 1*46.
Hab. — Tenasserim, about Amherst and Yea, and in the vicinity of Tavoy.
At Tavoy it was met with in thin tree jungle.
1030. Cyanops Ramsayi (Wald.), Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p.
135. Megalaerna Ramsayi, Wald., Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4 xv. p. 400 ; id. in Bl.
B. Burm. p. 74; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 402 ; Ward law -Rams ay, Ibis, 1877, P-
457; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 152 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88. Cyanops
Franklinii (Blylh), Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 314. — RAMSAY'S BARBET.
Forehead, and a patch on the nape, crimson ; crown shining yellow ; lores
black ; a broad supercilium and a patch under the eye with mixed streaks of
grey and black ; ear coverts silvery grey, a patch at the gape yellow, tinged
with red ; chin and upper throat golden yellow ; lower throat, foreneck and
under ear coverts dull grey ; a thin band of bright greenish blue joining the
ear coverts runs over the back of the neck bounding the bright colours of the
head ; a patch of black between the supercilium and the red nape spot ;
remainder of the plumage green, yellower below ; lesser wing coverts deep
purplish blue, which colour passes on to the edge of the wing and the outer
webs of some of the primaries ; quills dark brown on the inner webs, green on
the outer; under wing coverts whitish ; tail uniform dark green. (Oales.) Bill
XANTHOL^EMA. 431
horn brown, dirty white at the gape and sides ; orbits dark brown ; irides
nut brown ; legs and feet pale greenish plumbeous. (Bingham, MS.)
Length.— $'2 inches ; tail 2*5 ; wing 4 ; tarsus I ; bill from gape 1-4.
£fa£. — British Burmah, on the Mooleyit mountain, in the Thoungyeen
Valley, and in Karenne. I have not any specimens of this and the preceding
two rare species, nor have I seen them.
Gen. Xantholsema, Bonap.
Bill shorter than in Cyanops, wider and less compressed ; 2nd quill of wing
longest and sub-equal to the next three.
1031. Xantholsema haemacephala (P. L. S. Mull), Marsh.,
Monog. Capit. pi. xliii. ; Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. ix.p. 156; Hume, Nests and
Eggs, p. 131 ; id., Str. F. iii. p. 77; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 311 ; Oates,
Sir. F. v. p. 144 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F.v. p. 155 ; Murray, Vert. Zool.
Sind, p. 117; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 218; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88; Scully ',
Str. F. viii. p. 253 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 167 ; Kelham, Ibis> 1881, p. 390;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 136. Bucco haemacephalus, P. L. S. MulL,
Natursyst. Suppl. p. 88. Bucco indicus, Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 205. Xantho-
Icema indica, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 315, No. 197; Wald., Ibis, 1871, p. 162.
Megalaema haemacephala, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 74. — The CRIMSON-BREASTED
BARBET.
Forehead and forecrown bright crimson ; throat and round the eyes pale
sulphur yellow ; pectoral gorget glistening crimson, edged below with an arrow
of rich golden yellow ; moustachial streak continued round the throat, above
the crimson pectoral gorget and on the crown of the head, black ; back and
wing coverts green, more or less margined yellowish ; primaries and second-
aries greenish ; the inner webs dusky brown and margined with dull white ;
tail greenish, tinged with blue ; beneath, the abdomen, vent, and under tail
coverts fulvous or greenish white, streaked with green ; bill black ; irides
hazel ; orbitar skin dull crimson ; legs coral red.
Hal.— India generally, also Burmah, Malayana, Ceylon, Nepaul, Tenasserim
and Upper Pegu ; Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Oudh. Occurs in Kutch,
Kattiawar and Jodhpore, and probably in North Guzerat also. In Sind it is
rare, and occurs as a visitor in September and October, affecting the acacia
forests.
In Burmah it is found in every portion of the province, also in Karenne,
and wherever it occurs it frequents open country, gardens, compounds, and
groves of trees. Its presence is readily known by the note it utters, which is
like the hammering of a piece of metal. It breeds in March, April and May,
but in Central and Southern India a little earlier, laying 2 — 3 eggs in a hole of
a tree, excavated by itself at no great height from the ground. Eggs pure
white, from 0-87 to 1-07 in length X 0-62 to 072 in breadth.
VOL. II.— 56
432 CAPITONID^E.
1032. Xantholsema malabarica (Biyih}, Jerd., B. ind. i.
p. 317, No. 189 ; Marsh., Mon. Capit.pt. vi. pi. xlvi ; Hume, Sir. F. iv. p. 392.
Bucco malabarica, Blyth, J.A.S. E. xvi. p. 387. — The CRIMSON-THROATED
BARBET.
Forehead, round the eyes, chin and throat crimson, the throat margined
externally with golden yellow ; occiput black or bluish ; cheeks, ear-coverts
and sides of the neck dull blue ; upper surface dark green, the feathers
edged paler ; below pale or dull green. Bill black ; irides red-brown ; legs
red.
Length.— 6 • 25 inches ; tail i'5 ; wing 3*2; bill at front 0-5 ; tarsus 07.
Hab.— Malabar, Wynaad, Western Ghauts in Mysore, and the Travancore
hills. Habits similar to the last.
1033. Xantholsema cyanotis (Biyth), Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 77.
Megalaema cyanotis, Marsh., Mon. Cap?'/, pi. xxxiii. fig. 3 ; Blyth, B.
Burmah p. 74; Hume and Dav., Str, F. vi. p. 155 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 88 ; Bingham, Str F. ix. p. 166 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 137. Bucco
cyanotis, Blyth, y. A. S. B. xvi. p. 465. — The BLUE-EARED BARBET.
Forehead, streak over the eye, ear coverts, chin and throat, dull blue ; fore
part of crown and patch at base of lower mandible black, tinged greenish ; a
patch under the eye, and a streak under and over the ear coverts red ; rest of
plumage green, darker above and yellower beneath; primaries and secondaries
dark brown, margined on the outer webs with green ; abdomen and tail with a
bluish tinge. Bill black ; eyelids and nude facial skin plumbeous ; iris dark
brown; legs dull greenish yellow.
Length. — 67 inches ; tail 2-2 ; wing 3-2 ; tarsus o'8 ; bill from gape 1-05.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, British Burmah, hill tracts of Eastern Bengal,
Cachar, and Tipperah. Breeds in Tenasserim in February.
Gen. CaloramphllS, Less.
Bill larger than in Megalcema or Cyanops ; rictal bristles at base almost
wanting ; plumage plain.
1034- CaloramphUS Hayi (Gray), Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 149; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 138.
Caloramphus Lathami, apud Marsh., Monog. Cap it. pi. Ixxii. Megalorhynchus
hayi, Wald., Ibis, 1871, p. 163. Bucco Hayi, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 33.—
The BROWN BARBET.
Whole upper plumage dark brown, the feathers of the crown margined with
rusty brown and those of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts margined with
pale yellowish green ; wing coverts and quills dark brown, the margins paler ;
tail dark brown ; sides of the head rufous brown ; chin and throat paler
mfuus, obsoletely barred with pale yellowish ; remainder of the plumage dirty
YUNX. 433
yellowish white. (Oates.) Bill black in the male ; reddish brown to a dirty
orange or ochraceous brown in the female ; legs and feet orange ; irides dull
red ; orbital skin brown. (Davison.)
Length— i inches; tail 2-1 ; wing 3-2; tarsus 0-85 ; bill from gape 1-2.
jjal,t — South Tenasserim down the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra. Found in
small parties of 3—4 ; sometimes in pairs, and occasionally singly, hunting
about the leaves, branches, and trunks of trees. Feeds on insects and fruit.
ORDER.— PICI.
Zygodactylous birds, characterized by their striking and singular habits, to
which their whole structure is adapted. They have large and strong bills, with
the point sharp and wedge-shaped for the purpose of penetrating through the
bark of trees in search of insect food in the decayed parts. The neck is
short and furnished with strong muscles to enable them to strike with such force
as to be heard at a distance. The tongue is long and extensile, at the end of
which is a horny barbed probe-like substance, with which it extracts the
insects from the crevices. Tail of 12 feathers, ten of them stiff-shafted, pointed
at the ends and bent inwards to enable them to support themselves (together
with their sharp clawed feet) in the act of climbing the perpendicular branches
of trees. They breed in holes of trees, and lay shining white eggs. They are
divided into several sub -families, according to the form, length, and strength of
their bill, feet, and coloration.
Family.— PICID^E— WOODPECKERS.
Bill moderate or long, straight, angular, wedge-shaped ; wings moderate ; 4th
and 5th quills usually longest ; tail of 2 small outer feathers and ten with thick
and stiff shafts ; feet zygodactyle ; one toe sometimes absent ; plumage
varied, black and white, or green, crimson, yellow, and rufous mixed. Males with
generally a cheek stripe and a crimson tuft or crest ; nostrils apert or concealed
by bristles.
Sub-Family.— YUNCIN^E.
Bill short, conical, somewhat round, straight and poi nted ; nostrils basal,
approximate, narrow, apert ; wings moderate, pointed ; $rd quill longest ; 2nd
and 3rd sub-equal; ist nearly as long; tail moderate, flexible, broad, of 12
feathers; feet zygodactyle, tarsus short ; plumage speckled. They breed in
holes and lay several white eggs.
1035. Yunx torquilla, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 172; Malh.t Mon.
Pic. p. 289, pi. cxxi., fig. 4 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 303 ; Hume, Nests and
Eggs Ind. B. p. 128 ; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 75 ; Dresser, B. Eur. v. p. 103, pi. ;
Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 458 ; Dav. et. Oust. Ois. Chine p. 55 ;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. 149; Htime, Str. F. viii. p. 88; Blyth, B.
434
Burm. p. 78 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 192 ; Murray, Hdbk. Zoo!., Sfc., Sind,
p. 131; id., Vert. ZooL Sind, p. 115; Oates, B. Burm. ii. p. 2 3. —The
COMMON WRYNECK.
Top of the head greyish brown, finely barred with dark brown and white ;
neck, back, rump and upper tail coverts grey, speckled with brown ; from the
hind head (occiput) down the middle of the back of the neck, back, and
between the scapulars, is a streak of dark brown mixed with black ; the wings
brown, speckled with light yellow and a few fulvous spots; the primaries
barred with pale yellow and deep brown ; the tertials with mesial dark streaks
and fulvous barrings ; rump and tail speckled grey, the former with dark
longitudinal streaks, and the latter with four irregular transverse bars of
black ; chin, throat, ear coverts and neck in front, pale yellow-brown with
narrow transverse black lines ; breast, belly, flanks and under tail coverts dull
white, or fulvous white, barred with black ; under surface of tail feathers pale
greyish brown, mottled and barred with dark brown ; bill horny brown ;
irides crimson ; legs greenish horny.
Length— 7 to 7*5 inches ; wing 3-5 ; tail 2-5 ; bill at front 0-5.
Hal.— Throughout India. Occurs also in Europe and Greece ; found in
Beloochistan, S. Persia and S, Afghanistan, as well as in Sind, the Punjab,
N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, the Indo-Burmese Countries, Arracan, Central and
Southern India, and in the Western Presidency. It is recorded from the
Concan, Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, and Jodhpore. Jerdon states he has
never heard of its occurrence on the Malabar Coast, and records it from the
sub-Himalayan region and Assam. In Sind it is a winter visitant. It is not
known to breed any where in India, In Europe it is said to nest in holes
of trees, upon rotten wood. The eggs are perfectly white, and from
8 to 10 in number. The food of the Wryneck is said to be chiefly ants, though
other insects are also found in the stomach. In habits it is solitary, except
during the breeding season, when it is usually found with its mate.
Sub-Family.— INDICATORI1SLE.— HONEY GUIDES.
Bill high, sub-conic, short, straight at gape, broad at base, arched and com-
pressed on the sides ; gonys angular ; nostrils apert, placed in a fossa near the
base of the bill and approximate near the culmen ; wings long and pointed ;
3rd quill longest; tail moderate, slightly wedge shaped, of 12 feathers, the
outermost small, as in the woodpeckers. They are related to the wood-
peckers in the structure of their feet and tongue. Their skin is said to be
thick and tough, to guard them from the attack of bees, the honey of which
insects form its chief food.
1036. Indicator xanthonotus, Biyih, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 166;
id., J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 198; Jerd., III. Ind. Orn. pi. 50 ; id., B. Ind. i. p. 306,
No. 190 j Str. F. i. pp. 313, 426.— The YELLOW-BACKED HONEY GUIDE.
VIVIA. 435
Upper plumage clove brown, passing to dusky black on the sides of the
rump and tips of the upper tail coverts ; thighs and under tail coverts streaked
with black and white ; forehead yellowish ; lower back and rump bright
yellow ; chin, throat, and sides of the neck yellowish ; under surface of the
body brownish ash; tail dark brown, paler on the outer feathers, the outermost
broadly edged with whitish. Bill brownish black ; irides red-brown. ?
Length. — 5-5 to 5 6 inches ; wing 3- 2 to 3*3 ; bill at front 0-25.
Hab—S.-E. Himalayas. Has been obtained in Sikkim, at Darjeeling,
Nothing is known of its nidification in India. &&•
Sub-Pamily.-PlCUMNiN^E— PICULETS.
Bill short, straight, somewhat conic ; tail short or moderate ; wings long j
tongue long and extensile ; feet as in the woodpeckers.
Gen. Vivia, Hodgson.
General characters as in the sub-family; nostrils covered by incumbent
bristles ; tip of upper mandible truncate, the lower one acuminate ; rictus
bristled ; wings moderate, 5th quill longest, ist very short ; tail of 12 feathers,
the lateral feathers graduated ; feet zygodactyle ; tongue Picince.
1037- Vivia innominata (Burton), Jerd., B. ind. \. p. 300 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 127 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 78 ; Hume,
Sir. F. v. p. 351 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi, p. 148; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 88; Scully, t. c. p. 250; Ringham, Str. F. ix. p. 165 ;Hargitt, Ibis, 1881,
p. 223; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 24; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxii. pi. 13.
Picumnus innominatus, Burton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 154; Malh,, Mon. Pic. ii.
p. 278, pi. cxvii., figs. 5— 6; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 105. Vivia
nepalensis, Hodgs., J . A. S. B. vi. p. 107.— The SPECKLED PICULET.
Feathers of the forehead and forecrown dusky tipped with orange, remainder
of the crown, nape, and ear coverts green; lores yellow; also the back,
rump, upper tail coverts, and the wings and their coverts, but all tinged
strongly with olivaceous ; occipital streak and another under the eye and
ear coverts white ; chin to the breast yellowish white, ocellated with black ;
thence to the under tail coverts yellowish, boldly spotted with black ; flanks
barred with black and yellowish white ; tail black, the middle pair of feathers
white on their inner webs, the rest, except the smaller outermost, obliquely
tipped with white. The female has not the yellow on the forehead and crown,
nor is the plumage as yellow as the male on the lower surface ; and the lores
are whitish. Bill plumbeous black ; irides brown ; feet dark plumbeous.
Length. — 4 inches; tail 1-4 ; wing 2'2 ; tarsus 0*4 ; bill from gape 0*7.
Hab.— The Himalayas, Cachar to Nepaul, Khasia hills, Tonghoo and Tenas-
serim, in British Burmah. Recorded also from the Wynaad. Affects tangled
brushwood. Breeds in the Himalayas in April and May in small holes in the
436 PICID/E.
branches of trees, which they excavate themselves. Eggs, seven in number,
pure white, varying from 0-58 to o'6i inch in length and from 0*49 to 0-5 I
inch in breadth. Mr. Thompson says they are capital insect-hunters and
destroy vast quantities of the eggs and larvae of xylophagus beetles.
Gen. Sasia, Hodgs.
General characters as in Vivia, the bill a little longer and broader ; 5th
and 6th quills equal and longest ; feet 3-toed ; hind toe stout and large ;
claws long, straight, and blunt.
1038. Sasia ochracea, ffodgs., J. A. s. B. v. p. 778 ; jerd.,
B.Ind.i.p. 301, No. 187; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 75; Blyth, B. Burn.
p. 78 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 148 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88 ;
Hargitt, Ibis, 188 1, p. 231. Picumnoides ochraceus, Malherbe, Mon. Pic.
ii. p. 287 ; Oates, B. Br. Burmah ii. p. 26. Picumnoides lachrymosa (Lafr^,
Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. p. 287. Picumnus ochraceus, Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic.
p. 1 06. — The RUFOUS PICULET.
Frontal zone golden yellow ; crown and nape olive ; lores and feathers
round the eye dusky ; supercilium extending over the ear coverts white ;
sides of head, back, scapulars, and the whole lower plumage orange rufous,
the back and scapulars with a strong olivaceous wash, and the rump washed
with orange ; upper tail coverts and tail black ; the upper wing coverts olive ;
1st primary edged with whitish ; other quills dark brown, edged with olive and
the tertiaries olive-rufous. The female has the forehead rufescent and not
golden yellow. Bill dark plumbeous, lighter below ; irides crimson.
Length. — 3*2 inches ; tail I ; wing 2 ; tarsus 0*5 ; bill from gape o'52.
Hab. — The Himalayas, from Assam to Nepaul ; Cachar, Assam, Khasia
hills, Arracan, and British Burmah, in Pegu and Tenasserim.
Sub-Family.— GECININ^E.
Bill wide, with the culmen more or less curved, with a small or no lateral
ridge ; feet small ; hind toe absent or very small.
Gen. Gauropicoid.es, Maih.
Hind toe wanting ; bill and other characters as of the sub -family.
1039. GaurOpiCOideS Rafflesii (Vigors), Malherbe, Mon. Pic.
I. p. Hii ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 54; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 146;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 42. Picus Rafflesii,
Vigors, App> Mem. Raffl. p. 669; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 57. Chloro-
picoides Rafflesii, Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. p. 102, pi. Ixxii., figs, i — 4.—
RAFFLES' THREE-TOED GREEN- WOODPECKER.
Frontal feathers, lores, cheeks, chin, throat, and foreneck orange-fulvous ;
crown, nape and a very ample crest scarlet ; stripe from the eye over the ear
GECINULUS. 437
coverts continued down the neck white ; another from the gape to under the
ear coverts and also continued down the neck white ; the intermediate space,
and a broad band under the lower white streak from behind the cheeks reaching
down the neck, black ; rump, scapulars, and upper wing coverts golden olive ;
quills dark brown, the primaries paler at the tips, the secondaries and tertiaries
broadly edged with golden olive, and all with a few white spots on the inner
webs near the base. Upper tail coverts and tail black ; breast and whole lower
plumage dark brown, suffused with olive green ; sides of the body barred or
spotted with whitish ; under wing coverts olive brown, spotted with white. In
some males the feathers of the rump are tipped with crimson. The female has
the head black instead of crimson. (Oa/es.) Legs and feet dark green ; irides
deep brown to deep reddish brown ; upper mandible bluish black ; lower
plumbeous. (DavisonJ)
Length.— \2 inches; tail 4-5; wing 5*5 ; tarsus 1*1 ; bill from gape 1-5.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo, and Tenas-
serim, in British Burmah,from Mooleyit mountain to Bankasoon. Mr. Davison
says it is confined to the dense evergreen forests.
Gen. Gecinulus, Blyth.
Bill shorter than in Gauropicoides] more compressed laterally, the inner
(fourth) or hind toe wanting.
1040. Gecinulus Grantia, McCleli., P. z. S. 1839; yerd.t B.
Ind. i. p. 292, No. 177. — The PALE-HEADED THREE-TOED GREEN WOODPECKER.
Forehead, lores, sides of the head and neck and throat yellowish green,
paler and tinged with yellow on the lower neck ; crown, nape and crest dull
crimson; back, scapulars, wing and upper fail coverts brownish red or dull red,
the secondaries and tertiaries with three light red bars ; primaries dusky
greenish, crossed with 4 — 5 yellow bars; tail dusky greenish, the feathers edged
with reddish and with yellowish bands ; chin yellowish ; breast and abdomen
dusky brownish green ; bill bluish white, darker blue at the base ; irides red j
legs pale dusky green.
Length.— 10 to I0'5 inches ; wing 5 ; tail 375 ; bill at front I.
Hab. — S.-E. Himalayas, extending to Assam. Jerdon says he found it not
uncommon near Darjeeling.
1041. Gecinulus Viridis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxi, p. 341 ; id.,
B. Burm. p. 77 ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 71 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p.
144 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix p. 164 ; Oaies, B. Br,
Burm. \\.v- 41; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 48. — BLYTH'S THREE-TOED
GREEN WOODPECKER.
Forehead, lores, sides of the head and neck and throat yellowish brown,
tinged with golden on the sides of the neck ; crown, nape and crest crimson ;
back, scapulars, wing coverts and upper tail coverts olive yellow ; rump olive
438 PICID^E.
yellow, tipped with red ; tail dark-brown, tinged with olive yellow on the outer
webs near the base, and all but the central pair with white spots on the inner
webs ; quills dark brown, the outer webs broadly edged with olive yellow, the
inner webs of all spotted with white ; chin blackish ; breast, abdomen, sides,
vent, and under tail coverts greenish-brown. The female has the crown, nape
and crest yellow. Bill pale milk-blue ; iris red ; eyelids plumbeous ; legs
green. (Oates.)
Length. — 10*5 to 107 inches ; tail 4'2 ; wing 4-2 to 5-4; tarsus I ; bill from
gape P2.
ffa&.—The Malay Peninsula, and upwards on the Pegu and Tonghoo hills,
at an elevation of 2,500 feet. It is said to be common in every portion of
Tenasserim. According to Oates it is very partial to large bamboo jungles
which grow on the hills.
Gen- Tiga, Kaup,
Bill slightly more curved than in the last ; base of bill with a slight lateral
ridge ; posterior toe shorter than the anterior ; inner hind toe wanting ; 4th quill
and middle tail feathers longest.
1042. Tiga Javanensis (Ljungh), Salvad, Ucc. Bom. p. 54 ;
BL and Wald., B. Burm. p. 75 ; Tweedd., Ibis, 1877, p. 288 ; Hume andDav.,
Str. F. vi. p. 146 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 88 ; Oates, Sir. Ft viii. p. 165 ;
Bingham^ Str. F. ix. p. 164 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 55. Picus Java-
nensis, Ljungh., Act. Stockh. xviii. p. 134, t. 6; Sundev., Consp. Pic. Av.
p. 83. Picus shorei, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 175 ; Sundev. /. c. p. 83.
Tiga intermedia, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 193. Chrysonotus shorei, Jerd.,
B. Ind. i. p. 298, No. 183. Chrysonotus intermedius, Jerd., A c. p. 299,
No. 185. Tiga shorii, Hume, Str.F. iii. p. 73 ; id., viii. p. 88. Tiga inter-
medius, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 328. Tiga rubropygialis, Hume, Str. F. iv.
p. 390. Chrysonotus Biddulphi {Tick.), Wald., Ibis, 1876, p. 344; Hume,
Str F. v. p. 497. — The COMMON LARGE THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.
Head and nape, also the occiptal crest, deep crimson ; back of the neck
black ; back and scapulars golden yellow, washed with crimson ; rump bright
crimson ; upper tail coverts and tail black ; wing coverts and tertiaries golden
yellow ; primaries and their coverts dusky black, the primaries spotted with white
on their inner web ; secondaries golden yellow on the outer and black, barred
with white on the inner webs ; a band of white from the eye, expanding into a
patch on the side of the neck, followed by another one of black below it, and
a third one of white from the gape, which again is followed by a black band
from the base of the lower mandible, the black bands meeting on the
sides of the neck below the white patch ; chin and throat white, with a
mesial line running down the foreneck ; under surface of the body fulvous
white, each feather margined with black ; under wing coverts white, barred
BRACHYPTERNUS. 439
with black. The female has the whole head and nape black, the feathers with
oval or elongate, larger or smaller white spots ; back dull crimson. Bill dark
brown ; irides hazel ; eyelids plumbeous ; legs greenish.
Length. — 1 1-5 to 12 inches; tail 4 to 4- 2 ; wing 5-8 to 6 ; bill from gape 1*5.
Hab. — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Cochin -China,
and Siam ; also the whole range of the Himalayas, extending into Assam and
the Burmese Countries (Pegu and Arracan). In South and Central India it
is also common. Jerdon got it in the jungles of Malabar. In Bangalore and
Travancore it has also been got, and also on the Neilgherries. Gates says he
found a nest in Pegu in May in a hole of a tree with three eggs.
Gen. Brachypternus.— Strickl.
Bill distinctly curved ; lateral ridge absent; nostrils apert ; tail cuneate.
Hind toe and claw minute.
1043. Brachypternus auranti^s (Linn.), Maih., Mon. Pic. \\.
p. 69, rigs. 5—6 ; Jerd., B. Ind. I. p. 295, No. 180; Hume, Nests and Eggs
bid. B. p. 126; Str. F. I. p. 171 ; Murray, Hdbk. Zool, fyc., Sind, p. 131 ;
id., Vert. Zool. Sind p. 114. Brachypternus dilutus, Blyth, J. A. S. B.
iv. p. 550 ; Jerd., B. Ind. I. p. 297, No. 182 ; Str. F.i. p. 171 ; Murray,
Hdbk. Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 131 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind p. 114. — The GOLDEN-
BACKED WOODPECKER.
Adult Male.— Head and crest bright crimson; hind neck, lower back,
upper tail coverts and tail black ; middle of the back black, mixed with
greenish yellow ; upper back and scapulars rich golden yellow ; wing coverts
black, changing to greenish yellow, the feathers white-spotted ; primaries
dusky brown, spotted white on their outer and inner webs ; the secondaries
and tertiaries greenish yellow on their outer webs, dusky on their inner webs,
and also spotted white. Cheeks, sides of the neck, and a stripe from the
nostrils to the eyes, white ; a dusky stripe through the eyes to, and including
the ear coverts ; chin, throat, sides of the face below the white cheek patch,
neck and entire under parts striated black and white, the striations less distinct
on the lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts. Flanks and tibial plumes
white, the feathers with black bars. The female has the head black with
small white spots on the crown, and a small tuft of crimson behind ; bill
black ; irides reddish known ; feet dusky green.
Lengt/t.~io-$ to 12 inches ; wing 5-5 to 575 ; tail 4 ; bill at front 1-25.
Hab. — Throughout the greater part of India to the foot of the Himalayas,
Cashmere, Nepaul and Ceylon. Occurs also in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Kelat and Afghanistan. Breeds all over the plains of India during April,
May, June and July, in holes in mango, siris, or other soft- wooded trees,
which they excavate themselves. There is no nest except the fine chips
which fall in the act of boring, on which the eggs, generally three in number,
VOL. II.— 57
440 PICID/E.
are laid. The eggs are a lengthened pyriform oval, milk-white, and glossy,
In length they vary from ro to 1*2 inch, and in breadth from 077 to 0-85
inch. I agree with Mr. Hume, who very properly points out (Sir. F. vol. i.
p. 171) that the Sind species, B. dilutus, is not specifically separable.
1044. Brachypternus chrysonotus (Lesson.), Jerd., B. ind.
I. p. 296, No. 181. Brachypternus puncticollis, Malh., Mon. PzV.ii.pl.;
Hume, Sir, F. iv. p. 242. — The LESSER GOLDEN-BACKED WOODPECKER.
Similar to the last, but smaller ; the frontal feathers are more mixed with
black in the male ; the black of the nape is continued lower upon the
shoulders, contrasting strongly with the golden orange of the back ; wings are
of a duller golden. Eyestreak narrower, but darker and more strongly defined,
and the white spots are smaller ; the white markings of the throat and foreneck
are also smaller and consist of round oval points, edged on the sides of the neck
by unspotted black ; lastly, the white markings of the under parts are narrower,
giving a generally dark hue to the breast and abdomen. Bill dark slaty;
legs plumbeous green ; irides crimson. (Jerd.)
Length. — 11*5 inches; tail 3*25 ; wing 5-25 ; bill at front ri.
Hab. — Southern India, in the Carnatic and Malabar. Said to occur also on
the slopes of the Neilgherries.
Gen. Micropternus.— Biyth.
Bill broad at base ; culmen arched ; no lateral ridge ; wings and tail short ;
feet small ; inner hind toe and claw minute ; plumage chestnut bay.
1045. Micropternus phaeoceps, Blyfk, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 195 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 294, No. 178; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 72; Blylh and
Wald., B. Burm. p. 77; Gammie, Sir. F. iv. p. 511; Hume, Sir. F. v.
p. 480; Hume and I)av., Sir. F. vi. p. 145; Cripps, Sir. F. vii. p. 262;
Scully ', Sir. F. viii. p. 249. Phaiopicus Blythii, Malh., Rev. Zool. 1849, p.
534. Phaiopicus rufinotus, Main., Mon. Pic. ii. p. 1., pi. xlvi., fig. i — 3. Picus
rufinotus, Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 88. Micropternus burmannicus, Hume,
Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1872, p, 71 ; Blylh and Wald., B. Burm. p. 77.
Micropternus phaeoceps (Blylh), Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88; id., ix. p. 112;
Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 164 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 192 ; id., B. Br. Burmah
ii. p. 57. — The BENGAL RUFOUS WOODPECKER.
Plumage dark chestnut-bay, paler on the head and nape ; back, rump, upper
tail coverts, tail and wings cross banded with black ; feathers of the chin and
throat faintly edged paler ; sub-orbital and post-orbital feathers tipped with
crimson ; neck in front, breast and abdomen, bright chestnut-bay ; lower
abdomen somewhat paler, and with dusky cross bands. The female has no
crimson tips to the feathers under and behind the eye. Very old birds want the
subterminal bands on the lower surface. Bill dark brown, plumbeous at base
of lower mandible ; irides brown ; legs and feet greyish brown.
VENILIA. 44]
Length. — 975 to 10 inches; tail 275 to 3; wing 4-8 to 5; tarsus o'9; bill
from gape r2 ; at front i.
//0£% — The Himalayas as far as Kumaon, extending south to Central India.
Found also in Nepaul, Sikkim, Lower Bengal, forests of Central India,
Nagpore (S.-E.), Assam and British Burmah. It also occurs in the Malay
Peninsula. In Burmah, according to Gates, it is most abundant in the
evergreen forests and in the dense orchards and pineapple gardens about
Rangoon, Feeds largely on ants, in the hanging nests of which Mr. Gammie
is said to have discovered that it lays its eggs.
1046. Micropternus brachyurus (Vieill.\ Htime, Str. F. v.
p. 48; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 145 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88 ; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 58. Picus brachyurus, Vieill,, Nouv. Diet, d' "Hist. Nat.
xxvi p 103, Picus squamigularis, Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 89. — The
MALAYAN RUFOUS WOODPECKER.
Not unlike M cropternus phaoceps, but smaller, the bars on the tail are
broader ; the chin, throat, and cheeks which are blackish have the feathers
broadly margined with white. The female differs in the same way as that of
M. phcEoceps.
Length. — 8 inches ; tail 2*6; wing 4*5 ; tarsus 0*8 ; bill from gape i'i.
Hab. — Tenasserim, thence down the Malay Peninsula to Singapore.
1047. Micropternus gularis, Jerd* B. ind. \. p. 294, No. 179;
Hume, Str. F. v. p. 477 et. seq. ; id., Str. F. vii. p. 470. Phaiopicus Jerdoni,
Malherbe, Rev. Zool. 1849, P- 53^- — The SOUTH INDIAN RUFOUS WOOD-
PECKER.
Whole upper plumage rufous-bay with cross bands of dusky black ; head
dusky brown ; chin, throat and part of cheeks olivaceous brown, the feathers
mottled with white; cheek stripe crimson; under plumage unspotted bay;
under tail coverts faintly barred with dusky. Bill black ; irides brown.
Length. — 7-5 to 9 inches ; tail 2'5 to 3 ; wing 4'8 ; bill at front O'g.
Hal. — Forests of Malabar both above and below the Ghauts. Affects forest
jungle. It has also been found in the Southern Mahratta Country, where
Mr. Elliot obtained it at Dharwar. He remarks that like many other species of
Woodpeckers, the head, scapulars, and tail are generally smeared with a
gummy substance.
Gen. Venilia.— Bonap.
Bill long, nearly straight, almost the same width throughout ; lateral ridge
distinct, extending to two-thirds the length of the bill ; culmen ridged ; wings
long ; tail rather short ; outer toe nearly equal to the medial ; inner one short.
1048. Venilia pyrrhotis (Hodgs.), Jerd., B. Ind. \. p. 291,
No. 176; Wold, in BlytVs B. Burm. p. 77; Hume and Dav., Sfr. F. vi.
p. 142 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 39. Picus pyrrhotis, Hodgs., J. A. S. B.
442
vi. p. 108 ; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 47, Celeopicus pyrrhotis, Malh.,
Hon. Pic. ii. p. 37, pi. xlix., figs. 4—6. Blythipicus pyrrhotis, Hume, Str.F.
vii. p. 520; viii. p. 88. — The CRIMSON-NECKED BAY WOODPECKER.
Head dusky brown, the feathers pale shafted ; a broad crimson collar
round the nape of the neck, extending from ear coverts to ear coverts ; back,
scapulars, wings, and tail dark cinnamon or chestnut-red, transversely banded
throughout with black ; chin and throat pale brown, with paler shaft lines ;
breast, abdomen, and flanks blackish brown ; thigh coverts, vent, and under
tail coverts blackish or dusky brown, transversely banded with chestnut.
The female has not the crimson collar round the nape of the neck. Bill
bright yellow ; legs slaty green, tinged with yellowish ; irides red-brown.
Length. — 12 inches ; tail 4 ; wing 6 ; tarsus ri ; bill from gape 2.
Hob. — S.-E. Himalayas from Assam to Sikkim and Nepaul. Occurs also in
Cachar, on the Tounghoo hills, and in Tenasserim.
1049. Venilia porphyromelas (Boie\ Hume and Dav., Sir.
F. vi. p. 143 ; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, ii. p, 40. Picus porphyromelas, Boie,
Briefe geschr. Aus. Ostind. p. 143. Hemicircus rubiginosus, Swains., B. W.
Afr. ii. p. 150. Celeopicus porphyromelas, Malh., Mon. 'Pic. ii. p. 39,
pi. xlix., figs. 1 — 3. Lepocestes porphyromelas, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 48.
Blythipicus porphyromelas, Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88. — The CRIMSON-NECKED
MAROON WOODPECKER.
Whole head, chin and throat brown, darker on the crown and nape ; a large
bright crimson patch on each side of the nape ; cheeks in some specimens
tinged with red ; back and scapulars maroon, the shafts of the feathers whitish ;
rump and upper tail coverts brown, suffused with maroon and obscurely
banded with brownish wThite; tail black, banded narrowly with brownish
white ; upper wing coverts maroon, the centres of the feathers more or less
brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with whitish ; wings and primary coverts
dark brown with pale rufescent bars, the outer webs suffused with maroon ;
foreneck, breast and all the lower plumage blackish brown, tinged with
chocolate or rufous, and with a trace of maroon on the sides of the body ;
under tail coverts indistinctly barred with paler brown. The female has not
the crimson patches on the sides of the nape. (Gates) Bill yellow, tinged
greenish at base ; irides scarlet ; legs purplish brown. (Davison.)
Length. — 9 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 5 ; tarsus 0-9 ; bill from gape r6.
Hab. — Tenasserim, extending down the Malay Peninsula. Found also in the
Islands of Sumatra and Borneo.
Gen. CallolOphllS.— Sahad.
Bill as in the last, a little wider and more compressed at the tip ; slightly
more curved and with the lateral ridge nearly obsolete : tail long ; claws long
and strongly curved.
CALLOLOPHUS. 443
1050. CallOlOphuS mentaliS (Temm.)> Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 49 ;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 138; Hume, Sir. F vii. p. 87; Oates,
B. Br. Burnt, ii. p. 46. Picus mentalis, Temm., PI. Col. 384 ; Sundev.,
Consp. Av. Pic. p. 58. Chloropicus mentalis, Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. p. 112,
pi. Ixxv., figs, i, 5 and 6. Chrysophlegma mentalis, Blyth,\B. Burm. p. 76. —
The SPOTTED-THROATED YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER.
Forehead, crown, nape, ear coverts, and feathers under the eye dull green
or greenish brown ; occipital crest bright yellow ; back, rump, scapulars,
upper tail coverts and tertiaries green ; edge of the wing green ; primaries
dark brown, with rufous spots or bars on both webs, the basal portion of the
outer webs more or less crimson ; secondaries with the outer webs crimson ;
the inner dark brown, barred with rufous ; upper wing coverts crimson ; tail
black ; chin and cheeks brown, spotted with dull white ; throat black, streaked
with white ; sides of the nape and of the neck and breast chestnut ; remainder
of lower plumage dull green, tinged with yellow ; under wing coverts greenish,
barred with fulvous The female differs inhaving the chin and cheeks chestnut
like the breast, not brown, spotted with white. (Gates.) Legs and feet green ;
upper mandible dull black ; lower mandible and edges of upper mandible near
the nostrils pale plumbeous ; orbital skin green ; irides deep red. (Davison.)
Length. — n inches ; tail 4 ; wing 5*2 ; tarsus 0*9 ; bill from gape 1*5.
Hab. — Extreme south of Tenasserim about Bankasoon (Davison), extend-
ing to the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.
1051. Callolophus malaccensis (Lath.), Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 50 ; Tiveedd., Ibis, 1877, p. 288 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 140 ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 88 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 47. Picus malaccensis,
Lath., Ind. Orn.\. p. 241. Chloropicus miniatus, apud Malh., Mon. Pic. ii.
p. 116, pi. Ixxvi., figs. 1 — 3. Picus miniatus, apud Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic.
p. 59 (part). Venilia malaccensis, Sclater, P. Z S. 1863, p. 211. — The
MALACCAN YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER.
Forehead, crown, and frontal feathers of the crest, also the wing coverts,
bases of the outer webs of the primaries, and all the secondaries, tertiaries,
and scapulars crimson ; primaries dark brown, spotted on their outer webs and
barred on their inner with yellowish white ; secondaries barred in like manner
on their inner webs only; longer crest feathers on the nape yellow; sides
of the head mixed brown and crimson ; neck behind and back greenish, barred
with yellowish ; rump bright yellow, indistinctly barred with green ; upper tail
coverts brown, tipped with pale yellow ; tail black ; chin, throat, sides of the
neck and breast dull buff; remainder of lower plumage bufnsh white, closely
barred with brown ; under wing coverts bufnsh, barred with brown. The
female differs in not having any crimson on the sides of the face and in
having the forehead, lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, chin and throat
tipped with white, preceded by a black bar. Upper mandible of bill black,
444 PICID^E.
lower mandible from pale plumbeous to bluish white ; legs dingy green ; irides
red. (Damson.)
Length.— \Q'$ inches; tail 4 ; wing 5-3 ; tarsus cv8 ; bill from gape 1-3.
Hab. — Tenasserim, extending south to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and
Borneo. Affects evergreen forests, and Gates adds is also partial to mangrove
swamps.
1052. CallolophuS puniceus (Horsf.), Salvad., Ucc. Born. p.
49; Hume and Dav.y Sir. F. vi. p. 139 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 88. Picus
puniceus, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Socy. xiii. p. 176; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p.
58. Chloropicus puniceus, Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. p. I IO, pi. Ixxiv., figs. 5 — 7.
Chrysophlegma puniceus, Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 44. — HORSFIELD'S
YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER.
Whole top of head (except the lengthened crest feathers, which are yellow),
a patch on each side below gape, the wing coverts, bases of the primaries,
outer webs of the secondaries, and a mesial patch on the tertiaries, crimson ;
inner web of the primaries and also of the secondaries black, spotted with white ;
tail black ; back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts green, the feathers
margined with yellow ; tertiaries broadly tipped with green ; sides of the head
and under surface of the body brownish green, paler on the chin and throat ;
flanks spotted or barred with white ; under wing coverts brown, spotted with
white. The female has not the crimson patch at the base of the upper man-
dible : upper mandible greenish yellow at base and black for its terminal
length ; lower mandible greenish yellow ; irides crimson ; legs pale green ;
orbital skin lavender blue.
Length.— ID'S inches ; tail 4 to 4-2 ; wing 5 to 5-1 ; tarsus 0-95 ; bill from
gape 1-3.
Hal. — Southern Tenasserim, where it inhabits evergreen forests, and only
occasionally comes into clearings. Extends down the Malay Peninsula
and the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.
Gen. Chrysophlegma.— Gould.
General characters of Callolophus, the bill slightly more curved ; the lateral
ridge traceable only close to the base of the bill ; culmen blunt ; tail long,
cuneate.
1053. Chrysophlegma flavinucha (Gould), Jerd., B. Ind.
p. 289, No. 173 ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 71 ; Hume andDav., Str. F. vi. p. 1 37 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 87 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 43. Picus flavi-
nucha, Gould, P, Z. S. 1833, p. 120; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 57.
Chloropicus flavinucha, Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. p. 106, pi. Ixxiii., figs. 1—4.
— GOULD'S or the LARGE YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER.
CHRYSOFHLEGMA. 445
Forehead and crown reddish brown, tinged with green on the occiput and
nape ; posterior nuchal feathers of the crest and hind neck glossy or bright
yellow ; sides of the head and neck greenish brown ; upper surface of the body,
including the wing coverts, bright green ; primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries,
barred across with black and cinnamon red, the two latter broadly edged and
tipped with green ; tail black ; chin, throat and cheeks yellow, the bases of the
feathers black, and showing through ; foreneck greenish black ; breast dusky
greenish ; rest of lower plumage ashy or greyish brown ; under wing coverts
whitish, barred with black. The female has the chin and throat reddish brown
instead of yellow. Bill bluish white ; legs slaty green ; irides red ; orbital skin
pale green.
Length. — 13 to 14 inches ; tail S'l to S'S ; wing 6'2 to 67 j bill from gape
r6.
Hab — Throughout the Himalayas, extending into Assam, Sikkim and
Burmah, also to the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal. Jerdon says it is not rare in
Darjeeling at elevations of from 2,000 tc 6,000 feet. In British Burmah Gates
records it as abundant in most of the deep forests of Pegu and in all parts of
the Pegu hills. It has been met with at Tonghoo and on the Karin hills.
Davison found it in Tenasserim and Captain Bingham in the Thoungyeen
Valley. It is also recorded from Arracan by Mr. Blyth, and is said to
descend to the ground in search of food.
1054. Chrysophlegma chlorolophus (Vieill.), Jerd., B. ind.
i. p. 289, No. 174 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 71 ; Wald. in Blyth's B. Burnt, p. 76;
Hume andDav., Str. F. vi. p. 138 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 87 ; Scully t. c. p. 249 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 45- Picus chlorolophus, Vieill., Nouv. Viet.
d'Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 78; Bonn, et Vieill. Tabl. Enc et Meth. p 1300;
Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 58. Chloropicus chlorolophus, Malh., Mon. PIG.
ii. p. 108, pi. Ixxiv., figs. I — 3.— The LESSER YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER.
Forehead, a stripe on each side of the crown extending over the eyes to the
nape, and a patch on each side of the base of the lower mandible, crimson ;
crown and nape green ; occipital crest yellow ; back, scapulars, rump and
upper tail coverts, also the upper wing coverts, tertiaries and primary coverts
bright green, the latter with a golden tinge ; tail black ; primaries and second-
aries black, the primaries red basally on the outer web, the red increasing in
extent till it occupies the whole of the web of the last one ; secondaries also
red on the outer web, but margined with green ; both primaries and secondaries
barred with white on the inner webs ; side of the head and neck, also the chin,
throat and breast brownish green ; from the gape extends a whitish line to
under the ear coverts ; under surface of the body, including the flanks and
under wing coverts, whitish, barred with brownish green. The female has only
a short crimson streak on either side of the head, and the bases of the feathers
of the chin and throat show through. " Upper mandible horny black ; lower the
44?6 PICID/E.
same but lemon-yellow on the basal half ; irides bright red ; legs dull greenish ;
eyelids lavender." (Oaf.es.)
Length.— IO'5 inches; tail 4 ; wing 5-4; tarsus 0*85 ; bill from gape T2.
Zfa£.— The Himalayas from Assam to Nepaul, also Cachar, the hill tracts
of Eastern Bengal, Arracan, Pegu and Tenasserim ; rare in Lower Bengal.
Habits like the last.
1055. Chrysophlegma chlorigaster, Jerd., 2nd Suppi. Cat.
p. 2 1 1 ; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 5 17. Chrysophlegma chlorophanes, Jerd., B. Ind.
i. p. 290. Picus chlorophanes, Vieill., Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xxvi. p. 79.
— The SOUTHERN YELLOW-NAPED WOODPECKER.
Whole head and cheek stripe red ; crest red, the feathers terminating with
yellow ; back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts bright green ; ear coverts
brownish green ; wings greenish, tinged with orange, the outer webs of the
quills orange red, the inner webs dusky and with white spots ; tail black ;
under surface of the body dull green ; lower abdomen barred and spotted
with white. Bill slaty green ; under mandible yellow ; legs dull green ; irides
reddish brown.
Length— -9 to 97 inches ; tail 3-9 to 4 ; wing 47 to 4*8 ; bill at front 0*9.
Hab.— South India, in Malabar, Travancore, and Ceylon. Habits same as
the last. Nothing is known of its nidification.
Gen. GecinilS. — Boie.
Bill slightly widened in its whole length, compressed at the tip; upper man-
dible with one or more lateral ridges near the culmen, which is slightly arched ;
anterior and versatile toes nearly equal ; head crested; tail long, cuneate.
1058- GecinUS SquamattlS (Vigors), Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 286;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 124. Picus squamatus, Vigors, P. Z. S.
1831, p. ; Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. 48. Picus dimidiatus, apud. Gray and
Hardw., 111. Ind. Orn. i. pi. 29, fig. i. — The SCALY-BELLIED GREEN WOOD-
PECKER.
Head with the crest and hind neck dull scarlet ; superciliary stripe extend-
ing as far as the nape whitish ; a second one from across the forehead
immediately above the supercilium black ; ear-coverts dusky green ; cheek
stripe blackish, bordered by a pale line ; back, scapulars, rump, and upper
tail coverts green, the two latter tinged with yellowish; wings and tail dusky
black ; primaries with their outer webs spotted with white ; secondaries and
tertiaries suffused with greenish on their outer margins and barred paler ; tail
barred and spotted with white, the middle feathers tinged greenish ; chin and
throat albescent ashy ; beneath dusky albescent greenish, the feathers of the
abdomen edged with black. The female has not the scarlet head, which is
replaced by black. Bill dusky above at base, yellowish terminally; legs
greenish slaty.
GECINUS. 447
Length. — 13 to 14 inches ; tail 5-5 ; wing 65 ; bill at front 175.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas to Nepaul. Breeds throughout the outer ranges
from March to June, on Rhododendron and Andromeda trees, generally laying
5—6 eggs, of a glossy white colour. The eggs vary from 1-14 to 1*35 inch X
0*9 to ro inch.
1057- GednuS StriolatUS (Blytli), Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 287,
No. 171; Hume* Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 125; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 68;
Blyth and Wald., B . Burin, p. 76'; Anderson, Yunnan Exped. p. 585 ;
Legge, B. Ceylon p. 194; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 136; Cripps,
Sfr. F. vii. p. 262; Scully, Sir. F. viii. p. 247; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 87 ;
Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii, p. 49. Picus striolatus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. loOO :
Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 60. Chloropicus striolatus, Malh., Mon. Pic. ii.
p. 134, pi. Ixxvii., fig. i — 3. — BLYTH'S STRIATED GREEN WOODPECKER.
Forehead with a narrow black line ; rest of the head and upper parts
scarlet ; back, scapulars, sides of the neck, wing coverts and tertiaries green ;
supercilium, lores and a stripe under the eye and ear coverts whitish ; rump
and upper tail coverts golden yellow ; tail dusky black, the basal half of the
middle feathers barred with white, nearly obsolete on the others ; primaries
and their coverts dark brown, spotted with white on both webs ; secondaries
the same, but broadly margined with greenish on the outer webs ; sides of
the head arid ear coverts greyish brown streaked darker ; under surface
of the body dull green, the edges of the feathers paler and with two black
streaks meeting at the tip ; under wing coverts white, barred with blackish.
The female has the red on the head replaced by black. Bill with the upper
mandible horn colour, lower mandible yellow, except the horn colour tip ;
irides red, surrounded by a white circle ; legs olive green.
Length. — 11-5 inches ; tail 4 ; wing 5-5 ; tarsus i ; bill from gape 1*4.
Hal. — The Himalayas, especially abundant in the sub-Himalayan region
from Kumaon to Cashmere, and in the low jungles of the N.-W. Provinces,
Oudh and the Punjab. It is also recorded from Mount Aboo in Guzerat. It
extends throughout the Indo-Burmese countries, the hill tracts of Eastern
Bengal, South India, and nearly the whole continent of India down to Ceylon.
Breeds in the Dhoons, and almost everywhere it is found. Eggs similar to
those of the last.
1058. GecillUS OCCipitaliS (Vigors}, Jcrd., B. Ind. i. p. 289,
No. 172; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.y. 125; Hume, Sir. F iii. p. 70 ;
Blyth and Wald., B. Br. Burm. p. 76 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vii. p. 137;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 87 ; Gales, Sir. F. viii. p. 165 ; Scully, t. c. p. 248 ;
P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 164; Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii,
p. 5. Picus occipitalis, Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 61. Chloropicus occipi-
talis, Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. p. 129, pi. Ixxvii., figs. 4 — 6. --The BLACK-NAPED
GREEN WOODPECKER.
VOL. II.— 58
448 PICIDM.
Forehead and occiput scarlet ; top of the head, a broad occipital stripe con-
tinued to the nape, and another over the eyes, above the lores, arid a broad
mandibular stripe black; lores, sides of the head and ear coverts greyish ,
hind neck, back, and scapulars green ; rump and upper tail coverts brownish,
the feathers edged with bright yellow j tail brown, the four middle feathers
(outer webs) edged with greenish and obsoletely barred ; primaries and their
coverts brown, spotted with white, the primaries barred on the basal half of
their inner webs ; secondaries fulvous yellow on the outer webs and brown,
barred with white on the inner ; chin and upper part of throat grey ; rest of
lower plumage green, tinged with fulvous on the vent and under tail coverts ;
under wing coverts white, barred with brown. The female has the head black.
Bill blackish brown; irides dull red; legs dull green.
Length. — 13 inches; tail 4-5 ; wing 5-7 ; tarsus i'i ; bill from gape 1-8.
Hal. — Throughout the whole extent of the Himalayas, extending through
Assam and Tipperah into Burmah. Common throughout Sikkim, hill ranges
of Eastern Bengal and Afghanistan. In Burmah it has been found in all parts
of the Province, except the southern half of Tenasserim. Breeds throughout
the lower ranges of the Himalayas from Bhootan to Afghanistan from April to
the middle of June, laying 5 — 6 eggs, pure white, and moderately glossy.
1059. Gecinus viridanus (Btyth\ Wald., P. z. S. 1866, p. 539;
Blyth and Wald., B. Sunn. p. 76; dates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 48.
Picus viridanus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. lOOO. Chloropicus dimidiatus
(Tern.), Maih., Mon.> Pic. ii. p 132, pi. Ixxvi., figs. 4—6 (part). Gccinus
vittatus (Vt'eill.), Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 51 (part); Hume, Sir. F. Hi. p. 68;
Armstrong, Sir. F.iv.p. 310; Hume and Dav., Sir. F, vi. p. 136; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 87 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 163.— The STRIATED GREEN
WOODPECKER.
Top of head and occipital crest scarlet ; lores, ear coverts, and feathers under
the eye greyish-brown; back, scapulars and tertiaries, also the upper wing coverts,
green ; rump and upper tail coverts yellowish-green ; tail black, barred on
the basal half with white ; primaries and their coverts black, the primaries
spotted with white on both webs; secondaries black, barred faintly with white
on the outer webs and distinctly so on the inner, the margins of which are
broadly green ; a broad moustacial streak from the base of each side of the
lower mandible enveloping the cheeks and continued on the sides of the throat
black, the feathers margined and edged with white ; chin, throat, breast, sides
of the neck and breast fulvescent greenish, the latter shaded darker ; rest of
under surface of the body greenish white, striated with brown ; under coverts
whitish, barred with greenish brown. The female has the scarlet head
of the male replaced by black. Bill with the upper mandible and terminal
half of lower dark brown ; the basal half of the latter yellow ; irides red ;
legs and feet dusky green.
THRIPONAX. 449
Length. — 13 inches; tail 5 ; wing 5-4; tarsus ri ; bill from gape r6.
I fab. — Whole of British Burmah (Arracan, Pegu, and Tenasserim), extending
down the Malay Peninsula and to Sumatra, Java and Borneo ; affects all kinds
of jungle, especially the dry forests.
1060. Gecinus erythropygius, Elliot, Nouv. Arch. i. Bulb
p. 76, pi. iii. ; Oaies, Sir. F. x. p. 191 ; id., B. Br. Burnt, ii. p. 52 ; Ward-
law- Ramsay t P. Z. S. 1874, p. 212, pi. xxxv. (descr.). Gecinus nigrigenis,
Hume, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 106; id., Str. F. ii. pp. 444, 471 ; id.
and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 136; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 87; Bingham, Sir. F.
ix. p. 163.— The RED-RUMPED GREEN WOODPECKER.
Except the crown, which is crimson, the whole top and sides of the head
are black ; back, scapulars, wing and upper tail coverts yellowish green ;
rump fiery red ; tail black, the feathers washed with green on the edges at the
base ; quills black, broadly barred with white on the inner webs, the second-
aries broadly margined with green on the outer webs ; tertiaries tipped
and margined on the outer webs with green ; chin and all parts below it to
the abdomen yellow ; rest of under surface ashy brown, crossed by bars of
greenish-brown. The female has the head black ; bill dark horny ; irides
sulphur yellow ; legs dark green.
Length. — 13 inches ; tail 5'2 ; wing 6*3 ; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from gape 1*7.
Hab. — The drier portions of Tenasserim from Tonghoo to the Mooleyit
mountain. Breeds, according to Gates, in the Thoungyeen valley. Eggs 2 (?)
in number, pure white.
Sub-Family.— CAMPEPHlLlNvE.
Bill strong and wide at base, nearly straight ; lateral ridge sometimes
wanting-
Gen. Thriponax.— Cab. et Heine.
Culmen sharp and slightly arched ; gonys not half the length of under
mandible ; neck long and slender ; wings and tail long ; plumage sombre.
1081. Thriponax Hodgsoni, Jerd., III. Ind. Om. pi. 5 ; id.,
J3. Ind. i. p. 284 ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 67 ; iv. p. 390.— The GREAT BLACK
WOODPECKER.
Head with crest and mandibular stripe crimson ; lower back, rump and
middle of abdomen white ; remainder of plumage black. The female has
the crimson of the head replaced by black, except on the occiput.
Bill black ; legs dark plumbeous ; irides crimson.
Length. — 19 inches ; tail 7-5 ; wing 9 ; bill at front 2*3, width at base 2-3.
Hab. — South India, Travancore, Wynaad, Coorg, and Malabar Coast.
Thriponax Hodgei, another sooty black species, with crimson head, is found
in the Andamans.
450 PICID/E.
1062. Thriponax Javensis (Horsf.), Saivad., Ucc. Bom. p. 52;
Huttie, Str. F. iii. p. 67; Wald., Trans. ZooL Soc. ix. p. 146; BL, B. Burm.
p. 75 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.\\. p. 135; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 57;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 27. Picus Javensis, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc,
xiii. p 175. Picus leucogaster, Reiriw. et Temm., Wagler Syst. Av. Pic.
sp. 7 ; Temm, pL Col. 501 ; Sundev., Av. Consp. Pic. p. 9.
Whole head with occipital crest and patch on each side of under mandible
scarlet ; under surface of the body yellowish-white ; rest of plumage black,
except some white specklings on the throat and foreneck, and narrow
margins to the feathers of the flanks and thighs. The female has only the
posterior half of the crown scarlet, and has not the patches at base of lower
mandible. Bill black ; legs pale plumbeous ; irides creamy or clear yellow.
Length. — 17 inches ; tail 7-5 ; wing 9 ; tarsus 1-3 ; bill from gape 2-4.
Hab. — Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula, also the islands of Sumatra,
Java and Borneo.
1063. Thripona^ Feddeni (Blanf.), Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 409 ;
Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 162 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 190; id., B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. 28. Mulleripicus Feddeni (Blanf.}, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxii. -75.
Thriponax Jerdoni, Cab. et Hein., Mus. Hein. iv. Heft. ii. p. 105 (note);
Sundev., Consp. Av. pic. p 9. Thriponax Crawfurdi, J. E Gray apud, Bl.,
B. Burm. p. 75 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 65; id. and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 134 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 87.— The WHITE-RUMPED BLACK WOODPECKER.
Whole head with crest and patch on each side of lower mandible scarlet ;
lower back, rump, abdomen, and much of the under wing coverts, as also the
tips of the earlier primaries, and basal portion of all the quills white ; rest of
the plumage black, except the white speckling on the throat, foreneck and
sides of the neck. The female differs in the same way as the preceding
species. Bill bluish black ; irides yellow ; legs plumbeous.
Length. — 16 inches; tail 6'6; wing 8-5 ; tarsus 1*3; bill from gape 2.
Hab. — British Burma; Pegu, Arracan and Tenasserim, inhabiting secondary
jungle on the outskirts of forests.
Gen. MulleripicilS. — Bonap.
General characters of Thriponax ; toes short ; the anterior longer than the
versatile one.
1064. Mulleripicus pulverulent us (TVm.), Jerd., B. ind. i.
p. 284, No. 168; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 66; id. and Dav., vi. p. 133 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 87; Bingham, Str. F. ix. pp. 162, 472. Picus pjilverulentus,
Temm., PL CW. 389; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 10. Dryopicus gutturalis,
Malh., Mon. Pic. i. p. 5 1, pi. xv., figs. 4 — 7. Alophonerpes pulverulentus, Salvad,
Ucc. Born. p. 5 1 ; Bl., B. Burm. p. 75 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 29. Picus
gutturalis, Valenc. Diet. Sci. Nat. xl. p. 178. — The GREAT SLATY WOODPECKER.
CHRYSOCOLAPTES. 451
Whole top of the head, nape, sides, and back of the neck ashy, the feathers
minutely speckled with greyish \vhite; upper surface of the body, including
the wing coverts, slaty blue; upper tail coverts brown ; tail brown, washed with
ashy; quills dark brown, the margins of their outer webs slaty; sides of the
head ashy, the ear coverts rather darker ; cheeks with a patch of red ; chin
and throat deep saffron yellow ; under surface of the body dull slaty or ashy,
the feathers with whitish specks and streaks. The female has not the red
cheek patch. Bill bluish white ; the culmen and tip black ; irides dark hazel
brown ; legs dark plumbeous.
Length.— 2Q-$ inches ; tail 7*5 ; wing 9*4 ; tarsus 1-5; bill from gape 3*0.
Hab. — British Burmah, in Pegu, Arracan, the Karin hills and Tenasserim.
It extends southwards through the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
and Cochin-China. Northwards it is recorded from the Khasia hills, and it
is said to occur at the foot of the Himalayas, in Oudh and Nepaul. Captain
Bingham is said to have found the nest of this great Slaty Woodpecker, one of
the Oriental giants of the family, in Tenasserim during April. Eggs, two in
number only, white and glossy.
Gen. Chrysocolaptes.— Blyth.
General characters of the last ; lateral ridge medial at first, then parallel
to and nearer the margin ; head crested ; tail short and square ; four central
feathers, equal ; feet strong ; hind toe longer than the anterior one.
1065. ClirySOCOlapteS StrictuS (Horsf.), Salvad, Ucc. Borneo
p. 48 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 154; Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 238; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. ii. p. 53. Picus striatus, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Socjy. xiii. p. 176.
Picus guttacristatus, Tick., J . A. S. B. ii. p. 578. Picus sultaneus, Hodgs.,
J. A. S. B. vi. p< 105 ; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 79. Indopicus delesserti,
Malh., Mem. acad. Metz. 1849, i.e. p. 77, p.lxiv., figs. 1—3. Indopicus strictus,
Malh. t.c. p. 80, pl.lxv., figs. I — 5. Chrysocolaptes sultaneus, Jerd., B. Ind. I.
p. 281, No. 166; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 391 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 64; Arm-
strong, Str. F. iv. p. 310 ; Inglis, Str. F. vi. p. 26 ; Hume and Dav.y Str. F.
vi. p. 133 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 87. Chrysocolaptes delesserti, Hume, Nests
and Eggs Ind. B. p. 123 ; Bourdillon, Str. F. iv. p. 380 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 87. Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus, Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 75. — The
SOUTHERN GOLDEN-BACKED WOODPECKER.
Frontal band at base of upper mandible ruddy brown, continued through the
eye, and gradually changing into blackish as a stripe on the neck ; top of head,
crest, and nape deep crimson ; back of neck mottled with black and white ;
superciliary streak over the eye, over the ear coverts, another sub-orbital one
reaching to under the ear coverts, a third and fourth from the gape down the
sides of the throat, black ; the space between these two latter white ; ear
coverts black; upper back, scapulars, wing coverts and tertiaries golden
452 PICID^E.
yellow ; lower back and rump shining carmine red ; upper tail coverts
and tail black ; primaries and their coverts blackish, 3 — 4 spots of white on
the inner webs of the primaries ; secondaries brown, barred with white on the
inner webs ; their outer margin golden yellow ; chin and throat white, with a
mesial black line ; the foreneck also white, the feathers edged with black ; rest
of lower plumage fulvous white, the feathers edged with black ; less numer-
ously black-edged on the lower abdomen, vent, and under tail coverts ; under
wing coverts white, barred with black. The female has the crimson head of
the male replaced by black, spotted with white. Bill, bluish brown, or slaty ;
irides buffish yellow ; legs greenish blue.
Length. — 12-5 to pinches; wing 5-9 to 7-3 ; tail 4*5 to 4-8; tarsus 1*2 ;
bill from gape 2 to 2-2.
Hab. — Nearly throughout the whole continent of India, in suitable localities,
north, north-west, south, and east. In the Himalayas it reaches to Nepaul and
southward through Assam, Sikkim, to the Indo-Burmese Countries, the Malay
Peninsula, Siam, and the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. It is recorded
from Malabar, the Neilgherries, Central aud South India, Sikkim and Nepaul.
In Burmah, except on the higher mountains, it is said to be found over every
portion, affecting alike dense forests and clearings. Breeds on the Neilgherries
at elevations of from 5,500 to 7,000 feet in December, January, and February.
Eggs, one only, pure white and glossy.
1086. ChrySOCOlapteS festiVUS (Bodd^ Jerd., B. Ind. i. p.
xiv., Supplement, No. 167 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 373 ; vii. p. 206. Chrysocolap-
tes melanotus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 1005. Picus goensis, Gmel., Syst.
Nat. i. p. — . Chrysocolaptes goensis, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 282, No. 167.—
The BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER.
Forehead black, speckled with white ; crown and occiput crimson ; lores,
streak behind the eye to the nape, hind neck and interscapulars white ; another
black streak from the eye down the sides of the neck ; back, scapulars, rump
and tail black, tinged with aureous on the scapulars ; wing coverts and second-
aries bright golden yellow ; primaries and their coverts dusky black, the
primaries with large roundish spots ; chin and throat white, with three black
stripes ; rest of under surface of the body white, more or less streaked with
black, which disappear on the abdomen, vent, and under tail coverts. Bill
dusky blackish ; legs and feet horny plumbeous ; irides crimson.
Length. — 12-5 to 13 inches ; tail 3-5 ; wing 6-25 ; bill at front 1-9 to 2.
Hab. — Southern and Central India and the Southern Mahratta Country.
Jerdon says he found it in the jungles of the eastern ghauts, in parts of
Mysore, between Bangalore and the Neilgherries, in the Vindhyan mountains
near Mhow, and in the hilly and jungly districts of Nagpore, between that and
the Nerbudda ; also in the Midnapore jungles.
HEMICERCUS. 453
Gen. HemieercUS, — Swains.
Bill straight, considerably compressed, the lateral ridge slight near the
margin ; wings long, nearly reaching (when closed) to the end of the tail ;
tail very short, broad ; neck short, very slender ; feet very large ; versatile toe
always longer than the anterior one. Woodpeckers of diminutive size and
stout make. No red whatever in their plumage.
1067- Hemicercus cordatus, Jerd., III. Ind. Om. pi. 40;
Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 61 ; iv. p. 389; v. p. 25. Picus canente, Lesson,, Cent.
Zool.^A. 73 ; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 1 1 . Micropicus canente, Malh., Mon.
Pic, i. p. 190, pi xlii, figs. 1—3. Hemicercus canente, Jerd., B. Ind. \.
p. 280, No. 165 ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 6 1 ; iv. p. 389 ; Blyth and Wald.,
B. Br. Burm. p. 74 ; Inglis and Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 25 ; Hume and Dav.,
Sir. F. vi. p. 127 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 87 ; ix. p. 112 ; Bingham, Sir. F.
ix. p. 161 ; Oates, B. Br. Burmah ii. p. 30. — The HEART-SPOTTED WOOD-
PECKER.
Forehead, crest, top and sides of the head, sides of the neck, back, scapu-
lars, primaries, secondaries and tail black ; frontal zone black, very minutely
speckled with whitish ; rump bullish yellow ; upper tail coverts black, very
narrowly edged with buflish yellow or pale yellowish white ; wing coverts and
tertiaries buffish or pale yellow, the feathers with a heart-shaped spot near the
tip ; chin, cheeks, and throat yellowish buff; a stripe from the lower mandible
running under the ear-coverts, yellowish-white ; under surface of the body
from the throat olive slate, or blackish green ; under tail coverts black, the
feathers tipped narrowly with buffish. The female has the forehead and crown
buffy yellowish. Bill black ; irides reddish ; legs and feet greenish-black.
Length. — 6*4 to 7 inches; tail 1*75 to 2 ; wing 3-6 to 3-8; tarsus 07 ; bill
from gape I.
Hab.— Southern and Central India and the Indo-Burmese countries. Found
in the Malabar forests, above and below the ghauts and in the forests in the
Chanda district.
In British Burmah, Oates says, it occurs locally throughout the province. It
is recorded from Arracan, Pegu, Karin hills east of Tonghoo, and from
throughout Tenasserim. In Cachar it has also been found. According to Capt.
Bingham, who found the nest in March, it lays only two eggs.
1068- Hemicercus SOrdidUS (Eyton), Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 46; Tweed., Ibis, 1877, p. 291; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 291;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 87. Dendrocopus sordidus, Eyton, Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. i. xvi. p. 229. Picus sordidus, Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 10. Hemi-
cercus brookeanus, Salv., Ucc. Born. p. 44. — EYTON'S BUFF WOODPECKER.
Forehead and the whole crown crimson, tapering to a point on the occiput ;
the sides of the head, the whole neck, the hinder part of the elongated nuchal
crest, chin, throat and breast olive slate colour ; back, scapulars, wing coverts
454 PICID^E.
and tertiarics black, each feather broadly edged with yellowish and also with a
yellowish bar across the middle; lower back olive grey; rump and upper tail
coverts buffy yellow, the longer feathers of the latter black, tipped with yellowish ;
tail black, the outer feathers barred with yellowish ; primaries black, the inner
webs broadly edged with yellowish at the base ; secondaries black, notched
with yellowish on both webs ; abdomen, flanks and under tail coverts black,
the feathers edged with yellowish ; under wing coverts uniform pale buff.
The/emale differs in having no crimson on the head, the whole crown being
of the same olive slate colour as the other parts. The young male has the
crown buff, narrowly barred with black, and the occipital crest dull scarlet
varied with slaty grey. The young female has the crown and occipital crest
plain dull buff. (Oates)
. Length.— 5 '5 inches ; tail I'S ; wing 3-4; tarsus 0*6; bill from gape ri.
Uaj}t — Tenasserim, in the extreme south, as a straggler from the Malay
Peninsula. It is also found on the Islands of Sumatra and Borneo.
Gen. PicUS. — Linn.
Bill moderate, compressed, culmen straight and sharp, lateral ridge distinct-
about midway between the culmen ridge and margin, which it joins about the
middle of the length of the bill; gonys long; versatile toe longer than the
anterior ; plumage black, sometimes spotted or banded with white.
1089. PiCUS MmalayanuS, Jard. and Selby, III. Lid Orn. pi.
i [6 ; Jerd., B Ind. i. p. 269, No. 154. Picus assimilis, Natterer, aptid. Mal/i.,
RIon. Pic. pi. IxxiiL— The HIMALAYAN PIED WOODPECKER.
A narrow albescent frontal band, followed by a red and black mottled,
crimson crest ; lores, round the eye and ear coverts white ; a black moustacial
stripe from the base of each side of the lower mandible, extending to below the
ear coverts, and along the nape and sides of the neck ; a small white demi-
collar posteriorly on the neck ; back, interscapulars, and most of the scapulars,
also the rump and upper tail coverts, black ; quills black, with oval spots of
white on both webs ; a wing spot ; tail with the two central feathers un-
spotted black, the two outermost feathers on each side white with black bars,
the next pair with some white bars on the outer web only ; under surface of
the body sullied or rufescent white ; under tail coverts crimson. The female
has a black instead of crimson cap of the male. Bill horny black, paler
on the under mandible ; irides red brown ; legs horny black.
Length. — 9-5 to 10 inches; tail 3-5 ; wing 5*5 ; bill at front 1-25.
Hob. — N.-W. Himalayas. Common at Cashmere and the lower ranges
west of Sikkim. Occurs at Murree and Kotegurh. Breeds, according to
Hume, freely over the lower ranges of the Himalayas, at elevations of from
3,000 to 8,000 feet, excavating holes in oak trees, and laying from the middle
of April to the end of June. Eggs, 4 — 5 in number, pure white and very
PICUS. 455
glossy. They vary in length from 0*97 to 1*3 inch, and in breadth from O 72
to 078 inch.
1070. PiCUS maj Oroides (Hodgson), Gray, Zool. Misc. and
Cat. B. Nepaul; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 270, No. 155. Dendrocopus Darjee-
lingensis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 196. Ficus Hodgsonii, Malherbe, Mon.
Pic. i. p. 2. — The DARJEELING BLACK WOODPECKER.
Like P. Himalayanus ; tail with the three outer feathers irregularly banded
with white ; sides of neck and under surface of the neck in front and breast
pale isabelline ; breast and abdomen isabelline with longitudinal streaks of
black. Bill and legs plumbeous ; irides brown.
Length.— & inches ; tail 2-8 ; wing 4-75 ; bill at front 175.
Hab. — S.-E. Himalayas, Nepaul, Sikkim and Darjeeling.
1071. PiCUS cathpharius, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. xii. p, 1006;
Malh., Mon. Pic. i. p. 80 ; Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 25 \Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p. 271, No. 156; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. i. p. 271. — The LESSER
BLACK WOODPECKER.
Like P. majoroides; two outer tail feathers barred with white, the next
spotted on the outer web only ; chin whitish ; under surface fulvescent,
darker and more rusty on the breast, while the sides of the breast, abdomen
and under tail coverts are covered with longitudinal black streaks ; the spots
on the breast coalesce and form a crimson gorget ; occiput crimson, also
the olive running from the ear coverts and extending to the crimson gorget-
The female has no crimson on the head, and on the gorget and the under
surface of the body is much whiter than in the male. Bill bluish white ; legs
plumbeous ; irides red brown.
Length. — 7 inches ; wing 4 ; tail 2-5 ; bill at front 0-9.
Hab. — S.-E. Himalayas, Nepaul, Sikkim and Bhootan. Breeds in Nepaul
during April. Eggs pure white.
1072. PiCUS SCindiailUS (Gould.), Horsf. and Moore, Cat.
Mus. E. I. C. ii. p. 671 ; Jerd., B. of India i. p. 273, No. 158 ; Hume,
Ibis, 1870, p. 529; Jerd., Ibis, 1872, p. 7 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 170; Lahore
to Yarkand, pi. ii. ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 130.— THE SIND
PIED WOODPECKER.
Adult Male. — Forehead, lores, sides of the head, ear coverts, supercilia
and breast white, tinged buffy on the forehead, or a soiled white ; a very
narrow dark line above each superc ilium ; a dark stripe from the lower
mandible extending down each side of the throat, projecting to the lower side
of the breast, and joining the back at the shoulder ; crown of the head mixed
crimson and black ; back, rump, upper tail coverts and centre tail feathers
glossy black, with a dusky tinge ; scapulars and the adjacent wing coverts
white, the remainder of the wing coverts black with a few white spots ; quills
VOL, II.— 59
45G PICIDM.
brownish black, spotted with white on both webs, forming white wing bars, of
which there are four on the primaries and three on the secondaries ; latera*
tail feathers black, barred and tipped with white ; lower parts white, with a few
dusky streaks on the flanks and abdomen ; middle of abdomen and lower tail
coverts crimson. Bill blackish above, bluish grey below, 1-25 inch long; legs
dusky ; irides dull crimson.
Length.— %•*> to 8 75 inches ; wing 4-9 to 5 ; tail 3. The Adult Female has
the crown black, and is smaller than the male.
Habt — Sind, Beloochistan, South Afghanistan, Punjab, in the Salt Range, at
Attock, Rawulpindee, Peshawur and Cashmere. In Sind it is resident, and
breeds in April.
1073. PiCUS macii, VidlL, Nouv. Diet. <? Hut. Nat. xxvi. p. 80 ;
Malh+ Mon. Pic. i. p. 96, pi. xxiv., fig. 14 ; Temm., PI. Col. 59, fig. 2 : Gr.
and Hardw., Ind. Zool. i. pi. 32 ; Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 272 ; Sundev., Consp.
Av. Pic. p. 25 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 122 ; Cripps, Sir. F. vii. p. 261 ;
id., Str. F. viii. p. 87 ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 245 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 33. Dendrotypes macii, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 77.— The INDIAN FULVOUS-
BREASTED SPOTTED WOODPECKER.
Frontal band at base of upper mandible brown, rest of the head crimson ;
a patch on the nape, upper back and wing coverts, also a stripe from the
lower mandible, down the sides of the throat to the sides of upper breast,
black ; interscapulars and lower back and rump also black, but barred with
white; upper tail coverts and tail black, except four middle feathers which are
barred with white ; under surface of the body fulvescent, streaked sparingly
with black on the breast and abdomen, and barred with the same on the sides
of the body and flanks ; vent and under tail coverts scarlet. The female has
the head black instead of crimson. Bill plumbeous dusky, horny at base ;
feet greenish plumbeous.
Length. — 7' 5 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 4- 1 ; tarsus 07 ; bill from gape 1-2.
Hab. — Through Northern India to the base of the Himalayas, extending
into Assam, Burmah and the Malay Peninsula. It is found in the hill tracts
of Eastern Bengal, also in Lower Bengal. It has been recorded from
Mussoorie, Murrie and Calcutta, also the Arracan and Tenasserim divisions of
British Burmah.
1074 PiCUS analiS (Temm.), Horsf., Zool. Res. Java Gen. Cat.
Fam. xii.; Malh.t Mon. Pic. i. p. 99, pi. xxiv., figs. 5 — 7 ; Sundev., Consp. Av.
Pic. p. 2$; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 57 ; Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 148 ;
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 309; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 87 ; Oates, Str. F. x.
p. 190; Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 35. Picus pectoralis, Blyth, J. A.S. B.
xv. p. 1 5. Dendrotypes analis, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 40; Blyth and Wald.,
B. Burm. p. 78. — The SPOTTED-BREASTED PIED WOODPECKER.
PICUS. 457
Similar to Picus macii, except that the upper back, rump, and inter-
scapulars, also the upper tail coverts and all the tail feathers are barred with
white ; throat and sides of the head pure white ; under surface fulvescent, barred
with white ; vent and under tail coverts faintly washed with red ; breast spoiled
with black. Bill bluish black, paler at the base ; iris brown ; legs plumbeous.
Length.— 7 inches ; tail 2-5 ; wing 4 ; tarsus 07 ; bill from gape I.
'Hab,— British Burmah ; locally distributed in Pegu, and also in the neigh-
bourhood of Thayetmyo. Extends down to the Islands of Sumatra, Java, and
Borneo. Recorded also from Cochin-China.
1075. PICUS atratUS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 803; xxviii.
p 412; Malh., Mon. Pic. i. p. 72 ; Sundev., Consp. Av Pic. p. 25 ; Wald, Ibis,
1876, p. 343 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. pp. 123, 500; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 87. Dendrotypes atratus, Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 77. — The
STRIPE-BREASTED PIED WOODPECKER.
Like Picus macii, except that the under plumage is boldly streaked with
black ; the breast is tinged with crimson ; crest lengthened ; six cenlral tail
feathers are unspotted black, and the sides of the head and the throat are silvery
white. Bill dull black, horny below ; legs plumbeous ; irides deep brown.
Length.— 7"!$ to 8 inches; tail 3-3 to 3-4; wing 4-5; tarsus 075; bill
from gape 1*2.
Hab. — British Burmah, to which it is said by Gates to be confined. It has
been procured on the Karin hills and also in Tenasserim.
1076. Picus brunneifrons, Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831 ;
Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. 52 ; Malh., Mon. Pic. i. p. IO2; Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p. 273, No. 159 — The BROWN-FRONTED WOODPECKER.
Narrow frontal band at base of upper mandible brown ; crown golden
yellow ; occiput crimson ; lores and ear-coverts pale brown ; upper plumage
black, barred with white ; tail black, only the two outer pairs of feathers on
each side barred with white ; a white streak from below the ear coverts to the
sides of the neck, and another behind the eye ; a white patch on the sides of
the neck, and a dark brown streak from the lower mandible ; beneath sullied
white, streaked with brown ; vent and under tail coverts pale crimson. Bill
plumbeous ; irides brown.
Length.— % to 87 inches; tail 275 ; wing 4.5 ; bill at front 07.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas, extending to Nepaul. Found at Mussoorie and
Simla. Breeds in the Himalayas. Eggs, 4 in number, pure white and glossy.
1077- PiCUS mahrattensiS, Lath., Ind. Orn. Sup pi., p. xxxi. ;
Malh., Mon. Pic. I. p. 1 05, pi. xxviii, figs. 1—3; Stmdev., Consp, Av. Pic.
p. 31 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 274; No. 160 ; Hume, Nesls and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 122; Ball, Sir. F. ii. p. 390; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 58; Legge, B. Ceylon,
458 PICID^E.
p. 184; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 87; Oates, 7>. Br. Burm. iii. p. 37 ; Murray,
Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 1 14. Picus an rocri status, Tick., J. A. S. B. xxxii. p. 75.
Liopipo mahrattensis, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 78. — The YELLOW-FRONTED PIED
WOODPECKER.
Forehead and crown of head pale yellow ; occiput crimson in the male,
yellow in the female ; lores, ear coverts, round the eyes, sides of neck, chin,
throat and upper breast white ; a dusky line from the nape extending to the
sides of the breast ; back, wings, and tail black, banded with white; lower
breast and abdomen brown, with pale edges to the feathers j centre of abdo-
men and vent crimson ; under tail coverts whitish, marginally streaked dusky
brown. Bill bluish plumbeous, dark on the culmen and tip of both mandibles;
eyelids dark brown; irides deep red; legs and feet plumbeous.
Length.— 7-5 to 775 ; wing 4 to 4-5 ; tail 2-5 ; bill at front r I.
Hal. — Throughout India and Ceylon. Occurs in Sind, Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana (Jodhpore and Sambhur Lake),
North Guzerat and the Deccan. Has also been recorded from North Pegu.
Although nothing is on record of its nidification in Sind, it is not improbable
that it breeds in June and July, as young birds not fully fledged have been
collected in September. In other parts of the country it breeds from February
to April. Eggs glossy white.
1078. PiCUS CanicapillUS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv.p. 197; Malh.,
Mon. Pic. I. p. 141 ; Sundev-, Consp., Av. Pic. p. 29; Gales, B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. 36. Yungipicus canicapillus, Wald., P. Z. S. 1866, p. 539; Hume,
Sir. F. iii. p. 59 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 78 ; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 309;
Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 25 ; id., viii. p. 87. lyngipicus canicapillus, Hargitt,
Ibis, 1882, p. 39. — The BURMESE GREY-HEADED PIED WOODPECKER.
Forehead and crown grey ; streak over the eye, nape, hind neck, patch on
the side of the neck and the lesser and median wing coverts black ; on each
side of the head a patch of bright scarlet ; a streak from the eye to the
occiput white; ear coverts brown; quills, back, rump and upper tail
coverts black, barred with white ; tail black, spotted with white ; plumage of
the under surface dull white, with longitudinal streaks of blackish or dusky
brown. The female wants the scarlet patches on the sides of the occiput.
Bill plumbeous ; irides hazel ; legs plumbeous.
Length. — 5-5 inches; tail r8; wing 3*2: tarsus 0*55 ; bill from gape 07.
Hab.— British Burmah, Cachar, Tipperah and Assam ; also the Malay Penin-
sula down to Singapore and Cochin-China. Oates records it from Pegu,
Tenasserim, Karenne and Arracan. Affects jungle of brushwood generally.
1079. PiCUS pUmilUS (Hargitt}, Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 37.
lyngipicus pumilus, Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 599; id., Ibis, 1882, p. 37. —
HARGITT'S GREY-HEADED PIED WOODPECKER.
IYNGIFICUS. 459
Similar to P. canicapillus but smaller ; central four tail feathers spotless
black, or with merely one or two small white specks. (Gales.}
Length. — 5 inches ; tail 1*5 ; wing 2*8 ; bill at front O'S to O'6.
Hab.— Malewoon in Southern Tenasserim.
Gen. Hypopicus-—
Bill slightly longer than in Picus, and slender ; lateral ridge inconspicuous ;
wings and tail long; hind toe equal to the length of the outer one ; plumage
chestnut.
1080. Hypopicus hyperythrus (Vigors), Gould, Cent. Him.
B. pi. 50; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 276, No. 161 ; ffume, Nests and Eggs 2nd. B.
p. 123. Picus hyperthrus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831. — The RUFOUS-BELLIED
PIED WOODPECKER.
Plumage black ; the wings white spotted, the lesser coverts unspotted ;
head and nape crimson, extending to the sides of the neck ; lores, orbital
region, ear coverts, chin and cheeks whitish ; behind the ear coverts bay ; tail
black, the two outermost tail feathers with white bars at the tip only ; plumage
of the under surface rufous bay.
Bill black above, pale yellow beneath ; legs plumbeous.
Length. — 9 inches; wing 5 to 5-5; tail 3-5 ; bill ri; central tail feathers
considerably elongated.
Hab. — The S.-E. Himalayas ; Kumaon, Pethoragurh, and Simla.
Gen. lyngipiCUS. —Bonap.
Woodpeckers of small size, with spotted or banded white and black plumage ;
lateral ridge conspicuous near the culmen ; bill barely straight ; tail with two
middle feathers elongated ; outer feathers soft and rounded.
1081. lyngipicus rubricatus, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p 197 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 276, No. 162; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 60. Picus
semicoronatus, Malh.> Mon. Pic. i. p. 60. — The DARJEELING PIGMY
WOODPECKER.
Occipital crescent crimson, forehead and crown ashy brown ; nape and hind
neck black ; below the eyes a broad black streak ; a white patch behind the
eye ; back, scapulars and rump, black, barred across with white ; upper tail
coverts spotless black ; wings spotted with white ; tail with the four middle
feathers black, the next pair white on the outer margin, and the outermost and
penultimate barred on outer web with white ; throat and plumage of the lower
surface whitish, with narrow dark mesial streaks to the feathers. Bill plum-
beous ; irides red ; feet brown.
Length. — 5*5 inches ; wing 3'2 to 3-5; tail 175 ; bill O'6.
Hab. — S.-E. Himalayas, in Nepaul and Sikkim.
PICID/E.
1082. lyngipiCUS pygEQ8BUS (Vigors), Jerd., B. 2nd. i.
p. 277, No. 163 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 123; Hume, Sir. F. iii.
p. 60. — The HIMALAYAN PIGMY WOODPECKER.
Head pale ashy, tinged with brown and bordered with dusky ; sincipital tuft
very pale crimson ; upper plumage black, barred with white ; a brown streak
from the eye continued down the sides of the neck ; another from above
the eye down the sides of the neck to the base of the neck, which forms
a collar and joins the white of the sides of the breast ; quills black, spotted
with white ; tail blackish, the two outermost banded with white and the third
margined with the same; beneath whitish, with mesial dusky streaks. Bill
plumbeous ; irides red ; feet brown.
Length. — 5-75 inches ; wing 3-5 ; tail 2 ; bill at front Of6.
ffa&.—'N.-W. Himalayas to Nepaul ; Kumaon, Ranibagh.
1083. lyngipicus Hardwickii, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 278,
No. 164. Picus Hardwickii, apud Jerd., 2nd Suppl. Cat. 209. Picus moluc-
censis, apud Gray and Hardw., III. Ind, Zool. pi. Yungipicus nanus, Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 123; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 6o.~ The SOUTHERN
PIGMY WOODPECKER.
Head pale rufescent or earthy brown ; a white band from above the eye
down the sides of the neck, and another pale brown one from below the eye
and a narrow orange streak ; back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts sooty
brown, barred with white ; plumage of the under surface sullied white, with
pale brown streaks ; quills dusky brown, spotted with white. Bill and legs
plumbeous ; irides pale yellow.
Length. — 5 to 5*5 inches; tail 1-5 ; wing 3 ; tarsus 0*4 ; bill at front 0-4.
Hab. — Southern, Central and Northern India. Affects open spaces of forest
jungle, gardens and groves. Breeds in the plains of Upper India during
March and April. Eggs, pure white, and moderately glossy; a very broad oval.
Gen. MeiglypteS,— Swains.
Bill moderately long ; culmen much curved ; nostrils not plumed.
1084. Meiglyptes grammitliorax (Malh.\ Nicholson, ibis,
1879, p. 165 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 497 ; Gales, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 59.
Phaiopicus grammithorax, Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. p. 12, pi. xlviii., figs. 4 — 6.
Picus tristis (Horsf.), Sundev., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 91 (part) ; Salvad., Ucc.
Born. p. 56 (part) ; Blytli, B. Burm. p. 77 (part) ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.
vi. p. 131 (part.)— HORSFIELD'S BARRED WOODPECKER.
Head and neck all round black, closely barred with narrow lines Of pale buff ;
ear coverts tinged with yellowish; lores, feathers lound the eyes and chin
MEIGLYPTES. 401
yellowish buff ; a patch of crimson on each side of the base of the lower man-
dible .; back, scapulars, wing coverts and tertiaries black, broadly barred with
yellowish buff ; rump yellowish buff; tail coverts black, barred with buff;
primaries, secondaries, and feathers of the tail black, both webs with bar-like
buff spots; lower plumage blackj barred with buff, the bars broader than on
the throat ; under wing coverts buff. The female has not the crimson patches
at base of lower mandible. (Oates.) Bill black ; irides deep brown ; legs dingy
or dirty green. (JDavtson.)
Length. — 6-5 inches ; tail 2'2; wing 3-7 ; tarsus 07 ; bill from gape O'Q.
Flab. — Tenasserim, at Bankasoon and Mergui, extends down the Malay
Peninsula, and is found in Sumatra, Borneo, and Cochin- China. Affects dense
forest, and Gates adds that it appears never to descend to the ground.
1085. Meiglyptes jugularis, Biytk, J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 195 ;
Sundtv., Consp. Av. Pic. p. 93. Phaiopicns jugularis, Malhcrbe, Mon. Pic. ii.
p. ii. Meiglyptes jugularis, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 63; Blyth and Wald.>
B. Burm. p. 77 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 132; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 87 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 16.— BLYTH'S BLACK AND FULVOUS WOOD-
PECKER.
Forehead, crown, sides of the head, chin and throat black, narrowly barred
with buff ; an indistinct patch of crimson on either side of the base of the
lower mandible ; full occipital crest, back, upper tail coverts, tail, and the
whole lower plumage black ; sides and back of the neck, a large patch on
either side of the breast, rump, all the wing coverts next the body, and bases
of the tertiaries buff; remainder of the wing coverts black, tipped with buff;
sides of the body obsoletely barred with buff ; quills black ; outer webs of the
primaries and secondaries sparingly spotted with buff, the inner webs with
bar -like spots of white ; tips of the tertiaries black, with one or two bars of
buff; under wing coverts buff. The female has not the crimson patch at the
base of the lower mandible. (Gates.) Bill black ; irides dark brown; legs
dull bluish.
Length. — 7-6 inches ; tail 2-3 ; wing 4; tarsus o!8 ; bill from gape I.
//^.—British Burmah, Arracan, Pegu and Tenasserim. Habits same as
the last.
1086- Meiglyptes tllkki (Less.), Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 57;
Hume andDav.) Str. F. vi. p. 132; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 87 ; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. iii. p. 61. Picus tukki, Less., Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 167. Hemicircus
brunneus, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 106. Picus brunneus, Sundev., Consp. Av.
Pic. p. 91. Phaiopicus pectoralis (Licht.), Malh., Mon. Pic. ii. p. 8, pi.
xlvii., figs. 5 — 7. — The BUFF-NECKED BARRED WOODPECKER.
Forehead, crown, upper neck, and sides of the head olive brown ; chin and
throat black, narrowly and closely barred with buff ; a crimson patch on each
4G2 PSITTACID^E.
side of the base of the lower mandible, and a broad creamy buff streak on each
side of the neck ; upper plumage, including the wings and tail, brown, narrowly
barred with buff, interrupted on the quills and tail ; upper breast blackish,
narrowly barred with buff; remainder of lower plumage buffy brown, barred
with lighter buff, the bars almost obsolete on the abdomen ; under wing coverts
buff. T\iQ/emale wants the crimson patch below the sides of the lower man-
dible. (Oates.) Legs and feet dull or brownish green; irides brown; bill
plumbeous blue below, black above.
Length— 8 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 4-1 ; tarsus O'S ; bill from gape ri.
Hab.— British Burmah, Tenasserim; also the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and
Borneo.
ORDER.— PSITTACI.
Toes in pairs; bill, wings and tail various.
Family.— PSITTACID^:.
Bill large and powerful, thick, and strong, much arched or curved, some-
times notched, the hooked tip overhanging the lower mandible, which is short
and obtusely rounded in front with a cutting edge ; base of bill covered with a
naked skin, in which are situated the small round nasal orifices ; wings
generally rounded and moderately long ; 2nd quill usually the longest ; tail
various, either short and graduated, or with 2 — 3 elongated middle feathers ;
tarsi short, scutate ; toes zygodactyle (in pairs) ; claws curved. The birds com-
prised in this family are noted for the beauty of their plumage. They are
sub-divided chiefly according to the form of the bill and tail into several
groups — (i) Psittacinse or true Parrots, with a notched or crenate bill and short
tails ; head not crested. (2) Loriinae or Lories, species with gaudy plumage
and of small size. (3) Palaeorninae or Parrakeets, with long tails, generally
wedge-shaped. (4) Platycerninae, Australian Parrots. (4) The Macaw or
Arainae ; and (5) The Cockatuas.
Sub-family.— PSITTACINSE.
Bill moderately long, arched, and strong, the edge crenated. Head without
crest ; tail short.
Gen. Psittinus-— Blyth.
General characters of the sub-family. Of small size.
1087- PsittinUS incertUS (Shaw), Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 25 ;
Blyth and Wald.t B. Burm. p. 58; Hume and Dav., Str.F. vi.pp. 120, 500;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 87 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 147. Psittacus incertus,
Shaw, Nat. Misc. xviii. pi. 769. Psittacus malaccensis, Lath., Jnd. Orn. i.
p. 130. Psittacula incerta, Finsch, Die Papageien iii. p. 612. — The MALAYAN
PARROT.
LORICULUS. 463
Head and nape violet blue, duller on the sides of the head and on the cheeks ;
back and scapulars blackish, or dusky black ; rump and upper tail coverts
violet blue ; middle tail feathers green, the rest yellow; lesser wing coverts with
a crimson patch, median and greater series, also the tertiaries, green, edged with
yellow; primary coverts blue ; quills brown* on their inner webs, green at tip
and on the outer webs ; plumage of the under surface yellowish, blue on the
abdomen ; the thighs and under tail coverts green, mottled with blue, and the
under wing coverts and axillaries crimson. The female differs much from the
male. The top of the head is greenish, tinged with brown, and the feathers are
fringed with rufous ; the lores and sides of the head are yellowish, the feathers
dark shafted ; back and scapulars green, edged paler ; rump blue, fringed with
green; upper tail coverts and lower plumage green. (Oates.) Bill with the
upper mandible orange vermilion ; lower one dull reddish brown ; legs and
feet dirty green ; eyelids and cere dusky green ; irides creamy white. (Davison.)
Length. — 7*3 to 7'5 inches; tail 2; wing 4*8; tarsus O'$ ; bill from
gape 07 5.
Hab. — Tenasserim in British Burmah from the south up to Tavoy and
Nwalabo mountain, where Mr. Davison found it abundant. Extends to Cochin-
China and down the Malay Peninsula to Singapore. It is also found in
Sumatra and Borneo. Gates, quoting Mr. Davison, says it is a migratory species,
and that it arrives in the Tenasserim division about the beginning of April.
He however questions the statement. It is said to go about in small flocks.
Sub-Family.— LQRiiN^— LORIES.
Bill small and compressed, slightly curved, margin of upper mandible some-
times sinuated ; lower mandible slender, conic, longer than high.
Gen. LoriculUS.— Blyth.
Bill small, nearly O'5 in length, curving from the base ; upper mandible
much longer than the lower, sinuated at the margin, moderately hooked and
tapering to a fine point ; lower mandible small ; wings nearly as long as the
tail ; ist and 2nd quills longest; tail short, even, or barely rounded. (Jerd.)
1088- LoriCUlUS vernalis (Sparrm.), Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 265 ;
Wald., P. Z. S. 1866, p. 538; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 119; id.,
Str. F. ii. p. 185; iii. p. 57; Blyth, B. Bitrrn. p. 58; Armstrong, Str. F.
iv. p. 309; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 120; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 87;
Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 161 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 190. Psittacus vernalis,
Sparrm., Mus. Carls, ii. No. 29. Coryllis vernalis, Finsch, Die Papageieu ii.
p. 72. — The INDIAN LORIQUET.
Whole head shining grass green ; rump and upper tail coverts crimson ;
back green, tinged with yellowish ; tail bluish green, tipped yellowish ; scapu-
lars, wing coverts and tertiaries dark green ; quills green, their outer webs
VOL. II.— 60
464 PSITTACID^:.
tinged with bluish ; on the lower surface the throat has a patch of verdigris
blue ; the lower plumage is green, with a yellowish tinge on the breast, and the
under side of the wing is blue ; the under wing coverts shining green. The
female has not the blue throat patch, Bill coral red, yellowish at tip ; cere
red ; irides pale yellowish ; legs pa-le orange.
Length. — 5-5 inches; tail 1*9; wing 3-5; tarsus 0-4 ; bill from gape 0-45.
Ha&. — The sub-Himalayan region, Assam, Sylhet, Sikkim, Eastern
Bengal, Bhootan and the Andamans, British Burmah, the Deccan, Palani hills,
Khan'dalla ghauts, the jungles of Malabar, Travancore, and the Southern
Mahratta Country. Over all these places it is found in small flocks. It is said
by Jerdon to be fond of drinking the toddy of the cocoanut palm, and to be
sometimes caught stupefied from the effects. They are much prized as cage
birds, and are sold as Love birds. The birds breed wherever they are
found, laying 3—5 eggs in holes and hollows of trees. Eggs dirty white, and
entirely glossless. Size 0*7 to 0*75 in length and 0*58 to O'6 in breadth.
Sub-Family.— PAL^EORNIN^:.— Vigors.
Bill moderate, upper mandible hooked, the tip overhanging the under man-
dible ; tail long, the feathers narrow and pointed.
Gen. Palseornis.— Vigors.
Bill large, under mandible small ; cere narrow ; 2nd quill of wing longest ;
two middle feathers of tail very long and slender ; culmen rounded, toothed.
1089- Palseornis fasCiatUS (P. L. S. Muller), Hume, Nests and
Eggs Ind. B. p. 1 18 ; id., Sir. F. ii. p. 20 ; iii. p. 56 ; vii. p. 163 ; viii. p. 86 ;
Scully, Sfr. F. viii. p. 245 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 160 ; Oates, Str. F. x.
p. 190; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 143. Psittacus fasciatus, P. L. S. Muller,
Natursyst. Suppl. p. 74. Psittacus vibrissa, Bodd., Tabl. PL Enl. p. 30-
Palseornis melanorhynchus, Wagler, Mon. Psitt. p. 511 ; Finsch, Die Papageien
i. p. 70; Wald, Ibis, 1873, p. 297 ; 1874, p. 290; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 57 ;
Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 308 ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 2 1 ; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis,
1877, p. 453 ; Hume and Davison, vi. p. 120. Palaeornis Javanicus (Osbeck),
apud Jerd., B. Ind. p. 262. Palaeornis Lathami, Finsch, Die Papageien ii.
p. 66. — The RED-BREASTFD PAROQUET.
Adult Male. — A narrow black frontal band at the base of the upper man-
dible extending to the eyes ; above this the forehead, crown, nape, cheeks,
and ear coverts black ; a broad black band on each side of the chin and upper
throat, extending behind to the ear coverts ; an emerald green collar on the
hind neck ; plumage of the upper surface of the body dark green ; the
centre tail feathers blue, tipped yellowish and edged with greenish at the base ;
other tail feathers bluish on the outer webs and green on the inner ones; lesser
wing coverts green ; a conspicuous patch of bright yellow on the wing ; quills
brown, exteriorly margined with green ; under wing coverts green ; plumage of
CUCULID^. 465
the lower surface of the body vinaceous red tinged with peach bloom ; from the
lower throat to upper abdomen next the black .collar, lower abdomen, vent and
under tail coverts blue green. Upper mandible of bill coral red, yellowish at tip ;
lower mandible dusky black ; irides pale yellow ; legs dusky greenish yellow.
In the female the upper mandible is black and the lower orange brown.
Length. — 16 to 17*5 inches; tail 9 to IO ; wing 6*4; tarsus 0*5 ; bill from
gape i.
Hab. — The sub-Himalayan region as far as Kumaon, extending into Assam,
Sylhet, Arracan, the whole of British Burmah nearly, and southward to the
Malay Peninsula and Java. It has been procured in some parts of Lower
Bengal as Goruckpore and Rungpore. It affects well-wooded districts, and is
usually found in small flocks, till the rice is nearly ready for cutting, when
they descend to the fields in large numbers and cut the ears of corn. They
breed on the tops of lofty trees, in holes and crevices, during March and April.
The eggs are dull glossless white in colour, as are those of all the species. The
young are taken before they are able to fiy and sold in the markets ; they are
much prized by the natives as being good talkers, and easily taught to repeat
long sentences, and incantations. P. caniceps, P. nicobaricus, and P. Tytleri
are found in the Nicobars and Andaman ; P. Calthropce in Ceylon and P.
erythrogenys in the Andamans and Nicobars.
1090. Palseornis columboides, Vigors, P. z. S. 1830 ; Lear,
Mon. Psiit. pi. 31 ; Jerd., III. Ind. Orn.pl. 18 ; id., B. Ind. i. p. 261, No. 151 ;
Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 21. — The BLUE-WINGED PAROQUET.
Head, back of neck and interscapulars pale dove grey; forehead, lores,
and below the eye verdigris green ; a black collar edged with verdigris
green continued round and meeting at the chin ; lower back, rump and
upper tail coverts blue green ; wing coverts and scapulars the same, but the
feathers edged paler ; primary coverts and quills dark blue externally and
dusky on the inner webs ; centre feathers of the tail blue, tipped with yellowish
white ; the next pair blue on the outer web, greenish near the base and tipped
with yellow ; rest green externally and yellow internally ; lower tail feathers
yellow ; neck in front and breast pale dove grey ; rest of the under surface pale
verdigris green. The female either wants the collar or has only some slight
indication of it. In the male it is the same before the adolescent or adult stage
is reached. Bill cherry red above, dusky beneath ; legs greenish plumbeous.
Length.— 14*5 to 15 inches; tail 875 ; wing 6; bill at gape 075 ; height
nearly 0-9.
Hab.— Southern India, in the jungles of the Malabar Coast from Travan-
core up to N. L. 17° or so from the level of the sea to 5000 feet and upwards
on the slopes of the Neilgherries.
1091. Palseornis indo-burmannicus, Hume, Sir. F. vii.
p. 458 ; viii. p. 86 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix, p. 159; Qates, Str. F. x. p. 189;
466 PS1TTACID/E.
id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 139. Palaeornis Alexandra (Linn.}, Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p. 257, No. 147; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 54. Palaeornis eupatrius,
(Linn^ Finsch, Die Papageien ii. p. 1 1. (part). Palaeornis magnirostris (Ball),
Hume, Sfr. F. iii. p. 55 ; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 307 ; Oates, Sir. F. v.
p. 143; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 453; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi.
p. 117. Palaeornis sivalensis (Hut ton), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 115. —
The LARGE BURMESE PAROQUET.
General colour green, duller and tinged with yellow beneath, and most
brilliant on the forehead, crown, lores, feathers round the eyes, back and wings ;
sides of head green, tinged with yellow ; chin and throat with some small black
feathers, the base of the latter yellowish ; a black stripe from the base of the
throat produced upwards on each side of the neck ; round the neck a peach-rose
coloured collar ; prftnaries and secondaries green, the inner edges of the inner
webs brown ; wing coverts green ; median wing coverts forming a conspicuous
red wing spot; middle tail feathers yellowish at tip, blue-green subterminally for
two-thirds and greenish at the base ; other tail feathers green externally and
yellowish on their inner webs The female has not the rose collar, and the
stripe on each side of the neck is wanting ; the red wing spot is much smaller.
Irides and cere yellow ; bill yellow at tip, the remainder red ; legs orange
yellow.
Length. — 2 2 to 24 inches ; tail 12— 13 ; wings 8 to 8-4 ; tarsus 07 ; bill from
gape i'2.
Hal. — Lower Himalayas to Sikkirn, the forests of Malabar, Central and
South India, Northern Circars, Carnatic, Deccan, Punjab, British Burmah, and
Cochin-China. Breeds during January and February in holes of trees which
the birds excavate for themselves, and lay 3 — 4 white eggs, long ovals, pointed
towards one end, and from 1-5 to 1*52 X 0*95 inch in size. Generally found
in small colonies.
1092. Palaeornis schisticeps, Hodgs., As. Res. xix. p. 178;
Jerd., B. Ind. I. p. 261, No. 150; Str. F. ii. p. 17. Palaeornis Finschi,
Humet Str. F. ii. p. 509; Wald in Blyth' s B. Burm. p. 55 ; Hume and Dav.,
Str. F. vii.p. 119; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86, Bingham> Str. F. ix. p. 160 ;
Oates, Str. F. x. p. 189; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 142. — The SLATY-HEADED
PAROQUET.
General colour green, rather yellowish beneath ; head slaty blue ; chin black
also, a narrow black band bordering the slaty blue, produced as a demi-collar up
the sides of the neck ; median wing coverts with a red patch forming a conspi-
cuous wing spot; primaries and secondaries dark green externally and narrowly
edged with yellowish ; their inner webs brown ; tertiaries green ; under wing
coverts tinged with blue ; rump and upper tail coverts also tinged with bluish ;
central tail feathers slaty blue at base, terminal half pale lilac, tipped with
yellowish ; other tail feathers light green externally and yellow on the inner
PAL/EORNIS. 467
web. Bill with the upper mandible vermilion, tipped yellowish ; lower
mandible pale yellow ; irides straw yellow ; legs dirty green.
Length. — 16 to 1 8 inches; tail 9 to 12 ; wing 6 to 6-5 ; tarsus o'6; bill
from gape O'8 ; height nearly the same.
Hab.— The lower ranges of the Himalayas as far as Darjeeling, Assam,
Sylhet and Arracan. Occurs also in abundance throughout British Burmah.
Breeds throughout the Himalayas south of the first snowy range at heights of
from 4000 to 7000 feet. The majority, according to Hume, lays during the
latter half of March and April. They nest in holes of trees excavated by
themselves, making the egg chamber deep and large. Eggs generally 4 — 5 in
number, pure white and glossless, often much soiled. In length they vary from
roSto 1-17 inch, and in breadth from 0-89 to 0-94 inch. Palaornis erylhro-
genys is found on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
1093. Palaeornis torquatus (Bodd.}, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 257,
No, 148; Finsch, Die Pap age ten ii. p. 17; Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 1 16;
id., Sir. F. ii. p. 13 ; Wald., Ibis, 1874, p. 282 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 55 ;
Hume, Sir. F. iii. ' p. 56; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 453; Gates,
Sir. F. v. p. 144; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 171 ; Hume and Dav., Strt F. vi.
p. 1 1 8 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 86 ; Scully, Sfr. F. viii. p. 240 ; Oates, Sir. F. x.
p. 189; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 141 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 112.
Psittacus torquatus, Bodd., Tabl. Enl.p\. p. 32. — The ROSE-RINGED PAROQUET.
Adult Male. — Head and face emerald green ; a dark line from the nostrils
to the front of the eye, indistinct round the base of the narrow cere ; hind neck
and nape glaucous or light ashy, succeeded on the sides of the neck by a black
demicollar meeting under the chin and followed by another of a peach-rose
colour ; back, scapulars, and tertiaries dull green ; upper tail coverts emerald
green ; entire under surface pale green, yellowish towards the vent ; primaries,
their coverts, and secondaries, dark green, their inner webs and under surface
dusky ; tail feathers dark green, their inner w'ebs and under surface yellowish ;
the two centre feathers dark green at their base, bluish for the remaining two-
thirds, and tipped yellowish ; all black shafted; under wing coverts greenish-
yellow. The female is entirely green, and wants the rose collar. Bill coral
red ; irides pale yellow ; feet cinereous.
Length. — 15-5 to 16-5 inches; wing 6*5 to 7 ; tail 9*5 ; bill at gape i.
Hab. — Throughout India, part of Burmah, Ceylon, Punjab and Sind ; extends
to the lower Himalayas, Upper Pegu, and Nepaul. Occurs abundantly in the
Concan and Deccan, Eutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, and N. Guzerat. Breeds
throughout India in colonies. Eggs, pure white, 4 in number.
1094. PalseorniS CyanOCephaluS (Linn.}, Finsch, Die Papageien
ii. p. 40 (part); Wald., Ibis, 1874, p. 284; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm,
p. 55 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 1 18 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 86 ; Bingham,
468 PS1TTACID/E.
Sir. F. ix. p. 161. Psittacus cyanocephalus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 14.
Psittacus rosa, Bodd., Tabl. PI. Col. p. 53. Psittacus bengalensis, Gmel., Syst.
Nat. i. p. 325. Palaeornis rosa, Jerd., B. Ind, i. p. 259 (part). Palaeornis
bengalensis, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 16; iii. p. 56; Oatts, Sir. F.v'ri. p. 46 ; *W.,
B.Br. Burm. ii. p. 145. — The BURMESE ROSE-HEADED PAROQUET.
Head, including the ear coverts, rosy pink, changing to bluish on the crown
and nape ; a black stripe from each side of the lower mandible, covering the
throat and continued as a collar round the neck ; upper back, scapulars and
wings green ; lower plumage tinged with yellow ; a patch of deep maroon on the
median wing coverts ; primaries and secondaries dusky on their inner webs and
the outer web of the first primary ; rest of the quills green on their outer webs ;
under wing coverts bright green. Central tail feathers blue, tipped with
yellow, others green on the outer webs, yellowish on the inner, and all tipped with
bright yellow. The female has the head plum-blue, the black on the throat and
collar are absent, and the wing spot is less conspicuous. Upper mandible
orange yellow ; lower black ; irides yellow ; legs grey. "
Length — 13 5 inches ; tail 8 ; wing 5*5 ; tarsus 0*5 ; bill from gape 0-65.
Hab. — British Burmah, ranging through the Indo- Burmese countries into
India, where it occurs in Bengal and along the lower ranges of the Himalayas
as far as Nepaul. Breeds in February and March. Eggs, pure white, four in
number.
1095. Palaeornis rosa (Bodd.}, Jerd., B Ind. \. p. 259, No. 149.
Palaeornis purpureus, P. L. S. Mull., Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 1 1 ; id., Nests and
Eggs Ind. B. p. 1 16. Psittacus rosa, Bodd, pi. Enl. 192 et 888.— The
WESTERN ROSE-HEADED PAROQUET.
Very similar to P. cyanocephalus, except that the rump and lower back are
bluish ; also the under wing coverts and the outer webs of the next pair of
feathers to the central pair ; the outer webs of the first and second primaries
are narrowly edged with pale yellow and the tips of the central tail feathers
are white and not yellow ; the crown and nape too are more lilac than bluish,
and the under surface of the body a pale yellowish green.
Length. — 14 to 15 inches; tail 8-5 ; wing 5*25.
Hab. —Throughout India, extending into the Himalayas and Assam, also
Ceylon. On the Malabar Coast it is extremely common ; also on the Eastern
Ghauts, the Carnatic, Northern Circars, Central India, Midnapoor, and
Lower Bengal. Breeds, according to Hume, throughout the plains of Conti-
nental India, high up on Mount Aboo, also throughout the salt range and the
lower ranges of the Himalayas, up to heights of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet, from
Murree to the Ganges. They commonly lay in April, excavate holes for
themselves, and lay from 4 to 6, pure white, but rather soiled, glossless eggs,
varying in length from 0*9 to PO5 inches, and in breadth from o 75 to
0-86 inch.
UPUPA. 469
SUB-ORDER— COCCYGES ANISODACTYL^.
Family, UPUPID^, J>.— HOOPOES.
Bill long, sides compressed to tip ; nostrils small and at base ; wings long
and rounded ; tail long ; outer toe united to middle ; hind toe long.
Sub-Family.— UPUPIN^.—^/.
Bill with prominent keel, tip sharp ; claws long, curved, sharp and strong.
Gen. Upupa- — Linn.
Bill slender and curved throughout ; nostrils covered with membranous
scale ; tarsi broadly scaled ; head crested.
1096. Upupa epops, Linn., P. E. 52; Lev. Prom. t. 22; Naum.
vogt. t, 142 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 238 ; Jerd., B. Ind, i. p. 390, No. 254 ;
Str. F. i. 174 ; iii. 99; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, 8fc., Sind, p. 133. — The
HOOPOE.
Feathers of the crest reddish buff, each feather tipped with black, some of
the median ones with a narrow whitish band below the black tip ; hind neck, .
sides of neck, throat and breast pale rufous fawn ; chin whitish ; upper back
dark ashy brown ; lower back and scapulars barred buffy and dark brown ;
wing coverts black with two white bands ; under wing coverts buffy white ;
primaries, secondaries and tertiaries dark brown ; the ist primary with a white
spot on the inner web, and the others barred on both webs ; secondaries and
tertiaries with 3 — 4 white bands; lower abdomen buffy, with a few dark
streaks ; under tail coverts white ; upper tail coverts white, terminated with
black ; tail black, with a white band about the middle. Bill black, reddish at
the base; irides red brown; legs brownish black.
Length. — 12 to 12-5 inches ; wing 5-5 ; tail 4; bill at front 1*75 or a little
more.
Hab. — Europe, India, Assam, Himalayas, Cashmere, Palestine, Persia,
Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Eastern Turkistan, Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Bengal, Southern, Northern, Central, Eastern and Western India generally.
Breeds in the Punjab and N.-W. Provinces.
1097. Upupa longirostris, Jerd.t B. Ind. i. p. 393 ; Blyth, B.
Burm.p.fy; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 89; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 315 ; Inglis,
Str. F. v. p. 29; Oates, Str. F. v. 149 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 202 ;
Oaten, Str. F. vii. p. 41 ; Hume, Str. viii. p. 90; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 199; id.,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 62. Upupa Ceylonensis {Reich.), apud. Dav. et. Oust. Ois
Chine p. 79. Upupa indica (Bonap.) apud. Anderson, Yunnan Exped., p.
578. — The BURMESE HOOPOE.
Whole head and neck cinnamon-rufous, the feathers of the crest broadly
tipped with black ; lesser wing coverts cinnamon-rufous, the median series
470 MEROPID^E.
black, tipped with white, and the greater series black, barred across with white ;
primaries black, with a bar of white near the tip, the first with or without a white
spot on the inner web ; primary coverts black ; tertiaries brown, tinged and
edged with rufous ; back dull vinous ; scapulars barred with black and rufous ;
rump the same, followed by a transverse white band ; upper tail coverts black ;
tail black, with a white bar across the feathers ; chin, throat, breast and upper
abdomen rufous-fawn ; lower abdomen whitish, streaked with brown ; vent and
under tail coverts white, in some a few feathers are tipped with black. Bill
dark brown ; irides red brown ; legs plumbeous.
Length. — 1 2 inches ; tail 4-4 ; wing 3-6; tarsus 0-85; bill from gape 2'6.
In females the bill is smaller, about 2-3.
Hal. — British Burmah and the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal ; also China,
Siam, Cochin-China and the Malay Peninsula. Found in all the more dry
parts of the country, where it lives chiefly upon ants. Breeds in March and
April in holes of trees. Eggs, 3 — 6, pale blue in colour, varying in length
from ro6 to r2 inch, and in breadth from 0*63 to 0*75.
1098. Upupa CeylonensisC^z'^.), Jerd., Suppl. vol.ii. ; Hume,
Sir. F. iii. p. 90; vii. p. 517. Upupa nigripennis (Gould), Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 392, No. 255; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 163. — The INDIAN
HOOPOE.
Similar to the last, but smaller.
Length. — iO' 5 against 12 inches ; tail 4 ; wing 3 to 3*5; bill from gape
2*2. No white on crest, nor are there any whits spots on the first primary.
Hob. — Southern India and Ceylon, also a part of Central India, the Punjab,
and N.-W. Provinces. Breeds from February to May. Nidification same as
last; eggs rather smaller.
According to Jerdon it frequents groves of trees, thin forest jungle, gardens,
and the neighbourhood of villages and old deserted buildings. Like the other
species of the genus, it feeds on the ground on insects, grubs, and larvae. It
usually has its crest depressed when feeding, and on the slightest disturbance,
erects it. It has an undulatory but vigorous flight.
Family MEROPID^— BEE-EATERS.
Bill long ; both mandibles curved and sharp ; nostrils partly hidden by short
bristles ; wings long and pointed ; tail long and broad ; central feathers gene-
rally elongated ; tarsi short ; toes long, two exterior united to middle ; hind
toe with a pad beneath.
Gen. Merops. — Linn.
Second quill longest ; tail with two middle feathers elongated ; tarsi scaled ;
outer toe longer than inner ; wings reaching to two-thirds the length of tail.
MEROPS. 471
1099. MerOpS viridiS, Linn., Syst. Nat. I. p. 182; Jerd., B. Ind.
i. p. 205 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 99 ; id., «$*//•. ^. i. p. 167 ; iii.
p. 49; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 73 ; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 304; Hume and
Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 67; Anders.* Yunnan Exped. p. 582; Legge, B. Ceylon
p. 309; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 85; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 152 ; Murray,
Vert. Zool., Sind., p. 107. Merops ferrugiceps, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
p. 82. — The COMMON INDIAN GREEN BEE-EATER.
Above bright grass green ; below bright green, mixed with verdigris ;. lower
abdomen and under tail coverts slightly paler and with a bluish tinge; head,
nape, and hind neck burnished with golden ; forehead and fore crown deep
rufous, wanting in many specimens from Northern India, as Sind ; eye streak
from base of bill through the eye to ear coverts, and a collar on top of the
breast, black ; quills reddish, tipped dusky ; tail very dull green, the edges of
their inner webs dusky ; elongated portion of the two central feathers dark
brown. Bill black ; irides blood red.
Length. — 975 inches to tip of central tail feathers ; wing 3-5 to 375 ; bill at
front ri.
Hab. — The whole of India, extending to Ceylon and Indo-China. Occurs
also at Quetta in Beloochistan, Persia and Egypt ; also in Southern India
(Travancore), Nepaul and Cashmere. Abundant nearly throughout British
Burmah. Breeds almost all over India and Burmah, laying from 3 to 5 eggs,
during March and April, often also in May, in sandy banks. The eggs are
little polished alabaster-like balls, nearly spherical in shape, milky white in
hue, and brilliantly glossy. They vary in length from 0*68 to 0*82 inch and
in breadth from 0*64 to 073 inch.
1100. Merops phillipinus, Linn., Syst. Nat. Ed. 13. i. p. 183;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 101 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 89 ; Blyth, B.
Burm. p. 72 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 143 ; Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine p. 72 ;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 306 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 67 ; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 85; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 152; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 66;
Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 108. Merops Phillipensis (Linn.), Jerd., B.
Ind. i. p. 207, No. 118; Anders., Yunnan Exped. p. $8 1. — The BLUE-TAILED
BEE-EATER.
Forehead, crown, nape, and back dull green, tinged with coppery ; rump
and upper tail coverts bright blue ; central tail feathers blue, the projecting
elongation black ; other tail feathers blue ; their inner webs dusky ; tertiaries
bluish green ; primaries and secondaries green externally, and rufescent on
their inner webs, all tipped with black ; wing coverts green ; lores, ear coverts
and a line through the eye black ; a narrow blue line above this and a pale
bluish white one below ; chin yellow ; throat chestnut ; under surface of the
body green, with a rufescent tinge ; under tail coverts pale blue ; under wing
coverts bright buff. Bill black ; irides bright red ; legs plumbeous.
VOL. II.— 61
472 MEROPID/E.
Length.— 12 to 12-5 inches; tail 5-5 to 57; wing 5-3 to 5-5 ; tarsus 0-5 ;
bill from gape 2. The female is very slightly smaller.
. — The whole peninsula of India and Ceylon, also the Andaman
Islands, and the whole of British Burmah, being especially abundant in Arrakan
and Pegu ; somewhat rare in Tenasserim, where, according to Gates, it is
partially migratory and is found also in China, Cochin-China, Siam, the
Malay Peninsula, Samatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and Phillipine Islands.
Wherever this Bee-Eater is found it occurs in large flocks, and like viridis are
very partial to resting on telegraph wires. They are especially numerous
about the banks of large streams and rivers. They nest in the banks of
rivers, making like viridis a long tunnel 3 to 5 feet deep, with a chamber at
the end. Eggs slightly larger than those of viridis, 4 to 5 in number, and of the
same colour and gloss.
1101, Merops Leschenaulti, VieiiL, Nouv. Diet. tfHist. Nat.
xiv. p. 17; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 68. Merops quinticolor (F.),
Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 208, No. 1 19. Merops Daudini (Cuv)t Swinhoe, P.Z. S.
1871, p. 348. Merops Swinhoei, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 102 ; id.,
Str. F. ii. p. 163 ; iii. p. 50 ; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 305 ; Legge, Birds
vf Ceylon, p. 312 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 455 ; viii. p. 85 ; Parker, Str. F. ix.
p. 478. Merops erythrocephalus (Gm.), Blyth and Wald., B. JBurm.
p. 274. — The CHESTNUT-HEADED BEE-EATER.
Top of the head, ear coverts, nape and upper back, rich chestnut ; lores
black, extending as a band under the eye and ear coverts ; lower back, wing
coverts, and tertiaries green, the latter tinged with bluish ; rump and upper tail
coverts pale azure or shining blue ; quills-green, rufous on the inner webs, and
all tipped with dusky black ; tail even or slightly emarginate, the centre feathers
not elongated, bluish on the outer and green on the inner webs ; rest green,
margined with brown on the inner webs and all tipped with dusky ; sides of the
face, chin and throat yellow, followed by a collar of chestnut, edged with black,
which extends up the sides of the neck; breast bright green ; rest of lower
plumage green, tinged with blue, which is most conspicuous on the vent and
inner tail coverts. Bill black ; irides crimson ; legs dusky black.
Length. — 8'5 inches; tail 3*3 to 3-5; wing 4-2; tarsus 0*4; bill from
gape 17.
Hob. — Malabar forests; Neilgherries up to 5,500 feet elevation; Mysore,
Wynaad, Southern India generally, to Ceylon. It is said to be found sparingly
distributed throughout the whole province of Burmah, also in Siam, Cochin-
China and China. Occurs in forests and well-wooded parts of the country in
small flocks. Breeds during March and April on the slopes of the Neilgherries.
They bore holes in the sandy parts of the banks to a depth of from 3 to 6 feet,
at the bottom of which is a circular chamber about 6 inches in diameter, where
MEROPS. 473
without any nest or lining, they lay from 4 to 6 eggs, pure and glossy white,
almost spherical, varying in length from 0*82 to 0^92 inch, and in breadth
from 0'72 to cr8i inch.
1102. MeropS per SiC US, Pall., Rets. App. p. 708 ; Zoogr. Ros.
As. i. p. 440 ; De F. Viag. in Pers. p. 346. M. ^Egyptius, Forskahl, Desc.
del Egypt, p. i ; Jerd., B. Ind. p. 210 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 108.—
The PERSIAN BEE-EATER.
Distinguished from M. viridis and M. phillipinus by a narrow yellowish
white line on the forehead, edged by another pale blue one, which continues
over the eye as a supercilium ; a white line edged with blue from the gape
running below the streak through the eye ; chin yellow ; throat deep chestnut.
Length. — 12 inches ; wing 6; tail 3'25«
Hal. — Throughout Asia Minor, Beloochistan, Persia, Arabia, Egypt, Africa,
East and South Europe, and India. In Sind and the Punjab, common.
1103. MeropS apiaster, Linn., P. E. 938; Naum. vogt.t. 143;
Lev. Guep. t. 1, 2 ; Jerd., B. Ind. p. 210, No. 121 ; Hume, Str. F. vol. vii.
P'453; Blanford, Eastern Persia, ii. p. 122; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., $r.,
Sind. p. 127 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 109. — The EUROPEAN BEE-EATER.
Top of head rich chestnut brown, also the neck, upper back, wing
coverts and secondaries ; forehead dull white, passing into pale verdigris
green ; chin and throat bright yellow ; a bluish black streak from the base of
the bill through the eye descending to a narrow black ring, which encircles the
neck. Primaries narrow and pointed, dusky on the inner webs, fine greenish
blue on the outer, the tips and shafts black ; secondaries also tipped black;'
tertiaries blue green ; larger and lesser under wing coverts fawn colour ; lower
back yellow, tinged with chestnut and green ; tail greenish blue or dull green,
the two middle feathers darker, tipped blackish, and elongated beyond the
rest ; upper tail coverts bluish green, with a yellowish tinge ; breast and lower
parts greenish blue ; under tail coverts pale blue. Bill black, long and' curved,
and with a strong blunt ridge ; legs reddish brown ; claws reddish black.
The plumage of the female is less bright; the central tail feathers shorter than
in the male.
Length. — 10 to ii inches; wing 575; tail 3*75.
Hab.— Europe, N. and W. Africa, Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, Cashmere,
Persia, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, and Asia Minor. In India it occurs as a
bird of passage in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, Raj-
putana, and the Deccan. Colonel St. John (Zoology of Eastern Persia)
remarks, that it is common throughout the summer in Persia at 2,500 to 6,OOO
feet elevation, breeding in company with sparrows, pigeons and rollers.
474 MEROPID^F,
Gen. NyctiorniS. — Swainson.
Bill moderately long, curved, compressed ; culmen flattened at base, grooved
on the sides; nostrils hidden ; wings moderate, 4th quill longest ; plumage lax
and dense ; breast with elongated plumes.
1104. Nyctiornis Athertoni (yard, and Selb.\ Jerd. £. Ind. i.
p. 211, No. 122; Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 103; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 73;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 68 ; Anders., Yunnan Expei. p. 583 ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii, p. 85 ; Bingham, Str* F. ix. p. 472 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 63. Merops Athertoni, Jard. and Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 58. — The BLUE-
NECKED BEE-EATER.
Whole upper surface of the head and body, including the wings and tail,
and the sides of the head and neck, deep green ; frontal feathers tipped with
bluish ; gular hackles rich ultramarine blue, the feathers lengthened and
drooping ; breast, abdomen, and sides of the body buff, streaked with greenish ;
wing and upper tail coverts plain buff; under wing coverts buff ; inner webs
of quills brownish. Bill horny, light at the base below ; irides yellow ; legs
and feet dusky, tinged with greenish.
Length. — 14 inches; tail 6*2, 3-2 beyond the length of wing; wing 5-8 •
tarsus 07 ; bill from gape 2' 3.
Hal. — The Indo-Burmese countries into India, where it is found in the
large and lofty forests of Malabar, the Neilgherries, Wynaad, the Carnatic,
Mysore, and along the Himalayas from Dehra Doon to Assam, Arrakan and
Tenasserim. It is also found in Darjeeling. Breeds in April and May, in
the sub -Himalayan forest of the Kumaon terai ; also in Tenasserim, where
Captain Bingham found the eggs. It is generally solitary in its habits, and
not unlike other Bee-Eaters, perches high on trees in commanding positions,
whence it sallies forth after flying insects, which it seizes on the wing.
1105. NyctiorniS amicta (Tern.), Salvad., Vcc. Born. p. 91 ;
Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 73; Hume and Damson, Str F. vi. p. 69;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 85 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 153 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881,
p. 378. Merops amictus, Tern., PL Col. 310. Nyctiornis malaccensis, Cab.
et Hem., Mus. Hem. ii. p. 133. — The RED-BEARDED BEE-£ATER.
Feathers covering the nostrils greenish blue ; forehead, lores and crown of
head as far as a line drawn behind the eyes bright lilac-rose ; angle of chin
bluish ; whole upper surface of the body, including the wings and tail, dark
green ; inner webs of quills brownish, their bases edged with buffish ; under
side of tail bright buffish yellow, tipped with black ; cheeks, throat, and a band
extending to the breast crimson, the feathers of the latter dark centred ; abdo-
men and rest of under surface of body pale green ; under wing coverts buff.
In the female the forehead, lores and throat are crimson ; eyelids green.
Bill black ; irides bright yellow ; legs and feet pale green.
CORACIAS. 475
Length.— \$ inches ; tail 5-3 ; wing 5-4 ; tarsus 0-6; bill from gape 2-5.
//^.—Tenasserim to Moulmein, and through the Malay Peninsula to
Sumatra and Borneo.
Family, CORACIAD;E,— ROLLERS.
Bill long and broad at the base, tip hooked ; nostrils at the base oblique,
linear, apert ; gape with strong rictal bristles ; wings and tail moderately
long ; 2nd quill longest ; tarsi short.
Gen. Coracias.— Lin.
Characters same as those of the Family.
1106. Coracias garrula (Lin.\ P. E. 486 ; Naum. wgt. t. 60 ;
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 60 ; Jerd., H* Ind. p. 218, No. 125 ; Sir. F. vol. i. 168 ;
iv. 133; v. 502; Murray, Hdbk>, ZooL, fyc., Sind. p. 128; id., Vert. ZooL
Sind. p. 109. — The EUROPEAN ROLLER.
P'orehead whitish ; head, neck and nape pale iridescent bluish green ; chin
greyish, white ; throat bright bluish green with pale blue shaft-streaks j breast,
abdomen, vent and lower tail coverts pale bluish green ; upper back, scapu-
lars and tertiaries chestnut bay ; shoulders and lesser coverts violet blue, as
also are the lower back and rump ; upper tail coverts light blue ; primaries
bluish black, the outer web of the first two tinged with green, the next four
light blue at the base on their outer webs ; secondaries bluish black, the basal
half of the feathers light blue ; greater coverts pale blue j tail, with the two
476 CORACIAD/E.
centre feathers, deep greyish green or ashy blue, the others dark greenish blue
for two-thirds their length on their outer webs, dusky on their inner webs, and
broadly tipped with light blue, the two outermost feathers with a spot of
blackish blue at their tips; all the feathers black shafted. Bill yellowish
brown, darker at the tip ; irides red brown ; feet yellow brown.
Length,— 13 inches; wing 775 ; tail 5 ; bill at front 1*37.
Hab.— Central and South Europe, Madagascar, Egypt, Arabia, Persia,
N.-E. Africa, Western and Central Asia. It is said to breed in Persia,
Afghanistan, and Turkistan. In Beloochistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and
Sind it occurs as a migrant.
1107. Coracias indica (Z«i.), Edw. B. pi. 326 ; P. E. 285 ; Jerd^
B. Tnd. p. 214, No. 123; Hume, Str. F. vii. 259; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
tyc., Sind, p. 128; id., Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 109. — THE INDIAN ROLLER.
Forehead rufescent brown • head and nape greenish blue ; supercilium
light blue; hind neck, scapulars, upper back and tertiaries ashy or earthy
brown, tinged on the hind neck with vinous ; lower back greenish blue ; rump,
upper tail coverts, lesser coverts, and shoulders cobalt blue, some of the fea-
thers of the upper tail coverts tipped greenish ; winglet and primaries pale
blue, the latter with a broad band of violet blue in the middle and tipped dark
blue ; secondaries violet blue, the margins of their inner webs dusky, and the
basal half of their outer ones dark green, shading into light blue on their outer
margins ; tail with the middle feathers dull green, the rest violet blue with a
pale sky blue band ; chin light fulvous ; throat and breast of a vinous colour,
with light fulvous shaft-stripes, passing into isabelline on the upper abdomen,
where the fulvous streaks are indistinct; lower abdomen, vent, under tail
coverts, and under wing coverts pale blue. Bill dusky brown ; legs orange ;
irides red brown ; eyelids yellow.
Length. — 13*5 inches ; wing 7*25 ; tail 5 ; bill at front PI 2 ; tarsus I.
Hal. — The whole of India and Ceylon ; the Himalayas, Nepaul, N.-W.
Provinces, the Punjab, Sind, S. Persia (Bushire), Beloochistan, Kutch, Kattia-
war, Jodhpore, Jeypore, North Guzerat, the Concans and the Deccan.
In Sind it is a resident and breeds in holes of decayed trees, and sometimes
in the deep forks of acacia trees, in April and May, Eggs two in number,
round, pure white.
1108. Coracias affinis, McCleil., P. Z. S. 1839, P- 164 ; Jerd., B.
Ind.\. p. 217; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 72; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. SO; Arm-
strong, Str. F. iv. p. 305 ; Oates, Sir. F.v.p. 143 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F.
vi. p. 72 ; Oates, Str. F. vii. p. 40 ; Hume, Str. F. viiL p. 85 ; Brooks, Str. F.
viii. p. 467; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 69. — The BURMESE ROLLER.
Top of the head and nape green, tinged with blue ; hind neck, back,
scapulars and tertiaries greenish brown ; rump purplish blue ; upper tail
EURYSTOMUS. 477
coverts bright caerulean blue ; central tail feathers green, the others purple on
the basal half or two-thirds pale blue terminally; lesser and median wing
coverts purple, the greater series purplish brown, edged and tipped with
greenish blue; quills purple, the first four primaries with a band of pale
blue ; near the tip, primary coverts and secondaries pale blue, the blue of the
latter under the coverts. Bill brownish black ; irides brown ; legs yellowish
brown.
Length. — 13 inches ; tail 5-2 ; wing 4*4 ; tarsus ri ; bill from gape rg.
Hab. — British Burmah to Assam and Eastern Bengal. Breeds in March and
April. Eggs 4—5, glossy white.
Gen. Eurystomus.— Vmllot.
Bill shorter and much broader than in Coracias ; base wide, the tip of
culmen curved ; nostrils narrow ; rictal bristles absent ; gape wide ; wings
long; 2nd quill longest; 1st sub-equal; tarsus short; outer toe slightly
syndactyle.
1109. EurystOmUS orientaliS (Linn.}, Jerd., B. 2nd. i. p. 219,
No. 126; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 105 ; id., Sir. F. ii. p. 164;
Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 105 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 72 ; David et. Oust
Ois Chine, p. 73; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 457; Hume and Dav.,
Sir. F. vi. p. 72 ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 285 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 85 ; Oates,
Sir. F. x. p. 186; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 70. Coracias orientalis, Linn.,
Syst. Nat. i. p. 159. — The BROAD-BILLED ROLLER.
Whole head, including lores, cheeks, ear coverts and nape dark brown,
tinged with greenish blue, which is more conspicuous and decided on the
scapulars ; back, rump, upper tail coverts, tertiaries and wing coverts, also the
primaries, secondaries and their coverts black, the first 6-7 with a light blue
patch at their bases ; tail uniform dark violet ; throat and upper breast with
broad violet blue shaft stripes ; rest of lower plumage dingy greenish blue,
brighter on the vent, under tail coverts and under wing coverts. Bill and legs
vermilion ; eyelids red ; irides dark brown ; gape yellowish.
Length. — 12 to 12-5 inches ; tail 4-4 to 4*5 ; wing 7-6 to 8; tarsus 07 ; bill
from gape 1*7.
Hab. — The base of the Himalayas, Lower Bengal, Assam, the Burmese
countries, extending to China, Ceylon, Siam, Cochin-China, and down the
Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. According to Gates, it is
rare, though locally distributed over the greater part of Burmah. It has been
got in Pegu, in the hills north of that town, also at Tonghoo and at Shway-
gheen. Capt. W. Ramsay got it on the Karin hills, and Mr. Blanford at
Bassein, and Davison's experience is that it is confined to the southern portion
of Tenasserim. Gates adds that it is almost crepuscular in its habits. It
breeds in the Terai during May in holes of the higher branches of lofty trees.
Nothing appears to be known of its eggs, but they also are probably white.
478 ALCEDINID^E.
Family.— ALCEDINID^E— KINGFISHERS.
Bill long, straight, thick, quadrangular, and pointed ; tongue short, flat and
fleshy ; nostrils lateral, oblique ; tail short ; wings moderate and rounded ; tarsi
short ; plumage thick, of singular brilliancy, in which blue, green and orange
are the prevailing colours. Habits solitary. Found near rivers, brooks, streams
or stagnant waters, from which they capture fish for subsistence. All kingfishers
agree in their manners. They generally perch on some tree or other elevated
object overhanging water, and there remain motionless for hours watching
till some fish comes undertheir view, when they will dive down perpendicularly
and bring up their prey. The scales of the fish are thrown up in small pellets.
Sub-Family. — ALCEDININ^E.
Bill long, slender and compressed, acute and grooved near the culmen for
the greater part of its length ; gonys nearly straight.
Gen. AlcedO.— Linn.
Bill long, slender, straight, compressed, the tip acute ; culmen sharp and
carinated ; commissure straight ; 2nd and 3rd quills sub-equal, $rd slightly the
longest, ist very little shorter; lateral toes syndactyle ; inner toe short.
1110. Alcedo bengalensis, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 450 ; Jerd., B.
Ind. i. 230, No. 134; Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. ii. pi. 2 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs
Ind. B. p. 107; Salvad, Ucc. Born, p. 92 ; Hume, Str. F. i. pp. 168, 169 ; iii.
p. 52; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 71 ; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 307; Legge, B.
Ceylon, p. 292 ; Anders., Yunnan Exped. p. 580 ; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877,
p. 457 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 8 1 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86 ; Bingham,
Str. F. ix. p. 155 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 72. — The LITTLE INDIAN
KINGFISHER.
Head and hind neck dusky, each feather tipped with pale blue ; a band
from the nostrils to the ear coverts rufous ; a dark patch at the gape on
both upper and lower mandibles. Sides of the neck, chin and throat
white ; a streak of dusky feathers edged with blue from each corner of
the lower mandible dividing the white of the chin and throat and sides of the
neck ; quills dusky on their inner webs ; the outer webs dull greenish blue ;
scapulars dull bluish green ; back, rump and upper tail coverts pale blue ;
tail blue, tinged with greenish ; breast and entire under surface orange brown
or ferruginous. Bill blackish above, horny brown below ; irides dark brown ;
legs orange red.
Length.— 6'$ to 7 inches ; wing 2*75 ; tail r I ; bill at front 1*4.
Hab. — Throughout India ; also Ceylon and China. Occurs also in Beloo-
chistan and S. Afghanistan, but is rare. In Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat,
Concan and the Deccan, it is the common form where A. ispida does not
occur. In Sind it appears to be a seasonal visitant.
ALCEDO. 479
In Burmah it affects all the low-lying parts near the sea. It extends as far
as East Africa ; in the north to Siberia and Japan, and ranges thence to
China, Siam, Cochin-China, and the Malay Peninsula, and breeds from March
to May, making a narrow hole about 2 feet in depth in some bank overlooking
the water, generally about five or six feet above water level. Correspondents
in the Nilghiris, Deccan, the Dhoon, Darjeeling, Cashmere, Kumaon, Ootaca-
mund, Ahmednuggur, and other places all agree in regard to the lining of the
nest, being composed of small filamentous bones, probably undigested food
thrown up in the chamber, on which the eggs are laid. The eggs are glossy
white, some oval, and others spherical, about 0*8 X 07 inch.
1111. AlcedO grandiS, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiv. p, 190. Alcedo
euryzona, Temm. apud. Jerd., B. Ind. i, p. 231, No. 135. Alcedo nigricans,
apud. Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvi. p. 1180. Alcedo cserulea, Gmel. apud. Bonap.
Alcedo grandis, Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 27, pi. 7; Gould, B. Asia, pt. xxii.
pi. i.— The GREAT INDIAN KINGFISHER.
Very like Alcedo bengalensis, except that the coloration is much darker ;
back and rump very bright blue; upper tail coverts deep -blue ; lores with a
black spot, the rufous band faintly developed ; ear coverts mixed black and
blue ; nuchal band narrow and white ; plumage beneath dark ferruginous.
Length. — 8-5 to 9 inches against6 8 ; wing 3-8 against 275 ; bill at front 1*9.
Hal.— Sikkim, where it is rare.
1112- AlcedO ispida, Lin.,. Syst. Nat. \. p. 207 ; Bodd., Tail. PL
En. 77; Naum. vogt. t. 144; Gould, B. Eur. pt. xviii. ?; Hume, Sir. F. i.
p. 168 ; Murray, Hdbk. ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 129. — THE EUROPEAN KINGFISHER.
A broad bright orange stripe from the bill to the ear -coverts margined on
the side of the gape and crossed below the eye by a narrow black streak j
sides of neck with a white patch commencing from behind the earcoverts ;
chin and throat white. Head, nape, neck behind, a broad streak from the
base of the lower mandible and lesser wing coverts greenish blue, the feathers
edged with bright light blue, and forming narrow bars or spots of that colour ;
scapulars and exterior webs of the primaries greenish blue, the inner webs of
the latter dusky brown ; back, rump, and upper tail coverts rich azure blue ;
tail deep blue ; breast and entire under surface of the body bright orange.
Upper mandible dusky brown or blackish brown, reddish at base ; lower
mandible reddish orange; irides hazel.
Length.— 6-8 to 7-5 inches ; expanse 10-5 to 1 1 ; wing 2-95 to 3; bill r6
to. 17.
Hab. — Europe generally; found also in S. Afghanistan, Beloochistan,
Persia, and Sind,
1113. AlcedO asiatica, Swains., Zool. III. 1st Ser. I pi. 50;
Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 23, pi. 5 ; Ball, Str. F. i. p. 59 ; Hume, Sir. F. ii.
