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THE AWARIFU-L-MA'ARIF.

From the perfume of (His wine-) dregs, wise this one becometh ;
From its pure colour, a traditionist that one becometh :

From half a draught, pure this one becometh ;
From (drinking) a goblet, a lover that one becometh :

At one draught, another swalloweth—

The jar, the wine-house, the Saki, and the wine-drinker:

All swallowed, —yet open remaineth his mouth !
0 ocean-heart, mighty drinker ! well done I

GuIshan-i-Raz, c. 832-836 (ans. 14).

rj!^, a uU\^'^_jfiU^J-tx/\JiC

THE AWARIFU-L-MA'ARIF,
WRITTEN IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

S/KtJTch Shahabu-d-Din 'Umar bin Muhammad-i-Sa/n-trrrdl,

translated (otit of the Arabic into Persian) by

Mahtnud bin 'AIT al Kashanl,

Companion in Su/T,ism to the I>ivan-i-Khuaia Hafiz.

TRANSLATED FOR THE FIRST TIME OUT OF THE PERSIAN INTO ENGLISH,

Lieut.. Col. H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE,

ROYAL (late Bengal) engineers,

LIFE-MEHBEK OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND; MEMBER OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

AUTHOR OF "THE PERSIAN MANUAL;" FIRST TRANSL.\TOR (OUT OF THE PERSIAN) OF "THE BUSTAN-I-Sa'u! ;

OF "the sikandar nama-i-nizami"; anu of "the divaN-i-hafiz." author of "notes on

ElEPHANTS"; OF "THE SEXTANT;" OF "LO.VGITUUE BY LUNAR DISTANCES;" AND
OF "the TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF A RAILWAY-RAIL."

AU rights reserred.

9i? 11820

CALCUTTA :

GOVERNMENT OF TNDIA CENTRAL PRINTING OFFICE,

S, HASTINGS STREET,

T"!

PREFACE.

HE sources, whence this note on sufl.ism has been derived are : —

The introduction (pp. i — 13).
(a) Disquisition on sufi.ism by Sir W. Jones.
(d) "Soofies" (History of Persia) by jMalcolm.
(c) The Gulshan-i-Raz.
{(i) Other sources,
ii. The definition of sixty-nine terms used in sufi,ism (pp. 14 — 158).
The Misbahu-1-Hidayat

by
Mahmud bin 'All al Kashani,

being a translation (in Persian) of the Arabic work —
'Awarif-u-l-Ma'arif*

by
Shaikh Shahabu-d-Din 'Umar bin Muhammad-i-Sahrwardi {6. 1 1451
d. 1234).

iii. The performances of darvishes (pp. 159 — 168),
The Darvishes by Brown.

2. Neither the Misbahu-1-Hidayat (in Persian), nor the 'Awarifu-I-Ma'arif (in
Arabic), — has ever before been translated into English. What is here given to
the Reader comprises more than a halft of the Misbahu-1-Hidayat. Shaikh Shahabu-
d-Din Muhammad-i-Sahrwardi {b. 1145, d. 1234), the son of Abu Najib, was born
at Sharward ; and he died at Baghdad.

He was a pious Shaikh, assiduous in spiritual exercises and in the practice of
devotion. He is author of

the 'Awarifu-1-Ma'arif-) . ...
TT1 i 1 » - <■ in Arabic.
,, Hikmatu-l-Assar )

and many other works.

The matter (ten pages) taken from Brown's Dar\ishes has been arranged, cor-
rected, collected, and greatly condensed.

* Otherwise called the 'A\varif-u-l-Haka,ik.

t That is, out of 343 pages of the Persian Text, 221 pages have been translated into English;
and are herein given.

jj PREFACE.

3, Those who wish further to pursue the subject of sufi,ism will find useful the
table of authorities on sufi,ism, English and Persian (pp. iv— v).

4. Unless sufi.ism be understood, the Divan-i-Hafiz cannot be understood.

In Vol. IV (pp. 196-211) of the works of Emerson (1882), wholly wrong is
the view given of the work of HSfiz ; and mistranslated and misunderstood are the
passages there given.

It is unnecessary to give instances ; easily may the student verify this statement
by referring either to my translation of Hafiz, or to the original Persian. Let one
instance suffice : —

Emerson's Works, Vol. IV, p. 205.

Oft have I said, I say it once more.

I, a wanderer, do not stray from myself.

I am a kind of parrot; the mirror is holden to

me.
What the Eternal says, I stammering say again.

Give me what you will : I eat thistles as roses.
And, according to my food I grow and I
give :

Scorn me not ; but, I know I have the pearl.
And am only seeking one to receive it.

Clarke's translation of the Divan-i-Hafiz,
Ode 371.
Times I have said ; and again I say : —
That, heart-bereft, not of myself, have I gone

this Path (of love).

Behind the (pure) mirror (of the holy travel-
ler's heart), me, they have kept like the
parrot.

What the Teacher of eternity without begin-
ning said :— " Say "; I say.

Whether, the thorn I be or whether the rose,

there is a sward-adorner (God).
By whose hand as (it) cherished me, I grew.

O friends, me heart-bereft, astonied, censure

not :
A great jewel, I have ; and the master of

vision (the jeweller, God) I seek.

Emerson (p. 201) says : —

We do not wish to make mystical divinity out of the Songs of Solomon, much less out of the

erotic and bacchanalian songs of Hanz.
Haiiz himself is determined to defy all such hypocritical interpretation, and tears off his

turban and throws it at the head of the meddling dervis, and throws his glass after the

turban.
Nothing is too high, nothing too low for his occasion. Love is a leveller, and Allah becomes a

groom, and heaven a closet in his daring hymns to his mistress or to his cupbearer.

This boundless charter is the right of genius.

To this statement, would agree no one who had, in the original Persian, read
Hafiz; and had understood him.

Despite the fact that Emerson wholly fails to understand Hafiz as the mystic
poet, divine, immortal— strangely he admires him. For at p. 239, he says : —

You shall not read newspapers, nor politics, nor novels, nor Montaigne, nor the newest French
book.

PREFACE. ii,

You may read Plutarch, Plato, Plotinus' Hindu mythology and ethics. You may read
Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, Milton; read Collins and Gray; read Hafiz and
the Trouveurs — fact-books which all geniuses prize as raw material and as antidote to
verbiage and false poetry.

5. At the head of the various sections, the figures refer to the Persian text of the
Misbahu-1-Hidayat —

Roman figures to chapters.

Arabic „ „ sections (of chapters).

6. To special notice, I wish to bring Maulavi Mirza Muhammad-i-Bisravi, who ren-
dered me much help in this difficult work.

7. This translation was made in a tropical country, in leisure moments, amidst the
pressure and the stress of professional duties most exacting ; and under special cir-
cumstances of harass and worry that it is not permissible to describe.*

For these reasons, the reader's indulgence is solicited.

* See Clarke's sufi.istic translation of the Divan-i-Hafiz, Preface, para. 18 (p. xvi).

H. WILBERFORCE CLARKE.

CALCUTTA;

January i8gi.

PREFACE.

Authorities on S^fi.ism.

1787

1829

18.S6

1863
1868
1875
1878

Asiatic Miscellany, vol. ii, pp. 50—53 ; 131 — 150.

Descriptive Catalogue (pp. 34 — 45), Oriental Library of Tippfi Sultan, by C. Stewart. This
gives 115 excellent Persian works on Sufi.ism.

De Bode's Bukhara.

History of Muhammadanism by C. Mills (p. 473).

History of Persia, Malcolm — vol. i, pp. 322, 324, 400 ; vol. ii, pp. 382 — 426.

Works of Sir W. Jones, ii, pp. 131 — 150.

Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, vol. xxv, pp. 133 — 150. 1857.

Note by Sprenger on the earliest work on Sufi,ism.

Sind (chap, viii). Burton.

Modern Egyptians (chap, iii), Lane.

Die Morgenlandische mystik, by Tholuck.

Kanun-i-lslam, Herklot, pp. 187 — 200.

The Darvishes, Brown,

Notes on Muhammadanism (p. 227), C. E. Hughes.

Islam (p. 201), Stobart.

Gulshan-i-Raz, translated by Whinfield.

Catalogue, Oriental Manuscripts (pp. 35-45), British .Museum (Ouaritch).

Paper on the Sufis by Captain Graham, Bombay.

PREFACE.

Name of Work.

911

1037
1049

1166

1230
1234

1239

1273
1292

1317

13S2
1389
1492

1591
1610

1659

Shaikh Junid-i-Baghdadi.
Shaikh Abu Sina (Avicenna)
Abu-l-Kasim-i-'Ansari.

Shaikh 'Abdu-1-Kadir-i-Gilani

Shaikh Faridu-d-Din 'Attar .

Shaikh Shahabu-d-Din 'Umar bin Muh?.mmad-i-
Sahrwardi.

Shaikh Muhyu-d-Din bin Arabi.

Maulana jalalu-d-Din-i-Rumi

Shaikh Sa'di-i-Shirazi ....

Sa'du-d-Din MahmQd-i-Shabistarl

Kamalu-d-Din Abu-1-ghanim 'Abdu-r-Razzak
Khwaja Shamsu-d-Din-i-Hafiz
Nuru-d-Din 'Abdu-r-Rahman-i-Jami

Maulana 'Urfi

Kazi Nuru-1-lah-i-Shustari
Shahzada Dara Shikuh-i-Kadiri

Makamatu-1-Krifin.

Malfuiat-i-Jalali.
Sharh-i-ghausiya va ghaira.

Asrar-Nama.

'Avvarifu-1-Ma'arif,*
I otherwise called
'Awanfu-1-Haka,ik.

The Masnavi

. ' Marghubu-1-Kulub.
Gulshan-i-raz.
. < Hakku-1-Yakin.
\ Risala-i-Shahid.
Istilahat-i-sufiya.f

The Divan.

Lawa.ih.

Kasa,id.

Majalisu-1-Muminin.

Mushahida-i-suluk va tarjuma-i-wasiti.

* See the Pieface, para. 1.

t Arabic text (p. 167) edited by Dr. Aloys Sprenger, M.D., 1845, entitled— —" Dictionary (in Arabic) of the
technical terms o( the Sufis."

PREFACE.

Date.

Author.

Name of Work.

1669
1670

Mirza Muhammad 'Ali-i-Tabrizi-i-Sa,ib .

Shaikh Muhammad Muhsin-i-Fani

Shaikh Faridu-d-Din Shakarganj ....

The Dabistan.

Asraru-1-Auliya.

!«■

-ib

.0,0'

.®

CONTENTS.

Pace.
From To

Introduction i '3

The being a shaikh . . . l+^^^JI^-n

The being a murid (disciple) . . i8^__ 23

Customs of the men of the khankah

(convent) .... 23 26

.^^afar (the journey) . . . 26 29

Sama' (the song and the rotatory

dance) ..... 29 34.

Rules of sama' . . . • 34- 37

-Sfhe khirka (the darvish-mantle) . 37 39

^The choice of the coloured khirka .39 41

Khilvat (retirement) . . . 41 42

Conditions of khilvat . . ' . 43 48

Dreams of the men of khilvat . 48 53

'Ilm (knowledge) . . . . 54 56

— Ma'rifat (deep knowledge) . . 56 58

— Hal (mystic statej and makam (stage) 5S 60
Tawliid (the unity of God) and zat

(the existence of God) . . . 60 65

The affairs of the next world . 65 6S

'Ilm-i-kiyam (knowledge of God's

standing as the slave's observer) . 69 70
'Ilm-i-hal (knowledge of the mystic

state) .....
'Ilm-i-yakin (knowledge of certainty)
Nafs (essence) ....
Some of the qualities of nafs . .
Ma'rifat-i-ruh (knowledge of the soul)
Jam' (collected) and tafraka (disper-
sed) 79

Tajalli (being glorified) and istitar

(being veiled) .... 79 82

Wajd (rapture) and wujud (existence) 82 83
Wakt (period) and nafas (moment) 84 85
Shuhud (being evident) and ghaibat

(being concealed) . . . 85 87

Tajrid (outward separation) and
tafrid (inward solitude) . . 87

7«

Mahv (obliteration) and ;sbat(confirni-
ation) .....

Talwin (change) and tamkin (rest)
Aurad (prayer-exercises) and the two

Kalima-i-shahadat (,the creed)
Zuhd (austerity) . . • .

Fakr (poverty) ....

Tajarrud (being'celibate) and ta.ahhul
I (being married)

Tawakkul (reliance on God) .

Riza (contentment) .

Muhabbat (love) ....

Shauk (desire) ....

Kabz (contraction) and bast (expan-
sion) ......

Fana (effacement) and baka (perma-
nency) .....

Partition of times on aurad (praver-
exercises) .

Ru, yat

The witnessing of prophecy and its

ending with Muhammad
Ma'rifat-i-dil .
^JMa'rifat-i-murid sa murad
va majzub
I'tikad .
'Ilm-i-fariza .
^The lia! of man .

„ Adab of Muhammad

God .
„ „ Ma'ishat .

Salat ....

The mystic rose of the Kadiris

„ bai'at .
Zikr. murakiba, tauhid
The daur
Halat
Sama' (dance) .

Paq

From

109

<.i7

9«

loi

101

104

106 107

107

109

log

118

119

121

124

129

131

133

134

142

145

I-4-5

150

153

I. S3

158

159

160

164

■^S

165

166

167

168

SUFi.ISM.

Said Muhammad : —

In Islam, is no monachism.*

Nevertheless, ^in 623 A.D.,t forty-five men of Makka joined themselves to as
many others of Madina ; took an oath of fidelity to the doctrines of the prophet (Mu-
hammad) ; and formed a fraternity to establish community of property, and tc

perform daily certain religious practices by way of penitence.
They took the name of suff, a word derived from : —
{a) Oj<o (suf) wool, woolly; a hair cloth used by penitents in the early days of Islam.

(b) ^yo (sufiy) wise, pious.

(d) \su! (safa) purity.J

(e) Jl^ (safi) pure.

To the name of sufi, they added the title of j^ij (fakir), because they renounced
the chattels of the world and its joys.
Said Muhammad : —

" Al fakru fakhri, poverty is my glory.

During the life of Muhammad, Abu Bakr (the first Khalifa), and 'All (the fourth
Khalifa. ^-599, d. 661), established ici-jU?. (assemblies) wherein vows were made and
exercises practised. '

In 657 A.D., Uvais-i-Karani [d. 657) established the first religious order of the
greatest austerity.

In honour of Muhammad, who, at the battle of Uhud, 625 A.D., had lost two of his teeth, he drew
out his own teeth ; and required his followers to do the same.

The term sufi was first adopted by Abu Hashim, a Syrian Zahid {d. 780 A.D.) ;
in his time was built the first takya (convent). But some say that the seed of sufi,-

ism : —

was sown

germed

budded

the time of

in the time of

Adam.

began to develop .

Miisa.

NSh.

reached maturity .

Christ.

Ibrahim.

produced pure wine

Muhammad.

* The Kuran, v. 89.

t The Hijra dates from the 15th July 622 A.D.

X Some add ^^ (safa), a station near the Kaba, Makka. The man, who wore the blue woollen
garment, was esteemed to he pure (safi).

2 SUFi.lSM.

VThose who loved this wine have so drunk of it as to become self-less. They ex-
claim : —

" Praise be mine ! greater than I, is any ?

"The truth (God), am I : there is no other God than 1."

One of the earliest sufis was the woman Rabi'a mentioned by Ibn Khallikan [b.
121 1, d. 1282). At night, she used to go to the house-top, and to say: —

" O God ! hushed is the day's noise ; with his beloved is the lover. But, Thee, I have for
my lover ; and alone with Thee, I joy. "

In Volume I of his works, Sir W. Jones says : —

There is a species of Persian poetry that consists almost wholly of a mystical religious alle-
gory, though on a transient view it seems to contain only the sentiments of a wild and
voluptuous libertinism.

Admitting the danger of a poetical style in which the limits between vice and enthusiasm are
so minute as to be hardly distinguishable, we must beware of censuring it severely ; for an
ardent grateful piety is congenial to the undepraved nature of man, whose mind, sinking
under the magnitude of the sabject, and struggling to record its emotions, has recourse
to metaphors, extending sometimes beyond the bounds of cool reason.

Sufis believe : —

That the souls of men differ infinitely in degree but not at all in kind from the divine spirit
whereof they are particles, and wherein they will ultimately be absorbed ; that the spirit
of God pervades the universe, ever present to His work and ever in substance; that He
alone is perfect benevolence, perfect truth, perfect beauty; that love for Him is true love,
{'ishk-i-hakiki), while love of other objects is illusory love ('ishk-i-majazi) ; that all the
beauties of nature are faint resemblances like images in a mirror of the divine charms ; that,
from eternity without beginning to eternity without end, the supreme benevolence is occu-
pied in bestowing happiness ; that men can only attain it by performing their part of the
primal covenant between them and the Creator; that nothing has a pure absolute ex-
istence but mzwi or xpjWf; that material substances are no more than gay pictures pre-
sented continually to our minds by the sempiternal artist ; that we m ust beware of attachment
to such phantoms and attach ourselves exclusively to God, who truly exists in us as we
solely exist in Him ; that we retain, even in this forlorn state of separation from our Be-
loved, the idea of heavenly beauty and the remembrance of our primeval vows ; that sweet
music, gentle breezes, fragrant flowers, perpetually renew the primary idea, refresh our
fading memory, and melt us with tender affections; that wemust'cherish those affections,
and by abstracting our souls from vanity (that is, from all but God) approximate to this
essence, in our final union with which will consist our supreme beatitude.

Sprenger* says : —

The mysticism of the sufis is a hypertrophy of the religious feeling; and a monomania in
which man blasphemously attempts to fathom the depths of the essence of God.
-. The mystics give up worldly affairs; devote themselves to austerity; and are a nuisance to
the world. .
This disease attacks every nation after it has passed the meridian of its grandeur.

* See Preface to Abd-u-r-Razzak's Dictionary of sufi,istic terms, 1845; 'he Journal, Asiatic So.
ciety, Bengal, Volume XXV, of 1856 (p. 145). '

INTRODUCTION. «

The m)-sticism of: —

(a) the Zeoplatonists marked the fall of Rome.

ib) „^ufis „ „ the Khalifat.

Because the noblest feelings of man are morbidly exalted by this disease it has
produced sublime poetry. Nothing can equal the beauty of the poems of : —

Muhyu-d-Din.

Hafiz.

Jalalu-d-Din-i-Rumi.

Sufi, ism is not due to the introduction of systems of philosophy from India, or
from Greece. It is the result of the development of Islam ; and is well worthy of the
attention of the student.

Many consider Pantheism and Sufi,ism to be identical.

The Shaikhs and Sufi-poets profess : —

The most ardent, although Platonic, attachment for individuals of their own sex, remarkable
for beauty or for talent, declaring that they are adoring the Creator whilst admiring
His beautiful handiwork (corporeal or intellectual) ; and boasting that their love is the
more pure in being unmixed with carnal sensuality, such as it must be if bestowed on in-
dividuals of the other sex.

Maulana Jalalu-d-Dln-i-Rumi (3. 1207, d. 1273), says: —

Sufis profess eager desire but with no carnal affection ; and circulate the cup but no material

goblet.
Since in their order, all things are spiritual all is mystery within mystery.

Modern sufis believe in the Kuran ; and in an express covenant on the day of
eternity without beginning (the day of Alast) between the assemblage of the souls (of
men) and the supreme soul (of God), wherefrom they were detached.

In sufi,ism are four stagesy-jndiieh--~amst be paeced-before man's corpQi;eal_veil
can be removed ; and his emancipated soul, mixed with the glorious essence, whence
it has been separated but not divided : —
i Li>^j-* (shari'at*)
The murid (disciple) observeth the shar' and the rites of Islam ; ever beareth his shaikh in
mind; in him effaceth himself through meditation; maketh him his shield against evil
thoughts; and regardeth his spirit as his guardian spirit.
This is "effacement in the shaikh."
ii i.::^jJo (tarikat)

The murid attaineth power; entereth sufi.ism; and abandoneth the observance of religious

form, exchanging outward for inward worship.
Without great piety, virtue, and fortitude (based on a knowledge of the dignity of the soul

of man) he cannot attain this stage.
The shaikh passeth the murid to the influence of the Pir (long since deceased) ; and then,

in all things, the murid seeth the Pir.
This is " efiacement in the Pir."

* Some call this nasut.

sOfMsm.

iii ui^^;** (ma'rifat)*

The murid hath attained to supernatural knowledge; and is, therein, equal to the angels.
By the shaikh, he is led to Muhammad, whom, in all things, he seeth.
This is "effacement in the Prophet."
iv eiJua^ (truth)

/ The murid hath become joined to truth (God), whom, i.i all things, he seeth.

This is "effacement in God."

Many reach the second stage ; few the fourth.

Some make eleven stages : —

i.;i^]y Muwafikat.

The murid beareth enmity to the Friend's enemy — the world, shaitan, imperious lust ; and love

for the Friend (God).
cU* ma,il.

The murid inclineth to God ; and from the heart's page, effaceth " other than God."

v:^«-j[)>' muwanisat.

The murid fleeth from all, and seeketh God.

>^>3y« mawaddat.

The murid engageth in submission, in lamentation, in affection, and in agitation in the heart's
chamber.

ly* hawa.

The murid keepeth the heart in austerity and in strife (against sin) ; and maketh it water (soft).

i.;>J^ khuUat.

The murid maketh all the limbs full of recollection of God; and of aught else void.

li^l ulfat.

The murid maketh himself void of despicable qualities, and joined to laudable qualities.

i-Q ' ■«■ shaghf.

The murid, through ardency of desire, rendeth the heart's veil ; and considereth the reveal-
ing of the mystery of love for God— infidelity, save under the mastery of wajd (ecstasy).

»x> taym.

The murid maketh himself the slave of love, and joineth himself to tajrid (outward separation),

and to tafrid (inward solitude).
(jiJj walsh.
The murid keepeth the heart's mirror before God's glory; and becometh intoxicated with its

wine),
ijl-i^ ishk.
The murid keepeth so engaged the tongue in zikr (creation of God), the heart in fikr (thought

of God), and the soul in mushahida (viewing God's glory)— that he considereth himself

non-existent.

Some consider 'ishk to be : —

(a) effacing one's self in the essence of Absolute Unity (God).
(6) the deposit of faith (Kuran, xxxiii, 72).

The following are terms used in safi,ism : —

ahl-i-tasawwuf one of mysticism.

» hal „ „ (mystic) state.

„ tarikat „ „ the Path (to God).

„ marifat „ „ (divine) knowledge,

^hik-i-sadik „ sincere lover (of God). „ hakikat „ „ truth.

— ■ - I _

* Some call this 'urf.

sufi

the sufi.

5rif

„ knower.

salik

„ traveller (to God)

talib

„ seeker (of God).

INTRODUCTION.

ahl-i-hakk

one of God.

„ shanat „ „ the shar'.

tasawwuf

sufi.ism.

mutasawwif sufi.istic.

&bd, 'Sbid

the servant (of God).

kbudiyat

„ service „

ma'rifat

„ knowledge „

tarikat

„ path „

jazb

„ attraction „

jam' wisal

„ union (with God)

sukunat

„ dwelHng „

saki

„ cup-bearer.

makam

degree.

manzil

stage.

hal

the (mystic) state.

wajid

rapture.

shauk

desire.

zauk

ddight.

muhabhat

affection.

^shk

love.

sahaba

companions in th

tabim

followers „

zahidan

■) ,

■abidan

> devotees „

sahib-i-dil one possessed of heart, a sufi.
„ ma'rifat „ „ (divine) know-

ledge.
ishku-1-iah love for God.
firak separation (from God),

dair f

takyat j '^^ convent,

zahid „ man of (dry) austerity,

ashab-i-tlm-i-zahiri the companions of outward
knowledge.
» „ batini „ companions of inward

knowledge,
ardour,
intoxicated,
void of self, selfless,
the founder of a religious order.
„ chief of a convent.

ishtvak

mast

bi khud

Pir

shaikh

kljalifa

nakib

murshid

murid

f „ deputy shaikh.

„ spiritual guide, the shaikh.
„ disciple.

2nd
3rd

The beginning of tasawwuf (sufi'ism) is iman (faith), which consists of "six
columns" (principles): —
(i) The existence of God,
(2) „ unity „

(3)

(4) The prophets.

(5) ,, day of resurrection.

(6) Good and evil, through God's predestination.

The end of tasawwuf iieth in pronouncing the six principles; and in conforming
thereto with the heart.

The iman of common folk ('amm) is :—

'ilm (knowledge), which is only an imitation of "the six columns" learned from the 'ulama
or from the imams. They know not why it is necessary to believe in these " six columns "■
nor how thereby salvation can be obtained.

Many pursue the 'ilm-i-tarikat (knowledge of the Path) and wander into error,
becoming : —

ahl-i-jabri one disbelieving freedom of will.
„ kadri „ believing in predestination.

„ mujassami „ „ only in the body.

„ mushabbia „ „ in portraits of God.

„ mutazali „ sated (with God).

In all are seventy-three orders, whereof the true order is only one, the firkat-i-
najat (the party of salvation).

Manifest is their iman (faith). Proceeding with only a lamp, they have reached the resplendent
sun ; at first only imitation, they have reached truth (God).

g sDfF.ism

They find that the tarikat (of the darvish) and the shari'at (of Islam) agree; and that whoever is
imperfect in shari'at is also imperfect in hakikat (truth).

The Kuran (Ixxviii, i8) says:—

" In the eternal life, my people will rise as monkeys, as hogs, &c., &c.

These, in life, outwardly bore the form of man ; but inwardly were brutes.

From these evils, repentance before death will free one.

Give thyself to a murshid (spiritual guide) who, by his prayers, will show thee in dreams the evil

parts of thy character till they shall pass away. As the lover delights in his beloved, so doth

the darvish in his murshid.

The darvishes say :—

" Neither fear we hell, nor desire we heaven."

By this, they mean : —

"O God, thou bargainest with none; for purity of heart and love for Thee, is our devotion.

Be not heaven nor hell— we adore Thee.

Put us into heaven— 'tis through th\ excellence; into hell,— through thy justice."

The sufis are divided into innumerable orders. The two original* orders are : —

1. ijJjLx (hululiya) the inspired.

This order believes that God has entered into them ; and that the divine spirit entereth all who
are devout.

2. dJ.jUr^') (ittihadiya) the unionist. This order believes that God is joined with every en-

lightened being ; that He is as flame, and the soul as charcoal (ready to flame); and that
the soul, by union with God, becometh God.

From these two orders are derived the five following orders :—
•fJ^lj (wasiliya) the joined (to God).
luilix ('ashakiya) „ lovers (of God).
fu^iaJj (talkiniya) „ instructed.
AA'I'^ (zakiya) „ penetrated,
ii.d^lj (wahidiya) „ solitary.

For full information regarding the many orders of the sufis, I refer the reader
to Malcolm's History of Persia, vol. ii, Art. "Soofies."

The most celebrated of the sufi teachers of Persia have been men as famed for
knowledge as for devotion.

Of Ibrahim ibn Adham, they say : —
"That holy man turned day into night;
" Night into day by his constant and undivided devotion to God."

Among the sufis, the most celebrated are the poets.

The raptures of genius expatiating on an inexhaustible subject are deemed in-
spiration by those who believe that the soul can wander in the region of imagination,
and unite with God.

■ The original order is said to have been the ^Sy'-H (sabatiya), the (ancient) Sabiansj

INTRODUCTION. 7

In sweetest strains, Jalalu-d-Din Rumi {b. 1277, d. 1773) teacheth that all nature
abounds with divine love such as to cause the loveliest plant to seek the loftiest object
of desire.

Nuru-d-Din Abdu-r-Rahman-i-jami [b. 14 14, d. 1492) breatheth ecstatic rapture
in every line.

The Gulistan and the Bustan-i-Sa'di* and the Divatl-i-Hafiz may be called the
scriptures of the Persian sufis.

Safi tenets are involved in mystery ; for every gradation, are mysteries never
revealed.

Many of the most eminent sufis have been men of piety and of learning, whose
self-denial attracted a fame they sought not ; others have cloaked themselves in humi-
lity to attain greatness, and fled from observation only to attract it.

To fame and power, is no path however rugged, into which man will not enter.

Traces of sufi-doctrine exist in every country ; in the theories of ancient Greece ;
in the modern philosophies of Europe ; in the dream of the ignorant and of the learned ;
in the shade of ease and in the hardship of the desert.

In place of the usages of religion, sufis adopt the wild doctrines of their teacher ."
and embark on a sea of doubt under a murshid whom they deem superior to all other
men and worthy of confidence that is only adoration.

Some deny evil, saying : —

" Good is all that proceedeth from God."
They exclaim : —
" The writer of our destiny is a fair Writer.
" Never wrote He that which was bad."

All things in the world, they regard as the type and as the power of God. They
see :—

His beauty in the rose-cheek of lovely ones;

His power in the impious daring of Fir'aun (Pharoah).

Sahl ibn Abdu-1-lah Shustari saith: —

" Revealed was the soul's secret when
" Fir'aun, declared himself to be god."

Jalalu-d-Din {b.i20'], d.\2']2) maketh 'Ali (the first of sufis) say when he was
wounded by an assassin : —

Lord of the land am I ; yet with my body no concern have I.

Me, thou hast not struck; only an instrument of God, thou art. On God, who shall avenge

himself?
Be not grieved ; for to-morrow (the judgment day), thy mediator, shall I be.

• Sa'di b. 1414, d, 1492.

8 SUFi.ISM.

Of Abdu-l-Kadir-i-Gilani ((5. 1078, rf.ii66) Shaikh Muhyu-d-Dln 'Arabi {b. 1166,
d. 1239) says: —

"I went to our house-top and saw all the pilgrims at 'Arafat (near Makka).
Descending, I told my mother that I must devote myself to God ; and that I wished to
proceed to Bagjidad to gain ma'rifat.

Weeping, my mother took eighty dinars ; gave me half (my inheritance) ; made
me swear never to tell a lie ; and said : —

" Go my son : to God, I give thee, not till the judgment day, shall we meet."

At Hamadan, our Kafila was plundered by sixty horsemen.

One asking me what I had ; I replied : —
" Forty dinars are sewed up in my garment."

Disbelieving me, he laughed and left. Another asked me and received the same
reply.

Whilst they were dividing the spoil, the Chief called me and said : —
" Boy, what property hast thou ? '

I replied : —

" I have already told two of your men that I have forty dinars sewn in a garment."

He ordered the garment to be ripped ; and found the money.

He said : —

"How camest thou so openly to declare what has, so carefully, been hidden ? "

I replied : —

Because 1 will not be false to my mother, to whom I have promised never to conceal the truth.

Said the Chief: —

Boy, art thou at thy age so sensible of duty to thy mother, and am 1 at my age insensible of

my duty to God ?
Give me thy hand that, on it, I may swear repentance.

He did so. His followers were struck with the scene, and said : —
" Leader in guilt, thou hast been ; in virtue, be the same."

They restored the spoil ; and, on my hand, vowed repentance.

At this time, I was sixteen years of age.

To those who sought him, Uvais-i-Karni said : —

" Seekest thou God ? If thou dost, to me why comest thou ? If thou dost not, with me. what
business hast thou ? "

Kazi Nuru-l-Lath-i-Shustari [d.\6io) says that sufis are of two classes:—

(a) Mutakallim (advocate, observer) if they desire human knowledge j the usages of religion ;

and pursue them in the ordinary way.
(6) Sufis, if they practise austerity, and look to the inward purity of the soul. '

INTRODUCTION. g

After His prophets, God esteemeth none more than the sSfi; because his desire is
(through divine grace) to raise himself from this earthly house to the heavenly ; and
to exchange his lowly condition for the condition of the angel,

The accomplished are : —

the hukama men of wisdom.
„ 'ulama „ knowledge.

These seek truth the first by demonstration; the second by religion.

In this path to (God), are many dangers.

For false teachers and deceived seekers vainly pursue the desert vapour : and
wearied return, the dupe of their own imagination.

The murshid-i-kamil va kamal (the perfect and excellent murshid) is rare.
When he exists, to discover him is impossible.

Perfection, who shall discover, save he who is perfect ?

The jewel's price, who shall tell, save the jeweller?

Hence, many miss the Path and fall into error. Deceived by appearances, they
waste life in pursuit of defect, conceiving it to be perfection.

Neither austerity nor devotion can exclude shaitan who seeketh Zahids in the
garb of religion. The only tilism whereby the good can be distinguished from the
bad is ma'rifat.

Said Muhammad :—

The irrational zahid, God accepteth not ;
By pious fools, my back hath been broken.

From alarm at persecuting tyrants, safis have often pretended to be of no parti-
cular faith.

Thus they confess not their religion ; and to disclose the mystery thereof — is
the deepest sin.

The murshid instructeth the murld how to restore the inward man : —

by purifying the spirit. I by enlightening the head.

„ cleansing „ heart. | „ anointing „ soul.

Then the murshid avereth :—

that the murid's desire shall be accomplished ; that his despicable qualities shall be changed
into laudable qualities ; that he shall understand the revelation, the stages and the grades
of exaltation till he reacheth the ineffable joy of beholding God.

If the murshid be not perfect and excellent, the murld wasteth his time.
He will end by being an impostor, or by regarding all sufis alike and condemning them.
He will seek relief in infidelity, doubting all that he hath heard or read; and regarding as fable the
accounts of holy men who have reached hakikat.

lO SUFi.lSM.

The murshid is sometimes : —

(a) the dupe of his own imagination.

{b] the wilful deluder of his own followers.

He desireth to abolish the form of religion ; alloweth no name to come between
him and God, and yet desireth to come between all other men and God ; destroyeth
names reverenced by men in order to substitute his own name.

Without the murshid, no murid can advance ; his advance is in proportion to his
faith* (in the murshid).

Hasan Sabah t Shaikhu-1-Jabal {i. 1071, fi. 1124) and his descendants were of
the order of batiniya. They filled Persia with murders ; and by their mysterious
power, made monarchs tremble.

God is ever renewing all the matter and the form of the universe. Not a leaf
sprouteth, not a sparrow falleth, not a thought occureth, without His impulsion.

Thus are muslims brought face to face with evil in a way that Europeans can-
not realise.

God is the only real agent, though He sometimes fashioneth some (Iblis, Kabil,
Nimrud, Fir'aun, Aba Jahl) to be His agents of wrath.

Equally with Musa, was Fir'aun, an agent of God's will ; and he bewailed the
impulsion that made him oppose Musa.

The 'Arif (the knower of ma'rifat) admiteth the ability to choose good. Not, like
Iblis, doth he cast his sins upon God ; but with Adam, crieth : —
" 0 Lord, black our faces we have made."

The 'Arif saith : —

God created all things, good and evil ; but evil, is non-existence, a departure from the Only

Absolute existence. In relation to God, evil is naught.
If evil-passion exist not, how can there be control ? If affliction exist not, how can there be

patience ?
The jail is the criminal's masjid making him cry to God.

The sQfi disregardeth outward forms and rites. God judgeth not as man
judgeth ; at the heart, He looketh.

Jalalu-d-Din-i-Rumi (vi. Prologue) saith : —

If with good and evil, a lover be befouled these, regard not ; his aspiration, regard.

* The Murtaza Shahi (an order of sufis) make in clay an image of the murshid.
This, the murid keeps to prevent him from wandering ; and lo bring him into identity with the
murshid.

t The Historian of the Crusades calls him " the old man of the mountain."

From his name, (Al Hasan) is derived our word "assassin."

See Asiatic Researches, vol. xi, p. 423 ; Malcolm's History of Persia, vol. i, p. 395; vol. ii, p 416.

INTRODUOTFON. j ,

The. sufi practiseth voluntary poverty, mortification, obedience, renunciation of
the world ; and the precepts of the gospel as to forsaking family, position, wealth
for religion sake.

All naught, he maketh save God : and giveth life to this non-existent universe
by regarding it as permeated with God's presence.

Paradise, hell, all the dogmas of religion are allegories, — the spirit whereof he
alone knows.

He Jongeth for death ; for then he returneth to God whence he emanated, and
in Him findeth annihilation.

On the unity of God, he meditateth to attain spiritual perfection ; and unification
with God.

This union, none can without faizu-1-lah (God's grace) reach; but to those who
fervently ask Him, He refuseth not aid.

The Kuran and the Hadis represent : —

(a) God as having created the world once for all, and as now removed to the highest heaven,

leaving His creatures, by their own free will, according to the light given by prophets,
to work out their salvation.
(4) God as the being ever working in His creatures, the sun of all existence, the fulness of
life, whereby all things move and exist — omnipresent, dwelling in, and communing
with, each soul.

The sufis (men of heart ; men looking behind the veil ; inward men) developed
the Greek mysticism popularised by —

(o) Faryabi d. 954. I (c) Ghazzali d. II I i.

(b) Abu Ali Sina „ 1037. j (d) Ibn Rashid „ iigy.

and made : —

i. God to be the One, the Necessary Being, the only Reality, the Truth, the Infinite, the First

Cause (source of all action, good and evil),
ii. The world of phenomena and of man —

Not being which like a mirror reflects being ; and, by borrowing particles of being, rises
to "contingent being" (which shares existence and non-existence).

In man, the spark of being is identical with the Infinite Being; but, while he is
in "contingent being," he is weighed down and held apart from Being by "Not-
being," whence evil proceedeth.