VOL. II.— 62
480 ALCEDINID/E.
pp. 174, 494; iv. p. 383; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 71. Alcedo
meningting, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 172 ; Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 93 ;
Oates, Str. F. v. p. 143; Hume andVav., Str. F. vi. p. 83; Hume, Sir. F.
viii. p. 86; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 188. Alcedo rufigastra, Wald., Ann. Nat.
Hist. Ser. 4, xii. p. 487; id., Ibis, 1874, p. 136. Alcedo Beavani, Wald., Ann.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 4, xiv. p. 158; id., Ibis, 1875, p. 461 ; Hume, Str. F. iv.
p. 287; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 84; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 36; ix.
p. 247 ; Oatest JB. Br. Burm. ii. p. 73. — The MALAYAN KINGFISHER.
Top of the head black, barred across with bright blue ; lores ferruginous,
bordered below by a narrow black line ; sides of the head bright blue ; back,
rump and upper tail coverts shining cobalt ; scapulars and upper wing coverts
lue, each feather tipped with brighter blue ; primaries and their coverts
black, the inner webs of primaries rufous ; secondaries and tertiaries brown,
washed externally with blue ; chin, throat, and a long patch on each side of
the neck white, tinged with buffish ; under surface of the body chestnut. The
young have the cheeks and ear coverts ferruginous. The adult female is not
unlike the male, except that in some specimens there are traces of ferruginous
on the cheeks and ear coverts. Bill black, the base and gape orange j irides
dark brown ; legs bright red.
Length. — 6 to 6-2 inches; tail 1-2 ; wing 2*5; tarsus O'3 ; bill from
gape 1*8.
Hal. — British Burmah, where it is said to be very locally distributed. It has
been got on the Pegu hills, also in dense jungle north of Kyakpadien.
According to Gates it is also found in the Malay Peninsula, Andamans, Sumatra,
Java, Borneo, and some of the further islands. It is said to be restricted to
dense forests, where the ground is broken up by nullahs and ravine. Breeds in
July. Eggs, 4 to 6 in number, glossy white and almost spherical.
1114. AlcedO euryzona, Tern., PI Col. livr. 86; Sharps, Mon.
Alced. p. 29, pi. 8 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 95 ; Tweed, Ibis, 1877, p. 297 ;
Hume, Str. F.vm. p. 49. Alcedo nigricans, Blyth, J . A. S. B. xvi. p. 1 180 ;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vii. p. 81 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86; Bingham,
Str. F. ix. p. 156; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 754. — The BROAD-BELTED
KINGFISHER.
Forehead, crown and nape dull black, barred with greenish blue ; back and
rump silvery blue ; upper tail coverts brighter and deeper blue ; tail black,
with a bluish tinge ; lesser wing coverts and scapulars dull black, tinged near
the tips with dull blue ; median and greater wing coverts dull black, margined
with bright blue ; quills dull brown, edged partially with dull blue ; lores
ferruginous ; cheeks and ear coverts black, the feathers broadly terminated
with dull blue ; a broad streak on either side of the neck white, ending in
pale orange ; chin and throat white ; breast dull blue, the white bases of the
feathers appearing ir. places ; sides of the breast dusky black ; sides of the
CERYLE. 481
body white, streaked with brown ; abdomen, vent, under wing coverts and
under tail coverts white. The female is like the male, but has the chin and
throat white and the under surface of the body bright ferruginous ; adole-
scents have the cheeks and ear coverts ferruginous. (Oates.) Bill black, paler
or browner on the lower mandible ; irides deep brown ; legs and feet ver-
milion. The female has the upper mandible black and the lower one red.
(Davison.)
Length. — 8 inches ; tail I '6; wing 3*4; tarsus 0*5 ; bill from gape 2 '2.
Hab. — British Burmah, in Tenasserim, from the extreme south to about the
latitude of Moulmein. It has also been obtained at Malewoon. Ranges to
Malacca, Sumatra, Java and Borneo.
Gen. Ceryle. — Boie.
Bill long, straight, compressed, and acute at tip ; culmen obtuse, somewhat
flattened and margined on each side by an indented groove ; tail slightly
lengthened, rounded ; wings long ; 2nd and 3rd quills subequal ; inner toe
longer than the hinder.
1115. Ceryle gUttata (Vigors), Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 234, No. 137 ;
Sharpe, Mon. A Iced. p. 57, pi. 1 8 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. no*
id., Str.F. ii. p. 470 ; Wald. in Blyttts B. Burm. p. 71 ; Ing It's, Sir. F. v.
p. 19; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 85 • Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 86 ; JBingham,
Sir. F.viii. p. 193; ix. p. 156; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 764.— -The
HIMALAYAN SPOTTED KINGFISHER.
Whole upper plumage black, barred with white; crest feathers mostly
white, tipped with black ; sides of the head black, streaked with white ; sides
of the neck and a band across the breast black ; cheeks, ear .coverts,
patch on the hind neck, chin, throat, breast, abdomen, vent and under tail
coverts also the under wing coverts pure white ; sides of the body white,
barred with black. The under wing coverts of the female are buffish. Bill
black ; irides dark brown ; legs brownish black.
Length.— 15-6 to 16 inches; tail 4-8; wing 7*2; tarsus O'$ ', bill from
gape 3-3.
Hal. — The Himalayas to Cashmere. Occurs in Cachar, the Dafla Hills, in
Assam, Arrakan and Pegu in British Burmah. It has also been met with
along the hill streams north of Pahpoon, in Tenasserim. Breeds in the sub-
Himalayan range from April to June, laying 4 pure white, glossy eggs, in
holes of river banks.
1116. Ceryle rudiS (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 232, No. 136;
Sharpe, Mon. A Iced. p. 6 1, pi. 19; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind* B. p. 109 ;
id., Sir. F. iii. p. 52; Dresser, B. Eur. v. p. 125, pi. ; Blyth, B. Btirm.
p. 71 ; David et. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 77; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 288 ; Oates,
Sir. F. v. p. 143 j Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 85 ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
482 ALCEDINID/E.
p. 86 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 157 ; Murray, Hdbk. Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 129 ;
id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. H2; Oates, B. Br. Burmali ii. p. 77.— The PIED
KINGFISHER.
Head, hind neck, and a broad streak behind the eye extending down the
sides of neck black, finely streaked with white ; supercilium white ; chin,
throat, sides of the neck, and upper breast white ; the latter with a few of the
feathers tipped black in some specimens; lower parts white, with a broad
band of black, and a narrower one also, in males, across the lower breast, and
in some specimens a few dark spots on the abdomen and flanks ; primaries
black ; edge of the outer web of the first primary and the bases of the others
white, forming a conspicuous white band ; primary coverts black ; back,
rump, upper tail coverts and scapulars black, tipped broadly with white ; tail
black, the feathers basally and at the tips white. Bill black ; legs dusky brown ;
irides dark brown.
Length. — 10-5 to 11 inches; wing 5-5 ; tail 3 ; bill at front 2-3.
ffab—S,-E. Europe, N.-E. Africa, Western Asia, Burmah and Malayana.
Found all over India to Nepaul. In Sind it is a resident and breeds in holes
along the banks of the Indus and canals from March to May. Eggs 2 — 4
in number, oval, white.
Sub-Family.— HALCYONIN^E.
Kingfishers of larger size than the Alcedinidae, with strong, thick and
straight bills, broad at the base, with the culmen flattened and slightly inclin-
ing upwards to the tip, groove of upper mandible strongly marked ; wings short
and broad; tarsus and toes small and feeble, the latter nearly syndactyle ;
rictus smooth.
Gen. Halcyon.— Swainson.
Bill long and straight, somewhat quadrangular ; lower mandible angulated ;
nostrils hidden by plumes ; 3rd quill longest, 4th and 5th subequal ; tail
short, rounded or even ; outer toe nearly as long as the middle one.
1117. Halcyon COromanda (Lath!), Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 55,
pi. 57 ; Hume, Str. F. ii. pp. 169, 494 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 70 ; Wardlaw-
Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, P- 45$; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 75; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 85; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 81. Alcedo coromanda,
Lath., Ind. Orn. i. p. 252. Halcyon coromandelianus (Scop.'), Jerd., B. Ind.
i. p. 227, No. 131. Callialcyon coromanda, Salvad, Ucc. Born, p. 101 ; Dav.
et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 76. — The RUDDY KINGFISHER.
Whole upper plumage rich rufous, overlaid with shining peach lilac, except
on the forehead; crown, lores, sides of the face and quills, also the inner
webs of quills dull rufous ; band across the middle of the lower back and rump
bluish white ; chin white ; rest of under surface of the body ferruginous ;
bill and legs red j irides brown.
HALCYON. 483
Length.— \v to 10-5 inches ; tail 27 to 2-75 ; wing 4-2 to 4-5 ; tarsus 0*6;
bill from gape 2-5.
ffat>.—T\\Q Himalayas, at the base, also in Nepaul and Sikkim ; in the
Sunderbuns and along the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal it is common.
It occurs in the Andamans, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the
Phillipines, Formosa and China ; also in British Burmah. In the latter,
according to Gates, it is one of the rarest. Davison found it throughout
Tenasserim, but chiefly near the sea. Malew.oon and Pegu are other localities
whence it has been procured.
1118. Halcyon smyrnensiS (Linn.), Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p.
161, pi. 59; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 105 ; Dresser, B. Europe v.
133, pi.; Blyth) B. Burnt, p. 70; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 306; Oates,
Sir. F. v. p. 143 ; Hume and Dav. Str. F. vi. p. 74 ; Legge, B. Ceylon
p. 298; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 85 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 154; Oates, B.
Br. Burm. ii. p. 82 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. no. Alcedo smyrnensis,
Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 181. Alcedo fuscus, Bodd., Tabl. pi. Enl. p. 54;
Halcyon fuscus, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 224, No, 129.— The WHITE-BREASTED
KINGFISHER.
Whole head, neck, abdomen, under tail and lesser wing coverts rich chest-
nut ; scapulars, tertiaries, back, rump and upper tail coverts, also the greater
coverts and winglet blue ; the scapulars and tertiaries more dull ; median
wing coverts black ; quills blue, broadly tipped with black, with a broad
oblique bar of white on the inner webs of the primaries ; chin, throat, neck in
front and breast white. Tail blue, the margins of their inner webs dusky
brown, except the centre feathers, which are wholly greenish blue. Bill coral
red ; feet vermilion red ; eyes brown.
Length. — io'S inches ; wing 4*5 to 475 ; tail 3 ; bill at front 2-25.
Hal. — The Peninsula of India and Ceylon to the base of the Himalayas,
extending to the Indo-Burmese countries, Singapore and China. Recorded
from the Concans and Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Sambur, N.
Guzerat, Travancore and Nepaul. Breeds all over India nearly, from March to
July, laying 4—7 eggs in a hole excavated by itself in banks of tanks, and
canals or streams, also in the interior of wells, or on cliffs overlooking rivers.
Eggs spherical ; some are slightly oval. Like those of its congeners, they are
pure white. In length they vary from 1*05 to 1*27 inch and in breadth from
0*97 to ri2 inch.
1119. Halcyon pileata (Bodd.), Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 169, pi.
62 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 51 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 70 ; Armstrong, Str. F.
iv. p. 306; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 301 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 74 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 85 ; Bingham, Str. F. viii. p. 193 ; ix. p. 154 ; Oates,
Str. F. x, p, 187 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 83. Alcedo pileata, Bodd., Tabl.
484 ALCEDINID^:.
PL Enl. p. 41. Alcedo atricapilla, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 453. Halcyon atrica-
pillus, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 226, No. 1 30. Entomobia pileata, Salvad, Ucc.
Born. p. IQ2.— The BLACK-CAPPED PURPLE KINGFISHER.
Whole head black, also the moustache ; whole upper parts glossy rich violet
purple, brighter on the rump ; tail rich violet purple ; all except the central
pair of feathers margined with black on the outer webs and tipped very
narrowly with whitish ; lesser and median wing coverts black ; primary
coverts blue ; primaries white, tinged with blue on the outer webs, black at
the ends ; shafts of the first six black ; secondaries and tertiaries blue on the
outer webs, all tipped black ; wing bar white, and conspicuous ; chin, throat
and neck white, tinged with fulvous ; breast pale fulvous, with crescentic
brown markings ; abdomen white, rest of lower surface, including the under
wing coverts rich fulvous ; bill dark red ; irides brown ; legs coral red.
Length. — 11-5 to 12 inches ; tail 3-5 to 37 ; wing 47 to 5-3 ; tarsus 07;
bill from gape 2*8.
Hal.— The Malabar Coast, Bengal, in the Sunderbuns, Ceylon, the Anda-
man Islands, China, Siam, Cochin-China, Philippines, Sumatra, Borneo, and
British Burmah, in which last province it said by Gates to be abundant in all
the maritime portions and up the larger rivers. It feeds both on fish and small
reptiles, also insects of sorts.
1120. Halcyon ChloriS (Bodd.), Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 229, pi. 87 ;
Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 45 1 ; id., Sir. F. ii. p. 170 ; Armstrong, Str.F. iv. p. 306 ;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 78; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 169; viii- p. 86;
Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 381 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 187; id., B. Br. Burrn* ii.
p. 85. Alcedo chloris, Bodd., Tall. PL Enl. p. 40. Alcedo collaris, Scop.
Del. FL et Faun. Insub. ii. p. 90. Todiramphus collaris, Jerd., B. Ind. i.
p. 225, No. 132. Sauropatis chloris, Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 103; Blyth,
B. Burm. p. 71. — The WHITE-COLLARED KINGFISHER.
Forehead, crown, nape, band under the ear coverts and eye, upper back and
scapulars green tinged with blue ; ear coverts and a narrow band encircling
the nape black ; lower back, rump, wing coverts and upper tail coverts bright
blue ; tail deeper blue ; quills dark brown, broadly edged with deep blue ; lores
black ; a band above these to the eye white ; the whole lower plumage, under
wing coverts and a broad collar round the neck pure white. (Oates.) Bill with
the upper mandible, and the tip and edge of lower one greenish black ; rest of
lower mandible pinkish white ; irides deep brown ; legs and feet plumbeous in
front ; behind and the soles, in some bluish, in some pinkish grey. (Davison.)
Length. — 9 to 9-5 inches; tail 27 to 2*9; wing 4 to 4-25 ; tarsus o'6 j bill
from gape 2'2.
Hal. — British Burmah, where, according to Oates, it is found generally
along the sea coast, penetrating inland for some distance at times. He shot a
HALCYON. 485
specimen, he adds, in the town of Pegu, fully sixty miles from the sea, but where
the river is tidal and the water brackish. It extends up the coast to the Bengal
Sunderbuns, but it has not been recorded from any other part of the Peninsula
of India, except the neighbourhood of Bombay. It has also been procured in
the Red Sea. Gates adds that it is abundant in the Andaman Islands, and ranges
down the Malayan Peninsula to Sumatra, Java and Borneo. It is also recorded
from Siam and Cochin-China. It is a bird of tidal waters, and lives princi-
pally on crabs and fish left stranded on mud banks at low water. It breeds
in Burmah. Mr. Davison is said to have found its nest in a deserted ants' nest
in a garden in Tenasserim. According to Bernstein the eggs are laid on a
few dry leaves and pieces of moss. Nothing appears to be known of the
number and colour of the eggs. An allied species, Halcyon occipitalis, is found
in the Nicobar Islands. It differs from the present species in having a broad
buff band surrounding the crown of the head, from the forehead to the nape.
1121. Halcyon COncreta (Temm.), Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 219,
pi. 83 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi p. 76; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 86; Oates,
B. Br. Burmah ii. p. 84. Dacelo concreta, Temm., PL Col. 346. Cari-
dagrus concretus, Salvad, Ucc. Born. p. 102. — The SUMATRAN KINGFISHER. •
Forehead, crown and nape dull green ; lores, and abroad band through the
eyes and ear coverts completely encircling the head, black ; a broad mousta-
chial line an inch and a half long blue, tipped with black near the end ; a
narrow supercilium from the nostrils to the end of the ear coverts, also the
space between the black and blue bands of the head and a broad collar round
the upper back, the sides of the neck also, and the whole lower plumage
orange buff, paling on the vent and under tail coverts ; a patch on either side
of the breast blackish ; the back immediately next the orange buff, black ;
wing coverts, secondaries and tail blue ; quills dark brown, edged with blue,
the tertiaries broadly so ; the first primary edged narrowly with orange buff ;
back, rump and shorter upper tail coverts smalt blue ; longer tail coverts deeper
blue. The female, according to Hume, resembles the male generally, but differs
in having the interscapulary region, outer portion of secondaries, visible portion
of tertiaries and scapulars all green, with the feathers of the coverts and scapu-
lars marked with a buffy-white subterminal spot. (Oates.) Lower mandible
of bill, gape and a stripe on the upper mandible parallel to commissure from
base to point, bright yellow to chrome yellow ; eyelids of the same colour ;
rest of upper mandible dull black. {Davison.)
Length.— 9 inches ; tail 3 '8 ; wing 4*5 ; tarsus 07 ; bill from gape 2*7.
Hab. — British Burmah in the extreme south of Tenasserim at Bankasoon
and Malewoon, where Messrs. Davison and Gates procured it. It extends
down the Malay Peninsula, and occurs in Sumatra and Borneo. Gates,
quoting Davison, says it frequents dense forests and is not found near water ;
also that it feeds on lizards and woodlice.
486 ALCEDINID^E.
Gen. Carcineutes.— Cab. et
Bill wide, but less compressed at the tip, which is hooked ; other characters
as in Halcyon.
1122. Carcineutes plllchellUS (Horsf.), Sharpe, Mon. Alced.
p. 251, pi. 96; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 70; Hume and Davison,
Str. F. vi. p. 79; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86; Bingham, Str. F. viii. p. 193 ;
id., Str. F. ix. p. 154. Dacelo pulchella, Horsf.y Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p.
175. Carcineutes amabilis, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 474; Sharpe, Sir. F. ii.
p. 484; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 51- — The BANDED KINGFISHER.
Forehead, lores, cheek, ear coverts and collar on the nape chestnut ; crown
and nape bright smalt blue ; upper plumage black, barred with white, and
tipped with blue ; lesser wing coverts black, tipped with blue ; rump with the
white bars interrupted ; central tail feathers black, barred with blue and with
some white spots on the inner webs ; primaries and secondaries black, the latter
with white spots on both webs ; chin, throat, upper breast, abdomen, vent and
under tail coverts white ; sides of the body and lower breast buff or buffish.
The female is chestnut, barred with black ; the spots on the quills are
also chestnut ; lower plumage white. Bill bright red ; eyelids salmon-red ;
irides yellowish white ; legs plumbeous, tinged with greenish.
Length.— 9-2 to 9-5 inches; tail 3'5 ; wing 3*5; tarsus 0-6; bill from
gape 2.
Hab. — British Burmah in Pegu and Tenasserim. Ranges down the Malay
Peninsula and occurs ia Sumatra and Java. Like the last, it is not found in
the vicinity of water, and feeds on lizards, woodlice, &c.
Gen. Ceyx-—Lacep.
Bill comparatively large, wide, barely grooved ; gonys inclined upwards ;
culmen flattish ; tail short ; feet with only three toes, two in front and one
behind.
1123. Ceyx tridactyla (Pallas.), Jerd., B. Ind. \. p. 229,
No. 133; Sharpe, Mon Alced. p. 119, pi. 40; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 51 ;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 71 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 303 ; Hume and Dav.> Str. F.
vi. p. 80 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86; Bingham, Str. F. viii. p. 193; ix.
p. 155 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 187.— The THREE-TOED KINGFISHER.
Lores and base of upper mandible blue-black ; forehead, crown and nape
rufous, glossed with black ; cheeks, ear coverts and lower plumage buffy
yellow, tinged with rufescent on the breast; behind the ear coverts a bluish-
black spot and below it a patch of white ; upper back black, streaked with
lustrous blue ; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts rich rufous with a
lilac gloss; scapulars and lesser wing coverts black, tipped and margined
with blue ; greater coverts and quills black ; the secondaries and tertiaries
PELARGOPSIS. 487
edged with blue ; tail chestnut, tipped narrowly with brown ; under wing
coverts pale rufous. Bill coral red ; irides dark brown ; legs red.
Length.— 5*4 inches; tail ri ; wing 2*2 ; tarsus 0-3 ; bill from gape 1-55.
Hab.— The greater part of India and Ceylon, also British Burmah, the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Java. It has been recorded from South
India and the Deccan ; also from Arrakan, Bengal, and Pegu. Affects
rocky streams in dense forests. Breeds in Ceylon.
Gen. Pelargopsis.—
Kingfishers with large, stout bills, broad at the base, and the culmen inclin-
ing upwards towards the tip ; rictus smooth ; margin of culmen slightly
sinuated ; lower mandible angulated ; gonys ascending ; groove of the upper
mandible strongly marked for about two-third its length.
1124. PelargOpSiS gurial (Pearson), Sharpe, Mon. Alced. p. 97,
pi. 29. Halcyon leucocephalus, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 222, No. 127; Humet
Nest and Eggs Ind. B. p. 105 ; Oa/es, B* JBr. Burnt, ii. p. 79 (note). —
The BROWN-HEADED or the INDIAN STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.
Head, lores, cheeks and nape olive brown or dark olive brown ; hind neck
above the scapulars and scapulars dingy brownish green ; quills, sides of lower
back, upper tail coverts and tail dull bluish green, the quills tipped with
lusky black ; the inner webs of all also dusky ; middle of back to rump
light bright azure blue ; chin and throat yellowish white, becoming buffy like
ic sides of the neck, with which it joins; rest of lower plumage orange buff;
bill dark blood red ; legs coral red ; irides light brown.
Length. — 16 inches ; tail 4 ; wing 6 ; bill at gape 4 inches.
Hab. — Southern India and Ceylon to Bengal and the Himalayas, affecting
well-wooded forests. In Malabar Jerdon says it is common; rare in the
Carnatic ; found occasionally in Central India and the Northern Circars.
Breeds in the lower Himalayas during June. Eggs, 4 in number, round, pure
white ; size i "09 X i -02 inch.
1125. PelargOpSiS amauroptera (Pearson), Sharpe, Mon. Alced.
P- 97> Pi- 3° ; Blythj B. Bur?n. p. 70 ; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 305 ;
Hume and Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 73 ; Hume, Str. F viii. p. 85 ; Oates, B. Br.
Burnt, ii. p. 78. Halcyon amauroptera, Pearson, J. A. S. B.x.. p. 635 ; Jerd.t
B. Ind. i. p. 224, Np 128. — The BROWN-WINGED STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.
Whole head, neck, under surface of the body, and the under wing coverts deep
ochraceous fawn or buff ; the neck in some specimens which are not quite adult
obsoletely barred with black ; sides of the back and of the upper tail coverts
dark cinnamon brown ; middle of back, the rump, and the shorter upper tail
coverts bright silvery caerulean blue ; wings and tail dark cinnamon brown.
VOL. II.— 63
488 BUCEROTID^E.
Adolescent birds have the wing coverts edged with fulvous. Bill deep crim-
son; legs coral red ; irides brown.
Length.— 14 inches ; tail 4 ; wing 5-8 ; tarsus O'6 ; bill from gape 37.
jy0£._British Burmah, extending along the Coast north to Bengal and
south to Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula. Gates says it occurs along the
whole sea ^coast line of British Burmah, going inland only as far as the tidal
waters penetrate.
1126. Pelargopsis burmanica, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 67;
id., Mon. Alced. p, 109, pi. 35 ; Ball, Sir. F. i. p. 57 ; Hume, Sir. F. ii.
p. 165 ; iii. p. SO ; Blylh, B. Burm. p. 70 ; Bingham, Sir. F. v. p. 83 ; Hume
and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 73 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 85 ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix.
p. 154 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 78. — The BURMESE STORK-BILLED KING-
FISHER.
Whole head brown ; entire under surface of the body, including the under
wing coverts, orange buff, paler on the chin and throat ; lower neck, breast and
abdomen with undulating cross bars of brown ; collar round the neck orange
buff ; upper back and upper surface of body greenish blue ; lower back,
rump and the shorter tail coverts ultramarine blue ; quills greenish blue
externally, and brown on the inner webs ; tail purplish blue. The female has
the feathers of the back and scapulars tinged with brown. Bill dark red,
brown at the tip ; irides dark brown ; legs pale red.
Length.— 14*5 inches ; tail 4-5 ; wing 6; tarsus 07 ; bill from gape 375.
Hab. — British Burmah, where Oates says it is abundant over the whole of
Pegu and Tenasserim. It is also recorded from the Andaman Islands and
from Siam, and it is said to extend down the Malay Peninsula. Oates adds
that it has a very loud and striking note and that it feeds on fish and reptiles.
The nest he found in a hole of a river bank near Pegu in April contained
four eggs ; though the colour is not stated, they were, of course, pure white.
Pelargopsis intermedia, Hume, is found in the Nicobar Islands.
Family.— BUCEROTID^E—HORNBILLS.
A group of large birds distinguished by the enormous size of their bills
which are arched or curved, and have in most species an appendage or casque
placed above the culmen from the base to about the middle of the upper
mandible, or is as large as the bill itself. This is hollow and cellular inter-
nally, and in one or two species solid. The bill is wide -at the base and more
or less dilated ; the tip is acute and the margins denticulated. The casque is
small at first and is developed by age. The throat is usually naked, also the
sides of the face and the orbital region ; eyelids protected by eyelashes ; wings
short and ample, the 4th and 5th quills longest ; secondaries long and nearly
equal to the primaries ; tail of ten feathers, long, rounded, the centre pair of
DICHOCEROS. 489
feathers generally elongated ; tarsi short, stout, transversely scutate in front,
reticulated behind ; outer toe joined to the middle one nearly to the apex \
inner toe less so. They live in pairs, and subsist entirely on fruit, which they
swallow whole, fkst tossing it up in- the air after breaking it off the tree, and
catching it again. They breed in holes of trees> and lay 2 — 4 white eggs. The
male birds is said to plaster up the female during the whole time of incubation
and till the young are fledged* In fact,. Mr. Wallace vouches for this. Mr.
Hume quotes an account of his nesting experience of D. bicornis in Sumatra
to the same effect. It is, as he says, " one of those strange facts in Natural
History which are stranger than fiction."
Gen. DichOCeroS.— Gloger.
Bill with a broad flat casque, extending backwards over the head for more
than half the length of the bill, and descending to meet the bill at a right angle.
Plumage black and white.
1127- DichOCerOS bicornis (Linn.), Hume, Nests and Eggs
Ind. B. p. 112; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 68; Elliot, Mon. Bucer. pi.
vi. ; Wardlaw- -Ramsay \ Ibis, 1877, P- 4545 Oates, B. Br. Burmah, if. p. 87.
Buceros bicornis, Linn., Syst. Nat, i. p.. 153. Buceros cavatus, Shaw, Gen.
Zool. viii. p. 18. Buceros homrai, Hodgs., y, A* S* B. i. p. 2-51. Homrais
bicornis, Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 242, No. 140. Dichoceros homrai, Hnme,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. in ; id., Str. F. iii. p. 55. Dichoceros cavatus,
Bourdillon and Hume, Str. F. iv_ p. 384 ; Inglis, Str. F. v. p. 20 ; Hume
and Dav., Str* F, vi. p. 98; Oates, Str. F. vii. p. 45; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 86; Bingham, Sir. F. viii. p. 4.61 ;. ix. p. 158.: — The. GREAT PIED
HORNBILL,
Head and a band round the base of the bill' black ; a. broad band round the
neck white, tinged with fulvous ; lower rump, upper and under tail coverts,
tower abdomen and vent white ; tail white; with a broad band; of black towards
the terminal third ; rest of the plumage black ; quills broadly tipped with
white, and with a white wing spot formed by the edges of the greater coverts ;
base of the primaries white (the first two excepted) ;. primary coverts tipped
with yellowish white.
Bill and casque yellow, tinged with orange at the tip and in^ the middle ;.
base of the casque, a triangular patch on each side of the anterior end of it
with the junction of the casque and bill black ; cutting edges black ; orbitar
skin black. In the female the lower mandible is whitish, the base black ;
upper mandible and casque yellowish orange, turning red at the base and at
the tip of the casque ; base of upper mandible near the eye and orbitar skin
black ; irides bluish white ; eyelid's orange brown ; legs plumbeous.
Length. — 51 inches ; tail 18*5 ; wing 20*5 ; tarsus 2'8 ; bill from gape P0'3.
The female is smaller, and measures only 46 inches, with a wing of 19' 5 ;
bill from gape 9*5.
490 BUCEROTID^E.
ffab. — Southern India, British Burmah, northerly extending through the
Indo-Burmese countries and the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal to the Himalayas.
To the South of Burmah it ranges down the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra.
Jerdon says it is found in the forests of Malabar from the extreme south up to
Goa, and I have had it at Rutnagherry also. It is common in Assam, on the
Eastern slopes of the Neilgherries, near Darjeeling and the Sikkim Himalayas.
It is generally found in pairs, or in small flocks of from six to twenty indivi-
duals, in the densest parts of forests. The breeding season commences late in
February or early in March. A large natural hollow is selected, and the female
is immured therein with a mixture of dung, bark, earth, leaves, &c., till the
young are fledged. The female is all this time assiduously fed by the male.
Eggs two in number, white, but much stained with yellow at times.
Gen. Anthracoceros,— Reich.
Bill with a long, sharp, acute casque,, extending from the base of the bill
over two-thirds its length.
1128. Anthracoceros coronatus (Bodd.), Jerd., B. ind. K
p. 245, No. 141 ; Hume, Str. F. ii p. 388. Buceros coronata, Bodd,, TabL,
PI. Enl. 873,. Hydrocissa coronata, Elliot \ Mon. Bucer. pi. xii.— The
MALABAR PIED HORNBILL.
Plumage entirely black, except beneath from the breast,, the tips of the
primaries and secondaries, the three outer tail feathers an each side and the
next pair which are white \ bill and part of the casque yellowish white ; base
of both mandibles black, also the hind margin of the casque of the male ; a
patch of black on the anterior three-fourths in adults ; casque large, com-
pressed laterally, protruding back over the crown and ridge.
Length. — 3 feet ; wing 13 inches ; tail 14; bill fiom gape 7 inches ; height
of bill with casque 4 inches ; naked s-kin on the throat pale, livid fleshy \ irides
crimson.
Hab. — Southern India, also Malabar, Goomsoorand Central India. Extends
also to Ceylon. Habits same as the last.
1129. Anthracoceros albirostris (Shaw), Oates, B. Br. Burm*
ii. p, 90. Buceros albirostris, Shaw, -Gen. Zool. viii. p. 13; TicMl, Ibis,
1864, p. 179. Hydrocissa albirostris, Jerd.t B. Ind. i p. 247 ; Salvad., Ucc.
Born. p. 82 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 68 ; Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, P- 455 J
Oates, Str. F. vii. p. 46 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86 ; Bingham, Str. F. viii.
p. 462 ; ix. p. 158. Anthracoceros malabaricus (Gm.), Elliot, Mon. Bucer.
pi. xiii. (part).— The SMALL PIED HORNBILL.
Plumage black, more or less glossy ; below from the breast, including the
sides of the body to the under tail coverts white, also the broad tips to the
RHINOPLAX. 491
four outer pairs of tail feathers, and the tips of the primaries and secondaries
(the first two primaries excepted) and the edge of the wing. Casque bulging ;
a small patch upon it black on the extreme tip of the ridge, continued over
part of the middle of the upper mandible ; cutting edges black ; bill yellow-
ish white ; base of both mandibles black, extending to part of the naked
skin of the face ; orbitar skin bluish white ; irides red to brown.
Length.— 28 to 30 inches ; tail 1 1 ; wing H ; tarsus 2 ; bill from gape 5-0.
The female is smaller \viih a wing of 10 inches ; tail the same ; bill from
gape 4-5.
Hal.— Northern India, where it is found in the Midnapore jungles, in
Rajmahal, Cachar, and Monghyr ; also at the base of the Himalayas. It
spreads eastward to Assam, Sylhet and Burmah. Gates says it is abundant
over the whole province. Breeds in March. Eggs as of other species ; habits
also.
1130. Anthracoceros afflnis (Huttori), Biyth, J. A. S. B.
xviii. p. 473 ; Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 247, No. 143 ; Hume and Dav.> Sir. F. vi.
pp. 102, 103 ; Hitme, Str. F. vii. p. 204. — The DEHRA-DHOON HORNBILL.
Like Anthracoceros albirostris but larger. Length 36 inches ; wing 13 ; tail
1 5 ; bill at gape 7 ; height of bill with casque 4 ; tarsus 2. The black patch
at the end of the casque passes down obliquely into the upper edge of the
bill, but does not spread further over it ; cutting edges black ; the posterior
margin also black, both on the bill and casque. (Jerd.)
Gen. Rhinoplax.— Gloger.
Bill with a short rounded solid casque ; ridge elevated and much curved ;
central tail feathers produced beyond the rest ; head, neck, and dorsal region
nude.
1131. Rhinoplax Vigil (7- R> Forst}> Elliot, Mon. Bucer, pi. x.;
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 115; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86 ; Oates, B. Br.
Burnt, ii. p. 89. Buceros vigil, jf. R. Forst., Ind. Zool. p. 40. Buceros
scutatus, Bodd., TabL PL EnL p. 55. Buceros galeatus, GmeL, Syst. Nat. i.
p. 360. Rhinoplax scutulatus, Salvad.> Ucc. Born. p. 88. — The SOLID-BILLED
HORNBILL.
Forehead, crown and nape, with a short occipital crest dark brown ; ear
coverts and scattered feathers on the sides of the head brown with rufous edges ;
rest of the head, neck, and a considerable portion of the back bare and red ;
upper plumage, wings and breast brown ; longer upper tail coverts white ;
primaries and most of the secondaries tipped with white ; abdomen, sides of
the body, vent and under tail coverts white ; central tail feathers grey, the rest
white, all with abroad black subterminal band. (Oates.) The whole of the sides
492 BUCEROTID^E.
and top of the casque and the sides of both upper and lower mandibles as fa?
as the casque extends are deep crimson ; the truncated front of the casque and
the whole of the upper mandible behind the casque are a bright orange yellow ;.
* * * irides dark litharge red; legs and feet dirty orange brown) ; skia
of eyelids the same dirty red as the other bare portions. (Davi&on.)
Length. — Male — To end of elongated tail feathers 43*5 inches ; tail to end
of lateral feathers 18 inches; wing 19-25 ; tarsus 3 ; height of upper mandible
and casque 3*5. (Davtson.)
Hab.— Tenasserim in the extreme south at Bankasoon. Extends down the
Malay Peninsula and occurs in Sumatra and Borneo. According to Davison.
they are shy and confine themselves to the evergreen forests, where they
frequent the highest trees.
1132. Rhinoplax griseUS, Lath., Ind. Orn. pi. Tockus ginga-
lensis, Shaw, apud. Jerd., B. Ind. i. p. 250, No. 145 ; id., Suppl. Vol. i , No.
145 ; Elliot, Mon. Bucer pL ; Hume, Sir. F. iv, p. 33c>— The JUNGLE GREY
HORNBILL.
Head above and back dark cinerous brown* with a cast of bluish grey ; greater
coverts, primaries and secondaries all narrowly edged with whitish and the
primaries broadly so, and an oblique white line on the external edge ; a pale
line over the eyes, extending along the sides of the head ;. two central tail
feathers dusky bluish grey, the rest dusky blackish grey, broadly tipped with
white, except the pair next the centrals ; beneath light dusky grey, the feathers
centred paler ; rufescent on the lower abdomen, outer thigh feathers and under
tail coverts. Bill dingy deep yellow ; irides red brown; feet dark grey. (Jerd.)
Length. — 22 inches ; tail &'5 ; wing 8-25 ; bill straight from- gape 4'25..
Hab. — Malabar forests and Travaneore. Like its congeners lives on fruit of
various kinds. Rhinoplax gingalensis is now known to occur in Ceylon
and does not extend to Southern India.
Gen. OcycerOS,— Hume*
Bill with a compressed sharp pointed casque.
1133. Ocyceros birostris (Scop.), Jerd., B. Ind. \. p. 248, No-.
144; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 331. Buceros ginginianus, Lath, apud Jerd., B.
Ind. i. p. 248. (Synon.) Buceros griseus,. Lath. apud. Bonap. — The COMMON
GREY HORNBILL.
Piumage grey, paler below and albescent from, the breast; a dark
cinereous streak over the eye and ear coverts ; primaries and secondaries
dusky black, the secondaries margined with grey and all tipped white ; first
three primaries margined paler externally, and with an oblique white streak
about the middle ; tail subterminally black and tipped with white ; bill and
RHYTIDOCEROS. 493
casque dusky ; tip of both mandibles and ridge of the upper whitish ; ridge
acute anteriorly, hind part hidden by the feathers of the forehead, which are
recumbent over it.
Length.— 22 to 22'5 inches; tail 10*5 ; wing 8; bill from gape 5 inches;
tarsus i '75; irides red-brown ; feet dark plumbeous.
flab. — Throughout all India nearly, in well-wooded districts. More plentiful
in Southern India, rare> if found at all in countries to the eastward. In
Malabar it appears to be replaced by the preceding.
Gen. Rhytidoceros.— Reich.
Bill with a small casque ; corrugations black and yellow.
1134. Rhytidoceros subruficollis, Biyth, y. A. S> B. xii.
p. 177 ; Elliot, Mon. Bucer. pi. xxxvi. Buceros pusaran, Tick., Jbis, 1864,
p. 180 (part). Rhyticeros subruficollis, Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 115.
War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p, 455; Hume and Dav., vi. p. 1 12; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 86; Bingham, Sir. F. viii. p. 463; ix. p. 159. Aceros
subruficollis, Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 69 ; Oates, Str. F. vii. p. 46.
Buceros subruficollis, Tweed., Ibis> 1877, p, 295.— BLYTH'S WREATHED HORN-
BILL.
Sides of the crown, cheeks, ear coverts and forehead pale golden fulvous ;
a broad line passing from the base of the bill over the head, widening out to
the full width of the neck and reaching down to the back, rich dark
golden brown ; feathers at the base of the upper mandible the same rich
colour; sides of the neck, chin, throat and upper breast white, tinged with
pale shining fulvous ; tail white, with a trace of black at the base, remainder
of the plumage glossy black, with green and bronze reflections, especially
strong on the back and scapulars ; the first and second primaries tipped
slightly with white ; eyelashes black ; the base of the casque and basal
third of bill brownish red ; the corrugations of the casque black in the valleys
and yellowish on the ridges ; the terminal two-thirds of the bill pale yellow ;
gular skin bright gamboge yellow ; eyelids pinkish flesh colour, the edges
red ; iris bright pink ; legs and claws dark brown. The female has the
tail white as in the male ; with this exception, the whole plumage is black.
On the breast there is generally, but not always, a pale fulvous crescentic
patch ; this is probably a sign of immaturity ; base of the upper mandible
and base of casque reddish brown ; base of lower mandible black ; remainder
of bill yellowish white ; iris orange-red ; eyelids deep reddish brown ; orbital
skin purplish brown ; gular skin smalt-blue, changing to yellow at the junction
with the feathered parts all round ; legs deep brownish ; claws dark brown.
(Oates.)
Length.— $\ inches; tail ii ; wing 16-5 ; tarsus 2-2 ; bill from gape 7-0.
494 BUCFROTID/E.
The female is considerably smaller, the wing being about 16, and the total
length about 30 inches ; bill from gape 6-0 ; the casque in this and the next
species is small, extending over about half the bill, and is transversely ribbed ;
the number of corrugations on the casque varies considerably, sometimes being
only two, sometimes as many as five. Young birds at first have the casque
smooth. Blyth's Wreathed Hornbill is found locally throughout British
Burmah. According to Gates it is spread over the eastern portion of the
Pegu division. It is abundant in Tenasserim, from Moulmein to Tavoy, but
almost absent in the country south. Invariably seen in large flocks. Breeds
in February and March, laying three eggs. Size 2-20 inches x 1-55, pure
white.
1135. Rhytidoceros UndulatUS (Shaw), Elliot, Men. Bucer.
pi. xxxv.; Tweed., Ibis, 1877, P- 292- Rhyticeros undulatus, Hume and Dav.,
Str. F. vi. p. iii. ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p, 86; Bingham, Sir. F. viii. pp. 194,
463; id,, Str. F. ix. p. £59; Oates, Str+ F. ii, p. 93. Buceros undulatus,
Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 26 ; Buceros pusaran (Raffles), Tick., Ibis, 1864,
p. i8o(part). Rhyticeros obscurus (Gm.), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 115. Rhytidoceros obscurus (Gm.), Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 85. Aceros
plicatus ( ? Lath), Blyth, B. Burm. p. 69.— The MALAYAN WREATHED HORN-
BILL.
Similar to Rhytidoceros subruficollis^ but differs in being larger, in having
the wing of a different shape, the secondaries and tertiaries being nearly as
long as the primaries, and in having several ridges or ribs on the sides of both
mandible, near the gape. A black band across the gular pouch, more or less
broken in the centre. {Oates.)
Length.— 40 inches; tail 12-5 ; wing 19; tarsus 2-5; bill from gape
8*0. The female is smaller. Length 35 inches, with a wing of 17, and
tail iro.
Hab. — Tenasserim. Recorded also from Arrakan, Chittagong, Cachar,
the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal and Assam. Ranges down the Malay Penin-
sula, and occurs in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Breeds in March. Other species
of this genus are R. plicatus from New Guinea and R. narcondami from the
Nicobar Islands. Rhytidoceros plicatus is another species said to be got in
Arrakan and North Cachar.
1136. Aceros nipalensis (Hodgs.\ Jerd., B. Ind. i. P. 250;
Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 69; Gammie, Str.F. iii. p. 209; Elliot, Mon. Bucer. pi.
xiv. ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. no; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86 ; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 98. Buceros nipalensis, Hodgs., Calc. Gleanings Set. I.
p. 249; id., P. Z. S. 1832. p. 15 ; Tick., Ibis, 1864, p. 182.— The RUFOUS*
NECKED HORNBILL.
ANORRH1NUS. 495
The whole head, neck and breast bright ferruginous or rufous; abdomen,
vent and under tail coverts ferruginous bay ; feathers of the head long and
covering the back ; back, rump, scapulars, wings and upper tail coverts glossy
black ; tips of second to fifth primaries white ; tail black basally and white
for the terminal third. The female is black throughout, the wings and upper
plumage glossed with green ; the rest as in the male ; naked space on the
throat vermilion, round the eye blue ; lower eyelid pink ; bill waxy yellow,
with two black bars at base of upper mandible ; the lower has a pale soiled
appearance for about 1-5 inch. (Godwin- Austen^)
Length.— ^ to 48 inches ; tail 18 ; wing 18 ; tarsus 2*5 ; bill from gape 8.
The female is smaller and measures, length — 42 inches; tail 17; wing
16 ; bill from gape 7*5.
Hab. — Tenasserim, Cachar, the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal, and along
the Himalayas to Nepaul. Has been found breeding in Sikkim during May
by Mr. Gammie.
Gen. Anorrhinus, Reich.
Casque small, smooth, and indistinctly separated from the upper mandible ;
head crested.
1137. AnorrhinUS COmatUS (Raffles), Elliot, Mon. Bucer, pi. xxxix. ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 94. Buceros comatus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc.
xiii. p. 399. Berenicornis comatus, Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 106 ;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 86.— The LONG-CRESTED HORNBILL.
Entire head, with long crest, neck, breast, upper abdomen, tail, and tips of
all the quills except the first two primaries white; remainder of the plumage
black, glossed with green on the wings and scapulars. The female has the
forehead, crown, nape, crest, tail, and the tips of all quills white; the feathers of
the head with black shafts ; remainder of the plumage as in the male. (Oates.)
Legs black ; irides wax yellow ; facial skin and base of lower mandible deep
dull blue ; bill black, except the ridge of the casque and some dull green
mottlings at the base of both mandibles. (Damson.)
Hab. — Tenasserim, in the extreme south, ranging down the Malay Penin-
sula and occurring in Sumatra. According to Davison it keeps about the
lower trees and undergrowth, and feeds both on fruit and lizards, also small
birds, It is constantly seen on the ground.
1138. Anorrhinus galeritus, Temm., PI. Col. 520; Saivad.,
Ucc. Born. p. 79 ; Tweed., Ibis, 1877, P- 292 '•> Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi.
p. 109 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86 ; Elliot, Mon. Bucer. pi. xliii. ; Oates, B.
Br. Burm. ii. p. 95. — The BUSHY-CRESTED HORNBILL.
VOL. II.— 64
496 BUCEROTID^E.
Head, crest, neck, and entire upper parts dark brown, glossed with green ;
throat, breast and abdomen dull chocolate brown, also glossed greenish ; vent
and under tail coverts pale drab ; tail pale drab basally and black for the
terminal two-fifths. Legs black ; irides lake red ; gular and orbital skin
pale blue; base of throat and eyelids mottled with black and white.
(Hume, ex Oates.)
Length.— $$ inches ; tail 13 ; wing 14 ; tarsus 2 ; bill from gape 5-2 ; crest
about 5 inches long.
Eab. — Tenasserim in the south, from Bankasoon up to Nwalabo mountain.
Extends down the Malay Peninsula, and occurs in Sumatra and Borneo.
1139. Anorrhinus Tickelli, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. pp. 266,
285 ; id., xxviii. p. 412 ; id., B. Burm. p. 69 ; Elliot, Mon. Bucer pi. xliii. ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 86; Oates, B, Br. Burm. ii. p. 96. Toccus tickelli,
Tick., Ibis, 1864, p. 173, pi. iii. Ocyceros tickelli, Hume and Dav., Str. F.
vi. p. 103 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 499 ; Bingham, Str. F. viii. p. 462 ; id.,
Str. F. ix. p. 158. — TICKELL'S HORNBILL.
Feathers behind the nostrils pale ferruginous ; forehead, crown and nape
dark brown, the feathers edged with reddish brown, those on the nape with a
grey shaft line ; plumage of the upper surface of the body dark brown ; the
wing coverts and scapulars edged slightly paler; tail dark brown, the feathers
edged externally with greyish white, and all broadly tipped white ; quills black;
the primaries, except the first and last two, with a patch of buff on the outer
webs and tipped white ; the secondaries edged externally with pale buff ; ter-
tiaries brown, edged paler externally ; primary coverts black, mottled with
white near the tips ; cheeks, ear coverts, sides of the neck and the whole
lower surface of the body bright ferruginous; bill yellow; a patch of
red on either side of the base of the lower mandible ; orbital skin pale blue j
irides brown ; legs dark plumbeous. The female does not differ in any
respect from the male. The bill is yellowish, irregularly blotched with
greenish ; iris light brown. An immature male has the sides of the head,
chin, throat and breast with white shaft stripes ; but differs in no other respect
from the adult.
Length.— 29 inches; tail 12-5 ; wing 13 ; tarsus 1-9; bill from gape 4-6 to
5'2. The Female— Length— 27 inches; tail 11-5; wing 12; tarsus r8; bill
from gape 4.
.— Tenasserim, from the head of the Thoungyeen river to its junction
with the Salween and right across the valley from ridge to ridge. (Oates)
Breeds in February and March. Eggs vary in number from 2 to 5, and are
like those of its congeners, pure white.
TRERON. 497
ORDER, GEMITORES— PIGEONS AND DOVES.
Bill short, straight, compressed, front half of mandible vaulted and curved
at the tip, the base with a soft fleshy membrane, in which are the nostrils ;
wings moderate or long; tail variable, of 12, 1 4, on 6 feathers, even or rounded;
tarsi strong. Habits monogamous. Both sexes assist in making the nest,
incubating the eggs, and feeding the young. Nests loosely constructed of twigs,
straw, and almost any material which could be readily got and built on trees,
roof of buildings or ledges and holes in rocks ; eggs two in number, white.
They feed on fruit and grain, and in feeding the young disgorge the food from
their craw.
Family, TRERONIDyE— FRUIT PIGEONS.
Bill variable, short, thick, or slender ; tip vaulted ; tail of 14 feathers ; tarsi
more or less feathered, the bare portion reticulated.
Gen. Treron. — Vieill.
Bill strong and deep ; eyes surrounded by a nude space.
1140. Treron nipalensis (Hodgs^ Jerd., B. Ind. H. p. 445,
No. 771 ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 160 ; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm.^- 163 ;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 410; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 109; Bivgham,
Str. F> ix. p. 193 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. 235 ; id., B. Br< Burm. ii. p. 306. —
The THICK-BILLED GREEN PIGEON.
Head and nape ashy, paler on the crown and tinged with greenish on
the nape ; rest of the plumage bright green, except the back, scapulars,
and most of the wing coverts, which are maroon ; other coverts and
tertiaries green, the median series broadly edged with yellow ; greater coverts
blackish, edged with yellow; primaries and their coverts black, the latter
narrowly edged with white ; secondaries black, edged externally with yellow ;
central feathers of the tail green, the next pair greenish with ashy tips, the
rest of tail feathers ashy, tinged with green on the outer webs, and with a black
bar across ; under tail coverts cinnamon brown. The female differs in wanting
the ashy head and maroon mantle Bill red at base ; the culmen yellowish ;
corneous portion bluish white ; eyelids greenish blue ; irides blue ; legs bright
red ; corneous portion of bill extending to the forehead.
Length. — 10*5 to iO'8 inches; tail 3*5; wing 5*5 to 57; tarsus 0-9; bill
from gape 0*95.
Hab.— The hill tracts of Eastern Bengal and S.-E. Himalayas, the hilly,
parts of Burmah, extending down the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra ; also Siam
and Cochin-China. Found in flocks ; feeds on fruits. Breeds in March, Eggs
2, pure white.
VOL. II.— 65
498 TRERONID^E.
Gen. CrOCOpUS.—
Characters those of the Sub-Family ; basal portion of bill with the fleshy
protuberance occupying one-half its length or nearly as much ; third primary
sinuated on its inner web.
1141. CroCOpUS phcenicopterus (Lath.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 447, No. 772; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 423. Crocopus Hardwickii, Gould,
Cent. Him. B. pi. 58. — The BENGAL GREEN PIGEON.
Top of head and demicollar ashy /grey ; back of the neck yellowish green ;
forehead tinged with greenish ; wing coverts lilac, the greater series margined
yellow, forming an oblique bar across the wing ; tail ashy grey above, and for
the terminal two-fifths tinged with green ; middle portion blackish ; neck in
front and breast bright yellow green ; middle of abdomen ashy grey ; vent
white and green ; lower abdomen bright yellowish green ; under tail coverts
dull maroon, and with white tips ; bill whitish ; feet yellow; irides carmine;
eyelids smalt blue.
Length. — 12-5 inches ; tail 5 ; wing 7-5 ; bill at gape 0*9.
Hab.— Bengal and Upper India, extending to Assam, Sylhet and Tipperah.
Found in the Eastern portions of Rajpootana, the Punjab, Central and N.-W.
Provinces and Oudh ; also in Central India. Breeds from March to June, in
trees. Eggs two in nnmber, of an oval shape, white and glossy, varying in
length from ri6 to i'3S inch, and in breadth from o'9 to i inch.
1142. Crocopus chlorigaster, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 167 ;
Jerd., Hi. p. 448, No. 773 ; Str. F. ii. p. 423; Murray, Hdbk., Zool. fyc.,
Sind, p. 193 ; Tern. Pig. t. 2. C. jerdoni, Strickl. — The SOUTHERN GREEN
PIGEON.
Forehead, crown and nape ashy grey, as also are the lores, sides of the face
and ear coverts ; neck behind yellowish green, followed on the upper back by
a narrow band of ashy grey ; back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts
green, slightly tinged with yellowish on the scapulars; primaries dusky brown,
margined on their outer web with pale yellow ; the wing coverts broadly
margined with the same colour, forming an oblique wing bar ; shoulder of
wing lilac ; tail above greenish at base and ashy grey for the terminal half ;
under tail coverts dull maroon, the feathers broadly tipped with white ; chin
and throat greenish yellow ; neck in front, breast and abdomen bright yellow,
tinged greenish on the flanks ; vent mixed green and white ; bill whitish ; legs
and feet yellow ; irides carmine.
Length. — 1 1*75 to 12-5 inches ; wing 7 ; tail 5 ; bill at front 075.
Hab. — Nearly throughout the Peninsula of India and Ceylon (Jerd^, Mala-
bar Coast, Madras and Southern India generally ; Lower Bengal, Oudh, Central
Provinces, Khandeish, the Deccan, Sind, and North Guzerat. Rare in Sind,
OSMOTRERON. 499
and has only been found on the frontier, at Jacobabad. Breeds from March
to June, nesting on trees. Eggs two in number, pure white and glossy, riz
to 1*3 a length by .0*9 to i-o in breadth.
1143. Crocopus viridifrons (Biytk), Hume, Str. F. \\\. p. 161 ;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 143 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 163 ; Anders., Yunnan Exped*
p. 664; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.vi. p. 410; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109;
Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 194; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 235; id., B. Br.
Burm. ii. p. 307. — The YELLOW-FRONTED GREEN PIGEON.
Lores, forehead, cheeks, throat, breast, sides and back of the neck and thighs
deep yellow ; ear coverts, crown, nape, and a band across the nape ashy ; also
the abdomen, sides of the body and under wing coverts ; vent mixed yellow
and ashy ; under tail coverts maroon, tipped with white ; back, scapulars,
tertiaries, rump and lesser wing coverts dull green, a patch of lilac near the
bend of the wing ; winglet and primary coverts dark brown ; quills dark
brown, edged with yellow j greater coverts dark brown, broadly edged with
yellow ; basal half of tail greenish yellow ; terminal half of tail and upper tail
coverts ashy. (Oates.) Irides blue, the outer circle pink; eyelids plumbeous ;
legs orange yellow.
Length. — 12-5 to i2'8 inches; tail 47; wing 7-5 ; tarsus ri j. bill from
gape i.
Hab. — British Burmah, where it is said to be extremely common, and spread
over the whole Province alike in the hills and plains. It extends through the
Indo-Burmese countries to Cachar, and eastwards to Cochin-China. Breeds in
April. Nest placed in low trees. Eggs white, two in number.
Gen. Osmotreron— Bonap.
General characters as in Crocopus ; bill more slender ; legs red ; sexes differ
much in plumage.
1144. Osmotreron bicincta, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 449; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 493 ; Blyth and WakL, B. Burm. p.. 144 j Arm-
strong, Str. F. iv. p. 337; Oates, Str. F. vi. p. 163 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F.
vi. p. 411; Hume, Str. /'.viii, p. 109; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 725; Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 235 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 308. — The ORANGE-BREASTED
GREEN PIGEON.
Upper surface of the body, including the lesser wing coverts, tertiaries and
greater wing coverts green, the two latter broadly edged on the external web
with yellow ; winglet, primaries, and the primary coverts black ; secondaries
also black, narrowly margined with yellow ; occipital region, nape, hind neck
under wing coverts, axillaries, sides of the body, and central tail feathers ashy ;
other tail feathers dark ashy, all tipped with greyish white ; forehead, front of
crown, sides of the head and neck, chin, throat, abdomen, and vent yellowish
green ; flanks yellow, streaked with dark green ; breast orange, separated from
500 TRERONID/E.
the neck by a lilac band across, forming a collar ; under tail coverts cinnamon.
The female has not the lilac and orange breast, and the under tail coverts are
pale ashy, white, dashed \vith dull greenish j bill glaucous green ; legs pinkish
red ; irides blue, with an outer circle of red,
Length. — 12 inches ; tail 4'2 ; wing 6-3 ; tarsus cr8 ; bill from gape I.
Hob. — The more moist and wooded portions of India and Ceylon, and also
in the greater part of British Burmah. Extends to Assam, Cachar, and coun-
tries to the eastward. Recorded from Lower Bengal and the coasts east and
west of India. Occurs abundantly in Nepaul, Sylhet, Tipperah, and Arrakan ;
also the Sub-Himalayan terais of Behar and Oudh, and the Eastern forest
regions of the Central Provinces. Breeds in the Nepaul terai from April to
June, making a nest generally on the outer branch of a tree. Eggs two in
number, oval, and pure white.
1145. OsmQtreron vemanS (Linn.), Wald. Tram. Zool. Soc.
viii. p. 8 1 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi, p. 411 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 109;
Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 526 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 309. Columba vernans,
Linn.) Mantissa Plant, p. 526. Columba viridis, Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun.
Insub. ii. p. 94. Osmotreron viridis, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 460. Treron
vernans, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 286.— THE PINK- NECKED GREEN PIGEON.
Forehead, crown, sides of the head, chin, throat, and sides of the body ashy ;
nape, hind neck, sides of the neck and breast vinaceous pink ; lower breast
orange ; back, rump, scapulars, tertiaries and wing coverts green, the outer,
median and greater coverts and some of the tertiaries margined with yellow ;
quills blackish, very narrowly margined with yellow; upper tail coverts
rufescent ; abdomen greenish yellow ; vent and. flanks mixed green and yellow ;
under tail coverts deep chestnut ; tail ashy, with a broad subterminal blackish
band, and tipped with paler ashy. The female has not the vinaceous pink
breast ; and the whole head, neck, and breast are green ; under tail coverts
yellowish white, marked with cinnamon and dull ashy green ; legs and feet
carnation pink ; bill pale plumbeous ; cere dirty yellowish ; irides Prussian
blue, with pink and buff outer circles.
Length. — 1 1 inches; tail 4; wing 57 ; tarsus o'8, bill from gape Q'85.
Hob. — Southern Tenasserim, extending down the Malay Peninsula and
eastwards to Cochin-China. Found also in Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes,
and the Phillipine Islands. Breeds in the Malay Peninsula during March on
bushes in swampy places.
1146. Osmotreron malabarica, Jerd* III. ind. Orn. pi. 31 ;
id., B. Ind. ii. p. 450 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 493 ; Hume, Sir.
F. iii. p. 162 ; id., Str. F. iv. p. 261 ; vi. p. 414. — The GREY- FRONTED or
MALABAR GREEN PIGEON.
Forehead greyish white ; mantle and wing coverts maroon ; rest of upper
parts, including the lores, face and ear coverts green ; wing coverts broadly
in
OSMOTRERON. 501
edged with bright yellow ; quills the same, but narrow; tail green, with a
broad medial dark band and broadly tipped with ashy white ; under surface
of the body green ; throat and neck yellowish ; vent and thigh coverts mixed
green and pale yellow ; under tail coverts cinnamon. The female has not the
maroon patch ; bill glaucous green ; legs and feet pinkish red ; irides red> with
an outer blue circle.
Length.— IQ'2 to ID'S inches; tail 4; wing 575. No nude space round
the eye.
Sab. — -Wooded and hilly tracts of the Indian Peninsula ; abundant in
Malabar and South India, also in Central India and the Eastern ghauts. It is
also found in Mysore and South Wynaad, as well as in the Assamboo hills.
Breeds during April. Eggs pure white, and Hume says, thickly studded with
minute pores.
1147- Osmotreron Phayrii, Biytk> J. A. S. B. xxxi. p. ^44;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 451, No. 776 ; Hume, Str.F. iii. p. 162 ; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 144; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 412; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 109;
Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 194; Oates> Sir. F. x, p. 235; Oates, Br. Burm.ii.
p. 310. — PHAYRE'S GREEN PIGEON.
Very like Osmotreron malabarica, differing only in having the entire cap
ashy in both sexes ; breast greenish, tinged with orange. The female has not
the orange breast, and the maroon of the male is replaced by green; the under
tail coverts are mixed green, ashy and white; bill bluish; legs lake red;
irides blue, with an outer pink circle.
Length— \\ to 11*5 inches; tail 4; wing 6^3 ; tarsus 0*9; bill from gape r.
Hal. — Lower Bengal, Assam, Sylhet, and Burmah, where it occurs in all the
hilly tracts of the province, as far as Tavoy, and extends to the east as far as
Cochin-China.
1148- Osmotreron fulviCOlliS (Wagler), Hume and D.av., Str,
F. vi. p. 413; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 109; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 311.
Columba fulvicollis, Wagl., Syst. Av.. Columba, No. 8; Wald.* Trans^ Zool.
Soc. ix. p. 213. Treron fulvicollis, Salvad.y Ucc. Born., p. 28,8. — The RUDDX
GREEN PIGEON.
Entire head, neck and upper breast ruddy vinaceous, paling on the lower
breast ; abdomen green ; vent and flanks ashy green and yellow ; thighs
bright yellow ; rump ashy green ; sides of the body greyish white ; under tail
coverts cinnamon ; back, scapulars and lesser wing coverts maroon ; upper tail
coverts and central tail feathers dull green ; others green at base with a subter-^
minal dark band and tipped with pale ashy. Legs and feet purplish pink ; bill
deep red ; irides buffy pink ; orbital skin plumbeous green.
Length.— \Q-$ inches; tail 3*5 ; wing 5'$ ; tarsus 0*8; bill from gape o'S^
502 TRERONID^E.
Hab.-~ Tenasserim, in the extreme south, extending down the Malay Penin-
sula, and occurring in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Phillipines.
1149, Osmotreron pompadoura (Gmet.), Jerd, B. ind. iii.
p. 452, No, 777; Hume, Sir. F. iii, p. 162; vi. p. 414. Osmotreron
flavogularis, Blyth, J. A. S< B. xxvi. p. 225. — The YELLOW-FRONTED
GREEN PIGEON.
Like Osmotreron malabarica ; differs in having a yellowish forehead, pure
yellow throat, no buff patch on the breast, and the under tail coverts are green
in both sexes, with broad whitish tips ; bill glaucous green ; irides red, with
an outer blue circle.
Length. — IO'5 inches; tail 4; wing 575.
Hab. — South India,
Osmotreron chloroptera is said to occur in the Andamans and Nicobar
Islands,
Gen. SphenOCercUS.— Gray.
Bill moderately slender and lengthened, the basal two-thirds soft and
tumid ; corneous extremity feeble ; a small wide space round the eyes ; third
primary not sinuated ; tail with the central feathers much elongated and
narrow ; soles of feet slender,
1150. Sphenocercus sphenurus (Vigors), Jerd., B. ind. \\.
p. 453; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 494; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 163;
Wald. in Blyth' s B. Burm. p. 144; Hume and Dav., Sir. F, vi. p. 415 ;
Hume, Sir. F, vii. p. 109; Scully, Sir. F. viii. p. 339; Gates, Sir. F. x.
p. 235 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 304. Vinago sphenurus, Vigors^ P. Z. S.,
1831, p. 173. — The WEDGE-TAILED GREEN PIGEON or the KOKLA.
Plumage green, with a ruddy tinge on the head and breast ; shoulder of wing
and mantle maroon ; wing coverts, tertiaries, back, rump and upper tail coverts
dark dull green ; upper back slaty green ; quills dusky or dark brown ; tail
green, the outer feathers slate colour, and with a dark subterminal band ;
greater wing coverts and secondaries narrowly margined with yellow ; under
surface of the body green ; part of the throat, and entire breast suffused with
orange buff; vent and under tail coverts pale cinnamon. The female has not
the orange buff colour on the breast, and the under tail coverts are mixed
white and green ; bill glaucous blue, albescent at the tip ; irides blue, with
an outer circle of red ; orbital skin pale blue ; legs coral red.
Length, — 13 inches; tail 5*5 ; wing 7 ; bill at front Q'75.
Hab. — Himalayas, extending into Assam and Sylhet, ascending as high as
from 4,000 to 8,000 feet. Found also in Pegu. Jerdon says it is common at
Darjeeling, and that at Mussoorie they leave in October and return to breed
in April. Nest made on trees, composed of twigs. Eggs two in number,
jpure white;
CARPOPHAGA. 503
1151. Sphenocercus apicaudus (Hodgs.\ Jerd., B. ind. \\\.
p. 454; Wald. in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 144; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 415 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 109. Treron apicauda, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. xiv.
p. 854.— The PIN-TAILED GREEN PIGEON.
Plumage green ; crown of the head with a yellowish tinge ; upper tail
coverts and under surface of the body tinged with yellowish; primaries
slate colour ; wing with two narrow conspicuous yellow bars ; breast tinged
with russet; tail with the medial pair of feathers.much elongated beyond the
rest, green at the base and pale grey at the tips ; the others grey with a
medial dark bar. Bill glaucous blue ; legs coral red ; irides dark yellow.
Length. — 15*5 to 16 inches; tail 6-5, to end of central pair 8-0 ; wing
6-5 ; tarsus 0-9 ; bill from gape I.
ffab.—S.-E. Himalayas, in Nepaul and Sikkim ; also British Burmah, in
Tenasserim, extending to the hill ranges of Eastern Bengal and Assam.
Habits not unlike other pigeons. Jerdon says its not unlike the last species, but
its coo is less loud, musical and prolonged.
Sub-Family CARPOPHAGIN^E.— FRUIT PIGEONS.
Bill longer than in Treronince, more slender and depressed at the base ; the
terminal third corneous ; wings long ; tail even or rounded, longer than in the
Treronince ; feet with broad soles ; tarsus short and well feathered ; under
mandible feathered to nearly the tip. Breeds at high altitudes, and lays but one
egg-
Gen. Carpophaga.— • Seiby.
General characters of the sub-family ; plumage above glossy metallic
green or coppery brown.
1152. Carpophaga senea (Linn.}, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 496 ; id., Sir. F. ii.p. 260 ; iii. p. 163 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. J44 ; Wald.,
Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 215; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 337; Inglis, Sir. F.
v. p. 39; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 416; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. IOQ •
Legge, B. Ceylon p. 718 ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 194; Parker, Str. F. ix!
p. 481 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 301. Columba senea, Linn., Syst. Nat. i.
p. 283. Columba sylvatica, Tick., J. A. S. B. iii. p. 581. Carpophaga
sylvatica (Tick.), Jerd.y B. Ind. ii. p. 455, No. 780.— The IMPERIAL GREEN
PIGEON.
Whole head and neck and entire under parts pearl grey, tinged with ruddy
vinaceous ; under tail coverts deep maroon ; orbital feathers, base of bill and chin
whitish ; back, rump, upper tail coverts, tertiaries, upper wing coverts and tail
shining coppery green ; axillaries buff ; primaries and secondaries greenish
brown, tinged with ashy on the outer webs. Bill greyish, the base dull red •
eyelids, legs, and feet lake red.
504 TRERONID^E.
Length. — ^.inches; tail 6-5 • wing 9; tarsus ri ; bill from gape 1*5.
Hab. — The whole of India, from Ceylon to Assam and Sylhet, except the
North- West Provinces and the Himalayas. It is also found in Burmah, and
extends through the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Java. Affects forests and
well-wooded parts of the country. Abundant in the Malabar forests, in Central
and Southern India, Midnapore and the countries to the north-east generally.
Breeds in the Andamans and in Tenasserim ; also in the forests of Central
India, laying only a single egg in a nest made of twigs in thickets and bamboo
bushes. March and April are the months in which it breeds.
1153. Carpophaga insignis (Hodgs), Jerd., B. fad. ii. p. 457,
No, 781 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 496; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 328. —
The BRONZE-BACKED IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Whole head, neck and under parts pale lilac grey ; back and wings vina-
ceous brown with a faint coppery gloss ; rump and upper tail coverts dusky
cinereous ; tail dusky with its terminal fourth dull ashy, the tip beneath whitish
grey ; chin white ; under tail coverts buffy white ; bill dull lake red at base, slaty
at tip; orbits lake red ; irides red-brown and hoary grey; legs dull lake red.
Length.— 18 to 20 inches; tail 6-8 to 7 ; wing 9*5 ; tarsus I ; bill from gape
,4. (Jtrd.)
Hab. — S.-E. Himalayas; also the Khasia hills, Sikkimand Arrakan. Jerdon
adds that it is found in the mountain regions of Malabar, in Coorg, the
Wynaad, and the Western slopes of the Neilgherries. Associates in small
parties or in pairs, frequenting the loftiest trees and feeding on various fruits.
According to Hodgson it breeds in Nepaul from May to July, laying a single
white egg.
1154- Carpophaga griseicapilla (Waid\ Dav., Str. F. v.
p. 460; Hume, and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 418; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109;
Oate&t B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 302. Ducula griseicapilla, Wald.t Ann. Nat. Hist.
Ser. iv. xvi.,p. 228; id.t fbis, 1875, p. 459; Hu?ne, Str. F. iii. p. 402 ; Wardlaw-
Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p, 467. Carpophaga insignis, apud. Bl. B. Burm.
p. 144.— The GREY-HEADED IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Forehead, crown, nape, cheeks and ear coverts pure French grey ; back of
neck vinous ; interscapulary region brown, with a vinous tinge ; wing coverts
brown like the back, but not so strongly tinged with vinous ; quills dark brown ;
uropygium and upper tail coverts dark ash ; rectrices above dark brown, with
a broad grey terminal band ; lower surface of rectrices pale grey ; chin and
throat pure white ; remainder of lower surface pale grey, the breast being
tinged with lilac ; under tail coverts pale cream colour (Walden, ex Gates) ;
legs and feet deep lake pink; bill the same but the corneous portion pale
whity brown; irides pearly grey. (Davt'son.)
Length. — 18-5 inches ; tail 8 ; wing 9-5 ; tarsus ri ; bill from gape r6.
FALUMBUS. 503
Hab. — British Burmah on the Karen hills, east of Tounghoo, at from 4,000
to 4,200 feet elevation, also the Mooleyit mountain. Breeds in January.
1155. Carpophaga bicolor (Scop.), Ball, Str. F. i. p. 79; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 496 ; id., S/r. F. ii. p. 264 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 292 ; Blyth, B. JBurm. p. 145 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 418 ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 109. Columba bicolor, Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub. ii.
p. 94. Myristivora tricolor, Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 217. — The RED
IMPERIAL PIGEON.
Winglet, primaries and secondaries black ; terminal portion of tail black,
the black occupying about half the feather on the centrals, decreasing in extent
towards the outer feathers, and on the outermost pair, occupying merely a
small portion of the tip and the outer web; remainder of the plumage white,
with a creamy or yellow tinge (Oates) ; legs and feet pale smalt blue ; bill
leaden blue ; tip darkish horny or dark plumbeous ; irides dark brown.
(JDav ison.)
Length. — 16 inches ; tail 5 ; wing 9; tarsus 1*2 ; bill from gape i'3.
Hab. — Mergui Archipelago, according to Blyth. Occurs in the Nicobars
and probably also in the Andamans with C. insidaris, a large species with
darker plumage than C. cenea, and the under tail coverts dingy brown tinged
with chestnut, and the tail blue black. C. palumboides also occurs in the
Andamans ; it is characterized by having blackish wings and tail, and dusky
slaty blue plumage.
Family— COLUMBID^:.—^.— PIGEONS AND DOVES.
Bill horny at apex only ; tail generally of 12 feathers only ; tarsus length-
ened ; plumage sombre ; feet more fitted for walking on the ground. Breeds
in holes of rocks, buildings or wells.
Sub-Family— PALUMBIN^E.— WOOD PIGEONS.
General characters of the family.
Gen. PalumbUS.— Linn.
Characters those of the sub-family ; the distinguishing feature is the patch
on each side of the neck.
1156- Palumbus pulcliricollis, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. xiv. p. 866;
Gould, B. Asia pt. vi. pi. 13; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 465, No. 785.— The
DARJEELING WOOD PIGEON.
Above, general colour dusky grey ; head, cheeks, and ear coverts light
ashy ; sides of the neck glossed with green and purple ; neck patch black at
base and with broad isabelline tips, followed by whitish at the extreme tip ;
tail blackish; under surface of the body pale vinous dove grey, albescent
towards the vent and under tail coverts ; throat whitish ; breast glossed with
green and purple. Bill livid at base, the tip yellow ; irides yellow ; legs dull red,
VOL. II.— 66
506 COLUMBID^E.
Length.— iy$ to 14 inches ; tail 475 to 5 ; wing 8-5 to 9.
JBTrt3.-S.-E. Himalayas, in Nepaul and Sikkim. Not very common at
Darjeeling.
1157. PalumbUS casiotiS, Bonap., Ic. Pig. t. 58; Jerdon, Birds of
Ind. iii. p. 464, No. 784 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., tyc., Sind, p. 193.— The
HIMALAYAN CUSHAT.
Palumbus casiotis.
Head, lores, sides of the face, chin and throat bluish ashy ; nape, hind neck
and sides of the neck glossed green and purple, the latter predominating on the
upper back and sides of the breast ; neck patch on each side pure fulvous or
yellowish clay ; scapulars and tertials dusky or hair brown, lighter on the latter ;
breast dull lilac or ruddy vinaceous, paling on the upper abdomen to a vinous
ash ; lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts ashy white ; rump bluish ash ;
primaries and their coverts dusky, nearly dark brown ; the primaries and some
of their hindmost coverts margined with white on their exterior web ; second-
aries bluish ash, the tips dusky ; wing coverts dark ashy ; the lower series
white on their outer web, and forming a longitudinal patch ; winglet dark
brown ; tail dark ashy grey at the base, followed by a broad light ashy grey
band, and a broad black tip ; the under surface much darker, and the central
band nearly white ; bill orange at the tip, whitish at the base ; legs red.
Length. — 17 inches ; wing 10*25 to 10-5 ; tail 7.
Hab. — This, the largest of the pigeon tribe, is found in Nepaul, N.-W.
Himalayas, Sind, Punjab, Persia, Beloochistan, and S. Afghanistan. Found
in Sind on the frontier only, at Jacobabad. Breeds as far as has yet been
ascertained only in the extreme N.-W. Himalayas, and Hume adds, perhaps
also in the higher fir forests below the snow range in the Western Himalayas.
They remain about Simla, Almorah and Mussoorie from November to April,
and then are found in forests between the Jumna and the Ganges.
COLUMBA. 507
1158 PalumbUS Elphinstonei (Sykes), Jerd., B.Ind. ii. p. 465,
No. 786; id., III. Ind. Orn. pi. 48; Gould, B. Asia pt. vi. pi. 12 ; Hume,
Str. F. vii. pp. 95, 424. Palumbus torringtoni (Kelaarf), Blyth, Ibis, 1867 ;
Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 424. — The NEILGHERRY WOOD PIGEON.
Head and neck ashy ; nuchal patch black, with small white tips] back of
neck and interscapulars cupreous ruddy, slightly glossed with greenish ; rest of
upper surface of body ruddy brown, dark ashy on the rump and upper tail
coverts ; wings, including the quills, dusky black, narrowly edged with ruddy
cupreous ; outer primaries pale edged ; tail dull black ; under surface of the
body ashy, albescent on the throat ; neck and breast glossed with green ; vent
and lower abdomen albescent ; bill deep red, tipped with yellow ; legs and
feet dull red.
Length. — 15 to 16 inches ; tail 575 to 6 ; wing 8 to 8-25.
Hab. — The Neilgherries and the dense woods above the Khandalla ghauts in
the Deccan. Breeds from March to July, laying only a single egg. Nests placed
on high trees in dense woods. Egg spotless glossy white, oval, 1*46 X 1-2.
Gen. Palumbsena — Bp.
Bill straight, compressed, convex, bent at the tip ; base of upper mandible
covered with soft skin, more or less inflated, in which are the nostrils ; hind
toe on the same plane with the front ones ; wings ample ; 1st quill shorter
than the second, which is the longest.
Feet fitted for walking, as well as for perching;, habits and colouring inter-
mediate to Palumbus and Columba. (Jerd.)
1159. Palumbsena Eversmanni, Bp^ ic. Pig. t. 61 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind. iii. p. 467, No. 787 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 217 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
fyc., Sind, p. 193. — The INDIAN STOCK PIGEON.
Dark ashy, with a whitish grey rump ; crown and breast tinged with vina-
ceous, two or three black spots on the wings, forming the rudiments of bands,
and the end of the tail black ; its outermost feather white for the basal two-
thirds of its exterior web, or showing a black, and then a narrow grey band
towards its tip ; beneath the wings whitish, where it is dark ashy in the Euro-
pean bird. Bill yellowish translucent; legs with a yellowish tinge; skin round
the eye yellow ; irides buff.
Length.— 1 1-5 inches ; expanse 24 ; wing 8 ; tail 4. (Jerdon.) I have only a
single specimen of this species from Shikarpoor, in Sind, and in a very unsatis-
factory state for describing. Jerdon says this species is found in Western and
Central India, and is probably migratory.
Gen. Columba.— Linn,
Characters same as those of Palumbcena.
1160. Columba intermedia, Stncki., Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. \. xiii.
P. 39 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 469, No. 788 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind, B. p
508 COLUMBIDiE.
499 ; Darid et. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 384 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vii. p. 449 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 109; Scully, S/r. F. viii. p. 339; Legge, J3. Ceylon
p. 698 ; Blf., East Pers. p. 268 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Stnd, p. 202. Columba
livia, apud.Bl. B. J3urm.,p. 145. — The INDIAN BLUE ROCK PIGEON.
Head, nape, chin, abdomen, vent and upper and under tail coverts dark
slaty grey ; back, scapulars, secondaries, tertials, inner webs of primaries and
rump pale ashy, paler on the rump ; the outer webs of the primaries dusky
grey, as are also their tips ; secondaries broadly tipped dusky, the innermost
tertials and greater wing coverts with a subterminal black patch on the outer
web only, forming two black wing bands ; neck all round and breast glossy,
changeable green and amethystine., in varying lights ; throat also slightly
tinged with glossy green; under wing coverts white; tail like the upper tail
coverts, or a little paler for two-thirds its length, then broadly black, with a
very narrow terminal ashy tip ; the basal two-thirds or more of the outer web
of the outermost feather white. Bill black ; cere whitish ; irides dull orange ;
legs pinkish red.
Length. — 12 to 13 inches; wing 8| to 9; tail 5 ; bill at front 075.
Hab. — Throughout India to Ceylon, the Himalayas, Assam, Burmah,
Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan in great abundance, congregating in
large flocks. Breeds throughout India. Eggs 2 in number, white and glossy
I '2 X 1-25. Nesting in mosques, tombs, buildings, walls, and in holes in
rocks, and caverns.
1161. Columba livia, Bp., Ic. t. 62 ; Bodd., Pig. PL En. 5 10 ; Naum.
vogt. t. 150 ; Tern. Pig. t. 12 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 245 ; Gray, Handlist Birds,
No. 9231 ; Blf., East. Pers. p. 268 ; Hume, Str. F.\. 218 ; vii. 296 ; Mur-
ray, Hdbk. Zool., fyc.t Sind, p. 193. — The ROCK DOVE.
Columba livia.
Differs from C. intermedia in having a pure white instead of an ash
coloured rump.
ALSOCOMUS. 509
ffab.—S.-E. Europe, Sind, Beloochistan, S. Persia, S, Afghanistan,
Arrakan, and some parts of Burmah. Breeds in December, laying, like inter-
media, two white eggs.
1162. Columba rupestris, Pall., Zoogr. Rosso. As. pi. 25 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind. iii. p. 470, No. 789. Columba livia, apud Adams, B. Ind., No. 208.
— The BLUE HILL PIGEON.
Like Columla intermedia, but much paler in colour, the head and sides of
the face being ashy grey instead of dark slaty grey ; wing coverts and upper
back light grey ; middle of back white ; upper tail coverts dark ashy grey ;
quills grey, black shafted and darker at the tips and on the outer webs ; a
patch of greyish black on the wing, forming two bands ; tail dark grey at the
base, broadly tipped with black and a subterminal broad white stripe ; outer
rectrices white, tipped with black ; chin ashy grey ; neck glossed with purple ;
upper breast glossed with green ; bill black ; cere grey ; irides red.
Length. — 127 inches; tail 5 ; wing 8.
Hab. — Kumaon and Mussoorie.
1163. Columba leuconota, Vigors, P. z. S. 1831, p. 331; Gould,
Cent. Him. B. pi. 59; Jerd.^ B. Ind. iii. p. 471, No. 790; Hume, Str. F.
iii. p. 256. — The WHITE-BELLIED or IMPERIAL ROCK PIGEON.
Crown of the head and ear coverts blackish ash ; neck behind white ;
interscapulars light brownish grey ; rump white ; wings light brownish grey,
paler on the median coverts ; primaries dull blackish near the tips, the secon-
daries broadly tipped with dusky ; tertiaries and their coverts tipped greyish
white, and forming 3 — 4 conspicuous bars ; upper tail coverts and tail ashy
black, with a broad greyish white curved band, the points of which reach the
tips of the outer feathers, which are basally white externally ; bill black ;
irides yellow ; legs red.
Length. — 13'$ to 14 inches ; tail 5 ; wing 9-5.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas from 1 0,000 feet to snow level.
Gen. AlsOCOmuS.— Tick.
Bill small, much compressed ; wings long, 2nd quill equal to 4th, the $rd
longest and sinuate on the outer web.
1164. AlsOCOmuS puniceus, Tickell, J. A. S. B. xi. p. 462 ;
B. Ind. ii. p. 462, No. 782 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 145 ; Ward law- Ramsay, Ibis,
Jerd., 1877, p. 147; Hume and D aviso n, Str. F. vi. p. 418 j Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 698 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 109 ; Oates t Sir. F. viii. p. 167 ; Bingham, ibid.
p. 196; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 235 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 289.— The PURPLE
WOOD PIGEON.
Whole plumage vinaceous ruddy, inclining to chestnut on the back and
wings, the feathers more or less glossed with metallic green and amethystine,
510 COLUMBIA.
especially on the neck ; head greyish white ; quills blackish, edged slightly
with ashy ; rump and upper tail coverts dark ashy ; tail black ; under tail
coverts brown ; bill livid at base, yellow at tip ; legs and feet lake pink ; irides
orange ; orbital skin purplish pink.
Length. — 14*8 to 15 inches; tail 6: wing 8-5; tarsus i; bill from
gape ri.
Hab. — Tenasserim and Pegu, also in the Eastern portions of Central India,
extending to near the sea coast in Midnapoor, and probably outwards
towards Cuttack. It has been occasionally met with in Ceylon. To the east of
the Bay of Bengal, in Assam, Arrakan, Singbhoom and Tenasserim it is more
common. Gates says it is sparingly distributed over many parts of Pegu, and
that it is more abundant near Kyakpadien than elsewhere. It has also been
procured at Tounghoo. Tonka, where Hume records it from, appears to be
the southernmost point of its distribution. Eggs similar to those of pigeons,
and one in number only.
1165. AlSQCOmUS HodgSOni (Vigors), Jerd. B. Lid. ii. p. 463,
No 783. Columba Hodgsoni, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1832. Dendrotreron
Hodgsoni, Hume^ Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 497. — The SPECKLED WOOD
PIGEON.
Above dark vinaceous ruddy, the median coverts speckled with white ;
rump and upper tail coverts dusky ash ; tail ashy black ; head and beneath
the throat in front of the neck cinereous tinged with ruddy ; nape vinous
grey, the feathers minutely tipped with greyish white ; wing coverts greyish ;
quills dusky brown, the first three primaries very narrowly margined externally
with whitish, not however present in all specimens ; under surface of the body
vinous grey ; the feathers of the neck, breast and upper abdomen mesially
streaked with ruddy ; .lower abdomen dark vinous ; flanks speckled with white ;
under tail coverts dusky ash ; bill purplish black ; irides hoary ; orbital space
livid ; legs and feet blackish green in front, yellow behind.
Length* — 15 inches; tail 6; wing 9 to 9*25 ; tarsus I, The female has a
duller tinge on the upper and lower parts.
Hab. — Himalayas to Nepaul, ranging in the latter to 10,000 feet. In
Sikkim, Jerdon says, it keeps to the higher ranges only. It inhabits deep
forests in the middle region of the Himalayas. It is not found on the outer
range of hills in the North- West Himalayas, but is far from rare on the Tyne
range and other mountains, in the interior, where Blyth was informed that it is
tolerably common, frequenting the pine forests.
Sub-Family— MACROPYGIIN^: ,
Cuckoo doves with short feet, long and broad tails. The head too is small ;
wings rather short. Plumage ruddy brown.
MACROPYGIA. 511
Gen. Macropygia.— Swains.
Bill long and slender ; tail long, broad and much graduated ; legs and feet
fitted for perching j lateral toes somewhat unequal ; soles flat ; rump more or
less spinous.
1166. Macropygia leptogrammica (Temm.), Wald., ibis, 1875,
p. 439; Oates, B. £r. Burm. ii. p. 295. Columba leptogrammica, Temm.,
PL Col. 560. Coccyzura tusalia, Hodgs, J . A. S. B. xii., p. 937. Macropygia
tusalia, Jerd., JB. Ind. ii. p. 473, No. 791 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 500; Wald., in BlytWs B. Burm. p. 146; Ward I aw -Ramsay, Ibis, 1877,
p. 468; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 419; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. no.— The
BAR-TAILED CUCKOO DOVE.
Forehead buff, with a vinous tinge ; crown, nape and sides of the head vina-
ceous, glossed with changeable green and amethystine ; hind neck also glossed
the same ; back, rump, upper tail coverts and scapulars, also tertiaries and wing
coverts, dusky black, barred with numerous narrow deep rufous bars ; central
tail feathers black, barred with rufous; the next two pairs ashy at base and
barred indistinctly with black and rufous at the end ; the outermost feathers
ashy, with a broad subterminal black band ; outer web of the outermost
feathers whitish ; quills dark brown ; chin and throat buff, with a vinous tinge ;
breast and sides of the neck vinous brown, with purple and green reflections, each
feather with a concealed black bar and lilac tip ; abdomen, vent and under tail
coverts buff ; sides of the body tinged with ashy. The female has the breast
and upper abdomen barred with brown and the colours are less bright ; bill
horny brown ; legs and feet dull lake red ; irides brown, with an outer pink
circle ; orbital skin pale livid.
Length. — 15 to 16 inches ; tail 7-5 ; wing 7-2 ; tarsus 0'9; bill from gape I.
Had. — S.-E. Himalayas, from Nepaul to Bhootan, extending to the Khasia
hills. In Sikkim, according to Jerdon, it frequents the zone from 3000 to
nearly 7000 feet. Hodgson says it lays in the Central forests of Nepaul
in May and June. At Darjeeling, according to Theobald, during July. It also
occurs along the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal ; in the north-eastern portion
of Pegu on the Karin hills at 4000 feet elevation and on the Tounghoo hills
at an altitude of 3500 feet. Gates adds, that Mr. Davison obtained it in
Tenasserim on the Mooleyit mountain and at Kollidoo further north. They
are shy birds and keep to thick forests, associating in small flocks. They
breed on trees, making a nest of twigs and laying two eggs. Breeding season
March and April. Macropygia rufipenms, Blyth, an allied species, is found
in the Nicobar Islands. Nothing appears to have been noticed by late
observers of M. ruficeps, Temm., a Javan species which Jerdon notices as
occurring also in Tenasserim.
1167. Macropygia assimiliS, Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 441 ; Wald.
in BlytWs Bt Burm. p. 146; Wardlaiu- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 468; Hume
512 COLUMBIA.
and Dav , S/r. F. vi. p. 420; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 10 ; Oates, B. Br.
Bunn. ii. p. 296. — The TENASSERIM CUCKOO DOVE.
Forehead and crown chestnut; sides of the head and neck, also hind neck
and back, minutely freckled with greyish white ; rump and upper tail
coverts brown, suffused with rufous at the edges ; wing coverts, scapulars
and tertiaries dark brown, tipped with chestnut ; quills dark brown ; chin and
throat fulvous ; lower plumage rufous, blotched with black on the breast ;
under wing coverts chestnut; four central tail feathers brown, the others
brown at the base and chestnut, with a subterminal dusky bar. (Oa/es) Legs
and feet dark brownish red ; bill pinkish red or pale purplish brown ; irides
sometimes grey with an inner ring of blue or grey only, or pearly white ;
orbital skin pale blue. (Davisoii).
Length.— \^ inches; tail 6-5; wing 5-6; tarsus 07; bill from gape 0-9.
Hab. — Tenasserim on the Mooleyit mountain, and further north at Kollidoo ;
also on the Karin hills east of Tounghoo at an elevation of 3000 feet. Extends
down the Malay Peninsula. Nothing is known of its nidification.
Sub-Family.—
Habits terrestrial and arboreal ; tail somewhat long, with pale tips to the
outer feathers ; neck usually adorned with a ring or spot.
Sub-Family, TURTURIN^E.— Bonap.
Bill lengthened, slender, the base soft and tumid ; wings long ; feet short ;
feathers of the rump rather rigid.
Gen. Turtur.— Sdby.
Bill slender; wings long, 2nd and 3rd quills longest; tail moderate,
rounded or graduated ; tarsi scutellated in front, naked ; outer toe shorter
than the inner.
1168. Turtur pulchratUS, Hodgs., J. A. S. B. xiii. Turtur
rupicolus, apud Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 476, No. 792 ; Hume and l)av., S/r. F.
vi. p. 421. — The ASHY TURTLE DOVE.
Forehead pale isabelline ; top of head bluish ashy, nape with a vinous
tinge ; upper back, cheeks, sides of the face and sides of the body, also the
upper breast, vinous ; chin and a small gular streak pale isabelline ; neck
patch black, each feather tipped with paler bluish white ; lower back and rump
bluish ash ; also the upper tail coverts, which in some are edged with pale
rufous ; central tail feathers dusky black, the others black and tipped broadly
with greyish white, the outermost feather on each side white on the outer web
and at tip ; scapulars, tertiaries, lesser and median coverts dark brown,
margined with rufous ; greater coverts dusky on the inner web and ashy on
outer; primaries and secondaries dusky brown ; darker on their outer web and
very narrowly edged with dirty white ; innermost secondaries edged and
TURTUR. 513
tipped with rufous ; lower breast vinous, becoming albescent or ashy white on
the middle of the belly, and pure white on the vent and under tail coverts ;
flanks and under wing coverts bluish ash. Bill brown, vinous on the basal
half ; irides orange ; legs vinous red.
Length.— 14 to i4'S inches; tail 5*5 ; wing 8; tarsus Pi; bill from
gape PI.
Hab. — The Himalayas from Afghanistan to Sikkim at elevations of from
4,000 to 8,000 feet, also the Central Provinces, Central India, the N.-W. Pro-
vinces, and Nepaul. Breeds on the lower ranges of the Himalayas during May
and June. At Mussooree and Murree it is said to lay in May two pure white
eggs, which Hume adds are glossy and regular ovals, varying in length from
i *i to 1-34, and in breadth from 0^85 to I.
1169. Turtur meena (Sykes), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 476, No. 793 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 501 ; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 163 ; BL B. Burm.
p. 146; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 420; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. iiO;
Scull)', Sir. F. viii. p. 340; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 235; id., B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 292. Columba meena, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 140. Turtur rupicolus
(Pall.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 476, No. 792.— The RUFOUS TURTLE DOVE.
Forehead, crown, nape, hind neck and back ashy brown, suffused with
vinous, and the feathers indistinctly edged with rufous ; a patch on the neck
black with greyish tips ; lower back and rump dark ashy, edged paler ; upper
tail coverts brown, edged with pale rufous ; scapulars, tertiaries, lesser and
median coverts brown, broadly edged with rufous ; greater coverts and secon-
daries edged with ashy, the innermost ones edged with rufous ; primaries
dark brown edged with rufous ; lower plumage vinous red, tinged with purplish
in some, paler on the chin and throat ; sides of the body, under wing coverts,
vent and under tail coverts ashy ; central tail feathers ashy brown, the others
ashy brown, tipped with grey (Gates') ; bill brown, with a tinge of ashy on the
basal half ; iris orange-red ; legs vinous red.
Length— 13 inches ; tail 5 ; wing 7; tarsus ri ; bill from gape I.
Hab. — The Himalayas to Nepaul and Ceylon. It is a permanent resident of
the hilly portions of Southern India, and of the broken belt of hills that stretch
across the continent of India from the northern portions of the Western Ghauts
to Cuttack ; thence it extends into Eastern Bengal, Khasia hills, Cachar,
Assam and along the bases of the Himalayas as far west as the Sikkim and
Nepaul Terais, and again southwards into Arrakan, Pegu and Northern
Tenasserim. (Hume.) Breeds from December to April, but the majority lay in
March, April and May. The number of eggs is two, and like all doves, pure
glossy white.
1170. Turtur senegalensis (Linn), Lev. 0. A. t. 270; Tem. Pig.,
t. 45; id., Descr. Egypt, t. 9, 3; Gray, Handlist Birds, No. 9317; Blf.,
VOL. II.— 67
514 COLUMBID^E.
East. Pers. p. 270; Hjime> Sir. F. vii. 463. Turtur cambayensis (Gm.),
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 478, No. 794 ; Murray, Hdbk. ZooL, $c , Sind. p. 193 ;
id., Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 203.— The LITTLE BROWN DOVE.
Head, nape, lores and sides of the face pinkish vinaceous, as are also
the sides of the neck, throat and breast, gradually shading to paler on
the upper abdomen, and white or fulvous white on the lower abdomen,
vent and under tail coverts ; chin white, sides with a patch of black and dark
rufous feathers ; back and scapulars brown, the latter with a slight rufous tinge ;
primaries and their coverts dusky brown, first three quills edged with fulvous
white ; secondaries darker brown than the primaries, slightly edged and tipped
with pale grey ; wing coverts pale grey, the edges of the feathers lighter ;
rump, upper tail coverts and central tail feathers like the back, the others black
at the base and white for nearly their terminal half ; edge of the wing and
under wing coverts dark ashy. Bill black ; irides dark brown with a white
inner circle ; legs lake red.
Length. — IO'5 ; wing 5 ; tail 4*5.
Hab. — Nearly throughout India, Sind, Kutch, Rajputana, Deccan, Concan,
Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Southern India generally, Beloochistan, Persia and
Afghanistan. In Central and Western India specially abundant. Breeds all
over the plains of India during March and April.
1171- Turtur SUratensis, £/»., Tern. Pig. t. 43 ; Jerd., B. Ind.
iii. p. 479, No. 795; Str. F. v. pp. 231, 409; Gray, Handlist No. 9315;
Murray* Hdbk., ZooL, &c., Sind, p. 194 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 203.—
The SPOTTED DOVE.
Forehead greyish white ; crown, nape, breast and upper abdomen pale
vinaceous, darker on the breast, paling on the lower abdomen and flanks, and
albescent on the under tail coverts ; chin and throat white ; patch on the neck
black with narrow rufous tips ; back and scapulars isabelline brown, or rufous
brown, the feathers with dark shaft- stripes, broadening into a nearly triangular
spot at the tip, on each side of which, especially on the scapulars and wing
coverts, is a pale rufous or vinaceous spot ; in some specimens scarcely a spot,
but with this colour edging the feathers ; edge of the wing, and the lower series
of wing coverts near it greyish white, with faint dark shaft- stripes ; primaries
and secondaries dusky brown, the first three quills, and some of the seconda-
ries edged with pale or greyish white ; primary coverts dark brown ; tail with
the central feathers brown, the outermost black at the base, and tipped white
for the terminal half, and the others with the white tips decreasing in extent ;
bill blackish ; irides hazel, surrounded by a reddish sclerotic membrane ; legs
reddish.
Length. — 12 inches ; wing 5-5 to 5*75 ; tail 5-5, graduated.
Hab. — Throughout India nearly, to Ceylon and the Himalayas. Replaces
the last on the Malabar Coast and in Lower Bengal. Jerdon says it is rare in
TURTUR. 515
the bare Carnatic land, the Deccan, and N.-W. Provinces. Uncommon in
Upper Sind, but less so in Lower Sind. Breeds in April and May. It occurs,
but less abundantly, in Rajputana and N. Guzerat.
1172. Tlirtur tigrinus (2W), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 506; id., Sfr. F. i. p. 461 ; iii. p. 164 ; Blyth, B. Iturm.p. 145 ; Armstrong,
Str. F. iv. p. 337 ; Oates, Sir. F v. p. 164 ; Anders., Yunnan Exped. p. 665 ;
Hume and Dav., Str F. vi. p. 422 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. no; Bingham,
Sir. F. ix. p. 194 ; Oafes, Sfr. F. x. p. 235 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 290.
Columba tigrina, Temm., Knip. Pig. I. p. 94, pi. xliii. Spilopelia tigrina,
Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 296. — The'^MALAYAN SPOTTED DOVE.
Forehead and cheeks grey ; crown, nape, breast and upper abdomen vina-
ceous, paling on the chin, vent and under tail coverts ; patch on the neck and
hind neck black, each feather with two white spots at the tip ; back, scapulars,
wing coverts and rump brown, each feather blackish along the shaft and
tipped on both webs with lighter brown ; outermost wing coverts pure grey on
the outer webs ; quills dark brown, some of the tertiaries with blackish shaft
streaks and tipped paler ; tail brown, the outer feathers broadly tipped
with white, the white decreasing in extent on each inner feather on each side
till it disappears on the fifth or central pair of feathers, which are dark
brown ; bill bluish black ; irides reddish.
Length. — 12-4 inches; tail 6 ; wing 5-5 ; tarsus i ; bill from gape 0*9.
Hab. — The whole province of British Burmah, extending northwards
through the Indo-Burmese Countries to Cachar and eastwards to Cochin-
China. Ranges down the Malay Peniusula to Sumatra, Java, Borneo and
Celebes. Breeds from August to March in low trees and bushes, laying two
eggs.
1173. Turtlir riSOriuS (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 481; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 506 ; id., Str. F. iii. p. 165 ; Wald. in BlytJis B.
Burm. p. 146 ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 51 ; Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 387 ;
Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 297; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 702; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 1 10 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 235 ; Oates, B. Br. Burmah ii. p. 293 ; Blanf.,
East Pers. p. 270; Murray, Hdbk. Zool. fyc., Sind, p. 194 ; id., Vert. Zool.,
Sind, p. 204. Columba risoria, Linn., Syt. Nat. i. p. 285. — The INDIAN
RING DOVE.
Head pale greyish brown, with a vinous tinge; the forehead albescent;
nape and neck pale vinaceous ; collar black, a narrow line of white before
and behind it ; back, scapulars and innermost tertiaries grey brown, as also
are the rump and upper tail coverts ; primaries and their coverts dusky
brown; the primaries margined narrowly with whitish, and their coverts
tinged with greyish ; edge of the wing, lower series of the median coverts and
greater series also pale grey ; under wing coverts greyish white ; chin and
516 ' COLUMBID/E.
throat albescent ; breast and upper abdomen, also the sides of the neck and
breast pale vinaceous ; flanks, lower abdomen, vent, thighs and under tail
coverts ashy grey, the latter with whitish tips ; tail with the central feathers
like the back ; outermost feathers on each side narrowly margined with greyish
white on their outer web, with a broad black band about the middle, greyish
at base, and broadly terminated with white, which on the others increase in
extent. Bill black; irides crimson ; orbital skin whitish ; legs pinkish.
Length. — 12 to 13 inches ; wing 6-5 ; tail 5 ; bill at front o'Si.
Hab. — India generally, and Ceylon, except the more moist regions, as the
Malabar Coast ; abundant in Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Central and South India, also
Beloochistan and Southern Afghanistan. Rare in Burmah. Breeds through-
out the year.
1174. Tlirtur humiliS (Ternm?), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 482; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 507; id., Str. F. ii. p. 269; iii. p 165; iv.
p. 292 ; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 338 ; Wald., Trans. ZooL Soc. ix. p. 219 ;
David et. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 388; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 423;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. I IO ; Oates, Str. F. x p. 235 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 294 ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 194 ; id., Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 204.
Turtur tranquebaricus, Herm., Obs. ZooL p. 200 ; Bly., B. Burm. p. 145.
Turtur humilior, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 241 ; id., Sir. F. iii. p 279.—
The RED TURTLE DOVE.
Male. — Head and nape ashy grey, also the lores and sides of the face,
slightly paler on the forehead ; collar black, set off by whitish before and
behind it ; back, scapulars and wing coverts brick red, slightly paler behind
the black collar ; chin whitish ; throat, breast and entire lower surface pale
vinous red, white on the vent and lower tail coverts ; rump and upper tail
coverts deep slaty; primaries, their coverts and secondaries dusky brown;
the margin of the primaries, as also the margins and tips of the secondaries,
whitish ; primary coverts slightly tinged with vinous red on their outer webs ;
edge of the wing greyish, some of the dark bases of the median coverts
showing through ; tail with the middle feathers ashy brown, the others greyish
black at the base, and broadly tipped with white ; outermost feathers on each
side white on the exterior web ; bill black ; irides dark brown ; legs purplish red.
Length. — 9 inches ; wing 5-5 to 575 ; tail 3 to 3-25. The female is duller
in colour on the back, being more of an earthy brown and much paler below.
Hab. — The drier regions in India, to Ceylon and the foot of the
Himalayas. Common in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajpu-
tana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, but less so in Sind. Occurs also
in Assam and Northern Burmah. In Sind it affects the northern districts
chiefly ; seldom seen below Sukkur. It is not known from S. Afghanistan,
where T. senegalensis replaces it.
CHALCOPHAPS. 517
Family, GOURID^.— GROUND-DOVES.
Wings moderate ; tarsus longer than in the Turturina>, as are also all the
toes ; wings shorter and less pointed. The Indian representatives of the
family belong to the Phapidince, and Calcenince.
Sub-Family, PHAPIDIN^E.
General characters as of the family; tarsus not feathered ; tail of 12, 14 or
16 feathers.
Gen. Chalcophaps— Gould.
Bill slender ; wings moderately long ; 2nd and 3rd quills nearly equal and
longest ; tail rather short and rounded ; tarsus not feathered ; plumage rich
glossy metallic green.
1175. Chalcophaps indica (£/»«.), Jerd., B. ind. ii. p. 484,
No. 798 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 509 ; id., Str. F. ii. p. 269 ; iii.
p. 165 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 299; Bourdillon, Str. F. iv. p, 404; Blyth,
B. Burm. p. 147 ; Dav. et. Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 384 ; Hume and Dav., Str.
F. vi. p. 424; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. HO,- Legge, B. Ceylon p. 714; Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 235 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 528; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 297. — The EMERALD DOVE.
Forehead white, continued as a supercilium over the eye ; crown, nape, a
narrow band down the hind neck and another across the upper back ashy-
grey ; back and wings shining dark emerald green ; quills dark brown, the
secondaries metallic green on the external web ; tertiaries bright metallic
green ; smaller coverts near the edge of the wing white ; on the lower back a
narrow band of ashy, followed by a broad black one, then a second ashy one,
and lastly a broad band, which with the upper tail coverts is dark ashy
brown, tipped darker; sides of the head and neck and the whole under
surface of the body deep vinaceous, rather duller on the abdomen ; under
tail coverts ashy ; three central pairs of tail feathers dark brown, tipped
paler, the others banded with black and ashy ; under wing coverts chestnut ;
bill red; irides dark brown ; eyelids plumbeous; legs dusky red.
Length. — 10-5 inches ; tail 4 ; wing 5*8 ; tarsus I ; bill from gape 0-9.
Hab. — Throughout India in forest countries and well wooded districts ; not
in the drier regions, as Sind, Rajputana, Kattyawar, &c. It is abundant in
Lower Bengal ; extends to Assam and all the countries on the east of the Bay
of Bengal as far as Tenasserim. It also occurs in Ceylon, the Andamans,
Nicobars, the Indo-Burmese Countries, South China, Siam, the Malay Peninsula,
and all the islands nearly down to Australia. Frequents thick forests, and is
met with in small parties or in pairs. Breeds from March to July in suitable
localities. The nests, according to Hume, are placed in some dense bush or
518
low thick-foliaged tree. They are more regular saucers than those of other
doves, composed of roots, grass, or twigs, but comparatively neat and with a
central depression. Eggs two in number, pure white, from I to ri inch in
length and from 0-82 to O-86 in breadth.
Gen. Geopelia- — Swains.
General characters of Turtur ; tail of 12 feathers only.
1176. Geopelia Striata (Linn.), Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 298 ; Hume
and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 423 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. i IO; Kelham, Ibis, 1881,
p. 528. Columba striata, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 282. — The BARRED GROUND
DOVE.
Forehead and crown, as far as the eyes, also the cheeks, chin, and throat
pure grey ; upper part of the ear coverts grey ; lower part brown ; remainder
of the crown and nape vinous brown ; sides of the neck, whole hind neck and
upper back, sides of the breast and of the body white, closely and finely barred
with black ; centre of the breast and abdomen vinaceous ; vent and under tail
coverts white ; lower back, rump, upper tail coverts, scapulars, wing coverts
and tertiaries brown, each feather with a terminal black bar ; primaries and
secondaries dark brown, the latter broadly edged with the colour of the back ;
central tail feathers pale brown, the others dark brown, the four outer pairs
broadly tipped with white; under wing coverts chestnut. (Oates^) Front of
tarsus and toes pinkish purple, with the scutation divided by pink lines ; back
of tarsus and soles fleshy pink ; bill blue at base, bluish white terminally ;
irides white or grey, brown. (Davison.}
Hab. — Tenasserim, in the extreme south, extending down the Malay Penin-
sula ; is also found in Sumatra and Java. According to Davison its habits
are like those of Turtur tigrinus
Sub-Family, CALCENIN^E.
Bill strong with a tubercle at base ; legs and feet stout ; head with long
crest ; plumage metallic.
1177. Caloenas nicobarica (Linn.), Hume, Str. F. \\. p. 271 ;
id., Nests and Eggs p. 510 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 147 ; Hume and Dav.y Str.
F. vi. p. 425 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 68, 1 10 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 299. Columba nicobarica, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 283. — The HACKLED
GROUND-PIGEON.
Entire head and neck from deep slaty grey to blackish brown ; a long and
thick bunch of narrow hackles from the base of the occiput hairlike and slaty
grey and from the back of the neck metallic green, shot with gold and copper
and margined with slaty grey ; rest of upper plumage except the tail and longer
and upper tail coverts which are white —refulgent with metallic reflections ; lesser
wing coverts, outer webs of primaries, vvinglet, greater coverts, and earlier
PTEROCLES. 519
secondaries glossed with deep blue ; other portion of secondaries and their
coverts, most of the median coverts, rump and shorter upper tail coverts
brilliant green ; scapulars adjoining the wing coverts the same, but with a
coppery glow ; upper breast like the .head ; lower breast, abdomen, sides,
flanks, vent and shorter under tail coverts variegated deep metallic green
and dark slaty, the latter forming a fringe to the feathers ; first two primaries
unglossed ; inner webs of the primaries and secondaries and their under
surface blackish brown ; wing lining and axillaries brighter or duller metallic
green or deep blackish slaty with a tinge of gloss ; lower breast deep metallic
green, the feathers tipped purplish ; tibial plumes rich purplish blue. The
young want the metallic gloss and protuberance at base of bill, and is duller
everywhere ; bill dark blackish grey ; irides deep brown ; legs dull purplish
lilac.
Length.— 16 inches; tail 3-5 ; wing iO; tarsus 17; bill from gape i'5.
Hab. — This, the most lovely species of the Pigeon group, inhabits the
Mergui Archipelago and the Nicobars, and extends to the Malay Peninsula.
Feeds on fruit ; nests on trees only as far as has yet been ascertained on the
Island of Battye Halve in the Nicobars. The nests are like those of other
pigeons. Egg, one only, spotless white ; 1-84 x 1-27.
Order, Rasores, — GALLINACEOUS OR GAME BIRDS.
Bill usually short, vaulted, more or less arched and bent down at the tip ;
nostrils situated in a membrane at the base of the bill ; wings usually short ;
tail variable in length and form ; tarsi long and strong, often spurred ; hinder
toe short and elevated from the ground.
Family, PTEROCLID^:,— SAND OR ROCK-GROUSE.
Bill short, curved to the tip and compressed at the sides ; wings and tail
long and pointed ; tarsi feathered ; hind toe small.
Gen. PterOCleS.— Tern.
Bill small, rather stout ; culmen curved, sides compressed ; nostrils at base
partly covered by membrane; wings long, 1st and 2nd primaries longest?
tail with the median rectrices sometimes lengthened beyond the rest; tarsi
short, feathered in front and on the inner side.
Mr. D. G. Elliott has a very clear and exhaustive paper on the Pteroclida
Family in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1878, pp. 233,
264, giving the literature of the Family, its classification and a review of the
geographical distribution, as well as a key and descriptions, with the synonomy
of each species. The following key is extracted from the paper referred to,
and will be found most useful.
520 PTEROCLID/E.
A. " Without pectoral band.
(a) Stripe on each side of forehead from nostril to above
the eye; chin and centre of throat black.../*, corona/us.
(b} Lores and band encircling back of head pearly grey ;
cheeks, ear-coverts and throat orange yellow ; centre of
abdomen black ..., P. senegalhis.
B. With pectoral band.
(a) Without black bar on forehead.
(a') Median rectrices not lengthened beyond rest ; upper part
of throat and sides of neck rufous ; lower portion of throat
black ; band on lower part of breast, abdomen and flanks
black P. arenarius.
(&') Median rectrices greatly lengthened beyond the rest.
(a") Throat yellow ; black band across breast ; abdomen and
flanks chestnut P. exustus.
(b") Throat and stripe behind the eye black ; sides of throat
rufous ; centre of breast chestnut, bordered above and below
with black ; rest of under parts white P. alchata.
(£) With black bar on forehead.
(a') Breast uniform greenish buff.
(a") Throat pale buff ; upper part of breast buff, crossed with
numerous narrow black bars ; middle of breast uniform buff,
crossed in the centre by a narrow black bar and another of
the same hue on its lower edge ; rest of under parts yellowish
white, barred narrowly with black P. lichtensteini.
(b") Throat and breast buff ; triple band separates the
fulvous breast from the abdomen, the first maroon, the
second creamy white, and the 3rd unspotted chocolate
brown .P.fasciatus.
1178. PterOCleS COronatllS, Lichl. Verz. d' Doubl. p. 65 ; Tern.
PL Col. No. 339, 340; Heugl. Syst. Ueber. N. O. Afr. p. 304; Ibis, 1864,
pp. 27, 240 ; id., 1870, pp. 9, 16; 1871, p. 144; Sir. F. i. p. 224; id.
(1876) ; iv. p. 230; Elf., East. Pers. ii. p. 272 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc.y
Sind, p. 200; Elliott, P. Z. S. 1878, No. 282.— THE CORONATED SAND
GROUSE.
PLATE, fig.
Male.— A. line on each side of the forehead from the nostrils to above the
eye black, and a pale fulvous one between these from the point of the forehead.
Crown of the head pale chestnut, vinous or rufescent fawn. A pearly grey
band from the anterior angle of the eye, continued as a supercilium and
OF BRITISH INDIA
1. PterocZes senegaJlu*. 2. Pterocles coronautuA 3, Pterodes jiisciat
4. Pt&'ocles Lichtensteinii 5. PUrocles Kxustu*. 6. Pterocles
PTEROCLES. 521
. extending round to the nape ;* lores and a narrow band edging the black
chin and throat stripe white ; sides of the face, ear-coverts and the neck all
round orange buff ; base .of the neck and upper back isabelline, the feathers
edged dusky grey ; interscapulars the same, with median buffy spots at the
tips ; rump and upper tail-coverts a dark or dirty grey, mixed with the fulvous
of the base of the feathers ; tail with the median rectrices of a pale vinous
• colour, dark shafted, with a subtermin'al dark spot, and very narrowly tipped
with white; lateral feathers deeper vinous with also a subterminal dark bar,
and broadly tipped with white ; all the feathers with a few dusky sprinkles
behind the dark band ; primaries and their coverts dull grey or dusky brown ;
all the primaries, except the first three, broadly margined with fulvous white
> obliquely towards the tip.s on their inner webs, and also slightly tipped the
same ; secondaries hair brown ; tertiaries vinous on their inner webs and
edged on the outer with buffish ; scapulars vinous at the base, dark shafted,
with a subterminal dark band, and mesially tipped with a nearly oval buff
spot ; median wing coverts the same ; the greater series greyish buff or buffy
isabelline ; abdomen, flanks, under wing coverts, vent and lower tail coverts
white, slightly soiled on the middle of the abdomen, and in some specimens a
. pale isabelline ; tarsal plumes white.
The female has the throat and sides of the neck orange buff ; the chin paler
and nearly albescent; the crown very pale cinnamon; entire upper surface
buff, .with, in some specimens, a vinous tinge and barred with numerous
crescentic and broken bands of dark brown ; breast and under parts paler
buff, also with " crescentic bands ; the flanks albescent ; scapulars largely
blotched with dusky, and with buff tips ; primaries and secondaries as in the
male, but very pale or hair brown.
Length.— 1 175 to 12 inches ; wing 7 to 775 ; tail 375 ; bill at front 0*45.
Hal. — Sind, Persia, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, N. W. Arabia, Egypt and
Nubia. Breeds in the southern portions of the Sahara, where it is said to
replace P. arenarius.
1119. Pterocles senegallus, Lin. Mantissa. 1771,?. 526; Lath.,
Ind. Orn. vol. ii. p. 642 ; Gray, Gen. B. vol. iii. p. 519; Tristram, Ibis,
1860 ; Sir. F. i. p. 221 ; iii. pp. 418, 4 ; v. 231 ; Murray ', Hdbk.> Zool,, fyc.,
Sind, p. 197. Pterocles guttatus, Licht. Verz. DoubL, Pterocles senegalensis,
Shaw, Nat. Misc. vol. iv. pi. 933 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 144. — THE SPOTTED
SAND GROUSE.
.PLATE, fig. i.
"The male has the whole chin and throat with a patch extending
upwards' from the throat, towards, but not quite meeting on the back of the
* In two specimens I possess there is a distinct pearly grey band across the forehead
immediately behind the termination of the black forehead stripes.
VOL. II.— 68
522 PTEROCLID^E.
neck, bright buffy yellow or orange buff ; lores, forehead, a broad stripe over
the eye continued round the nape and the back of the neck, pale blue grey,
dull and tinged fawny in some specimens ; crown, occiput, and nape, a sort
of dove colour or pale, slightly rufous fawn ; back and rump a somewhat
similar, but more sandy colour, in many specimens more tinged with fawn ;
the upper tail coverts buffy yellow, all, but the longest obscurely tipped with a
somewhat pinkish mouse colour. They are more or less pale dove colour at
their bases, which colour however is not seen till the feathers are lifted. The
central tail feathers have the pointed tips black, in many specimens more or
less tinged hoary buffy, and the rest of the visible portion yellowish buff, but
the bases, as may be seen on lifting the feathers, are greyish ; the lateral tail
feathers are a greyish brown at base, dark-shafted, with conspicuous white
tips, .and broad blackish brown subterminal bands ; the primaries are pale
isabelline, the shafts conspicuous and black ; they have broad ill-defined
subterminal brown bands, beyond which there is a narrow paler tipping, and
they are pretty conspicuously margined on their inner webs towards the tips
with still paler' isabelline. The first primary has the outer web browner, the
others have the outer webs, especially toward the bases, a brighter isabelline.
The whole visible portions of the lesser coverts and of the primary greater
coverts are yellowish fawn, or isabelline, varying much in shade in different
specimens ; these greater coverts are dark shafted, and with a brownish tinge
next the shafts on the inner webs ; the scapulars bluish grey at the bases,
tipped broadly, but chiefly on the outer webs, with buffy yellow, and the lesser
ones tinged immediately above the yellow with a somewhat brownish purple,
or dull greyish vinaceous. The secondary, median, and greater coverts like
the lesser scapulars, but showing more of the vinaceous hue. The secon-
daries are brown, lighter towards their bases. The lower part of the neck in
front and upper breast are nearly the same blue grey or greyish fawn as the
back of the neck ; the lower breast, abdomen, sides, flanks, auxiliaries, and
wing lining isabelline or desert colour ; the upper abdomen often with a faint
orange buffy tinge. A broad irregular deep brown patch runs down the
centre of the abdomen to the vent ; the lower tail-coverts are greyish brown
at their bases, but are broadly tipped with white (often tinged buffy or isabel-
line) which is the only colour visible until the feathers are lifted. The lower
surfaces of the quill shafts are white.
"The female has the yellow chin and throat patch like the male, but
paler; the lores and feathers immediately encircling the eye pale isabelline
white ; the whole upper parts and the neck all round pure isabelline, tinged
slightly rufous on the occiput, nape, and back, and conspicuously spotted
with dull, somewhat greyish, black ; the spots on the forehead and front part
of the head are small and irregular ; on the nape and occiput they are more
or less arranged in rows (so as to produce more of a striated appearance) and
in a band running from behind the eye round the nape, they are very much
PTEROCLES. 523
more densely set ; on the upper tail coverts they are larger ; while on the
scapulars they take the form of double spots or irregular bars. The primaries
and their greater coverts are much as in the male, but paler ; the central tail
feathers are isabelline, dark shafted, the point greyish black, and the rest of
the feather with narrow, transverse, irregular bars of the same colour on both
webs ; the lateral tail feathers are much as in the male, but have the basal
portions more tinged with isabelline, and more or less imperfectly barred.
The breast, abdomen, and wing lining are as in the male, but somewhat
purer and paler ; the abdominal patch is narrower and perhaps also some-
what paler.
" Irides brown, bare ; orbital skin yellowish ; bill pale plumbeous, bluish
grey, or bluish white, always somewhat more dusky towards the tip ; feet pale
plumbeous or bluish white, paler towards the tips of the toes ; weight 8 to 1 2
ounces, but averaging about 10 ounces.
"Male, length. — 13-4 to 147 inches ; expanse 23 to 237; tail from vent 5-3
to 6 ; wing 7' 5 to 7-9, the wings when closed reach to within from 2*3 to 2-8
of the end of the longest tail feathers, viz., the central ones, which exceed
the others by from 175 to 2 ; bill at front 0*44 to 0*47 ; tarsus i to 1-05.
" Female, length, — 12-4 to 13*1 inches ; expanse 22 to 22-6 ; tail from vent
4 to 4'6;the central tail feathers only extending from 075 to 1*2 beyond
the rest ; wing 73 to 7*5 ; bill at front 0-4 to 0-44." — Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 2 19.
Common throughout Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar, Guzerat and the Punjab.
Breeds in Sind. Like the preceding species it is found in N. Africa, also in
N. W. Arabia, and in Beloochistan.
PLATE.
1180- Pterocles arenarius, Pall., Nov. Comm. Petrop. vol. xix.
p. 418; id., Rosso. As. ii. p. 73; Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. p. 642. Pterocles
arenarius, Tern. Pig. et. Gallin. vol. iii. p. 240; id., PL Col. Nos. 52, 53 ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 518; P. Z. S. 1858, p. 501 ; Ibis, 1859, p. 352; 1860,
p. 69; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 496; Sir. F. i. p. 219; iii. 418; iv. 179; JBl/.t
East. Pers. ii. 271 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 194. — The LARGE
SAND GROUSE.
" Forehead and crown greyish brown, with a faint pearly tinge, in some
specimens with a buffy tinge ; lores behind the eye and ear coverts light
grey, in some specimens, especially old males, the dark shafts of the feathers
of the lores, under the eye, and of the ear coverts are distinctly visible and
end in bristles ; nape and base of the neck, like the crown ; back, scapulars,
upper tail and wing coverts rich buff or orange buff with a subterminal dark
bar, the bases of the feathers paler buff, with waved barrings and vermicula-
tions ; primaries greyish and black shafted, the outer web of the outermost
quill dark brown, and with the two following tipped blackish, the rest the same,
524 PTEROCLID^E.
but edged on the tip and the outer edge of the inner web near the tip, with
whitish, the under surface black ; the secondaries basally white or fulvous
white, with faint vermiculations on the exterior webs, all broadly tipped dusky,
and the margin of the exterior web blackish ; tertiaries dusky grey, or buffish,
with vermiculations basally, and margined at the tips on the exterior web with
rich buff or orange buff ; the visible portion of the lower series of the median
and greater coverts rich buff or orange, forming in the closed wing, witja the
outer edges of the tertiaries, an oblique bar of rich buff; edge of the wing
fulvous white ; under wing coverts pure white ; chin, upper throat, sides of the
neck to behind the ear coverts and nape deep chestnut ; middle of the throat
with a large triangular patch of black ; breast dull ashy or pearly grey, crossed
on the lower part by a broad black band, succeeded by a broad buffy one,
about, four times the width of the black band ; abdomen, vent and thigh
coverts deep black ; under tail coverts black, tipped with white ; tail with the
central tail feathers like the back, or orange buff, with numerous dark bands,
and slightly elongated beyond the others ; lateral feathers dusky rufescent,
with darker narrow bars, tipped white, and with a subterminal black band ;
tarsal feathers fulvous white; bill bluish ; feet dull yellowish brown ; irides
dark brown.
"Length. — 1 1 75 to 12*5 ; wings 9-25 ; tail 4 to 4/25 ; tarsus ri.
" The female differs in having the whole head and upper parts, and also the
breast narrowly barred with brown. The pectoral band is narrower and the
chin fulvous with a narrow black edge."
Hal. — The desert regions of Asia, Southern Europe and North Africa ;
Asia Minor and Palestine. Everywhere common in Sind, Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Oudh and Bengal ; Kutch, throughout Rajputana, Kattiawar and
North Guzerat ; Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and Eastern Turkistan.
1181. PterocleS exUStUS, Tern. PL Col. Nos. 354, 360; Rupp.
Les. Trait. Orn. p. 517; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 154; Gray, Gen.E.iii.
p. 519; Jerd., Madras Jour. xii. p. 3 ; Handlist, Syst. Orn. W. A/r. p. 205 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 502; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 160; Elliott, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 248 ; Murray, Hdbk.t Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 2O2. — The COMMON SAND
GROUSE.
PLATE, fig. 5.
Head, .nape, sides of the neck and breast isabelline with a faint fulvous
tinge ; lores, sides of the face, chin and throat yellowish or light orange buff ;
back and rump like the breast, the feathers with darker tips; scapulars tipped
greyish fulvous ; upper tail coverts with a greenish cast ; primaries dusky
brown, all, except the four outermost broadly white on their inner margins
near the tip, the innermost also tipped white ; secondaries hair brown, their
terminal third with buffy edges on their exterior webs ; tertiaries the same,
but with narrower buff edgings ; wing coverts buff, the feathers tipped narrowly
PTEROCLES. 525
with blackish chestnut ; tail with the central feathers much elongated beyond
the rest, slightly darker buff than the wing coverts, black-shafted and the length-
ened narrow portion black ; lateral feathers dusky rufescent, with pale rufous
bars on their exterior webs, tipped white and with a subterminal dark band ;
a narrow black pectoral band, occasionally edged on its upper side with fulvous
white followed by a broad band of isabelline ; rest of the under parts choco-
late brown, paler on the vent ; flanks and thigh coverts chestnut ; lower
tail coverts creamy or fulvous white ; tarsal plumes fulvous or yellowish white.
The female has the entire upper plumage, as also the space between the
pectoral band and abdomen, fulvous, closely barred with deep brown ; breast
unspotted isabelline, like the male.
Length. — 10 to 11*5 inches; wings 7 ; tail 3*5. The males average from
9-5 to 10 inches in length ; bill leaden brown; legs brown ; irides dark brown.
Hab.-N.-~E. Africa, Arabia, Nubia, Egypt, Abyssinia and Palestine;
Sind, Kutch, Rajputana, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat and Deccan ; Punjab,
N.-W, Provinces, Bengal, Sylhet, Burmah, Beloochistan, Quetta and
Afghanistan. Breeds almost everywhere from February to August according to
locality, laying 2 — 3 eggs of a fine smooth texture and gloss, rather long and
cylindrical, of a pinkish stony colour, thickly spotted and streaked or irregularly
blotched with dark and light shades of olive brown and inky purple, varying in
length from 1*32 to r6 inches and in breadth from 0*95 to i'H.
1182. Pterocles alchata, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 276; Gmel, Syst.
Nat. i. 754; Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. p. 641 ; Licht., Verz. Doubl. p. 64; Jerd.>
B. Ind. iii. p. 500, No. 80 1 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 221 ; Blf., East. Persia ii.
p. 271 ; Murray, Hdbk.y ZooL, &fc., Sind. p. 197; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 251. Pterocles setarius, Tern., Pig. et Gallince iii. pp, 256, 714. — The
PIN -TAILED SAND GROUSE.
PLATE, fig. 6.
Male. — Forehead and crown, also the nape and sides of the face
yellowish buff with a ferruginous tinge ; the crown with some nearly obsolete
dark bars ; chin, throat and a streak behind each eye black ; neck in
front and upper breast greenish buff, the feathers above pale chestnut, those
of the breast with a dark brown transverse band forming a bar across ; lower
breast pale chestnut, the feathers ashy white at base, with a subterminal dark
or dusky bar, and broadly terminated with chestnut ; a black band separates
the chestnut breast from the white of the abdomen ; hind neck olive brown ;
upper back the same, each feather tipped with yellow ; lower back, rump and
upper tail coverts pale buff, with, in some, a rufescent tinge, barred trans-
versely with black ; scapulars rufescent or orange buff, the feathers barred
with black and tipped with yellow ; on some feathers this yellow tip is sub-
terminal, with a very narrow black margin at the extreme tip ; shoulder of wing
olive brown; lesser, median and greater coverts broadly maroon, bounded
526 PTEROCLID/E.
above and below with a narrow white line, and tipped narrowly with black, the
bases of the feathers being brownish ash ; upper series of the median
and greater coverts olive brown at base, then broadly greenish yellow and
margined with black at the tips ; primary coverts brownish ash, black-shafted ;
primaries black-shafted, all (except the outer web of the first which is black)
with their outer webs ashy grey, their inner webs rufescent grey near the shaft ;
(not extending to the tip) then broadly dusky brown, and narrowly margined
to the tip with white ; secondaries with the outer webs and tips of the inner
webs dusky brown, rest of the inner web and edging to the outer web white ;
tertiaries greenish olive on their outer web and rufescent grey on their inner,
the uppermost with a yellow spot terminally ; abdomen, flanks and axillaries
white, the shafts of the feathers, except those of the axillaries, black basally ;
a large white patch on the under surface of the wing, formed by the white
bases of the inner webs of the secondaries and their coverts ; the edge of the
wing inside dusky brown ; tarsal plumes whitish ; tail with the lateral feathers
white on their outer webs, their inner webs grey brown, margined with narrow,
nearly obsolete dusky and buff bars, the tips of the feathers broadly white ;
rest of the tail feathers barred buff and dark brown, plain grey brown near the
shaft, and all (except the longest rectrices, which are black) tipped with
white ; bill horny ; orbits dark plumbeous ; irides dark brown.
Length. — To end of longest rectrices 13 inches ; wing 8 j tail 6 to end of
longest rectrices.
Female. — Top of head and back deep buff, barred with black ; sides of face
and neck orange yellow ; throat and chin white ; a dark band on the lower
neck, another on the upper breast, and a third on the lower breast separating
the white of the abdomen. Upper plumage barred black and buff ; seconda-
ries the same, with a subterminal grey bar.
Length.— 13 inches; wing 775 ; tail 5-37; irides and orbits as in the male.
JTab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Rajputana ; Beloochistan (in the
Bolan, Quetta and at Khelat), Persia, at Bushire, Southern and Eastern
Afghanistan and Eastern Turkestan. It also inhabits N. Africa, Palestine,
Spain and Portugal, and is said to breed in parts of Western Asia. In Sind,
in especially the Northern districts, the Pintail is found in flocks, and some-
times in countless numbers j in the southern parts it is also found, but evi-
dently only as stragglers.
1183. Pterocles Lichtensteinii, Tem. Planch. Col. 355-361 ;
Heuglin, Syst. Ueber. Vog. N. Afr. p. 304; Speke,Ibis, p. 247; Hume, Sir. F.
i. p. 219; Murray, Hdbk.y Zool., fyc., ,&«</, p. 195. Butbur, Sind.— The
CLOSE-BARRED SAND GROUSE.
PLATE, fig. 4.
Male.— Frontal zone white, or buffy white ; a broad black semicircular band
behind it extending from the anterior angle of the eye on each side ; behind
PTEROCLES, 527
this another white or buffy white band, interrupted on the crown, the feathers
of which are buffy white and mesially dark brown ; a buff spot above the
hinder angle of each eye ; chin and throat pale buff, their sides the same, with
minute black spots ; upper breast, hind neck and back pale or fulvous white,
with regular and close barrings of black ; scapulars, wing coverts and tertia-
ries the same, the black transverse bars rather broader and deeper in colour,
the tips of the feathers broadly yellowish buff ; upper tail coverts fulvous
white, the black bars more distant and as wide as the fulvous interspaces ; pri-
maries and their coverts hair brown, the outer web of the first margined with
dull white, more conspicuous basally, and some of the inner ones with white
margins to the tips; secondaries dark brown; lower breast yellowish buff
with a narrow black band crossing it in the middle and another on the lower
part of the breast, formed by the dark termination of the lowest breast fea-
thers ; belo^r this the abdomen, flanks, vent and under tail coverts are white,
with transverse brown bars ; tarsal plumes buffy white ; tail barred buff and
black, the terminal black bar broadest, with a streak running up the shaft of
the feathers and partially dividing the broad buffy tips.
The female wants the frontal patch and the semicircular band behind it,
also the buff breast and band crossing it in the middle ; the chin and throat
are pale buffy, minutely spotted with dark brown ; the upper surface of the
body finely, closely and narrowly barred with pale fulvous and dark brown ;
the lower surface the same, but the fulvous interspaces are broader and the
dark bars narrower ; bill horny ; feet yellow ; irides brown ; orbits lemon
yellow.
Length. — IO inches ; wing 7*25 ; tail 3^25 ; bill 0'62.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, Arabia, N.-E. Africa.
1184. Pterocles fasciatus (Scop.), Gould, B. Asia, pt. ii. pi. 14 ;
Jerd., 11L Ind. Orn. pi. IO and 36; id.t B. Ind. ii. p. 498, No. 800 ; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 511 ; td.9 S/r. F. i. p. 391 ; vii. p. 160.— The
PAINTED SAND GROUSE.
PLATE fig. 3.
A narrow white band on the forehead followed by a broad black one and
succeeded by a narrow white one, and another black one which widens behind
the eye and ends in a white spot ; occiput and nape streaked with black and
fulvous; sides of the head, neck, breast and shoulder of wing fulvous yellow
or buff ; back, scapulars, tertiaries and tail fulvous yellow banded with deep
brown; quills, brownish black with narrow pale edging; median and greater
coverts and some of the secondaries broadly banded with black and edged with
white, ; a triple band— a maroon, i creamy white and a chocolate brown one —
separates the fulvous breast from vhe abdomen, which with the vent and under
tail coverts are also chocolate brown, the feathers tipped with white. The
female has not the bars on the occiput and nape, nor the pectoral bands and
the wing bars ; the sides of the neck, breast, wings, and tail are mixed fulvous
528 PTEROCLID/E.
and rufous and finely barred with black ; lower breast and abdominal region
finely barred with blackish and creamy or fulvous white ; bill red j irides
dark brown ; feet dull yellow.
Length. — 10 inches; wing 7; tail 3*25; tarsus ri.
Hal. — The greater part of India, except in the very moist countries. It is
recorded from the Deccan, Carnatic and Central India, also from Sind, Punjab,
and the N.-W. Provinces, and from Delhi to Mount Aboo in Guzerat,
Jodhpore, and Sambhur. Affects the low ranges of rocky and more or less
barren hills. They breed almost everywhere they occur, making a depression
in the soil and laying 2 — 3 eggs, a delicate pinkish fawn or pale salmon
colour, here and there finely speckled, spotted and streaked with brownish red
and numerous spots of pale pinky purple underlying as if it were the primary
marking. In shape and markings the eggs vary a good deal. In length they
vary from 1*3 to r62, and in breadth from 0^93 to 1-05.
Gen. Syrrhaptes— Lin.
Feet smaller than in Pterocles, and feathered to the claws ; hind toe
wanting; ist and 2nd primaries lengthened and attenuated.
1185. Syrrhaptes thibetanus, Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. ; id.,
Birds Asia, p. ii. pi. 69 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 504 (note and descr.) ; Hume
and Marsh., Game Birds Ind. i. p. 43, pi. — The THIBETAN SAND GROUSE.
Male. — Forehead and lores whitish, faintly tinged with buffy, the feathers
dark shafted ; crown, occiput and nape white, closely and narrowly barred
transversely with dark brown ; chin, throat, cheeks, ear coverts, sides and
front of neck huffish yellow during the breeding season ; and buffish white
during winter ; back of the neck, upper back and lower breast whitish, tinged
with vinaceous, and transversely barred narrowly with brown ; scapulars and
tertials vinaceous fawn, the inner webs of the scapulars with large black
blotches, and everywhere excessively finely vermiculated with blackish brown ;
lower back and rump white, vermiculated with greyish brown ; upper tail
coverts fawn colour, also vermiculated with greyish brown ; central tail feathers
fawn colour, the attenuated portion slaty black ; lateral tail feathers rufous buff,
tipped with white and barred widely with black ; primaries and their coverts
slaty black, with a white patch near the tip on the inner web ; secondaries
black ; lower breast grey ; rest of under surface white, the feathers of the
leg tinged with fulvous.
Length. — 1 8 to 20 inches ; wing 9-9 to ID'S ; tail 7-5 to 9-5 ; bill at front
074 to 0*78.
Had. — The semi-desert plains of Ladak and the upper portions of the
Sutlej Valley. Hume adds that he saw numbers on the Roopshoo plains
about the head of the Pangong Lake. It has also been got by Wilson on the
water shed range crossing from the Mussoorie hills into Thibet.
PAVO. 529
Family.
Bill moderate, strong, vaulted, the tip of the upper mandible hooked over
the lower; nostrils apert. Wings moderate or short; tail of from 12 to 18
feathers, long and broad ; tarsus moderate or long, spurred in the males ;
toes long ; hind toe raised. This family includes the Peafowls, also the Jungle
and Spur fowls and Pheasants.
Sub-Family.— PAVONINE— PEAFOWL.
Plumage brilliant green, shot with gold, and ocellated.
1186. Pavo cristatUS, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 267 ; Elliot, Hon.
Phas. i. pi. v. ; Jerd., 13. Ind. iii. p, 506 ; Hume and Marsh. , Game Birds
p. 83 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 212. — The COMMON PEACOCK.
Crest with bare shafts, except at the jtip. Whole head, neck, and breast rich
purplish blue with gold and green reflections ; scapulars, tertiaries and lesser
wing coverts rufescent, barred with black ; facial skin greyish white ; back green,
the feathers scale-like in appearance with coppery edges ; median coverts deep
blue ; primaries and tail chestnut ; abdomen and under surface black ; train
green, ocellated. Bill horny brown ; irides dark brown.
Length.— Without train, 42 to 48 inches ; with train, more than double the
length of head to true tail ; wing 18.
The pea hen is chestnut brown on the head and nape ; neck greenish, edged
with whitish brown ; upper surface of the body hair brown with undulations ;
quills brown ; tail deep brown, tipped with white ; chin and throat white ; breast
greenish, like the neck ; abdomen white ; under tail coverts brown.
Length. — 3810 40 inches; wing 16 ; tail 14. Crest feathers with bare
shafts except at the tip.
Hab. — Throughout India proper, extending into Ceylon and Assam. This
lovely bird is so well known that any account of its habits would be superfluous.
They generally roost at night on high trees, seldom, if ever, on the ground,
except perhaps when disturbed at night and are forced to fly down. They
pair in the early part of the hot weather, when the peacock has then his full
train of upper tail coverts to display to his wives. They lay in July and August.
Eggs, pure white, or a rich cafe au lait or reddish buff, with strong glossy shells
pitted all over with minute pores. Size 2*55 to 3 X 1-92 to 2*2 inches.
1187. PaVO mutlCUS, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 268 ; Elliot, Mon. Phas.
i. pi. 5; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 165; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 147;
Dav. et Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 402 ; Anders., Yunnan Exped., p 668 ; Hume
and Dav., Str. F. vi. pp. 425, 520; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 455 ; viii. p. no ;
Hume and Marsh., Game Birds p. 94, pi.; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 195 ; Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 235; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 529; Oates, B. Br, Burm.'n.
p. 312. — The BURMESE PEAFOWL.
VOL. II.— 69
530 PHASIANID/E.
Feathers of crest webbed throughout their whole length ; head, neck and
breast brilliant green ; scapulars, tertiaries and lesser \vingcovertsuniform and
unbarred rufescent ; facial skin blue above and round the eyes ; deep yellow on
the remainder of the face ; wing coverts violet blue, edged with pale greenish
yellow ; quills rufescent. Legs and feet dark horny brown ; irides dark brown.
Length. — To end of true tail 40 to 48 inches ; train projects beyond end of
tail from 24 to 44 ; wing 16*75 to 19'7S 5 tail from vent 15*5 to ij'$ ; tarsus
5-5 ; bill from gape 1*95 to 2*5.
Hal. — British Burmah, extending north as far as Chittagong; east
through Siam to Cochin-China, and south down the Malay Peninsula.
Gen. Argusianus.— Rafin.
Bill short and strong ; upper mandible deflected at the tip, convex ; nostrils
basal lateral ; head naked ; tail long.
1188. ArgUSianuS argUS (Zz«».), Gates, B. Br. Burm.\\. p. 313.
Phasianus argus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 272. Argusianus giganteus, BL, B.
Burm.Tp. 148. Argus giganteus, Elliot, Mon. Phas.'i. pi. II; Hume and
Dav., S/r. F. vi. p. 427 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. I IO ; Hume and Marsh., Game
Birds i. p. 99, pi. Argusa giganteus, Kelharn, Ibis, 1881, p. 530. — The
ARGUS PHEASANT.
Head, cheeks, chin, and gular region naked and slaty blue ; some bristly
feathers on the occiput black, forming ear-like tufts ; back of neck huffish,
minutely spotted with black ; lower neck, breast and upper back reddish
chestnut, also minutely streaked and speckled with black ; lower back and
rump bullish, lighter on the rump ; upper tail coverts dark vinaceous, thickly
and closely variegated with ocelli. Wing coverts buffish, thickly freckled and
speckled with dark brown ; tertiaries longer than the primaries and beautifully
ocellated ; tail with the centre feathers much elongated ; breast and upper abdo-
men ferruginous, finely vermiculated with ziz-zag lines. The female is duller in
colour and wants the elongated tertials and tail feathers, otherwise as in the
male.
Legs and feet from pale to bright red,
Length of the Male. — 68 to 70 inches ; tail about 50; wing to end of pri-
maries 18 ; tarsus 4-7 ; bill from gape up to 2. Length of Female. — About 30
inches ; tail 12 ; wing 17; tarsus 3*6 ; bill from gape up to 17.
flab. — Tenasserim in the extreme south, where it was observed by Mr.
Davison in the forests about Malewoon and Bankasoon and the higher portions
of Pakchan. It extends down the Malay Peninsula, and is found in Sumatra.
According to Davison they are confined entirely to the evergreen forests. The
male and female live quite solitarily. The males, Mr. Davison says, have a
peculiar habit of selecting a piece of ground some six or eight yards square,
POLYPLECTRON. 531
thoroughly cleaning it from all vegetation and rubbish, and taking up their
quarters there. They, however, roost on trees at night. Food — fruit, ants,
slugs, and insects generally.
Gen. Polyplectron.— Tern.
Head sub-crested ; bill less large and convex, more compressed, the tip
deflected over the lower mandible ; wing short; tail long ; tarsus spurred.
1189. Polyplectron thibetanum (Gm.), Elliot, Mon. Phas. \.
pi. vi. ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. pp. 432, 521 ; Hume, Str, F. viii. p. 1 10;
Hume and Marsh, Game Birds i. p. 105 pi. ; Bingham, Sir. F. ix. p. 195 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 315. Pavo tibetanus, Gmel., Syst. Nat. i. p. 731.
Polyplectron chinquis, Temm., Pig. et Gall. ii. p. 363 ; iii. p. 675 ; Blylh and
Wald.y B. Burm. p. 148 ; Inglis and Hume, Str. F. v. p. 40. — The GREY
PEACOCK-PHEASANT.
Crown of head subcresied, the feathers thick set ; whole head and neck
greyish brown, minutely freckled and stippled with brown ; rest of upper
plumage including the wings and tail dark brown, minutely freckled all over
with greyish white ; the feathers of the back, scapulars, tertiaries and wing coverts
tipped with pale buff and each having near the tip a large roundish violet-blue
spot, tinged with a coppery gloss next the buff tip. Each tail feather with a
large oval metallic-green patch on each web, surrounded by a blackish and a
buff ring; lower plumage pale ochraceous barred with brown. The female is
similar, but duller in colour, the spots on the tail are small and inconspicuous,
and those on the tail coverts altogether absent, (pates?) Bill with the upper
mandible and the tip of the lower one black ; rest of the bill and facial skin pale
yellow ; iridcs white ; legs and feet blackish ; in the female dark plumbeous ;
the bill horny brown; and the facial skin pale dingy fleshy yellow. (Davison.)
Sab. — The dense hill forests of the Indo-Burmese region, its furthest limits
northwards and westwards being the Buxa Doars and the outer slopes of the
Bhootanese Himalayas. Eastwards it is not rare in suitable localities in the
Eastern Doars, northern portions of Goalpara, Kamrup, and Durrang, and
Hume adds possibly, further east. South of the Brahmaputra it occurs in the
Garo, Khasia and Naga hills, in Sylhet, Cachar, Hill Tipperah, Chittagong,
Arrakan, Pegu and Tenasserim as far south as Tavoy. A closely allied
species, P. bicalcaratum, is said to have occurred at Mergui, but this requires
confirmation. Hume, however, says that from the southern boundary of
Tenasserim to the extreme south of the Malay Peninsula it certainly occurs,
and that it may yet prove to occur in the higher hills of Southern Tenasserim.
Family.— MEGAPODID^:. t*\*~c*v ^
Birds with large legs and feet, commonly known as Mound-birds ; facial
skin nude ; head crestless ; tail short ; tarsi thick and strong ; hind toe on the
532 MEGAPOD1D/E.
same plane as the anterior one. Eggs large, laid in a mound of earth, heaped
up by the parent birds.
Gen. MegapOdiUS.— Lin.
Characters the same as those of the family.
1190. Megapodius nicobariensis, Blyth, J.A.S. Beng. xv. p. ;
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 82 ; iii. pp. 276, 499; td., Nests and Eggs Ind. B. iii.
p. 517; Hume and Marsh. , Game Birds Ind. i. p. I la. — The NICOBAR
MOUND BIRD or MEGAPODE.
Upper and lower surface of the body dull chocolate brown, darker on the
back and lower abdomen, slightly tinged with rufescent on the lesser, median
and greater wing coverts, and greyer on the breast ; all the feathers margined
lunately with black ; primaries (3—4) yellowish, edged with black ; top of
head greenish brown ; lores, orbital and aural region and visible portions of
the skin of the neck from a light somewhat dull cherry red to a bright brick
red. Legs and feet dark greenish horny; scuta somewhat paler; soles of
the feet pale carneous j knee brick red ; bill light greenish horny.
Length. — 14-5 to 17 inches; wing 8-5 to 9*5 ; tail 275 to 3*5; tarsus 2'6
to 275 ; bill at front 0-94 to r i.
Hab. — The central and southern portions of the Nicobar Islands. Accord-
ing to Hume, the Nicobar Megapode never wanders far from the seashore,
and throughout the day keeps in thickish jungle a hundred yards or so above
water mark. They come out generally at dusk and in the early dawn.
Generally met with in pairs, coveys and flocks of from thirty to fifty, and
Mr. Hume adds that they are unsurpassed. " The flesh is white, very sweet
and juicy, loaded with fat, is delicious, a sort of juste milieu between that of
a fat Norfolk turkey and a fat Norfolk pheasant." The eggs too, he says, are
quite equal if not superior to those of the Peafowl. Eggs, 10 — 18 in number,
elongated ovals, pointed towards one end, whitish, of a chalky texture,
varying in size from 3*01 to 3*4 in length and from -1*9 to 2-25 in breadth.
Sub-Family.— PHASIANIN^S.
Tail typically long, with the central feathers of great length ; plumage
rarely ocellated ; head more or less crested. Includes (Mo-naul), the Horned,
Gold and Silver, Snow and Blood pheasants, Firebacks and Jungle fowl.
Gen. CrOSSOptilon.— Hodgs.
Bill strong, broadly convex ; upper mandible longer than and overlaying the
lower mandible ; cere and facial skin nude ; nares basal ; wing with the 6th
quill longest ; tail ample, of 18 feathers ; upper tail coverts long, and covering
the tail feathers ; tarsi nude, scutate before and behind ; males only with
a spur.
LOPHOPHORUS. 638
1191. Crossoptilon thibetanuin, Hodgson, J. A. S. B. 1849;
Hume and Marsh., Game Birds Ind. p. 115, pi.; Tickell, Field iii., 1886,
p. 170. Crossoptilon drouyni, Verr. — HODGSON'S EARED PHEASANT.
Head of Crossoptilon thibetanum.
Top of the head black, the feathers narrow, short, erect, velvetty and thick set ;
cheeks and facial skin nude and red ; wings short, stiff, bowed and rounded ;
quills blackish on their outer webs ; lesser and median wing coverts greyish
ash, tinged with blue; upper plumage bluish hoary, paler and tinged
with yellowish on the lower surface; alar and caudal plumes dusky or
black, glossed more or less with changeable blue; bill dull ochreous red.
{Hodgson.)
Length. — 38 to 40 inches; tail 19 to 2O ; wings 12-5 ; tarsus 4' 12 ; bill 1*62.
Hab.— Nepaul. Mr. Hume figures this bird in his " Game Birds of India,"
and though he says it could hardly claim to be included in the Indian Avifauna,
I have (owing to the rarity of the species, and the remarks of Colonel Tickell
in a note by Mr. Hume,) given a description of it in the event of the bird being
found, as Colonel Tickell surmises, nearer Nepaul.
Gen. LophOphorUS, Temm.
Head crested, the shafts of the feathers bare except at the tip ; orbits bare ;
bill somewhat lengthened, the tip deflected ; tarsus spurred ; tail short.
Plumage rich metallic green and gold.
1192. LophOphoruS ImpeyanuS (Lath.), Gould, Cent. Him.
Birds, pis. 60, 6 1 ; id., B. Asia pt. ii. pi. 7; Jerd., £. Ind. iii. p. 510, No.
804; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds of Ind. i. p. 125. — The MONAUL
PHEASANT.
Head, including the crest, also the throat, brilliant metallic green ; back of the
neck brilliant iridescent purple, passing into bronzy green, and all with a golden
gloss ; upper back and wing coverts, also the rump and upper tail coverts richly
glossed with purple and green, the latter colour prevailing on the wings and
furthest tail coverts. Middle of back white ; quills black ; tail cinnamon
rufous ; whole lower surface black, glossed on the throat with green and
purple, dull and unglossed elsewhere. Bill dark horny ; naked orbits blue ;
irides brown ; legs dull ashy green. (Jerd)
534 PHASIANIN^E.
Length. — 27 to 29 inches ; wing 1 1 to 12*2 ; tail from vent 9*5 to 10*5 ; tarsus
2*7 to 3 ; bill from gape 1*9 to 2. Females are smaller. The female has the
chin and throat white, the rest of the body pale buffy brown, with dark brown
spots, bars and undulations ; secondaries barred black and rufous ; tip of
tail and external margin of tail coverts whitish. Bill blackish; legs dusky
greenish.
Length. — 24 to 26 inches ; wing 10-3 to 1 1 ; tarsus 2-65 to 27.
Hab. — The western borders of Cashmere to the more western portions of
Bhootan, and throughout the Himalayas, as far east as Sikkim. Jerdon says in
Sikkim it is not found at a lower elevation than 10,000 feet. Common about
Mussoorie at one time, and also about Simla. Breeds throughout the forest-
clad ranges of the Himalayas during May and June. The eggs are laid in a
bare depression in the ground under the shelter of some overhanging rock, or
the massive root of some large tree. The eggs, 4 to 6 in number, are long
ovals, a good deal compressed at one end ; the ground colour is buffish
white thickly and coarsely freckled all over, especially in the middle, with
deep reddish brown. Size from 2*41 to 2*69 in length by 17 to 1*89 in
breadth.
1193. Lophophorus Sclateri, Jerd., Ibis, 1870, p. 147; id.,
J. A. S. Beng. 1870, p. 61 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 162, pi. xiv. ; Elliot,
Mon. Phas. i. pi. xx. ; Hume, Game Birds p. 135, pi. Lophophorus (Chal-
cophasis) Sclateri, G. R. Gray, Hand List B. ii. p. 261. Chalcophasis
Sclateri, Gould, B. Asia vi. pi. 70. — SCLATER'S CRESTLESS MONAUL.
Top of head covered by a short recurved green crest ; occiput, cheeks,
throat and entire under parts deep velvetty black ; back of neck red, becoming
orange yellow on the lower part ; back and wings metallic green, with blue
and purple reflections ; shoulders reddish bronze ; primaries brownish black ;
rump white with mesial black lines ; upper tail coverts white ; tail deep chest-
nut tipped broadly with white ; facial skin deep blue, with short, black hair-
like feathers ; legs and feet brown ; bill greenish horn.
Length. — 27 inches ; wing 12-4; tail 9-0 ; bill at front 1*3 ; from gape 1-95 ;
tarsus 3*2 ; irides brown.
Hab. — East and South-East of Sadiya. Nothing is known of its habits.
Gen. CeriorniS-— Sivainson.
Bill rather short ; head with two small erectile fleshy horns behind the nude
orbits ; crown crested ; throat with extensile gular wattles j tail short, broad, of
1 8 feathers ; tarsi short.
1194. CeriorniS Satyra (Linn.), Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. 62 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 5 16, No. 805 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds i. p. 137.
CERIORNIS. 535
Meleagris satyra, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 717. Satyra Lathami (Gray), Hard-
wick, 111. Ind. ZooL, pi. 49, 51.— The SIKKIM HORNED PHEASANT or INDIAN
CRIMSON TRAGOPAN.
Forecrown, nape, and sides bordering the nude parts black; crest formed of
slender hair-like feathers black basally and red terminally ; back, rump, wings
and upper tail coverts brown, finely barred with black and with white ocelli ;
wing coverts and sides of the rump brown, the ocelli on a maronne-red spot at
triP tip of each feather; shoulder of wing bright fiery red ; tail black, barred
narrowly with rufous ; sides and back of the neck, the breast, and under
surface of the body rich crimson red, with white, black-edged spots. Bill
brown ; orbits, horns and nude parts fine blue ; wattles blue, with crimson
bars when excited ; irides deep brown ; legs yellowish brown.
Length of Males. — 26-5 to 28-5 ; wing IO to IO'6 ; tail 10 to 11*5 ; tarsus
3-25 to 3*75 ; bill from gape 1*4 to 1-5. Females — 21-5 to 2375 ; wing 8-5 to
9 ; tail 8 to 10 ; tarsus 3 to 3-25 ; bill from gape 1*25 to 1-45.
Hal. — The higher wooded ranges of the Central and Eastern Himalayas,
westwards to Kumaon and the western portions of Garhwal. Found in suitable
localities throughout Nepaul and Sikkim and well into Bhootan. Occurs also in
the Dafla Hills ; also in the vicinity of Darjeeling. Breeds at elevations of
from 9,000 to 1 2,000 feet in the forests that lie below the snow. Eggs are like
large hen's eggs, white, freckled with dull lilac.
1195. Ceriornis melanocephalns (Gray), Gould, Cent. Him. B.
pis. 63, 64, 65 ; J erd., B. Ind. iii. p. 517, No. 806; Hume and Marsh., Game
Birds i. p. 143. Phasianus nipalensis (Gray, the female), Hardw., III. Ind.
Zool. i. pis. 46, 47, 48 and 2 pi. 40 ; Elliot, Hon. Phas. i. pi.— The SIMLA
HORNED PHEASANT or the WESTERN TRAGOPAN.
Head of Ceriornis melanocephalus.
Head black, crest tipped with red ; nape, the back and sides of neck dark
red ; back and upper parts dark brown, minutely barred irregularly with black,
each feather with a round white spot on a black ground : shoulder of wing
dark red ; quills blackish, mottled and barred with brown ; some of the win"-
coverts with dusky olive spots ; tertiaries mottled like the back and with the
scapulars have a large white spot ; upper tail coverts lengthened, the lateral
536 PHASIANIN/E.
feathers with a large fulvous tip edged with dull black and white spotted ; tail
black, unspotted towards the tip, but barred with white, brown for the greater
part of its length ; beneath, the throat and neck below the wattle vivid scarlet,
passing into flame colour and yellow on the lower part of the neck ; breast and
lower parts black, dashed with dull red, and each feather with a round white
spot ; thigh coverts mottled black and brown, paler and yellowish near the
joint. Bill blackish ; irides hazel brown ; orbits bright red ; fleshy horns pale
blue; gular wattles purple in the middle, spotted and edged with pale yue
and fleshy on the sides ; legs and feet fleshy.
Length.— 27 to 29 inches ; wing 1 1-25 ; tail 10*5 to 1 1 ; tarsus 3.
The female has the head and all the upper parts mottled with dark and light
brown and blackish with small pointed streaks of pale yellow ; quills and tail
dark brown, minutely mottled and barred ; under surface light ashy brown,
powdered with blackish and marked with irregular spots of white ; fleshy horns
and wattles absent.
Hal. — Western borders of Nepaul to the extreme N.-W. Himalayas. It is
found about Simla and Mussoorie, but more abundant near Almora. It is not
a very rare species, and is very easily reared in captivity, as well as easy to
shoot. They feed chiefly on berries, but insects also form part of their food.
They begin to pair in April. Eggs have been obtained in May at from 8,000
to 1 1,000 feet elevation. They are, according to Hume, elongated ovals
considerably compressed towards the small end, and about the size of the
egg of the Monaul. The shell is devoid of gloss, and vary in colour from
a pale cafe, au lait to a dull reddish buff, Size from 2*4 to 2*55 by r68
to 172.
Ceriornts Blythi, Jerd., J. A. S. Beng., 1870, p. 60 ; Gould, B. Asia vii.
pi. 47. This is another species of which much is not known. It is said
to occur in the Naga and Assam hills : the forecrown and occiput is black ;
lores, orbital region, cheeks, chin, throat and nude parts adjoining golden
yellow ; back of the head, neck all round and breast bright brick red or lake ; a
black post orbital and gular band ; upper surface of the body rich maroon red,
with white ocelli on a black ground at the tip of each feather ; flanks more
yellowish ; belly grey ; tail dark brown.
Gen. Ithaginis— Wagler.
Bill short, stout ; tail of 14 feathers ; tarsus of male with several spurs ;
head sub-crested ; neck feathers elongated.
1196. Ithaginis cruentUS (ffardw.), Gould, B. Asia, pt. iii.
pi- 3 ; Jerd.t B. Ind. iii. p. 522, No. 807 ; Elliott, Mon. Phas. i. pi. IO ;
Hume and Marsh., Game Birds \. p. 155. Phasianus cruentus, Hardw., Linn.
ITHAGINIS. 537
Trans, xiii. p. 237. Phasianus Gardneri, Plardw. (the female). — The GREEN
PHEASANT.
Head of Ithaginis cruentus.
Forehead black ; crown buff ; crest dull grey, with a mesial streak of buff ;
lores and cheeks, also a broad ring round the red orbital region black ; base
of the bill, chin and throat blood red ; lower throat brownish to black, with
a mesial stripe of greenish buff down each feather ; ear-coverts black, with
huffish striae; hind neck and upper surface of the body dark grey, each
feather striped mesially with buff, which is again bounded by black ; wing
coverts the same ; tail grey, passing into greyish-white at the tips ; the
shafts while and the basal three-fourths of the feathers broadly margined with
blood red ; breast, sides of the abdomen and flanks pale green with lighter
shafts ; breast feathers with a blood red spot near the centre of either margin ;
centre" of abdomen, thighs and vent dark brownish grey, with a greenish
mesial stripe bounded by black ; under tail coverts deep blood red, tipped with
pale yellow.
Bill brownish, black at tip and red at the base ; irides brown ; legs and feet
coral red.
Length. — 16 to 17 inches; wing 8-5 ; tail 6-5 ; tarsus 2*75.
The female has the forehead, cheeks and chin, bright rusty yellow ; upper
parts ferruginous brown mottled very finely with blackish ; first primary plain
dark brown, the others and the tail dark brown, freckled finely with blackish ;
lower parts brighter ferruginous brown than the back ; under tail coverts and
vent mottled with brown.
Hab.—S.-E. Himalayas, in Nepaul and Sikkim, more abundant in the latter,
affecting ranges from 10,000 to 14,000 feet. According to Hodgson they are
not rare. In November and December numbers are caught. They ascend and
descend with the snow, and are easily captured, being fearless and stupid.
VOL. II.— 70
538 PHASIANIN/E.
Gen. Pucrasia—
Bill short ; head double-crested ; tarsus spurred ; toes slender, long ; tail
long, of 1 6 feathers.
1197. Pucrasia macrolopha (Lesson), Gould, Cent. Him. B.
pis. 69, 70 ; id., B. Asia, pt. vi. pi. 4; Jerd., B. Ind. iii.p. 524 ; Elliot, Mon.
Phas. I pi. ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds i. p. 159. Pucrasia nipalensis,
Gould, Cent. Him. B. pi. 6 ; Hardw., III. Ind. Zool. pi. 40 ; Hume, Sir. F. \\\.
p. 428 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds i. p. 165. Pucrasia castanea, Gould,
B. Asia, pt. vi. pi. v. ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 138 ; vii. pp. 124, 428. — The
KOKLASS PHEASANT.
Head of Pucrasia macrolopha.
Head glossy dark green, the crown and medial crest ashy brown; the
lateral feathers of the crest dark green and from 4 to 4-2 inches long ;
an oblong patch of white on each side of the neck ; upper surface of the
body light ashy, each feather with a mesial streak of black ; wing coverts light
chestnut brown, the feathers with black patches ; upper tail coverts light
ashy ; tail chestnut brown, tipped with black and narrowly edged with
whitish ; chin and throat black, also the upper edge of the oblong white
neck patch ; breast and centre of abdomen deep chestnut ; flanks ashy ;
vent chestnut, tipped with white. Bill black ; irides dark brown ; legs and
feet ashy.
Length. — 24 inches ; wing 10; tail 12 ; tarsus 2-5.
The plumage of the female is pale yellow brown above, variegated and
banded with dark brown chestnut, and pale yellowish ; chin and throat
yellowish white ; under surface of the body yellowish-chestnut, with dark
brown markings, paler along the abdomen and darker on the flanks.
Length. — 2O inches ; wing 8'i to 8-6 ; tail 7 to 7'5 ; tarsus 2-2 to 2-5.
Irides deep brown ; bill dusky black, yellowish horny at the tip of upper
and base of lower mandible ; legs and feet dusky plumbeous.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas, from the west of Nepaul to beyond Simla,
extending probably into the Bhootan Himalayas. It is said to be common
to the whole of the wooded regions from an elevation of about 4,000 feet to
PHASIANUS. 539
nearly the extreme limits of forest, but more abundant in the lower and
intermediate ranges, where its favourite haunts are wooded ravines and hill
sides where oak and chestnut are plentiful. It is found singly or in pairs.
There is much difference of opinion as to whether it is good eating, but all
agree that it affords good sport. Hume says the spot for Koklass is either
some depression or saucer-like valley, or some place in a gorge where a
horizontal plateau is thrown out inside the gorge. October and November
are said to be good months about Mussoorie for Koklass.
It feeds chiefly on leaves and buds, also roots, grubs, acorns and berries.
Breeds in May throughout the Himalayas in all well-wooded localities within
the limits above indicated. Eggs, 6—9, oval, more or less pointed towards
the small end ; of a rich pale buff colour, densely and thickly speckled and
spotted, or boldly and thinly blotched and splashed with deep reddish brown.
They vary in size from 1-85 to 2-29 in length, and from 1-39 to 1*57 in
breadth.
Gen. PhasianuS.— Linn.
Tail long, cuneate, of 1 8 feathers ; cheeks naked ; tarsi spurred in the
males.
1198. PhasianuS WallicMi (Hardw.)t Gould, Cent. Him. B.
pi. 68 ; Jerd,, B. 2nd. iii. p. 527 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds i. p. 169 ;
Elliott, Mon. Phas. i. pi. —The CHEER PHEASANT.
Head of Phasianus Hardwickii.
Head with a crest composed of a few long hair-like feathers and dark ashy
in colour ; neck pale ashy, barred narrowly with dusky black ; back and
scapulars and rump pale reddish chestnut, barred with bluish black ; tail
with the two long middle feathers pale yellow, broadly barred and speckled
with black ; the rest barred with pale yellow, black, and dark chestnut ; chin
540 PHASIANIN/E.
soiled btiffish ; throat and breast yellowish ashy, with a few broken black
bars ; abdomen dusky ; wing coverts yellowish ash, with curved black bars
and shining golden spots in some feathers; primaries dusky, with a few pale
yellow bars ; thigh coverts and vent yellowish chestnut marked with dusky.
Bill pale horny ; nude orbits bright red ; irides yellowish hazel -, legs and
feet brown.
Length.— 34 to 40 inches; wing 9-6 to 10-4 ; tail 20 to 23-0; tarsus 2*8 to
2-95 ; bill from gape 1*35 to 1*45. The females are 2410 29-5 in length, with
a wing of 8*8 to 9-5, and tail of 13*5 to 15-5.
Hab. — W. and N.-W. Himalayas, Nepaul, Garhwal, Dehra Dhoon, and about
Chamba. " Mountaineer," according to Terdon, says that it is an inhabitant of
the lower and intermediate ranges, seldom found at very high elevations and
never approaching the limits of forest. They are confined to particular
localities, and not like other pheasants scattered indiscriminately over almost
every part of the regions they inhabit. Grassy hills, scattered oak forests, sites
of deserted villages and long grass in precipices are the haunts of this species.
In the interior they are often found in the immediate vicinity of villages in flocks
of 5 and 6. During the day they sit concealed, and only issue out in the morning
and evening to feed. They run fast and lie very close and are flushed within
a few yards. " Mountaineer" says he has knocked them over with a stick and
even taken them with his hand ; they feed chiefly on roots, grubs, insects, seeds
and berries. The Cheer breeds throughout the lower ranges of the Himalayas
during April, May and June, making a nest in grass or grass tufts. The eggs
are of a pale stone colour, almost devoid of markings, but generally there are some
few specks of red at one end. Size, from 2*05 to 2*22 inches X 1-4 to 1*56.
Gen. EuplOCamuS.— Temm.
Head more or less crested ; orbits naked, red ; plumage glossy black and
white ; feathers of the neck and breast hackled ; tail moderately long, of 16
feathers, divaricated, raised in the centre, as in Jungle fowl, and held demi-
erect, the feathers curving outwards and drooping. (Jerd.)
1199. EuplOCamuS albOCristatuS (Vigors), Gould, Cent. Him.
B. pis. 66, 67 ; Hume, Sir. F. iv. 42 ; id., Str. F. vii. p. 429; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds i. p. 178. Phasianus Hamiltoni (Gray), ffardw., 111.
Ind. Zool. i. pi. 41. Gallophasis albocristatus (Vigors), Jerd.> B. Ind. iii. p.
532. — The WHITE-CRESTED KALIJ PHEASANT.
A long crest of decomposed feathers white ; head, neck, wings and tail
glossy bluish-black; lower back dull white; rump and upper tail coverts
broadly tipped white ; throat and breast greyish white, the feathers sharp-
pointed; abdomen and vent dark grey. Bill greenish white, dusky at the tip;
irides orange brown ; nude orbits bright scarlet to deep crimson, dotted here
and there with tiny tufts of abortive black feathers ; legs and feet livid white
EUPLOCAMUS. 541
\vith a purplish or brownish tinge. The female is of a light brown colour
throughout, each feather being tipped with pale whity brown ; chin whitish ;
lateral tail feathers dark brown.
Length — 'Males— 24 to 29 inches ; wing 87 to lo ; tail iO'2 to 13; tarsus
29 to 3- 1 ; bill from gape i'3 to 1*55. Females — Length — 20 to 23 inches ;
wing 8 to 8-3 ; tail 7-8 to 9.
Hab. — N.-W. Himalayas, as far as Nepaul in the westernmost portions.
Hume says, throughout the fairly-wooded lower and middle ranges of the
Himalayas from Kumaon to Hazara ; also occurs in the Siwaliks, in some
places very abundantly. Usually three or four are found together, and some-
times as many as a dozen. It feeds on roots, grubs, insects, seeds and berries,
and the leaves and shoots of shrubs. Thick clumps of bushes near the banks
of rivers are its favourite haunts. It breeds everywhere in the Himalayas,
according to Hume, south of the first snowy range from the borders of
Afghanistan to those of Nepaul ; also in the Dhoon and at Simla from April to
June. There is no regular nest, except a pad, with a slight depression, made
of leaves, fine grass and coarse roots. Eggs, 9 to 14 in number, oval, mode-
rately elongated, a good deal pointed towards one end, glossy and closely
pitted with minute pores. In colour they vary from a pale creamy buff to a
rich reddish buff, often thickly speckled with minute white spots. Size from
1*85 to 2-03 X 1-25 to 1-52.
1200. EuplOCamUS leUCOmelanuS (Lath.), Hume, Sir. F. vii.
p. 428; id. and Marsh.) Game Birds Ind. i. p. 185. Phasianus leucomelanus,
Lath.t Ind. Orn. ii. p. 633. — The NEPAUL KALIJ.
Differs from albocristatus in having a black crest and more narrowly white
tipped rump and upper tail coverts. Bill greenish horny ; irides dark brown ;
orbital skin fine crimson red and papillated ; legs and feet pale brownish.
Length. — 23 to 26 inches ; wing 87 to 9' 2 ; tail 10-9 to 12-3 ; tarsus 2*8 to
3-05 ; bill from gape 1-25 to 1*37. Females 19-3 to 20-5; wing 7-8 to 8-5;
tail 7* 3 to 8'5 ; tarsus 2*3 to 2*9; bill from gape 1*2 to 1*3.
Hab. — Nepaul, ranging just inside the limits of British India.
1201. EuplOCamUS melanonotUS (Blyth\ Jerd., B. Ind. iii.
p. 534; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 42 ; id., p. 124; id. and Marsh.t Game Birds
Ind. i. p. 192. — The BLACK-BACKED KALIJ.
Differs from leucomelanus in having the rump and upper tail coverts
entirely black. Bill, legs and feet as in the last.
Length.— 2\ to 25 inches; wing 8-9 to 9-5; tail from vent 9*5 to 12*3;
tarsus 3-0$ to 3*2 ; bill from gape 1-28 to 1-36. Females — Length. — 18 to 21
inches; wingS'i to 8'8 ; tail 7*5 to 8*6; tarsus 27 to 2*9; bill from gape
PiS to 1-25.
542 PHASIANIN^E.
Hab. — Sikkim, and the Eastern parts of Bhootan. According to Jerdon it is
the only Pheasant common in Darjeeling at all elevations between 2,000 and
7,000 feet. Breeds during March, April, and May. Eggs, 8— 10 in number,
similar to those of other species. Size 179 to 2 inches by 1-4 to 1-54.
1202. EuplOCamUS horsfieldi (G. R. Gray), Hume, Sir. F. v.
p. 42 ; vii. p. 429 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds B. Ind. i. p. 197.— The
BLACK-BREASTED KALIJ.
Differs from albocristatus, leucomelanus and melanonotus in having the
breast black, with rounded instead of lanceolate feathers, and the rump and
upper tail coverts broadly tipped with white. Bill greenish horny, paler at tip,
dusky towards the base ; nude orbital skin crimson ; irides reddish brown ;
legs and feet plumbeous.
Length, Males.— 23 to 24 inches; wing 9 to IO; tail 9 to 1075 ; tarsus
3-2 to 3-25 ; bill from gape 1-37 to 1-5.
Length, Females. — 21 to 22-5 inches; wing 8-5 to 8-9; tail 775 to 8*5 ;
tarsus 3 to 3-05 ; bill from gape 1*15 to 1*3.
Hab. — Cachar and around the bases of and up to four thousand feet eleva-
tion on the Khasia and Garo hills ; thence eastwards in suitable localities right
up the valley of Assam to beyond Sadiya. Has been met with in Eastern
Bhootan and in the lower ranges of the Dafla hills, also in Tipperah and
Northern Chittagong. Dilkusha, Sylhet and Cachar are districts in which
they are fairly abundant. (Hume.) Breeds in April and May. Eggs of the
usual type.
1203. Euplocamus lineatus, Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 23 (pt.);
Hume> Nests and Eggs Ind. B.p. 525 ; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 165 ; Anders., Yun.
Exped, p. 669 (part) ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 436; Hume, Sir. F. viii.
p. no; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds i. p. 205, pi. ; Bingham, Str. F. ix.
p. 195 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 236; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 316. Phasianus
lineatus, Lath, in Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 24. Nycthemerus lineatus, Blyih
and Wald., B. Burnt., p. 149. Gennaeus lineatus, Oates, Str. F.v. p. 164. —
The LINEATED SILVER PHEASANT.
Whole head, including crest, also the chin, throat and lower plumage black ;
sides of breast and body streaked with white ; forehead and feathers above the
red facial skin stippled with white dots ; sides of the head and neck, also the
hindneck and the whole of the upper plumage and wing coverts black, finely
and closely vermicellated with white ; wings and tail the same, but the wavy
bars of white broader ; central pair of tail feathers almost entirely white on the
inner webs. Younger males have more white streaks on the lower plumage
extending to the whole breast and abdomen. The female has the forehead,
crown and crest olive brown tinged with rufous ; chin and throat grey ; sides
and back of the neck olive brown, streaked with white ; front of the neck
EUPLOCAMUS. 543
pale chestnut with white streaks, the remaining lower plumage rich chestnut
streaked with white ; base of the hind neck and the back olive brown with
white arrow-head-shaped marks ; wings, coverts, lower back, rump and the
shorter upper tail coverts olive brown, the feathers edged paler; longer
upper tail coverts yellowish white, barred with black ; six outer pairs of tail
feathers blackish, broadly barred with white, each white bar having another
black bar within it ; between the white bars there are marks of chestnut ; the
next pair similar, but the terminal half of the inner web yellowish, vermiculated
with black ; central pair wholly yellowish white on inner web, the outer web
vermiculated with black. In the male the irides are reddish hazel ; bill green,
turning to dusky at the tip and at the base of the culmen ; bare skin of the
head rich crimson ; legs plumbeous brown ; claws pale horn ; spur dark
brown. (Oates.)
Length. — 27 inches ; wing 9-3 ; tail 12*5; tarsus 3-2 ; bill from gape 1-35.
Female, Length. — 2o inches ; wing 8-5 ; tail 7*5 ; tarsus 3 ; bill from gape
1'3-
Sab.— British Burmah. Confined to Pegu, Tenasserim, north of Tavoy,
the south-western portions of Independent Burmah, and the N.-W. portions
of Siam. Hume says it is not a bird of high elevations. It is numerous at from
i,OOO to 3,000 feet. It is almost omnivorous, and feeds according to season
and locality on all kinds of berries, young leaves, green shoots and flower
buds. The breeding season commences in March and is over by the end of
April. The nest is merely a hollow scratched in the ground and thinly lined
and sprinkled with dry leaves, placed under a shrub, or at the foot of a large
tree. Eggs, 7 — 8, of a pinkish stone colour, minutely pitted all over. Size,
r8i to 2-03 by 1-4 to 1-52 in width.
1204. EuplOCamuS Cuvieri (Temm.), Oates, Sir. F. iii. p. 343;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. I IO ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds i. p. 2Oi, pi.;
Sanderson, Str. F. viii. p. 493 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 318. Lophopho-
rus Cuvieri (Temm. PI. Col.), Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 166 (note). Nycthe-
merus Cuvieri, Blyih, B. Burm. p. 149. — The ARRACAN SILVER PHEASANT.
Like E. lineatus, but with no white streaks on the lower plumage, the breast
is strongly tinged with deep blue, and a tinge of blue runs all through the upper
plumage ; rump and upper tail coverts with broad white margins ; vermicula-
tions on the upper plumage are not so frequent nor so white, and there is less
white on the tail. ^^Q female is also like the female of E. lineatus, but differs
in having the feathers of the upper plumage margined paler ; the white stripes
on the lower surface are reduced in breadth, are buffy in colour, and are
almost entirely confined to the breast ; the whole back and wings are a more
or less rich rufous-olivaceous-brown everywhere, closely freckled with blackish
brown ; tail rufous, pale on the central tail feathers, deep chestnut on the four
exterior ones, and freckled only on the inner webs.
544 PHASIANIN^E.
Length. — 25 inches; tail 11*2; wing 9-3 ; tarsus 3-4; bill from gape r6.
The female— wing 8-5 ; tail 8'8.
Hab. — Arracan Hills, extending northwards to Chittagong. Habits same
as last.
1205. Euplocamns Anderson!, Elliot, P. z. S. 1871, p. 137;
Anderson, Yunnan Exped., p. 670, pi. liii ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 22 ; Oa/es,
B. Br. Burmah, ii. p. 319. Euplocamns Crawfurdi, Hume and Dav., Sir.
F. vi. pp. 437, 521; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 1 10 ; Hume and Marsh.,
Game Birds i. p. 203, pi. — ANDERSON'S SILVER PHEASANT.
Upper parts black, each feather having three or four white irregular lines,
running parallel to and meeting towards the edges ; secondaries black, with
broken irregular black lines, running lengthwise with the feather > feathers of
the rump like the back, but fringed with white, which overlaps the feather
beneath and gives this part a beautiful silvery appearance ; top of head, length-
ened crest and entire under parts deep rich blue ; tail moderately long,
middle feather white, thickly covered with rather broad irregular black lines,
these most numerous on the outer web and towards the base, becoming less
on the inner web, and disappearing entirely at the tip and on the edge of inner
web ; rest of tail feathers black, with fine broken lines of white, these
disappearing towards the tips ; primaries dark brown, marked with white lines.
(Elliott?) Hume says the characteristic points in which typical E. Craw-
furdi=E. Andersoni differs from E. lineatus are, first, the much coarser and
bolder character of the markings of the upper surface, which are all longitudi-
nal and more or less parallel to the margins of the feathers, which are entirely
free from the fine more or less transverse markings or mottlings characteristic
of E. lineatus ; second, in the whole of the central tail feathers, except just at
the tip and margins of the inner webs, being boldly variegated black and while,
instead as in E. lineatus almost the whole of the inner webs and the terminal
half at any rate, of the outer webs being white or sullied white free from
markings, and such markings as exist on the basal portions being fine. Bill
pale bluish horny; facial skin deep crimson; legs and feet dark pinkish
fleshy ; irides brown. (Davison.)
Length. — 30 inches ; tail I3'5 ; wing 11-5 ; tarsus 3-62 ; bill from gape 1*55.
Hab.— Tenasserim proper, in the hills at the N.-E. extremity. Dr. Anderson
also procured specimens on the confines of Upper Burma and Yunnan.
1206. EuploCaniUS Vieilloti (G. 7?. Gray), Sclater, P. Z. S.,
1863, p. 1 18 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 438 ; Hume, S/r. F. viii. p. 1 10 ;
Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 532; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 320. Gallophasis
Vieilloti, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498. Euplocamus ignitus, Elliot, Mon.
Phas. ii. pi. 26 (part) ; Blyth, B. Burm., p. 149; Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 124
(part). — VIEILLOT'S FIRE-BACK PHEASANT.
CALLUS. 545
General colour of the plumage, including crest, metallic violet blue; sides of
the body streaked with white ; centre of abdomen and vent, secondaries and
lateral tail feathers black ; lower back and rump glistening fiery chestnut ;
primaries brown ; central pair of tail feathers white, the next pair white, with the
basal half of the outer web brown. The female has the whole upper plumage
chestnut ; the chin and throat albescent ; the front and sides of the neck
streaked with white ; the head, hind neck and upper back plain ; all the other
parts finely vcrmiculated with black ; breast black, the feathers with chestnut
tips and white margins ; upper abdomen, sides of the body and thighs black,
the feathers margined with white ; lower abdomen and vent white ; under tail
coverts chestnut. Bill whitish to horny brown ; facial skin smalt blue ; legs and
feet vermilion red ; irides pale red.
Length. — 27-5 to 29 inches; tail 10 to 10-5 ; wing 1075 to I2T2; tarsus
4-25 to 4-4 ; bill from gape r6 to i'8. Female — 23 to 24 inches; tail 7-5 to
9 ; wing 9-7 to iG'75 ; tarsus 3-5 to 375 ; bill from gape r6 to 17,
Hal.— Tenasserim, in the south, extending down the Malay Peninsula.
According to Davison it frequents thick evergreen forests in small parties of
five or six, feeding there on berries, tender leaves, and insects. Hume
says they appear to breed in the monsoon. The only egg he obtained was laid
by a captured hen in July. The egg is simply like a large game fowl's egg.
Sub-Family-GALLlN^:.
Head generally furnished with fleshy crests and wattles, crested or sub-
crested ; tail of 14 feathers, more or less divaricate, and held demi-erect ;
upper tail coverts of males elongated and pendant.
Gen. Gallus — Linn.
Head furnished with a fleshy crest ; face and wattles nude ; tarsus in males
spurred ; other characters as in the sub-family.
1207- Gallus ferrugineus (Gm.), Jerd., B. ind. \\. p. 236; Elliot,
Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 32 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 528 ; id., Str. F.
iii. p. 171 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 148 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 104 ; Htime and
Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 442 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 1 1 1 ; Hume and Marsh., Game
Birds i. p. 217, pi. ; Bingham, Str. F. x. p. 195 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 236 ;
id., B. Br. Burm. ii.p. 322. Tetrao ferrugineus, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 761. —
The COMMON JUNGLE FOWL.
Head and neck rich golden, becoming yellow on the longer hackles which
cover the back ; back, lesser wing coverts, and lower plumage black ; tertiaries
black, the greater coverts also black with a bluish tinge ; median wing coverts
glistening maroon chestnut, also a band connecting them with the lower back,
which is followed by a broad band of rich purplish brown ; lower rump and
upper tail coverts rich golden ; tail black, glossed with greenish.
VOT, IT.— 71
546 PHASIANIN^E.
The female has the crown rufous, the shafts darker ; hackles of the neck
dark brown edged with yellow ; upper plumage and wing coverts yellowish
brown mottled with black, and the shafts yellowish ; primaries and secondaries
dark brown, the outer webs of the latter and both webs of the tertiaries
mottled with yellowish brown ; under surface of the body reddish brown with
paler shaft streaks, and most of the feathers stippled with blackish. (Oa/es.)
Bill dark brown, reddish towards the base ; under parts dull red ; irides
orange red ; legs and feet purpurescent.
Length. — 25 to 28 inches; wing 8'I2 to 9-5 ; tail 11*25 to H'3; tarsus
3 to 3'i2; bill from gape rig to 1-37. Females do not exceed 18-5 in
length, and have a wing of from 7*1 to 7*5.
Hab.— Himalayas, in the lower ranges, the Dhoons, Terais, and sub-montane
districts. The whole of Assam, Oudh, Central and N.-W. Provinces, Eastern
Bengal, including the Sunderbuns, Arracan, Pegu, Tenasserim ; all the hilly
portions of Western Bengal and Northern and Central Provinces. Southwards
and eastwards, it occurs north of the Godavery, Orissa, the Tributary Mehals,
Ganjam, Vizagapatam, Joonaghur, Nowagur, Jeypore. There is no descrip-
tion of jungle from which it is absent. In the dry, level, alluvial plains and
semi-deserts of Upper India it is absent. It is very partial to bamboo jungle,
broken ground and ravines with dense vegetation. It breeds from January
to July, according to locality. Eggs, a pale yellowish, cafe au lait colour, 8
to 12 in number.
1208. Gallus Sonnerati, Tem., PL Col. 232, 233; Jerd., B. ind.
Hi. p. 539, No. 813; Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 34 ; Hu??ie, Nests and Eggs
Jnd. B. p. 531 ; id., Str. F. iv. pp. 5, 404; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds
i. p. 231, pi. — The GREY JUNGLE FOWL.
Head, neck and hackles blackish grey, the feathers with white shafts and
two yellow spots ; wing coverts with oblong spots of wood brown ; ear coverts
pale rufous ; rest of the plumage blackish grey above and below, the feathers
with albescent shafts, those of the flanks centred and tipped with wood brown;
outermost primaries dusky, edged paler ; rest black ; upper tail coverts
glossy purple ; tail feathers glossy green, plainer on the lateral feathers ;
under tail coverts glossy black with white shafts. The female has the head
and neck rufous brown, paler on the chin and throat ; the upper surface of the
body is mottled with brown ; wing coverts pale shafted ; beneath blackish
brown, the feathers broadly centred with white ; flanks, thighs, vent and under
tail coverts dull brown ; primaries dark brown, the secondaries mottled brown ;
tail blackish brown. Bill yellowish horny ; comb, nude orbits and wattles
red ; irides orange brown ; legs and feet horny yellowish or reddish yellow.
Length. — 28 to 32 inches; wing 9*35 to 9-65 ; tail from vent 14 to 16; tarsus
2-85103; bill from gape 1-28 to 1-3. Females — Length — 18 to 20 inches;
wing 7-8 to 8-3 ; tail 6 to 7 ; tarsus 2'2 to 2-5 ; bill from gape 1*02 to 1*2.
GALLOPERDIX. 547
. — Throughout the peninsula of India in suitable localities, extending
northwards in the Central Provinces to Puchmurree, and on the west as far
north as Mount Abu. It ascends the Neilgherries to 5,000 feet. Breeds
wherever found in March and April, making a nest in woods on the ground.
Eggs, 7 to 13, dirty white or buff colour, from i"j to 2^05 inches in length,
and from 1*35 to i'$ inches in breadth.
Gen. Galloperdix.—
Bill somewhat lengthened ; orbits nude ; tail moderately long, of 14
feathers, held erect and folded as in the domestic fowl ; tarsus of male with
2 or more spurs; females also spurred.
1209. GallOperdiX SpadiceUS (GmeL), Hardwicke, III. Ltd. Zool.
i. pi. 42, fig. 2; Gould, B. Asia, pt. vi. pi. 3; Jerd., B. 2nd. iii. p. 541,
No. 814; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 532; id., Sir. F. iv. p. 5 ;
Hume and Marsh., Game Birds, p. 248 pi. — The RED SPUR FOWL.
Forehead buffish ; crown of the head and nape dusky olive brown; orbitaf
region whity brown ; chin, throat, and sides of the neck pale brown ; rest of
body both above and below rich bay, each feather margined paler ; central
feather of the tail chestnut, the rest dark brown, more or less mottled in
adolescents, the mottlings obsolete in old adults ; lower abdomen, vent, and
under tail coverts olivaceous. In the female the crown is dusky blackish, the
neck olive brown ; upper plumage pale rufous brown, each feather banded
with black and minutely speckled ; rump and upper tail coverts the same ;
tail feathers with black bars and rufous mottlings ; primaries, their coverts
and winglet spotless dusky brown ; in some specimens the primaries are
margined whitish and the secondaries barred with dark yellowish, the winglets
too are finely barred with black and white ; chin and throat albescent ; neck
olive brown, tipped with black ; breast and flanks bright ferruginous with
narrow black fringes ; belly dusky brown ; und'er tail coverts freckled rufous
brown. Bill dusky, red at base, horny towards the tip ; legs and feet from coral
to vermilion red. Males have from 2 to 5 spurs j- females also have spurs,
sometimes one on one leg only, on others one on each leg ; irides orange brown.
Length.— 14 to 15 inches ; wing 6:2 to 6-5 ; tail 5 to 6; tarsus 1-65 to 175 ;
bill from gape I to r2. Females are smaller.
Hab.— Southern India, on the Neilgherries, Shevaroys,. Wynaad, Malabar
Coast, Western Ghauts, up to Mount Abu ; the Eastern, parts of Central
India, between Nagpur and Nerbudda and in the Vindhian range ; also in the
Rajmehal and Kurruckpore hills. It has been found north of the Ganges and
in the Nepaul and Goruckpur Terai. Wherever it is found, Hume says, he
believes it is a permanent resident. It lays from the end of February to the
middle of June, about 10 eggs, similar to that of a hen in shape and size,
though this varies much,, and also in colour.
548 PHASIANIN/E.
1210. GallOperdiX lunulatUS (Valenc^, Jerd., B. Ltd. Hi.
p. 543, No. 815 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Lid. B. p. 533 ; Str. F. ii. pp. 427,
458, 532 ; Hume and Marsh. , Game Birds i. p. 255, pi. ; Elliot, Man. Pkas.
ii.pl. 34 (?) Francolinus nivosus, Deless., Voy.Aux.Indes. pi. IO. Perdix
Hardwickii (Gray), Hardiu., III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 52; Jerd., III. Ind.
Zool. i. pi. 52; Jerd., Ind. Orn. pi. 42 (the female).— The PAINTED SPUR
FOWL.
Crown, lores, nape, cheeks, chin and throat variegated with streaks
and spots of black and white ; upper breast black with triangular white or
buffish white spots ; back, rump, upper tail coverts and wing coverts rich
chestnut, the back and wing coverts with a spot of white encircled by black
on each feather, and the lower back and rump with black edges to the feathers ;
lower breast and abdomen ochreous buff, the feathers edged with black and
with a triangular black spot ; thigh coverts, flanks, and under tail coverts dull
chestnut, the feathers edged with black and with a white spot on each feather ;
primaries earthy brown, margined with chestnut, secondaries the same ; tail
dark sepia brown, in adults glossed with green. The female has the top of
the head dusky j the forehead, superciliary region and nape tinged very slightly
with chestnut ; moustachial streak buffish, edged with dark brown ; upper and
under plumage olivaceous brown, except the breast and abdomen, which are
ochreous with blackish lunulated margins. Bill blackish ; orbits red ; irides
red brown ; legs horny brown ; legs and feet plumbeous.
Length. — 12-5 to 13-6; wing 5-85 to 6'2 ; tail 4-3 to 5 ; tarsus 1*5 to 1*65 ;
bill from gape 0*8 to 0'9. Females are smaller. The males have from one
to three spurs on each leg, generally two on each, often two on one and three
on the other. The females also generally have at least one spur on each leg,
sometimes two, rarely none at all.
Hal. — Southern India south of the Neilgherries, the Eastern Ghauts and
the high broken country connected with these into Cuttack, the Tributary
Mehals, Raipoor, Bhundara, Mirzapoor and Monghyr hills. On the other
hand, at Goomsoor, in the north of the Ganjam districts, spadiceus only occurs.
The distribution of this and spadiceus, Hume says, is as yet very imperfectly
understood and difficult to disentangle. This species is especially partial to low
rocky hills covered with impenetrable thickets. They are found either singly
or in pairs, and generally met with in the morning and evening, when they
descend to the more open spaces to feed. It breeds in suitable localities in the
eastern two-thirds of the Peninsula of India, south of the Neigherries, during
March, April, and May, making only a slight excavation in the ground for the
eggs under the shelter of a boulder or rock in a thicket. The eggs are
rather regular ovals, whitish buff in colour, and somewhat more elongated than
the typical fowl's egg. Gall&perdfx zcyloncnsis, which Hume figures in his
Game Birds of India, is peculiar to Ceylon.
TETRAOGALLUS. 549
Family.— TETRAONID^E.
Bill generally short, stout and thick ; wings rounded in most, pointed in a
few, longer comparatively than in the Phasianidce ; tail short ; tarsus short and
stout.
Sub-Family .— PERDICIN^E .
Tarsus not feathered ; orbital region not feathered in some ; tarsus often
spurred. This includes the Snow Cocks and Partridges, also the Rock or Sand
Partridges.
Gen. Tetraogallus,— Gray.
Bill moderately long, broad and stout ; a small nude patch behind the eye ;
tail of 1 8 feathers; tarsi short and stout, and with a blunt spur.
1211. Tetraogallus Himalayensis (G. R. Gray), Gould, B.
Asia, pt. v. pi. 2 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 549, No. 816 ; Hume, Game Birds of
Ind. p. 267, pi.— The HIMALAYAN SNOW COCK.
Crown of the head, cheeks and back of neck grey ; a chestnut band from
above the eye down the sides of the nape, and a second one from the angle of
the mouth down the sides of the neck ; two dark brown lunate marks on the
sides of the neck ; chin and throat whitish ; ear coverts greyish ; breast
whitish, the upper feathers each with a black lunule ; upper surface of the
body light ashy grey, minutely freckled with black, more ashy on the
wings and fringed with rufous ; feathers of the back, rump and wing coverts
striped with rufescent buff ; primaries white, broadly tipped with dusky and
freckled with greyish ; under surface of the body grey, minutely freckled with
brown, with a double broad streak of chestnut on each feather ; vent and under
tail coverts white. Bill pale horny or slaty ; nostril dark horny ; irides dark
brown ; legs and feet yellowish red or orange.
Length. — 26 to 29 inches ; wing 11-25 to I2'6 ; tail 7'8 to 8'l ; tarsus 2-7 to
2'S ; bill from gape i'35 to i'S5- Females are smaller. Length — 215 to 23
inches, with a wing of io-8 to ii'S.
Hab.—1\\Q Himalayas from the eastern portions of Kumaon to Hazara.
Affects bare rocky hillsides, ravines and passes in the higher snowy ranges.
Common also in the northern portions of Kumaon and British Garhwal.
1212. Tetraogallus thibetanus, Gould, B.Asia part v. pi. 4;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 554 ; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 430; id. and Marsh., Game
Birds p. 276, pi. — The THIBETAN SNOW COCK.
Head and neck grey ; ear coverts white ; upper plumage freckled with buff
grey and black, the latter colour forming dashes ; primaries grey j secondaries
broadly edged externally with white, forming a marked wing band ; tail
rufous brown ; chin, throat and breast white, separated from the grey of the
head and neck by a dusky freckled line and a gorget of freckled grey and
550 TETRAONID^E.
buff; abdomen white ; flanks and lower belly with dashes of black; under
tail coverts black ; bill horny ; legs red. (Jerd.)
Length. — 22 inches; wing 10-5 ; tail 7; tarsus 2*5. (jferd.)
Hab. — Kumaon, in the Himalayas, Ladak, and other places across the
Himalayas.
Gen. Lerwa.— Hodgs.
Bill short and stout ; orbits feathered ; wings moderately long and pointed,
2nd quill longest ; tail of 14 feathers ; tarsi partly feathered and with short
spurs in the male.
1213. Lerwa nivicola (Hodgs.), Jerd., Madras, Journ Lit. 1837;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 555, No. 817; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds vol. ii.
p. i, pi. Perdix lerwa, Hodgs., P. Z. S. 1833; Hardw., III. Ind. Zool. 2,
pi. 44, fig. i ; Gould, JB. Asia, pt. vii. pi. 8. — The SNOW PARTRIDGE.
Head of Lerwa nivicola.
Head, neck and whole upper plumage, including the wings and tail, minutely
barred with black and greyish white ; the sides of the neck tinged with
chestnut, also the wing coverts ; quills dusky brown, narrowly freckled with
buffy white on their outer edges, and the secondaries broadly tipped with white ;
tail dusky, with freckled bars of grey and rufous, the feathers black-shafted ;
chin greyish ; throat, breast and upper abdomen chestnut red with dashes of
buff especially on the flanks ; lower abdomen, vent, and thigh coverts like the
back, but with a rufous tinge ; lower tail coverts chestnut red, with buffy white
tips. Bill bright red ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet red.
Length.— 1$ to 16 inches; wing 8 ; tail 4 ; tarsus 1*5.
Hab.— The whole extent of the Himalayas to the extreme N.-W. in Sikkim.
According to Jerdon they are gregarious in coveys, nestle and breed under
jutting rocks, feed on seeds and insects.
Gen, Prancolinus.— Steph.
Bill very slightly curved at tip ; tail of fourteen feathers, even or rounded ;
tarsi of male with blunt spurs.
1214. Prancolinus vulgaris (Steph.), Gould, B. Enr. pi. 259 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 558, No. 818 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 537 ;
id., Str. F. iv. p. 5 ; id. and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 9, pi. ; Murray,
FRANCOLINUS. 551
Hbdk.t Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 2O2 ; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 213.— The BLACK
PARTRIDGE.
PLATE.
Male. — Top of head black, the feathers behind edged with rufescent brown ;
lores, chin, throat and neck in front black ; nape and hind neck black, each
feather with four white spots, two on each side of the shaft, the lower of
which near the tip showing through ; a streak under the eye to the ear coverts
white ; a chestnut red collar round the neck ; upper part of the back black,
also the scapulars, the smaller feathers with four roundish spots, two on each
side of the shaft, and the longer ones with six rufescent marks, two transverse
and a longitudinal streak on each side of the shaft, the longitudinal ones only
showing from under the feathers ; middle and lower back, rump and upper tail
coverts barred with'black and white ; wing coverts black, edged with rufescent ;
quills barred with rufous and black ; tail black, the middle feathers barred like
the back with black and white, the rest barred at the bases only ; breast, abdomen
and flanks deep black, the feathers of the flanks with 3 — 4 white spots, the
hinder ones near the vent with broad white tips ; thigh and under tail coverts
and feathers round the vent chestnut ; bill black ; irides brown; legs reddish.
Length. — 13 to 14 inches ; wing 5-5 to 575 ; tail 3' 5.
^^ female wants the black head and neck of the male and the rufous
collar. It is generally much browner in colour.
Hal. — The whole of Northern India from the Himalayas to the valley of
the Ganges ; also the Punjab. Southwards, through Rajpootana to Sind. East-
wards, through Dacca to Assam, Sylhet and Tipperah. Breeds in suitable
localities, wherever it occurs, during July and August, laying from six to ten
eggs, unspotted fawn brown in colour, varying in size from 1*42 to r8 in length
and 1*22 to 1*38 in breadth. It frequents, by preference, grass meadows near
water ; also cultivated fields of corn, mustard or pulse, and any patch of mode-
rately high green herbage. In Sind it affects low tamarisk jungle and wheat
fields. Its call in the early mornings is unmistakable, and is always made
from some little eminence, as an ant hill or the stump of a tree. It affords
good sport with a pointer, and is tolerably good eating, but, like all the
Tetraonida, is best cold, and after at least 36 hours.
1215. PrancolinUS pictUS (Jard. and Selby), Jerd., B. Ind.
iii. p. 561, No. 819 ; Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 21 1 ; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 538 ; id. and Marsh., Game Birds p. 19 pi. Perdix pictus, Jard. and
Selby, III. Orn, pi. 50. — The PAINTED PARTRIDGE.
Crown of the head dark brown, the feathers edged paler ; forehead and
lores, also the cheeks and ear coverts, chestnut ; back and scapulars deep
brown, the feathers margined with white ; wings chestnut, banded with black ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail coverts with wavy bars of black and white ;
552 TETRAONID^.
tail deep brown, the feathers narrowly barred across ; chin white ; neck all
round pale ferruginous ; breast and abdomen variegated black and white, each
feather being white with two dark bands, and the shafts and tip black ; under
tail coverts chestnut. Bill blackish ; irides dark brown ; legs yellowish red.
Length. — 12 inches; wing 6 ; tail 2*75; tarsus 1*75.
Hab. — Central and Southern India, where it replaces F. vulgaris. Found
throughout Bundelkund and the Saugor and Nerbudda territories, thence
south to Nagpore and the Deccan ; west it extends into Khandesh and
perhaps Guzerat, and eastwards to the Northern Circars. Like its northern
congener, Jerdon adds that it delights in grassy plains and fields, but affects
more the open, dry and raised plains with scattered bushes. It breeds during
the monsoon (July to September), laying 7 — 8 eggs, rather of a peg-top shape,
broad and obtuse at the large end, and much pointed towards the small end ;
the colour may be said to be a pale cafeau lait. Size 1*3 to 1*45 by ri to 1*22.
1216. Prancolinus chinensis (Osb.), Hume, Nests and Eggs
Ind. B. p. 539; id., Str. F. iii. p. 171; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877.
p. 468 ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 164 ; Dav. et Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 400 ; Hume
and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 443 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. ill; Hume and Marsh.,
Game Birds ii. p. 27, pi. ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 236; id., B. Br. Burnt, ii.
p. 323. Tetrao chinensis, Osb., Voy. ii. p. 326. Tetrao perlatus, Gm., Syst.
Nat. i. p. 758. Francolinus Phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xii. p. 1011 ; xxiv.
p. 480; id., B. Burm. p. 149. Francolinus perlatus, Anders., Yunnan Exped.
p. 672. — The CHINESE FRANCOLIN.
Crown of the head black, each feather edged with chestnut ; a band from
the bill over the eyes and ear coverts black ; space between this and the crown
chestnut, a dark band from the bill on each side down the sides of the throat ;
space between these and the superciliary streak white ; chin and throat white.
Neck, back, breast, abdomen and sides of the body black, ocellated with fulvous
white; under tail coverts chestnut; rump and upper tail coverts barred black
and white ; scapulars and tertiaries chestnut ; coverts and wings blackish,
ocellated and barred with white ; tail black, barred with white, except at the tip.
The female has the whole lower plumage barred with black ; the chin white,
and wants the superciliary and coronal band, and there are no ocellations on the
wings ; irides hazel ; bill dusky, paler at tip of upper mandible ; legs orange.
Length.— 13 inches; tail 3-3 ; wing 5*7; tarsus 17; bill from gape I.
Hab. — British Burmah, confined to the upper portion of the Irrawaddy valley
above Prome. Habits same as its other congeners. Breeds in June and July.
Eggs 8 in number, pale buff. Size — 1-45 to 1*51 by r2.
Gen. CaccabiS-— Kaup.
Bill red, slightly longer than in Francolinus ; tarsi of male with a blunt
spur ; a small bare patch behind the eye.
AMMOPERDIX. 553
r 1217. CaCCabiS Chukor, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. pi. 54 ; Jerd.y B.
Ind. iii. p. 564, No. 820; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 139; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 203 ; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 213; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 33, pi. — The CHUKOR PARTRIDGE.
Above pale bluish or olive ashy, with a rufescent tinge on the back ; sides
of the face, chin and throat fulvous, pale chestnut or rufescent, encircled by a
broad black band from the forehead through the eye along the side of the
neck on to the breast, meeting its fellow from the other side and forming a
large pale chestnut or rufous pectoral gorget ; a pale white line behind the
eye ; ear coverts chestnut ; sides of the lower mandible and chin with a black
spot ; breast bluish ashy, slightly tinged with rufescent ; abdomen and under
tail coverts buff, the flanks from the axil deeper buff, each feather ashy at the
base with two dark bands, the interspace of which is buff and terminated
broadly with chestnut ; wings concolorous with the back, the ends of all the
primaries, except the first, margined to nearly the tip on their outer webs with
buff, some of the secondaries also ; axillaries buff. Tail rufous, except the
central feathers, which are concolorous with the back.
Length. — 14 to 15*75 inches ; expanse 21 to 23-25 ; wing 6-25 to 6'8 ; tail 4 to
4'8. The female is slightly smaller. Length — 1310 14*25 ; resembles the
male, and wants the spur.
Hab. — Throughout the Himalayas to Afghanistan. Common also in
Beloochistan, Sind, Punjab Salt Range, Persia and along the Arabian Coast.
Breeds from May to July in Chaman (S. Afghanistan), making a nest composed
of a little grass under the shelter of grass tufts or bushes. The normal number
of eggs is 12, but as many as 14 and 16 have been taken from a single nest,
all varying in size and shape, from peg-tops to elongated ovals. The colour
is also variable, but typically is a pale cafe au lait ground colour, with brick-
red specklings. The Chukor Partridge is very pugnacious, especially during
spring time, when two fighting cocks may be almost knocked over with a
stick. They are much prized for their fighting propensities, and in Beloochis-
tan and Afghanistan the men have a number trained for the purpose, on which
large bettings are made.
Gen. AmmoperdiX. — Gray.
Bill reddish ; wings long ; tarsi not spurred.
1218. Ammoperdix bonhami, Gray, Des. Murs. I. 0. t. 29;
Gould, B. As. pt. ii. pi. 4 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 567 ; Str. F. i. 226 ;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 203 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B,
p. 540 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds p. 45 pi. — The SEESEE PARTRIDGE.
Male. — Head and cheeks dull grey ; forehead, a streak above and below the
eye and a border to the ear coverts black; lores, a band behind the eye
and ear coverts silky white, rufous behind ; throat greyish white ; breast
vinaceous or vinous fawn ; sides of the neck spotted with white ; upper
VOL. II.— 72
554 TETRAONID^.
parts isabelline or pale brownish, freckled with dusky ; rump and upper tail
coverts like the back, with darker markinga; primaries isabelline on their
outer webs, finely pencilled with dusky, and all, except the first, with broad
whitish bands or bars ; tail brownish, tinged with chestnut, the tips of the
feathers freckled with dark brown ; legs and feet dingy yellow ; irides bright
or orange yellow ; bill orange ; cere orange red.
Length— 9 to n inches; wing 475 to 575; tail 2-5. Female slightly
smaller, has not the dull grey crown of the male, and in general is more
brownish throughout ; the black markings on the head are replaced by freckles
of dusky or black and white, and the entire upper and lower surface of the
body is mottled.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W, Provinces, Beloochistan and Afghanistan, also
Persia. Numerous throughout Upper Sind, also in Beloochistan, where in
the early morning, especially on broken ground and on the road in the Bolan,
as many as two or three hundred may be met with, feeding on the droppings
of cattle, or, in its absence, on grass seeds along the hill sides. Breeds in the
Punjab, Beloochistan and Afghanistan in April and May, nesting in a slight
depression in the ground under some thick bush or jutting rock. Eggs
10 — 12 in number rather lengthened ovals, more or less compressed or
pointed towards one end ; in colour from pure white to a pale cafe, au lait.
They vary in size from 1*3 to i'5 inches in length X 0*98 to 1*1 in breadth.
Gen. OrtygOrniS. — Reich.
1219. Ortygornis ponticeriana, Gmei., Syst. Nat. \. p. ; Gray,
III. Ind. Zool., pi. 56, fig. 2 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 569, No. 822 ; Murray,
Hbdk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 203 ; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p, 214 ; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 542 J Hume and Marsh., Game Birds p. 51, pi. — The
COMMON GREY PARTRIDGE.
Forehead, over the eyes, lores, nape and face rufous, the face with dusky
freckles ; top of the head olive brown ; ear coverts rufescent brown ; back,
scapulars and wing coverts dark chestnut, each feather with two or three
transverse buffy bars, bordered with black on both sides ; feathers of the rump
and upper tail coverts similar, but olive brown instead of chestnut; tail
feathers rich chestnut or deep ferruginous, with a broad subterminal dark
brown nearly black band, tipped with pale or yellowish white ; central tail
feathers like the back ; beneath the chin and throat are white or creamy,
encircled from the base of the lower mandible with dark spots, forming a
gular patch ; breast and entire lower parts creamy white, or very pale buff, the
feathers with transverse dark bars ; lower tail coverts ferruginous. The female
is like the male, but paler in colour, and wants the spur.
Length. — 1 1*5 to 13-5 inches ; wing 5-5 to 6; tail 3-35 to 4 ; legs bright red ;
irides brown ; the orbital ring with a row of minute white feathers ; bill dusky
brown.
ARBORICOLA. 555
. —Throughout India, Ceylon, Beloochistan and S. Persia. Affects
dry, scrubby or bare stony tracts. Delights among Euphorbia bushes. In the
morning they are generally found in fields or on the edges of cultivation, where
they pick up seeds and corn, also insects of all kinds. They afford fair sport
with one or two good men, or a good dog and one's wits against the birds.
Breeds from February to May, and from July to November. In Bengal,
either in the deltaic district or in the Eastern Provinces, it does not occur, nor
in Assam or Burmah. In the Deccan it ascends to 2,500 feet or more ; in the
Himalayas and Southern India not above i,OOO feet.
1220. Ortygornis gularis (Temm.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 572, No.
823 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 544 ; id. and Marsh., Game, Birds
p. 59, pi. Perdix gularis, Hardw.^ III. Ind.Zool.i. pi. 56, fig. i. — The KYAH
PARTRIDGE.
Crown olive brown ; lores, a streak below the eye and supercilium pale
buff ; a line through the eye to the ear coverts dusky brown ; back brown,
barred with buff ; wing coverts the same ; primaries brown on the outer web,
ferruginous on the inner ; tail ferruginous, central feathers brown ; chin and
throat rusty ferruginous ; breast and abdomen brown with broad white streaks
edged with black ; under tail coverts ferruginous ; under wing coverts ferru-
ginous. Bill blackish ; irides dark brown ; legs litharge or dull red.
Length. — 15 to 15-5 inches; wing 7-1 to 7-25; tail 4*5 ; tarsus 2*5; bill
from gape i-oi.
Hab. — Bengal from Tirhoot and Goruckpoor to the Sunderbuns, extending
eastwards into Assam, Sylhet, Cachar, and Tipperah. In the Western Pro-
vinces of Bengal, it is found on the north bank of the Ganges, crossing in a
few suitable localities from Monghyr to Rajmahal. It is also found up to
the base of the Himalayas and in the Oudh Terai. Jerdon adds that its
favourite grounds are thick beds of reeds and long grass, along the banks of
rivers, jheels and watercourses, and especially in those swampy patches of
reeds where the creeping rose bushes form thickets impenetrable to aught but
an elephant. It is said to breed from March to May. The eggs, 5 in number,
are, it is said, laid under some thick bush in a dry spot, and to be white, like
those of the Grey Partridge.
Perdix Hodgsoni, Gould, figured by Gould in his " Birds of Asia,"
pt. ix., pi. 2, does not appear to have been yet obtained within our limits.
The upper plumage is olive brown, and the lower parts buff ; sides and
back of the neck and wings chestnut red ; head red, speckled with white ;
line from the forehead round the ear coverts and throat black. (Jerd)
Gen. Arboricola.— Hodgs.
Tarsus not spurred ; toes long with long claws ; tail short, of 12 feathers.
Sexes similar in plumage.
556 TETRAONID^:.
1221. ArboriCOla torqueola (Valenc.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 577,
No. 824 ; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 449; id.. Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 544 ;
id. and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 65, pi. Perdix megapodiae, Tern., PI
Col. 462, 463. Perdix olivacea, Gray and Hardw., III. Ind. Zool. i. p. 57. —
The COMMON HILL PARTRIDGE.
Top of the head uniform bright chestnut ; lores black, also above and below
the eye ; ear coverts chestnut, continued as a streak down the sides of the
nape; back and rump olive, the feathers edged with dusky and forming
lunules ; wing coverts pale chestnut with blackish shaft streaks and spots ;
chin and throat black, the feathers margined with white ; breast pale ashy,
surmounted by a broad white band ; lower breast and abdomen ashy white ;
flanks olive, broadly dashed with chestnut and with large white spots ; tail
olive, speckled with black. The female has the head and neck olive, speckled
with black ; the lores white with the same but distant speckles ; middle of
throat unspotted rufous ; breast grey, tinged with rusty. Bill black ; irides
brown, deep brown or reddish brown ; orbital skin and a spot at gape crimson ;
legs and feet blue grey, tinged with red.
Length. — 10*5 to 12 inches; wing 5*7 to 6§2; tail 2*75 to 3*25 ; tarsus 1*6
to 2 ; bill from gape o'8 to i.
Hab. — Throughout the outer ranges of the Himalayas from Simla to
Darjeeling. In Sikkim it is found from about 6,000 to 9,000 feet. It extends
to Bhootan and also to the Naga hills. Hume says it haunts dark, densely
jungled watercourses and ravines running down the hillsides and never or
seldom rising when disturbed. Nothing appears to be known of the nidifica-
tion of this species.
1222. Arboricola atrogularis (Biyth\ Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 579;
Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 449 ; v. p. 14 (note) ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds,
p. 79, pi. — The BLACK-THROATED HILL PARTRIDGE.
Not unlike A . torqueolus, but differs in having the top of the head greyish
olive, more or less black spotted, and the breast pale uniform grey. Bill
blackish brown ; irides deep brown ; orbital space and gular skin vermilion ;
legs orange red.
Length. — 10 to ii inches; wing 5 to 5-9; tail 2' 15 to 2*5; tarsus 1-5 to
17 ; bill from gape 0-85 to 0-87.
Hab. — Assam, extending to the Garo hills, thence it occurs in Cachar,
Sylhet and Tipperah ; also in Chittagong. Breeds in Sylhet, where Mr. Cripps
took two nests. The eggs were broad ovals, a good deal pointed towards the
small end, and white. In size they vary from 1*33 to 1*43 in length and from
i- 1 to i '13 in breadth.
1223. Arboricola brunneipectus (Tickeil), Biyth, J. A. S. B.
xxiv. p. 276 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 150 ; Hume and Dav.t Sir. F. vi. p. 443 ;
ARBORICOLA. 557
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 1 1 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 87 pi. ;
Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 195 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 236 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. 325. Arborophilabrunneipectus, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 449; iii. p. 174 ;
Wald.t Ibis, 1875, p. 459. — The BROWN-BREASTED HILL PARTRIDGE]
Forehead and supercilium, which extends to the nape, fawn colour ; lores,
circle round the eye, a line continued from behind the eye over the ear coverts
to the sides of the neck black, forming in the latter a large black patch,
behind which and around the throat and upper breast are spots of black ;
crown and nape olive brown, the feathers tipped with black ; hind head nearly
all black ; back and scapulars olive brown, barred, straight or lunately with
black ; rump olive brown with but few bars ; upper tail coverts plain olive
brown ; tail olive brown, mottled with black ; primaries brown, their tips mottled
with rufescent ; secondaries brown, edged on the outer webs with pale
chestnut ; tertiaries and longer scapulars olive brown, tipped with chestnut
and a subterminal black oval patch ; wing coverts olive brown, some of the
median and greater series with large black patches ; breast uniform tawny or
ferruginous olive ; middle of abdomen and vent whitish ; sides of abdomen and
body tawny, the feathers with a large white spot and edged in crescent form
with black ; under tail coverts tawny brown barred with black. Bill black ;
eyelids, orbital patch, and gular skin bright red, very thinly covered with
feathers ; legs and feet dull coral to bright red.
Length. — 10*6 to ir6; wing 5*2 to 6; tail 2*i to 2*6; tarsus 1-5 to r8;
bill from gape ro to ri. Females are smaller and average only 10 inches in
length.
Hal. — The Pegu hills on the eastern spurs and Tenasserim, as far south
as Tavoy. Oates adds that it is common in densely-wooded ravines and
nullahs. They skulk in the undergrowths, and would seldom be seen were
they not to come to the beds of streams to drink and bathe.
1224. Arboricola chloropus (Tickell), Biyth, J. A. S. B. xviii.
P« 453 ; B(yth» B- Burmah, p. 150 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 444 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. in ; Hume and Marsh,, Game Birds ii. p. 91, pi. •
Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 195 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 236; id., B. Br. Burmah
ii. p. 326. Tropicoperdix chloropus (Tickell), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii.
p. 415. Arborophila chloropus, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 449. Peloperdix
chloropus, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 176. — The GREEN-LEGGED HILL-PARTRIDGE.
Forehead and supercilium continued on to the sides of the nape and
meeting behind white, the feathers slightly edged with blackish; crown and
nape rich olive brown ; the back, scapulars, tertiaries, lesser wing coverts,
rump, and upper tail coverts rich olive brown tinged with fulvous and
irregularly but closely barred with blackish ; primaries dark brown, freckled
on the outer webs with fulvous ; greater coverts and secondaries freckled and
marked with fulvous and pale rufous ; tail rufous brown, with freckles and
558 TETRAONID^E.
broken bars of black ; upper abdomen ferruginous ; lower abdomen, vent and
under tail coverts buffy white ; sides of the body pale ferruginous with wavy
bars of black. Irides hazel ; bill dusky red at base, rest greenish ; eyelids and
orbital skin purplish ; legs greenish.
Length. — 1 1*4 to 12 inches ; wing 6*05 to 6-6 ; tail 2-9 to 3-5 ; tarsus 17 to
179 ; bill from gape O 8 to 9. The females are smaller.
ffa&.—The evergreen forests of the eastern slopes of the Pegu hills ; also
in Tenasserim from the extreme north down to Tavoy. Habits same as the
last.
1225. Arboricola intermedia, Biyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 277;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. I l\.?tHume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 85, pi. Arboro-
phila intermedia, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 450; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 344; id.,
B. Br. Burmah ii. p. 327. — The ARRAKAN HILL-PARTRIDGE.
Front of the head as far back as the eyes pale grey ; rest of head and nape
hair brown, streaked with black ; lores, and a broad supercilium reaching to
the back of the head greyish white, the feathers with a central black streak ;
ear coverts, cheeks, sides of the neck and feathers under the eye black, the
bases rufous and showing through ; back, rump, and upper tail coverts glossy
olive brown, edged darker, and all the feathers except those on the back with a
small lanceolate spot of black ; tail olive brown, mottled with black, the outer
feathers tipped with white ; primaries brown, narrowly edged and tipped with
pale buff ; secondaries with broader edges and tips ; tertiaries, scapulars and
wing coverts a mixture of chestnut, fulvous and black, the latter colour being
in the form of large oval spots near the tips ; throat and foreneck black, a
rufous patch below it ; breast and upper abdomen dark grey ; sides of the
body chestnut, each feather with a large grey patch, inside of which is a long
and narrow white streak ; lower abdomen greyish white ; flanks and thigh
coverts pale buff with large black spots ; under tail coverts black at base,
white at tip.
Length.— 10 to ii inches; wing 5*15 to 57; tail 2'2 to 2-4; tarsus 1-5 ;
bill from gape 0*8 to 0*9.
Hab. — Arracan hills ; also Cachar and the Naga hills.
1226. Arboricola rufogularis, Biyfh, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 819;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 578; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 150; Hume, Str. F. v.
p. 114; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 444 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 1 1 1 ;
Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 75, pi.; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 349;
Oates, B. Br> Burm. ii. p. 328. Arborophila rufogularis, Hume, Str. F. ii.
p. 450. Arboricola tickelli, Hume, in Hume and Marsh. Game Birds ii.
p. 78, note. — The RED-THROATED HILL-PARTRIDGE.
Very similar to A. intermedia, but differs in the throat, foreneck and sides
of the neck being rufous, spotted with black, instead of black, and the rufous
ARBORICOLA. 559
of the foreneck divided from the grey breast by a black band. (Oates) Legs
and feet pale pinky red ; bill horny black ; irides deep brown ; orbital skin
bright red. (Davison.)
Length.— \i inches; tail 3 ; wing 5-5; tarsus 1-5 ; bill from gape ri.
Hal. — Tenasserim, and along the Himalayas from Assam to Kumaon.
Habits the same as the other species of the genus.
1227. Arboricola Mandelli, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 449; Hi. p. 262,
pi. i ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 84, pi. — The BHOOTAN HILL-
PARTRIDGE.
Lores, forehead, and sinciput a rich deep brownish chestnut ; under the
anterior portion of the lores a narrow yellowish streak ; crown, occiput and
nape rich deep rufescent olive brown ; supercilum grey, continued back over
the ear coverts to the nape ; chin, throat, cheeks, ear coverts, sides of the neck
and basal portion of the back of the neck rich bright ferruginous, spotted
everywhere except on the chin and throat with velvetty black, a band of which
clearly defines the ferruginous across the base of the throat. Immediately
above this black band, in the centre of the base of the neck in front, is a
conspicuous pure white patch, about o'8 inch long and 0*35 to o'4 deep.
Below the black band, the breast and sides of the breast are rich slightly
ferruginous maroon ; on either side of the upper portion of the throat a very
narrow mandibular white stripe, about O-6 inch long, runs down from the base
of the lower mandible ; above this a black line, beginning under the posterior
portion of the lores, runs under the eye ; the abdomen and rest of the lower
parts pale slaty grey, rather sullied, and in some lights slightly brownish, and
many of the feathers with a small irregular central white spot near the tip.
The flank feathers (where the white spots are largest and most conspicuous)
tinged or margined with rusty or ferruginous chestnut ; the vent and lower
tail coverts strongly tinged with dull olive, the coverts, moreover, having the
white spot nearer the tips and more or less expanded into a bar, and being
here and there a little tinged with rusty ; wing lining about the carpal joint a
rich hair brown ; the rest a pale grey brown (much the colour of the lower
surface of the quills), a little tipped with white. Upper back and inter-
scapulary region plain olive, a little slaty in some lights towards the bases
of the feathers, some of the feathers very narrowly and inconspicuously fringed
with black ; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts rather browner and brighter
olive, some of the feathers very narrowly fringed with black and most of them
with conspicuous hastate subterminal velvet black spots; coverts and scapulars
and tips of tertiaries similar (the black spots varying in shape from a sort of
lunule on the scapulars to the linear lanceolate dash on some of the coverts),
but the feathers more or less tinged towards the margins with deep ferruginous ;
the primaries plain, uniform hair brown ; secondaries similar, but freckled
and mottled more or less on the outer webs and at the tips with ferruginous.
(flume, Game Birds.) The soft parts are not described.
560 rTETRAONID/E.
Length.— 8-5 inches; wing 5; tarsus i'5 ; bill from gape 0*9; bill at
front 0*65 ; tail 1-5.
Hal. — The Bhootan Doars. Nothing is known of its habits, though it may
be presumed that they do not differ materially from those of its congeners.
Gen. Bambusicola.
General characters as in Arboricola ; wings short and rounded ; male tarsi
spurred.
1228. BambuSiCOla Fytchii, Anderson, Yunnan Exped. ; Hume,
S/r. F iii. p. 399 ; id., v. p. 493 ; Hume an$ Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 97.
— The WESTERN BAMBOO PARTRIDGE.
Top of head, hind neck, lower back, rump and upper tail coverts dull pale
olivaceous brown, more or less barred with very fine zigzag lines of a paler
colour ; some of the upper tail coverts mesially with a black spot ; tail rufous
brown, banded transversely with freckly bars of black and rufescent buff ;%wing
coverts, tertiaries, and longer scapulars with chestnut and black spots at the
tips ; sides and flanks ochraceous, with a large velvet black subterminal spot ;
chin pale ochraceous ; lores, a streak above the black streak behind the
eye, sides of the face and cheeks ochraceous ; breast tinged with chestnut ;
primaries chestnut on the outer webs ; bill dark brown ; irides hazel brown ;
legs pale greenish grey.
Length. — 14 to 14-3 inches; wing 6-1 to 6-45 ; tail from vent 4-62 to 5' 13;
tarsus 175 to 1^93 ; bill from gape 0*9 to 097. Females average smaller.
Length.— 12-5 to 13 inches, with a wing of 5-6 to 5*8.
Hab. — Shillong, in the Khasia hills, also in the Garo, North Cachar and
Naga hills, and probably the hill ranges of Upper Burmah and Assam. It is
said to be a shy bird, and to frequent dense grass.
Gen. Caloperdix.— Biyth.
Bill longer and stouter than in Arboricola ; tarsus stout and strong, double-
spurred in the males. Plumage of the sexes alike.
1229. Caloperdix OCUlea (Temm.), Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 310;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 449; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds 2nd. iii.
p. 101, pi. ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. in; Oates, B. Br. Burm.\\.^. 329.
Perdix oculea, Temm., Pig. et Gall. iii. p. 732. Tetrao ocellatus Raffl., Trans.
Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 322. Caloperdix ocellata, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 151. — The
FERRUGINOUS WOOD PARTRIDGE.
Whole head, neck, breast, and abdomen chestnut, darkest on the crown
and palest on the throat ; a streak over the eye paler chestnut than the other
parts ; tips of the ear coverts black ; lower abdomen and vent ashy white ; base
of the neck above, back, scapulars, sides of the breast and of the body black,
ROLLULUS. 561
each feather with a subterminal white bar; lower back and rump black, each
feather with a central oval spot of chestnut ; upper tail coverts black, each
feather with an irregular V-shaped mark of chestnut ; flanks chestnut, with
oval black drops; thighs plain chestnut; under tail coverts mixed chestnut
and black, the longer ones black, tipped with fulvous white ; tail brownish
black, the two centre pairs of feathers irregularly marked with zigzag lines
of pale fulvous ; primaries plain brown, all but the first three tipped with
fulvous ; secondaries brown, edged on the outer webs with fulvous, the edging
increasing in extent till it occupies the whole of the web on the inner
secondaries ; tertiaries and coverts liver brown, each feather with a black drop
near the tip and the coverts narrowly edged with rufous ; under wing coverts
brown. (Oates.) Legs and feet pale dirty green; bill black ; irides deep brown,
(Davison)
Length. — 1 1 inches; tail 2-5 ; wing 5-8; tarsus i'8; bill from gape I.
Hal. — British Burmah in Tenasserim, south of Mergui ; tolerably abundant
at Malewoon and Bankasoon. Found also throughout the Malay Peninsula
and Sumatra.
Gen. RollulUS. — Bonn.
Claw of the hind toe wanting ; no spurs ; head crested ; bare orbital space
crimson.
1230. Rollulus roulroul(SV^.), Wald., Ibis, 1872, p. 382; Salvad.,
Ucc. Born. p. 308 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 448 ; id., Str. F. viii. p. I li ;
id. and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 103, pi. ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 330.
Phasianus roulroul, Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 93. Tetrao
viridis, GmeL, Sytt. Nat. i. p. 761. Columba cristata, Gm., Syst. Nat. \.
p. 774. Perdix coronata, Lath., Suppl. Ind. Orn.pl. Ixii. Rollulus cristatus,
Blyth and Wald., B. Burm. p. 151. — The RED-CRESTED WOOD PARTRIDGE.
A. long crest of feathers from the hinder part of the crown to the nape
maroon ; base of crest in front white ; head and neck black ; lower plumage,
sides of the breast and lesser wing coverts bluish black ; median and greater
coverts, secondaries and tertiaries dark brown, freckled more or less with
rufous brown on the outer webs ; back, rump and upper tail coverts glossy
bluish green ; tail black ; outer webs of primaries rufous, freckled with
brown ; inner webs plain brown.
The female has no crest, but there are a few hairs springing from the fore-
head, the whole head and neck are grey, and there is a band of dull black on
the hind neck ; whole of the plumage green, washed with slaty on the abdo-
men and vent ; tail slaty brown ; wings and their coverts chestnut, more or
less freckled with brown. Legs, feet and base of bill scarlet-red ; rest of bill
black ; irides slaty grey; facial skin bright red.
Length.-— ii inches; tail 2'$ ; wing 5'$ ; tarsus r6; bill from gape o'S.
VOL. II.— 73
562 TETRAONID^E.
Hab. — The extreme south of Tenasserim, extending down the Malay Penin-
sula, to Sumatra and Borneo. According to Davison it is always found in
small parties of six or eight or more ; keeps to the dense forests, and never
ventures in the open ; lives on berries, seeds and insects.
Gen. PerdiCUla.— Hodgs.
Bill short, thick, curved; tarsus with a blunt tubercle; wings rounded;
outer webs of most of the primaries sinuated; tail short of 12 feathers. Size
small.
1231. PerdiCUla asiatica (Latham), Gould, B. A. S. part xv. pi. 12 ;
Temm.j PI. Col. p. 447; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. \tfi\Hume and Marsh., Game
Birds p. 109, pi. Coturnix pentah, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Socy. ii. pi. 3 ;
Hardw., 111. Ind. Zool. 2, pi. 45, fig. 3. Perdicula cambayensis, apud Jerd.y
B. Ind. iii. p. 581, No. 826. — The JUNGLE BUSH QUAIL.
Above rich dark reddish brown, mottled with dull rufous ; supercilium
rufous white, narrowly edged with black, an indistinct pale line from the
gape ; feathers of the back of the neck and the back white shafted ; scapulars
and wing coverts richly marked on their inner webs with pale creamy white
and black ; primaries red-brown with tawny spots and bars ; tail with a few
black bars ; chin rich chestnut ; rest of the under surface white, tinged with
rufescent on the lower abdomen, flanks, vent and lower tail coverts, and with
numerous cross bars of black, smallest on the throat and sides of the neck.
Bill dusky, tinged with reddish ; irides light brown ; legs yellowish red.
Length. — 6-5 to 7'2 inches ; wing 3 to 3*5 ; tail 1*5 to 178 ; tarsus 0*94 to
I ; bill from gape 0-5 to O'6.
Sab.— Generally distributed throughout India, Ceylon, Malabar Coast,
the Wynaad, Mysore, Madras, Eastern Ghauts, Western Ghauts, Khandalla,
Mahableshwar, Rutnagherry, and South Konkan generally ; Chanda, Seoni,
Nursingpur, Manbhoom, Rajmahal hills, Mirzapoor, Etawah, Kuchawan Hills,
Mount Abu, Lucknow, Umballa, the Dhoon, Mussoorie, Simla, lower Hima-
layan ranges below Kumaon and Kashmir, are some of the recorded localities
given by Mr. Hume, where this species is common. They always keep in
small coveys in grass jungle or stubble long enough to hide them. They
feed of course on seeds and grains of .sorts. Breeds from September to
January according to locality, making a nest on the ground under the shelter
of some bush or tuft of grass. It is shallow and circular, and lined or made
up of grass roots, grass and a few dead leaves. Eggs, 5— 7 in number,
regular ovals, more or less pointed towards one end, with a faint gloss, and in
colour spotless creamy white. Size from 0-96 to ri in length and 079 to O'9
in breadth.
1232. PerdiCUla argoondah, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii.
pi. 2 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 583, No. 827 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
OPHRYSIA. 563
p. 545 ; id., Str. F. vii. p. 156 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 117.—
The ROCK BUSH QUAIL.
Upper plumage brownish rufous, the feathers minutely freckled and lineated
with black and tawny ; feathers of the head and neck tipped with black ;
some of the scapulars and wing coverts with irregular black blotches ;
primaries dark brown, with tawny bars on their outer webs ; tail with the
lateral feathers also barred ; supercilium from the base of the bill over the eye
bordered by dusky, and another shorter one from the gape ; cheeks, sides of
the face, chin and throat bright rufous ; under surface of the body, including
the sides of the neck white, with numerous cross bars of black ; flanks tinged
with rufous ; also the lower belly and thigh coverts. Bill dark slaty ; irides
brown ; orbits pale ; legs red.
Length. — 6%7 to 7^25 inches; wing3*i to 3*5; tail 1*5 to 1*9; tarsus 0*75
to TO; bill from gape 0*5 to O'6j.
Halt.— The Punjab, N.-W. and Central Provinces, Central India, Raj-
pootana, Eastern Madras districts, Coimbatore, Mysore, throughout the
Deccan, in Bundelkund, Deesa, the Panch Mahals, Kutch, Sambhur Lake,
Jodhpore, and Mount Abu, but not in Sind nor anywhere in Lower Bengal.
Affects rocky hills with low scrub jungle. Breeds from August to December
and again in March. Eggs. 6 — 7, of the type of the Jungle Bush Quail.
Gen. Ophrysia.— Gray.
General characters the same as those of Perdicula.
1233. Ophrysia SUperciliOSa C7- E. Gray), Hume, Str. F. vii.
p. 434 ; id. and Marsh*, Game Birds ii. p. 105 ; Gould, B. Asia, pi.—
The MOUNTAIN QUAIL.
Lores, chin, throat and sides of the face and ear coverts deep black ; fore-
head and a broad stripe above and behind the eye silvery grey, the feathers of
the forehead paler shafted at base, and darker on the shaft towards the tip ;
hind head and nape light greyish brown ; upper surface of the body, tail and
under surface olive, tinged with grey on the breast and abdomen ; all the
feathers of both surfaces margined on each side with a line of black ; under
tail coverts black, every feather with a small tooth-like mark of white on each
side near the base, a similar but larger mark about two-thirds from the base,
and two coalescing oval spots of white at the tips ; bill reddish ; tarsi brown.
Total length 9 inches ; bill 0*62 ; wing 3-5 ; tail 275 ; tarsi 1*33.
Female.— General tint cinnamon brown, with a rufous edging to each
feather ; those of the upper surface with light coloured shafts and triangular
mark of dull black on the inner web near the tip, preceded by a small mark
of the same hue as the shafts; on the under surface the dark mark occupies
the centre of the tip of each feather, and is of a lanceolate form ; the throat is
pale greyish cinnamon, as is also the head, where there is an indication of the
564 TETRAONID^.
superciliary stripe seen in the male ; the feathers of the crown and behind the
eye being somewhat greyer than the others, and having polished shafts ; on
each side of the nape a dark stripe as in the male ; tail irregularly barred with
black ; under tail coverts dark cinnamon, with a stripe of black in the centre,
between which and the margin is a stripe on each side, which unites with a
large patch of the same hue near the tip. (Gould, B. of Asia.) Bill coral
red ; legs and feet pinkish.
Length.— 10 inches; wing 3-6; tail 3-3 ; tarsus I ; bill from gape 0-58.
Hab. — Only known, from Mussoorie in the neighhourhood of Naini Tal.
Gen. Microperdix, Gould.
Bill red, slender, no tarsal tubercle in the male, otherwise as in Perdicula.
1234. Microperdix erythrorhyncha (Sykes), Hardw., III. ind.
Zool. 2, pi. 44, f. 2 ; Gould, B . Asia pt. xiv. pi. xvi. Coturnix ery-
throrhyncha, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii., pi. i. Perdicula erythrorhyncha,
iii. p. 584, No. 828.— The PAINTED or RED-BILLED BUSH QUAIL.
Forehead, lores and crown of the head black ; a white frontal band con-
tinued as a supercilium over each eye ; upper plumage rich olive brown with
black lunules ; scapulars, wing coverts and secondaries with large patches of
black, the shafts pale yellow and some faint cross lines of the same ; primaries
brown, the outer webs barred with dark rufous ; tail brown, with black spots,
and barred with narrow pale lines ; beneath the chin is pure white bordered by
black ; rest of lower parts rufous, passing into olive brown on the sides of
the neck and with a few spots of black on the breast and side of the neck ;
flanks with large spots of deep black tipped with white. Bill and legs fine
red ; irides yellow brown.
Length. — 6-5 inches; wing 3 ; tail 1-5 ; tarsus I. The female has the head
brown, and the white parts rufous.
Hab.— Southern India, from the Wynaad to the Deccan in Poona Has also
been obtained in Coorg and on the Neilgherries ; also at Karlee above the
Khandalla Ghauts, and near Dharwar. Habits the same as Bush Quails,
living in small bevies. Breeds in the Neilgherries from August to November.
According to Mr. Mahon Daly, it is very common amongst the coffee on the
Shevaroys, and often in rocky ground with low jungle. They go about nearly
always in pairs, and not in large bevies as stated by Jerdon. They lay from
6 to 8 eggs on the ground, with just a few leaves placed around the nest. It
is very daring. Mr. Daly adds that he has seen it fly at a dog in defending its
brood. January -to March, and again September and October, are the months in
which this species breeds. The eggs are long ovals, pointed towards one end,
rather glossy and spotless cafe au lait^ varying in length from i'35 to 1*45
inches, and in breadth from 0-87 to 0*95.
COTURNIX. 565
1235. Microperdix Blewitti, Hume, Str.F.\\. p. 512; id. and
Marsh,, Game Birds ii p. 129, pi.— The EASTERN PAINTED BUSH QUAIL.
Very similar to M. erythrorhyncha, but differs in the male having the
black frontal band much narrower, and the white band surmounting it, also
the supercilium, broader ; the chestnut of the lower surface is much paler ; the
feathers of the upper breast, sides of the breast, part of the upper mandible
fringed with greyish-pink, with black subterminal spots much larger and more
widely spread ; upper surface paler brown ; chin very narrowly black, or pure
white. Irides brown ; bill, legs and feet coral red.
Length. — 5-9 to 6-5 ; wing 2-8 to 3-15 ; tail 1-4 to r6 ; tarsus 0*87 to 0-91 ;
bill from gape 0*5 to O*6.
Hab. — Chota Nagpur, in the Raipur, Sambulpoor, Bhandara, Mandla and
Seoni districts of the Central Provinces; affects grass patches and fields in
fairly large bevies. Breeds during June and July. The flesh like that of all
the PerdicincE is delicate and well flavoured.
Sub-Family.— COTURNICIN^:.— QUAILS.
Wings long, rather pointed ; bill moderate ; tarsus not spurred ; tail short,
coriceated by the upper tail coverts.
Gen. CoturniX-— Brisson.
Bill short, straight, very slightly curved at the tip ; tarsi not spurred ; tail
short; wings long and pointed ; 1st and 2nd quills longest.
1236. CoturniX COmmuniS (Linn.), Bonn., Tall. Enc. Meth.
p. 217 ; Bodd, PI Enl. 170; Jerd., B. Ind. iii., p. 586, No. 829; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 549; Elyth, B. Burm. p. 151; Dav. et Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 396; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 298; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. ill ;
Scully, Sir. F. viii. p. 350 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 133, pi. ;
Hume, Str. F. x. p. 236 (note) ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 203 ;
id., Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 215; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 331. — The COMMON
EUROPEAN or LARGE GREY QUAIL.
PLATE.
The following synopsis of the two known species will suffice to identify
them : —
Primaries with pale rufous bars on their outer webs. — C. commums.
Primaries ivithout pale rufous bars on their outer webs. — C, coromandelica.
Top of head brown, the feathers edged paler ; a mesial buffy line on the
crown ; supercilium pale yellowish white, reaching above the ear coverts,
which are partially brown ; lores and a line below the eye white ; sides of the
neck white ; two narrow blackish lines from the sides of the neck to below
the throat, the interspace being white ; the upper black band not always
566 TETRAONID^E.
perfect ; chin and throat patch dark brown ; breast pale buff, buffy white or
rufous, with pale shafts to the feathers ; sides of the breast and flanks similar
or deeper in colour, with pale shafts; abdomen white, pale rufous, or buff;
back, scapulars and upper tail coverts from brown to a rich dark brown, each
feather shafted a rich rufous, or buff, with three transverse bars or bands of
the same colour on each side, the tips being pale buff ; primaries dusky brown
with pale rufous bars on their outer webs ; the secondaries with pale tips, and
the tertials barred buffy on both webs, the borders of the buffy bars darker
than the ground colour of the feathers. The female is like the male, but
wants the central throat patch, and the breast is spotted with brown or dark
brown. She is also much larger.
Length. — 7 to 8 inches; wing 4 to 4*5; tail r6 to 2*25; irides brown or
hazel ; legs pale fleshy ; bill blackish with a brownish horny tinge above and
at the tip.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Persia, Arabia, theDeccan,
N. Guzerat, Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar and Southern and Central India
generally to Nepaul. A rare visitor to Burmah and in the countries S.-E. of
the mouths of the Ganges, Chittagong, Arracan and Pegu, where it may be
considered a straggler. It is found throughout Europe and nearly the whole
of Asia. The greater bulk of these which come into India, Hume says, are
migratory. They arrive from the North from Central Asia across the
Himalayas, and from the west from Persia, Beloochistan, &c. Hume adds, that
arrived within our boundaries, while a certain number remain scattered
about, some remaining in the lower ranges and valleys of the Himalayas up
to an elevation of 4000 to 5000 feet, the greater bulk move forward, southwards
and eastwards, and arrive about the middle of October in Sylhet, Bengal, and
the Deccan, and frequent the crops of peas, millet, &c., to the end of March ;
their stay, however, depends much on the supply of food. They migrate
invariably at night, and evidently in large numbers at a time. Numbers are
netted throughout India, for the table, for quaileries, and the cock-birds
for fighting purposes, — a favourite pastime nearly throughout India amongst
Mahomedans. Breeds generally in the N.-W. and Upper Provinces of India,
laying six eggs, from February to April. Eggs broad ovals, a good deal
pointed towards one end. The ground colour is a clear yellowish or reddish
buff, thickly speckled and freckled and thinly blotched with reddish brown.
1237- Coturnix coromandelica ( GmeL), Jerd , B. Ind. Hi. p. 588,
No. 830 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 550 ; id., Str. F. iii. p. 178 ;
Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 157; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Hi; Hume and Marsh.,
Game Birds ii. p. 151, pi.; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 236; id., B. Br. Burm. ii.
P- 333 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &.C., Sind, p. 203 ; id., Vert. ZooL, Sind,
p. 216. Tetrao coromandelica, Gmel, Syst. Nat. i. p. 764.— The BLACK-
BREASTED RAIN QUAIL.
COTURNIX. 507
Male. — Top of head brown, with a longitudinal pale stripe on the crown ;
supercilium white, extending above and beyond the ear coverts ; a white
streak under the eye, followed by a dark brown one, which meets the first
dark brown stripe running below the throat, and forming with its fellow on
the other side a triangle, from the middle of which to the chin runs a broad
throat stripe ; a triangular patch of white on each side of the throat ; there is
also on the throat a second dark stripe behind the first, running down to the
breast, the interspace between both being white ; breast with a large jet black
patch, some of the feathers of the lower part of which are edged with pale
buff or white ; sides of the breast dark rufous, the feathers pale shafted, and
a few with dark spots on both webs ; flanks and abdomen pale buff and
white intermixed, the feathers black shafted ; lower tail coverts and vent
rufous ; back, scapulars and upper tail coverts same as in the large grey
quail, from which it may be readily distinguished by the absence of rufous
bars on the first two primaries, the first primary having a pale outer edge, and
by the well-defined lines on the chin and throat, and the patch on the breast,
also by its much smaller size.
Length.— 6" 2$ to 7 inches; wing 3-43 to 37; tail I to i'5; irides dark
brown ; legs and feet pale fleshy ; bill dusky black.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Beloochistan, Persian
Gulf, Rajputana, N. Guzerat, Kutch, Kattiawar, the Concan, Deccan, Central
and parts of South India, also Dacca and Sylhet. Rain Quail visit India
during the monsoon months, about the end of July, and remain to breed.
The majority breed in the Deccan, Guzerat, Central India and parts of the
Central Provinces. In Oudh, Behar and the N.-W. Provinces, only a very
limited number remain to breed. July to October are the months in which
they breed. The eggs are not unlike those of C. communis. They leave
about the end of October or middle of November.
Gen. Excalfactoria.— Bonap.
General characters similar to those of Coturnix. Wings less pointed and
more rounded ; 1st quill shorter than the 2nd; 3rd, 4th and 5th graduating
very slightly from the 2nd.
1238. Excalfactoria chinensis (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. \\. p. 591 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 553 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 311 ; Gates,
Str. F. iii. p. 345; Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc.ix. p. 224; Blyth, B. Burnt.
p. 151 ; David et Oust. Ots. Chine, p. 397; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi.
p. 447 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. ill; Oates, Str. F. viii. p. 167 ; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 161 pi. ; Bingham, Str. F. x. p. 196; Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 236. Tetrao chinensis, Linn., Syst. Nat. I. p. 277. Coturnix
chinensis, Legge, Bt Ceylon, p. 755.— The BLUE-BREASTED QUAIL.
568 TINAMID^E.
A narrow white line from the nostrils to the eye ; forehead, feathers round
the eye, ear coverts, breast, sides of the neck and of the body slaty blue ;
abdomen, vent and tail chestnut ; upper plumage, wing coverts and tertiaries
olive brown, marked with black and pale rufous, and most of the feathers with
pale shaft streaks ; primaries and secondaries plain brown; chin, throat, and
cheeks black ; a broad moustachial stripe from the gape white ; a broad collar
below the black of the throat white, succeeded by a narrow band of black.
The female has the upper plumage almost similar to the male ; the supercilium,
forehead and throat are rufous, enclosing a dull white chin ; sides of the head
pale rufous, speckled with black; lower plumage pale buff; all but the centre of
the abdomen barred with black. Bill bluish black ; irides red ; eyelids plum-
beous ; legs bright yellow.
Length. — 57 inches; tail I ; wing 2*8; tarsus O'8 ; bill from gape 0*5.
Nab.— Generally distributed over Eastern India and Ceylon. Occurs in
Bengal, Assam, Burmah, Southern and Cochin-China, the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. In Ceylon it is fairly common, especially towards
the south of the island. In Burmah it is generally distributed, but is nowhere
common except in Pegu, where it arrives in May in large numbers. In Raipur,
Mandla, and the Chanda districts, also in the Tributary Mahals, Singbhoom,
Calcutta, Cachar, Sylhet, Khasia hills, as well as in the Dafla hills and in the
valley of Nepaul it is fairly common. It is also recorded from Arracan. Open,
swampy grassy lands or meadows are their favourite haunts, and they are
seldom found far from such spots. They do not appear shy but freely come
into the open to feed. Breeds in Pegu, Cachar, Purneah, and the Sub-
Himalayan districts from Sikkim to Kasauli. Lays from June to the 1st or
2nd week in September. Eggs, 5 — 6, broad ovals, of the shape of those of
the Common Black Partridge, cafe au lait tinged with olive in colour.
In size they vary from 0-95 to 1-04 in length and from 07 to 0-8 1 in width.
Family, TINAMID^.
Bill short, rather slender, and very slightly curved at the tip ; tail short or
none ; tarsi not spurred ; hind toe small or wanting.
Gen. TurniX. — Bonap.
Characters the same as those of the Family; nostrils linear; 1st quill
longest ; no hind toe.
1239. TurniX plumbipes (Hodgs.), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind.
B. p. 554 ; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 152 ; Oates, Sir. F. v. p. 164 ; Anders., Yunnan
Exped^ p. 673 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 450 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii.
p. in ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 350; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 177,
pi.; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 236; id.. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 337. Hemipodius
plumbipes, Hodgs., Beng. Sport. Mag. ix. p. 345. Turnix ocellatus (Scop.},
TURNIX. 569
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 597, No. 833. Turnix pugnax (Tem?n.\ Hume, Str. F.
iii. p. 178; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 553. Turnix taigoor, Sykes,
Trans. Zool. Soc. 2, pi. ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 595, No. 832 ; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 169, pi.— The INDO-MALAYAN BUSTARD QUAIL.
Above rufous with transverse black lines and pale yellow streaks ; below
rufescent or pale ferruginous, becoming chestnut on the flanks and undertail
coverts ; the foreneck, breast and sides of the body liinated with black.
The female is a much larger bird, and the plumage is darker; the crown and
sides of the head, the sides and back of the neck are spotted with white ;
chin, throat and breast black ; sides of the breast and body lunated with
black, Legs and feet plumbeous or pale leaden ; irides pearly grey.
Length. — 5 6 to 6-25 ; wing 3-12 to 3*5; tail ro to 1*4; tarsus 0*95 to
ri2 ; bill from gape 07 to O'8i.
Hal. — Throughout India nearly (except Sind, Kathiawar and Jodhpoor*
and other similar dry places), extending to Ceylon, Burmahj the Malay Penin-
sula, Siam, and Cochin-China. It frequents gardens, land covered with grass,
also bushes, roadsides, &c. Breeds in July and August, wherever it occurs,
laying 4 — 6 eggs, of a stone grey colour, irrorated with small specks of brown
interspersed with larger spots of a neutral tint.
It will be seen that I have made T. taigoor a synonym of T. plumbipes,
There can be no doubt of both species being identical ; the rufous tint of the
Malayan race can only be considered as climatic. There are no other
characters which could be considered sufficient to warrant a separation.
1240. Turnix joudera Hodgs., Beng. Sport. Mag. 1838, pi. i,
fig. I; Jerd., B, Ind. iii. p. 599, No. 834; Str. F. vii. p. 453; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 556; id. and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 187, pi.
Turnix Dussumieri, apud. Jerd., viii. p. 599.— The INDIAN BUTTON QUAIL.
Male. — Top of head light brown with a faint longitudinal streak on the
crown ; back of neck, back and scapulars ferruginous brown, the feathers
behind the head with dark spots, and those of the back, scapulars and under
tail coverts with narrow transverse striae, distinct on the lower part of the
back ; scapulars with a few white spots or edgings to the feathers ; wing
coverts pale earthy brown, the tips broadly white, each with a dark ocelli in
the centre ; primaries pale earthy brown, narrowly edged with pale white ;
chin and upper throat white ; middle of breast ferruginous, the sides of the
breast like the scapulars, with white tipped feathers, in the middle of which is
a dark spot ; under parts ferruginous ; vent whitish.
Length. — 5-5 to 6 inches ; wing 275 ; bill at front 0-43.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch,
Guzerat, Deccan, South India ; Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, Rajputana and
Punjab during the rains j rare in the Deccan and sparingly distributed in
VOL. II.— 74
570 TINAMID^E.
Bengal; affects chiefly large open grassy plains; occurs also in South
Travancore, and probably in Ceylon.
1241- TurniX DuSSUmieri (Temm.), Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 161;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 556; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 397;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 1 1 ; Hume and Marsh, Game Birds ii. p. 193, pi ;
Gates, Str, F. x. p. 237 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 336. Hemipodius
Dussumieri, Temm., PL Co!. 454, fig. 2. Hemipodius Sykesi, Smith, III, S.
Afr. ZooL Aves. Sub. tab xvi. ; Murray, Ildbk,, Zool., §'c., Si'nd, p. 204 ; id.,
Vert. Zool., Sind., p. 217. — The LITTLE BUTTON QUAIL.
Male. — Head brown, barred with black, and with a central longitudinal
yellowish stripe ; supercilium pale white or yellowish white ; back and
scapulars chestnut brown, the feathers with fine dark transverse striae and
edged with yellowish white ; rump and upper tail coverts dark brown, closely
barred with black, the feathers with whitish edges ; throat white, with a few
dark spots on the sides ; breast pale ferruginous, the feathers on the sides
with dark spots or lunules ; abdomen whitish.
Length. — 5 to 5-5 inches ; wing 275 ; irides light yellow ; legs and feet pale
fleshy.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch,
Guzerat, and the Concan during the monsoon, in grassy plains or cultivated
fields. In the Deccan it is very numerous and difficult to flush from the
fields of pulse which it affects. Said to breed in the Himalayas and N.-W. India.
1242- TurniX maculosa (Temm.'}, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 281 ; iii.
p. 179; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 452 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. ill ;
Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 183, pi. ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 196;
Oates, Str. F. x. p. 236; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 335 Hemipodius macu-
losus, Temm , Pig. et Gall. iii. p. 631. Turnix maculatus VieilL, Nouv.
Diet, a" Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 47 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine p. 398. Turnix
Blanfordi, Blyth,J.A. S. B. xxxii. p. 80; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm.
p. 151.— BLANFORD'S or the BURMO-MALAYAN BUTTON QUATL.
Upper plumage rufous, black and yellow, the first two colours preponderating,
and the yellow disposed in oval drops not streaks ; wing coverts yellowish-buff,
with large black spots ; hind neck and upper back rufous, forming a broad
collar; crown of the head blackish with a pale rufous mesial line; sides of
the head buff, barred with black ; chin and throat buffy white ; breast, sides
of the body, vent, flanks and under tail coverts ferruginous ; sides of the
breast and sides of the body with large ovate or round spots of black. (Gates.)
Legs yellow ; upper mandible dark brown ; lower mandible and gape pale
brown, tinged with yellow ; irides white.
Length, Male— 6'$ inches; female 7; wing 3*62 ; tail 1*5 ; tarsus I ; bill
4 ape o-75.
TURNIX. 571
Hab* — Tenasserim, in Pegu, Arracan, and Hill Tipperah. Found about
gardens or in the immediate vicinity of cultivation. It is said to be hard to
flush, and only flies a short distance before again dropping. It is everywhere
thinly distributed, and is a terrible skulk, likejoudera, an allied species which
is barely separable from this. Nothing is known of its habits or nidification,
1243. Turnix albiventris, Hume, Sir. F. \. p. 310; ii. p. 281;
id. and Marsh., Game Birds, ii. p. 199, pi — The NICOBAR BUTTON QUAIL.
Lores and a circle round the eye pale fulvous ; base of bill and two stripes
along the crown to the nape black, the feathers narrowly margined with
chestnut ; ear coverts fulvous, tipped darker ; sides of the neck fulvous buff,
spotted with black ; sides and back of the neck, interscapulary region and
scapulars bright chestnut, more or less variegated with yellowish white and
black ; lower back and rump, also the upper tail coverts blackish brown, the
feathers tipped with chestnut, and a subterminal freckled bar of the same
colour ; tail feathers greyish brown with obsolete blackish brown bars ; pri-
maries, secondaries and greater coverts pale satin brown, the outer web of the
first nearly white ; rest narrowly edged with pale fulvous ; tertiaries pinkish-
brown, mottled with blackish brown towards their tips, and with a yellowish
brown spot there on the outer webs ; most of the secondary coverts pale buff,
with blackish brown irregularly shaped spots near the tips ; chin and upper
portion of the throat pure white ; rest of throat and middle of breast light
feruginous ; sides of the breast pale buff, with regular narrow transverse
blackish brown bars ; middle of abdomen white ; sides, vent, tibial plumes,
flanks and lower tail coverts tinged buffy. The female has the black stripes
on the head, edged with white and not chestnut ; the stripe dividing them is
also white ; back of the neck and upper back occupied by a broad, intensely
bright chestnut collar, entirely unmarked and unspotted ; ear coverts, sides of
the head, and a line under the eye pale fulvous, dotted with black ; entire chin,
throat and upper breast bright ferruginous ; rest of the plumage like that of
the male ; irides white ; legs and feet yellow, tinged orange ; upper mandible
horny brown, yellowish at gape ; lower mandible yellow, tipped horny.
Length. — 6 inches ; wing 3 ; tail 1*4 ; tarsus O-9 ; bill from gape O'7.
Hab. — Port Blair in the Andamans ; also the Nicobar Islands.
ORDER, GRALLATORES,— WADERS or SHORE BIRDS.
Tarsi long, rounded ; tibia bare to a greater or less extent ; hind toe imper-
fect in most or absent ; wings long ; neck long or of moderate length, generally
in proportion to the length of the legs ; bill variable in size and structure.
All, except the Ostriches and Emeus (which do not fly) fly well, and stretch
their legs out behind them during flight.
Tribe, PRESSIROSTRES.— Cuvier.
Hind toe small, absent or moderate ; bill depressed at base, and rather
compressed on the sides. It comprises the Otilidic or Bustards and Floricans ;
572
OTITID^E.
the Cursoridcc, or Courier Plovers ; Glareolidce or Swallow Plovers • Chara-
dridcB or Sand Plovers; Hcematopodida or Shore Plovers, and the Gruida or
Cranes.
Family, OTITID/E.
Bill compressed, the tip scooped, and slightly curved ; nostrils in a mem-
branous groove, partially closed ; wing, 2nd to 4th quills longest ; tertials
nearly as long [as the primaries ; tarsi reticulated ; hind toe absent ; plumage
mottled fulvous and black. Food insects, young shoots, and grain. As game
all the members of the family Otitidae are eagerly sought after. For the table
there is scarcely any other bird so succulent and delicious.
Gen. Otis.— Lin.
Bill moderately long,, pointed and nearly straight ; legs long, and strong ;
tarsi reticulated ; claws short and blunt ; wings ample ; moustachial tufts
long.
1244. OtiS tarda, Linn., Syst. Nut. ii. p. 279 ; MacGillivray, B.
J?ur. iv. p. 31 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p.. 434; id. and. Afarsh., Ga,me Birds p. i.
pi. — The EUROPEAN BUSTARD..
Otis tarda.
cms. 573
Head and upper neck all round are light greyish-blue ; on the upper part
of the head is a longitudinal brown band ; the elongated moustachial feathers
white ; the lower part of the neck interiorly is pale yellowish red ;• the forepart
of the breast pale greyish blue, fading into white, of which colour are the other
lower parts, excepting the sides of the lower neck and body, which are light
yellowish red, barred with black, each feather having two subterminal unequal
bars, and generally several spots ; the tail feathers are similar, but tipped with
white, and having the base of that colour ; the outer wing coverts, secondary
coverts, and inner secondary quills are white, the former tinged with grey ;
the primary quills brownish black, with the shafts white „
Male. — Bill pale yellowish brown, darker on the ridge ; iris hazel ; feet
light brown, as are the claws.
Length. — To end of tail from 40 to 48 inches.
Female.— The female is much inferior in size to the male, generally weighing
only ten or twelve pounds ;: there are no elongated feathers on the sides of the
head ; the bare parts are coloured as in. the male ; the upper part of the head is
yellowish red, barred with black ;. the foreneck greyish blue, without any red
at its lower parts ; the colouring of the other parts as in the male ; but the
black markings on the back and tail more numerous.
Length. — To end of tail about 35 inches. {MacGillivray>. vol. iv., p. 31.)
Hal.— According to Hume, has only once occurred within our limits in
1870, north of the Kabul river in Hastnagar, within a few miles of the most
north-westerly point of British India proper in Lat. 34Q N. and Long. 71-45 E.
1245. Otis tetrax, Lin., Syst. Nat. in. p. 279; MacGillivray, B.
Eur. iv. p. 31. ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 423; id. and Marsh. , Game B. p. 4,
pi. — The LESSER BUSTARD.
Male in Summer. — Upper part of the head and the nape are pale reddish
yellow, thickly variegated with longitudinal and transverse brownish black
markings ; sides of the head and throat to the length of two inches greyish-
blue, with an inferior black margin, succeeded by a narrow ring of white,
extending more than an inch downwards in front in a pointed form ; middle
of the neck, all round, for the length of two inches and a half, deep black,
succeeded below by a half collar of white and another of black ; all the lower
parts white, excepting some feathers on the fore and lateral parts of the breast,
which are similar to those of the back. Upper parts, including the back,
scapulars, many of the small wing coverts, with the inner secondaries and their
coverts, light reddish yellow, beautifully undulated transversely with brownish
black ; the upper tail coverts with white in place of yellow ; wing with a broad
band of white, commencing at the carpal joint, including the alula; eight of
the outer secondary quills and their coverts are white at the base, chocolate
brown and mixed with grey towards the end, with the tip white, which
574 OTITID/E.
becomes gradually more extended on the inner primaries, of which the tenth
has only a narrow band of brown near the end ; tail feathers are also white at
the base and tip ; in the rest of their extent pale yellow, undulated with
black, and having three distinct transverse bands of the latter colour, the
lateral feathers gradually becoming more white, and losing one of the black
bands.
Bill brown, greyish blue at the base, the ridge and tips dusky ; irides
reddish yellow ; feet light brownish grey ; scutella of toes darker ; claws dusky,
Length,— To end of tail, 18 inches ; bill along the ridge, i, along the
edge of lower mandible 1*33 ; wing from flexure IO; tail 4*25 ; bare part of
tibia I ; tarsus 2*66,
,Female. — The female, which is about the same size, differs in having none
of the blue or black so conspicuous on the neck of the male ; the upper part of
the head, its sides, and the neck all round, are pale reddish yellow, variegated
with dark brown, each feather having a broad median longitudinal band and
several transverse bars ; throat yellowish white ; upper parts as in the male,
many of the feathers with large patches of black in the middle ; wings and
tail as in the male, but with the white less extended and barred with black ;
lower parts yellowish white \ feithers of the breast and sides with transverse
black lines ; lower tall coverts black shafted. In winter the male resembles
the female. (Mac Gill,)
Hab. — The Punjab and N.-W, Provinces, A regular and tolerably abun-
dant winter visitant, Said to breed in Afghanistan.
Gen. Eupodotis.— Less.
Bill long, pointed, straight, the tip curved ; legs long and strong ; male
with a pouch ; wings ample.
1246. Eupodotis Edwardsi, Gray, III. Ind. Zool pi. 59; Gould,
C. B. pi. 72 ; Jerdon, B. 2nd. iii. p. 607 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind,
p. 204; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 217 ; Hume and Marsh., Nests and Eggs iii.
p, 557; id., Game Birds, i. p. 7, pi, (Tokdar, Sind.) — The INDIAN BUSTARD.
Male, — Top of head and crest black ; sides of the face, neck all round,
breast and entire lower parts white ; the feathers of the breast and lower part
of the neck long and hackled, those of the breast covered with minute dusky
mottlings ; a dark band across the breast ; back, scapulars, wing and upper
tail coverts brown, pale buff, or grey brown, beautifully mottled and vermicu-
lated with minute black striae ; primaries snuff brown, darker on their inner
webs, and tipped with white ; some of the inner ones with 3 — 4 white patches
on their inner webs ; secondaries slaty, much irrorated basally, and broadly
tipped with white ; tertials as long as the primaries, concolorous with the
back, also the lesser wing coverts ; median coverts black, tipped with white ;
HOUBARA. 575
greater wing coverts slaty grey, also tipped with white. Tail like the back
with a subterminal dark band and tipped with white j flanks and sides dark
brown, mixed with whitish or dark olive brown ; vent and lower tail coverts
the same as the back, with white tippings to the feathers.
Male, Length. — 45 to 50 inches; expanse of wing 85— 95 inches; wing
24-5 to 29; bill from gape 4 to 475 ; tarsi 7*5*
Female, Length. — 36 to 38 inches; wings 20 to 22 ; legs and feet creamy
yellow; irides yellow ; bill yellowish at tip, dusky at the base.
._Sind (Thurr and Parkur), Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Kutch, Raj-
putana, N. Guzerat, Kattiawar, Jodhpore, Hydrabad (Deccan), Poona, Satara,
Berars, and the Central Provinces. According to Mr. Doig, (flume, Game
Birds?) it is a permanent resident and breeds in the Thurr and Parkur districts.
It is said to wander occasionally in the cold weather to the plains along the
edge of the desert, sometimes going even as far as the Indus. It feeds on
grain and insects, and frequents the cultivated districts at other than in the
breeding season. Jerdon has an excellent description of its habits, &c.
Breeds from July to September, laying from one to two eggs in a depression
in the ground behind tufts of grass or small bushes, lined very sparingly with
thin grass.
Gen. Houbara-— Bonap.
Legs shorter than in Eupodotis ; bill rather lengthened and depressed at the
base ; males with a ruff ; no hind toe.
1247. Honfcara Macqueenii, Gray, III. ind. Zooi pi. 47 ; Gould,
B. As. pi. 8; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 612 ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, &c., Sind,
p. 204. id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 218 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds Ind. i.
p. 17. (Tilloor, Sind.) — The HOUBARA BUSTARD.
Male. — Head crested ; forehead minutely speckled with greyish brown and
white ; crown with a crest of elongate feathers, which are white at the base and
tipped black ; the feathers behind the crest resting immediately on the crown
entirely white; head behind, ear coverts and neck pencilled with pale brown
and white. The ruff begins immediately behind the ear coverts with elongated
feathers, one-half of which are white at the base for more than one-half their
length, and the rest shining black; the lower half of the ruff entirely white,
the upper half edged behind and in front with black, rather lax feathers ; back
and scapulars buff or rufous buff, delicately pencilled with dark brown,
each feather with two dark bands, the hinder band only being visible
externally ; upper tail coverts with 3—4 narrow dark bands, which are distant
from each other about an inch ; tail brighter rufous or buff, with the same
pencillings, the feathers with three bluish ashy bands, and the tips white ;
576 OTITID^E.
under tail coverts white, some of the feathers with transverse bands and
brownish mottlings ; chin, throat and cheeks white, the feathers of the latter
with dark tips ; feathers of the lower neck and breast grizzled with pencillings,
the elongated feathers on the breast pale bluish white, with dark shafts ;
rest of the lower surface white, also the axillaries and wing lining ; primaries
white at their base, and black for the terminal half, except the 1st primary,
which in some specimens are dark brown on the outer web ; lesser wing
coverts whitish with very fine vermiculations ; winglet black ; bill horny
brown ; irides bright yellow ; legs greenish yelloiv.
Length. — 25 to 32 inches; wing 14 to 15 ; tail 8-5 to IO. In non-breeding
plumage the male has no crest nor the elongated black and white feathers, but
the dark lax feathers are well developed in their place.
_Efa£.— Sind, Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and
Central Provinces, Rajputana, Kutch and Guzerat, also Kattiawar.
In Sind, this fine bird is extremely common during winter, affecting chiefly
the large plains and hill sides covered with Grewia bushes, on the fruits of
which they principally live. It is usually found in parties of 2, 4, or 6, and, as
game, is much sought for by all sportsmen. It is also largely hawked by the
Sindees, Falco sacer, Juggur and peregrinus being used for the purpose. It
is found all over the plains of the Punjab, also in Beloochistan, Southern
Persia and Afghanistan ; breeding in Persia and Afghanistan, where it occurs
in the summer. In Rajputana too it has been found, also in Kutch, Northern
Guzerat and Kattiawar. The following, extracted from The Field, entitled
" Oobara shooting in Lower Sind," I think by "an old Sindee," gives a fair
account of the mode of shooting this Bustard. He says: — "So far as my
experience goes, the Oobara, which may be briefly described as a bird of the
Bustard tribe, is chiefly to be found in Sind. I have occasionally come
across a solitary one or two in Rajputana and Guzerat, and I also presume
they are to be met with in many parts of the Punjab, and, in fact, perhaps
anywhere where large sandy plains exist. They are, I believe, seldom, if ever,
to be found in black soil.
" The Oobara is a migratory bird, coming in with the cold weather, and
disappearing at the first approach of the hot season. They are usually to be
found in pairs, and feed early in the mornings and late in the evenings. At
these times they are so wary, as seldom to be got at even by careful stalking.
They appear, however, to be peculiarly susceptible to heat, as the moment the
sun attains any power they retire into the shade of a bush, and, if undisturbed,
lie quiet throughout the heat of the day, or if flushed, only take short flights.
This is the time to get them, and the usual method is by stalking them on a
well-trained camel, driven by an experienced shikaree. The camel is made
to circle round and round the bird, and the moment the bird perceives this it
SYPHEOTIDES. 577
crouches down, trusting to its colour, which is exactly that of the ground,
and to being so exactly similar when in this position to the several stones
lying around it, to escape observation. The circle gradually becomes smaller
and smaller, until the bird is brought within range. Most men shoot it on
the ground, but as a rule I have found it better sport and easier to let the
bird rise before firing, and then dropping it on the wing, The bird fancying
that (like an ostrich) when its head is hidden its whole body is out of sight,
seldom, if ever, moves unless the camel stops in its circling, and even then its
flight is so slow, as to make it almost impossible even for an ordinary shot to
miss.
" As a game bird, the Oobara is perhaps one of the greatest delicacies that
can be put upon the table, while its feathers are invaluable to the fishermen
for salmon flies ; and there is a little tuft of feathers just under the point
of ihe shoulder which is greatly prized by the fair sex as an ornament for
hats.
" All about Kurrachee is a very favourite country for Oobara, but, as may
be imagined, anywhere within a radius of eight or ten miles they do not get
much rest, and, in order to make a really good bag, it is now necessary to go
beyond that distance. The nearest good spot I know of, where a day's sport
can be had without finding another man stalking over the same plain, is about
twenty-five miles by rail." At Mayting and Jempeer stations, on the S. P. and
D, line, this Bustard is numerous, and it is not uncommon to see a bag from
these places of from 10 to 12 a day.
Gen. Sypheotldes.— Lesson.
Bill broad at base and ridged above ; nostrils elongate ; more than half of
tibia bare.
1248. Sypheotides bengalensis (Gmel.\ Jerd., B. Ind. \\\.
p. 616; Hume> Nests and Eggs Ind, B. p. 559 ; id. and Marsh., Game Birds
i. p. 4 pi. Otis deliciosa (Gray), Hardw., III. Ind. Zool. i. pis. 61 and 62.
Otis himalayanus, Gould, Cent. Him. S.t pis. 73, 74, 75. — The BENGAL
FLORIKIN.
In breeding dress the male has the whole head, which is fully crested, neck,
breast, and lower parts with the thigh coverts glossy black ; the breast feathers
elongated, and those of the neck in front also elongated ; back, scapulars,
tertiaries, rump and upper tail coverts rich olive buff, closely and minutely
mottled with black zigzag markings, and a black dash in the centre of each
feather ; shoulders, wing coverts and quills white, the tips, shafts and outer
edges of the first three primaries black ; tail black, minutely mottled with buff
and with a broad white tip. Bill dusky above, yellowish beneath ; irides brown ;
legs pale dirty yellowish. (Jerd.)
VOL. II.— 75
578 CURSORID/T-:.
Length.— 24 to 27 inches; wing 14; tail 7; tarsus 6; bill at front 1-25.
The female has the whole upper plumage pale fulvous with black and brown
mottlings, barrings and vermiculations ; ear coverts whitish.
Hab. — Throughout Lower Bengal, parts of the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Ouclh, Dacca, Hill Tipperah, Sylhet, Assam and northward to the foot
of the Himalayas. Breeds in Sikkim and Nepaul, from May to July. Eggs
two in number, variable in shades of colour — pink, brown and stone colour,
blotched and freckled all over with dark brown.
1249- SypheotideS auritUS (Lath.}, Jard. and Selby, III. Orn.
pis. 49, 92 ; P. C, 533 ; Jerd., B. hid. iii. p. 619, No. 839; Hume, Nests and
Eggs Ind. B. p. 561 ; id. and Marsh., Game Birds i. p. 5, pi.; Murray,
Hdbk.y Zool., $•€., Sind, p. 207 ; Str. F. vol. iv. p. IO; id., Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 221. (Likh, Sind.) — THE LESSER FLORIKIN.
Male.— Head, neck, breast, ear tufts and entire lower parts black, paler on
the vent and under tail coverts; chin white, a few of the elongated feathers
under the chin white mesially ; lower part of hind neck and large wing patch
white ; back, scapulars and upper tail coverts fulvous, mottled with buff and dark
brown ; tail brighter buff, with mottlings and three distinct bands, the last
subterminal ; first three or four primaries dark or dusky brown, the rest broadly
barred with rufous or bright buff, the long narrow tips mottled ; ear tufts
three on each side, the shafts of the feathers bare for nearly three-fourths their
length from their base.
The female is pure buff throughout, clouded and barred with deep brown ;
lower part of the body almost white ; chin and throat white ; bill pale yellow,
the ridge and tip dusky brown ; irides yellow.
Length. — 17 to finches; wing 7 to 7-8; tail 4 to 4-5. Female slightly
larger.
Hal. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central and Southern
India, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Concan and the Deccan during September
and October. Eggs, 4 — 5 in number, greenish of various shades in colour,
everywhere pitted with minute pores, but srrrooth and glossy. In Sind it
occurs only in the vicinity of Kurrachee during August and September,
chiefly at Mulleer, affecting the high grass. It breeds in the Deccan. In
Sind a single egg was found on the Hubb plains by Mr. F. C. Constable.
Family, CURSORID^,— COURIER PLOVERS.
Tarsi long, slender ; bill slender, arched beyond the nostrils, which are in a
short triangular groove ; wings long and pointed ; tail short of 1 2 feathers ;
toes three ; no hind toe.
CURSORIUS. 579
Gen. CurSOriuS.— Lath.
Bill moderatly long; tarsi long and slender, scutellated ; 1st and 2nd quills
longest ; tail short.
1250. Cursorius coromandelicus, Gmei, Syst. Nat. i. p. 781 ;
Bodd., PL Enl. 892 ; Gould, B. As. pi. 37 ; Jerdon, B. Ind. iii. p. 626,
No. 840; Hume, Sir. F. iv. p. 19 ; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 564 ;
Murray, TLdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 207; id., Vert. Zool. Sind. p. 22 1. — THE
INDIAN COURIER PLOVER.
Forehead and top of head bright chestnut, a small patch of black on the
nape ; supercilium white, extending to and meeting behind the nape ; a black
streak from the base of the nostril and through the eye, also extending and
meeting behind ; chin and throat white or pale buffy white ; neck all round
pale ferruginous, darkening into deep ferruginous on the breast and upper
abdomen ; a dark patch in the middle of the abdomen ; primaries and their
coverts black ; under tail coverts white ; back, scapulars and wing coverts
earthy brown ; upper tail coverts the same ; tail with the outer feathers on
each side white, with a black edge subterminally on the inner web ; rest,
except the middle tail feathers, ashy brown at base, with a subterminal dark
band and a white tip ; bill black ; irides brown ; legs creamy white.
Length. — 9 to 10 inches ; wings 6; tail 2*37; tarsus 2*25.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.--W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Beloochistan, N.
Guzerat, Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar, Concan and Deccan, also Southern
India, affecting open grassy plains, feeding on grass seeds, insects, &c. They
are extremely shy, and run with great speed, now and again stopping dead to
look back, and when pressed do not fly far. Breeds from March to July,
under some tuft of grass or bush, laying 3 —4 eggs of a cream or bright buff
colour with patches, spots, blotches and smears of pale inky grey either all over
or on only some portion of the egg; the markings above this are narrow
scratches and streaks of blackish brown.
1251. CursoriUS gallicUS, Gmel, Syst. Nat. i.p. 784; Naum., vogt.
t. 171 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 266: Jerd., B. Ind. App. vol. iii. p. 874; Hume,
Str. F. i. p. 228 ; iv. 1 1 ; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 566; Murray, Hdbk.
Zool., Sfc., Sind, p. 207 ; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 221. — THE CREAM-COLOURED
COURIER PLOVER.
Forehead and crown rufescent or pale orange buff, shading on to the back
of head into grey or ashy grey, below which, on the nape, is a small black
patch ; supercilium white, extending to and meeting behind the nape, also a
black streak from behind the eye ; lores pale white ; chin and throat pale white ;
breast isabelline brown, fading on the abdomen to albescent, and white on the
under tail coverts ; back, scapulars, tertials and wing coverts warm rufous
buff, brighter on the tail, the outer feathers of which on each side have a
580 GLAREOLID/E.
subterminal black band on the inner web only ; the others on both webs,
and all, except the central tail feathers, broadly tipped white ; primaries
black ; secondaries with their outer webs concolorous with the back, the
inner web, and subterminally on both webs also black, the edges of the tips
white.
Length.— lo- 5 to n inches; wing 6'$ to 7 ; bill black, ro6 in length in
front ; irides brown.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghan-
istan, Kutch, Guzerat and Rajputana. Breeds in similar situations as
C. coromandelicus from May to July. Eggs broad ovals, slightly compressed
towards one end. In colour they are not unlike those of C. coromandelicus.
In size they vary from ri to 1*28 in length and from 0*9 to 1*04 in breadth.
Extremely common on bare or open grassy plains.
Gen. RMnOtiluS. — Strickland.
Bill shorter and more robust than in Cursor ius, straight, the tip slightly
widened and curved ; orbits feathered ; 2nd and $rd primaries sub-equal and
longest ; tarsus long, scutellate ; feet short ; outer toe joined by web.
1252. RhinOptiluS bitorquatUS, Jerd, Birds. Ind. iii. p. 628,
No. 841 ; Blyfh, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 254. — The DOUBLE-BANDED PLOVER.
Above sandy brown with a faint pink gloss ; the feathers of the back slightly
margined with rusty brown, and the wing coverts with pale rufescent and rusty
lateral margins to the feathers; supercilium white, continued round the
occiput ; ear coverts streaked dusky and ferruginous ; throat white, a broad
rufous band below it, bordered by a white demi-collar, and followed by a
broad brown gorget and another white collar margined above and below with
dusky ; this again is succeeded by brown, forming an ill-defined band on the
lower part of the breast ; rest of the lower parts isabeline ; upper and lower
tail coverts white ; primaries and their coverts black, the first two obliquely
marked with white, which on the 3rd primary is reduced to a large subterminal
spot on the inner web ; tail white at base, black terminally ; all, except the
middle feathers, with a small white spot at the tip on the inner web. Bill
yellow at base, horny at tip ; irides dark brown ; legs pale fleshy yellow.
Length. — 9-5 to 10 inches ; wing 675 ; tail 3 ; tarsus 2 '6.
Hab. — Eastern Ghauts, off Nellore and in Cuddapah. Frequents rocky and
undulating ground with thin scrub jungle.
Family, GLAREOLID^E.— SWALLOW PLOVERS.
Bill short, convex, broad at the base, compressed to tip ; wings long, first
quill longest ; tail even or forked ; tarsi short, reticulated ; three toes in front,
one behind, very small; gape large.
GLAREOLA. 581
Gen. Glareola.
Tail short and even, or long and forked ; other characters as in the family.
1253. Glareola orientaliS, Leach., Lin. Tr. xiii. 132; Gould, B.
As. vi.pl. 23; Schiel., Handlist Dierk. t. 7, 79; Jerdon, B. Ind. iii.
p. 631; Sir. F. ii. pp. 284, 465; viii. p. 371; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc.,
Sind, p. 208 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 568 ; Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 980; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 196; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 237; Kelham,
Ibis, 1882, p. 6; Gates, B. Burm. ii. p. 361 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Smdt
p. 222. — THE LARGE SWALLOW PLOVER.
Forehead, crown, back of head, sides of neck, ear coverts, back, scapulars
and wing coverts hair brown ; upper tail coverts white ; tail forked, basally
white, the feathers broadly tipped with dark brown ; chin and throat rufescent,
a few of the feathers in some specimens tipped dark brown ; a dark line from
each side of the mandible to below the neck, enclosing the rufous chin, throat
and breast; upper abdomen and flanks- earthy brown, with a tinge of rufes-
cent ; lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white ; axillaries and under
wing coverts behind chestnut ; primaries dark brown, almost black ; the shaft
of the first primary white ; a few of the upper secondaries tipped white ; irides
dark brown ; bill black ; gape reddish ; legs and feet dusky brown.
Length. — 10 to io'S inches ; wing 7-5 ; tail 4*25 to 4-5.
Hab, — Sind, Bengal and the Deccan, and throughout Burmah in suitable
localities from February to June. Occurs in Mongolia and China, also Cochin-
China, the Malay Peninsula, and Ceylon. Affects fields and open or culti-
vated land in small flocks. It has, like its congeners, a very rapid and
swallow-like flight. Breeds in Sind. Mr. S. Doig, in an article in Stray
Feathers, vol. viii., p. 375, gives an account of its nidification in company with
Glareola pratincola. "The breeding ground," he says, "was about 15 acres
in extent, and was a salt plain with patches of coarse sedge here and there on
it, the whole being surrounded by dense tamarisk and rush jungle, and was
situated about half a mile from the bank of the • Narra.' The nests were
slight hollows scraped in the ground, and the greatest number of eggs in any
nest was three, which seemed to be the normal number, but some contained
only two' eggs, of a light dirty green or drab colour, covered all over with dark
purple blotches, dense at the broader end, and forming a zone. In shape
they are from broad ovals to nearly spherical, and vary in size from PI to 1-35
in length, and from 0-8 to ro5 in width."
The distribution of the Glareolidce in India is not perfectly known.
1254. Glareola pratincola, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. 345 ; p. E. 882 ;
Naum. vogt. t. 234 ; Gould, B. E. pi. 265 ; Leach, Linn. Trans, xiii. pi. 12.,
i, 2 j S/r. F. viii. p. 371 ; Murray, Hdbk.y Zool., fyc. Sind, p. 207 ; id.,
582 GLAREOLID^E.
Vert. Z')ol.* Sind. p. 223. Glareola torquata, Meyer, ii. 404. — The COLLARED
PRATINCOL E.
Glareola pratincola.
Head, nape, back, scapulars and wing coverts greyish brown ; throat and
front of the neck white, slightly tinged ferruginous, encircled by a narrow,
black band from the base of the bill ; lores black ; breast whitish brown ; under
wing coverts chestnut ; lower surface of the body white, tinged with reddish ;
upper and under tail coverts white ; tail forked, basally white, tipped with dark
brown ; bill black, red at the gape ; irides red brown.
Length.— Q inches ; wing 6*75 to 7.
Hab. — Sind, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan and the Deccan. Breeds in Sind ;
eggs similar to those of G. orientalis.
1255. Glareola lactea, Tern., PI. Co!. 399 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 632 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 568 ; Str. F. iii. p. 179 ; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 154 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 984 ; Oates, Sir. F.
x. p. 237 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 363 ; Murray^ Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind,
p. 208 ; id.t Vert ZooL Sind, p. 223. — The SMALL SWALLOW PLOVER,
Forehead, crown, back, scapulars and wing coverts pale earthy or grey
brown, orbital feathers white ; chin, throat and breast much paler than the
back ; lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white ; tail basally white,
the central feathers broadly dark brown subterminally and tipped with white ;
the lateral or outer ones on each side narrowly tipped with dark
brown, and edged with white ; upper tail coverts white ; primaries dark brown,
the first 3 — 4 distinctly white shafted and basally whitish on their inner webs ;
secondaries white, broadly edged on their outer webs and at the tip with
brown ; primary coverts dark brown, also the under wing coverts ; bill black ;
gape reddish ; irides deep brown.
Length.— &$ to 675 inches; wing 5*5 to 5*75 ; tail 2 to 2-06; bill at front
0-37, at gape 0-56.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and the Deccan, also British Burmah,
affecting the same situations as the last. Gates says that it is found abun-
SOUATAROLA. 583
dantlyonthe larger rivers in Burmah, except in the southern part of Tenasserim.
It breeds in Burmah on sandbanks, also on the banks of the Indus, Ganges^
Chenab, Brahmaputra, Nerbudda and Mahanuddy. March to April appears
to be the breeding season. Eggs, 4 in number, from pale green to stone
colour, and marked with dark lines, blotches and spots.
Sub-Family, CHARADRIN^E.— PLOVERS.
Bill slender, straight, flattened at the base, compressed and grooved'; wings
long and pointed ; tarsi moderate, ist quill usually longest ; hind toe small or
wanting.
Gen. Squatarola.— Cuv.
Nasal groove short ; bill bulged at the tip j a very minute clawed hind toe
present.
1258. Squatarola helvetica (Linn), Jerd., B. Ind. in. p. 635,
No. 144; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 455 ; Salvad., Ucc.fiorn.p. 313; Blyth, B.
Burm. p. 153 ; Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 184; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 338 ;
David et Oust. Ois Chine, p. 424 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 455 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 112 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 929 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 237 ; id.,
Burm. ii. p. 365 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 224. Tringa helvetica,
Linn., Syst. Nat. I, p. 250.— The GREY PLOVER.
Winter Plumage. — Forehead, lores, supercilia, chin, abdomen and entire
lower surface, including the under tail coverts, white ; foreneck, sides of the
breast and flanks white, the feathers with sub-triangular or sub-quadrate
brownish markings ; feathers below the wing from the axilla long and black ;
head dusky brown, the feathers with narrow tips ; rest of the upper plumage
dusky brown, the feathers edged and tipped with white or greyish white ; tail
basally white, with a slightly rufescent tinge terminally, and with 6 — /trans-
verse brown bands or bars. In summer the entire lower surface from the chin,
except the vent and under tail coverts, is black, also the lores and sides of the
neck ; forehead, supercilia and sides of the breast white ; back and rump,
scapulars and wing coverts black, broadly tipped with brown and white ; top
of head and nape grey brown, the feathers tipped with white ; tail white,
banded dark brown ; primaries dark brown, their inner webs white.