In this state, he requires laws and creeds to restrain him. Thus "Not-being"
is when wanted something, and nothing when not wanted, and so do the sufis avoid the
ill consequences of their theory.

The muslim doctrine of jabr (compulsion) driveth some to fanatical deeds ; some
to cry kismat; some to regard the action and the existence of the Universe as the
manifestation of God's energy.

By divine illumination, man seeth the world, including man's self, to be an illusion,
non-existent (and therefore evil).

He trieth to shake off this " Not-being," to efface himself, and to be united with
the real Being, the Truth, that is, God.

c 2

sTSfMsm.

The true course is to ignore self ; to be passive that God may work. Then
will God's light and grace enter the heart and draw man to Truth and unite him with
the One.

The curl, the down, the mole, and the brow are the world now in jamal (beauty),
now in jalal (terrible majesty).

The cheek and the curl are the types of mercy and of beauty; of vengeance and
of majesty.

The mysteries of ecstatic vision cannot be interpreted by words, only by types
and license is in the mystic states of : —

(a) annihilation, effacement.

(b) intoxication.

Only those who know these states comprehend the meaning of these words.

The curl enchaineth hearts ; beareth souls to and fro ; plundereth the karvans of
reason ; and never resteth.

With its perfume, Adam's clay became leavened. Thus, the material world.

The down is the vestibule of almightiness, a verdant growth in the spirit-world,
the well-spring of life, the hidden secret, the first plural emanation, that veileth the
face of unity, the world of pure spirits that are nearest to God and the decoration of
souls.

The mole is the point of unity, single yet embracing all phenomena. Fixed and
stable, is the point of unity ; but the heart is disquieted by emotions, illumined by epi-
phanies and darkened by the veil of plurality in the masjid, now in the inward and
now in the outward, now in the hell of lust, now in the heaven of zauk.

It is the centre, whence is drawn the circle of two worlds ; and whence is Adam's
heart and soul.

Unity (the mole) and the heart must be one. Which is the original, which the re-
flection ?

Sometimes is the heart : —

sick like His intoxicating eye.
fluttering „ curl,
gleaming „ face.
dark „ mole.

a masjid of the inward and sometimes a mas-
jid of the outward.
a hell of the inward and sometimes a heaven.

The cheek is the theatre of divine bounty, the divine essence in respect of the
manifestations of its names and qualities ; the manifestation of the seven (beauteous)
names (of God) ; and is as the seven verses (of the Fatiha). Know His face and
down, ^verily thou knowest plurality and unity.

The eye betokeneth frowns and coquetry, now holding aloof from its slave, now
granting union. From it, proceed languishing intoxication, burning, plundering, and
aching of heart ; every corner thereof is a wine-shop.

Of His eye and lip, ask an embrace,— one saith nay ; the other, yes.

THE KHANKAH. ,,

/^ ^

\I5. Speaking of the shaikh to the degree of the hearer's understanding.

That matter wherein is un-intelligibility, and whereto the hearer's understandino-
reacheth not, the murid should not utter.

From such speech, no profit ariseth ; and possibly the hearer's faith in the shaikh
may become languid.

If the murid observe this collection of rules of manner, his object (from the
acquisition of the splendours of God's mercy and from the descending of His bound-
less blessings) beconieth, by means of the shaikh's society, revealed openly and
secretly.

The customs of the men of the Khankah (convent).

V. 5-

The men of the khankah form two parties —
i the travellers.
ii „ dwellers.

When sufis intend to alight at a khankah they try to reach it before the after-
noon. If, for some reason, the afternoon cometh, they alight at the masjid or in some
corner.

The next day, at sunrise, they proceed to the khankah and make : —
(a) two rak'ats (of prayer) as salutation to the spot.
(6) salam (peace-wishing).
(c) haste to embracing and to Viand-shaking those present.

The sunnat is that, to the dwellers they should offer some food or something as a
present.

In speech, they make no presumption ; so long as they ask not, they speak not.

For three days, for the business that they may have, beyond the visiting of the
living and of the dead, — they go not from the khankah until the inward form, from
the alteration caused by the accidents of travel, returneth, to its own ease, and they
become ready for the interview with the shaikhs.

When from the khankah, they wish to go out they prefer their request to the men
of the khankah.

When three days have passed, if they resolve to stay, they seek service whereby
they may stay.

If their time be engaged in devotion, no service is necessary.

The dwellers of the khankah meet the travellers with : —
(a) tarhib (ye are welcome).
' (6) regard.

■ The servant should offer light food, and be present fresh of face, sweet of
ech-

«->i SUFi.lSM.

If a traveller, unaccustomed to the customs of sufis, reach the khankah, they
should not look at him with contempt ; nor should they prevent him from entering.
For many of the holy and pious are ignorant of the customs of this assembly (of

sufis).

If through contempt injury reach them, their heart may possibly be vexed ; and
its effects may injure faith and the world.

Kindliness to man is the best of manners ; ill-naturedness is the result of ill
nature.

If to the convent reach some one who hath no fitness therefor, him, after offering
victuals, with kindness and fair words, they remove.
The dwellers of the khankah form three parties : —
i. ahl-i-khidmat (men of service),
ii. „ suhbat ( „ ,, society),
iii. „ khilvat ( „ „ khilvat).

The ahl-i-khidmat are "the beginners," who, out of love, come to the khankah.
They do them service, so that thereby they may become acceptable to the hearts of men
of deeds and of stages, and may be regarded with the glance of mercy ; may acquire
litness for kinship ; and become a slipper out of the garment of alienation and of far-
ness.

They gain capability of society and capacity for its advantages ; and by the bless-
ing of their society, words, deeds, and manner become bound by the bond of dignity.
After that, they become worthy of khidmat.

To the old men, the passing of their time in khilvat is best.

To the youths, the house-assembly sitting in suhbat is better than khilvat, so that,
with the bond of 'ilm, their lusts may (by the revealing of states, words, and deeds
to those present) be bound.

Thus, has Abu Yakub-i-Susi said.

The men of the khankah have — a portion, devotion and a service ; and aid
each other respecting important matters of faith and of the world.

Fitness for " service " is when a person hath by outward resemblance, and inward
and pure desire — acquired kinship with sufis.

Who hath not kinship with one of these two ways, — him, it is not proper to do
" service " ; or with him to associate except in compassion.

Because sometimes, through the exigency of human nature, issue from them
things that appear ugly in the sight of people of desire and of love.

If from the khankah is the allowance of their victuals; and the bequeather's con-
dition is that they should expend the allowance on the purposes of the Lords of desire,
and on the travellers of tarikat, that allowance is not lawful to the habituated, nor
to that crowd that, from deeds of body, have not reached the stages of the heart.

If the khankah have no bequest ; and in it, be present one possessed of vision,
he, according to the exigency of the time and their capacity, instructeth the murids.

THE KHANKAH. ,-

If he consider it good to abandon kasb (acquisition) and to remain in beo-o-ary, he
putteth them on tawakkui (reliance on Godj, and on the abandoning of the mean3 (of
livelihood).

If the men of the khankah be a brotherhood, and no shaikh be present, they
choose, as occasion demandeth, one of these three ways:

If they be of the crowd of the strong and of travellers, and resolute as to tawak-
kui (reliance on God), and as to patience, their sitting (in reliance) on the revealintr
(of God's aid) is worthy of their state.

Otherwise they should choose either kasb, or beggary, which they consider the
better.

The men of the khankah should, outwardly and inwardly, observe concord to
each other ; and should, at the time of eating, assemble at one table-cloth, so that out-
wardly they may not be separated ; that the blessing of outward association may pene-
trate into the heart ; that they may with each other pass life in love and purity ; and
may, in their heart, give no power to alloy and counterfeit (evil thoughts).

If from one to the heart of another, a foul deed should pass, they should in-
stantly efface it ; and with him not pass life in hypocrisy.

Every society, the foundation whereof is on hypocrisy and not on sincerity, giveth
no result whatever.

When, outwardly to each other, they display reconciliation, and their heart is
folded with hate, — hopeless is their good, and expected their destruction.

If an act of treachery appear, in it they should not persevere, but quickly for it
make reparation by seeking pardon ; and that pardon it is not right that the aggrieved
one should withhold. For, in respect to this, promise (of blessing) hath arrived.

Outwardly and inwardly, they should strive to be in agreement with, and in
equality to, each other; and to be in respect of all people free from impurity (of
wrong) .

Then to them may deferred paradise be hastened, and the mere promise of
others be their realisation.

In the heart of the sufi or of the fakir, how should there be the alloy and the
counterfeit (of evil thought), the place of return whereof is the love of the world?
By abandoning the world and turning from it, are they special and chosen.

After seeking pardon, the pardon-seeker should present victuals ; just as doeth he
who Cometh from journeying.

Because the sinner, who, for sin, shall have come out from the circle of being
present and of being collected (of the khankah) ; and shall have entered on the journey
of separation and of being hidden, — returneth not to this circle. To re-enter, it is first
necessary that he should present victuals, which the sufis call gharamat (fine).

When a person appeareth possessed of lust, with him they should strive to repel
the darkness of lust by the luminosity of the heart.

The injurer and the injured both are in sin. Because if the injured one had
heartily opposed the lust of the injurer, the darkness of lust would, through the lumi-
nosity of the heart, have departed.

26 SUFi.lSM.

The true sufi is he who striveth in the purifying of his heart ; and alloweth no
pollution to abide in him.

As our allowance, may God grant us this state.

On the rule of the safar (the journey).

VI. g.

Doubtless, in subduing refractory lusts and in softening hard hearts, safar profit-
eth much.

The being separated from one's native land, from friends and familiar things, and
the exercising of patience in calamities cause lust and nature to rest from pursuing
their way; and take up from hearts the effect of hardness.

In subduing lusts, the effect of safar is not less than the effect of nawafil, fasting
and praying.

On dead skins, by tanning, the effects of purity, of softness, and of delicacy of
texture appear ; even so, by the tanning of safar, and by the departure of natural cor-
ruption and innate roughness, appear the purifying softness of devotion and change
from obstinacy to faith.

Hence the master of shari'at (Muhammad) hath incited to safar, although to safar,
is not limited the acquisition of the objects of the seekers of hakikat and of
tarikat.

For there have been shaikhs who have, neither at the beginning nor at the end,
made safar; but God's grace hath been their aid; and the noose of attraction hath
drawn them from the lowest to the highest stage, and conveyed them to the stage of
being a shaikh, the master of instruction.

Most shaikhs have made safar, — some in the beginning, for the sake of receiving
profit; some at the end, for giving profit; and some both in the beginning and at the
end, wherein they have regarded their own welfare of season and of hal.

Ibrahim Khwass used not to stay more than forty days in a city ; because in this
course, he regarded his welfare of hal and of tawakkul.

With 'Isa (Christ), the sufIs are associated, because, during the whole course of His
life, He was in safar ; and for the safety of His faith, never stayed in a place.

Whoever maketh safar must observe twelve rules : —

I. The advancing of proper resolution, and the establishing of honoured pur-
poses—

(a) The acquiring of 'ilm (knowledge).

(J) The meeting of shaikhs and of brothers.

Because, on meeting men of salah and obtaining a glance from the Lords of prosperity
many advantages accrue to seekers of tarikat. *

THE SAFAR. gy

He may be worthy of a happiness-giver's glance ; and therefrom he may take up
advantages of faith and of the world.

In respect of the special ones, not far is this sense.

In the glance of some serpents, God hath established a special quality whereby he, on
whom they glance, becometh destroyed. Wonder is it if, in the glance of His own spe-
cial ones, God should have placed a virtue whereby they give the seeker on whom they
glance life and happiness according to his capacity !

In the masjid of Khif at Mina, Shaikh Ziya,u-d-Din Abu-n-Najibwas making the tawaf ;
at all he glanced ; and in inquiring as to, and reflecting upon, their state made excess.

They said : —
What seekest thou ?

He said : —
Slaves of God there are whose glance giveth happiness; their glance, I seek.
(c) The cutting asunder from familiar things and the swallowing the bitterness of separation
from brothers and dear friends.
For patience, in separation from one's abode and friends, is worthy of many benefits.

{d) The revealing of the hidden treasure of the soul's state ; and the expelling its decorations
and claims.

Because many reprehensible qualities (which, being rested in their purpose, are concealed
in lusts)— become, revealed, in safar, through farness from accustomed things.

Thus if at the khankah (or at his abode), he see not (by reason of his rest with desire) a
perturbation in his nafs, he thinketh that in him are existent, patience and riza.

When, in safar, calamities become continuous ; and from his soul, a passion or an abo-
mination appeareth, he knoweth that he hath not these two qualities. Up, he riseth in
search of them ; and the claim of possessing them vanisheth.
(e) Solitude and abandoning the acceptance (of the people).

The breeze of the hal of the master of hal who dwelleth in a corner reacheth the soul of
the true ones and of the seekers of that comer ; and he becometh the kibia of prosperi-
ty and the master of the people's acceptance.

This state is, for travellers of tarikat, the source of trial ; and, to those arrived at the stage,
the mark of being chosen.

For travellers (who are afflicted with this calamity of trial) the journeying for solitude
and for the abandoning of acceptance (of the people) is of the requisites (of safar).

Because the stage of acceptance(of the people) is the slipping place of travellers ; here, do
their feet slip; here, do they turn their face from God to the people — except the person,
whom the favour of the Eternal aideth ; and who avoideth that abode, and goeth else-
where, so that, preserved from this calamity, he may remain.
(/) The reading of verses of singularity and unity of God from the books of the world and
from souls; and reading the signs of kudrat (power) and of hikmat (God's mystery)
and the wonders of created and destined things— so that thereby amplitude may ap-
pear to the power of thought; and proofs to the perfection of kudrat and of hikmat
increase (in number).

2. Making safar with a friend.

In safar, calamities (which every one in solitude cannot bear) occur. Hence is
necessary a friend who may aid.

Some of the strong, having power of endurance against afflictions, have in soHtnde
made safar, yet to every one it is not easy.

28 SUFi.lSM.

3. Of the party (who make together safar) making one amir, so that all shall obey
him as in the Hadis.

Greater is the capacity of power of that one who, in austerity, piety, liberality, and
in compassion is greater.

It is related that Abu ' Abdu-1-lah-i-Maruzi desired to make safar. His companion-
ship, Abu 'AlI-i-Rabati asked. Abu 'Abdu-1-lah said :—
Only on the condition that thou be Amir or I.

Abu 'Ali replied : —

Be thou Amir.
Abu 'Abdu-1-lah took up his road-provisions ; and on his head placed his load.
One night, in the desert, it rained. All night Abu 'Abdu-1-lah stood holding his
blanket over Abu 'All to preserve him from the rain.
When Abu 'Ali said : —

Do not.
Abu Abdu-1-lah used to say : —

" I am Amir ; obedience on thy part is necessary."
Whoever in power hath his glance over many followers ; and hath the desire for
rule or for the acquisition of lust's desires, his is no portion in sufi,ism.

4. The bidding farewell to brothers. He should, as Muhammad ordered, bid
farewell to the brothers (of the khankah) ; and on the brothers, it is obligatory that
they should pray for him.

For thus, when bidding farewell to travellers, did Muhammad pray.

5. The bidding farewell to the stage (of sojourning).

When the traveller taketh up his chattels, he should perform two rak'ats of pray-
er ; and with them bid farewell.

In the Hadis is a tale by Anas bin Malik that Muhammad never alighted at a
stage without performing, at the time of departure, two rak'ats of prayer, after which^
he used to pray : —

O God, increase my piety; pardon my sins; turn me towards good just as Thou

wishest.

6. When he wisheth to ride his steed, camel, litter, or ship, he should

say : —

Praise be to God who made subdued to us this steed. In the name of God. God is great.
1 depend upon God ; save with God, the great and powerful, is neither power nor com-
mand. Thou art the rider of all backs ; and the aider of all matter.

7. From the stage, he should start early in the morning on the fifth day (Thurs-
day), because Ka'b-i-Malik relateth that, on that day, Muhammad generally began his
safar and despatched his troops.

8. When he cometh near to the stage, he should say :—

O God of the skies, of those that increase; of earth, of those that decrease : of Shaitan, of
those that mislead ; of the wind, of those that blow ; of water, of those that flow ! 6 God,
I pray for the good of this stage and of its people; wiih Thee, I take shelter from the evil
of this stage and of its people.

SAMA*. 29

9 Salutation to the stage.

When he alighteth, he should, by way of salutation to the stage , offer two rak'at
of prayer.

10. The arranging of the articles of safar.

With himself, he should keep the staff, the water-holder, and the p-irdle ; because
their association with him is the sunnat. Abu Sa'id-i-Khazari relateth that Muham-
mad going from Madina to Makka, thus ordered.

1 1. When he reacheth a city whereat he wisheth to stop and from afar casteth
on it his glance, he should make salutation to the living and to the dead ; should read
some of the Kuran ; should send the blessing thereof as a present to them ; and should
utter this prayer; —

O God ! in it bestow upon us good rest and fair allowance.

12. Before entering the city, he should, if possible, bathe ; because when Mu-
hammad wished to enter Makka, he used first to bathe.

Sama' (the song, the circular dance of darvishes).

V. 9.

Of the number of most laudable sufi-mysteries, denied by outward 'ulama, one
is the assembly for : —

(,/) the sama' (hearing) of the ghina (song) and ilhan (lilt).
(b) the summoning of the kawwal (singer).

The reason of denial is that this custom is innovation, for in the time : —

of Muhammad
„ the sahaba
„ ,, tabi'in

Of the 'ulama

„ ,, ancient shaikhs

this was not the custom.

Some of the modern shaikhs have established the custom ; and, since it is not op-
posed to the sunnat, held it laudable.

Sama' is the comprehender of three benefits : —

1. To the soul and the heart of the companions of austerity and the T.ords of strife
(against sin), — weariness, sadness, kab'z, and despair appear on account of many deeds.
Then, for the repelling of this calamity, ' modern shaikhs have made a spiritual com-
position out of the sama ' of sweet sounds, harmonious melodies and verses desire-
exciting ; and made them eager for it at the time of need.

2. Through the manifestation and the power of nafs, stoppings and veilings (of
God's glory) occur to the holy traveller. Thus, the increase of hal closcth ; and,
through length of separation (from God), the violence of desire (for God; decreaseth.

SUFi.lSM.

Then, by hearing sweet lilts and ghazals (describing his hal), that strange hal
(which moveth the claim of desire, and exciteth love's contest) appeareth to the hearer ;
the stoppings and the veilings arise and depart from before him ; and the door of in-
crease openeth.

3. To men of the Path, whose state — from (slow) travelling to (swift) flight, from
(laborious) travelling to (irresistible) attraction, from being a lover (of God) to being
the beloved (of God) — shall not have ended, it is possible that, at the time of sama',
the soul's ear may open and gain the rapture of the address of eternity without begin-
ning, and of the '' first covenant ; " that with one shaking the bird of the soul may shake
from itself the dust of existence and the clamminess of impurities ; and may — from
the pollution of the heart, of lust and of the crowd of existences — become free.

Then, with swift flight, the soul cometh into propinquity to God ; the holy tra-
veller's slow travelling changeth to swift flight ; his laborious journey, to irresistible
attraction ; and his being a lover to his being the beloved (of God).

Then, in a moment, doth he travel, as without sama' he cannot travel in years.

The best of deeds (prayer) is for some the cause of prosperity ; and for some of
sorrow. Nevertheless, the abandoning of prayer is not lawful.

At this time in a way (which is the way of men of the time and of sufis) sama' is
the essence of disaster ; for many are the assemblies the foundation whereof is on the
claim of lust and of sensual delights — not on the principles of sincerity, and on the de-
sire of increase of hal whereon hath verily been the way of this tarik.

The cause of being present at an assembly of sama' is : —
(a) the claim to victuals that in that assembly are expected.
(i) the inclination to dancing, to sport, and to pastime.
(c) the delight of beholding things forbidden and abhorrent.
{d} the attraction of worldly kinds,
(e) the manifestation of wajd and hal.

(/) the keeping brisk the market of being a shaikh ; and the making current the chattels
of self-adorning.

All this is the essence of disaster ; and abhorrent to men of faith.

Every assembly the foundation whereof is on one of these desires, — from it be-
cometh difficult the search for increase of ;—
hal.

inward purity,
tranquillity of heart.

This complaint was laid in the time of Junid, which was the time of revealing of
shaikhs and of sufis.

At the end of his life Junid held not the assembly of sama' of the singer.
They said : —

Why boldest thou not saitia'.? I

SAMA'.

He said : —

With whom may I hold sama' ?

They said : —

For thy own soul, hear.

He said : —

From whom, may I hear ?

It is proper to make sama' with sympathising friends ; and to hear one who
suffereth pain (of love for God), and who, for the sake solely of the next world,
speaketh.

Doubtless the sweet voi ce is one of divine favours.

Thus by the camel-driver's song, the camel easily beareth heavy loads and joyfull)'
travelleth many stages in a day.

Wahy saith : —

Once in the desert, I met an Arab tribe; one of them took me to his tent.
Before the victuals appeared, I saw a black slave bound and several camels dead at the
tent-door.

The slave said : —

" To-night thou art the guest; and the guest my Lord holdeth dear. Hope is mine that
thou wilt intercede for my release from these bonds.

When he had made ready the victuals, I said : —
I will not eat till thou releasest this slave.

He said : —

This slave hath ruined my property and my camels; and cast me on the dust of poverty.
My income used to be from the profit of these camels. But this slave hath a voice exceeding
sweet ; and he loaded the camels with heavy burdens ; and to the melody of Huda urged
them so that in one day they traversed three days' space. When they reached the last
stage, they cast their loads and fe I dead. Him, I will give to thee.

The next day I wished to hear the slave's voice; my host accordingly ordered
him to begin the camel-driver's melody.

Near, there was a bound camel.

When he heard the slave's voice, he revolved his head and snapped his tether ;
and I became senseless and fell.

They asked Junid : —

Why doth a person, who is resting with gravity and who suddenly heareth a sweet voice — fall
into agitation and tumult.

He said : —

When, in the covenant of eternity without beginning and of misak, God said to the atoms of
the progeny of the sons of Adam — Am I not your God ? the sweetness of that address
remained in the ear of their soul.

When they hear a sweet sound, the sweetness of that address cometh to mind ; and they de-
light thereat, and fall into tumult.

Thus also say Zu-r-Nun'-i-Misri and Samnun Muhib.

„o SUFi,lSM.

Buka (lamentation) is of two kinds : —
(,i) the buka of joy.
{b) „ „ wajd.

For buka is produced by fear, desire, joy, or wajd.

The buka of joy is when, from exceeding joy, one weepeth — as when a son, or
a beloved, long separated by seas, returneth.

The buka of wajd is when a ray of the splendour of hakku-1-yakin (the truth of
certainty) flasheth, and the blow of kidam (eternity) cometh upon hudus (calamities),
the rest of the existence of the wajid (the enraptured one) riseth up and disappeareth
in the dashing together of kidam and hudus.

This state is manifested in the form of drops of tears.

Whatever hath dominion over humanity, sama' strengtheneth.

For those engaged in love for God, sama' is the aider to perfection ; for those
filled with lust, the cause of disaster.

Although wajd in sama' is the perfection of the hal of "the first ones," it is the
defect of " the last ones." Because wajd is the sign of resuming (after little losing) the
state of witnessing. In sama', the wajid is the loser ; and the cause of the loss of the
hal of witnessing is the appearance of the qualities of wujud (existence).

The qualities of wujud are : —

(a) the darkness arising from lust, the veil of the vain.

{b) „ luminousness arising from the heart, „ „ verified.

The source of wajd in sama' is : —

(a) either purely sweet melodies, the delight whereof is shared between the soul and the heart

of the verified ; and between the soul and the lust of the vain.

(b) or pure melodies (whereby the soul alone is delighted) wherein the listening heart maketh

sama' in respect to the verified, and the nafs in respect to the vain.

For freedom from the veil of existence, the hal of witnessing is constant and the
sama' of addresses (of God) perpetual — to "the last ones."

The sama' of melody cannot agitate ; for agitation by assault is a strange state.
The hal of witnessing and the sama' of addresses (of God) appear not strange to
the man of constant witnessing and of perpetual sama', and therefore by them he is
not agitated.

A companion of Sahl 'Abdu-1-lah saith : —

Years in Sahl's society, I was ; and yet I never saw him changed by hearing —
the zikr
„ Kuran
„ other exercises

until at the close of his life, they read to him this Kuranic verse.
"From you, sacrifice, He will not take to day,"

Suddenly hal turned to him ; and he so trembled that he nearly fell.
I asked the cause ; he said : —
Me, weakness hath befallen.

SAMA. 33

He became changed and agitated. Afterwards Ibn Salim asked him of his
state.

He said :—

" It was from weakness."

They said :—

If that were from weakness, what is power ?

He said : —

Power is that when naught descendeth on a person but by the power of hai, he suffereth it ; and
by it changeth not.

Once, Mumshad-i-Dinwarl passed a place where, in sama', was a crowd of 'the
first ones." When they saw him, they left off.

He said : —

Upon your state ye continue intent, if all the musical instruments were gathered in mv
ear, they would engage naught of my purpose and relieve naught of my pain.

Whoever hath the state of perpetual witnessing, his state in sama' is even as it
was before sama'.

The heart that is ever present with God, and rejecteth sama', — understandeth
from every sound that reacheth him, the address of God.

Then is his sama' not restricted to man's melodies even as Abu 'Usman-i-
Maghrib: hath said. The voice within himself is sama' ; of the external ear is no
need, even as Hassr hath said :^

Whose sama' is constant, ever present with the Hidden is he in heart; and ever void of lusts' tale

is the ear of his heart.
He heareth sometimes the address of God; sometimes the praise of the atoms of existence;

sometimes from the inward ; and sometimes from the outward.

Once Shibli heard one crying in the bazar of Baghdad :—
Ten ' j^ (khiyar, cucumbers) for a dang.

He cried out : —

When ten ' )^ (Khayyar, good men) are for a dang, the state of the (worthless) wicked
is what ?

Once a man of heart (a sufi) heard a proclaimer shouting : —
Sa'tarbari.

He fell senseless. When to sense he returned, they asked him the cause. He
said :—

From God, I heard— asa'tarbari.

^. SUFi.lSM.

Of the Amiru-1-Muminin (Ali) it is said that once he heard the sound of a conch.
To his companions, he said : —

Know ye what this conch saith ?

They said : —

Nay.

He said : —

It saith, praise be to God ! O God ! O God ! verily living is the Eternal Master

'Abdu-r-Rahman-i-Sa!imi says : —

Once I went to Abu 'Usman-i-Maghribi. There, with an ox, they were drawing
water from a well.

To me, Abu 'Usman said :—
Knowest thou what this ox saith ?

I said :—

Nay.

He said : —

He saith— Allah ! Allah !

Men of sama' are of three kinds : —

(a) The sons of truths. These in sama' hear the address of God to themselves.

(6) The men of needs. These by means of the meanings of couplets that in sama' they

hear heartily address themselves to God ; and, in whatever they ascribe to God, are in

sincerity of purpose,
(c) The lonely fukara. These have severed all worldly ties and calamities. In goodness

of heart, is their sama' ; and nearest to safety (in God) they are.

The rules of Sama'.

V. 10.
The first rule of sama' is that, at an assembly of sama', they should keep foremost
sincerity of resolution and seek out its cause : —

(a) If it be lustful desire, shun it.

(b) If the claim of sincerity, of desire, and of search for the increase of hal afld for com-

prehending the blessing (of God)— be united, free from lust's impurities, the grace
of such an assembly (despite the absence of a shaikh, or men of sama' of the brothers
of concord, and of sincere seekers) is great gain.

If it be not free from the impurities of lust, — it is necessary, in its purification,
to bring forward subtleties of vision and graces of practice.

If the cause be first the claim of sincerity and afterwards lustful desire, it is
necessary to repair the injury done by lust; —
(a) by sincerity of penitence.
{b) „ seeking aid (of God) against the wickedness of lust.

THE RULES OF SAMA'. ^c

If the cause be first lustful desire and afterwards good resolution for reparation,
— they credit the former desire, not the succeeding resolution ; and shun such an
assembly.

If sama' comprehend :—
i. prohibited things such as
(a) the morsel of tyrants,
{b) „ being near to women,
(c) „ presence of beardless youths,

ii. abhorred objects such as : —

(a) the presence of one who as a zahid hath no affinity for this crowd ; who delighteth not

in sama',

(b) the possessor of rank of the Lords of the world to whom it is necessary to be respectful,

time perturbed with false tawajud,

it is necessary for true seekers to shun such an assembly.

At an assembly of sama', he who is present should sit with respect and gravity ;
should keep restrained the parts of the body from excess of motion, especially in the
presence of shaikhs ; should not become agitated with a little of the splendours of wajd ;
should not affect intoxication with a little taste of the pure wine (of love for God);
nor voluntarily express either the shahkat (murmuring noise) or the za'k (calling out).

If — let us flee to God for protection, — without the descending of wajd and of
hal, he manifesteth wajd and layeth claim to hal, — it is verily the essence of hypo-
crisy and of sin, the foulest blameable act, and the most disgraceful of states.

In the time of Abu-1-Kasim Nasr Abadi (who was a companion of Shibli, and
renowned in knowledge of the hadis), the shaikh of Khurasan delighted in sama'.

One day between him and Abu 'Amr bin Najld (who was a murid of Aba
'Usman-i-Hairi, and had seen Junid) there chanced an assembly of concord.
Him, on account of his exceeding sama', Abu 'Amr reproached.

Nasr Abadi said: —

Thus it is, but an assembly, whereat one is a speaker in lawful song and the rest are silent

is better than an assembly whereat all are speakers in slander.

Abu 'Amr replied : —

O Abu-UKasim ! alas, evil is motion in sama' ; in it, is this and this.

The explanation of 'Amr's reply is this, that the error of sama' comprehendeth
many errors : —

(a) Falsely slandering the Lord of the world (God). Because the revealing of wajd in sama'

referreth to the mutawajid, to whom God hath bestowed a special gift.
(6) Deceiving some of those present in sama' by the manifestation of false lial. Deceit is

treachery; treachery is the source of repulsion.
(e) Breaking the confidence of followers of the men of rectitude. Thus is cut off from them
the aid of holy men (salih) which is the essence of sin.

F 2

36 SUFi.lSM.

The way of true wajids is this :—

So long as they gain not fully the ardour of sama', they move not in sama' ; from them,
motion issueth only when they cannot restrain it, — even as the palsied one cannot restrain
himself from the motion of palsy.

Tawajud is this : —

When, not in the true way of wajd and of hal, but in the way of indulging the heart and bath-
ing lust, a person displayeth a weighed motion with weighed cadences, — so that nafs (lust)
becometh rested from the labour of deeds ; and the heart from the labour of deliberation.

Thus, the heart vainly seeketh aid in search of God.

Although in the shar', dancing may be among the lawful pleasures, it is with the
men of truths and the Lords of grandeur vain.

Yet the vain thing which is aid to the search for God is the essence of devotion.
This vain is verily a truth in the garb of the vain.

The mutawajid's resolution in tawajud is possibly a portion of wajd, so that (by
its blessing) he gaineth a portion (of good) from his hal.

Though this be permissible to " the first ones," it is unsuitable for the hal and the
office of shaikhs. Because their hal is all, outwardly and inwardly, pure truth, wherein
is no entrance to sport and pastime.

From them, especially in the presence of shaikhs, should not voluntarily issue
the za'k (calling out), but only at that time when the power of restraint is effaced.
So the breather whose power of breathing cometh strait, — if he breathe not, his heart
consumeth.

It is related that in Junid's service, a youth used to display assiduity ; and in sama' to make the
za'k. One day Junid forbade him saying : —

"If after this, thou restrain not thyself, — from us go far."

After this, in sama' the youth restrained himself from za'k. So, from the root of every hair
flowed the sweat of restraint, till one day he expressed a za'k, and at the same time his life.

The condition of za'k is—

The being hidden from things felt.

In the best tarik, when not done through the overwhelming power of hal and
through the loss of the power of repression, unlawful are : —
(a) motion in sama'.
(6) the voluntary za'k.
(c) „ „ rending of one's garment.

These are the pretensions to hal without the truth of hal, and the ruin of pro-
perty.

In casting the khirka to the singer, there should be advanced an intention void of
hypocrisy just as he may (in support of wajd and of exciting desire) wish to give
ease to the singer.

The khirka (mantle) that passeth from the possessor of sama' to the singer is of
two kinds, ^

(a) khirka-i- sahiha the un-rent khirka. (

(b) „ mumazzaka „ rent „

THE KHIRKA. „.

The rule of the unrent khirka is as follows : —

(i) If the wajid's purpose in casting off the khirka and bestowing it be specially

for the singer, in it, others have no concern,
(ii) If his purpose be not special, and a distinguished one, obedient to order, be

present, he may give it to the singer, or to another. Over him, none hath

authority, for his acts are from vision,
(iii) If those present at the sama' be all brothers, and there be no shaikh, they give

the khirka to the singer ; because the exciter of wajd (which is the cause

of casting off the khirka) is his song.
Some say : —

(a) The khirka belongeth to the assembly; because the source of wajd is not only the singer's
song but also the blessing of the assembly.

(J) If the singer be outside of the assembly, he is with all a sharer; otherwise he is portion-
less.

(d) If some of the lovers (of God) present a gift, and with it, those present are satisfied, —

every one may go after his khirka ; and the gift they give to the singer.

(e) If in casting off the khirka some one shall have resolved not again to go after his khirka,—

it, they give to the singer.

The rule of the rent khirka is —

When the possessor of sama', through the impetuosity of ha! and the capture of
control, rendeth on his body the khirka, — it, they divide among those present at sama'
whether of the same, or of diverse, kind (of brotherhood).

In dealing kindly with those of diverse kind, it is necessary that the assembly
should hold a favourable opinion of them and of their casting off the khirka.

If, at the division, be present one who at the time of sama' was absent, to him
they give a portion (of the khirka).

If of the cast-off khirkas some be unrent and some rent, they rend (if the shaikh
consider it fit) the unrent khirkas and part them among those present.

The rending of the khirka and the parting of it among those present is an Hadis
by Anas Ibn Malik ; but in it, they have made contrariety.

If by this hadis, in respect of the sama' of (singing), of moving, of rending gar-
ments, and of parting them among those present, — the truth should be verified, it would
to the sufi be the best document.

The Khirka (Darvish Mantle).

V. 2.

A custom of the sufis is the putting on of the khirka, which, at the beginning of
their sway over the murids, the shaikhs have considered laudable ; but regarding
which they have received no order from the sunnat except the hadis of Umm-i-Kha-
lid.

«8 SUFi.lSM.

It is related "^hat once to Muhammad they brought some raiment in the midst
whereof was a small black blanket.

Taking it up, he said to the assembly : —
Who intendeth putting on this ?

All were silent. He said : —
I give it to Umm-i-Khalid.

They called Umm-i-Khalid ; and Muhammad covered her with it.
On that blanket, were marks (stripes) yellow and red ; at them Muhammad look'
ed and said :—

O Umm-i-Khalid ! this is admirable (which is the hadis).

In the arranging of the garment of the khirka, which is the sufi-way, clinging
to this hadis, — is far.

Although from the sunnat is no clear command, since the khirlja is surety for be-
nefits and not an obstacle to the sunnat, it is laudable.

The following of the excellences of the Path is lawful ; the excellences are : —

(a) The changing of custom and the turning from natural things and sensual delights.

For, as in eatables, potables, and spouses lust hath delight — in garments also, it delighteth
The putting on of a garment, which hath become lust's custom, and in the particular form

whereof it resteth — in it, doubtless lust delighteth.
Then is the change of garment, the change of custom which is the essence of worship, as

in the Hadis.

(b) The repelling of the society of contemporaries in sin and of shaitans of mankind, who (by

resemblance in form) incline to the other (good) society.
When a change of garment and an alteration of form appeareth in the murid, his equals
and associates depart from him.

For the khirka is the shadow of the shaikh's love and frighteneth shaitan from the
shadow of men of love as is in the Hadis.

For the murid, society of the good is necessary, that from them, he may take the co-
lour of goodness.

Separation from the wicked is the condition of acceptance of the society of the good.

Even so the indigo-stained raiment taketh no colour till after the removing of the in-
digo.

which is the mark of inward sway.
So long as the murid's interior becometh not worthy of the shaikh's sway, and the murid
considereth him not perfect and one of consummate excellence — he becometh not out-
wardly obedient to the shaikh.
(dj The good news to the murid is his acceptance by God. Because the putting on of the
khirka is the mark of the shaikh's acceptance, which is the mark of God's acceptance.
By putting on the khirka by the shaikh possessed of love, the murid knoweth that God
hath accepted him ; and his being united to the shaikh (by the bond of sincerity, of
desire, and of acceptance) becometh a mirror wherein he seeth the beauty of his end.

THE COLOUR OF THE KHIRKA. „q

Thebeingunited with shaikhs is the result of the acquaintance of his soul with the shaiklj's
soul which is the mark of kSnship, as in the hadis.

Even so the murid's putting on of the khirka (Ijy the shaikh possessed of understand-
ing) signifieth the murid's desire for the shaikh, and the shaikh's love for the murld.

The exalted states (hal) are the result of these two meanings (c and d) being wedded.

The ^irka is of two kinds :^

(a) the khirka of desire.

(b) „ „ „ blessing.

The khirka of desire —

When the shaikh (with the penetration of the light of vision and with intelli-
gence) looketh into the midst of the murid's state, and beholdeth the sincerity of his
desire for God, he indueth him with this khirka, so that he may become his ^iver of
glad tidings ; and that the eye of his heart may become luminous by the blowing of
the breeze of God's guidance, whereof the khirka is the bearer.

So did Ya'kub's eye, by the breeze of Yusuf's shirt, see.

The khirka of blessing —

This khirka is presented to him who with the shaikhs hath a good report.

That one who, through good opinion and resolVe for blessing by the khirka of
shaikhs, desireth this khirka, and is a seeker of the conditions of men of desire and
of putting oft the garment of his own desire for the shaikh's desire, — him, as regards
two matters, they order : —

(a) attendance to the orders of the shariJit.

(b) the protection of the men of tarikat, by whose protection, he may gain kinship, and become

worthy of the khirka of desire, which is forbidden save to the man of desire and to the
Lords of sincerity of resolution.

To these two, some add the khirka of holiness : —

When the shaikh seeth in the murid the effects of holiness and the marks of acquisition to the
degree of excellence and instruction; and wisheth to appoint him his own khalifa,— he
clotheth him with the khil'at of holiness, and with the honour of his own favour, whereby
may be effected the penetrating of his order and the obeying of the people.

The choice of the coloured khirka.

V. 3-
The choice of the coloured khirka (for amending the defilements, and for evacuat-
ing man's heart of deeds and of contemplation) is (through solicitude for the care
of the white garment and through being engaged in its cleansing) of the number of
laudable deeds of shaikhs.

The sunnat is for the choosing of the white garment, and, in the opinion of sufis,
this choosing is proved. But for those, whose times are immersed in devotion,
the washing of the white garment occupieth too much time.

.Q SUFi.lSM.

The coloured garment is best ; because the excellence of nawafil is greater than
the excellence of garments.

Whenever the beginning of an excellence is the cause of abandoning the most
excellent, — the abandoning of that excellence is excellence.

Blue colour is the choice of the sufis despite that black is better against defile-
ments. The sufi putteth on the garment with that colour suitable to his hal.

Black is fit for him who is sunk in the darkness of lust, and whose times are sur-
rounded with darkness.

Not thus is the hal of the man of desire ; because by the ray of the light of desire,
the darkness of existence is trampled upon.

For them, the black garment is unfit, and since they have not wholly gained
freedom from lust, the white garment is also unfit; for them is fit the blue garment,
which is a mixture of light and darkness, of pureness and foulness.

In the flame of the candle are two portions— one pure light, the other pure dark-
ness. Their place of union appeareth blue.

The white garment is fit for shaikhs that may have gained freedom from lust
(nafs).

These aspects are only approximate.

The men of this Path are of three kinds : —

(a) mubtadiyan (the first ones) whose state is the abandoning of will to the shaikh; and with

whom naught of garments, of goods and of other things is lawful save by the shaikh's

desire.
(A) rautawassitan (the middle ones), whose state is the abandoning of will to God; and who

have no will as to special raiment; as occasion demandeth they submit,
(c) muntahiyan (the end ones), who, by God's will, are absolute. What they choose is God's

will.

When the true murid entrusteth the rein of his will to the shaikh, perfect posses-
sor of vision ; and to him becometh submissive, — the shaikh withdraweth him from
natural habits and sensual affections, and directeth him in all affairs of faith and of
religion.

If he see that for a special garment the murld thirsteth and desireth, — from it he
bringeth him forth ; and clotheth him with another garment.

If he see that his inclination is for splendid and soft raiment, he putteth on him
the coarse grass khirka; if he see that his inclination is for the coarse grass khirka
for the sake of hypocrisy and pretension, he clotheth him with soft silk raiment; if he
see that he desireth a special colour or form, — it, ho forbiddeth.

Even so in all his circumstances.

The choice of the colour and of the form of the murid's garment dependeth upon
the shaikh's vision ; and that dependeth on the good counsel of the time.

Some shaikh's have not ordered the murids change of raiment; their vision hath
been intent upon concealing the hal, and upon abandoning its manifestation.

KMILVAI. ^j

Shaikhs are like to physicians ; and of murids many are the diseases, each one
of a kind that shaikhs have known, and that they have applied the remedy to.

Their directions are on counsel and on rectitude ; and the foundation of the path
of salvation and prosperity.

Khilvat (retirement).

V. 6.
Keeping khilvat (retirement) in the way of the sufIs is an innovation. In
Muhammad's time, the sunnat was naught save suhbat (society) ; and its excellence
excelleth other excellences.

Thus, by suhbat they have described the sahaba and by no other description ;
and outside the society of Muhammad, their description is naught, because their souls
were, by the grandeur of prophecy, described with rest, and, by the light of integrity
encompassed with purity ; hearts, were void of love for the world and solaced by
the vision of the beauty of certainty, and filled with love for God, with affection, with
purity, and with fidelity.

When the sun of prophecy became hidden, the souls of the companions came
gradually into motion ; opposition became manifest ; and in time reached a place
where suhbat (society) became overwhelmed, and khilvat (retirement), pleasant and
beloved.

For the safety of faith, the seekers of God sought the sauma' a (convent)
and khilvat, as Junid hath said.

Though in the time of the sending of the sunnat, was no khilvat, yet before that
time, Muhammad, through exceeding love for God, and sincerity of desire — held
esteemed khilvat ; used to go to the caves of Hara ; and there used to pass nights in
zikr and in devotion.

In the choice of khilvat, the tradition is firmly held by the sufis ; but the appoint-
ing of forty days is from a tradition from Muhammad and from God's word.

With Musa, God promised to speak ; and appointed a place of meeting and
a stated time.

God said :— " Keep fast thirty days and nights." Ten days more, He afterwards
added.

During that time Musa consumed neither food nor drink; he was engaged in
worshipping God ; and for talking with Him became prepared.

Since, for propinquity to God and for talk with Him, Musa had need of khilvat,
—so have others.

Even so in the case of Muhammad —
his being cut off from suhbat.
„ retiring (to talk) with God.
„ separating himself from the people.
,, reducing his daily food.

„ constant zikr in desire's path in the beginning of divine impressions.
are further proofs.

42 SUFi.lSM.

Thus for the seekers of God, acceptable is the obligation (of khilvat) and indeed,
wajib (necessary).

The source whence the shari'at fixed the appointed time (forty days) is obscure;
and knowledge of it difficult save by the prophets, by the special ones, and by the holy
ones.

In the 'Awarifu-l-Ma'arif the Shaikhu-1-Islam saith : —

"When God wished to appoint Adam to Hisown khiiafat, and to make him architect of this
world after he had, by his existence, made paradise prosperous, — He gave to him a
composition of elements of earth, fit for this world ; and for forty mornings made them
ferment.

Every morning signifieth the existence of a quality that becometh the cause of his attachment

to this world ; and every attachment became his veil against beholding the glory of

kidam (eternity).
Every veil is the cause of farness from the hidden world; every farness, the cause of

nearness to the material world till that time when the veil becometh heaped up, and this

world's fitness, complete in Adam.

In the establishing of forty mornings with sincerity (which is the condition of
khilvat) its hikmat (philosophy) is :—

For every morning (of khilvat), a veil should lift and a nearness (to God) appear, so that in
forty mornings, the forty-fold veil should lift, and refined human nature, from farness to
the native land of nearness to God (the summation of beauty and of glory; the essence
of 'ilm, and of ma'rifat) return ; and, for it, the vision of the grandeur of eternity without
beginning should be verified and painted; the sight of its resolution, from inclination
to the world's impurity, be preserved; and the fountain of hikmat go running from its
heart and on its tongue.

The mark of khilvat is —

The preservation of the condition of that revelation of hikmat.

The revelation of hikmat is in—

The proof of the lifting of the veil and the doubtless manifestations.

Khilvat is like unto a smith's forge whereon by the fire of austerity, lust
becometh fused, pure of nature's pollution delicate, and gleaming like unto a mirror;
and without (beyond, through) it, appeareth the form of the hidden ; and is a collection
of contrarieties of nafs (lust) and accustomed austerities: —

Little eating.
„ talking.
Shunning the society of man.
Perseverance in zikr.
Denying thoughts.
Constant murakiba (fearful contemplation).

The meaning of e:--«=Li.j (austerity) is the abandoning of desire and of the requi-
sites of effort. I

CONDITIONS OF KHILVAT. 43

The Conditions of Khilvat.

V. 7-
In the opinion of the sufis, khilvat is not restricted to forty days. The being
severed from the people and the being engaged with God is a desired matter, the dur-
ation whereof is for life.

The advantage of appointing forty days is that, on the completing of this period,
the manifestation begins to appear.

If to a person who to life's end keepeth his time engaged In devotion to God,
and in freedom from the people, that manifestation appeareth,— beyond it, is no
greater favour.

If this bounty of God be not his, it is necessary for him at certain periods to prac-
tise khilvat.

At least once a year, he should sit in khilvat, so that when, for forty days and
nights, he shall have accustomed his nafs —

to the preservation of times ; to the observance of readings (of the Kuran) and of rules,

he may be expectant that the order will not be extended to his former mixing
with people; that, in God's protection, his khilvat may be; and that his khilvat
may be the aider of the structure of the times of glory.

Only in the preservation of its conditions, appeareth the advantage of khilvat.

Who resolveth upon khilvat must purify his intention from the pollution of desire
for the objects of this world ; and of prayers for (his welfare in) the next world.

According to intention is the reward of deeds. As intention is better than the
deed, more full is its reward.

No object is better than propinquity to God ; whatever is exterior to Him is call-
ed the indigo of hudus (calamity), and is directed by the disgrace of fana (effacement).

In the heart's purification, inclination to the polluted is the essence of pollution ;
■ propinquity thereto, especially impure.

Who hath desire for that exterior to God, great and glorious of both worlds, is
polluted ; from that pollution, purification is necessary for approach to the holy God,
and for fitness of prayer to Him.

His intention should be restricted to propinquity to God by practising worship;
and far from desire : —

for rank, for hypocrisy, for the revelation of miracles, and for the explanation of the verses of
power (the Kuran),

44 suFi.iSM.

If to that crowd — whose desire from khilvat and austerity is the revelation of
miracles and not propinquity to God, — something of that desired be revealed, it is the
essence of deceit, and the cause of farness, of folly, and of pride.

In the purifying of the interior, in the cleansing of the heart, in affecting nafs,
— freedom from occupations, reduction of food, and continuity of zikr have perfect
effect.

When by khilvat, his interior becometh luminous and the outward form of some
un-attainable knowledge appeareth ; and true thoughts appear to him and over his
nafs gain sway, — the seeker of miracles thinketh that that is the lofty and far object
of khilvat; and by the exalting of wicked shaitan becometh proud; and contemptu-
ously glanceth at others — (let us flee to God for refuge).

Possibly out from his heart, he bindeth up the chattels of the shari'at and of pro-
phecy; considereth not the abandoning of laws, of orders, and of the lawful and un-
lawful— so by the path of retrogression, he becometh cast out from the highway of
the shar' and from the path of Islam.

If, to one who is in intention pure, the manifestation of miracles falleth, it be-
cometh the cause of the power of certainty and of the confirmation of resolve.

The condition of sincerity being observed, it is necessary that, out from the bond
of debt,

by cancelling tryranny; by making right (apologising for) calumny; by removing enmity
hate, malice,—

he should come ; and pure to all make his heart.

If, in his property, there be something whereto his heart clingeth, — it, from his
property he should expel.

If he be possessed of property in respect to family he performeth (so that out-
wardly and inwardly he may be free and pure) complete washing ; exerciseth care as
to the cleansing of raiment and of the prayer-mat ; and chooseth for his khilvat a place
where, from occupations, he may be free.

When he reacheth the door of khilvat, he saith :—

O God ! by the right ingress, let me enter ; by the right egress, let me pass out. By Thy
grace, me make a conquering king.

When to the prayer-mat he wisheth to go, he first advanceth the right leg and
saith : —

In the name of God ; by the grace of God ; praise be to God, and peace and blessing be on

the prophet of God !
O God ! my sins pardon ; open me the door of mercy.

Then, with the desire of the presence of God, he performeth two rak'ats of prayer
with khushu' ; and with khuzu' (humility of the heart and of the limbs).

CONDITIONS OF KHILVAT. ^e

In the first rak'at, after the fatiha, he saith : —

O God of ours ! on Thee is our reliance ; in Thee, be our refuge; in Thee, our shelter.

Then, with sincerity and humility, he asketh pardon for all his sins. To God, he
displayeth in his heart penitence for turning to that exterior to Him.

Before the kibla he sitteth ; and as long as he can, is in " tashahhud." *
With himself he reflecteth that God is present, also the Prophet of God, so that
he may be bound with the bond of reverence, and is ever wishing within that he may,
outwardly and inwardly, offer himself in devotion and in praise, and in the raiment of
concordance with divine decrees.

Thus, may he become the meeting-place of divine breathings, ready for the des-
cending of boundless bounty.

In khilvat, after the purifying of resolution, penitence, and continuity of employ-
ment with God, he must observe seven conditions : —

i. Constant ablution.

When he seeth in himself lassitude, he should renew ablution, so that in his in-
terior the light of outward purity may be brightened, and be the aider of the heart's-
luminosities.

ii. Constant fasting.

Ever should he be in fast, so that the blessing of the sunnat may comprehend his
times.

iii. Little eating.

At breakfast, the quantity of food should be not more than a ritl. If he restrict
as to bread and salt, 'tis well.

If to relish (that is in the place of food) he stretcheth his hand, to its extent, he
should reduce the bread. If he begin with a ritl, he should in the last tenth (of the
period of forty days) reduce to half a ritl. If he be strong and begin with half a ritl
he should reduce to quarter of a ritl.

The companions of khilvat are of three kinds :—

the strong ones.
„ middle „
„ weak „

The weak break their fast every night; the middle every two nights ; and the
strong every three nights.

He may devour all on the first, or on the last, night; or some on the first night
and some on the last night.

* 1 profess that there is no God but God ; I acknowledge Muhammad to be the apostle of God.

^.6 SUFl.iSM.

The last division is the best, so that he may have power—

(a) for devotion.

(b) „ standing up for the midnight prayers.

In reducing the clayey parts — the source of pollution, of darkness, of coarseness
— scantiness of food is wholly effective,

iv. Little sleep.

So long as he is able he should not sleep. If sleep be overpowering, he should
repel it by renewing ablut'ion, or by reading the Kuran. If it cannot be repelled and
involuntarily sleep seizeth him, he should (when he returneth from sleep) renew
ablution and be engaged in prayer.

Every sleep that is of necessity is the essence of devotion when thereby is
attainable the repelling of lassitude of the senses and of nafs (which are the cause of
weariness of the soul of devotion and of the delight of worship).

By sleep, the purity of the senses and the expansion of the interior (which are
the cause of wajd of the soul) return to him. Then, are his times immersed in devotion.

In putting lust to death and in keeping the heart alive, — ever keeping awake is
profitable by loosening the humours of the body, by weakening the points of forgetful-
ness, of sins, of ignorance, and of carelessness.

V, Little talking.

He should ever guard his tongue from talking with people.

The sage practiseth silence though no calamity he expecteth.

Whether the speech be beautiful or ugly, it is not void of calamity. For so long
as to perfect purification it shall not have reached, nafs hath in the revealing of beauti-
ful speech a delight, wherefrom is expected the revealing of the qualities of pride and
the thickening of the veil. Doubtless, ugly speech is followed by punishment.

Save by silence, not attainable is the path of safety.

In the tale of Maryam and of 'Isa, God maketh Maryam's silence the fore-runner
of 'isa's speech. Even so the I'sa of the heart cometh into speech when the Maryam
of nafs is silent of talk.

vi. The negation of thoughts.

By zikr and by the occupation of the heart in contemplation of the divine as-
pect, he should repel the crowd of thoughts.

Excellent though the penetration of some thoughts is, discrimination of thoughts
occurreth not to beginners. Then, the being engaged in thought is for him the way
of the hadisu-n-nafs ; and to him is formidable.

The meaning of hadisu-n-nafs is this : — The nafs of man, by its connection with
the ruh (soul) of speech, is innate in the qualities of speech ; and is ever expectant
of the opportunity of converse with the heart which is its beloved.

CONDITIONS OF KHILVAT. .-

Whenever nafs seeth the heart inclined to itself, and findeth its ears void of other
sayings, immediately with the heart, it cometh into speech ; and to it, by way of re-
membrance, confirmeth past matters of things spoken, heard, seen, tasted touched ■
or giveth future news of hope ; and keepeth engaged the ear of the heart with hear-
ing its own speech rather than with hearing the speech of the soul and of God so

that the heart may ever be before it, and averse to aught save nafs.

When the possessor of khilvat persevereth in the heart as to negation of thouo-hts
and as to the confirmation of tauhid, — the source of hadisu-n-nafs berometh effaced •
nafs, silent ; the ear of the heart, void of its saying, and ready for the hearino- of divine
words.

vii. The perpetuality of deeds.

Outwardly and inwardly, he should keep himself arrayed in the garb of devotion.
Every moment in a work which at that time is most important and best, he should
be engaged. Thus who is "a first one" should limit himself to divine precepts, and
to the sunnat of prayer; and at other times to zikr.

Out of all the azkar (zikrs) the shaikhs have chosen :^
La ilaha ilia llah (no god but God).

because its form is formed of negation and of affirmation, so that at the time of
the flowing of this speech on his tongue, the zakir is present (alive to God) and pre-
serveth conformity between the heart and the tongue.

As to negation, he regardeth the existence of hadis wholly 'with the glance of
fana ; as to affirmation, the existence of kadim with the eye of baka.

By repeating this creed (La ilaha, &c., &c.) the form of tauhidr eposeth in his
heart; its root is established in his heart, its branches are extended to the soul.

At this time, zikr becometh the necessary quality of the heart ; its aid is conti-
nuous. To it, at times of lassitude, Ihe zikr of the tongue of languor findeth no patli ;
after that, it reacheth a place where zikr becometh enjewelled in the heart.

The zakir in zikr ; the zikr in the heart ; the heart in mazkur (the origin of zikr,
God) become effaced.

At this stage, if the form of the phrase of tauliid (which is the meaning of zikr)
become effaced from the outward face of the heart, to the inward face of the heart its
truth is joined. The meaning of this is hal.

Zikr, zakir and mazkur are one.

But for the " middle one " assiduity in the reciting of the Kuran after the perform-
ance of divine precepts is best.

Verily that speciality (that to "the first one" from assiduity in zikr appcareth)
becometh acquired from reading the Kuran with other specialities as

>8 SUFi.lSM.

the CTlory of the qualities (of God), the various spiritual truths, the subtleties of

understanding and the truths of knowledge, by readings of various Kuranic

verses.

To "the last one," to whom the light of zikr may have become his innate qua-
lity,— excellent, is the reading (of the Kuran) ; and perfect, the act of prayer (salat).
Because this form of prayer is a devotion completely comprehending, wherein are
comprehended :^
zikr.

tilawat reading.

khushu' humility (of the limbsV
khuzu' „ ( „ heart).

As long as nafs is in obedience, — in it, is concordance with the heart.

The aid of the soul of propinquity, the proclaiming, the delight of society, and
the need of forms of prayer become joined to the prayer-mat.

In it, perseverance is best.

If on account of it, an abhorrence should appear in nafs, the descending from pray-
ing to reading is best ; for reading in comparison with praying is easy.

If reading end in weariness, the descending from it to zikr is best.

For perseverance in respect to zikr merely, and the repeating of light phrase is
easier to nafs than the preservation of words weighty and of varied signification.

If languor fall upon the zikr of the tongue, — best is assiduity in zikr of the heart
—which they call murakaba (fearful contemplation), that is, considering the manifesta-
tions of God — in respect to his own state.

If as to murakaba languor chance, he may rest awhile his limbs and senses ; and
in sleep give ease.

Thus from nafs, fatigue may depart ; and, again with pleasure, he may advance
to deeds.

Verily it is unfit that, with detestation and compulsion, he should engage nafs in
a work (whereby it may be vexed and the power whereof it hardly hath).

The possessor of khilwat should devote all his time to these readings, so that the
path of hidden events may be disclosed.

The dreams of the men of Khilvat.

V. 8.
In the midst of zikr, it sometimes happens to men of khilvat that, from things
felt (this world) they become concealed (in unconsciousness); and that to them become
revealed, as to the sleeper truths of hidden matters. It, the sufis call wakj'a (dream).

DREAMS OF MEN OF KHILVAT. ^g

Sometimes this (revelation of truths) appeareth in the state of being present (in con-
sciousness) without being absent (in unconsciousness).

Often the waki'a is like to nawm ; of waki'a and manamat some are true and
some false.

In most wakai' and manamat, nafs is partner with the ruh (soul) ; and in some
absolute (alone). Truth is the quality of ruh, and falsehood of nafs.

Mukashafa is never false ; it signifieth oneness of soul by contemplating mysteries
in the state of freedom from the gloomy thoughts of the body.

Waki'a and manam are divided into three parts : —
I. Free revelation (kashf).

Thus, with the eye of the free soul, by the imagination, a person, in sleep (khwab) or in

waki'a (dream) contemplateth the state of things which is yet in the hidden.
After that, even as he may have seen, it happeneth in the material world. But to the beholder

it hath, on account of its concealment from outward sense, the order of the hidden.
If in khwab (sleep), a person seeth that a certain spot containeth hidden treasure; and on
searching findeth it, — it is kashf-i-mujarrad (pure revelation).

If this meaning fall to the understanding : —

(a) by way of manifestation, it is "the vision of the soul."
{b) by invisible messengers, „ " the ear „ „

Once in Baghdad was a darvish, who took the path of reliance on God ; and
closed the path of question. One day gieat need befell him ; and he wished to beg.

Becoming penitent, he said : —

Much time in reliance on God, I have passed ; that reliance, shall I now reject ?

That night, in khwab, he beheld a vision : —

An invisible messenger said : — In a certain place is deposited a blue rent khirka wherein
are folded gold filings. Take it ; and expend upon thy need.

When out from sleep he came, he found it to be even so.

This khwab, they call true ruya, a (dream) which is a part of prophecy.

For, in the beginning of prophecy, every khwab (dream) that Muhammad beheld
came true.

In this kind (of dream), is no falsehood; for, to the wise, after proof given by the
traditions of the prophets, the sense in this revelation is a proof.

After separation from the body, the soul knoweth even of the small things heard
and seen of this world.

The soul's knowledge is not restricted to small matters in respect to the outward
and the inward senses. Nay, from the use of the outward senses, gain occurreth. By
it, in the free state from the body, it discovereth the form of things felt. From using
the vision, in it becometh painted the eye ; from using the hearing, the ear.

5°

SUFi.lSM.

2. Imaginary revelations from kinds of naum and waki'a.

In khwab or in waki'a, the soul beholdeth some of the things hidden ; and in it,
through connection with the soul, nafs displayeth partnership.

On the soul, by the power of imagination, nafs putteth the garment of a form fit
for things felt; and thus beholdeth it.

In waki'a, the murid-vvarrior seeth that he is in contest with the lion, and wild
beasts ; with serpents and scorpions ; and with kuffar.

The true shaikh knoweth that nafs is with him in strife ; and its meaning he
seeth to be : —

(a) in the form of wild beasts, violence.

(i) „ „ serpents and scorpions, enmity.

(c^ „ „ kuffar, disobedience and separation (from God's mercy).

If he see that he travelleth deserts and wastes, passeth over rivers and seas, as-
cendeth in the air, or passeth over the fire — the shaikh knoweth that he travelleth the
stages of lust ; and beholdeth him in the form of the elements (the four natures).

If he see that from the qualities of a

clayey, I airy,

watery, | fiery,

nature, something passeth, the imaginary power giveth it glory to the dreamer's eye
in the fancy-garment of travelling : —

over wastes, I in the air,

,, seas, I over fire.

The natures are :-

parsimony,
slothful ness,
ignorance.

Clayey —

iniquity,
darkness,
foulness ;

haste to society,

union with wicked lusts,

acceptance of change and of effect of society

Watery —

forgetfulness,
inclination to sleep";

Airy —

inclination to lust,
great grief,

haste to change

anger,
pride.

Fiery—

1 desire for rank,
1 exaltation.

The last stage of the stages of nafs, over which he passeth is this.

DREAMS OF MEN OF KHILVAT. fj

If it be revealed to him, he seeth : —

(a) the soul's truth in the form of the sun.

(J) „ heart's „ „ „ moon.

Every truth that is revealed to him, he seeth in a suitable fancy-garment.
Hence, this is called: — kashf-i-mukhayyal (fancied revelation).

In this, is possibility of falsehood but not of pure falsehood ; for it is not void of
the soul's understanding.

If, in the state of the soul's understanding, sensual thoughts join not with the
soulish* understanding ; and the imaginary power clothe not the soul with the fancy-
garment, — that waki'a, or khwab, is all true.

If some of the sensual thoughts join with the soulish* understanding ; and the
imaginary power clothe all with the fancy-garment, — some are true, some false.

The dream interpreter freeth the soulish truths of understanding from the im-
purity of sensual thoughts; and interpreteth.

3. Pure fancy, when sensual thoughts have superiority over the heart, whereby
the ruh (soul) is veiled from considering the hidden world.

In the state of naum and waki'a, those thoughts become more powerful. Each
one, the imaginary power clotheth with the fancy-garment; the form of those
thoughts is seen by the eyes of the imaginary power; and its deceit becometh clear.

Thus, that one who ever hath the thought of finding treasure, and who in
khwab seeth that he hath found it ; or the austere one, who claimeth the people's
acceptance of him, and seeth in waki'a that he is their adored, — the shaikh knoweth
that this manifestation is only the result of lust's desire, which on its beholder hath
become depicted.

If he calleth it vain desire ; or —

(a) in khwab, azghas-i-ahlam, confused un-interpretable dream.

(b) in waki'a, false dream.

In these, the truth never appeareth ; because nafs possessed of doubt is void of
partnership with ruh (soul), the composer of those thoughts. From nafs, truth is far.

The conditions of true waki'a (dream) are : —

(i) the being immersed in zikr, and being hidden from things felt.
(it) the existence of sincerity and freedom of desire from the observance of others.

Possibly, free fancy, in respect to the sincere man, becometh " fancied revela-
tion"; and, by reason of being immersed in zikr and in God's presence, the ruh (soul)
of revelation becometh transmitted into the form of the fancy of nafs.

Then becometh true waki'a, and capable of interpretation.

* Ruhani, soulish.

-r, SUFi.lSM.

In all states, waki'a with iiaum is similitude,— except when free fancy (khayal-
i-mujarrad) in khwab is not proved. In waki'a, free fancy may be proved.

It is evident that in waki'a and manam, truth occurreth and also falsehood. In
other manifestations, truth is impossible ; because there is naught save " free reve-
lation (kashf-i-mujarrad) ."

Free revelation is : —

(a) in mukashafa in the state of wakefulness.

(b) in khwab or in waki'a, in the state of being hidden from things felt.

In mukashafa, the soul's understanding is attached to what is : —

(a) either in the hidden world.

(b) or „ material „

In the first case, its appearance in the material world,
(a) is impossible such as :—

paradise,

hell,

God's throne and seat.

the preserved tablet,
,, pen of creation.

(b) is possible in the natural form as— possible events, necessary of acquirement, the form

whereof shall not, in the hidden world, have yet been manifested.

angels.

souls free from the body.

To Muhammad, Jibra,il used to appear in the human form, sometimes as a
divine inspiration and sometimes as a desert-dweller, as in the Hadis of 'Umar: —

Once a desert-dweller with white raiment and very black hair saluted Muhammad, and
sat close to him, knee to knee. Of Islam, of faith and of bounty he asked Muhammad
and heard his reply.
When he disappeared, Muhammad said to the companions : —
Know ye who this asker is ?

They said : —

God knoweth and His prophet.

He said : —

It was Jibra,il who came from God to teach you the dogmas of faith.

In this form, 'Umar and the other companions beheld him.

Then it became known that the form was not the result of imaginary power
otherwise every one, according to contrariety of state, would have seen it in a differ-
ent form as the semblance of free soul —

(a) in separation from the body

(6) „ attachment to „ „

The semblance of angels and of free souls in the human form is an accidental
form. The manifestation of their natural (spiritual) state is, save in the (lidden world,
impossible.

DREAMS OF MEN OF KHILVAT. 53

In every way that they desire, they make semblance of the human form, as is
stated in the hadis and in the verified speech of holy shaikhs.

In the second case, we have the following instances :—

(a) Muhammad's beholding the masjid of Jerusalem, when he returned from
the mi'raj* (ascent to the highest heaven).
The infidels denied this tale and said : — If truly thou speakest, say how

many columns there are in that remote masjid (of Jerusalem)?
In hal, it became revealed ; from his gaze the world uprose ; he counted its
columns ; and gave the information.
(i) They asked Muhammad to give some news of a kafila near unto Sham.
The veil being lifted, Muhammad saw that the kafila had reached to a dis-
tance of one stage from Makka.

He said : —

Early in the morning, the kafila will arrive. Even so it did.
(c) Once at Madina, 'Umar Khattab was on the Mimbar reading the khutba after
he had sent Sariya with an army to Nihazar.

Suddenly, in the midst of the khutba, he went into niukashafa and saw that,
against him, the enemy had made an ambush.

He cried out : —
O Sariya ! (go) to the mountain.

Sariya heard ; went to the mountain ; and gained the victory.

The Shaikhu-I-Islam — Shaikh Shahabu-d-Din 'Umar bin Muhammad-i-Sahrwardi
— telleth many a tale like unto these.

The true murid is he whose khilvat is not weakened by the desire for semblances
of these revelations and miracles , and whose spirit is not restricted to their acquisi-
tion.

For to the rahabin (Christian monks) who are not on the highway of the shari'at
and of the sunnat of Islam, this kind of revelation is not withheld.

This kashf (revelation) is naught save deceit ; for, in its wajd, the rahabin are
daily prouder and further from the path of salvation.

If in the path of the true and the sincere, this kashf fall, it is a miracle j for it is
the cause of strengthening of certainty, and of increase of devotion.

* See the Kuran P. D. xvii, i, 95; Clarke's translation of the Sikandar Nama-I-Nizami, canto 4.

eA SUFi.lSM.

On 'ilm (knowledge).

II. I.

'Ilm is a light from the candle of prophecy in the heart of the faithful slave where-
by he gaineth the path —

(a) to God.

(b) „ the work of God.

'Ilm is the special description of man ; from it, is excluded the understanding of
his sense, and 'akl (reason).

'Akl is a natural light, whereby becometh distinguished good from evil.
The 'akl that distinguisheth between the good and evil :—

(a) of this world is an 'akl that belongeth to the kafir as well as to the faithful.

(b) of the next world is an 'akl that belongeth only to the faithful.

'Ilm is special to the faithful; 'ilm and 'akl are necessary for each other.

The eye of 'akl (of the next world) is luminous with the light of guidance; and
anointed with the kuhl of the shari'at. In its essence, it is one ; but it has two
forms.

, (a) One in respect of the Creator. Its meaning is the 'akl of guidance, special to the faith-

V ful.

^ (b) One in respect of the created. Its meaning is the 'akl of livelihood.

For people of faith and for seekers of God and of the next world, " the 'akl of
livelihood" is obedient to "the 'akl of guidance."

Whenever these two 'akls agree, they credit "the 'akl of livelihood;" and accord-
ing to exigency act : whenever they disagree, they discredit it, and to it pay no atten-
tion.

Thus, to the seekers of God, the man of this world ascribe weak 'akl. He know-
eth not that outside their 'akl is another 'akl.

'Urn is of three kinds : —

i. 'ilm-i-tauhid, knowledge of the unity of God.
ii. 'ilm-i-ma'rifat, „ „ „ work „

in respect of annihilation.
„ creation.

„ propinquity (to God)

„ distance (from God).

„ making alive.

„ putting to death.

iv. 'ilm of the orders of the shari'at of orders and of prohibitions.

in respect of dispersing,
„ assembling,

„ reward.

„ punishment.

„ other things.

MLM. e^

Each one of these three paths hath a separate traveller. The traveller of : —

(a) the first path is the " sage of God." In his 'ilm, are, without opposition, included the

other two 'ilms.

(b) the second path is the "sage of the next world." In his 'ilm, is, without opposition, in-

cluded the 'ilm of the shari'at.

If he had possessed it, he would have brought it into use. For the decline of good deeds
is the result of defect of faith. If he had had his heart with God ; and belief in the next
world, he would not have passed belo\y the doing of good deeds.

The sages of God have, with reason and conviction, faith in the unity of God ; in
the next world ; and in the work of God.

Obedient to the orders of Islam, are :^
the first ones (near to God).
„ sufis.

The sages of the next world, despite their belief in the next world, have a
share (as much as is needed) of the knowledge of Islam ; and employ it. They
are : —

(a) the abrar (the pious).

(b) „ companions of the right hand.

The sages of this world have no share at all except the outward knowledge of
Islam, which they have gained by being taught. What they have learned, they use
not. Through defect of faith, they are not secure from passing into deeds, prohibit-
ed and detested. They are : —

{a) the companions of the left hand.

(b) „ wicked ones of men.

In the account of the mi'raj* (the night-ascent to the highest heaven), it is said
of Muhammad : —

I passed by a crowd, whose lips they had cut with fiery scissors. I asked saying :— Who are
ye ? They cried : - We are those who ordered for goodness, and prohibited from badness ;
and yet to badness we ourselves proceeded. (Hadis.)

Better than the sage of God and of the next world, is none ; worse than the sage
of this world, none. (Hadis-l.

Than 'ilm, when they seek it for God's sake, naught is more profitable ; when for
the world's sake, naught greater loss.

'Ilm is like to victuals that essentially have, as regards the healthy, whose tem-
perament is firm and quarters of the body free from humours, the power of nutrition ;

See p. 53 (foot note).

g SUFI.ISM.

and that are, as regards the sick, whose temperament is declining and quarters of
the body filled with humours, the source of disease.

In its own nafs, 'ilm is a useful food, the cause of the expanding of nafs and of
the heart, on the condition, —

that the follower is not infirm of desire, and of temperament ; nor in love for the world ; nor a turner
from God.

When the temperament of the heart turneth in love to the world ; and the parts
of existence become filled with low humours, 'ilm becometh the cause of increase of
desire, of pride, of haughtiness, of hate, and of the rest.

For the destruction of this great deceit, there is naught —

(a) save when that 'ilm, which is the guide of salvation, becometh the cause of destruction.
{b} save when that sage by whom the captives of the leader of desire gain freedom, becometh
foot-bound in the snare of desire.

In nafs profitable 'ilm —

increaseth piety. 1 inflameth the fire of love and desire.

„ humility. | increaseth non-existence.

It is the aid of life ; its severance from the heart is putting to death. Thus have
spoken Fath-i-Musill and Amiru-l-MurnQnin, Ali.

In nafs, noxious 'ilm increaseth —

pride. presumption,

haughtiness. desire for the world.

Profit from 'ilm appeareth to that one, who displayeth the service of resolution,
not the following of license as Abu Yazid-i-Bistami hath said.

In the midst of men the existence of the sage of God is God's best favour ; his
being hidden, the absence of God's favour, and the source of the darkness of kufr
and of error.

On ma'rifat (deep knowledge).

III. I.

Ma'rifat signifieth the recognizing of the abridged ''ulum (krovvledge) in detail : —
'ilm-i-nahw : —

is the knowing how each agent (of word or of meaning) acteth.

ma'rifat-i-nahw : —

is the recognising of every agent in detail, at the time of reading, without either delay
or consideration and its use in its place.

ta'rif-i-nahw : —

is the recognising of the agent by thought.

To be careless of this (despite the 'ilm-i-nahw) is a blunder. |

MA'RIFAT. 57

The raa'rifat of God is dependent upon and bound up with the ma'rifat of the
nafs. Ma'rifat of God signifieth : —

The recognising of the nature and the quaUties of God in the form of detailed circumstances, of
accidents, of calamities, after that it shall (in the way of abridgment) have become known that
He is the True Existence and the Absolute Agent.

The possessor of the 'ilm-i-tauhid seeth in the form (of details, of dreams, and of
state) : —

of loss the causer of loss who is God.

„ profit „ profit „

„ prohibition „ prohibition „

,. gift „ gift „

„ contraction „ contraction „

„ expansion „ expansion „

And recognizeth them without delay ; him, they call Arif.

If at first he be careless of ma'rifat, and soon present (alive to it) becometh ; and
in the form of different powers, recognizeth the Absolute Agent, — him, they call
Muta'arrif.

If he be wholly careless, and (despite his 'ilm) recognizeth not God in form, in
means, in links ; and to means assigneth the effects of deeds — him, they call —
sahi, negligent, or ghafil careless.
lahi, playful.
mushrik, secret believer in partnership with God.

For instance, if he explaineth tauhid (the unity of God) and in its seaimmerseth
himself — and another, in the way of denial, refuseth him, saying : —

Not the essence of hal is this speech ; 'tis the result of thought and of consideration.

he grieveth and becometh enangered.

He knoweth not that his grieving is a proof of the truth of the denicr's speech ;
otherwise he would have recognized the Absolute Agent in the form of this denial ; and
against the denier would not have gathered anger.