Length. — 1 1 to 12 inches ; wing 8; tail 3*25 ; bill at front 1*25, black; irides
dusky ; feet dark brown, or dusky brown ; weight 7*5 oz.
Hal. — Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Kutch, Kattiawar, and nearly all over the
Indian Coast ; also Burmah. Occurs in flocks along the Sind sea-coast during
winter, especially on the mud flats. In the Kurrachee harbour it is numerous
on the large island-like flats, especially about Baba Island, associated with the
IJtrger and smaller Kentish Plovers.
584 CURSORID^:.
Gen . Chara dr ius. — Gmel.
Bill short and strong; first quill longest ; hind toe wanting; other characters
as in the sub-family.
1257- CharadriUS fulvus, Gm., Syst. Nat. I, p. 687; Dresser, B.
Eur. vii. p. 443, pi. ; Hume, Str.F. i. p. 228 ; ii.p. 287; id., Nests and Eggs,
p. 570; id., Str. F. iii. p. 179; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 153; Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 313 ; David et Oust. Ois Chine, p. 424 ; Hume and l)av., Str. F. vi. p. 455 ;
Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 482 ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 350 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p.
934 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 364. Charadrius longipes (Temm^, Bonap.,
Rev. Crit., 1850, p. 180 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 636, No. 845 ; Murray, Vert.
Zool., Sind, p. 224. — The EASTERN GOLDEN PLOVER.
Winter Plumage. — Head dark brown, the tips of the feathers yellow ; fore-
head white or yellowish white, as are also the lores, supercilia, chin, foreneck
and the under tail coverts ; back, scapulars, rump, upper tail coverts and wing
coverts dusky brown, the edges of the feathers with triangular or sub -triangular
yellow spots ; tail lighter in colour, the feathers also similarly edged with
yellow spots ; the neck behind, on the sides, and in front buffy, with a dusky
tinge and yellow edgings and spots to the feathers ; flanks pale brown, spotted
with soiled white. In the summer plumage, the upper plumage is much
darker, nearly black, the yellow spots less numerous and smaller, the forehead
is white, and the cheeks, throat, neck, and entire under parts are black ; pri-
maries black, shafts of the first three white ; secondaries tipped with white ;
also the median wing coverts ; tail brownish with transverse bands of black.
Length. — IO to 10-5 inches; wing 675; tail 2-75; bill at front 0*87;
tarsus 175 ; bill dusky at base, black at the tip ; irides deep brown.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, Kutch, Kattiawar, Deccan and India generally, also
Burmah, in open plains or in the vicinity of rivers and ploughed fields.
1258. CharadriUS pluvialis, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 251 ; Dresser,
B. Eur. vii. p. 460 ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 247; id., vii. pp. 186; Murray,
Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 225.— The EUROPEAN GOLDEN PLOVER.
Charadrius pluvialis.
/EGIALITIS. 585
Winter Plumage. — Forehead yellowish white, streaked and spotted with
pale brown and grey ; head on the sides greyish brown ; the crown, back of
neck and nape greyish brown with purple reflections and- yellow angular spots
on the edges and tips of the feathers ; chin and throat whitish ; breast dusky
greyish white, tinged yellow, and spotted with darker grey ; axillary plumes
white ; greater and lesser wing coverts greyish black, the spots paler and the
feathers of the greater coverts tipped with white ; the tail is deep brown, and
barred obliquely with yellowish or yellowish white; upper tail coverts like the
back. In summer it undergoes the same change as longipes, but the yellow
becomes brighter, and the lower parts intense black, except the sides of the
neck, breast and body, which are yellowish white, with dark and dusky
patches or marblings ; primaries and secondaries dusky brown, the shafts of
the first five white anteriorly.
Length, — lo'S to I I'S inches ; wing 7-5 ; bill black ; irides deep brown.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, and Beloochistan.
This species was first entered in the Sind list by Mr. Hume with a query.
Since then all the specimens obtained by myself and others were longipes. In
my Handbook mention was made that pluvialis would be found to occur,
Mr. Blanford having recorded it from only 200 miles further west at Gwadur.
Mr. Brooks, Stray Feathers, viii., 489, has since then recorded it from near
Sehwan. Mr. Hume, in vol.i.,p. 229 of Stray Feathers, points out the difference
between/#/z/z« = longtpes&nd virginicus from America. Pie says, "pluvialis
is at once distinguished by its pure white axillary plumes, which mfulvus are
brownish or smoke grey. Fulvits and virginicus differ chiefly in their relative
proportions, the former being always smaller." The following are the dimen-
sions of the three given by Harting : —
Bill. Wing. Tarsus.
C. virginicus ro 7 to 7*4 1-6
C. fulvus 0*8 to o'9 6-4 to 6-6 1-5
C. pluvialis 0*9 7*5. I '4
Gen. jEgialitis.—ito*v.
Bill slender, grooved on upper mandible for two-thirds its length ; front of
bill raised ; upper mandible slightly the longer ; ist quill longest. All the
Sand Plovers are more or less gregarious in their habits, and feed either on
ploughed lands, meadows, edges of marshes and ponds, sandbanks, mud
lagoons and banks of rivers and tanks. They run with some speed, making
a dead stop now and again to pick up a worm, mollusc, small Crustacea or
other insects on which they feed. Nearly all are migratory. Eggs, generally
4 in number, are of a stone yellow or greenish colour, richly blotched.
1259. ^Egialitis GeofFroyi, Wagl.t Syst. Av. Charadrius sp. 19 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 638 ; Harting, Ibis, 1870, p. 378, pi. xi. ; Salvad., Ucc.
Born. p. 318; David el Oust. Ois, Chine, p. 426; Dresser, B. Eur. vii.
VOL. II.-76
586 CHARADRIN/E.
p. 475, pi. ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 455 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. pp 112,
2OO; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 939; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 366; Kelham,
Jbis, 1882, p. 9; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p 226. Cirrepidesmus Geof-
froyi, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 229 ; ii. p. 288 ; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 571. — The LARGE SAND PLOVER.
In winter plumage, head, neck, nape, back, sides of the breast, scapulars
and wing coverts greyish brown ; a streak from the base of the mandible
under the eye to the ear coverts slightly darker ; forehead, a streak above the
eye, chin, throat, sides of the neck and rest of the lower parts white ; upper
tail coverts dull white or pale grey brown ; primaries and their coverts dark
brown ; outer web near the tips and the tips of the secondaries white ; longest
tertial reaches to between the 3rd and 4th primaries. In summer plumage, the
forehead, lores, ear coverts and beneath the eye are black ; on each side of
the forehead is a white spot ; the neck and breast rufous ; the throat and chin
white; head tinged with rufescent, and the upper parts margined with the
same ; the shafts of the feathers of the back, scapulars and wing coverts in
both stages are dark ; primaries dark brown ; the outer webs of the inner
ones white, also the tips of the secondaries.
Length. — 8 to 9^25 inches ; expanse 17 to 19 inches ; wing 5*4 to 5*98 ;
tail 2 ; bill at front i ; tarsus 1-5 ; legs greenish ; bill black; irides brown.
Hal. — Sind, .Beloochistan Coast, Persian Gulf, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch*
Kattiawar and India generally during winter ; also Burmah. Extremely com-
mon along the sea coast and at the mouths of the Indus in large flocks,
where they may be seen running along the sandbanks for small Crustacea,
insects, molluscs, &c.
Eudromius veredus, Gould, and JEgialitis placida, G. R. Gray, also sE.
nigrifrons, Cuv,, are species entered in the Avifauna of India of which there is
no precise information or corroboration of the fact of their having been found
in India. I have therefore not included them in this work.
1280. -SEgialitis mongolica (Pall.), Harting, Ibis, 1870, p, 384;
Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 316; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 170; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 153; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 339. Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 942; Kelham,
Ibis, 1882, p. 10. Charadrius mongolus, Pall., Reis.Russ. Reichs. iii. p. 700.
Charadrius mongolicus, Pall., Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 136. Charadrius
pyrrhothorax, Temm. in Gould, B. Eur. pi. 299. yEgialitis pyrrhothorax,
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 639, No. 847 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sfc., Sind, p. 209 ;
id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 226. Cirrepidesmus mongolicus, Hume, Str. F. i.
p. 230 ; ii. p. 289; id., Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 571. ^gialitis mongolus,
Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 455 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 237.— The LESSER
SAND PLOVER.
In both winter and summer plumage similar to sE. Geoffroyi, but smaller in
all measurements.
/EGIALITIS. 587
Length — 7 to 7-25 inches; expanse 15 inches; wing 5 inches; tail 1-87 ;
bill at front 075 ; tarsus 1-25. The tertials reach to between the first and
second primaries ; bill black ; irides brown ; legs dusky plumbeous.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and India
generally, alsoBurmah, along the sea shore and banks of rivers, not far inland.
1281. .ZEgialitis cantiana (Lath.), Jerd., B. Ind. \\\. p. 647, No.
848; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 340; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 483, pi. ; Hume
andDav., Str. F. vi. p. 456; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 947; Oates, Str. F. x.
p 237; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 368; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 226.
Charadrius cantianus, Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl. pi. Ixvi. ^Egialophilus
cantianus, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 230 ; id., Nests and Eggs, p. 571. — The KENTISH
PLOVER.
Male in Winter Plumage. — Forehead, streak over the eye, extending to the
ear coverts, chin, throat, ring round the neck, breast, abdomen and under tail
coverts white ; outer tail feathers on each side also white, with a subterminal
dusky spot on the inner web ; crown, nape, neck behind, a streak from the
base of the bill under the eye, cheeks, back, scapulars, sides of breast and
tertials earthy or greyish brown, the feathers with darker shafts ; in some
(February specimens) the feathers are tinged with rufous, and those on the fore
part of the crown, very slightly (absent in most) white tipped ; tail earthy or
grey brown, darker subterminally, and all, except the central feathers, tipped
pale fulvous or white ; primaries dusky brown, 4th, 5th and 6th with a patch
of white on their outer webs ; secondaries edged and tipped terminally with
white ; edge of the wing and under wing coverts white.
In nuptial plumage, the white of the forehead extends broadly over the eye
and beyond it, behind which on the forecrown is a patch of black followed by
a reddish or reddish brown patch, tinged with grey. The streak from the base
of the bill through the eye to the ear coverts is black, and there is a large patch
of black on each side of the breast ; back, scapulars and tertials greyish brown ;
the 1st primary is the longest ; primaries dusky brown ; wing coverls grey
brown, the greater series tipped with white ; secondaries white at their baes
and tips ; under wing coverts, chin, throat and under parts white ; the tail is
like the back, the middle feathers longest and dusky brown near the tip, the
outer ones on each side white.
Length. — 6-75 inches ; wing 4^3 ; tail 2 ; bill at front '75 ; bill black ; irides
brown ; feet dusky greenish.
Hal. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, South India and Ceylon. Abundant
along the coast about the Delta of fhe Irrawaddy, and also at various points in
Tenasserim. It is also recorded from Arracan. In Ceylon, Major Legge
found it breeding in June and July on the banks of salt lagoons, in the
south-east portion of the Island.
588 CHARADRIN^:.
1262. JEgialitiS dubia (Scop.}, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 316;
Ely thy B. Burm. p. 153; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 429; Anderson,
Yunnan Exped. p. 676; Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 227 (note) ; Gates, Str. F. x.
P. 237; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 370. Charadrius dubius, Scop., Del. Flor.
et Faun. Insub. ii. p. 93. Charadrius curonicus, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 692.
Charadrius phillipinus, Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. p. 745. Charadrius fluviatilis,
Bechst., Gemeinn Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 422. ^Egialitis phillipensis (Scop),
apud. Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 640, No. 849. ^Egialitis fluviatilis, Hume, Str. F.
i. p 230; ii. p. 289 ; id.y Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 572. ^Egialitis curonica,
Wald. in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 154; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 491 ; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p, 952. — The LESSER RINGED PLOVER,
A narrow streak above the base of the bill continued behind, under, and
through the eye to the ear coverts black ; crown of head and ring round the
neck black ; a patch of white on the forehead above the black frontal streak ;
chin, throat, and under parts from below the black collar, including the under
coverts, white ; nape and upper plumage cinereous or greyish brown ; prima-
ries dusky brown ; tail with the middle feathers paler than the lateral ones,
except the outermost on each side, which are white, with a dusky spot on the
inner web ; under wing coverts white.
Length. — 7 to 7-25 inches; wing 4-5; tail 2-5; bill at front 0*56; bill
black ; irides brown ; legs yellowish.
Hal. — Sind, .Beloochistan, Persia, Aghanistan, E. Turkestan, Nepaul,
Cashmere, and throughout India, also throughout Burmah. Extremely com-
mon in rice fields and along the banks of the Indus. Breeds in the Deccan
and Central Provinces during April and May. Eggs, three in number,
broad ovals, elongated and pointed towards one end ; of a fawn, drab or buffy
stone colour, speckled and spotted with hieroglyphic-like lines and figures of
brownish purple, blackish brown or black. Size i'i to i%23 x 0*8 to 0*87.
1263. -ffigialitis Jerdoni, Legge, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 39 ; id., Birds
Ceylon, p. 956. ^Egialitis minutus (Pall.), apud. Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 641 ;
Legge, Str. F. iii., p. 372; Hume and Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 456; Hume,
Str. F. viii. pp. 112, 199; Gates, Str. F. x p. 238; id., B. Br. Burmah,
ii. p. 371. ^Egialitis phillipinus (Lath.), apud. Hume, Str. F. p. 179. — The
LITTLE INDIAN RINGED PLOVER.
Similar to ^E. dubia from which it differs in being smaller, in having the
edges of the eyelids swollen and protuberant, and in having the basal half
of the lower mandible yellow. Another point of difference, according to
Mr. Hume, is that in summer the legs of *E. Jerdoni do not become yellow
as in JE. dubia.
Length. — 6 inches; tail 2-2; wing 4-1; tarsus 9; bill from gape 5-5.
The female is rather larger, approaching in size the male of SE. dubia.
VANELLUS.
589
The Little Indian Ringed Plover is generally distributed over Burmah, but
is nowhere very abundant. Gates procured it near Thayetmyo and also in
Southern Pegu, along the banks of the canal. Capt. Wardlaw-Ramsay got itat
Tounghoo, and Mr. Davison observed it in Tenasserim about the latitude of
Moulmein. It occurs in suitable localities over the whole of India and Ceylon,
the Indo-Burmese Countries, and Cochin-China, where Dr. Tiraud procured
many specimens near Saigon. Gates says it is probably a constant resi-
dent in Burmah, notwithstanding the fact that all his specimens were pro-
cured in the winter season. In the rains, when sandbanks are submerged,
its area of distribution must become very restricted, and it is likely at this
time of the year to escape observation. Major Legge found it breeding in
Ceylon.
Sub-Family, VANELLIN^.— LAPWINGS.
Bill rather compressed, straight, convex at the tip ; nostril in a long lateral
groove ; wings pointed and long ; tail broad ; hind toe short. Generally very
active and lively birds. Nearly all winter visitants in India. Feed on
worms, slugs, molluscs, &c., either along the sea shore, or river banks, or the
edges of tanks and marshes ; also in ploughed fields,
Gen.
. — Linn.
Bill straight ; 2nd and 3rd quills longest ; shoulder of wing with a small
(not prominent) tubercle.
1264. VanelluS cristatUS, Meyer, P. E. 242 ; Gould., B. Eur. pi.
291 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 643; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 573;
590 VANELLIN^E.
Sir. F. i. 231 ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, Sfc., Sind, p. 210; id., Vert.ZooL
Sind, p. 228. — The CRESTED LAPWING or PEEWIT.
Entire head, crest, chin, a line below the eye, breast and foreneck black,
glossed with greenish ; lores, supercilia and behind the eye, also sides and
back of the neck, and from the termination of the black breast to the belly,
white ; the sides of the head in some immature specimens speckled with
brown or dusky ; upper tail coverts pale reddish chestnut ; under tail coverts
slightly paler; back and scapulars olive green, glossed with coppery and
purple ; golden green on the lower back and rump ; primaries black, the first
three broadly terminated with greyish white; 1st quill shortest, third longer
than the second or nearly equal ; greater and lesser wing coverts like the
back ; tail white basally, and broadly black terminally, with narrow white tips
to all the feathers ; the outermost feather entirely white, except a dusky spot
subterminally on the inner web.
Length. — 12 inches; wing 9; tail 4; tarsus 2; bill black; irides hazel
brown ; legs orange brown. In winter plumage the chin and throat are white,
and there is much brown specklings on the sides of the face and nape. The
female is like the male in winter plumage, and throughout of a duller tint.
Hab.— Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan,
and E. Turkistan, also Nepaul and Cashmere. It is said to breed in
Yarkand. In Sind it is a winter visitant, and is found in open places, marshy
ground, and the banks of canals. In England, the Vanellinae are considered
by some good for food, and their eggs a delicacy. In India, however, it is not
the case, though some persons think them not amiss at any time. After
October they are very fat and tender, and for the table are said to be un-
distinguishable from the Plovers.
Gen. Chettusia— Bp.
Head not crested ; plumage ashy ; otherwise as in Vanellus.
1265. ChettUSia gregaria, Pallas, Zoogr. \\. t. 56 ; Gould, B. Eur.
pi. 292; Jerd., Birds Ind. iii. p. 644, No. 852; Str. F. i. 231; iv. 13;
Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, tyc., Sind, p. 210 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 229.— The
BLACK-SIDED LAPWING.
Forehead, supercilium extending to the occiput, lower belly, vent and under
tail coverts white ; top of head, a narrow band from the base of the bill through
the eye, and the middle of the abdomen black ; back of neck, back, and
scapulars olivaceous brown, tinged greyish ; sides of head and neck pale
rufous, passing to greyish or brownish on the breast; primaries black; second-
aries white ; tail and upper tail coverts white, with a broad subterminal black
band, tipped with white ; outermost feathers white.
Length. — 12-5 to 13 inches; wing 8-5; tail 3-5; tarsus 2-3; bill at front
T2. In thejyoung the black abdominal patch is wanting. The females are
much duller than the males in colour.
CHETTUSIA. 591
Hal. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Oudh, the Concan, Deccan, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana and Central India.
Frequents grassy plains in parties of from five to twenty. Its flesh is said to
be very delicate.
1266. ChettUSia leuCUra (Licht.\ Jerd., B. Ind. \\\. p. 646, No.
853. Chettusia flavipes, Savtgny, desc. dV Egypt. Zool.p. 6, fig. 2. Chettusia
Villotaei, Audoin., Hume, Sir. F. I. p. 232 ; id., iv. p. 13 ; Murray ', Vert.
ZooL, Sind. p. 229. — The WHITE-TAILED LAPWING.
Head and neck brown, very pale, almost fulvous on the forehead ; a small
whitish patch behind the eye ; chin and throat white ; back and scapulars
brown, glossed with reddish purple ; upper tail coverts and tail white ; breast
pale greyish brown, bluish ashy on the lower part ; lower abdomen and under
tail coverts white, the former tinged of a roseate hue ; primaries black ;
secondaries white, broadly tipped on their outer webs with black ; median
and greater wing coverts basally ashy, broadly edged subterminally on the
outer web with black and tipped with white.
Length.— 11 to 11-5 inches; wing 7; tail 275 ; bill at front I ; bill black ;
irides brown red ; legs bright yellow.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Beloochistan, Afghanistan,
Persia, Kutch, Kattiawar, and North Guzerat, also in Central India, and pro-
bably the Deccan ; common in the vicinity of jheels, tanks, &c.
1267. Chettusia Cinerea (Blyth\ Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 180 ; Blyth,
B. Burm. p. 152; David et Oust Ois. Chine, p. 422; Hume and Dav., S/r.
F. vi. p. 456 ; Cripps, Sir. F. vii. p. 300 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 1 12 ; Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 238 ; id» B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 372. Pluvianus cinereus, Blyth,
J. A. S. B. I. p. 587. Lobivanellus inornatus, Temm. et Schleg, Faun. Jap.
Aves, p. 106, pi. 63. Chettusia inornata, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 646. — The
GREY-HEADED LAPWING.
Head and neck all round grey ; back, rump, lesser and median wing coverts
and scapulars, also the tertiaries, greyish brown, with a faint vinous tinge ;
upper tail coverts white ; tail white, with a broad black band near the tip,
diminishing in width towards the lateral feathers and absent on the outermost;
primary coverts and primaries black ; greater wing coverts and secondaries
white ; breast greyish brown, bounded below by a broad black band ; rest of
under surface white ; edges of the eyelids, lappets and basal two-thirds of the
bill deep yellow; terminal third of bill black; irides red ; legs dull yellow.
Length. — 14*5 inches ; tail 4*5 ; wing 9*8 ; tarsus 3 ; bill from gape I '6.
Hab. — Northern India, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Kumaon ; also
British Burmah in Southern Pegu, Bassein, Tongoo, the low-lying parts of
Northern Tenasserim and Bengal, affecting swamps and marshy ground. It
is a winter visitant to these parts, leaving India during April.
592 VANELLIN^E.
Gen. HoplopterUS — Bonap.
Shoulder of wing with a stout spur. No hind toe in the Indian species.
„ 1268. HoplopterUS ventraliS ( Wagl.\ Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 650;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 578; id., Str. F. iii, p. 181 ; Blyth, B.
Burm* p. 153; David et Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 423; Anderson, Yunnan
Exped.> p. 675 ; Hume and Dav., vi. p. 457; Cripps, Sir. F. vii. p. 300;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 112 ; Scully, Sir. F. viii. p. 352; Oates, Sir. F. x.
p. 238 ; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 373 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool, fyc., Sind. p. 21 1 ;
id., Vert. Zool., Sind., p. 231. — The SPUR-WINGED LAPWING.
Head, crest, lores, sides of the face as far as the middle of the eye, chin,
throat, and foreneck black ; a white streak from behind the eye on each side
meeting on the nape, bordering the black feathers of the hind crown and
nape; cheeks white, the white extending on to the upper breast all round,
enclosing the black of the foreneck and forming a pectoral patch ; breast
below black ; scapulars and tertials pale brown ; shoulder of the wing black ;
primaries black ; secondaries basally white, tipped and edged with black, the
black decreasing in extent on the hinder feathers ; greater wing coverts white,
forming a conspicuous wing band ; upper and under tail coverts and entire
under surface white, except a patch on the middle of the abdomen ; tail
white, broadly terminated with black.
Length* — 12 inches; wing 7-75 to 8; tail 4 to 4*2; bill at front ri; bill
black ; irides deep brown ; legs blackish, tinged with reddish.
Hab. — Northern India generally, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, British
Burmah, Bengal, and Central India, along the sandy banks of rivers ; also in
Pegu and Nepaul. It is rare in Sind. A single specimen was got by Mr. W.
Wallinger on the banks of the Indus near Buggatora, who also mentions
having seen it on the Aral near Sehwan. Breeds on the banks and in the
beds of most of the larger rivers of India and Pegu, penetrating the hills to
2,OOO feet. March and April are the months in which it lays. Eggs, four
in number, from a stone to olivaceous drab colour, profusely spotted with
dark and purplish brown. In size they vary from 1-42 to 178 in length,
and in breadth from i'i2 to 1*3 inches.
Gen. Lobivanellus-— Strickl.
A lappet of skin in front of the eye extending to the base of the bill ; hind
toe very small .
1269. Lobivanellus indicus, Bodd., P. E. 807 ; Gould, C. B.
E. pi. 78 ; Sir. F. iii. 648 ; vii. 67 ; Hume, Nesls and Eggs Ind. B. p. 574.
Lobivanellus goensis, Jerd., iii. p. 648, No. 855 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc.
Sind, p. 21 1 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. — The RED-WATTLED LAPWING or
" DlD HE DO IT."
SARCIOPHORUS. 593
Head, nape, back of the neck, chin, throat, neck in front and breast black ;
a broad streak from behind the eye along the sides of the neck, abdomen and
upper and lower tail coverts white ; tail white, with a subterminal dark band
and broadly tipped white ; back, scapulars and tertials pale brown ; primaries
and their coverts black ; greater wing coverts like the back basally, and
broadly edged and tipped with white, forming a conspicuous wing band.
Length.— 12*5 to 13 inches; wing 9*5; tail 4*75", bill at front 1*27; wattles
red.
Hal. — Throughout India, Beloochistan, Persia, and Afghanistan. In India
it is everywhere common, during both winter and summer, and breeds
from April to July. It is an extremely noisy bird, and especially so during
the breeding season. Its vulgar name, "Did he do it," is very appro-
priately given, being its continuous cry, with " Pity to do it," the place re-
sounding with its almost endless echoes, till the intruder is out of reach of its
nest. The nest is usually a small depression in the earth, with or without
lining of any kind, and made in the vicinity of a marsh. The eggs are
generally of a deep green colour, irregularly marked with blotches and
streaks of a brownish black.
1270. Lobivanellus atronuchalis (Blyth*), Jerd., P. Ind. ii.
p. 648; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B., p. 376; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 181 ; Blyth,
B. Burm. p. 152 ; Hume and Davison, Sir. F. vii. p. 457; Hume, Sir. F.
viii. p. 112; Dates, Str. F. x. p. 238; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 374
Sarcogramma atrogularis, Blyth, jf. A. S. B. xxxi. p. 345 (note). — The
BURMESE LAPWING.
Entire head, neck and breast black ; a band over the ear coverts white, also
a collar on the hind neck, upper tail coverts, the tail, except a broad black
band and under plumage from the breast ; back and rest of upper parts,
including the wing coverts, grey, glossed with purplish on the coverts and
green elsewhere ; greater coverts grey, broadly tipped with white ; primaries and
secondaries black, the bases white, increasing in extent to the last secondary,
which is nearly wholly white. Bill black on the terminal half ; eyelid and
wattles red ; legs and feet pale yellow.
Length.— 13 inches ; tail 4-5 ; wing 8-15 ; tarsus 3; bill from gape 1*3.
Hab. — British Burmahand Karenne, extending northwards as far as Bhamo;
eastwards to Cochin-China and southwards down to Singapore. Breeds in
April and May, in paddy fields and grass lands. Eggs, usually four in number,
buff, thickly spotted and blotched with blackish brown.
Gen. SarciOphortlS.— Strickl.
Wattles yellow ; bill rather slender ; hind toe absent.
1271. SarciOphoruS bilobUS (Gmel.}, Jerd., B. Jnd. ii. p. 649;
Blanf., Ibis, 1870, p. 470; Blyth, B. JSurm.p. 153. Charadriusmalabaricus,
VOL. II.— 77
594
Bodd. Tall. PL Enl. p. 53. Charadrius bilobus, GmeL, Syst. Nat. i. p. 691.
Lobipluvia malabarica, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 477; Hume, Sir. F.
viii. p. 112; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 966 ; Parker, Sir. F. ix. p. 482 ; Hume,
Sir. F. x. p. 238 (note); Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 375 ; Murray, Vert.
ZooL, Sind, p. 2 30.— The YELLOW-WATTLED LAPWING.
Breeding Plumage.— Head and nape black; ear coverts white, extending
behind the nape ; chin and throat black ; neck in front and behind, also the
back, scapulars and tertiaries pale brown ; breast slightly darker, edged with
dark brown ; rest of the under surface including the upper and lower tail
coverts white ; tail white, with a black band subterminally and white tip,
except three of the lateral tail feathers, which are white, with a subterminal
dusky spot on the outer web of the third feather ; primaries and their coverts
black ; the inner webs of the primaries white, decreasing in extent to the inner
ones ; secondaries basally white, and terminated with black j greater wing
coverts like the back, but broadly tipped and edged with white, forming a
conspicuous white wing band.
Length. — 1 1 to 1175 inches; wing 8-25; tail 3*25; bill at front i; irides
brown ; bill yellow at the base, the rest black -, wattles yellow.
Hab. — Nearly throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon. In India it is a
resident, frequenting dry stony or grassy plains usually in company with
Cursorius isabellinus or gallicus. Breeds in August on the edges of cultivated
land. The eggs are not unlike those of L. indicus, but are smaller, and have
a stone colour ground, with deep brown and nearly black blotches. In the
winter plumage, the chin and throat and the black edges to the feathers of
the breast below are wanting, and the upper plumage is duller or paler brown.
Sub-Family, ^ESACIN^l.— STONE PLOVERS.
Bill strong and thick ; no hind toe; nostrils linear, in a groove near the
base of the bill ; gonys strongly angulated.
Gen. JEsacUS.
Bill long, sub-curved, the lower edge of the under mandible wide in the
middle, then curving to a point.
1272. JEsacus recurvirostris (CW,), G JR. Gray, M. G. B. pi.
142 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 652, No, 858 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 579; id., Sir. F. ii. p. 182; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 152; Str. F. vol. v.
p. 121 ; Hume, Sir. F. vi. p. 458 ; Oates, Str. F. vii. p. 50; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 112; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 974; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 357;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 21 1; id., Vert. ZooL Sind. p. 231.
(Karwanak : Chota Taloor, Sind). — The LARGE STONE PLOVER.
Forehead and a broad line down the sides of the face white ; a broad dark
streak on each side from the base of the lower mandible ; feathers round and
behind the eye white, broadly bordered with dark brown ; chin, throat, abdo-
men, and under tail coverts white; top of head, neck behind, back, scapulars
CEDICNEMUS. 595
and tertials pale brown, the feathers distinctly dark-shafted ; neck in front
white, in some specimens obtained in April greyish brown ; the breast ashy,
contrasting with the pure white of the rest of the under surface; primaries
black, the first three quills with a patch of white on their terminal thirds, and
the last three basally and at tip white, with a subterminal black band ; lesser
wing coverts dark brown ; median and greater coverts pale greyish brown,
the latter white tipped ; secondaries dark brown, their inner webs white ; tail
pale brown at base, with a subterminal white band and a broad black tip, except
the outermost feather, which is white at the base and more broadly tipped
with black ; bill black, greenish at the base ; irides yellow ; legs yellow.
Length. — 20 inches ; wing 10*5 ; tail 4-37 ; tarsus 3-5 ; bill at front 3, at gape
375-
Hab. — Nearly throughout India, along the sea coast and banks of large
rivers. From the stomach of a specimen got in the Kurrachee harbour ten
calling crabs (Gelasimtu annulipes) were extracted. JE. magnirostris^ an
Australian species, is said to have occurred in the Andaman Islands and
probably also occurs along the Burmese sea coast. There is however no
precise information. It is distinguished from this species by being a little
larger, and by the col our of the sixth primary being all white with only a
brown band on the outer web.
Gen. CEdicnemTis.—Cwz;.
Bill longer than the head, straight and slightly depressed at the base ;
culmen raised near the point ; mandible angulated beneath ; nostrils in the
middle of the bill in a longitudinal slit ; toes three ; tail graduated.
CEdicnemus crepitans.
596 H/EMATOPODID^:.
1273. CEdicnenms crepitans, Temm., Man. a" Om. p. 348;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 654 ; Hume, Str. F. i. p, 232 ; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 182;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 152; Oates, Str. F. xi. p. 238 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 232. Charadrius cedicnemus, Linn, Syst. Nat. i. p. 255. Charadrius
scolopax, S. G. Gmel., Reisse Russ. iii. p. 87, pi. 16. OEdicnemus indicus,
Salvad., Ass. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 380 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind.
B. p. 581. CEdicnemus scolopax, Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 401, pi.; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. 969; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 356. — The STONE PLOVER or
BASTARD FLORIKEN.
Lores white, with a few brown spots ; chin and throat white ; a distinct
narrow moustachial stripe from the base of the lower mandible ; head, neck,
back, scapulars and upper tail coverts reddish ashy, each feather with a
mesial dusky streak ; breast the same as the back ; belly white j under tail
coverts reddish ashy ; tail white basally, all the feathers except the middle
ones tipped with black ; thigh coverts white ; primaries black, the first three
quills with a patch of white at their terminal third, and the last three white
basally and at tip with a subterminal dark band ; edges of the greater wing
coverts white, forming a wing band.
Length.— 16 inches ; wing 9; tail 4*5 ; bill at front r$ ; irides and orbits
yellow ; also the legs and feet.
Hab. — Throughout India, including Burmah, also Ceylon and Persia. Affects
stony places, waste land, grassy plains, dry river beds and the sides of sloping
banks ; runs very swiftly, especially when first surprised, stops short now and
again after the manner of Cursorius isabellinus, and squats close to the
ground, depending for safety on the colour of its plumage, which is like
that of the ground. Its flight is strong and steady, but it seldom uses its
wings, except when hard pressed ; usually turns out in the evening in quest of
food, which consists chiefly of worms. The young are said to run from the
nest within three hours of their birth. It is not uncommon to meet with parties
of this bird in looking for Oobara (H. Macqueenit) among Grewia bushes, and
perhaps from this circumstance and its lineated plumage it is called the " chota
or small Taloor." It is, as Jerdon says, a favourite quarry for the Sparrow
Hawk and the Besra. Its flesh is as much esteemed almost as that of the
Houbara, being highly flavoured. Breeds in Sind from February to April.
It makes no nest, the eggs being laid in a small depression in the ground,
usually sheltered by a stone.
Family, H^EMATOPODID^, Bp.— SEA PLOVERS.
Feet with three toes, and a very small hind toe ; bill long, strong, front half
compressed, tip blunt ; wing long and pointed.
Sub-Family,
Characters those of the Family; bill slightly curved upwards.
STREPSILAS. 597
1274. StrepSilas interpres (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 320; Blyth, B. Burm^ p. 154; Dresser, B. Eur. vii.
P. 555> pl- 5 Hume, Strt F. iv. p. 464; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 233 ;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 987; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 238; id., B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 376. Cinclus interpres, Hume* Sir. F. i. p. 233; ii. p. 292. Tringa
interpres, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 248. — The TURNSTONE.
Strepsilas interpres.
In winter the crown and hinder part of the head are dusky, edged very
narrowly with greyish brown; the lores pale brown, or in some specimens
greyish brown ; the chin and throat are white, also a patch on each side of
the neck, bordered in front along the sides of the white throat patch with
dusky or dark brown ; upper back, scapulars, rump, breast and sides of the
breast dusky or dark brown, according to season, edged with rusty or brownish
red ; some of the scapulars partly edged with [white ; tertials long, reaching
beyond the fifth quill, edged and tipped with rufous or red brown ; lesser
wing coverts, like the upper back, white at the shoulder ; the secondary
or greater coverts tipped with white, forming a conspicuous wing bar;
primaries and secondaries black, the inner webs of the former and tips of
the latter white ; back, lower surface of the body from below the breast,
also the thigh and upper and lower tail coverts white ; a patch of black
on the rump ; tail feathers white, with a subterminal black band, except
the central ones, which are entirely black. In the summer or breeding
plumage, the forehead, a band over the eye, lores and a patch behind the
eye are white ; the crown of the head is also white, broadly streaked with
black. There is also a black streak behind the white frontal patch, continued
598 HEMATOPODID^E.
to the front and below the eye on each side joining the black streak from
the lower mandible, and getting lost on the neck, whence springs a black
demicollar not extending on the upper surface of the neck, which, like the
head, is white with dark streaks ; back of neck white, extending down the
sides between the black demicollar and sides of the breast ; chin white ;
throat and breast deep black ; upper back and scapulars black, the feathers
broadly edged and tipped with red rust colour ; some wholly so, especially
the scapulars; lesser and median wing coverts black, broadly edged
and tipped with bright rust colour ; the tips of the greater or secondary
coverts white, forming a wing band ; quills black, the inner webs, and part
of the outer webs of the last two or three basally white ; secondaries like the
quills, but broadly white on their inner webs, and also narrowly tipped white ;
tertials dark brown, edged and tipped with rusty ; back, entire lower surface
below the breast, and upper tail coverts white ; rump with a patch of black;
tail as in the winter plumage ; irides deep brown ; legs orange yellow.
Length. — 8 to 8-5 inches; wing 6 ; tail 2-5.
Hab. — India generally, and Ceylon along the sea shores, and sometimes
inland along the banks of large rivers. Its geographical range is very wide,
being found in Europe, America, and Africa, and throughout Asia, in suitable
localities. In Sind it is extremely common in the Kurrachee harbour and at
the mouths of the Indus. It occurs also on the Sambhur lake, and on the
banks of the river at Poona, in the Deccan ; also on the Beloochistan Coast
and in the Persian Gulf.
Gen. Dromas. — Payk.
Bill long, lower mandible strongly angulated ; tarsus long ; wings reach
beyond the tip of the tail ; feet webbed ; hind toe long and slender.
1275. Dromas ardeola, PqykL, Handlist Ac. Vet. Stockhlm.t. 8;
Jard. and Selby, III. Orn. pi. 157 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 658 ; Sir. F. ii.
p. 293; vii. p. 186; viii. p. 383; Murray , Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 212;
id., Vert. ZooL Sind, p. 234; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 986.— The CRAB PLOVER.
Whole head, neck all round, chin, throat, breast, entire lower parts, back,
upper and lower tail coverts and upper tertials white ; generally a dark loreal
spot ; mantle and interscapulars black ; primaries and secondaries black, their
inner webs white ; greater wing coverts black ; tail reddish ashy, as also are
some of the tertials near their tips ; bill black, 2*5 inches in length ; irides
brown.
Length. — 15 to 15*5 inches; wing 875 to 9; tail 2*5.
Hab. — Indian coasts, Ceylon, Africa, Red Sea, Seychelles, Madagascar,
Beloochistan Coast and the Persian Gulf. Common in Sind in the Kurrachee
GRUS. 599
harbour. Breeds in the Persian Gulf near Bushire. Mr. Hume has given an
account of its nidification in vols.rvii. and viii. of Stray Feathers. There is no
nest, and the eggs are laid in a burrow about 4 feet deep in the loose sand ; but
whether this is dug by the bird, or is that of a crab, is still a question, the holes
being, it is said, too narrow to admit the bird.
Gen. HsematOpUS— Linn.
Bill straight, long, very slightly bent upwards ; nostrils linear in a long cleft ;
toes three, all placed forward ; no hind toe.
1276. HsematOpUS OStralegUS Linn., Sysl. Nat. I, p. 257 ; Jerd.,
B.Ind. ii. p. 659 ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 234 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 154; Dresser,
B. Eur. vii. p. 567; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 1 12 ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 987;
Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 235. Haematopus osculans, Swinh., P. Z. S.
1871, p. 405 ; Dav. et Oust. Ois Chine, p. 432.— The OYSTER CATCHER.
Entire head, neck, breast, upper back, scapulars and tail black; lower orbital
feathers white ; lower back, and entire lower parts white, also a ring round the
throat ; primaries black, the inner webs and part of the outer webs of all,
except the first two quills, white ; the white on the outer webs of the innermost
primaries spreading to the edges ; secondaries basally and narrowly at tip
white, with a subterminal black band ; greater coverts and some of the secon-
daries and lower tertiaries white, forming a large wing patch ; lesser and
primary coverts black; bill orange yellow, or bright scarlet, 3*5 to 3*75 inches
long ; irides lake red ; orbits orange.
Length. — 16 to 17 inches ; wing 10*5 ; tail4; tarsus 2*25.
Hab. — Europe, Siberia, India, Ceylon, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, Persian
Gulf, Sind, the Eastern and Western Coasts of India ; in fact has a very wide
distribution. Inhabitant of the sea shores, being seldom found inland. It
lives chiefly on molluscs, worms, &c., and is said to easily disengage limpets
from the rocks, and to pluck out the oysters from their half-opened shells, with
its admirably adapted wedge-shaped bill. Oyster-Catchers feed in the morn-
ings and evenings, and also at night, and are at all times watchful and shy in
their habits.
Family, GRUID^:.
Bill long ; mandibles equal ; nostrils in a deep groove ; wings long ; tertials
long ; tail short, even ; tarsi long, scutellated.
1277. GruS antigone, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 235 -;jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 662; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 584; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 157;
Oates, Str. F. v. p. 164 ; Hume and Dav , Str. F. vi. p. 458; Murray , Vert.
600 GRUID^E.
ZooL, Sind, p. 235 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. i, pi. ; Oates, B.
Br. Burm. ii. p. 354. — The SARUS CRANE.
Head and neck naked, covered behind with numerous crimson papillae,
and clad with a few black hairs, which accumulate below on the neck, and
form a sort of mane down the nape of the neck ; ear coverts white ; below
this the neck is whitish grey, which gradually passes into a blue or French
grey, which is .the colour of the whole plumage, the quills and inner webs of
the tail feathers being dusky slaty ; seasonally it assumes a pure white collar
immediately below the crimson papillose skin of the neck, and some of the
tertiaries and scapulars become white, lengthened, hang over gracefully and
exceed the tail in length; bill pale sea green, brownish at the tip ; irides
orange red ; legs and feet pale rosy red.
Length. — 52 inches; wing 26; tail 9*25; bill at front 6^25, tarsi 12*5 to
13. (Jerdon?)
I have not a satisfactory specimen.
Hal. — Throughout the greater part of India. It is rare in Sind. In the
Punjab it is found in the Delhi and other district, also in the N.-W.
Provinces, Rajputana, Kutch, Concan and Deccan. It has also been found
occasionally in Khandesh. Throughout the Central Provinces, also the Madras
Presidency, north of the Godavery, Chota Nagpur and Lower Bengal it is
common in suitable localities. Breeds over the whole of the N.-W. Provinces,
Upper Bengal, British Burmah, Assam, Oudh and Guzerat ; also Central India
and Khandeish, during August and September, laying 2 eggs, of a pale green
colour, speckled with yellowish brown purple or purplish pink. Many are
quite unspotted.
1278. Grus leucogeranus, Pall, It. t. i; P.O. 467; Jerd.t B.
Ind. iii. p. 663 ; Sir. F. i. p. 235 ; vii. p. 437 ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc.,
Sind, p. 213 ; id., Vert. ZooL Sind, p. 236. — The LARGE WHITE, SNOW-WREATH,
or SIBERIAN CRANE.
Plumage wholly white ; primaries black ; tertiaries white, much lengthened
and reaching to or beyond the end of the tail ; nude parts of the face and
legs red ; hind head subcrested. In the young Mr. Hume (Game Birds of
India) says : " There is no bare space about the face, the whole head and upper
half of the neck are of a somewhat rusty buff, which is deepest on the head
and cheeks, and pale on the chin and throat."
Length, Male.— ^ to 56 inches; wing 23 to 26; expanse 90 to 99*5 ; tarsi
1 1 to 12 ; bill from gape 7*75 to 8. Females are smaller ; irides pale yellow;
bill brown ; nasal membrane red.
Hab. — A winter migrant to India ; occurs in the N.-W. Provinces, Punjab,
Sind, parts of the Central Provinces and the Himalayas ; also in Afghanistan,
GRUS.
Eastern Turkistan and Siberia. Uncommon in Sind.
it. Mr. Hume has however seen and recorded it.
601
I have never met with
Grus cinerea.
1279. GrUS Cinerea (Bechst.), Bodd. PL En. 769; Gould, B. Eur.
pi. 270; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 865 ; Sir. F. i. p. 235; iv. p. 15 ; Murray,
Hdbk., ZooL, tyc., Sind, p. 213 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 237; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 92 (Koonj, Sind ; Railing, N. India). — The
COMMON CRANE.
Forehead to the middle of the crown covered with black hairy down,
through which the red skin shows ; behind this nearly bare and entirely so for
about two inches on the nape, which is ash grey ; chin, throat and foreneck
black ; a broad white streak from behind the eye, extending along the back of
the neck from below the nape and partly on the sides ; lores and cheeks
black ; upper and lower surface of the body dark bluish ashy ; greater wing
coverts dull black ; secondaries and tertiaries grey and tipped with black,
the latter in texture resembling the plumes of the ostrich, narrowing to a point,
forming an elegant tuft of loose feathers, curled at the ends and falling grace-
VOL. 1I.—78
602
fully over the tail ; legs and bare part of the thighs black ; bill greenish brown
at the base, tinged blackish in the middle, with the tip dark horny ; irides
yellowish, orange red or reddish brown in some.
Length.— 43 to 46 inches; wing about 24 ; tail 7; tarsus 875 to 9; bill 4-3
to 4-8.
Hab. — Europe, India, N. Africa. In India it is a winter visitant everywhere.
Besides occurring in Sind, it is recorded from Rajputana, Kutch, Kattiawar,
Deccan, N. Guzerat, Rajputana, Central India, Khandeish, Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Oudh and Bengal. It has also been found in Afghanistan, Beloo-
chistan and Persia.
When feeding the Common Crane has always a sentinel posted to give the
alarm of danger, and hence it is extremely difficult to get within gun-
shot of the flock. The ordinary procedure is to walk alongside a bullock
or horse, as if passing by them, and to fire immediately they rise ; a duck gun
with large shot usually brings down 2 or 4 out of a flock. In Sind and pro-
bably in other parts of India too, the food of this Crane consists of grain of all
kinds ; when in large parties they commit great havoc in wheat fields.
Gen. AnthropOideS.— Vieill.
Bill shorter than in Grus ; head and neck feathered ; breast feathers lan-
ceolate and hackled ; tarsi long.
1280. AnthropOideS VirgO (Linn.), Bodd. Tab. PL Enl. 241 ;
Edw. B. pi. 134; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 666; Murray, Hdbk., Zool. fyc.,
Sind] Hume, Sir. F. iv. p. 15 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 237. — The
DEMOISELLE CRANE.
Forehead, lores, sides of the face, chin, throat, neck in front, and breast
plumes deep black ; ear tufts white, issuing from behind the eye ; primaries
black ; secondaries grey, black tipped ; back, scapulars, tertials, upper tail
coverts and entire lower surface pale blue grey ; tertials elongated and
drooping over the primaries and tail feathers ; most of them with a broad
black tip.
Length. — 31 to 35 inches ; wing 19 to 20 or more ; tail 6 to 7^5 ; tarsus 7 ;
bill from gape 2-7 to 3*05 ; tertiaries project about 6 inches beyond the
primaries.
Hal.— Throughout the greater part of India ; rare in Sind. Occurs in Raj-
putana, Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, Deccan, the Nizam's dominions, where
it is rare ; also in Assam, N.-W. and Central Provinces, Central India, Khan-
deish and Oudh. Occurs also in Afghanistan and Beluchistan and probably
also in Persia. In the Deccan, about the Satara and Belgaum districts, as
well as in the Concan and South India, it is said to be fairly common,
arriving about December.
SCOLOPAX. 603
Tribe, LONGIROSTRES.—
A. family of wading birds, in which Cuvier includes the snipe, godwits
ibises, curlews, phalaropes, &c., at the end of which come the avocets. These
are nearly all migratory birds, and associate in flocks during winter. The
characters by which this tribe is chiefly distinguished are the long slender bill,
and long and pointed wings ; the hind toe is usually present but wanting in
some.
Family, SCOLOPACID^:.
Bill long, straight, compressed, soft, the point enlarged ; the mandibles
furrowed for half their length; upper mandible slightly longer than the lower;
nostrils lateral, situated basally in a groove and covered by membrane ; feet
moderate, slender, three toed, not webbed; hind toe present; plumage varied
and rich.
Gen. Scolopax. — Linn.
Characters same as those of the Family ; lower mandible channelled only to
the middle; wings long, 1st quill longest ; tibia feathered to- the knee.
1281. Scolopax rustiCOla Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 243; Jerd., B.
Ind. iii. p. 670; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 157; Anders., Sir. F. iii. p. 356;
Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 615, pi. ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 458; Hume,
Sir* F. viii. p. 1 12 ; Bingham, Str. F. viii. p. 196 ; Hume and Marsh., Game
Birds iii. p. 311, pi. Scolopax rusticula. Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine ; Legge
B. Ceylon, p. 806 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 380 ; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind,
p. 238.— The WOODCOCK.
The peculiar shape of the head of this esteemed bird is almost a sufficient
character to identify it among others. The head is more obtusely triangular
than round ; the eyes are placed above its middle, near the top, and the ears
are nearly on a level with the corner of the mouth. Crown of the head ashy,
or ashy grey ; the nape and back part of the head with four transverse alter-
nate bands of black and rusty red or chestnut brown ; a dark streak from the
SCOLOPACID^E.
gape to the eye ; the orbitaNeather pale buff ; back, scapulars, wing coverts,
and upper tail coverts, marbled, spotted, barred, streaked and variegated with
black, white, grey, red, brown, rufous and yellow, that it is not possible to
describe them with accuracy ; chin pale yellowish brown, or nearly white ;
throat and breast pale brown, barred transversely with dark brown ; primaries
blackish, with triangular spots of pale reddish brown on both webs ; secon-
daries and tertiaries blackish, but with the markings more elongated and
reaching to the shaft. The whole under parts are yellowish white, numerously
barred with transverse dark undulating lines ; tail black, with spots and bars
on both webs, the tips ashy grey above and silvery white below ; tibia feathered
to the knee. The female is larger, and only differs from the male in this
respect and its duller tints.
Length. — 14 to 16 inches ; wing 8 to 8*25 ; tail 3*25; bill at front 3 to 3'2
(upper mandible); tarsi 1*5 to rS ; irides dark brown ; legs livid fleshy, as also
is the bill with a tinge of grey.
flab. — Europe, Egypt, India, including Burmah, Ceylon and Java. In
India it is a summer resident on the wooded ranges of the Himalayas, and
a winter visitant to the Neilgherries and the higher ranges of Southern India,
parts of the Punjab, Nepaul, Sylhet and Bengal, frequenting damp situations,
and feeding on worms, snails, slugs, &c. In Sind it is extremely rare, and
is known only by two specimens obtained at Kurrachee. It is also said to
occur in North Canara and the Concan, also in Persia, Beloochistan and
Afghanistan. It breeds in the Himalayas during June, laying buff-coloured
eggs blotched with reddish brown.
Gen. Gallinago.— Stepk.
Characters the same as in Scolopax. Tibia not feathered to the knee ; tail
of 1 6 — 1 8 feathers.
1282. Gallinago nemoricola (Jiodgs), Jerd., ///. Ind. Om.
pi. 9; id., B. Ind.m.p 672; Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 459; id. and Harsh.,
Game Birds, p. 325. — The WOOD SNIPE.
Top of the head black, with rufous yellow longish markings ; tipper part of
the back black, the feathers margined with pale rufous yellow and often
smeared bluish ; scapulars the same, some of them with zigzag markings ;
long dorsal plumes black with zigzag marks of rufous grey, as are most of the
wing coverts ; winglet and primary coverts dusky black, faintly edged whitish ;
quills dusky ; lower back and upper tail coverts barred reddish and dusky ;
tail with the centre feathers black at the base and chestnut, with dusky bars
towards the tip; laterals dusky with whitish bars; beneath the chin
white ; the sides of the neck ashy, smeared with buff and blackish ; breast
ashy, smeared with buff and obscurely barred ; the rest of the lower plumage,
GALLINAGO. 605
with the thigh coverts, whitish, with numerous dusky bars ; lower tail coverts
rufescent, with dusky marks, and the under wing coverts barred black and
whitish. Bill reddish brown, paler at base beneath ; irides dusky brown ; legs
plumbeous green. (Jerd.)
Length.— 12*5 to 13 inches ; wing 575 ; tail 2-5 ; bill at front 2-6: tarsus
175.
Hal. — The Himalayas, Neilgherries, Coorg, Wynaad and other elevated
regions in Southern India, affecting brushwood in swampy ground.
1283. Gallinago solitaria (Hodgs.), 7. A. S. E. vi. p. 491 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind.'m. p. 673, No. 869; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 333. —
The EASTERN SOLITARY SNIPE.
Head above brown, with pale mesial and superciliary lines ; a dark band
from the base of the bill extending towards the ear coverts ; upper plumage as
in G. scolopacinus, except that the feathers are more spotted and barred with
rufous ; a pale buff stripe along scapulars and inner edge of the wing ; prima-
ries brown, with a narrow pale edging externally and the innermost tipped with
white ; secondaries and tertiaries broadly barred with dark brown and pale
rufous ; tail deep black at base, with a broad subterminal band of bright ashy
rufous, tipped brown, and the extreme tip pale ; outermost rectrices finely
barred ; breast olive brown, with white dashes of white and brown bars, passing
into white on the abdomen and vent, with some olivaceous bands on the upper
belly and flanks ; sides of the vent and under tail coverts whitish. Bill reddish
brown ; irides dark ; feet greenish yellow.
Length. — 12-5 inches; wing 6-25 ; tail 3-2 ; bill at front 275; tarsus 1-2.
Hab.— Throughout the Himalayas from Gilgit to Central Bhootan. During
the summer it is said to be confined to the higher ranges from elevations of
9,000 feet and upwards to at least 15,000 feet, where they breed during May and
June.
1284. Gallinago stenura (Kuki.\ Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 674 ;
G. F. L. Marshall, Sir. F. i. p. 423 ; Cripps, Sir. F. i. p. 456; Hume, Sir.
F. ii. p. 294 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 459 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Stnd,
p. 239 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 816; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 383. Scolopax
stenura Kuhl., Bonap. Osserv. Sulla, sec. Ediz. Regn. Anim. Cuv. Monog.
Scolopax, p. 121. — The PIN-TAIL SNIPE.
Crown dark brown or black, with a mesial longitudinal pale line ; face
white, divided by a dark line from the nostrils to the eye and extending to the
ear coverts ; there is also in some specimens a faint line from the ear coverts
to in front of the neck on each side, but not meeting ; chin and throat white ;
neck in front and behind pale fawn brown, barred, streaked or spotted with
brown or dark brown ; sides of the abdomen like the breast, and transversely
barred ; middle of abdomen white, barred in some specimens ; upper back,
606
SCOLOPACID^:.
scapulars and wing coverts brown, darker on the mantle and scapulars, the
feathers of which are broadly edged with yellow and spotted and streaked with
rusty ; the scapulars, tertials and wing coverts barred with the same ; lower
back, rump and upper tail coverts rufescent brown, barred with dusky ; under
wing lining and axillaries white, distinctly and richly barred with blackish
brown ; tail basally dark brown, followed by a large oval rufous or rufous buff
patch, and a narrow subterminal dark band, tipped pale rufous or the colour
of the oval patch ; primaries and their coverts, also the secondaries, pale brown
or dusky, narrowly margined at the tip with white, both webs unicolorous.
Length. — 975 to 10 inches ; wing 4-8 to 5-4 ; tail 2 to 2-5 ; tarsus ri2 to
1-25. Females are larger. Legs and feet plumbeous with a greenish tinge;
irides deep brown ; bill 2'2 to 2*6; gape and base of bill greenish ; rest of bill
pale horny, with a dusky tip for about one-third its terminal length. In the
females the bills average from 2*45 to 27.
. — Nearly throughout India, rare in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and
Sind, also in Rajputana, Kutch and Kattiawar; fairly common in N. Guzerat,
Central India and Khandeish. In Bombay, Concan generally, and theDeccan,
as well in the Nizam's Provinces, it is plentiful, also in Lower Bengal, east and
west of the Brahmapootra. It is recorded from Arracan, Pegu, Tenasserim,
the Andamans and Nicobars, where it is most commonly met with. This
snipe is a migrant ; arrives in Sind about the middle of August, and leaves
about the end of March or middle of April. Rice fields, mud swamps, and
the vicinity of large rivers, jheels and tanks, where there are sedges and rushes,
are the selected spots of the Pin-tail, at least in Sind.
1285- GallinagO SCOlopacina, Bonap., Comp. list, B. Eur. and N.
Amer. p. 52; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 674, No. 871 ; Hume, Nesls and Eggs
Ind. B. p. 586; flume and Dav» Str. F. vi. p. 459 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 820 ;
Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 240. Scolopax gallinago, Linn., Syst. Nat. i,
p. 244. Scolopax ccelestis, FrenzL, Beschr. der Vogel und ihrer Eier in der
GALLINAGO. 607
Gegend Von Wittenberg p. 58. Gallinago gallinaria (Gm.), Cripps, Sir. F.
vii. p. 302; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112; Bingham, Sir. F. viii. p. 112.
Gallinago coelestis, Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 641, pi. ; Hume and Marsh. , Game
Birds iii. p. 359 ; Oates, B. Br. Burmah, p. 381. — The COMMON SNIPE.
Crown of the head black, with a mesiial longitudinal white, yellowish,
or rusty white line ; a superciliary on each side from the base of the
upper mandible of the same colour, and a dark streak below it to the
eye ; sides of the head spotted with dusky grey, tinged ferruginous brown ;
chin and throat white, or nearly white ; neck on the sides and in front
yellowish white, spotted with brown ; breast white, brown, pale yellowish or
ferruginous on the upper part, and spotted with dusky ; the sides greyish
white, barred with dark brown ; back and scapulars velvetty black, the feathers
broadly edged with yellow, and barred and spotted with chestnut brown ; the
yellow edges to the feathers forming four conspicuous lines on the back ; upper
tail coverts barred with alternate bars of dusky black and pale yellowish brown,
somewhat rufescent ; the under tail coverts pale yellowish fawn, also barred
with dusky or dark brown ; the middle of the abdomen is white, in some
specimens tinged with pale buffy fawn ; auxiliaries and flanks white, barred with
dusky or dark brown, but not so broadly, close and numerous as in Stenura;
under wing lining white, a few bars only on the edge of the wing ; a white
patch always conspicuous in the centre of the wing j greater and lesser wing
coverts dusky or dark brown, barred with rufescent, and edged and tipped with
pale white or cream colour ; primaries dusky or dark brown, the first with its
outer web ivhite ; secondaries dusky or dark brown, broadly tipped with white ;
the outer edges of their inner webs white, and treated with dusky; the inner
webs of the primaries also whitish basally and mottled minutely with dusky ;
tertiaries rufescent, barred with dark brown ; tail black at the base, with an
oval patch of rusty orange or ferruginous, then a subterminal narrow band, and
tipped with buffy or pale reddish yellow, in "some specimens white ; legs pale
green ; bill terminally for one-third or more of its length deep brown, the rest
basally horny brown with a green and yellowish tinge ; its length from gape,
of males 2-39 to 27 ; at front 2 43 to 275 ; of females 2-62 to 3*0 at front,
rather flat at the tip.
Length^ Male. — 910 1 1 inches; wing 4-9 to 5*5 ; tail 2*5 to 2'8. Females
larger.
Eab. — Throughout India and Burmah as a winter visitant, also Persia,
Beloochistan and Afghanistan. Arrives in Sind about the beginning of
September and leaves in April, and with the Jack Snipe is tolerably abundant
everywhere. It is a very vigilant bird, and in consequence difficult to shoot,
especially in bogs and moist localities where rushes are present. In such
retreats, three, four or half-a-dozen may be seen at a time, walking leisurely,
with head erect, and constantly on the alert ; and at the first note of alarm,
608 SCOLOPACID^E.
they rise, and soon get out of gunshot. This species, it need hardly be men-
tioned, is held in much esteem for the table.
Gallinago gallinula. The Jud-Cock.
1286. Gallinago gallinula (£*«».), Jerd., B. Ind, Hi. p. 676;
Hume, Sir. F. iii. 182 ; Blyth, B. Burn. p. 157; Dav. et Oust. Ois Chine,
p. 479; Dresser, B. Eur, vii. p. 653; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 459;
Cripps, Sir. F. vii. p. 302; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 112; Legge, B. Ceylon
p 828; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p 373, pi. ; Hume, Sir. F. x.
p. 239 (note); Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 384; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sinrf,
p. 241. Scolopax gallinula, Linn.. Syst. Nal. i. p. 244. — The JACK SNIPE or
JUD-COCK.
Crown of the head with a mesial longitudinal black streak from the top of
the upper mandible; on each side of this a yellowish or cream-coloured
streak extending above the eye as a superciliary, and in some specimens
separated from the orbital region by a dark streak ; a dusky line from the
gape to the eye, and another from below it curving downwards to the ear
coverts ; the space between the two streaks white or cream colour ; chin and
throat white, greyish, or pale brown ; sides of the head greyish, greyish white,
or brownish white, spotted with brown and pale red ; neck behind and nape
ferruginous or greyish brown, streaked or spotted with dusky; breast pale
yellowish brown or dusky, spotted or dashed with darker brown ; abdomen
white ; flanks dashed with brown and pale ferruginous; axillaries pure white,
with faint, almost obsolete dusky markings ; back and scapulars rich black,
with bronze green and purple reflections, the feathers of the upper back and
scapulars edged on their outer webs broadly with rich cream yellow, forming
two conspicuous longitudinal bands along each side; lower back and rump
glossy blue black (specimens in August very narrowly margined with albes-
cent) ; primaries dusky, the basal half of the first paler, no I while; inner
primaries narrowly margined at the tip with albescent ; secondaries dusky,
broadly tipped with white ; tertiaries dusky on their inner webs, spotted and
RHYNCH/EA. $09
streaked with reddish or yellowish brown on their outer webs ; tail dusky or
dark brown, edged near the tips with pale ferruginous ; under tail coverts
white ; legs and feet pale greenish ; irides deep brown.
Length.— &$ inches ; bill dark brown at the tip, r6 to r8 inches in length
at front ; wing 4 to 4*6 inches ; tail i'8 to 2*2.
Hab. — Everywhere in India, and more plentiful than the common snipe,
with which it is generally associated. In Sind small parties begin to arrive
about the 26th August, or a few days earlier than the common snipe. It is a
difficult bird to flush, seldom rising until nearly trampled upon. It prefers
deep cover at all times, but I have often seen them on the oozy, simi-fluid mud
of back waters, where there was not even a stubble for cover.
Gen. Rhynchsea.— Cuv.
Bill shorter than in Gallinago, curved downwards at the tip ; wings
rounded ; tarsi long ; tibia nearly entirely bare.
1287- Rhynchaea capensiS, Linn., Syst.Naf. i, p 246. Rhynchsea
Bengalensis, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 677; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 586; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 335; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 157 ; Butler, Sir.
F. iv. p. 15 ; v. p. 223 ; Dav. el Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 480; War dlaw- Ramsay,
Ibis, 1877, p. 469; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 459; Crippst Sir. F.vii.
p. 302 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 12 ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 800 ; Bingham,
Sir. F. ix. p. 197; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 381, pi. ; Oates, Str.
F. x. p. 239; Murray, Vert. Zool.y Sind, p. 242; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 386. — The PAINTED SNIPE.
Crown of the head with a broad mesial longitudinal line, bordered by dark
brown, nearly black feathers, which form a line from the sides of the upper
mandible to the nape, where it is broader than in front ; a yellowish buff
circle round the eye, and a line behind it ; chin and throat whitish, the
feathers with some faint dusky spots ; neck in front and breast olive brown,
the feathers with white spots and bars ; the feathers on the lower part of the
sides and middle of the breast nearly dark brown, forming a dark pectoral
band, another similar band below this with a white interspace, but not meeting
on the breast ; hind neck olivaceous, finely marked with dark transverse
strise ; mantle and scapulars dark brown, with dark margined buffy yellow
and white bars ; wing coverts and tertiaries pale olive, with black margined
transverse bands or bars of rufous buff, broader and more conspicuous on the
tertiaries ; outer web of the first primary grey brown, the rest paler, and all
with 5 — 6 buff or rufous buff ocelli ; the interspaces between the basal three
ocelli deep black, and between the terminal ones greyish brown ; inner webs
of primaries with white bars and dark wavy lines and marblings ; secondaries
ashy grey, ocellated with buff on their outer webs, the interspaces basally
black, and terminally with dark brown wavy lines ; their inner webs, like the
VOL. II.— 79
610 SCOLOPACID/E.
primaries, with white bars and wavy lines, and the tips margined with white,
the patterns showing through paler on the under side of the wing ; tail ashy
grey, with buff ocelli on both webs, and tipped with buff ; abdomen, vent and
under tail coverts white. The female has the lores, sides of the face, upper
breast and back of neck chestnut, the feathers edged whitish on the upper
breast ; back, scapulars and wing coverts, also the tertiaries, dark olive with
narrow, close, black striae, the outermost tertials white, otherwise as in the
male. Bill reddish brown ; irides deep brown ; legs and feet greenish.
Length. — 9 to 10 inches ; wing 4*9 to 5*2 ; tail 1-5 to 1*8 ; bill at front r8
to 2 inches.
Hab. — Sind, Kutch, Kattiawar, Rajputana, Central India, Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, British Burmah and Ceylon. Breeds in Sind during May and June,
and in nearly all localities where it occurs.
Gen. Limicola. —
Characters same as Rhynchcea ; bill broad and depressed.
1288. Limicola platyrhyncha (Temm.), Salvad., Ucc. Bom.
p. 322 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 3, pi. ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 461 ;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 113; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 896; Oates, Sir. F. x.
p. 240; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 387; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 252.
Tringa platyrhyncha, Temm., Man d' Orn. p. 398 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 692,
No. 886; Blyth% B. Burm. p. 156.— The BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER.
In winter, the crown of the head, back, scapulars and wing coverts are ashy
brown, tinged with rufous ; neck and cheeks white, spotted with brown ;
primaries and tail brown, the latter edged with pale reddish ashy ; lower parts
white ; the flanks, breast and under tail coverts tinged with rufous. In
summer dress the Broad-billed Sandpiper has the crown of the head brownish
black, varied with greyish ; the neck on the sides and in front greyish white,
with black spots, and tinged with buffy ; chin white, with a few dark spots ;
lower back black, with fulvous white or rufous margins to the feathers.
Length. — 6'$ to 675 inches ; wing 3-9 to 4-32 ; bill at front 1*27 to 1-37 ;
tarsi o'94 ; irides deep brown j legs and feet dusky black.
Hab.— The Indian Coast generally. Occurs commonly at Kurrachee and
along the Mekran Coast, also at Kutch and in Bengal. Recorded from
Arracan, also from Pegu, and Amherst in Tenasserim. Frequents sea-coasts
and tidal rivers.
Sub-Family, TRINGIN;E,— STINTS, &c.
Bill rather long, flat and wide, keeled near the tip, somewhat flexible ;
nostrils in a groove, extending two-thirds the length of the bill ; wings long ;
toes divided or narrowly webbed.
TRINGA. 611
Gen. Eurynorhynchus.— NHsson.
Bill much depressed, broad, flat, -ridged in the centre at the base, and
ending in a flat somewhat obcordate, expanded tip, which terminates in a
deflected point ; nostrils basal ; toes cleft, with a small web between the outer
and middle toes. (Jerd.)
1289. Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus (Linn.), Harting, Ibis,
1869, p. 427, pi. xii. ; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 156; Dav. et Oust, Ois. Chine,
p. 474 ; Hume and Dav.) Sir. F. vi. p. 463; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 113;
Oates, B. Br. Burnt, ii. p. 395. Platalea pygmsea, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 231.
Eurynorhynchus griseus (Niks.), Temm., Man d' Orn. ii. p. 594 ; Jerd.t B.
Ind. iii. p. 693, No. 887. — The SPOON-BILLED STINT.
In summer the head and upper parts are ferruginous, the feathers with
dark brown centres; breast ferruginous; throat and breast margined with
white; under surface of the body from below the breast becoming whiter
towards the tail; primaries dark brown; legs and feet black; bill black;
irides deep brown.
Length.— -6*5 to 67 inches ; wing 4' I ; tail 17 ; tarsus o'8 ; bill from gape i.
In winter plumage the forehead, crown and hind neck, white ; back and scapu-
lars are hair brown, each feather with a darker shaft streak ; lores ashy white;
cheeks, ear coverts and sides of the neck whitish, streaked with brown ; rump
and upper tail coverts dusky brown, the feathers edged paler ; tail brown, the
inner webs of all the feathers except the central pair white; shafts of the
lateral feathers whitish ; lesser wing coverts uniform hair brown ; median and
greater coverts dark brown, broadly edged with white ; quills dark brown, with
white shafts ; under surface of the body, including the axiliaries and under
wing coverts, white ; the sides of the breast streaked with brown.
Length. — 6-5 inches ; wing 37; tail 1*5.
Hab. — Arracan, Pegu, Tenasserim, and the mouth of the Ganges, usually
found in the company of other Stints.
Gen. Tringa.— Linn.
Toes edged by membrane ; wings with the first quill longest ; bill straight or
slightly bent and obtuse at the extremity.
1290- Tringa minuta, Leisl. Nacht., zu Bechst. Naturg. Deutsch i.
P. 745 Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 690, No. 884; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 29, pi.;
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 242; Legge, Sir. F.\. p. 491; id., B. Ceylon, p. 884;
Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 257 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 389.— The
LITTLE STINT.
In winter the upper parts are ashy or pale earthy brown, the feathers of the
back, scapulars, tertials and lesser and median wing coverts mesially dusky
or dark brown, and in some very narrowly edged with whitish. There is a
612 SCOLOPACID^,
dark spot in front of the eye, and a pale white supercilium ; the chin, throat,
Centre of the breast and rest of the under Surface, including the vent, axillaries
and under tail coverts, are white ; sides of the breast ashy brown ; primaries
mostly white shafted, dusky brown, slightly paler on their inner webs ,' secon-
daries white, basally and also narrowly tipped with white ; greater wing coverts
tipped with white, forming a conspicuous wing band ; rump, upper tail coverts
and two central tail feathers dusky or dark brown j lateral tail feathers pale
ashy.
Length.— &6 inches; expanse 13*1 ; tail 2-3; tarsus 0*9; wing 3-8; bill
at front O'6 ; irides deep brown ; legs black.
Hal. — Nearly throughout Europe and India, also Java, Formosa, Australia
and China. In Sind, along the coast j also in the Kurrachee harbour ; inland
on the large pieces of water and on the Munchur Lake, this Little Stint is
extremely common, also on the Mekran Coast, the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Oudh, Bengal, Burmah, and Ceylon. Occurs in Persia, Beloochistan (Quetta),
Afghanistan, and in fact has a very wide distribution. In the Concan, Deccan
and Southern India generally it is equally abundant.
1291. Tringa SUbminuta, Midd., Sib. Reise. Vog. p. 222. Ta/.,
xix. p. 6 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 889 • Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 391. Tringa
damacensis (Horsf.), apud Hume, Str. F. i. p. 243. Tringa salina (Pall.),
apud Legge, Str. F. i. p. 491 ; Dresser, B.Eur. viii. p. 33; Blyth and
Wald., B. Burm., p. 156. Tringa ruficollis (Pall.), apud. Wald. Trans. Zool.
Soc.ix.p. 234; Hume, Str.F.vm. p. 113; Gates, Str. F. x. p. 240.— -The
LONG-TOED STINT.
Summer Plumage. — Forehead, top of head and nape dark brown, each
feather with an edging of rich rufous on the terminal half ; lores, cheek and
ear coverts the same ; an albescent patch in front of the eye above the lores ;
upper part of the throat pure white ; lower throat streaked with small marks
of pale rufous brown ; sides of throat, neck, upper breast and sides of body
pale rufous brown, each feather with a central dark brown streak ; lower
breast, abdomen and vent pure white ; under tail coverts white, each feather
with a long, narrow central brown streak ; thighs rufescent ; upper neck
mixed brown and pale rufous ; whole upper plumage, including the scapulars
and tertiaries, rich blackish brown, each feather broadly tipped with bright
rufous ; rump and upper tail coverts glossy black, few of the feathers of the
latter obsoletely tipped white ; centre tail feathers black, edged with rufous, the
others pale brown, tipped and margined internally with white; axillaries
white, a little brown at their bases ; under wing coverts pale brown, edged
with white ; shaft of first quill sordid whity brown, those of the others dark
hair brown ; primaries and secondaries dark brown, all tipped with white
except the first six primaries ; all the primaries except the first three with a
median narrow margin of white on the outer web ; upper coverts brown, all
TRINGA. 613
more or less tipped and margined with dull white. In winter it resembles
T. minuta in general appearance, but the upper plumage is darker ; the
forehead and face where white in T. minuta are streaked with brown in T.
subminuta ; the greater wing coverts and secondaries are very narrowly tipped
with white, and the sides of the neck and the chest are thickly marked with
brown streaks. Iris brown ; bill olive-brown ; legs and toes pale brown ; claws
nearly black.
Length. — 6-2 inches; tail 1*4 j wing 37 ; tarsus 0*8 ; middle toe and claw-
nearly an inch; bill from gape 7-5. The female is of the same size. This
Stint may be recognized by the great length of its toes, the middle one,
including its claw, measuring frequently little short of an inch in length. It
resembles T. minuta in having the outer tail feathers brown, but differs in
having the shafts of all the primaries brown, except that of the first qtiill,
which is dull white. From T. Temmincki it may be separated by the colour
of its outer tail feathers as well as by its long toes. (Oates.)
Hab. — Arracan, Pegu and Tenasserim. Found also seasonally in N.-E,
Siberia through China and Mongolia to Burmah, extending on the west to
Bengal, the Eastern Coast of India and Ceylon, and ranging southwards to
the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the Phillipines.
1292. Tringa Temmincki, Leishr, Nacht. '*« Bechst. Naturg.
Deutsch.i. p. 63 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 691 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 45, pi.;
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 244; iii. p. 183; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 156; David et
Oust. Ois, Chine, p. 43 ; Hume andDav., Str. F. vi. p. 461 ; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 113 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 892 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 251 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 392. — TEMMINCK'S, or the WHITE-TAILED STINT.
Upper parts as in minuta ; chin, throat and supercilia white ; a dark spot
in front of the eye ; breast and lower neck ashy brown ; belly, vent and under
tail coverts white ; four central tail feathers dusky brown, the rest white ; legs
pale horny green, or greenish olive.
Length. — 6 to 6*25 ; inches ; wing 3*8 ; bill at front 0*7 ; irides deep brown.
Hab. — As the last and associated with it everywhere.
1293. Tringa crassirOStriS, Temm. et Schleg., Faun. Jap., Aves,
p. 107, pi. Ixiv. ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 240 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 325 ;
Wald., Ibis, 1874, p. 147; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 341; David et Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 468; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 113; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 249 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 240 ; id., JB. Br. Burm. ii. p. 393.— -The THICK-
BILLED STINT.
The following is Mr. Hume's description of the species.
" In the winter plumage the upper surface reminds one not a little of that
of Totanus stagnatilis. The whole lower parts are white, but the base of the
neck in front and the sides are marked with numerous small brown stride, and
614 SCOLOPACID^.
the upper breast, besides having more or less of these striations, is mottled
with larger pale brown spots, here and there interspersed with conspicuous
heart-shaped blackish brown spots, which are the first traces of the coming
summer plumage. Lores, top, back and sides of the head and neck very
pale greyish brown, all the feathers narrowly streaked along ' the shaft with
dark brown ; the upper back and whole mantle is a mixture of pale brown
and ashy, most of the feathers with blackish shafts, more or less darkly
centred, and all conspicuously, though narrowly, margined and tipped with
white. Lower back and rump brown, the feathers narrowly and regularly
margined with white ; upper tail coverts similar, but the white margins much
broader, and the brown more or less obsolete on many of them. Tail
feathers greyish brown, greyer and somewhat darker on the central ones, and
paler and browner on the external ones ; all are excessively, narrowly, in fact
almost obsoletely, bordered with white. The primaries and their greater
coverts are hair brown, most of the latter tipped white j the secondaries and
their greater coverts are a pale, somewhat greyish brown, all of them narrowly,
but the coverts less narrowly of the two, margined with white. The wing
lining, except just at the margin of the wing, which is mottled with brown,
pure white ; the axillaries white with traces of irregular, wavy pale brown bars.
There are a few elongated triangular pale brown dashes on the flanks, and in
some specimens one or two larger blackish brown spots pertaining to the
summer plumage."
According to Schlegel, the summer plumage is as follows : —
" Feathers of the head and neck each with a large dark brown longitudinal
streak or spot on an albescent ground, which is tinged with brownish rufous
on the nape. Feathers of the breast and nape brownish black, each with a
whitish transverse band, often tinged with brownish red towards the middle.
The rest of the lower parts and the rump pure white, spotted, except towards
the middle of the abdomen, with broader or narrower dark spots. Back and
wings brownish black, lighter on the wing coverts ; all the feathers spotted and
bordered with a bright brownish rufous, gradually disappearing towards the
edge of the wing. Lower wing coverts white, becoming black at the base.
" Bill black, sometimes paler at the base of lower mandible ; legs and feet
dusky, greenish dusky, yellowish plumbeous or pale plumbeous, according,
I suppose, to age or seasonal progress.
"Length. — H'35 to 12 inches ; expanse 23-5 to 24 ; tail from vent 27 to
2*8; wing 7-1 to 7*3; bill at front r6 to 1*85; tarsus 1^4 to 1-55 ; wings
when closed reach from 0-3 to 0-4 beyond end of tail."
ffafrt — Kurrachee (Sind) and the Beloochistan Coast. Common during
winter in the Kurrachee harbour and along the Mekran Coast. In Arracan
and the delta of the Irrawaddy, as well at the Andamans. Recorded also
from Australia and Java.
TRINGA. 615
1294. Tringa subarquata, Gould, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xix. p. 471,
t. xviii, ; Jerd., B. Ind. li. p. 689; Blyth, B. Burnt., p. 156; Dresser, B.
Eur. viii. p. 59; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 460; Legge, B. Ceylon,
•p. 879 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 240. Pelidna subarquata, Oates, B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. 394 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 322. — The CURLEW STINT.
Winter Plumage. — Bill curved downwards. Head, on the crown and sides,
back of the neck and nape light greyish brown, streaked with darker brown
and dusky black, with an olivaceous gloss ; face and supercilia white, and a
dark streak from the gape to the eye ; sides of the neck and in front greyish,
streaked with brown ; breast the same ; abdomen and upper and lower tail
coverts white ; back, scapulars and wing coverts ashy brown, the shafts
darker ; tail ashy grey, edged with white ; primaries dusky brown, also the
secondaries, which are tipped with white ; axillaries white ; lesser coverts
grey, the shafts darker. Bill black ; irides brown ; legs dusky grey.
Length.— -8 to 10 inches ; wing 5; tail 175 ; bill at front r6. In summer
plumage the forehead is whitish, mixed with pale reddish brown ; supercilia
pale yellowish white ; chin white ; head, neck and nape ferruginous with dark
margins ; throat, breast and upper abdomen chestnut ; in a specimen obtained
on 2oth May the feathers are all narrowly edged with white ; back, scapulars
and tertiaries black ; also the lesser coverts, the feathers edged with chestnut.
Hab. — India generally, and Ceylon, also Beloochistan, Persia and Afghan-
istan. Recorded from Cashmere and Egypt, also from Australia and Java.
Common also in the low tidal portions of the plains between the Pegu and
Sittang rivers and in the Irrawady delta. Recorded also from Arracan and
the Tenasserim Coast. Found commonly along the Sind and Mekran Coasts
and on the large dhunds, not far inland. It occurs in Kutch and Kattiawar
and on the Bombay Coast in some numbers, also in the Kurrachee harbour.
1295. Tringa CincluS, Linn., Syst Nat. p. 246 ; Bodd., Tab. PI.
Enl 852; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 329; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. 690; Str. F. i. p.
242 ; "Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 86, pi. ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 22O ;
id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 247. Tringa alpina, L.— The DUNLIN.
Crown of the head, lores and cheeks ashy brown ; a pale white supercilium
from the base of the bill over each eye ; back and scapulars pale ashy brown,
the feathers dark shafted and edged paler ; lesser and median coverts brown,
edged paler, tipped with whitish ; tLroat, breast, belly, vent and under tail
coverts pure white, the breast with a few brown streaks ; tail with the two
central feathers dusky or deep brown, the rest ashy and edged whitish.
Length. — 6-5 to 7-5 inches ; wing 4-5 ; tail 1*87; bill at front T25, black;
legs greenish dusky ; irides brown.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Guzerat, Kutch and
Kattiawar Coast. A winter visitant, arriving about the middle of September.
616 SCOLOPAClDyE.
In the Kurrachee harbour the Dunlin is simply numerous, also on the Mekran
Coast, where they may be seen running nimbly near the edges of the sea or
skimming along near the surface in fairly large flocks.
Gen. Machetes— Cuv.
Bill straight ; first and second quills of wing longest ; outer toe united as far
as the first joint ; hind toe short and elevated.
1296. Machetes pugnax (Linn.), Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 87, pi. ;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p 460 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 12 ; Scully, Sir.
F. viii. p. 357 ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 873 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 240. Tringa
pugnax, Linn., Syst. Nat. I, p. 247. Philomachus pugnax, Jerd.> B. Ind.
ii. p. 687 ; Murray, Vert. Zool.t Sind, p, 248.— The RUFF.
In winter the plumage of these birds is very variable, the upper parts are
from pale earthy to rich brown, the feathers with black or dark brown central
spots and fulvous edges ; the head, nape and neck behind paler; chin and
throat white ; neck in front and breast pale earthy or grey brown, the feathers
margined at the tip with white ; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white ;
primaries dark brown ; secondaries paler, edged and margined at the tip with
white ; greater coverts tipped white, forming a wing band ; the lesser and
median ones black, edged with rufous or reddish brown, also the greater
coverts in some stages. The plumage is so variable, that out of 50 skins or
more, no two birds would be found alike. During summer or in their breed-
ing plumage the males acquire a ruff, which is very variously coloured and
stands erect behind the head, the face is covered with reddish tubercles and the
upper parts and breast marked with transverse bars. Bill dusky ; irides
brown ; legs fleshy yellow.
Length.— 12 to I2'5, inches; wing 7-25 ; tail 2'5 ; bill at front 1*3 ; tarsus 2.
Hab. — Throughout India and Ceylon, and in great numbers during winter.
Occurs also in Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan. Breeds in Europe. During
spring on their return to the breeding grounds, generally the fens, they become
very pugnacious, the females being "causa terrima belli." Being poly-
gamous, the Ruffs, on hearing the cry of a female or seeing one, immediately
rouses itself, and begins a fight with others ; their combats are described as
being both desperate and long ; at the end of the fight the female, it is said,
becomes tfie mate or prize of the victor. Buffon says—" They not only contend
with each other in a single rencounter, but they advance to combat in mar-
shalled ranks." " Their actions in fighting," according to Selby, "are very
similar to those of a game cock, with the head lowered, and^the beak held in
a horizontal position ; the ruff and every feather distended, the former sweep-
ing the ground as a shield ;" and he adds " that in such feuds their contests
are often attended by fatal consequences."
CALIDRIS. 617
Gen. Calidris.— Cuv.
Hind toe wanting, otherwise as in Tringa.
1297. Calidris arenaria (Linn.}, Jerd., B. Ind. Hi. p. 694 ; Hume,
Str. F. i. p. 244 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 322 ; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 343 ;
Hume, Sir. F. iv. p. 465 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 101, pi.; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 113; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1220 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 240; Murray,
Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 252 ; Oates, B. Br.Burm.\\. p. 398. — The SANDERLING,
In winter the forehead, lores, cheeks, chin, throat, breast, neck in front,
belly, thighs, vent and under tail coverts white ; crown of the head, sides of the
neck and breast, back and scapulars cinereous or ashy brown, the feathers with
dark shafts ; shoulders and edge of the wing dark brown ; median and greater
coverts like the back, dark shafted and tipped white ; primaries dark brown,
all white shafted ; their inner webs ashy, and the four middle ones white on
their outer webs, forming in the closed wing a wedge-shaped spot ; secondaries
brown or dusky, tipped with white ; rump and upper tail coverts brown, edged
with white ; tail brownish ash, edged with white, the two central feathers
darker than the rest ; bill black, 0*93 to I inch in length.
Length. — 7-5; wing 475 ; tail 2; tarsus 0-92 ; irides deep brown; legs
black.
Hab. — Kurrachee (Sind), Beloochistan Coast, Persia, Ceylon, Kutch, Guzerat,
Concan and South India, also the Laccadives, the West Coast, and the Irrawaddy
delta. In the Kurrachee harbour extremely abundant, associated with the
Stints on the sea-shore.
Sub-Family PHALAROPIN^E.
Bill straight, curved at the tip ; tarsi short ; toes lobed on the sides, united
at the base ; hind toe edged with narrow membrane,
Gen. PhalaropUS.— Briss.
Bill long; 1st and 2nd quills of wing longest.
1298. Phalaropus hyperboreus (Linn.), Edw. .#. pi. 143;
Bodd., Tab. P. E. 766 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 336 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 696;
Str. F. i. 246 ; ii. 338 ; v. 290 ; vii. 487 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sfc., Sind,
p. 221 ; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 253. — The LESSER COOT-FOOTED STINT or the
RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.
Crown, back of neck and nape dark lead or slaty ; in winter the forehead is
white, tinged with grey ; the streak over the eye, and the crown and nape are
blackish grey ; the neck on the sides is fine yellowish red, which in winter
wears away into white, with sometimes a tinge of purple ; in front dark grey
VOL. II.— 80
618 SCOLOPACID^:.
with a white edging ; chin white ; throat fine yellowish red, and in winter white,
with a slight tinge of pink ; breast white, with some streaks below on the sides
of a pale ash colour, and in winter with a faint blush of purple red ; back dark
or blackish lead colour, the feathers with a margin of ash grey and brownish
yellow ; greater wing coverts dark lead colour, tipped with white, forming a
distinct bar across the wing in winter ; lesser wing coverts dark lead colour ;
primaries very dark brown, black in winter ; secondaries margined with
reddish yellow on the outer web, which in the winter plumage is white ; tail
brownish grey margined with white, the two middle feathers darkest, nearly
black ; under tail coverts white ; legs and toes dusky greenish grey ; claws
black; lores dusky greenish.
Length. — 7*25 ; wing 4*25 ; expanse 14*0; tail 2*19; bill at front 0*8 1.
Hab. — Kurrachee, Mekran Coast and Persian Gulf, also Afghanistan. On
the Continent of Europe it occurs in France, Holland, Germany, Italy and
Sweden.
1299. Phalaropus fulicarius, Linn.y Syst. Nat. i. p. 737 ;
B. hid. iii. p. 695 ; Str. F. i. p. 245 ; vii. p. 487. — The COOT-FOOTED
STINT.
Head of Phalaropus fulicarius.
Winter Plumage. — Forehead and crown white ; occiput, ear coverts, and a
streak from the nape of the neck, dusky grey ; back, scapulars and rump bluish
ashy,- the shafts of the feathers dusky ; wing coverts tipped with white, forming
two bars across the wing ; tail dusky grey, the feathers edged with cinereous ;
throat, sides of the neck, middle of breast and all the under parts white ; the
sides of the breast ashy ; a black patch under the eye. Bill yellowish red at
base, dusky brown at tip ; irides reddish yellow ; legs greenish grey.
Length.— 8'5 inches ; wing 5 ; tail 2-5 ; bill at front 0*8 ; tarsus O*8.
In Summer the crown of the head and throat are black, the sides of the
head white, a black streak behind the eye, neck, breast and belly, also the vent,
ferruginous, with vinous reflections ; back dusky, with reddish yellow webs ;
lesser wing coverts dark ash, slightly edged with white ; greater coverts the
ACTITIS. 619
same, broadly tipped with white, forming an oblique double bar across the
wing ; tertiaries black, with pale edges ; primaries and tip of tail black ; legs
and toes dingy yellow.
Hab.— Europe and Asia. In India only found as yet in Bengal along the
coast.
Sub-Family, TOTANINyE.— SAND-PIPERS.
Bill grooved as far as, or beyond, the middle, moderately long, the tip hard
and pointed ; nostrils narrow ; hind toe long and slender, barely reaching the
the ground.
Gen. ActitiS.— HL
Groove of the bill extending quite to the tip; ist quill of wing longest.
1300. Actitis hypoleucos (£*»».)» Jerd., B. ind. ii\. p. 699, No.
893 ; Blyth% B. Burm. p. 155 ; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 253. Tringa
hypoleucos, Linn., Syst. Nat. I. p. 250. Tringoides hypoleucos, Hume, Nests
and Eggs Ind. B. p. 588 ; id., Sir. F. ii. p. 299; iii. p. 183; Salvad., Ucc.
Born. p. 326; Hume, Str. F. viii. p, 113 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 867 ; Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 241. Totanus hypoleucos, Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 127;
Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 197. — The COMMON SAND-PIPER.
Forehead, crown, nape and back of the head ashy brown, streaked with
dark narrow lines ; supercilium white, also the orbital ring, chin and throat ;
sides of the face pale ashy with brown streaks ; middle of the breast white,
the sides mottled or streaked with brown, or entirely brown; back, scapulars,
tertiaries and lesser wing coverts ashy brown, glossed with green, and with
fine transverse dark lines ; greater wing coverts ashy brown, tipped with white,
which with the white bases of the secondaries form a conspicuous wing band ;
primaries and their coverts dark brown, the latter tipped with white, and
all, except the first primary, and sometimes the second also, with a large
white spot on their inner webs ; lower back, rump and upper tail coverts
ashy brown, with dark transverse bars ; four central feathers of the tail like
the back, the rest tipped with white and with dark spots along their edges ;
beneath white. Bill dusky ; irides brown ; legs pale green.
Length. — 7 to 8 inches ; wing 4/5 ; tail 2-4 ; tarsus 0^97 to I ; bill 0-97.
Hab, — Less common than the two preceding ; affects the sea coast as well
as lakes, &c., inland. Occurs throughout India, Burmah, Malacca, Ceylon,
&c. ; also Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan.
1301. ActitiS OChrOpllS (Linn.\ Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 698, No. 892 ;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 155 ; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 254. Tringa ocro-
phus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 250. Totanus ochropus, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 183 ;
Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 135, pi. ; David et Oust, Ois. Chine, p. 465 ; Hume
and Vav., Str. F. vi. p. 462 ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 862. Helodromas
620 SCOLOPACID^:.
ochropus, List., Br. B. Brit. Orn. Union. ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 400. — The GREEN SAND-PIPER.
In winter plumage the forehead, crown, nape and back of the neck are
deep or dusky brown, the feathers streaked with white ; a dark streak from the
base of the bill to the eye and a white one above it ; chin and throat white ;
back and scapulars olive brown, or brown glossed with greenish, each feather
edged with small roundish spots, the spots on the scapulars distinctly margined
behind with deep brown ; primaries and their coverts and secondaries deep
brown, none of them white-shafted ; wing coverts dusky brown ; axillaries
dusky or dark brown, with narrow oblique white bars ; abdomen, vent and
upper and under tail coverts white ; tail white, broadly barred with deep
brown, the middle feathers having four bars, and those next to them decreas-
ing in number, the outer feathers on each side being pure white with some-
times a dusky subterminal spot on the outer web ; legs and feet greenish grey ;
bill black ; irides brown.
Length.— 9*5 to 10 inches; wing 5-5 to 6; tail 3; bill 1*37; tarsus nearly
i'5-
Hal. — Throughout India, Ceylon, Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan,
frequenting the banks of rivers, edges of lakes and large sheets of water ; a
winter visitant, seldom seen along the sea coast. Occurs throughout Europe,
Asia and Africa, extending to Burmah and the Malay Peninsula.
Gen. Totanus.— Bech.
Bill slightly curved at tip, groove half the length of the bill ; tarsi with
narrow scales in front, otherwise as in Ac tit is.
1303. Totanus glareola (Gm.\ Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 327 ; Hume,
Str. F. iii. p. 183 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 143, pi.; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 857.
Tringa glareola, Gm., Syst. Nat. i. p. 677. Actitis glareola, Jerd., B. Ind.
iii. p. 697; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 155. Rhyacophila glareola, Hume and
Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 462 ; Hu?ne, Str. F. vii. p. 488 ; viii. p. 113; Oates, Sir.
F. x. p. 240. — The WOOD SAND-PIPER.
Winter Plumage. — Crown of the head, forehead, nape and back of the neck
dusky brown, the feathers with narrow white or greyish edgings ; a dark streak
from the base of the bill to the eye, and a white one above it ; chin and throat
rather sullied ; foreneck and breast the same, but suffused with ashy brown,
darker on the sides, where the feathers are indistinctly dark shafted ; back,
scapulars and tertials dusky, the feathers edged with white or greyish white
spots ; axillaries white, with transverse oblique dusky brown spots ; primaries,
secondaries and their coverts dusky brown, the shaft of the first quill and the
tips of the later inner ones white ; the greater wing coverts margined and
tipped with white ; rump, upper and lower tail coverts and abdomen white ; tail
with the central feathers longest and barred with black and white alternately,
TOTANUS. 621
the barrings oblique, the rest less broadly barred and decreasing on the outer
ones to dusky markings on the outer webs only ; legs pale olive green ;
hides deep brown.
Length. — 8-5 to 9 inches; wing 5 ; tail 2; bill at front 1*2; tarsus 1*5.
Hal. — Common nearly throughout India and Ceylon, also in Beloochistan,
Persian Gulf, and Afghanistan during winter.
1303. TotanUS canescens (Gmel.}, Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 173,
pi. ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 247; iii. p. 183; Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 344;
Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 402. Scolopax totanus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i.
p. 245. Scolopax canescens, Gmel., Syst. Nat. i. p. 668. Totanus glottis
(Zz»».), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 700; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 155; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. 840; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 255. — The GREEN
SHANKS.
In winter the forehead, except a few brown streaks in the middle, sides of
the face, chin, throat, neck in front, and entire lower parts, including the under
tail coverts, are white, also the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts ; a
dark streak from the base of the bill to the eye ; crown of the head, sides of
the neck and nape dusky, the feathers streaked whitish or greyish white ; sides
of the breast white, mottled with ashy brown ; upper back and scapulars
brown, the feathers edged whitish ; scapulars distinctly dark shafted, also the
tertiaries ; primaries dark brown, the shaft of the first quill white, and the
edges and tips of the inner ones also white ; secondaries ashy brown, tipped
white ; tail white with narrow transverse dark bars, the outer ones nearly
pure white ; bill slightly curved upwards, dusky greenish, 2*2 in length ; irides
brown.
Length. — 14 to 14-5 inches; wing 2'2 ; tail 37$; tarsus 275.
Hab. — India generally during winter, also Burmah and Ceylon, along
the sea coast, lakes, rivers, &c. Widely distributed. Recorded from N.-E.
Europe, Red Sea, Africa and Australia. Like all the Totanince it is excellent
eating.
1304. TotanUS StagnatiliS, Bechst., Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 292 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind. iii. p. 701; Dresser, £. Eur. viii. p. 151, pi.; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 155; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 255 ;
Le<*get B. Ceylon p. 844; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii, p. 403. — The LITTLE
GREEN SHANK.
In winter the plumage of the upper parts are the same as Totanus glottis ;
shoulder of the wing black ; entire under parts white ; sides of the breast not
so much spotted or streaked with dark brown ; bill not curved upwards as in
glottis ; tail banded white and dusky.
622 SCOLOPACID^:.
Length. — 10*5 inches; wing 5-25 ; tail 2; bill 1*62 ; tarsus 2-25 ; legs pale
green ; irides brown.
Hal. — The same as glottis and usually associated with it.
1305. Totanus calidriS (£/««.)» Jerdon, B. Ind. ii. p. 702;
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 248; ii. p. 299; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 155; Dresser,
B. Eur. viii. p. 157, pi. ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 113; Legge, B. Ceylon
p. 852 ; Murray* Vert. ZooL Sind, p. 256; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 404.
Scolopax calidris, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 245. — The RED SHANK.
Winter Plumage. — Forehead, crown, nape, back of the neck, upper back
and scapulars cinereous or glossy olive brown, the feathers on the back and
scapulars dark shafted ; supercilium and orbital ring white ; chin and throat
white ; sides of the face greyish white, with narrow brown streaks ; neck in
front and breast greyish white, with dusky or greyish brown linear markings ;
primaries dusky, their inner webs white ; the first quill white shafted, and
some of the inner ones white tipped ; secondaries white ; tertials like the
back ; wing coverts olive brown, the greater ones tipped with white ; axillaries,
under wing coverts, abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white ; lower back
white ; upper tail coverts and tail white, barred with dusky.
Length. — 1 1*5 inches; tail 27; wing 6-45 ; bill at front 17 to 1-9, reddish
at the base, its terminal half dark brown ; tarsus 2 ; irides brown ; legs
red.
Hab. — India generally and Ceylon during winter. Sind, Persia, Ecloo-
chistan and Afghanistan, Southern and Western India, N.-W. Provinces,
Oudh, and Burmah generally. Breeds in the North of Europe.
1303. TotanUS fllSCUS (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 702, No. 896;
Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 248 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 165, pi.; Cockburn, Str.
F. iv. p. 509; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 848;
Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, pp. 255, 256. — The SPOTTED RED SHANK.
In winter the forehead, crown, nape, back of neck and upper back ashy
grey, finely streaked with dusky ; supercilium white, and a dusky streak from
the base of the bill to the eye ; chin and throat white, sides of face white
with some fine dusky streaks; breast and under parts mottled and barred
with dingy ash brown and dull fulvous, or greyish white ; upper back, scapu-
lars, shoulder of wing and lesser coverts a glossy olive brown, darker on the
upper back and tertiaries, all the feathers spotted on the edges with white ;
the wing coverts also tipped with white ; lower back white ; rump barred with
undulating lines of ashy brown and white ; tail also barred the same ;
primaries dark brown, the inner ones pale brown, tipped and mottled with
white ; secondaries barred white and pale brown ; legs deep orange red ; bill
blackish, orange at the base beneath.
Length. — 13 inches ; wing 675 ; tail 2*5 ; tarsus 2'8 ; bill 2*4.
TOTANUS. 623
ffab. — Throughout India during winter, also the Province of Burmah and
Ceylon ; usually solitary or in very small parties. It is a sea shore bird, but is
also found on the edges of rivers, lakes, mud banks, &c. It is said to swim
well, and also to dive when in danger.
1307. TotanUS HaUghtoni, Sir. F. iv. p. 344 ; Hume and Dav.,
Sfr. F. vi. p. 463; Harting, Ibis, 1883, p. 133, pi.; Dates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 466. Pseudototanus Haughtoni, Hume, Sfr. F. vii. p. 113; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 404 pi.; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 241. — ARMSTRONG'S
YELLOW SHANK.
In winter plumage, resembles generally Totanus canescens, but has a much
broader and more massive bill, a much stronger tarsus (male 1*85; female
1-65), and the webs between the three anterior toes very much more developed.
It differs from T. canescens in its smaller size, more robust bill, with the lateral
groove slightly more prolonged in proportion to the length of the bill, and in
having a palmation on both sides of the middle toe instead of on one side
only ; the tail does not extend beyond the end of the closed primaries. (Hume
and Harting.)
Hal. — Sea coast near Elephant Point and at Amherst in Tenasserim. One
was seen in the Calcutta market.
1308. TotanUS dubiUS, Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 256.— The
ALLIED YELLOW SHANK.
Female. — Frontal zone greyish white, the feathers with mesial narrow
brown streaks ; crown of the head cinereous, the feathers edged with greyish
white ; an indistinct dusky spot between the base of the bill and the eye,
and a white supercilium ; chin and throat white ; neck in front and on the
sides greyish white, the feathers with narrow mesial dusky streaks ; back of
the neck ashy grey, also with mesial narrow dusky streaks ; breast greyish
white with dusky spots, which become linear lower down and on the sides
and flanks, forming interrupted lines ; abdomen and under tail coverts white ;
upper back, scapulars and tertials ashy brown, the feathers dark shafted ; the
tertials reach beyond the fourth quill, and are edged and tipped with fulvous
white ; primaries dark brown, nearly black, paler on their inner webs, and all
white shafted, except at their tips ; secondaries ashy grey, white-shafted and
margined and tipped with white ; greater, median and lesser coverts ashy grey,
the feathers dark-shafted and edged and tipped with white, more broadly on
the median and lesser wing coverts ; first two rows of feathers on the shoulder
earthy brown, edged rufescent ; axillaries and thigh coverts white ; lower back
and rump dusky brown, the feathers edged and tipped with white ; upper tail
coverts the same, but the brown very much paler ; tail pale earthy brown, the
feathers with distinct pale margins and tips, the central feathers very slightly
darker ; tarsi short, 1*37 inches ; toes slender, fringed on the sides and webbed
624 SCOLOPACID^E.
about | inch; mid-toe and claw ri2 ; tail from vent 2-62 ; bill at front 1-62 ;
upper mandible slightly the longer and bent over at the tip ; wing 7*12, ist
quill longest; irides dark brown.
Length. — About 11-5 inches (mounted specimen); legs and feet greenish
yellow. This is either a new species or an aberrant form of Totanus. It is
quite unlike any of the other species, except Totanus Hauglitoni, with the
figure of which in the April number of the Ibis, 1883, pi. iv., it agrees in a few
characters. The markings of the breast and upper parts agree very well, but
the lower back, rump and upper tail coverts are not white as in that species or
form. These are dusky with whitish edges and tips. Again in the webbing
of the toes, this Kurrachee specimen differs from T. Haughtoni'm having only
one-eighth inch of a web, the fringe however is quite apparent. The
palatal recurved horny papillae referred to by Mr. Hume are also present.
In measurements however there is a wide difference. Mr. Hume gives : —
Length. Expanse. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill at gape. Bill at front.
Male 13-2 22-25 7'3 3'O 1*85 2-5 2- I
Female ...12-9 22' 3 7*0 3-0 1-65 2'2 1-92
The Kurrachee specimen is a female and measures —
ii'S 7-12 2*6 2-37 175 1-62
These measurements, it will be seen, will not fit any of the other species of
the genus.
Hal. — Kurrachee (Sind) in the harbour during winter. The single speci-
men was obtained in November 1882.
Gen. Terekia.— Bonap.
Bill recurved, long, slender ; tarsi short ; toes narrowly webbed ; hind toe
less than half the size of the outer one.
1309. Terekia Cinerea, Guldens!., N. Comm. Soc.Imp. Petrop. xix.
p. 473, t. xix ; Jerd., B. 2nd. iii. p. 682, No. 876; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p.
195, pi. ; Hume, Str. F, i. p. 237 ; ii. p. 296; Armstrong, Sir. F. iv. p. 341 ;
Hume andDav.y Str. F. vi. p. 460; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 836; Murray, Vert.
ZooL, Sind, p. 246. — The TEREK SAND-PIPER or PIGMY CURLEW.
Forehead, chin, throat, sides of the head and neck in front greyish white
with ashy striae ; back, scapulars, tertials, rump and upper tail coverts ashy
brown, the feathers with dark shafts; feathers of the median wing coverts
narrowly tipped with white ; primaries dark brown, the ist quill with a white
shaft ; secondaries dusky, broadly terminated with white ; shoulder and edge
of the wing dark brown ; tail concolorous with the back, the tips bordered
with white ; sides of the breast ashy grey, the feathers mesially darker ; lower
breast, abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white. In an advanced stage
of plumage— March — the entire upper parts are darker, the scapulars are
PSEUDOSCOLOPAX. 525
terminated with black, the chin and throat become pale ashy grey, and there
is a distinct fulvous orbital ring, the forehead and face become fulvescent, and
the inner primaries tipped with white.
Length. — lo inches; wing 5 to 5-2; bill at front 1-9 to 2, orange at the
base, the rest dusky or dark brown; tail 2 to 2*5 ; legs and feet pale orange ;
irides brown.
Hal. — Sind, the Mekran Coast, Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, Northern
and Southern India, Burmah and Ceylon generally, affecting the sea coast,
creeks and channels during winter, found also in N.-E. Europe and New South
Wales. According to Jerdon it breeds in Northern Asia, and is extensively
distributed over Europe, Asia and Australia.
Sub-Family, LIAIOSIN^:.— GODWITS.
Bill much lengthened, curved or straight from the base, or turned upwards ;
tail short and even; toes long, united at the base.
Gen. Pseudoscolopax.
Bill much lengthened, soft at the tip, straight or slightly turned upwards,
mostly of large size; a distinct web between the toes; lower part of tibia bare;
scapulars long; tail moderate.
1310. Pseudoscolopax semipalmatus (Jerd.}, Swinh., P. z.
£,1863, p. 313; 1871, p. 407; David et Oust. 0 is Chine ^. 474, pi. 121 ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 395.
pi.; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 239; id.t B. Br. Burm. ii, p. 408. Macro-
ramphus semipalmatus (Jerd.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 252; Jerd,, B.
Ind. iii. p. 679, No. 874 ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 484. — The SNIPE-BILLED
GODWIT.
Forehead, crown, nape, hind neck, sides of the neck, back, scapulars and
tertiaries brown, each feather margined with greyish white ; lores brown ;
supercilium white ; sides of the head, chin, throat, foreneck and breast white,
densely marked with short brown streaks ; upper wing coverts dark brown,
broadly edged with white ; primary coverts brown; primaries brown, the tips
darker, the shafts white and the outer webs narrowly margined with white ;
secondaries brown, broadly margined with white and irregularly barred with
the same ; rump, upper tail coverts and tail white, broadly barred with brown ;
abdomen and vent white ; under tail coverts white, marked with V-shaped
brown marks ; sides of the body white, irregularly barred with brown ; under
wing coverts white; axillaries white, with a few irregular short brown
bars.
In Summer, according to Messrs. David and Oustalet, the upper plumage is
bright rufous with brown streaks on the nape, lores and hind neck, and with
VOL. II.— 81
626 SCOLOPACIDvE.
large brown spots on the dorsal feathers ; lower plumage more uniform rufous,
with a little white on the edges of the feathers of the abdomen and some
irregular brown streaks on the flanks and under tail coverts ; wing
coverts, secondaries and tertiaries greyish brown bordered with white ; pri-
maries brown with the shafts white; tail brown, transversely banded with
white.
Bill black, turning to plumbeous at base ; irides dark brown ; legs and
toes dark plumbeous.
Length. — 13-5 inches; tail 2-5 to 2*9; wing 6-8 to 7; tarsus 2-05; bill from
gape 2 -9 to 3-25.
Hal. — Burmah, where it was procured at Rangoon and in Pegu.
Gen. Limosa, Brus.
Bill sub-curved at the tip, inclined upwards; ist quill longest; outer toe
united to the middle as far as the first joint ; tibia bare for more than two-
thirds its length ; tarsi long ; hind toe half the length of the outermost.
1311. Limosa segOCephala (Linn.'), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 681 ;
Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 211 ; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 155 ; Hume, Sir. F. vii.
p. 356; Legge* B. Ceylon, p. 832; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii.
p. 409, pi. ; Oates, Str. F.x.p. 239; Murray, Vert. Zool. Smd,p.24$-,
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 409. — The BLACK-TAILED GODWIT.
In winter plumage, the entire head, back of the neck, back, scapulars and
breast pale earthy grey, darker on the scapulars and back, where each feather
is dark shafted ; superciliary stripe, chin, throat, also the abdomen and under
tail coverts white ; rump white, the feathers of the upper tail coverts black for
their terminal half ; tail white at the base, the terminal two-thirds tipped black,
the outer feathers for their terminal third only, and all more or less narrowly
tipped white ; primaries and their coverts dusky brown, the inner primaries
basally white, and all white on their inner webs; secondaries dusky terminally,
white basally, arid some of the tertials with their outer webs white ; greater
wing coverts broadly edged with white, also some of the hinder primary
coverts ; shoulder of wing dusky brown, also the lower back ; neck in front
and flanks greyish white.
Length— \6 to 18 inches; wing 775 to 875 ; tail 3-12 to 3'5 ; bill at front
37 to 4-5, of a dull reddish colour at base and dusky at the tip; legs dusky
greenish ; irides dark brown,
Hab. — Nearly throughout India and Ceylon during winter. Rare in
Southern India, the Concan and the Deccan. Common in Kutch, Kattiawar
and Rajputana, also in Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan. In Sind this
LIMOSA.
627
species is numerous, everywhere behind the tall grass, along the edges of the
Munchur Lake, in the shallow pools, wading up to their body, and often
swimming across deeper spots if beyond its standing depth. It is held in
much esteem for the table, being equal to Jack and the Common Snipe,
especially those which have been feeding in rice fields.
Limosa lapponica.
1312. Limosa lapponica (Linn.}, Bodd., P. ^.900; Gould, B>
Eur.pl. 306; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 236; Murray, Hdbk., Zoo I., fyc., Sind,
p. 216; id., Vert. Zoo I. Sind, p. 244; Hume and Marsh.) Game B. p. 47,
pi.— THE BAR-TAILED GODWIT.
"In the winter plumage there is a broad indistinct white superciliary band,
and the feathers immediately below the eye are also white ; the chin and
throat are pure white ; forehead, the whole top, back and sides of the head,
and the neck all round brownish white, closely streaked with darker brown,
the streaks very minute on the sides of the head, somewhat larger on the
front of the neck, and darker and stronger on the head and back of the neck,
where but little of the white remains visible ; upper back pale earthy
brown> each feather with a narrow dark brown central shaft-stripe and mostly
margined somewhat paler; breast pale greyish brown, more or less
obscured by the albescent tippings to the feathers, and some of the feathers
with inconspicuous darker shafts ; the feathers of the central portion of the
breast, if raised, will be found to be not merely tipped whitish, but to be also
obscurely barred with white ; abdomen, vent, and lower tail coverts pure
white, as are also the axillaries and wing lining ; the rump is white
with a few cuneiform or heart-shaped blackish brown spots ; upper tail coverts
white, with narrow irregular arrow-head bars ; tail feathers grey brown with
628 SCOLOPACID^.
dark shafts, tipped white and mottled with white on the inner webs of the
exterior ones, in some with traces of darker transverse bars ; the primaries and
their greater coverts black ; the shafts of the first two or three white, subse-
quent ones brownish white ; scapulars and tertiaries pale brown, darker shafted,
margined paler, and many of them more or less tinged with ashy ; the lesser
and median coverts like the scapulars,. but margined whitish; secondaries
brown, paler on their inner webs, and margined on both webs and on the
tips with white, as indeed are also, so far as the tips are concerned, the
later primaries, though less conspicuously so; the greater secondary coverts
are more ashy brown, narrowly margined with white. In one specimen, which
appears to be further advanced, the lateral tail feathers are distinctly barred
blackish brown and white ; the cuneiform barrings on the rump and upper
tail coverts are more marked ; the axillaries are all strongly barred ; the
feathers of the sides and flanks, and also the lower tail coverts, exhibit numer-
ous arrow-head bars; and one or two rufous or chestnut feathers with black
bars have begun to show themselves on the breast."
The summer plumage is thus described by Temminck : —
"Male. — Upper part of the head and occiput blackish brown, mixed with
streaks of reddish yellow ; a band of the latter colour over the eyes ; lores
blackish brown ; cheeks and throat of a yellowish red ; all the lower parts of
the body including the under tail coverts pale yellowish red ; upper part of the
back and scapulars blackish brown, marbled with reddish yellow and whitish grey ;
lower part of the back and rump white, marked with longitudinal yellowish red
spots ; the tail marked with brown and white bars, those of the latter tint irre-
gularly distributed, and disposed more or less longitudinally ; quills black
at their tips, the remaining part towards the bases blackish brown, with
their inner webs whitish grey, marbled with pale brown ; the secondaries grey,
with the shafts and margins white.
"Female. — The head and lores as in the male; the throat white, marked
with reddish grey ; cheeks and neck very light reddish, with numerous brown
streaks, which become broader, and form small transverse brown and white
bars on the sides of the breast ; the latter and the belly marbled with white
and very pale reddish ; the abdominal part white ; the lower tail coverts
reddish white, with light brown bars.
"Length of Male. — 14/5 to 14-8 inches; expanse 27 to 2775 ; tail from
vent 2*7 to 3*3 ; wing 7'8 to 8*4; tarsus 2 ; bill at front 2*8 to 3*1 ; weight
8 oz.
" Length of Female. — 15*75 inches; expanse 28; tarsus 2; tail 3; wing
8-4 ; bill at front 3*65 ; weight 9 oz.
NUMENIUS. 629
"The legs and feet are black, in some dusky plumbeous ; irides brown ; bill
pinkish for about the basal half, black or dusky on the terminal half, "—(ffume,
Sir. F., vol. i. p. 236.)
Affects the same situations as the last, but is less restricted in its range,
being found in Sind, Beloochistan, Mekran Coast and the Persian Gulf.
Sub-Family, NUMENIN^E.
Bill very long, slender, arcuate and compressed, with the tip hard and
rather obtuse.
Gen. Nuinenius.— Linn.
Characters same as those of the Sub-Family; bill curved from the base;
upper mandible slightly the longer ; tarsi narrowly scutate transversely ; hind
toe slender with a rudimentary nail.
1313- Numenius phaeopus (Zz«».)» Jerd., B. ind. Hi. p. 684;
Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 227, pi. ; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 297; iii. p. 182;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 155 ; Hume, Str.F. viii. p. 112 ; Legge, Birds Ceylon,
p. 910 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 240 ; Murray, Vert. ZooL Sind., p. 247 ; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 411. Scolopax phaeopus, Linn., Syst. Nat. p. 243. —
The WHIMBREL.
Forehead and crown dusky brown with a mesial longitudinal streak ; lores
dark brown ; superciliary stripe white, extending from the upper side of the
upper mandible ; orbital feathers white ; chin and throat white • neck in front
and behind, and breast, ochreous white, the feathers with a dark central
longitudinal streak ; flanks, axillaries and under wing coverts white, barred
with pale brown, as also are the rump and upper tail coverts ; tail brown,
brownish white or grey brown, with 6— 7 bars of dark brown; lower back
white; upper back, scapulars and wing coverts dusky or deep brown, the
feathers edged pale white or dirty fulvous ; primaries dusky or dark brown,
their inner webs as well as both webs of the secondaries with white bars, not
reaching the shaft.
Hal. — Throughout most parts of India, Burmah and Ceylon ; also Europe,
N. Africa, Egypt and Abyssinia.
Affects the same situations as the Curlew, in small flocks. In the Kurrachee
harbour it is oftener seen than the Curlew, and is more shy and difficult to
approach, but unlike the Curlew it is often seen on open barren tracts, or
sandy flats, far inland, in flocks of 3, 4 or half-a-dozen. It is common all
along the sea coast, mud banks and sandy islands of estuaries of rivers, or of
the sea, and like the Curlew is a fine bird for the table ; Jerdon says it is
630
SCOLOPACID^E.
perhaps better than the Curlew, and has been called the " Woodcock" of
Bengal.
Numenius arquatus. The Curlew.
1314. Numenius arquatUS (Linn.}, Jerd., B. 2nd. iii. p. 683, No.
877 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 243, pi. ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 182 ; Murray,
Vert.ZooL, Sind. p, 247; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 412. Scolopax
arquata, Lmn., Sysf. Nat. i, p. 242. Numenius lineatus, Cuv^ Regn, Am'm.
i, p. 521; Blyth, B. Burn. I, p. 155; Legge, Bt Ceylon p. 906. — The
CURLEW.
Head, neck behind and in front, also the breast, rufescent ashy, or rufescent
grey brown, the feathers with dark mesial longitudinal shaft-streaks ; upper
back and scapulars varying from dusky to dark brown, the feathers broadly
edged fulvous or pale rufous ; upper abdomen white, the feathers with dusky
shaft-streaks ; lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts pure white ; lower
back white ; rump and upper tail coverts also white, with dark shafts ; tail
fulvous white with transverse brown bars ; chin and throat white, also a small
space above the eye in some specimens ; first five primaries and edge of wing
dark brown, their inner webs mottled with white j- secondaries dusky brown,
with transverse white bars on both webs half across only, the dark markings
forming a rude saw, the edges and tips of the feathers white.
Length. — 21 to 26 inches; wing 12 to 12-5; tail 4-5; bill at front 5 to
7*25 ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet bluish grey.
Hab. — Throughout most parts of Europe, India, Burmah, Ceylon, N, Africa,
Egypt, Abyssinia and Palestine. Common along the sea coast and back
RECURVIROSTRA. 631
waters in great numbers during winter; also along the banks of the Indus and
Punjab rivers, and on all large inland sheets of water.
Gen. Ibidorhynchus,— Vigors.
Bill long, slender, well curved, scarcely dilated at tip, upper mandible
grooved, tomioe inflexed and denticulated ; nostrils wide, linear, basal ; wings
long, ist quill longest; tail short, of 12 feathers; tarsi short, bare ; hind toe
wanting.
1315. Ibidorhynchus Struthersii (Vigors), Gould, Cent.
Him. B. pi. 19. ; Hodgs., J. A, S. B. iv. p. 459 ; Jerd.% B. Ind. iii. p. 685,
No. 879; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 257. Clorhynchus strophiatus, Hodgs.
J. A. S. B. iv. p. 761. — The RED-BILLED CURLEW.
Whole head as far as the eyes black, the feathers of the forehead edged
with greyish white ; rest of the upper plumage, including the nape, wings
and tail bluish ashy ; winglet and primaries slaty blue ; a bar of white across
the wings ; upper tail coverts nearly ashy brown ; tail with the feathers barred
with dusky black, all except the two central feathers largely tipped with
black ; outer web of outermost feather white ; chin and throat black ; neck
ashy ; a gorget of black on the breast ; under surface of body, under wing
and tail coverts white.
Bill deep crimson ; irides red ; legs blood red. (Jerd?)
Length. — 16-5 inches ; wing 9-25 ; tail 4-5 ; tarsus 2-2 ; bill 375.
Hab. — The Himalayas, on the banks of sandy streams in Nepaul and in
Sikkim on the Great Runjeet ; also in Ladak.
Sub-Family RECURVIROSTRIN^E.— Bp.
Nostrils narrow, membranous ; tail short and rounded ; tarsi long, covered
with reticulated scales ; bill long and slender, recurved in one genus.
Gen RecurvirOStra.— Linn.
Bill long, thin, the keel flattened, the tips turned upwards ; toes united by
webs ; hind toe short.
1316. Recurvirostra avocetta (Linn.}, Bodd., P. E. 353 ; Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 289; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 248 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,fyc., Sind,
p. 222 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 258. — The AVOCET, SCOOPER or CROOKED-BILL.
Forehead in some specimens faintly white, otherwise black ; crown, lores,
nape and back of the neck black ; scapulars, lesser wing coverts and upper
tertials black ; primaries black, some of the inner ones with their inner webs
white ; secondaries and some of the tertials white ; chin, throat, neck in front,
lower neck behind, lower back, rump, upper tail coverts and entire under
surface white.
632
Length. — 17 to 18 inches; bill 3-5, curved upwards, black; wing 8-5;
tail 3 ; tarsus 3-62 ; irides red brown ; legs pale bluish grey.
Hab. — Throughout India during winter; S.-E. Europe, Lower Egypt,
Senegal and Persia. Common in Sind, in large flocks inland, on almost
every large sheet of water, especially on the Munchur Lake and along the
edges of tanks, &c. Occasionally affects the sea coast and Kurrachee harbour,
but by preference the inland waters. Breeds probably in Persia. In Upper
India the Avocet is less common ; in Kutch, Jodhpore and N. Guzerat
rather rare.
Gen. HimantopUS.— Briss.
Bill long and straight ; toes webbed only at the base ; nostrils linear ; hind
toe wanting.
1317. HimantopUS CandidUS (£*»«.)» Bonnat. Tall. Encyl. et
Meth., Orn. i, p. 24 ; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 704; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 146 ;
Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 587, pi. ; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 464 ; viii.
p. 113; Legge, B. Ceylon p. gig. Himantopus intermedius, Hume, Nests
and Eggs Ind. B. p. 589. Charadrius himantopus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i,
p. 255. — The STILT.
In winter plumage, the forehead, lores, chin, throat, entire lower parts, lower
back and rump white ; crown of the head dusky or dark ash ; neck behind
ashy grey, the feathers tipped with white ; upper back and scapulars brown ;
the feathers with pale tippings ; primaries dark brown, the inner ones tipped
white ; secondaries also with white tips ; central tail feathers very pale grey, the
rest white. In the breeding plumage the primaries, secondaries, scapulars,
tertiaries and upper back are rich glossy black, with greenish reflections ; the
crown of the head dusky or dark brown, spreading over and below the eyes.
Length. — 15 to 16 inches; wing 8*5 to 9 ; tail 3; bill black, reddish at the
base, 2-75 inches in length ; tarsi 4-5 to 5*5 ; irides blood red ; legs and feet
lake red.
Hal. — India generally, also Burmah and Ceylon, in large flocks during
winter, frequenting margins of lakes and ponds, also banks of rivers. Breeds
in Sind during June in the Narra Districts. Eggs 2 — 4 in number, of a pale
blue colour, spotted and speckled with dark brown and olive green. Incuba-
tion 1 8 to 20 days. The young are said to leave the nest immediately
they are hatched, and hide themselves among very scanty cover. Found also
in Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Persia, and probably Mesopotamia.
Family, PARRID^:.
Bill long, one and a half or twice the length of the head ; nostrils lateral ;
wing spurred or with a tubercle ; tarsi long ; toes long with long claws.
METOPODIUS. 633
Gen. Metopodius.— Wagl.
Bill moderate, stout, compressed, thick at the base, the culmen curved a*
the tip ; forehead with a carbuncle ; tail short ; nostrils small, ovate ; 2nd and
3rd quills of wing longest ; feet very large ; toes slender and long; claws very
long, especially of the hind toe.
1318. MetOpOdiUS IndiCUS (Lath.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 708 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 591 ; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 183 ; Blyih, B.
Burnt, p. 157 ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 19 ; Armstrong, t. c. p. 348 ; Qates, B.
Br. Burin, ii. p. 358. Parra indica, Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. p. 765 ; Salvad.,
Ucc. Born. p. 342; Oates, Str. F. vi. p. 165 ; Hume and Dav., t. c. p. 464;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 241.— The BRONZE- WINGED
J AC AN A.
Whole head, neck all round, upper back, and whole lower plumage black
glossed with green, the upper back glossed with purplish ; lower back, scapulars,
tertiaries and wing coverts glossy bronze; rump and upper tail coverts, also the
flanks, tail and under tail coverts maroon; vent and thigh coverts brown,
tinged with maroon and streaked with white ; primaries and secondaries
black, the later ones bronze on their outer webs; chin and throat whity brown ;
supercilium reaching to the nape white ; bill with the basal half of upper
mandible and frontal shield livid blue; rest of upper mandible and whole of
the lower one green ; irides brown ; legs and feet slaty colour.
Length. — 10'5 inches; tail 2; wing 6'2 ; tarsus 2*6; bill from gape 1*3.
Females are slightly larger.
Hab. — India generally, also the Indo-Burmese Countries, but not in the
drier northern parts as Sind, Punjab, and Rajpootana. Affects jheels marshes,
large swamps and weedy tanks. Breeds during the monsoon, making a float-
ing nest in some sequestered part of a jheel or marsh. Eggs 6—7 in number,
moderately broad ovals, a good deal pointed towards one end; the ground
colour varies from a pale stone colour to a reddish olive brown, highly polished,
marked with fine lines of blackish brown.
Sub-Family, PARKING.
General characters of the Family; feet large ; toes and claws very long and
thin, to enable the species to walk on marshy or oozy ground and aquatic
plants.
Gen. Hydrophasianus.—
1st and 2nd quill of wing equal and longest; primaries with lanceolate
appendage to the tips ; bill more slender than in Metopidius ; forehead with-
out a frontal shield; tail long; central feathers much elongated in the breed-
ing season.
VOL. II.— 82
.
634 RALLID^E.
1319. Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scop.'), Jerd., B. ind. in.
p. 709; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 592; id., Sir. F. iii. p. 185;
Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 343; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 483; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. 914; Oates, B. Br. Burnt, ii. p. 360; Murray, Vert.Zool., Sind,
p. 259. Tringa chirurgus, Scop., Del. Flor. et. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 92.
Parra sinensis (Gm.), Syst. Nat. I, p. 709. Hydrophasianus sinensis, Blyth
and Wald., B. Burnt, p. 157. — The PHEASANT-TAILED JACANA.
In winter plumage, the forehead, crown, a streak from the base of the bill
through the eye, extending down each side of the neck on to the breast and
forming a pectoral gorget ; also the back of the neck dusky or pale hair brown,
the feathers on the forehead and crown tipped with white ; supercilium white,
and a pale golden yellow line from behind the eye; back, scapulars, tertials
and lesser wing coverts glossy olive, or pale hair brown; the lower back,
rump, upper tail coverts and central tail feathers slightly darker, and the lesser
wing coverts mottled and barred transversely with white. Shoulder of wing
spurred. First primary with an appendage, the shaft of 2nd, 3rd and 4th in
some specimens hair like at the tip, all dark brown, and, except the first and
second, broadly white on their inner and outer webs ; greater coverts and
secondaries, chin, throat, neck in front, abdomen, vent and under tail coverts
white ; tail 3*5 to 4 inches. In breeding plumage the forehead, crown, entire
face, chin, throat and neck in front white. There is a black patch on the
nape ; and the neck behind is shining golden yellow, edged on the sides with
black; back, scapulars and tertiaries dark olive brown, with purplish reflec-
tions; rump and upper tail coverts bronzed dark brown; tail black; breast
and entire lower parts dark or deep dusky brown , shoulder of wing spurred ;
wing coverts white; primaries as in the winter plumage.
Length.— 18 to 20 inches ; irides dark brown ; bill plumbeous at the base and
tipped greenish, 1-25 in length ; tail loto 1 1 inches ; wing 8 to 8*5; tarsus 2-12 ;
middle toe and claw 3 inches ; hind toe and claw 2 inches.
Hab. — Throughout India, Ceylon and British Burmah. Common in Sind
on the Munchur and other Lakes, also in the Punjab and N.-W. Provinces.
Breeds in the Province from May to September, making a large floating nest.
Eggs, pear-shaped, of a beautiful bronze colour.
Family, RALLID^E.
Bill compressed, short, pointed, thick, wedge-shaped ; nostrils in a short
groove ; legs stout ; toes long ; tarsi moderate ; tail short.
Sub-Family, GALLINULIN^E.— WATER-HENS.
Bill with the keel advancing on the forehead, where there is usually a
casque ; toes long and slender or bordered by a scolloped web j wings short
and rounded ; hind toe long.
PORPHYRIO. (535
Gen. PorphyriO-— Sriss.
Bill very thick; casque large; mid-toe as long as tarsi, slender, not fring'ed
with web.
Porphyrio poliocephalus, The Purple Coot.
1320. Porphyrio poliocephalus (Lath.), Jerd., B. ind. iii.
p. 713 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 161 ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 20 ; Oates, Str. F. vi.
p. 165 ; Ellwt, Str. F. vii, p. 22 ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 795 ; Murray, Vert.
Zool., Sind, p. 260; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 351. Gallinula poliocephala,
Lath., Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixviii. Porphyrio neglectus, Scheg. Mus. P. £.,
Ralli, p. 53 ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 249 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs p. 594; id.,
Str. F. iii. p. 185.— The PURPLE COOT.
Occiput and nape, lores, and round the eyes greyish, clouded with purple;
cheeks, chin and throat the same, but with more of a purple tinge ; neck in
front and breast pale bluish ; lower breast, abdomen, flanks, vent and thigh
coverts dark purplish blue ; under tail coverts white ; back of neck, back, rump,
and upper tail coverts purplish blue ; scapulars, wing coverts and outer webs
of primaries pale greenish blue, the inner webs of primaries, secondaries and
tertials dark brown or black ; tail black, the feathers on the outer web edged
with bluish.
Length. — 18 inches; wing 10 to IO'2 ; tail 4-5 ; bill at gape 1-62 ; tarsi 3-62 ;
mid-toe 3*62 ; casque and spot at base of bill cherry red ; bill red ; irides red ;
legs crimson.
Hab. — Throughout India, Ceylon and British Burmah ; also in Persia, Beloo-
chistan and Afghanistan. Common in Sind in suitable localities, but I do
636 RALLID^E.
not believe they are anywhere as numerous as on the Munchur Lake, where
among the rushes, they are with the Bald Coot simply innumerable.
Breeds in the Province from May to September, making a nest of rushes,
&c., in the reedy grass. Eggs prettily marked on a greenish ground with
spots, blotches and streaks of a reddish colour, lake red or rich red.
Gen. Fulica.
Bill moderate ; nostrils lateral ; casque small ; wing with a tubercle at the
shoulder ; tail short ; toes with lobate membrane.
Fulica atra.
1321. Fulica atra, Linn., Syst. Nat. I, p. 257; Jerd.t B. Ltd. iii.
p. 715 ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 249; id., Nests and Eggs p. 595 ; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 162; War dl aw -Ramsay, Ibis, 1887^.472; Dresser, B. Eur. vii.p. 327;
Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 261; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 352. — The
BALD COOT.
Upper plumage black; hoary, dark ash, lead colour or dusky brown below;
a spot below the eye, and the outer edge of the wings white ; frontal disc or
casque white; also the bill, which in the breeding season is tinged pale red;
irides blood red ; legs dull green, with a yellow, green, and red garter in the
breeding season.
Length. — 15 to 16 inches; wing 7*5 to 775; tail 2 ; bill at gape 1*41.
Hob. — Throughout India, Ceylon and British Burmah ; also Europe (central
and south), Egypt, Assam, Nepaul, Persia, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. In
Sind it is numerous in suitable localities, but on the Munchur Lake, as Mr.
Hume says («SVr. F. vol. i. 249) "they would have to be counted not by
thousands, but by hundreds of thousands. * * * You can shoot nothing
without knocking over some of these wretched coots." He also adds " that
PODICA. 687
in no part of the world has he even seen such incredible multitudes of coot as
are met with in Sind ; in the Munchur Lake par excellence."
Gen. Podica. — Less.
General characters of Fulica ; bill rail-like ; neck more lengthened ; toes
lengthened and webbed.
1322. Podica personata, G. X. Gray, P. z. S. 1848, p. 90 ;
Aves,p\.4; Hume, Sfr. F. Hi, p. 185; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 162; Hume ani
Dav.t Str. F. vi. p 465 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 ; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 241 ;
id., B. Br. Burm, ii. p. 353 — The MASKED FINFOOT.
Forehead, lores, a supercilium extending to the nape, cheeks, anterior part of
ear coverts, chin, throat and front of the neck black; this black patch
bordered by a white line, terminating on either side at the posterior corner of
the eye ; crown, nape and upper neck dark ashy ; sides of neck olive brown ;
back, rump, scapulars, upper tail coverts and the whole of the wing brown,
tinged with green ; sides of the breast and of the body brown ; breast and
abdomen white, the latter barred with brown ; vent and under tail coverts
brown, closely barred with whitish, the longer feathers of the coverts almost
wholly brown ; wing coverts sooty brown ; tail plain brown, tipped paler.
(Oates.)
The female has the chin, throat, and front of the neck white, with a black
margin all round, which extends a little over the lores, and has the same outer
border and has the black mask of the males. (Tickell ex Oates.} Iris hazel
brown ; tarsus and toes light green ; bill orange yellow, paler at the tips ;
edges of eyelids yellow.
Length. — 22 inches ; tail 5-8 ; wing lo ; tarsus 2'i ; bill from gape 2-3.
Hal. — Tenasserim. Oates says it is an excessively rare bird, of which very
few specimens have been procured. Lieut. Lloyd shot a specimen in some
part of Karenne. Col. Tickell observed it in Tenasserim, and Mr. Davison
procured it at Amherst, Mergui and Bankasoon. It is said to be known to
occur in Cachar and Assam.
Gen. Hypotsenidia.— Reich.
Bill moderately long, straight or slightly arched, compressed at the base,
cylindrical at the tip ; upper mandible grooved for two-thirds of its length ;
nostrils lateral, linear, and situated in the groove ; lower part of tibia naked ;
tarsi long and robust ; toes long and slender, three before and one behind ;
anterior toes entirely divided ; wings short and rounded ; 3rd and 4th quills
longest.
1323. Hypotaenidia striata (Linn.), Waid., Trans. Zool. Soc.
viii. p. 95 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 605 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 161 ;
638 RALLID^E.
Hume, Sir. F iii. p. 189; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 468 ; Legge, JB.
Ceylon, p. 775 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 245, pi. ; Qates, Br.
Burm. ii. p. 339. Rallus striatus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 262.— The BLUE-
BREASTED BANDED RAIL.
Top of head, nape and hind neck chestnut ; upper plumage, including the
wing coverts and tertiaries, blackish brown, each feather broadly edged with
olive brown and barred with white ; primaries, secondaries and tail dark brown,
barred with white ; lores, cheeks, ear coverts, sides of the neck, foreneck and
breast bluish grey, tinged somewhat with rufescent ; sides of the body, lower
abdomen, vent, under tail and thigh coverts, also the under wing coverts, dark
brown, barred with white ; centre of abdomen dull white ; bill rosy pink on the
basal half ; remainder horn colour or yellowish green ; irides red ; legs and
feet dull greenish or olive brown. The young has not the chestnut head and
bluish breast.
Length. — 9*8 to I r$ inches; wing 4-5 to 5 ; tail 1*5 to 2-25 ; tarsus 1*35
to 1*62 ; bill from gape 1*32 to 1-82.
Hal. — Southern India, along the bases of the Neilgherries, the Wynaad,
Malabar Coast, Southern Konkan, in the Rutnagherry districts and Southern
Ceylon. It also occurs in Lower Bengal in the deltaic districts, in the
neighbourhood of Calcutta too, as well as in Sylhet, Cachar, Khasia Hills,
and the Assam Valley to Sadiya. In Arracan it is said to be fairly common,
while in Burmah, Gates says, it is found throughout the whole province,
Tenasserim included. It breeds in all localities where they occur, from May
to October, making a small nest of grass on the ground near water, sur-
rounded by thick vegetation. Eggs, seven in number, of a pinkish stone
colour blotched with pale purple. In length they vary from I '28 to 1*41
inches, and from 0*98 to 1*13 in width.
Hypotcenidia olscuriora* Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 302 ; iv. p. 294 ; id. and
Marsh., Game Birds 253, pi., is recorded from the Andamans as a separate
race, but to my mind it can scarcely stand as a species, and hence it is
suppressed.
Gen. RalluS.— Linn.
Bill moderately long, straight or slightly curved at tip ; shoulder with a
small spur ; other characters as in Hypotcenidia.
1324. Rallus indicus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 820; Jerd.,
JB. Ind. iii. p. 726; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 416; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 162;
David et Oust. Ois. Chine p. 489; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 778; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 113 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p, 257, pi. ; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 342. — The INDIAN WATER RAIL.
Above, including the sides of the neck, scapulars and tertiaries olive brown,
sometimes with a ruddy tinge, each feather with a broad black mesial streak ;
RALLINA. 639
a dark streak from the lores continued under the eye to the ear coverts ; a
broad white supercilium from above this to the nape ; wing coverts dark olive
brown, some of them tipped with whitish, and all broadly edged with ruddy ;
primaries and secondaries brown, some of the inner ones margined with
ruddy ; chin and throat plumbeous ; cheeks, foreneck, breast and centre of
abdomen plumbeous ashy, the feathers more or less fringed with ruddy ; sides
of the abdomen and of the body, axillaries and vent blackish, barred with
white ; under tail coverts white, each feather with a large black central patch;
under wing coverts black, with white margins. Bill dull red, dusky on the
culmen and tip ; irides red brown ; legs and feet dirty pale green.
Length.— \Q to 10*5 inches; tail 2*2 ; wing 5-2 ; tarsus i'6j bill from
gape 1-6.
Hal. — From Bengal to Nepaul. Recorded from Arracan by Blyth. Fre-
quents patches of rush and grass at the edges of swamps and ditches.
A migrant to India. According to Jerdon it is a rare bird in Central and
Southern India, and has chiefly been found in the cold season.
Gen. Rallina. — Reich.
Base of bill not prolonged over the forehead, feet shorter than in the Rails.
1325. Rallina euryzonoides (Lafresn.}, Tweedd., P. Z. S. 1877,
p. 767; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 772; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 237, pi. ; Oates, Str. F, x. p. 242 ; Oates, B. Br.
JBurm. ii. p. 340. Gallinula euryzonoides, Lafresn., Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 368.
Rallus zeylanicus, Gm.,Syst. Nat. I, p. 716. Porzana ceylonica, Blyth, Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. p. 285; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p 725 ; Hume, Str. F.
i. p. 440; iii. p. 1 88; Bourdillon in Blyth s B. Burm. p. 162. Rallina
ceylonica, Wald. in Blyth 's B. Burm., p. 162. — The BANDED CRAKE.
Whole head, neck all round and breast chestnut ; upper plumage, wings
and tail rich olive brown with a ruddy tinge on the back, rump, scapulars and
tertiaries ; quills with white bars on the inner webs ; chin and throat whitish ;
abdomen, vent, under tail coverts, sides of the body and under wing coverts
broadly barred with dark brown and white. Bill with the base of the upper
mandible and the greater portion of the lower green ; remainder of bill dark
brown ; irides blood red ; eyelids grey ; legs black. (Oates.)
Length. — 10 inches ; tail 2«2 ; wing 5-5 ; tarsus 175 ; bill from gape 1*3.
Hob. — Thayetmyo in British Burmah, where Gates had a live specimen sent
to him by Colonel Horace Browne. In Ceylon it arrives in October in con-
siderable numbers, coming to that island in an exhausted condition. It
remains there till February.
It has been found in Sikkim, Bhootan, Nepaul and in Goomsoor in the
Ganjam Districts. Mr. Hume got a specimen from the Assamboo Hills, and
640
Mr. Brooks in Cawnpore. It has also been got near Cuttack and in Mainpuri
near Lucknow. About Calcutta, and also near Madras, it has also been
obtained, but all these were apparently stragglers during severe winter.
1326. Rallina fasciata, Raffl., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 328;
Salvad., Ucc.Born. p. 337 ; Wald. in Blyth's B. Burm. p. 162 ; id., Trans.
Zool. Soc. ix. p. 231 ; Hume> Sir. F. iii. p. 188; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi.
p. 467 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 235,
pi. ; Oatest B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 341. — The MALAY BANDED RAIL.
Whole head, neck all round and breast deep chestnut, rather paler on the
chin and throat ; back, rump, upper tail coverts and tail ruddy brown ; scapu-
lars and tertiaries ruddy brown, with a few obsolete ferruginous bars near the
tips of some of the feathers ; lesser wing coverts ruddy brown, with a ferru-
ginous spot in the centre of each feather, the remaining coverts and all the
quills brown, with rufous white bars on both webs ; abdomen, vent, sides of the
body, under wing coverts, axillaries, and under wing coverts broadly barred
with black and white, the latter part tinged with ferruginous ; legs, feet and
bare portion of tibia coral red ; bill black, dark horny blue or plumbeous
blue ; irides dull red, cinnabar red or red brown ; orbital skin and gape
bright vermilion. (Davison.)
Length. — 10 inches; tail 2-3 ; wing 5'! ; tarsus 1-7 ; bill from gape I.
Hab. — Tenasserim, about Amherst and Tavoy. Extends down the Malay
Peninsula, and in the Islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo. Mr. Davison
found it frequenting rice fields surrounded by low brushwood.
1327. Rallina Canning! (Tytler), Hume, Str. F. \. p. 86; ii.
p. 500; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 241, pi. — The ANDAMANESE
BANDED CRAKE.