In ma'rifat of nafs, every unapproved quality (which is known by abridged 'ilm)
at the time when at the very beginning in nafs, it appeareth, he recogniseth and as to
it exerciseth caution, — him, they call 'arif : otherwise muta'arrif or ghafil.

If in detail the abridged 'ilm he knoweth not,— him, they call ghafil (careless).
To him, this 'ilm is a source of loss.

If by 'ilm, he knoweth that pride is a blameable quality in nafs ; and when in nafs
this appeareth, he fleeth into the screen of humbling himself — so that, recognising this
quality in himself, his nafs may not again be with outward pride.

This, they call the ma'rifat of nafs.

eg SUFI.ISM.

The portion of —

(a) the "arif, is riza (agreement) with God's decrees,
(i) „ muta'arrif, patience in respect of God.
(c) „ ghafil, detestation and perturbation.

The ma'rifat of God hath degrees: —

i. every effect that he gaineth, he knoweth to be from the Absolute Agent (God).

ii. „ „ that appeareth from the Absolute Agent, he knoweth to be result of a certain

quality of His.
iii. in the glory of every quality, he recogniseth God's purpose.
iv. the quality of the 'ilm of God, he recogniseth in his own ma'rifat; and expelleth himself

from the circle of 'ilm, of ma'rifat, and of existence.

Greater the degrees of propinquity (to God), — more apparent, the effects of
God's grandeur.

By ignorance,* 'ilm is generally acquired; the ma'rifat of subtlety becometh
greater ; astonishment on astonishment increaseth ; and from the "arif ariseth the cry —
Increase in me astonishment at Thee.

This is all the 'ilm of ma'rifat, not ma'rifat ; because ma'rifat is a matter of rap-
ture the explanation whereof is defective, but its preface is 'ilm.

Then without 'ilm, ma'rifat is impossible ; 'ilm without ma'rifat, disaster.

'Ilm and ma'rifat have some forms,
i. 'ilm-i-ma'rifat.
ii. ma'rifat-i-'ilm.
iii. 'ilm-i-ma'rifat-i-ma'rifat.

The last form is the perfection of form.

\J^

On Hal (mystic state) and Makam (stage).

IV. I.
In the opinion of stifis, hal signifieth a hidden event that, from the upper world,
sometimes descendeth upon the heart of the holyi traveller and goeth and cometh,
until the divine attraction draweth him from the lowest to the loftiest stage.

Makam signifieth a degree of the Path that cometh in the way of the holy travel-
ler's foot; becometh the place of his staying; and declineth not.

Hal (which relateth to the zenith) cometh not in the traveller's sway ; in its sway,
is the traveller.

Makam (which relateth to the nadir) is the place ol the traveller's sway.

• Till one knoweth one's ignorance, 'ilm (knowledge) cannot be acquired. 1

HAL AND MAKAM. -r,

The sufis have said : —

The hal is a. gift (mauhab) ; the makam an acquisition (kasb).

Void of the entrance of hal, is no makam ; separate from union with makam is
no hal.

As to hal and makam, the source of contention of holy shaikhs is that some

/call this hal ; and some makam. For all makams are at the beginning hal, and at the
end makam, as :—

tauba, penitence.

muhasiba, calling one's self to account.

muralvaba,* fearful contemplation.

Each one is at the beginning a hal in change and in decline ; and when by propin-
quity to kasb (acquisition), it becometh makam, all the hal are lightened by makasib
(acquisitions) and all the makam by mawahib (gifts).

In hal, the gifts are outward, the acquisitions inward : in makam, the acquisitions are outward,
the gifts inward.

The shaikhs of Khurasan have said : —
Hal is the heritage of deeds.

Hence the word of 'All ibn-i-Abi Talib : —

The path of union with hal (which through superiority relateth to the heavens) ask not of me.

The makams are : —

tauba, penitence, i sabr, patience,

zuhd, austerity, | and others. {>-f~-0

These are the means of the descent of hal.

Some shaikhs urge : —

(a) that hal is that which findeth neither resting nor confining. Like lightning it appeareth,

and effaced becometh. If it be left, it becometh the liadisu-n-nafs.
(J) that so long as it is not left, it is not hal. Because resting demandeth permanency; that
which like lightning flasheth and expireth is not truly hal.

This is the religious order of Shaikh Shahabu-d-Din-i-Sahrwardi.

It is said that if hal be left, it is not the source of hadfsu-n-nafs. Its source is
a weak hal, which, at the time of glittering, strong nafs seizeth ; to nafs, strong hai
never becometh accustomed.

Every event that like lightning glittereth, and in hal expireth, —
they call in sQfi-idiom : —

tank exploding,

badih apparent.

• See p. 69.

la, ih

e\'ident

lamih

glittering

tali'

arismg

6o SUFi.lSM.

Its manifestation is followed by concealment. Thus hath said Abu 'Usman
Hairi.

This hinteth at perpetual riza (contentment), and doubtless riza is of all bals
then perpetual hal is unnecessary for hadisu-n-nafs.

Is the amending of a makam (which is his foot-place) before ascending to a
higher stage, possible or not ?
Junid hath said : —

Possible it is before the first hal is finished for a slave to advance to a higher hal. Thence
he gaineth information of the first hal and amendeth it.

Abdu-1-lah Ansari hath said : —

Impossible is the amending of any makam till from a higher makam the holy traveller looketh
into the lower makam, of it gaineth information, and it amendeth.

Shaikh Shahabu-d-Din-i-Sahrwardi hath said : —

Impossible is advance to a higher makam before amending the makam (which is his foot-
place). But before advancing, there descendeth from the higher makam, a hal whereby
his makam becometh true. Hence his advance from makam to makam is by God's
sway and of His gift — not of his own acquisition.

So long as from the low to the lofty, advance approacheth not ; from the lofty to the low,
no hal deacendeth.

In the Hadis, is the imputing of the slave's approach to God; and of God's ap-
proach to the slave.

On Tauhid (unity of God), and Zat (existence of God).

I. 2.

The 'Ulama of suf i,ism who through being detached from affairs, have gained union
with the wine of 'ilm ; the step of whose souls and hearts hath become firm ; the eye
of whose vision by the light of beauty of eternity without beginning hath become
anointed, — know, see and find by the path of 'ilm-i-yakin, established proof, of kashf
(revelation), of seeing, of zauk (delight), and of wajd (ecstasy).

Witness, do they bear that no person nor thing is worthy of being worshipped
save the one God, the God of unity, the Eternal, pure (void) of parent, of offspring, of
aid ; pure (void) of resemblance, of equal, of wazir and of counsellor.

Neither in opposition to His order, is an opposition; nor in the government of
His realm, an enemy.

Ever is described His ancient existence by unity ; and known by singularity.

Expelled from His holiness and purity, are the qualities of accidents, —
of form, similitude, union, separation, association, descent, issue, entrance, change, dechne, alter-
ation, and translation. •

TAUHID AND ZAT. gj^

From the understanding of the reading of men's thoughts, the perfection of His
beauty and the beauty of His perfection (un-connected with the beauty of His singu-
larity)— free; from the trouble of the clothing of zikrs, the grandeur of His eternity

free.

In description of Him, narrow is the power of the warriors of the pl;iin of elo-
quence; in praise of Him, lame is the foot of the chiefs of the plain of ma'rifat.

Than the offering of the senses, than the discussion of conjecture, loftier is the
column of understanding Him ; of the passing of imaginings and the happenino- of
understandings, void is the honour-plain of His ma'rifat.

In the beginning of His ma'rifat, is no guide save astonishment and perturbation
to the pure ones of Lordship, who are at the limit of reason ; in the splendour of the
light of His grandeur is no path save blindness and ignorance to the vision of the
possessors of Sight.

If thou say : —

He hath created His abode, — where ?

The answer is : —

(In the place of) — He.

If thou say : —

(Visible) to the eye, brought He time,— when 7

The answer is :—
(At the time of)— He.

If thou say : —

Resemblance and sufficiency made He— how ?

The answer is : —
(By means of) — He.

No limit hath He. Within this limit, are comprehended — eternity without be-
ginning and eternity without end ; folded in the fold of His plain, are existence and
dwelling (the universe) ; in His beginning, all beginnings — the end; in His ending,
all endings, the beginning ; in His outwardness, the outward manifestation of things,
the inward ; in His inwardness, the inward parts of worlds, the outward ; in His eter-
nity without beginning, the collection of eternities without beginning only an accident
(hadis) ; in His eternity without end, all eternities without end, only an event
(muhdas).

From whatever is contained in reason, in understanding, in the senses, in con-
jecture,— exempted and free is the nature of the Lord.

For these all were muhdas^t (accidents); save understanding muhdas (accident),
muhdas can do naught.

62 SUFi.lSM.

The aro-ument of His existence Is His existence ; the proof of His witnessing is
His witnessing.

Naught save the beauty of eternity without beginning is the bearer of the beauty
of eternity without beginning. In this stage the limit of understanding is weakness.

To the substance of the understanding of Wahid (unity of God), save Wahid —
no muwahhid (professor of unity) can reach.

Where his understanding is ended, there is the limit of his understanding not of
Wahid (God).

Who considereth W'ahid comprehended in his knowledge, is verily deceived and
presumptuous.

Tauhid is the negation of separation ; and the affirmation at the limit of collec-
tion.

In the beginning of the tauhid of hal (mention whereof will presently be made),
this description is necessary.

But, possibly, at its end, one in separation may be immersed in collection; and
in collection, the spectator (with the eye of collection) of separation — as each collec-
tion, or separation, is not a forbidder of the other. In this is the perfection of
tauhid.

Tauhid hath degrees : —

i. tauhid-i-imani, the tauhid of faith.

ii. „ 'ilmi „ knowledge.

iii. „ hali „ hal.

iv. „ ilahi „ Godship.

Tauhid-i-imani is : —

When (according to the urgency of the order of Kuranic verse 'and of the Hadis) the slave
verifieth to his heart, and confesseth with the tongue, as to the singularity of the descrip-
tion of Godship and to the unity of rights of the adored Lord.

This tauhid is the mukhbir (news-bringer) and the belief of sincerity is the kha-
bar (news). Profit from outward 'ilm and holding thereto is freedom from open part-
nership ; turning in the thread (entering the circle) of Islam giveth profit.

Through necessity, with muslims, sufis believe in this tauhid ; but, in other de-
grees, are separate.
Tauhid is :^

An 'ilm of benefit from the heart of 'ilm which they cai! the 'ilm-i«yal[in (the knowledge of

certainty).
This 'ilm-i-yakin is such that, in the beginning of the path of suff.ism, the slave knoweth, from

the desire of yakin (certainty), that the true existence and absolute Penfrtrator is none

save the Lord of the world.

TAUHiD AND ZAT. 6;J

In His zat (nature) and qualities, effaced and naught he (by 'ilm) regardeth his
own zat and qualities.

The splendour of every nature, he recogniseth from the light of Absolute Exist-
ence ; and every ray, from the light of the quality of the Absolute (God).

When he saineth :^

an 'ilm.
a kudrat.
„ desire.

he knoweth them to be the effects of: —
an 'ilm of God.
a kudrat „

„ desire „

a hearing.
„ seeing.

a hearing of God.
„ seeing „

Thus for all qualities and deeds.

This degree is of the first degrees of tauhid of the man of speciality and of sufi,-
ism ; its preface is joined to the column of tauhld-i-'amm ; and the semblance of this
degree, those short of sight call tauhid-i-'ilmi, but verily it is the tauhid-i-rasmi, muti-
lated of the rank of credit.

This tauhid-i-rasmi is such as a person, with desire of intelligence and of under-
standing, might through reading and hearing, conjecture as the meaning of tauhid.
In his mind, a rasm (impression) of the form of 'ilm-i-tauhid becometh painted ;
thence, in the midst of argument, — since, in him is no effect from the hal-i-tauhid — he
uttereth brainless vi^ords.

Tauhid-i-'ilmi, although it is a low degree of the tauhid-i-hali, wherefrom fellow-
traveller with it is a temperament :

" Its temperament is one of tasnim, a fountain wherefrom those near to God drink, '

is the description of the wine of this tauhid.

Hence, its possessor is often in zauk and joy ; because, by the effects of the tem-
perament of hal, some of the darkness of his impressions becometh lifted. As in
some changes, he worketh according to the demand of his own 'ilm, and bindeth up,
in the midst, the existence of causes which are the links of the deeds of God ; but, in
many a hal, by reason of the residue of the darkness of existence, he becometh
\eiled from the demand of his own 'ilm.

In this tauhid, some of the hidden shirk (the giving companions to God) departetii.
Tauhid-i-hali is when, the hal of tauhid becometh the necessary description of the
nature of the muw,ahhid (professor of unity).

Save a little residue in the superiority of the rising of the light of tauhid, all
the darknesses of impressions of His existence vanish, and, in the light of his hal,
veiled and included (like to the being rolled together the light of the constellations
and the light of the sun) becometh the light of 'ilm-i-tauhid.

64 SUFi.lSM.

In the stage of existence, in viewing the beauty of the existence of Wahid
(unity), the mu\v,ahhid becometh so immersed in jam' " (union) that, in the vision ot
his witnessing, naught cometh save the nature of the qualities of Wahid — so much
so that he regardeth tauhid the quality of Wahid not his own quality. This (act of)
regarding (of his) he regardeth His quality.

In this way, his existence falleth like a drop in the power of the dashing waves
of the ocean of tauhid ; and in jam' (union) becometh immersed.

The source of : —

(a) tauhid-i-hali is the light of manifestation.

(b) „ „ 'ilmi „ „ murakaba (fearful contemplation).

By tauhid-i-bali, (like to the light of the sun in whose superiority of manifesta-
tion, most parts of darkness rise up and disappear from earth's surface) become re-
pulsed many of the impressions of humanity.

By tauhid-i-hali most of the hidden shirk (giving companions to God) ariseth
(to disappear); and from the truth of pure tauhid (wherein all at once the effects and
the impressions of existence vanish) to the special muw, ahhids in the hal of life some-
times the flash like unto flashing lightning becometh bright, and immediately is extin-
guished.

The residue of other circumstances aideth ; in this state, the residue of hidden
shirk becometh wholly repulsed ; outside this degree of tauhid, is possible no other
degree.

By tauhid-i-'ilmi (like to the light of the moon in whose manifestation, parts
of darkness become repulsed and some are left), become up-lifted (to disappear) some
of the impressions of humanity.

The cause of existence of some of the residue of impressions in tauhid-i-hall is
this :—

On the muw,ahhid's part not possible is the issuing of the arranging of deeds and the purify-
ing of words; for this reason in the hal of his life, the right of tauhid (as is necessary 1
becometh not discharged.

Tauhid-i-ilahi is : —

That whereby in the eternity without beginning of eternities without beginning
by His own nafs, not by the tauhid of another, — God is ever described with singu-
larity and qualified with praise.

Now, in praise of eternity without beginning He is wahid and one ; and thus,
to the eternity without end of the eternities without end, is.

So that to-day it became known that in His ow 1 existence, the existence of the
beauty of things vanish.

For the veiled ones, is the promise of beholding this hal (of God) till to-mor-
row (the judgment-day). But for the Lords of vision and for the companions of

TAUHiD AND ZAT. g-

beholding (who have obtained freedom from the lestricted places of time and of
abode), this promise is cash indeed (immediate).

The honour of His singularity and the wrath of His unity gave not power in
His existence, to other existence.

The right of tauhid is this : this is the tauhid that is free from the reproach of
defect.

By reason of defect of existence, the tauhid of angels and of man is defective.
Thus, Shaikh Abu 'Abdu-1-lah Ansari hath said.

The Affairs of the next world.

I. 10.

The preface to pure 'ilm is true faith.

So long as increase of faith descendeth not into the stages of the hearts of will,
the kafila of 'ilmu-1-yakin (the knowledge of certainty) taketh not down its chattels of
staying in the heart ; the treading of the path by verification and by seeking the
traces of the prophets, is impossible save by the foot of faith and of submission and
by the guide of love and of reverence; and the effort in desire of advance, without
preserving one's self from sin by the rope of God and by the sunnat of prophecy, is
error and disaster.

If, with the foot of defective reason and understanding, a person wisheth to
advance from the abyss of ignorance to the summit of ilm, although he may put for-
ward great effort, he seeth himself in the end, at the first place, momently descending
into degrees of loss.

For when the path with lofty degrees becometh closed, and yet the motive of
desire is left, — nafs turneth to decline and rolleth about in the seventh hell to the
lowest of the low.

As to the hidden world and the circum.etances of the next world (as by the Kuran-
i-Majid, and by the Hadls of prophecy have arrived), it is incumbent on every one
to have faith —

In the torment of the grave, in the questioning of munkir and nakir, in the assembling and dis-
persing, in the account and the balance, in the bridge and sirat, in paradise and hell, in the issuing
of nations (through the intercession of the prophet) from fire.*

and, not with weak reason and fine understanding, to begin for one's self upon its
interpretation ; and not to wander about the sufficiency and the wherefore.

Because in respect to 'ilm-i-imani (the knowledge of faith), the limit is not the
degree of human understanding. In it, even the prophets have not exercised power.

What from revelation they have seen, in it with certainty, they have had faith
the faith, which (from the prophets) to the hearts of nations (according to their purity)
hath reached.

Reason hath a limit beyond which when it passeth, into error it falleth.

* See Wherry's Kuran (Index):— Nakir and munkir, the bridge, hell, paradise, intercession.

66 suFi.iSM.

The limit of the five senses is : —

When things felt by them are apparent and existing as : —

things seen. things tasted.

„ heard. ,, touched,

smelt.
When out of these something issueth and the understander is in his senses, true is the under.

standing of it : —
When he perceiveth something not existing (as things comprehended by the distraught),—
not true is the understanding of it.

The limit of khiyal (fancy) is : —

When, after efiacement, it regardeth things comprehended of the outward senses. When it
passeth its limit and trieth to comprehend things not perceived, — the fancy is error.

A person heareth the name of one whom he hath never seen; he evoketh a form
purely imaginary. When the hidden becometh present, the imaginary form may, or
may not, be concordant with his (real) form.

The limit of wahm (imagination) is —

When out of a form of things perceived he gaineth in part a sense of things not
perceived; as a sheep from seeing the wolf comprehendeth the sense of enmity not
perceived.

When he transgresseth, and imagineth things sensible and spiritual, he falleth in-
to error.

Thus he cannot imagine ruh (the soul) merely from the form of the body as
tor-

Its entenng.
„ issuing.
„ union.

Its separation.
„ nearness.
,, farness.

He cannot find the limit of the world of bodies.

When beyond it he beginneth imagining, he falleth into error.

The limit of 'akl (reason) is : —

the understanding of the world of hikmat ; no path into the world of kudrat is its.

The world of hikmat signifies : —

The existence of cause. For to a cause, the absolute Wise One hath bound every existing thing
in the world of dominion and of witnessing (the world material); and by means of that
cause, hath caused to pass the sunnat (the creation of that existence)— not in this sense
that, without that cause, existence is impossible in God's power. For the arrangement
of the world of hikmat, God hath joined existence to cause. Guardian over the world
of hikmat, they have made reason; to it not true (is) a power in the world of kudrat (t'^e
creating of something without the means of a cause).

Whenever out of the world of kudrat, he heareth something, he saith it is not
reasonable ; or ordereth as to its alteration.

He knoweth not that — not inexcused is what is un-reasonable.

Not reasonable is the existence of the child. Without the seed of the father, the
acceptance of it by the mother, its settlement in the womb, and the pissino- of the
appointed time in the world of hikmat — it existeth not. ,

THE AFFAIRS OF THE NEXT WORLD. 67

But, in the world of kudrat, it is possible and doth occur. As the existence :

of Adam.
„ Havva.
„ 'Is?.

When to the world of kudrat, reason findeth no path, and desireth sway in it, —
it falleth into error.

To explanation, he hasteth saying, the meaning is such and such.

Verily the imputation of ignorance he accepteth not; and knoweth not whence
is the source of error. If in his own limit (the world of hikmat) he had stood, into
this error he would not have fallen ; evident it would have been that from the gar-
ment of hikmat one cannot find the world of kudrat save by faith.

Possibly if words like these reach the ear of hypocrites, they will in the way of jest
laugh at the speaker's reason ; and name it delirium.

No knowledge have the helpless ones. At them, the man of vision and the
Lords of explanation look with pity ; and, at the lowness of their reason and at the
poverty of their understanding, laugh. Like a captive, they are in the world of hikmat
veiled from the world of kudrat.

Like this is the confining of the embryo in the narrow place of the womb.

If, by chance, to it a person were to say : —

Outside the narrow place of the womb is another world, a great space, a great breadth, a sky,
a land, a sun, a moon, and other things.

Never would the imagining and the reasoning of it appear true save by faith.

Even so the dwellers of the narrow world of hikmat cannot save by faith gain the
circumstances of the world of kudrat until man's soul from the narrow place of the
womb of the world of hikmat cometh to the space of the world of ghaib and of kudrat;
or by the death of nature and of will which they call "the second birth,"* even as 'Isa
hath written.

Before faith, whatever they have accepted, only by the eye, they see ; so long as
the veil of humanity is not uplifted, only the eye revolveth.

To-day save by the power of inward taste (which meaneth faith), one cannot find
the ?auk (delight) of the limit of (this given by) the prophets.

There is a crowd in whom that power is not created ; and whose directing is im.
possible ; and a crowd in whom this power is created.

But, by the power of sickness of desire, they have been ruined ; and in their
jp^late, the food of truths, like the 'ilm of faith, appeareth bitter.

On all men of faith, it is incumbent to aid God : —

by raising the faith of Mustafa Muhammad); by destroying the vain; by repelling the deceit
of men of error; and by prohibiting the power of shaitans, man-in-f(>rm.

The shari'at of Muhammad and his creed is the straight path and trodden high-
way ; the seal (last) of the sent ones (prophets), trusted one of the Lord of both worlds
with so many thousands of troops of nations (holy ones, pure ones, martyred ones)

John iii, 3.

58 suFi.iSM.

hath gone on that highway and swept it of thorn, of rubbish, of doubt, and of suspi-
cion ; hath established knowledge of it and of its stages ; hath left behind a trace of
every pace ; hath established an alighting place at every stage ; hath for the repelling
of the robbers of the path sent the guide of resolution as fellow-traveller.

If a strange surveyor claimeth that the path is not straight, and inviteth the people
to another path, — his word should not be regarded ; and for its repelling, the aid of the
true faith is of the number of ordinances and of requisites.

The men of deceit and of error are a crowd who outwardly wear the robe of Islam ;
and towards Islam inwardly keep concealed kufr and hate ; outwardly mix with the
men of Islam ; show themselves to the people as verified 'ulama and confirmed hukama ;
instruct in the eternity of this world and in the denial of the resurrection ; regard the
'ulama and the shaikhs of Islam as the enemy ; and (because by the light of their
'ilm their own hiding and dark places become discovered) render contemptuous their
form.

The God-like 'ulama are the stars of the sky of shari'at ; it, they ever keep pre-
served from the sway of shaitans of men. Their luminous breath like to the pene-
tratino' meteor pelteth those (the shaitans of men) concealing and carrying off the
mvsteries of the shari'at ; keepeth them on every side perturbed and restless ; and
repelleth from the people their deceitful wickedness.

Wherever these men of deceit gain sway, they make the people shun the 'ulama ;
begin in the souls of those ready, satanic sway, and (by iniquity of faith, and by
the cutting off of the link of Islam from the order of man) the ruining of their faith ;
turn the pure simple heart from the purity of nature ; conceal themselves behind the
shield of Islam ; make sure the arrow of treachery and of loss at the butt of faith and
of religion ; and secretly, with courteous glance, call man to destruction.

They are the enemies of faith, the brothers of shaitan ; ignorant of rules, the causer
of injuries.

Before the Lord of both worlds, no devotion hath such a lofty degree as the repel-
ling of this crowd and the uplifting of the foundations of their deceit and hypocrisy.

The men of submission (to repel these men of deceit and error) are : —
(a) men of kudrat (power).
ib) „ 'ilm (knowledge).

The men of kudrat act : —

by way of slaughter and of rapine ; of chastisement and punishment ; of denial and of banish-
ment.

The men of 'ilm act: —

by manifesting deceit, hypocrisy and heresy.

Who, on one of these two ways, hath power, is by it ordered ; by accepting it re-
warded ; and by abandoning it, requited. ,

•ILM-I-KIYAM.

'llm-i-Kiyam (knowledge of God's standing as the slave's

observer).

II. 5.

In the opinion of the sufis, 'ilm-i-kiyam signifieth : —

A special 'ilm, wherein, in all movings and restings, outward and inward, the slave
seeth God standing over him and observing him.

This sense is from the Kuran.

Hence, the slave keepeth himself adorned, outwardly and inwardly, with the
garment of rules agreeing with the orders of God, and separated from the garment of
opposition (to Him).

This is a precious 'ilm which, in sufl,istic idiom, they call : —
'ilm-i-murakaba.*

Who maketh it his inward habit, becometh delighted with all exalted makams and
precious hals ; the reverence and the fear of God become his teacher in all affairs as
Muhammad hath said.

Sahl Abdu-1-lah Tastarl mostly ordered his murids by this 'ilm of precept ; and

said it-
Void of four things, be ye not.

i. 'ilm-i-kiyam, that ye may — , in every hal, witnesser and observer of you,— see God.
ii. the service of devotion, that ye may ever keep yourselves established in confirmity with de-
votion to Him.
iii. constantly ask God for the aid of His grace in respect of these two things, (i, ii).
iv. persevere in these three things till death ; for, in these four things, are the good of this, and
the next, world ; and happiness inwardly and outwardly.

'Ilm-i-kiyam is the zikr of the heart at the time of motion limbs and resolution of
the heart in respect to : —

(a) kiyam, on himself.

{b) shuhud-i-hakk, „

So that in conformity with that ordered, the motion and the resolution may be.

This they call : —

{a] zikr-i-fariza, the zikr of God's ordinance.
(6) „ „ zaban, „ the tongue,

Thus, they say : —

Yesterday is dead ; to-morrow is not born ; to-day is in the agonies of death.

Who is engaged in the zikr of the past and of the future is in destruction.

• See pp. 59, 64, 86, 1 14.

t To the end, is 'Abdu-1-lah's discourse.

7o SUFi.lSM.

The safety and the salvation of the people is in their being engaged in the ord-
inance of the time ('ilm-i-kiyam), with the practice of the pleasurable deed. Because,
in this hal, theirs can be : —

breathing. I rest.

doing anything. ] favour.

Than other 'ilms, this 'ilm is : —
more dear
„ strange
„ profitable.

Yours the service of that in surety whereof are included perpetual country and
constant favour.

Who perpetually seeketh this fortune without preface, maketh severance of con-
nections ; without shunning the society of strangers, patience as to the opposition of
nafs appeareth not.

'Ilm-i-hal (knowledge of the mystic state).

II. 6.

Of the special sufi,istic 'ilms, one is : —
'ilm-i-hal.

which consisteth —

in regarding the heart and considering the mystery of that state (which is between the slave
and the Lord) by equalling the increase and the loss; by levelling powerfulness and
feebleness by the touch-stone of proof, so that by observing truths and by preserving rule
he may establish hal.

For, there is a rule for every hal in respect to its own nafs, according to : —

(a) the time.
(6) „ makam.

Thus from the hal of riza, in respect to its nafs, is a rule, — the rest of nafs.

As to the calamities arising from God's order, according to the time when
calamity : —

(a) increaseth is a rule,— the performance of thanks so long as the increase of the hal of riza
and the folding of nafs in the folds of despair are not confirmed until the quality of
independence and of pride becometh not evident.

(J) ceaseth is a rule — asking God for help so that He may open the door of advance and of
increase; may preserve nafs from motion; ard (for desire of mcrease) may into the
slave's heart, bring a desire shauk-exciting, and a shauk, affliction-mi.\ing.

For the increase of the hal of riza is another order and rule in the stage —

(«) of concordance (with the orders of God), — riza and joy.

(6) of opposition,— denial and grief. I

'ILM-I HAL. »j

In each of these two stages, contrary to the rule of increase, is a rule for the
decrease of the hal of riza.

Who regardeth the form of his own state between him and the Lord, according to its rule,
according to every time and stage, is preserved ; and, to the maturity of perfection and to the
stage of men (devoted to God), reacheth.
Who is careless of it is not secure of the robbers of the Path. This is an employment wherein if
his life be expended, not discharged is its due.

The holy travellers of this Path are separate according to difference of power of
capacity and of weakness thereof.

Some, in their nafs, know this difference of circumstances (joy and sorrow) and
thereby discriminate between their increase and decrease.

Momently, in respect of a former moment they discover the difference of
their hal.

Some discover this change at times ; some in hours; some in days.

Sahl Abdu-1-lah-i-Tastari hath said : —

Safety, the slave gaineth not, save when he is learned in his hal and forgetteth it not ; and, by
it, is obedient to God.

They asked saying : —
What is the 'ilm-i-hal ?

He said : —

Whose state with God is the abandoning of will and the negation of desire, ever regardeth this
hal according to exigency; and ever abandoneth design ; whenever in himself, he findeth
inclination to a plan, he denieth it ; what knoweth he but that it is the repeller of his hal.

Sahl hath by the abandoning of will made the speciality of the 'ilm-i-hal ; because
loftier than it, is no hal.

'Ilm-i-yakm (knowledge of certainty).

II. 9.

'Ilm-i-yakin (the knowledge of certainty) signifieth —

The revelation of the light of hakikat in the state of concealment of humanity by the evidence of
wajd (ecstasy) and of zauk (delight), not by the guidance of ^kl (reason) and had is (report).

They call this light :—

(a) beyond the veil, — the light of faith.
ib) through „ „ yakin.

Verily, not more than one light — the light of faith,— is there when it becometh
the heart's agent.

Without the veil of humanity, it is the light of yakin. As long as a residue of
existence is, ever the cloud of the qualities of humanity go rising from the soul of
humanity; and covereth the sun of hakikat (truth).

Sometimes, it becometh scattered ; and by way of wajd, the heart from the
flashing of the light gaineth zauk, as the cold-stricken one, on whom suddenly
shineth, the sun's light from its splendour and warmth gaineth zauk (delight).

SUFi.lSM.

Regard the sun as the hakikat-i-haka.ik (the truth of truths! ; its light, like the
flashing of hakikat, shining from outside the veil of the light of safety, manifested
through the veil of the light of yakin ; and the cold-stricken one, like that one
veiled with the qualities of humanity in the light of faith.

Then is the light of faith ever firm ; the light of yakin, sometimes flashing and
bright, as in the hadis.

Yakin hath three degrees. Thus, as to the sun's existence, a person is void of
doubt :—

i. by seeking guidance from beholding the sun's splendour and understanding its heat.

This is 'ilm-i-yakin.
ii. by beholding the sun's body.

This is ^inu-l-yakin.
iii. by the dispersing of the eye's light in the sun's light.
This is hakku-l-yakin.

Then —

(a) in 'ilmu-1-yakin, it is known, verified and evident.
(6) „ &inu-l-yakin, it is manifest and witnessed.
(c) „ liakku-1-yakin, a double way ariseth in consequence of —
the witnesser. I the looker on.

„ witnessed. I „ looked „

Thus, the seer becometh the eye ; the eye, the seer.

In the halof the residue of the composition, this sense (like lightning that cometh
into flash and immediately expireth), appeareth not more than a moment to the perfect
and to those joined with God.

If an hour it be left, the thread of composition looseneth; and the way of
existence ariseth (and departeth).

Of yakin—

(a) the root is 'ilmu-1-yakin.

(i) „ branches are 'ainu-1-yakin and hakku-l-yakin.

Faith hath many degrees, whereof one is yakin.

Yakin giveth the heart freedom from the perturbation of doubt : it, the shar' hath
called faith as in the hadis.

What by way of adducing reasonable proof becometh known is far from 'ilm-i-
yakin ; because : —

(a) that (the adducing of reasonable proof) is the 'ilm of adducing proof.

(b) this (yakin; „ „ hal.

Not all at once, save by the rising of the sun of hakikat, becometh the darkness
of doubt removed.

NAFS.

Nafs (essence).

III. 2.

Nafs hath two meanings ; —
(a) nafs-i-shay (the nafs of a thing) which is the zat (essence) and the hakikat (truth) of a

thing. Thus they say : —

" By its own nafs, a certain thing is standing."
{b) nafs-i-natika-i-insani (the human rational nafs) which is the abstract of the graces of the

body, which they call — the human natural soul, and a luminosity (which is bestowed

on it from the lofty human soul) by which luminosity the body becometh the place of

revelation of iniquity and of piety, as the Kuran hath said.

The ma'rifat of nafs is in all qualities difficult, for nafs hath the nature of the cha-
meleon.

Momently appeareth a different colour ; hourly cometh forth another form. It is the Harut of the
Babil of existence ; momently, another vanishing picture on water nafs expresseth, and beoinneth
another sorcery-
Hints as to the ma'rifat of nafs are (found) in the links and conditions of the
ma'rifat of God.

The recognising of nafs in all its qualities, and the reaching to a knowledge of
it is not the power of any created thing. Even so difficult, is the reaching to the sub-
stance of the ma'rifat of God ; and even so, to the ma'rifat of nafs, as Ali hath said.

The names of nafs are : —

nafs-i-ammara, imperious nafs (concupiscence).
„ „ lawwama, reproaching „
„ „ mutma.inna, restful „

They call nafs: —
(a) nafs-i-ammara

At the beginning, as long as under its sway, is existence.
(4) nafs-i-lawwama.

In the middle when obedient to the heart's sway it becometh, while is left yet some residue
of the nafs of obstinacy whereon it ever reproacheth itself,
(c) nafs-i-mutma,inna.

At the end, when extirpated from it, become the veins of contention and of abhorrence ;
when from contention with the heart it gaineth rest, and becometh obedient to order ;
when to riza becometh changed its abhorrence.

In the beginning, when nafs is yet firm in the dwelling of nature, it ever wisheth
to draw to its own low dwelling the ruh (soul) and the heart from the lofty region ;
and ever giveth to itself in their sight the splendour of a new decoration. As a
broker, shaitan adorneth the worthless majesty of nafs ; and restless for it maketh
souls and hearts, so that he may make low the exalted soul, and polluted the purified
heart.

Thus have said :—

Sahl Abdul.l-Iah.

Abu Yazid.

Junid.

n^ SUFi.ISM.

The crowd who consider rational nafs and heart to be one, do so because at the
end, they find nafs described with the description of rest and contentment (the spe-
cialities of the heart).

The suspicion is that between the heart and rational nafs is no difference.

Nafs-i-mutma,inna is indeed another nafs. They know not that it is verily nafs-i-
mutma,inna, which is stripped of the garment of vagrancy, and clad in the honour-
robe of rest and of ri'za ; and which hath taken the heart's colour.

Whenever, nafs-i-ammara taketh the heart's colour, the heart also taketh the
soul's colour (and pursueth good deeds).

On some of the qualities of nafs.

III. 3-
The source of the blameable qualities in man is nafs : the source of the laudable
qualities is ruh (the soul).

The blameable qualities of nafs are ten :—

1. hawa (desire).

Nafs desireth to advance as to its desires ; to place in its bosom the desires of
nature ; to bind on its waist the girdle of its consent with desire and to hold God in
partnership, as saith the Kalam-i-Majid.

This quality departeth not save by austerity and by love for God.

2. nifak (hypocrisy).

In many outward states, nafs is not concordant with its interior ; not one before
it, is man's being absent or his being present.

In man's presence, nafs praiseth and displayeth sincerity; in his absence, — just
the contrary.

This quality departeth not save by the existence of sincerity.

3. riya (hypocrisy).

Ever in its bond, is nafs that, in man's sight, it may keep itself adorned with laud-
able qualities (though in God's sight through hypocrisy they are blameable) : —
abundance of property and boasting thereof . I violence,
pride, 1 independence.

Whatever is reprehensible before the people, nafs shunneth and concealeth,—
though in God's sight it be laudable:-—
fakr (poverty) |

submission Laudable in God's sight ; reprehensible in the people's,

humility 1

THE QUALITIES OF NAFS. ye

This departeth not save by knowledge of the paltry worth of the people as Junid
and Abu Bakr Warak have said.

Nafs is a hypocrite like unto fire that revealeth the good quality (light), and con-
cealeth the bad quality (consuming).

Although nafs revealeth the beautiful and concealeth the ugly, — it is not con-
cealed save to those of defective vision.

It is like unto an old woman detestable of appearance, who'adorneth herself with
sumptuous apparel of varied colour and with henna. Only to boys, doth that decora-
tion appear to be good ; to the wise, abhorrence increaseth.

4. The claim to Godship, and obstinacy against God. Nafs ever desireth that
people should praise it ; should obey its orders ; should love it above all ; should of
it be fearful and display the bond of dependence upon its mercy.

Thus against these orders, God cautioneth His own slaves.

These qualities depart not save by the glory of the qualities of God.

5. Pride and self-beholding.

Nafs ever looketh at its own beauteous qualities ; regardeth with contentment
the form of its own hal. The paltry benefaction that from it occurreth to another,
it exalteth; for years forgetteth it not ; and regardeth him as being immersed in obli-
gation.

If to nafs, great benefaction cometh, it regardeth it as paltry and almost for-
getteth it.

This is of the number of deadly sins as Muhammad hath said, and as is entered
in the hadis.

This departeth not save through self-contempt.

6. Avarice and parsimony.

Whatever chattels of goods and of desire it gathereth, it letteth not go save
through pride, or through fear of poverty (in the future).

When this quality is strong in nafs, from it springeth envy ; for envy is the
breeding of miserliness for the property of others.

If it see another with special favour, it seeketh his decline; when it gathereth
power, hate appeareth.

Him, who with itself gaineth equality in affluence ; whom it seeth distinguished
for an excellence, whom it regardeth as the cause of a favour being refused,— his d>-
struction, nafs ever desireth.

This departeth not save under the power of the light of yakin.

SUFi.lSM.

7. Greedinesc and asking for more.

Nafs is ever in prolonged delights, and restricteth not itself. Never becometh
full the stomach of its need.

It is like the moth that with the candle's light contenteth not itself; by under-
standing the injury of its heat it becometh not warned ; and casteth itself on the body
of the fire so that it becometh consumed.

As nafs suffereth calamity, so its greed for delight becometh greater.

This departeth not save by wara' (austerity) and by takva (piety).

8. Levity and light-headedness.

Nafs resteth on nothing. When thoughts of lust and of desire arrive, it putteth
not in the first place steadiness or delay; it immediately desireth to enact it ; there-
fore in their (proper) place evident become not rest and motion. For its desire, it dis-
playeth celerity.

The sages have likened it to the spherical globe which they place in a court, plain
and smooth. It is ever in motion.

This departeth not save by patience.

9. Haste to fatigue.

To nafs, fatigue of things quickly appeareth ; and to it showeth the false idea that
its being up-plucked from the present state and its being employed in a following
state — will be its rest.

It knoweth not that the guidance of ideas like to these will never convey it to its
idea. Mostly, the form of occurrence is contrary to its purpose.

If it gain success, then everything that was pleasing becometh abhorrent to it.

From this calamity it is impossible to escape save by the establishing of the
ordered thanks (to God).

10. Negligence.

As towards desires is haste, so towards devotion and good deeds is slothfulness.
This disease departeth not save by great austerity and rigorous effort, which fighteth
nature by coldness and dryness ; and maketh it acceptable of order and gentle and
smooth like tanned skins.

To each of these qualities of nafs, physicians of nafs (prophets and holy men,
their followers) have applied a remedy.

These ten qualities are the mother of qualities, wherefrom many other qualities
are derived.

The roots and the branches of lustful qualities are all sprung from the root of the
creation of nafs. That is the four natures : —

heat. I wetness,

cold. I dryness.

RUH.

Ma'rifat-i-ruh (deep knowledge of the soul).

in. 5-

The ma'rifat of the soul and the majesty of its understanding is lofty and in-
accessible. Not attainable, is its acquisition with the noose of reason. It is a simurgh
that hath its nest on the Kaf (Caucasus) of majesty ; and as the prey of understanding
entereth not the dwelling of writing.

It is a jewel that hath risen from the abyss of the ocean of grandeur ; not possi-
ble, is the writing of its qualities by the scale of conjecture.

The Lords of revelation and the Masters of hearts fwho are prefects of the mys-
teries of the hidden, and who have become free from the following of desire and
from the servitude of nafs) have grudged explanation save by hint.

The most honoured existence, and the nearest evidence to God, — is the great
soul* which to Himself God hath joined.

Great Adam, the first khalifa, the interpreter of God, the key of existence, the
reed of invention and the paradise of souls, — all signify the qualities of ruh (the soul) ;
and the first prey that fell into the net of existence was the soul.

The will of the ancient one assigned it to His own khilafat in the world of crea-
tion ; entrusted to it the keys of the treasuries of mysteries ; dismissed it for sway in
the world ; opened to it a great river from the sea of life, — so that ever from it, it
might seek aid of the bounty of life ; might add to the parts of the universe ; might
convey the form of divine words from the establishment-place of collection (the Holy
Existence) to the place of separation, (the world) might give, with the essence of
abridgment, dignity in the essence of division. To it, God gave two glances of divine
blessing :—

(a) One for beholding the majesty of kudrat.
ib) The other „ „ beauty of hikmat.

The first glance signifieth natural reason ; its result is love for God.

The second glance signifieth reason, common and low ; its result is wholly nafs.

Every bounty, the aid whereof the soul of ncrease seeketh from the essence of
collection (God), — worthy of it, universal nafs becometh.

By reason of active deed, of passive deed and of power, of weakness, t the attri-
bute of male and of female appeareth ; in the soul of increase and universal nafs, — the
custom of love-making became confirmed by the link of temperament; by means
of marriage, the races of worlds became existing ; and by the hard of the midwife of
Fate appeared in the apparent world.

Then all created beings are the outcome of nafs and of rah (the soulj.

• See the Kuran, P. D. ; XVII, 87.
t The male qualities are :— the active deed and power.
„ female „ „ — the passive deed and weakness.

^8 sOfI.ism.

Nafs is the lasult of ruli ; ruh, of order. Because by His own self, without any
cause (whereto the order is the hint) God created the soul; and by means of rah,
(whereof creation is the hint) the crowd ot created beings.

Since it is necessary that every khalifa should be the comprehender of varied
qualities, He clothed the God-like grace and the endless bounty of the soul, in the
khilafat of creation, with the honour-robe of all names, and with the qualities of His
own beauty and grandeur ; and made it honoured in the chief seat of creation.

When the circle of causing to create reached accomplishment, in the mirror of
the existence ot dusty Adam, the soul became reflected ; and in it, all the names and
God-like qualities illuminated.

Spread abroad in lofty places, became the rumour of Adam's khilafat ; and on the
mandate of his khilafat came this royal seal ; on the standard of his blessing, became
revealed this Kuranic verse: — "To Adam, all names He made known."*

In the grasp of his sway, they placed the gate of subduing and the eye of decree-
ing.

For his adoration, they ordered the angels ; for that tranquillity (coUectedness)
was not the angels'.

Some of the angels are in the stage : —

(a) of jamal (beauty) only ; they are the angels of kindness and of mercy.

(b) „ jalai (grandeur) „ „ „ wrath, of mercy, and of vengeance.

By all names, Adam knew God ; but the angels only by that name, which was
their stage.

The existence in the material world :—

(a) of Adam became the stage of the form of ruh in the hidden world.
{b) of Havva (Eve) „ „ „ nafs „ „

Havva's birth from Adam is like unto the birth of nafs from ruh (the soul) ; and
the effects of the marriage of nafs and ruh, and the attraction of male and of female,
became assigned to Adam and Havva.

Like to their issuing from ruh and nafs, came into existence the atoms of pro-
geny (which were a deposit in Adam's back-bone) by the union of Adam and Havva.

The existence of Adam and Havva became the exemplar of the existence of ruh
and nafs.

In every person of mankind, another exemplar becometh — by the union of ruh (in
part) and of nafs (in part) transcribed from the exemplar of Adam and Havva.

Became produced the birth : —

(a) of the heart from the two (soul and nafs).

{b} of the form of the male of the sons of Adam from the form of the universal soul.

* The Kuran, ti, 31.

JAM' AND TAFRAKA. -q

In the form of the female, no prophet hath been sent. Because by reason of
sway in the souls of men ; and by its effects in creation, prophecy hath the attribute
of the male ; and the means of revealing the mystery of prophecy is the soul suitable
to the form (of man).

Jam' (collected) and tafraka (dispersed).

IV. 2.

In the idiom of the sufis : —
jam' signifies : —
(a) the repelling of structures (creation).
(i) „ dropping „ additions (worldly ad-
vantages),
(c) „ withdrawing shuhijd-i-hakk from
creation.

tafraka signifies —
the accepting of structures (creation).
„ confirming of devotion and of God-
ship.
„ separating of God from creation.

Jam' without tafraka is impiousness ; tafraka without jam' is uselessness ; jam'
with tafraka is the very truth, for it hath the order of jam' joined to souls, and of
tafraka to forms.

As long as the soul and the body are linked, the union of jam' and tafraka is of
the requisites of existence.

The true Arif is ever joined : —

(a) to ruh (which is the dwelling of mushahida) in the essence of jam.'
(i) to the body (which is the instrument of strife) in the makam of tafraka.

Thus have Junid and Wasiti written.

This state, the sufis call jam'u-1-jam'.

In devotion, who looketh : —

(a) at his own acquisition, is in tafraka.

(6) „ God's grace, is in jam'.

(e) „ neither himself nor at his own deeds, is in jam'u-1-jam' (wholly effaced).

Thus Abu All Dakkak and Junid have said.

Jam' signifies : —

the veiling and the concealment of the people in the superiority of zuhur va shuhud-i-hakk
(revelation and manifestation of God).

tafraka signifies : —

the veiling and the concealment of God in the shuhud-i-wujud-i-khalk (manifestation of the
existence of creation).

Tajain (epiphany) and Istitar (being hid).

IV. 3.
Tajalli signifieth : —

the manifestation of 'he sun of the hakikat of God out from the clouds of humanity.

SUFi.ISM.

Istitar signifieth :—

the cloud of the light of hakikat in the revelation of the qualities of humanity.

Tajalli is of three kinds.

1. Tajalli-i-zat.

Its mark (if of the holy traveller's existence something hath remained) is the fana
(effacement) of zat, and the annihilation of qualities in the glories of their lights.
They call it "falling into a swoon," as was the state of Musa, whom (by beholding taj-
alli) they took out of himself and effaced.

When from God, he sought the appearance of zat,* he had not yet after fana
reached baka ; in conformity with the guidance 'let me see," at the time of the tajalli
of the licrht of zat* on the Tur of the nafs of his existence, — the residue (which is
the seeker of manifestation) of the qualities of his existence became effaced.

If from the residue of his existence, fana be wholly separated; and after the
fana of existence, its truth be joined to absolute baka (God),— he seeth, by the light
of the eternal, the zat of the eternal.

This is an honour-robe that they specially gave to Muhammad ; and is a draught
that they caused him to taste.

From desire for this cup, they cause to drop a draught into the jaw of the soul of
the special ones of his followers.

This sense demandeth the exaltation of the wali (saint) above the nabi (prophet).

For the wali gaineth this rank not of himself,— nay by the perfection of his fol-
lowing the prophet.

2. Tajalli-i-sifat.
If the Ancient Existence display tajalli : —

(a) with jalal, he is (on account of His glory, kudrat, and force) in khushu' and khuzu' (humi-
lity of heart and of limbs).
(6) with jamal, he is (on account of His mercy, grace and blessing) joyous and loving.

The zat of the Eternal changeth not ; but according to exigency of will, contrariety
of capacity, are evident sometimes outwardly jalal (grandeur) and inwardly jamal
(beauty) ; and sometimes the contrary thereto.

3. Tajalli-i-af'al.
This signifies ; —

The averting of one's glance from the deeds of other people ; from them, the
severing of additions of good and of evil, of profit, and of loss ; the moderating of
their praise and blame ; of their acceptance and rejection (of one).

For the bare manifestation of divine deeds dismisseth to themselves the people
from the addition of deeds.

• This is the zat of God. '

TAJALLi AND ISTITAR. 8l

To the holy traveller in the stages of travelling come in order : —

i. tajalli-i-af'al.
ii. „ sifat.
iii. „ zat.

Deeds are the effects of qualities ; and, enfolded in zat, are qualities.

For the people, deeds are nearer than qualities ; and qualities, nearer than zat.

They call : —

(a) the shuhud-i-tajalli-i-af'al {the manifestation of the glory of deeds), the muhazira (the be-
ing present).

(i) „ shuhud-i-tajalli-i-sifat ( „ „ „ qualities), the mukashifa (the

manifestation).

ing)-

They call : —

muhazira, the hal of hearts,
mukashifa, „ mysteries,
mushahida, „ souls.

Cometh truly mushahida from a person, who is standing in the existence of the
witnessed (God), not in his own. For the power of the glory of the light of eternity
(God) is not of accidents (hadis).

So long as in the witnessed, the shahid (witnesser) is not effaced ; and in it be-
cometh not left, His mushahida one cannot make.

After beholding the effects of the flame of separation, and the violence of desire on
Majnun's state, a party of the tribe of Majnun interceded with the tribe of Laila, they
said : —

"What would it be if, a moment, Majnun's eye become illumined and anointed
"with the sight of Laila's beauty?"

The tribe of Laila said : —

"To this extent is no harm. But Majnun himself hath not the power of behohl-
" ing L-aila."

At last, they brought Majnun ; and uplifted a corner of Laila's tent.

Immediately his glance fell on the fold of Laila's skirt, — senseless he fell.

In short : —

The glory of God is the cause of the people being veiled ; His being veiled is the cause of
manifestation (of glory) of the people.

82 SUFi.lSM.

When God becometh glorilied : —

(a) in His own deeds,— in them, the deeds of the people become veiled.

(6) in His zat, — in it, the zat, the qualities, and deeds of the people become veiled.

For the welfare of the world of hikmat and for enlarging the effects of mercy on
His own special ones, — the Absolute Wise one (God) leaveth the residue of the
qualities of lusts (which are the source of being veiled), so that, for them and for others,
there may be mercy.

For them (the special ones), —

that by the occupations of lusts, they may remain persevering; and by permanency may
acquire nearness (to God).

For others (the people in genera)), —

that annihilated in the essence of fana, and immersed in the sea of jama' they may not be-
come ; and that to others their existence may become a source of profit.

Some of the 'Ulama (who are sufis) have said : —

The istighfar of Muhammad is the demand for this veil in order that he may not be immersed
in the sea of shuhud ; and that, by him through the link of humanity, men may be bene-
fited.

Wajd (rapture) and Wujud (existence).

IV. 4.
Wajd (waidan) slgnifieth : —

(a) an event that from God arriveth, and turnelh the heart from its own form to — great grief,

or to great joy.
(4) a state wherein all the (mortal) qualities of the wajid become cut off; and his nature
becometh painted with joy.

The wajid (possessor of wajd) signifieth : —

One who hath not yet come forth from the veil of sensual qualities ; and is, by his own exist-
ence, veiled from iiod's existence.

Sometimes in the veil of his existence, appeareth an opening whence a ray from the light of
God's existence shineth and helpeth him. After that the veil becometh folded ; and
maujud (existence), lost.

Wajd is intermediate' between the preceding disappearing and the following dis-
appearing (of maujud).

Wujud signifieth :—

(a) that in the superiority of the light of the shuhud of maujfid (the existerce of God), wujud

and wajid become lost and naught.
(6) the quality of muhdas (accident).
{c) „ existence of the quality of Kadim (the Ancient One, God).

As Zu-n-Nun hath said.

When, out from his own existence, the possessor of wajd is net effaced,— he is
wajid ; and standing in him, is wajd. ,

WAJD AND WUJUD. S3

When out from his own existence, the possessor of wujud is wholly effaced ; and
In the existence of maujud is left standing — he is the zat of maujud (the existence
of the existence of God) not the zat of wajid (or the zat of the slave).

Wajid signifieth : —

One who is the disappearer of his existence.

Thus, hath Shibli said.

Who, by the appearance of his own wajd, becometh veiled from the seeinorof ihi
wajd of the maujud (the existence of God), — in him joy cometh.

Who, by seeing the wajd of maujud (the existence of God), becometh deprived of
the appearance of his own wajd, — from him descendeth the possibility of joy.

Thus, hath Junfd said.

Wajd is the preface to wujud.

In victory over the fortress of human wujud (existence) every wajd is like to a manjanik (catapult)
established by the attraction of the divine world, so that, when the fortress of wujud (existence) is
subdued, — it becometh the wajd of wujud.

The end of wajd is the beginning of wujud. That is —

The wujud of wajd is the cause of the wajid's being deprived of existence, which is the condition
of the wujud of maujud (the existence of the existence of God).

Thus have said : —

(a) Abu-1-Husain-i-Nuri.

(b) Shibli.

The taking away of the addition of wajd to self is the essence of accepting
tauhid ; and its addition to self is the essence of denying (tauhid).

Thus hath Bayizid said.

As wajd is the preface to wujud, so tawajud (wajd-making,) is the preface to
wajd.

Tawajud signifies: —

The asking for, and the attracting of wajd, by waj' of —

V((i) tazakkur (repeating),
(b) tafakkur (reflecting),
(c) sincere resemblance to the man of wajd (in motion and in rest).

Although apparently tawajud is preparation; preparation is the opposite to sin-
cerity, yet since the resolution of the mutawajid, in this form of tawajud, is wholly in-
clination for acceptance of the aid of divine bounty; and (is) true offering for snuffing
up divine odours, — it is not contrary to sincerity.

Thus, the sharl'at hath permitted and ordered.

The description of the man —
(n) of the beginning is tawajud.
(i) „ path „ wajd.

M 1

84 SUFMSM.

On Wakt (period) and Nafas (moment).

IV. 6.
To wakt, sufis assign three meanings.
Wakt may mean : —

a quality such as kabz (contraction), bast (expansion), sorrow or joy, — that prevail etli over the
slave.

From exceeding superiority of lial, the possessor of this wakt cannot understand
another hal.

So the possessor of the hal of kabz, with the superiority of the hal, is so impressed
and tilled that he findeth an impression neither from the passed bast, nor from the
coming bast. All his time, he seeth the wakt-i-hal ; over the hal of others, according
to his own hal, is his own sway which thus becometh the source of error.

Every hal concordant with his own hal, he decreeth as to its truth ; otherwise, as
to its falsity.

In this explanation, the sense of wakt is general, — both for the holy traveller, and
for him who is not.

Wakt may mean : —

A hal that, by assault, appeareth from the g^iaibat (the hidden) ; taketh by the superiority of
its sway the holy traveller from his own hal ; and maketh him submissive to iis own order.

Special to the holy traveller, is this wakt and is a hint to the sayings
"Son of his time is the sufi."

When they say "by the decree of wakt," they mean :—
That, by God's will, out of his own will, he is seized and veiled.

In respect of the order of "other than God," — whoshoweth contentment, cometh
into strife (with God) ; and by its influence, is subdued.
Hence they have said —
" Wakt is the slaying sword."

The sword hath two qualities, — one soft and smooth ; the other the keen, cuttinrj
edge. Who displayeth to it softness and rubbeth it with gentleness — findeth from
it softness ; who displayeth to it roughness suffereth the wound of its violence.

Even so wakt hath two qualities — gentleness and wrathfulness.

Agreement and concordance with it who maketh, enjoyeth its grace ; repulsion
and opposition to it, who maketh, becometh overpowered by its violence.

Bv the passing of God's purpose, wakt, is over ali purposes and states the pre-
vailer; and, according to its own decree, fashioneth them — like the sword, the severer.

Wakt may mean —

The present time, which is middle, between the past and the future.

WAKT AND NAFAS. g-

They say : —

" Master of wakt is such a one."

That is : —

Being engaged in the performance of recitations of the present time, solicitude for a thino'
(which at that time may be important and best) keepeth him engaged from mention o1
the past, and from thintting of the future. Thus, his time, he loseth not.

In this wakt, decline is not passed save in connection with holy travellers to
whom, by reason of the talwin of hal, this wakt is sometimes existent and sometimes
lost ; and who, into the volume of credit, bring not the account of their own life save
at the time when wakt is existent.

For those joined to God and for the companions of tamkin, this wakt is constant ; and to it
the path of decline is closed.

Thus, hath Shibli said.

The possessor of this wakt is issuer from beneath the sway of hal.

In the second sense, wakt is not powerful in him. Nay, he is powerful in wakt in
the sense that he keepeth all wakt engaged in important affairs.

Some sufis call the possessor of wakt : —
The father of wakt, not the son of wakt.

Nafas signifieth : —

The succession of hal of mushahida (manifestation), whereto is joined the life of hearts of men
of love, which is like unto the succession of breaths, whereto is conditioned the perinanency
of the life of bodies.

If for a moment from the path of the heart, the succession of fresh breath be cut
off, — from the volume of natural heat, it becometh inflamed ; if for a moment, from
the essence of the desirous heart, the succession of shuhud, — from the violence of its
thirst and rage, it consumeth with desire.

The difference between wakt (in the second sense) and nafas is this : —

Wakt is a hal in the place of languor and of stoppage ; and an event in the pursuit, and in

the observing, of mushahida (manifestation) and of trhaibat (concealment).
Nafas is a hal ever free from languor and stoppage. Hence they have said :
Wakt for the beginner, for the finisher, nafas.

Shuhud (being present) and Ghaibat (being absent).

Shuhud signifieth :^

Being present. With whatever the heart is present, shahid (witness) of, it, it is; and that

thing is mashhud (witnessed) by it (the heart).
If the heart be present with God, it is shahid (witness) of God : if the heart be present with
the people, it is shahid of the people.

86 SUFl.iSM.

The way of sufis is : —

to call the mashhud (witnessed) sViahid (witnesser) ; because with whatever L'as heart is pre-
sent, that thing also is present w.th the heart.

For the sake of the unity of God and the plurality of the people, they mean : —
(,i) by shahid (singular) God.
(6) „ shawahid (plural) the people.

(c) „ shuhud (singular) being present with God ; for ever is their heart shahid (witness) of,
and hazir (present) with, God.

Men of shuhad are two parties : —

(a) the companions, of murakaba (fearful contemplation).
(J) „ lords of mushahida (manifestation).

Ghaibat is a description opposed to shuhud : —
(i) the blameable ghaibat, opposed to shuhud-i-hakk.

(ii) „ laudable ghaibat, opposed to shuhud-i-khalk which (through the superiority of the
shuhud-i-liakk) is of two kinds : —

(a) the ghaibat of beginners; the ghaibat of things (elt.

(b) „ ghaibat of the middle ones; the ghaibat of his own existence; this is the limit of

ghaibat and the beginning of fana (effacement).

The stage of "the last ones" is outside the hal of ghaibat. For ghaibat is the hal
of that one, who hath not freed himself from the narrow place of existence ; nor reach-
ed the amplitude of Absolute Existence (God) ; nor gained the limit as to ghaibat (the
being hidden) and as to shahadat (the being present).

Men of blameable ghaibat are hidden from the shuhud-i-hakk by the shahid of
the people : men of laudable ghaibat are hidden from the shuhud-i-khalkby the shahid
of God.

To the man of perfection, they conceal neither the shuhud of God from the people ;
nor the shuhud of the people from God.

The observing of rules and the following of shuhad and of laudable ghaibat is for
holy travellers and for men of talwin.

For those joined to God and for the established ones at rest is no hal save con-
stant shuhud-i-hakk. For them is no gljaibat, laudable or blameable.

At the beginning of the superiority of hal, and at the time ol manifestation of the
good news of the morning of revelatioUj Shibll went before Junid ; and present, was
Junid's lawful spouse.

She wished to go behind the screen. Junid said : —
Shibli is ghaib (hidden) ; be thou in thy place.

Even as Junid was speaking to her, Shlbli wept.

SH'JKUD AND rhAIBAT. 8?

To his wife, Junid said : —

Now thou shouldest be concealed, for to sense Shibli hath come.

The state of beginners is : —

Ghaibat frcm the people in shuhud ofthebeloved ; from out of it, "the last ones" have passed.

The tale of Zulaikha (Potiphar's wife), who, in love for Yusuf, had the degree of
tamkin ; and in shuhud of him became not gha,ib from the senses as her companions
and reprovers ( yet beginners in love for Yusuf and in the shuhud of his beauty),
who, by the force of the hal of shuhud for him, were giha,ib from the senses ; and
were unaware of the cutting of their own hand (through the passion of love for him).

Taj rid (outward separation) and Tafrid (inward solitude).

IV. 8.
Tajrid signifieth : —

Outw.irdlv abandoning the desires of this world ; and inwardly rejecting the compensation of
the next world and of this world.

The true mujarrad : —

is one, who as to tajarrud* (tajrid) from the world is not the seeker of compensation ; nay the
cause of tajarrud is propinquity to God.

Who outwardly abandoneth request of the world ; and for it exoecteth compensa-
tion, in this fleetingworld, orin the next world, — freed from the world, verily hath not
become ; and is in the place of exchanging and trafficking.

In all his devotions, by worship only his gaze is on the performance of his rights
to God, not on compensation nor on other desire.

Tafrid signifieth : —

the rejecting the increase of deeds of himself, and the concealing their appearance by re-
garding on himself God's favour and bounty.

Tajrid is the abandoning of the expectation of compensations.

Because whenhe knoweth the grace of tajrid and of devotion (to be) God's favour

not his own deed nor his own acquisition,— for it, he expecteth not compensation.

Nay, immersed in God's favour, he seeth his own existence.

Tajrid in form is not necessary to tajrid ; for possibly, in abandoning, he may be ex-
pectant of a compensation. So tafrid is not necessary to tajrid ; for possibly, in aban-
doning hope of compensation, he seeth himself in the acquisition of entrance (to God) .

Mahv (obliteration) and Isb'at (confirmation).

IV. 9.
In the opinion of the sufis, mahv signifieth :—
the obliterating of the slave's existence.

Isbat signifieth : —

the confirming (after mahv) of the slave's existence.

Related to the will of the Eternal, are mahv and isbat.

• See p. y3.

gg SUFI.ISM.

Mahv hath three degrees : —

(i) the lowest degree— the mahv of blameable qualities and of dark deeds.

(2) the middle degree — the mahv of blameable and of laudable qualities.

(3) the highest degree— the mahv of zat.

In opposition to every mahv is an isbat.
Near to each other, is the meaning of —

fana (effacement). mahv (obliteration).

baka (permanency). isbat (confirmation).

The difference between mahv and fana ; between baka and isbat, one cannot com-
prehend save by the aid of the kind Friend, and of gracious faith.
After the fana of zat, —
(a) baka appeareth not.
{b) isbat is not necessary.

Thus the isbat of agreeable qualities and of beautiful deeds is not necessary after
the mahv of misdeeds of natures and of the sins of deeds of the companions of puri-
fying and of the Lords of glorying.

The fana of deeds and of qualities becometh not wholly acquired save after the
fana of zat; but their mahv is not restricted to the mahv of zat.

Mahv and isbat are generally (derived) from fana and baka; because they practise
not fana and baka, save in the mahv of humanity and in the isbat of Godship.
In the sense of mahv, they use : —

sahk (grinding), the effacing the essence of qualities.

mabk (abolishing), „ „ ,, zat.

tams (effacing), „ „ effects of qualities and of zat.

TalwTn (change) and Tamkin (rest).

IV. 10.
Tamkin signifieth : —

perpetuity of manifestation of hakikat by reason of the tranquillity of the heart in the place of
c nearness (to God).

' Talwin signifieth : —

the subjugating of the heart between manifestation and veiling by observing times, and bv the
pursuit of the ghaibat* of nafs, and its manifestation.

Possessor of talwin, they call not : —

him, who shall not have passed beyond the qualities of nafs, nor reached to the world of the
qualities of the heart, for talwin is through the succession of varied states.

Possessor of hal, they call not : —

him, who is bound in the qualities of nafs.

Then talwin is possible for the Lords of hearts, who may not have traversed
the world of qualities (of God), nor reached to (knowledge of) zat ; because they
are innumerable qualities.

* See p. 85.

TALWiN AND TAMKiN; AURAD AND KALIMA-I-SHAHADAT. $0

Talwin is possible where numbering is possible.

The Lords of revelation of zat have passed the limit of talwin and reached to the
stage of tamkin ; because in zat by reason of His unity change appeareth not.

Escape from talwin is for that one whose heart ascendeth from the stage of the
heart to the stage of the sou! ; cometh forth from beneath the sway of the numbering
of qualities ; and becometh a dweller in the open space of propinquity to Zat (God's
existence).

When, from the stage of the heart to the stage of the soul, the lieart arriveth,—
from the stage of nafs to the stage of the heart, nafs emigrateth.

Talwin (which before was the heart's) becometh in this stage the accident of
nafs through —

kabz (contraction) | sorrow and joy.

bast (expansion) | fear and hope.

Nafs becometh the khalifa of the heart of the possessor of talwin.

By reason of the light of manifestation and the certainty of the existence of this
talwin not being veiled, — this talwin is verily not the reviled tamkin.

So long as the custom of humanity is left, impossible is it that out of nature
change should be wholly obliterated ; but change excludeth not the posses<;or of tam-
kin from the stage of resting.

The Aurad (prayer-exercises) and the Kalima-i-shahadat
(the creed).

VII. 2.

On his tongue, the slave should urge the two shahadats (witnessings) saying :

I declare no god but God; I declare Muhammad, His slave and prophet.

For the verifying of his own heart, he should witness to this confession.
The confession of shahadat is special ; because, in respect to his own nafs, every
confession is shahadat ; the shahadat is not confession.

As every confessor is taken as to the confessed, so the confessor (of faith) is
taken as to his own faith and questioned to the limits of the shar' as to his service.

The shahadat of confession is not the place of suspicion. Although confession
is of the crowd of (mere) words, yet it is a most honoured column of deeds.
Because the meaning of : —

(a) 'amal (deedj is the use of the limbs upon the orders of the shari'at.

(J) ikrar (confession) is the use of the tongue in the creed of faith whereto most men are sub-
jected.

The tongue is the interpreter and the witness of the heart, whose mystery i(
relateth ; and to whose faith, it witnesseth.

The other limbs are interpreters and witnesses of the heart, whose mystery they
relate ; of whose hal they give evidence.

QO SUFi.lSM.

This shahadat, they perform by the tongue of deed (not by the tongue of the
mouth).

Thus the tongue hath inwardly a word, outwardly a deed ; all the columns have
inwardly a word and outwardly a deed.

The limb that men use in the requisites of the shar', it, with the tongue of hal,
witnesseth to the existence of faith in their heart.

Ikrar and 'amal, each, is a witness to the existence of faith, not a part thereof.
Faith is verification by the heart ; confession, by the tongue ; action by the limbs.

This signifieth —

Not that the essence of faith is confession, or deed ; for faith alone is the verifieation' of the
heart. Confession and deed both are the marks, though it is possible that the witnessing
of these two may be false :

as, in the case of hypocrites, in whom are strong confession and deed, while faith
languid is.

But, because the base of rules is on outward things, the order in respect to the
faith of one (for whom witnessing is made) is dependent upon the shahadat of these
two witnesses ; and to it opposition declineth.

After the witnessing (shahadat) of witnesses the order in respect to one (against
whom, witnessing is made) is incumbent upon the kazi, although the witnessing be sus-
picious.

Once Bilal cast down in battle one of the infidels who presented the shahadat.

To it, Bilal paid no consideration ; and separated his head from his body.

When he related this to Muhammad, he was reproved.

He replied : —

O prophet ! his confession was from fear, not. from faith.

Muhammad said : —

How splitedest thou his heart? How knowest thou that in his heart was no faith ?

Zuhd signifieth:^

Zuhd (austerity).

IX. 3.

(i7) the heart's turning away from the pleasure of the world's goods; and shunning its

desires.
{b) the third stage of tauba (penitence) and of wara' (piety).

The holy traveller on the path to God at first forbiddeth his own nafs with the
elephant-goad of sincere penitence from falling into difficulties as to sins ; to it,
maketh straight the power of delights ; and maketh, with the polisher of piety, his
heart pure of the rust of greed, so that therein may appear the verity of this and
of the next, world. I

ZUHD; FAKR. gi

Therein, he seeth this world ugly and transitory, and therefrom turneth ; the
next world, beautiful, and thereto inclineth.

The abandoning and the being alone is :^

(a) for " the last ones," not the necessity of the truth of zuhd.

(b) „ "the first ones," of the requisites of zuhd.

In praise of zuhd, for the distinguishing of pretenders from the sincere, most of the
words of shaikhs comprehend the necessity for abandoning property and delights.

There are three zuhds ; —

i. the zuhd of the common in the first rank.

ii. „ „ „ ,, special in the second rank is zuhd in zuhd. It signifieth —

Change of delight from the acquisition of zuhd which is the prop — of delight ; of the will

of the slave ; and of his nafs being filled with delights of the next world.
By the fana (effacement) of his own desire in the will of God, this sense cometh true,
iii. the zuhd of the special of the special ones in the third rank, which is zuhd with God.
It is peculiar to the prophets and to other holy men ; and is in the world after the fana of his
own will by God's will.

Zuhd is the result of hikmat and of the birth of knowledge.

In the application of zuhd, pleasure in the world is the result of ignorance, and
the birth of the heart's blindness as in the hadis.

For the shunning of the fleeting world and for delight in the lasting world, — the
zahid hath laid on a sure foundation (God's will) the foundation of his own work.

Thus, have Lukman and Shibli said ; and so is it in the Hadis.

Benefit by hakikat is not the denial of the stage of zuhd, of its excellence, and of
exaltation of the rules of effort ; but — through the humbling of zuhd in the glance of
zahids, — the purpose of hakikat is the repelling of pride.

Fakr (poverty).

IX. 4.

At the stage of fakr (which meaneth taking possession of no chattels) the holy
traveller of the path of hakikat arriveth not, till he hath passed through the sta<ye of
zuhd (austerity).

For one who hath desire for the world although he hath no property, the name of
fakr is illusory.

Fakr hath a name, a custom and a truth.

Its name is taking possession of no chattels despite desire ; its custom is taking possession of no
chattels, despite zuhd; its truth is the impossibility of taking chattels.

Since the man of hakikat seeth by its means all things in the sway of the master
of lands (God), he rcgardeth not lawful the consigning of property to others.

N 2

92 siIfF.mjsvi.

The fakr : —

(a) of men of hakikat is a natural quality which.^despite having, or not having, chattels^

becometh not changed. If, in their power, be the whole world, free from taking it they
regard themselves.

(b) of spectators who have found only an impression of the truth of fakr; in whose hearts its

meaning hath not become enjewelled — is an accidental quality. By the accession of
chattels they become changed, and of them regard themselves possessed.

For the sake of being numbered for excellence of fakr, and for desire of the good
of the next world, they shun wealth more than the man of wealth shunneth fakr.

On the excellence of fakr over wealth, and of wealth over fakr, the man of
meaning hath urged speech.

Fakr —

(a) is with " the first and the middle ones " more excellent than wealth.
(6) „ „ " the end ones " equal to wealth.
Because wealth cannot deny them the sense of fakr and its truth, as Abdul-lah bin Jallad hath
said. Although to him fakr and wealth are one, the quality of gift leaveth not in him the impression
of the form of wealth, as Niiri hath said.

Who is independent of God, how may he grasp aught? Save in God, the quality
of the fakir is naught.

There are several crowds of fukara : —

(a) Those who regard as no property the world and its chattels. If it be in their power, they

give it away ; for it, in this and in the next world, they have no desire.
(J) Those who regard not their own deeds and devotion, although from them they issue — them
their own property they know not; and in return for it eitpect no reward.

All, they regard the favour of God.
{d) Those who regard not as their own their own zat and existence, nor even their own self.
Their, — zat is none, nor quality, nor hal, nor makam, nor deed. No trace have they
in the two worlds.

Need is the quality of the needy one, and in his nature standeth. Here is neither
confirmed nature nor quality. This is the meaning of fakr, which some of the sufis
have not.

The possessor of this fakr in both worlds, none recogniseth save God, because the
Lord of the world is jealous. So concealed from the glance of strangers keepeth
He His special ones that, concealed from their own sight, they are.

This fakr is the stage of the sufis and of " the last ones," — not of holy travellers.

Because after passing the stages, in every stage (for the joined one), the pace is
(according to his state) sometimes beyond the foot of the traveller.

Like tauba (penitence), which is the first stage of the stages of holy travellers,"
it is his foot-place which (after traversing all the stages and the makams) becometh
attained. '

TAJARRUD AND TA.AHHUL. g^

Tajarrud (celibacy) and ta.ahhul (marriage).

VI. 8.

The tales of the prophet in respect of tajarrud and of ta.ahhul are contradictory.

The source of this opposition is the contrariety of states and of lusts of some who
are captive to exceeding passion.

Marriage is necessary :—

(a) for those, from whom are expected,- weakness of piety, poorness of patience (as to aban-

doning desire) ; the falling into contrarieties (of state) ; and the committing of adultery.

(b) for those whose nafs hath turned away from following desires ; hath obtained rest from ex-

cess of desire; hath, from contention with the heart, become torn up, and to the heart's
suggestion become obedient.

Tajarrud* and tafarrud are excellent : —

for those who are in the flower of desire ; whose nafs, in the seat of desire, is vain ; and who
are in the midst of travelling.

To a darvish, they said : —
Why desirest thou not a wife ?

He said : —

A wife is fit for man; the stage of man, I have not reached. Wherefore should I desire a
wife ?

Thus to another they spake. He replied : —

Of the divorcing of nafs, my need is greater than of marriage. When I divorce nafs, it will
be lawful to desire a wife.

To Basharharis, they said : —
. Of thee, men say so and so.

He said : —

What say they ?

They said : —

They say that thou hast abandoned the sunnat of marriage.

He said : —

Tell them that since I am engaged in enjoined observances, in the sunnat I engage not.

For the travellers of hakikat, it is known that, at the beginning of journeying,
there is no help : —

of severing attachments, of avoiding delay, of holding to resolution ; and of shunning the
license of nature.

Marriage is the cause : —

of binding the heart to the chattels of livelihood, of descending from the height of resolution
to the abyss of license : and of inclining towards the world, after austerity and faithfulness
of desire (for God).

♦ See p. 87.

g, SUFi.iSM.