Head, neck, breast, wings and tail dark maroon ; primaries and seconda-
ries olivaceous brown on the outer webs, but strongly tinged with rufous; inner
webs black or blackish brown, with numerous moderately narrow, oblique,
transverse rufous white bars, 3 on the 1st primary, 4 on the next, and 5 or 6
on the others ; abdomen and flanks, also the sides of the body, black, trans-
versely banded with white ; edges of the wing coverts and quills dusky ;
under tail coverts maroon. Legs and feet olive green; bill delicate pale
chrysoprase green ; irides red,
Length. — 13 to 14-5 inches; wing 5-95 to 6-4; tail 3*25 to 3'6 ; tarsus
2'05 to 2-3 ; bill at front ri to i-22.
Hab. — The Andamans, to which Island it is confined, as far as present
knowledge extends. Hume says it is chiefly a woodland Rail, haunting the
neighborhood of streams and pools, bordered by dense forests. According
to Capt. Wimberley (Hume), it is extremely shy, does not take wing unless
PORZANA. 641
hard pressed, and feeds on insects and fresh-water fish. Breeds in the
island during July. Eggs, 6 in number, broad, very regular ovals ; in colour
varying from pinky white to a rich pinky stone colour, or even warm cafk au
lait boldly streaked with maroon red and purple.
Sub-Family, RALLIN^E.— RAILS.
Forehead with a nude shield ; bill compressed, slender ; toes shorter than
in the Gallinules ; shoulder of wing with a tubercle or short spur.
Gen. Porzana. — Vieill.
Wings moderate, rounded ; tail short ; toes long, about the length of the
tarsus.
1328. Porzana Bailloni (Vieill. \ Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 275, pi.;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 766; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 467; Scully,
Sir. F. viii. p. 358; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 203, pi.; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 344. Rallus Bailloni, Nouv. Diet, d'Hist. Nat. xxviii,
p. 548. Crex pygmsea, Naum. Naturg. Vog, "Deutschl. ix. p. 567. Porzana
pygmaea, Jetd.^ B, Ind. iii. p. 723, No. 910 ; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind,
p. 264. Zaporna pygmaea, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 603. — The
PIGMY RAIL or BAILLON'S CRAKE.
Head and hind neck wood brown; back, scapulars and wing coverts
yellowish brown with an olive tinge, the feathers with numerous irregular,
white, black-edged spots; supercilium, cheeks, chin and throat grey; breast
and upper abdomen bluish grey ; the sides, vent and under tail coverts black,
with transverse white bars; primaries dusky brown; outer web of 1st quill
yellowish white; secondaries with zigzag white lines bordered with black;
tertiaries yellowish brown, with a tinge of olive, spotted or streaked irregularly
with white, which have edgings of black ; tail dusky brown ; bill dark green ;
irides reddish; legs fleshy brown.
Length. — 7 to 7-75 inches; wing 3*67; tail i'75 to 2; bill at front 0*62 ;
tarsus i'o ; mid-toe and claw I -5.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, also Bengal, Nepaul,
Ryjputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, and generally throughout
India and Burmah, also Ceylon. It is also an inhabitant of Beloochistan and
Afghanistan, and probably Persia also. In Central and Southern India it is
said to be not uncommon.
Breeds during July and August in the plains of Upper India and in the lower
ranges of the Himalayas about rice swamps and marshy pools. Eggs, six in
number, oval, slightly pointed towards one end; a pale olive stone colour or
greenish drab, thickly freckled and mottled with faint dusky clouds and streaks.
In length they vary from ri to 1*22 and in width from 0*83 to 091 inch.
VOL. II.— 83
642 RALLID^E.
The habits of this species is not unlike the other Rails, but as a rule it is
more shy and retiring, and when disturbed, runs with great speed on the lotus
leaves or other aquatic herbage, and conceals itself among the thickest of the
coverts it frequents.
1329. Porzana maruetta (Linn.}, Jerd., B. Ind. Hi. p. 722,
No. 906; Blyth, B. Burnt. \> 161 ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 267, pi. ; Hume, S/r.
F. viii. p. 113; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds ii. p. 2 13, pi. ; Murray, Vert.
Zool., Sind, p. 264. Rallus porzana, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 262. Ortygo-
metra maruetta, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. H. B. Brit Mus. p. 34. — The
SPOTTED CRAKE.
Forehead ashy brown ; crown and nape dusky, streaked with ferruginous ;
superciliary streak extending behind the eye ashy grey, spotted with white ;
hind neck dusky, minutely freckled with black and white. Upper back and
scapulars dark brown, almost black, the feathers broadly margined and tipped
with ochreous olive, and usually the margins of one or both webs with linear
spots and streaks of white ; lower back and rump dusky brown, the feathers
narrowly barred with white ; wing coverts like the back, the outer margin of
both webs with two pairs of white black-edged spots ; tertiaries dark brown
on their outer webs, and with 6—7 narrow, oblique white bars ; their inner
webs rufescent brown ; primaries and secondaries pale hair brown, the outer
web of the first quill and bastard primary, also the edge of the wing, white ;
the margins of the outer webs of the other primaries tinged with pale rufescent;
auxiliaries dark brown with transverse white bars ; chin and throat greyish white ;
breast olive brown, the feathers barred with white; abdomen ashy white;
flanks olive brown, barred transversely with black and white ; tail rufescent
brown, mesially dark brown ; vent and under tail coverts rufescent white; bill
greenish yellow, orange at the base ; irides reddish brown ; legs bright yellow-
ish green.
Length. — 8*8 to 9 inches ; wing 4-5 to 4-8 ; tail 1-82 to 2 ; bill at front 0-75
to 0*9; tarsus 1*4; mid-toe and claw r6.
Hab.— Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, the Himalayas, Bengal,
Rajputana, Guzerat, Kutch, Concan, Deccan and Mysore ; also Arabia,
Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, and Eastern Turkestan. Occurs all over
Europe and North Africa. Affects the reedy swamps and feeds on aquatic
insects, larvae, snails and grass seeds.
1330. Porzana fusca (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 724, No. 911 ;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 161 ; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 769 ; Hume and Marsh., Game
Birds ii. p. 217 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 346. Rallus fuscus, Linn , Syst.
Nat. i. p. 262. Rallina fusca, Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 604 ; Humey
Str. F. viii. p. 1 13. — The RUDDY CRAKE.
Forehead as far back as the eyes, the sides of the head and neck, the fore-
neck, breast and upper abdomen rich ferruginous ; chin and throat whitish ;
• PORZANA. 643
sides of the body and lower abdomen olivaceous ; flanks, vent and under tail
coverts dark brown, irregularly and indistinctly barred with white ; the whole
upper plumage, wings and tail olive brown ; under wing coverts brown edged
with white. The female has the ferruginous of the lower parts paler and the
white of the throat extends lower down ; irides crimson ; eyelids plumbeous,
the edges red ; bill greenish brown ; legs and toes red ; hinder parts of leg
fuscous. (Oates.)
Length*— &'$ inches; tail ry5; wing 3*8; tarsus 1*4; bill from gape ro.
Hab* — Southern and Central India, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, and Raj poo-
tana (rare). Common in Lower and Eastern Bengal, also in British Burmah.
Breeds during July and August on the Woolar Lake in Cashmere, also in
Burmah, where, according to Gates, it is a permanent resident. It is also
recorded from Arracan, Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula.
1331. Porzana minuta(/v/.), Naum. Vog. t. 239; Gould, B. Eur.
pi. 345 ; Hume, Sir, F. i. p. 251 ; Murray, Hdbk.^ Zooh, fyc., Sind, p. 224.
Porzana parvus, Scop* — The LITTLE CRAKE.
Crown of the head deep brown ; sides of the head, both above and below
the eye, ash or slate colour; chin and throat dull or greyish white, the forepart
of the neck pale ash; under parts ashy or grey blue in the males, light rufous
buff in females; lower abdomen and vent deep or olive brown, spotted with
white; neck behind and shoulder of the wing olive brown, back deep olive
brown, the feathers with broad mesial dark stripes, their inner margins pale,
with some white linear spots and streaks ; primaries and secondaries d-eep
brown with pale edges; lesser wing coverts plain dull olive brown ; tail dusky
olive brown ; under tail coverts slaty grey with spots and bars of white.
Length. — 7 to 8 inches; bill 0*7 ; wing 3*8 ; tail 1*5 to 1*75 ; irides red ;
bill and legs yellowish green.
Mr. Hume in Str* F. i. p. 251, says: — " Bailloni (pygmaea) may always be
distinguished at a glance from minuta by its smaller size, shorter, and in pro-
portion deeper bill, and by having the back, scapulars and greater wing coverts
all more or less profusely variegated with bluish white, whereas in minuta the
white markings, which are somewhat broader and purer white, are confined as
a rule to the centre of the back, though occasionally some of the longer
scapulars are also faintly edged with bluish white. In minuta the wing varies
from 3*75 to 4*1 ; the bill at front 07 to 076; in Bailloni (pygmaea) the wing
Varies from about 3*45 ; to 3*62, and the bill O'6 to 0*62.
Hab, — Sind, Eastern Turkistan and Cashmere. Not known to occur any-
where else in India. It is abundant in all the large inland pieces of water or
dhunds.
' 1332. Porzana akool (Sykes), Jerd., B. 2nd. iii. p. 722, No. 908;
Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 21 ; id. and Marsh., Game Birds, Ind. ii. p. 226. — The
BROWN AND ASHY CRAKE,
644
RALLID^!.
Above olive brown ; the rump ashy brown ; wings and tail dusky ; wing and
lower tail coverts deep brown ; chin white ; throat, breast, and belly ashy
brown; flanks olive brown. Bill greenish; irides red brown; legs and feet
livid purple.
Length. — II inches 5 wing 7 ; tail 3*5 ; bill at front 175 ; tarsus 2,
Hab.— Central Provinces, in Sumbalpoor and Raipoor ; also Guzerat, Chota
Nagpoor, Bengal, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh and the Punjab Cis-Sutlej. It
also occurs in the south eastern portions of Rajputana (Bhurtpore), the
Sambhar Lake, Ajmere, and Mount Abu. In Upper India, Hume says, it is
common in the Duns, Terais and Bhabars that skirt the mountain bases of
the Himalayas. It is less aquatic in its habits than any of the other Crakes,
being often seen on stony ground in the open, though not very far from
Water j does not affect swamps so much as it does thin grass along the
margins of clear water streams. Breeds from May to August, nesting in
bushes, grass, or bulrushes, along the margins of small streams or ditches.
Eggs, 6—8 in number, a pale salmon white ground covered with blotches,
spots and specks of reddish brown. They average from 1-4 to r6 inches
in length and 0-99 to 1*15 in width,
Gen. Gallinula. — Brisst
Bill moderate, curved slightly at the tip ; nostrils in a groove, placed about
the middle of the upper mandible; bill extending on to the forehead and form-
ing a small shield; shoulder of wing with a tubercle or spur; toes very nar-
rowly edged by membrane.
Gallinula chloropus. The Water or Moor Hen.
1333. Gallinula Chloropus (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 7^
No. 905 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 397 ; id., Str. F. i. p. 250 ; iii.
GALLINULA. 645
p. 187 ; Blytli, B. Burm. p. 162; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 313, pi.; Hume
and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 466; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 781; Murray, Vert.
Zool., Sind, p. 262 ; Oates, B. Br, Burm. ii. p. 347. Gallinula Burnesi,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 736.— The MOOR HEN
Top of headj nape and back of neck dusky olive brown ; back, scapulars,
tertiaries, wing coverts and upper tail coverts shining olive brown ; primaries,
secondaries and tail dusky brown, the outer web of the 1st quill white; a pale
fulvous brown streak from behind the nostril on each side to the eye, and a
patch of the same colour on the side of the head including the ear coverts ;
under each eye a white spot; chin and throat white ; breast dark bluish ashy,
the feathers tipped with pale or dirty fulvous; lower abdomen white; vent
feathers black ; under tail coverts white ; feathers on the flanks long and lax,
those falling on the thighs pale brown with a mesial white streak; bill reddish
at base, greenish yellow at tip ; irides red ; an orange garter above the knee.
Length. — 12 to 13 inches; wing 6*75 ; tail 3; bill at gape ri. In mature
plumage the entire head and neck are dark brown, almost black, and the
upper plumage darker olive brown.
Hal.— Diffused throughout India and parts of Burmah, Central and South
Europe, Africa and Java, Occurs also in Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan,
Eastern Turkistan, Nepaul and Cashmere, affecting small rivers and marshes.
In the dhunds and j heels in Sind, also in the Deccan, Guzerat and Rajputana,
it is extremely common, swimming about freely. During the day, on retreating
to the edges of the tanks or dhunds* it lives concealed among the reeds and
rushes. It is less shy towards evening when it creeps along the margins of the
waters among the long reeds in quest of aquatic insects, worms and seeds ;
breeds from June to August. The nest is a large structure of withered reeds
and rushes, placed near the brink of the water ; the female lays from 4
to 6 eggs ; in shape they are long, oval or ovate pyriform, of a stone colour,
with a pinkish tinge, speckled, spotted and blotched with reddish brown or
red. It is said that the female never quits its nest without covering her eggs
with the leaves of the surrounding herbage. The young are able to swim
immediately they are hatched,
1334. Gallinula phcenicura (#?««),, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 720,
No. 907 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 599 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind,
p. 263. Rallus phcenicurus, Pennant in Forst. Zool. Ind. p. 19, pi. ix-
Erythra phoenicura, Wald>, Trans. ZooL Soc. viii. p. 94; Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 340; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 786; Oates, B. Br. Burm.\\. p 348. — The
WHITE-BREASTED WATER HEN.
Forehead, lores, entire face, chin, cheeks, throat, neck, breast and abdomen
white ; crown of the head, nape, neck behind, back, scapulars, wmgs, flanks
and tail black, with greenish reflections ; outer web of first quill white ; lower
64G
abdomen, vent and under tail coverts deep chestnut ; bill yellow with a tinge
of green ; irides blood red^
Length. — 12 to 13 inches; wing 6-5 ; tail 2*5 ; bill at front I '5.
Hal. — Sind and throughout the Indian Peninsula, Ceylon and Burmah.
In Sind not uncommon along the canals and the Indus. Breeds from May to
August. Eggs greyish, with a light reddish tinge, spotted and blotched with
various shades of red and bluish grey; affects generally the heavy undergrowth
along the edges of canals.
Gen. Gallicrex.— Biyth*
Bill as in Gallinula, with the base of the bill extending on to the forehead
and forming a fleshy protuberance ; toes long ; hind toe and claws about half
the length of the mid^toe ; claws curved*
1335. Gallicre^ cinereuS (Gm.), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. £.
p. 596; Wdld., Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 229; Oates, Sir. F. v. p. 165;
Wardlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 477; Legge, B. Ceylon^ p* 791; Murray^
Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 261 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 349. Fulica cinerea,
Gmel., Syst. Nat. i. p. 702. Gallinula cristata, Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. p. 779.
Gallicrex cristatus, Jerd., B. Ind, iii. p. 716; Blyth and Wald., B. Burm*
p. 161.— The WATER COCK.
Male in Breeding Plumage.— Dull black, the feathers of the back, wing
coverts, rump and upper tail coverts more or less edged with light brown ;
teftials dark brown, edged with pale whitey brown ; edge of the wing white ;
quills dusky, the shaft of the ist quill white ; tail blackish brown, the outer
feathers edged with pale brown ; lower wing coverts dusky with whitish edges ;
bill greenish yellow, fine red at the base ; the crest about one inch long,
fleshy red ; irides red ; legs dull red*
Length.— 16 to 17 inches; extent 23 ; wing 8'5 ; tail 3*5 ; tarsus 3. (Jerd)
Female. — Top of head dull black or dusky brown; back of neck, back,
scapulars, wing coverts and tertiaries the same, the feathers edged with fulvous,
more broadly on the back and wings ; tail the same ; sides of the face includ-
ing a broad supercilium fulvous, in some with a rufescent tinge; chin and
throat fulvous white; neck in front, breast and entire under parts brownish
fulvous, the feathers with narrow transverse bars; thigh-coverts the same;
primaries and secondaries dusky brown \ outer web of first quill fulvous.
Length.— 13 to 14 inches; wing 7; tail 2-5 \ bill at gape i'2$ ; tarsus 2'5»
jjaj)t — Sind, Lower Bengal, Tennaserim, South and Central India, Burmah
and Malayana. Affects large swamps and marshes, also the vicinity of rivers.
On the Aaral, at Sehwan, several may be seen in the early morning, issuing
from the thick cover of tamarisk, fringing the banks, and running along the
edge of the water.
LEFTOPTILOS. 647
ORDER, HERODIONES.
Bill large, long, stout and strong, pointed and in some slightly curved ;
tarsi generally long and scutellate ; tail short ; tibia bare for a considerable
space. The Order comprises the Storks, Herons and Ibises.
Family, CICONnXE.— STORKS.
Bill long and stout, compressed to the tip ; nostrils narrow, pierced through
the bill and situated near the .base of the culmen ; tail moderate ; front toes
united at the base.
Gen. Leptoptilos.— Less.
Bill very large, high at base, much thickened ; keel straight ; head and neck
more or less naked. Under tail coverts composed of long, lax, decomposed
feathers, known as marabou.
1336. LeptOptilOS argala (Lath), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 730,
No. 915; Blyth and Wald., B. Br. Burm. p. 158; Murray, Vert. Zool.,
Sind, p. 266 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm ii. p. 262. Ardea argala, Lath.,
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 676. Leptoptilos dubius, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 357 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 605. Leptoptilus giganteus (Forst.},
Oates, Sir. F. vii. p. 50.— The ADJUTANT.
In Breeding Plumage. — Head, neck and gular pouch bare, except a few
short scattered hair-like feathers varying in colour from yellowish red to fleshy
red ; ruff white ; back, lesser and median wing coverts, primaries and secon-
daries black with a greenish gloss ;the greater coverts and tertiaries silvery grey,
forming a wing band ; under parts white. In non-breeding plumage the white
wing band is absent and the black plumage much duller.
Bill pale dirty greenish ; irides greyish white.
Length. — 60 inches; wing 30 ; tail 1 1 ; bill at front 1 2 inches; tarsus 1 1;
pouch 16 to 18 inches in length.
Hab. — Sind and throughout the greater part of India ; rare in the South ;
absent in Malabar, where it is replaced by L.javanicus\ spread throughout
North and N.-E. India to Burmahand the Malayan Peninsula. In the Deccan,
also in Guzerat and Bengal, it is of much service as a scavenger. Its food is
very various. Lizards and frogs, and insects too ; refuse from dung heaps also
does not come amiss to it. From the craw of three specimens collected about
80 miles east of Kurrachee, lizards (Uromastix hardwickii) were extracted. In
each an entire animal in four pieces was found which had evidently not been
long swallowed. The pieces were very neatly cut ; the head making one,
the body in two longitudinal halves, and the tail entire being the fourth
piece.
.
648
Breeds in inaccessible places in parts of Bengal and Burmah, constructing
a large nest of sticks, and laying 2—3 whitish eggs, not unlike those of the
Vultures ; huge broad ovals, in size from 2-87 to 3-3 in length, and from 2-1 to
2-55 in breadth.
1337. LeptOptilUS JavanicUS (Horsf.\ Jerd., B. Ind. Hi.
p. 732; Sahad., Ucc. Born, p. 358 ; Blyth, B. Burm p. 159 ; Legge, B.
Ceylon p, 113; Sharpe, Ibis, 1819, p. 72; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 242; id.,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 263. Ciconia javanica, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii-
p. 1 88. — The LESSER ADJUTANT.
Head and neck covered with a few soft decomposed feathers ; crown of
head bony and perfectly bare ; ruff and lower plumage white ; upper plumage,
wings and tail dark brown with a slightly greenish gloss, Bill dirty yellowish;
top of head dirty green ; nude parts and neck tinged with yellow, seasonally
red ; irides whitish ; legs dusky black.
Length. — 52 to 55 inches; tail 10; wing 25 ; tarsus 9 ; bill from gape io'5«
Eab.— Over nearly the whole of India in small numbers, frequenting marshes,
paddy fields and edges of lakes and rivers. Common in Southern India and
the Malabar Coast; rare in Central India and the Upper Provinces. Occurs in
Bengal, Assam, Sylhet, and Burmah, extending from the latter down the
Malay Peninsula. Habits same as the last.
Gen. Xenorhynchus.— Bp.
Bill very large, stout and solid, the tip turned up ; 2nd and 3rd quills
longest.
1338. Xenorhynchus asiaticus, Lath., Ind. Om. ii. p. 670;
Murray ', Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 266 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 364. Ardea
Indica, Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. p. 701. Mycteria australis, Shaw, Trans. Linn.
Soc. v. p. 34; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 734. Mycteria indica, Hume, Nests and
Eggs Ind. B. p. 607; id., Str. F. iii. p. 189. Xenorhynchus australis, Blyth
and Wald., B. Burm. p. 158; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1117 ; Oates, Str. F.
x. p. 242. — The BLACK-NECKED STORK.
Head and neck rich dark glossy green, glossed on the hind head with
purple; lesser, median and greater coverts and scapulars, also the interscapu-
larsand tail dark brown, mixed with rich bluish green with a golden tinge ;
rest of plumage white ; bill black ; legs reddish.
Length. — 52 to 56 inches ; wing 24 ; tail 9 ; bill at front 12*5 inches.
Hab.— Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch,
Guzerat, Concan, Deccan and the greater part of India, extending to Malayana ;
also Burmah and Ceylon. In Central and North India it is, as in Sind,
extremely common along the banks of rivers and on the edges of tanks and
marshes.
CICONIA. 649
Breeds nearly all over India in well-watered tracts, where lakes, jheels,
swamps and marshes abound, and from September to December. The site for
building is generally the higher branches of peepul or seesum trees. Nest very
large and composed of twigs and sticks, Eggs, 4 in number, pure white and
not unlike those of the last. Size 2-65 to 3- 13 X 1-98 to 2-3 inch.
Gen. CiCOnia.— Linn.
Keel of bill straight ; 3rd and 4th quills longest ; hind toe elevated.
1339. CiCOnia nigra (Linn.), Bodd., Tab. PI. En. 399; Gould, B.
Eur. pi. 284; Jerd , B. Ind. iii p. 735 ; Sir. F. iv. p. 22; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., fyc.t Sind, p. 225 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 267.— The BLACK STORK.
Head, neck, nape, chin, throat, breast, back and greater and lesser wing
coverts glossy black with blue, green and coppery reflections; primaries
black; tail black; under tail coverts and under parts from below the breast
white ; legs orange red ; nude orbitar area reddish brown ; bill blood red ;
irides dark brown.
Length. — 44 inches ; wing 24 ; tail 10 ; bill at front 8 inches.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. and Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch,
Concan, the Deccan, Guzerat and Rajputana, also Afghanistan. A winter
visitant to India.
1340. CiCOnia alba (Belong Bodd., Tab. PL En. 865; Gould,. B.
Eur. pi. 283 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 736, No. 919 ; Str. F. iv. p. 22 ; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, 22$; id., Vert. Zool., Sind. p. 267.— The WHITE
STORK.
Head, crown, nape, chin, throat, breast and back pure white ; greater wing
coverts glossy black, shaded with grey towards the shafts ; primaries, seconda-
ries and tertiaries black; nude orbitar area black; legs red; irides brown.
Length. — 44 inches; wing 23 to 25 ; tail 10; bill at front 7-5 to 7*75.
Hab. — Sind, the Daccan, Concan, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat and Central
India; also the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, and Bengal. Along the
banks of the Indus and the edges of lakes and swamps ; in Sind it is not un-
common during winter. Feeds on lizards, molluscs, &c.
1341. Ciconia Ieucoo3pliala (Gm.}, Bodd., Tab. PL Enl. 906;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 737, No. 920 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sfc., Sind, p. 226;
id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 267. Ardea leucocephala, GmeL, Syst. Nat. \.
p. 642. Melanopelargus episcopus, Hume and Renders., Lah. to Yark.,
p. 295 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 609. Dissura episcopus, Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 114; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 1119; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 265. Dissura episcopus, Bodd., Str. F. vi. p. 469. — The WHITE-NECKED
STORK.
VOL. II.— 84
650 ARDEID^.
Head black ; back of neck glossed with purple, also the upper back, breast
and upper abdomen ; neck white ; primaries and upper tail coverts glossed
with green, also the lower back ; tail white ; irides crimson ; eyelids and nude
orbitar area plumbeous ; throat purplish ; bill black, reddish on the anterior
half ; feet red.
Length.—^ to 37 inches; extent 70; wing 20; tail 7 ; bill at front 6.
ffabf _Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch (?), Raj-
putana (?), Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, South and Central India ; also British
Burmah and Ceylon. j
Family, ARDEnXE.— HERONS.
All the members of the Ardeidce family swarm throughout India in suitable
localities. All are permanent residents and breed from May to September.
Their nests are generally loose structures, some more or less compact, and
built of twigs, &c., on trees, standing in the vicinity of water, and particularly
on those in the middle of large sheets of water. Eggs, 3 to 4, glossless, and
in colour from pale sea green to bluish green, but it is not uncommon to find
single nests containing from 8 to 10 eggs, differing in shape, size and colour.
The following, from Hume's Nests and Eggs, gives the average size of the
eggs of the different species : —
Ardea cinerea 2*27 x
Ardea purpurea 2^17 x
Herodias alba 2*11 x
Herodias garzetta 1*73 x
Demiegretta gularis r 7 x
Bubulcus coromanda 1-71 x
Ardeola grayi 1*48 x
Butorides javanica 1-64 x
•66
•56
•55
•22
' 3
•32
•23
An account by Layard of the breeding of Herodias garzetta and kindred
species in Ceylon, conveys exactly what is observable in the breeding season
of the Ardeidce in India generally, and along the canals, &c., in the Narra
Districts, and other large sheets of water in Sind.
During this season almost all the large pieces of water in India, unfrequented
and distant from human habitation, in which trees are standing out of
reach, except by boats, large colonies of ibises, spoonbills, cormorants, snake-
birds, night-herons, &c., may be seen. During the day, except by the drop-
pings of the birds, which coat the branches so thickly with lime, little suspicion
would be excited of the spot being a heronry, as most of the birds, except a
few sitting close, are away feeding, but towards eve, hundreds would be seen
coming to roost, amid a continuous cackling. The report of a gun amongst
them would present a scene scarcely describable. If disturbed before they
have begun to lay, they are said to entirely desert the spot, and carry away
ARDEA. 651
almost every stick they had used in building and to begin operations afresh
in a distant locality.
Gen. Ardea— Linn,
Bill slender, the tip scooped ; upper mandible with a groove from the
nostril, but not extending to the tip ; nostril covered partially by membrane;
2nd and 3rd quills longest • tarsi long and sctttellate in front.
1342. Ardea goliath, Temm.* PL Col. 474; Rupp., Faun. Abyss.
pi. 26; Jerd.t B. Ind. iii. p. 739; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 610, No.
621 ; id., Sir. F. i. p. 105 ; vii. p. 490. — The GIANT HERON.
Upper plumage dark blue grey; short occipital crest and rest of head dark
brown ; sides of the head and entire neck chestnut brown ; chin and throat
white ; neck in front white with black streaks ; breast and abdomen dark
chestnut brown. The young bird is dull grey above, the head, ear coverts
and back of neck are pale rufous cinnamon. Bill dusky above, beneath and
tip greenish; irides pale yellow; legs blackish (Jerd.)
Length. — 55 to 65 inches; wing 24; tail 10; bill at front 8; tarsus 9;
standing height nearly 4 feet.
Hab. — Bengal, near Calcutta and the Khasia hills. Nothing certain appears
to be known of its nidification.
1343- Ardea SUmatrana, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiiu p. 325 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 740 (part); Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 610 (part)r
Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 344; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 159; Hume and Dav., Sir.
F. vi. p. 469; id., Sir. F. viii. p. 114. Ardea typhon, Temm., PI. Col. 745.
Ardea tectirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 22; id,. B. Austr. vi. pi. 54. —
The GREAT SLATY HERON.
Entire upper surface deep slaty ; scapulars and feathers of the inrerscapu-
lary region linear, lanceolate, and elongated, with the terminal portions greyish
white ; those of the base of the neck similar but 1 ;ss elongated ,- crown with
a dull purplish shade, also on the occiput, crown, back and sides of the neck ;
occipital crest long, linear and greyish white, about 9 inches long ; orbital
region, a band above and below the eye to the commissure bare ; ear coverts
and sides of the occiput light ashy brown, sometimes faintly rufescent ; chin,
upper part of throat, and feathers on either side of the base of the lower
mandible white ; rest of the throat and foreneck mingled ashy brown and
slaty, with here and there a slightly ruddy tinge ; feathers of the base and sides
and front of the neck elongated, some of them fully seven inches in length,
linear lanceolate, and the terminal portions pearl grey ; rest of entire lower
surface ash grey ; wing lining, axillaries and under surface of the wing pure
blue slate colour. (Hume.')
£52 ARDEID^!.
Length. — 50 inches; tail 6; wing 18-5 ; tarsus 7; bill at front 6*5
(Hume) ; irides bright yellow ; facial skin dirty green ; upper mandible horny
black ; lower one whitish horny, yellowish towards the tip.
Hah, — Southern Tenasserim from Mergui to Bankasoon, Recorded also
from Arracan.
1344. Ardea insigtris (Hodgson), Jerd., B. Ind. ni. p. 740;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 160 ; id., Sr. F. vi. p. 471. Ardea fusca,
Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 73.— The DUSKY GREY HERON.
General plumage dusky cinereous, with a crest of a few narrow ashy
feathers, the longest about 7-8 inches ; quills and tail dark slaty ; sides of
the nead and neck slightly tinged with rufous ; elongated breast plumes fine
silvery grey, edged with dusky at the base ; rest of lower parts mingled ashy
and rufous ; scapulars elongated, lanceolate and tipped with silvery grey. Bill
dusky above, yellow at the gape and bottom of lower mandible ; feet dark
greenish grey.
Length. — 46 inches ; wing 19; tail 6*5 ; bill at front 7 ; tarsus 7 ; standing
height about 42 inches; hind toe and claw 4-5 inches.
Hab. — N.-E. Bengal, the Sikkim Terai, Assam, and Arracan, extending to
Malayana.
1345. Ardea cinerea, Linn., Syst. Nat. \. p. 235 ; Naum, Vogt.
t. 220; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 274; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 741 ; Hume, Sir. F.
i. p. 253; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 226; Hume, Nests and Eggs
Jnd. B. p. 610; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 217, pi.; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 245. — The COMMON HERON.
Ardea cinerea.
HERODIAS. 653
Forehead, sides of the head and crown white ; a narrow streak from the
base of the upper mandible over each eye, and another above it merging into
the long occipital feathers, black ; neck behind bluish ashy ; in front white,
with two rows of black elongate spots ; breast and under surface white ; back
and wing coverts bluish ashy grey ; primaries black ; scapulars silvery grey ;
tail bluish ashy ; bill dark yellow, brown on the upper mandible ; irides yellow ;
nude oribitar area greenish.
Length.— 39 inches; wing 18 ; tail 8; bill at front 5.
Hab. — Throughout India and Europe. In Sind the Mohannas or fishermen
use this species as a decoy in the capture of wild fowl. Each boat has usually
from 5 to 10 birds, Their eyelids are sewn up, and they stand motionless on
the cross bar of the rudder gear or perched along the edges of the boat. They
are fed daily, and during summer, when the occupation of wild fowl catching
has ceased, serve the fishermen as food in the absence of anything better.
Breeds throughout India from April to July, building nests on trees in.
small parties ; colour of eggs sea green; size from 2-08 to 2-48 in length and
i'48 to 179 in breadth.
1346. Ardea purpurea, Linn., Syst.Nat. i. p. 236; Jerd., B. Ind.
iii. p. 743; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 611 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 345; Blytli, B. Br. Burnt, p. 159; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 217, pi. ;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1132; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 243; id., B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. 245 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 269. — The BLUE HERON.
Head glossy black, with a lengthened black crest, the two middle feathers
of which extend 3 — 4 inches beyond the rest ; sides of the head rusty yellow,
with three longitudinal narrow black lines, one extends behind the head, and
is continued down the neck, and two lateral ones from the eyes to the breast ;
chin and throat white ; neck in front variegated with rufous black and purple,
the feathers on the top of the breast long and acuminated, purplish white ;
back, wings, and tail reddish ash ; scapulars purple, Icng, forming a brilliant
plume on each side; breast and flanks deep brownish red, rest of under parts
a little paler. Bill deep yellow ; orbitar skin greenish yellow ; tarsus reddish
brown.
Length.— -36 to 42 inches; wing 15*5 ; tail 5*75 ; bill atfront 5-37 ; tarsus 5*25.
Hab. — Throughout India and Ceylon, extending into Burmah. Habits and
nidification the same as those of the Common Heron.
Gen. Herodias.—#0*>.
Bill moderately long, slender, straight and compressed to the tip ; plumage
white. In breeding plumage with a long dorsal train composed of lax decom-
posed feathers, and pectoral plumes in some. The following is a key given
by Mr. Hume to the Indian species of the genus : —
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ARDEID^E.
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HERODIAS. 655
1347. HerodiaS alba (Lmn.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 744; Blyth, B.
Burm. p. 159; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 1138; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 270.
Ardea alba Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 239; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 231, pi.
Ardea torra (Buck.), Franld. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 123. Herodias torra, Salvad.,
Ucc. Born. p. 347 ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 360. Ardea egretta, apud Hume*
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 613. — The LARGE WHITE HERON.
In Breeding Plumage. — Whole plumage pure white ; dorsal train of decom-
posed feathers extending about 4 — 5 inches beyond the tail; no crest, nor
pectoral plumes. No dorsal train in non-breeding plumage. Bill yellow in
winter, black in summer; irides pale yellow.
Length.— 34 to 36 inches ; tail 6 ; wing 13-5 to 17 ; tarsus 5-2 to 6'i ; bill at
front 4 to 5 ; from gape 5-5.
Hab. — Throughout India, jCeylon, and Burmah ; nidificates on trees in
small parties ; eggs pale bluish green.
1348. Herodias intermedia (Von Hasselt), Salvad., Ucc. Bom.
p. 348 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 159; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1141 ; Murray, Vert.
Zool., Sind, p. 270; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 247. Ardea nigrirostris
(Gray), Hardiv. III. Ind. Zool., pi. Herodias plumifera, Gould, B. Austr.
vi. pi. 57. Ardea intermedia, Von. ffass., Wagler, Ibis, 1829, P- 659; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 615. Herodias egrettoides, Jerd., B. Ind. ii.
p. 745. — The LESSER WHITE HERON.
Breeding Plumage.— Whole plumage pure white, dorsal train exceeding the
tail by 7—8 inches ; a long soft tuft of pectoral feathers; no crest, no dorsal
nor pectoral plumes in winter. Bill black in summer, yellow with a black tip
in winter; facial skin green; irides yellow.
Length.— 26 to 28 inches ; tail 5-5 ; wing 11-5 to 12-5 ; tarsus 4-3 ; bill at
front 2-68 to 3-09.
Nab.— Generally distributed throughout India, Ceylon and Burma, but rare
in the latter and in Southern India. Breeds during July and part of August,
in colonies and generally in company of other kinds of Herons, Ibises, &c.
The nest is not unlike that of its congeners, composed of thin twigs, lined or
not with coarse sedge, but generally more closely packed. Eggs, 4 in num-
ber, broad ovals, rather pointed towards one end ; pale sea or bluish sea-
green, 1-68 to 2*08 in length, and 1-3 to 1*52 in breadth.
1349. Herodias garzetta (£/««.), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 746;
Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 190; Legge, B. Ceylon p. 1144; Murray, Vert. Zool.,
Sind, p. 270 ; Oaks, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 248. Ardea garzetta, Linn., Syst. Nat.
i. p. 237 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 616; Dresser, B. Eur.\\\. p. 239.
— The LITTLE BLACK-BILLED WHITE HERON.
656 ARDEID^E.
Breeding Plumage. — Whole plumage white ; crest of 2 — 3 narrow feathers
about five inches long ; dorsal train scarcely extending beyond the tail and
curled upwards at tip ; pectoral plumes long and pointed. In non-breeding
plumage there is neither a crest nor a dorsal train. Bill always black ; base
of lower mandible yellowish; irides yellow; facial skin greenish yellow;
tarsus black.
Length. — 25 inches ; tail 4 ; wing 9*6 to ii'4; bill from gape about 4 ; at
front 3-1 to 3*6.
Hab. — India, Ceylon and Burmah. Breeds in June, July, and part of
August. Nidification similar to H. intermedia ; eggs of the same colour, but
from 1*6 to 1*8 in length, and 1*25 to 1*38 in breadth.
1350. Herodias eulophotes, Swinh., Ibis, 1860, p. 64 ; Biyth,
Ibis, 1865, p. 37; Blyth, B. Br. Burm. p. 159; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.
vi. pp. 478, 480; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 114; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 249. — The LITTLE YELLOW-BILLED WHITE HERON.
In Breeding Plumage. — The whole plumage is white ; crest of numerous
straight feathers, four inches in length ; dorsal train not exceeding the tail ;
pectoral plumes about 3 inches long ; bill yellow ; legs black.
Length. — 20 to 22 inches; tail 3*1 to 37; wing 9-3 to 10; tarsus 2-9; bill
from gape 3'8 to 3*9.
Hab. — Tenasserim, at Mergui, also at Amherst. Inhabits Formosa and
South China.
Gen. Demi-egretta.—
Bill long and more slender than in Herodias ; adult plumage dark, other-
wise as in Herodias.
1351. Demi-egretta gularis, Bosc., Act. Soc. H. N. i. t. 2 ; Meyer,
Zool. Ann. i. t. i ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 254. Demi-egretta schistacea (Licht.),
Hemp, and Ehr. Sym. Phys. t. 6. Demi-egretta asha, Sykes, Cat. 171 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind. iii. p. 747, No. 928 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 227.— The
ASHY EGRET.
Adult.— In breeding season, deep slaty blue ; chin, throat, sides of the
head, nearly to the gape and the base of the ear coverts, white ; an occipital
crest and dorsal train of decomposed feathers, concolorous with the upper
parts, and not reaching quite to the end of the tail ; pectoral plumes narrow
and pointed ; bill reddish yellow, dusky above ; nude orbitar skin yellowish
green ; legs blackish ; feet and lower part of tarsus yellowish.
Length. — 24 to 27 inches; wing IO to ii'4; tail 3 to 3-8 ; irides yellow ;
bare portion of tibia 2'2 to 2-9 ; bill 3'5 to 4' I ; tarsus 3-9 to 4-4 ; mid-toe and
claw 2*3 to 2*6. Affects the mud flats in the Kurrachee harbour.
BUBULCUS. 657
The young or intermediate stage of plumage is white throughout, some of
the wing coverts being greyish.
Hab.— Sind, Mekran, Arabian and Western Coasts, also the Eastern Coast
to Ceylon. Nidification the same as of the Herons. Eggs, a rounded oval, pale
blue, 4 — 6 in number, 1*83 x 1*42 inch.
1352. Demi-egretta sacra, Gmei., Syst. Nat.\. p. 640; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 618 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 346 ; Wald., Ibis,
1873, p. 318 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 254 ; ii. p. 304 ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.
vi. p. 481 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 114; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 250.
Ardea jugularis (Zorst?), Wagler, Syst. Av. Ardea, Sp. 18. Herodias concolor,
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 160.— The BLUE REEF HERON or EGRET.
Breeding Plumage.— Whole plumage deep blackish slate colour ; head with
occipital crest nearly black ; pectoral plumes and dorsal train much elongated,
the former about 3-5 inches in length ; the latter, reaching to the tip of the
tail ; abdomen and vent tinged with brownish ashy in some ; chin with or with-
out a small white streak down the throat. Young and adolescent birds are
pure white, with dorsal and pectoral plumes fully developed. In both stages
there are no dorsal and pectoral plumes in winter.
Length. — 21 to 24 inches; tail 3 to 4*25 ; wing 9-85 to 11*75 ; tarsus 2' 7
to 3*1 ; bill at front 2*65 to 3*5.
Hab. — The whole coast of British Burmah, the Andamans, and the Nicobars,
and spread along the shores of the whole of Eastern Asia. Breeds from
April to June. Eggs pale green.
BubulCUS.— Pucker.
Bill shorter than in the Demi-egretta ; legs longer ; plumes during the
breeding season yellow.
1353. BubulcUS COromandUS (Bodd.\ Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 350; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1147, Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 243; id., B. Br.
Burm. ii. p. 251 ; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 271. Cancroma coromanda,
Bodd., Tabl. PL Enl. p. 54. Buphus coromanda, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 749 ;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 160; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 197. Ardea coromanda,
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 618. — The CATTLE EGRET.
In breeding plumage the head, sides of the face, neck in front (except a
narrow mesial line, which is white) nape and part of the hind neck, and the
decomposed elongate feathers brilliant orange, the filamentose feathers of the
back reaching to the end of the closed wings, rest of the plumage pure white ;
legs yellowish green, the joints tinged plumbeous ; bill deep orange yellow ;
orbitar skin yellowish, with a pinkish tinge ; irides pale yellow j mid-claw
serrated.
VOL. II.— 85
658 ARDEID^E.
Length. — 21 inches; wing 10-25 ; tail 4 ; bill at front 2-5; tarsus 3-5. In
winter the plumage is entirely white.
Hab.— Sind and throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon. It has gained the
name of the Cattle Egret from its being always found amongst cattle when
grazing, usually perched on their heads or backs. It is seldom, like the other
species, seen wading in water. Feeds chiefly on insects, small frogs or
tadpoles. Breeds from April to July. Eggs, 4 — 5, pale sea-green.
Gen. Ardeola.— Boie.
Tibia feathered nearly to the knee ; tarsus shorter than in Bululcus ; toes
also shorter.
1354. Ardeola gray! (Sy"kes), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. Birds
p. 619; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 160; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1150; Scully,
Sir. F. viii. p. 361. Ardea grayi, Sykes, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 158. Ardeola
leucoptera, apud Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 751. — The POND HERON or PADDY
BIRD.
In summer dress the head is greyish or buffy yellow with an elongate white
crest ; neck in front, except a fulvous mesial line, back of the neck, and also
breast, with the elongated feathers a little paler than the head ; scapulars pale
greyish brown ; elongated dorsal feathers dark maroon ; rest of the plumage
white ; tarsal plumes fulvous or pale buff ; bill yellowish, bluish at the base
and tipped black ; orbitar skin greenish yellow ; irides bright yellow ; legs
and feet dull greenish.
In winter the crown of the head and nape are dark brown, the feathers with
narrow mesial shaft-streaks ; neck behind, on the sides and breast fulvous
or pale buff, the feathers edged with dusky brown ; back and scapulars grey
brown or pale ashy brown ; lower back, rump, upper and under tail coverts,
also the tail and abdomen, pure white ; thigh coverts fulvous ; primaries white,
dark shafted, the outer webs of the first three quills and also their tips greyish
brown ; secondaries pure white ; wing coverts white, tinged very slightly in
some specimens with greyish.
Length. — 18 to 19 inches ; wing 8 to 8' 5 ; tail 3 ; bill at front 2*5.
Hab.— Sind and throughout India, Ceylon, and the Burmese countries.
Breeds from May to August nesting in trees. Eggs, 4—6, pale bluish green,
elongated ovals, 1*35 to 1-62 in length by ri to r25 in breadth. Abundant
in all moist localities, at the edges of ponds, ditches, marshes, and lakes,
and especially in rice fields.
1355. Ardeola prasinoeeles, Swinh., ibis, 1860, p. 64 ; id., P. Z. S.
1871, p. 413 ; Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 483 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 160 ; Anders.,
Yunnan Exped. p. 689; Hume and Dav., Str. F.\\. p. 481 ; Humet Str.
BUTORIDES. 659
F. viii. p. 114. Ardea leucoptera, apud Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 161. — The
CHINESE POND HERON.
In Breeding Plumage. —Whole head with long pointed occipital crest and
entire neck rich vinous chestnut; pectoral plumes long and soft, deep chest-
nut tinged with purple ; dorsal train black, tinged with purple ; chin, throat,
wings, tail, rump and upper tail coverts, also the lower plumage, white. In
winter both sexes resemble A. grayi, except that the back, scapulars, and
tertiaries are a richer brown, tinged with chocolate or rufous ; irides bright
yellow; base of upper mandible bluish, rest black ; feet pale orange. (Oates.)
Length.— -17 to 1 8 inches ; tail 3-1 ; wing 8'6; tarsus 2' 2 ; bill from gape
3*4 ; crest 4 inches long.
Hab. — Southern Tenasserim and the Malay Peninsula. Occurs also in S.
China and Cochin-China.
Gen. Butorides.— Biyth.
Bill moderately long and stout ; tibia feathered nearly to the knee ; inner
toe short ; head crested.
1358. Butorides javanica (Jlorsfojerd., B. Ind. Hi. p. 752';
Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 100 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 620; Blytht B. Burnt, p. 160 ; Legge,B. Ceylon p. 1153; Murray, Vert.
Zool., Smd, p. 272; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 254. Ardea javanica, Horsf.,
Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 190. — The LITTLE GREEN BITTERN.
Forehead and crown glossy black, also the long occiptal crest; a streak
from behind the eye including the ear coverts white, in some with a fulvescent
tinge ; another streak, which is black, below the eye ; back and sides of the
neck, also the breast and abdomen, greyish brown, ashy brown in some ; chin
and a streak down the front of the neck white ; back and scapulars green, the
feathers lengthened, lanceolate and white-shafted ; the tertials white edged ;
wing coverts glossy green, edged with pale buff or fulvous ; secondaries mar-
gined round their tips with yellowish white ; tail dark slaty ; under tail coverts
greyish ; quills dark slaty, narrowly tipped with white ; bill black above, pale
yellow beneath ; legs yellowish green.
Length. — 16 to 1675 inches ; wing 6-75 ; tail 2*5 ; bare part of tibia 0-5 ;
irides bright yellow ; nude orbitar skin dull green.
The young bird— or bird of the year — is very differently marked. The
head is black, with the feathers narrowly striated mesially with rufescent ; sides
of the neck and breast and lower parts fulvescent white, the feathers edged
with dark brown ; chin, throat and a line down the neck white ; back and
scapulars brown with a greenish tinge ; the scapulars with a minute triangular
white spot at the tip, Primaries and secondaries dusky brown, each with a
660 ARDEID^E.
triangular white or fulvous white spot at the tip ; primary coverts the same ;
wing coverts brown, broadly edged with rufescent, each feather with a rufes-
cent or white triangular spot at the tip ; edge of the wing fulvescent white.
JJab. — Sind and throughout the greater part of India, extending to Ceylon
and Burmah ; also the Malay Peninsula and islands as far as Australia, affect-
ing water courses, wooded streams, nullahs and large open lakes. Habits
nocturnal, generally issuing from its retreat at about sunset. Breeds in June
and July, making nests in small companies on low trees or bushes. Eggs 4 — 6
in number, greenish white.
Gen. Ardetta. — Gray.
Bill rather slender and straight ; toes and claws long ; tarsus short, otherwise
as in Butorides. Habit nocturnal.
1357. Ardetta flavicollis (Lath.}, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 753 ; Biyth,
B. Burm. p. 160 ; Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 236; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 114. Ardea flavicollis, Lath., Ind. Orn. ii. p. 701 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs
Ind. B. p. 621. Ardeiralla flavicollis, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 353; Legge, B.
Ceylon p. 1159; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 255. — The BLUE BITTERN.
"In the breeding season the plumage is dull cinereous black; chin and
throat with the feathers tipped white, or with red brown ; the larger feathers of
the neck are mixed with white, red brown and dusky black, each feather
having some black at the base and tip, and more or less red brown on one
web only ; a stripe of golden yellow down the side of the neck, widening
inferiorly ; feathers of the back forming the dorsal plume, lengthened, but not
decomposed ; the feathers of the breast dark ashy, slightly lengthened ; abdo-
men dusky, mixed with whitish ; inner wing coverts dusky reddish. The
young bird has the feathers slightly edged with rufous, and the throat and
neck less richly coloured than in the adult ; bill livid red, dusky on the
culmen ; cere livid purple ; irides yellow, in some with an outer circle of red ;
legs pale brown, with a tinge of green in some, reddish brown in others."
Length. — 23 to 24 inches ; wing 8*5; tail 3; bill at front 3-5; tarsus 2-5.
(Jerdon.)
Hah. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Deccan, Concan, and nearly through-
out India, extending to Ceylon and Burmah. Affects swamps, rice fields
and beds of rushes and reeds. Breeds in Sind. Mr. Doig obtained the eggs
of a colony of these birds in the month of May on the Narra Canal. He says —
" Once the sun is well up, they are seldom seen, unless actually beaten out of
the dense tamarisk and reed jungle in which they lie hid." They are noctur-
nal feeders ; the nests are formed of tamarisk twigs, with sometimes a few
aquatic weeds on which the eggs are laid ; always four in number, broad
ovals, sharp at both ends, and nearly white in colour; size from 1*5 to 1-85 x
1*15 to 1-30 inches.
ARDETTA. 6G1
1358. Ardetta cinnamomea (Gmei.), Jerd., B. ind. Hi. p. 755;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. .Z?. p. 622; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 354; Blyth,
B.Burm.\>. 160 ; Hume and Dav., Str.F.\\. p. 483; Cripps, Sir. F. vi.
p. 308; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114; Gates, Sir. F. x. p. 243; id., B. Br.
Burm. ii. p. 256; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 274. Ardea cinnamomea
Gmcl., Syst. Nat. I, p. 643. Ardeiralla cinnamomea, Legge, B. Ceylon, p.
1162. — The CHESTNUT BITTERN.
Top of head, back and scapulars chestnut, the feathers centred slightly
darker ; chin and throat white, with a median chestnut line ; foreneck and
breast chestnut, the feathers slightly darker mesially, and the edges of those
on the breast fulvous ; a median fulvous line on the foreneck ; thigh coverts
also chestnut ; primaries, secondaries and tail dark brown ; wing coverts like
the back, but more fulvous ; flanks buffy, the feathers mesially streaked with
dusky ; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white with a fulvous tinge in
some ; bill yellow, dusky superiorly ; orbitar skin yellow ; irides yellow ; legs
yellowish with a greenish tinge.
Length. — 15 to 16 inches; wing 6; tail 1*75; bill at front r8 to 2 ; tarsus
1-9 to 2.
In immature plumage the upper parts, wing coverts, scapulars, neck in
front and breast, also the thigh coverts reddish brown, or slightly darker, the
feathers of the back and breast margined from ferruginous buff to fulvous.
Hab. — Sind, and nearly throughout India, Ceylon and Burmah and Malayana.
Breeds in July and August, nesting on the ground at the edges of swamps
or on the small embankments between the paddy fields. Eggs, generally six
in number, dull white in colour.
1359- Ardetta sinensiS, Gmel., Syst. Nat. \. p. 642 ; Jerd., B.
Ind. ii. p. 755 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 623; id., Str. F. i.p. 308; ii.
p. 311; iii. p. 193; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 354; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 160;
Legge, B. Ceylon^. 1156 ; Gates, Str. F. x. p. 243 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882,
p. 196 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 274 ; Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 257. —
The LITTLE YELLOW BITTERN.
Top of head cinnamon rufous, the feathers centred broadly with black,
giving it quite a black appearance ; neck behind, back, scapulars, tertiaries and
wing coverts deep cinnamon-rufous, the feathers margined with fulvous or
bright buff ; primaries and secondaries, greater wing coverts and tail black ;
edge of wing and under wing coverts fulvous white ; chin and throat white,
with a median buff line; sides of the breast deep brown, margined with buff;
breast bright buff, margined paler ; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts buffy
white ; legs yellowish green ; bill pale yellow, brownish superiorly.
Length.— 13 inches; wing 5-25 ; tail 175 ; bill at front 2; tarsus 17 to
r8 ; mid-toe I inch.
662 ARDEID^E.
Hal). — Sind, Bengal, Kutch, Deccan, and nearly throughout India ; also
Ceylon and Burmah generally, extending to the Malay Peninsula and Islands
of Java, Borneo and Sumatra. It is less common than the last, and frequents
similar situations, i.e., high reeds and thickets. All the species are nocturnal
feeders, and remain hid during the day in dense cover. Breeds during
July and August in similar situations as the last. Eggs, four in number,
pale green.
1360. Ardetta mimita, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 670; Hardw., III.
Ind. Zool. pi. ; Bodd., Tabl. PI. Enl. 323 ; Naum., Vogt. t. 227 ; Gould, B.
Eur. pi. 282 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 756, No. 935 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 256;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 624. —The LITTLE BITTERN.
Top of the head, back, scapulars and tail black, with greenish reflections ;
hind-neck nearly bare of feathers, those of the foreneck falling back and cover-
ing it; cheeks, chin, neck and all the lower parts of the body reddish buff or
inclining to chestnut ; the feathers on the sides of the breast are black, edged
with buff ; those of the flanks long, and narrowly striped mesially with pale
brown ; primaries and secondaries black or greyish black ; greater and lesser
wing coverts dull yellowish buff ; bill bright yellow, dusky above ; orbitar skin
and irides yellow ; feet greenish with a yellow tinge.
Length. — 15 inches ; wing 575 ; tail 2 ; bill at front 175.
Hab.— Sind, Bengal, Punjab, Beloochistan, Persia, Arabia and the Hima-
layas are the only known localities where this species has been found outside of
Europe. It breeds in the Narra Districts in Sind, where Mr. S. Doig took its
eggs. (Str. F. viii. 372, 379.) Each nest contained 4 — 6 eggs, elongate
ovals, and pure white, with a very slight tinge of sea green not perceptible in
the blown egg.
Gen. BotauruS.— Briss.
Bill rather short, stout and rounded ; tip scooped ; the upper mandible
curved to the tip, and longer than the lower ; tarsi short ; nostrils narrow,
situated near the base of the bill ; ist to 3rd quills of wing longest.
1331. BotaurUS Stellaris, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 230; Jerd., B.
Ind. iii. p. 757 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 624 ; Dresser, B. Eur. vi.
p. 281, pi.; Murray, Vert. Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 275 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. 258. — The COMMON EUROPEAN BITTERN.
Forehead, crown and nape glossy black, also a moustachial stripe ; sides of
the face and ear coverts buff, with narrow dusky streaks ; feathers of the sides
of the neck long and lax, bright buff, and with irregular black transverse bars;
hind neck bare, covered by the feathers of the foreneck ; chin and throat
fulvous, with a median rufescent line ; foreneck and breast the same, each
leather with irregular dark brown, nearly black bars and spots; lower breast
NYCTICORAX. 663
with long, lax, feathers, which are buff, with broad longitudinal black stripes ;
flanks the same ; abdomen rufous buff, with narrow dark mesial streaks ; back
and scapulars black, the feathers edged, barred and mottled with buff ; tail
buff, thickly mottled and with zigzag markings of dusky ; primaries and
secondaries dark brown barred with rufous ; wing coverts buff, barred and
mottled with dusky brown ; bill pale yellow, dusky above ; orbits yellow ;
irides gamboge yellow ; legs greenish yellow.
Length.— 30 inches; wing 13-5 ; tail 4*5 ; tarsus 3-75 to 3*9.
Hal. — Sind, the Deccan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, and
nearly all India, Burmah, and Ceylon ; Central and Southern Europe, Persia,
Nubia, Beloochistan and S. Afghanistan.
The Bittern is a shy solitary bird ; it is never seen on the wing during the
day, but sits hid among the reeds, rushes and other rank vegetation that
prevail in the marsh, or bog where it may have taken up its abode. It is said
to defend itself fiercely against a dog or falcon, with both its bill and claws,
the bill with its extremely sharp point being however chiefly made use of. It
is said to have been esteemed in falconry, owing to its habit, when flown
at, of ascending in spiral circles, high up in the air, to keep above its enemy.
Selby adds — " Should this manoeuvre fail, it then prepares for the descent of
the hawk, by setting its sharp bill perpendicularly upwards, upon which its
antagonist frequently transfixes itself." Its boom or note is said to resemble
the bellowing of a bull. It is also often uttered while the bird is soaring in
the air, but the sound is feeble, compared with the hollow booming noise
which it makes at night during the breeding season. Jerdon says it is excel-
lent eating, not fishy in the smallest degree, and has a high game flavour.
Gen. Nycticorax.— Stepk.
Bill long, sharp, the gape extending below the eyes ; nostrils in a lateral
groove covered by membranous scale ; wings with the 2nd and 3rd quills
longest ; claw of mid-toe serrated ; tarsi irregularly scaled.
1362. NyctiCOrax griseUS (Linn.), Bodd., Tab. P. E. 758, 759;
Naum., Vogt. t. 225; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 279; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. 758, No.
937 ; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 299, pi. ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 114 ; Murray,
Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 276 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1165. Nyctiardea nycticorax,
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 624. Ardea grisea, Linn., Syst. Nat. i.
p. 235; Str. F. vi. p. 415 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., #v., Sind, p. 228. (Gadri,
Sind). — The NIGHT HERON.
Forehead and supercilium, also the chin, throat and a narrow mesial line
on the foreneck white ; under tail coverts, breast and abdomen white, with a
creamy tinge ; top of head and nape, also the back and scapulars black, gloss-
ed with green ; lengthened crest feathers 6 — 7 inches long, narrow and white,
664 TANTALID^E.
tipped with brown ; hind neck, wing coverts, tail and sides of the body ashy
grey ; first three quills emarginate near the tip ; bill black, yellow at base of
lower mandible ; orbitar skin yellowish green; irides blood red.
Length.— 22 to 23 inches; wing 12-5 ; tail 375; bill at front 2'8; tarsus 3.
Hab.— Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and throughout India,
Ceylon, and Burmah. It is a permanent resident in India, and breeds from
May to September in societies. The nest is a loose structure of twigs. Eggs
3 — 4, glossless pale sea-green; size 1-92 x 1-35.
Gen. GorsachillS, — Pucker.
Bill moderate, higher than broad at base ; tarsus moderate ; tibia feathered
for the greater portion of its length ; feet and toes long ; neck thick.
1363. Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles), Sahad., Ucc. Bom.
p. 355; Blytli, B. Burm. p. 160; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1169. Ardea melano-
lopha, Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 326. Botaurus limnophilax, Salvad.,
Ucc. Born. p. 355. Gorsachius melanolophus, Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 312; Bour-
dillon, Sir. F. iii. p. 524 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 114. — The MALAYAN TIGER
BITTERN.
Forehead, crown and a long occipital crest purplish black ; sides of the
head and back of the neck chestnut, as are also the back, rump, wing coverts,
scapulars and tertiaries, but these parts are closely barred with undulating
narrow bars of black ; winglet black, broadly tipped with white ; the first two
or three primary coverts black, tipped with white ; the others chestnut and also
white tipped ; primaries slaty black, tipped with white and with a subterminal
patch of chestnut ; secondaries also tipped with white ; upper tail coverts and
tail slaty brown ; chin and throat whitish ; front and sides of the neck and breast
dull rufous grey ; the centre of the throat and middle line of the neck and
breast streaked with black, light buff and chestnut ; under surface of the body
dull chestnut, marked irregularly with black lines and white patches ; under tail
coverts white. Facial skin green ; legs and feet greenish olive; irides greenish
yellow.
Length. — 19 inches ; tail 3'5 ; wing 10*3 ; tarsus 2-5 ; bill from gape 2*3.
Hab. — Southern India and Ceylon ; also Tenasserim, Arracan, and the
Nicobars.
Family, TANTALID^E.
Bill long, stout, rounded, curving downwards in many, flat in others; wings
long ; tail rather short ; toes webbed at the base.
Sub-Family, TANTALIN^:.
Bill long, slender and curved; sides compressed to the tip, or thick and
rounded ; tail even; inner toe shorter than outer ; hind toe long.
PLATALEA. 665
Gen, Tantalus.— Linn.
Bill rounded, long and curved downwards; nostrils at the base of the bill;
head and cheeks bare ; tibia naked for half its length.
1334. Tantalus leUCOCephalUS, Penn. in Forst. Ind. Zool. p. 20,
pi. 10 ; Gmel., Syst. Nat. \. p. 649; Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 761, No. 938;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind* B. p. 626; Blytli, B. Burm. p. 158; Hume and
Dav.y Str. F. v. p. 484; Newton, Sir-. F. viii. p. 415; Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 1 100; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 244; id., B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 267; Murray,
Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 276.— The PELICAN IBIS.
Plumage white ; quills and tail richly glossed greenish black ; tertiaries
white, tinged with rosy, with a dark band near the end and a white tip, the
feathers lax and decomposed ; lesser and median coverts glossy green, edged
with white ; greater coverts white ; bill yellow, the tip greenish, as are the
naked orbits, head and gular skin ; irides pale yellow brown grey in some ;
legs fleshy red.
Length. — 40 to 42 inches ; expanse 71 ; wing 2O ; tail 6-25 ; tarsus 8 10.
The young have the cheeks and ear coverts grey ; head and neck brown ;
lower plumage smoky white, darker across the abdomen and on the sides of
the body.
Hab.— Extremely common throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon, frequent-
ing rivers, tanks, marshes, &c., generally in small parties of 10 or a dozen.
Breeds from May to August on high trees. Eggs, 3 — 4, glossless, dull white
with a thick compact shell.
Sub-Family PLATAL^IN/E,— SPOONBILLS*
Bill flat, spathulate> long and rounded at the tip.
Gen. Platalea.— Lin.
Bill thin, flat, dilated and rounded at the tip (spathulate) otherwise as in
Tantalus-, toes connected by a small membrane extending as far as the
second joint of the outer and the first joint of the inner one.
1365. Platalea leucorodia (Zi»«.), Bodd. Tab. PL En. 4o$;
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 286; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 763; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
8fc., Si?id, p. 229; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 227. — The SPOONBILL.
Plumage pure white, except a buffy yellow patch on the upper breast,
extending sometimes on to the back; orbitar skin orange yellow, also the
skin of the gullet ; head crested ; bill and legs black, spotted or barred
with yellowish ; the tip yellowish during winter ; irides blood red ; legs black ;
nude facial skin and gular pouch orange yellow.
Length.— 31 to 36 inches ; wing 14 to 16; tail 6*25 to 6-5 ; bill at front 7 to 8-5.
The young have the shafts and tips of the primaries black.
Half.— Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan and throughout India, fre-
quenting rivers, lakes, &c.
VOL. II.— 80
666 TANTALID^E.
Breeds throughout India nearly. Especially common in Sind and Ceylon.
Nests made in trees ; eggs white, chalky, broad ovals, and elongated 2-4 to
2-95 inch in length and 1*65 to 1*95 in breadth.
Sub-Family ANASTOMIN^E.
Bill thick, stout, gaping in the middle.
Gen. AnastomoUS. — Ilh'ger.
Bill long, curved, thick, solid, gaping in the middle, compressed at the
sides ; tail nearly even ; nostrils basal, at the edge of the upper mandible j tarsi
reticulated ; tibia naked for half its length ; toes webbed at the base.
1366. Anastomous oscitans (Bodd.}, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 765 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 630; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 158 ; Hume,
Sir. F. iii. p. 192 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 114; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1103 ;
Gates, Str. F. x. p. 244; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 277. — The SHELL IBIS.
Young. — Plumage light grey, darker on the head and neck, the feathers on
the latter hair-like ; upper back, scapulars, primaries and secondaries, also the
winglet and tail black, with purple reflections ; nude skin of the chin and front
of the eyes greenish black ; in a later stage of plumage the head, sides of the
face, nape and neck behind are dusky brown, the feathers short ; neck in
front, breast, lower parts, back, wing coverts and tail pure white, the primaries
and secondaries also, their shafts black, also the shafts of the winglet ; the
first three primaries broadly margined with black on their outer and inner
webs, their tips black ; the inner webs of the primaries margined only to the
notch ; tertials white, also black-shafted ; the upper series slaty grey, with
their webs lax and disunited. In the breeding plumage the bird is entirely
white ; bill greenish black ; nude orbitar and gular skin blackish ; irides grey
or pale brown ; legs blackish.
Length. — 2910 30 inches ; wings 15 to 16; tail 7; bill at front 6-5 to 8;
tarsus 5*25 to 5-5.
Hal. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Guzerat,and the Deccan ; abundant in Bengal and Central India, also
Burmah and Ceylon ; chiefly found in the vicinity of rivers, lakes and marshes ;
resident in Sind, Breeds from July to September in company with Thres-
kiornis melanocephalus. Eggs, creamy white, from 2 to 2-52 inches in length
and from 1*48 to 1*82 in breadth.
Sub-Family, 1BIDMME.
Bill more slender, long and curved, as in Anastomous.
Gen. ThreSkiornis, Gray.
Bill nearly square at base, curved ; upper mandible with a lateral groove
extending to the tip ; nostrils situated at its base ; tail short ; hind toe half as
long as the mid-toe ; head and neck nude ; scapulars and tertials lengthened
and decomposed ; feathers of the breast elongated ; plumage white.
GERONTICUS. 667
1367- Threskiornis melanocephalus (Lath.\ Jerd., B. Ind.
iii. p. 768 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 632 ; Murray, Vert. Zool.,
Sind, p. 278. Tantalus melanocephalus, Lath,, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 709. Ibis
melanocephalus, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 359; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 158; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. Iio6; Oatest B. Br. Burm. p. 268.— The WHITE IBIS.
Head and neck nude ; lower neck, back, wings and their coverts, primaries,
secondaries, entire under surface from the breast and also the tail, white;
scapulars and tertials lengthened, their outer webs disunited, and of a
greyish colour. In another stage of plumage the quills are black with
green reflections ; bill and legs black ; irides blood red.
Length. — 29 to 30 inches; wing 14; tail 5-75 ; bill at front 6; tarsus 4.
Hal.— Sind, Mekran Coast, Persia, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan,
Deccan, and nearly throughout India, Ceylon and Burmah. A resident wher-
ever found ; breeds from July to September. Eggs, 4 — 6, white, or dingy
white, with a slight bluish tinge when fresh; size 2-5 x 1*75.
Gen. Geronticus.
Bill more slender and longer than in Ibidina ; plumage black.
1368. Geronticus papillosus, Tem., PL Col. 304; Jerd., B. Ind.
iii. p. 769; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 633; Murray, Vert. Zool.,
Sind, p. 2 78; Legge, B. Ceylon,^. 1107; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind,
p. 229. — The WARTY-HEADED IBIS.
Head, nape, chin and throat nude, black; crown with a triangular patch
of bright red papillae extending in front in line with the eyes, and behind to
the back of the head ; neck and entire under surface fuscous brown, unglossed ;
back, scapulars and tertials the same, but glossed with purplish ; upper tail
coverts dark brown, slightly glossed with steel blue ; under tail coverts glossed
with bluish; wings glossy steel blue, mixed with purple; a large patch of
white on the wing above the shoulder formed by the white of the innermost
lesser wing coverts ; bill plumbeous with a greenish tinge ; irides orange red ;
legs and feet brick red.
Length.— 30 inches ; wing 15 ; tail 7-5 ; bill 6 to 7 ; tarsus 3.
Eab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Rajputana, Kutch, Central India, Khandeish, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan.
Occurs on the Western Coast generally. A resident in Sind ; breeds from
July to September.
Gen. Graptocephalus,— Elliot.
No warts on the back of the head.
1369. Graptocephalus Davisoni (Hume), Elliot, P. z. S. 1877,
p. 490; Hume and Dav., Str. F. vi. p. 485; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 114;
Oates, Str. F. ix. p. 300 ; x. p. 244 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 269.
Geronticus Davisoni, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 300. Geronticus papillosus, apud
663 TANTALID^E.
Oatcs, S/r. F. iii. p. 347. Inocotis papillosus, apud Oalcs, S/r. F.
v. p. 169. Ibis Harmondi, Oust., Bull. Soc. Philom., 1877, p. 28.—
DAVISON'S BLACK IBIS.
Head and a portion of the neck naked, the front of the head covered \vith
small warts ; remainder of neck, whole lower plumage, back, scapulars, and
tertiaries dark brown; rump and upper tail coverts darker, with a greenish
lustre; quills and tail glossy bluish black ; lesser wing coverts next the body
white, forming a wing spot ; nude parts blackish brown; a white band round
the neck ; irides orange red ; bill bluish ; legs pale coral red. (Oa/es.')
Length — 30 inches; tail 7*7; wings i5'2 ; tarsus 3*2 ; bill from gape 6-2.
Hal. — The plains of Southern Pegu, between the Pegu and Sittang rivers,
where it appears, as Gates says, to be a constant resident. It has also been
observed in the southernmost parts of Tenasserim. Extends to the Malay
peninsula, and is said to be found in Siam and Cochin-China. Occurs singly
or in pairs; feeds on the banks of muddy streams and in marshes. Breeds
in Pegu. Eggs, two in number, pale blue.
Gen. Falcinellus.— Seek.
Bill long and slender, more so than in Threskiortris i tarsus longer ; 2nd and
3rd quills longest.
Falcinellus igneus. The Glossy Ibis.
1370. Palcinellus igneus (Lin».\ Jerd., P. ind. iii. p. 770;
If ume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 635 ;.#/>'//$, B. Burm., p. 158; Elliot,
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 503; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 114; Dot'g, S/r. F. viii. p. 377;
PHCENICOPTERUS. 669
Oates, S/r. F. x. p. 245; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 279. Tantalus falci-
nellus, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 241. Scolopax rufa, Scop. Ann. i. p. 93.
Numenius igneus, S. G. Gmel., J\ov. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 460, t. 18.
Plegadis falcinellus, Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 335, pi.; Legge, B. Ceylon^
p. 1109; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 271. — The GLOSSY IBIS.
Head, on the crown and sides, deep greenish dark brown, glossed with
metallic purple, the feathers lanceolate ; neck, nape, chin and throat, also the
back and breast, deep rich reddish brown or chestnut red ; lower back, rump
wing coverts and tail dark green, with bronze and purple reflections ; primaries
dark brownsih black, tinged with green ; tertiaries dark red brown ; legs black-
ish green, with a blue garter above the knee ; claw of mid-toe scooped or
hollow below, and forming a sharp edge on one side ; irides brown ; lores
nude.
Length.— 22 to 23 inches ; wing 10-5 to II ; bill at front 6 to 6-5 ; tarsus
4' 5. Birds of the year are dark 'brown, the feathers of the head, chin and
throat margined with white or lineated ; back greenish brown, very little
glossed ; under parts dusky.
Hal. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Porvinces,
Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Central India, Guzerat and the Deccan •
also Ceylon and Burmah. Recorded also from Arracan. It is not known
from the Concan, but possibly occurs there, being a bird essentially affecting
paddy fields, marshes and jheels. Breeds in Sind.
ORDER,-NATATORES.
Feet more or less fully webbed ; tarsi compressed, generally short, except in
the Phcenicopterida ; bill various ; wings also variously developed. The first
tribe of the order is Lamellirostres, or birds with thick depressed bills, usually
covered with soft skin, the tip commonly called the "nail," above being
horny ; the edges of the bill are serrated, forming lamellar teeth, which serve
as a sieve.
Family, PHCENICOPTERID^:.
Bill thick, rounded, rather compressed on the sides, suddenly bent down-
wards in the middle : tarsi and thighs long, the latter naked ; tarsi scutellate.
Gen. Phoeni COpter US-— Linn.
Margin of bill lamellate and dentate ; nostrils in a groove coveie j by mem-
brane ; neck very long; ist and 2nd quill of wing longest; other characters
as in the Family.
1371. Phcenicopterus antiquorum (Tem.\ Bodd., Tab. P. E. 63 .
Naum. Vogt. t. 233; Gould., B. Eur. pi. 287. Phcenicopterus roseus (Pall.)y
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 775, No. 944; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 257; Murray, Hdblc.,
Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 230. — The FLAMINGO.
670 PHCENICOPTERID/E.
Plumage throughout of a rosy white in the adult bird ; primaries and
secondaries black ; primary and greater wing coverts white, dark shafted and
broadly'tipped with black, rest of the wing coverts and tertiaries rosy red ;
axillaries and under wing coverts rosy red ; bill rosy, broadly black at the tip ;
legs and feet rosy red.
Length.— 48 to $4 inches ; wing 1 6 to 16-5 ; tail 6; bill 4 to 4" 12. Birds of
the year have scarcely any rosy tinge, and the plumage, especially of the
upper .parts, is mixed with dusky.
Hab. — Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh,
Bengal, Central India, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, South
India and Ceylon. Everywhere in flocks of thousands on all the lakes, rivers,
&c., especially in Sind. Mr. Hume (Sir. F. i. p. 257) truly describes them
" as occurring in countless myriads, seen either massed upon the water, as
huge rosy islands, or floating above it like a sunset cloud in all the large lakes
of Sind. On taking flight, the exposure of the rosy upper and under wing
coverts turns the mass into a gigantic brilliant rosy scarf, waving to and fro in
mighty folds as it floats away." They are also common about the Eurrachee
harbour, chiefly on the mud flats and in Clifton Bay; usually they are in large
parties drawn up in line. When feeding they have their necks and heads bent
down in such a position, that the upper mandible rests on the ground ; with it
they stir up the limpid ooze in search of animalculae, minute Crustacea, fish,
&c., on which they live. Like the Cranes the Flamingoes also have sentinels
posted to give warning of danger ; their flesh is not considered good, but the
Mohannas or fishermen caste on the Indus consider it palatable, the fishy taste
being lost on their palates, owing to their principal diet being fish. The
ancients considered it choice food, and the Egyptians, at the present day, are
partial to the flesh. From the tongue they are said to extract an oil which
they use for flavouring certain viands.
They have been found breeding at Fao in Mesopotamia; the nest is as
curious as the structure of the bird, being a truncated cone, built entirely of
stiff clayey mud, on which the parent bird sits either astride or with its long
legs folded under it. Eggs, 2 in number, white, and very chalky.
1372. Phoenicopterus minor, (Geoff. St. HH.) Tem., P. C. 419 ;
Schleg., De Dier. fig. 276 ; Ibis, 1869, pi. 15, 8; Hume, Str.F. i. p. 31 ;
ii. P. 339»" Murray t Hdbk., Zool.> &c.< Sind, p. 230 ; id. Vert., Zool. Sind.,
p. 280. — The LESSER FLAMINGO.
" In winter plumage the head, neck and the whole body above and below is
a delicate pale rose colour ; on the back little more than white, tinged with
rosy ; scapulars are almost white, with a pale rosy streak down the centre ;
quills black, except the tertials, which are like the scapulars, but slightly
pinker ; wing coverts pale rosy white, the lesser and median broadly centred
at the tip with a bright rather pale cerise, and the legs and feet are a bright
rose pink. In the breeding season the rosy tint is very much brighter, the
CYGNUS. 671
throat is bright rose colour, each of the feathers of the breast is broadly
centred towards the tip with bright cerise; feathers of the upper portion of
the back similarly centred, and over the broad rosy white scapulars a number
of comparatively narrow, elongated, intensely cherry-coloured plumes have
been thrown out ; the whole visible portion of the secondary, lesser and median
coverts have become the most brilliant cherry colour with only narrow white
tips ; lower tail coverts, flanks and vent feathers are bright rosy tinged with
cherry colour, with only narrow white tips ; the legs and feet too have
become a deep but brilliant red ; the basal portion of bill deep vinous red,
the tip black, the intermediate portion bright crimson lake."
Length. — 33 to 35 inches; wing 12-5 to 1375; bill from gape 3.5 to 3-6;
tail 4-5 to 475 ; tarsus 7-5 to 8'$.— (Hume, Str. F. i. 33-34-)
Hab. — Sind, Persia, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Rajputana, Guzerat and
the Deccan.
Gray, in his Handlist of Birds in the Br. Mus., gives West Africa, Cape of
Good Hope and the Coast of the Red Sea as its other habitats. Occurs
associated with P. an liquor um.
Family, CYGNID^.-^.
Neck very long; legs moderate; front toes broadly webbed ; hind toe not
lobed ; keel long ; bill high at the base, with a fleshy or callous tubercle; cere
extending to the eye ; 2nd and 3rd quills of wing longest; tail short, rounded.
Cygnus olor. The Mute Swan.
1373. Cygnus Olor (Gm.)t Bodd., Tab. P. E. 913; Naum. Vogt.
t. 29 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 354 ; Str. F. vii. pp. 99, lor, 106 ; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., 4*c., Stnd, p. 231 ; id., Vert., Zool. Sind, p. 282. — The MUTE SWAN.
672 CYGNID^.
Entire plumage white; callous tubercle at base of upper mandible; legs,
feet and cere black ; bill reddish orange, the edges and tip black ; irides dark
brown.
Length. — 48 to 52 inches. The following are the measurements of the
three specimens obtained by Mr. H, E. Watson given in Mr. Blanford's paper
on Wild Swans in Sind (S/r. F. vii lOi): —
No. i. No. 2. No. 3.
Length from tip of bill to end of tail... 58- 5" 62-" 6cr''
Expanse 78- 84- 82-
Closed wing 22* 23-
Tail from vent » 975 1025 9*75
Bill from gape 375 3- 8
Tarsus measured on inner side 3* 8 4/2
The female resembles the male in every particular, except that the callous
tubercle is smaller.
This species was obtained on the Munchur Lake during an unusually severe
winter in Sind, by Mr. H. E. Watson, Deputy Collector of Sehwan, shortly
after I left the Lake in the same year (1878). In every instance, where the
species has occurred, it was during an unusually severe winter. Mr. Hume,
in his Game Birds^ says — " It may be considered a pretty regular, though
somewhat rare, cold weather visitant to the Peshawar and Hazara Districts,
and an occasional straggler to the Kohat and Rawul Pindee Districts, and to
the Trans-Indus portions of Sind.
It has occurred near Peshawar in 1857. In i87i, Captain Unwin obtained
a specimen in the Rawul Pindee District. Dr. Stolickza in J. A. S. B., 1872,
p. 2 JQ, says — " While crossing the Runn of Cutch he noticed several swans
but at too great a distance for it to be possible to form an idea as to the species
the birds belonged to," " and from its occurrence in Sind," Mr. Hume says,
"renders it not improbable that Dr. Stolickza was right."
Outside our limits this species has been seen in the Kabul river, near Jellala-
bad, and is known to visit Northern Afghanistan pretty regularly. Breeds in
Western Turkistan.
Mr. Hume in his Tentative List and in Str. F> vii. pp. 107, 464, enters
Cygnus Bewicki, in the List of the Birds of India, but as this entry as well as of
Ci/gnus musicus and An$er segetum have been made on certain drawings by
Hodgson and others, and there are no veritable records of their having been
killed within our limits, I omit them from the Avifauna.
Family, ANSERID^E.
Bill moderate, narrower in front than behind ; keel elevated at the base,
sloping to the tip ; nail at point of bill horny and hard \ legs moderate ; knee
bare ; hind toe partially lobed ; laminar teeth present.
ANSER. 673
Sub-Family ANSERINE.
Characters same as those of the Family.
Gen, Anser.— Briss.
Bill high at the base, rather long ; lamina at edge wide and visible exter-
lally ; nostrils in the nude cere, longitudinal.
1374. Anser Cinereus, Meyer, Naum. Vogt. t. 285 ; Gould, B. Eur.
>1- 347 ; Jerd., B, Ind. iii. p. 779; Sir. F. i. p. 258; iv. pp. 26, 197 ; vii.
494; viii. p. 421; Hume and Marsh.y Game Birds of Ind. iii. p. 55 ;
Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, $*c., Sind, p. 233 ; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 283.
'Hans, Sind,) — The GREY LAG GOOSE.
Head, hind neck and nape greyish brown, the feathers of the latter slightly
larker and forming a conspicuous line on the neck behind, in some uniform
grey brown ; chin, throat and breast on the upper part pale greyish brown ;
the breast below whitish, and barred on the sides with greyish; back and
scapulars brown, the feathers margined at the tips with fulvous white, forming
regular bars ; greater wing coverts greyish brown, lesser slightly paler, both
bordered with whitish ; primaries white-shafted, the first three pale grey, the
rest nearly dark brown; tail greyish, tipped with white. The plumage of this
Goose is very variable. Of specimens I have, no two are alike. Mr. Hume
also notices this fact and says — " In some the head and neck vary from pale
ashy or earthy brown to dark clove brown ; in most there is a mingled white
and orange patch on the forehead ; in some there is a similar spot at the base
of the upper mandible on each side, the feathers of the head and cheeks are
tinged wite orange or rusty, and in most there is a small spot of white on the
chin. In some specimens the breast and abdomen are closely blotched and
mottled with black or blackish brown and pale rusty buff ; in others the cap
and back of the upper neck are conspicuously darker, as in the specimen
before me, which has the entire breast a fulvous or soiled white, also the
middle of the belly, while the flanks are brown and barred with fulvous."
Bill pinkish flesh colour, sometimes with an orange tinge ; nail greyish
white ; irides greyish brown ; legs livid fleshy.
Length.— 30 to 32 inches ; wing 17 to 18-5 ; tail 6 ; bill at front 2-4 to 2 -8 ;
tarsus 3 to 3*12.
Hab.— Sind, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Raj-
putna, Kutch and Guzerat. Occurs throughout Europe. About the Munchur
Lake in Sind they are met with in large parties, also along the canals, and
especially the river.
1375. Anser brachyrrhynchus (Baiilon), Jerd., B. Ind. iii.
p 780; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 71.— The PINK-FOOTED GOOSE.
VOL. II.— 87
674 CYGNID^E.
Head and upper part of neck brown ; lower part of neck reddish ashy,
body above brownish cinereous vrith white undulations ; longest scapulars
edged with white ,* upper tail coverts black ; lesser and median coverts bluish
ashy, edged with white ; two first primaries bluish, others black ; tail black ;
breast arid upper abdomen ashy whitish ; lower abdomen and under tail
coverts pure white. Bill much smaller than in the last, fleshy red or purplish,
the base and the nail black ; feet pinkish red. (Jerd.}
Length.— I*! to 29 inches; wing 15*9 to 17; tail 5*5; bill at front 175;
tarsus 3 ; middle toe 3.
Hal. — This is an extremely rare bird in India. Hume records a picture of one
which was got in the Punjab, and also a statement that Colonel Irby killed
one at Alumbagh near Lucknow. He has seen a pair among Grey Lags on a
sandbank in the Jumna, and an assurance has been given him by Co).
Graham that it is not uncommon on the Brahmaputra in Assam. This is afl
we know of its occurrence in India. In Northern Europe it is common, and
probably also Central Europe and Northern Asia.
Anser albifrons. The White-fronted Goose.
1376. Anser albifrons, Gm., Naum. Vogt. t. 289 ; Jerd., B. Ind.
iii. p. 780; Str. F. i. p. 259; viii. p. 421 ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc., Sind-,
Hume and Marsh, Game Birds, Ind. p. 73 ; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind,
p. 284. — The WHITE-FRONTED or LAUGHING GOOSE.
Forehead white or yellowish white, followed by a narrow dark band ; chin
the same j head, hind neck and nape brownish grey, shaded in some speci-
mens with reddish ; throat pale greyish white, darker in some ; breast and
flanks pale brownish, with cross bars of black, paler and whitish on the lower
breast, with broader black bars ; back dark greyish brown, the feathers with
pale reddish brown edges ; upper and under tail coverts white ; tail with the
middle feathers dark grey, tipped with white ; the lateral ones entirely white ;
ANSER. 675
rlmaries ashy grey, dark at the tip ; secondaries bluish black ; tertiaries mar-
gined with dull white ; greater and lesser wing coverts grey, edged with rufous ;
lomen white ; bill livid fleshy or purplish red, the middle of the upper man-
lible with an orange tinge ; nail at tip white or yellowish white ; legs and feet
ige.
Length*— 17 to 28 inches; wing 16 to 17; bill at front 17 to 1-9; tarsus 3.
Sad. — Sind, Beloochistan (Quetta), Persian Gulf (Bussorah), Afghanistan
(Arghandab), Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Oudh.
In Sind the White-fronted Goose is much more rare than the Grey Lag. Mr.
Hume says "that about one bird of this species visits this empire, for every
thousand of Grey Lags, or every five thousand of the Barred-headed Geese."
In Egypt it is most abundant, also at Fao in Mesopotamia, and on the Caspian.
1377. Anser erythropus (£*><«.), Newton, Ibis, 2, p. 406; Jerd.,
B. Ind. iii. p. 781 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 77. A. minutus,
Naum. Vogt, i. ? — The DWARF GOOSE.
Top of head, forehead, throat, front of cheeks and the tinder and upper tail
coverts white ; rest of head, neck and crop grey ; scapulars and back dark
brown grey, with transverse lighter bands ; primaries and upper wing coverts
blue grey, lower the same as the back and edged with white ; secondaries
black ; tail grey, margined with white at the tip and white at the base ; abdo-
men black, bordered with white ; flanks dark grey brown, each feather margined
lighter. Bill orange; feet and legs red. (Jerd)
Length. — 22 inches; wing 15 ; tail 4-5
Hab. — N.-W. Provinces and Oudh as a rare winter visitor. Outside our
limits it is found in Northern and Central Europe.
1378. Anser indiCUS (Lath.), Gould, C. B. pi. 80 ; Jerd., B. 2nd.
iii. p. 782 ; Sir. F. iv. p. 499 ; vii. p. 491 ; viii p. 421 j Murray, Hdbk., ZooL,
$r., Sind, p. 234; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds, Ind. p. 8 1 ; Murray, Vert.
Zooln Sind, p. 285. (Raj-hans, Hind, Sind).— The BARRED-HEADED GOOSE.
Head and a broad line continued down the sides of the neck white, with a
broad black band from behind the eye across the occiput, and a second one
on the nape ; chin and throat white ; back of neck dark hair brown ; front of
neck the same, but rather paler and gradually passing into the ashy grey of
the breast ; upper back, scapulars, breast, upper abdomen and flanks in front
ashy grey, the feathers margined with white and forming lunules of that
colour ; lower back, rump and wing coverts pale ashy grey ; upper tail coverts,
tip of tail feathers, lower abdomen, vent and under tail coverts white ; axillaries
pure ashy grey, feathers of the flanks behind the legs dark rufescent or snuff
brown, margined at the tip with white ; primaries white-shafted, the first four
and all the primary coverts greyish, the rest and the tips of the first four as
076 ANATID/E.
well as all the secondaries dark brown ; wing coverts like the lower back and
mmp ; bill orange, with a greenish tinge at the base; nail at the tip black; legs
bright orange ; bill at front r8 to 2.
Length.— 27 to 28 inches ; wing 16-5 to 18-5 ; tarsus 248.
Hab— Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Central Provinces, and Ben-
gal. A winter visitant.
This is certainly the most abundant Goose in Sind, and during the winter
may be met in flocks of thousands on the large lakes, and on the Indus. On
the Munchur it simply swarmsr and not unlike the two other species, albifrons
and cinereus, feeds during the night and in the early morning till about 9 or K>
o'clock. They feed exclusively on tender shoots of grass, and do much
damage to the sprouting corn crops, especially in the neighbourhood of the
Munchur, alsa in Lower Sind. Taking Upper India (including Sind), Hume
sayS — "This species enormously outnumbers all the other species of Geese
put together." I think at least five of the Barred-heads visit India to every one
of the Grey Lags, and as for all the rest of the Geeser they are apparently so
rare, that when one comes to consider numbers, they are not worth speaking
about. * * * Their habits are similar to those of the Grey Lags. Where
frequently disturbed they feed inland only at night ; where rarely molested they
will be found feeding up to eight or nine in the morning and again long before
sunset. Preferentially they feed in fields in the neighbourhood of the larger
rivers, browsing on the young wheat, vetches, lentils, &c. They are not dif-
ficult to bag, especially in localities where they are not disturbed by shooting.
Walking besides a pony, or bullock, one can always get within 35 or 40 yards
of a flock, and bag at least a dozen birds with a couple of effective shots-. In
localities which have been frequently shot over the birds are very wary, and
unless there is plenty of cover a buffalo or pony becomes a necessity." In
such cases," as Mr. Hume says, " it is best to make sure of your one en two-
birds on the ground with the first shot, as you will seldom have time for more
than one shot after they rise." Mr. Hume, in his Game Birds of India, gives
many hints as to shooting geese and wild fowl generally. The habits of the
Duck tribe and the various methods adopted for netting them are very
interesting, and of much value to sportsmen generally.
Family, ANATID.E,— Vigors,
Bill flat and broad, laminated at the sides; food insects and tender aquatic
plants, which they obtain in shallow muddy places.
Snb-Family, PLECTROPTERIN^E.— G. R. Gray.
Bill long and broad, tip horny ; knee and above bare ; tarsi with squarish
scales ; hind toe long ; wing with one or more spurs on the shoulder ; a fleshy
carbuncle at base of upper mandible ; plumage glossy black.
SARKIDIORNIS. 677
Gen. Sarkidiornis.— Eyton-.
Characters those of the Sub-Family ; island 2nd primaries sub-equal and
>ngest.
1379. Sarkidiornis melanonotus, Penn. in Forst. fnd. Zool.
21, pi. ii ; Newton, Str. F, viii, p. 415. Sarcidiornis melanonota, Jerd.,
Ind. iii. p. 785; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 636; Blyth, B. Burm.
165; Hume and Marsh. , Game Birds iii. p. 91, pi.; Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 1063 ; Oates, B. Br. JBurm. iii. p. 275 ; Murray, Vert. Zool,, Sind,
p, 286.— The COMB DUCK.
Top of the head and back of neck black, spotted with white, more so on the
back of the neck ; cheeks, sides and front of the neck white, with a few black
spots ; breast and entire under parts white j chin and throat white ; back,
scapulars, tertiaries and wing coverts glossy black, glossed with purple ; upper
tail coverts glossed greenish ; primaries and secondaries black ; the lesser
wing coverts glossed with purplish green ; tail black ; bill of male with a fleshy
protuberance ; irides dark brown ; bill black.
Length. — 28 to 30 inches; wing 13 to 15; tail 6. Female is smaller, and
less brightly coloured.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch,
Kattiawar, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, South India and Ceylon ; also British
Burmah.
A straggler in Sind. Breeds in the N.-W. Provinces during July and
August In Ceylon it is said to breed from January to March, usually on trees
in the proximity of large sheets of water.
1380. Nettapus coromandelianus (Gmei.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii.
p. 786 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 165 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 501 ;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1066; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. IOI, pi. j
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii, p. 272. Anser coromandeliana, GmeL, Syst. Nat. \.
p. 522. Nettapus coromandelicus (£.), Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B.
p. 638. Nettapus coromandus (L.), Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 192. — The COTTON
TEAL.
Forehead, crown and nape hair brown, remainder of the head, whole neck
and lower plumage white ; collar round the neck black in front, glossy green
on hind neck ; a second demi-collar from the breast upwards below this ;
under tail coverts dark brown mottled with white; upper plumage glossy
green ; the secondaries are broadly tipped with white and the primaries also,
their basal halves are dark brown ; upper tail coverts white, freckled with
brown ; tail brown ; under wing coverts greenish black. The female has a
line from the lores through the eye dusky black, surmounted by a dirty white
supercilium ; rest of the head, whole neck and the upper breast dull white
678 ANATID^.
mottled wijh brown; lower plumage dull white; upper tail coverts whitet
freckled with brown. In winter the male is like the female, but has always
the white patch on the primaries. Bill black ; irides red.
Length. — 13 inches ; tail 3 ; wing 6*5 ; tarsus I ; bill from gape 1*1.
Hab. — Nearly throughout India, also Ceylon and Burmah, except the drier
regions as Sind, Kutch, Rajputana. Breeds in July and August, in the holes
of trees, laying from 8 to 10 eggs, of a delicate ivory white colour. They
generally affect swamps, marshes, and inundated ponds and ditches.
Sub-Family, TADORNIN^: (Anatin«, Sw.)
Plumage rufous ; bill flattened towards the tip, with horny termination ;
hind toe long and slighty lobed.
Dendrocygna, Sw.— WHISTLING DUCKS.
Bill rather large, of uniform width ; secondaries long, also the tarsi ; 2nd,
3rd and 4th primaries sub-equal and longest.
1381. Dendrocygna Javanica (Horsf.\ Hume and Dav.y Sir. F.
vi. p. 486 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1069 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii.
p. 109, pi. ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 273 ; Murray, Vert. Zool~> Sind,
p. 287. Anas javanica, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 199. Dendrocygna
aswuree, Jerd.* B. Ind. iii. p. 789. Dendrocygna arcuata (Cuv.), apud Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind B. p. 639 ; Oates, Sfr. F. v. p. 169.— The LESSER
WHISTLING TEAL.
Top of head and occiput dull wood brown, and a narrow streak of the same
continued down the middle of the back of the neck from behind the nape ;
sides of the face and neck fulvous brown ; chin and throat albescent ; lower
neck and breast yellowish chestnut, gradually passing into the light chestnut
of the under surface of the body ; vent and under tail coverts albescent ; back
and scapulars dusky brown, the feathers edged with dingy fulvous chestnut,
forming lunules ; upper tail coverts chestnut ; tail brown, tipped slightly paler ;
primaries and secondaries black ; greater coverts and tertiaries dusky brown ;
lesser and median coverts deep maroon ; axillaries black ; bill dusky brown,
darker at the tip ; irides deep brown ; eyelids bright yellow to pale golden ;
legs plumbeous.
Length.— 17-5 to 18 inches; wing 8 to 8-5 ; tail 2 to 2' 12 ; bill at front 1-5 ;
tarsus 175.
Hab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and the Indian Peninsula generally,
but not in the more arid tracts, where water is not abundant, as in the interior
of Rajputana. According to Hume, there is scarcely any suitable locality
within the limits of the Indian empire, including Burmah, Ceylon, the Anda-
mans and Nicobars, in which this species does not occur either as a perma-
CASARCA. 679
tient resident or a seasonal visitant. It is essentially a tree duck, and in the
breeding season especially affects the larger pieces of water, in the vicinity of
trees. At other times it is found in nearly every suitable piece of water. It
nidificates on trees, making a nest of twigs, &c., or occupying old nests of
Herons and Ibises. In Sind it has been found breeding in great numbers on
the Eastern Narra, and I have taken a nest of 1 1 eggs at the One Tree Tank,
•six miles from Kurrachee, Mr. Doig, who took its eggs in the Narra, found 10
as the greatest number from any one nest. •* The nests/' he says, " were
composed of green twigs, and in some instances of leaves of the large bulrush
trodden down to make a platform." Mr. Hume (Game Birds) records
instances of the curious fact of this species carrying its young in its feet from
the nest to the water, Mr, Kemp in the Futtehpore District adds his testimony
to the fact, having obtained an egg from off a narrow ridge where the bird was
•seen to carry it just before he shot it, Mr. Hume says — "He heard of their
being seen flying down to the water with ducklings on their backs, and that
twice he saw them carrying these in their claws. On one of these occasions,
between 8 and 9 A. M., he saw a duck carry down her whole brood of seven,
t>ne at a time, from a hole in a huge mango tree to the water, she passing each
time within three yards of his face.
1382. Dendrocygna fulva (Gmel\ Sclater and Safa, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 372; Hume and Marsh. , Game Birds Hi, p. 119, pK ; Oates, B» Br.
JBurm. ii. p. 274. Anas fulva, Gmel., Syst. Nat. i. p. 530. Dendrocygna
major, Jerd., Madras Journal \ 1840, p. 218 ; ;</., ///. Ind. Orn. pi. xxiii.;
ffume, Str.F. iii. p. 193. — The LARGER WHISTLING TEAL.
Top of head and sides of the face rufescent brown, slightly paler on the
cheeks ; chin and throat albescent, a broad ring or patch of white in the
middle of the neck-, a broad black line down the back of the neck from below
the nape ; back, scapulars, primaries, secondaries, tertials and greater wing
coverts dark brown, the feathers of the back with rufescent or chestnut edging,
forming lunules ; lesser wing coverts dark maroon ; breast yellowish chestnut,
gradually passing into the light chestnut of the under parts of the body ; vent,
under and upper tail coverts white or fulvous white ; tail dark brown ; bill
plumbeous ; irides brown ; legs and feet plumbeous.
Length.— 20-5 to 21 inches ; wing 9-25 ; tail 2*5 to 2*8 ; bill from gape 2 to
2-4; tarsus 2-25.
Hab— Sind, Punjab, N.-W. and Central Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajpu-
tana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan and Deccan, also S. India and Ceylon in
suitable localities ; also Burmah.
Gen. Casarca.— Bp
Bill moderate ; culmen with a knob at the base ; nail at tip large ; hind toe
lobed ; wing spurred ; plumage from buffy orang« to bright orange.
680 ANATID^E.
1383. Casarca rutila, Pall., Hist, d' Egypt, t. x. p. i ; Gould, B.
Eur. pi. 358; Jerd., B. Ind. Hi. p. 791 ; Str. F. i.26o; iv. 198; Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind\ Hume, Game Birds. Ind. p. 123. Tadorna casarca,
Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 461, pi. ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1070; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. ii. p. 277. (Vern. Mungh, Sind).— The RUDDY SHELLDRAKE or
BRAHMINY DUCK,
Male. — Head, on the crown and sides buff, darkening on the nape and hind
neck, and gradually passing into deep orange or orange fulvous on the upper
back and breast ; a seasonal glossy black band round the middle of the neck
in males (not present in all specimens) ; chin buff ; upper back, scapulars and
breast in front deep orange brown, orange fulvous, or rufescent, the colour
being variable ; in some specimens the feathers are edged paler ; lower back
ochreous, the feathers finely vermiculated with black ; rump black, also the
upper tail coverts and tail, which have a greenish gloss ; lower abdomen and
under tail coverts deep chestnut ; in females and in males out of season, and
without the black neck collar, the entire under surface from the breast is pale
chestnut or fulvous chestnut, sometimes with the feathers round the vent
darkening into deeper chestnut ; wing spurred at the bend ; primaries dark
brown ; greater coverts and outer webs of secondaries glossy purplish green,
forming a broad speculum ; lesser and median covers white, sometimes with a
bufnsh tinge; tertials like the back, some of the feathers finely vermiculated
with brown at the tips; under wing coverts and axillaries white, also the
edge of the wing.
ThQ/emale wants the black collar at all seasons, and is generally duller in
colour, the head being very pale buffy white ; the crown and neck in some
mouse grey ; bill black ; irides dark brown ; legs black.
Length. — Males, 24*5 to 27 inches; wing 14-5 to 15-5 ; tail 5*5 to 6 ; tarsus
2 to 2-4 ; bill at gape 2 .
Hab. — Sind, Persia, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, E. Turkistan, Punjab, N.-
W, Provinces, Oudh, Nepaul, Bengal, Rajputana, Central India, Kutch,
Guzerat, the Concans, Deccan and Southern India.
The Ruddy Shelldrake is a winter visitant to India. In Sind it is found on
all the large lakes and brooks and along the Indus river in great numbers ; and
on the Munchur especially ; like geese, large parties resort to the fields of
sprouting wheat in the early morning and at night-fall, and do much damage.
They are extremely shy and wary birds, and as Mr. Reid, in Game Birds,
remarks — " It will not only keep a sharp look-out on its own account, but will
fly along the Jheel side before the gunner, uttering its warning note and put
every bird on the q ui vive"
1384. Casarca SCUtlllata (P. L. Mull), Schlege. , Mus. P. B. A nseres,
p. 64. Sarcidiornis leucopterus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xviii. p. 820. Casarca
TADORNA.
681
icoptera, Jard., Contr. Orn. p. 141, pi. 64; Jerd,, B. Ind. iii. p. 793;
Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 165. Anas scutulata, Hume and Marsh., Game Birds
iii. pp. 147. Anas leucoptera, Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 281.— The WHITE-
WINGED WOOD DUCK.
Head and neck white, profusely mottled with black; hind neck glossy black ;
remainder of the upper plumage blackish brown ; shoulders and wing coverts
white ; greater coverts black ; primaries dusky ; secondaries slaty ; tertiaries
dusky, the outermost ones bordered with white and forming a white longitudinal
line in the closed wing ; breast glossy black; lower plumage dusky castaneous,
dark brown on the flanks and under tail coverts ; bill and legs black. (Jerd?)
Length.— 28 inches ; wing 15 ; tail 6; bill at front 3 ; tarsus 2*5 ; mid-toe 3*25
Hab. — Tenasserim at Tavoy and at Mergui. Gates says it occurs in Assam
and in the hill tracts of Eastern Bengal, in the northern part of the Malay
Peninsula and in Java.
Gen. Tadoma, — Leach.
Bill short, high at the base, and with a knob ; wing tuberculated ; nail at tip
of bill rather hooked.
I Tadorna cornuta, Gm. The Shelldrake.
1385. Tadorna cornuta (Gm.\ Syst. Nat. \. p. 524; Bodd., Tab.
, E. 53 ; Naum. Vogt. t. 298; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 357; Hume, Game Birds,
p. 136; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, pp. 289, 290. Tadorna vulpanser
(Fleming), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 794; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind,
p. 235. — The SHELLDRAKE or BURROW DUCK.
VOL. II.— 88
682 ANATID^E.
Head, sides of the face, chin, throat, and about one-half of the neck all
round deep black, with glossy green reflections ; below this the neck all round
is white, as are also the back, wing coverts, rump, upper tail coverts and tai!5
the latter tipped with black ; a broad band of ferruginous or orange chestnut
across the breast, meeting above on the foreback ; under surface white, except
a mesial band in the middle of the abdomen ; primaries black ; greater coverts
forming the speculum, and outer webs of the secondaries glossy golden
green ; upper secondaries chestnut on their outer webs ; tertiaries and scapulars
black ; bill blood-red, with a knob at the base of the upper mandible ; nail
black ; bill deep red ; irides brown ; legs fleshy red.
Length. — 23-35 inches ; wing 12 to 13-5; tail 475 to 5-5 ; tarsus 2 to 2-3.
Females average 20 to 22 inches in length, and are much duller in colour.
Sab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, E. Turkestan, Punjab,
N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch and Kattiawar Coast. Except in large
lakes, the Shelldrake is only found on the sea-coast in the neighbourhood of
the sea, -which is its proper home.
Sub-Family,
Hind toe small, not bordered by a membrane ; bill even in width throughout,
or wider at the tip ; lamellae numerous, fine and bristly.
Gen. Spatula,— Boie.
Bill longer than the head, narrow at the base, broad at the tip, shovel-like ;
nail small ; lamellae fine and bristly,
Spatula clypeata. The Shoveller.
1386. Spatula clypeata (Zi«».)» Bodd> Tab.P.E.^. 971, 972;
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 300 ; Jerd.y B.Ind, iii. p.,796 ; Str. F. iv.p. 199; Murray,
HdbU., Zool.t fyc., Sind, p. 235 / id., Vert. Zool. Smd, p. 290 ; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds Ind. p. 141. (Vern., Alipat, Sind.) — The SHOVELLER.
Male. — Head and neck all round deep or dark brown with glossy green
reflections ; back brown ; scapulars and breast white ; rump and upper tail
coverts glossy brown black; sides of the rump '-white; tail brown, the outer
feathers white, the rest edged with_ white ; primaries dusky brown, white
ANAS.
683
lafted; secondaries the same, their outer webs rich bright green and form-
ing the speculum ; lesser wing coverts pale blue ; greater wing coverts dusky
brown, tipped with white, forming a bar across the wing ; tertials long and
pointed, pale blue on their outer webs, purplish black on the inner ones, the
tips of some of the elongated ones white ; abdomen rich chestnut brown or
brownish red ; lower tail coverts black, glossed greenish ; flanks chestnut
brown, the feathers finely vermiculated with dark brown ; bill black ; legs
orange ; irides yellow.
Length, — 19 to 20 inches; wing 9 to 10 ; tail 3^5 to 4; tarsus 1-2 to 1-4 ;
bill from gape 2-9 to 3.
The female is slightly smaller, averaging 19 inches in length at the outside ;
wing 8 to 9. The head is pale reddish brown, with dusky shaft-streaks ;
breast pale brownish rufous, with dusky brown spots ; back dusky brown, the
edges and tips of the feathers paler and rufous white; lessor wing coverts
tinged with pale blue ; speculum green, and a white bar across the wing
as in the male.
flab. — Sind, Belochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Nepaul, Cashmere, Eastern
Turkestan, Punjab, N -W. Provinces and Oudh, Bengal, Central India,
Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, South India, and Ceylon.
Winter visitors to India, affecting all the lakes, marshes, ponds, &c., feed-
ing on worms, larvae, tadpoles, seeds, and young shoots of aquatic plants.
They are not naturally shy, as in village ponds they are frequently seen dab-
bling about, or standing in the shallow edge of ponds, while the inhabitants
are drawing water or bathing.
Gen. Anas, Linn.
Bill slightly longer than the head, of nearly uniform width throughout;
tertials long and pointed ; tail wedge-shaped ; nostrils near the base of the bill ;
middle tail feather curled.
Anas boscas. The Mallard.
1387- Anas bOSCaS (Linn.)tBodd. P. E. pp. 776, 777 ; Gould, B. Eur.
Pi- 361 ; Jerd,, B. Ind. iii. p. 798; Str. F. i. p. 261 ; iv. p, 199 j Murray,
684 ANATID^E.
ffadbk. Zool., &c., Sind, p. 235; td.t Vert. Zool. Sind, pp. 291,292;
Hume and Marsh., Game Birds Ind. p. 151. ( Vern. Niroji, Sind). — The
MALLARD.
Male.— Head and upper half of neck rich dark metallic glossy green, suc-
ceeded by a white ring; lower down on the back of the neck greyish chestnut
brown, with fine transverse greyish waved lines ; back above or mantle chest-
nut brown, the feathers margined slightly paler ; scapulars greyish white, the
feathers finely marked with transverse wavy brown lines, the outermost ones
chestnut ; rump and upper tail coverts blackish green, the sides of the former
greyish white, finely vermiculated with brownish; primaries greyish brown,
also the secondaries, the outer webs of which are rich shining purple, mar-
gined by a velvetty black band and tipped with white, the speculum formed by
the shining metallic purple patch is bounded on each side with a bar of black
and white ; tail with the four middle feathers velvetty black, glossed with
greenish, and curled upwards, the rest greyish brown, bordered with white ;
lower neck and breast deep chestnut ; rest of lower parts greyish white, tinged
in some specimens with dull yellowish, and marked with close-set transverse
undulating brown lines, indistinct in many, and in others strongly marked ;
under tail coverts velvetty black ; bill dingy olive, greenish at the tip ;
nail at the tip black ; irides brown ; legs and feet reddish orange to ver-
milion.
Length. — 22-5 to 24-5 inches; wing 1075 to n ; tail 4-2 to 4*8; tarsus r6
to 1*9. The female is smaller, averaging 21 inches in length.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and Central
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, the Concans, and a
straggler in the Deccan.
1388. Anas psecilorhyncha, Forst., 2nd. Zool p. 23, pi. 13;
Jerd.t B. Ind. iii. p. 799 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 643 ; Blyth, B.
Burm. p. 165 ; Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 165, pi. ; Legge, B.
Ceylon p. 1073 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 292 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 282. — The SPOTTED BILLED DUCK.
Top of head to the nape behind dark sepia brown, also a line from the base
of the upper mandible through the eye, ending in a point behind ; superci-
lium, sides of the face and neck dingy fulvous, minutely speckled with
brown ; lower neck, breast and abdomen the same, the brown spots larger
than on the upper neck, and increasing in size on the breast, abdomen and
flanks; chin and throat unspotted fulvous; upper back, scapulars and lesser
and median wing coverts hair brown ; lower back and rump black ; primaries
deep brown ; secondaries brown on their inner webs ; speculum on their outer
webs, rich emerald glossy green, tipped with black, the black tips of the
ANAS. 685
innermost narrowly edged with white ; greater wing coverts sepia [brown at
with a subterminal white band and tipped with black; tertiaries white on
their outer webs and hair brown on their inner ; tail deep brown, the central
feathers darker; vent and under tail coverts nearly black ; under wing coverts
rtiite ; bill black, with a spot of red at the base, and yellow at the jtip ; legs
and feet vermilion red ; irides deep brown.
Length. — 23-5 to 25-9; wing ID'S to iijtail 4*75 to 575 ; tarsus I 85 to
1-93 ; bill from gape 2-5 to 275. Females are slightly smaller.
Hab. — A permanent resident in India. Breeds in Sind and the Punjab.
Found in large numbers in Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, the drier parts of the
Punjab and Rajputana, also in the N.-W. and Central Provinces, Oudh,
Kutch, Guzerat and the Deccan.
Affects large lakes, ponds, brushy or weedy tanks, and often the banks of
rivers, feeding on worms, molluscs, insects, larvae, young shoots of grass, &c.
Mr. Hume says (Game B. iii. p. 168) "that the breeding season of this duck
varies a great deal with locality ;" in the N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, also the
eastern portions of Rajputana and the Punjab, July, August and September are
the months ; in Guzerat, October. In Sind Mr. Doig obtained eggs at the
latter end of April and May on a small island covered with long grass in the
middle of the Narra.
1389. Anas caryophyllacea, Lath., Ind. Om. ii. p. 866; Jerd.,
B. Ind. ii. p. 800 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 644 ; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 165. Rhodonessa caryophyllacea, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 ; Hume
and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 173, pi. ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 284 —
The PINK-HEADED DUCK.
Whole head, sides and back of the neck rosy pink ; entire front of neck,
lower plumage, back, rump, upper tail coverts, tail, upper wing coverts, scapu-
lars and tertiaries dark glossy brown ; secondaries salmon colour, forming a spe-
culum ; primaries brownish salmon colour, paler on the inner webs ; edge of
wing broadly whitish ; under wing coverts pinkish white. Bill reddish white
rosy at base and faintly bluish at tip ; irides orange red ; legs and feet blackish,
tinged with red.
Length. — 23 inches ; tail 4*5 ; wing II ; tarsus 2; bill at front 2-3.
Hab. — Arracan, part of the Indian Peninsula and Assam. Breeds during
June and July in swampy places. Eggs 5 to 10.
Gen. Chaulelasmus.— Gray.
Bill as long as the head, of uniform width, except towards the tip, where it
is slightly narrowed ; nail small ; lamellae projecting and delicate ; wings and
tail long ; central tail feathers rather elongate.
C86 ANATID^E.
Chaulelasmus Streperus. The Gadwall.
1390. Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.'), Bodd.% Tab. Pi. Enl.
p. 958 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 366 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 802 ; Dresser, B. Eur.
vi. p. 487, pi.; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p 115; Scully, t. c , p. 362 ; Hume and
Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 181, pi.; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p, 293;
Oaies, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 283. Anas strepera, Linn., Syst. Nai. i. p. 200;
Blyth, B. Burm. p. 166.— The GADWALL.
Male.— Head and neck fulvous or greyish white, freckled with brown;
crown of the head with a slight yellowish tinge; chin and throat greyish white
finely speckled with brown; breast brown, with white crescent-shaped lines,
on each feather ; abdomen white, minutely speckled with greyish brown ; the
flanks variegated with undulations of brown and white ; back above clove
brown, with narrow crescentic undulations ; scapulars with narrow undulations
of brown and white; rump and upper tail coverts bluish black, with a purplish
gloss ; lower tail coverts glossy black, tinged with green ; tail brownish grey,
the edge of the feathers paler or fulvous, the two central feathers pointed ;
primaries dark brown; secondaries nearly black; the speculum a tri-coloured
bar of purple red, black and white, except the four first feathers, which are
grey at base and black at the tip ; tertials brownish grey ; greater wing coverts
glossy black ; lesser wing coverts grey, marbled with yellowish or fulvous
white ; median coverts rich chestnut brown, varied in some with orange brown,
the tips of the feathers nearest to the speculum broadly bordered with black ;
bill brownish black or dusky leaden, tinged with reddish beneath ; irides dark
brown ; legs pale orange.
Length. — 19*5 to 2l'5 ; wing 1075 to 11*5 ; tail 3-9 to 4-2.
The female is smaller, has a light superciliary streak ; the head on the
crown is black mixed with greyish white ; sides of the face fulvous white with
brownish streaks ; neck in front spotted with dark brown, and marked on the
breast with crescentic bands of dark and pale brown; chin and throat white ;
abdomen white; back deep dusky brown, the feathers edged with buff; lesser
wing coverts greyish brown, edged paler; speculum dull white; tail dark
brown, marbled with pale buff, brown and white.
CHAULELASMUS. 687
Hab. — Central and South Europe, and nearly throughout India ; found in
>ind, Beloochistan, Afghanistan, and Persia; also in the Punjab, N.-W. and
"entral Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central India, Kutch, Guzerat, the Concans
ind Deccan; recorded also from Nepaul, Gilgit, and E. Turkestan; it is also
let with on the Continent of Europe, in Spain and Italy, also in Iceland and
Liberia, as well as in the northern parts of Africa and India generally. In
>ind it is numerous on the lakes, dhunds, &c., during winter, and especially
m the Munchur, arriving about the middle of November.
Gadwall are considered excellent for the table, especially during the first
70 months of their arrival, when they usually feed on rice and young shoots
>f the sprouting wheat crops. Later on they affect the j heels and feed on
istaceans and fry of fish, and though then rather fishy in taste, the flesh is
not despised when better game is not to be had. The localities preferred by
the Gadwall after dusk are generally lakes, jheels and ponds covered with long
herbage, but during the day it frequents open water, as the broads of the Indus.
1391. Chaulelasmus rufiventris, Sp. Nov.
Male. — General colour and markings of C. streperus, but the head is a
dark rufous brown, and has a short silky occipital crest ; sides of the head
glossed with a dull metallic green ; middle of abdomen everywhere to the
vent covered with transverse undulations continuous with those on the flanks
and sides, leaving no albescent space along the middle as in streperus ; thighs
with similar, but faint undulating lines ; vent and under tail coverts rich
rufous brown tinged with purplish. Bill as in C. streperus, but tinged
yellowish on the lower mandible ; irides reddish brown ; legs and feet dull
orange.
Length of two Males. — 18-7 and 19 inches respectively ; wing 10*6 and
10*7; tarsus 1-4 ; bill at gape 1-87.
Hab. — Nari Base (Beloochistan) and Sylhet. (Pennock.)
These specimens were sent to me by Mr. Francis Pennock in January 1886
for identification. They were compared with the skins of 13 males, but in
none of them is there a trace or even a tinge of rufous on the vent, which is
the chief characteristic of this species, which I provisionally name as above.
The female is not known.
1392. Chaulelasmus angustirostris (Menetries), Bp.F. Ital.
t. 47, i., 2 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 373 ; Sir. F. i. p. 262 ; iii. p. 273 • vii. pp. 493,
523 ; Murray, PIdbk., Zool.} fyc., Sind, p. 235 ; Hume, Game B. Ind. p. 237;
Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p 294.— The MARBLED TEAL.
"The male has the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape brownish white, with
numerous narrow, close-set, wavy, irregular, dark brown bars, which become
more speckly on the occiput, where also the ground colour is a more rufescent
brown ; feathers immediately round the eye very dark brown ; a broad irre-
688 ANATID/E.
gular stripe over the eye, and a large patch on the side of the head behind the
eyes, moderately dark brown, shading into the very dark brown immediately
surrounding the eyes ; the whole space between the sides of the upper man-
dible and the dark feathers surrounding the eye, the whole sides of the head
below the dark eye and ear patch, the whole chin, throat and front of the
neck, slight greyish or brownish white, very narrowly, regularly and closely
streaked with brown ; the lower parts a slightly brownish white ; the breast
feathers with greyish brown subterminal transverse bars, mostly more or less
concealed by the pale tippings of the superincumbent feathers, and only
clearly seen when the feathers are lifted ; the sides and flanks similar, but the
subterminal bars much broader, and some of the flank feathers with several
bars ; the vent feathers and lower tail coverts, generally, with a slightly more
rufescent tinge, and with two or more narrow, widely separated transverse
brown bars ; the tibial plumes browner, and with numerous narrow closely-
set but ill-marked transverse brown bars ; the abdomen more or less obso-
letely mottled with very pale grey brown, which on lifting the feathers is found
to arise from more or less faint, irregular, transverse, subterminal, brownish
bars.
" The barrings above described are very much more marked in some spe-
cimens than in others ; in some in fact they are almost entirely obsolete on the
abdomen, and can hardly be traced.
" The upper back greyish brown, the feathers with a subterminal richer
brown bar; scapulars brown, each feather with a yellowish white terminal spot,
and of a much richer brown, the longer ones especially, just above the spot ; the
tertiaries and secondary greater coverts are greyish brown, the former obso-
letely barred paler ; the secondaries are pale grey ; the primaries, their greater
coverts, and the winglet pale slaty, the primaries with a silvery grey tinge on the
outer webs towards the tips ; the inner webs pale grey brown, except towards
the tips, where they are much darker, and where the shafts also are conspi-
cuously darker ; the middle back, rump, and upper tail coverts the same grey
brown as the upper part of the back; the feathers of the middle back narrowly
and obscurely tipped with yellowish white, those of the rump and upper tail
coverts more broadly and conspicuously so, and with a subterminal dark
brown spot; the longest of the upper tail coverts are very broadly and con-
spicuously so tipped, and have a subterminal dark band ; the tail feathers pale
grey brown, broadly tipped, and narrowly margined with yellowish white ; the
two central tail feathers darker on the inner webs and dark shafted, and the
lateral tail feathers paling as they recede from the centre.
"The female is similar, but smaller, with the eye patch and generally all the
markings and tints duller and less conspicuous.
" The legs and feet are dusky olive or dark horny brown ; bill bluish grey,
black on culmen and tip, or dusky, bounded at the margins of the feathers of
the forehead and cheeks with a pale, leaden blue line continued along the
DAFILA.
689
margin of both mandibles to near the tip, and a spot of the same colour just
above the nail ; the irides are brown.
"The dimensions of this species are as follows: —
"Male. — Length 18-3 to 19; expanse 28*5 to 29*5 ; tail from vent 3*0 to 4;
wing 8-1 to 8-5 ; wings when closed reach to within 07 to 1*5 of end of tail ;
bill at front, including nail, 177 to 1-85 ; tarsus 1*44 to 1-52 ; weight i'3 oz.
to 1-5 oz.
"Female. — Length, 16-9 to 17-5 ; expanse 27 to 28 ; tail from vent 2-8 to
37; wing 7*9 to 8*1 ; wings when closed reach to within from 0*5 to I of end
of tail ; bill at front o'6 to 075 ; tarsus 1*4 to 1*5 ; weight i Ib. to I Ib. 3 oz."
'Sir. F. i. p. 562.)
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, S. Afghanistan, Lower Punjab, N.-W.
Provinces, Oudh and Bengal ; extremely abundant after October; much sought
for the table. Feeds chiefly on leaves, roots, fresh water molluscs, &c.
Gen. Dafila (Leach-), Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 615.
Tail with the central feathers narrow and much lengthened beyond the
rest ; neck long ; bill elevated at the base, of nearly uniform width ; 1st pri-
lary of wing longest.
Dalila acuta. The Pintail.
1393. Dafila acuta (Linn.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 803; Dresser, B.
Eur. vi. p. 531, pi. ; Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 193; Scully, Sir. F. iv.p. 200; id.,
Str. F. viii. p. 363; Hume and Marsh,, Game Birds iii. p. 189, pi. ; Gates,
Str. F. x. p. 245 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 297 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
li. p. 279; Linn., Syst. Nat, i. p. 202; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 166; Legge, B.
Ceylon, p. 1076. — The PINTAIL.
VOL. II.-89
690 ANATID^E,
Male. — Entire head, face, chin and throat umber brown, the feathers on
the crown slightly darker and with a ferruginous tinge ; back of the neck dark
brown, nearly black ; lower neck, breast and abdomen white; a white line
running up on each side of the neck to the occiput ; back, sides of the breast
and flanks marked with transverse undulations of black and white ; upper
tail coverts cinereous or pale fulvous brown ; under tail coverts deep velvet
black ; tail with the central feathers black, much elongated, and glossed
with greenish, the others dusky brown and margined with white ; primaries
dusky greyish brown, the shafts much paler ; secondaries dusky brown on
their inner webs, their outer webs forming the speculum, dark greenish
bronze, edged with black and tipped broadly white ; upper part of the specu-
lum edged with pale ferruginous ; tips of the greater coverts, like the lesser
and median coverts, are dusky brown ; scapulars black, edged with yellowish ;
tertiaries long and pointed, deep black and edged with whitish ; bill black,
with a bluish tinge on the sides of the upper mandible ; legs and feet slaty or
blackish grey ; irides dark brown.
Length. — 22 to 29 inches; wing 10*3 to 1 1*75 ; tail 7*5 to 8 ; bill 2 to 2-45.
Females. — Smaller. Length. — 20 to 22*5 ; wing 9-3 to 10.
Female. — Forehead and crown, also back of the head, nape and neck dark
brown, the feathers with fulvous edgings ; sides of the face, chin, throat and
foreneck fulvous with brown spots and streaks, which become longer and
darker on the lower neck ; breast and the lower parts fulvous with obscure
crescentic brownish markings on the breast, flanks and sides of the rump and
large spots on the lower abdomen ; back and scapulars dark brown, with
lunate or crescentic markings of white and pale buff about the middle of each
feather, and edged with whitish ; greater and lesser wing coverts dusky brown,
with margins and tips of white ; primaries a shade lighter ; speculum brown-
ish bronze, unglossed, the tips of the feathers white ; tertiaries dusky brown,
margined with white ; tail long, pointed, dark brown, with imperfect bars and
streaks of white or yellowish white; under tail coverts fulvous white, with
brown spots.
Hal.— Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and Central
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Kutch, Concan, Deccan, Guzerat, Central and
Southern India and Ceylon. Hume says— "There is no district in the
Empire, from Ceylon to Kashmir, and from Kashmir to Sadya, Munipoor and
Moulmein, where the Pintail does not occur in greater or less abundance
except in south Tenasserim."
The Pintail affects the large broads or dhunds and lakes, and is seldom
seen except in large parties. It is held in much esteem for the table, and
for this purpose is netted in great numbers with the Gadwall and other water
birds. On the Munchur Lake the fowlers net from IOO to 200 daily, and a
sportsman in suitable localities could obtain two or three dozens at least as a
MARECA. 691
good day's sport, besides other game. Hume, like myself, thinks that on the
whole, next to the Mallard, the Pintail is the best duck for the table in India,
ic Gadvvall ranking third.
Gen. Mareca, Steph., Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 614.
Bill uniform in width ; laminae prominent; first and second quills of wing
longest; tail short, cuneate ; hind toe small.
Mareca penelope. The Wigeon.
1394. Mareca penelope (Lmn.\ Bodd. Tab. PL Eni. p. 825 ;
Gould, B. Eur. pi, 359; Jerd., B.lnd. iii. p. 804; "Dresser, B. Eur* vi.
p. 541, pi.; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 61 ; iv. p. 30; vii. p. 494; Hume and
Marsh^ Game Birds, iii. p. 198, pi. ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 ; x. p. 245
(note); Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 299 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. 278.
Anas penelope, Linn., Syst* Nat. i. p> 202 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 166.— The
WIGEON.
Male. — Forehead and crown creamy yellow, remainder of head and neck
rich chestnut ; cheeks speckled with black, also a speckled band down the
middle of the throat in some ; nape narrowly barred with black and pale
reddish white ; chin and throat black ; lower neck and breast vinaceous red,
lightest in front, darkest on the sides ; abdomen white, the flanks with trans-
verse undulating lines of black and white ; under tail coverts black, with a
greenish gloss ; tail blackish grey ; back minutely barred with transverse
undulating lines of black and white ; scapulars black, edged with white ; wing
coverts white, the greater ones with velvet black tips ; speculum glossy green,
bounded above and below with black ; bill plumbeous, the base black ; legs
and feet plumebous or brown ; irides red brown.
Length.— 19 to 19-5; wing IO to 10-5 ; tail 4 to 4-5; bill 17 to 1-82.
Females are smaller; length 17-5 to 19; wing 9-3 to 8*0 inches ; tail 3*5 to 5.
In colouring the female has the head and neck fulvous brown, speckled with
dusky ; upper parts dusky or deep brown the feathers with reddish edges ;
speculum without the green gloss ; feathers of the flanks rufous brown, tipped
with ashy.
092 ANATID^.
Hal. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and Central
Provinces, Oudh, Bengal and throughout Western and Central India, rare in
Southern India and Burmah, and not yet recorded from Ceylon. In Kattia-
war, Rajputana, the Deccan and Concan it is not uncommon during the winter
months. It is considered excellent eating for the first two months after arrival,
but after this the flesh is said to become of a muddy flavour and unpalatable.
Gen. Querquedula, Steph., Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 616.
Bill of uniform width, as long as the head, and slightly raised at the base ;
nail horny, hooked and narrow ; lamellae not apparent ; wings long, second
quill longest ; secondaries long and pointed ; tail wedge-shaped.
1395. Querquedula crecca (Linn^, Bod. Tab. P. E. p. 946 ; Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 364; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 806 ; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 507, pi. ;
Murray, Hdbk., Zoo 1., fyc., Sind, p. 235 ; Oates, B. Br. Burrn. ii. p. 285.
Anas crecca, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 204; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1083; Hume,
Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 206. {Kardo, Sind; Hfoorgftafa't-13.md.) — The
COMMON TEAL.
Forehead, crown, face, cheeks, throat and upper neck in front rich chestnut
brown; chin black ; a narrow dark line round the base of the bill, followed by
a white or buffy one on the side, which meets a similar coloured superciliary
stripe, and another under the eye ; behind the eye, between the hind superci-
liary and lower eye-streak is a broad glossy green, or dark green patch, which
meets on the back of the neck ; breast rufescent or white, tinged with reddish
and spotted with black ; upper abdomen white ; lower abdomen in some
minutely barred with brownish ; flanks barred with brown or blackish brown ;
upper back and scapulars marked with undulating white and black transverse
bars ; lower back dark brown, with faint traces only of paler transverse bars ;
tail hair brown or dusky brown, the feathers edged with white ; under tail
coverts black, the feathers on the sides creamy yellow ; primaries dusky brown,
edged on their outer webs and tipped darker ; first six secondaries velvet black
on their outer webs ; next four or five forming the speculum glossy green, and
followed by the black outer web of the first tertial ; lesser and median
coverts dusky or greenish brown ; greater coverts the same and tipped with
white or yellowish white, forming a border to the speculum above ; bill black,
or brownish black ; irides brown ; legs and feet greyish or plumbeous.
Length. — 14-5 to 15*75 inches; wing 7 to 8 ; tail 2*9 to 3*5.
The female has the head, neck and upper part dusky brown ; the feathers
edged with white or fulvous white on the head and neck and lunated on the
back ; speculum as in the male, but slightly duller ; chin and throat white,
with black spots ; breast and flanks white and spotted with dark brown ;
abdomen white ; under tail coverts with brown streaks.
Length. — 13*5 to 147 inches ; with a wing of 6'5 to 7' 5.
QUEROUEDULA. 693
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N. W and Central
Vovinces, Rajputana, Kutch and throughout India and Burmah.
Abundant wherever it occurs, frequenting tanks, rivers, ponds and jheejls, &c.
1396. Querquedula circia (Linn.}, Jerd., B. Lid. iii. p. 807;
Dresser, B, Eur. vi. p. 51 3, pi. ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 644 ; Scully ', Str. F.
iv. p. 2O I ; Hume and Harsh., Game Birds iii. p. 215, pi. ; Bingham, Str. F.
ix. p. 198 ; Murray, Vert.ZooL, Sind, p. 301 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.ii. p. 286.
Anas circia, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 204 ; ISlyth, B. Burm., p. 166 ; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. 1080.— The GARGANEY TEAL.
V
Querquedula circia. The Garganey or Blue-winged Teal.
Male. — Forehead purplish brown, finely streaked with white ; crown of the
head, occiput, nape and a line half way down the back of the neck dark umber
or blackish brown, bounded on each side by a white superciliary streak,
which extends to the sides of the neck ; face, sides of the neck, cheeks, throat
and neck chestnut brown, the feathers with white mesial streaks ; chin black;
breast and upper abdomen yellowish brown, tinged in some specimens with
ferruginous, and with broad crescentic dark brown markings ; lower abdomen
white or yellowish white, with, in some specimens, transverse, dusky strias
behind ; flanks with transverse undulations of black and white ; axillaries
white with black bases ; back brownish black, the feathers edged with yellow-
ish brown ; primaries dark brown on their outer webs and tips, pale wood
brown on their inner webs, in some specimens narrowly edged with whitish ;
wing spot on outer web of secondaries dull green, slightly glossed and tipped
with white, the white tips forming the second bar across the wing ; greater
coverts ashy grey Or bluish ashy, broadly tipped with white ; lesser and median
coverts ashy grey, or bluish ashy ; scapulars long and lanceolate, black, with a
mesial white shaft, and narrowly edged greyish white or white ; tertiaries dusky
brown, edged with white on their outer webs ; rump and upper tail coverts
dark brown, with bars of yellowish white ; tail dark brown, the feathers edged
694
ANATID^E.
with yellowish or fulvous white ; under tail coverts yellowish white with black
spots ; bill black above, brownish on the lower mandible ; irides brown ; legs
and feet greenish grey or plumbeous.
Length. — 15-5 to 16-5 inches; wing 7-2 to 8 ; tail 3-2 to 3-5 ; bill 175 to
"
The female has the chin and throat white ; head on the crown brown with
spots and streaks of a darker shade ; back of neck brown, the feathers edged
with white ; eye-streak faint ; speculum dull and indistinct, bordered above
and below with white ; breasts and abdomen greyish white, spotted with
brown.
Length. — 14-5 to 15 inches, with a wing of from 7 to 7-5.
Hab. — The same as Q. crecca.
Not found in as great numbers as Q. crecca, affects the same situations, and
is considered excellent for the table. It is chiefly a nocturnal feeder, conceal-
ing itself in the j heels and dhunds, among the high grass, during the day;
when disturbed it usually returns to the same spot. Hume says "that at
nights they come in some parts of the country in such crowds into paddy fields
as to destroy acres of crop at one visit ; their food, like Q. crecca, is chiefly
vegetable, as tender shoots and leaves of water plants, seeds, bulbs, &c., but
on the sea coasts, especially the Sind and Mekran Coast, where they are
frequently found in some numbers, Crustacea, slugs, fry of fish and algae form
their diet."
Querquedula formosa. The Clucking Teal.
1397- Querquedula formosa, Georgi., Act. S/ockl. 1779, t. i.;
Schl. J. t. 82, B. Querquedula glocitans (Pall.), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 808 ;
Hume, Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 225.— The CLUCKING TEAL.
"Male. — Forehead, top ofjhead and occiput rich purple brown, bounded
by a narrow white line from the eye ; face, cheeks and side of neck fawn
QUERQUEDULA. 695
colour ; a black streak from below the eye meeting a black patch on the throat ',
nape and hind neck glossy green, ending in a black stripe down the back of
the neck, separated from the fawn colour of the sides of the neck by a narrow
white line ; upper plumage finely marbled grey, edged with rufous on the
back; upper wing coverts hair brown, the median coverts the same, with an
edging of rufous, forming the anterior margin of the speculum, which is glossy
green, ending in velvet black and bordered posteriorly with silvery white ;
primaries brown ; scapulars lengthened, deep black in the centre, white on
their upper side, and rufous externally ; upper tail coverts brown, white on
either side ; tail of 16 feathers, dark brown ; beneath the throat black ; neck
and breast vinaceous purple, paling below with black spots ; abdomen white ;
flanks mottled grey ; under tail coverts black ; bill dusky ; legs dusky.
^Length. — 15-5 inches; wing 8-5 ; tail 3 ; bill at front 1-5."— (Jerd.y B.
fnd.)
The female (of which the Kurrachee Museum has a specimen) wants the
rich markings on the head and face, which are mottled grey ; there is a dis-
tinct white superciliary streak and a brown streak behind the eye, also a patch
of white above the angle of the upper mandible ; chin and throat white ;
cheeks and sides of the neck white, the feathers with mesial linear streaks ;
breast rufescent, spotted with dark brown ; belly white; lower abdomen and
under tail coverts white, with linear brown spots ; back dark brown, the fea-
thers edged with rufous brown ; flanks dusky rufescent brown, some of the
feathers with whitish edgings ;bill 1-62 x 0-62 at its widest part ; tarsus I 6.
Hal.— Sind, N.-W. Provinces at Delhi (Hume), Oudh and Bengal.
According to Mr. Hume, this is a rare straggler within the limits of India.
Blyth obtained a single specimen (a male) in the Calcutta Bazaar in 1844.
Mr. James, C.S., who was for some time in Sind, had a water-colour
drawing of the head of a Teal, which Mr. Hume regards as the male of this
species, and, besides a female in the Kurrachee Museum, a male was obtained
by Mr. Chill at Delhi in 1879.
1398. Querquedula falcata, Georgi. Act. stocki., 1779, t. i ;
Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 494 ; id., Game Birds iii. p. 231. Anas javana, Bodd.,
PL Enl. p. 930. — The BRONZE CAPPED TEAL.
A frontal spot ending in a point on the culmen, about 0*4 long and 0*3
wide, pure white. The lores, forehead, crown and lower portion of cheeks
a rich ruddy purple or chocolate bronze ; the rest of the cheeks, sides of the
head, and occiput emerald green in most lights, in a few ruddy, or even rosy
bronze ; the feathers of the hinder crown, occiput and nape are lengthened
so as to form a considerable mane-like crest ; the chin and entire throat
snow white, then a black ring all round the neck, with dark green or greenish
G9G ANATID^E.
blue reflections ; the white of the throat runs into a little point into this ring
and half divides it ; then a white ring ; then the front and sides of the neck,
breast and abdomen white, each feather with a broad subterminal black bar
following the curve of the end of the feather ; those of the neck with these
bars very perfect and strongly marked, those of the breast and upper three-
fourths of the abdomen with only a single bar, more or less imperfect ; back
of the neck (below the white ring), interscapulary region, smaller scapulars,
sides of the breast, sides, flanks, lower portion of abdomen and feathers about
vent closely barred, in some places almost vermiculated, black, or dusky, and
white or greyish white in varying degrees of fineness and intensity ; entire
wings and larger scapulars dove or grey brown, darker on the quills, the
outer webs of all the secondaries black, with dull metallic green lustre, their
greater coverts broadly tipped white ; middle and lower back and rump dark,
rather glossy hair brown ; a few of the feathers with traces of fine pale vermicu-
lations ; shorter central upper tail coverts similar, but a paler greyer brown ;
rest of the upper tail coverts jet black, with a subdued green lustre ; tail a
delicate, somewhat silvery grey brown, almost completely covered by the long,
black upper tail coverts ; entire wing lining and axillaries pure white ; the
lowest flank feathers on each side with broad, pure white, unbarred tips ; most
of the lower tail coverts black, with a faint greenish lustre ; shorter lateral
lower tail coverts on each side pure creamy buff. In the breeding season the
tertiaries are said to be greatly elongated, sickle-shaped, and reaching to the
end of the primaries ; the shaft and external edges of these feathers whitish,
the outer ones being entirely velvetty black, but the inner ones less black, and
finely vermiculated.
Male.— Length 1975; expanse 32-5; wing 9-5; tail from vent 3-2;
tarsus i '5 ; bill from gape 2'i ; weight i Ib. 6 ozs. ; irides deep brown; bill
perfectly black ; legs and feet drab, with an olive tinge.
Adult Female.— Head striped with purplish brown, each feather margined
with fulvous ; sides of the face and neck dotted with small brown points and
stripes; throat paler, varied, with small brown markings ; general colour of the
back rufous, more or less broadly and irregularly varied with brown ; lower
portion of the back brown, with a few obsolete fulvous edgings, being coloured
as in the male, but the sickle-shaped feathers are developed, these being
represented by a few elongated and slightly curved feathers, for the most part
brown, the outer webs inclining to grey at the base, the outer margins white ;
upper part of the breast deep rufous, with a few purplish brown cross mark-
ings, these being thickest on the lower part of the neck and sides of the throat;
rest of the under surface of the body fulvous, covered everywhere with very
indistinct brown mottlings ; sides of the body and under tail coverts rather
deeper rufous, with plainer longitudinal brown stripes and irregular mottlings ;
under wing coverts and axillary plumes pure white. Total length — 16 inches ;
culmen r8; wing 9-0 ; tail 3-4; tarsus, 1*2.
FULIGULA. 697
Hab.— Punjab and N.-W. Provinces. As yet only recorded from near
Lucknow and Delhi, also at Sultanpoor. The specimen from the Calcutta
market must have been obtained from some part of the Coast.
Querquedula gibberifrons is a species only as yet known from South Anda-
mans, where it is a permanent resident* Hume has excellent figures of both
male and female in his Game Birds. It is a very peculiarly coloured species,
the whole upper and lower surface being a sort of a pale rusty ferruginous,
each feather with a mesial crescentic or sub^crescentic patch of brown towards
the tips, which are slightly paler rusty ferruginous than the bases ; orbital ring
white ; cheeks and throat white ; secondary greater coverts, the outer webs of
a few secondaries and their tips white ; rest of outer webs of secondaries velvetty
black, with a brilliant green longitudinal band*
Sub-Family, FULIGULIN^E, Sw.— GIVING DUCKS.
Bill elevated at base, flat and broad towards the tip; nail strong, broad and
horny ; tarsi short, rather compressed ; toes long, webbed to the end ; hind
toe short ; tail short and rounded.
Gen. Fuligula, Steph.; Branta, £oie.; Gray, Gen. B. iii p. 620.
Bill nearly as long as the head, moderately wide, tip depressed ; nail large ;
lamella? distant; wings moderate, 1st quill longest*
1399, Fuligula rufina, Pall., Zoogr. t. 79; &odd. Tab. P. E. 928;
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 369; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p, 8n; Sir. F. iv. p, 2OI J
Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc. Sind, p. 238 ; Hume, Game. Birds Ind. iii.
p, 253* (Rattoba, Sind; Lall-seeree, Punjab.)— The RED-CRESTED POCHARD.
Male.— Crown, of the head, with an elongated crest of a silky texture and
dull yellow colour ; head on the sides, cheeks, chin and throat rich chestnut,
with a tinge of rose red or reddish bay ; nape and a line continued down the
back of the neck black ; lower neck, breast, sides of the breast and abdomen
black, in some specimens the abdomen is a chocolate brown; flanks white;
back pale brown, or yellowish brown ; the scapulars with a fulvous tinge ;
end of the wing and a large spot on the sides of the back white ; primaries
brown on their outer webs and at their tips, white on their inner webs ;
secondaries white, with sub-terminal dark tips; tertiaries pale brown ; rump
and upper tail coverts nearly black ; tail dark brown ; bill bright vermilion ;
legs and feet vermilion or reddish orange ; irides reddish brown.
Length. — 20*5 to 22 inches ; wing IO to 10*75 ; tail 3'O to 4'O j bill 2-3
to 2-5.
Females are not much smaller, and average from 2o to 21 inches. Fore-
head and crown dark brown; the neck on the back and nape slightly paler;
VOL. II.-90
698 ANATID^E.
crest much less developed ; sides of the face and neck brownish white ; spe-
culum greyish white ; breast and flanks yellowish brown, some of the feathers
edged paler ; shoulder of wing greyish white ; tail yellowish brown ; legs and
feet reddish brown ; back rufous or yellowish brown, some of the feathers
edged paler.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces,
Bengal, Guzerat, Kutch, Rajputana, the Deccan and throughout India gene-
rally, except in Southern India and Ceylon.