Freedom from wives and offspring aideth : —

to tranquillity of heart, to purity of time, to the delight of ease, to freedom for devotion, and
to loftiness.
As long as in respect to celibacy, and to strife against nafs,* he hath power, it is
necessary for the celibate traveller to esteem as booty — license of time, tranquillity of
heart, so that he become not dull through solicitude for the wife.

Submission to the heart's orders becometh easy to him who beareth the celibate

life :—

till nafs becometh worthy of kindness ; its vein of contention torn up, and to it stubbornness,
forbidden.

Then to him God giveth a pure wife who shall be his aider in faith and in the
chattels of livelihood in a way that shall be the tranquillity of the heart, and his pre-
servation from the calamities of nafs.

Shaikh 'Abdu-1-Kadir-i-JabalI said : —

A long while I had thought of marriage but, to it for fear of time's distress I advanced not ;
between impulsion and repulsion, I hesitated ; at last when I had displayed perfect patience,
—God gave me four concordant wives, each of whom voluntarily bestowed on me her pro-
perty.

In the preferring of marriage to celibacy, the firm 'ulama have the 'ilm-i-sa'at (the
knowledge of expansion), whereby they know : —

(a) when, in respect of the observance of limits of " rights," they may satisfy nafs ;

(b) „ „ taking " delight," they may give it the power of expansion.

Hukuk ("rightst ") signify : —

The requisites of nafs, whereby are preserved the prop of the body and the preservation of
life, and without which permanency of nafs is hindered.

Huzuz ("delights") signify : —

Whatever (of desire) is in excess (of rights).

The firm 'ulama and the great ones of sufi,ism know that nafs is unworthy of
kindness, or of the gift of delights so long as —

it resteth not from stirring, striving in wickedness, stubbornness ; and is not reproved against
contentions with the heart.

When under the sway of orders, nafs becometh quiet and the veins of its attach-
ment to the heart are torn out, there appear integrity and concordance between it and
the heart, and it becometh worthy of delights and of kindness.
V y/ Then the "delights" of nafs become its "rights ;" its pain becometh its remedy.

The "delights" of a nafs like this become its "rights;" because the takinor of
delights becometh not the cause of stubbornness. By every delight, is its rank (in
propinquity and devotion) greater.

When by taking delight, nafs gaineth delight, — there reacheth to the heart a great
delight (the cause of increase of its rest).

• See p. 73.

t " The rights " are that, once every four nights, he should visit each wife.

TAJARRUD AND TA.AHHUL. ge

Even so by his neighbour's joy, becometh glad the kind neighbour. When the
heart putteth on the rest-robe, it clotheth nafs with the ease-garment.

When the increase of the hal of each (the heart and nafs) is the cause of increase
of hal of the other, then the delight of marriage for a nafs like this is excellent,

Sufyan bin 'Ainiya saith : —

(Better) than the whole world, is the increase (in number) of the woman (wives).

For the Amiru-1-Muminin (the wisest, most pious, most austere of the companions) ,
had four wives and seventeen mistresses.

Such is the state of " the end ones," thereto the idea of the state of the man of
"the beginning," or of the " middle, "reacheth not.

Many are the pretenders and the deceived ones, who, by doubt of this stage,
become proud ; lay down In the plain of license their own nafs free from incumbrance ;
and travel in the desert of destruction.

The rule of the celibate traveller is—

So long as to this stage he arriveth not, in the heart, he advanceth no excess as to marriage,
and no thought thereof, until, in the heart, the imaginary power showeth no sway. When
a thought of it appeareth, he denieth it by penitence to God and by seeking His
aid.

If it (nafs) be not repelled, he persevereth awhile in fasting.

If it gather strength, thereto he maketh no haste without the preferring of earnest
prayer and of much knowledge.

Weeping and groaning, he returneth to God ; with submission and weeping, placeth
his head in the dust; and uttereth this prayer: —

O God ! this thought tormenteth me to commit this sin. Thy forgiveness for it, I ask ; before
Thee, I repent; me, forgive and my repentance accept. Verily Thou art the Merciful,
and great Accepter of repentance.

If it depart not, he goeth to the shaikhs (living and dead) and to the brothers,
and seeketh aid ; and desireth them to refer these matters to God.

If after this, his heart is established, the brothers rely (according to excellent opi-
nion) on God's will ; and to them it becometh evident that they should aid him.

The rule of ta.ahhul is —

In choosing the wife, regard her faith, not the world.

As far as is lawful (ma'ruf) he should live with her ; should observe her " rights,"
therein showing no negligence ; and for the preservation of the shar' should order her
— as Ibn 'Abbas saith.

In marriage, he should preserve himself from three calamities: —

I. Inordinate lying with the spouse, which is the calamity of nafs. Therefrom
appear three injuries: —
(a) decline in deeds and in readings (of the Kuran), wherefrom defects in hal necessarily come.

96 SUFi.lSM.

(A) the inflaming the fires of praised nature, and the wolves of dead nafs. For, when with
a nafs, nafs hath commerce, each (nafs), by kinship becometh the aider of the other.
In each (nafs), a delight cccurreth and the fire of nature kindleth.

c) the superiority of nafs after being subdued. For through its own obedience and will, nafs
never lonereth its head to the heart's devotion.

When, by the aid of divine attraction the heart gathereth power ; and beneath its sway, nafs
seeth itself like a powerless amir-in the hand of a powerful amir then, from itself, nafs
effaceth the greed of wishing to be followed and by necessity and compulsion becometh
submissive to the heart. The kindness, which in this state it gaineth from the heart,
nafs seeth is the result of the heart's kindness and of its own submission and of its being
subdued, — not the result of the heart's (vain) desiring to be followed.

When in passion, nafs exceedeth moderation, and from the heart hath no reproof, it thlnketh
that this negligence is through the heart's weakness and its own power; and in the
heart's wishing to follow and in its own power (of being followed) reneweth vain desire.

2. Solicitude as to daily victuals, which is the calamity of the heart —

This is the result of doubt); doubt is the calamity of yakin (certainty) ; yakin is the light of vision ;
vision is the eye of the heart.

The sign of the light of yakin in the slave's heart and its not being veiled by the darkness of doubt
is this— that, on God's surety and His pledge, the slave relieth ; as to the acquisition of daily victuals
(apportioned from the beginning of life to known death) wherein appeareth neither excess nor defect, —
is void of doubt; and knoweth that the heart's sway (in solicitude for daily food) is the weakness of
yakin ; and the want of reliance on God's pledge.

Reliance on any one by one's own deliberation is the result of want of reliance on God's power.

3. Attachment of the heart to the beauty of the spouse, which is the calamity
of the soul.

It is for him the prohibitor of sincerity of divine love ; and, as regards the violence of shauk

(desire) for God, and the torment of zauk (delight), and the delight of love,— maketh him

dull.
To the extent that he becometh attached to the net of beauty, verily changeable, effaceable,

and hadis (accidental),— he becometh deprived of viewing the beauty (of God), whole,

eternal, permanent, and lasting.

The repelling of these (and other) calamities becometh attainable if, at the time
of lying with the spouse, two glances are his : —

1. one glance outwardly, in the way of desire, and of being engaged with the spouse.

2. the other glance inwardly at God, from Him seeking aid for the repelling of calamity

and in Him being engaged.

A crowd of deceived ones keep glancing at the visible (outward) beauty of the
friend ; and say : —

In this spectacle-place, behold we the beauty of God !

This claim is the essence of falsehood, and of slander.

When from the lawful glance, resulteth the folly of the soul (rijh) and its opposition to the
payment of the established portion of love to God— behold from the unlawful glance what
(greater) calamities spring.

The source of error of this crowd is : —

When, in that (unlawful) glance, they rest from passion's assault, they hink that the source
of this is delight, not passion, 1

TAWAKKUL. gy

This idea is false ; for if it had not been the residue of nafs, the pleasure of the glance in
a form (which is the stirrer of passion) would not have been special.

When in them this desire hath become slight, from its slightness, they o-ain not
that passion.

When that (unlawful) glance is repeated ; and in it, the imagination gaineth
sway — possibly it becometh gross and outwardly its effect appeareth.

Hence, for the quieting of love's assault, physicians order conjunction even with
one, other than the beloved.

Who, in this way, claimeth the truth of hal,— him, they should hear nauo-ht of
and regard as a mere pretender.

Tawakkul (trusting to God).

IX. 9.

Tawakkul signifieth :—

Trusting one's affairs to the Absolute Agent (God) ; confiding in the suretyship of the surety
of daily victuals.

After rija (hope), is this stage ; because the matter (of trusting and of confiding)
is that one's who first shall understand His mercy,

Tawakkul is —

the result of the truth of faith, by good deliberation and by fate.

This is faith in the rank of yakin (certainty), the possessor whereof knoweth
that all affairs are predestined and distributed by fate (takdir), perfect of will, just of
distribution, wherein, as to increase or decrease, is no change.

Its sign is —

that, to the grasp of fate (takdir), he entrusteth the rein of deliberation ; and from his own
power is up-plucked.

Even as have said : —
Zi3-n-Nun.
Sariy.
Junid.

Hamadun-i-Kassar.
Sahl 'Abdu-1-Lah.

Every stage hath a beginning and a prosperity suitable to its face ; and an end
and a calamity suitable to the back of the head — except the stage of tawakkul, which
is all beginning or prosperity, and which never terminateth in end and calamity, which
signifieth : —

the tawakkul-i-'inayati (the tawakkul of favour) trust to the beauty of the will of the Ancient
One (God) ; not the tawakkul-ki-ifayat (the tawakkul of sufficiency) which is an enterer
that never returneth from tawakkul-i-'inayati.

The true mutawakkil (truster) —

is that one, in whose sight is no existence save the existence of the Causer-of-causcs. His
tawakkul becometh not changed by the existence, or by the non-existence, of causes.

gg SUFi.lSM.

This is the tawakkul of that one who shall have reached the stage of tauhid (the
unity of God). Till he reacheth this stage the mutawakkil, in amending his own
makain, is in need of abandoning causes ; because, in his tawakkul. the belief of the
existence of causes is blameable.

Therefore, in repelling causes, he ever striveth.

In the amending of this makam by abandoning causes, the state of Ibrahim
Khwass is well known.

In one place, he never sojourned more than forty days; and used to take great precaution to
conceal his state from the people, so that their knowledge as to his tawakkul should not become a cause
of the causes of his daily victuals. Generally, in deserts and solitudes, alone, void of food and of in-
formation,—he travelled.

That crowd, in whose tawakkul the existence of causes is blameable, — the exist-
ence of causes is the veil of their state, so that on them falleth not the glance of stran-
gers ; and beneath the towered dome of causes, they are concealed from the glance of
others.

The people think that they are possessed of causes ; with the Causer-of-causes
they are, in ^ilwat of union, engaged in being benefited with the delight of holding
talk at night, and with the zauk of appearances and of presences (divine).

As to the force of the hal of the mutawakkil, the master of the shari'at (Muham-
mad) hath decided.

In tawakkul, who is possessor of yakia (certainty) and of tamkin, his head shive-
reth and trembleth not at any disaster.

An assembly asked Junid : —

If, in search of daily victuals, we make no effort, how will it be?

He said : —

If ye know that the Provider of daily victuals hath forgotten you, strive in search of victuals.

They said : —

Then, will we sit in the house; and practise tawakkul.

He said : —

By your own tawakkul, tempt not God ; for, save disappointment, naught will ye have.

They said : —

What thought shall w'e take ?

He said : —

Abandon thought.

Thus it is in the gospel.*

The passage is : —
f^ i^'.l'-k iju what virtue (force, art) shall we practise.

RIZa. 99

Riza (Contentment).

IX. 10.
Riza signifieth : —

the lifting up (and removing) of the abhorrence of kaza and kadr (fate and destiny) ; and
the sweetening of the bitterness of their orders.

After traversing the stages of tawakkul (trusting to God), is the stage of riza. ^

For despite the yakin (certainty) of the past division (by fate) and the confidence
in the Distributor, it folioweth not that abhorrence should not exist, nor that the bitter-
ness of orders should appear sweet.

Thus hath it appeared in some of the recorded prayers of Muhammad,

With this difference, because he besought " the first certainty," whereby it be"
cometh known that to none arriveth save what in eternity without beginning they
(fate and destiny) have decreed.

To it (the first certainty), prayer, for ri?a was added, so that it became known
that over kismat (destiny) riza is not appointed by kismat.

The makam of riza is the end of the makam of holy travellers. The being joined
to its exalted dignity and to its inaccessible pinnacle is not the power of every has-
tener. In this makam, to whomsoever they gave a footing, him, in haste, they con-
veyed to Paradise,

For, in ri?a and in yakin, they have established ruh (the soul) and joy, the
requisites of men of Paradise.

At this, the naming of the guardian of Paradise with (the name of) Rizvan hinteth.
From yakin (certainty), is born riza ;

So long as, by the light of yakin, the heart is not diffused and dissolved, by it in
the heart, appeareth not the containing of events, of calamities, and of joy.

As have said : —
Zu-n-Nun,
Ravim,
Haris-i-Muhasibi.

The repelling of abhorrence (which is the source of the makam of riza) is the
result of the repelling of one's own will.

Ibn 'Ata observeth will, in whole; and in abandoning will in part, regardeth its
excellence.

The source of riza is yakin and the spreading of the breast is its necessary ; the
source of abhorrence is doubt, and the narrowing of the breast is its necessary.

Once in Junid's society, Shibli uttered Lahaula * * * (there is no power nor
virtue, but in God).

Junid said : —

This is from the heart's narrowness, which is from the abandoning of riza.

Shibli said :—

Truly, thou spakesl.

lOO SUFl.lSM.

Abhorrence is of two kinds : —

(a) Abhorrence of the heart, which is the opposite to riza.

(Ij\ j, nafs, „ „ the hal and the makam of riza.

Possibly in some heart, ariseth this doubt : —

When its preface and source are hal how can the opposite to the hal of riza be collected
with its makam ?

The reply is : —

Only a gift is hal, that, through exceeding fineness and penetrating power, pervadeth all parts
of existence ; and thereby no suspicion of the desires of nature remaineth.
But makam is mixed with kasb (acquisition) ; therefore is possible the suspicion of the tempera,
ment of the wish of nature.

Even as riza is the result of yakin, which is the heart's special quality, so special
to the heart, is the quality of ri?a.

In it, abhorrence of nafs is not blameable, save when the heart is the possessor of
yakin like unto a wide sea, sometimes calm, sometimes rough. When, from the source
of divine favour, the winds of circumstances resolve to blow, the heart's sea cometh
into tumult ; and therefrom, the excess (foam) of a wave plungeth upon the shore of
nafs ; and, in the flowing of nature, goeth flowing. By its means the effects of riza
and of rest appear in nafs ; and become qualified with the heart's quality.

When these winds take rest, the heart's sea ceaseth from boisterousness ; to its
own boundary, the bounty of 'ilm-i-yakin and of rest turneth its face ; and perturbation
and abhorrence of nafs return.

In that hal of ignorance (the nature of nafs), 'ilm-i-yakin becometh non-existent
nafs putteth on by loan the garment of the heart's feelings, and to (nafs), the heart
speaketh.

The riza of nafs is the effect of riza of the heart, which is the effect of the riz5
of God.

When the glance of the divine Rizvan taketh attachment to the heart, in it ap.
peareth riza. Then the mark of union of the divine Rizvan with the slave's heart is
the union of the slave's parts with Him. Thus speaketh Sahl, 'Abdu-1-lah.

Since the slave's riza is the divine Rizvan 's need, — union with the divine Rizvan
appeareth not in the place void of riza. Thus speaketh Rabi'a to Sufyan Suri.

The makam of riza is the makam of those joined to God,— not the stage of holy
travellers, as Bashar Hafi in reply to Fazil hath said.

Besides that place where one cometh into the place of riza of God,— is what
jnakam ?

There, where is the glance of riza all sins appear good.

More pleasant than that where an abhorrent object reacheth none is what h^l ?

Thus speak : —

J he Amiru-1-Muminin and Yahya Ma'aj.

MUHABBAT.

lOI

Necessary for the makam of riza is the hal of love, because when all deeds fall
into the place of riza, where the Beloved is Agent, all deeds of the Beloved are
beloved.

Neither in this, nor in the next, world separate from the slave, riza and muhab-
bat (love) ; contrary to fear and hope, which in the next world separate from him.

Muhabbat (love).

X, I.

On muhabbat, is the foundation of all lofty hals, even as on tauba (penitence) is
the base of all noble makams.

Since muhabbat is essentially gift all hals that are founded thereon, they call
mawahib (gifts).

Muhabbat is the heart's inclination to considering attentively beauty ; and is of
two kinds : —

i. muhabbat-i-'amm.
ii. „ „ khass.

In the following table, the qualities of
Muhabbat-i-'amm.

(a) the heart's inclination to considering
attentively the beauty of qualities.

(6) a moon that from viewing the beaute-
ous qualities appeareth.

((f) a token that saith—" Imitate what is
pure ; bid farewell to what is not
pellucid."

(f) a wine (by reason of its temperament,
possessed of desires) the porter of
purity and of impurity ; of fineness
and of grossness ; of lightness and
of heaviness.

muhabbat are given : —

Muhabbat-i-khass.
the soul's inclination to viewing the beauty of zat.

a sun that, from the horizon of zat, ascendeth.

a tire that purifieth existence.

a token that saith—" Live not and consume not."

the absolutely pure fountain.

a wine (by reason of its being purified from defects)
all purity in purity; fineness in fineness, lightness
in lightness.

The fineness and the lightness of this wine affecteth the heaviness and the light-
ness of the cup ; changeth its grossness to fineness, its heav.ness to l.ghtness, l.ke the
soul that giveth to the eye fineness and lightness.

In the cup of their souls, the lovers of zat drink this wine ; and, on hearts and
nafs, pour the dregs.

102 SUFi.lSM.

It giveth the lightness : —

(a) of agitation to souls (ruh).

(b) „ shauk „ hearts.

The relish of this wine affecteth all parts of existence. It giveth :—

(a) to the soul, the delight of beholding.

(b) „ hearts „ „ remembering.

" to such a degree that, in nafs, the delight of devotion prevaileth over all natural
delights.

From its exceeding pureness and fineness, the essence of the cup becometh in
the colour of this wine so effaced that discrimination remaineth not and the form of
unity appeareth.

Love effaceth all existence ; on the condition that it be established in the hal
it giveth its own colour ; and, like lightnings and flashings, becometh not quickly ex-
tinguished.

Junid saith : —

Love signifieth the entering into the qualities of the beloved in exchange for the qualities of
the lover.

/ Muhabbat is verily a link of the links of concord that bindeth the lover to the be-

^ loved; is an attraction of the attractions of the beloved, that draweth to himself the

lover, and (to the degree that him to himself it draweth) effaceth something of his

existence, — so that, first, from him it seizeth all his qualities ; and then snatcheth,

into the grasp of Kudrat (God), his zat.

In exchange, the attraction of love giveth him a zat that is worthy of the descrip-
tion of its own qualities ; and after that, his qualities (the enterer of that zat), become
changed.

Junid said : —

" In the exchange."

He said not : —
" In the lover."
For as long as the lover existeth, — not fit to be described with the qualities of
the beloved is his zat.

This hal is the produce of muhabbat and its end. Though its cause appeareth
not, its marks are many. To the truth of his muhabbat : —
every hair on the lover's limbs is a witness.
„ motion of „ mark.

„ resting „ „ sign.

Save by the eye of muhabbat, one cannot behold this. For the sake of distin-
guishing the sincere ones from the pretenders, we sum up the ten marks of the lover
of God : —

1. In the lover's heart is no love, either for this, or for the next, wotfld, as God re-
vealed to Isa.

MUHABBAT.

103

Possibly, in a heart divine love together with compassion (for the people) may be
collected ; and to some that compassion may show (as) love.

Its mark that it is compassion is this, that, if they leave free to choice the posses-
sor of these two qualities (divine love and compassion), — he abandoneth the people's
side.

2. He should not incline to any beauty that they may present to him ; nor turn
his glance from the beauty of the Beloved (God).

Once a man met a beautiful woman, and to her revealed his love. For trying
him she said :—

Beside me, is one who is more beautiful of face than I and more perfect in beautv. She is my
sister.

Back, he looked. Against him, with rebuke, the woman extended her tongue : —
O boaster ! when I beheld thee afar, I thought thou wast a wise man ; when thou camest
near, I thought thou wast a lover. Now, thou art neither a wise man nor a lover.

3. Means of union with the Beloved, he should hold dear ; and be submissive.
For that love and devotion are the essence of the love and the devotion of the
Beloved.

4. If of the number of hinderers of union with the Beloved, should be his son, of
him he should be full of caution.

5. Filled and inflamed with love, he should be at the mention of the Beloved ; and
of it never be wearied. Ever}- time that mention occurreth, greater should be his joy
and exaltation.

The mention of the Beloved, he should hold dear to such a degree that, if, in the
midst thereof, he hear his own reproach, therefrom he should gain delight.

6. In respect of orders and of prohibitions, he should preserve devotion to the
Beloved ; and never oppose His order.

Thus, have said ; —
Rabi'a.

Sahl 'Abdu-1-lah.
Ravim.

7. In whatever he chooseth, his glance, in desire of the Beloved's consent, should
be,— not in desire of another purpose.

Thus, have said : —
Abu Bakr-i-Kattani.
Shibli.

8. Much, he should regard a little regard of the Beloved ; his own devotion (to
the Beloved) little.

I04

SUFi.lSM.
Thus saith God's word and the revelation that He sent to 'Uzair.

g. In the ray of the light-splendours of beholding the Beloved, the vision of
lovers becometh dulled and dimmed; wherefrom spring jealousy, passion, and
sweat.

If he be in the makam of tamkin ; and have the power of devouring (suffering)
hal ; and if astonishment exceed not the soul's boundary, and prevent not the heart
from arranging words and deeds, — his soul in beholding is the more astonished as his
heart in appearing before another is the more sensible.

If he have not the power of such tamkin ; and, in the power of this hal, the thread
of discrimination becometh snatched from his hand, he crieth out : —
" In me, increase astonishment at Thee."

10. The beholding of the Beloved and union with Him should not diminish his
shauk.

In his nature, should be evoked a new shauk, astonishment, and desire — every
moment in beholding ; and in every breath in union with the Beloved.

As the degree of propinquity to the Beloved becometh greater, to the degree of
sublimity falleth his glance ; and his shauk, agitation, and desire for union increase.

Even so endless is the Beloved's beauty ; and the lover's desire, endless.

Of many marks of love, these are a few ; impossible in a book is love's limitation ;
according to the abundance of marks in love's praise is contrariety of words. Accord-
ing to another description and mark, each one, according to his hal, describeth love.

Shauk (desire).

X. 2.

Shauk signifieth : —

The assault of the claim of delight on account of the Beloved in the lover's heart. Its exist-
ence is the requsite of love's truth.

Abu 'Usman Hairi saith : —

Shauk is the fruit of muhabbat (love) ; who loveth God, with Him desireth union.

According to love's division, shauk is of two kinds : —

(<j) the shauk of lovers of qualities the understanding through the Beloved's grace, mercy
and kindness.

{b) the shauk of the lovers of zat through union with, and propinquity to, the Beloved.
This shauk from exceeding honour is like red sulphur rare of existence. Because
generally people are seekers of God's mercy, not of God Himself.

Said a man of heart (a sufi) : —
Thou seest a thousand —
'Abdu-r-Rahman the slave of the most Merciful.

„ „ Rahira „ „ „ Merciful.

„ -l-Karim „ „ „ Generous One,

but scarcely one 'Abdu-l-lah ,, „ God.

SHAUK. ,05

The seekers of (God's) mercy are many; few, the seekers of God.

To the seekers of God, paradise is the sight of Him even if by Fate they be in
hell : hell, separation from Him, even if they be in paradise.

Thus saith Bayizld.

The hal of shauk is an excellence such that, to their purpose it conveyeth the
messengers of the ka'ba of desire ; joined to perpetuality of love, is their perpetuality ;
ever as long as love remaineth is shauk necessary.

Some of the sufIs have denied shauk in the stage of being present with, and of
beholding, the Beloved.

This denial would have been at the time when shauk was special in desire of be-
holding (the Beloved), which is not necessary ; because, beyond the beholding of the
Beloved, to special men are other desires, (desirous whereof they are) such as — union,
propinquity, and increase of their perpetuality.

Not every one who gained a sight of the Beloved, with the Beloved attained the
fortune of union : not every one who became a joiner, gained the stage of propin-
quity : not every one who became near attained the limit of the degrees of propin-
quity : not every one who gained that degree, lasting thereon remained.

The shauk of these desires, according to the exaltation of its degrees, is much
more difficult than the shauk of beholding, as some of the great ones of tarikat have
said.

In the Hadis of Da,ud are words, the meaning whereof is the strengthener
of our spirit. Because in hal when the glance is on the Beloved, shauk becometh (as
is evident to those present and beholding) momently greater.

Then, in connection with what shall have been gained, love is not desirous of
beholding, or of being near to, the Beloved ; and is desirous in connection with what
shall not have been gained.

The shauk of beholding is (in existence) the essence of certainty; its acquisition
is in this world difficult.

In some places, shauk is the cause of death's delay ; and in some (where the
desired is an order from the Beloved, whose acquisition is as life) it becometh not its
cause, but the negation thereof.

In this case, life may be beloved.

The cause of death's delay is not necessary, for shauk is the hakku-1-yakin and
the makam of acquisition.

Possibly the cause of that shauk is the beholding of one whose acquisition is in
this world difficult.

The word lika (beholding) signifieth : —
Mushahida (manifestation), wusul (acquisition).

In this place, the second meaning is appropriate.

Io6 SUFi.lSM.

Kabz (contraction) and bast (expansion).

X. 7.

When the holy traveller of the path of hakikat passeth beyond the makam of
muhabbat-i-'amm (common love), and reacheth to the beginning of muhabbat-i-khass
(special love), — he entereth the crowd of the companions of heart and of the Lords
of hal ; and upon his heart, descendeth the hal of kabz and of bast.

Ever between these two states, pursuant and expectant the Turner of hearts
(God) keepeth his heart, so that out from it He graspeth sensual delights ; and it, with
His own light, expandeth.

Sometimes in the tight grasp of kabz. God twisteth his heart so that therefrom
becometh expressed the refuse of the existence of delight (hazz) ; and the effect
thereof is shown in tears.

Sometimes in the broad plain of bast, God lowereth His rein so that he (the
traveller) may establish the marks of devotion and of sincerity.

Thus have said :—
Wasiti and N uri.

Kabz signifieth : —

The extracting of delight (hazz) from the heart, for the sake of holding and capturing its
state of joy (surur).

Bast signifieth : —

The flashing of the heart with the splendour of the light of the state of joy.

The cause : —

(a) of kabz is the revelation of the qualities of nafs and the veiling of the splendour of joy's

state. The result is the contraction of the heart.

(b) of bast is the up-lifting of the veil of nafs from before the heart. The result is the expan-

sion of the heart.

Of the qualities of nafs (whereof many are the veil of bast) one is tughyan (ex-
ceeding iniquity).

In the state of the descending of joy, the heart listeneth to nafs; becometh admonished
of its state ; through joy Cometh into exaltation ; and through its motion, becometh
raised a great darkness like to a cloud, layer on layer, wherefrom springeth kabz.

To repel this calamity, the heart should at the time of the descending of joy,
before listening to nafs, take shelter in God ; with truth and penitence, repent, so
that He may lower between it and nafs the veil of purity, and preserve it from attach-
ment to nafs and to tughyan.

Sometimes to "the first ones," appear in nafs resemblances to: —
Kabz (contraction) grief,

bast (expansion) joy.

On experiencing either grief or joy, they think that they experience either kabz
or bast ; and thus, fall into error. ^

FANA AND BAKA. I07

The end of kabz is bast ; the end of bast is fana; in fana, kabz and bast are im-
possible

Since kabz and bast are of the crowd of ahvval : —

(a) in them, "the first ones " share not.

(b) from them, "the last ones " having issued from the sway of occupations, have turned.

In the place of kabz and of bast : —

(a) " the first ones" have khauf (fear of God), and rija (hope in God).

(b) "the last ones " have fana (effacement) and baka (permanency).

Partners between "the first ones " and "the middle ones" are : —

(a) fear and hope according to faith.

(b) grief and joy „ „ nature.

"The last ones" by putting off the garment of existence have neither kabz nor
bast, neither fear nor hope, neither grief nor joy — except when to the heart's stage shall
have reached their nafs ; and to it (nafs1 become revealed the qualities of the heart ;
and grief and joy become changed to kabz and bast , and thereby kabz and bast be-
come left in their nafs and are never removed.

Fana (effacement) and baka (permanency).

X. 8.

Fana* signifieth : —

the end of travelling to God.

Baka signifieth: —

the beginning of travelling in God.

Travelling to God (fana) endeth when, with the foot of sincerity, the holy travel-
ler travelleth the desert of existence.

Travelling in God (baka, becometh verified when, after absolute fana, they give
to the slave an existence purified from the pollution of impurities, so that, in the world
of description (the material world), he advanceth in divine qualities.

In the description of fana and baka, the contrarieties of the words of shaikhs agree with the

contrarieties of hal of the holy traveller.
According to his understanding and the amending of his hal, the shaikhs have answered each
murid; absolute fana and baka, they have less explained.

* Fana signifieth :—

(fl) the death of passion, of self-will, of self-consciousness, producing the spiritual resurrec-
tion to eternal life (baka).
(6) the thinking away of self; the emerging from self that veileth man's real essence (God).
(Lahiji in Gulshan-i-raz).
(c) the praver of rapture, wherein man is effaced from self, so that he is not conscious of his

body, nor of things outward and inward. From these, he is rapt,— journeying first to his

Lord and then in his Lord.
If it occur to him that he is effaced from self, it is a defect. The highest state is lo be effaced

from effacement.
(Imam Ghazzali in Gulshan-i-raz.)

io8

sJfi.ism.

Some have saiu : —

Fana signifieth : —
(a) the fana of contrarieties

(A)

(d)

decline of worldly de-
lights.

decline of delights of this
and of the next world.

decline of blameable
qualities.

concealment of things.

Baka signifieth : —
the baka of concordances.

„ permanency of pleasure in

the next world.
,, permanency of delight in

God.
„ permanency of laudable

qualities.
„ presence of God.

The sense is a requisite : —

of the makam of penitence of
Nasuh.
,j „ Ziihd (aus-

terity.
„ sincerity of natural love.

„ purifying and of the glo-
rifying of nafs.
,, intoxication of hal.

Fana is of two kinds ;— outward and inward,
(a) Outward fana.

This is the fana of deeds and is the glory of divine deeds. The possessor of this fana be-

cometh so immersed m divine deeds that, neither on the part of himself nor on the part

of others, seeth he deed, or desire, or will — save the deed, the desire and the will of God.
In himself, no will for any deed remameth ; he plungeth into no work ; and, from the free

manifestation of divine deeds without the pollution of deeds of other than God, gaineth

delight.
Some holy travellers have remained in this makam, wherein they have neither eaten nor

drunk, till God hath appointed over them one who (with eatables, potables, and other

things) might support them,
(i) Inward fana.

This is the fana of qualities and of zat. The possessor of this hal in the revelation of the

qualities of the Ancient One is immersed sometimes in the fana of his own qualities ;

and, sometimes, in the manifestation of the effects and of the grandeur of the Ancient

One.
Immersed in the fana of the zat of the Ancient One, he is immersed in the fana of the zat

of Wujud (the Absolute Existence, God)— until that time when, over him prevaileth the

existence of God when his heart becometh cleansed of all temptations and thoughts.

God knoweth that, in connection with that one who shall not yet have passed the
stage of fana, his baka is shirk (infidelity) ; and not shirk in connection with that
one who, after fana, shall have reached baka.

In this makam, the being hidden from feeling (being unconscious) is not a
requisite. To some, it may chance ; to others, not. The cause of his not being
hidden from feeling is his amplitude of prayer, and capaciousness of mind.

Therein is contained fana. The presence of his inward (the heart) is immersed
in the abyss of fana : the presence of his outward (the body) is present in what goeth
forth from words and deeds.

This may be at a time when he shall have found dwelling in the makam of mani-
festation of ^at and of qualities ; and shall have come from the inebriety of the hal

(d) the proximity to the light of lights wherein the flame of eternal love burneth, ere it trans-
formeth ; consuming self, ere it quickeneth the lover with the embrace of tnion.
(Gulshan-i-raz, 1. 120.) ^

AURAD. lop

of fana to sobriety. He who is in the beginning of this hal, him, conceaieth from feel-
ing the intoxication (of fana).

Muslim bin Yasar was in prayer in the masjid of Bisra, when suddenly one of its
columns fell. Of the circumstance, all the people of the bazar knew, yet he in the
masjid felt it not.

The baka that is in support of outward fana is this :—

After fana of desire and of will, God maketh the slave, master of desire and of will, and in
absolute sway of the rein (of guidance;. Whatever he desireth, he doeth with the 'will and
the desire of God. Even so the giver up of absolute will is in the degree of the degrees of
fana ; the giver up of will wholly in affairs (until he is allowed) and partly in them (until he
first returneth in heart to God) is in the degree of the makam of fana.

The baka that is in support of inward fana is this : —

The zat and the qualities of fana become evoked from the bond of violence in the assemblv-

place of manifestation in the garb of remaining existence ; and from before it, the veil

wholly riseth (and departeth).
Becometh neither God the veil of creation ; nor creation, the veil of God. To the possessor of

fana, God is the veil of creation,— as to those who have not reached the stage of fana,

creation is the veil of God.

After fana, the possessor of baka beholdeth each veil in its own makam, without
one (the veil of the Creator) being the veil of the other (the created).

In him, are collected and included the possessor of fana and of baka. In fana,
he is baki (lasting) ; in baka, fani (effacing).

Outward fana —

is the portion of the Lords of heart and of the Companions of hal.

Inward fana

is special to the noble ones, who may have become free from the intoxication of the sway of hal
have issued from beneath the veil of the heart ; and, from the society of the heart, have
joined the society of the converter of hearts (God).

The aurad (prayers).

VII. 7.
Before the crepuscule, the seeker should have completed his ablution, and should
be sitting before the kibla in expectation of the prayer of morn.

When he heareth the cry of prayer, he should answer the mu,azzin, — whatever
he saith, he should repeat except in :
(a) hayyi 'ala-s salat, rise to prayer.
(J) „ „ i-falali, » goodness.

When he should say :—

There is no power nor virtue but in God the great, the mighty I

no SUFi.lSM.

In every azan, he should observe this rule ; in the morning azan, he should gene-
rally say :—

O God ! this is the face of Thy day, the back of Thy night, and the sound of Thy prayer.

0 Merciful of the merciful ! through Thy mercy, me forgive, and my parents, and all the faith.

ful, male and female.

When the morning dawneth, he should utter the renewal of the shahadat —

Welcome to the two kind recording angels ! God bless ye ! in my record, write that I
declare-—

that there is no god but God.
,, Muhammad is His prophet.

paradise "s true.

„ the fire (of hell )
„ sirat (the bridge)

the question (in the grave)
,, balance
„ account
„ punishment
,, book (of record)
„ intercession (of Muhammad)

1 declare that, in the hour given, God will cause (the dead) to rise from the grave.

0 God ! to Thee, I entrust this declaration for the day of my need. O God ! for its

sake,— stop my sin ; forgive my sin; make heavy my balance; make me deserving of
safety ; and forgive me my faults through Thy mercy, O Merciful of the merciful !

Then he should perform two rak'ats of the prayer of the sunnat* of the crepus-

cule —

with Suratu-l-Kafirun, chapter 109.
„ „ Ikhlas „ 112.

Several times he should repeat :^

the Kalima-i-tasbih.
„ „ istighfar.

and should say : —

1 ask pardon of God for my sin; to God, be glory by the praise of my God.

For the masj id-prayer, he should resolve to go to the masjid. On going out from
his house, he should say : —

O God ! by the true ingress, make me enter ; by the true egress, make me pass out.

* There are three kinds of prayer : —
wajib, necessary prayer (five),
sunnat, prescribed „
nafl, voluntary „

AURAD. lit

On the way to the masjid, he should utter this prayer :—

By the incliners to Thee, by the beggars towards Thee, by this my going and coming out to

Thee, — I pray to Thee, O God !
With evil and hypocrisy, I have not issued. To avoid Thy curse and to meet Thy blessing,
have I come out. To save me from hell-fire and to forgive me my sin,— I pray to Thee,
for none save Thou forgivest sins.

On going into the masjid and planting his foot on the prayer-mat, he should ad-
vance his right foot and say : —

In the name of God, to God be praise ! peace and blessing on the prophet of God ! O God,
me forgive and open me the door of mercy.

When he performeth the enjoined observances in the masjid and giveth the salu-
tation,* he should say ten times: —

There is no god but God, the One, with Whom is no partner. Dominion, His ; praise. His ;
life, He giveth and taketh ; and is ever living without death. In His hand, is good;
over all kings, He is powerful.

Then he should say : —

There is no god but God, the One. Sincerity is His promise; victory. His slave; popular.
His army. There is no god but God, the master of grace. To Him, be praise. There
is no god but God, save Him, we worship none. Who have faith in Him are saved.

Then he should utter the ninety-nine namest of God ; and say : —

O God ! bless Muhammad, Thy slave, news-bringer, prophet, the illiterate but truthful mes-
senger; and this descendant of Muhammad with blessing such as is Thy will. Give him
the means and the blessed degreej that Thou promisedest.