It is said to breed in parts of Persia. Occurs everywhere in large numbers
during winter from the latter end of October to about the middle of April ; a
few, however, remain beyond the loth of April. They are not very shy in their
wild state, except in well-shot districts, and usually large bags may be made
of this duck in a single day ; they swim well and dive equally well, remaining
a long while under water. Large lakes and rivers, and situations where there
is much deep water, arejhe natural resorts of this duck.
Fuligula cristata. The Tufted Pochard.
1400. Fuligula cristata (Linn.), Bodd. Tab. p. E. noi ; Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 370; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 815, No. 971,- Murray, Hdbk.,
ZooL, f c.t Sind, p. 338; Hume, Game Birds, Ind. iii. p. 277. (Turando,
Sind ; Abluk, Punjab.)— The TUFTED POCHARD.
Head, neck, long pendent crest and nape glossy black, with purple and
green reflections ; on the chin a white triangular spot ; throat, and breast black;
back dusky olive brown, or black brown, tinged with violet ; under parts
white ; vent and under tail coverts black ; greater wing coverts white, the tips
broadly black ; lesser wing coverts like the back ; tertials glossy green ; bill
plumbeous ; irides golden yellow ; legs and feet dusky.
Length. — 16 to 17 inches ; wing 7-5 to 8-5 ; tail 2-5 to 3-0 ; bill r8 to 2'0.
Female. — Length — 15 to 16 inches, with a wing of 7-5 to 8.
FULIGULA.
699
The female is dull rufous brown above, with palere dges to the feathers,
the crest is less developed and deep rufous brown in colour ; feathers about
bill pale yellowish white ; breast on the centre yellowish or fulvous white,
inged with greenish: under parts white, with faint dusky bars of brown;,
iculum white ; the under tail coverts white, with a few spots of pale brown*
Hab.— Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and Central
'rovinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan, Cen-
and Southern India.
This duck frequents chiefly open tanks, jheels and small dhunds overgrown
rith weeds. It feeds chiefly on small molluscs and insects. In the stomachs
a few obtained by me at Sehwan were species of Nepidce^ a species of
lanatra being the most common. They dive and swim well, and remain for
some time under water in search of minute molluscs, roots and seeds. They
re said to be good eating, but after January the flesh has a peculiar flavour*
which renders it unpalatable*
Fuligula raarila. The Scaup Pochard.
1401. Fuligula marila (Linn.), Bodd. Tab. P. E. IOC2 ; Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 371 ; Jerd.> B. Ind. iii. p. 814, No. 970; Murray, Hdbk., Zool.,
fyc., Sind, p. 239 ; id., Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 305 ; Hume, Game Birds Ind. iii.
p. 271. — The SCAUP POCHARD.
" Male. — Head and neck black, glossed with green ; top of the back and
scapulars whitish, with zigzag black lines ; lower back and upper tail coverts
black ; tail brown ; wing coverts black, marbled with ashy j speculum white ;
quills brown; lower neck and breast deep black; abdomeu and sides pure white,
with brown zigzag markings on the lower portion ; under tail coverts black ;
bill clear bluish above, dusky below, the tip black; irides brilliant yellow ; legs
bluish ashy ; webs blackish." (Jerdon.)
Length. — 19 to 20 inches ; wing 9 inches ; tail 2'5 ; bill at front nearly 2 j
tarsus 1-5. The measurements of a female given by Mr. Hume are — ~Length,
18 inches, expanse 28, wing 875, tail 2-5, tarsus i'33, bill along ridge 1-83.
700
A specimen of a female in the Kurrachee Museum measures— Length, 17*75
inches, wing 7-5, tail 2*8, bill at front 1-62, greatest width 0-81 The forehead,
crown and nape are chocolate brown, with a faint gloss ; a band of white (loreal)
at the base of the bill 0-43 wide, tinged with rufous; chin rufescent white;
throat slightly paler than the head ; lower neck and breast pale brown, the
feathers edged with pale rufescent or earthy brown ; abdomen satin white ;
sides of the vent brownish, with a few white spots ; back, scapulars, tertials,
wing coverts and rump and upper tail coverts dark brown, with a slight gloss ;
the feathers of the upper back very narrowly edged paler; primaries dark
brown on their outer webs and tips, earthy brown on their inner webs ;
secondaries white, broadly tipped with dark brown and narrowly edged the
same on their outer webs ; tail dark brown ; irides yellow.
. Hal. — Sind, Cashmere and Nepaul.
It was not till I took up the Scaups for examination in connection with this
work, that I detected this species ; like Mr. Hume I had it ticketed as nyroca.
Mr. Hume's plate of the female of this species, and his description of the
specimens in his museum puts its occurrence in Sind beyond doubt. The
female specimen described was obtained in 1879 at the " One Tree Tank,"
about six miles north of Kurrachee, on the road to Muggur Peer. I believe
now that I had the male also, but just at present it is nowhere to be found.
Fuligula ferin^. The Pochard.
1402. Fuligula ferina (Linn.), Bodd. Tab. P. E. 803; Gould, B.
Eur. pi. 367. Athya ferina, Jerd.t B. Ind, iii, p. 812 ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL,
fyc.t Sind, p» 239; id., Vert, Zool,, Sindt p. 307; Hume, Game Birds Ind. iii.
p. 249.— The POCHARD, DUN-BIRD or GREAT- HEADED WIGEON.
Head and neck rich or very deep chestnut, glossed with purple in some
lights ; breast black ; back, scapulars and wing coverts marked with undulating
transverse striae of black and white ; rump, upper tail coverts arid vent black ;
rest of under parts from below the breast covered with delicate zigzag trans-
verse striae as on the back ; primaries dusky brown, with dusky tips j secon-
FULIGULA. 701
laries- leaden or bluish grey, tinged with brown, and slightly tipped with dull
rhite ; tail dark brownish ash.
The female has the head, neck and nape chestnut or reddish brown; the
>reast of deeper chestnut ; the wing coverts ashy; upper parts as in the male,
but the lines less distinct ; throat and forepart of the neck reddish white ;
abdomen ashy or greyish white; bill dark plumbeous; irides orange yellow ;
legs and feet slaty grey or plumbeous.
Length. — i84o to 18*5 inches ; wing 8'o to 8*5 ; tail 2-35 to 3*0 ; bill 2*15
to 2-25.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, N.-W. and Cen-
tral Provinces, Oudh, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Kattiawar, Central India,
Nothern parts of Southern India, and the Peccan. In the Concan it occurs
but only as a straggler; it is not recorded from Ceylon, nor from Nepaul.
The Pochard makes it appearance in Sind about the end of October, and
in the Punjab during November. It is usually found in large flocks, affecting
the sea as well as inland creeks and fresh waters ; its chief food is molluscs,
seeds, flower buds of aquatic plants and algae also when on the sea, probably
such algae as are detached and found drifting in fresh waters. The Pochards
affect deep weedy jheels, keeping well under cover during the day, and
feeding chiefly by night; they fly with greater rapidity than the Mallards, and
unless their haunts have not been shot over, they are very wary and difficult to
approach.
1403. Puligula nyroca (Gould], Bodd. Tab. P. E. iooo; Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 367; Naum.. Vogt. t. 309; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 813 ; Murray,
Hdblt., Zool. fyc., Sind, p. 239; id., Vert. ZooL, Smd,p. 307; Hume, Game
Birds Ind. iii. p. 2$'$.(Burnoo, Sind ; Karcheeya, Punjab.) — The WHITE-EYED
POCHARD or FERRUGINOUS DUCK.
Forehead, crown, nape, sides of the face, throat and upper neck all round
deep ferruginous; breast and sides of the breast the same; chin with a trian-
gular patch of white ; a black collar on the lower part of the neck, which
behind runs into the purplish glossed dark brown of the back ; scapulars and
tertials dark brown, also the rump and upper tail coverts ; abdomen pure
white ; flanks ferruginous ; lower abdomen and vent ferruginous brown, with
white specklings ; lower tail coverts white ; tail dusky brown ; lesser, median
and greater wing coverts dusky brown ; secondaries white, broadly tipped with
dark brown ; end of the wing white, also the bases of the inner primaries and
their inner webs ; outer webs dusky blackish brown ; axillaries white ; bill
bluish ; irides white.
Length.— 15*5 to i6'O inches; wing 7-5 to 775 ; tail 2 'o ; bill at front 1-9
tO 2'0.
702 ANATID^E.
The female has the head and neck brown, the feathers edged with ferru-
ginous ; chin white, but less extended ; breast brown, the feathers margined
with pale chestnut brown ; abdomen dull white ; edge of the wing white ;
secondaries white, tipped with black.
Length. — 14 to 15 inches; wing 7-72.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Afganistan and throughout India, except
South India and Ceylon. Occurs in Nepaul, Gilgit and Eastern and Western
Turkistan, in which latter it breeds. « In the lakes of Cashmere," Hume says,
" they breed most abundantly, and that boat-loads of their eggs are brought to
market at Srinuggar." The White Eye affects chiefly jheels with thick cover,
where they sport about in the early morning, afternoon and at night, retiring
during the middle of day. It is not sought for by sportsmen, being very
indifferent eating at the best of times.
Clangula glaucion. The Golden Eye.
1404. Clangula glaucion (Linn.), P. E. 802,- Gould, B. Eur. pi.
329 ; Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc., Sind, p. 238 ; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 2916;
Hume, Game Birds, iii. p. 285. — The GOLDEN EYE or GARROT.
Head and upper part of the neck glossy deep green when seen in a light
reflected at a small angle, otherwise purple ; throat brownish black ; between
the lateral basal sinus of the upper mandible and the cheek is ah ovate patch
of white, ten-twelfths across in its greatest diameter ; the lower neck all round,
the breast, forepart of the abdomen, sides, and lower tail coverts white ; but
the axillary feathers and lower wing coverts are blackish brown, and the edges
of the posterior elongated feathers on the sides black ; the back and the
inner and posterior scapulars are black ; the outer scapulars white with the
margins black ; the tail is deep brown, tinged with grey ; the sides of the rump
and tibiae dusky-grey, and the feathers on the hind part of the abdomen dusky
at the base ; Swing brownish black, with a large patch of white, which in-
cludes many of the small coverts, several of the secondary coverts, and eight
of the secondary quills ; these white secondary coverts have their basal half
black, but that colour is not apparent when the feathers are laid down.
ERISMATURA. 703
" Male.— The bill is black ; the iris yellow; the feet orange yellow with
the webs dusky ; the claws brownish black.
"Length.— To end of tail 19 inches ; extent of wings 32; wing from flexure
9 ; tail 4 ; bill along the edge 1*42 ; tarsus 1*42.
"Female.— The female is much smaller, and has the bill less stout; the
feathers of the head less elongated, and less glossy, as are the scapulars and
the feathers of the sides; the bill is light brown, yellowish on the
ridge towards the end, with the upper unguis dusky ; the lower yellowish
brown ; the tarsi and toes are of a dingy yellowish brown ; the inter-digital
membranes dusky ; the claws brown ; the head and upper neck are umber
brown ; the lower neck all round dull ash grey, the feathers terminally edged
with paler ; the lower parts are white, but the sides of the body and rump
with part of the abdomen, are grey ; the axillary and lower wing covert
brownish grey ; the back and scapulars are deep ash grey, but on the hind
part of back that colour shades into black ; the tail dark brown, tinged with
grey ; the smaller wing coverts are deep grey, many of them tipped with pale
grey ; the primaries, their coverts, four outer secondaries, and live inner, with
their coverts, brownish black ; the seven other secondaries pure white, as are
their coverts, unless at the base.
" Length.— -To end of tail 16 inches ; expanse 28 ; wing 8-25 ; tail 3-25 ; bill
along the ridge 1-25; tarsus 1-25." — (MacGtlltvray, J5r. B. ex Str. F. vii.
p. 441.)
ffab.—S'md, Lucknow (Bonavia), North Afghanistan.
This species has not to my knowledge been obtained in Sind during the
last thirteen years. " Sir A. Burnes obtained a specimen on the Indus, which.
is figured among his drawings in the possession of the Asiatic Society."
Gen. Erismatura.
Tail of 1 8, stiff feathers, bare at the tips, and the webs much disunited.
1405. Erismatura leucocephala (Scop.), Hume, Game Birds
Ind. iii. pp. 290, 436. — The STIFF-TAILED WHITE-FACED DUCK.
Crown black ; forehead, sides of the head, including the space above the eye,
chin and nape pure white ; below this white the neck is black with a few buffy
brown dots on the forepart ; lower neck to the forepart of the back except in
the centre, chestnut red, which extends to the f oreneck and upper breast, where
it is delicately marked with buffy white ; back and scapulars ochreous or
reddish buff ; rump darker, brownish or finely vermiculated with blackish ;
lower rump and upper tail coverts chestnut red ; quills greyish black, the
secondaries externally and the larger wing coverts greyish buff, vermiculated
with blackish grey ; lesser coverts dull ashy, but slightly vermiculated ; tail
long and stiff and blackish in colour, under parts buffy white, obscurely
704
marked with reddish brown ; flanks dull chestnut brown, tinged with warm buff
and vermiculated with darker brown ; bill much swollen at the base, pale
ultramarine blue in colour j irides dark brown ; legs dull blackish plumbeous.
Length.— 17-5 inches* wing 6-3; tail 4*3; tarsus 1*35; ctilmen 1-9;
gape r82.
The adult female differs from the male in wanting the clear \vhite on the
head and in being much richer in plumage ; crown and nape blackish brown
with a chestnut tinge ; sides of the head similarly coloured but marked with
white ; a streak of white passes below the eye nearly to the nape \ and the1
chin and tipper throat are white slightly dotted with blackish brown. General
colour of the upper parts darker than in the male* being deep chestnut red ;
under parts as in the male. Bill dull plumbeous } irides dark brown j legs
plumbeous black.
Family, MERGID^E.
Bill straight, much compressed, narrow, convex towards the tip ; edges of the
mandibles strongly toothed; nostrils median, longitudinal; front toes well
webbed, hind toe lobed ; tarsus short j wings pointed ; tail short, wedge-shaped j
head sub-crested*
MergUSj Linn,
Bill slender, tip hooked ; first and second quills longest.
1406. Mergus serrator (Linn.), p. E. 207; Naum. Vogt. t. 325;
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 385 ; Str. F. ix. p. 268 ; Hume, Game Birds, iii. p. 305 ;
Murray , Vert, ZooL, Sind, p. 308.— The RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.
Adult Male. — The whole head, chin, throat and the neck all round, for
about one inch black, glossed with metallic green on the sides of the head
and a bluer sheen elsewhere j along the middle of the crown and occiput runs
a comparatively narrow line of excessively narrow, more or less disintegrated-
webbed, elongate feathers, of which the longest are over three inches in length,
forming a conspicuous crest ; the rest of the neck all round, to just the base,
pure white, with a conspicuous narrow black line down the centre of its hinder
aspect ; at the base of the neck a light brownish rufous, or pale brownish
chestnut band, extends all round, narrower behind and broadening into a crop-
patch. This band is streaked longitudinally with blackish brown. The
interscapulary region and upper back, the extreme sides of the breast and
scapulars velvet black ; outside the scapulars and between these and the wing
there is a conspicuous patch of long white feathers; the primaries and their
coverts (which latter are darkest), the shoulder of the wing and lesser coverts
just above the carpus blackish brown, the rest of the lesser and median coverts
pure white ; the secondary greater coverts black, all, except the first three, very
broadly tipped with white, but leaving a portion of their black bases visible below
MERGUS. 705
the white median coverts, thus forming the first black bar across the white of
the wing ; the secondaries are black, all, except the first three, very broadly
tipped with white ; tertiaries white, conspicuously margined with black, except
last three, which are black ; axillaries pure white ; rest of the lower parts
,'hite, with, in life, a beautiful salmon or buffy tinge which disappears in the
an ; flanks white, vermiculated with greyish black ; middle and lower back,
imp and upper tail coverts white, with very delicate and close vermiculations
)f dull black, producing a grey effect ; tail dull brown ; lower wing coverts
rtrite.
The female has the entire crown, occiput and crest brown with more or less
a dull rufous or chestnut tinge, and rather ashy towards the forehead ; sides
)f the head and neck all round pale dull brownish chestnut ; chin white ;
iroat albescent ; breast and entire lower parts white or pinkish white in life,
)nly at the base of the throat and crop the grey brown bases of the feathers
show through to a certain extent like hidden bars ; interscapulary region,
lantle, lower back, rump and upper tail coverts brown, most of the feathers
with paler margins ; quills dusky black; secondaries and their greater coverts
black, all, but the first three, broadly tipped with white; tertiaries dusky
blackish, paling anteriorly, whitish towards the tip, the innermost mostly white,
with a black outer margin ; tail like the back.
Both sexes from the above description resemble the Goosander, but may be
distinguished by their small size, and in proportion to their length much
thinner bills. (Hume, Sir. F. ix. p. 268.)
In the male the bill varies from orange red to deep vermilion, is more or
less dusky on the edge, and has the nail varying from pale yellowish grey to
almost black. In young females there is more dusky on the upper mandible,
where the red is often only a lateral band.
Length. — Males, 24*0 to 260 inches; expanse 29*0 to 32-5 ; wing 9*0 to
io*O; tail from insertion of feathers 3*1 to 4/2 ; tarsus r8 to 2-05 ; bill at
front along culmen 2*4 to 2*5.
Length. — Females, 22*0 to 23*5 ; expanse 28*0 to 31*0 ; wing 8*5 to 9*3 ; tail
27 to 3'6; tarsus 1-66 to 1*83 ; bill at front 2-1 to 2-3. (Sir. F. ix. p. 268.)
In a second specimen (the first obtained by Capt. Bishop at Manora, and
sent by me to Mr. Hume) now in the Kurrrachee Museum — male, the bill at
front is exactly 2*0 inches, tarsus r6, wing 8-37, tail 37, length 23*2, agrees
exactly with Mr. Hume's description as given above.
Hab. — Sind. Mr. Hume says there is no other instance of its occurrence
in India. China, Mongolia, S. and S.-E. Siberia, Palestine and throughout
Europe ; Scotland, Shetland, Sweden and Norway are given as localities out-
side of India.
VOL. II.— 91
706 MERGID/E.
Mergus merganser. The Goosander.
1407- Mergus merganser (Lmn.), Gould, B. Eur. pi. 384;
Hume and Marsh., Game Birds iii. p. 299. Mergus castor, Jerd., B. Ind. iii.
p. 817; Sir. F. i. p. 422; ii. pp. 336, 439; iv. pp. 202, 496; v. p. 323;
vii. p. 149; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 309. — The GOOSANDER or
MERGANSER.
Head with a short thick crest, and upper part of the neck glossy blackish
green ; lower neck white ; breast, abdomen and under tail coverts white,
tinged with orange buff; upper back and scapulars black; lower back and
upper tail coverts ashy ; tail ashy grey ; wing coverts and outermost scapu-
lars rich orange buff, the latter edged with black. The female and young
male have the head and neck reddish brown, the upper plumage ashy, the
throat white, and a white speculum on the wing. Bill blood red ; black on
the culmen ; irides and feet red.
Length. — 25 to 28 inches; wing 10-9 to 12 ; tail 4*8 to 5 '9; tarsus r8 to
2*03 ; bill from gape 27 to 2-9. Females average 22-9 to 25 inches in length.
Hob. — This species, although not yet reported from Sind, will no doubt be
found to occur. It is said to occur in the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, and
Bengal, and also in Ajmere, and to breed in the higher valleys of the Hima-
layas, and in Beloochistan and Persia. A woodcut of the species is given to
aid identification.
Mergellus.— Seiby.
Bill shorter and wider than in Mergus ; tip broad and much less hooked j
mandible toothed.
1408. Mergellus albellus (Linn.}, Bodd.P. E. 449; Gould, B.
Eur. pi. 387; Jerd.t B. Ind. iii p. 818; Str. F. i. p. 265; iv. pp. 31, 202;
Murray, Edbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 240; id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 310;
Hume, Game Birds Ind. iii. p. 263. — The SMEW.
PODICEP5. 707
Male. — A black patch with green reflections from the base of the bill extend-
ing round the eye; head white, occiput with a longitudinal black patch
lescending down the back of the neck ; chin, throat, neck, breast (except two
rescentic black bands) and lower parts white ; flanks and thigh coverts
rhite, with dark zigzag transverse striae; back black; greater wing coverts
glossy black, tipped with white ; lesser wing coverts partly white ; primaries
lusky black ; secondaries glossy black, edged narrowly and tipped with white,
)rming two narrow bands across the wing; tertiaries leaden grey ; upper tail
:overts and tail greyish ash; under tail coverts white ; bill light plumbeous
rith a bluish tinge ; irides reddish brown ; legs and feet plumbeous.
Length,— 17 to 18 inches; wing 7-55 to 8-5 ; tail 3-37 to 3*9; bill 1-5 to r6.
The female has the head, crown, nape and hind neck reddish chestnut
>rown ; sides of the neck white ; crest short ; back, upper tail coverts and
iil deep ashy grey ; chin and throat white ; breast greyish white ; abdomen
rhite ; flanks grey ; wings as in the male, but the dark parts grey instead of
>lack.
Length.-— 16 to 17 inches; wing 7*5 to 7*75 ; tail 3 to 3*2 ; bill at front 1-2
1'4
Hab. — Sind, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab, Oudh, N.-W. Provinces, and North
Guzerat. A winter visitant to India, arriving in Sind and the Punjab about
the last week in October. The Smew is a shy and wary bird, taking to flight
with great readiness. Smews are gregarious and are always to be found in
flocks of from 10 to 2O or 30, usually in deep water on the Indus and other
large rivers. Hume says — " They are difficult to approach. They keep in
deep water, far away from any cover, and you can only shoot them from a
boat ; they can swim faster than any ordinary native boat can be propelled, and
are always on the alert." They feed on fish and Crustacea chiefly.
Family, PODICIPID^E.
Tarsus compressed ; primaries short ; feet lobed ; tail very short, almost
wanting ; bill slightly curved above at the tip.
PodicepS — Latham.
Bill straight, moderately stout ; nostrils oblong, lateral, in a short groove ;
wings short ; tarsus scutellate; hallux bordered by a web.
1409. Podiceps cristatus(£^.), Bodd., P. E. 4oo, 944; Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 388 ; Aud., B. Amer. vii. pi. 479; Jerd., S. Ind. iii. p. 821 ; Sir.
F. i. pp. 142, 265 ; iv. pp. 31, 203 ; Murray ', Hdbk., ZooL, fyc.t Sind, p. 240 ;
id., Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 311. — The CRESTED GREBE.
Head with a long, dark brown or black silky, erectile crest, standing out
behind, divided in two ; forehead slightly paler ; nape and neck behind
708 PODICIPID/E.
brownish black or black seasonally, continued on to the back, and coalescing
with the dusky brown of the back ; in some specimens the entire head, back
of the neck, back, scapulars and wing coverts are dusky brown, with a greenish
lustre ; lesser wing coverts white ; primaries dusky brown; secondaries white;
tertials like the back ; lores, sides of the face and cheeks fulvous white ; neck
in front, breast and entire lower parts satin white ; sides of the breast and flanks
with a rufescent tinge ; nude space between bill and eye red or dusky seasonally ;
collar chestnut above, edged below with black ; bill brown above, reddish on
the sides and below, the tip white ; irides crimson red.
Length. — 22 to 22'5 inches ; wing 7-25 to 7-5 ; bill at front 2-37 ; tarsus 2.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal,
Guzerat, Kutch and Kattiawar. Affects the sea-coast, also inland lakes, rivers,
creeks and ponds, which are covered with reeds and rushes ; although their
wings are short, they fly well, but resort exclusively to diving, in which they
are adepts. They feed on fry of fish, Crustacea, tadpoles and seeds of aquatic
plants. The skin of the breast is an article of commerce as a substitute for
fur.
1410. PodicepS nigriCOllis (Sund.), Edw. B. pi. 96, p. 2 ; Naum.
Vogt. t. 246; Gould, B. Europe, pi. 391 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. pp. 142, 266;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sfc., Sind, p. 241 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 311.— The
BLACK-NECKED GREBE.
"Male. — Whole of the top of the head, together with the rest of the upper
part, the chin, throat, and neck all round blackish brown, very glossy on the
head ; back and wings duller and browner on the neck all round ; the chin
and throat almost quite black, but a good deal speckled with white ; this
white speckling extending as a stripe at the sides of the neck behind the ear
coverts ; two short thick tufts on either side of the occiput, which, though
scarcely noticeable in the dried skin, are erected at pleasure in the live bird ;
behind the eye for about 1*4 inches, a broad streak of orange and reddish
yellow silky glistening feathers. The inner web of the sixth primary, and
almost the whole of the subsequent primaries and secondaries, pure white ;
tertiaries and wing coverts unicolorous with the back. The whole breast,
abdomen and vent satin white, a little tinged with greyish brown about the
vent ; tail unicolorous with the back, and on either side of it, and of the tail
coverts a good deal of white appears ; sides and flanks mottled with blackish
brown, with traces of a rufous or orange striation.
" In full breeding plumage the sides and flanks are very strongly streaked
with orange red, and the parts indicated as speckled with white are entirely
black ; in the winter plumage the colours are duller ; the front of the neck is
an earthy brown ; and the whole of those portions, indicated as speckled with
white are pure white ; the orange red tuft behind the eye is entirely wanting."
(Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 267.)
OCEANITES. 709
Bill black ; irides vermilion ; legs and feet greenish plumbeous interiorly,
and blackish exteriorly.
Length. — 12 to 13 inches; expanse 22*5 to 24-5; wing 5*2 to 5*6; tarsus,
2-9 to 3'2 ; bill at gape 3*6 to 4.
Hal.— Sind and the Mekran Coasts ; common about the mouths of the
Indus. Whether this species is distinct from aurilus or not has to be finally
settled. In vol. i. Str. F., Mr. Hume gives some characters which distinguish
aurilus from this species, and thinks that "it differs in certain details of
colouration and in shape of bill sufficient to justify separation."
1411. Podiceps minor (Linn.), Bodd., Tab. p. E. p. 905 ; Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 392. Podiceps phillipensis (Gm.), Jerd.> B. Ind. iii. p. 822;
Str. F. i. p. 268 ; iv. p. 203 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 242 ; id.,
Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 312.— The LITILE GREBE or DAB-CHICK.
Crown of the head and nape dark blackish brown, or sepia brown, glossed
with greenish ; sides of the face, neck on the sides and in front chestnut red ;
chin dull black ; breast sepia brown, mixed with white ; flanks pale ferruginous ;
rest of under parts silky white ; under wing coverts buff ; primaries pale
brown, buffy white basally ; secondaries white, margined with brown ; back,
scapulars and tertials glossy brownish black, with a greenish tinge; bill
blackish, paler at the base ; irides red brown ; legs greenish black or dusky
green.
Length. — 8 to 9 inches; wing 4 ; bill at front 0*75 ; tarsus 1*25.
Hob. — Throughout India, Beloochistan, Persia, Afghanistan, Eastern Tur-
kestan and Nepaul.
Family, PROCELLARID^:.— PETRELS, &c.
Bill long, straight, compressed, very deeply grooved, tip strong, arched and
hooked ; nostrils tubular, situated at the base of the bill, and exposed.
Sub-Family, PROCELLARIN^E.— STORMY PETRELS.
Nostrils at base of keel divided by a septum ; hind toe generally present ;
bill slender, compressed ; tarsus moderate.
OceaniteS. — Keys and Bias,
Bill short and slender, curved at the tip ; tail forked ; wings long, second
quill longest ; tibia partially naked.
1412. Oceanites OCeanica (Kuhl.\ Sharpe, Rep. Trans. Venus
Exped., p. 123; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p 505, pi. ; Hume and Dav., Sir. F.
vi. p. 490; Butler, Str. F. vii. p. 178; Hume, S/r. F. viii. p. 115 ; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. 1056; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 313 ; Gales, B. Br. Burm.
710 PROCELLARID,£.
ii. p. 437. Procellaria oceanica, Kuhl., Beitr. Z. Zool. p. 136, pi. 10, fig.'i.
Procellaria Wilsoni, Bonap., Journ. Acad. PhiL iii. pi. 2. p. 231, pi. 9, fig. 2.
Thalassidroma, Wilsoni, Gould. B. Austr., vii. pi. 65. Thalassidroma ?
Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 827 ; Legge, Sir. F. iii. p. 375.— WILSON'S PETREL.
General plumage deep sooty brown, or brownish black, blackish on the
primaries, tertiaries, occiput, nape and tail ; secondary greater coverts and
latest secondaries wood brown or pale hair brown, narrowly margined
towards the tips with yellowish white ; upper tail coverts, flanks and bases of
some of the external under tail coverts pure white ; a few of the feathers of
the lower abdomen narrowly fringed with white ; bill dull black ; legs and
feet polished black, with a conspicuous pale yellow patch in the centre of each
web ; irides blackish.
Length.— 7*12 inches ; wing 6^25 ; tarsus 1-4 ; bill at front O*$ ; from gape
0*7; hind toe obsolete; hind claw just visible as a tiny spur at the base of
the tarsus. (Hume, Str. F. v., p. 291.)
Hab. — Sind and Mekran Coast ; also the Ganges, the Bay of Bengal, and
the Tenasserim Coast.
Stormy Petrels, vulgarly known to sailors as Mother Carey's chickens, and
disliked by them as being foretellers of an approaching storm, have long been
celebrated for the wonderful manner by which they traverse the ocean, flying
close above the water, or passing over the wavy billows pattering the surface
with their webbed feet. Petrels are usually seen in windy or stormy weather,
chiefly because " the marine creatures are flung to the surface by the chop-
ping waves, and can be easily picked up as the bird pursues its course."
Crustaceans, fish, molluscs and floating algae are the chief food of Petrels, and
it is said they will follow in small flocks under the wake of a ship for the sake
of picking up refuse food thrown overboard. On the Mekran and Sind
Coasts they are usually met with singly or in pairs flying backwards just above
the surface of the water, as Jerdon justly remarks " much resembling swifts,
both in general appearance, colour and flight." They are numerous between
Charbar and Pusnee, and beyond the mouths of the Indus on the Kurrachee
Coast; Jerdon records this species from the mouths of the Ganges and
throughout the Bay of Bengal.
Gen. Daption.— Stephens.
Wings long ; tail moderate ; bill hooked at the tip, and very weak.
1413. Daption capensiS (Linn.), Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 53;
Sharpe, Rep. Trans. Venus Exped., p. 118; Hume, Str. F. vii. pp. 442, 463 ;
viii. p. 115; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1056; Oates, B. Br. Burm.\\. p. 438.
Procellaria capensis, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 213. — The CAPE PETREL.
Whole head, chin, sides and back of the neck, upper back and lesser wing
coverts sooty brown ; lower back, upper tail coverts, scapulars and tertiaries
PUFFINUS. 711
hite, each feather tipped with sooty brown; secondaries more broadly tipped;
edian and greater wing coverts with the outer webs and the tips of the
nner sooty brown ; remainder of the inner web white ; primaries blackish,
ith a broad white marginal band on the inner web ; basal two-thirds of tail
white, remainder sooty brown ; lower plumage from the chin white ; under tail
coverts tipped with sooty brown.
Length.— About 14 inches; tail 4; wing 9; tarsus 1-7; bill from gape r£.
(Oates.)
Bill blackish brown ; irides and feet dark brown. (Gould.)
Hab. — Obtained by Mr. Hume in the Straits between Ceylon and the
mainland. Oates says it is certain to be found in the vicinity of the Burmese
coast at times.
Gen. PuffinuS.
Bill longer than the head, slender, compressed at the point ; lower mandible
reflected at the tip ; nostrils in a double tube, extending along the under
surface of the bill ; tarsus moderate, compressed ; toes three in front, rather
long ; hind toe rudimentary; 1st quill longest.
1414. PuffinuS persiCUS, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 5; v. p. 292;
Murray, Hdbk , ZooL, &c., Sind, p. 243; id., Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 213. — The
PERSIAN SHEAR-WATER.
Female.— The head and nape deep sooty brown, the whole of the rest of the
upper parts blackish brown; almost, if not quite, black on the primaries,
rump, upper tail coverts and tail ; upper portion of the lores mingled dusky
brown and whitish ; lower portion of the lores and the whole of the chin and
throat, as far as the eyes on either side, breast, abdomen, vent and shorter
central lower tail coverts, pure white ; a line about 0*06 wide encircles
the eye and extends backwards from the posterior angle as a narrow white
streak for a distance of 0-35 to 0-4 inch; below this the ear coverts are dusky
brown, slightly mingled with whitish ; the white line below the eye is only
separated from the white of the throat by a hair line of greyish brown. The
sides of the neck and the breast, where the brown of the upper meets the white
of the lower parts, are somewhat paler brown, slightly intermingled with
white. The sides, axillaries, flanks, and the lesser under wing coverts next
the body, and the whole of the exterior and longer tail coverts are deep
brown ; the rest of the lower wing coverts, except just at the edge of the wing,
are white, here and there slightly mottled, especially at the edge of the wing,
with dusky brown ; the longer axillaries are mottled with white along their
bases.
Bill dusky brown, bluish at base and basal three-fourths of lower mandible ;
irides brown ; legs and feet white, tinged with pink and lavender ; claws,
712
margin of web, exterior^of foot, and outer toe, and part of ridge of mid-toe
black.
Length. — pinches; wing 7 ; tarsus 1*5 ; bill from forehead to tip 1-3;
from anterior margin of nostril ro6 inches. (Hume, Str. F. i. p. 5.)
Hab. — Sind Coast and the mouths of the Indus, also on the Mekran Coast.
Like the Petrel, the Puffin or Shear-water also lives entirely on the sea, except
during the breeding season, when holes in rocks are their haunts ; like the
Petrels, they feed on floating garbage, fish, Crustacea, &c.
1415. PuffimiS chlororhynchUS, Lesson, Traite, p. 613 ; Newton,
Ibis, 1861, p. 181 ; 1867, p. 359; Legge, B.Ceylon, p. 1054; Oates, B. Br.
Burnt, ii. p. 439. — The GREEN-BILLED SHEARWATER.
Whole plumage sooty brown, darkest on the wings and tail ; paler beneath
and tinged with glaucous on the chin and throat.
Irides dusky • bill dusky greenish ; legs fleshy white. (Legge.)
Length. — About 15 inches; tail 5-3; wing 1*09; tarsus r8; bill from
gape 2.
Hal. — Indian Ocean, breeding in the Mauritius and neighbouring islands,
where it deposits its single egg under stones and in burrows. Has been met
with on the Coast of Ceylon, and will probably be found to occur in the Bay
of Bengal, and the Burmese Coast.
Pelecanoides urinatrix\s said by Sundevall to have been observed in the Bay
of Bengal, but as nothing more is known of it, I do not include it in the
Avifauna. The whole of the upper plumage is glossy black, the lesser wing
coverts fringed with white, also the secondaries and tertiaries; lower plumage
glistening white.
Length. — About 8 inches ; wing 4-8.
ORDER- -GAVLE.
Family, LARID^E, Vig. Lestrid<e, Kaup.
Bill straight, compressed ; wings long and pointed ; tail long ; tarsi with
transverse scutes in front ; hind toe usually short.
Sub-Family, STERCOCARIN.E.-G. R. Gray.
Base of bill covered with a cere, tip hooked; ist quill longest; nostrils
median.
Gen. StercOCariUS-- Briss.
Keel of bill covered with a bony or membranous cere; ist quill longest.
STERCORARIUS. 713
1416. Stercorarius asiaticus, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 268; v. p. 294.
istris parasiticus (Lin.), Gould, B. Eur. pi. 448 ; And. Birds Amer. vii. pi.
; Murray,Hdbk.>ZooL, 8fc.t Sind, p. 244; id., Vert.ZooL,Sind, p. 314.—
SKUA.
This is not uncommon off the Manora headland, and along the Sind and
[ekran Coasts. There is some difference of opinion in regard to the identity
this bird, under the synonyms given of it above. Mr. Hume, in vol. i., p.
J8, refers it to Z. parasiticus, but in his observations on the species states
may not improbably hereafter turn out that both his specimens and those of
Major Tickell's belong to a distinct species intermediate between pomarinus
and parasiticus, in which case he says it may stand as Stercorarius asiaticus,
nobis, In vol. v. of the same journal he points out the differences between
Z. parasiticus and his Stercorarius asiaticus.
The following is the description of the species from specimens obtained by
him at Pusnee on the Mekran Coast : —
" The central tail feathers are manifestly imperfectly developed, one pro-
jects 075 and the other 0*25 beyond the rest of the tail; the bird is obviously
in a state of change of plumage, as the two first primaries in each wing are
old, and comparatively pale brown, with conspicuous white shafts only tinged
brownish for about 0*5 immediately above the tips, while all the other pri-
maries are new and very dark brown, almost black, with only the basal half
of the shafts white, and even that slightly tinged with brown ; some of the
secondaries, scapulars, coverts and feathers of the back are brown ; the same
dull pale umber as the first two primaries, and so are two of the tail feathers,
while the whole of the rest of the wings and tail are of the same deep blackish
brown as the third to the tenth primaries. What is noticeable is, that on the
back and scapulars the paler brown feathers have no white tippings, which
most probably have worn off, these feathers being the old ones, but all the
dark feathers of these parts have narrow brownish white margins. The upper
tail coverts are conspicuously tipped with white, and the longer ones have two
very broad slightly rufous or fulvous white bars. The forehead, crown and
occiput are dull, pale, wood brown, here and there faintly tinged rufescent,
the feathers with pretty broad blackish brown central streaks ; the lores are
greyish white, the feathers narrowly dark centred ; the cheeks, ear coverts and
nape are white, more or less tinged with fulvous or buffy, with very narrow
dark brown shaft-stripes; the chin and throat white ; the feathers of the base of
the neck all round and the breast white, tinged in places fulvous, in places
slightly rufescent, with a broad dark brown subterminal transverse band ; the
sides, flanks and lower tail coverts are white, with broad brown transverse
bars, which in some of the lower tail coverts have a slight rufescent aureola ;
the abdomen and vent are white, but on the sides of the abdomen there are
faint traces of barrings similar to those of the breast and flanks ; the axillaries
Vol. II.— 92
714 LARID^E.
are broadly barred* with a somewhat greyish brown and greyish white ; the
tibial feathers pure brown."
Length. — 19 inches; expanse 45; tail from vent 6-4; wing 13; bill at
front (including cere, which is 0-7) 1*2 ; bill from gape 2 02 ; tarsus r8 ; legs
and feet dull black ; bill brown ; cere pale greenish brown ; irides brown.
Stercorarius pomatorhinus is said to have occurred near Moulmein and
S. antarticus in Ceylon.
Sub-Family, LARIN^:.— Bp.
Bill long, straight above, and slightly curved at the tip.
Gen. Larus.— Lin.
Bill moderate, strong, compressed, cultrated, bent down at the tip ; lower
mandible angled beneath ; nostrils linear, lateral, longitudinal, pervious ; tibia
naked ; tarsi moderate ; toes palmated ; hind toe free, short and high on the
tarsus ; wings long.
1417. Larus cacchinnans, Pall., Zoogr. Rosso. [As. \\. p. 318.
Larus argentatus, Bp., Icon. F. ItaL UcceL ; Hume, Yarkand Exp. ZooL,
p. 299 ; id., Sir. F. i. p. 270 ; vii. p. 463 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §*c., Sind,
p. 245 ; id., Vert. Zool., Smd, p. 316. Larus leucophaeus, Licht., Nom. Av.
Mus. Berol. p. 99 ; Dresser, B. Eur. pt. xxii. — The YELLOW-LEGGED HERRING
GULL.
Summer Plumage. — Entire head, neck all round, entire lower parts, upper
tail coverts and tail pure white ; round the eye an orange red ring ; entire
mantle and back, tertiaries and secondaries a delicate pale bluish grey ; the
tertiaries and secondaries and longer scapulars broadly tipped with white; the
earlier secondaries,"; especially with the major portion of the inner webs, also
white ; edge of the wing about the carpal joint white ; primaries, the first with
the whole outer wety black, tipped with white and with a broad white band
across both webs near the tip ; above this band a considerable portion of the
inner web is black, and the rest pale grey ; second primary similar, but the
white band often entirely wanting or reduced to a spot on the inner web only,
the black on the inner web of less extent than in the first, and the basal por-
tion of the outer web the same pale blue grey as the coverts and the rest of
the wing ; the third and following primaries have only the white tips and no
white band, the outer webs become more grey as they recede from the second,
and the black diminishes on the inner webs proportionally, so that on the
seventh or eighth it is generally reduced to a narrow black band across both
webs, or in some cases on the outer web only, and in others entirely wanting
on the last three quills.
In the winter plumage the nape and back of the neck are striated with pale
brown, in some specimens, thinly on the crown also; legs and feet lemon
yellow.
LARUS. 715
Length. — 23 to 2575 inches; expanse 58 to 60; wing 1675 to 18; tarsus
2-510278; bill at front 1*9 to 2*35; mid-toe and claw 2*25 to 2'6; bill
yellow, red near the tip of the lower mandible in summer. In winter it is
lull yellow, whitish at the tip, with a dark spot on both mandibles near the
tip, and an orange spot at the tip of the lower one. (Hume, Str. F. p. i. 270,
',. argentatus.)
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran Coast), Persian Gulf, large rivers of the
'unjab, N.-W. Provinces, the Delhi District and Rajputana.
Numerous during winter in the Kurrachee harbour. It has not yet been
inally settled whether this species is L. argentatus or cacchinnans. Mr.
[oward Saunders (P. Z. S. 1878) identifies it with cacchinnans ; the charac-
jrs of both species are so similar, that it becomes a vexed question. Mr.
Hume maintains it is open to argument. All my specimens agree with Mr.
Hume's description ; but the length of the mid-toe and claw in 5 out of 6
specimens is 2*25, and of those in the striated plumage the mantle is rather
darker.
1418. LaruS affiniS, Reinhardt., Vidensk. Meddel. 1853, P- 7^; et
Ibis, i86i,p. 17; Seebohm and Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 452. Larus fuscus.
Jerd., B. Ind. p. 830, No. 978 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 431. Larus occidentalis,
Hume, Str. F. 1873, P» 273 (nec Aud) '•> Murray, Hdbk., ZooL, fyc., Sind,
p. 246; id., Vert. ZooL Smd,p. 318. — The LESSER HERRING GULL.
Head, crown, neck and nape white in summer, in winter streaked with
dusky brown, and with a dusky eye spot ; chin, throat and breast white ; back
dark slaty grey, also the greater and lesser wing coverts ; primaries dark
slaty grey, the first six tipped with white, the first with a broad bar and the
extreme tip white, the rest only tipped white ; secondaries like the back, and
tipped with white ; some of the tertials also tipped with white ; under wing
coverts white ; upper and under tail coverts and tail white.
Length. — Male, 24/2 inches ; wing 17^2 ; tarsus 2'6; mid toe and claw 2*3 ;
bill at front 2-25.
Length. — Female, 22*3 inches; wing i6'8 ; tarsus 2 §6 ; mid-toe and claw
2*2 ; bill at front 2'i ; bill yellow, the angle on the lower mandible red ; irides
pale yellow ; eyelids yellowish red.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran Coast), the Coromandel Coast, Kutch,
Guzerat, Concan and Deccan.
In immense numbers on the Sind and Mekran Coasts. In the Kurrachee
harbour in large flocks, feeding among fishermen when landing their nets
and about their huts.
1419. LarilS gelastes, Licht. m Thienem, Fort />. flanz. Vog. Eur.
pt. v. p. 22 ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 318; Bree, B. Eur. 2nd Ed. v. p. 72;
716 LARID^E.
Blanf., East. Pers. ii. p. 291. Larus lambruschini, Bp., Schl. Mus. P. Bas.
p. 28 ; Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 274. — The ROSY SEA GULL.
Slimmer Plumage.— Entire head, neck, upper back, rump, upper tail
coverts, entire lower parts and tail white, tinged with rosy, except on the head,
where the rosy tinge is scarcely perceptible ; mantle, secondaries, tertiaries,
lesser and median wing coverts, and the upper greater coverts, also the wing
lining pale bluish french grey, rather pearly grey on the back and tertiaries ;
four or five of the primary coverts and edge of the wing white ; primaries,
the first white, except the outer web, tip and margin of the inner web;
second to fourth primaries white, the margin of their outer webs narrower
and decreasing in extent terminally, and broadening and running up basally
on their inner webs, with the black tips broader successively ; fifth and sixth
primaries tipped white ; the outer web of the fifth greyish, and that of the
sixth slightly darker, with a subterminal dark band ; bill, legs and feet deep
red ; the bill in some with a blackish tinge ; eyelids bright red ; irides pale
yellow.
Length.— 17 to 18*5 inches; wing 11-5 to I2'O; bill at front r6 to 1-82;
tarsus 2 to 2-12.
Hal. — Sind (Kurrachee harbour), Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, the
Mediterranean and Black Sea, also the Red Sea.
Numerous everywhere in the Kurrachee harbour during winter. Distin-
guished from all other species by its never having a hood and the dark
spot in front and behind the eye, characteristic of the winter plumage of
ridibundus.
1420. Larus hemprichi, Bp., Heugi.lbis, 1859, p. 350; Elan-
ford, Abyssinia, p. 441; id., East. Pers. ii. p. 292; Hume, Str. F.\.
p. 279; iv. p. 444; v. p. 296 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 248 ; id.,
Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 318. — HEMPRICH'S SEA GULL.
Summer. — Forehead, crown, nape, chin and throat chocolate brown ; neck
in front darker, nearly blackish brown, forming a sort of a "bib"; on the
upper breast, the edges of the brown of the back of the neck margining the
broad white demicollar of the same colour ; upper back, scapulars, lesser,
median and greater coverts, also the secondaries and tertials, deep chocolate
brown, all the secondaries broadly tipped with white ; primaries dark brown,
nearly black, all, except the first three, tipped with white ; edge of the wing
white ; breast and sides of the breast paler brown than the back ; abdomen,
vent, under tail coverts, flanks, upper tail and thigh coverts white ; legs and
feet yellowish, or greyish yellow ; bill greenish drab, tipped red, with a subter-
minal black bar ; irides dark brown.
In winter the forehead and lores are a pale brown, also the crown of the
head and cheeks, the feathers here and there margined with greyish white ;
LARUS. 717
breast pale brown, the feathers margined greyish white ; chin and throat
white, the feathers of the latter tipped with brown, otherwise as in the summer
>lumage, the colour of the mantle and wings being slightly paler.
Length.— 17-5 to iS'S inches; wing 13-25 to 137; tarsus 2 to 2-1 ; bill at
front r8 to 2-0.
Hab. — Sind, Mekran Coast, Persian Gulf, from the Red Sea to Aden,
Kutch, Guzerat, Concan (at Bombay).
1421. Larus brunneicephalus, Jerdm, Madras Joum. xii.
p. 225 ; id., Birds Ind. iii. p. 832 ; Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 480; Str.
F. i. p. 278 j iv. p. 203 ; vi. p. 291 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 247 ;
id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 318. — The BROWN-HEADED GULL.
Summer Plumage. — Entire head and neck sooty brown, darker where it
terminates; orbital feathers white posteriorly; back and wings light grey;
nape, hind neck, upper tail coverts and tail, also the under parts white ; first
primary black ; inner web white at the base and with a white subterminal
band, the second has both webs white at the base and a smaller terminal spot,
the third is grey, with still less black and no white, and so on, lessening to the
seventh ; the other quills are grey ; bill and feet red, the bill darkish at the
tip ; irides white, (Jerd.)
Length.— 15'8 to 16-5 inches; wing 11-5 to 13*0; tail 4-5 to 5-5.
In winter, the head, neck all round, entire lower parts and upper tail coverts,
also the edge of the wing, are white ; tail white with a black band, narrowly
edged with white terminally ; a dark spot before and behind the eye ; quills
black, white at their bases, and except the first two, all tipped with white ;
secondaries dark brown, tipped with white ; tertials and upper plumage as in
summer.
Hal. — Sind, along the coast and inland, Mekran Coast, Persian Gulf,
Bengal, Kutch, Guzerat and the Deccan. Occurs also in Burma and Ceylon.
1422. LarUS ichthysetUS, Pall., It. \\. App. No. 27; (Caspian) id.,
Zoogr. Rosso. As. ii. p. 322; Tristram, Ibis, 1868, p. 30; (Palestine) Shelley,
B. of Egypt, p. 307; Dresser, B. JEur.pt. xviii. ; Str.F. i. p. 276. Murray,
Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 247 ; id., Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 319. Kroikoce-
phalus ichthyaetus (Pall.'), Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 831.— The GREAT BLACK-
HEADED GULL.
Summer Plumage. — Entire head and upper half of neck black; orbital fea-
thers white ; mantle, back, scapulars and wings bluish grey ; entire lower
parts, tail, and upper tail coverts white ; in immature plumage the tail has a
black band ; primaries with a black band, increasing in width to the outermost
one, which has the whole of the outer web and half of the inner web black ;
rest of the first primaries grey, tipped with white ; bill wax yellow, vermilion
718 LARID^E.
red at the tip, with a black bar across both mandibles ; the extreme tip orange
yellow.
Length.— 28* 5^ 29 inches ; wing 19-0 to 2o!o ; bill at front 2-6 to 27 ;
tail 7*5 to 77.
J]alt — Sind and Mekran Coasts, also the larger inland lakes of Sind, Per-
sian Gulf, the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Bengal, the Concan, Bombay, and
South India (Madras).
1423. Larus ridibundus, Linn., Syst. Nat. \. p. 225 ; Gould, B.
Eur. pi. 425; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 832; Sir. F. i. p. 278; Murray, Hdbk.,
Zool., fyc., Sind, p. 278 ; id., Vert. Zool, Smd, p. 319. — The LAUGHING
GULL.
Head and upper part of the neck all round deep reddish or blackish brown ;
lower neck, breast, abdomen, vent, under and upper tail coverts and tail white ;
mantle, tertials and secondaries pale ashy; four or five lower primary coverts
white, the rest pale ashy ; primaries white, outer web, except for about an inch
of the tip and edge of the inner web of first primary black; second primary
broadly edged on the inner web and tipped with black on the outer web ; at
about the terminal third of the quill a narrow black margin about an inch in
length ; third primary white on the onter web, greyish on the inner, broadly
margined and tipped with black, and for about two inches from the tip a
margin on the outer web; 4th primary the same; rest pale grey; the fifth, sixth
and seventh narrowly tipped with black ; the inner primaries and some of the
secondaries dark shafted ; bill and legs deep red]; irides dark brown.
Length.— 1$'$ to 17 inches ; wing 13-0 to 13-5 ; tail 475 to 5-5 ; bill at front
1-37 to 175.
In winter plumage, the head and neck are white, and there is a dark spot
in front of the eye and another near the ear coverts ; the primaries too differ
in their markings ; the first is white, with the outer web black, also the margin
of the inner one and the tip, the second is similar, but the black outer web
begins from the tip of its covert, and the inner web and tip is margined more
broadly with black ; the black of the outer web of the third is still less, and it
decreases also in the fourth, the inner web of which is greyish instead of white,
and broadly margined and tipped with black, the rest are greyish with black
tips, except the two last, which has besides a small white spot terminally ; the
first three primary quills agree well with the plate in P. Z. S., 1878, p. 2oi,
(Saunders on the Larince.)
Hal. — Sind, in the Kurrachee harbour, and on the inland lakes ; the Mek-
ran Coast, Persian Gulf, rivers of the Punjab and Bengal, at Bombay, also the
Mediterranean Coast to Egypt, Asia Minor, the Red Sea and Arabian
Coast.
HYDROCHELIDON. 719
Sub-Family, STERNIN^:.— Bp.
Bill long or moderate, entire, straight, compressed and pointed ; the lower
landible angled ; nostrils longitudinal ; wing long and pointed ; tail short and
even, or long and forked ; tarsus short and slender ; toes short, webbed.
The common residence of this Family is the sea shore, mouths or banks of
large rivers and lakes. They are always in large flocks, and especially so in
breeding season.
They continue long on the wing, and are quick in all their evolutions, darting
upon their finny prey, rising in the air, or gliding along near the surface of
the water. They are commonly divided as Marsh, River, Sea, and Oceanic
Terns, according to their habits and structure.
Gen. Hydrochelidon.— Boie.
Bill rather long, slender, gently arched on the culmen ; gonys with the
ascending portion short ; tail short, slightly forked ; feet not fully webbed.
1424. Hydrochelidon hybrida, Pall., Zoogr. Ross. Asiat. ii.
p. 388 ; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 348. Sterna Javanica, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc.
xiii. p. 198. Hydrochelidon Indica, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 837 ; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 648. Sterna innotata, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 404.
Hydrochelidon hybrida, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 372; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 640; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 315, pi. ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon,
p. 996; Oates, B. Br. Burm. p. ii. p. 419. — The WHISKERED TERN.
Forehead, crown, nape and back of neck glossy black ; lores and chin white ;
throat and breast pale bluish ash ; abdomen dusky ; under tail coverts white,
also the edge of the wing ; mantle, wings, upper tail coverts and tail bluish
ash ; external tail feathers white ; under wing coverts white ; bill lake red ;
irides brown; legs and feet dull red.
Length.— H to 13 inches; wing 8-5 to 975 ; tail 375 to 4-5; bill at front
i'S
Hal. — Throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon, affecting lakes and the
sea coast.
1425. Hydrochelidon leuCOptera (Meisn and Schinz.), Dresser,
B. Eur. viii. p. 321, pi. ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 641 ; Hume, Str. F.
viii., p. 115; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1,000. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.),
apud. Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 372. Sterna leucoptera, Meisn and Schinz., Vog.
Schweiz. p. 264. — The WHITE-WINGED BLACK TERN.
Head, neck, back, scapulars, innermost secondaries and entire under parts,
(except the under tail coverts which are white) deep glossy black ; primary
quills, blackish grey, fading to greyish white on the outer portions of the
720 LARID^E.
inner webs, except on the terminal portion shafts of the feathers white ;
secondaries light french grey ; lesser wing covers, edge of the wing, tail, and
upper tail coverts white ; larger coverts french grey ; under wing coverts
black and blackish grey ; edge of the wing mottled with white. Bill reddish
black ; irides dark brown ; legs and feet vermilion red, with a coral tinge.
In winter the forehead and crown are white, nape and occiput dark grey,
also the back and scapulars ; rump and upper tail coverts pale greyish white ;
throat, foreneck, under tail coverts, and under wing coverts white ; a black
spot in front of the eye ; breast greyish.
Length.— 9-5 inches; tail 3 ; wing 8-2; tarsus 075 ; bill from gape 1-25.
Hab. — Throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon, affecting lakes, rivers and
sea-coasts.
1426. Hydrochelidon nigra, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 226;
Hume, Sir. F. vii. pp. 445, 446. — The BLACK TERN.
Head, neck, breast and under parts as far as the thighs black; lower
abdomen and vent pale ash ; upper plumage, including the wings and tail,
dark hoary plumbeous ; outermost feathers of tail white exteriorly ; legs and
feet crimson ; claws black ; bill black.
Length.— 10 inches; tail 3 ; wing 8*2 ; bill 1*25.
Hab. — Sind and Persian Gulf.
Gen. GelOChelidon.— Linn.
Nostrils with plumes reaching the opening; first quill of wing longest; tail
forked ; tarsus rather long ; bill moderate ; culmen slightly curved and with
projecting gony or angle.
1427. Gelochelidon anglica (Mont.}, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 836;
Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 371; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 163: Hume, Sir. F. vi.
p. 491. Sterna anglica, Mont., Orn. Viet. SuppL Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 644; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 295. pi.; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 15 ; Legge,
B. Ceylon, p. ion ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 246 ; id., Birds Br. Burm. ii. p. 422.
Gelochelidon anglicus, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 836. Gelochelidon nilotica,
Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 320. Sterna nilotica ( V. Hass.), Hume, Str. F.
i. p. 281. — The GULL-BILLED TERN.
In summer forehead, lores, head on the crown, nape and back of the neck
silky or deep black ; sides of the face, chin, throat, breast and under parts
white ; mantle, wings and tail light grey, wings reach about two inches beyond
the tail, the first primary is rather a hoary grey, the rest light grey, their tips
and inner webs next the shaft dusky brown, the margins for their basal two-
thirds greyish white ; shafts white ; secondaries and tertiaries light grey ;
STERNA. 721
inder wing coverts white ; tail light grey, the feathers white shafted ; bill, legs
and feet black, the latter with sometimes a reddish tinge; irides dark brown.
Length. — 14*5 to i6*2 inches; wing 13 to 14*5 inches; reaching the tail by
rom 2-0 to 27 inches; bill at front r$ to 17; tarsus 1*5.
In winter, the black head is replaced by a white grey streaked head, and a
Few dusky spots behind and round the eye.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan, Persia, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, the Concans,
ind Deccan. Has been recorded from Arracan and met with on the coast of
the Irrawady delta near Elephant Point and the mouth of the Bassein Creek.
Fects the large inland pieces of water, especially numerous on the Munchur
in Sind, and the salt water creeks in the deltaic districts. Arrives about
e middle of September and leaves about the third week in May.
Gen. Sterna, —Linn.
Characters the same as Gelochelidon. Front toes united by indented web ;
lind toe short.
1428. Sterna caspia, Pall, Nov. Comm. Petrop xiv. p. 582 ; Hume,
Sir. F. i. p. 280; Oates, Sir. F. iii. p. 347; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 656;
dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 289, pi.; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 115; Parker, Sir. F.
ix. p. 487; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1008; Oates, Sir. F. x. p. 246; Murray,
Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 427 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 427. Sylochelidon
>ius, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 835. — The CASPIAN TERN.
Summer Plumage.— Crown of the head, nape and back of the neck and
ear coverts velvet black ; chin, throat, face, breast, the neck in front and
behind and entire under parts white; mantle, wings and tail pale blue grey or
pearl grey ; the first five or six primaries slaty grey, their shafts white ; under
wing coverts white. In winter the head is white with a few dark feathers on
the nape ; bill vermilion red, paler towards the tip ; irides brown ; legs and
feet black.
Length.— 18*0 to 2Cro inches ; wing i6'O to 17; tail 4*5 to 575; bill at
front 2-6 to 275 ; tarsus 1-5 to 175.
Hab. — Sind, Beloochistan Coast, Persian Gulf, the Punjab, N.-W. Provin-
ces and Oudh. Affects the sea-coasts, larger rivers, jheels, lakes and other
inland pieces of water. Breeds in N.-W. Ceylon, where Mr. Parker {Sir. F.
x. p. 487) found a colony breeding.
1429. Sterna Bergii, Licht., Verzeich, p. 80 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs
Ind. B. p. 655 ; id., Sir. F. i. p. 283 ; iv. p. 470 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 657; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 16 ; Parker, Sir. F. ix. p. 490; Legge, B.
Ceylon,^. 102; Murray, Vert., ZooL, Sind, p. 322. Sterna cristata, Steph. in
Shaufs Gen. ZooL xiii. i. p. 146. Sterna velox, Rupp., Atlas p. 21, t. 13.
VOL. II.— 93
722 LARID^E.
Thalasseus cristatus, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 842 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 163.
Thalasseus Bergii, David, et Oust. Ois Chifte, p. 523.— The LARGE CRESTED
SEA TERN.
Forehead, lores, sides of the face, neck in front and behind, chin, throat,
breast, and all the lower parts white ; crown of the head, including the eye,
crest and nape glossy black ; back, wings and tail dusky grey ; inner webs of
primaries next the shaft dark brown, the margins white ; inner primaries uni-
colorous silvery or hoary grey, margined with white ; secondaries white on
their inner webs and tips. Bill pale yellow ; irides dark brown ; legs and
feet black.
Length. — iJ'O to 18-5 inches ; wing 14-0 to I4f6; bill at front 2-6 to 2'8.
, Hal. — Coasts of India generally to the Persian Gulf. Occurs commonly in
the Kurrachee harbour, along the Mekran Coast and the Persian Gulf, Burmah
and Ceylon. Breeds in the Gulf of Oman, on the Island of Astola, nearly
opposite Jask, whence thousands of eggs have been collected during
May and June. The eggs are typically broad ovals, strongly pointed towards
the small end, but considerably elongated. Varieties are not uncommon. The
ground colour varies from white, greenish and pinkish white to pale buff, pale
yellowish, and again pale pinkish stone colour to the richest and warmest
salmon pink ; the markings are of two colours, an intensely deep burnt sienna
brown, often quite black in its intensity, and a pale inky purple, which has an
appearance of lying beneath the surface of the shell. In some eggs the inky
purple markings are almost entirely wanting, in others more numerous and
extensive than the dark ones. In others these dark markings are compara-
tively thinly sprinkled or dense ; again there are some with huge blotches and
spots about the larger end. The eggs vary from 2-3 inches to 271 in length
and 1*63 to 178 in breadth; the average of 2 dozens was 2*45 X 171.
1430. Sterna cantiaca (Gm.), Farr., Br. B. 2nd Ed. iii. fig. p. 497 J
Gould, B. Eur. pi. 4*5 5 Str. F. i. p. 285 ; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sfc.t Sind,
p. 2480; id.t Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 321. — The BLACK-HEADED TERN.
Summer Plumage.— Forehead, crown, back of the neck and nape, occipital
crest and ear coverts glossy black; sides of the face, chin, throat, neck in front
and behind, breast and entire lower parts white, tinged with rosy; mantle and
wings pale silvery grey ; the first primary is slightly darker than the rest, with
more than half of the inner webs near the shaft white ; the next two or three
paler, also the succeeding ones, till they shade away into the colour of the
wing coverts ; their inner webs greyish white or white ; under wing coverts
white ; tail forked, white, the external feathers on each side slightly greyish on
their outer webs ; upper tail coverts white.
In winter plumage the whole of the head is white or mottled with white and
black, and there is a crescentic narrow black spot in front of the eye ; mantle
STERNA. 723
and wings as in the summer plumage. Legs and feet black, also the bill,
which is tipped on both mandibles with horny yellow, or yellowish white ; irides
brown.
Length. — 17*5 to i8'O inches; wing 1 1-5 to 12-5 ; tail 6 to 6-2 ; bill at front
2-O to 2*4 ; wings reach about one inch beyond the tip of the tail. The
females are smaller, with a much shorter tail and no rosy tinge.
Bab. — Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran Coast), Persia and Egypt. Its other
habitats are in various parts of Europe. Affects the sea coast of Sind and
Beloochistan, congregating in large flocks on sand banks or rocks in the
Kurrachee harbour.
1431. Sterna media, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 198 j Saun-
ders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 655 ; Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 301 ; Dresser, B. Eur.
viii. p. 285, pi. ; Hume and Dav., S/r. F. vi. p. 493 ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p.
116; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1030; Murray, Vert., Zool., Sind, p. 321; Oates,
B. Burnt, ii. p. 421. Sterna bengalensis, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 621; Hume>
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 655; id., Str.F. i. p. 284; ii. p. 318; iv. p. 474.
Thalasseus bengalensis, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 483 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 193. —
The ALLIED TERN.
Summer Plumage. — Forehead, crown, nape, back of the neck and occipital
crest glossy black ; lores, face, sides of the neck, breast and entire lower
parts white ; mantle and wings light silvery or satin grey, paler on the
tail ; the outer web of the external feathers greyish white ; primaries dusky
grey, the inner webs margined with white, and the portion next the shaft dusky;
wings extend two inches beyond the end of the tail ; inner webs of secondaries
white. Bill yellow ; irides deep brown ; legs and feet black.
Length. — 15*5 to 16*5 inches; wing I2'2 to 12-25; tail 6 to 675 bill at
front 2-5 ; tarsus ro to 1-2.
In winter plumage the entire forehead and lores are pure white, the crown
white, the feathers centred dusky ; occiput dusky, the feathers slightly mar-
gined with white ; a spot in front of the eye and a line behind it black.
Hab. — The sea coasts of Sind, Beloochistan, Bengal, Bombay, Madras,
Malabar Coast, Burmah and Ceylon. A maritime species abundant in the
Kurrachee harbour, mouths of the Indus, and the tidal creeks.
1432. Sterna melanauchen, Temm.> Pi. Col. 427; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 661. Onychoprion melanauchen, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 844 ;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii., p. 429. Sternula melanauchen, Hume, Nests and
Eggs, Ind. B. p. 656. Onychoprion sumatrana {Raffl?), Salvad., Ucc. Born.
p. 374. Sterna sumatrana (Raffl.), Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 493 ;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 16. — The BLACK-NAPED TERN.
724 LARID/E.
Entire plumage white ; the back, wings and tail tinged with grey ; outer web
of first primary dark grey ; a black band from the lores, through the eye, and
continued behind so as to form a large triangular patch on the back of the
neck. Bill black, the extreme tips yellowish ; legs black ; irides brown.
Length. — 14 to 14*5 inches; tail 6; wing 86; tarsus 0*7; bill from gape
2-1 ; fork of tail 3*5.
Hab. — Tenasserim, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In the two latter
places it breeds from May to August. Eggs, two in number, laid in a depression
in a rock. Colour similar to those of the other members of the group, clouded,
spotted and blotched with pale purple or dusky lilac. Size 1*41 to 1*65 x
ro6 to T2.
1433. Sterna seena, Syltes, P.z. S. 1832, p. 171; Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 650; id., Str. F. iii. p. 193 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 645; Anders., Yunnan, Exped. p. 693; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116;
££ggey £• Ceylon, p. 1003 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 423 ; Murray, Vert.
Zool., Sind, p. 323. Sterna aurantia, Gray and Hardw.t III. Ind. Zool. i.
pi. 69, fig. 2. Seena aurantia, Jerd., B. Ind. ii. p. 838; Blyth, B. Burm.
p. 163; War -dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 472; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 169. — The
INDIAN~RIVER TERN.
Forehead, crown, nape and back of the neck, also circle enclosing the eye,
glossy black; sides of the face, chin and throat white; breast and abdomen
pearly greyish white ; under tail coverts white ; tail pale grey, the external
feathers white ; back, secondaries, tertiaries and wing coverts pale or ashy grey ;
primaries hoary or silvery grey, the inner webs of the first three light brown,
edged with dusky; under wing coverts white; upper tail coverts like the back.
In winter plumage the head is white, except a circle of black or dusky round
the eye and on the ear coverts. Bill bright yellow, tipped dusky ; irides brown ;
legs and feet red.
Length. — 15*0 to 16*3 inches; wing iro to ii'S ; bill at front 1*5; tarsus
0*56 to ro; tail 7-0 to 7-5
Hab. — Throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon, also in Beloochistan and
Persia. A permanent resident in Sind; affects the river and lakes, also jheels.
In Sind it breeds in June and July ; March and April in Tenasserim, depositing
three eggs in a slight depression in the sand. Considerable numbers breed
together. Eggs, various shades of buff, streaked, blotched and spotted with
brown. Size 1-5 to 1*75 inch x 1-17 to 1*32.
1434. Sterna melanogastra, Temm., Pi. Col. p. 434 ; Saivati, Ucc.
Born. p. 377 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 645 ; Hume and Dav.> Str. F. vi.
p. 492; Legge, Birds, Ceylon,^. I0o6; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 424. Sterna
javanica, Horsf., ZooL Res. in Java, Gen. Cat. ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 840 ;
Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 652; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 323.— The
BLACK-BELLIED TERN.
STERNA. 725
Head and nape black ; neck behind black ; scapulars, tertials and wing
coverts light grey ; lores, sides of the face, ear coverts, chin and throat white ;
neck in front and breast pearly grey ; abdomen, vent and under tail coverts
brownish black.
Bill orange yellow; irides brown ; legs vermilion red.
Length. — 12 inches; wing 9*3 ; tail 6; bill at front 1*43 ; tarsus I. In winter
the head is white with dusky streaks, the abdomen is like the back and not
black, and the bill tipped with dusky.
Hab. — Throughout India, Burmah and Ceylon. Spread throughout the
Burmese and Indo-Burmese Countries. Affects inland waters, ponds, marshes
and rivers. Breeds all over the Empire, in company with the preceding and
in similar situations. Eggs also very similar, but smaller, from ri8 to 1*5
X 0*95 to i'O2 inches.
1435. Sterna DoUgalli, Mont., Did. Orn. Suppl. Saunders, P.
Z. S. 1876, p. 652 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 273, pi. ; Legge, Sir. F. iii.
p. 376 ; id., Birds Ceylon, p. 1033. Sterna paradisea, Kej s and Bias. Wirb.
Eur. p. 247. Sterna gracilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 222; id., B. Austr.
vii. pi. 27. Sterna korustes, Hume, Sir. F. ii. p. 318. — The ROSEATE
TERN.
In summer the crown and nape are deep glossy black ; back and upper
surface of the wings delicate, light french grey ; rump and upper tail coverts
white, washed with grey ; rest of the plumage pure white, except that the under
surface of the body is tinged with a delicate light rose colour ; first primary
with the outer web black, the rest with the outer webs hoary grey ; inner webs
of the primaries dark grey, broadly margined to the tip of the feather with
white ; bill red at the base, otherwise black ; iris dark brown ; legs reddish
orange.
In winter the forehead and cheeks are white ; crown and nape brownish
black, slightly marked with white ; lesser wing coverts along the edge brown-
ish ; no trace of rose colour on the under parts, otherwise as in the summer
plumage. (Dresser.) Legs and feet bright vermilion red ; claws black ;
irides deep brown ; bill black ; gape and base of lower mandible varied from
reddish fleshy to vermilion red. (Davison.)
Length.— 14-5 to 15 inches; tail 7 to 7-5 ; wing 8-5 ; to 87 ; tarsus 07; bill
from gape 2'O; fork of tail about 4.
Hal. — Tenasserim, off the mouth of the Loynah Creek, also the Bassein
estuary. It has a wide range, being found in Europe, Africa and America,
and is met with in various parts of India, Ceylon and the Andaman Islands,
extending down to Australia. Frequents only the sea-coasts. Breeds on
isolated sandbanks. In Ceylon, Mr. Parker found a colony nesting in June
725 LARID/E.
on a low sand bank on Adam's Bridge. The nests were depressions in
the sand, and contained one or two eggs, of the same type as those of the
last, pale buff, blotched, streaked and spotted with brown.
1433. Sterna hirundo, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p, 957; Gould, B.
Europe* pi. 417; Je*d., B. 2nd. iii. p. 839. Sterna fluviatilis, Naum. Vogt.
t. p. 712.— The EUROPEAN TERN.
Whole head and nape black; plumage above grey; upper tail coverts
white ; tail pale grey, the feathers white on their inner web ; chin, throat, ear
coverts and sides of the neck pure white ; rest of the lower parts pearly
greyish white ; lower tail coverts white. Bill deep red ; irides brown ; legs
red.
Length.— 12'$ inches; wing 9-8 to 10-3 ; tail 4-5; bill at front 1-4;
tarsus i.
In winter the forehead and top of the head are white, with blackish mixed
round the eyes, occiput and nape.
7/0£._Central and Southern India and Sind, along the River Indus to the
Punjab and the Cashmere lakes.
1437. Sterna albigena, Licht., Norn. Mas. Berol. p. 98 ; Sir. F.
iv. p. 467 ; v. p. 298; Murray, Ildbk , Zool, fyc., Sind, p. 248; id., Vert.
Zool. Sind, p. 324. — The WHITE-CHEEKED TERN.
The lores and point of the forehead white, the latter with a few black
speckles ; a patch in front of the eye black, speckled with white ; the anterior
half of the crown white, tinged earthy or brownish grey, and with spots and
blotches of brownish black. Feathers immediately above the eye, all the feathers
behind it, the sides of the head, occiput and nape, black : the posterior half of the
crown blackish brown, a little mingled with greyish white ; an imperfect white
band from the lores beneath the eyes, with another imperfect black one below
it. The back of the neck is whitish, the feathers suffused with grey towards
the tips ; the whole of the back, scapulars, wings and tail a moderately dark
french grey, darker than in S. bengalensis, but not so dark as in some speci-
mens of Bergii. The upper tail coverts slightly paler; the wings more silvery,
but the outer web of the first primary and of the exterior elongated tail feather
much darker ; the inner webs of the primaries darker; the first primary with
a considerable portion of the inner web white to the margin ; the other pri-
maries also with white on their inner web, but with a grey band on their
margin. The second and third tail feathers also a rather darker grey on their
outer webs towards the points ; the rest of tail leathers, inner and outer webs,
pretty well concolorous with the rump and upper tail coverts ; the chin, throat
and sides of the neck almost pure white, with only a few faint dusky grey
patches ; the breast and abdomen a dusky bluish grey, with many large
patches of white ; the lower tail coverts greyish white ; the wing lining white.
STERNA. 727
In breeding plumage, according to Heuglin, the upper surface is a pale
bluish grey ; the front and sides of the neck, breast and abdomen, a some-
what paler and more purplish grey; the entire upper surface of head and nape
intensely black ; the chin and upper part of the throat, the lores, and an oblique
band below the eyes, conspicuously snowy white ; the bill coral red, blackish
towards the base of the culmen and at the tips ; the feet bright coral red.
Length.— 14-5 inches to 12-5 ; expanse 29-25 to 29-5 ; tail from vent 6-5
to 4-1 ; wing 9-9 to 97; tarsus 077 to 075 ; bill from gape 2- 15, at front I 55
to 1-47 ; irides brown ; legs and feet Indian red, tinged in front of tarsi and
toes with blackish dusky; bill blackish, with the extreme tips whitish horny. —
(Str. F. vi. p. 469.)
Occurs along both the Sind and Mekran Coasts, and in the Kurrachee
harbour. Mr. Hume (vol. iv. p. 468) in his excellent paper on the birds of
"the Laccadives and the West Coast," says— This species, which he obtained
there, had only hitherto been obtained on the coasts of the Red Sea,
northward to about 24° parallel north latitude and southward to the Gulf
of Aden.
1438. Sterna Saundersii, Hume, Sir. F. iv. p 469; v. p. 326;
Murray, Edbk., Zool., $y., Sind,p. 249; id., Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 325.
— SAUNDERS' LITTLE TERN.
"A triangular frontal patch, the angles reaching to within Ofi2 of the eyes,
white ; a very broad stripe through the lores to the eye black; a narrow white
line intervenes between this stripe and the upper mandible. The whole crown,
occiput, short occipital crest and sides of occiput as low as the lower margin
of the eye velvet black, the central two-thirds of the lower eyelid white, and
no black below this ; all the rest of the sides of head and neck, chin, throat,
entire under parts, wing lining and exterior tail feather, pure white ; the first
three primaries black with black shafts and broad white margins on their inner
webs ; their greater coverts dusky black ; the whole of the rest of the upper
surface, including wings and tail, and excepting parts and feathers already
described, a most delicate satin grey, contrasting in the strongest manner with
the early black primaries.
"Length— 9-12 inches; expanse 19-25 ; tail 3-0 ; wing 6-43; bill at front
r 1 2, from gape i'5; tarsus Of6 ; legs and feet dusky yellowish olive; bill
yellow, broadly tipped dusky; irides blackish brown."— (Str. F. v. p. 326.)
This species is extremely common at Kurrachee and along the coast during
the latter part of April, also in May and June, in which months it breeds at
Kurrachee on the bare plains between Kurrachee and Clifton at Ghizree and
on the Moach. The eggs are usually laid in a small depression in the saline
soil, the birds selecting wherever possible spots where there is a little loose
shelly sand. Eggs glossless and often chalky, two to three in number, oval
728 LARID/E.
and pointed at one end ; of a drab, buff, or stone colour, streaked, blotched
and spotted, of a dark or deep brown or reddish brown colour generally at the
larger end.
1439. Sterna SinensiS, Gm., Syst. Nat. \. p. 608 ; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 662; Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 325 ; viii. p. 116; Legge, B.
Ceylon, p. 1019. Sternula minuta (Linn.), Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B.
p. 654 (part) ; Oates, Sir. F iii. p. 349. Sterna minuta, apud Wald. in
Blyth's B. Burm. p. 163. Sternula sinensis, David et Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 627. Sterna Gouldi, Hume, Str. F. v. p. 326; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 247. —
The EASTERN LITTLE TERN.
Summer Plumage.— Forehead, continued back to a point on either side just
over the eye, white ; crown, nape, the upper part of the hind neck and a streak
from the nostrils through the eye to the nape, deep black ; upper plumage
pale grey, becoming paler and whitish on the upper tail coverts and tail ;
first two primaries nearly black, margined on their inner webs with white ;
remaining primaries and secondaries grey, the latter tipped with white on the
outer webs ; shaft of the first primary white, that of the second more or less
white ; remainder of the plumage white. Jn winter the crown is white,
gradually turning to dusky and running into the. nape, which remains black,
the black of the nape extending to behind the eye ; the band from the nostril
to the eye is lost, there being merely a dusky spot in front of the eye ; rest
of plumage as in summer. Irides brown; bill yellow, broadly tipped with
black ; legs and feet orange yellow.
Length. — 10 inches; tail 4; wing 7-0; tarsus 075; bill from gape 17;
fork of tail 2'2.
Hab.— The greater part of India and Ceylon. In Burmah it is recorded
by Oates from Southern Pegu. Affects all the larger rivers within tidal
influence. Breeds in Burmah during March and April, depositing four eggs
in a small depression in a sandbank.
1440. Sterna ansesthetUS, Scop., Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii.
p, 92; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 664 ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 301 ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 116; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1040; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.
p. 431 ; Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 325. Sterna panayensis, Gm., Syst.
Nat. I. p. 607. Onychoprion anaesthetus, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 844; Salvad,
Ucc. Born. p. 374. Haliplana ansestheta, David, et Oust. Oist. Chine, p. 528.
— The PANAYAN TERN.
" A frontal band, extending backwards over the eyes for about o- 1 5 behind
the posterior angle of the eye, pure white ; a broad black stripe through the
lores, to, and behind the eyes joining the black of the occiput ; forehead and
crown inside the white band and entire occiput and nape velvet black ; chin,
throat, sides of the neck, axillaries, under wing coverts, lower tail coverts,
ANGUS. 729
edge of the wing along carpal joint and ulna white; the breast, abdomen and
flanks white, shaded with pale french grey; back of the neck the same; back,
wings and tail sooty brown ; upper back strongly shaded with bluish grey, as
are also some of the tail feathers ; lesser wing coverts behind the white edge
of the wing blackish brown; the primaries a darker brown, their shafts brown
on the upper surface ; outer web of first primary almost black, the rest grey-
ish white on their inner webs, towards their bases ; external tail feathers white
for the basal half on both webs, greyish brown on the inner web for the ter -
minal half. In winter the entire under surface is pure white, and there is a
dark spot in front of the eye; head greyish white or white, the feathers
mesially spotted or striped dusky ; a black collar at the base of the occiput,
extending on each side nearly to the eye.
" Bill dusky reddish, red towards the base of the lower mandible ; legs
coral red ; bill, legs and feet black.
Length. — 14*75 inches; wing 9-62; tail 7; bill at front r6." — (Sir. F. vi.
p. 474-)
Hal. — Sind, Beloochistan (Mekran Coast), Persian Gulf, the Concan and the
Laccadives, Burmah and Ceylon. Mr. Hume found them breeding on the
Vingorla rocks on the Western Coast.
344L Sterna f Uliginosa, Gm., Syst. Nat. \. p. 605 ; Hume, Sir. F.
iv. p. 477 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 666 ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 307,
pi. ; Legge, Birds Ceylon, p. 1037; Murray ', Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 326;
Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 432. Onychoprion fuliginosus, Salvad, Ucc.
Born. p. 373. Haliplana fuliginosa, Dav. et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 528. — The
SOOTY TERN.
Forehead and a streak from the base of the bill to the eye white ; sides of
the face, chin, throat, neck in front, breast and entire under parts white ; top
of head, nape, neck behind, back, scapulars and wings sooty black ; under
wing coverts white ; tail forked, external feathers on each side white on their
outer web, rest are white at the base ; legs and feet black ; irides brown ;
web of outer side of mid-toe reaches to the root of the claw.
Length. — 16-5 to 17*5 inches; wing 10*5 to ir8; tail 6'9 to 7*5 ; tarsus
0*95 to i ; bill at gape 2*0 to 2*4; bill at front r6 to 1*7.
Hab. — Sind, Mekran Coast, Persian Gulf (Bushire), the Concan (Bombay),
Malabar Coast and Ceylon. Breeds on the Laccadive Islands during January
and February.
Gen. AnOUS.— Leach.
Bill long, slender, slightly curved at the tip, angle well marked ; nostrils in
a groove ; wings long ; tarsus short ; claw of mid-toe serrated.
VOL, II.— 94
730 LARID^E.
1442. AnOUS Stollda (Linn), Gould, B. Anstr. vii. pi. 34 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind.\\\. p. 845 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 379 ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 320;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 669; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116; Legge, B.
Ceylon, p. 1043; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 326; Oafes, B. Br* Burm. ii.
p. 434. — The COMMON NODDY.
A black line from the base of the bill to the eye ; forehead white ; crown
fulvous or yellowish grey ; neck, nape, chin, throat, breast, greater and lesser
wing coverts, under wing coverts, upper and under tail coverts and tail dark
chocolate brown ; back and primaries darker, or blackish brown ; legs and feet
black ; irides brown.
Length.— Male, 15 inches ; wing 1 1*5 ; tail 6'5 ; bill at front i'6.
Hal. — Sind and Mekran Coasts, also the Bay of Bengal, Laccadives and the
West Coast.
1443. AnOUS tenuirostris (Tern.), Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 670, pi. Ixi. fig. I ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116. Sterna tenuirostris, Tern.
PL Col. p. 202. Anous melanops, Gould, P. Z. S., 1845, p. 103; id., B.Austr.
vii. pi. 35. Anous senex (JLeacK)^ apud Humey Str. F. ii. p. 321 ; iv. p. 480.
— The GREY-FACED NODDY.
Forehead, crown, nape and upper neck a clear french grey, shading off im-
perceptibly into the surrounding parts, a black band surrounding the upper
half and front of the eye, broader in front ; lores, cheeks, and sides of the neck
intermediate in colour between the crown and the throat, which with the whole
remaining plumage is chocolate brown j wings and tail almost black ; outer
web of first primary deep black; shafts of the primaries rufous brown,- a
narrow line of white on the lower eyelid and a still smaller one on the upper.
(Oates.)
Length. — About J2 inches; tail 4*5; wing 8-3; tarsus 0'8; bill from
gape 2-1.
Hab.— According to Hume, it is said to occur in the Bay of Bengal. One
specimen was got at Port Blair. Abundant in the Australian seas. Breeds in
some of the Islands in Torres Strait, laying a single egg, which is stone -coloured
and marked with red and brown.
1444. Anous leucocapillus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 103 ; id^
B. Austr. vii. pi. 36; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 322; iv. p. 480; Saunders, P.Z. •$*.,
1876, p. 670, pi. Ixi. fig. 3; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116. Anous tenuirostris
(Tern.), apud. Jerd., B. Jnd. ii. p. 846. — The WHITE-HEADED NODDY.
Forehead, crown and nape white ; a narrow line of white on the lower
eyelid ; lores blackish ; whole plumage chocolate brown, the quills darker.
Bill black ; gullet pale yellow ; feet black with the web fleshy yellow.
RHYNCHOPS. 731
Length about 13 inches ; tail 5 ; wing 9 5 tarsus 0^95 ; bill from gape 2' 2.
Hal, — Bay of Bengal.
Gygis alba, Sparrm,, The White Noddy, with the whole plumage white,
except the feathers round the eye and the shafts of the quills, which are
black, is said to have been procured in the Bay of Bengal by Dussumier.
As there is no further record of its occurrence, except Mr. Hume's belief
that he has seen it twice in the same seas, I do not include it in the
Avifauna.
Sub-Family, RHYNCHOPSIN^E.— Bonap.
Upper mandible shorter than the lower, and grooved to receive the sharp
cutting edge of the lower one ; claws long and curved ; tail forked.
Gen. Rhynchops.— Linn.
Characters same as those of the Sub-Family. Hind toe elevated, the tip
touching the ground.
1445. RhynchOpS albiCOlliS, Swains., Anim. inMenag.p. 360;
Jerd^ B. Ind. iii. p. 847; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 656; id., Str. F. iii.
p. 193; Blyth, B. Burnt, p. 164; War dlaw- Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 472;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 247; Murray, Vert. Zooi.,
Sind, p. 327 ; Oates, B. Br* JBurm. ii. p. 436.— The INDIAN SKIMMER.
Forehead, lores, sides of the face, ear coverts, chin, throat, neck all round
breast and entire lower parts white ; crown of the head, nape, back, lesser
and median coverts glossy, sooty blackish brown ; lower back and rump and
lateral tail feathers white ; primaries black ; secondaries and tertials tipped
with white ; bill orange, yellowish at the tip ; irides brown ; legs and feet
bright vermilion.
Length.— \§ to 16-5 inches ; wing 16; tail 4*75 to 5 ; bill, upper mandible,
2*9 to 3; lower mandible to gape, 375 to 3*9.
Hab.— Throughout India nearly, on the larger rivers and lakes. Occurs in
large flocks of several hundreds or in small companies of 6 or a dozen.
Breeds throughout the Empire on sandbanks ; the ground colour of the eggs
is very variable, from a pale pinky buff to stone colour, and the markings are
bold — blotches, streaks and spots of chocolate and reddish brown. In size
they vary from 1-45 to 176 inches in length and from ro8 to 1-28 in
breadth.
ORDER-— STEGANOPODES.
Feet entirely webbed ; hind toe articulated on the inner side of the tarsus
and joined to the inner front toe by the web ; legs short ; wings long.
732 PH^ETONTID/E.
Family
Bill Ternlike, moderate, stout, straight, the culmen curved, and the margins
finely serrated ; nostrils pervious ; tail with the two central feathers much
elongated ; lower part of tibia naked-
Gen. PHJETON.-ZzV/.
Characters same as those of the family,
1446. Phaeton rubricauda, Bodd., Tabi. PL Eni p. 57 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind* ii. p. 849 ; Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 370 ; Hume, Str. F. ii.p. 322 ; viii.
p. 116. Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii.p. 224. Phaeton phrenicurus, Gm., Syst.
Nat. i. p. 583; Gould, B. Austr. vii. p. 73 Phaeton setherius, Block, Voy.
Blonde. App. p. 251. — The RED-TAILED TROPIC BIRD.
Whole plumage silky white, except a mark in front of and behind the eye,
and the shafts of the primaries and tail feathers, which are black ; lengthened
central pair of tail feathers red ; feathers of the flanks slate colour mesially,
also of most of the tertiaries. Bill yellow ; tarsus and basal portion of the
toes and webs yellow ; remainder of feet black.
Length.— -33 inches; tail 19 ; wing 13*2; tarsus i'2 ; bill from gape 3-2.
Hal. — Bay of Bengal. Breeds on islands, laying a single egg in a burrow ;
egg reddish grey, marked with reddish brown.
1447. PhgetOn flavirOStris, Brand.t, Bull. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb.
ii. p. 349; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 323 ; v. p. 498 ; viii. p. 116; Legge, Birds,
Ceylon, p. 1172 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 225. Phaeton candidus (Briss.),
apud. Jerd., B. 2nd. ii. p. 850.— The WHITE TROPIC BIRD.
Entire plumage white, except a mark in front of the eye continued as
a broad band down the sides of the head ; the first four primaries with the
outer web ; the shaft and a narrow portion of the inner web to within an inch
of the tip ; the basal portion of the shaft of the next few primaries ; a broad
band along the median wing coverts, greater portion of the tertiaries and
the tips of the scapulars ; also the shafts of the lengthened tail feathers and
the basal two-thirds of the others which are black ; longer flank feathers
streaked with slate colour. Bill in the dry specimen pale yellow, with a
pale plumbeous line along the central portion of both mandibles; tarsus
and basal portion of feet yellow ; rest of feet black. (Oates.)
Length. — 30 inches ; tail 18 ; wing iO'6 ; tarsus 0-9 ; bill from gape 2-5.
Hab. — Ross Island (Andaman Group). Breeds on Ascension Island.
Oates adds that a specimen of this Phaeton was captured at a considerable
distance from the sea in Cachar.
1448- PhSDton indiCUS, Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 481 ; Butler, Str. F. v.
p. 302 ; Hume and Dav., Str. F* vi. p. 493; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116;
PHAETON. 733
Legge, Birds Ceylon, p. 1173; Murray, Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 327; Oates, B
Br. Burm. ii. p. 226. Phaeton setherius (Linn.), apud. Hume^Str. F.\.
p. 286 ; ii. p. 323. — The SHORT-TAILED TROPIC BIRD.
"A broad, conspicuous black crescent in front of the eye, and a narrow
black line from the gape to nostrils and nostrils to culmen, dividing the
feathers from the bill ; the whole forehead, front part of the crown, ear coverts
and entire lower parts, including wing lining and axillaries, pure white ; a
black line from the posterior angle of the eye, running round the back of the
nape, where it forms a more or less conspicuous half collar ; hind crown and
nape inside the half collar white, each feather with a triangular black bar near
the tips ; carpal joint of wing, four or five posterior primaries, all the secon-
daries, the primary coverts, except those of the first five quills, the greater and
median coverts pure white ; winglet, greater coverts, shafts and outer webs of
the first five primaries, together with a narrow stripe along the shaft of the
inner web, black ; the extreme tips and inner webs of these feathers white ;
tertiaries and their greater coverts black, narrowly margined on the exterior
webs and tipped with white ; the lesser secondary coverts similar ; the entire
back, rump, scapulars, and upper tail coverts white, closely barred with black,
the bars being slightly cuspidate on the upper back, and the longest scapulars
almost devoid of barring; tail feathers white, their bases black shafted, and
the lateral feather mostly with an arrow-head bar or spot near the tip ; irides
deep brown ; legs and hallux and its web white, tinged bluish and creamy
yellow ; rest of feet and claws black.
"Male — Length, excluding elongated tail feathers, 16-85 to 17*8 inches;
central feathers project beyond the rest of the tail 3 to 5*9; expanse 37 to
39-5 ; tail from vent, including elongated feathers, 7*5 to 10-3, ; wing 10*75 to
ir8 ; bill at front 2'2 to 2-45 ; tarsus i'o to 1-13 ; mid-toeand claw 1-55 to
1*8. Female— Length, 18-05 exclusive of elongated feathers, which project
4 inches beyond the others ; expanse 39 ; tail from vent, including elongated
feathers, 9'O; wing 117 ; bill at front 2-4 ; tarsus i."
This is Mr. Hume's description of specimens secured by him in the Gulf of
Oman on the Mekran Coast ; whether it is the immature of P. cethereus, or a
new species, is yet a moot question. Captain Butler, in 1877 (Str.F.v.
p. 302) also secured two specimens on the Mekran Coast between Oormara
and Gwadur, and these, Mr. Hume says, are precisely similar to the four
specimens secured in the Bay of Bengal. Mr. Davison also observed it at the
extreme southern point of Tenasserim and off Cape Negrais.
Family.— FREGATID^E.
Wings highly developed. The single species known to occur in India lives
almost entirely in the aar, taking its prey on the wing. Form and habits
Raptorial.
734 PELECANIDvE.
Gen. Fregata.—
Bill much hooked at the tip ; wings long ; tail forked, long ; tarsi partially
feathered ; claws short and curved.
1449. Fregata aquila (Linn,}, Salvad., Ucc. Born. p. 364 ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 116; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 1204. Pelecanus aquilus,
Linn.^ Syst. Nat. i. p. 216. Attagen aquilus, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 853.
Tachypetes aquilus, Sharpe, Rep. Trans. Venus Exped. p. 151. — The FRIGATE
BIRD.
Glossy black throughout. The young with the head, neck and lower
abdomen white.
Length. — 37 inches; wing 26; tail 9*5; tarsus 0*8; bill from gape 5-0.
Gular pouch scarlet; bill pale blue.
Ha^ — The Malabar Coast and the Bay of Bengal.
Fregata minor, which differs from this in being smaller, is said to be found
in the Malay Peninsula and Ceylon. The notice of its find in Burmah is
only conjectured.
Family, PELECANID^E.-Z^.
Bill stout, straight, broad at the base, compressed at the tip, edges irre-
gularly serrated ; feet webbed ; face nude.
Sub-Family,
Bill short, straight, curved and hooked at tip.
Gen. Sula.
Characters those of the Sub-Family. Plumage black and white.
1450. Sula Cyanops, Sundev., Phys. Sahk. Tidskr. 1837, P- 218,
t. 5 ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 1180; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 1 16. Sula per-
sonata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 21 ; id., B. Austr. vii. pi. 77. Dysporus
cyanops, Oates, B. Br, Burnt, ii. p. 231. — The MASKED BOOBY.
Face to behind the eyes and throat nude ; entire head, neck, back, rump,
upper tail coverts and entire lower parts white, with a slight fulvous tinge;
primaries, secondaries and tertials, also the tail, black ; irides lemon yellow ;
bill horny, blackish at the base ; both mandibles denticulated for one-half
their length from tip.
Length. — 32-5 inches; bill at front 4; gape 4*87 ; tail from vent 8'O;
tarsus 2§25 ; wing 16*5 ; legs and feet pale bluish grey.
Hob. — Sind and Beloochistan (Mekran Coast), Bengal, Ceylon, and the
Western Coast near Alibag.
PELECANUS. 735
1451. Sula aUStraliS, Steph> Gen. ZooL xiii. p. 104; Hume, Sir. F.
v. p. 318. Pelecanus sula, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 218. Sula fusca (Linn.),
apud Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 851. Dysporus sula, David et Oust. Ois Chine,
P- 53°; Gates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 229.— The BROWN BOOBY.
Breast, abdomen, sides of the body, vent and under tail coverts white ;
sides of the under tail coverts, also under wing coverts, marked with brown on
the edges of the feathers ; remaining plumage umber brown ; the feathers
of the back, scapulars, and rump edged with whity brown ; quills and tail
dark umber brown ; irides white ; bill creamy white, with a bluish tinge in
veins; pouch, gape, lores and orbital space pale hoary greenish yellow; legs
and feet pale yellow. (Hume.)
Length. — About 30 inches; tail 8; wing 16-5; tarsus rg ; bill from
gape 4- 5.
Hal. — The Bay of Bengal and the Tenasserim Coast.
1452. Sula piSCator (Linn.), Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 79 ; Jerd.,
B. Ind. iii. p. 852 ; Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 116. Sula piscatrix, Salvad, Ucc.
Born. p. 368; Hume, Sir. F. iv. p. 483. Pelecanus piscator, Linn., Syst.
Nat. i. p. 217 — The RED-LEGGED BOOBY.
Whole plumage white, tinged with yellowish on the head and neck ; quills
and greater wing coverts blackish, variegated with silvery grey. (Oates.) Legs
and feet red ; young birds are brown.
Length. — 26 inches ; tail 8 ; wing 13-8 ; bill from gape 4*3.
Hab. — Bay of Bengal.
Sub-Family, PELECANIN^:.
Bill long, flattened, compressed and hooked at tip ; tail short ; lower man-
dible and throat with a membranous pouch ; orbits nude.
Gen. Pelecanus.— Lin.
Characters those of the Sub-Family ; second quill of wing longest ; secon-
daries nearly as long as the quills; a membranous mandibular and gular
pouch.
Pelicans live in large congregated flocks and feed entirely on fish.
They fly high into the air, and go up vast heights by circling ; they do not
however obtain their prey by diving either under water from the surface, nor
by diving into it after the manner of sea gulls and terns, but arrange them-
selves in some suitable or likely spot on the water in two, three or even four
rows, or if there is not a sufficient number, form into a large semi-circle, and
beat the water on the surface with their wings, clapping also their huge bills,
and so drive the fish towards a shallow spot, where with their bills they gorge
736 PELECANID^E.
all they get. They breed either on high trees or according to situation low
thorny ones, making a huge nest of sticks. Not more than from five to
twenty breed on one tree. Eggs, three in number, white and extremely
chalky. *
1453. PelecanUS CriSpUS, Bruch., Berl. Trans. 1838, t. 3, 4;
Naum. Vog. t. p. 283 ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 406 ; Str. F. i. p. 288 ; vii. p. 288 ;
Murray, Hdbk., Zool., fyc., Sind., p. 248g; id*, Vert. ZooL Sind, p. 328— The
LARGE CRESTED PELICAN.
In the adult in spring plumage, excepting the quills, primary coverts and
winglet, the whole plumage is white, with more or less of a pearly grey tinge
on both the upper and under surfaces according to the light in which it is
looked at ; there is a broad band at the base of the neck in front, and at the
sides faintly tinged with very pale straw colour ; there is not the faintest tinge
of rosy anywhere ; the whole of the feathers of the head and neck are very
narrow, long, soft and silky, much curled and twisted on the head, especially
behind and just above the eye; and the feathers of the back of the head are
much elongated, so as to form a dense, full crest, some 4*25 inches long ; a
line of feathers, about 15 inches wide down the whole back of the neck, is of
a more snowy and less pearly white than the rest of the neck ; the scapulars,
rump, and upper tail coverts and median and greater wing coverts are conspi-
cuously black shafted ; and all these, except the longest of the scapulars, are
very long and lanceolate. A few of the longest scapulars are broad and round,
or mucronate at the end ; back, scapulars and tail with a beautiful satiny gloss ;
the two exterior tail feathers with nearly the whole shafts black and generally
with a decided grey tinge on the outer w.eb to near the tip ; the rest of the tail
feathers with only the terminal third of the shafts black; primaries (all of
which are white at the base) and their coverts and winglet very dark brown
almost black; the second to the fifth primary emarginate on the outer web and
silvered with grey on the last above the emargination, which in the second is
hidden by the coverts ; there is more or less silvering of grey on the outer webs
of all the other primaries, their coverts and winglet ; the first five primaries
are faintly notched on the inner web, and more pale or greyish white on the
latter above the notches, while the rest of the primaries have the inner portions
of the inner webs white, this is still more conspicuous in the secondaries, most
of which have their whole outer webs a silver grey ; the tertials are pure white ;
the feathers of the base of the neck and breast thickly se.t, very narrow and
pointed, the filaments along the margin a good deal separated.
The young bird wants the linear lanceolate feathers. It has the whole
head, neck, and upper and lower surface white ; the back of the neck more
or less shaded with grey ; tips of the quills and a row of small coverts near the
margin of the wing pale wood brown ; the feathers of the head shorter and
more fur-like than in the male; crest small; scapulars and shoulder feathers
PELECANUS. 737
broadly tipped with pale brown, with dark shafts; tail feathers white at the
base on both webs; greater part of the rest of the inner webs white; primaries
and secondaries white at their bases; a large portion of their inner webs white ;
the rest a darkish brown.
Adult. — Irides white ; in the young pale yellow; legs and feet pale plum-
beous ; edges of upper and lower mandible for the terminal two-thirds yellowish,
and in the young a horny whity brown, or yellowish grey ; the nail orange or
pale orange. In the breeding plumage the pouch is a deep orange red, with
a black patch on either side, just at the base of the lower mandible; in the
non-breeding plumage a dirty primrose, or pale fleshy, tinged with lemon
yellow.
Length.— Male, 70 to 74-5 inches ; expanse 114 to 122; tail 9*5 to lo; wing
26-25 to 29-28; bill at front including nail 15-4 to i6'6. Females smaller ;
length 66 to 68 ; wing 25 to 28. (6Vr. F. vii. p. 448 ; Hume Monog.
Pelecanus.)
Eab. — Sind, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces and Oudh, also Beloochistan (Mekran
Coast).
1454. Pelecanus manillensis, Gm., Syst. Nat.i.p. 571. Pele-
canus phillipensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 571 ; Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 858,
No. 1004 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 658 ; id., Str. F. viii, p. 116 ;
Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, p. 330 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 326. Pele-
canus rufescens, apud. Elliot. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 583 (part). Pelecanus
phillipinensis, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 164; Legge, Birds Ceylon, p. 1198. — The
SPOTTED-BILLED or GREY PELICAN.
Breeding Plumage. — Head, neck and upper plumage greyish white or in
some pure white, with dark bases visible only on lifting the feathers ; feathers of
the head long, soft, silky and greyish brown, forming a mane-like ridge to the
upper back ; occipital crest short, the feathers slightly recurved, of a brownish
colour and tipped with white ; scapulars white at the base, of a grey colour
and black shafted ; upper back and scapulars with the feathers sharply
pointed ; lower back, rump and flanks rich vinaceous, the shafts like those of
the upper tail coverts hair brown ; lesser and median coverts like the back ;
greater coverts grey, black shafted ; primaries dusky grey, white at the base ;
secondaries and tertiaries dusky grey ; feathers of the tail grey, black shafted ;
the basal half or more of the inner webs and shafts white ; under tail coverts,
greyish white, mottled with brown and like the under wing coverts tinged
with vinaceous ; bill pale bluish, tinged with fleshy, the tip yellowish ; mandi-
bular and gular pouch dusky ; the gular pouch with reddish venations and
tinged ochreous or yellow ; irides pale or dusky brown ; legs fleshy. In non-
breeding plumage there is no vinaceous tinge.
VOL. II.— 95
738 PELECANID^:,
Length. — 60 to 62 inches; wing 24 to 25-5 ; tail 8 to 87 ; tarsus 2'9 to
3-1 ; bill at front 12-5 to 14-3.
Hah.— Sind, Kutch, Rajputana, Guzerat, Deccan and Bengal, also Southern
India, Burmah, and Ceylon. Breeds in vast numbers about the end of
October, also in February and March, in the Persian Gulf, Ceylon, and parts
of Burmah.
1455. PelecanUS rOSeUS, Gm., Syst. Nat. up, 570; Oates, B. Br.
Burm. ii, p. 239. Pelecanus javanicus, Horsf., Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 197 ;
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 857 ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 581 ; Hume, Sir. F. vii.
p. 116. Pelecanus onocrotalus, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 854. Pelecanus minor,
apud. Oates, Str. F. x. p. 247. Pelecanus mitratus (Licht.\ Jerd.B. Ind. iii
p. 856.— The EASTERN WHITE PELICAN.
Occipital crest small, yellowish white ; head, neck, upper and lower surface
of body white, with a roseate tinge ; primaries dusky ; secondaries grey exter-
nally; tertiaries white, with broad black margins, internally greyish; tail white;
bill blue in the centre, red and yellow on the sides, the tip blood red ; lower
mandible bluish posteriorly, yellow in front ; pouch yellow ; irides blood red ;
legs fleshy pink.
Length. — 56 inches ; wing 24 to 25 ; tail 6'$ ; tarsus 4 ; mid-toe and claw
4*5 ; bill 12 to 13 inches.
Hab. — Nearly throughout India and Burrnah, arriving in August, and
leaving during January and February.
Sub-Family, GRACULIN^E OR PHALACROCORACID^:.
Bill moderately long, straight and hooked at the tip ; face partially nude,
also the gullet, which is capable of distension ; wings moderate ; upper and
lower tail coverts short; tail with stiff feathers.
Gen. Phalacrocorax.— Briss.
Characters the same as those of the Sub-Family.
1458. Phalacrocorax CarbO (Linn.), Dav. et Oust. Ois Cliine,
p. 532 ; Dresser, B. Eur. vi. p. 151, pi. ; Legge, Birds of Ceylon, p. 1182 ;
Doig, Str. F. vii. p. 468; Hu?ne, Str. F. viii. p. 116 ; Oates, B. Br. Burm.
ii. p. 231. Pelecanus carbo, Linn., Syst. Nat. \. p. 216. Pelecanus sinensis,
Shaiv and Nodd,, Nat. Misc.pl. 529. Graculus carbo, Jerd., B. Ind. iii.
p. 861 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, p. 659 ; Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind,
P- 33°- — The LARGE CORMORANT.
In summer or breeding plumage, the head and neck are black with white
feathers intermixed ; nape with a short black erectile crest ; lower neck, breast
PHALACROCORAX. 739
and entire under surface, except a white thigh patch, glossy black; rump,
upper tail coverts and tail black ; chin and a fillet of white running up to the
eye white, bounded behind by a black band ; primaries and their coverts dull
black ; scapulars, tertials, greater, median and lesser wing coverts bronze
brown, the feathers margined with black ; legs and feet black ; bill brownish ;
irides deep or sea-green; facial skin pale greenish; gular pouch yellow,
spotted bluish in some.
Length*— 32 to 35 inches; wing 13-2 to 147 ; tail 7 to 7-5 ; bill at front
2-3 to 2-5.
In winter the neck is black ; the white feathers and white thigh patch dis-
appear.
Ha-b. — Sind, N.-West Provinces, Western and Central India, also Beloochis-
tan and Persia, extending to Eastern Turkestan, Nepaul and Cashmere.
Distribution almost universal.
Breeds wherever found. In Sind in the middle of the Samara Dhund in the
Eastern Narra Districts. Nest a platform of sticks, lined with grass and rushes.
Eggs 4 to 6 in number, white or greenish white, glossless, and of a chalky
texture.
Whether on sea or on the inland lakes, Cormorants make terrible havoc
among the fishes inhabiting the waters they affect. Sometimes, though sel-
dom so seen, they swoop down from mid air on the object of their prey, and
pursue it under the surface of the water with great dexterity and unerring
certainty. They, however, must necessarily rise to the surface to swallow
their prey, and this trait no doubt has led to their being trained by fishermen
for the purpose of catching fish. In Sind as well as in China and other
countries fishermen always have a dozen or more of these birds sitting, when
not employed, lazily on the cross beam of the prow of their boats, quite sullen
and stern; the whole deportment of the bird gives it the aspect of an unre-
lenting tyrant.
In fishing a leathern collar is put round their necks, to prevent the fish
being swallowed, and it is said the fishermen in Sind make a livelihood by the
amount of fish caught by Cormorants when their nets fail. They are not,
however, hooded, as falcons are, when unemployed.
1457. Phalacrocorax f uscicollis, Steph., Gen, Zool. xiii. pt. i.
p. 91 ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1182; Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 496;
Hume, Str.F. viii. p. 116; Qates, B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 233. Phalacrocorax
sinensis, Steph., Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. I, p. 96. Graculus sinensis (Shaw),
Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 862 ; Hume, Nests and Eggs, 2nd. B. p. 660 ; Murray,
740 PELECANID/E.
Vert. ZooL, Sind, p. 331. Graculus fuscicollis, Blyth, B. Burm. p. 164;
Oates, Sir. F. v. p. 170. — The WHITE-TUFTED CORMORANT.
Breeding Plumage. — Whole plumage deep black ; glossed with blue and
green, the feathers of the back and wing coverts with black margins ; a tuft of
decomposed soft white feathers about an inch in length on either side of the
head just behind the ear coverts ; the female has not the white tufts.
Non-breeding Plumage — Adult Male. — Entire head and neck glossy black ;
back, scapulars, rump and upper tail coverts bronze, some of the feathers
of the back and wing coverts margined with black ; throat white ; cheeks,
pale brown ; entire lower surface black. No white thigh or cheek patch. Bill,
gular skin and orbits as in the last ; irides bluish green ; feet black.
Length. — 24 to 27 inches; wing II; tail 6; bill at front 2*25. In the
breeding plumage the forehead and sides of the head are speckled with
white, there is a white tuft of feathers behind the ears, and the chin is
white.
Hab. — Sind, Kutch, Guzerat, Rajputana, the Deccan, Burmah and Ceylon ;
also in South Ceylon. Very abundant and resident everywhere it occurs
in India. Breeds during November ; in some parts as early as July and
August.
1458. PhalacroCOraX pygmseUS (Pall.), Dresser, B. Eur. vi.
p. 173, pi. ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1191. Pelecanus pygmseus, Pall., Reis.
Russ. Reichs. ii. p. 712. Graculus javanicus, Jerd., B. Ind. iii. p. 863 ;
Murray, Vert. Zool., Sind, p. 332. Graculus melanognathos, Hume, Nests
and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 660. Graculus pygmaeus, Blytht B. Burm. p. 164. —
The LITTLE CORMORANT.
In Summer Plumage. — A white triangular patch on the head ; lores and a
line through the eyes white ; a few white hair-like feathers on the nape and
sides of the neck ; chin black ; whole body glossy black ; head with a short
occipital crest; wing coverts, scapulars, secondaries and tertiaries glossed
silvery, the feathers margined with black ; bill brownish or purplish brown ;
gular and orbital skin livid fleshy ; legs dusky.
Length.— 19 to 20 inches; wing 8'5 ; tail 5-5; bill at front 1-25; tarsus
1'3-
Hab.—S'md, Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Kutch, Guzerat, Rajputana, Concan,
the Deccan, Burmah and Ceylon. Breeds wherever found from August to
December according to locality.
Sub-Family,
Bill with edges finely notched ; neck longer than the body.
PLOTUS.
741
Gen. PlotUS.— Lin.
Bill long, straight, slender; second and third quills longest; nostrils basal,
covered by a shield ; tail long and rounded.
Plotus melanogaster.
1459. Plotus melanogaster (P*««.)» JW., B. Ind. Hi. p. 865,
No. 1008; Hume, Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 66 1 ; Sir. F. vol. i. p. 469;
id., Str. F. i. p. 194 ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 165 ; Legge, B. Ceylon^ p. 1194;
Hume and Dav., Sir. F. vi. p. 496; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 248; Murray -,
Hdbk., Zool.y &c. Sind.y p. 249; id., Vert. Zool. Sindt p. 332. Anhinga
melanogaster, Penn.^ Ind. Zool., p. 27, pi. 12 (Si'li, Sind). — The INDIAN
SNAKE BIRD.
Head, nape and neck brown, the feathers edged with pale ferruginous ;
back of the neck slightly darker ; chin and throat white, also a line from
below the eye to half way down the neck, and a narrow streak from the
base of the bill ; back and entire under surface glossy black ; primaries,
secondaries, tertiaries, scapulars and wing coverts black, very slightly glossed »
742
PLOTID^E.
some of the inner secondaries, all the wing coverts, scapulars and tertials
mesially white ; upper tail coverts and tail black, the central feathers with
barred ridges ; under wing coverts black ; legs and feet black j bill dusky on
the upper mandible, yellowish on the lower ; irides yellow.
Length.— 32 to 33 inches; wing 13-2 to 14; tail 8-3 to 9-2; bill at front
3'5-
Hab. — Sind, Bengal, Rajputana, Kutch, Guzerat, Concan, Deccan and
India generally ; also Burmah and Ceylon, extending to the Malay Peninsula.
Breeds in Sind and wherever found from June to December in large
societies. Eggs, white or bluish white, with a chalky coat.
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Abbotti, Malacocincla ii. 140
, Trichastoma » ii- 140
, Turdinus ii. 140
Abrornis affinis i. 217
. albigularis i. 221
• — albosupereiliaris i. 218
• cantator i. 216
• castaneiceps i. 220
chloronopus i. 250
• chloronotus i. 250
chrysea i. 216
• erocliroa i. 258
flaviventris i. 219
• • melanotis i. 218
poliogenys i. 221
seliisticeps i. 218
superciliaris i. 219
• • tenuiceps i. 248
xanthosehistos i. 217
Acanthis brevirostris ii. 302
. fringillirostris ii. 303
Acanthoptila nipalensis ii. 89
Acanthylis gigantea ii. 392
Accentor altaicus ii. 193
atrignlaris ii. 190
• cacharensis ii. 193
• • Huttoni ii. 190
immaculatus ii. 190
Jerdoni ii. 192
mollis ii. 190
• - nipalensis ii. 193
• rubeculoides ii. 191
strophiatus ii. 191
• variegatus ii. 193
ACCENTORES ii. 189
Accipiter badius i. 18
nisus i. 21
virgatus i. 22
ACCIPITRES i. 1
accipitrinus, Asio , i. 115
PAGE
Aceros nipalensis ii. 494
• plicatus ii. 494
subruficollis ii. 493
acomaus, Erythrosterna i. 195
Acredula erythrocephala ii. .194
jouschistos ii. 195
Acridiornis straminea i. 260
Acridotheres fuscus ii. 366
ginginanus ii. 365
Siamensis ii. 367
tristis ii. 365
Acroceplialns agricola i. 258
brunnescens i. 257
• bistrigiceps i. 256
dumetoram i. 258
magnii-ostris i. 257
orientalis i. 257
. stentorens i. 257
ACROMYODI i. 125
Actinodura Daflaensis ii. 120
Egertoni ii. US
nipalensis ii. 120
Ogleii ii. 121
Ramsayi ...., ii. 119
Waldeni ii. 119
Actinura Ramsayi ii, 119
Actitis glareola ii. 620
hypoleucos ii. 619
ochropus ii. 619
acuta, Dafila ii. 689
acuticauda, Amadina ii. 343
, Cypselns ii. 388
, Munia ii. 344
acuticaudus, Cypselus ii. 339
Adamsi, Alaudula ii. 357
, Montifringilla ii. 303
, Prinia i. 279
sedon, Arundinax i. 261
, Lusciniola i. 261
, Muscicapa i. 261
744
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
JEdon familiaris i- 238
^Egialitis cantiana ii. 587
• • curonica ii. 588
. dubia ii. 588
. fluviatilis ii. 588
. Geoffroyi ii- 585
Jerdoni ii. 588
— minutus ii. 588
. . mongolica ii- 586
. niongolus ii. 586
nigrifrons ii- 586
. pliillipensis ii. 588
— pliillipinus ii. 588
; placida ii. 586
pyrrhothorax ii- 586
. veredus ii. 586
^Egialopliilus cantianus ii- 587
uEgithaliscus erythrocepbalus ...ii. 194
.. jouschistos ii. 195
„ . niveogularis ii- 196
JEgithalus flammiceps ii. 196
JEgithina nigrohitea ii. 10
. tiphia ii. 9
viridissima ii. 8
cegocepbala, Limosa ii. 626
eegyptius, Merops ii- 473
cemodium, Conostoma ii- 123
cemodius, Parus ii. 189
ronea, Carpophaga ii- 503
, Chaptia i- 153
, Columba ii- 503
tenobarbus, Allotrius ii. 200, 201
roralatus, Ptererythrius ii. 199
eeruginosus, Circus i- 16
uEsacus recurvirostris ii 594
eesalon, Falco i- 75
. , Hypotriorchis i. 75
-, Lithofalco i. 75
setherius, Phseton ii- 732
JEthopyga cara ii- 222
. dabryi ii. 227
debrii ii. 227
gouldise ii- 226
horsjieldi ii. 225
— ignicauda ii. 224
Lathami ii- 222
Miles ii. 222
PAGE
JEthopyga nipalensis ii. 225
sanguinipectus ii. 225
saturata ii. 221
seherise ii. 222
Yigorsii ii: 221
Waldeni ii. 226
Aethorhynohus lafresnayii ii. 11
afer, Leptosoma ii. 417
affine, Trochalopterum ii. 76
affinis, Abrornis i. 217
, Anthracoceros ii. 490
, Araclmothera ii. 234
, Batrachostomus ii. 398
, Calornis ii. 371
, Coracias ii. 476
, Cryptolopha i. 216
, Cuculus ii. 410
, Cymborbynchus ii. 387
, Cypselus ii. 388
, Dumeticola i. 261
, Garrulax ii. 76
, Hesperiphona ii. 298
, Milvus i. 58
, Mirafra ii. 349
, Motacilla i. 247
, Muscipeta i. 212
, Ninox i. 107
• , Pycnoramphus ii. 298
, Pyrrlmlauda ii. 213
, Sylvia i. 236
, Taccocua ii. 425
,Tchitrea i- 212
, Terpsiplione i- 212
africana, Butalis i. 186
agile, Piprisoma ii. 251
agilis, Anthus ii. 285
, Fringilla ii- 251
,Pipastes ii- 286
agricola, Acrocepbalus i. 258
agricolensis, Calamodyta i- 255
— — , Jerdonia i- 255
Agrobates brunnescens i. 257
Agrodroma agilis ii- 2
campestris ii- 290
— cinnamomea ii- 287
Jerdoni -ii- 28f
rufula ii. 290
GENERAL INDEX.
745
PAGE
igrodroma similis ii. 287
sordida ii. 287,ii. 288
akool, Porzana ii. 643
Alauda arvensis ii. 359
calendrella ii. 355
- deva , ii. 359
gulgula ii. 359
• — peguensis ii. 359
• plumata ii. 284
alaudarius, Tinnunculus i. 77
ALAUDID^ ii. 348
Alaudula Adamsi ii. 357
raytal ii. 356
alba, Ardea ii. 655
— , Ciconia ii. 651
— , Gygis ii. 731
— , Herodias ii. 655
— , Motacilla ii. 269
albellus, Mergellus ii. 706
albicilla, Aquila i. 51
, Erythrosterna i. 188
, Falco i. 51
3 Haliaetus i. 51
, Muscicapa i. 188
albicillus, Halisetus i. 51
albicollis, Leucocerca i. 207
, Bhipidura i. 207
•-, Bhynchops ii. 731
albida, Emberiza ii. 335
albifrons, Anser ii. 674
} Pericrocotus i. 180
albifrontata, Bhipidura i. 210
albigena, Sterna .....ii. 726
albigula, Cinclosoma ;...ii. 109
albigularis, Abrornis. i. 221
, Dumetia ii. 132
, Garrulax ii. 109
, lanthocincla ii. 109
, Pomatorhinus ii. 103
. , Suya i. 278
albirictus, Buchanga i. 154
albirostris, Anthracoceros ii. 490
, Buceros ii. 490
• , Hydrocissa ii. 490
albiventer, Tesia ii. 52
albiventris, Callene ii. 58
• , Cercotrichas ii. 69
VOL. II.— 96
PAGE
albiventris, Cittocincla ii. 69
, Kittacincla ii. 69
• , Pnoepyga ii. 52
albocincta, Merula i. 304
albocinctus, Turdus i. 304
albocristatus, Euplocamus ii. 540
, Gallophasis ii. 540
albofrontata, Rhipidura i. 210
albogularis, G-eocichla i. 298
., Prinia i. 290
alboides, Motacilla ii. 275
alboniger, Dromolsea ii. 2
, Linmsetus i. 41
, Saxicola ii. 2
, Spizaetus i. 41
albonigra, Saxicola ii. 2
albonotatus, Oaprimulgus ii. 400
albosuperciliaris, Abrornis i. 218
, Garrulax ii. 117
ALCEDINID^E ii. 478
ALCEDININJE ii. 478
Alcedo asiatica ii. 479
atricapilla ii. 484
Beavani ii. 480
• bengalensis ii. 478
cserulea ii. 479
- chloris ii. 483
collaris ii. 483
coromanda ii. 482
euryzona ii. 479, 480
fuscus ii. 483
• grandis ii. 479
ispida ii. 479
• meningting ii. 480
• nigricans ii. 479, 480
— - pileata ii. 483
rufigastra ii. 480
• smyrnensis ii. 483
alchata, Pterocles ii. 525
alcinus, Machserhamphus i. 61
Alcippe atriceps ii. 169
Bourdilloni ii. 169
• chrysaea ii. 170
collaris ii. 160
fusca ii. 168
— magnirostris ii. 168
nipalensis ii. 167
746
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Alcippe phaeocephala ii. 167
phayrei ii. 168
phayrii ...ii. 168
poiocephala ii. 167
Tickelli ii. 144
• vinipectus ii. 166
Alcurus nipalensis ii. 32
ochrocephalus ii. 33
striatns ii. 32
alexandri, Palseornis ii. 466
Allotrius aenobarbus ii. 200, 201
• intermedius ii. 200
melanotis ii. 200
• xanthochloris ii. 201
Alophonerpes pulverulentus ii. 450
alpina, Tichodroma ii. 213
alpimis, Tringa .ii. 615
, Pyrrhocorax ii. 144
Alseonax f emiginea i. 184
• latriostris i. 185
terricolor i. 185
Alsocomus Hodgsoni ii. 510
puniceus ii. 509
altaicus, Accentor ii. 193
althaea, Sylvia i. 237
altirostre, Chrysomma ii. 131
altirostris, Crypsirrhina i. 136
, Pyctorids i. 131
amabilis, Carcineutes ii. 486
Amadina acuticauda ii. 344
atricapilla ii. 342
• Inglisi ii. 343
- leucogastra ii. 343
malabarica, ii. 345
• • malacca ii. 341
- oryzivora ii. 343
pectoralis ii. 343
— punctulata ii. 342
rubronigra ii. 342
• striata ii. 343
— — subundulata ii. 343
Buperstriata ii. 343
amandava, Estrilda ii. 347
amauroptera, Halcyon ii. 487
, Pelargopsis ii. 487
ambiguus, Carpodacus ii. 321
— , Propasser ii. 321
PAGE
amicta, Nyctiornis ii. 474
anrictus, Merops ii. 474
Ammomanes deserti ii. 351
isabellina ii. 351
: lusitania ii. 351
' lusitanica ii. 351
phoanicura ii. 352
Ammoperdix bonhami ii. 553
amurensis, Erythropus i. 79
Ampeliceps coronatus ii. 374
ampelnms, Hypocolius ii. 166
anaesthetus, Haliplana ii 728
, Onychoprion ii. 728
, Sterna ii. 728
analis, Dendrotypes ii. 456
, Otocompsa ii. 38
, Picus ii 456
, Pycnonotus ii. 38
, Turdus ii. 38
Anasboscas ii. 683
• caryophyllacea ii. 685
circia ii. 693
crecca ii. 692
fulva ii. 679
Javana ii. 695
Javanica ii. 678
— leucoptera ii. 680
penelope ii. 691
pcecilorhyncha ii. 684
scutulata ii. 680
-strepera ii. 686
ANASTOMINJE ii. 666
Anastomus oscitans ii. 666
andamanica, Arachnethra ii. 233
andamanicus, Cynniris ii. 233
andamanensis, Broderipus i . 118
, Buchanga i. 158
, Dicrurus i. 158
- , Dissemuroides i. 158
, Eulabes ii. 337
, Geocichla i. 298
, Hirundo ii. 261
, Oriolus i. 148
• • , Pericrocotus i. 174
andersoni, Euplocanms ii. 544
anglica, Gelochelidon ii. 720
, Sterna ii. 720
GENERAL INDEX.
747-
PAGE
anglicus, Gelochelidon ii. 720
angustirostris, Chaulelasmus ii. 687
Anhinga melanogaster ...ii. 741
annectens, Ixus ii. 40
, Lioptila ii. 67
Anorrhinus austeni ii. 495
• comatus ii. 495
galeritus ii. 495
Tickelli ii. 495
Anorthura f ormosa ii. 50
nipalensis ii. 49
Anous leucocapillus ii. 730
• melanops ii. 730
• senex ..ii. 730
- stolida ii. 730
tenudroetris ii. 730
Anser albifrons.. ii. 674
• • brachyrrhynchus ii. 673
cinereus ii. 675
eoromandeliana ii. 677
erythropus ii. 675
• indicus ii. 675
• minutus ii 675
segetum ii. 672
ANSERID.E ii. 672
antarctic us, Stercorarius ii. 713
A nthipes leucomelanura i. 230
moniliger i. 230
• submoniliger i. 231
Anthocinela phayrii ii. 376
Anthothreptes hypogrammica ...ii. 238
• malaccensis ii. 240
• phcenieotis ii. 239
simplex ii. 238
Anthracoceros affinis ii. 491
• albirostris ii. 490
• coronatus ii. 490
• malabaricus ii. 490
Anthreptes celebeusis ii. 240
malaccensis ii. 240
modesta ii. 236
nuchalis ii. 238
— . phwnicotis ii. 239
simplex ...ii. 239
»•— singalensis ii. 239
Anthreptes xanthochlora ii 239
Anthropoides virgo ii. 602
PAGE
Anthus agilis ii. 285
- aquaticus ii, 294
arboreus ii. 285
Blakistoni ii. 294
Gaffer ii. 291
campestris ii. 290
cervinus ii. 292, 293
• cinnamomeus ii. 292
Jerdoni ii. 288
maculatus .ii. 285
malayensis ii. 292
- montanus ii. 294
neglectus ii. 294
nilgherriensis ii. 286
•• raalteni ii. 291
Biehardi. ii. 289
rosaceus ii. 293
rufescens ii. 290
rufulus ii. 291
similis ii. 287
sordidus ii. 287
- spinoletta ii. 294
spipoletta ii. 294
striolata ii. 290
trivialis ii. 284
antigone, Grus ii. 599
antiquorum, Phcenicopterus ...ii 669
apiaster, Merops ii. 473
apicauda, Treron ii. 503
apicaudus, Sphenocercus ii. 503
apivorus, Pernis i. 62
aplonotus, Parus ii. 185
, Machlolophus ii. 185
apus, Cypselus ii. 388
aquaticus, Anthus ii. 294
, Cinclus ii. 54
Aquila albicilla i. 51
bifasciata i. 30, 32
bonelli i. 36
chrysaetos i. 29
clanga i. 35
fulva i. 2&
fulvescens i. 33
• fusca i. 33
hastata i. 34
• heliaca i. 30
• imperialis .- i. 30
748
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Aquila mogilnik , i. 30, 32
nsevia i. 34, 35
— - nipalensis i. 32
pennata i. 37
pimctata i. 33
vindhiana i. 33
vittata i. 35
aquila, Fregata ii. 736
Tachypetes ii. 734
AQUILINE i. 27
aquilinus, Buteo i. 23
aquilus, Attagen ii. 734
» • , Pelecairas ii. 734
Arachnethra andamanica ii. 233
asiatica ii. 228
brevirostris ii. 228
• flamrnaxillaris ii. 233
• frenata ii. 233
hypogrammica ii. 238
- intermedia., ii. 228
lotenia ii. 229
macularia ii. 238
simplex ii. 239
Arachnophila simplex ii. 239
Arachnothera ajfinis ii. 234
• • aurata ii. 235
• chrysogenys ,ii. 237
• longirostris ii. 234
modesta ii. 236
magna ii. 235
pusilla ii. 234
arboreus, Anthus ii. 284
• , Pipastes ii. 284
Arboricola atrogularis ii. 556
brunneipectus ii. 556
— • chloropus ii. 556
» — intermedia ii. 558
rufogularis ii. 558
Tickelli ii. 558
— torqueola ii. 556
Arborophila brunneipectus ii. 556
chloropus ii. 557
intermedia ii. 558
• — Mandelli ii. 559
rufogularis ii. 558
Archibuteo hemiptilopus i. 26
leucoptera i. 26
PAOB
Archibuteo strophiatus ............ i. 26
arctivitta, Cecropis ......... , ....... ii. 2fi5
-- , Hirundo .................. ii. 265
-- , Lillia ........................ ii. 265
arcuata, Dendrocygna ............... ii. 679
Ardea alba .............................. ii. 655
- • argala ........................... ii. 647
- cinerea ........................ ii. 652
-- cinnamomea .................. ii. 661
-- - coromanda ..................... ii. 657
- • egretta ........................... ii. 655
- flavicollis ..................... ii. 658
- • fusca ......... .................. ii. 652
- garzetta ........................ ii 655
- • goliath ........................ ii. 651
- - grayii .......................... ii. 658
- • grisea ........................... ii. 663
- • jnsignis ........................ ii. 652
-- intermedia ..................... ii. 655
--- jugularis ........................ ii. 657
- leucocephala .................. ii. 649
- melanolopha .................. ii. 664
- - • nigrirostris ................. ii. 655
- purpurea ....................... ii. 653
- • sumatrana ..................... ii. 651
- • tectirostris .......... , ......... ii. 651
- < torra ........................... ii. 655
-- typhon ........................ ..ii. 651
.................. ............ ii. 650
Ar 'deir alia cinnamomea ............ ii. 660
-- flavicollis .................. ii. 660
ardeola, Dromas ..................... ii. 598
Ardeola Grayi ........................ ii. 658
-- leucoptera .................. ii. 658
- prasinosceles ............... ii. 658
ardesiacus, Platylophus ............ i. 167
Ardetta cinnamomea .................. ii. 661
- flavicollis ..................... ii. 660
- minuta ........................ ii. 662
- sinensis ....................... ii. 661
arenaria, Calidris ..................... ii 617
arenarius, Lanius ..................... ii. 208
- , Pterocles .................. ii. 523
argala, Ardea ........................... ii. 647
- , Leptoptilos .................. ii. 647
argentauris, Leiothrix ............... ii. 178
--- , Mesia ..................... ii. 178
GENERAL INDEX.
749
PAGE
argoondak, Perdicula ii- 562
Argus giganteus ii- 530
argus, Argusianus ii- '530
, Phasianus ii. 530
Argusa giganteus ii- 530
Argusianus argus ii- 530
. giganteus ii- 530
Argya caudata ..ii. 93
— Earlii ii. 92
eclipes ii- 94
gularis ii. 94
hyperythra * ii. 92
malcolmi ii. 95
subrufa ii. 92
arquatus, Numenius ii. 630
, Scolopax ii. 630
Artamides Dobsoni i. 169
Artamus fuscus Addenda
leucorhynchus Addenda
Arundinax sedon i. 261
— olivaceus i. 261
arvensis, Alauda ii. 359
Ascalaphia bengalensis i. 84
coromanda i. 85
asha, Demi-egretta ii. 656
asiatica, Alcedo ii. 479
• , Arachnechthra ii. 228
. , Cinnyris ii. 228
• , Cyanops ii. 429
. •, Hydrobata ii 54
• , Megalsema ii. 429
, Mycteria... ii. 648
•-, Nectarinia ii. 228
, Perdicula ii. 562
, Trogon ii. 429
asiaticus, Arachnecthra ii. 228
• , Caprimulgus ii. 399
• •, Cinclus ii. 54
, Cinnyris ii. 228
• , Trogon ii. 420
• , Xenorhynchus ii. 648
Asio accipitrinus i. 115
brachyotus i. 114
otus i. 114
assamica, Mirafra ii. 348
Assamensis, Cynniris ,...ii. 221
' , Drymocataphus ii. 144
PAGE
assimilis, Dendrocitta i. 137
, Horornis i. 267
, Lanius ii. 202
, Macropygia ii. 511
, Neornis i. 267
, Passer ii. 312
, Picus ii. 454
, Psarisomus ii. 383
, Stachyridopsis ii. 155
, Stachyris ii. 155
astigma, Muscicapula , i. 196
Astur badius i. 18
• palumbarius i. 16, 19
poliopsis i. 19
soloensis i. 20
trivirgatus i. 17
aswuree, Dendrocygna ii. 678
ater, Falco i. 58
Athene brama i. 104
brodiei i. 110
castanoptera i. 112
cuculoides i. 113
pulchra i. 105
• radiata i. Ill
scutulata i. 108
Athertonii , Merops ii. 474
, Nyctiornis ii. 474
Atkinsoni, Parus ii. 186
atra, Buchanga ii. 154
, Fulica ii. 636
atrata, Pratincola i. 194
atratus, Dendrotypes ii. 457
, Picus ii. 457
atricapilla, Alcedo ii. 484
• , Amadina ii. 342
- • ' --• , Loxia ii. 342
, Munia ii. 342
, Halcyon ii. 484
atricapillus, Garrulus i. 141
j Molpastes ii. 36
, Muscicapa ii. 36
, Pycnonotus ii. 36
atriceps, Alcippe ii. 169
, Falco i. 68
atriceps, Brachypteryx ii. 169
, Parus ii. 182
, Turdus ii. 26
750
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
atrigularis, Accentor ii. 190
f Merula i. 308
, Orthotomus i. 286
,Planesticus i. 308
, Prinia i. 277
— — — , Saxicola ii. 5
, Suya i. 277
, Turdus i. 308
atripennis, Caprimulgus ii. 400
atrogularis, Arboricola ii. 557
. , Sarcogramma ii. 593
atronuchalis, Lobivanellus ii. 593
Attagen aquilus ii. 734
'• minor ii. 734
aucheri, Laniua ii. 202
aurantia, Seena ii. 724
, Sterna ii. 724
aurantiaca, Pyrrhula ii. 325
aurantias, Brachypternus ii. 439
aurata, Arachnothera ii. 235
aurei venter, Zosterops ii. 243
aureiventris, Zosterops ii. 243
aureocapilla, Budytes ii. 279
aureola, Emberiza ii. 330
, Euspiza ii. 330
• , Leucocerca i. 210
anrifrons, Chloropsis ii. 13
, Fringilla ii. 315
, Phyllornis ii. 13
• , Serinus ii. 314, 315
auritus, Sypheotides ii. 578
aurocristatus, Picus ii. 458
aurorea, Motacilla i. 322
, Ruticilla i. 322
Austeni, Anorrhinus ii. 495
, Trochalopterum ii. 83
• , Paradoxornis ii. 128
• , Pomatorhinus ii. 101
, Zosterops ii. 243
australis, Mycteria ii. 648
, Sula ii. 735
• , Xenorhynchus ii. 648
avensis, Campophaga i. 172
• , Yolvocivora i. 172
avocetta, Recurvirostra ii. 631
awsuree, Dendrocygna ii. 678
PAGE
azurea, Hypothymis i. 201, 202
, Myiagra i. 202
babylonicus, Falco i. 170
bacha, Spilornis i. 46
badius, Accipiter i. 18
,Astur i. 18
, Micronisus i. 18
, Phodilus i. 124
baicalensis, Motacilla ii. 272
bailloni, Porzana ii. 641
, Calliope i. 316
, Rallus ii. 641
bakkamsena, Scops i. 93
balli, Scops i. 100
ballicassius, Dicrurus i. 154
Bambusicola Fytchi ii. 560
banyumas, Cyornis i. 225
barbarus, Falco i. 70
barbatus, Gypsetus i. 28
batassiensis, Cypselus ii. 390
Batrachostomus affinis ii. 398
Javensis ii. 397
Hodgsoni ii. 398
— — moniliger ii. 397
baya, Ploceus ii. 338, 339
Bayleyi, Dendrocitta i. 137
Baza Ceylonensis i. 65
lopnotes i. 62
surnatrensis i. 63
Beavani, Alcedo ii. 480
, Cisticola i. 291
, Lophophanes ii. 187
,Parus ii. 187
, Prinia i. 291
beema, Motacilla ii. 281
Belangeri, Garrulax ii. 108
bengalensis, Alcedo ii. 478
, Ascalaphia i. 84
, Bubo i. 83
Centrococcyx ii. 424
Centropus ii. 424
, Cuculus ii. 424
, Drymoeca i. 288
, Graminicola i. 288
GENERAL INDEX.
751
PAGE
bengalensie, Gyps i. 8
, Hierax i. 65
, Malacocircus ii. 122
• ' • " — , Palseornia ii. 468
, Pitta ii. 380
, Ploceus ii. 340
• — , Pseudogyps i. 8
, Psittacus ii. 468
, Rhynchcea ii. 609
f Sterna ii. 723
, Sypheotides ii. 578
• — , Thalasseus ii. 723
, Timalia ii. 129
} Urrua i. 84
Berenicornis comatus .. ii. 495
bergii, Sterna ii. 721
, Thalasseus ii. 722
Bewiclci, Cygnus ii. 672
Bhringa remifer i. 159
tectirostris i. 159
bicincta, Osmotreron ii. 499
bicolor, Brachypteryx ii. 142
, Carpophaga ii. 505
•, Columba ii. 505
— — , Erythrocichla ii. 142
, Myristicivora ii. 505
, Pratincola i. 194
, Saxicola i. 194
bicornis, Buceros ii. 489
, Dichoceros ii. 489
, Homrais ii. 489
Biddulphi, Chrysonotus ii. 438
bifasciata, Aquila i. 30, 32
bilobus, Charadrius ii. 594
, Sarciophorus ii. 593
bimaculata, Melanocorypha ii. 355
bispecularis, Garrulus i. 141
bistrigiceps, Acrocephalus i. 256
bitorquatus, Rhinoptilus ii. 580
blakistoni, Anthus ii. 294
blanfordi, Drymoica i. 279
, Ixus ii. 42
1 , Microtarsus ii. 42
, Prinia i. 279
• , Pycnonotus ii. 41
blanfordii, Turnix ii. 570
blanf ordii, Montif ringilla ii. 304
PAGE
Blanfordius striatulus i. 275
Blewitti, Heteroglaux i. 105
, Microperdix ii. 565
Blythii, Phaiopicus ii. 440
• , Sturnia ii. 371
, Ceriornis ii. 536
Blythipicus porphyromelaa ii. 442
pyrrhotis ii. 442
boarula, Calobates ii. 278
, Motacilla ii. 278
bonelli, Aquilla i. 36
, Eutolma3tus i. 36
, Falco i. 36
-, Nissetus i. 36
, Pseudsetus i. 36
Bonhami, Ammoperdix ii. 553
borealis, Motacilla ii. 281
• , Phyllopneuste i. 239
, Phylloscopus i. 239
boscas, Anas ii. 684
Botaurus limnophilax ii. 664
— — etellaris ii. 662
Bourdilloni, Alcippe ii. 169
, Merula i. 306
boulboul, Lanius i. 304
, Merula i. 306
brachydactyla, Calendrella ii. 355
brachyotus, Asio i. 114
,0tus i. 114
— , Strix i. 144
brachyphorus, Diseemurus i. 158
,Edolius i. 160
7
27
31
26
27
28
25
BRACHYPODIN^B ii.
Brachypodius cinereiventris ii.
• • • criniger ii.
immaculatus ii.
melanocephalus ii.
• poiocephalus ii.
— • tristis...
Brachypteryx atriceps ii. 169
• bicolor ii. 142
Buxtoni ii. 146
• cruralis ii. 60
hyperythra ii. 61
' macroptera ii. 146
nigricapitata ii. 143
• • nipalensis ii. 61
752
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Brachypteryx stellata ii. 62
Brachypternus aurantias ii. 439
chrysonotus ii. 440
dilutus ...ii. 439
• puncticollis ii. 440
brachyrrhynchus, Anser ii. 673
Bracliypus euptilosus ti. 25
plumosus ii. 42
poiocephalus ii. 28
xantholcemus ii. 41
brachyura, Pitta ii. 380
Brachyurus coeruleus ii. 377
cucullatus ii. ?81
'• cyaneus ii. 378
davisoni ii. 377
• granatinus ii. 379
. megarhynchus ii. 379
moluccensis ii. 379
• • nipalensis ii. 376
brachyurus, Micropternus ii. 441
, Corvus ii. 380
, Picus ii. 441
Bradybates phcenicuroides ii. 67
BBADYPTERI ... i. 2/0
Bradyptetes cetti i. 266
brama, Carine ..i. 104
Brandti, Montif ringilla ii . 306
brasiliana, Oerthia ii. 332
, Cinnyris ii. 232
, Leptocoma ii. 232
, Nectarophila ii. 232
braziliana, Cinnyris ii. 232
brericauda, Prinia i. 282
brevicaudata, Corythocichla ii. 150
brevicaudatus, Macronus ii. 150
, Turdinus ii. 150
brevirostris, Arachnechthra ii. 228
, Acanthis ii 302
i , Cinnyris ii. 228
. , Linaria , ii. 302
, Pericrocotus i. 177
brodiei, Athene i. 110
, Glaucidium i. 110
Broderipus andamanensis ii 148
brookeanus, Hemicercus ii. 453
brooksi, Halisetus i. 51
, Phylloscopus i. 263
PAGE
brunnea, Erithacus i. 314
brunneicauda, Minla ii. 159
brunneicephalus, Larus ii. 717
brunneifrons, Cettia i. 269
, Picua ii 457
brunneipectus, Arboricola ii. 557
, Arborophila ii. 557
brunnescens, Acrocephalus i. 257
, Agrobatea i. 257
, Horeites i. 257
brunneus, Erithacus i. 3U
» , Hemicercus ii. 461
, Ixus ii. 43
• , Phylloscopus i. 263
. Picus ii. 461
, Pycnonotus ,* ii. 43
brunniceps, Cisticola i. 292
} Salicaria i. 292
Bubo bengalensis i. 84
coroinandus i. 85
nipalensis i. 86
orientalis i. 86
strepitans i. 87
BUBONID.E i. 83
BUBONIN.E i. 83
Bubulcus coromandus ii. 657
Bucanetes githaginea ii. 307
Bucco caniceps ii. 428
cyanotis ii. 432
grandis ii. 426, 427
hsemacephalus ii. 431
Hayi ii. 432
indicus ii. 431
• • • • malabarica ii. 432
mystacophanus ii. 427
virens ii. 427
Buceros albirostris ii. 490
bicornis ii. 489
cavatus ii. 489
comatus ii. 490, 495
• galeritus ii. 491
• ginginianus ii. 492
griseus ii. 492
• homrai ii. 489
'nipalensis ii. 494
pusaran ii. 493, 494
• scutatus ii. 491
GENERAL INDEX.