Bless his brethren the prophets, the true ones, the martyrs, the pious ones.

O God ! to the day of faith (the judgment-day) our chief Muhammad bless—
among the ancient ones.
„ last generations.

„ those in lofty regions.

O God ! bless the soul of Muhammad among the souls ; his body among the bodies ; and
bestow all the excellences of the blessings of Thy mercy.

His two hands, he uplifteth ; and of the above traditional prayer of the prophet
(in zikr whereof, after this a single section§ will pass) he uttereth as he wisheth.

The Lords of deeds and the companions of stages have cherished this time ; on
its preservation, established the base of the structure of times and of hours ; and in
this rule : —

by negation of lusts, I by reading without defect,

„ abandoning words, „ attendance before the kibla,

„ assiduity in zikr, I

* Salam signifies : —

Peace (be) on thee, O prophet, and the mercy of God and His blessing ; peace on us and the
devout slaves of God ; peace on you and the mercy of God and His blessing 1

Every prayer must conclude with this salutation,
t See Brown's Darvishes, p. ii6.
J The degree is the makam al Mahmiid.
§ This is given in chapter vii, section 8 of the Misbah.

I 12

SUFi.lSM.

have ordered seekers and sufis.

When, by anticipation, he shall have preferred a prayer, best it is that in the
masiid, he should sit; be assiduous in zikr and in reading; and utter naught till he
preferreth the prayer of sun-rise.

On the condition that, sitting, in that place, there shall be no thought of calamity ;
and that he shall be void of the causes of defect of deeds and of states.

Otherwise, he should return to his dwelling and be engaged in reading till the
sun ascendeth.

Of Muhammad, the story is —

He who from morning-prayer till sun-rise, sitteth in zikr of God is dearer to me than one who
saveth four necks (lives).

He should read the following passages of the Kuran : —

Chapter.

The Suratu-l-Fatiha .

„ Bakara

1-5, 16.4-165, 255-257. 284-286.

„ Imran*

• 3

190-200, 18-19, 26-27.

Kahft .

. i8

107-110.

Hadid

• 57

1-6.

Hashr .

• 59

21-24..

Then he should utter: —

Thirty-three times the Subh

ana-1-lah,

glory be to God !

Alhs

mdu-li-Uah,

praise ,,

Alia

lu Akbar,

God is great !

Once La ilaha illa-1-lah,

there is no god but God.

His is no partner;

He is God.

He is immortal.

„ single.

„ imperishable.

„ one.
„ divine.

„ eternal.

„ unity.

„ perpetual.

His is order; His is praise

; He is powerl

ul over all.

* Alter this are omitted four passages not identified (see below),
t » >» three „ „ ,, ,,

Verses of the Kur,an.

From
" Verily your God."
" Verily, to you the prophet come."
" Upon God, I call."
Verily those that have faith.

and Zu-n-Nun.
Praise to God.
To thy God, praise.

' of the benefactor.'
the end.

" the best of heirs.'
the end.

AURAD. ,,2

Till near sun-rise he should be assiduous :

in reading.
„ praying.
„ azkar (zikrs).

Then he uttereth the seven prayers, whereof the ten-fold utterance is obligatory,
— that is, the ten azkar (repetitions).

Chapter,
i. the Suratu-!-Fatiha •••......., i

ii. „ Falak* . ,,,

iii. „ Nas* . •••••...... ni

iv. „ Ikhlas ........ ... 112

V. „ Kafirun ........... 100

vi. Ayatu Kursi ••••....... 2V. 255

vii. glory to God ; praise to God ; no god but God ; God is great ; there is no power nor virtue ■
but in God, the great, the mighty.f

O God ! upon Muhammad and his offspring send Thy blessing :
O God ! me, forgive and my parents and all the faithful, male and female :
O God ! towards me and them, do so, soon or late, in this and in the next world, asbefitteth
Thee ; towards us, do not as befitteth us,— for Thou art the gentle Pardoner, the gene-
rous Bestower, the merciful Merciful.

This ended, he should engage : —

in the tasbih, repeating subhan allah, glory to God.

„ istig^ifar „ astagbfir-ul-lah, I ask God to forgive me.

„ tilawat, reading the Kuran.

till the sun riseth a spear's length. Then, in the aforementioned way, he performeth
the prayer of sun-rise.

If he have an important worldly matter, in it (for himself, or for his family) he en-
gageth.

If God shall have given him the bounty of leisure, he should regard as booty the
being engaged in worship of God ; should without defect be assiduous in deeds and
in devotion, till the time of the prayer of zuhaj cometh, when he performeth it.

If stil 1 he have power for deeds, and no langour enter his soul, — he should be as-
siduous in deeds. If not, he should rest himself for a while.

* Together, these two are called— ma'uzatain, the two ma'uz " shelter in God."
+ The clauses are : —

;i<— the tasbih. 4th— \he takbir.

2nd— „ tahmid. 5'/i— „ hawla.

3rd — „ tahlil.
Zuha (or chasht) is the middle hour between sun-rise and noon.

jj. SUFl.lSIVI.

Deeds are of two kinds : —

(a) outward : —

salat, prayer.

tilawat, reading.

zikr, repeating God's name.

(b) inward : —

miihazira, being present before God.
murakiba,* fearful contemplation,
muhasiba, calling one's self to account.

The arranging of deeds is in this wise. As long as possible, the seeker should
unite outward deeds with inward deeds ; and in order advance salat, tilawat, and
zikr— on the condition of the heart being present with God, and of its being in fear- ,
ful contemplation.

If, through languor union with an inward deed (muhazira, murakiba) be impos-
sible, he should be content with an outward deed.

Murakiba is that contemplative state wherein he ever regardeth God, his preserver
and watcher: and this is the essence of zikr.

If, in respect of murakiba, he be languid ; and temptations and thoughts prevail,
—he should awhile rest himself in sleep so that nafs may rest from languor and tor-
ment ; and, again, with joy may turn to deeds. Otherwise, through sorrow, nafs, with
confused tale, entereth the heart ; complaineth ; prevaileth over it ; and therein
causeth hardness.

Before the declining of the sun (from the meridian), he should be awake for an
hour, to arrange for ablution, so that at the time of noon, he may have finished his
ablution ; and may, engaged in zikr and tilawat, be sitting before the kibla.

When the sun declineth from the meridian, he performeth :—
four rak'ats,
one salutation,

and, thereby, becometh prepared for the prayer of zuhr.

After that—

he performeth the sunnat of zuhr.
„ sitteth expectant of the jama'at..
„ engageth in tasbih, and in istighfar.

It is laudable if, between an enjoined observance and the sunnat of the morn,
he utter a prayer.

The salat-i-zuhr being ended, he uttereth :—

Chapter,
the Suratu-1-Fatiha i

„ Ayatu-Kursi 2 255.

„ tasbih, Glory to God.
„ tahmid. Praise „
„ takbir, God is great.
„ tahlil, There is no god but God.

* See pp. 59, 64, 69, 86.

AURAD. I Ji-

lt is an excellence if, here, he should utter the ayat (verses) and the prayers pre-
viously mentioned after the salat of the morn.

Alive with holy deeds in the afore-mentioned way, he should make the time be-
tween zuhr (noon) and 'asr (afternoon).

This is for that one who hath no other occupation, and who passeth his time in
devotion.

When 'asr cometh, he preferreth four ruk'ats of the sunnat ; and readeth :—

Chapter.

in the ist rak'at the Suratu-1-ZiIzal* 99.

,. 2nd „ „ Adiyat loo.

» 3rd „ „ Kari'a loi.

i> 4th „ „ Takasur 102.

When he performeth the ordinance of 'asr no time remaineth for the salat of
nawafil (works of supererogation); it is the time of zikr and of tilawat. At this time,
naught is more excellent than the society of :^

a learned zahid, possessed of zuhd, for the blessing of whose breathings he may borrow the
splendours of advantages ; and — in respect to abandoning the world, to perpetuity of
devotion and of desire, — may increase his resolution.

When he wisheth to come out from the stage he saith : —

In the name of God: what God pleaseth; God is my sufficiency; there is no power nor
virtue but in God the great, the mighty. O God, towards Thee, I go out ; and me, Thou
makest go out.

He uttereth :—

Chapter.
the Suratu-I-Fatiha i.
„ Falak 113.

„ Nas 114.

Between 'asr (afternoon) and maghrib (evening-prayer) he uttereth a hundred
times each of the following prayers :—

(a) There is no god but God, who is single, whose partner is none; His is the dominion ;
His the praise ; powerful is He over all things.

(b) the tasbih.t

„ tahmid.
„ tahlil.
„ takbir.

forgiveness of God.

(d) There is no god but God the ruler, the Just, the Visible.

* The significations are : — t See p. 113.

zilzal the earthquake,

adiyat „ war-horses that swiftly run.

kari"a „ striking,

takasur „ emulous desire of multiplying.

Il6 SUFI.ISM.

(e) O God ! upon Muhammad and his offspring, send benediction.

(/) I ask forgiveness of God, the mighty, — save who is no God,— the Etern al, the Ancient

penitence, 1 offer.
(g) Whatever pleaseth God : there is no power but in God, the great, the mighty — save who is

no god — the EternaJ, the Ancient, penitence, I offer.
[h) Whatever pleaseth God ; there is no power but in God.

Daily, once, at the beginning, and at the ending, of day, he should say: —

O God me Thou createdest, guidedest, fedest, quenchedst, causedest to die, causedest to live:
Thou art my God ; save Thou none is mine; save Thou is no God ; single, Thou art;
no partner is Thine.
Whatever pleaseth God ; there is no power save in God :
,, ,, from God, are all favours :

„ ,, in the hand of God, is all good :

,, „ save God, none wardeth off sin.

Before sunset, he must perform ablution ; and seated before the kibla, be ready
for the approach of night.

Till the sun setteth, he should utter: —

(a) the seven prayers whereof the ten-fold utterance is obligatory.
(6) „ tasbih.
(c) ,, istig^ifar.

At sun-set, in answer to the azan, he uttereth : —

Chapter,
the Suratu-l-Shams 91.

„ „ Lail 92.

„ „ Falak 113. '

„ „ Nas 114.

O God ! the face of Thy night this is, and the back of Thy day.

Between the azan (of sunset) and the .ikamat, as his time is little, he quickly per-
formeth two ruak'ats of the sunnat ; and uttereth : —

Chapter,
in the ist nik'at, the Suratu-I- Kafirun 109.
„ 2nd „ „ Ikljlas 112.

He reneweth " the shahadat," and saith: —

Welcome to the angels of the night; welcome to the two kind angels.

In the masjid, he joineth the two 'isha (evening prayers) until he joineththe bless-
ing of being in the masjid (i'tikaf) and of the union of the two 'isha.

If therein he see increase of safety of faith, of perfection, of sincerity, and of tran-
quillity,—he may go to his own corner; and (of all the prayers which he performeth
between maghrib and 'isha) may utter : —

Chapter,
(a) \Vith two rak'ats

the Suratu-1-Buruj 85.

„ Tarik 86. I

AURAD.

(b) with one rak'at. Chapter

the Suratu-l-Bakara,* 2 v. i — 16.

,, „ Ikhlast 112.

„ Suratu-1-Ikh'ast 11 2.

Well it is if he unite [6) and (c) with [a).

After performing the enjoined duty of 'isha and the two rak'ats of the sunnat he
goeth to his dwelling or to his khilvat-place.

Before sitting down, he performeth four rak'ats with : —

C-hapter.
the Suratu-1-Lukman 31.

„ „ Yasin 36.

,, „ Dukhan 44.

„ „ Mulk 67.

If he wish to shorten the prayer, he uttereth : —

Chapter.
the Ayatu-l-KursiJ 2 v. 255.

„ Suratu-1-Hadid§ 57.

„ Hashrll 59.

Then he performeth eleven rak'ats,- and uttereth —
the Suratu-1-Tarik 86.

and delayeth not, save when he is engaged in devotion of vigilance of his own
nafs, wherein delay is excellent.

When he wisheth to sleep, he should (as to purity and to zikr) be as before
stated ; when he awaketh and wisheth to make the tahajjud, he maketh it standing
as before stated.

Some short-sighted ones (whose vision may not have found the collyrium for the
observing of the beauty of perfection of rule) may regard the repairing of times ac-
cording to rules, — the portion only of 'abids.

They see no great need of it for the Lords of stages and for the Companions of
union.

Possibly this is the mark of him who, in search of," and in love for, God, is
sincere : —

That he regardeth not much the expenditure of his own times and the being im-
mersed in deeds and in devotion ; and becometh not vexed.

* After the Suratu-l-Bakara, cometh a passage from —

" Your God is God the One,"
to

For this tribe that hath come to reason,

which passage in the Kuran I have been unable to identify.
t This is to be repeated fifteen times.
X And " The prophet believeth."
§ The beginning.
II „ end.

Il8 SUFi.lSM.

For when, in respect of its Beloved, true love gaineth the opportunity of happi-
ness and of meeting and the possibilities of the good fortune of prayer ; and, in His
presence, hath the power

of weeping. I of paying homage (with the ground kiss).

„ flattering. | „ doing service.

it recogniseth its own exceeding hope and great prosperity.

Ru,yat (beholding God).

I. 6.

Clearly beholding God is : —

(a) in this world, difficult, because baki is not contained in fani.

(b) in the next world, promised to the faithful (muslim) and denied to the kafir.

The faithful (muslim) seeth God : —

(a) in this world, with the eye of faith and with the glance of vision.

(6) in the next world, with the glance of sight and of vision (as in the Hadis).

In the matter of seeing, the purport of this resemblance is the glance of the next
world with the glance of vision in this world — not the (vain) resemblance of God
(possessed of glory) to the moon (void of glory) ; because this spectacle resembleth no
other spectacle.

The truth of true faith is this : —

In his own belief, the faithful reacheth to the degree of yakin ; and as to this, belief is
diverse.

In this world, a crowd :—

(a) know by 'ilm-i-yakin ; and the promise of their 'ainu-l-yakin is in the next world.

(b) see with 'ainu-I-yakin „ „ „ hakku-1-yakin „ „ „

Hence said he what he said :—
" In my heart, my God, I saw."

This is faith. For Ma'az used to pass by the door of the house of the sahaba
and used to say :—

" That I may have faith for an hour, — come."

When 'ainu-l-yakin reacheth to perfection, it gaineth the degree of beauty of
vision wherein he seeth no increase of form as Amiru-1-Muminim 'Ali hath related
of this makam —

" If rent were all the veils, not at all would increase my vakin."

The error of the crowd that denied the seeing (of God) in the next world, two-fold
is its error : —

(a) obligation to God's word—" Him, the eye understood not."

{b) the idea of the next world (founded) on this world. I

MUHAMMAD.

119

As to (a)—

Seeing is one thing (possible), understanding another (difficult). The sun's form, one can see ;
it, one cannot comprehend.

As to {&)—

With seeing of this world, the seeing of the next world hath no connection.
What connection hath fani with baki ?

The mistake is this, that the crowd thought that even as in this world so in the
next world, for seeing the five following conditions are necessary :—
a side.

„ description.
„ quality.

an air.
a splendour-light.
„ surrounding of light.

Vain imaginings, are all these fancies ; and great is this error that, in respect of his
own hal and makam, a person conjectureth in a degree superior thereto.

To-day, the affairs of the next world gaineth that one, who, from the world and
from its delights, shall whoUj' have turned his inclination.

He is —

(a) in heart, in the next world, in the hidden world, dwelling in kudrat.

(b) in body, in this world, in the world of shahadat and of hikmat.

This crowd performeth deeds for cash and giveth not itself to credit.

What, from beholding the promise, others have to-morrow, is for them the essence
of cash to-day.

Despite this, for them also is a promise, which is the cash of another crowd ; and
for it, cash reacheth the Absolute Banker (whose promise is not the cash of another ;
and that is, Muhammad, whose cash is the promise of other prophets).

The promise of saints is the cash of prophets ; the promise of the faithful muslim)
the cash of saints.

According to his own hal, Muhammad hath a promised makam, the signification
whereof is the —

Makam-i-Mahmud, the praised makam.

In it, with him none hath partnership. In this sense, the signifier is the word
that occurreth in invitation to faith ; and thereto the speaker is the word of the
Kalam-i-Majid (the Kuran).

The witnessing of prophecy; and its ending (with
Muhammad).

1.8.

Through the witnessing by God and the proving by endless miracles, people of
faith have had— faith in Muhammad's mission ; and in the demand of the traditions of

120 SUFI.ISM.

the Kalam-i-Majid, by the revelation of the faith, whereby all other religious rites and
orders are abrogated.

The perfection of prophecy in Muhammad's mission placed, on the door of other
prophecy, the seal of decline. After him, closed became the path of prophecy ; and
all invitations (to faith).

Who from the path of following him turneth his face ; and considereth not neces-
sary to himself the rules of his shari'at, is the friend of Shaitan, the enemy of the
Merciful, and of the crowd of infidels. — Them, God requite !

If from the miracles* other than by the prophets, something becometh apparent,
it, they should call deceit, not miraclef (of the prophets).

At one time when Fir'aun used to go by the Nil-bank — as he went, the Nil
went ; as he stood, the Nil stood.

Not of the crowd of miracles (of the prophets) was this, though doubtless to him
and to his people it appeared as the essence of power. Nay, it was divine deceit that
daily, in his own kufr, he might become more firm ; and, from the acceptance of faith,
more astray.

Possibly, by the blessing of following Muhammad, some of the miracles other than
by the prophets may be revealed to the auliya (saints) ; and to them they may be
a blessing, whereby greater may become their yakin.

Not necessary is it that the truth of the hal of a wali, or of a sincere one, should
be manifested by miracles (of the prophets). Because it is possible that the rank and
the hal of the master of miracle may be lower than the rank and the hal of him, who
is not master of miracle.

By reason of the manifestation of miracle, is commonly the strengthening of mani-
festation and the aiding of the faith of the master of miracle.

To the crowd (whose power of yakin is in perfection) is uo need of the effects of
kudrat free from hikmat.

For this reason, hath come the tale of :—

karamat miracle (of the prophets),

khwarik-i-'adat „ (of other than the prophets).

On the part of the sahaba, seldom ; on the part of modern shaikhs, often, des-

pite the fact that superior to their hal, is the hal of the sahaba.

The cause is that, mention whereof hath passed. Nay, in their opinion, through
beholding the lights of absolute kudrat through hikmat, the glance of their vision is
neither strange nor rare ; and, in the strengthening of their yakin, is no excess of
effect.

^loLc

toU)/

<j;!j^

MA'RIFAT-I-DIL. ,2j

When something became disclosed to those, for whom was no continuance of
manifestation, — by it, they become impressed ; and the power of their yakin, greater.

As the prophets are special by wahy (revelation), the auliya (saints) are from
others of the faithful distinguished, by ilham-i-rabbani (divine inspiration).

To them, either in khwab or in wakefulness, God bestowed good inspiration ; a
part of the parts of prophecy is true khwab (sleep, dream).

Ma'rifat-i-dil (deep knowledge of the heart).

in. 6.
The ma'rifat (knowledge) of the qualities of the heart are difficult, and its sio-ni-
fication abstruse —

by reason of the continuance of its power in the forms of hal ; and its advancement in the degrees
of perfection.

Hence they call it —

>-:— L5 kalb (the heart).

„ kullab (a cheat).

Since hal is the gift of God and His gifts are boundless, endless are the power and
the advance of the heart in degrees of perfection and in ascents of the beauty and of
the grandeur of eternity without beginning.

Contained, in the limits of number and in the number of limit, are not its
qualities and its hals.

In limiting and numbering it, whoever spake knoweth of very truth, that the
establishing of the limit of understanding and the making it dear becometh not the
portion of his own capacity.

In the ocean of ma'rifat-i-dil thousands of divers of the seas of ma'arifat have
(Jived J — its abyss, none hath reached, or renounced its rarities and wonders.

Not every one, who found a trace thereof, thereof news gave back to the heart.
From it, to whom fell the precious jewel — it, he placed on the platter of desire.

The meaning of dil (the heart) is that point, wherefrom the circle of existence
came^into motion and wherewith it found perfection. With it, is joined the mystery
of eternity without beginning ; and in it, the source of sight reached the limit of vis- ^
ion, and therewith glorified became.

The beauty and the grandeur of the aspect of baki ; the throne of the Merciful ; the stage of the
Kuran and of the Furkan ; Barzakh.* between the being absent and the being present ; riih (the soul)
and nafs; the seas of the country and of dominion; the observer and the observed of the king; the
lover and the beloved of God ; the bearer of the load and the lor.d of the mystery of the deposit of
God's grace — all are its (the heart's) qualities.

The purport of the marriage of ruh and of nafs (is) the result of its (the heart's)
existence ; and the object of the links of the country and the dominion of God (is)
the reverberation-place of vision and the pasturage of beholding (Him).

* See the Kuran, iii, 24 ; i.\, 1 14.

122 SUFi.lSM.

Its form (is) pictured with the essence of love ; and its vision illumined with the
light of beholding.

When, free from the soul, became nafs, on both sides love and contention ap-
peared. From the marriage of the two loves (ruh and nafs), was born the heart's form ;
like to Barzakh, it intervened between the sea of ruh and the sea of nafs ; to both
inclined; and between them became the hinderer of contention.

That the heart's form appeared from love's source is proved thus—

Wherever it seeth a beauty, with it it allieth itself : wherever it findeth an associate, with it,
it intertwineth.

Not without a chosen one, nor a beloved, nor a heart-adorner,— ever is it. Firm
is its base on love, and love's existence on it.

In their existence, the heart is like unto the throne of the Merciful. The throne
is the heart of the greatest in the great world ; the heart is the throne of the least in
the least world (Adam).

Included, beneath the sway of the throne's surrounding, are all hearts, — even as
in the sway of the greatest ruh (God), are the parts of ruh ; and, in the sway of uni-
versal nafs, the parts of nafs.

A form and a truth, hath the heart ever as hath the throne. Its form is that piece
of cone that in the left side of the body, is a deposit : its truth is that divine grace
mention whereof hath been made.

Between this truth and its form, rational nafs and the animal ruh intervene ; be-
cause the heart's truth is purely grace, and its form the essence of grossness. Be-
tween absolute grossness and grace, resemblance is in no way.

The rational nafs and the animal ruh (which have, each, a face to the world of
crrace- and a face to the world of grossness) intervene between the heart's form and

its truth, so that every trace (that may issue from the heart's truth) may first reach

nafs ; may by affinity take its aspect of grace ; and may, to the animal ruh, convey its
aspect of grossness.

Even so, by affinity, the animal ruh taketh its form of grace ; intrusteth to the
heart's form the aspect of grossness ; and, therefrom, becometh diffused in the quar-
ters of the body.

Even so the grace of mercy first is from God ; becometh spread upon the truth of
the throne ; reacheth from it to all thrones ; joineth by their means to the throne's
form ; and, hence, reacheth the quarters of the material world.

The affinity of the throne's form is to its truth. Because every bounty (whereby
truth reacheth the material world) first reacheth its form, and thence penetrateth to
other bodies.

So is the affinity of the heart's form to its truth. (

MA'RlFAT-1-DIL. ,2-1

All hearts find bounty from the throne : —

(a) its truth from the throne's truth.
(6) „ form „ „ form.

At a time when, by means of prosperity, opposition as to God between the heart
and the throne appeareth, nothing of creation is greater than the throne. Of its great-
ness God's word speaketh.

Muhammad hath said the hearts are four : —

(i) the heart, pure, luminous, wherein the lamp is kindled. This is the heart of the faithful

mushin.
(ii) „ dark, head-lowered. This is the heart of the kafir.

(iii) „ addicted to hesitation between kufr and faith. This is the heart of the hypo-

crite.
(iv) the heart, inclined, possessed of sides, whereof one side is the place of faith ; and the

other, of hypocrisy.
In it, are the aid of faith from the holy world, and the purification like to freshness

that increaseth from pure water; and in it, are the aid of hypocrisy from the world of

pollution, and a stain like a wound that increaseth from purulence and ichorous pus.
Whichever of these two is superior, ordereth the heart.

The source of contrariety of these four kinds of heart is the result of contention
between ruh and nafs.

To its own world, ruh wisheth to draw nafs ; and nafs, rulj. Ever in this contention
they are. Sometimes ruh prevaileth and draweth nafs from the low centre to the
lofty makam, sometimes nafs prevaileth, and draweth ruh from the summit of per-
fection to the abyss of loss.

Ever obedient to that side that prevaileth is the heart until when dominion
becometh established wholly on one. In following it, the heart accepteth con-
tentment.

On these two attractions, are established happiness and misery.

If the happiness of eternity without end and the favour of eternity without begin-
ing arrive and give to ruh (the soul) the aid of grace, whereby it gathereth strength ;
conquereth nafs ; escapeth from contention ; advanceth from the descending-place
of creation to the rising-place of kidam ; and, turned wholly away from nafs and
kalb (the heart), approacheth to the viewing of God — then dil (the heart) in its follow-
ing from the makam of kalb (the conversion whereof is necessary) ascendeth to the
makam of ruh and in ruh's dwelling resteth.

Then following dil (the heart), nafs issueth from its dwelling (which is the
world of nature) and reacheth the makam of dil (whose child it is).

Such is the heart of the faithful wherein is no atom of shirk (partnership with God)
and kufr (infidelity).

If, otherwise, be the state and the effect of misery and the hardness of eternity
without beginning arrive and make ruh captive to dil and nafs victorious, so that it

K 2

124 SUFi.lSM.

gathereth strengt!., and, to its own world, draweth kalb and ruh — ruh descendeth
from its own makam to the place of kalb ; kalb entereth from its own makam the place
of nafs ; and, in nature's soil, firm becometh nafs.

Such is the heart of the kafir, who is lowered of heart, black with kufr, —
altogether seized.

If, on either side, be not total victory, the inclination of dil is generally: —

(a) to nafs, if nafs be powerful and dil hesitating in the middle.

Such is the heart of the munafik (hypocrite).

(b) to ruh (or to both sides), if ruli be powerful.

Such a heart is inclined and hath two faces — one towards faith, the other towards
hypocrisy.

MaVifat-i-murrd va murad va salik va majzub.

Deep knowledge of the murld (the follower, the lover,
the disciple), of the murad (the followed, the be-
loved, the shaikh), of the holy traveller, and of the

attracted one.

III. 9.

Sufis assign two meanings :—

to murid, the follower, the lover (the disciple).
„ murad, ,, followed, „ beloved ( „ murshid).

The murid (disciple) is called muktadi (the follower) because : —

The eye of his vision becometh, with the light of guidance, the see-er ; and gazeth at his
own defect. The fire of desire of perfection kindleth in his nature; and never resteth
except by the acquisition of the murad (the followed) and of propinquity to God.

Impressed with the travelling of the man of desire, whoever was; and, in the two'
worlds, hath a desire other than God, or resteth a moment from desire for the
murad, for him, illusory is the name of desire.

Thus say : —

Shaikh Abdu-1-Iah Hafiz.
Abu 'Usman Hairi.

The murad is called muktada (the followed) because : —

The power of his sway (over murids) hath reached to the degree of perfecting imperfect ones
to the diversity of ways of capacity ; to the ways of directing and of instructing with the
glance of the eye.

Like this is the person, or the holy traveller, (who is) the attracted one, who,
with the foot of travelling, hath traversed all the deserts and the dangerous places of
sensual qualities; and then, with the aid of divine attraction, passed from the degrees
of the kalb (heart) to the ascents of ruh (the soul) ; reached to the world of kashf
(revelation) and of yakin (certainty) ; and is ever in beholding (God). 1

MA'RlFAT-l-MURiD. Ije

Or like this, is the (God) attracted one, (who is) the holy traveller, who first,
with the power of attractions, hath traversed the plain of the makams, reached to the
world of revelation and of beholding; and then, with the foot of travellino-, beheld
the stages and the halting-places ; and found, in the form of 'ilm, the truth of hal.

To these two, is preserved the rank of being a shaikh, or of being a muktada (a
followed).

Neither of the two following hath the right of the dignity of being a shaikh.

(a) Tlie imperfect holy traveller, who from the strait place of effort to the plain of manifest-

ation, hath not reached.

(b) The imperfect attracted one, who, in respect to the subtleties of holy travelling and to the

truths of makams, of stages, and of dreadful places, — hath not gained knowledo-e.

To them, becometh not committed : —

The ruling over the capacity of the murid and the instructing him in the rules of tarikat.

For this reason, more than its good is the evil of every control that they exercise

The existence of the murid and his capacity of perfection is like unto an eo-g,
wherein is existent the capacity of being a bird.

If it be worthy of the power and of the impressing of the blessing and of the
protection of a matured bird (wherein the vehemence of the power of begetting is over-
powering),—while in the egg, the power of the spiritual life and the specialities of its
perfection of flying penetrate. At last, off from itself the egg pulleth the ego-.crar-
ment ; putteth on the honour-robe of being a bird ; and conveyeth itself to the per-
fection of capacity.

On the contrary, if he place the egg beneath a (young, immature) bird, that hath
not the power of flying — a time lapseth, and in the egg the capacity of the existence
of flying becometh corrupted. Then the egg is not worth restoring.

Even so, if — beneath the sway of a perfect shaikh (who shall have attained to the
degree of perfecting imperfect ones; and in whom, are joined together the travelling
on, and the flying on, the Path, and attraction) the sincere murid make obedient his
own existence — the bird of truth, "God created Adam in His own form," issueth
from the egg of his existence ; flieth in the liquid air of divine essence ; and reacheth
the degree of producing.

If beneath the sway of the imperfect holy traveller, or of the imperfect attracted
one, the murid come, corrupt in him becometh the capacity of the perfecting of
humanity; and he reacheth neither to the perfection of man, nor to the stage of
perfection.

Even so, in the material world, the demand of God's mature liikmat and current
sunnat is this —

that, despite the capacity for producing, appeareth not the permanency of species, except
after union of the two producers with the bond of lust, by the means of the deed, active
and passive; and by the impressing and the impression.

126 SUFi.lSM.

So, in the sp'.ritual world, the mystery of the hakikatof man (which is purely ser-
vice) Cometh not into existence —

except after the union of the murid and of the murad with the bond of love; and the miirid's
acceptance of the murad's sway. This is " the second birth." *

Though in the kudrat of God, possible is the existence of the son without the
father, — yet, in hikmat, it is prohibited just as is prohibited the spiritual birth with-
out the union of the murid and of the murad.

In kudrat it is possible (as is shown by the existence of some attracted ones) ; in
hikmat, difficult.

Further, in birth without the father, calamity may be expected as in the birth of
'isa, who (in divinity and in humanity) became the source of error of the Christians —
Him, they called — " the Son of God."

If an attracted one become master of revelation, not through the directing of a
consummately perfect shaikh, — not secure are others from calamity.

In the sense of lover, murid is : —
the traveller, who is (God-) attracted.

In the sense of beloved, murad is : —
the (God-) attracted one, who is the traveller.

Among them, restricted is the sense of shaikh.

Whose labour (as to revelation and manifestation) is preceding is lover; whose
revelation (as to the form of effort) is preceding is beloved. In this way, the sense
of murid and murad is the essence of murad.

The Kuranic verse comprehendeth the explanation of the hal of the lover and of
the beloved.

Divine will, not the slave's acquisition, is the cause of choice : the condition (of
acceptance) of guidance is the forerunner of repentance (which is the slave's deed).

In this form, the choice is the hal of the beloved. Only by arrangement and by
degrees, are the guidance of the hal of the lover, and the travelling of lovers in the
regions of makams.

Until he fulfilleth the lowest makam, he reacheth not to the lofty makam.

They ascend : — ■

degree. degree.

from the ist to the 2nd.
„ 2nd „ 3rd.
3rd „ 4th.

Thus, by arrangement, they travel all the makams. Then, changeth, travelling to
attracting; endeth, travelling in flight; joineth, labour with manifestations; and
reacheth, the being absent to beholding (God) face to face.

* See p. 67, '

MA'RiFAT-l-MURiD. 127

In this makam, do they write for the lovers the mandate of khilafat ; give the
honour of being a shaikh ; and order power over the murid.
For this degree is the middle makam : —

(a) between the hidden and the manifest.

(b) „ God „ man.

In this makam, like to the throne of the merciful is the slave's existence that hath
one side towards the hidden world ; and the other towards the material world.

With the former, he taketh the bounty of God's mercy from the hidden world ;
with the latter, he conveyeth it to the material world and to the people.

When at the beginning of hal, beloved ones take the path by the aid of attrac-
tion they traverse the regions of makam with a single attraction, and, therein, are
comprehended the acquisition of all deeds of beloved ones.

Included in the purity of their hal, is the purifier of the crowd of makams.

The binding by makams is for common lovers, who have not yet reached the
world of kashf; whose travelling is in the removing of the darkness of the qualities of
nafs ; and from whom, in every makam, becometh effaced the darkness of a certain \^
quality till that time when by this effacing, their nafs gaineth, with divine light, full
refulgence.

As in nafs the inclination of nature is a darkness (which, in the makam of sin-
cere penitence, becometh effaced) ; and delight in the world is a darkness (which, m
the makam of austerity, becometh effaced) ; and poverty of trust on the surety of
provision of God is a darkness (which, in the makam of riza, ariseth and departeth)
accordingly, in every makam, a darkness becometh effaced till all the darknesses of
nafs (by the travelling of the crowd of the crowd of makams) arise and depart ; and
from the veil of darkness, becometh revealed the beauty of the face of yakin.

By reason of the preceding of revelation on the path, when all the quarters of ex-
istence and of the interior (before the travelling of the stages of makams, of travelling,
of effort) are, with the light of yakin, illumined ; and cut off from them are the dark-
nesses of the qualities of nafs.

In them, is existing the abstract of all makams ; separate from all zahids they are
despite delight (in the world) ; reliant on God, despite attention to the chattels of the
world ; and contented with God, despite abhorred sins of nature.
Because on God is their existence ; not on themselves.

The absolute murad (the followed, the beloved, the murshid) and the absolute
mahbub (beloved) is Muhammad, the Sayyid of created beings —

The purpose of creation was his existence; created beings are all his offspring.

To none save to him, did they give the honour robe of being "a beloved."
Even to the tabi'in advance from the makam of being a lover to being a beloved is only
by implicitly following Muhammad.

128 SUFi.lSM.

Then from Muhammad came the address in respect of Musa, who had the degree
of being "a lover (of God) " and who wished to be " a beloved (of God)."

When 'isa desired this degree, at a time when He was desirous of Muhammad
God kept him detained some years in the sky, till after the mission of Muhammad,
so that —

by God's order He might descend (to earth), and (by reviving the faith of
Muhammad and by following the sunnat of prophecy) reach the makam
of being "a beloved (of God)."

God, none reacheth by being a lover, — only by being a beloved : God, none
^•' reacheth save by God.

Abu 'All Dakkak hath said ; —

As Musa was a murid (lover), he said :-"0 God ! open me my heart."

As Muhammad was a murad (beloved), to him, God said :-" Thy heart, opened we not ? "

Musa said : —
" Let me see."

Came the answer —

" Me, thou shall never see."

To Muhammad, God said : —

At thy God, shalt thou not look? (Yea, thou shall).

In the attraction of truth, the similitude of the love of the Ancient One (God) is
Muhammad — even as, in the attraction of iron, is the quality of the magnet.

As the magnet giveth its own quality (the attraction of iron) to its own attracted
and beloved one, so that it can attract another (piece of) iron — so, in its own
attracted one, the speciality of every attracter permeateth.

From the magnet of love for the Ancient One (God), the ruh (soul) of
Muhammad (which is the first attracted and beloved one) acquired the speciality of
the attraction of the souls of the faithful (muslims).

From the quarters and regions of the world, to himself Muhammad drew
thousands of souls of the sahaba, each one of whom found a portion of that speciality
suitable to his capacity.

To himself, he drew the souls of the tabi'in.

So, ceon after oeon, womb after womb, from the souls of the tabi'in to the souls of
the shaikhs and of the firm 'ulma, — that speciality became transported ; of the murid
to the murad, the chain (of attachment) became arranged ; and every murid, a murad
became.

Such is the effect of following Muhammad.

r'T.KAD. ,2^

By perfection of following and by the link of union with the souls of shaikhs,
whoever gained union with the soul of Muhammad — in him, appeared love for God '
and the degree of being a beloved (of God) and of being a murad.

For, according to arrangement, the souls of shaikhs are united with the soul of
Muhammad ; thereby, in all permeate— love, following (the followed), and love for

God

The murid, whose soul with the soul of the consummately perfect shaikh, (who
shall have slipped out from his own desire ; and gained from another shaikh, the
heritage of love for God) uniteth not,— never reacheth the degree of being a
beloved (of God), nor gaineth the makam of sway over another (the murid).

I'tikad (belief), the place whence it is taken, and the bind-
ing of one's self to the true faith.

I. I.

The words i'tikad and ittihad signify : —

the binding of a form of 'ilm in the heart of the existence of mysteries.

Its place of origin, in the beginning of hal, is the repetition of the hearing of
news ; and the continuance of the following of impressions as in children's pure nafs,
which, by the passing of time, becometh the cause :—

of iniquities of ideas and fancies.
„ the following of the people's faith.

In their mind, the form of those beliefs becometh, like the (imperishable) sculp-
ture on stone, — firm to such a degree that, in it, the power of another form appeareth
impossible.