753
PAGE
Buceros subruficollis ii. 493
undulatus ii. 494
vigil ii. 491
BUCEROTID^E ii. 488
Buclianani, Cisticola i. 288
. — j Drymoeca i- 228
, Ernberiza ii. 333
> Franklinia i 288
Btichanga albirictus i. 154
andamanensia i. 159
. atra i. 154
• caerulescens i. 157
cineracea i. 156
• — leucogenys i. 156
leucophsea i. 156
• — longicaudata i. 155
— .... ,...—. — pyrrhops i. 156
waldeni i. 155
Budytes aureocapilla ii. 279
calcarata ii. 279
calcaratus ii. 280
• cinereocapillus ii. 281
citreola ii. 279, 280
citreoloides ii. 280
flava-melanocephala ii. 281
melanoceplialus ii. 282
— viridia ii. 281
Bulaca indranee i. 121
ocellata i. 118
sinensis i. 118
burkii, Culicepeta i. 215
burmannica, Leucocerca i. 140
— , Sturnia ii. 369
, Ninox i. 108
burmannicus, Micropternus ii. 440
• , Pelargopsis ii. 488
', Pycnonotus ii. 35
, Temenuchus ii. 369
Burnesia flaviventris i. 282
lepida i. 283
socialia i. 282
burnesia, Gallinula ii. 655
burnesi, Eurycercus i. 271
, Laticilla i. 271
burtoni, Callaeantliis ii. 302
, Fringilla ii. 302
Butalis africana i. 186
VOL. 11—97
PAGE
Butalis ferruginea ..................... i. 184
- --- grisola ........................... i. 186
- latirostris ..................... i. 185
- sibirica ........................ i. 183
- . terricolor ........................ i. 185
Butastur indicus...., ................... i. 50
- liventer ..................... i. 48
-- • teesa ........................... i. 47
Buteo aquilinus ........................ i. 23
- canescens ........................ i. 23
-- desertorum ..................... i. 25
- ferox .............................. i. 23
- japonicus ....................... i. 25
- liventer .......................... i. 48
- longipes ........................... i. 23
-- plumipes ........................ i. 25
- pygmseus ........................ i. 50
-- rufiventer ........................ i. 25
- vulgaris ........................... i. 25
i. 10
Buxtoni, Zosterops ..................... ii. 243
Caccabis chukor ...ii. 553
cacharensis, Accentor ii. 193
cachinnans, Trochalopterum ii. 84
Cacomantis passerinus ii. 413
• — nigra ii. 413
rufiventris ii. 413
tenuirostris ii. 413
threnodes ii. 413
cserulea, Alcedo ii. 479
, Gigantipitta ii. 377
— , Pitta ii. 377
cselicolor, Grandala i. 319
, Sialia i. 319
caerulatum, Cinclosoma ii. 117
, Garrulax ii. 117
, lanthocincla ii. 117
cserulatus, Crateropus ii. 117
, Dryonastes ii. 117
, Garrulax ii. 117
cserulecula, Cyanecula i. 317
— , Motacilla i. 17
cseruleculus, Cyanecula i. 317
— — , Erithacus i. 317
se ruleocephala, Ruticilla i 325
754
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
cserulescens, Buchanga i. 167
_ , Dicrurus i. 157
, Harpagus i. 65
_ , Hierax ... i. 66
, Microhierax i. 65
ceeruleus, Brachyurus ii. 377
. , Dryonastes ii. 117
, Elanus i. 59
csesius, Parus ii> 182
caffer, Anthus ii- 291
Calamodus inelanopogon i. 265
Calamodyta agricolensis i. 255
— dorise i. 259
. . dumetorum i. 258
calandra, Melanocorypha ii. 355
calcarata, Budytes ii. 279
calcaratus, Budytes ii. 280
calendrella, Alauda ii- 355
Calendrella brachydactyla ii. 355
Calidris arenaria ii. 617
calidris, Scolopax ii. 622
, Totanus ii. 622
caligata, Hypolais i- 255
caligatus, Spizaetus i. 42
Callacanthis burtoni ii. 302
Callene albiventris ii. 58
. frontalis ii. 53
.. Hodgsoni ii. 67
' rufiventris ii. 59
Callialycon coromanda * ii. 482
Calliope bailoni i 316
kamschatkensis i. 315
-tschebaiewi i. 317
calliope, Erithacu s i. 315
, Motacilla i. 315
callipyga, Leiothrix ii. 179
Callisitta formosa ii. 218
Callolophus malaccensis ii. 443
. — mentalis ii. 443
miniatus ii. 443
— puniceus ii. 444
Calobates melanope ii. 2/9
. sulphurea ii. 278
Calcenaa nicobarica ,...ii. 518
Caloperdix ocellata ii. 560
oculea ii. 560
Caloramphua Hayii ,...ii. 432
PAGE
Caloramplms Latliami ii. 432
Calornis affinis ii. 371
chalybea ii. 371
daurica ii. 368
Irwini ii. 371
Tytleri ii. 371
calvus, Otogyps i. 9
, Vultur i. 9
Calyptomena viridis ii. 382
CALYPTOMENIN.&: ii. 382
carubaiensis, Thainnobia ii. 64
cambayensis, Turtur ii. 514
Perdicula ii. 562
campestris, Antlius ii. 290
Campephaga avensis i. 172
melanoptera i. 1/2
Campophaga innominata i. 172
intermedia i. 171
lugubris i. 171
melanoptera i. 172
neglecta i. 172
polioptera i. 172
- saturata i. 171
Sykesi i. 181
CAMPEPHILIN^; ii. 449
CAMSCHATKENSIS i. 315
Cancroma coromanda ii. 657
Candida, Glaux ii. 123
, Sterna i. 123
, Strix i. 123
candidus, Himantopus ii. 632
, Phceton ii. 732
canente, Hemicercus ii. 453
, Micropicus ii. 453
, Picus ii. 453
canescens, Buteo i. 23
, Scolopax ii. 621
, Totanus ii. 621
canicapillus, lyngipicus ii. 458
, Picus ii. 458
caniceps, Bucco ii. 428
, Carduelis ii. 300
, Megalaema ii. 428
canifrons, Spizixus ii. 48
canningi, Rallina ii. 640
canorus, Cuculus ii. 408
, Crateropua ii. 122
GENERAL INDEX.
755
PAGE
canorus, Turdus ii. 122
cantator Abrornis i. 216
Cryptolopha i. 216
Culicepeta i. 216
Motacilla i. 216
cantatrix, Cryptolopha i. 216
cantiaca, Sterna ii. 722
cantiana, ^Egialitis ii. 587
, JEgialophilus ii. 587
, Charadriua ii 587
cantillans, Certhia ii 245
, Mirafra ii. 350
capellana, Corone i. 129
capensis, Daption ii. 710
Procellaria ii. 710
Rhynchsea ii. 609
capistrata, Cinclosoma ii. 96
, Malacias ii. 96
, Salicaria i. 258
, Saxicola ii. 3
capitalis, Hemipus i. 165
CAPITONID^ ii. 427
caprata, Motacilla i. 194
Pratincola i. 193
CAPRIMULGID^: ii. 397
Caprimulgus albonotatus ii. 400
asiaticus ii. 399
. atripennis ii. 401
— • indicus ii. 402
Jotaka ii. 403
Kelaarti ii. 403
macrurus ii. 400
malirattensis ii. 399
monticolus ii. 400
spilocircus ii. 400
Unwinii ii. 401
cara, ^thopyga ii. 202
carbo, Graculus ii. 740
, Pelecanus ii. 740
—, Phalacrocorax ii. 740
Carcineutes amabilis ii. 486
• pulchellus ii 486
Carduelis canicepa ii. 300
Carine brama i. 104
glaux i. 105
-pulchra.... i. 105
cardis, Turdus i. 307
PAGE
Caridagrus concretus ii. 485
carneipes, Mycerobas ii. 298
, Pcynoramphus ii. 298
Carpodacus ambiguus ii. 321
crassirostris ii. 307
Davidianus ii 321
dubius ii. 320
• Edwardsii ii. 319
erythrinus ii. 316
grandis ii. 318
Murray! ii. 305
pulcherrimus ii. 321
rhodochlamys ii. 318
rhodochrous ii. 318
rhodopeplus ii. 318
rubicilla ii. 317
sipahi ii. 317
— — thura ii. 320
Carpophaga senea ii. 503
bicolor ii. 505
griseicapilla ii. 504
insignis ii. 504
insularis ii. 505
• • palumboides ii. 505
< sylvatica ii 503
CABPOPHAGIN^E ii. 503
caryophyllacea, Anas ii. 685
, Khodonessa ii. 685
Casarca leucoptera ii. 681
rutila ii. 680
ecutulata ii. 681
Tadorna ii. 680
cashmiriensis, Chelidon ii. 254
, Cinclus ii. 54
• , Hirundo ii. 254
',Hydrobata ii. 54
-, Motacilla ii. 275
casiotis, Paluinbus ii. 506
caspia, Sterna ii. 721
caspius, Sylochelidon ii. 721
castanea, Merula i. 30.6
•, Pucrasia ii. 538
castaneicauda, Siva ii. 175
castaneieeps, Minla ii. 158, 159
castaneoceps, Proparus ii. 158
, Staphidia ii. 164
, Culicepeta i. 220*
756
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
castaneoceps, Cryptolopha i. 220
, Reguloides i. 220
castaneocoronata, Oligura ii. 156
, Sylvia ii. 156
. , Tesia ii. 156
castaneoventris, Sitta ii. 217
castaneum, Philentoma i. 213
castanicauda, Siva ii. 175
castaniceps, Abrornis i. 220
• — , Leiothrix ii. 158
, Minla ii. 158, 159
— , Staphidia ii. 164
castanoptera, Athene i. 112
castanopterum, Glaucidium i. Ill
castanopterus, Oriolus i. 149
cathpharius, Picus ii. 455
caucasica, Coccotliraustes ii. 317
, Pyrrhula ii. 317
caudata, Argya ii. 93
, Chatorhsea ii. 93
— , Pnoepyga ii. 53
caudacuta, Hirundinapus ii. 393
caudatus, Cossyphus ii. 93
, Crateropus ii. 93
Caulodroma gracei ii. 153
cavatus, Buceros ii. 489
, Dichoceros ii. 489
Ceblypyris isabellina i. 166
Cecropis arctivitta ii. 265
celebensis, Anthreptes ii. 240
Celeopicus porphyromelas ii. 442
pyrrhotis ii. 442
Centrococcyx bengalensis ii. 424
. • eurycercus ii. 423
• intermedius ii. 423
. maximus ii. 422
rufipennis ii. 423
cenchris, Erythropus i. 79
, Falco i. 78
• , Tinunculus i. 78
CENTROPODIN.^ ii. 422
Centropus bengalensis ii. 424
cuculoides ii. 425
eurycercus ii. 423
intermedius ii. 423
-rufipennis ii. 423
PAGE
79
78
79
77
69
Ceplialopyrus flainmiceps ii. 196
Cerclmeis amurensis i.
naumanni i.
pekineneis i.
tinunculus i
Cercotrichas albiventris ii.
macrurus ii. 68
Ceriornis Slythi ii. 535
melanocephalus ii. 535
satyra ii. 534
Certhia brasiliana ii 232
cantillans ii. 245
cruentata ii. 244
discolor ii. 212
erythrorhynchus ii. 249
goalpariensis ii. 222
himalayana ii. 212
mandelli ii. 212
muraria ii. 213
nipalensis ii. 212
• spilonota ii. 213
Stolickzse ii. 212
trigonostigma ii. 245
Zeylonica ii. 232
CEETHIID^I ii. 211
CERTHIIN.E ii. 211
CEKTHIOMORPH^) ii. 211
certhiola, Locustella i. 259
, Motacilla i. 259
Certhilauda desertorum ii. 361
dorise ii. 361
Certhiparus ignitincta ii. ] 58
cervina, Motacilla ii. 292
cerviniceps, Lyncornis ii. 404
cerviniventris, Anthipes i. 232
, Digenea i. 232
cervinus, Anthus ii. 292, 293
Ceryle guttata ii. 481
rudis ii. 481
Cettia brunneifrons i. 269
cetti i. 266
cettioides i. 266
flavolivacea i. 268
fortipes i. 267
major i. 269
orientalis i. 266
pallidipes i. 268
stolickzcz .. .. i. 266
GENERAL INDEX.
757
PAGE
ceylonensis, Baza i> 65
— — , Culicicapa i- 214
, Ketupa i. 83
, Oriolus i. 149
, Upupa ii. 469
ceylonica, Porzana ii- 639
, Rallina ii. 639
Ceyx tridactyla ii. 486
Cheemarrornis leucocephalus ii- 68
Chsetornis lociistelloides i. 274
etriata i. 274
Cbsetura coracina ii. 392
gigantea ii. 391
leuconotus ii. 393
nudipes ii. 393
CH^ETURIN^E ii. 391
Ghaitaris grandis i. 233
Chalcococcyx xanthorhynchus ...ii. 416
Chalcoparia phoenicotis ii. 239
singalensis ii. 239
Chalcophaps indica ii. 517
Chalcophasis sclateri ii. 534
Chalcostetha insignis ii. 220
• insperata ii. 220
• pectoralis ii. 220
chalybaea, Calornis ii. 371
chalybeus, Turdus ii. 371
Chaptia senea i. 153
malayana i. 154
• malayensis i. 154
CHARADRINJS ii. 583
Charadrius bilobus ii. 594
cantianus ii. 587
curonicut ii. 588
dubius ii. 588
fluviatilis ii. 588
• fulvus ii. 584
Geoffroyi ii. 585
himantopus ii. 632
• • — longipes ii. 584
• malabaricus ii. 593
• mongolicus ii. 586
• — mongolus ii. 586
. — cedicnemus ii. 596
phillippinus ii. 588
pluvialis ii. 584
-.— — — — pyrrhothorax ii. 586
PAGE
Charadrius scolopax ii. 596
virginicus ii. 585
chatorrhaea, Timalia ii.
Chatorrhsea caudata ii.
Earlii ii.
11.
93
93
92
94
— • "• — gularis ii. 94
Chaulelasmus angustirostris ii. 687
streperus ii. 686
cheela, Circsetus i. 44
, Spilornis i. 44
Chelidon cashmiriensis ii. 254
lagopus ii. 254
nipalensis ii. 255
urbica ii. 254
Chelidorynx hypoxantha i. 206
Chettusia cinerea ii. 591
• flavipes ii. 591
gregaria ii. 590
inornata ii. 591
leucura ii, 590
Villotsei ii. 591
Chibia hottentotus i. 152
Chimarrhornis leucocephalus ii. 63
chinensis, Cissa i. 139
, Coturnix ii. 567
, Dryonastes ii. 115
, Eudynamis ii. 418
, Exealfactoria ii. 567
, Francolinus ii. 552
-,Garrulax ii. 115
, Hirundo ii. 256
,Lanius ii. 115
, Tetrao ii. 552, 567
chinquis, Polyplectron ii. 531
chiquera, Falco i. 74
, Hypotriorchis i. 74
, Lithofalco i. 74
Chiquera typus i. 74
chirurgus, Hydrophasianus ii. 634
,Tringa ii. 634
Chleuasicus atrosuperciliaris ii. 127
fulvifrons ii. 127
ruficeps ii. 127
chlorigaster, Chjysophlegma ii . 446
, Crocopus ii. 493
chloris, Alcedo ii. 484
758
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
chloris, Halcyon ii. 484
, Sauropatis ii. 484
chlorocephala, Chloropsis ii.
chlorocephalus, Phyllornis ii. 16
chlorolophus, Chloropicus ii. 445
, Chrysophlegma ii. 445
, Picus ii. 445
chloronopus, Abrornis i. 250
chloronotus, Abrornis i. 250
, Reguloides i. 250
chlorophsea, Rhinortha ii. 419
, Bhynortha ii. 419
chlorophanes, Chrysophlegma ii. 446
'. , Picus ii. 446
chlorophseus, Cuculus ii. 419
Chloropicoides rafflesii ii. 436
Chloropicus chlorolophus ii. 445
... — dimidiatus ii. 44-8
— flavinucha ii. 444
— mentalis ii. 443
miniatus ii. 444
occipitalis ii. 147
puniceus ii. 444
striolatus ii. 447
Chloropsis aurifrons ii. 13
• auriventris ii. 12
chlorocephala ii. 16
• • •• cyanopogon ii. 17
• Hardwickii ii. 12
• jerdoni ii. 15
1 malabarica t ii. 14
• zosterops ii. 15
chloroptera, Osmotreron ii. 502
chloropus, Arboricola ii. 557
• Arboriphila ii. 557
Gallinula ii. 645
Peloperdix ii. 557
Tropicoperdix ii. 557
chlororhynchus, Puffinus ii. 711
chocolatina, Pnoepyga ii. 49
Chotorhea caudata ii. 93
Chotorea mystacophanus ii. 427
chrysaea, Alcippe ii. 170
— , Stachyridopsis ii. 155
, Stachyris -. ii. 155
chrysseus, Proparus ii. 170
1 'Siva ii. 170
PAGE
chrysseus, Tarsiger i. 201
chrysea, Abrornis i. 216
, Alcippe ii. 170
, Ploceela ii. 340
, Stachyridopsis ii. 155
Chrysococcyx Hodgsoni ii. 415
Limborgi ii. 416
maculatus ii. 415
malayanus ii. 416
Schomburgki ii. 415
smaragdinus ii. 415
xanthorhynchus ...ii. 415
Chrysocolaptes delesserti ii. 451
festivus ii. 452
goensis ii. 452
gutticristatus ii. 451
melanotus ii. 452
strictus ii. 451
sultaneus ii. 451
chrysogenys, Arachnothera ii. 237
Chrysomitris spinoides ii, 301
thibetana ii. 301
Chrysomma altirostris ii. 131
sinensis ii. 130
Chrysonotus, Biddulphi ii. 438
, brachypternus ii. 440
, intermedius ii. 438
, rubropygialis ii. 438
, shorei ii. 438
Chrysophlegma chlorigaster ii. 446
. chlorolophus ii. 445
chlorophanes ii. 446
flavinucha ii. 444
malaccensis ii. 443
mentalis ii. 443
puniceus ii. 444
chrysopterum, Garrulax ii. 78
, Trochalopteron ...ii. 78
, Trochalopteruin ...ii. 78
chrysopterus, Crateropus ii. 78
• , lanthocincla ii. 78
chrysopygia, Saxicola ii. 5
chrysorrhseum, Dicaeum ii. 247
chrysorrhoides, Haematornis ii. 36
, Molpastes ii. 36
chukor, Caccabis ii. 553
cia, Emberiza ii. 333
CICHLOMORPH^;... ...ii. 1
GENERAL INDEX.
759
PAGE
Cichlops monticolus ii. 289
— tliermophilus ii. 290
ubiquitarius ii. 291
Cicliloramphus sylvanus ii. 295
Ciconia alba ii. 649
javanica ii. 648
leucocephala ii. 649
Cimbyrhinchus cucullatus ii. 385
cinclorhynchus, Monticola i. 312
) Orocetes i. 313
-, Petropliila i. 313
Cinclosoma albigula ii. 109
asiaticus ii. 54
cserulatum ii. 137
capistrata ii. 96
cashmeriensis ii. 54
lineatum ii. 86
moniliger ii. Ill
• — nipalensis ii. 120
rufiinenta ii. 80
Cinclus aquaticus ii. 54
interpres ii. 597
cinclus, Tringa ii. 615
cineracea, Buchanga i. 156
cinerea, Ardea ii. 652
-, Chettusia ii. 591
, Curruca i. 235
, Fulica ii. 646
, Grus ii. 601
, Leiotkrix ii. 160
• , Minla ii. 160
• , Muscitrea i. 164
, Sylvia i. 235
, Terekia ii. 623
cinerascens, Eurycercus i. 271
, Laticilla i. 271
cineraceum, Trochalopterum ii. 81
cineraceus, Circus i. 13
cinereiventris, Brachypodius ii. 27
, Micropus ii. 27
cinereicapilla, Cisticola i. 291
. • , Cryptolopha i. 215
, Culicicapa i. 215
, Myiolestes i. 215
,Prinia i. 291
cinereoalba, Muscicapa i. 185
cinereocapillus, Budytes ii. 281
PAGE
cinereus, Anser ii. 673
, Gallicrex ii. 646
, Parus, ii. 188
, Pericrocotus i. 176
, Pluvianus ii. 591
cingalensis, Chalcoparia ii. 239
cinnamomea, Agrodroma ii. 286
, Ardea ii. 661
, Ardeiralla ii. 661
, Ardetta ii. 661
, Currucaria ii. 228
, Passer ii. 311
cinnamomeiventris, Sitta ii. 217
einnamomeus, An thus ii. 291
, Passer ii. 311
ClNNYRIMORPH^ ii. 219
Cinnyris andamanicus ii. 233
asiatica ii. 228
braziliana ii. 232
brevirostris ii. 228
chrysogenys ii. 237
epimacurus ii. 224
flammaxillaris ii. 233
Gouldi ii. 226
hasselti ii. 232
ignicaudus ii. 224
longirostra ii. 237
• lotenia ii. 229
Macklotii ii. 220
— • minima ii. 230
• nipalensis ii. 225
orientalis ii. 228
• phcenicotis ii. 239
•• politus ii. 229
ruber ii. 232
rubricauda ii. 224
zeylonica ii. 230
Circaetus cheela i. 44
gallicus i. 43
circia, Anas ii. 693
, Querquedula ii. 693
16
13
10
14
Circus seruginosus i.
cinerasceus i.
cyaneus i.
— — macrurus i.
melanoleucus
i.
12
pallidus i. 14
.
7CO
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Circus pygargus i. 13
Swainsonii i. 14
cirrhatus, Spizaetus i. 40
Cirripidesmus Geoff royi ii- 585
mongolicus ii. 586
Cissa chinensis i. 139
cucullata i. 134
i siiicnsis i. 139
speciosa i. 139
Cisticola Beavani i. 290
Buchanani i. 289
• cinereicapilla i. 291
cisticola i. 292
cursitans i. 292
. delicatula i. 293
— . erythrocephala i. 293
. exilis i. 293
— gracilis i. 290
— . homalura i. 292
. isura i. 293
• melanocephala i. 293
. — munipurensis i. 292
. — schcenicola i. 292
. Sylvia i. 292
Tytleri i 293
poliocephala i. 292
CISTICOLA i. 274
citreola, Budytes ii. 279
, Motacilla ii. 279
citreoloides, Budytes ii. 280
. , Motacilla ii. 280
citrina, Geocichla i. 298
Citrinella fucata ii. 328
rutila ii. 331
. Stewarti ii. 334
citrinus, Turdus i. 293
Cittocincla albiventris ii. 69
— macrura ii. 68
— — tricolor ii. 68
clanga, Aquila i. 35
Clangula glaucion ii. 702
Clorhynchus strophiatus ii. 631
clypeata, Spatula ii. 682
coccinseum, Dicseum ii. 244
coccinea, Eucichla ii. 380
. Pitta ii. 380
Coccothraustea caucasica ,ii. 317
PAGE
Coccothraustes humii ii. 296
icteroides ii. 297
melanoxanthus ...ii. 297
sinensis ii. 342
speculigerus ii. 298
vulgaris ii. 296
COCCOTHRAUSTIN2E ....ii. 296
COCCYGES ANISODACTYL^E ii. 469
Coccystes coromandus ii. 417
jacobinus ii. 417
melanoleucus ii. 417
Coccyzura tusalia ii. 511
cochinchinensis, Oriolus i. 147
Cochoa purpurea i. 168
viridis i. 167
coelestis, Gallinago ii. 606
, Scolopax ii. 607
COLIOMORPH^E i. 125
collaris, Alcedo ii. 484
• , Alcippe ii. 160
, Todiramphus ii. 484
Collocalia concolor ii. 393
• — francica ii. 395
fuciphaga ii. 395
inexpectata , ii. 394
• innominata ii. 394
- Linchi ii. 395
maxima ii. 394
nidifica ii. 393
spodiopygia ii. 394
— — — unicolor ii. 393
collurioceps, Dasyornis i. 275
Collurio erythronotus ii. 205
nigriceps ii. 206
tephronotus ii. 204
collyrioides, Lanius ii. 210
Coloeus monedula i. 129
Columba senea ii. 603
bicolor ii. 5C5
cristata ii. 461
fulvicollis ii. 501
hodgsoni ii. 510
intermedia ii. 507
leptogrammica ii. 511
leuconota ii. 509
livia ii. 508, 509
meena ii. 573
GENERAL INDEX.
761
PAGE
Columba nicobarica ii. 518
• risoria ii. 515
rupestris ii. 509
striata ii. 518
• tigrina ii. 515
— — vernans ii. 500
' viridis ii. 500
COLTTMBID^S ii. 505
columboides, Palseornia ii. 465
comatus, Anorrhinus ii. 495
, Berenicornis ii. 495
, Buceroa ii. 4-95
, Cypselus ii. 397
• , Dendrochelidon ii. 397
, Macropteryx ii. 397
commixtus, Parua ii. 182
communia, Coturnix ii. 565
, Falco i. 68
, Otus i. 114
concolor, Cotile ii. 259
, Cotyle ii. 257
• , Dictum ii. 247
• • , Herodias ii. 657
, Hirundo ii. 257
, Hypsipetes ii. 19
• , Ptyonoprogne ii. 257
concreta, Dacelo ii. 486
• -, Halcyon ii. 486
concretus, Caridagrus ii. 486
Conostoma semodium ii. 123
contra, Sturnopastor ii. 364
Copsychus andamanensis ii. 65
• ' ceylonenaia ii. 65
macrurus ii. 68
— mindanensis ii.
— musicus ii.
— saularis ii.
65
65
65
Coraciaa affinia ii, 476
coracina ii. 392
• • garrula ii. 475
• indicus ii. 475
orientalis ii. 477
— — — eumatranus ii. 386
coracina, Chsetura ii. 392
corallina, Dendrophila ii. 218
corax, Corvus * i. 127, 128
eordatus, Hemicercus ii. 453
VOL. II.— 98
PAGE
cornix, Corone i. 129
cornuta, Tadorna ii. 681
coromanda, Alcedo ii. 482
, Ardea ii. 657
, Ascalaphia ii. 185
• , Buphus ii. 657
• , Callialcyon ii. 482
, Cancroma ii. 657
, Halcyon ii. 482
— j Urrua i. 85
coromandeliana, Anser ii. 677
coromandelianus, Halcyon ii. 482
, Nettapus ii. 677
coromandelica, Coturnix ii. 566
, Cursorius ii. 579
,Tetrao ii. 566
coromandelicus, Alcedo ii. 482
• • , Nettapus ii. 677
corornandus, Bubulcus ii. 657
, Coccystes ii. 417
• , Cuculus ii. 417
• , Nettapus ii. 677
• , Urrua i. 85
coronata, Dendrochelidon ii. 395
, Ficedula ii. 244
•, Hirundo ii. 395
, Perdix ii. 561
• •, Phyllopneuste i. 244
, Pitta ii. 380
, Reguloides i. 244
coronatus, Ainpeliceps ii. 374
, Anthracoceros ii. 490
•— , Buceros ii. 490
, Dendrochelidon ii. 395
, Hydrocissa ii. 490
. , Macropteryx ii. 397
, , Orthotomus i. 287
• , Phyllergatea i. 287
- — . , Phyllobates i. 287
— , Phylloscopua i. 244
• , Platylophus i. 167
, Pterocles ii. 520
Corone capellana i. 129
cornix i. 129
corone i. 130
impudicus i. 130
• insolens , i. 130
762
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Oorone levaillanti i. 131
macrorhynchus i. 131
- splendens i. 131
CORVID.E i. 125
Corvus brachyurus ii. 380
corax i- 128
- culminatus i. 131
— impudicus i. 130
- infumatus i. 128
insolens i. 130
• Javanensis ii. 373
< Lawrencei ii. 128
• leucolophus ii. 107
• levaillanti i. 131
• macrorhynchus i. 131
speciosus i. 139
. splendens i- 130
umbrinus i. 127
vaillantii i. 131
Corydalla griseogularis ii. 288
Richardi ii. 289
— sinensis ii. 289
Corydon sumatranus ii. 386
Coryllis rufulus ii. 291
striolata ii. 290
vernalis ii. 463
Cory thocichla brevicaudata ii. 150
striata ii. 151
Cossyphus caudatus ii. 93
Cotile concolor ii. 257
obsoleta ii. 258
riparia ii. 255
• rupestris ii. 258
—sinensis ii. 256
-subsoccata ii. 256
COTURNICIN^: ii. 565
Coturnix chinensis ii. 567
. communis ii. 565
• coromandelica ii. 566
— • ery throrhyncha ii. 564
pentah ii. 562
Cotyle concolor ii. 257
riparia ii. 255
rupestris ii. 258
sinensis ii. 256
crassirostris, Carpodacus ii. 307
,Tringa ii. 615
PAGE
CRATEROPODES ii. 75
Crateropus canorus ii. 122
— caudatus ii. 93
• chrysopterus ii. 78
• delesserti ii. 112
— Earlii ii. 93
• erythrocephalus ii. 77
griseus ii. 122
gularis ii. 94
leucolophus ii. 107
Somervillei ii. 123
Crawfurdi, Euplocamus ii. 544
, Thriponax ii. 450
crecca, Anas ii. 692
, Querquedula ii. 692
crepitans, (Edicnemus ii. 526
Crexpygmsea ii. 641
Criniger brachypodius ii. 31
flaveolus ii. 29
— griseiceps ii. 30
gutturalis ii. 30
ictericus ii.
ochraceus ii.
33
30
phseocephalus ii. 29
Susannii ii. 25
tristis ii. 25
crinigera, Suya i. 275
, Tricholestes ii. 31
crispifrons, Gypsophila ii. 146
, Turdinus ii. 146
crispus, Pelecanus ii. 736
cristata, Fuligula ii. 698
. Galerida ii. 360
• Sterna ii. 721
cristatellus, Limnaetus i. 40
cristatus, Columba ii. 561
, Gallicrex ii 646
, Lanius ii. 207
,Pavo ii. 529
, Pernis i. 61
, Podiceps ii. 707
— , Regulus ii. 197
— , Rollulus ii. 561
, Thalasseus ii. 722
, Vanellus ii. 589
croceoventre, Dicseum ii. 245
Crocopus chlorigaster ii, 498
GENERAL INDEX.
763
PAGE
Crocopus Hardwickii ii- 498
Jerdoni ii. 498
. phoenicopterus ii- 498
' viridifrons ii. 499
Crossoptilon drouyni ii. 533
• thibetanuin ii. 533
crucigera, Pyrrhulauda ii. 352
cruentata, Certhia ii- 244
cruentatum, Dicseum ii. 244
cruentus, Ithaginis ii. 536
•• • Phasianus ii. 536
cruralis, Brachypteryx ii. 60
Crypsirrhina altirostris i. 136
cucullata i. 139
• frontalis i. 136
pallida i. 135
• varians i. 138
Cryptolopha affinis i. 216
, albigiilaris i. 221
burkii i. 215
cantator i. 216
. cantatrix i. 216
castaneoceps i. 226
. . cinereocapilla i 215
flavigularis i. 222
. Hodgsoni i. 221
. poliogenys i. 220
. schisticeps i. 218
. superciliaris i. 219
• xanthoschista i. 217
cucullata, Cissa i. 134
• — , Crypsirrhina i. 139
— , Pitta ii. 381
cucullatus, Brachyurus ii. 381
— • , Cimbirhynchus ii. 386
• , Eurylsemus ii. 385
CUCULID.E ii. 408
CUCULIN^J ii. 408
cuculoides, Athene i. 113
• , Centropus ii. 425
, Glaucidium i. 113
., Noctua i. 113
cuculopsis, Heterophasia ii. 95
Cuculus affinis ii. 410
— bengalensis ii. 424
• -canorus ii. 408
chlorophseus ii. 419
PAGE
Cuculus coromandus ii. 417
himalayanus ii. 408
lugubris ii. 414
malayanus ii. 416
micropterus ii. 410
poliocephalus ii. 409
Sonnerati ii. 410
— — — — sparverioides ii. 411
-strenuus ii. 411
striatus ii. 408, 410
sumatranus ii. 419
xanthorhynchus ii. 416
Culicicapa ceylonensis i. 214
cinereocapilla i. 215
Culicipeta Burkii i. 215
• cantator i. 216
• castaneoceps i. 220
. tephrocephalus i. 217
culminatus, Corvus i. 131
Cuncuma leucogaster i. 53
• macei i. 54
curonica, ./Egialitis ii. 588
curonicus, Charadrius ii. 588
Curruca cinerea i. 235
famula i. 284
curruca, Sylvia i. 236
cursitans, Cisticola i. 292
Prinia i. 292
CURSORHXE ii. 578
Cursorius coromandelicus ii. 579
• gallicus ii. 579
curvirostra, Loxia ii. 323
Cutia nipalensis ii. 180
cuvieri, Euplocamus ii. 54 3
•, Lophophorus ii. 543
, Nycthemerus ii. 543
cyana, Larvivora i. 314
, Monticola i. 312
cyane, Larvivora i. 315
, Motacilla i. 315
cyanea, Brachyurus ii. 378
., Eucichla ii. 378
• , Muscitrea i. 233
, Pitta ii 378
Oyanecula caerulecula i. 317
sueicica i. 317
cyaneus, Circus i. 10
764
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
cyanens, Erithacus..... i. 315
.. i. 312
-, Petrocossyphus
cyaniventris, Oligura ii. 167
, Pycnonotus ii. 47
, Rubigula ii. 47
cyaniventer, Tesia ii. 157
cyanocephalus, Palaeornis ii. 467
t Psittacus ii. 468
Cyanocincla cyanus i. 312
Cyanoderma erytliropterum ii. 149
cyanonotus, Geociclila i. 297
, Turdus i. 297
cyanopogon, Chloropsis ii. 17
= , Phyllornis ii. 17
Cyanops asiatica ii. 429
• Davisoni ii. 430
Pranklinii ii. 430
Hodgsoni ii. 427
incognita ii. 430
. Ramsayi ii.^430
cyanops, Dysporus ii. 734
, Sula ii. 734
Cyanoptera erythroptera ii. 149
cyanoptera, Pitta ii. 379
cyanopterus, Brachyurus ii. 379
cyanotis, Bucco ii. 432
• , Megalaema ii. 432
, Xantholsema ii. 432
cyanotus, Turdus i. 297
cyanuroptera, Leiothrix ii. 176
, Siva ii. 176
cyanus, Monticolus i. 312
, Cyanocinclus i. 312
Cygnus Bewicki ii. 671
musicus ii. 672
• olor ii. 671
Cymbirhynchus cucullatns ii. 385
• malaccensis ii. 387
Cymborhynchus affinis ii. 387
. — • macrorhynchus...ii. 386
„ malaccensis ii. 387
Cyornis banyumas i. 225
• magnirostris i. 226
olivacea i. 229
- pallipes i. 223
rubeculoides i. 225
ruficauda i. 228
PAG*
Cyornis Tickelliae i. 225
Tickellii i. 225
unicolor i. 224
vivida i. 232
CYPSELID^E ii. 387
CYPSELIN.E: ii. 387
Cypselus acuticaudus ii. 388
— : affinis ii. 388
apus ii. 388
batassiensis ii. 390
• comatus ii. 397
coracinus ii. 392
giganteus ii. 391
infuniatus ii. 390
leuconyx ii. 390
leucopygialis ii. 389
longipennis ii. 396
melba ii. 388
pacificus ii. 388
palmarum ii. 390
subfurcatus ii. 389
tectorum ii. 391
tinus ii. 390
dabryi, jEthopyga ii. 227
• , Nectarinia ii. 227
Dacelo concreta ii. 485
• pulchella ii- 486
Dafila acuta ii- 689
Daflaensis, Actinodura ii. 120
. , Suthora ii. 125
dalhousiifi, Parisomus ii. 383
damascensis, Tringa ii. 612
Daption capensis ii. 710
Darwini, Turdinus ii. 146
Dasyornis collurioceps i. 274
daudini, Merops ii. 472
daulias. Turdus i. 310
dauma, GeocicLla i. 294
. , Oreocincla i. 294
, Turdus i. 294
daurica, Hirundo ii. 265
, Lillia ii- 265
dauricus, Temenuchus ii 368
davidianus, Carpodacus ii. 321
GENERAL INDEX,
765
PAGE
davisoni, Bracliyums ii. 377
•• •», Gyanops ii. 430
, Geronticus ii. 667
, Graptocephalus ii. 667
• , Hemixus ii. 22
• , Ixus «ii. 40
• , Leioptila ii. 67
< , Pycnonotus ii. 40
, Spilornis i. 46
, Turdulus -i. 300
debrii, ^thopyga ii. 227
delesserti, Chrysocolaptes ii. 451
, Craieropus ii. 112
, Garrulax ii. 112
, Indopicus ii. 451
delicatula, Sylvia i. 237
deliciosa, Otis ii. 577
Demiegretta aslia ii. 656
concolor ii. 657
. gularis ii. 656
sacra ii. 657
scliistacea ii. 656
Dendrochelidon comatus ii. 397
*• • coronatus ii. 395
. Klecho ii. 396
. . longipennis ii. 396
Dendrocitta assmrilis i. 137
— Bayleyi i. 137
. frontalis i. 136
_. liimalayensis i. 136
- — leucogastra i. 136
pallida i. 135
• rufa i. 135
— .. sinensis i. 137
Dendrocopus Darjeelingensis ii. 458
• sordidus ii. 453
Dendrocygna arcuata ii. 678
aswuree ii. 678
fulva ii. 679
• javanica ii. 678
major ii. 679
Dendrophila corallina ii. 218
frontalis ii. 218
Dendrotypes analis ii. 461
. atratus ii. 457
macii ii. 456
Dendrotreron Hodgsoni ii. MO
PAGE
deeerti, Ammomanes ii. 350
— ', Saxicola ii. 5
desertorum, Buteo i. 25
— ' , Certhilauda ii. 361
deva, Spizalauda ii. 359
diardi, Garrulax ii. 109
, Melias ii. 420
, Rhopodytes ii. 420
,Turdus ii. 109
, Zanclostomus ii. 420
DIC^HWE ii. 244
Dicseum chrysorrhaeum ii. 247
coccinseum ii. 244
- •• •— concolor ;.ii. 247
croceoventre ii. 245
cruentatum ii. 244
erythrorhynchum ii. 249
ignipectus ii. 246
inornatum ii. 248
minima ii. 249
olivaceum ii. 248
trigonostigma ii. 245
Dichoceros bicornis ii. 489
cavatus ii. 489
• homrai ii. 489
dichrous, Lophophanes ii. 188
,Parus ii. 188
dicruriformis, Dissemuroides i. 158
dicruroides, Pseudornis ii. 414
, SurnicuhiS ii. 414
Dicrurus andamanensis i. 158
annectens i. 151
balicassius i. 154
cserulescens i. 157
himalayanus i. 155
intermedius i. 156
• leucophseus i. 156
• longicaudatus i. 155
macrocercus i. 154
• ' platurus i. 160
retifer i. 160
diffusus, Oriolus i. 147
Digenea cerviniventris i. 230
chloropicus ii. 448
dimidiatus ii. 446
leucomelanura i. 229
moniliger i. 230
766
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Dlgenea Biibmoniliger i. 231
dilutus, Brachypternus ii. 439
Dimorpha moniliger i. 230
discolor, Certhia ii. 212
Dissemuroides andamanensis i. 158
. dicruriformia i. 158
Dissemurus grandis i. 160
— malabaroides i. 160
. paradiseus i. 159
dissimilis, Geocichla i. 307
, Turdus i. 307
Dissura episcopus ii. 649
dixoni, Geocichla i. 296
Dobsoni, Artamides i. 169
Dcedalion soloensis i. 20
domestica, Fringilla ii. 310
, Pyrgita ii. 310
domesticus, Passer ii. 310
domicola, Hirundo ii. 263
Hypurolepis ii. 263
dorise, Calamodyta i. 259
, Certhilauda ii. 361
dougalli, Sterna ii. 725
Dromas ardeola ii. 598
Drymoeataphus Assamensis ii. 144
» • f ulvua ii. 144
* ignotus ii. 143
. nigricapitatus ...ii. 143
• rubiginosus ii. 145
Tickelli ii. 144
Drymceca gracilis i. 283
inornata i. 279
— insularis i. 279
• longicaudata i. 279
. • neglecta i. 281
• rufescens i. 281
valida i. 281
Drymoica blanfordi i. 279
• brevicauda i. 267
fusca i. 279
• Jerdoni i. 280
neglecta i. 281
sylvatica i. 280
Drymoipus extensicauda i. 279
• • fuscus i. 279
- inornatus i. 279
insignis i. 281
PAGE
Drymoipus Jerdoni i. 281
longicaudatus i. 249
longicaudus i. 279
rufescens i. 281
sylvaticus i. 281
• terricolor i. 279
validus i. 281
Dryopicus caerulatus ii. 750
Dryonastes chinensis ii. 115
• ruficollis ii. 114
sannio ii. 117
strepitans ii. 116
subcaerulatus ii. 118
Dryopicus gutturalis ii. 450
dubia, ^Egialitis ii. 588
, Ardea ii. 654
, Minla ii. 161
dubius, Carpodacus ii. 320
• , Charadrius ii. 588
, Leptoptilus ii. 649
, Minla ii. 161
•, Proparus ii. 161
, Sclioeniparus ii. 161
— , Totanus ii. 622
, Turdus ii. 307
Ducula griseicapilla ii. 504
dukkhunensis, Motacilla ii. 269
Dumetia albigularis ii. 132
. — • hyperythra ii. 133
Dumeticola affinis i. 261
luteoventris i. 262
- Mandelli i. 262
thoracica i. 261
dumetorum, Acrocephalus i. 258
t Calamodyta i. 258
dussumieri, Hemipodius ii. 570
, , Turaix ii. 5/0
duvaucelli, Harpactes ii. 407
. , Pyrotrogon ii. 407
, Trogon ii. 407
Dysporus cyanops ii. 734
— • piscator ii. 735
• sula ii. 735
Earlii, Argya ii. P2
, Chatarrhcea ii. 92
GENERAL INDEX.
767
PAGE
Earlii, Crateropus ii. 93
-, Malacocercus ii. 92
ilipes, Argya ii. 94
>, Chatarrhoea ii. 94
Edela ruficeps » 287
edele, Orthotomus 285
Sutoria 285
Edolius brachyphorus 160
- cristatellus 160
— grandis 160
- malabaricus IPO
— paradiseus 160
• picinus 153
• Rangoonensis 160
remifer 159
edwardsi, Carpodacus ii. 319
« , Eupodotis ii. 574
, Porphyrio ii. 634
— — , Propasser ii. 319
egertoni, Actinodura ii. 118
egretta, Ardea ii. 655
egrettoides, Herodias ii. 655
Elanus cseruleus ... i. 59
melanopterus i. 59
elseica, Hypolais i. 253
elegans, Pastor ii. 368
, Pericrocotus i. 174
Elphinstonei, Palumbus ii. 507
Emberiza albida ii. 335
• aureola ii. 330
Buchanani ii. 333
— da ii. 333
flavogularis ii. 330
— - " flavogularis ii. 331
fucata ii. 328
huttoni ii. 333
- • leucocephala ii. 334
luteola ii. 329
• - melanocephala ii. 329
melanops ii. 332
pithyornis ii. 335
pusilla ii. 327
rutila ii. 331
schoanicola ii. 326
schoeniclus ii. 326
— spodocephala ii. 332
•• Stewarti ii. 334
PAGE
Emberiza Stracheyi ii. 333
striolata ii. 335
emeria, Otocompsa ii. 44
Enicurus frontalis ii. 74
fuliginosus ii. 73
maculatus ii. 72
nigrifrons ii. 74
ruficapillus ii. 73
scouleri ii. 74
sinensis ii. 70
Entomobia pileata ii. 484
epauletta, Pyrrhoplectes ii. 315
Ephialtes Bakkamaena i. 93
• griseus i. 98
• • • gymnopodus ii. 92
lempiji > i. 96
lettia i. 95
malabaricua i. 98
pennatus i. 88
sagitatus i. 100
spilocephalus i. 100
sunia i. 93
epimacurus, Cinnyris ii. 224
episcopa, Dissura ii. 649
episcopua, Ciconia ii. 649
, Dissura ...ii. 649
, Melanopelargus ii. 649
epops, Upupa ii. 469
eremita, Graculus i. 144
Erismatura leucocephala ii. 703
Erithacus brunneus i. 314,
cseruleculus i. 317
calliope i. 315
cyane i. 315
cyaneus i. 315
pectoralis i. 316
pyrrliula ii. 335
tschebaieiwi i. 317
erochroa, Abrornis i. 251
-, Phylloscopus i. 251
, Reguloides i. 251
Eryfchaca flavolivacea i. 200
erythaca, Siphia i. 194
Erythra phcenicura ii. 645
erythrinus, Carpodacus ii. 316
erythrocephala, Cisticola i. 293
, Pyrrhula ii. 324
7G8
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
erythrocephalum, Trochalopterum .ii. 7 7
erythrocephalus, JSgithaliscus ...ii. 194
. , Cisticola i. 293
. : — , Crateropus ii. 77
•, Garrulax ii. 77
. , Harpactes ii. 205
. , Merops ii. 472
. , , Orites ii. 194
, Parus ii. 194
_ , Pyrrhula ii. 324
, Trogon ii. 405
Erythrocichla bicolor ii. 142
erythrogaster, Monticola i. 313
, Orocetes i. 313
__ , Petropliila i. 313
. . , Turdus i. 313
erythrogastra, Hirundo ii. 262
. , Motacilla i. 322
__ , Ruticffla i. 321, 322
erythrogenys, Coturnix ii. 564
_ } Pomatorhinus ii. 1C5
. , Perdicula ii. 564
erythrognathus, Phcenicophaus ...ii. 421
.. , Rhamphococcyx..ii. 421
erythrolcema, Trocbalopteron ii. 79
. , Trochalopterum ii. 79
erythrophrys, Fringilla ii. 302
erythronota, Ruticilla i. 323
-_ , Sylvia i. 323
erythronotum, Dicseum ii. 244
erythronotus, Lanius ii. 205
erythroprocta, Ruticilla i. 320
ery throptera, Cy anoptera ii. 149
, , Mirafra ii. 350
. , Mixornis ii. 149
erythropleura, Cinclosoma ii. 77
. . . , Suya i. 279
„ ,Timalia ii. 149
erythropterum, Cyanoderma ii. 149
. • , Lanius ii. 198
. , Melophua ii. 337
erythropygius, Gecinus i. 179
. , Pericrocotus i. 179
Erythropus amurensis i. 7 9
., cenchris i. 77
• vespertinus i. 79
erythropus, Anser ii. 675
erythrorhyncha, Microperdix ii 504
erythropygia, Cecropis ii. 266
, Hirundo ii. 267
erytlirorhynchos, Certliia ii. 249
erythrorhynchum, Dicseum ii. 249
Erythrospiza githaginea ii. 307
mongolica ii. 308
- pho3nicoptera ii. 306
sanguinea ii. 306
Erythrosterna acornaus i. 195
albicilla i. 188
hyperythra i. 188
. • leucura i. 188
maculata i. 196
parva i. 187
pusilla i. 196
sordida i. 187
Erythrura prasina ii. 316
Esacus magnirostris ii. 594
recurvirostris ii. 594
Estrilda amandava ii. 346, 347
navidiventris ii. 346
formosa ii. 348
punicea ii. 346
Estrildince ii. 341
Eucichla coccinea ii. 380
cyanea ii- 378
• Gurneyi ii. 381
Eudynamys chinensis ii. 418
honorata ii. 418
malayana ii. 418
orientalis ii. 418
Eugenii, Myiophoneus ii. 56
Eulabes andamanensis ii. 373
intermedia ii. 373
javanensis ...ii. 373
eulophotes, Herodias ii. 656
Eumyias melanops i. 222, 223
eunomus, Turdus i. 306
eupatrius, Palaeornis ii. 466
Euplectus striatus ii. 339
Euplocamus albocristatus ii. 540
• Andersoni ii. 544
Crawfurdi ii. 544
Cuvieri ii. 543
Horsfieldi ii. 542
• ignitus ii- 544
GENERAL INDEX.
769
PAGE
Euplocamus leucomelanus ......... ii. 541
-- lineatus ........ . ......... ii. 542
. - - melanonotus ......... ii. 541
--- Vieilloti ............... ii. 544
Eupodotis edwardsi .................. ii. 574
euptilosa, Brachypus ................. ii- 25
• - , Pinarocichla ............... ii. 25
eurhyncha, Salicaria .................. i. 258
Eurinorhynchus griseus ............ ii. 611
. -- pygmseus ......... ii. 611
europoeus, Caprimulgus ............... ii. 402
Eurycercus Burnesi .................. i. 271
--- cinerascens ............... i. 271
eurycercus, Centrococcyx ............ ii, 423
-- , Centropus ............... ii. 423
Eurylsemus cucullatus ............... ii. 385
-- Javanicus ............... ii. 385
-- ' ocliromelas ............... ii. 385
... .................... ii. 382
Eurylaimus cucullatus ............... ii. 385
-- horsfieldii ............... ii. 385
— - javanicus ............... ii. 385
-- lunatus .................. ii. 385
-- ochromelas ............... ii. 385
-- ' rubropygius ........ ....ii. 384
-- sumatranus ............ ii. 386
Eurystomus orientalis ............... ii. 477
euryzona, Alcedo ..................... ii. 480
euryzonoides, Gallinula ............ ii. 639
-- , Rallina ............... ii. 639
Euspiza aureola ........................ ii. 330
- fucata ........................... ii. 328
- lathami ........................ ii. 337
- - • luteola ........................... ii. 329
- melanocephala ............... ii. 329
- rutila ........................... ii. 331
- simillima ..................... ii. 329
Eutolmaetus bonelli .................. i. 36
eutolmus, Hierax ..................... i. 65
Eversmanni, Palumbsena ............ ii. 507
Excalfactoria chinensis ............... ii. 567
exilis, Cisticola ........................ i. 293
- , Malurus ........................ i. 293
extensicauda, Drymoipus ............ i. 279
exustus, Pterocles ..................... ii. 524
VOL. II.— 99
PAGE
Fairbanki, Trochalopteron ii. 85
, Trochalopterum ii. 85
falcata, Querquedula ii. 695
Falcinellus igneus ii. 668
falcinellus, Plegadis ii. 669
, Tantalus ii. 668
Falco a3salon i- 75
albicilla i. 51
ater i. 58
atriceps i. 68
babylonicus i. 70
barbarus i. 70
Brooksi i. 68
cenchris ~ i. 78
chiquera i. 74
communis i. 68
Hendersoni i. 76
juggur i. 72
lanarius i. 76
melanopterus i. 59
pelegrinoides » i. 68
peregrinator i. 69
peregrinus i. 68
regulus i. 75
sacer i. 76
severus i. 74
Shaheen , i. 69
subbuteo i. 73
tinunculoides i. 78
FALCONES i. 2
FALCONID^E i. 10
FALCONING i. 16
fallax, Lanius ii. 202
familiaris, ^E3don i. 238
, Sylvia i. 238
famula, Curruca i. 284
fasciata, Eallina ii. 640
fasciatus, Harpactes ii. 405
, Mulleripicus ii. 450
, Nisaetus i. 36
, Palseornis ii, 464
, Psittacus ii. 464
, Pterocles ii. 527
-, Rallus ii. 640'
Feddeni, Tliriponax „ ii. 450
Feldeggi, Motacilla ii. 282
ferina, Fuligula ii. 700
770
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
ferrea, Oreicola i. 205
— , Pratincola i. 205
, Saxicola i. 205
ferox,Buteo i. 203
ferrugiceps, Merops ii. 471
f erruginea, Alseonax i. 184
, Butalis i. 184
, Hemichelidon i- 184
ferrugineus, Alseonax i. 184
, Gallus ii. 545
ferruginosum, Malacopterum ii. 142
, Trichostoma ii. 142
ferruginosus, Pomatorhinus ii. 102
festivus, Chrysocolaptes ii. 452
Ficedula coronata i. 244
Fieldeni, Lithof alco i. 66
filicauda, Hirundo ii. 264
filifera, Hirundo ii. 264
, Uromitrus ii. 264
Finlaysoni, Ixus ii. 40
— — , Pycnonotus ii. 40
Finschi, PalsBornis ii. 466
fiammaxillaris, Arachnechtlira ,...ii. 233
. . , Cinnyris ii. 233
, Nectarinia ii. 233
flammeus, ^Egithalus ii. 196
— — , Cephalopyrus ii. 196
. , Pericrocotus i. 174
. , Strix i. 122
flammifer, Pericrocotus i. 175
flava, Budytes ii. 281
flava-melanocephala, Budytes ii. 281
flavala, Hemixus ii. 20
flaveolus, Criniger ii. 29
, Passer ii. 313
flavescens, Ixus ii. 39
• , Pycnonotus ii. 39
flavicollis, Ardea ii. 660
~ ,Ardeiralla ii. 660
, Ardetta ii. 660
i , Fringilla ii. 308
, Gymnoris ii- 308
. , Ixulus ii. 162
, Petronia ; ii. 308
, Passer ii. 308
flavidiventris, Estrilda ii. 346
flavigularis, Cryptolopha i. 222
PAGE
flavinucha, Cliloropicus ii. 444
, Chrysophlegma ii. 444
, Picus ii. 444
flavipes, Chettusia ii. 591
flavirictes. Pycnonotus ii. 39
flavirostris, Paradoxornis ii. 128
• • •- , Phaeton ii. 732
, Urocissa i. 134
flaviventris, Abrornis i. '219
, Burnesia i. 282
, Orthotomus i. 282
, Otocompsa ii. 46
, Prinia i. 282
, Rubigula ii. 46
flaviviridis, Orthotomus i. 286
flavocristatus, Parus ii. 182
, Melanochlora ii. 182
flavogularis, Ember iza ii. 330
— — , Osmotreron ii. 500
flavolivacea, Cettia i. 268
, Erithaca i. 200
, lanthina i. 200
•• , Neornis ii. 264
flavolivaceus, Neornis i. 264
• , Phylloscopus i. 245
fluviatilis, ^Egialitis ii. 588
, Charadrius ii. 588
. , Sterna ii. 726
fluvicola, Petrochelidon ii. 268
f ormosa, Anorthura ii. 50
, Callisitta ii. 218
, Estrilda ii. 348
, Querquedula ii. 694
, Sitta ii. 218
fortipes, Cettia i. 267
, Horeites i. 267
, Horornis i. 267
. . Schoenicola i. 267
francica, Collocalia ii. 395
Francolinus chinensis ii. 552
• perlatus ii. 552
phayrei ii. 552
pictus ii. 551
vulgaris ii. 550
franklinii, Cyanops ii. 430
Fregata aquila ii. 734
— — minor
.ii. 734
GENERAL INDEX.
771
PAGE
Fregilus graculus i. 144
himalayanus..... i. 144
frenata, Arachnecktlira ii. 233
Fringilla aurifrons ii. 315
burtoni ii. 302
domestica ii. 310
erythrophrys ii. 302
flavicollis ii. 308
* githaginea ii. 307
- hispaniolensis ii. 311
leuconota ii. 344
— melanictera ii. 337
montifringilla ii. 299
phillipinus ii. 337
prasina ii. 346
• punicea ii. 346
• rhodochrous ii. 318
. rhodopeplus ii. 318
• — sanguinea ii. 306
Fringillaria striolata ii. 335
fringillarius, Microliierax i. 66
Fringilauda nemoricola ii. 305
FRINGILLID^: ii- 296
FRINGILLIFORMES ii. 244
FRINGILLIN^E ii. 298
fringillirostris, Acanthis ii. 303
frontalis, Callene ii. 58
, Crypsirrhina i. 136
, Dendrocitta i. 136
— . , Dendrophila ii. 218
, Enicurus ii. 74
, Henicurus ii. 74
, Hirundo ii. 263
. • , Hydrocichla ii. 74
. , Nectarinia ii. 239
, Orthorhynchus ii. 218
. , Phoenicura i. 323
, Propasser ii. 320
. , Ruticilla i. 323
, Sitta ii- 218
frugilegus, Trypanocorax i. 126
fucata, Citrinella ii. 328
, Emberiza ii. 328
, Euspiza ii. 328
fuciphaga, Collocalia ii. 395
, Hirundo ii. 395
Fulicaatra ii. 636
PAGE
fulicarms, Phalaropus ii. 618
fulicata, Thamnobia ii. 64
fuliginosa, Haliplana ii. 729
< , Hemiclielidon ii. 183
, Nympha3us i. 204
, Rhyacornis i. 204
, Ruticilla i. 204
' , Sterna ii. 729
, Suya i. 275
, Xanthopygia i. 204
fuliginosus, Onychoprion ii. 729
fuliginiventer, Horornis i. 264
, Phylloscopus i. 264
fuliginiventris, Lusciniola i. 264
Fuligula cristata ii. 699
ferina ii. 700
marila ii. 699
nyroca ii. 701
rufina ii. 697
fulva, Dendrocygna ii. 679
fulvescens, Gyps i. 4
fulvicollis, Osmotreron ii. 501
— -, Treron ii. 501
fulvifrons, Clileuasicus ii. 127
, Suthora ii. 127
fulviventris, Horornis i. 264
fulvus, Drymocataphus ii. 144
fulvus, Charadrius ii. 584
fusca, Alcippe ii. 168
, Cercomela ii. 1
, Myrmecocichla ii. 1
, Porzana ii. 642
, Prinia i. 279
, Rallina ii. 642
, Saxicola ii. 1
fuscata, Herbivocula i. 263
, Merula i. 306
, Phyllopneuste i. 263
, Phylloscopus i. 263
fuscatus, Planesticus i. 307
, Turdus i. 306
fuscicollis, Graculus ii. 740
, Phalacrocorax ii. 739
f usciflavescens, Micropus ii. 27
fuscoventris, Leucocerca i. 207, 209
fuscus, Acridotheres ii. 365
, Alcedo ii. 483
772
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
fuscus, Artamus ii. 157
, Drymoipus i. 279
. , Halcyon ii. 483
, Rallus ii- 642
, Totanus ii. 622
Fytchi, Bambusicola ii- 560
galbanus, Garrulax ii. 112
galbula, Oriolus i. 145
galeatus, Buceros ii. 491
Galerida cristata ii. 360
galeritus, Anorrhinus ii. 495
Gallicrex cinereus ii 646
cristatus ii. 646
gallicus, Circsetus i. 43
, Cursorius ii. 579
Gallinago ccelestis ii. 607
_. gallinaria • ii. 607
. gallinula ii. 608
. nemoricola ii. 604
— — • scolopacinus ii. 606
solitaria ii 606
stenura ii. 605
gallinago, Scolopax ii. 608
gallinaria, Gallinago ^....ii. 607
, Scolopax ii. 607
Gallinula Burnesi ii. 646
. chloropus ii. 645
• cristata ii. 646
— euryzonoides ii. 639
» phcenicura ii. 645
• • poliocephalus ii. 635
GALLINULIN-SJ ii. 635
Galloper dix lunulatus ii . 548
• spadiceus ii. 547
Gallophasis Yieillotti ii. 544)
Gallus ferruginous ii. 545
— — Sonneratti ii. 546
Gampsorhynchus ruf ulus ii. 91
• torquatua ii. 91
ganeesa, Hypsipetes ii. 19
gangeticus, Suya i. 281
garoensis, Turdinus ii. 144
garrula, Coracias ii. 475
Garrulax affine ii. 76
• albigularis ii. 109
PAGE
Garrulax albosuperciliaris ii. 117
chinensis ii. 115
— — — chrysopterus ii. 78
ccerulatus ii. 117
delesserti ii. 112
Belangeri ii. 107, 108
Diardi ii. 109
erythrocephalus ii. 77
galbanus ii. 112
gularis ii. 112
• • leucogaster ii. 109
— leucolophus ii. 107
Macclellandi ii. Ill
melanotis ii. 110
' merulinus ii. 113
moniliger ii. Ill
• nuchalis ii. 116
• pectoralis ii. 110
ruficollis ii. 114
sannio ii. 117
strepitans ii. 116
• uropygialis ii. 110
Garrulus atrocapillus • i. 141
bispecularis i. 142
lanceolatus i. 143
leucotis i. 144
melanocephalus i. 141
ornatus i. 142
striatus ii. 114
vigorsi i. 143
garzetta, Ardea ii. 655
— , Herodias ii. 655
Gauropicoides Rafflesi ii. 436
GECININ.® ii. 436
Gecinulus Grantia . ii. 437
viridis ii. 437
Gecinus erythropygius ii. 449
nigrigenys ii. 449
occipitalis ii. 447
squamatus ii. 446
striolatus ii. 447
viridanus ii. 448
vittatus ii. 448
Gelochelidon anglica ii. 720
anglicus ii. 720
GEMITORES ii- 497
Gennseus lineatus ii. 542
GENERAL INDEX.
773
PAGE
Geocichla albogularis i. 298
. andamanensis i. 298
- citrina i. 298
• cyanonotus i. 297
• cyanota i. 298
dauma i. 294
- dissimilis i. 307
dixoni i. 296
inframarginata i 300
innotata i. 298
» marginata i. 297
- mollissima i. 295
monticola i. 296
» neilgherriensis .... i. 295
sibirica i. 300
- unicolor i. 309
Wardi i. 300
Geoffroyi, JEgialitis ii. 585
• , Cirripidesmus ii. 586
Geopelia striata ii. 518
Geronticus Davisoni ii. 667
• papillosus ii. 667
gibberifrons, Querquedula ii. 697
gigantea, Acanthylis ii. 392
, Chaetura ii. 891
giganteus, Argus ii. 530
, Argusa ii. 530
— , Argusiana ii. 530
, Cypselus ii. 391
. — - , Hirundinapus ii. 391
, Leptoptilus ii. 647
Gigantipitta caerulea ii. 377
gingalensis, Tockus ii. 492
ginginianus, Acridotheres ii. 365
, Buceros ii. 492
- , Neophron i. 9
githaginea, Bucanetes ii. 307
, Carpodacus ii. 307
i , Erytlirospiza ii. 307
, Fringilla ii. 307
, Propasser ii. 307
, Pyrrhula ii. 307
glareola, Actitis ii. 620
- — , Rhyacophila ii. 620
— , Totanus ii. 620
, Tringa ii. 620
Glareola lac tea ii. 582
PAGE
Glareola orientalis ii. 581
pratincola ii. 581
Glaucidium brodiei i. 110
castanopterum i. 112
cuculoides i. 113
• malabaricum i. 112
• • radiatum i. Ill
GLABEOLID^J ii. 580
glaucion, Clangula ii. 702
Glaux Candida i. 123
glottis, Totanus ii. 621
goensis, Chrysocolaptes ii. 452
, Lobivanelhis ii. 292
, Picus ii. 452
goalpariensis, Nectarinia ii. 222
goliath, Ardea ii. 651
Gorsakius melanolophus ii. 6 64
Gouldi, Harpactes ii. 406
• Sterna ii. 728
GOURID^: ii. 517
gouldiae, JEthopyga ii. 226
, Cinnyris ii. 226
, Nectarinia ii. 226
gourdini, Pycnonotus ii. 38
govinda, Milvus i. 57
gracei, Caulodroma ii. 153
gracilis, Cisticola i. 290
, Drymoaca i. 283
— — - , Hypsipetes ii, 97
— - , Malacias ii. 97
, Prinia i. 290
• , Saxicola ii. 3
, Sibia ii. 97
• , Sterna ii. 725
Gracula intermedia ii. 373
Javanensis ii. 373
nigricollis ii. 375
religiosa ii. 373
• sturnina ii. 368
Graculus carbo ii. 738
— eremita i. 144
fuscicollis ii. 740
• graculus i. 144
Javanicus ii. 740
melanognathos ii. 740
pygmceus ii. 740
pyrrkocorax i. 144
774
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Graculus sinensis ii. 739
Gracupica nigricollis ii. 375
GRALLATORES ii. 571
Gramrnatoptila striata ii. 114
Graminicola bcngalensis i. 288
Grainmithorax, Phaiopicus ii. 460
, Meiglyptes ii. 460
granatina, Pitta ii. 380
granatinus, Brachyurus ii. 379
Grandala coelicolor i. 319
• schistacea i. 319
grandis, Alcedo ii. 479
, Bucco ii. 427
» , Carpodacus ii. 318
, Chaitaris i. 233
, Dissemmurus i. 160
• • , Edolius i. 160
— — , Megalaima ii. 426
, Niltava i. 233
Grantia, Gecinulus ii. 437
Graptocephalus Davisoni ii. 667
Graucalus Layardi i. 170
-Macei i. 170
gravivox, Pomatorhinus ii. 106
grayi, Ardeola ii. 658
gregaria, Chettusia ii. 590
grisea, Ardea ii. 663
, Pyrrhulauda ii. 352
, Timalea ii. 122
griseicapilla, Carpophaga ii. 504
, Ducula ii. 504
griseiceps, Criniger ii. 30
griseigularis, Pyctorhis ii. 131
griseorufescens, Corydalla ii. 288
griseus, Buceros ii. 492
- , Crateropus ii. 122
- , Eurynorhynchus ii. 611
, Malacocercus ii. 122
, Nyoticorax ii. 663
, Scops i. 98
, Turdus ii. 122
grisola, Butalis i. 186
— , Hyloterpe i. 164
• , Muscicapa i. 186
• , Muscitrea i. 164
, Tephrodornis i. 164
Grus antigone ii. 599
PAGE
Grus cinerea ii. 601
leucogeranus i. 600
gularis, Argya ii. 94
, Chatarrhoea -,..ii. 94
, Crateropus ii. 94
, Demiegretta ii. 656
, Garrulax ii. 112
, Mixornis ii. 148
, Motacilla ii. 148
, Ortygornis ii. 554
, Paradoxornis ii. 126
<, Perdix ii. 554
•, Picus ii. 442
, Rubigula ii. 47
, Suthora ii. 126
, Yuhina J ii. 171
gulgula, Alauda ii. 359
gurial, Pelargopsis ii. 487
gurneyi, Eucichla ii. 381
, Pitta ii. 381
guttacristatus, Chrysocolaptes ...ii. 451
, Picus ii. 451
guttata, Ceryle J ii. 481
, Stacliyris ii. 139
guttaticollis, Paradoxornis , ii. 128
guttatus, Henicurus ii. 72
, Stachyris ii. 138
, Turdinus ii. 139
gutticristatus, Chrysocolaptes ii. 451
gutturalis, Criniger ii. 30
, Dryopicus ii. 450
, Hirundo ii. 261
, Picus ii. 450
, Trichophorus ii. 30
Gygis alba ii. 731
GYMNORHINJS ii. 197
Gypaetus barbatus i. 28
hemalachanus
orientalis
Gyps Bengalensis
fulvescens
himalayeusis
indicus i. 6, 7
pallescens i. 7
tenuirostris i. 6
Gypsophila crispifrons ii. 146
GENERAL INDEX.
775
PAGE
hsemacephala, Megalaema ii. 431
-' • , Xantholsema ii. 431
hsemacephalus, Bucco ii. 431
HJEMATOPODID.E . ii. 596
Haematopus osculans ii. 599
• ostralegus ii. 599
ha3matopygia, Montifringilla ii. 306
, Leucosticte ii. 306
Hsematornis atricapillus ii. 36
• chryssorhoides ii. 36
• luteolus ii. 39
. spilogaster i. 46
HaBmatospiza boetonensis ii. 317
• sipahi ii. -$17
hsemorrhous, HaBmatornis ii. 34
• • , Molpastes ii. 34
— — , Pycnonotus ii. 34
HALCYONID^E ii. 487
Halcyon amauroptera ii. 487
atricapillus ii. 484
chloris ii. 484
• concreta ii. 485
- — coromanda ii. 482
coromandelianus ii. 482
— — — fuscus ii. 483
leucocephalus ii. 487
pileata ii. 483
smyrnensis ii. 483
Halisetus albicillus i. 51
• brooksi i.
fulviventer i.
51
54
82
56
56
53
54
51
81
80
56
Haliplana anasthata ii. 728
fuliginosa ii. 729
Hamiltoni, Phasianus ii. 540
haplonotus, Parus ii. 185
hardwickii, Chloropsis ii. 12
, Crocopus ii. 498
-, lyngipicus ii. 460
. humilis
indus
— indus
• leucogaster.,
• leucoryphus
• pelagicus
. plumbeus ..
halisetus, Pandion
Haliastur Indus ,
PAGE
hardwickii, Perdix ii. 548
— — , Phyllornis ii. 12
, Picus ii. 460
harmondi, Ibis ii. 668
Harpactes Duvaucelli ii. 407
erythrocephalus ii. 405
fasciatus ii. 405
Gouldii ii. 406
• Hodgsoni ii. 405
• orescius ii. 406
• • oreskios ii. 406
hasseltii, Cinnyris ii. 232
, Nectarinia ii. 232
• — , Nectarophila ii. 232
hasseltii, Leptocoma ii. 232
hastata, Aquila i. 34
Haughtorii, Pseudototanus ii. 623
, Totanus ii. 623
hayi, Bucco ii. 432
, Caloranaphus ii. 432
, Megalorhynchus ii. 432
Helodromus ochropus ii. 619
helvetica, Squatarola .....ii. 583
•, Tringa ii. 533
hemalachana, Gypa3tus i. 28
Hemicercus brookeanus ii. 453
• — canente ii. 453
cordatus ii. 453
sordidus ii. 453
Hemichelidon ferruginea i. 184
• fuliginosa i. 183
sibirica i. 184
Hemicircus brunneus ii. 461
canente ii. 453
rubiginosus ii. 442
Hemiparus strigula ii. 175
Hemipodius Dussumieri ii. 570
• maculosus ii. 570
plumbipes ii. 568
• Sykesi ii, 570
Hemipteron nipalense ii. 134
Hemipus capitalis i. 165
obscurus i. 165
picatus i. 16i
hemispila, Nucifraga i. 132
heinitilopus, Archibuteo i. 26
Hcmixus Davisoni ii. 22
776
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Hemixus flavala ii. 20
hildebrandti ii. 21
malaccensis ii- 22
hendersoni, Falco i. 76
, Lusciniopsis i. 260
, Locustella i. 260
. , Saxicola -. ii. 4
Henicurus frontalis ii. 74
guttatus ii. 72
— — — -— immaculatus ii. 70
. leschenaulti ii. 70
.. — maoulatus ii. 73
— ruficapillus ii. 73
. > schistaceus ii. 71
Herbivocula fuscata i. 263
Schwarzi i. 263
Herodias alba ii. 655
. egrettoides ii. 655
. eulophotes ii. 656
. garzetta ii. 655
. intermedia ii. 655
• — • plumifera ii. 655
. torra ii. 655
Herpornis xantholeuca ii. 174
Hesperiphona affinis ii. 298
. carneipes ii. 298
. icteroides ii. 297
speculigerus ii. 298
Heteroglaux Blewitti i. 105
Heteromorpha ruficeps ii. 126
unicolor ii. 126
Heterophasia cuculopsis ii . 95
Heterorhynchus humii ii. 50
Heterura sylvana ii. 295
Hieratus pennatus 37
Hierax bengalensis 66
cserulescens 66
eutolmus 66
malayensis 166
Hierofalco saker 76
Hierococcyx nanus ii. 412
nisicolor ii. 413
. sparverioides ii. 411
varius ii. 412
hildebrandti, Hemixus ii. 21
himalayensis, Accentor ii. 193
, Dendrocitta i. 136
PAGE
himalayensis, Gyps i. 5
— — , Regulus ii. 197
, Sitta ii. 215
, Tetraogallus ii. 549
himalayana, Certhia ii. 212
, Loxia ii. 323
, Sitta ii. 215
himalayanus, Cnculus ... ii. 409
• •• , Dicrurus ., i. 155
— — , Fregilus i. 144
,Otis ii. 577
•, Oriolus i. 149
, Picus ii. 454
Himantopus candidus ii. 632
• intermedius ii. 632
himantopus, Charadrius ii. 632
hirsutus, Ninox i. 108
Hirundinapus caudacuta ii . 393
giganteus ii. 391
indicus ii. 392
> leucopygialis ii. 392
. sylvatica ii. 392
HIBUNDINID^J ii. 253
HIRUNDININ.E ii. 253
hirundo, Sterna ii. 726
Hirundo andamanensis ii. 261
• arctivittata ii. 265
brevirostris ii 394
cashmiriensis ii. 254
chinensis ii. 256
concolor ii. 257
• coronata ii. 395
• — daurica ii. 265
• domicola ii. 263
erythrogastra ii. 262
• erythropygia ii. 266
filicauda ii. 264
filifera ii. 264
• fluvicola ii. 268
fuciphaga ii. 395
gutturalis ii. 261
horreorum ii. 262
• japonica ii. 265
javanica ii. 263
jewan ii. 261
• klecho ii. 396
' lagopoda ii. 254
GENERAL INDEX.
777
PAGE
Hirundo longipennis ii. 396
nipalensis ii. 265
panayana ii. 261
• riparia..- ii. 255
rufa ii. 262
rustica ii. 259
mpestris ii. 258
• — Smithii ii. 264
striolata ii. 265
Tytleri ii. 262
urbica , ii. 253
hispaniolensis, Passer ii. 311
liodgei, Thriponax ii. 449
Lodgsoni, Alsoeomus ii. 510
, Batrachostomus ii. 398
, Chrysococcyx ii. 415
, Columba ii. 510
, Cryptolopha i, 221
, Cyanops ii. 428
, Harpactes .ii. 405
•, Megalaema ii. 428
• — , Motacilla ii. 275,276
, Ototkrix ii. 398
— , Phyllornis ii. 13
, Picus ii. 455
• , Poliomyias i. 194
, Prinia i. 290
., Ruticilla i. 321
, Siphia i. 194
, Thriponax ii. 409
, Tickellia i. 221
, Trogon ii. 405
, Turdus .-. i. 302
Hodgsonius phoenicuroides ii. 67
homalura, Cisticola i. 292
homochroa, Saxicola ii. 5
homrai, Buceros ii. 489
, Dichoceros ii. 486
Homrai bicornis ii. 489
honorata, Eudynamis ii. 418
Hoplopterus ventralis ii. 592
Horeites brtiimeifrons i. 268
• brunnescens i. 257
fortipes i. 267
major i. 269
pallidipes i. 268
pollicarius i. 269
VOL. II.— 100
PAGE
Horeites sericea \. 268
Horornis assimilis i. 267
— — flaviventris i. 263
• f uliginiventer i. 264
fortipes i. 267
fulviventris i. 263
horreorum, Hirundo ii. 262
horsfieldi, ^Ethopyga ii. 225
•, Arrenga ii. 57
, Euplocamus ii. 542
, Eurylsemna .ii. 385
, Nectarinia ii. 225
, Myiophoneus ii. 57
, Pomatorhinus ii. 100
hottentotus, Chibia i. 152'
Houbara Macqueenii ii. 575
Huhua nipalensis , i. 86
humii, Coccothraustes ii. 296
• , Heterorhynchus ii. 50
, Phylloscopus i. 248
, Pyrrhospiza ii. 322
, Sphenocichla ii. 50
, Suthora ii. 124
humilior, Turtur ii. 516
humilis, Halisetus i. 82
, Ixulus ii. 164
, Staphidia ii. 164i
, Turtur ii. 516
huttoni, Accentor ii. 190
, Emberiza ii. 333
hybrida, Hydrochelidon ii. 719
Hydrobata asiatica ii. 54
Cashmiriensis . ...ii. 54
Hydrocnelidon hybrida ii. 719
indica ii. 719
leucoptera ii. 719
nigra ii. 720
Hydrocichla f rontalis ii. 74
ruficapilla ii. 73
Hydrocissa affinis ii. 490
albirostris ii. 490
coronata ii. 490
Hydrophasianus chirurgus ii. 634
• sinensis ii. 634
Hydrornis nipalensis ii. 376
— Oatesi ii. 377
Hypacanthis spinoides ii. 301
778
GENERAL INDEX,
PAGE
hyperboreus, Phalaropus ii. 617
Hyloterpe grisola i- 164
• philomela i- 164
hyperytLra, Argya ii. 92
, Brachypteryx ii. 61
, Dumetia ii. 133
, Erythrosterna i. 188
, Muscicapa i. 188
hyperythrum, Pellorneum ii. 133
hyperythrus, Hypopicus ii. 459
, Nenmra i. 201
, Picus ii. 459
, Tarsiger i. 201
hypogrammica, Arachnethra ii. 238
. , Antliothreptes ...ii. 238
• , Nectarinia ii. 238
Hypolais caligata i. 255
obsoleta i. 255
pallida i. 253
rama i. 254
hypoleucus, Actitis ii. 619
...ii. 210
- — , Pomatorhinus ii. 104
, Totanus ii. 619
, Tringa ii. 619
1 Tringoides ii. 619
hypoleuca, Timelia ii. 131
Hypopicus hyperythrus ii. 459
Hypotaenidia obscuriora ii. 638
striata ii. 637
Hypothymis azurea i. 201
— — occipitalis i. 202
Hypocolius ampelinus i. 166
Hypotriorchis sesalon i. 75
• chiquera i. 74
— severus i. 74
subbuteo i. 73
hypoxantha, Chelidorynx i. 206
hypoxanthus, Ploceus ii. 340
Hypsipetes concolor ii.
• ganeesa ii.
macclellandi ii.
malaccensis ii.
nilgherriensis ii.
psaroides ii.
19
19
24
22
19
18
19
subniger ii.
Tickelli ii. 24
PAGE
Hypsipetes Yunnanensis ii. 19
BLypurolepis doinicola ii. 263
javanica ii. 263
'anthina cyanura i. 198
— flavo-olivacea i. 200
— rufilata i. 198
— superciliaris i. 200
[anthocincla albigularis ii. 109
chrysoptera ii. 78
gularis ii. 112
ocellata ii. 90
pectoralis ii. 110, 111
phcenicea ii. 83
mficollis ii. 114
rufogularis ii. 80
squamata ii. 82
Ibidorhynchus Struthersii ii. 631
Ibis harmondi ii. 668
melanocephala ii. 667
ichthysetus, Kroikocephalus ii. 717
, Larus ii. 717
, Polioaetus i. 81
Ichthyaetus leucoryphus i. 54
nanus .. i. 82
icterioides, Coccothraustes ii. 297
• , Hesperipliona ii. 297
, Pycnoramplaus ii. 297
icterica, Xenocichla ii. 33
ictericus, Criniger ii. 33
ignicapillum, Dicaeum ii. 249
igneus, Falcinellus ii. 668
., Numenius ii. 669
, Pericrocotus i. 175
ignicapillus, Prionochilus ii. 249
ignipectus, Dicseum ii. 246
, Myzanthe ii. 246
ignicauda, JEthopyga ii. 224
ignicaudus, Cinnyris ii. 224
ignitus, Euplocamus ii. 544
igneotincta, Minla ii. 158
ignitincta, Certhiparus ii. 158
ignotinctus, Proparus ii. 158
ignotus, Drymocataphus ii. 143
ignotum, Pellorneum ii. 143
iliacus, Turdus i. 302
GENERAL INQEX.
779
PAGE
imbricattrai, Trochalopteron ii, 87
• , Trochalopteruin ii. 87
imbricatus, Garrulax ii. 87
immaculatus , Accentor ii. 190
, Brachypodius ii. 26
, Henicurus ii. 70
immodestus, Pericrocotus i. 180
impeyanus, Lophophorus ii. 539
impudicus, Corvus i. 130
incerta, Psittacula ii. 462
incertus, Psittacus ii. 462
incognita, Cyanops ii. 430
• , Megala3ma ii. 430
, Sturnia ii. 369
indica^ Chsetura ii. 391
• , Chalcophaps ii. 517
, Coracias ii. 476
• , Hydrochelidon ii. 719
, Lusciniola i. 262
, Motacilla ii. 283
, Mycteria ii. 648
, Nemoricola ii. 283
> , Noctua i. 104
, Parra ii. 633
, Poliornis i. 50
, Strix i. 122
, Tephrodornis i. 162
, Upupa ii. 469
, Xanthola3ma ii. 431
indicus, Anser ii. 675
, Bucco ii. 431
• , Butastur i. 50
., Caprinmlgus ii. 402, 403
• , Coracias ii. 475
, Gyps i. 7
— — , Hirundinapus ii. 392
, Limonidromus ii. 283
, Lobivanellus ii. 292
, Metopodius ii. 633
•, (Edicnemus ii. 596
, Oriolus i. 147
, Pandion i. 80
, Passer ii. 310
, Phseton ii. 732
, Phyllopneuste i. 262
, Ballus ii. 638
, Scops i. 98
PAGE
indieus, Sylvia i. 262
, Vultur i. 200
Indicator xanthonotus ii. 434
INDICATORIN^ ii. 434
indoburmannicus, Palseornis ii. 465
Indopicus delesserti ii. 451
strictus ii. 451
indranee, Syrnium i. 121
indus, Haliaetus i. 56
, Haliastnr i. 56
inexpectata, Collocalia ii. 394
inframarginata, Oreocincla i. 300
infumata, Leucocerca i. 280
infumatus, Corvus i. 128
, Cypselus ii. 390
infuscata, Taccocua ii. 425
inglisi, Amadina ii. 343
, Munia ii. 343
, Pomatorhinus ii. 104
innominata, Campophaga i. 172
, Collocalia ii. 394
, Ninox i. 108
, Vivia ii. 435
innotata, Geocichla i. 298
, lora ii. 11
, Sterna ii. 719
Inocotis papillosus ,ii. 667
inornata, Chettusia ii. 591
Megalsema ii 428
Myzanthe ii. 248
Suya i. 279
inornatum, Dicseum ii. 248
inornatus, Drymoipus i. 279
, Lobivanellus ii. 591
inquieta, Scotocerca i. 284
inquietus, Malurus i. 284
insignis, Ardea ii. 652
, Carpophaga ii. 504
, Chalcostetha ii. 220
, Nectarinia ii. 220
, Poliohierax i. 66
, Pratincola i. 191
insolens, Corone i. 130
, Corvus i. 130
insperata, Chalcostetha ii. 220
insularis, Carpophaga ii. 505
•, Drymceca i. 279
780
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
intensior, Pericrocotus i. 178
intermedia, Araehnechthra ii. 228
. ., Arboricola ii. 558
. , Arborophila ii. 558
•, Ardea ii. 655
. , Buchanga i. 156
. , Campophaga i. 171
, Columba ii. 507
. ,Eulabea ii. 373
, Gracula ii. 373
•, Herodias ii. 655
, Tiga ii. 438
intermedium, Pellorneum ii. 135
intermedius, Allotrius ii. 200
— ., Centrococyx ii. 423
. , Centropus ii. 423
, Chrysonotus ii. 438
, Dicrurua i. 156
Himantopus .. ...ii. 632
Molpastes ii. 35
. , Ptererythrius ii. 200
— — , Pycnonotus ii. 35
,Tiga ii. 438
interpres, Cinclus ii. 597
', Strepsilas ii. 597
, Tringa ii. 597
lole Macolellandi ii. 24
Tickelli ii. 25
— virideseens ii. 23
virescens ii. 23
lora innotata ii. 11
• tiphia ii. 8
viridissima ii. 8
xantholeuca ii. 174
— zeylonica ii. 9
iora, Phcenicomanes ii. 11
Irenapuella i. 161
irwini, Galornis ii. 371
isabellina, Ammomanes ii. 351
, Ceblypyris i. 166
• , Lanius ii. 208
— — — , Saxicola ii. 6
ispida, Alcedo ii. 479
isabellinus, Lanius ii. 208
ieura, Cisticola i. 293
Ithaginis cruentus ii. 536
Ixos metallicus ii. 26
PAGE
Ixulus flavicollis ii. 162
huinilis ii. 164
occipitalis ii. 163
etriatus ii. 165
rufigenis ii. 165
Ixus annectens ii. 40
blanfordi ii. 42
brmmeus ii. 43
• davisoni ii. 40
• finlaysoni ii. 40
flavescens ii. 39
luteolus ii 39
plumosus ii. 42
pusillus ii. 43
xantholsemus ii. 41
lyngipicus canicapillus ii. 458
Hardwickii ii. 460
• pumilus .ii. 458
. — pygmaeus ii. 460
rubricatus ii. 459
lynx torquilla ii. 433
jacobinus, Coccystes ii. 417
, Oxylophus ii. 417
Jamesoni, Pratincola i. 189
japonica, Hirundo ii. 265
japonicus, Buteo i. 25
javanensis, Batrachostomus ii. 397
- , Corvus ii. 373
, Eulabes ii. 373
, Gracula ii. 373
, Ketupa i. 184
, Loxia ii. 340
, Picus ii. 438
, Ploceela ii. 340
• , Ploceus ii. 340
, Tiga ii. 438
javanica, Anas ii. 695
, Ardea ii. 659
, Butorides ii. 659
, Ciconia ii. 648
, Dendrocygna ii. 678
, Hirundo ii. 263
, Hypurolepis ii. 263
, Leucocerca i. 208
GENERAL INDEX.
781
PAGE
javanica, Rhipidura i. 208
, Sterna ii. 719
,Strix i 122
javanicus, Eurylaemus ii. 385
> , Eurylaimus ii. 385
, Lepfcoptilus ii. 648
• . , Palseornis ii. 464
, Pelecanus ii. 738
, Phcenicopliaus ii. 422
• — , Zanclostomus ii. 422
javensis, Phyllomis ii. 35
, Picus , ii. 450
, Podargus ii. 397
« , Thriponax ii. 450
Jerdoni, Accentor ii. 129
, JEgialitis ii. 588
- , Agrodroma ii. 288
, Anthus '...ii. 288
• , Chloropsis ii. 15
, Garrulax ii. 85
' , Machlolophus ii. 185
, Oreicola, i. 205
, Parus ii. 185
' , Phaiopicus ii. 442
, Phoenicophaus ii. 421
• , Phyllornis ii. 14
, Sylvia i. 236
• , Thriponax ii. 450
,Timelia ii. 129
• • , Treron ii. 153
, Trochalopteron ii. 85
. , Trochalopteruin ii. 85
i , Zosterops ii. 15
Jerdonia agricolensis i. 255
jewan, Hirundo ii. 261
jocosa, Otocompsa ii. 44
jotaka, Caprimulgus ii. 403
joudera, Turnix ii. 569
jouschistos, Acredula ii. 195
— -, ^jgithaliscus ii. 195
, Parus ii. 195
juggur, Falco i. 72
jugiferus, Passer ii. 313
jugularis, Ardea ii. 657
, Meiglyptes ii. 461
> i. . '.", Phaiopicus ii. 461
PAGE
kamschatkensis, Calliope i. 315
, Turdus i. 315
Kelaarti, Caprimulgus ii. 403
Ketupa ceylonensis i. 83
javanensis i. 84
khasiana, Suya i. 277
kieneri, Limnaetus i. 38
, Lophotriorchis i. 38
— , Spizaetus i. 38
Kingi, Saxicola ii. 5
Kittacincla macrura ii. 68
klecho, Dendrochelidon ii. 396
, Hirundo ii. 396
korschun, Milvus i. 58
korustes, Sterna ii. 725
Kroicocephalus ichthyaetus ii. 717
kundoo, Oriolus i. 146
lachrymosa, Picumnoides ii. 436
lactea, Glareola ii. 582
lafresnayi, ^Ethorhynchus ii. 11
lagopoda, Chelidon ii. 254
, Hirundo ii. 254
lagopus, Chelidon ii. 254
lahtora, Collyrio : ii. 204
, Lanius ii. 203
Lalage melanothorax i. 182
Sykesi i. 181
terat i. 182
Lamprococcyx maculatus ii. 415
malayanus ii. 416
LAMPEOTORNIN^E ii. 373
lanarius,:.Falco i, 76
lanceolata, Locustella i. 260
, Sylvia i. 260
lanceolatus, Garrulus i. 143
LANIID^J ii. 197
LANIIIOE ii. 197, 202
Lanius arenarius ii. 208
assimilis ii. 203
aucheri ii. 202
boulboul i. 304
caniceps ii. 205
chinensis ii. 115
collyrioides ii. 210
cristatus ii. 207
782
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Lanius erythronotus iL 205
erythropterus ii, 198
fallax ii. 202
Hardwickii ii. 210
hypoleucus ii. 210
isabellinus ii. 208
. lahtora ii. 203
luscionensis ii. 207
melanocephalus ii. 26
• minor ii. 203
• nasutus ii. 206
« nigriceps ii. 206
— — — nipalensis ii. 204
— — pallidirostris ii. 202
— phcenicuroides ii. 209
• phcenicurus ii. 207
. Schwaneri ii. 207
• speculigerus ii. 209
tephronotus ii. 204
tricolor ii. 206
• vittatus ii. 210
lapponica, Limosa ii. 627
Larus affinis ii. 715
—• " - argentatus ii. 714
• brunneicephalus ii. 717
cacchinnans ii. 714
* fuscus ii. 715
— — gelastes ii. 715
. hempricbii ii. 716
ichthysetus ii. 717
lambruschini ii. 716
leucophceus ii 714
occidentalis ii. 715
-ridibundiis ii. 718
Larvivora brunnea i. 314
• cyana i. 314
• • cyane i. 315
— superciliaris i. 314
lateralis, Zosterops ii. 243
lathami, ^Ethopyga ii. 222
— -, Calorhamphus ii. 432
. , Euspiza ii. 322
.. . , Palseornis ii. 464
Laticilla Burnesi i. 271
• — cinerascens i. 271
latirostris, Alseonax i. 185
• , Butalia i. 185
PAGE
lawrencei, Corvua i. 128
layardi, Graucalus i. 170
Layardia subrufa ii. 92
Leioptila Davisoni ii. 67
saturata ii. 67
Leiothrix argentauris ii . 1 78
callipyga ii. 179
castaniceps ii 158
•» cinerea ii. 160
" cyanuroptera ii. 176
luteus ii. 179
strigula ii. 175
lempiji, Ephialtes i. 96
, Scops i. 96
lepida, Burnesia i. 283
• , Drymoica i. 283
, Prinia i. 283
lepidus,' Drymoipus i. 283
Lepocestes porphyromelas ii. 442
Leptocoma brasiliaca ii. 232
minima ii. 230
zeylonica ii. 230
leptogrammica, Columba ii. 511
• , Macropygia ii. 511
Leptoptilos argala ii. 647
— ., . dubius ii. 647
giganteus ii. 647
• Javanicus ii. 648
Leptosoma afer ii. 417
Lerwa nivicola ii. 550
perdix ii. 550
leschenaulti, Henicurus ii. 70
, Merops ii. 472
— — — , Taccocua ii. 425
. , Turdus ii. 70
Lestris pomarinus ii. 713
pomatorrhinus ii. 712
lettia, Ephialtes i. 95
, Scops i. 95
lettoides, Scops i. 98
leucocapillus, Anous ii. 730
leucocephala, Ardea ii. 649
, Ciconia ii. 649
, Chaemarrornis ii. 63
, Emberiza ii. 334
1 — , Erismatura ii. 703
— — — , Plioenicura ii. 63
GENERAL INDEX.
783
PAGE
leucocepliala, Sturnia ii. 369
leucocephalus, Clisemarrornis ii. 68
, Chirnarrhornis ii . 63
, Halcyon ii. 487
. , Sturnia ii. 368
, Tantalus ii. 665
Leucocerca albieollis i. 207
albofrontata i. 210
aureola i. 210
burmannica i. 210
• fuscoventris i. 207
infmnata i. 208
• javanica i. 208
leucogaster i. 209
— — pectoralis i. 209
leucogaster, Cuncuma i. 53
• — , Garrulax ii. 109
, Halisetus i. 53
, Leucocerca i. 209
1 Picus ii. 450
, Pomatorhinus ii. 99
leucogastra, Amadina ii. 343
• , Dendrocitta i. 136
• , Munia ii. 343
leucogenys, Buclianga i. 156
, Otocompsa ii. 45
leucogeranus, Grus ii. 600
leucolophus, Corvus ii. 107
, Crateropus ii. 107
, Garrulax ii. 107
leucomelanura, Digenea i. 229
, Siphia i. 229
leucomela, Saxicola ii. 3, 4
leucomelanus, Euplocamus ii. 541
•, Phasianus ii. 541
leuconota, Columba ii. 509
• • , Fringilla ii. 344
— , Munia ii. 344
leuconotus, Chsetura ii. 393
leuconyx, Cypselus ii. 390
leucoplisea, Buchanga i. 156
leucophaeus, Dicrurus i. 157
leucoprocta, Niltava i. 233
leucoproctum, Trichastoma i. 233
leucopsis, Motacilla ii. 275
, Sitta ii. 217
leucoptera, Anas ii. 680
PAGE
leucoptera, Archibuteo i. 26
— , Ardeola ....ii. 658
, Casarca ii. 680
, Hydrochelidon ii. 719
• , Sterna ii. 719
leucopterus, Platysmurus i. 140
, Sarcidiornis ii. 680
1 Temenuchus ii. 371
leucopygia, Chastura ii. 392
, Hirundinapus ii. 392
, Rhaphidura ii. 392
, Saxicola ii. 4
leucorhynchus, Artamus i. 157
leucorodia, Platalea ....ii. 665
leucoryphus, Haliaetus i. 54
, Ichthyaetus i. 54
Leucosticte hsematopygia r....ii. 306
leucotis, Garrulus »... i. 143
, Pycnonotus ii. 33
leucura, Chettusia ii. 591
, Erythrosterna i. 188
, Muscisylvia ii. 59
j Myiomela ii. 59
, Niltava i. 233
, Notodela ii. 59
, Pratincola i. 192
.Saxicola ii. 4
, Tentheca i. 162
leucoroides, Saxicola ii. 4
levaillantii, Corone i. 131
, Corvus ii. 131
Lichtensteini, Pterocles ii. 526
Lillia arctivitta ii. 625
Limborgi, Chrysococcyx ii. 416
Limicola platyrhyncha ii. 610
aibirica ii. 610
Limnaetus alboniger i. 41
cristatellus 40
kieneri 38
— — — — nipalensis 139
niveus 42
spizaetus 42
limnophilax, Botaurus ii. 664
Limonidromas indicus ii. 283
Limosa segocephala ii. 626
lapponica ii. 627
LIMOSIN^S ii. 625
784
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Linaria brevirostiis ii. 302
cannabina ii. 303
linchi, Collocalia ii. 394
lineata, Megalaema. ii. 427
lineatum, Cinclosoma ii. 86
, Trochalopteron ii. 86
, Trochalopterum ii. 86
lineatus, Euplocamus ii. 542
, Garrulax ii. 86
, Gennaeus ii 542
. , Numenius ii 630
. , Nycthemerus ii. 542
, Phasianus ii. 542
Linota saturata ii. 299
Liopipo xnahrattensis ii. 458
Lioptila annectens ii. 67
LIOTRICHES ii. 153
Liothrix lutea ii. 179
luteus ii. 179
> strigula ii. 179
Lithofalco sesalon i. 75
• chiquera i. 74
fieldeni i. 66
liventer, Butastur i. 48
, Buteo i. 48
. , Poliornis i. 48
livia, Columba ii. 508
Lobipluvia malabarica ,...ii. 594
Lobivanellus atronuclialis ii. 593
goensis ii. 592
indicus ii. 592
inornatus ii. 591
Locustella certhiola i. 259
Hendersoni i. 260
lanceolata i. 260
- macropus i. 260
minuta i. 260
rubescens i. 259
straminea i. 260
subsignata i. 260
temporalis i. 259
locustelloides, Chsetornis i. 274
Lonchm*a punctulata ii. 343
longicauda, Motacilla i. 285
, Orthotomus i. 285
longicaudata, Buchanga i. 155
, Drymoeoa i. 279
PAGB
longicaudata, Sylvia i. 279
• , Urocichla ii. 49
longicaudatus, Dicrnrus i. 155
, Dryinoipus i. 279
longicaudus, Drymoipus, i. 299
longipennis, Cypselus ii. 396
• , Dendrochelidon ii. 396
" , Hirundo ii. 396
— , Macropteryx ii 396
longipes, Buteo i. 23
, Charadrius ii. 584
longirostra, Cinnyris ii. 237
LONGIROSTKES ii. 603
longirostris, Arachnothera ii. 234
, Otocorys ii. 358
, Pyctorhis ii. 130
•, Upupa ii. 469
Lophophanes Bevani ii. 187
dichrous ii. 188
melanolophus ii. 186
• rubidiventris ii. 187
rufonuclialis .ii. 186
Lophophorus Cuvieri ii. 543
Impeyanus ii. 533
Sclateri ii. 533
Lophospizia trivirgatus i. 17
lopliotes, Baza i. 62
Lophotriorchis Kieneri i. 38
Loriculus indicus ii 463
vernalis ii. 463
ii. 463
lotenii, Arachnethra ii. 229
, Cinnyris ii. 229
• , Nectarinia ii. 229
Loxia atricapilla ii. 342
— • curvirostra ii. 323
himalayana ii. 323
malacca ii. 341
punctulata ii. 342
rubicilla ii. 317
• undulata ii. 342
lucionensis, Lanius ii. 207
lugubris, Carnpophaga i. 171
, Cuculus ii. 414
. , Ninox i. 106
r , Otus i. 106
. , Phylloscopus i. 243
GENERAL INDEX.
785
PAGE
lugubris, Surniculus ii- 414
lunatus, Eurylaimus * ii, 384
— , Seriloplms >...ii. 3?3
lunulatus, Galloperdix ii. 548
Lusciniola aidon i. 261
- fuliginiventris i. 264
fuscata i. 263
indica i. 262
luteiventris i. 262
Dielanopogoii i. 265
• neglecta i. 264
• neglectus i. 264
Schwarzi i. 263
thoracica i. 261
lusitauica, Ammonanes ii. 351
Lusciniopsis hendersoni i. 260
lusitania, Animonianes ii. 351
lutea, Liothrix ii. 179
, Sylvia ii. 179
luteiventris, Lusciniola i. 262
lute^ventris, Dumeticola i. 262
, Tribura i. 262
luteola, Emberiza ii. 329
, Euspiza ii 329
luteoius, Hsematornis ii. 39
— , Ixus ...'. ii. 39
• , Pyciionotus ii. 39
luteus, Liotlirix ii. 179
luzoniensis, Motacilla ii. 275
Lyncornis cerviniceps ii. 404
Macei, Cuncuma i. 54
— • — , Dendrotypes ii. 456
macgrigoriae, Niltava i. 234
i , Phcenicura i. 234
Machseramphus alcinus i. 61
Machetes pugnax ii. 616
Maclilolophus Dendrotypes ii. 456
— Jerdoni ii. 456
• rnelanolophus ii. 186
picus ii. 456
. rubidiventris ii. J87
spilinotus ii. 185
• subviridis ii. 185
• xanthogenys ii. 186
Macii, Dendrotypes ii. 454
VOL. II.— 101
PAGE
Macii, Graucalus i. 170
— , Picus .....ii. 456
Maackii, Salicaria i. 256
mackloti, Cinnyris ii. 220
Maclellandi, Hypsipetes ii. 24
— — t Garrulax ii. Ill
, lole ii. 24
} Pomatorhinus ii. 106
macqueeni, Houbara ii. 575
macrocercns, Dicrurus i. 154
MACROCHIRES ii. 387
Macrones brevlcaudata ii. 148
macroptera, Brachypteryx ii. 1 46
macrolopha, Pucrasia ii. 538
Macropteryx comatus ii. 397
-coronatus ii. 395
longipennis > ii. 396
spodiopygius ii. 394
macropus. Locustella i. 260
Macropygia assimilis ii. 511
leptogrammica ii. 511
tussalia ii. 511
MACROPYGIIN^E ii. 510
Macrorhamphus semipalmatus ...ii. 625
macrorhyncha, Pratincola i. 189
macrorhynclius, Corone i. 131
Corvus i. 131
— - Cymborhynchus ..ii. 386
. Todus ii. 387
macrura, Cittocincla ii. 68
macrurus, Caprimulgus ii. 400
, Cercotrichas ii. 68
, Circus i. 14
macularia, Arachnecthra ii. 238
maculata, Ery throsterna i. 196
-, Muscicapula i. 196
, Ploceus ii. 338
maculatus, Aiitlius ii. 285
, Chrysococcyx ii. 415
, Henicurus ii. 73
• , Lamprococcyx ii. 415
• , Pardalotus ii. 250
• , Pipastes ii. 285
, Prionoclnlus ii. 250
• , Trogon ii. 415
, Turn is ii. 570
rnaculipennis, Pliylloscopus i. 250
786
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
maculosa, Turnix ii- 570
maculosus, Hemipodius ii. 570
madraspatana, Motacilla ii- 277
madraspatensis, Motacilla ii. 277
magna, Araclinothera ii- 235
- , Sitta ii- 215
magnirostris, Acrocephalus i- 251
, , Alcippe ii. 141
. ._ , Cyornis i. 226
, Malacopteron ii- 141
. , Malacopterum ii. 141
. , Palseornis ii. 466
, Pkyllopneuste i. 243
. , , Phylloscopus i. 242
, Psilorhinus i. 134
, , Siphia i. 226
. , Turdinus. ii- 141
, Urocissa i- 133
magnuin, Malacopterum ii 147
mahrattensis, Caprimulgus ii. 399
, Liopipo ii. 458
, Picus ii. 457
major, Dendrocygna ii- 679
, Horeites i. 269
,Milvus i. 57
maj oroides, Picus ii. 455
majus, Malacopteron ii. 147
malabarica, Bucco ii. 432
, Chloropsis ii. H
, Lobipluvia ii. 594
, Osmotreron ii. 501
. • , Phyllornis ii. 14
, , Sturnia ii. 370
, Turdus ii. 14
, Xantholsema ii. 432
malabaricus, Amadina ii. 345
, Anthracoceros ii. 490
, Charadrius ii. 593
, Edolius i. 160
, Pericrocotus i. 176
, Scops i. 98
, Temenuchus ii. 370
- , Trogon ii. 405
— , Turdus ii. 370
malabaroides, Dissemurus i. 160
malacca, Amadina ii. 341
, Loxia ii. 341
*>AGE
malaccensis, Antliothreptes ii. 240
, Callolophus ii. 443
, Chrysophlegma ii. 443
, Cymborhynclius ii. 387
, Hemixus ii. 22
, Hypsipetes ii. 22
, Nyctiorms ii. 474
, Picus „ ii. 443
, Pitta ii. 379
, Psittacus ii. 462
, Venilia ii. 443
Malacias capistrata ii. 96
gracilis ii. 97
melanoleuca ii. 97
pulchella ii. 98
Malacocincla Abbotti ...ii. 140
Malacocircus bengalensis ii. 122
caudatus ii. 93
Earlei ii. 92
grisetis ii. 122
Malcolm! ii. 95
• ubiginosu s ii. 130
Somervillei ii. 123
subrufus ii. 92
sykesi ii. 123
terricolor . ...ii. 122
MALACONOTINJE ii. 197, 198
Malacopteron ferruginosum ii. 142
magnirostris ii. 141
majus ii. 147
Malacopterum magnirostris ii. 141
magnum ii. 147
majus ii. 147
malacoptilus, Rimator ii. 153
malayana, Chaptia i. 154
, Eudynarnis .ii. 418
malayanus, Chrysococcyx ii. 416
, Cuculus ii. 416
, Lamprococcyx ii. 416
malayensis, Anthus ii. 291
, Chaptia i. 154
, Hierax i. 66
, Neopus i. 38
malcolmi, Argya ii. 95
— , Timalia ii. 95
, Malacccircus ii. 95
Malurus exilis i. 293
GENERAL INDEX.
787
PAGE
mandelli, Arboricola ... ii. 559
, Certtiia ii. 212
, Minla ii. 161
> , Pellorneum ii. 134
, Phylloscopus i. 262
• , Proparus ii. 161
, Siphia L 228
manillensis, Pelecanus ~. ii. 737
manyar, Ploceus — ii. 339
marginata, Geocichla i. 297
• , . Zoothera i. 29Z
marise, Pomatorhimis .« -.ii. 103
marilla, Fuligula ii. 699
marshallorum, Megalsema ii. 426
maruetta, Ortygometra ii. 642
, Porzana ii. 642
maura, Pratincola i. 191
maxima, Collocalia ii. 394
maximus, Centrococcyx, ii. 423
media, Sterna ii. 723
meena, Columba ii. 513
, Turtur ii. 513
Megalsema asiatica ii. 429-
• cyanotis ii. 432
• grandis' ii. 426
• caniceps ii. 428
cyanotis ii. 432
• grandis ii. 426
haemacephala ii. 431
liodgsoni. ii. 427
inornata ii. 428
lineata ....ii. 427
marsliallorum ii 426
mystacophanus ii. 427
- Ramsayi ii. 430
virens ii. 426, 427
• viridis ii. 429
Megalaima asiatica ii. 429
incognita ii. 4&0
Megalorhynclrus Hayi ii. 432
Megalurus palustris i. 272
MEGAPODIDJE ii. 556
Megapodius nicobariensis ii. 532
megarhyncha, Pitta ii. 3/9
megarhynchus, Brachyurus ii. 379
. , Ploceus ii. 339
Meiglyptes grammithorax ii. 460
PAGE
Meiglyptes jugularis... iL 461
- tukki ii. 461
melanauchen, Onychopvion ii. 723
. } Pyrrliulauda .ii. 353
, Sterna .ii. 723
, Sternula ii. 723
melanictera, Fringilla ii. 337
melanicterus, Melophus , ii. 337
melanocephala, Cisticola i. 293
, .Emberiza........ ii. 329-
, Euspiza, ..„ ii. 329-
, Motacilla ii. 282
melanocephalus, Brachypodius ...ii. 27
f Budytes ii. 282
, Ceriornis iL 535
• , Garrulus i, 141
• , Ibis ii. 667
— , Lanius ii. 26;
, Micropus ii. 26'
, Oriolus i 149
, Tantalus ii. 667
, Threskiornis ii. 667
Melanochlora flavocristata ii. 182
sultanea ii. 182
Melanocorypha bimaculata ii. 355
calandra ...ii, 355
rufescens ii. 355,
torquata ii. 355
melanogaster, Anhinga ii. 741
j pi0tus ii. 741
melanogastra, Sterna .. ii. 724
melanognathus, Graculus ..ii. 740
melanoleuca, Malacias ij. 97
— Rhodophila ..,. .....i. 205
•, Sibia ....ii. 97
melanoleucus, Circus ... i. 12;
, Coccystes ii. 417
, Malacias ii. 97
melanolopha, Ardea ii. 664
melanolophus, Gorsachius ii, 6.64
, Lophophanes ii. 186:
, Machlolophus .......ii, 186»
— , Parus... «. ii 186.
melanonota, Sarcidiornis ii. 697
melanonotus, Anser ii. 6QJ,
, Euplocamus ii. 541
, Sarkidiornis ii. 697
788
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE j
melanope, Oalobates ii. 278
Melanopelargus episcopus ii. 649
melanopogon, Calamodus i. 265
— •• , Lusciniola i. 265
f Sylvia i. 265
melanops, Anous ii 730
. , Emberiza ii 332
, Enmyias i. 223
• , Glaucomyias i. 223
, Stoporala i. 223
melanoptera, Campophaga i. 172
melanopterus, Elairas i. 59
: , Falco i. 59
melanorhynchiis, Palseornis ii. 464
melanostigma, Trochalopteron ...ii. 80
. , Trochalopter um . . . ii . 80
melanothorax, Lalage i. 182
melanotis, Allotrins ii. 200
, Gamilax ii. 110
, Ptererythrius ii. 200
melanotus, Abrornis i. 218
• , Clirysocolaptes ii. 452
, Milvus i. 57
, Motacilla ii. 278
— — — — , Spilornis i. 45
melanoxantlras, Coccothraustes ...ii. 296
— •"•« , Micrura ii. 251
. t Mycerobas ii 296
• , Pacliyglossa ii. 251
, Prionochilus ii. 251
melaschistos, Volvocivora i. 171
melba, Cypselus ii. 388
Melias diardi ii. 420
• tristis ii, 419
Melizophilus striatus i. 284
Meloplius erythropterus ii. 337
• melanicterns ii 337
meningting, Alcedo ii. 480
mentalis, Calloloplms ii. 443
, Chloropicus ii. 443
" , Chrysophlegma ii. 443
, Picus ii. 443
Mergellus albellus ii. 708
Mergus merganser ii. 705
• serrator ii. 704
meridionale, Trochalopterum . ...ii. 86
MEBGID^J ...ii 704
PAGE
MBROPIDJS ii -170
Merops JEgyptius ii. 4 .'-57
• amietus ii. 473
apiaster ii 4 7. '"5
Athertoni i:
Dandini ii. 472
erytliroeeplialus ii- 472
ferrugieeps ii- 471
Leschenaiilti ii- 472
Persieus ii. 473
pliillipensis ii- 472
phillipinus ii. 471
quinticolor ii- 471
Swinhoei ii- 472
vividis. ii- 471
Merula albocincta i- 304
atrignlaris i. 303
boulboul i. 304
bourdilloni i. 306
castanea i- ^06
fuscata i- 306
- kinnisi i- oOfi
— — — nigropilens i- 305
obscura i. 309
pallida i. 310
protomomelsena i 307
- rnficollis i. 308
simillima i- 305
unicolor i. 309
merulina, Stactociclila ii. 113
Merva Jerdoni ii. 153.
Mesia argentauris ii. 178
mesoleuea, Ruticilla i. 320
.Sylvia i. 3'20
metallicus, Ixos ii, 26
Metopodins indicus ii. 633
Metoponia pusilla ii. 315
Microciclila sconleri ii. 74
Microhierax cserulescens i. 65
• fringillariua i. 66
Microiiisus badius i. 18
soloensis i. 20
Microperdix Blewitti ii. 565
erythorhyncha ii. 564
I Micropicus canente ii. 453
microptera, IVJirafra ii. 349
Microptcrnus bracbyurus ii. 4-11
GENERAL INDEX.
789
PAGE
Micropternus barmnnnicus ii. 440
gularis ii. 441
phaioceps ii. 440
phaoceps ii- 440
microptems, Cuculus ii. 410
Micropus cinereiventris ii. 27
fuscinavesceiis ii. 27
. melanocephalus ii. 26
phseocephalus ii. 28
Microtarsus Blanfordi ii. 42
. olivaceus ii. 43
Microura squamata r. ii. 50
Micrura ignipectus ii. 246
• melanoxantha ii. 251
miles, ^Bthopyga ii. 222
Milvus affinis i- 58
ater i. 58
govinda i. 57
• ' korscliun i. 58
• major i. 57
melanotis i. 57
. niger i. 58
xnindanensis, Copsychus ii. 65
miniatus, Callolophus ii. 443
, Chloropicus ii. 443
, Picus ii. 443
minima, Cynniris ii. 230
. , Nectarinia ii. 230
minimum, Dicseum ii. 249
Minla brunneicauda ii. 159
castaneiceps ii. 158, 159
• -cinerea ii- 160
-dubia ii. 161
• dubius ii. 161
igneotincta ii. 158
. 'inandelli ii. 161
rufigularis ii. 160
minor, Fregata ii- 738
, Pelecanus ii. 738
• , Plioenicopterus ii. 670
, Podiceps ii. 709
, Sturnus ii. 363
, Trichostoma ....ii. 140
minuscula, Sylvia i. 237
minuta, Ardetta ii. 662
. , Locustella i. 260
— — — , Nectarinia ii. 230
PAGE
minuta, Porzana ii. 643
, Sterna ii 7^8
, Sternulas ii. 728
, Triiiga ii. 612
minutus, JEgialitis ii. 588
, Pericrocotus i. 175
, Tricholestes ii. 31
, Tricliophorus ii. 31
Mirafra affinis ii. 349
assamica ii. 3-1-8
cantillans ii. 350
erythroptera ii. 350
-Hayi ii. 359
microptera ii. 349
phcenicura ii. 352
mitratus, Pelecanus ii. 738
Mixornis erythroptera ii. 149
gularis ii. 148
rubricapilla ii. 148
similis ii. 148
sumatrana ii. 118
modesta, Anthreptes ii. 236
, Arachnothera ii. 236
modestus, Parus ii. 188
, Pericrocotus i. 176
• , Prionochilus ii. 252
, Scops i. If 2
, Sylviparus ii. 188
, Turdus ii. 309
mogilnik, Aquila i. 30, 32
mollis, Accentor ii. 190
mollissima, Geocichla i. 295
, Oreooichla i. 295
mollisimus, Turdus i. 295
Molpastes atricapillus ii. 35
chryssorhoides ii. 36
• haemorrhous ii. 34
intermedius ii. 35
nigropileus ii. 36
• pygaeus ii. 37
moluccensis, Braehyurus ii 379
. , Picus ii. 460
, Pitta ii. 379
, , Turdus ii. 379
monacha, Dromolsea ii 3
, Saxicola ii. 3
790
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
monachus, Vultur i. 3
monedula, Coleus ii. 129
ruongolica, ^gialitis ii. 586
mongolicus, Charadrius ii. 586
, Cirripidesmus ii. 586
mongolus, JEgialitis ii. 586
. , Charadrius ii. 586
moniliger, Anthipes i. 230
. , Batrachostomus ii. 397
, Digenea i. 230
. , Dimorplia i. 230
, Garrulax ii. Ill
moniligera, Cinclosoma ii. Ill
montana, Saxicola ii. 6
montanus, Anthus ii. 286, 294
— , Passer ii. 309
. , Pipastes ii. 286
M onticola cinclorhynchus i. 312
• — cyana i. 312
. . cyanus i. 312
• erythrogaster i. 313
« saxatilis i. 311
monticola, Geocichla i. 296
. Zoothera i. 296
monticolus, Caprimulgus ii. 183, 400
. , CicHops ii. 289
Montifringilla adamsi ii. 303
. blanfordi ii. 304
brandti ii. 306
fringilla ii 299
. hsematopygia ii. 306
. . nemoricola ii. 305
. ruficollis ii. 304
. sordida ii. 305
morise, Saxicola ii. 4
Motacilla affinis ii. 247
alba ii. 269
. alboides ii. 275
. — baicalensis ii. 272
. beema ii. 281
. boarula ii. 278
. borealis ii. 281
. caerulecula ; i. 317
caslimeriensis ii. 274
cervina ii. 292
. citreola ii. 279
• • — citreoloides ii. 280
PAGE
Motacilla calliope » i. 315
• cyane i. 315
dukhunensis ii. 269
• Feldeggi ii. 282
gularis ii. 148
Hodgson! ii. 275, 276
Indica ii. 283
leucopsia ii. 275
longicauda i. 285
luzoniensis ii. 275, 276
madraspatensis ... ii. 277
melanocephala ii. 282
melanope ii. 278
ocularis ii. 272
personata ii. 263
picata ii. 277
proregedus i. 250
rubricapilla i. 148
sulphurea ii. 278
superciliosus i 249
sutoria . i. 285
viridis ...ii. 281
MOTACILLID^ ii. 268
motacilloides, Pericrocotus i. 176
Mulleripicus Feddeni ....ii. 450
1 — pulverulentus ....ii. 450
Munia acuticauda ii. 344
atricapilla ii. 342
Inglisii , ii. 343
Jeucogastra ii. 343
• leuconota ii. 344
malabarica ii. 342
inalacca ii. 341
pectoralis ii. 343
mmctulata ii. 342
rtibronigra ii. 342
— : slnensis ii. 342
siriata ii. 344
• • subundulata ii. 342
superstriata ii. 342
untyolata ii. 342
munipurensis, Cisticola i. 292
, Suthora ii. 125
muraria, Certhia ii. 213
, Sitta ii. 213
murina, Myiothera ii. 152
murinus, Turdinulus ii. 152
GENERAL INDEX.
791
PAGE
Murrayi, Carpodacils »» ... ...ii. 305
, Propasser ,.,.ii. 305
Muscicapa sedon i- 261
albicilla i. 188
. . atricapillus ii. 36
cinereo-alba i- 185
grisola i. 186
• hyperythra i. 188
paradisea i- 219
• parva i. 187
rufigularis i. 187
'• sordida ii. 187
superciliaris i. 195
MUSCICAPID^ i. 183
Muscicapula astigma i. 196
maculata i. 196
• • sapphira i. 195
superciliaris i. 195
Muscipeta affinis i. 212
paradisi i. 210
Muscisylvia leucura ii. 59
Muscitrea cinerea i. 164
cyanea i. 233
grisola i. 164
musicus, Copsychus ii. 65
. , Cygnus ii. 671
muticus, Pavo ii. 529
Mycerobas carneipes ii. 998
• melanoxantlius ii. 296
Mycteria australis ii. 648
• indica ii. 648
Myiagra azurea i. 201
tytleri i. 202
MYIAGRIN^ i. 200
Myiolestes cinereocapilla i. 215
My iomela leucura ii. 59
Myiophoncus Eugenii ii. 56
. • Horsfieldi ii. 57
• Temmincki ii. 55
Myiothera inurina ii. 152
MYIOTHEBINJE ii. 150
Myristicivora bicolor ii. 505
Myrmecocichla fusca ii. 1
mystacinus, Turdus i. 308
mystacophanus, Bucco ii. 427
, Chotorea ii. 427
... . , Megaleeina ii. 427
PAGE
Myzanthe ignipectus... ii. 246
• inornata ii. 248
Myzornis pyrrhura ii. 173
pyrrhurus ii. 173
NATATORES ............ ...... ............ ii. 669
nsevia, Aquila .................... i. 34, 35
nagaensis, Sitta ........................ ii. 215
nana, Sylvia ............. . ................ i. 237
nanug, Hieroccocyx .................. ii. 412
- , Ichthyaetus ..................... i. 82
- , Spizaetus ..................... i. 41
- , Yungipicus.. ................... ii. 460
Napothera rubicauda .................. ii. 142
narcondami, Rhytidoceros ......... ii. 494
nasutus, Lanius ........................ ii. 206
naumanni, Turdus ..................... i. 306
Nectarinia asiatica ..................... 228
--- brevirostris ............... ii. 228
- dabryi ..................... ii. 227
-- flammaxillaris ............ ii. 233
-- frontalis .................. ii. 239
--- goalpariensis ............ ii. 222
— Gouldiae .................. ii. 226
-- hasselfeii ................. ii. 232
--- Horsfieldi ............... ii. 225
-- hypogrammic a ......... ii. 238
---- loterna ..................... ii. 229
-- mahrattensis ............ ii. 228
-- minima .................... ii. 230
--- nipalensis .................. ii. 225
-- pectoralis ................ ii. 220
-- Phayrei .................. ii. 232
--- phosnicotis ............... ii. 239
---- pko3iricura ............... ii 224
-- seherise ..................... ii. 222
- simplex .................. ii. 239
-- vigorsii ..................... ii. 221
-- • zeylonica .................. ii. 230
ii. 219
Nectarophilla brasiliana ............ ii. 232
-- hasseltii ............... ii. 232
- — - malaccensis ......... ii. 240
- • - zeylonica ............ ii. 230
negiecta, Campophaga ............... i. 172
-- , Drymoeca .................. i. 281
792
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
neglecta, Drymoica i. 281
, Lusciniola i. 264
• , Prinia i. 280
, Sitta ii- 216
, Volvocivora i. 172
neglectus, Anthus ii. 294
• , Lusciniola... i. 264
, Pericrocotus i 178
• , Phylloscopus i. 264
* , Porphyrio ii. 635
Neilgherriensis, Oreocincla i. 295
. — — , Turdus i. 295
neinoricola, Fringillauda ii. 305
. •— , Gallinago ii. 604
. , Moiitifringilla ii. 305
— , Leucosticte ii. 305
— , Sturaia ii. 371
nemoricolus, Temenuchus.. ii. 371
Nemura cyanura i. 198
flavo-olivacea i. 200
hyperythra i. 199
Neophron ginginianus i. 9
NEOPHEONIN^J i. 9
Neopus malayensis 1 i. 38
Neornis assimilis i. 267
cacharensis i. 268
Nettapus coronaandelianus ii. 677
. coromandelicus ii. 677
. coromandus ii. 677
nicobarica, Caloenas ii. 518
, Columba ii. 518
•, Zosterops ii. 242
nicobariensis, Megapodius ii. 532
> -, Zosterops ii. 242
niger, Milvus i. 58
nigra, Cacomantis ii. 414
— — ,Ciconia ...ii. 649
. - , Hydrochelidon ii. 270
nigricans, Alcedo ii. 479, 480
nigricapitatus, Drymocataphus ...ii. 143
nigriceps, Actinodura ii. 96
, Collurio ii. 206
., Collyrio ii. 206
, Lanius ii. 200
, Sibia ii. 96
•, Stachyris ii. 138
nigricollis, Gracula ii. 375
PAGE'
nigricollis, Gracupica ii. 375
nigrigenis, Gecinus ii. 449
nigrinientum, Yuhina ii. 172
nigripennis, Upupa ii. 470
nigripileus, Molpastes ii. 36
1 Pycnonotus ii. 36
nigrogularis, Ruticilla i 324
nigrolutea, ^Egithina ii. ]Q
nigropileus, Ixos ii. 3$
, Merula i. 305
, Ochromela i. 227
, Turdus i. 305
nigrorufa, Saxicola i. 227
, Siphia i. 227
nilghiriensis, Anthus ii. 286
nilgiriensis, Geocichla i. 295
, Hypsipetes ii. 19
nilotica, Gelochelidon ii. T-JQ
.Sterna ii. 720
Niltava grandis i. 233
Hodgsoni i. 19*9
leucoprocta i. 233
leucura ii. 233
macgrigoriae i. 234
sundara i. 231
vivida i. 232, 234
Ninox affinis i. 107
-burmannica i. 108
hirsutus i. 108
innominata i. 106
lugubris i. 108
nipalensis i. 106
obscura ii. 109
scutellatus i. 106
scutulata i. 108
nipalense, Hemipteron ii. 134
, Pellorneuni ii. 134
nipalensis, Acanthoptila ii. 89
, Acanthoptilus ii. 89
• , Accentor f ii. 193
, Aceros ii. 494
, Actinodura ii. 120
, ^Ethopyga ii. 225
, Alcippe ii. 167
, Anorthura ii. 49
• , Brachypteryx ii. 61
, Bubo i. 86
GENERAL INDEX.
793
PAGE
nipalensis, Buceros ii. 494
, Cecropis ii. 265
„ , Certliia ii. 212
t Clielidon ii. 255
, Cinclosoma ii. 120
. , Cinnyris ii. 225
t Cutia ii- 180
, Delickon ii. 255
, Hirundo ii. 235
, Huhua i. 86
- • , Hjdrornis ii. 376
- , Lanius ii. 204
, Malacocercus ii. 89
, Nectarinia ii. 225
. , Ninox .. i. 106
, Pitta ii. 326
. , Procarduelis ii. 2P9
_. , Pucrasia ii. 538
. , Pyrrkula ii. 324
, Sitta ii. 218
. , Siva ii- 167
, Sutliora ii. 125
, Tickodroma ii. 213
,Timalia -ii. 89
• , Treron ii. 497
Nissetus' bonelli i- 38
— • fasciatus i. 36
. pennatus ii. 37
Nisus soloensis i. 20
nisus, Accipiter i. 21
nisicolpr, Hierococcyx ii. 413
nitens , Sturnopastor ii. 364
Nitldula Hodgsoni i. 199
Campbelli Li- 199
nitidus, Ortliotomus i. 286
. , Pkylloscopus i. 240
niveogularis, Acredula ii. 196
, Acantkiparus ii. 196
, 43gitkaliseus ii. 196
, Orites ii. 196
nivicola, Lerwa ii. 550
nivosTis, Francoliniis ii. 548
Noctua cuculoides i. 113
• indica i. 104
Notodela leucura ii. 59
imckalis, Antkreptes ii- 238
• , Dryonastes ii. 116
VOL. II.— 1C2
PAGE
nuckalis, Garrulax ii. 115
• • , Parus ii. 188
• , Poinatorkinus ii. 99
Nucifraga kemispila i 132
nudipes, Cksetura ii. 393
, Hirundinapus ii. 393
Numenius arquatus ii. 630
igneus ii. 669
lineatiis ii. 630
pkaeopus ii. 629
Nyctkemerus cuvieri ii. 543
lineatus ii. 543
Nyctiardea nycticorax ii. 663
Nycticorax griseus ii. 663
nycticorax, Nyctiardea ii. 663
Nyctioriiis amicta ii. 474
atkertoni ii. 474
malaccensis ii. 474
Nympkseus fuliginosa i. 204
nyroca, Fuligula ii. 701
Oatesi, Hydroynis ii. 377
— , Pitta ii. 377
obscura, Merula i. 309
— , Ninox i. 106
, Suya i. 275
, Turdus i. 309
obscuriora, Hypotcenidia ii. 638
obscurus, Hemipus i. 165
, Pomatorkinus ii. 100
—, Rkyticeros ii. 494
— , Rkytidoceros ii 494
, Tepkrodornis i. 165
obsoleta, Cotile ii. 258
, Cotyle ii. 258
• , Hypolais ,... i. 255
, Ptyonoprogiie ii. 258
, Salicaria i. 255
occipitalis, Ckloropicus ii. 447
, Gecinus ii. 447
• , Hypotkymis i. 20
, Ixulus ii. 163
, Pious ii. 447
• , Pkylloscopus i. 244
, Pkyllopneuste ., i. 244
• , Eeguloides i. 244
794
GENERAL INDEX
PAGE
occipitalis, Siva ii. 163
-. , Urocissa i. 133
. • , Tuhina ii. 163, 172
oceanicus, Oceanites ii. 709
Oceanites oceanica ii. 709
ocellata, Caloperdix ii. 560
, lanthocincla ii. 90
ocellatum, Cinclosoma ii. 90
ocellatus, Crateropus ii. 90
. , Garrulax ii. 90
, Tetrao ii. 560
, Turnix ii. 568
ochracea, Sasia ii. 436
ochraceiceps, Pomatorhinus ii. 101
ochraceus, Ciiniger ii. 30
- , Picumnoides ii. 436
. , Picumnus ii. 436
ochrocephalus, Alcurus ii. 33
, Trachycomus ii. 33
, Turdus ii. 33
Ochromela nigrorufa i. 227
ocbromelas, Eurylsemus ii. 385
ochropus, Actitis ii. 619
, Helodromas ii. 619
, Totanus ii. 619
ochrophus, Tringa ii. 619
ocularis, Motacilla ii. 272
oculea, Caloperdix ii. 560
, Perdix ii. 560
Ocyceros birostris ii. 492
Tickelli ii. 496
Ocyris oinops , ii. 327
(Edicnemus crepitans ii. 596
indicus ii. 596
recurvirostris ii. 596
scolopax ii. 596
(Enantlie caprata i. 194
oenanthe, Saxicola ii. 6
oglei, Actinodura ii. 121
oinops, Ocyris ii. 327
Oligura castaneocoronata ii. 156
cyaniventris ii. 157
olivacea, Cyornis i. 229
, Perdix ii. 556
- , Phragmaticola i. 261
, Siphia i. 229
olivaceum, Dicseum ii. 248
PAGE
olivaceum, Turdinus ii. 140
olivaceus, Arundinax i. 261
, microtarsus ii. 42
, Pomatorhinus ii. 99
Ololygon tenuirostris ii. 413
olor, Cygnus ii. 671
onocrotalus, Pelecanus ii. 738
Onychoprion anoesthetus ii. 728
fuliginosus ii. 729
melanauchen ii. 723
sumatrana ii. 723
Ophrysia superciliosa ii. 563
opistholeuca, Saxicola ii. 4
Oreicola f errea i. 205
Jerdoni i. 205
Oreocincla dauma i. 291
mollissima i. 294
neilglierriensis i. 294
Oreocorys sylvanus ii. 295
Orescius Gouldii ii. 406
orescius, Harpactes ii. 406
oreskios, Harpactes ii. 406
, Trogon ii. 406
orientalis, Acrocephalus i. 257
, Bubo i. 86
, Cettia i. 266
, Coracias ii. 476
, Eudynamis ii. 418
, Eurystomus ii. 476
, Glareola ii. 582
, Gypsetus i. 28
Oriolus andamanensis i. 148
castanopterus i. 149
— ceylonensis i. 149
cochinchinensis ii. 147
diffusus i. 147
galbula i. 145
himalayanus i. 149
horsfieldi i. 148
• indicus i. 147
kundoo i. 146
melanocephalus i. 149
sinensis i. 368
• tenuirostris i. 147
Trailii i. 150
xanthonotus i. 149
Orites erythrocephalus ii. 149
GENERAL INDEX.
795
PAGE
Orites niveogularis ii. 196
Orocetes cinclorhynclius i. 312
erytlirogaster i. 313
Orthorhinus Tickelli ii. 105
Orthorhynchus frontalis ii. 218
Orthotomus atrigularia i. 286
• coronatus i. 286
edele i. 285
flaviventris i. 282
flaviviridis i. 286
• longicauda i. 285
nitidus i. 286
ruficeps i. 286
sericeus i. 286
sutorius i. 285
Ortygometra maruetta ii. 642
Ortjgornis gularis ii. 555
ponticeriana ii. 554
oryzivora, Amadina ii. 345
, Padda ii. 345
oscitans, Anastomus ii. 666
OSCINES CTJLTIEOSTRES ii. 362
osculans, Hsematopus ii. 599
Osmotreron bicincta ii. 499
chloroptera ii. 502
fulvicollis if. 501
malabarica ii. 500
— Phayrei ii. 501
Phayrii ii. 501
• • pompadoura ii. 502
vernans ii. 500
viridis:.. ii. 500
ostralegus, Hsematopus ............... ii. 599
OTITID^E ................................. ii. 572
Otis deliciosa ........................... ii. 577
- hiinalayensis ..................... ii. 577
- tarda ................................ ii. 572
- tetrax .............. . ............... ii. 573
Otocompsa analis .......... ........... ii. 33
« -- erueria ..................... ii. 44
- — flaviventris ..... . ......... ii. 46
- --- jocosa ..................... ii.
- -- leucogenys ............... ii.
— - • leucotis .................. ii.
44
45
38
-- personata ............... ii. 38
Otocorys longirostria .................. ii. 358
• « peaicillata .................. ii. 358
PAGH
Otocorys scriba ii. 358
Otogyps calvus i. 9
fulvus i. 5
Otomela phcenicuroides ii . 209
Otothrix Hodgsoni ii. 398
Otus brachyotus i. 115
communis i. 114
lugubris i. 106
vulgaris i. 114
Oxylophus jacobinus ii. 417
serratus ..*, U. 417
Pachyglossa- melanoxantha ......... ii. 251
paeificus, Cypselus ..................... ii. 389
Padda oryzivora ...... .................. ii. 345
pagodarum, Sturnia ......... -.., ...... ii. 367
-- , Temenuclius ............ ii. 367
-- -,Turdus ..... ............. ii. 367
......................... ii. 464
Palseomis alexandri .................. ii. 466
- — bengalensis ............... ii. 468
- columboides ............. ,.ii. 465
- cyanocephalus ............ ii. 467
- eupatrius .................. ii. 466
- fasciatus ..................... ii. 464
- finsdbi ........................ ii. 466
- indoburmannicus ......... ii. 465
-- javanicus .................. ii. 464
- latliami ............ ......... ii. 464
• '• magnirostris .... ........... ii. 466
- melanorhynclms ......... ii. 464
- purpurea ..................... ii. 468
- rosa ........................ ...ii. 468
- scliisticeps .................. ii. 466
- sivalensis .................. ii. 466
- torquatus .................. ii 467
pallens, Turdus ........................ i. 309
pallescens, Gyps ..................... i. 7
pallida, Crypsirrhina ........ ^ ......... i. 135
- , Dendrocitta .................. i. 135
— , Hypolais ..................... i. 253
, Hernia ............ ............ i. 310
, Saxicola ............... ......... ii. 3
- , Ptyonoprogne ............... ii. 258
pallidipes, Cettia ..................... i. 26$
- , Cyornia ..................... i. 223
796
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
pallidipes, Horeites i. 268
— — — -, Phylloscopus i. 268
pallidus, Circus i. 14
. , Merula , i. 310
, Spilornis i. 46
, Turdus i. 310
pallipes, Cyornis i. 223
, Muscicapa i. 223
palmarum, Cypselus ii. 390
palpebrosa, Zosterops ii. 242
Paludicola nipalensis ii. 376
palumbarius, Astur i. 16
Palumbaena Eversmanni ii. 507
PALUMBIN^E ii. 505
palumboides, Carpophaga ii. 505
Palumbus casiofcis ii. 506
— • elphinstonei.. ii. 507
— - pulchricollis ii. 505
• torringtoni ii. 507
palustre, Pellorneum ii. 138
palustris, Megalurus i. 272
panayana, Hirundo ii. 261
Pandion kalisetus i. 80
• indicus i. 80
PANDIONES i. 80
panayensis, Sterna ii. 728
papillosus, Geronticus ii. 667
, Inocotis ii. 668
paradisea, Sterna ii. 725
paradiseus, Dissemurus i. 159
, Edolius i. 160
paradisi, Muscicapa i. 210
, Tchitrea i. 210
, Terpsiphone i. 210
Paradoxornis austeni ii. 128
_ flavirostris ii. 128
gularis ii. 126
• guttaticollis ii. 128
ruficeps ii. 125
• unicolor ii. 126
Pardalotus maculatus ii. 250
PARIDJE ii. igl
PARING ii. 181
PARKID^J ii. 632
PARKING ii. 633
Parra indica ii. 633
sinensis ii. 634
PAGE
Parus sernodius ii. 189
aplonotus ii. 185
atkinsoni ii. 187
atriceps ii. 182
Beavani ii 187
csesius ii. 182
cinereus ii. 182
commixtus ii. 182
dichrous ii. 188
— ery throceplialus ii . 194
flavocristatus ii. 182
haplonotus ii. 185
jerdoni ii 185
jouschistos ii. 193
meLinolophus ii. 186
modestus ii. 188
monticolus ii. 183
nipalensis ii. 182
nuchalis ii. 188
— rubidiventer ii. 187
rufonuchalis ii. 186
sericophrys ii. 188
spilonotus ii. 185
subviridis ii. 185
sultaneus ii. 182
xanthogenys ii. 184, 185
parva, Erythrosterna i. 187
, Muscicapa i. 187
, Porzana ii. 643
Passer assimilis ii. 312
ciimamomeus ii. 311
• domesticus ii. 310
flaveolus ii. 313
• flavicollis ii. 308
hispaniolensis ii. 311
indicus ii. 310
• jugiferus ii. 313
montanus ii. 309
pusillus ii. 315
• pyrrhonotus ii. 310
salicicolus ii, 311
PASSERES -.. i. 124
PASSERIFORMES ii. 124
passerinus, Caccomantis ii. 413
Pastor elegans ii. 368
— malayensis ii. 368
• Peguanus ii. 372
GENERAL INDEX.
797
PAGE
Pastor roseus ii. 372
suratensis ii. 372
Pavo cristatus ii. 529
muticus ii. 529
tibetaiius ii. 531
PAVONINE ii. 529
pectoralis, Amadina ii. 343
, Chalcostheta ii. 220
— , Eritliacus i. 316
, Gamilax ii. 110
, lanthocincla ii. 110
, Nectarinia ii. 220
, Leucocerca i 209
• , Munia ii. 343
, Oreocincla i. 298
, Pellorneuin ii. 134
, Plmiopicus ii. 461
, Picns ii. 457
, Rhipidura i. 209
, Serinus ii. 314
peguaims, Pastor ii. 372
peguensis, Alauda ii. 359
pelagicus, Halisetus i. 51
Pelargopsis amauroptera ii. 487
• burmannica ii. 488
gurial ii. 487
intermedia ii 488
PELECANIN^: ii. 735
Pelecanoides urinatrix ii. 712
Pelecamis aquilus ii. 734
carbo ii. 738
crispus ii. 736
• javanicus ii. 7o8
manillensis ii. 737
minor ii. 738
• mitratus ii. 728
onocratalus ii. 738
— phillipinensis ii. 737
• phillipensis ii. 737
piscator ii. 735
pygmceus ii. 740
roseus ii. 738
• rufescens ii. 736
sinensis ii. 738
sula , ii. 735
pelegrinoides, Falco i. 70
Pelidna subarquata ii. 615
PAGE
Pellomeum liyperythrum ii. 133
• — ignotum ii. 143
intermedium ii. 135
mandelli ii. 134
minor ii. 137
nipalensis ii. 134
" palustre ii. 138
pectoralis ii. 154
ruficeps ii. 334, 136
subochraceum ii. 137
tickelli ii. 137, 144
pellotis, Timalia ii. 89
, Malacocercus ii. 89
Peloperdix chloropus ii. 557
pelvica, Tentlieca i. 163
— , Tephrodornis i. 163
pelvicus, Tephrodornis ii. 163
penelope, Anas ii. 691
• , Mareca ii. 691
penicillata, Otocorys ii. 358
pennata, Aquila i. 37
pennatus, Ephialtes i. 88
, Hiersetus i. 37
, Nisaetus i. 37
pentah, Coturnix ii. 562
percussus, Prionocliilus ii. 249
PEEDTCIN^E ii. 549
Perdicula argoondah ii. 562
asiatica ii. 562
cambayensis ii. 562
• erythrorhyncha ii. 564
Perdix coronata ii. 561
• gularis ii. 555
Hardwickii ii. 548
• • Hodgsoni ii. 555
lerwa ii. 550
• megapodiae ii. 556
olivacea ii. 556
oculea ii. 560
pictus ..ii. 551
peregrinator, Falco i. 69
peregrinus, Falco i. 68
, Pericrocotus i. 17$
Pericrocotus albifrons i. 180
andamanensig i. 174
brevirostris i. 177
— cinereus i. 175
798
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Perlcrocotus erytbropygius i. 179
elegans i. 174
— flammeus i. 175
•' flammifer i. 174
fraterculus i. 174
igneus i- 175
• immodestus i. 180
intensior i. 178
malabaricus i. 176
minutus i. 1"5
modestus i. 176
motacilloides i. 176
• neglectus i. 178
, peregrinus i. 176
roseus i. 178
Solaris i. 179
. speciosus i. 173, 174
perlatus, Francolinus ii. 552
Tetrao ii 552
Pernis apivorus i. 62
• cristata i. 61
. ptilorbyncbus i- 61
persicus, Puffinus ii. 711
, Merops ii. 473
personata, Motacilla ii. 273
— • , Otocompsa ii. 98
,Podica ii- 637
. . , Sula ii. 734
Petrocbelidon fluvicola ii- 268
Petrocossypbus cyaneus i 312
.- saxatilis i. 311
Petronia flavicollis ii- 308
Petropbila cinclorbyncbus i. 312
— erytbrogaster i. 213
pbseocepbala, Alcippe ii. 167
pbseocepbalus, Criniger ii. 29
, Micropus ii- fe8
pbseoceps, Micropternus ii. 44)
pbseopus, Numenius ii. 629
, Scolopax ii. C29
Phaeton cetherius ii. 732
candidus ii. 732
.,. — flavirostris ii. 732
indicus ii. 732
phcenicurus ii. 732
— — rubricauda ii. 732
phaiocep8, Micropternus ii. 440
PAGE
Phaiopicus Blythi ii. 440
grammitborax ii. 460
Jerdoni ii. 441
jugularis ii. 461
pectoralis ii. 461
rufinotus ii. 440
Plmlacrocorax carbo .ii. 738
fuscicollis ii. 739
pygmseus ii. 740
sinensis ii. 738
Pbalaropus fulicarius ii- 617
hyperboreus ii. 617
Phasiamis argus ii. 530
cruentus ii. 536
Gardneri ii. 537
Hamiltoni ii. 540
leucomelanus ii. 541
nipalensis ii. 535
roulroul ii. 5(>1
Wallicbi ii. 539
Phayrei, Alcippe ii. 168
, Francolinns ii 552
, Nectarinia ii. 232
Pbayrii, Alcippe.... ii. 163
, Anthocincla ii. 376
, Osmotreron ii. 501
, Pomatorhinus ii. 102
Philentoma castaneum i. 214
phyrrhopteruin i. 214
velatum i. 213
phillipensis, ^gialitis ii. 588
, Merops ii. 471
, Pelecanus ii. 737
, Podiceps ii. 709
phillipinensis, Pelecanus ii. 737
, Ploceus ii. 338
phillipinus, ^Egialitis ii. 588
, Charadrius ii. 588
, Fringilla ii. 340
, Merops ii 471
, Ploceus ii. 339
Philomachus pugnax ii. 616
philomela, Hyloterpe i. 164
Phodilus badius i. 124
nipalensis i. 92
phoeniceum, Trocbaloptermm ii. 83
phcenicomanes, lora ii. 11
GENERAL INDEX.
799
PAGE
Phoenicophaes erythrognathus ii. 421
Pcenicophaus erythrognathus ii. 421
Jerdoni ii. 421
PHCENICOPHJEINJS ii 418
phcenicoptera, Erythrospiza ii. 306
phcenicopterus, Crocopus ii. 498
Phcenicopterus antiquorum ii. 669
minor ii 670
— roseus . ii. 669
Phoenicornis princeps ii .
phoenicotis, Anthreptes ii.
, Anthothreptes ii.
. — , Chalcoparia ii.
, Cinnyris ii.
, Nectarinia ii.
Phoenicura f uliginosa i.
leucocephala ii.
muraria
macgrigoriae
rubicauda ..
ruticilla
schisticeps .,
• sylvia
phoenicura, Ammomanes
, Erythra ii.
, Gallinula ii.
, IVlirafra ii.
, Nectarinia ii.
, Ruticilla i. 319,
phcenicuroides, Bradybates ii.
— • , Hodgsonius ii.
, Lanius ii.
t Otomela ii.
, Phaeton ii.
, Ruticilla i. 319,
phcRnicurus, Lanius ii.
Phragmaticola olivacea i.
Phyllobates coronatus i.
Phyllopneuste borealis i.
brehmi i.
coronata i.
fuscata i.
indicus . .. i.
magnirostris i.
nitida i.
occipitalis i.
plumbeitarsus i.
173
239
239
239
239
239
204
6?
319
234
204
320
324
320
352
645
645
352
224
320
67
67
209
209
732
320
209
->61
287
239
246
244
263
262
242
240
244
241
PAGE
Phyllopneuste ram a i. 254
tristis i. 246
viridamis i. 241
Phyllornis aurifrons ii. 13
chlorocephala ii. 16
cyanopogon » ii. 16
Hardwickii ii. 12
- hodgsoni ii. 13
javensis ii. 15
jerdoni ii. 15
malabaricus ii. 14
• Sonnerati ii. 15
Phylloscopus affinis i."247
borealis i. 239
brookei. i. 263
brehmi i. 263
brunneus i. 263
burmannicus i. 244
coronatus i. 244
erochrous i. 251
flavolivacea i. 2-15
fuliginiventer i. 264
fuscatus i. 263
Huraii i. 248
• lugubris i. 243
maculipennis i. 250
magnirostris i. 242
• neglectus i. 2tJ4
nitidus i. 240
occipitalis i. 244
pallidipes i. 263
plumbeitarsus i. 241
presbytis i. 246
proregulus i. 250
pulcher i. 251
reguloides i. 245
subviridis i. 252
sindianus i. 252
Schwarzi i. 264
Seebohmi i. 241
superciliosus i. 249
tenellipes i. 242
trochiloides i. 248
tristis i. 246
tytleri i. 248
Phylloscopus viridanus i. 241
viridipennis i. 246
800
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Pica bottanensis i. 132
caudata i- 132
rustica i- 132
picoides, Sibia ii- 95
picata, Dromola3a ii- 3
— , Motacilla ii. 277
— , Saxicola ii. 2
, Sibia ii. 96
picatus, Hemipus i. 164, 165
PICI ii. 433
PICID^E ii. 433
picinus, Edolius i- 153
pictus, Francolinus ii- 551
— , Perdix ii- 551
PICUMNIN^; ii- 434
Picumnoides lachrymosa ii. 436
ocliraceus ii. 436
Picumnus innominatus ii. 435
ocliraceus ii. 436
Picus analis ii- 456
assimilis ii. 454
atratus ii. 457
aurocristatus ii. 458
brachyurus ii. 441
brunneifrons ii. 457
. . brunneus ii. 461
. canente ii. 453
canicapillus ii. 458
cathpharius ii. 455
chloroloplius ii. 445
chlorophaiies ii. 446
dimidiatus ii. 416
flavinueha ii. 444
goensis ii. 452
guttacristatus ii. 451
gutturalis ii. 450
Hardwickii ii. 460
himalayanus ii. 454
• Hodgsonii ii 455
hyperythrus ii. 459
Javanensis ii. 438
Javensis ii. 450
leucogaster ., ii. 450
macii ii. 456
mahrattensis ii. 457
• majoroides ii. 455
mentalis ii. 443
PAGE
Picus miniatus ii. 443
moluccensis ii. 460
occipitalis ii. 447
pectoralis ii. 456
porpliyromelas , ii. 412
pulverulentus ii. 450
pumilus ii. 458
pimiceus ii. 444
pyrrliotis ii 441
raffles! ii. 436
rufiiiotns ii. 440
scindianus ii. 455
shore! ii. 436
semicoronatus ii. 459
sordidus ii. 453
squamatus ii. 441
squarnigularis ii. 441
striatus ii. 451
striolatus ii. 447
sultaneus ii. 451
tristis ii. 460
tukki ii. 461
viridanns ii. 448
pilaris, Turdus i- 303
pileata, Alcedo ii. 4S4
, Entomobia ii. 484
, Halcyon ii. 483
• , Timelia ii 129
Pinarocichla euptilosa ii. 25
Pipastes agilis ii. 286
• arboreus ii. 284
maculatus ii. 286
plumatus ii. 285
trivialis ii. 285
Pipra squalida ii. 251
Piprisoma agile ii- 251
piscator, Dijsporus ii. 735
• , Pelecanus ii. 735
, Sula ii. 735
piscatrix, Sula ii. 735
pithyornis, Emberiza ii. 335
Pitta bengalensis ii. 380
brachyura ii. 380
coccinea ii. 380
coerulea ii. 377
Pitta coronata ii. 380
cyanea ii- 378
GENERAL INDEX.
801
PAGE
Pitta cyanoptera ii. 379
granatina ii. 380
Gurneyi ii. 381
malaccensis ii. 379
megarhynclia ii. 379
moluccensis ii. 379
nipalensis ii. 376
Oatesi ii- 377
PlTTID-33 ii. 375
placida, .ZEgialitis ii. 586
Planesticus atrigularis i. 308
fuscatus i. 307
• ruficollis i. 308
Platalea leucorodia ii. 665
pygmsea ii. 611
platui'us, Dicrurus i. 160
Platylophus ardesiacus i. 167
• — coronatus » i. 167
platyrhyncha, Limicola ..ii. 610
, Tringa ii. 610
Platysmurus leucopterus i. 140
platyura, Schcenicola i. 270
— , Timalia i. 270
Plegadis falcinellus ii. 669
plicatus, Aoeros ii. 494
, Rhytidoceros ii. 494
Ploceela chrysea ii. 340
Javanensis ii. 340
Ploceus baya ii. 338, 339
• — bengalensis ii. 340
• hypoxanthus ..ii. 340
Javanensis ii. 340
— maculata ii. 338
• • manyar ii. 339
— megarhynclius ii. 339
phillipensis ii. 338
phillipinus ii. 238, 339
PLOTIN^E ii. 740
Plotus melanogaster ii. 741
plumata, Alauda ii. 284
plumatus, Pipastes ii. 285
plumbea, Ruticilla i. 204
plumbeitarsus, Phyllopneuste i. 241
> , Phylloscopus i. 241
phimbeus, Haliaetus i. 81
plumbiceps, Staphidea ii. 165
plumbipes, Hemipodius ii. 568
Vox,. II.— 103
PAGE
plumbipes, Turnix ii. 568
plumifera, Herodias ii. 655
plumipes, Buteo i. 25
plumosus, Brachypus ii. 42
• — , Ixus ii. 42
, Pycnonotus ii. 42
pluvialis, Charadrius ii. 584
Pluvialis longipes ii. 584
Pluvianus cinereus ii. 591
Pnoepyga albiventer ..ii. 52
— albiventris .ii. 52
caudata ii. 53
chocolatina ii. 49
longicaudata ii. 49
pusilla ii. 52
Boberti ii. 152
squamata ii. 52
PODAGERIN^E ii. 404
Podargus javensis ii. 397
Podica personata ii. 637
Podiceps crietatus ii. 707
minor ii 709
nigricollis ..ii. 708
— phillipensis , ii. 709
poiocephala, Alcippe ii. 167
— , Timalia ii. 167
poiocephalus, Brachypodius ii. 28
, Brachypus ii. 28
— • — , Micropus ii. 28
pcecilorhyncha, Anas ii. 684
po3cilopterus, Turdus i. 304
Polioaetus humilis i. 82
ichthyaetus i. 81
poliocephala, Cisticola i. 292
, Gallinula ii. 635
, Prinia i. 292
poliocephalus, Cuculus ii. 409
, Porphyrio ii. 635
poliogenys, Abrornis i. 220
, Cryptolopha i. 220
, Poliornis i. 50
Polyodon occipitalis ii. 172
poliopsis, Astur i. 19
Poliohierax insignis i. 66
Polioinyias hodgsoni i, 194
Poliornis indicus i. 50
— liventer i. 48
802
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Poliornis poliogenys i- 50
— teesa i. 47
poliotis, Suthora ii. 1-5
polioptera, Campopliaga i. 172
politus, (Jinnyris ii. 229
pollicaris, Horeites i. 269
Polyphasia rufiventris - ii. 413
• — tenuirostris. ii. 413
Polyplectron bicalcaratum ii. 531
chinqiiis ii. 531
thibetanum ii. 531
Poinatorliinus albigularis ii. 103
• Austeni ii. 101
' erythrogenys ii. 105
• ferruginosus ii. 102
— — gravivox ii. 106
Horsfieldi ii. 100
hypoleucos ii. 104
• Inglisi ii. 104
lencogaster ii. 99
„_ macclellandi ii. 106
• • • • marise ii. 103
___ nuchalis ii. 99
- - obscurus ii. 100
ochraiceps ii. 101
- -»- • • olivaceus ii. 99
Phayrii ii. 102
Pinwilli ii. 100
ruficollis ii. 104
schisticeps ii. 99
. stenorhynchus ii. 103
• superciliaris ii. 106
Tickelli ii. 105
pomatorhinus, Lestris ii. 714
. , Stercocarius ii. 714
pundiceriana, Ortygornis ii. 554
, Tephrodomis i. 162
, Vultur i. 9
pompadoura, Osmotreron ii. 502
Porphyrio neglectus ii. 635
• poliocephalns ii. 635
porphyroinelas, Blythipicus ii. 44-2
1 Celeopicus ii. 442
, Lepocestes ii. 442
, Picus ii. 442
, Venilia ii. 442
Porzana akool ii. 643
PAGE
Porzana bailloni ii. 641
ceylonica ii. 639
exquisita ii. 642
fusca .ii 642
maruetta ii. 642
minuta ii. 643
parvus ii. 643
pygmcea ii. 641
porzana, Rallus ii. 642
praecognitus, Stachyris ii. 154
prasina, Erythrura ii. 346
, Fringilla ii. 346
prasinoceles, Ardeola ii. 658
Pratincola atrata i. 194
• bicolor i. 194
caprata i. 192
ferrea i. 205
-•» — insignia i. 190
Jamesoni i. 189
leucura i. 192
maerorhyncha i. 189
maura i. 193
robusta i. 191
~ rubetra i. 189
rubetraoides i. 189
rubicola i. 191
pratincola, Glareola ii. 582
presbytis, Phylloscopus i. 246
PRESSIROSTIIES ii. 571
princeps, Phoenicornis i. 173
Prinia Adamsi i. 279
albogularis i. 290
• • atrigularis i. 277
beavani i. 276
blanfordi i. 279
brevicauda i. 282
flaviventris i. 282
fusca i. 279
gracilis i. 290
hodgsoni i. 290
-inornata i. 279
lepida i. 283
neglecta i. 280
rafflesi i. 282
rufescens i. 291
rufula i. 290
socialis i. 282
GENERAL INDEX.
803
PAGE
Prinia Stewart! i. 282
- striata i. 295
•"- - " snperciliaris i. 279
• sylvatica i. 280
Prionochilus ignicapillus ii. 249
, maculatus ii. 250
— melanoxanthus ii. 25]
modestus ii. 252
percussus ii. 2.49
• squalidus ii. 251
tlioracicus .ii. 250
PRIONOPIDJS i. 162
Procarduelis nipalensis ii. 299
rubescens ii. 300
Procellaria capensis '. ....ii. 710
- • • • • — oceanica ii. 710
Wilsonii ii 710
PEOCELLARIN^E . ii. 712
Proparus castaneiceps ii . 158
chrysaeus ii. 179
dubius ii. 161
• ignotinctus........ ii. 158
• mandelli ii. 161
vinipectus ii. 166
Propasser ambiguus , ii. 321
• Edwards! ii. 319
frontalis ii. 320
githagmea... ii. 307
Murray! ii. 305
pulcherrimus ii. 321
• rliodoclilamys ii. 318
rhodochrous ii. 259, 318
• rhodopeplus ii. 318
• saturatus ii. 319
tliura ii. 320
Propyrrhula rubeculoides ii. 322
subliimalayensis ii. 326
proregulus, Motacilla i. 250
, Pliylloscopus i.-250
, Keguloides i. 250
protomomelaena, Merala i. 307
protomomelas, Turdus i. 307
Psarisomus assiinilis ii. 333
Dalhousie ii. 383
psaroides, Hypsipetes ii. 13
Psaropholus trailli i. 150
Pseudeetus bonelli i. 35
PAGE
Pseudogyps bengalensis i. 8
Pseudornis dicruroides ii. 414
Pseudoscolopax semipalmatus ii. 625
Pseudototanus Haughtoni ii. 622
Psilorhinus magnirostris i. 134
PSITTACI ii. 462
PSITTACIDJS ii. 462
PSITTACIN^J ii. 462
Psittacula incerta ii. 462
Psittacus bengalensis ii. 468
cyanocephalus ii. 468
- • fasciatus ii. 464
• incertus ii. 462
malaccensis ii. 462
rosa ii. 468
torquatus ii. 467
vernalis ii. 463
vibrissa ...ii. 464
Psittinus incertus ii. 462
Ptererythrius seralatus ii. 199
• erythropterus ii. 198
intermedius ii. 200
• melanotis ii. 200
• rufiventer ii. 200
• xanthochloris ii. 201
PTEEOCLID.E ii. 579
Pterocles alchata ii. 525
arenarius ii. 523
coronatus ii. 521
: — exustus , ii. 524
- fasciatus ii. 527
guttatus ii. 521
— — Lichtensteinii ii. 526
senegalensis ii. 521
senegallus ii. 521
• setarius ii. 525
?teruthius erythropterus ii. 198
)tilonorhynchus, Pernis i. 61
ptilorhynchus, Pernis i. 61
Pucrasia castanea ii. 538
— • macrolopha ii. 538
nipalensis ii. 538
puella, Irena i 161
Puffinus chlororhynchus ii. 712
persicus ii. 7H
pugnax, Machetes ii. 616
, Philomachus ii. 616
804
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
pugnax, Tringa ii. 616
, Turnix ii. 569
pulchella, Dacelo ..* «...ii. 486
, Malacias »....»i ii. 98
pulchellua, Carcineu tes ii . 486
=• , Sibia .......ii. 98
pulcher, Phylloscopus i. 251
Jmlcherrimus, Carpodacus .*«... «...ii. 321
, Propasser ;*ii. 321
pulchra, Athene ..< -... i. 100
, Carinne * i. 106
pulchricollis, Paliimbus ii. 505
pulverulentus, Alopkonerpes ii. 450
s , Mulleripicus ii. 450
• , Picus ii. 455
pumilus, lyngipicus ii. 458
* , Picus .~ ii. 458
puncticollis, Brachypternus ai. 440
" ^mnctularia, Munia ii. 342
punctulata, Amadina ii. 342
, Lonchura ii. 342
• , Loxia *. ii. 342
, Munia ii. 342
punicea, Estrilda ...*....* .;ii. 346
, Fringilla ii. 346
• , Pyrrhospiza ii. 322
puniceus, Alsocomus ii. 509
, Callolophus *....ii. 444
— — , Chloropicus ii. 444
• , Chrysoplilegma ii. 444
- — , Picus ii. 444
ptirpurea, Ardea ii. 653
— , Cochoa i. 168
purpureusj Palaeornis ii. 468
pusaran, Buoeros ii. 493, 494
pusilla> Emberiza ii. 327
• , Erythrosterna i. 196
— , Pnoepyga ii. 52* 327
pusillus, Metoponia ii. 315
, Passer ii. 3]5
, Pnoepyga ii. 52
, Pycnonotus ii. 34
, Serinus ii. 315
PYCNONOTINJE ii. 18
Pycnonotus analis ii. 38
atricapillus ii. 36
blanfordi ii. 41
PAGfl
Pycnonotus brunneus ii. 43
• — burmanicus ii.
cyaniventris ii.
• — davisoni ii.
— familiaris ii.
— fmlaysom ..)... .^.......ii.
— • flavescens ..i..j.....-j...ii.
35
47
40
41
40
39
• — gourdinii ..i ........ i.uii, 38
• — gularis ... ........... <...ii. 47
• — hsemorrlious .......... *m. 34
— • iotericus .a ..... . ..... *...ii. 34
• — ^ intermedius m..i..i..iiii
"•— leucotis .............. i...ii.
i — luteolus nt..iiit...ni.4.u.
• — > nigripiletes ; . i . < t . . i . . a . . iii>
— pygseus .n...iii.ii.nn.a.
' — salvadorii ..•».*. .t«».«*ii.
— simplex .».»>. t,.im ..... ii.
35
38
39
36
— plurnosus .;.-.. ;..;......ii. 42
— pusillus .»*... .11. ..«*««««ii. 43
37
43
43
— xantholaemus ii. 41
Pyenoramphus affinis ....i ii. 298
• carneipes ii. 297
— — , icteroides ii. 297
Pyctorhis altirostris ii. 131
= — griseigularis >..» ii. 131
= — - longirostris. *..»;.*.. i.-. ..".ii. 130
sinensis !*««<...<< ii. 130
pygseus, Molpastes*.*., ,....;....ii. 37
— , Pycnonotus ...«*. .!«...«!...& 37
pygargus, Circus ....<..«* «*..«. i. 13
pygmcea, Crex <....«<.<».«i. ...«&. 641
Ortygometra .*.......* ii. 641
Platalea ii. 611
• Porzana.... ii. 641
Zapornia ...ii. 641
pygmaeus, Buteo i. 50
. — , Eurynorhynchus ii. 611
• , Graculus ii. 740
— , lyngipicus ii. 460
, Pelecanns ii. 740
, Phalacrocorax ii. 740
Pyrgita cinnamomea ii. 311
• • dornestica ii. 310
Pyrrhocorax alpinus i. 144
pyrrhonotus, Passer ii. 310
Pyrrhoplectes epauletta ii. 315
GENERAL INDEX.
805
PAGE
£yrriiops, Biicnaiiga .»» •».« i. 156
, Stachyridopsis ii>..<...»iiii. 154
", Stachyris tu.n.^ii.ii. 154
pyrrhopterum, Philentoma .....».;» i. 214
Pyrrhospiza Humii -. *»..»...ii. 322
punicea ii. 322
pyrrhothorax, Charadrius ii. 586
- , JEgialitis ii. 586
pyrrhotis* Blythipicus ii. 442
— , Celeopicus ii. 442
—~} Picus ii. 441
• •, Venilia *ii. 441
Pyrrhula aurantia i....ii. 325
• aurantiaca * ii. 325
* caucasica ii. 317
* *- erythacus *<..» ii. 325
•• nipaleiisis ii. 324
Pyrrhulauda affinis » » . . ii. 353
• crucigera....* ii. 352
» • grisea ii. 352
. melanauchen ii. 353
pyrrhura, Myzornis ii. 173
, Yuhina ii. 173
I?yrotrogon Duvaucelli ii. 407
Querquediila circia.* ii. 693
=^- crecca » ii. 692
•- •- *- -falcata i....ii. 695
* Formosa »»..»ii. 694
— * gibberifrons »...ii. 697
. glocitans ii. 694
quinticolor, MerOps ..» »i..ii. 472
raalteni, Anthus ii. 291
tadiata, Athene *. i. Ill
radiatum, Glaucidium i. Ill
rafflesi, Chloropicoides ii. 436
— • , Gauropicoides ii. 436
, Picus ii. 436
, Prinia i. 282
&ALLID^ ii 634
Rallina canningi ii. 640
- ceylonica ii. 639
euryzonoides ii. 639
PAGE
Rallina fasciata ...*..*...* .^.ii. 640
fusca ...* ii. 642
RALLINJE «... ii. 641
R/allus bailloni .ii. 641
fuscus ii. 642
indicus ...ii. 638
— phoenicurus ii. 645
— • porzana ii. 642
' ~ striatus ....* ii. 638
"••• — zeylanicus ii. 639
rarna, Hypolais i. 254
— — j Phyllopneuste i. 254
Ramsayi, Actinodura ii. 119
, Actinura ii. 119
» — -, Cyanops ii. 430
, Megalsema ii. 430
rangoonensis, Edolius .» i. 160
Raya rubropygia ii. 384
raytal, Alaudula ii. 356
recurvirostris, ^iEsacus ii. 591
= , Avocetta ii. 632
Reguloides castaneoceps i. 220
chloronotus i. 250
coronata .•* i. 244
erochroa.»» i. 251
•' — flavolivaceus i. 245
occipitalis i. 244
proregulus i. 249, 250
superciliosus i. 248, 249
Reguloides trochiloides i. 245
• viridipennis i. 245
reguloides, Phylloscopus i. 245
Regulus cristatus ..* ii. 197
himalayensis ii. 197
regulus, Falco i. 75
religiosa, Gracula ii. 373
remifer, Bhringa i. 159
— , Edolius i. 149
retifer, Dicrurus i. 160
Rhamphococcyx erythrognathus ..ii. 421
Rhaphidura leucOpygialis ii. 392
Rhinoplax griseus ii. 492
^scutatus ii. 491
vigil ii. 491
Rhinortha[chlorophsea ii. 419
RJbinoptilus bitorquatus ii. 580
Rhipidura albicollis i. 207
806
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Rhipidura albif rontata i- 210
— albofrontata i. 210
• fuscoventris i. 206
— - javanioa i. 208
„ ..— pectoralis i» 209
rhodochlamys, Carpodacus ii. 318
. , Propasser ii. 318
rhodochrous, Carpodacus ii. 318
. t Fringilla ii. 318
• , Propasser ii. 318
rhodopeplus, Carpodacus ii. 318
1 Fringilla ii. 318
. . , Propasser ii. 318
Rhodonessa caryophyllacea ii. 685
Rhodopechys sanguinea ii. 307
Rhodophila melanoleuca i. 205
Rhopodytes diardi ii 420
. — sumatranus ii. 420
. tristis ii. 419
. viridirostris ii. 421
Rhyacophila glareola ii. 620
Rhyacornis fuliginosa i. 204
Rhyncha3a bengalensis ii. 609
• capensis ii. 609
Rhynchops albicollis ii. 731
Rhynortha chlorophsea ii. 418
Rhyticeros obscurus ii. 494
— — subruficollis ii. 493
Rhyticeros undulatus ....ii. 494
Rhytidoceros narcondami ii. 494
* obscurus ii. 494
plicatus ii. 494
• • subruficollis ii. 493
• • undulatus ii. 494
Richardi, Anthus ii. 289
, CorydaUa ii. 289
ridibundus, Larus ii. 718
Riinator malacoptilus ii. 153
riparia, Cotile ii. 255
, Cotyle ii. 255
• », Hirundo ii. 255
risoria, Columba ii. 515
risorius, Turtur ii. 515
roberti, Pnoepyga ii. 152
• , Sphenocichla ii. 50
•— , Stachyrirhynchus ii» 50
> Turdinulus ..ii. 152
PAGE
robusta, Pratincola... i. 191
Kollulus cristatus ii. 561
"— roulroul ii. 561
rosa, Palseornis ii. 468
, Psittacus ii. 408
rosaceus, Anthus ii. 293
rostrata, Oreocincla i. 295
roseus, Pastor ii. 372
, Pelecanus ....ii. 738
, Pericrocotus » i. 178
, Phcenicopterus ii. 669
rostratum, Tricliastonia ii. 146
roulroul, Pliasianus ii. 561
Rollulus ii. 561
rubeculoides, Accentor ii. 191
1 Cyornis i. 225
, Phoenicura i. 225
, Propyrrhula ii. 322
— , Sipliia i. 225
ruber, Cinnyris ....ii. 232
rubescens, Locustella i. 259
, Procarduelis ii. 300
rubetra, Pratincola i. 189
rubetraoides, Pratincola i. 189
rubicauda, Phoenicura i. 204
rubicilla, Carpodacus ii. 317
, Coccothraustes ii. 317
• , Loxia ii. 317
rubicola, Pratincola i. 191
rubidiventer, Parus ii. 187
, Trichastoma ii. 145
rubidiventris, Lophophanes ii. 187
• , Machlolophus ii. 187
rubicauda, Napothera ii. 142
rubiginosus, Dryinocataphus ii. 145
Hemicircus ii. 442
Malacocercus ii. 130
Itubigula cyaniventris ii. 47
flaviventris ii. 46
rubricapilla, Mixornis ii. 148
rubricatus, lyngipicus ii. 459
rubricauda, Cynniris ii. 224
, Phaeton ii. 732
rubronigra, Amadina .....ii. 342
, Munia ii. 342
rubropygialis, Tiga ii. 438
rubropygius, Eurylamus ii. 384
GENERAL INDEX.
807
PAGE
rubropygius, Raya ii- 384
• — , Serilophus ii. 384
rudis, Ceryle ii. 481
rufa, Dendrocitta i- I35
— , Hirundo ii. 262
— , Prinia i- 29
rufescens, Agrodroma ii- 290
, Anthus ii. 286
• -, Drymoeca i. 281
•, Drymoipus i. 281
-, Melanocorypha ii. 355
-, Pelecanus ii. 737
ruficapilla, Hydrocichla ii. 73
ruficapillum, Trochalopterum ii. 79
ruficapillus, Henicurus ii. 73
ruficauda, Cyornis i. 228
•, Muscicapa i. 228
, ., Sipliia i. 228
ruficeps, Chleuasicus ii. 127
Edela i. 287
Heteromorplia ii. 126
Ortliotonms i. 287
Pellorneum ii. 134, 136, 137
Stachyris ii. 153
. Stachyridopsis ii. 153
. Suthora ii- 125
ruficollis, Dryonastes ii. 114
-, Garrulax ii. 114
— lantliocincla ii. 114
Merula i. 308
. Montif ringilla ii. 304
— Planesticus i. 308
• — Pomatorhinus ii. 104
— Tringa ii. 612
rufifrons, Stachyris ii. 154
• — , Stacliyridopsis ii. 154
mfigastra, Alcedo ii..480
rufigenys, Ixulus ii. 165
, Staphidia ii. 165
rufigulare, Trochalopterum ii. 80
rufigularis, Minla ii. 160
mfimenta, Cinclosoma ii. 80
rufina, Fuligula ., ii. 697
rufinotus, Phaiopicus ii. 440
• , Picus ii. 440
rufipennis, Centropicus ii. 423
• , Centrococcyx ii. 423
PAGE
rufiventa, Cinclosoma ii. 80
rufiventer, Buteo i. 25
, Ptererythrius ii. 200
rufiventris, Cacomantis ii. 413
Callene ii. 59
Polyphasia ii. 413
rufogularis, Arboricola ii. 559
• , Arborophila ii. 559
, Muscicapa i. 187
• , Ruticilla i. 323
, Schoeniparus ii. 160
rufonuchalis, Lophophanes ii. 186
, Parus ii. 186
rufula, Agrodroma ii. 290
, Corydalla ii. 291
, Prinia i. 290
rufulus, Anthus ii. 291
, Corydalla ii. 291
, Gampsorhynchus ii. 91
, Turdus i. 309
rupestris, Columba ii. 509
, Cotile ii. 258
, Cotyle ii. 258
, Hirundo ii. 258
, Ptyonoprogne ii. 258
rupicolus, Turtur ii. 512, 513
rustica, Hirundo ii. 259
, Pica i. 132
rusticola, Scolopax ii. 603
rustic ula, Scolopax ii. 603
Rutherfordi, Spilornis i. 46
Ruticilla aurorea i. 322
coaruleocephala i. 325
erythrogastra i. 322
erythronota i. 323
• erythroprocta i. 320
frontalis i. 323
fuliginosa i. 204
hodgsoni i. 321
- • mesoleuca i. 320
nigrogularis i. 323
— phoenicuroides i. 320
— — — phcenicurus i. 319
• — plumbea i. 204
rufiventris i. 320
schisticeps i. 324
ruticilloides, Phcenicura i. 321
808
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
rutila, Casarca ii. 680
, Citrinella ii. 331
, Emberiza ii. 331
sacer, Falco i- 76
sacra, Demiegretta ii. 657
sagittatus, Ephialtes i. 100
, Scops i. 100
Salicaria brunniceps i. 292
capistrata, et modesta ... i. 258
. eurhyncha i. 258
• maacki i. 256
• microptera i. 255
• obsoleta i. 255
salicicolus, Passer ii. 311
salina, Tringa ii. 612
Salpornis spilonotus ii. 213
saltator, Saxicola ii. 7
salvadorii, Pycnonotus ii. 43
sanguinea, Erythrospiza ii. 306
• . , Fringilla ii. 306
, Rhodopechys ii. 306
sanguinipectus, .2Ethopyga ii. 226
sannio, Dryonastes ii. 117
, Garrulax ii. 117
sapphira, Muscicapula i. 107
Sarcidiornis leucopterus ii. 680
melanonota ii. 677
Sarciophorus bilobus ii. 593
Sarcogramma atrogularis ii. 593
Saraglossa spiloptera ii. 374
Sarkidiornis melanonotus ii. 677
Sasia ochracea ii. 436
saturata, JEthopyga ii. 221
, Campophaga i. 171
, Cinnyris ii. 221
, Linota ii. 299
— , Lathami ii. 535
, Leioptila ii. 67
. Nectarinia ii. 221
saturatus, Propasser ii. 319
Satyra melanocephala ii. 535
saularis, Copsyclms ii. 65
Saundersi, Sterna ii. 727
sauropates, Chloris ii. 484
saxatilis, Monticola i. 311
PAGE
saxatilis, -Petrooossyphus i. 311
— , Turd us i. 311
Saxicola albonigra ii. 2
atrigularis ii. 5
bicolor i. 194
capistrata ii. 3
chrysopygia ii. 5
deserti ii. 5
ferrea i. 205
isabellina ii. 6
leucura ii. 4
monacha ii. 3
morio ii. 4
oenanthe ii. 7
• — opistholeuca ii. 4
picata ii. 2
schistacea, Demiegretta ii. 656
, Grandala i. 319
schistaceus, Enicurus ii. 71
•, Henicurus ii. 71
schisticeps, Abrornis i. 218
— , Cryptolopha i. 218
• , Palseornis ii. 466
, Phoenicura i. 325
*, Pomatorhinus ii. 99
, Ruticilla i. 325
schceniclus, Emberiza ii. 326
Schcenicola cisticola i. 292
• • fortipes i. 267
platyura i. 270
Sclioeniparus dubius ii. 161
ruf ogularis ii. 160
Schomburgki, Chrysococcyx ii. 415
Schwaneri, Lauius ii. 207
schwarzi, Herbivocula i. 263
, Lusciniola i. 263
, Phyllopneuste i. 263
, Pliylloscopus i. 263
, Sylvia i. 263
scindianus, Picus ii. 455
Sclateri, Chalcophasis ii. 534
-, Lophophorus ii. 534
SCOLOPACID.E ii. 602
scolopacina, Gallinago ii. 605
Scolopax albonigra ii. 2
• arquata ii. 630
• — calidris ii. 622
GENERAL INDEX.
809
PAGE
Scolopax canescens ii. 621
— ccelestis ii. 616
-=> gallinago ii. 608
— ocrophus i. 311
— (Edicnemus ii. 596
phceopus ii. 629
rusticola ii. 603
. rusticula ii. 603
. stenura ii. 605
-totanus ii- 621
turdus i. 311
Scops bakkamuna i. 98
balli i. 100
brucii i- 91
griseus i. 98
indicus i. 98,100
lempigi i- 96
letfcia i. 95
lett-oides i. 98
rnalabaricus i. 98
modesfcus i. 102
pennatus i. 88
plunripes i. 95
rufipennis i. 89
sagittatus i. 100
spilocephalus i. 92
— sunia i. 93
Scotocerca inquieta i. 284
scouleri, MJ crocichla .ii. 74
scriba, Ofcocorys ii. 358
scutatus, Buceros ii. 491
scutulata, Anas ii. 681
, Casarca ii. 681
. -,Ninox i. 108
scutulatus, Rhinoplax ii. 491
seebolimi, Pkylloscopus i. 241
Seena aurantia ii. 724
Sterna ii. 724
seheria, ^Btbopyga ii. 222
• , Nectarinia ii. 222
seloputo, Strix i. 117
. Syrnium i. 117
semicoronatus, Picus ii. 459
semipalmatus, Macrorhamphus ...ii. 625
. •, Pseudoscolopax ii. 625
senegalensis, Pterocles ii. 521
, Turtur ii. 513
VOL. II.— 104
PAGE
senegallus, Pterocles .ii. 521
senex, Anous ii. 730
sericeus, Orthotomus i. 287
sericoplirys, Parus ii. 188
Serilophus limatus ii. 383
rubropygius ii. 384
Serinus aurif rons ii. 315
pectoralis ii. 314
pusillus ii. 315
serrator, Mergus ii. 704
serratus, Oxyloplaus ii. 417
setarius, Pfcerocles ii. 525
setifer, Trocholapteron ii. 87
severus, Falco i. 74
, Hypotriorchis i. 74
shaheen, Falco i. 74
sliorei, Clirysonotus ii. 438
, Picus ii. 438
shorii, Tiga ii. 438
Sialia coelicolor i. 319
siamensis, Acridotheres ii. 367
, Zosterops ii. 243
Sibia capistrata ii. 96
gracilis ii. 97
— — melanoleuca ii. 97
nigriceps ii. 96
• picata ii. 97
— picoides ii. 95
pulchellus ii. 98
sibirica, Geocichla i. 300
• , Hemichelidon i. 183
sibiricus, Butalis i. 183
- , Turdulus i 300
, Turdus i. 300
simile, Trochalopteron ii. 77
similis, Agrodroma ii. 287
, Mixornis ii. 148
simillima, Euspiza ii. 329
simplex, Anthothreptes , ii. 238
, Anthreptes ii. 239
, Arachnectlira ii. 239
, Arachnopliila ii. 239
, Nectarinia ii. 239
— — , Pycnonotus ii. 43
. , Zosterops ii. 242
sindianus, Phylloscopus i. 252
sinense, Clirysomma ii. 131
810
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
sinensis, Ardetta ii. 661
' , Cissa ii. 139
• , Coccothraustes ii. 342
, Oorydalla ii. 289
, Cotile ii. 258
, Cotyle ii. 258
• , Dendrocitta i. 137
' , Enicurus ii. 70
- , Graculus ii. 739
, Henicurus ii. 70
- , Hydrophasianus ii. 634
, Munia ii. 842
• , Oriolus ii. 368
, Parra ii. 634
- , Pelecanus ii. 738
- , Phalacrocorax ii. 739
, Pyctorhis ii. 130
, Sterna ii. 728
,Sternula ii. 728
. , Sturnia ii. 368
, Urocissa i. 134
eingalensis, Anthreptes ii . 239
Chalcoparia ii. 239
sipabi, Carpodacus ii. 317
, Corytlius ii. 317
, Haematospiza ii. 317
Siphia erythaca i. 194
hodgsoni i. 194
— • leucomelanura i. 229
magnirostris • i. 226
Mandelli i. 228
• • nigrorufa i. 227
— — olivacea i. 229
— — pallidipes i. 223
• rubeculoides i. 225
ruficauda i. 228
strophiata i. 227
Tickellise i. 225
tricolor i. 229
• unicolor i. 224
sirkeer, Taccocua ii. 425
, Zanclostomus ....ii. 425
Sitta castaneoventris ii. 217
cinnamomeiventris ii. 217
formosa ii. 218
• frontalis ii. 218
himalayana ii. 216
PAGE
Sitta liimalayensis ii. 215
leucopsis ii. 217
magna ii. 215
nagaensis ii. 215
neglecta ii. 216
nipalensis ii. 216
SITTING ii. 214
Siva castaneicauda ii. 175
clirysseus ii. 170
cyaimroptera ii. 176
nipalensis ii. 167
occipitalis ii. 163
— — sordida ii. 177
strigula ii. 175
vinipectus ii. 166
sivalensis, Palaeornis ii. 466
smaragdinus, Chrysococcyx ii. 415
smithi, Hirundo ii. 264
smyrnensis, Alcedo ii. 483
, Halcyon ii. 483
socialis, Burnesia i. 282
, Prinia i. 282
solans, Pericrocotus i. 179
solitaria, Gallinago ii. 605
soloensis, Astur i. 20
, Daedalian i. 20
, Micronisus i. 20
, Nisus i. 20
somervillei, Crater-opus ii.. 123
^ , Timalia ii. 123
Sonneratti, Cuculus -ii. 410
, Gallus ii. 546
sordida, Agrodroma ii. 287
, Erythrosterna i. 187
., Montifringilla ii. 305
, Muscicapa i. 187
, Phyllornis ii. 15
— .,Siva ii. 177
sordidus, Anthus ii. 287
Dendrocopus ii. 453
Hemicercus ii. 453
Picus ii- 453
spadiceus, Galloperdix ii. 547
sparverioides, Cuculus ii. 411
, Hierococcyx ii. 411
spatula, Clypeata ii. 682
speciosa, Cissa i« 139
GENERAL TNDF.X.
811
PAGE
speciosa, COITUS i. 139
speciosus, Pericrocotus i. 173
speculigerus, Coccothraustes ii. 298
, Hesperiphona -ii. 298
Sphenocercus apicaudus ii. 503
. sphenurus .ii. 502
Sphenocichla humii ii. 50
sphenurus, Yinago ii. 502
spiloceplialus, Ephialtes i. 100
spilogaster, HaBmatornis i. 46
. , Spilornis i. 46
spilonotus, Certhia ii. 213
, Machlolophus ii. 185
, Parus ...ii. 185
, Salpornis ii. 213
Spilopelia tigrina ii. 515
spiloptera, Saraglossa »-. ii. 374
Spilornis baclia i. 45
— — cheela i. 44, 46
Davisoni i. 45
— nielanotis, i. 45
pallidus i. 49
rutlierfordi i. 45
• — spilogaster i. 45
spinoides, Chrysomitris ii. 301
, Hypacanthus ii. 301
spinoletta, Anthus ii. 294
spipoletta, Anthus ii. 294
Spizaetus alboniger i. 41
• caligatus i. 42
cirrhatus i. 40
kienerii i. 38
• • limnsetus i. 42
nanus i. 40
• nipalensis i. 39, 42
— niveus * i. 42
Spizalauda deva ii. 359
— — • malabarica ii. 359
Spizixus canifrons ii. 48
splendens, Corone i. 130
spodiopygia, Collocalia ii. 394
spodocephala, Emberiza ii. 332
spodopygius, Macropteryx ii. 394
squalida, Pipra , ii. 251
squalidus, Prionochilus ii. 251
squamata, Microura ....ii. 50
, Pnoepyga ii. 52
PAGE
squamatum, Trochalopteron ii. 82
, Trochalopterum ii. 82
squamatus, Gecinus ii. 446
, lanthocincla ii. 82
,Picus ii. 446
squamigularis, Picus .....ii. 442
Squatarola helvetica « ii . 583
Stachyridopsis assimilis ii. 155
chrysea - ii. 155
• prfficognituSj ii. 154
pyrrhops ....ii. 154
ruficeps ii. 153
runfrons ii. 154
Stachyris assimilis ii. 155
bocagii ii. 156
chrysea ii. 155
guttata ii. 138
nigriceps ii. 138
pyrrhops ii. 154
ruficeps ii. 153
rufifrons ...ii. 15.4
Stactocichla merulina ii . 113
stagnatilis, Totanus ii. 621
stapazina, Motacilla ii. 7
Staphidia castaneiceps ii. 164
- humilis ...ii, 164
plumbeicepa ... ii. 165
rufigenis «... ii. 165
- striata ii. 165
STEATORNIN.^ ii. 397
stellaris, Botaurus ii. 662
stellata, Brachypteryx ii. 62
stenorhynchus, Pomatorhinus ii. 103
stentoreus Acrocephalus i. 257
stenura, Gallinago ai. 605
, Scolopax ....... ii. 605
STERCORAKIN^J ii. 712
Stercorarius antarcticus ... ii. 713
• asiaticus ii. 714
pomatorhinus ii. 713
Sterna albigena ii. 726
ana3stethus ii. 728
• anglica ii. 720
• bengalensis ii. 723
Bergii ii. 721
— — cantiaca ii. 722
caspia ..., ii, 721
812
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Sterna cristata ii. 721
Dougalli ii. 725
flumatilis ii. 726
fuliginosa ii. 729
• Gouldi ., ii. 728
• gracilis ii. 725
* hirundo ; ii. 726
— innotata ...ii. 719
• javanica ii. 719, 724
« Jcorustes ii. 725
. leucoptera ii. 719
• media ii. 723
melanauchen ii. 723
melanogastra ii. 724
• minuta ii. 728
• nilotica ii. 720
• • » panayensis ii. 728
• paradisea ii. 725
— — • saundersii ii. 727
•• seena ii. 724
sinensis ii. /28
sumatrana ii. 723
• velox ii. 721
Sternula melanauchen ii. 723
minuta ii. 728
stewarti, Citrinella ii. 334
, Emberiza ii. 334
,Prinia i. 282
Stolickzae, Certhia ii. 212
, Cettia ii. 266
etolida, Anous • ii. 730
stolida, Sterna ii. 730
Stoparola albicaadata i. 222
• melanops i. 223
stracheyi, Emberiza ii. 333
straminea, Acridiornis i. 260
, Locustella i. 260
strenuus, Cuculus ii. 411
strepera, Anas ii. 686
streperus, Chaulelasmus ii. 686
strepitans, Bubo i. 87
, Garrulax ii. 116
, Dryonastes ii. 116
Strepsilas interpres ii. 597
STREPSILIN^B ii. 596
striata, Amadina ii. 343
, Chsetornis i. 274
PAGE
striata, Corythocichla ii. 151
, Geopelia ii. 518
, Grammatoptila ii. 114
, Hypotsenidia ii. 637
— , Munia ii. 343
•, Prinia i. 275
, Siapliidia ii. 165
, Suva i. 275
striatulus, Blanfordius i. 275
striatus, Alcurus, ii. 32
, Cuculus ii. 408, 410
,Euplectes ii. 339
. , Ixulus ii. 165
. , Melizophilus i. 284
, Picus ii. 451
tRallns ii. 638
• , Tui'dinus ii. 151
strictus, Clirysocolaptes ii. 451
, Judopicus ii. 451
, Picus ii. 451
STRIGIDJ3 i. 122
strigafcus, Tui'dus ii. 371
strigula, Hemiparus ii. 175
• , Leiothrix ii. 175
. , Siva ii. 175
striolata, Cecropia ii. 265
, Corydalla ii. 290
—, Emberiza ii. 335
— , Friu giliaria ii. 335
. •, Hivundo ii. 265
striolatus, Antlius ii. 290
— , Chloropicus ii. 447
« — , — , Gecinus ii. 447
- , Picus ii. 447
• , Trichophorus ii. 22
STRIX i. 122
Strix Candida i. 123
• flammea i. 122
• indica i. 122
Javanica i. 122
pagodarum i. 117
seloputo , i. 117
sumatrana i. 87
strophiata, Siphia i. 228
strophiatus, Accentor ii. 191, 192
, Archibuteo i. 26
, Clorhynotus ii. 631
GENERAL INDEX.
813
PAGE
strophiatus, Siphia i- 228
struthersii, Ibidorhynchus ii- 631
Sturnia Blythii ii- 371
burmannica ii- 369
— cognita ii- 369
daurica ii- 368
• • dauricus ii- 368
• erytliropygia ii- 371
- leucocepliala ii- 369
malabaiica ii' 370
nemoricola ii- 371
. pagodarum ii- 367
sinensis ii- 368
STTTRNIDJJ; ii. 362
STUKNINA ii- 368
STUENIN^ Ji- 363
sturnina, Gracula ii. 368
, Sturnia ii. 368
Sturnopastor contra ii. 3G4
minor ii. 363
. superciliaris ii. 364
. vulgaris ii. 363
Sturnus niteus ii. 364
unicolor ....ii. 364
subarquata, Pelidna ii. 615
, Tringa ii. 615
subbuteo, Falco i. 73
• , Hypotriorcliia i. 73
subccerulatus, Dryonastes ii. 118
subfurcatus, Cypselus ii. 389
subhimalayensus, Corythus ii 326
. • , Propyrrhula ...ii. 326
— — , Tichodroma ...ii. 213
Bubmoniliger, Anthipea i. 231
, Digenea i. 231
subniger, Hypsipetes ii. 19
subochraceum, Pellomeum ii. 137
subruf a, Argya ii. 92
—— - , Layardia ii. 92
subruficollis, Aceros ii. 493
. • , Buceros ii. 493
— — , Rkyticeros ii. 493
, Rhytidoceros ii. 493
subruf us, Malacocercus ii. 92
subsoccata, Cotile ii. 256
• , Cotyle ii. 256
subundulata, Amadina ii. 342
PAGE
subundulata, Munia ii. 342
subunicolor, Garrulax ii. 82
— — — — , Trochalopteron ii. 82
, Trochalopterum ii. 82
subviridis, Machlolophus ii. 185
— — , Parus ii. 185
, Pliylloscopus i. 252
sueicica, Cyanecula i. 317
Sula aus tralis ii. 735
— cyanops ii. 734
fusca ii. 735
personata ii. 734
• piscator ii. 735
piscatrix ii. 735
sula, Dysporus ii. 734
Pelecanus ii. 735
SULIDJE ii. 734
sulpliurea, Calobates ii. 278
, Motacilla ii. 278
sultaneus, Chrysocolaptes ii. 451
-- — • , Iiidopicus ii. 182
•, Melanochlora ii. 182
• , Pious ii. 451
sumatrana, Ardea ii. 657
, Mixornis ....ii. 148
, Onychoprion ii. 723
, Sterna ii. 723
, Strix i. 87
sumatranus, Coracias ii. 386
, Oorydon ii. 386
— — — , Cuculus ii. 421
, Eurylasmus ii. 386
, Bliopodytes ii. 420
sumatrensis, Baza i. 63
sundara, Niltava i. 231
sunia, Epliialtes i. 93
, Scops i. 93
superciliaris, Abrornis i. 219
• , Cryptolopha i. 219
, lanthina i. 200
, Larvivora i. 314
. , Muscicapa i. 195
•, Muscicapula i. 195
, Pomatorhinus ii. 106
, Prinia i. 279
, Sturnopastor ii. 364
, Suya i. 279
814
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
superciliaris, Tarsiger i. 200
, Xiphoramphus ii. 106
, , Xiphorhynchus ii. 106
superciliosa, Ophrysia ii. 563
superciliosus, Motacilla i. 249
, , Pkylloscopus i. 249
, Reguloides i. 248, 249
superstriata, Amadina ii. 342
, ,Munia ii. 342
suratensis, Turtur ii. 514
Surniculus dicruroides ii. 414
-lugubris ii. 414
susanii, Criniger ii. 25
Suthora danaensis ii. 125
gularis ii. 126
Humii ii. 124
munipurensis ii. 125
• nipalensis ii. 125
. poliotis ii. 125
ruficeps ii. 125
unicolor ii. 126
Sutoria sutoria i. 285
sutorius, Orthotomus i. 285
Suya albigularis i. 278
. atrigularis • i. 277
- - • crinigera i. 274
erythropleura i. 279
fuliginosa i. 275
gangetica i. 281
Khasiana i. 277
obscura i. 275
striata i 275
superciliaris i. 279
swainsonii, Circus i. 14
swinhoei, Merops ii. 472
syenitica, Saxicola ii. 4
sykesi, Campophaga i. 181
• , Hemipodius ii. 570
,Lalage i. 181
, Malacocercus ii. 123
— , Volvocivora i. 181
Sylochelidon caspius ii. 721
Sylvanus, Cichloramphus ...ii. 295
• , Heterura ii. 295
• , Oreocorys ii. 295
sylvatica, Carpophaga ii. 503
,Drymoeca i. 280
PAGE
sylvatica, Drymoipus i. 281
r Hirundinapus ii. 392
,Prinia i. 280
Sylvia affinis i. 236
althaea i. 237
cinerea i. 235
curruca i. 236
: delicatula i. 237
familiaris i. 238
indica i. 262
Jerdoni i. 236
longicaudata i. 279
melanopogon i. 265
minuscula i. 237
nana i. 237
rufa i. 235
Schwarzi i. 263
sylvicola, Tephrodornis i. 163
SYLVIIN^ i. 235
Sylviparus modestus ii. ]88
Sypheotides auritus ii. 578
bengalensis ii. 577
SYENIIN^ i. 113
Syrnium Butleri i. 110
indranee i. 121
• newarense i 120
nivicolum i. 117
• ocellatum i. 118
• sinense i. 120
Syrrhaptes thibetanus ii. 528
Taccocua affinis ii 425
infuscata ii. 425
— Leschenaulti ii. 425
sirkeer ii. 425
Tachypetes aquila ii. 734
Tadorna casarca ."ii. 680
cornuta ii. 681
• vulpanser ii. 682
taigoor, Turnix ii. 569
TANTALIN^ ii. 664
Tantalus leucocephalus ....ii. 665
• melanocephalus ii. 667
tarda, Otis ii. 572
Tarsiger clirysaeus i. 201
Hodgsoni i. 199
GENERAL INDEX.
815
PAGE
Tarsiger hyperythrus i. 199
• indicus i. 120
• rufilatus i 198
Tchitrea affinis *• 212
— paradisi i. 210
tectirostris, Ardea ii. 651
,Bhringa i. 159
tectorum, Cypselus ii. 391
teesa, Butastur i. 47
, Poliornis i. 47
Temenuchus burmannicus ii. 369
. dauricus ".ii. 368
. . leucopterus ., ii. 369
• malabaricus ii- 368
. myioplioneus ii. 355
. nemoricolus ii. 371
— . pagodarum ii. 367
Temmincki tringa ii. 613
temporalis, Locustella i. 259
tenellipes, Phyllopneuste i. 242
, Phylloscopus i. 242
Tentheca leucura i. 162
• pelvica i. 163
tenuirostris, Anous ii. 730
. — f Cacomantis ii. 413
, Gyps i. 6
. , Ololygon ii. 413
— , Oriolus i. 147
_ . — , Polyphasia ii. 413
tephrocephala, Cryptoloplia i. 217
-. , Culicepeta i. 217
Tephrodornis grisola i. 164
— indica i. 162
. obscura i. 165
__ -.. pelvica i. 163
^ — . — — pelvicus i. 163
. — pondiceriana i. 162
_. sylvicola i. 163
tephronotus, Collurio ii. 204
, Lanius ii. 204
terat, Lalage i. 182
Terekia cinerea ii. 623
Terpsiphone affinis i. 212
paradisi i. 210
terricolor, Alseonax i. 185
. -,Butalis i. 185
, Drymoipus i. 279
PAGE
Tesia albiventer ii. 52
castaneocoronata ii. 156
coromandelica ii. 566
cyaniventer ii. 157
flaviventer ...ii. 156
Tetrao cliinensis ii. 567
ocellatus ii. 560
perlatus .'..ii. 552
• viridis ii. 561
Tetraogallus Himalayensis ii. 549
thibetanus ii. 549
tetrax, Otis ii. 573
Thalasseus Bengalensis ii. 723
Thalassidroma Wilsoni ii. 710
Thamnobia cambaiensis ii. 64
fulicata ii. 64
thermopliilus, Ciclilops ii. 290
thibetana, Chrysomitris ii. 301
tliibetanum, Polyplectron ii. 531
, Syrrhaptes ii. 528
thibetanus, Tetraogallus ii. 549
thoracica, Duineticola i. 261
thoracicus, Prionochilus ii. 250
threnodes, Cacomantis ii. 413
Threskiornis melanocephalus ii. 667
Tliriponax Crawfurdi ii. 450
Feddeni ii. 450
Hodgei ii. 449
Hodgsoni ii. 449
Javensis ,..ii. 450
Jerdoni ii. 459
thura, Carpodacus ii. 320
, Propasser ii. 320
Tichodroma muraria ii. 213
nipalensis ii. 213
subhimalayana ii. 213
tickelli, Anorrliinus ii. 496
, Hypsipetes ii. 25
> lole ii. 25
, Ocyceros ii. 496
— — , Toccus ii. 496
Tickelli, Arboricola ii. 553
, Drymocataphus ii. 144
, lole ii. 25
, Orthorhinus ii 105
— — , Pellorneum ,.. ii. 137
, Pomatorhinus ii. 105
81G
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Tickelli, Toccus ii. 496
tickellise, Cyornis i. 225
— , Sipliia i. 225
Tiga intermedia ii 438
Javanensis ii. 438
rubropygialis ii. 438
— — Shorii ii. 438
tigrina, Columba ii- 515
, Spilopelia ii. 515
tigrinus, Turtur ii. 515
Timalia bengalensis ii. 129
chatorhaea ii. 93
• malcolmi ii. 95
- nipalensis ii. 89
pellotis ii. 89
platyura i. 270
Somervillei. ii. 123
subrufa ii. 92
TIMELI-SS ii- 129
Timelia hyperytlira ii. 133
- hypoleuca ii. 131
Jerdoni ii. 129
. longirostris ii. 130
pileata ii. 129
TINAMIDJ3 ii. 568
tinnuncula, Cerchneis i. 77
Tinnunculus alaudarius i. 77
. . Cencliris i. 78
tinus, Cypselus ii. 391
tiphia, ^Egitbina ii. 9
, Motacilla ii. 9
Toccus gingalensis ii. 492
griseus ii. 495
tickelli ii. 496
Todiramphus collaris ii. 484
torquata, Melanocorypha ii. 355
torquatus, Gampsorhynclius ii. 91
• • , Palseomis ii. 467
. , Psittacus ii. 467
torqueola, Arboricola ii. 556
torquilla, lynx ii. 433
, Yunx ii. 433
torra, Ardea ii. 655
, Herodias ii. 655
TOTANIN^ , ii. 619
Totanus calidris ii. 622
— • canescens ii. 621
PAGE
Totanus dubius ii. 623
• fuscus ii. 622
glareola ii. 620
glottis ii. 621
Haughtoni ii. 623
hypoleucos ii. 619
ochropus ii. 619
stagnatilis ii. 621
totanus, Scolopa.x ii. 621
Trachyconms ochrocephalus ii. 33
trailli, Oriolus i. 150
, Pastor i. 150
, Psaropholus i. 150
tranquebaricvA, Turtur ii. 516
Treron apicauda ii. 503
fulvicollis ii. 501
nipalensis ii. 497
vernans ii. 500
TKEUONIDJE ii. 497
Tribura luteoventris i. 262
Trichostoma abbotti ii. 140
Tricolor ii. 142
ferruginosum ii. 142
leucoproctum i. 233
minor ii. 144
• • minus ii. 144
• olivaceum ii. 140
rostratum ii. 416
rubiginosa ii. 145
Tricholestes crinigera ii. 31
minutus ii. 31
Trichopnorus gutturalis ii. 30
minutus ii. 31
. striatus ii. 32
— — striolatus ii. 22
tricolor, Cittocincla ii. 68
• , Lanius ii. 207
• • , Myristivora ii. 505
• , Sipliia i. 229
tridactyla, Alcedo ii. 486
, Ceyx ii. 486
trigonostigma, Certhia ii. 245
, Dicseum ii. 245
Tringa alpina ii. 615
chirurgus ii. 635
• cinclus ii. 615
— — crassirostris ii. 613
GENERAL INDEX.
817
PAGE
Tringa damascensis .................. ii. 612
- glareola ........................ ii. 620
- helvetica ........................ ii. 583
- hypoleucos ..................... ii. 619
- interprea ........................ ii. 597
- mimita .......................... ii. 611
- ochrophus ..................... ii. 619
-- — . ochropus ........................ ii. 619
-- platyrhyncha .................. ii. 610
- pugnax ........................... ii. 616
- • ruficollis ........................ ii. 612
- • salina ........................... ii. 612
- — subarquata ..................... ii. 615
- • subminuta ..................... ii. 612
- Temmincki ..................... ii. 613
ii. 610
Tringoides hypoleucos ............... ii. 619
tristia, Acridotlieris ............... ii. 365
- , Brachypodius .................. ii. 25
- , Criniger ........................ ii. 25
-- 1 Meliaa ........................... ii. 429
— , Phyllopneuste ............... i. 246
- , Phylloscopus .................. i. 246
- , Picas ........................... ii. 460
- , Rhopodytes .................. ii. 419
- , Zanclostomua ............... ii. 419
trivialis, Alauda ........................ ii. 284
-- , Antlius ..................... ii. 284.
- , Pipastes ..................... ii. 284
trivirgatus, Astur ..................... i. 17
-- , Falco ..................... i. 17
- -- , Lophospizia ............ i. 17
Trochalopteron cachinnans ......... ii. 84
--- clirysopterum ...ii. 78
---- erythrolaema ...... ii. 78
-- — — fairbanki ............ ii. 85
_ -- imbricatum ......... ii. 87
--- jerdoni ............... ii. 84
--- - melaiiostigma ...ii. 80
- . — meridionale ...... ii. 86
- - - - — phceniceum ......... ii. 83
-- • — ruficapillum ...... ii. 78
- _ - . — rufigulare ......... ii. 80
. - . - squamatum ......... ii. 82
-- subunicolor ........ ii. 82
Trochalopterum affine ............... ii. 76
- - - - austeni ............... ii. 83
VOL. II.— 105
Trochalopterum chrysopterum
cineraceum ii.
* erythrocephalum..ii.
. erythrolsema ii.
lineatum ii.
-—————• -~ melanostigma ...ii.
— •• • phceniceum ii.
PAGE
ii. 78
81
77
79
86
80
83
ruficapillum ii. 79
rufigulare ii. 80
squamatum ii. 82
— subunicolor ii. 82
. variegatum ii. 76
— virgatum ii. 88
TROGLODYTINJB ii. 49
Trogon asiaticus ii. 429
duvaucelli ii. 407
erythrocephalus ii. 405
hodgsoni ii. 405
maculatus ii. 415
• malabaricus ii. 405
oreskios ii. 406
TROGONID^: ii. 405
Tropicoperdix chloropus ii. 557
Trypanocorax frugilegus i. 126
tschebaiewi, Calliope i. 317
• — , Erithacus i. 317
tukki, Meiglyptes ii. 461
— , Picus ii. 461
TURDIDJE i. 235
TURBINE i. 293
Turdinulus murinus ii. 152
Roberti ii. 152
Turdinus abbotti ii. 140
brevicaudatua ii. 150
• crispifrons ii. 146
— — Darwini ii. 146
• garoensis ii. 144
guttatus ii. 139
— — magnirostris ii. 141
——— — nagaensis ii. 143
— — — — — striatus ii. 151
• Williamsoni ii. 151
Turdirostris umbratilis ii. 145
Turdulus cardis i. 307
davisoni i. 3QO
• sibiricus i. 300
Turdus albocinctus i. 304
818
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
Turdus analis ii« 38
. atriceps , -..ii. 26
• • atrigularis i. 305
camtschatkensis i. 315
canorus - ii- 122
. chalybeus ii- 371
citrimis i- 298
cyanotus i. 297
dauma i. 294
daulias i. 310
diardi ii. 109
— dissimillis i. 307
dubius i. 307
.erytlirogaster i. 313
• eunomus i- 306
• — fuscatus i. 306
hodgsoni i. 302
iliacus i. 302
leschenaulti ii. 70
— — malabaricus ii. 14, 370
modestus i. 309
• mollisimus i. 295
mystacinus i. 308
naumanni i. 306
neilgherriensis i. 295
nigropileus i. 305
• obscurus i. 309
ochrocephalus ii. 33
pagodarum ii. 367
pallens i. 309
. pallidua i. 310
pilaris i. 203
pcecilopterus ... i. 30i
— — — protomomelas i. 307
• rufulus i. 309
saxatilis i. 311
• Bibizicus i. 300
simillima i. 305
strigatus ii. 371
tricolor ii. 68
viscivorua i. 302
Turnix albiventris ii. 571
blanfordi ii. 5/0
— cambayensis ii. 514
dussumieri ii. 569, 570
joudera ii. 569
— — maculatus ii. 570
PAGE
Turnix maculosa ii. 570
ocellatus ii. 568
plumbipes ii. 568
pugnax ii. 568
taigoor ii. 569
Tnrtur humilis ii. 516
liumilior ii 516
ineena ii. 513
— pulchratus ii. 512
risorius ii- 515
rnpicolus ii- -512
senegalensis ii. 518
suratensis ii. 514
tranquebaricus ii. 516
tigrinus ii. 515
TTJRTURIN.E ii. 512
tussalia, Coccyzura ii 511
. , Macropygia ii. 511
typhon, Ardea ii. 651
typhia, lora ii. 9
typus, Chiquera «. i 74
Tytleri, Calornis ii. 371
, Cisticola ,.... i. 293
, Hirando ii. 262
, Myiagra i. 202
, Phylloscopus i. 248
ubiquitarius, Cichlopa ii. 291
umbratilis, Turdirostris ii. 146
umbrmus, Corvus i. 127
undulata, Loxia ii. 342
, Munia ii. 342
undulatus, Buceros ii. 494
, Rhyticeros ii. 494
• , Rhytidoceros ii. 494
unicolor, Cyornis i. 224
t Geocichla i. 309
• , Heteromorpha ii. 126
, Merula i. 309
, Paradoxornis ii. 126
, Siphia i. 224
, Sturnus ii. 364
, Suthora ii. 126
Unwinii, Caprimulgus ii. 401
Upupa Ceylonensis ii. 469, 470
epops ii. 469
GENERAL INDEX.
819
PAGE
TJpupa indica ii. 469
longirostris ii. 469
• nigripennis ii. 470
UPUPID^J ii- 469
urbica, Chelidon ii. 253, 254
, Hirundo ii. 253
Urocichla longicaudata ii. 49
Urocissa flavirostris i. 134
... magnirostris i. 133
occipitalis i. 133
sinensis i. 134
uropygialis, Garrulax .....ii. 110
Urrua bengalensis i. 84
coroinanda i. 85
vaillantii, Corvus i 131
valida, Drymceca i. 281
VANELLINJS ii. 589
Vanellus cristatus .......ii. 589
various, Crypsirrliina i. 138
variegatum, Cinclosoma ii. 76
, Troclialopteron ii. 76
, Trochalopterum ii. 76
varius, Hierococcyx ii. 412
velatum, Philentoma i. 213
velox, Sterna ii. 721
Venilia malaccensis ii. 443
porphyromelas ii. 442
• pyrrliotis ii. 441
ventralis, Hoplopterus ii. 592
vernalis, Coryllis ii. 463
, Loriculus ii. 463
, Psittacus ii. 463
vernans, Columba ii. 500
, Osmotreron ii. 500
, Treron ii. 500
vespertinus, Erythropus i. 79
vibrissa, Psittacus ii. 464
Vieillotti, Euplocamus ii. 544
- — , Gallophasis ii. 544
vigil, Buceros ii. 491
• , Rliinoplax ii. 491
vigorsi, uEthopyga ii. 221
, Cinnyris ii. 221
• , Garrulus i. 143
— — , Nectarinia ii. 221
PAGE
vinago, Sphenurus ii. 502
vinipectus, Alcippe ii. 166
, Leiothrix ii. 166
, Proparus ii. 166
, Siva ii. 166
virens, Bucco ii. 426, 427
, Megalsema ii. 426, 427
virescens, lole ii.
viridescens, lole ii.
virgatus, Accipiter i.
23
23
22
22
88
, Falco i.
virgatum, Trochalopterum ii.
virginicus, Charadrius ii. 585
virgo, Anthropoides ii. 602
viridanus, Gecinus ii. 448
, Phyllopneuste i. 241
, Phylloscopus i. 241
, Picas ii. 443
viridifrons, Orocopus ii. 499
viridipennis, Phylloscopus i. 246
, Reguloides i. 246
viridirostris, Zanclostomus ii. 421
viridis, Budytes ii. 281
, Calyptomena ii. 38
, Cochoa i. 167
•, Columba ii. 500
— — — , Gecinulus ii. 457
, Megala3ma ii 429
, Merops ii. 471
, Motacilla ii. 281
, Osmotreron ii. 500
,Tetrao ii. 561
viridissiina, jEgithina ii. 8
, lora ii. 8
vittatus, Gecinus ii. 448
',Lanius ii. 210
Yivia innoininata ii. 435
nepalensis „ ii. 435
vivida, Cyornis i. 232
.,Mltava i. 232
Volvocivora avensis i. 172
intermedia i. 173
melaschistos i. 171
neglecta i. 172
saturata i. 171
Sykesii i. 181
vulgaris, Buteo ,.. i. 25
820
GENERAL INDEX.
PAGE
vulgaris, Sturnus ? ii. 363
vulpanser, Tadorna ii. 682
Vultur calms i- 9
• monaclms i- 3
pondicerianus i. 9
i. 2
Waldeni, Actinodura ii. 119
, uEthopyga ii. 226
, Buchanga i. 155
Wallichi, Phasianus ii. 539
Wardi, Cichloselys i. 300
, Geocichla i. 300
, Turdus i. 300
. , Turdulus i. 300
"Williamsoni, Turdinus ii . 151
Wilsoni, Procellaria* ii. 710
, Thalassidroma ii. 710
xanthochlora, Anthreptes ii. 239
. . , Erpornis ii. 174
xanthochloris, Allotrius ii. 201
. • , Pterery thrius ii. 201
xanthogenys, Machlolophus ii. 184
. ., Paras ii. 184
Xantholsema cyanotis ii. 432
hsemacephala ii. 431
— — indica ii. 431
• malabarica h. 432
xantholsemus, Brachypus ii. 41
• , Ixus < ii. 41
. •, Pycnonotus ii. 41
xantholeuca, Herpornis ii. 174
xanthonotus, Oriolus i. 149
. , Indicator ii. 434
Xanthopygia f uliginosa i. 204
xanthorhynchus, Chalcococcyx ...ii. 416
• , Chrysococcyx...ii. 416
< , Cuculus ii. 416
xanthoschistos, Abrornis i. 217
• , Phyllopneuste ... i. 217
Xenocicnla icterica ii. 33
PAGE
Xenorhynchus asiaticus ii. 648
australis ii. 648
Xiphoramphus euperciliaris ii. 106
Tuhina gularis ii- 171
• nigrimentum ii. 172
occipitalis ii. 163, 172
pyrrhura .ii- 173
TuNCir.® ii- 433
Tungipicus canicapillus ii. 458
nanus ii. 468
yunnanensis, Hypsipetes ii. 19
Yunx torquilla ii- 433
Zanclostomus diardi ii- 420
Javanicus ii- 422
^ sirkeer ii. 425
tristis ii. 419
. viridirostris ii. 421
Zapornis pygnisea , ii. 640
zeylanicus, Rallus , ii. 631
zeylonensis, Galloperdix ii. 549
zeylonica, Certhia ii. 230
, Cinnyris ii- 230
• , Leptocoma ii. 230
, Nectarinia ii. 230
• , Nectarophila ii. 230
Zoothera marginata i. 297
monticola i. 2^3
Zosterops aureiventer ii. 246
. Austeni ii. 243
Buxtoni ii. 243
chloropsis ii. 15
• literalis ii. 243
nicobarica ii. 242
• nicobariensis ii. 242
• palpebrosa ii. 242
palpebrosa-nicobariensis ii. 242
. Siamensis ii. 243
• • simplex ii. 242
Zosterops madraspatensis ii. 242
ZYGODACTYLI ii. 407
ENGLISH INDEX.
A PAGE
Accentor, Black -throated ii. 190
, Himalayan ii- 193
, Jerdon's ii- 192
, Large Himalayan ii- 193
, Maroon-backed ii. 190
, Robin ii- 191
, Rufous-breasted ii- 191
Adjutant, The ii- 647
, The Lesser ii. 648
Avocet, The ii- 631
Babbler, Abbott's Thrush ii. 140
, Allied Tree ii. 155
•-- , Arrakan Scimitar ii- 104
, Assam Ground ii. 138
. , „ Scimitar ii. 103
- , Austen's Scimitar ii. 101
. -.Bengal ii. 122
. , Black -headed Ground ...ii. 143
, Black-throated Tree ii. 138
, Blyth's Thrush ii. 146
, Brown-headed Tree ii. 141
, Burmese-striated Groundii. 137
, Ferruginous Scimitar ii. 102
, „ Thrush ii. 142
, Golden-headed Tree ii. 155
, Hume's Ground ii. 143
, „ Tree ii. 154
, Jerdon's Grass ii. 131
, Large Grey ii. 95
• , Larger Yellow-eyed ii. 130
. , Limestone Thrush ii. 146
, Lloyd's Scimitar ii. 101
, MacClelland's Scimitar... ii. 106
, Nepalese Spotted Wren...ii.
, Phayre's Scimitar ii. 102
,Pinwill's „ ii. 100
PAGE
Babbler, Punjab Bush ............... ii, 94
- , Red-billed Tree ............ ii. 154
-- , Red-capped Grass ......... ii. 129
-- , Red-headed Tree ......... ii. 147
-- , Red-winged ,, ......... ii. 149
- , Robert's Ground ............ ii. 152
- , Rufous ........................ ii. 92
-- -, „ -backed ............ n. 92
- , „ -bellied ............ ii. 133
— , „ Ground ............ ii. 145
- , „ -headed Tree ...... ii. 153
- , „ -necked Scimitar. .ii. 104
- , „ -tailed ............... ii. 123
-- , Rusty-cheeked Scimitar .ii. 105
-- , Sharpe's Assam Ground .ii. 144
— , „ Striated „ ..ii. 135
-- . Short-tailed Thrush ...... ii. 150
-- , Slaty-headed Scimitar ...ii. 99
- , Slender-billed „
- , Southern „
- , Spiny ........................... ii. 39
— , Spotted Tree ............... ii. 139
- •, „ Wren ............... ii. 136
- , Striated Bush ............... ii. 93
- , „ Reed ............... ii. 92
- , „ Thrush ............ ii. 151
- , Sumatran Yellow-breast-
ed Tree ..................... ii. U8
- • , Tickell's Ground ............ ii. 144
- , „ Scimitar ......... ii. 105
- , White-headed ............... ii. 122
- . , White-throated,orBlyth'sii. 103
-- , n „ Bush ...ii. 94
- , » „ Wren...ii. 132
- , Yellow -breasted Tree ...ii 148
-- , ,, -eyed .................. ii. 130
Barbet, Blue-eared .................. ii. 432
- , „ -faced .................. ii. 429
- , Br6wn ........................ ii. 432
- , Common Green ............ ii 428
...
..ii.
822
ENGLISH INDEX.
PAGE
Barbet, Crimson-breasted ii. 431
, „ -throated ii. 432
, Davison's ^ ii. 430
, Gaudy ii. 427
, Great Chinese ii 427
— , „ Indian ii. 426
, Hume's ii. 430
-, Lineated ii. 427
, Malabar Green ii. 428
, Ramsay's ii. 430
, Small Green ii. 429
Bar-wing, Dana ii. 120
, Hoary ii. 120
', Ogle's , ii. 121
, Ramsay's ii. 119
. — t Rufous ii. 118
,Walden's ii 119
Bee-eater, Blue-necked ii. 474
-, „ -tailed ii. 471
, Chestnut-headed ii. 472
-, Common Indian Green. ii. 471
, European ii. 473
, Persian ii. 473
, Red-bearded ii. 474
Bittern, Blue ii. 660
, Chestnut ii. 661
, Little Green ii. 659
, Little Yellow . ii. 661
-, Little ii. 662
— - — , European ii. 662
, Malay Tiger ii. 664
Blue-bird, Fairy i. 161
Blue-throat, Indian i. 317
Booby, Brown , ii. 735
.Masked ii. 735
, Red-legged ii. 735
Broad-bill, Black and Red ii. 387
1 tt and Yellow ii. 385
, Dusky ii. 386
, Gould's ii. 383
, Green ii. 382
. , Hodgson's ii. 384
, Horsfield's ii. 385
, Long-tailed ii. 383
Bulbul, Andaman Black-headed. ..ii. 27
, Black-crested Yellow ii. 46
. -headed . ...ii. 26
PAGE
Bulbul, Blanford's ii. 41
, Blue-whiskered Green ...ii. 17
-,Blyth's ii. 39
, Bristle-backed ii. 31
, Brown-eared .* ii. 20
, Burmese Black ii. 19
•, ,, Green ii. 16
, „ Red-vented ii. 35
, „ White-throated ii. 30
— , Chinese Red-vented ii. 36
, Common Dwarf ii. 9
, „ Madras ii. 34
•, ,, Red- vented ...ii. 37
, Crested Brown ii. 25
, Davison's ii. 40
, ,, Brown-eared ...ii. 22
— , Finch-billed , ii. 48
, Finlayson's ii. 40
, Gold-fronted Green ii. 13
, Green Dwarf ii. 8
, Grey-bellied ii. 27, 47
, „ -headed . ii. 29
, Hildebrandt's Brown-
eared ii. 21
, Himalayan Black ii. 18
, Indian Ruby-throated .. ii. 47
, Jerdon's or the Common
Green ii. 15
, ,, Yellow-throated .ii. 41
, Lafresnay's Dwarf ii. 11
, Large Olive ii. 42
, Madras Red- whiskered ...ii. 44
, Malabar Green ii. 14
, Malachite. shouldered
Green ii. 15
, Malayan White-Throated ii. 30
, Marshall's Dwarf ii. 10
, Moore's Olive ii. 43
, Orange -billed Green ii. 12
, Red-Whiskered ii. 44
, Rufous-bellied ii. 24
, Small Olive ii. 23, 43
, South Indian or Grey-
headed ii. 28
, Streaked ii. 22
, Striated Green ii. 32
, Sykes' Black ii. 19
ENGLISH INDEX.
823
Bulbul, Tenasserim Red- vented... ii.
, Tickell's ii.
, White-cheeked Crested ...ii.
, ,, -eared ii.
> »> eye-browed Bush . . . ii.
, „ -throated ii.
, Yellow-browed ii.
, ,, -crowned ii.
, , -vented ii.
PAGE
36
25
45
38
39
29
33
33
38
325
Bull-finch, Beavan's ii.
, Brown ii. 324
, Gold-headed Black ...ii. 316
, Orange ii. 325
, Red-headed Bull ii. 324
, Trumpeter, ii. 307
Bunting, Black-faced ii. 332
• , „ -headed Corn ii. 329
.Chestnut ii. 331
, Crested Black ii. 337
. , Dwarf ii. 327
, Grey-headed ii. 328
, „ -necked ii. 333
. .Red-headed ii. 329
• • , Rosy Ortolan ii. 326
, Striolated ii. 335
— . .White-capped ii. 334
, „ -crowned ii. 334
, „ -necked ii. 333
— , Yellow-breasted ii. 330
Bush-chat, Black and White i. 205
, Da k Grey i. 205
.Golden i. 201
, Indian i. 191
.Large i. 190
, Stolickza's i. 189
, White -tailed i. 192
Bustard, European ii. 572
, Houbara ii. 575
., Indian ii. 574
, Lesser ii. 573
Buzzard, African i. 25
, Brown Eagle i. 26
.Grey-cheeked i. 50
— — .Harrier i. 25
• , Honey i. 61
, Long-legged i. 23
, White-eyed , i. 47
PAGE
Chat, Black and White Bush ...... i.
- , Dark Grey Bush ............... i.
- , Golden Bush .................. i.
- , Himalayan Long-winged
Blue ........................... i.
- , Hooded Stone .................. ii.
- , Hume's Pied Stone ............ ii.
- , Indian Blue Robin or
Wood ............... i.
— , „ Bush ..................... i.
- , ,, Chat-Robin orBrownii.
- , „ Stone ..................... ii.
- , „ White-tailed Stone .ii.
- .Large Bush ..................... i.
- , „ Fairy Blue ............ i.
- , Pied Stone ..................... ii.
— , Rufous-bellied Fairy-blue... i.
- , ,, „ Blue-wood... i.
- , Rusty-Throated „ „ ... i.
- , Small Fairy Blue ............ i.
- , Stolickza's Bush ............... i.
- , Swinhoe's Rufous-bellied
Blue .......................... i.
- , White-breasted Blue-Wood, i.
- , ,, -headed Stone ......... ii.
- , „ -tailed Blue ............ ii.
- , •> » » Bush ...... i.
- , „ „ Bush ............ i.
Chough, Alpine ........................ i.
- - , Himalayan .................. i.
Cock, Himalayan Snow ............ ii.
- .Thibetan ........................ ii.
Coot, Bald .............................. ii.
- , Purple .............................. ii.
Cormorant, Large ..................... ii.
-- , Little ........................ ii.
- •, White-tufted ............ ii.
Coucal, Burmese ..................... ii.
•, Common or Crow
Pheasant .................. ii.
••-, Lesser ........................ ii.
Crake, Ashy ........................... ii.
- , Bai lion's ..................... ii.
- , Banded ........................ ii.
- , Little ...... . .................... ii.
- , Malay Banded ............... ii.
205
205
201
319
3
2
314
191
1
3
4
190
233
2
231
2uO
199
234
189
232
198
4
59
233
192
344
144
549
549
636
635
733
740
740
423
423
424
643
645
639
643
640
824
ENGLISH INDEX.
Crake, Ruddy ii. 642
, Spotted ii. 642
Crane, Common, The ii. 601
, Large White, Snow-wreath
or Siberian ii. 600
, Demoiselle ii. 602
, Sarus ii. 600
Creeper, Himalayan Tree ii. 212
• , Nepaul „ ii. 212
• , Bed- winged Wall ii 213
• , Sikkim Tree ii. 212
, Spotted Grey ii. 213
Cross-bill, Himalayan ii. 323
Crow, Carrion i. 130
, Common Indian i. 130
• , Great Corbie, or Raven ... i. 127
, Hooded i. 129
, Indian Jungle i. 131
Cuckoo, Asiatic ii. 408
, Banded ii. 410
, Black Fork-tailed ii. 414
, Common Hawk ii. 412
, Emerald ii. 415
— — , European ii. 408
, Hodgson's Hawk ii. 413
, Hume's Hawk ii. 412
, Indian ii, 410
, „ Plaintive ii. 414
, „ Hawk ii. 411
, Pied-crested ii 417
• , Red- winged Crested ii. 417
, Rufous-bellied ii. 413
, Smaller Hoary-headed... ii. 409
, Yiolet ii. 416
, White-collared Violet ...ii. 416
Cuckoo-shrike, Black-breasted ... i. 182
, „ -headed i. 181
, Blyth's i. 172
, Dark Grey i. 171
, Davison's i. 172
• , Indian i. 170
• , Nicobar i. 182
• , Swinhoe's i. 171
Curlew, Pigmy ii. 624
-, Red-billed ii. 631
.The ii. 630
-D PAGE
Dipper, Brown-backed or White-
throated ii. 54
, Himalayan ; ii. 54
Dove, Ashy Turtle ii. 512
, Barred Ground ii. 518
, Bar- tailed Cuckoo ii. 511
.Emerald ii. 517
, Indian Ring ii. 515
, Little Brown ii. 513
, Malayan Spotted ii. 515
, Red Turtle ii. 516
, Rufous Turtle ii. 513
, Spotted ii. 514
, Tenasserim Cuckoo ii. 512
Drongo, Andaman i. 158
• • , Bronzed i. 153
— , Common, or King Crow... i. 154
• , Crow-billed i. 151
• , Dark Ashy, or Long- tailed . 155
, Great Racket-tailed 159
• , Hair- crested 152
, Lesser Racket-tailed 159
, Malay 154
, Pale Ashy 156
, White -bellied 157
, ,, -cheeked 156
Duck, Stiff- tailed White-faced ii. 703
,TheComb ii. 677
, Brahminy ii. 680
, White-winged Wood ii. 681
, Burrow ii. 681
, Spot-billed h. 684
, Pink-headed ii. 685
Dunlin, The ii. 615
E
Eagle, Changeable Hawk i. 42
— , Common Serpent i. 43
, Crested Hawk i. 40
— , ,, Serpent i. 44
— — , Crestless Hawk i. 36
, Dwarf, or Booted i. 37
, Eastern White-tailed i. 81
, European White-tailed Sea. i. 51
, Golden i. 29
ENGLISH INDEX.
825
PAGE
Eagle, Imperial i. 30
, Lesser Sea i. 82
, Long legged i. 34
, Pied- crested Hawk i. 41
, Ring-tailed Sea i. 54
, Rufous-bellied Hawk i. 38
, Russian i. 32
, Southern, or Lesser Harrier i. 46
— , Spotted i- 35
, „ or Hodgson's Hawk i. 39
, Tawny i. 33
f White-bellied Sea i. 53
Egret, AshyThe ii. 656
— , „ Blue Reef ii. 657
, Cattle... ii. 657
Falcon, Barbary i. 70
•, Cherrug i. 76
, Luggur i. 72
, Peregrine i. 68
, Shaheen i. 69
, Sooloo i. 20
-, White -naped Pigmy i. 65
, Zuggur i. 47
Falconet, Black-legged i. 66
, Fielden's i. 66
Fantail, Javan i. 208
, White-browed i. 210
, „ -spotted i. 209
. ., „ -throated i. 207
, Yellow-bellied i. 206
Fieldfare, The i. 303
Finch, Adams' Mountain ii. 303
, Beautiful Rose- ii. 321
— , Beavan's Bull ii. 325
, Blanford's Mountain ii. 304
, Brandt's Mountain ii. 306
, Brown Bull- ii. M24
, Caucasian Rose- ii. 317
, Common Rose- ii. 316
, Dark „ - ii. 299
, Edward's „ - ii. 319'
, Gold-headed ii. 315
, „ Black Bull- ii. 316
VOL. II.— 106
PAGE
Finch, Himalayan Gold- ii. 300
— — , Himalayan Lark- ii. 305
, Hume's Rose ii. 321
, Large Red-breasted ii. 322
, Mountain- ii. 299
, Orange Bull ii. 325
, Pale Rose- ii. 300
, Pink-browed Rose ii. 318
, Red „ ii. 302
, „ -headedBull- ii. 324
, „ „ Rose ii. 326
, „ -mantled Rose ii. 318
, „ -necked Mountain- ii. 304
, „ -winged Rose ii. 306
, Rosy fronted Rose ii. 320
, Sikkim Lark- ii. 305
, Spotted-winged Rose- ii. 318
, Trumpeter Bull- ii. 307
, White-browed Rose ii. 320
Finfoot, The Masked ii. 637
Flamingo, The ii. 669
, Lesser ii. 670
Floriken, Bengal ii. 577
, Lesser ii. 578
Flower-pecker, Chestnut- eared ...ii. 165
, „ -headed... ii. 163
. , „ „ ...ii. 164
, Crimson-breasted .ii. 249
. • , Davison's ii. 164
, Fire-breasted ii. 246
, „ -tailed ii. 173
, Hume's ii. 252
, Neilgherry ii. 247
, Orange-bellied ii. 245
, Plain-colored ii. 248
, Scarlet-backed ii. 244
, Small ii. 249
, Striated ii. 165
, Thick-bellied ii. 251
, White , ii. 174
, „ -throated ...ii. 250
, Yellow-bellied ii. 251
, „ -naped ii. 162
• , „ -vented ii. 247
Fly-catcher, Allied Black-naped
Blue i. 202
— , Black-naped Blue ... i. 201
826
ENGLISH INDEX.
PAGE
Fly-catcher, Black and Orange ... i. 227
. . , Brown i. 185
, Burmese Paradise ... i. 212
. , Chestnut-winged i. 214
, Fawn-bellied i. 230
, Ferruginous i. 184
. , Grey-headed i. 215
. . • , Hodgson's Grey-
headed i. 218
, Hume's White Gor-
geted i. 231
, , f Lesser Black-browed i. 216
, Little Blue and White i. 196
, jt „ Pied i. 196
,Mandell's i. 228
t Maroon-breasted i. 213
— , Neilgherry Blue i. 222
, Olive-backed i. 229
, — • , „ -brown i. 187
, Orange -gorgeted ... i. 227
. , Pale Blue i. 224
, Paradise ' i. 210
. , Pigmy Blue i. 199
, Bed-breasted i. 187
J , Rufous-tailed i. 228
, , Busty-breasted i. 194
— t Sapphire-headed i. 197
, Slaty i. 229
— , Sooty i. 183
. , Spotted Grey i. 186
, , Yerditer i. 223
_ . , White-bellied Blue... i. 223
, „ -browed „ ... i. 195
— , „ -gorgeted ...... i. 230
, „ -tailed Robin., i. 188
Forktail, Chestnut-backed ii. 73
, Gould's Spotted ii. 72
. , Large Black-headed ii. 70
. , Lesser Black-backed ii. 74
, . , Short-tailed ii. 74
, Slaty ii. 71
, Western Spotted ii. 73
. , White-breasted ii. 70
Fowl, Common Jungle ii. 545
. , Grey Jungle ii. 546
• , Painted Spur ii. 548
• , Red Spur ii. 547
PAGE
Frigate Bird ii. 734
Frogmouth, Hodgson's ii. 398
, Wynaad ii. 397
G
Gadwal, The ii. 686
Godwit, Snipe-billed ii. 625
, Black-tailed ii. 626
.Bar-tailed ii. 627
Golden Eye or Garrot, The ii. 702
Gold-finch, Himalayan ii. 300
Goose, Barred- headed ii. 675
, Dwarf ....ii. 675
, Grey Lag ii. 673
• , Pink-footed ii. 673
, Black-backed ii. 677
, White-fronted ii. 674
Goshawk, Crested i. 17
, The i. 16
Green Shanks, Little ii. 620
- , The ii. 620
Griffon, Himalayan i. 5
Grosbeak, Allied ii. 298
, Black and Yellow ii. 297
• , Punjab ii. 296
, Scarlet ii. 317
, Spotted ii. 296
, White-winged ii. 298
Grouse, Close-barred Sand ii. 526
, Common Sand ii. 524
, Coronated „ ii. 520
, Large „ ii. 523
, Painted „ ii. 527
, Pin-tailed „ ii. 525
.Spotted „ ii. 521
• , Thibetan „ ii. 528
Grebe, Crested ii. 707
, Black-necked ii. 708
, Little ii. 709
Gull, Yellow-legged Herring ii. 714
, Lesser Herring ii. 715
, Rosy Sea ii. 716
, Hemprich's Sea ii. 716
, Brown-headed ii. 717
— , Great Black-headed ii. 717
, Laughing ii. 718
ENGLISH INDEX.
827
PAGE
Harrier, Hen i- 10
, Marsh i. 16
, Montague's i. 13
, Pale.. i. 14
Pied
12
Hawk, Besra Sparrow i. 22
• , European „ i. 21
, Skikra or Brown i. 18
Hawk- owl, Andaman i. 107
, Brown i. 108
Heron, Blue ii. 653
. , Common ii. 652
, Dusky Grey ii. 652
, Giant »..ii. 651
, Great Slaty ii. 651
, Large White ii. 655
, Lesser White ii. 655
, Little Black-billed White.. ii. 655
. , Little Yellow-billed White ii. 656
, Blue Reef ii. 657
:, Pond ii. 658
, Chinese Pond ii. 659
, Night ii. 663
Heteroglaux, Blewitt's i. 105
Hobby, Indian i. 74
Red-legged i~ 79
The i. 73
Honey-sucker, Amethyst-rumped.ii. 230
. , Black-breasted ...ii. 221
_ . , Burmese Yellow-
breasted ii. 233
, Darby's Scarlet ...ii, 227
, • , Fire-tailed Red ii. 224
. -, Large Purple ii. 229
, Maroon-backed ...ii. 225
, Purple ii. 228
, Short-billedPurple.ii. 228
, Tenasserim Yellow-
backed ii. 222
}Tiny ii. 230
f Yan Hasselt's ii. 232
, Yiolet-eared Red...ii. 221
Hoopoe, Burmese ii. 469
The ii 469
Hornbill, Blyth's Wreathed ii. 493
, Bushy-Crested ii. 495
PAGE
Hornbill, Common Grey ii. 492
, Dehra-Doon ii. 491
. , Great Pied ii. 489
, Jungle Grey ii. 492
, Malabar Pied ii. 490
, Malayan Wreathed ii. 494
, Rufous -necked ii. 494
, Small Pied ii. 490
. .Solid Billed ii. 491
,Tiekell's ii. 496
Ibis, Davison's Black ii. 668
, Glossy ii. 669
, Pelican ii. 665
, Shell ii. 666
, Warty-headed ii. 667
, White ii. 667
Jacana, Bronze- winged ii. 633
, Pheasant-tailed. ii. 633
Jackdaw, The i. 129
Jay, Black-headed i. 141
— , „ -throated i. 143
— , Burmese or White-eared? i. 142
— , Crested , i. 167
- , Himalayan i. 142
— , Green i. 139
— , White -winged .- i 140
Kestrel, Lesser ... i. 79
, Naumann's i. 78
,The i 77
King Crow, or Common Drongo
Shrike ii. 154
Kingfisher, Banded ii. 486
- , Black-capped Purple.. ii. 483
, Broad-belted ii. 480
• • , Brown-headed ii. 487
— , ,, -winged Stork -
billed ...*....ii. 487
828
ENGLISH INDEX.
PAGE
Kingfisher, Burmese Stork-billed .ii. 488
, European ii. 479
. • , Great Indian ii. 479
— , Himalayan Spotted ...ii. 481
• , Little Indian ..... ii. 478
. , Malayan ii. 479
,pied ii. 481
, Ruddy ii. 482
f Sumatran ii- 485
. , Three-toed ii. 486
, White -breasted ii. 483
. , „ -collared ii. 484
Kite, Black-crested i. 62
, ,„ -winged i. 59
, Ceylon Crested i. 65
, Common Pariah i. 57
, Large Pariah i. 57
, Malayan or Lesser Indian... i. 58
, Maroon-backed i- 56
, Sumatran Crested i. 63
Koel, Indian ii- 418
, Malayan . ii. 418
Lanner, Bed-headed i. 70
Lapwing, Black-sided ii- 590
— , Burmese ii. 593
, , Grey-headed.... ii- 591
, Peewit or Crested ii. 589
. -, Eed-wattled, or " Did
you do it." ii. 592
. , Spur -winged ii. 592
, •, White-tailed ii. 591
-, Yellow-wattled ii. 593
Lark, Bengal Bush ii. 348
, Black-bellied Finch ii. 352
. -, „ -collared ii. 353
. , Desert ii. 361
, Horned ii. 358
• , Indian, or Ganges Sand ii. 356
.Indian Sky ii. 359
-, Large Crested ii. 360
• , Little Sand ii. 357
, Madras Bush ii. 349
, Pale Rufous Finch- ii. 351
PAGE
Lark, Pied ii. 355
-, Red-winged Bush- ii. 350
, Rufous-tailed Finch- ii. 352
-, Short-toed, or Social ii. 355
>, Singing Bush... ii 350
, Small Crested ii. 359
Lark-finch, Himalayan ii. 305
, Sikkim ii. 305
Loriquet, Indian ,. ii. 463
M
i. 137
i. 136
i. 138
i. 133
i. 135
Magpie, Bayley's Blue Tree
, Black-browed
— • , „ Racket-tailed
,Blue
, Common Indian
• , Himalayan Tree i. 136
• , Hooded Racket-tailed ... i. 139
, The i. 132
, White-bellied i. 136
, Yellow-billed Blue i. 134
Malkoha, Diard's Green-billed ...ii. 420
, Greater Red- billed ii. 421
• , Large Green-billed ii. 419
•, Lesser Red-billed ii. 422
, Small Green-billed ii. 419
• , Sumatran Green-billed .ii, 420
Mallard, The ii. 684
Martin, Cashmere House...... ii. 254
, Dusky Crag ii. 257
, English House • ii. 253
•, European Sand ....ii. 255
, Indian Bank ii. 256
— , Little Himalayan..... ii. 255
•, Mountain Crag ii. 258
, Pale Crag ii. 258
, Siberian House ii. 254
Merganser, Common ii. 704
, Red-breasted ii. 704
Merlin, Red-headed i. 74
, The i. 75
Mesia, Silver-eared, or Hill Tit ...ii. 178
Minivet, Andaman i. 174
,Ashy i. 176
, Davison's , i. 174
ENGLISH INDEX
829
PAGE
Miniret, Fiery ••• i. 175
, Jerdon's *.....*«. i. 180
• .Large i. 173
, MacClelland's i. 174
- — — , Orange i. 175
• , Bed-tailed, or White-
bellied i. 179
,Rosy i. 178
, Short-billed i. 177
, Small i. 176
, White-fronted i. 180
• , Yellow-throated i. 179
Moorhen, The ii. 644
Mountain-Finch, Adam's ii. 303
. , Blanford' ii. 304
, Brandt's ii. 306
, Red-necked ii. 304
, The ii. 299
Munia, Barred ii. 342
, Black-headed ii. 341
, Chestnut- bellied ii. 342
, Green ii. 346
, Hodgson's ii. 344
, Plain Brown ii. 345
5 Rufous-bellied ii. 343
, White-backed ii. 344
— , „ -bellied ii. 343
Mynah, Bank ii. 365
, Black-headed ii. 367
, ,, -necked ii. 375
- , Burmese Pied ii. 364
• -, Chestnut-throated ii. 374
. , Chinese ii. 368
• , Common ii. 365
• , Daurian ii. 368
, Glossy -black ii. 371
, Grey-headed ii. 370
, Hume's ii. 369
, Jerdon's ii. 369
, Jungle ii. 366
. , Malayan Talking ii. 373
,Pied ii. 364
, Siamese ii. 367
, Southern Hill ii. 373
• -, White-headed ii. 371
- , „ -winged ii. 371
— , Yellow- crowned .,* ii. 374
N PAGB
Night-jar, Burmese Eared ii. 404
, Common Indian. ...... .ii. 399
, Franklin's ii. 400
, Ghaut ii. 401
, Japanese ii. 403
• , Jungle ii. 402
— , Large Bengal ii. 400
, Neilgherry ii. 403
, Sykes's ii. 399
, Unwin's ii. 401
Noddy, Common ii. 730
, Grey-faced ii. 730
, White-faced ii. 730
Nut-cracker, The i. 132
Nut-hatch, Beautiful.. ii. 218
, Burmese ii. 216
, Cinnamon-bellied ii. 217
- • , Ferruginous „ ii. 217
, Giant ii. 215
• • , Himalayan ,.ii. 215
• , Munipur ii. 215
, Velvet-fronted Blne...ii. 218
• , White-faced ii. 217
Oriole, Andaman i. 148
, Black-headed i. 149
, „ -naped i. 147
, Burmese Black-naped i. 147
, Golden i. 145
, Indian i. 146
, Maroon i. 150
, Small Black-headed i. 149
Osprey, The i. 80
Ouzel, Black-capped i. 305
, Bourdillon's Travancore ... i. 306
, Cabanis's i. 307
, Dark i. 309
, Grey-headed i. 306
, „ -winged i. 304
, Neilgherry i. 305
, Pale i. 310
, Bed-throated i. 308
— , Tickell's i. 309
Owl, Bay Screech i. 124
830
ENGLISH INDEX.
PAGE
Owl, Ball's Scops i, 100
•, Barefoot Scops i. 92
,BrownFish i. 83
, „ Hawk i. 106
.Dusky-horned i. 85
, Forest Eagle i. 86
,Grass i. 123
, Himalayan Wood i. 117
, Hodgson's Scops i. 93
,Horsfield's Horned i. 87
, „ Scops i. 96
— , Indian Scops i. 88
.Indian Screech i. 122
• , Large Malaccan Scops i. 100
——, Long -eared i. 114
, Malabar Scops i. 98
— , Malayan Fish i. 84
, „ Wood i. 117
,MekranWood i. 116
. — -, Mottled Wood i. 118
, Nepal Brown Wood i. 120
• , „ Scops i. 95
,Plttmefoot Scops i. 95
-, Rock -horned ,.. i. 84
, B/uf ous-winged i. 89
, Short-eared i. 115
, Southern Wood i. 121
• -, Striated Scops i. 91
Owlet, Collared Pigmy i. 110
. , Jungle i. Ill
, Large-barred i. 113
• , Lesser-spotted i. 105
. , Malabar i. 112
, Spotted , i. 104
Oyster-catcher, The ii. 599
Parroquet, Blue-winged ii. 465
. — . , Burmese B/ose-headed ii. 467
. , Large Burmese . ii. 465
, Red-breasted ii. 464
_ , Eose-winged ii. 467
, , Slaty-headed ii. 466
. ., Western Rose-headed ii. 468
Parrot, Malayan ii. 462
Partridge, ArracanHill ii. 558
PAGE
Partridge, Bhootan Hill ii. 559
, Black ii. 550
, „ - throated Hill ...ii. 556
, Brown-breasted „ ii. 556
, Chinese Francolin ii. 552
••• , Chukor ii. 553
* , Common Grey ii. 554
-, „ Hill .....ii. 556
, Ferruginous Wood ii. 560
— - , Green-legged Hill ii. 557
, Kyah ii. 555
- , Painted ii. 551
* , Bed- crested Wood ii. 561
, „ -throated Hill ii. 558
, Seesee ii. 553
, Snow ii. 550
, Western Bamboo ii. 560
Pastor, Rose-colored ii. 372
Peacock, Burmese (Peafowl) ii. 529
» » Common ii 529
Pelican, Large-crested ii. /36
, Grey ii. 737
, Eastern White ii. 738
Petrel, The Cape ....ii. 710
, Wilson's ii. 710
Pheasant, Anderson's Silver ii. 544
, Argus ii. 530
, Arracan Silver 543
< , Black-backed Kalij ii. 541
, „ -breasted „ ii. 542
, Cheer ii. 539
, Green Blood ii. 536
-, Grey Peacock ii. 531
, Hodgson's Eared ii. 533
. , Koklass ii. 538
-, Lineated Silver ii. 542
, Monaul ii. 533
, NepalKalij ii. 541
, Nicobar Mound-bird, or
Megapode ii. 532
•" , Sclater's Crestless
Monaul ii. 534
• , Sikkim Horned, or In-
dian Crimson Trago-
pan ii. 534
, Simla Horned, or Wes-
tern Tragopan ii. 535
ENGLISH INDEX.
831
PAGE
Pheasant, White-crested TCalij ...ii. 540
, Yieillot's Fire-back ...ii. 544
Pigeon, Bengal Green ii. 498
— , Blue Hill ii. 509
• ', Bronze-backed Imperial... ii. 504
, Darjeeling Wood ii. 505
•, Grey-fronted, or Malabar
Green ii. 500
, „ -headed Imperial, ii. 504
, Hackled Ground ii. 518
, Himalayan Cushat ii. 506
— — — , Imperial Green ii. 503
, Indian Blue Rock ii. 507
, Indian Stock ii. 507
, Neilgherry Wood ii. 507
, Orange-breasted Green ...ii. 499
, Phayre's Green ii. 501
, Pink -necked Green ii. 500
• , Pin -tailed „ ii. 503
• , Purple Wood ii. 509
, Red Imperial ii 505
, Eock Dove ii. 508
, Euddy Green ii. 501
, Southern „ ii. 498
, Speckled Wood .....ii. 510
, Thick-billed Green ii. 497
— — — , Wedge -tailed Green, or
Kokla ii. 502
, White -bellied, or Impe-
rial Rock ii. 509
, Yellow-fronted Green... :..ii. 499
, ,; ,, „ ii. 502
Pintail, The ii. 690
Pipit, Blyth's ii. 290
, Brown Eock ii. 288
- — , Eastern Tree ii. 285
, European, or Western Tree.ii. 284
, Neilgherry Tree ii. 286
, Red-throated ii. 292
, Richard's, or Large Marsh. ii. 289
, Rufous Rock ii. 287
, Stone ii. 290
, Upland ii. 295
— , Vinous-throated ii. 293
, Water ii. 294
Pitta, Blue ii. 378
, „ -naped ii. 376
PAGE
Pitta, Giant ii. 377
, Green-breasted ii. 381
, Gurney's ii. 381
, Indian ii. 380
, Lesser Blue- winged ii. 379
, Long-billed Blue-winged ...ii. 379
, Malayan Scarlet ii. 380
, Oates's ii. 377
, Phayre's ii. 376
Plover, Bastard Floriken or Stone ii. 596
, Collared Pratincole ii. 581
-, Crab ii. 598
, Cream-colored Courier ...ii. 579
, Double-banded ii. 580
, Eastern Golden ii. 584
, European „ ii. 584
, Grey ii. 533
, Indian Courier ii. 579
— , Kentish ii. 537
, Large Sand ii. 585
— — , „ Stone ii. 594
, ,, Swallow ii. 581
, Lesser Ringed ii. 588
, „ Sand ii. 586
, Little Indian Ringed ii. 588
, Small Swallow ii. 582
Pochard, Red- crested ii. 697
• , Tufted ii. 698
, Scaup ii. 699
, The Common ii. 700
• , White-eyed ii. 701
Quail, Black-breasted Rain ii. 566
, Blanf ord's, or Borneon Mala-
yan Button ii. 570
, Blue-breasted ii. 567
, Common European, or
Large Grey ii. 565
, Eastern Painted Bush ii. 565
, Indian Button ii. 569
, Indo -Malayan Bustard ii. 568
, Jungle Bush ii. 562
, Little Button ii. 570
, Mountain ii. 563
, Nicobar Button ii. 571
832
ENGLISH INDEX.
PAGE
Quail , Painted, or Red-bellied
Bush ii. 564
• , Rock Bush ii. 562
Quaker-Thrush, Black-headed ii. 169
, Bourdillon's ii. 169
. , Burmese ii. 168
< , Neilgherry ii. 167
, Nepal ii. 167
,The ii. 166
. , Yellow-breasted .ii. 170
Rail, Blue-breasted Banded ii. 638
, Indian Water ii. 638
Raven, Afghan Brown-necked ... i. 127
, Indian.... i. 128
,The i. 127
Redbreast, Blue-throated i. 225
. , Large-billed i. 226
— , Tickell's Blue i. 225
Red-Shank, The ii. 622
Spotted ii. 622
Red-Start, Blue-fronted i. 323
. , „ -headed i. 325
, Daurian i. 322
. ,Ehrenberg's i. 320
• , European i. 319
. , Eversmann's i. 323
• , Hodgson's i. 321
. , Indian i. 320
. , Slaty-headed ."... i. 324
. •, White-capped ii. 63
. , „ -winged or Gul-
denstadt's i. 322
Reed-bird, Broad-tailed i. 270
•, Cinereous Long-tailed... i. 271
. -, Long-tailed i. 271
Robin, Brown-backed Indian ii. 64
• , Indian Blue or Wood-
chat i. 314
, Indian Magpie, or Dhayal-
bird ii. 66
, Indian Ruby-throated ... i. 316
Plumbeous Water i. 204
, Siberian Blue i. 315
— - , „ Ruby-throated ... i. 315
PAGE
Robin, Thibetan Ruby-throated ...i. 317
— , White-winged Black i. 193
Roller, Broad-billed ii. 477
• , Burmese ii. 476
• , European ii. 475
, Indian ii. 476
Rosefinch, Beautiful ii. 321
, Caucasian ii. 317
, Common ii. 316
,Dark ii. 299
.Edward's ii. 319
, Gold-headed ii. 300
, Hume's ii. 321
, Pale ii. 300
, Pink- browed ii. 318
, Red-browed ii. 302
, Red-headed ii. 326
, Red-mantled ii. 316
, Red-winged ii. 306
, Rosy-fronted ii. 320
, Spotted-winged ii. 318
, White-browed ii. 320
Ruff, The ii. 616
8
Sand-piper, Broad-billed ii. 610
, Common ii. 619
, Green ii. 620
,Wood ii. 620
Sanderling, The ii. 617
Shama, The ii. 68
, White-bellied ii. 69
Shearwater, Persian ii. 711
, Green-billed ii. 712
Shikra, Grey-faced i. 19
Short-wing, Barred ii. 62
, Blue-fronted ii. 58
- — , Hodgson's White-bel-
lied ii. 67
- — , Nepaul ii. 61
, Rufous-flanked ii. 59
, Rusty-bellied ii. 61
, White „ ii. 58
, „ -browed ii. 60
Shoveller, The ii. 682
Shrike, Allied ii. 203
^ENGLISH INDEX.
833
PAGE
Shrike, Bay-backed ii. 210
• , Black-headed ii. 206
, Black-breasted Cuckoo ... i. 182
, „ -headed i. 181
, Blyth's Cuckoo i. 172
— , Brown ii. 207
— ,_f 5j -backed Pied i. 165
-, Burmese ii. 210
, Common Wood i. 162
, Dark Grey Cuckoo i. 171
, Davison's Cuckoo i. 172
, Desert ii. 208
-, Grey-backed ii. 204
, „ Wood i. 164
> >, Horsfield's Obscure, or
Pied i. 165
. •, Indian Cuckoo i. 170
— . — , Indian Grey ii. 203
, Malabar Wood i. 163
., NepaulWood i. 163
^— — .Nicobar <• i. 182
, Pale Grey ii. 202
- , Phillipine .ii. 207
-r- , Rufous-backed ii. 205
, Swinhoe's Cuckoo i. 171
1 Sykes's Pied i. 164
Shrike-tit, Black-headed ii. 67
Sibia, Assam ii. 97
, Black-headed ., ii. 96
, Fasciated ii. 98
-. -, Long-tailed ii. 95
— , Tickell's Short-tailed ii. 97
Birkeer, Bengal .:. ..ii. 425
• , Northern ii. 425
, Southern , ii. 425
Siskin , Collared ii. 314
— •, Himalayan ii. 301
— .Thibetan ii. 301
Siva , Blue-winged ii. 176
, Burmese Blue- winged ii. 177
- , Chestnut-tailed ii. 175
• , Stripe-throated '. ii. 175
Skimmer, Indian ii. 731
Skua, The ii. 713
Smew, The ii. 707
Snake-bird , ii. 741
Snipe, Eastern Solitary ii. 605
VOL. II.— 107
PAGE
Snipe, Jack ii. 608
, Painted ii. 609
, Pin-tail , ii. 605
• , The Common ii. 607
, Wood ii. 604
Sparrow, Allied House ii. 3J2
, Cinnamon-headed.. ii. 311
-, Common House ii. 310
, Pegu House ii. 313
Bed-headed, or Moun-
tain ii. 309
,Sind ii. 310
, Willow ii. 311
, Yellow-throated ii. 308
Sparrow-hawk, Besra , i. 22
, European i. 21
Spider-hunter, Giant Spine- tail ...ii. 391
, Indian Giant Spine-
tail ii. 392
— 9 Grey-breasted ii. 236
. , Large ii. 235
• • , Lesser, or Yellow-
eared ii. 237
, Little.. ii. 234
Spoonbill, The ii. 665
Starling, Common ii. 363
, Glossy Black ii. 364
, Lesser ii. 363
Stilt, The ii. 632
Stint, Coot-footed , ii. 618
", Little ii 611
, Long-toed , ..ii. 612
.Spoon-billed , ii. 611
.White-tailed .....ii. 613
Sun-bird, Banded ii. 238
Gould's (Mrs.) .....ii. 226
Macklot's .ii. 220
Malaccan Brown-throat.
ed ..ii. 240
Plain-colored , ii. 239
— Ruby-cheeked ii. 239
Stork, Black The ii. 649
, Black- necked ii. 648
, White, The ii. 6-1-9
, White-necked ii. 649.
Swallow, American Barn ii. 262
— , Common ii. 259
834
ENGLISH INDEX.
PAGE
Swallow, Indian Cliff ii- 208
, Japanese Striped ii. 265
, Neilgherry, or Tropical
House ii- 263
. , Panayan ii- 261
„ , Red-ramped ...ii- 266
, Swinhoe's Streaked ii 265
,Tytler's ii. 262
-, .Wire-tailed ii. 264
Swan, The Mute ii. 671
Swift, Alpine —ii- 388
—• — , Common Indian.., ii- 388
, Eastern Palm ii. 390
* , Indian- crested Tree ....... ..ii. 395
* , Malayan-crested Tree ii. 396
. , Palm ii. 390
.. , Pin-tailed ii. 389
, Small Black ii. 392
-, , Tufted Tree ii. 397
. , White-clawed ii. 390
^— , „ -necked ii. 393
. -, „ -ruinped ii. 392
« — , „ „ Barred ii. 389
, „ „ Black ii. 389
Swiftlet, Horsfield's ii. b>5
, Hume's dl 39 J
, , Indian Edible Nest ii. 393
* , Peale's ii. 394
Tailor-bird, Black-necked i. 286
, Golden-headed i. 287
. .Indian „ i. 285
. , Eed-headed i 287
Teal, Blue- winged ii. 693
, Bronze-capped i. 695
., , Clucking i. 694
— — , Common i. 692
, Lesser Whistling. ,. ii. 678
»——, Larger Whistling ii. 67'
. , „ Marbled , ii. 68
, The Cotton , ,....ii. 67
Tern, Allied , , ii. 72
, , Black ii. 72
. , Black-bellied ii. 72
•r- — , Black -headed ii 72
.....,....<........ii. 72
PAGE
?ern, Caspian » ii. 721
, Eastern Little ii. 728
, European ii. 726
-, Gull- billed..., ii. 720
-, Indian River .. ii. 724
— , Large-crested Sea ii. 722
, Panayan ,....,....ii. 728
— , Saunder's Little ii. 727
, Sooty ,,... .:..... ii. 729
, Roseate ii. 725
-, White-winged Black ...ii. 719
— , Whiskered ii 719
— , White-cheeked ii. 726
Thrush, Austen's Laughing ii. 83
-, Black -fronted Tit ii. 125
, ,, -gorgeted Laughingii. 110
, „ -tailed „ ...ii. 76
, „ -throated i. 308
, „ „ Laughing... ii. 115
, Blue-headed Chat i. 312
, „ Rock i. 312
• , „ -winged Laughing . ii. 82
, Bristly Laughing ii. 87
, Brown Finch ii. 126
, Brown-naped Laughing, .ii. 116
, Burmese Whistling ...... ii. 56
• , „ White-crested
Laughing ...ii. 108
, Chestnut-bellied "Rock ... i 313
, „ -headed Laugh-
ing ii. 80
• , ,, -naped „ ...ii. 79
, Cinereous „ ...ii. 81
. p- , Crimson-winged „ ...ii. 83
, Dixon's .,, i. 296
, Dusky i. 306
* , Fairbank's Laughing ii. 85
, Fulvous-fronted Tit ii. 127
— , Grey-eared „ ii. 125
, „ -headed Finch ii. 126
. ... . •-• • ' , „ -sided Laughing ...ii. 117
, Ground, or Indian Pitta, ii. 380
, Himalayan Ground i. 294
, ,, Whistling .. ii. 55
, Horsfield's ,,....ii. 57
, Hume's Laughing ii. 118
, Jerdon's. ,» .,, ii. 85
ENGLISH INDEX.
835
PAGE
Thrush, Long-billed Ground i. 297
, Munipur Laughing ii. 112
, Missel i. 302
•, Naga Laughing ii. 113
, Necklaced Laughing ii. Ill
— — , Neilgherry Ground i. 295
, „ Laughing ii, 84
, Orange- eared Tit ii. 124
-, Orange-headed Ground... i, 298
, Plain-colored Laughing, .ii. 82
, Bed-billed Jay ii. 123
— , „ -headed Finch ii. 125
, „ „ Laughing ii. 77
, „ „ Tit . ii, 127
— — , „ -throated Laughing ...ii. 79
, „ Wing i. 302
, Rock i. 311
, Rufous-chinned Laughing ii. 81
, — t 9t .necked Laughing ii. 114
- , Saw-billed Ground i. 296
. •, Short-tailed i. 295
— , Siamese White-crested
Laughing ii. 109
, Siberian Ground i. 300
• • , Streaked Laughing ii. 83
• , Striated Jay.. ii. 114
• , Spotted-necked Finch ii. 128
• , Tenasserim Shrike ii. 91
— - * — — , Tickell's Laughing ii. 116
• , Travancore „ ii. 86
, Variegated ,, ii. 77
, Ward's Pied Ground i. 300
, White-browed Laughing... ii. 117
— — , „ -crested „ ...ii. 107
- , „ -headed Shrike ii. 91
— — , „ -spotted Laughing. .ii. 90
• •, „ -throated „ ...ii. 109
, „ -winged Ground ... i. 297
, Wynaad Laughing ii. 112
• -, Yellow-billed Finch ii. 128
', „ -throated Laughing ii. 112
, „ -winged „ ii. 78
Tit, Black -spotted Yellow ii. 185
— , Brown-crested ii. 188
— , „ -tailed Hill ii. 159
— , Chestnut-backed Shrike ii, 180
— , -headed Hill . ...ii. 158
PAGE
Tit, Chestnut-throated Shrike ...ii. 201
— , Crested Black ii. 185
— , Dobson's i. 169
— , Dusky Green Hill ii. 160
— , Flame-fronted ii. 196
— , Green-backed ii. 183
-, Green Thrush i. 167
— , Himalayan Cole ii. 189
— , Hodgson's Shrike ii. 200
-, Hume's Hill ii. 161
— , „ Shrike "..ii. 200
— , Mandelli's Hill ii. 161
— , Plain Brown Hill ii. 166
— , Purple Thrush i. 168
-, Red-billed Hill ii. 179
— , „ -tailed „ ii. 158
— , „ -winged Shrike ii. 198
- , Rufous-bellied Crested ii. 187
— i ii ,, Shrike ii. 200
— , „ -naped ii. 186
— , „ -throated Hill ii. 160
— , Siamese White-eyed ii. 243
- , Southern Yellow ii. 185
— , Sultan Yellow ii. 182
— , Temminck's White-eyed ii. 243
— , Tickell's Shrike , ii. 199
— , White -eyed ii. 242
— - , „ -naped Black ii. 188
- , Yellow-browed ii. 188
— • , „ -cheeked ii. 184
Tit-lark, Indian ii. 291
Tit-mouse, Grey Indian ii. 182
, Red-headed ii. 194
— , Rufous-fronted ii. 195
• , White-throated ii. 196
Trogon, Duvaucell's ii. 407
• , Malabar ii. 405
• , Red-headed ii. 405
, Yellow-breasted ii. 406
Tropic Bird, Red-tailed ii. 732
, Shortt-ailed ii. 733
, White ii. 732
Turnstone, The ii. 597
Yulture, The Bay i. 5
, Bearded, or Lammergeyer i. 28
•
836
ENGLISH INDEX,
PAGE
Vulture, Bengal, or Common
Warbler, Desert
PAGE
i 237
— • • Desert Tree
i OKK
, Black i. 9
- « i Eastern Great Reed
i 2^7
, Crested, or Great Brown, i. 3
— ' , Eastern Orphean
i 236
— • Franklin's rimcis
i 9QA
, „ „ Pale Brown. . i. 7
, White Scavenger, or
— — — , Golden-headed Grass ...
i. 293
i 274
Pliaroah's Hen of
, Green Willow
i 240
— — — } Grey-backed . ...
i 238
i 990
— , „ headed
i. 291
W
• , ,, M WVen
i 292
• , Himalayan Bush
i. 268
Wag-tail,. Black-backed Yellow ...ii. 280
f tt breasted -ii. 283
— — , Hodgson's Barred Wil-
low ...
i. 250
.. ., „ -faced ii. 273
— - — , Hodgson's Grass
i. 261
Grey> backed Yellow ...ii. 279
, „ Hill
i. 267
— - , Hume's Barred Willow .
i. 248
, „ and Yellow ii. 273
i. 264
• } Indian Great Reed ...
i 257
«- Indian Field ii °8°
• „ Willow
i 241
., Long-clawed Yellow ...ii. 281
, „ Wren
i. 279
Pied ii °77
. Jerdon's Crowned Wil-
low ..
i 244
_ Wliitc faced ii. 269
, „ Grass
i. 262
Warbler Allied or Anderson's ... i 217
i 280
Grev... .. i 236
i. 277
AnrW-nn'" "Rill i °70
i 242
Arctic Willow i °39
• — • Grass
i ^88
, Lesser Reed
i. 259
• — , Black -breasted Hill, or
Wren i 277
• , Mindendorffs Willow...
• , Moore's Bush
i. 241
i 269
• — —~~ , Moustached Grass
i. 265
._ cared i °18
i 269
, Blanford's Hill i. 268
• , Olivaceous Tree
i. 253
, Blyth's Crowned Willow, i. 245
f Reed i 258
, Orange-barred Willow..
— , Paddy-field
i. 251
i 258
,n — , . Willow i °43
, Pale-legged Willow
i. 242
Booted Tree ... i 255
, Pallas's BarredWillow . .
i. 250
, — Broad-billed i 2°1
i 261
Brook's Barred Willow i 252
i. 263
_ — Brown Bush i 263
, Rufous-fronted Wren ...
i. 289
.— Grass i 262
i. 292
. Hill i 274
. t Ruppel's Wren
i. 284
. Cetti's Bush ... ...... i 266
i. 256
, OTipRtnnt Jif'irlf'd i or)A
i. 260
• , Dark Ashy Wren i. 282
, Willow...
i. 246
ENGLISH INDEX.
837
PAGE
Warbler, Sind-barred Willow i. 252
• , Smoky Grass i. 264
, Streaked Wren i. 283
, Striated Marsh i. 272
, Sykes's Tree i. 254
, Temminck's Crowned
Willow i. 244
* , „ Grasshopper... i. 260
, Tick ell's Willow »-. i. 247
, Tytler's „ i. 248
, "Wallace's Crowned
Willow i. 246
, White-throated i. 221
. , „ Hill Wren... i. 278
— , Yellow-bellied i. 219
. • , „ „ Wren ... i. 282
• , „ -browed- Barred
Willow i. 249
, „ -throated i. 222
Water Cock ii. 646
Water Hen, White -breasted ii. 645
Wax-bill, Green ii. 348
, Horsneld's ii. 346
, Red ii. 347
Weaver-bird, Baya ii. 339
, Black -throated ii. 340
, Common ii. 338
, Golden ii. 340
, Striated ii. 339
Wheat-ear, Black -throated ' ii. 5
. , Red-tailed ii. 5
, The ii. 6
Whimbrel, The ii. 629
White-throat, European i 235-
— , Himalayan Lesser . i. 237
1 Hume's „ ... i. 237
Wigeon, The ii. 691
Wood-chat, Indian Blue Robin ... i. 314
. — , Kufous-bellied i. 200
-, Rusty-throated Blue., i. 199
, White-breasted i. 198
Woodcock ii. 603
Woodpecker, Bengal Rufous ...ii. 440
, Black -backed ii. 452
•, „ -naped Green.ii. 447
, Blyth's Black and
Fulvous ...ii. 461
PAGE
Woodpecker, Blyth's Striated
Green ii. 447
, Blyth's Three-toed
Green ii. 437
- , Brown-fronted ii. 457
• , Buff -necked Bar-
red ii. 461
— — — , Burmese Grey-
headed Pied ii. 458
1 , Common Large
Three-toed ii. 438
1 Common Wryneck,ii. 433
, Crimson -necked
Bay ...ii, 441
_ 1 Crimson -necked
Maroon...ii. 442
, Darjiling Black ...ii. 455
, „ Pigmy .ii. 459
, Golden-backed ii. 439
, Gould's or Large
Tellow-naped ii. 444
, Great Black ii. 449
, „ Slaty ii. 450
, Hargitt's Grey-
headed Pied ii. 458
-, Heart-spotted ii. 453
f Himalayan Pied ...ii. 454
• , „ Pigmy... ii. 460
, Horsneld's Barred ..ii. 460
, „ Yellow-
naped ii. 444
, 9 Indian Fulvous-
breasted Spotted .ii. 456
• — , Lesser Black ii. 455
, „ Golden back-
ed ii. 440
- • , „ Yellow-nap-
ed ii. 445
' , Malacca Yellow-
naped ii. 443
, Malayan Rufous ...ii. 441
, Raffles' Three -toed
Green ii. 436
, Red-rumped Green.ii. 449
. , Rufous-belliedPiedii. 459
, „ Piculet ii. 436
, Scaly-bellied Greenii. 446
838
ENGLISH INDEX.
PAGE
Woodpecker, Sind-pied ii. 455
. , Southern Golden-
„ backed ii. 451
Indian
rufous... ii. 441
Pigmy ii. 460
Yellow-
„ naped...ii. 446
, Speckled Piculet ...ii. 435
, Spot ted- breasted
Pied ii. 456
, Spotted - throated
Yellow-naped ii. 443
• > Striated Green ii. 448
', Stripe-breasted
Pied ii 457
' , White -rumped
Black ii. 450
•< , Yellow - backed
Honey-guide ii. 434
. , Yellow-fronted Piedii. 457
Wood-shrike, Common i. 162
,Grey i. 164
PAGE
Woop- shrike, Malabar i. 163
, Nepaul i. 163
Wren, Brown Hill ii. 52
— — , Chestnut-headed .% ii. 156
, Himalayan Fire-crested ...ii. 197
> Hume's Wedge-billed ii. 50
, Long-billed ii. 153
••' , „ -tailed ii. 49
— ' , Nepalese ii. 49
, Scaly -breasted Hill ....ii. 52
, Slaty-bellied ., ii. 157
, Spotted ii. 50
— — , Tailed Hill ii. 53
Yellow Shank, Armstrong's ii. 623
, Allied ii. 623
Yuhina, Blue-chinned ii. 172
, Slaty-headed, or Orange-
naped > ii. 172
, Stripe-throated ii. 171
•.
v ~. - j
^
THE
t
VIFAUNA OF BRITISH/ ;M
AND ITS DEPENDENCIES!
A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN
SPECIES OF BIRDS INHABITING BRITISH INDIA,
OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITS, NIDIFICATION, &c.,
TABLES OF THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION IN PERSIA, BELOOCHISTAN,
AFGHANISTAN, SIND, PUNJAB, N. W. PROVINCES,
AND THE PENINSULA OF INDIA GENERALLY,
WITH
WOODCUTS, LITHOGRAPHS, AND COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS.
BY
J1MES A. MURRAY,
CURATOR, KURRACHEE MUNICIPAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM ; AUTHOR OF
" A HAND-BOOK TO THE GEOLOGY, BOTANY, AND ZOOLOGY OF SIND;"
"THE PLANTS AND DRUGS OF SIND;" "KURRACHEE TO KANDAHAR,"
" THE VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY OF SIND ; "
"THE REPTILES OF SIND," &C.
i. — IP.A.:R/I? i,
LONDON :— RICHARDSON & Co., 13 PALL MALL.
BOMBAY : — EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BVCULLA.
1887.
BOMBAY :
PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA.
Being anxious to make the work replete with information.
egard to the habits, nidification, &c., of every species, the
author would be extremely obliged if Ornithologists anc
Oologists would send him such notes as would be of material
service.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
HANDBOOK TO THE GEOLOGY, BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY
OF SIND Rs. 8
THE PLANTS AND DRUGS OF SIND „ 5
THE VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY OF SIND „ 10
THE REPTILES OF SIND ; „ 5
THE AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA (PART I.) „ 5
May be obtained at THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS,
BOMBAY, and also of
P. RUTHNASWAMY & Co.,
KURRACHKE.
THE
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA
AND ITS DEPENDENCIES.
A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN
SPECIES OF BIRDS INHABITING BRITISH INDIA,
OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITS, NIDIFICATION, &c.,
TABLES OF THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION IN PERSIA, BELOOCHISTAN,
AFGHANISTAN, SIND, PUNJAB, N. W. PROVINCES,
AND THE PENINSULA OF INDIA GENERALLY,
WITH
WOODCUTS, LITHOGRAPHS, AND COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS,
BY
JAMES A. MURRAY,
MEM. NAT. HIST. SOC. AND OF THE ANTHROP. SOC., BOMBAY ;
MANAGER, VICT. NAT. HIST. INSTITUTE; LATE CURATOR KURRACHEE MUNICIPAL
LIBRARY AND MUSEUM; AUTHOR OF <(A HAND-BOOK TO THE GEOLOGY,
BOTANY, AND ZOOLOGY OF SIND; " THE PLANTS AND DRUGS OF SIND;"
"KURRACHEE TO KANDAHAR;" "THE VERTEBRATE ZOOTOGY OF SIND;"
" THE REPTILES OF SIND," &C.
VOLTJIMIIE I.— :F.AJEWr II.
^
LONDON :— RICHARDSON & Co., 13 PALL MALL.
BOMBAY : — EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA.
1887.
BOMBAY:
PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCITLLA.
PRESS AND SCIENTIFIC OPINIONS.
The Times of India of March 18 says : —
Since Jerdon wrote his work on "The Birds of India," no naturalist has shown an
ambition to give to the world, in a concise form, a work on the Avifauna of India,
based on a more natural arrangement, and including all the new species known to
occur in India daring the past quarter of a century. Hume, with his large collection
and " Stray Feathers," at one time intended, it is believed, to have issued such a
work, but, having liberally given his collection to the National Museum, this is
no longer possible. Murray, an author of some repute, or rather undoubted repute,
is the only known naturalist who has ventured to publish works on Indian zoology
and botany, also with such success that a copy of his published works cannot be
had. The first part of his great work has just been issued, and the patient labour
devoted to the work is apparent on every one of the hundred pages it contains.
In order to popularize ornithology, woodcuts are given of the heads of species typical of
the genus, and also of species not well known. The lithographs are exceedingly good, and
Mintern Brothers deserve credit for their work. The book is certainly a model of what it
should be, well written, admirably arranged, free from unnecessary repetitions and
quotations. It contains ample descriptions of plumage, habits, distribution and nidification.
The arrangement of the text is also good. The article on each species is composed of
six parts : — I. Synonomy. 2. Description. 3. Habitat and Distribution. 4. Observations.
5. Habits ; and lastly, Nidification, as far as the materials within his reach would carry
him. The author deserves all the encouragement possible from scientists, and it behoves
the Government, too, to help an undertaking which must have cost the author immense
labour, besides a large expenditure. To say the least, there is no work on Indian
ornithology which can be compared with the work now before the public. Mr. Murray
has laid all ornithologists under obligations to him. To any one taking up the study of
ornithology the work is to be recommended, and it is to be hoped that it will receive
from Indian ornithologists the support it so emphatically deserves.
The Bombay Gazette also says : —
The first instalment of Mr. Murray's new work, which was long a desideratum, has
just been published. The late Dr. Jerdon wrote his work on the " Birds of India" in
1862. Since then the journals of scientific societies, both in India and in England, and
" Stray Feathers" too, have brought to light numerous new and interesting forms from
almost untrodden lands in India and Burma, which were unknown to Jerdon and to
science, and till now no one but Mr. Murray would undertake the arduous task of
consulting the multitude of scattered papers for the additions which were made from
time to time, of blending all previously published materials into one harmonious whole,
and thus rendering greater facilities to the future student of the amis of British India.
The first comprises above a hundred pages of neat and very closely-printed matter des-
criptive of all the diurnal and some of the nocturnal birds of prey. The illustrations,
twenty-one in number, comprises wood-cuts of heads of species, showing (i) the generic
character as described in the text ; (2) of species not generally known throughout India,
as Gypcetus barbatus, the Bearded Vulture or Lammergeyerj the Bay Vulture and others,
all of which are well executed. The lithographs by Mintern Brothers are all that can be
desired and reflect much credit on the firm, while those done at the Education Society's
Press, although they have not the finish of those done in England, serve their purpose
fairly, depicting as they do the markings and characters necessary for identification.
The author has gone well into the synonomy of each species, and has rightly limited the
references chiefly to the more important works and journals on Indian Ornithology.
Under Hab.y the geographical distribution is rather elaborately worked out, and much
labour has evidently been expended on the collateral information furnished in regard to
habits and nidification. Any very detailed criticism of a work of the magnitude this
one will ultimately reach is not possible, nor is it possible to speak in too high terms of
the author's labours. As a standard work, with a revised classification, arranged accord-
ing to the most modern, natural and generally accepted system, there is not another
work on Indian Ornithology which could be so well recommended as deserving of public
support. Students, faunistic workers, and all ornithologists, Indian and Continental,
should supply themselves with a copy of it, for it cannot fail to be of the gieatest ser-
vice to them. It has also to be borne in mind, as the author says, that the number
of coloured and other illustrations will depend very materially on the amount of support
which may be given to the work.
Professor WURTZ, of Florence, says :—
" It is something Ornithologists in this part were long looking for. It will be invalu-
able to our working Ornithologists."
Dr. A. C. L. G. GUNTHER, of the British Museum, in epist. says :—
'•• A book of this scope and plan will be a great boon to Indian Ornithologists."
May be obtained at THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS,
BOMBAY.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
HANDBOOK TO THE GEOLOGY, BOTANY ^ND ZOOLOGY
OF SIND Rs. 8
THE PLANTS AND DRUGS OF SIND „ 5
THE VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY OF SIND „ 10
THE REPTILES OF SIND (Out of Print)
ALSO
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(PART II.) „ 7
The Subscription for the * Avifauna of British India' complete (Rs. 25)
is payable in advance to the SUPERINTENDENT, Education Society s Press.
Being anxious to make the work deplete with information,
in regard to the habits, nidification, &c., of every species, the
author would be extremely obliged if Ornithologists and
Oologists would send him such notes as would be of material
service.
AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA
AND ITS DEPENDENCIES.
A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN
SPECIES OF BIRDS INHABITING BRITISH INDIA,
OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITS, NIDIFICATION/&C.,
TABLES OF THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION IN PERSIA, BELOOCHISTAN,
AFGHANISTAN, SIND, PUNJAB, N. W. PROVINCES,
AND THE PENINSULA OF INDIA GENERALLY,
WITH
WOODCUTS, LITHOGRAPHS, AND COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS,
BY
JAMES A. MURRAY,
MEM. NAT. HIST. SOC. AND OF THE ANTHROP. SOC., BOMBAY ;
MANAGER, VICT. NAT. HIST. INSTITUTE J LATE CURATOR KURRACHEE MUNICIPAL
LIBRARY AND MUSEUM; AUTHOR OF "A HAND-BOOK TO THE GEOLOGY,
BOTANY, AND ZOOLOGY OF SIND;" "THE PLANTS AND DRUGS OF SIND;"
KURRACHEE TO KANDAHAR;" " THE VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY OF SIND;"
"THE REPTILES OF SIND," &c.
VOLTJ1VCE! X. IP-A-IR/P III
Ui
LONDON :— RICHARDSON & Co., 13 PALL MALL.
BOMBAY : — EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA.
1887.
BOMBAY :
PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS, BYCULLA,
Opinions on the "Avifauna of British India.
The Times of India of March 18 says : —
Since Jerdon wrote his work on "The Birds of India," no naturalist has shown an
ambition to give to the world, in a concise form, a work on the Avifauna of India,
based on a more natural arrangement, and including all the new species known to
occur in India daring the past quarter of a century. Hume, with his large collection
and " Stray Feathers," at one time intended, it is believed, to have issued such a
work, but,' having liberally given his collection to the National Museum, this is
no longer possible. Murray, an author of some repute, or rather undoubted repute,
is the only known naturalist who has ventured to publish works on Indian zoology
and botany, also with such success that a copy of his published works cannot be
had. The first part of his great work has just been issued, and the patient labour
devoted to the work is apparent on every one of the hundred pages it contains.
In order to popularize ornithology, woodcuts are given of the heads of species typical of
the genus, and also of species not well known. The lithographs are exceedingly good, and
Mintern Brothers deserve credit for their work. The book is certainly a model of what it
should be, well written, admirably arranged, free from unnecessary repetitions and
quotations. It contains ample descriptions of plumage, habits, distribution and nidification.
The arrangement of the text is also good. The article on each species is composed of
six parts : — I. Synonomy. 2. Description. 3. Habitat and Distribution. 4. Observations.
5. Habits ; and lastly, Nidification, as far as the materials within his reach would carry
him. The author deserves all the encouragement possible from scientists, and it behoves
the Government, too, to help an undertaking which must have cost the author immense
labour, besides a large expenditure. To say the least, there is no work on Indian
ornithology which can be compared with the work now before the public. Mr. Murray
has laid all ornithologists under obligations to him. To any one taking up the study of
ornithology the work is to be recommended, and it is to be hoped that it will receive
from Indian ornithologists the support it so emphatically deserves.
The Bombay Gazette also says : —
The first instalment of Mr. Murray's new work, which was long a desideratum, has
just been published. The late Dr. Jerdon wrote his work on the " Birds of India" in
1862. Since then the journals of scientific societies, both in India and in England, and
" Stray Feathers" too, have brought to light numerous new and interesting forms from
almost untrodden lands in India and Burma, which were unknown to Jerdon and to
science, and till now no one but Mr. Murray would undertake the arduous task of
consulting the multitude of scattered papers for the additions which were made from
time to time, of blending all previously published materials into one harmonious whole,
and thus rendering greater facilities to the future student of the ornis of British India.
The first comprises above a hundred pages of neat and very closely-printed matter des«
criptive of all the diurnal and some of the nocturnal birds of prey. The illustrations,
twenty-one in number, comprises wood-cuts of heads of species, showing (i) the generic
character as described in the text ; (2) of species not generally known throughout India,
as Gyptetus barbatus, the Bearded Vulture or Lammergeyer, the Bay Vulture and others,
all of which are well executed. The lithographs by Mintern Brothers are all that can be
desired and reflect much credit on the firm, while those done at the Education Society's
Press, although they have not the finish of those done in England, serve their purpose
fairly, depicting as they do the markings and characters necessary for identification.
The author has gone well into the synonomy of each species, and has rightly limited the
references chiefly to the more important works and journals on Indian Ornithology.
Under Hab., the geographical distribution is rather elaborately worked out, and much
labour has evidently been expended on the collateral information furnished in regard to
habits and nidification. Any very detailed criticism of a work of the magnitude this
one will ultimately reach is not possible, nor is it possible to speak in too high terms of
the author's labours. As a standard work, with a revised classification, arranged accord-
ing to the most modern, natural and generally accepted system, there is not another
work on Indian Ornithology which could be so well recommended as deserving of public
support. Students, faunistic workers, and all ornithologists, Indian and Continental,
should supply themselves with a copy of it, for it cannot fail to be of the greatest ser-
vice to them. It has also to be borne in mind, as the author says, that the number
of coloured and other illustrations will depend very materially on the amount of support
which may be given to the work.
Professor WURTZ, of Florence, says :—
" It is something Ornithologists in this part were long looking for. It will be invalu-
able to our working Ornithologists."
Dr. A. C- L. G. GUNTHER, of the British Museum, in epist. says :—
"A book of this scope and plan will be a great boon to Indian Ornithologists-"
May be obtained at THE EDUCATION SOCIETY'S PRESS,
BOMBAY.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
Rs. A.
HANDBOOK TO THE GEOLOGY, BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY
OF SIND 8 o
THE PLANTS AND DRUGS OF SIND 5 o
THE VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY OF SIND 10 o
THE REPTILES OF SIND (Out of Print) 5 o
ZOOLOGY OF BELOOCHISTAN AND SOUTH AFGHANISTAN, i 8
ALSO
THE AVIFAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA (PART I.) 5 o
(PART II.) 7 o
(PART III.) 8 o
or Vol. I. ... 20 o
The Subscription for the ' Avifauna of British India* complete after
this issue will be (Rs. 35) and is payable in advance to the SUPERINTENDENT,
Education Society's Press.
Being anxious to make the work replete with information,
in regard to the habits, nidification, &c., of every species, the
author would be extremely obliged if Ornithologists and
Oologists would send him such notes as would be of material
service.
India and
.ts dependenci.es*
51155
QZ.69/
'.'
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