Whom, they see declining from the sunnat of their own-
faith, and the good of the religious order,

they charge with perversion and error.

Of them, is a crowd that hath, according to its own idea, held to the arguments
of its own religion ; and of itself imagined the verifying of, and the expelling (of
deniers) from, its own circle of following.

If verily they look, they see themselves even so in the degree of following their
own Imams and 'Ulama, from whom by reason of good opinion (and by the fancy of
goodness of that opinion), they may have accepted arguments; from whom fancies
and understandings may have issued ; and with whom, the thought of yakin and by
the abundance of verification, they may have become pleased.

By reason of diversity of opinion, is the contrariety of desires, wherein human
nafs is innate; and the existence of disputing and of forbidding worldly positions
and demands (by the disease of seeking which, hearts arc commonly distressed).

,3o SUFi.lSM.

From the ancient to the modern ones, hath arrived this contrariety in the happy
state.

Gradually, in the midst, the parties became diffused and dispersed; drew to
enmity and hate; and it, by way of heritage from ancestors, descendants have taken.
(Eon after oeon, became pressed together its darkness (of hate), till it reached the
limit of enmity, and ended in execration and kufr.

Then wherever, the past favour of eternity without beginning joineth, and wish-
eth to bestow faith upon the slave —

it releaseth him first from effects, customs, and manners; conveyeth him to the purity of the
first creation ; teareth up from his heart the root of obstinacy and of desire; till he be-
cometh worthy of the form of true faith ; and clear to him becometh the manifestation of
the pure God.

In the time of the society of Muhammad, by the blessing of the effects of descent
of wahly (revelation), and of the ray of light of prophecy the nafs of the people had
become eradicated from the darkness of customs ; and hearts, purified from the pollu-
tion of nature and from the impurity of desire, turned away from this world, turned
to the next world, seekers of God, with the light of faith,— had beheld through the veil
the form of the hidden.

Therefore free was their behef from the reproach of contrariety ; and their heart,
from the ills of desire.

One of heart, of opinion, of tongue were all.

When the sun of prophecy became veiled in the veil of the hidden ; and the light
of purity, concealed in the veil of grandeur, — the darkness of desire of the land of nafs
of the people (who, by the light of prophecy, had gained effulgence) became effaced in
its light.

By the sun's being veiled and hidden, it again cast its shadow; and, little by little,
forth from the concealed ambush, came the darkness of its desire.

Hearts turned their face from the moderation of steadfastness to turning aside;
contrariety, to the degree of turning wholly away, appeared ; and open to shaitan, be-
came the path of sway.

Accordincr to the distance from the time of prophecy and of being veiled, the
li^ht of innocence daily became greater through the darkness of the descendings of
nafs in the world ; and contrariety commonly appeared.

Who is the seeker of the true faith, should follow the first crowd of the "com-
panions"; should turn his heart from love for the world, so that, by the light of yakin,
the eye of his vision may be opened ; and to him may be discovered the pure God.

This appeareth only —
by true purity.

„ excellent refuge in the giver.
„ the complaining of the evil of nafs.
„ keeping one's self pure of sin by God's grace.

l'TIKAD,-ILM-|.FARiZA.

131

For, the associate of answer, God maketh every question that is through sincerity
and perturbation.

To whom, God gave the favour of change of desire away from the world, the root
of contention He plucked up from his heart and made it the glancing place of His
mercy.

Its mark is this —

By the glance of mercy, he becometh not joined with the veiled ones ; nor with them treadeth
the path of contention.

This is of the specialities of the sufis, whose hearts have wholly turned to the
ecstasy of the sweetness of love (for God) away from the love for the world ; whose
veins of contention have become extirpated ; and who, with the glance of roercy,
have gazed at the commonality of the people, gained safety from enmity, and who
are entitled — firka-i-najiya.*

'Ilm-i-fanza (the knowledge of God's ordinance).

II. 3-
That 'ilm, the desire whereof is for all muslims an ordinance of God, is, in the
opinion of the 'ulama, contradictory.

Some have said it is :^

(a) the 'ilm-i-ikhlas (sincerity).

Because even as devotion to God is God's ordinance, so sincerity in devotion
is also God's ordinance ; as for 'ilm, practice is necessary, so practice is necessary for
the 'ilm-i-khlas.

(b) the 'ilm-i-afat-i-ikhlas (the calamities of sincerity) ; or the quality of nafs, the

revelation whereof is the power of ikhlas.
Then the 'ilm-i-ikhlas is dependent on the 'ilm of the qualities of nafs.
Dependent on it whatever may be a necessity is on it also necessary.

it is best to be daily engaged.

(d) the 'ilm-i-hal (mystic state) ; or the knowing the hal (that may be between

the slave and the Lord God), and the rule which is special to that hal;
and the learning its excess (or defect) at any period.

(e) the 'ilm-i-khawatir (thoughts) ; attached thereto is the distinguishing between

the sources o£ the acts of thoughts and the goodness and evilness of acts.

All this is fazilat (excellence), not fariza (God's ordinance).

Not lawful is the abandoning of fariza. If 'ilm-i-fariza be one of those 'ilms, not
lawful to muslims, is its abandoning.

• This is the name of an Arab tribe.

1^2 SUFi.lSM.

What Muhammad hath said is enjoined to ail muslims ; the knowing of it is to
all muslims impossible.

Not every nature can be prepared for these 'ilms ; not lawful is unbearable
trouble.

Most true is the kaul (word) of those of former times.

The kaul of Shaikh Abu Talib-i-Makki is—

It is the 'ilm of the source of Islam; or the five columns —
i. the kalima-1-shahadatain, the two creeds,

ii. „ salat. prayer.

iii. „ zakat alms.

iv. „ saum dream.

V. „ hajj pilgrimage.

It is the 'ilm-i-bay' (purchase).
„ shara (sale).

„ tilak (divorce).

„ nikah (marriage).

Enjoined on high and low, is the knowing of these ; forthe understanding of them is, for
all reasonable men, possible.

The (totality of all kauls is the) kaul of Shaikh Shahabu-d-Din 'Umar-i-
Sahrwardi —

It is the 'ilm-i-mutafarz (the enjoined 'ilm) ; or the 'ilm of orders and of prohibitions (of
God).

Because though the slave is ordered as to doing, and prohibited against abandon-
ing, them, — incumbent on him is their 'ilm, so that the practice of them may be estab-
lished.

The rules of the shar', as regards orders and prohibitions, are of two kinds : —
(a) the comprehender of the chosen common people,—

the 'ilm-i-mubani-i-islam.
„ bay'.
„ shara.

the 'ilm-i-nikah.
„ tilakat.

which are incumbent on all muslims by reason of :—
requisites,
necessity,
need.
(A) the 'ulum-i-faza.il (excellences). the 'ilm-i-hal (state).

„ 'ilm-i-ikhlas (sincerity). and other 'ilms already mentioned.

„ „ khwatir (thoughts).

These are enjoined on some special folk, who have the capacity and the power of knowing
them; and not enjoined on common folk who have not the power.

For some special ones, whose capacity is fit, these 'ilms are of thp number of
God's ordinances. By them, they are ordered and prohibited.

THE H&L OF MAN. ' ,„

Some of the sahaba have grieved and said : —

We have the power not to bring into action impure thoughts ; impure thoughts, we have not
the power to prevent. If as regards them, go a reckoning and a requital, difficult is the
work.

Came this ay at —

Save to its limit, nafs, God troubleth not.

Whoever cannot perform the ordinance is by it not ordered ; and for the aban-
doning of it not reproved.

Whoever can restrain impure thoughts, — on him, is enjoined the ordinance.
The shaikhs, who have made yakin of something and reckoned it God's
ordinance, have spoken according to their own state.

This limit is the comprehender. Those 'ilms, which others have mentioned ; and
according to their own hal, reckoned God's ordinance, they have called—
the 'ilm-i-dirasat (teaching).
„ „ wirasat (heritage).

The hal of man.

III. ID.

According to diversity of degrees, the ranks of men are of three kinds : —
i. The wasil (those joined to God) and the kamil (the perfect).

The cUlj (wasil) are the mukarrab (those near to God) andthesabik The Kuran

(those gone before others in faith) Ivj lo— ii

ii. The ^^ (salik) holy travellers of tarik (the path) of perfection.

These are the pious ; the ashab-i-yamin (companions of the right hand) „ 8

iii. The i-^ (mukim) dwellers of the essence of defect.

These are the wicked ; the ashab-i-shumal (the companions of the left hand) „ 9

The men of wusul (union with God) are of three crowds: —

(a) The ^' (ambiya), prophets, whom, after union and perfection, God sent to the people

for the sake of perfecting the imperfect ones; and whose existence He made the link

of the hidden and the material world to invite people to Him, and to keep prosperous

the realms of God and of the angels.
{b) The iij-'ai* (mutasawwifa), shaikhs, who, by perfection of following Muhammad, have

gained union (with God) ; and who were, after that, ordered to invite the people by

the tarik of following Muhammad.

Consummately perfect are these two crowds, to whom, after their being immersed
in the essence of jam' (collected), and in the abyss of tauhid (unity of God), the grace
of eternity without beginning bestowed freedom and salvation from the belly of the
fish of fana (effacement) to the shore of tafraka (dispersed) and to the plain of baka
(permanency), — so that, to salvation and to degrees, they might guide the people.

(c) The jama 'at (crowd), to whom, after arrival at the degree of perfection, the trust of
perfecting (the imperfect ones) in reference to inviting the people (to Islam) passed

124 suFi,iSM.

not ; who became immersed in the sea of jam' (collected) and in the belly of the fish of
fana (eflfacement), who became naught so that neither news nor trace of them reached
to the shore of tafraka or to the region of baka ; who became threaded on the thread
of the dwellers of the towers of ghairat (jealousy), and of the inhabitants of the land
of hairat (astonishment) ; and to whom after perfection of union the power of perfecting
the imperfect ones was not entrusted.

The men of sulak (the path of travelling) are of two kinds : —
(a) The seekers of lofty purpose, and the murids of the face of God.
(6) „ „ paradise, „ „ „ next world.

The seekers of God are : —
(a) The i^yoi^ mutasawwifa.

These are that crow-d that have gained freedom from some of the qualities of nafs;
become qualified with some of the hals and some of the qualities of the sufis • and
become the beholder of the excess of their hal.

Yet w^ith the proud trailing residue of the qualities of nafs are they left distressed ; and
therefore deprived of the acquisition of the end of the man of propinquity to God and of
sufiya (sufijism).
{b) The ■ui^J'-* (malamatiya), the reproached.

These are that crow-d who, in the observance of the meaning of ikhlas (sincerity) and in the
preservation of the rule of sidk (truth), have expended much effort ; who in the conceal-
ing of their devotion and in the veiling of their almsgiving from the people's glance
regard necessary great effort; who neglect not the minutest matter of holy deeds; who
regard an enjoined duty all the excellences and the nawafil ; whose religious order is at
all times the verifier of the sense of ikhlas; and whose taste is for the singularity of
God's glance upon their deeds and hals.

As .the sinner is full of caution, as to revealing his sins, so (lest there be suspicion of hypo-
crisy) as to revealing their devotion, do they practise hypocrisy that the order of ikhlas
may suffer no injury.

Although they are precious of wujud and exalted of hal, yet from their glance not wholly rent
is the veil of creation. Therefore are they left veiled from beholding the beauty of tauhid
(the unity of God) and the essence of tafrld (inward solitude), because the concealing of
deeds and of their hal from the people's glance is known and allowed in the sight of the
people and of themselves, who are the forbidders of the sense of tauhid.

Nafs is of the crowd of strangers. As long as on their o\\ n hal, they keep their glance,
not wholly have they expelled strangers, from the viewing of their own deeds and hals.

The difference between the mutasawwifa or sufiya and the malamatiya is

this : —

From the malamatiya, the attraction of the grace of the Ancient One hath wholly uptom the
existence of sufiya ; and from the glance of their witnessing uplifted the veil of creation
and of egotism.

In making their devotion, in issuing their alms, the malamatiya see not in the midst them-
selves and the people. They are secure from the knowledge of the people's glance; and
bound to the concealing neither of their deeds nor of their hal.

If good they see in revealing their devotion, they reveal it; otherwise, they conceal it.

The mutasawwifa or sufiya are—
^_/lLs^ (mukhlas), saved.

The malamatiya are—

i_-iLi-* (mukhlis), sincere.

THE HAL OF MAN. j„r

The description of their hal is: —
" Them, by sincerity, we (God) saved."

The seekers of the next world are four crowds —
•i^j (zuhhad, , sing, zahid), zahids, dry austere men.
[;^ (fukara, „ fakir), fakirs.

|.'i>^ (khuddam, „ khadim), servants of God.
-i^^ ('ubbad, „ 'abid), those dedicated to God.

The zuhhad are those who with the light of faith and of certainty behold the
beauty of the next world ; clearly see this world in the form of uo-liness • turn their
desire from inclining to the worthless decoration of the fani (perishable) ; and incline
to the true beauty of the baki (imperishable).

Against the ^y' (sufiya), the opposing of this crowd is —

because the zahid is, by the delight of his own nafs, veiled from God; and because paradise
is the makam of delight of nafs.

By beholding the beauty of eternity without beginning and the love of eternal
zat, the sufi is veiled from both worlds.

As in respect to this world, he may have expended delight, so in respect to the
next world, is his delight.

The Hadis saith : —

Unlawful for the people (of the next world) is this world ; unlawful for the people (of this
. world) is the next world; unlawful for the people (of God) are both worlds.

In the degree of zuhd (austerity), is the sufi above the degree of the zahid far
wherefrom is the delight of nafs.

The fukara are those who possess naught of the chattels of the world; who in
desire of excellence and of the divine Rizvan (God), have separated from their
native land; and who have abandoned accustomed objects.

The cause is one of the following three things : —

(!) the hope of lessening the fearful reckoning of punishment (on the day of judgment). For
necessary is the reckoning as regards lawful deeds; and, punishment as regards unlaw-
ful deeds,
(ii) the hope of excellence of reward and of excelling on entering paradise.
Glad tidings, brought Jibra,il one day to Muhammad : —

" By half a day (equal to five hundred years), will the fakirs of thy ummat (tribe) enter para-
" dise before the rich of thy tribe."
(iii) the desire of tranquillity of heart, and of freedom of mind— for the sake of much devo-
tion J and therein the presence of the heart.

Against the malamatiya and the mutasawwifa, the opposing of the fakir is —
Because the fakir is the seeker of paradise and is desirous of his own delight. They (the
malamatiya and the mutasawwifa) are the seekers of God and desirous of propinquity to
Him.

136 SUFi.lSM.

Above this degree in fakr, is a makam superior to the makam of the malamatiya
and of the mutasawwifa.

'Tis the special description of the sufi. Though the degree is above the degree of the fakir,
yet the abstract of the makam of fakr is included in his makam. The cause is that, for
the sufi, the traversing of the makam of fakr is of the crowd of enjoined conditions ; every
maliam, wherefrom he advanceth, its purity he rendeth and thereto giveth the colour of
his own makam.

In the makam of the sufi, is another description for the fakir : —

On his part, the denial and the absence of possession, of all deeds, hals, and makams.
On his part, he beholdeth no deed, no hal, no makam; and regardeth them not special to
himself. Nay, himself of himself he seeth not.

Then his, is —

no wujud (existence).
„ zat (essence).
„ quality.

He is mahv in mahv (obliteration in obliteration) ; fana in fana (effacement in
effacement).

Such is the truth of fakr, in excellence whereof, the shaikhs have spoken. What,
in the sense of fakr, before this has been mentioned, — is the impression and form of
fakr.

The superiority of the makam of the sufi above the makam of the fakir is
because —

The fakir is ruled by the desire of fakr and of the delight of nafs. The sufi hath no special
desire ; in fakr or in wealth, effaced is his desire in the desire of God — his desire is the
essence of the desire of God.

If he choose the form of fakr and its way, it becometh not veiled by his own desire and
choice J his desire is the desire of God.

Some have said :—

Who is void of impression and of quality is the sufi : who is void of things material, is the
fakir.

Abu Al 'Abbas-i-Nihavandi saith : —

The end of fakr is the beginning of tasawwuf.

Some of the shaikhs have said :—
J As cautious of wealth, should be the fakir as the wealthy one of fakr.

By the entrance of wealth, the fakir feareth that fakr may become abhorrent to', him ; by the
entrance of fakr, the wealthy one, that wealth may become abhorrent to him.

Once a wealthy one brought ten thousand dirams to Ibrahim Adham and asked
him to accept them.

Ibrahim refused, saying — " With ten thousand dirans, thou wishest to efface, from.
" the record-book of fukara, our nam«." 1

THE MAL OF MAN. I37

Between fakr (poverty) and zuhd (austerity), the difference is this : —

Possible without zuhd, is fakr. Thus, with firm resolution a person abandoneth
the world through the desire of yakin ; yet, in him, is left the heart's delight.

Possible without fakr, is zuhd. Thus is a person possessed of chattels, wherefrom
his delight is turned.

Fakr hath a custom,— the want of property. Its truth is the expelling of qualities
from orders ; and the denying to one's self the choice of a thing.

Fakr is the form of zuhd and its sign. The meaning of zuhd is the expending of
desire (for God) away from the world.

When, beneath the towers of pomp, God wisheth to veil, from the glance of
strangers, some of His saints. He outwardly clotheth them with the garment of the
wealthy one (which is the form of desire), so that them, the outward people may re-
gard as of the crowd of desirous ones of this world ; and thus, from the glance of the
unprivileged, the beauty of their hal may be concealed.

The kernel of the hakikat of fakr and of zuhd is the special description and re-
quisite of the hal of the sufi. The custom of fakr is the choice of some of the shaikhs
of the sufis ; and in it, their purpose is — the following of the prophets, the abandoning
of the world, the inciting and the inviting of seekers with the form of fakr and with the
tongue of hal.

In this sense, their choice is proved by the choice of God, not by the desire of the
delight of the next world.

The khuddam are those, who choose the service of fukara and of the seekers of
God ; who, after the performance of the ordinances of God, have expended their time
in ceasing to labour, and in making tranquil the heart as to solicitude for matters of
livelihood and for capacity for the next world ; who prefer this service to nawafil, and
who in their need enter on every way not forbidden by the shar' — in acquisition, in
beggary, and in receiving gratuitous income.

In taking and giving money, their glance is on God.

In taking money, they regard the people the link of God's giving to them, and in
giving money, they regard them as the means of their acceptance (with God).

On account of the honour of this makam, appeared similitude in respect to the
crowd of the hal of the khadim and of the shaikh. In respect to the khadim, they
have established no difference from the shaikh.

The difference is this —

The khadim is in the makam of the abrar (the pious).

shaikh „ ,, mukarrab (those near to God).

138 sDn.isM.

In the choice of service, the purpose of the khadim is the reward of the next
world ; otherwise not bound by service is the khadim.

Standing in the purpose of God not in his own purpose is the shaikh.

The u'bbad are those, who, ever, on the portions of devotion and on the rules of
navvafil, display assiduity for the sake of the reward of the Nil of the next world.

Existent in the sufi, is this description but free from the impurities of desire.
For they worship God for God, not for the reward of the next world.

Between the 'ubbad and the zuhhad, the difference is this—

With the existence of (despite) desire for the world the form of 'ibadat (devotion) is possi-
ble.

Between the 'ubbad and the fukara, the difference is this^

With the existence of (despite) wealth, a person may possibly be 'abid (dedicated to the
service of God).

Then, it became manifest —

(a) that the wasil (those joined to God) are three crowds.
(6) „ „ salik (the holy travellers) „ six „

Each one of these nine crowds hath two similitudes —

(a) . i=^ (muhikk), the verifier.
{b) JJax< (mubtil), „ abolisher.

To the prophets of both crowds, the similitude of the verifier is —

the shaikh of tarikat (the Path) and the 'ulama of sQfiya, — who, by following Muhammad,
invite the people through the desire of vision.

The similitude of the abolisher is this—

In calumny, he layeth claim to prophecy; and falsely and slanderously attributeth to himself
wahy (revelation).

Him, they call —

,_jiJI- (mutanabbi), "one who calleth himself a prophet."

After the expiration of the time of mission, in the brain of a jama 'at (assembly),
the bird of this desire wished to lay an egg. In the end, to the wind of destruction,
they gave their head, and rolling fell into hell.

To the sufIs, the similitude of the verifier is —

mutasawwifa, who are exceedingly informed and desirous of the hal of the sufis ; and by the
residue of their attachments to the qualities of nafs are detained from the maturity of
purpose and forbidden it.

To the sufis, the similitude of the abolisher is —

a jama'at (assembly), who in life reveal themselves sufis ; who are void of tho power of their
belief, deeds, and hal ; and who, having taken off from theirneck the halter of devotion,
graze free from encumbrance in the meadow of revelation, I

THE HAL OF MAN. j ^g

They say^

the binding to the orders of the shari'at is the portion of the common folk, whose glance is
restricted to outward things. Loftier than that is the hal of the special folk and of the
man of hakikat. For they (the common folk) give attention to outward customs, while
their solicitude for viewing the inward presence is not great.

This crowd, they call—
loJJsb batiniya.*
<u^U* mubahiya.

To the majzuban-i-wasil (the joined attracted ones), the similitude of the veri-
fier is —

a crowd of the men of suluk, whose travelling is yet in the traversing of the stages of the
qualities of nafs ; and whose existence, from the burning of desire's ardour, is in agitation
and perturbation.

In the makam of fana, before the revelation of the tidings of the morn of the
manifestation of zat, of resting, and of dwelling, — sometimes a flash of the flashings of
that manifestation glittereth on the glance of their witnessing ; and from the breeze-
place of fana, a breath of the breathings of union joineth the perfume-place of their
heart.

So, in the flashing of the lights of lightning, the darkness of the qualities of their
nafs becometh folded ; and to their heart, from the heat, the bubbles of that breath
give fire of search, agitation, shauk of the soul, and restfulness.

When that lightning expireth and that breath ceaseth, the manifestation of the
qualities of nafs, the heat of desire, the agitation, and the shauk return ; and the holy
traveller wisheth to be wholly drawn out from the clothing of his own qualities, and to
be immersed in the sea of fana, so that he may rest from the ruining of his existence.

When that hal hath not become his makam, and sometimes it descendeth on him,
his interior becometh wholly informed and desirous of this makam.

His name was —

the similitude of the verifier to the joined attracted ones.

To the joined attracted ones, the similitude of the abolisher is —

a crowd, who lay claim to being immersed in the sea of fana, and to being annihilated in the
essence of tauhid : who, to themselves, assign not any moving or any resting.

They say our moving is like unto the moving of doors, which without a mover is impossible.

Though this sense is true, it is not the hal of that jama'at (assembly).

From this matter, their purpose is : —
(a) the framing of excuse for sins.
(6) „ assigning of it to desire for God.
(c) „ repelling from themselves reproach.

* The batiniya (Isma.liya, the Assasins) were founded in the eleventh century by Hasan Saba
Shaiyjau-l-jabal.

140 SUFi.lSM.

This crowd, they call—

"J^j (zanadika zanadik, sing, zandik) — infidels.

. To Sahl Abdu-I-lah, they said :—

A certain one saith — The connection of my deed with the desire for God is as the connection
of the motion of the door with its mover.

He said : —

If the speaker be one who preserveth the sources of the sharia't and the limits of orders of
worship, — he is of the crowd of the sadik (sincere).

If he be one who, in opposition of the rules of the shar', hath no fear of falling into destruc-
tion, he speaketh so that he may make apparent the way of assigning his deeds to God,
and of causing to fall from himself reproach — together with the being up-torn from faith
and religion, — he is of the crowd of zanadika.

To the malamatiya, the similitude of the verifier is —

a crowd, who, for the repairing and the destroying of the people's glance, show not much con-
sideration. Much of their effort is in ruining customs and habits, and in loosening the
bonds of rules of association ; the source of their hal is naught save freedom of heart and
disposition of heart ; and on their part, appeareth neither the gazing at the usages of
the zuhhad and the 'ubbad, nor the issuing of acts of nawafil and of devotion.
No bond do they make for the resolution of deeds; they persevere only for the performance
of the enjoined ordinances; not ascribed to them is the amassing of the chattels of the
world J contented with goodness of heart, they desire no increase of substance.

Them, they call —

iJjAxlJf (kalandariya) , kalandars.

Through the absence of hypocrisy, this crowd resembleth the malamatiya.
Between the malamatiya and the kalandariya the difference is —

the malamatiya seek union with all faza,il (excellences) and nawafil (works of supererogation) ;

but keep them concealed from the people's gaze,
the kalandariya pass not beyond the fara.iz (enjoined ordinances) ; and, as regards the reveal-
ing, or the concealing, of their deeds from the people's gaze, are unfettered.

The crowd, at this time called kalandariya, have taken from off their neck the
halter of Islam ; and are void of these mentioned qualities.

For them, the name of kalandariya is illusory; fit is the name —

iij^i^ (hashwiya), the padded ones.

To the malamatiya, the similitude of the abolisher is —

a crowd (also of the zanadika) who claim sincerity, and greatly strive in revealing iniquity.
They say : —

From this, our purpose is the reproach of the people, and the taking away of the

glance (of approval) of man ; no need of the people's devotion, hath God.
By their sin, un-injured they consider the sin restricted to the people's injury, and de-
votion among laudable actions.

THE HAL OF MAN,

141

To the zuhhad, the similitude of the verifier is —

a crowd whose delight hath not wholly been expended away from the world ; and who from
it desire at once to turn.

These, they call—

>Wji* (mutazahhid), self-denying.

To the zuhhad, the similitude of the abolisher is —

a jama'at (assembly), who (for the acceptance of the people) abandon the world's decoration ;
from off all the world's chattels, take up their heart ; and thereby desire the acquisition
of rank among men.

It is possible that their hal may be obscure : —

(a) to some. They think that they have wholly turned away from the world ; and that they

themselves, by abandoning wealth, have purchased rank.

(b) to themselves. They think that (since outwardly they are nnt engaged in desire for the

world's chattels) they have wholly turned from the world.

This crowd, they call —

•uj;^ (mar'iya) acting hypocritically.

To the fukara, the similitude of the verifier is —

He whose exterior is painted with the custom of fakr, and whose interior is desirous of the
hakikat of fakr. Yet hath he inclination to fana and, with difficulty, endureth fakr; re-
gardeth the true fakr of the fukara a special favour from God ; and therefore ever prefer-
reth portions of thanks.

To the fukara, the similitude of the abolisher is —

He whose exterior is painted according to the custom of fakr; and whose interior is, as to its

bakikat (truth), void of information.
His purpose is purely the revealing of claim, of mandate, and of the people's acceptance (of
him).

Him, they call —

*j|/« (mar'iya), acting hypocritically.

To the khuddam, the similitude of the verifier is —

He, who ever remaineth standing in the service of the slaves of God ; who, in his heart,
wisheth to do them service unmixed with the suspicion of worldly design or rank ; and
ever to free his resolution from doubts of inclination and of desire.
Yet to the hakikat (truth) of zuhd, he shall not have reached.

At one time by reason of the superiority of the light of faith and by the concealing of nafs,
some of his powers fall into the place of merit.

At another time, by reason of the superiority of nafs, his service is mixed with desire and
hypocrisy. The crowd who are not in the place of merit, he preferreth, with the expecta-
tion of laudation, to full service; and some, who are worthy of service, he excludeth.

Him, they call —
-oU^ mutakhadim.

142 SOFi.lSM.

To the khuddam, the similitude of the abolisher is —

He who in service hath no resolution for the next world. Nay, the people's service, he hath
made the snare of worldly advantages, so that thereby he may attract bequests and chat-
tels. If, in the acquisition of his design, he see not effected his purpose, he abandoneth
it.

Then is his service restricted to desire for rank, for wealth, for numerous followers and ap-
provers, so that thereby, in assemblies and companies, he may seek precedence and glori-
fi cation.

In every service, his glance is on his own delight.

Him, they call—

pjjsr>--~* (mustakhdim) an employer of many servants.

To the 'ubbad, the similitude of the verifier is : —

(d) He, who'desireth his own times immersed in devotion ; but by reason of the residue of the

pretensions of nature, and of the want of purification of nafs, languor momently falleth

on deeds, or prayers, and on devotion.
{b) Or he who hath not yet found the delights of devotion ; and who, in them, standeth with

difficulty.

Him, they call —

o.i*x< (muta'abbid), devout.

To that one of the crowd of mar,iya, the similitude of the abolisher is —

He, whose glance in devotion is on the people's acceptance (of him) ; and, in whose heart is

no faith as to the reward of the next world.
So long as he seeth no stranger attentive to his own devotion, in it he remaineth not.

The Adab of Muhammad's Mission (of prophecy),

VI. 3-
Known it is that, in the opinion of men of investigation and of sincere lovers, the
beloved of the beloved is the beloved.

Who loveth not the beloved of the beloved, its sign is that, with design, his love is
distempered.

Verily, such a one is the lover of himself, not the lover of the Beloved ; he loveth
the Beloved for the reason that he regardeth Him the source of pleasure and the
place of delights to himself, — not, really and truly.

Sincere lovers, who have become free from the sickness of hawa (desire) and the
design of nafs (lust), and pure of the impurities of existence, — desire themselves for
the sake of the Beloved, not the Beloved for the sake of themselves ; desire for His sake
the sacrifice of their own existence,— not, for themselves, His existence ; knd prefer to

ADAB OF MUHAMMAD. I^«

their own purpose His purpose, — nay, no purpose is theirs save the Beloved's
purpose.

As the beloved of the beloved may be beloved, so the means of union with the Be-
loved is the beloved.

Manifest, it is to the man of faith and of yakin that Muhammad is the beloved of
God and the agent of the King, great and holy. Then demandeth love for God
sincerity of love for Muhammad.

When it became known that wherever love may be, necessary is the observance
of adab to the beloved (Muhammad), to men of faith (especially to the Lords of reve-
lation and of beholding), were requisite the observance of adab to him, and the preserv-
ation of the magnificence of his mission.

Though in form and body, Muhammad is hidden and concealed from the glance
of outward beholders, — in quality and spirituality, he is clear and revealed to the
Lords of vision. The form of his shari'at is the mould of his spirituality.

Then as long as is left his shari'at in the body, — in truth, his form is present ; and
continuous and perpetual is the aid of his life for souls and for nafs. The verifier of
this is the ancient word.

Though the shari'at is in this way the link of the bounty of life, in another way it
is the means of the acceptance of life. Muhammad calls the causing of his sunnat to
live (in men's hearts) the causing himself to live.

Thus, for the nations, his shari'at and sunnat are life-giving and life-accepting.

The source of doors (of opening) and the column of adab, — after the strengthen-
ing of love's links, and the perfecting of love's conditions, — is ever viewing the person
of the beloved, and the contemplating of hearts.

As, in all his hals, outwardly and inwardly, the slave seeth God known and in-
formed,— so informed and present, he should regard Muhammad in respect to his own
exterior and interior.

Towards Muhammad, the beholding of his form of grandeur and of dignity may
ever be the guide to the preservation of adab ; towards him, he may be ashamed of
opposition, secretly or openly ; and of the subtleties of the adab of his society, he may
let go no subtlety whatever.

The greatest part of adab is this —

In his heart, he should not conceive that to any created being should be possible that perfection,
rank, and loftiness of degree that are Muhammad's; that to God, any travellers can find the path
except by his guidance ; that to any Wall, should be the power of perfecting and directing another save
by borrowing from the light of his power ; that to a makam, should reach an arriver, who may be in-
dependent of his aid, although in his stage of propinquity, he may have attained to perfection.

The distributed bounty of all existing things is the purified soul of the prophet
(Muhammad) and his holy nafs. Without his means, no aid floweth from God.

144 suFi.iSM.

Who by Shaitan's deceit becometh haughty and proud, and in whose mind the
idea of power and of wealth gathereth — becometh doubtless the rejected of uluhiyat
God), and the banished of the court of rububiyat (God); and, wrapped with groans,
returneth from the makam of propinquity (to God) to farness (from Him).

Let us flee to God for shelter.

Another adab is —

After establishing the rule of belief, and after perfect following of his sunnat and
tarikat, it is necessary that, learned in following his sunnat, he should make every
effort ; in it should regard negligence unlawful ; and should verily know that the degree
of being a beloved he cannot gain save by observing the sunnat and the nawafil (works
of supererogation).

He should not imagine that fulness of nawafil is the degree of lovers and of mu-
rids ; independent of it, is the beloved or the murad, for whom the performance of the
enjoined ordinances is sufficient.

The sign of being a beloved is service in the following of the sunnat and of the
nawafil. At the inn of the narrow path, they keep every sunnat of Muhammad's
sunnats, distributed from the sea of the existence of prophecy, — by whose aid,
bounty, and currency flourish, in the soil of nafs and of the heart, the bubbles of love,
the tulips of truths, and the odoriferous plants of yakin.

With Muhammad, whoever hath connection, apparently or really, as : —

the sadat (plural of sayyid).
„ 'ulama
„ musha.ikh (plural of shaikh).

Who are, outwardly and inwardly, the offspring and the heirs of 'ilm (know-
ledge) and of prophecy, — all, for the sake of love for Muhammad, he should love ; and
their honouring, regard necessary.

In all hals —

of oliicj belief,
„ Jy kaul,
„ J" deed,

he should associate the reverencing of Muhammad with the reverencing of God ; and
devotion to him, the requisite of devotion to God.

Not true, nor acceptable, is faith in God and in His Unity, — without association
with faith in Muhammad, and with confession as to his (prophetic) mission.

Not the tarik of union with God, is the performance of the enjoined ordinances
without the sunnat of tradition.

In nearness to God, to liken his similitude to two bows' length is fit.*

* From God, Muhammad is not farther than two bows' length. |

They call the honouring of him, the essence of the honouring of God ; devotion
to him the essence of devotion to God.

Who submitted to Muhammad, submitted to God; with thee who made bai'at bai'at
made with God (see the Kuran).

As in speaking and in books, they mention the name of God with magnifying
and reverencing, so should they merition the name of Muhammad

with salawat, benedictions. I ta'zim, reverence.

„ taslimat, salutations. tamkin, honour.

Ad^b (duties, observances) towards God.

VI. 2.

The preservation of adab is both love's fruit and also its seed. As love is more
perfect, greater is its solicitude for the preservation of adab towards the beloved • as
the form of adab is more evident to the lover, for him greater is the glance of the be-
loved's love.

Then every slave, in whose heart love for God shall be firmer, his solicitude is
greater for the preservation of adab towards Him ; and more powerful for the puri-
fying of the exterior and of the interior in a way, that to himself may represent to his
sight in the form of the sick for God (not in the garment of the sinner).

Although his propinquity to God is greater, stronger are the desires in his nature
for the subtleties of (additions to) adab.

For doubtless, than the work of servants and of followers (who, in the thread of
the remote and of the stranger, are disobedient), the work of others (wazirs, courtiers,
others) near to the majesty of kings — is more difficult and dangerous, and more are
their desires for accessions of adab.

There are seven adab of God.

1. By viewing another, they should not keep back the glance from beholding
the beauty of God.

In the Hadis, it is said : —

When, for prayer, the slave arose, verily present with God he was. Then if al another he
look, the Provider of the world saith : —
O slave! at whom lookest thou ? Than I, who is better ? O son of Adam ! to me turn
thy face; for to thee better than that whereat thou lookest, am I.

2. Though propinquity to the King (God) and his honouring ; and through gain-
ing the power of conversing with, and travelling in, God, the slave should not forget
his own (low) degree, nor transgress beyond the limit of service and of the revealing
of his fakr and misery — that to rebellion he become not addicted.

Once Mahmud (of Ghuzni; desired (to prove) the trust of (his favourite slave) Ayaz.

1^6 sun.iSM.

When he was present, he saw that, on a nail, before him, Ayaz had suspended a rent postin
(sheepskin coat) and an old blanket.
He asked, saying : — What is this?
Ayaz replied : —

When the hand of power threaded me on the thread of service, it drew from off my head this

garment of poverty, and clothed me with the honour-robe of liberality.
Them, for repelling forgetfulness and forbidding disobedience (the requisites of the nafs of
man), I arranged before my face, so that at them, momently, 1 might look ; (by repeat-
ing and calling to mind) recollect past events; my own (former) degree (of poverty)
forget not; and of the cap (of sovereignty), of the bejewelled girdle, and of the gold-
woven cloth (which, through the graciousness of the king, I have obtained) become not
proud.

In respect to the sayyid of both worlds (Muhammad), the Kalam-i-Majid giveth
news. Of his observing these two adab in the presence of God.

Although in inclining to God, Musa was not accused of dimness of sight, yet by
reason —

(a) of abundance of descent of hal,

(6) „ the delight of the sama' o( God's word,

(d) „ intoxication of the heart from drinking cups of tauhid,

forth from his hand, he gave the thread of discrimination ; transgressed the limit of
worship ; and, through joy, entered upon asking (God).

Opposed to his desire, the back of its hand dashed the word of God : —
" Me, thou shalt never see."

Immediately, came this voice : —

Between the dust (of man) and the Lord of Lords, — what ?

3. The ear's listening to the word of God, and truly hearing orders and prohibi-
tions against the abandoning of listening to the hadis of nafs. The hearing of the
word of God worketh in that way that whenever on his own tongue, or on another's
tongue, in prayer or out of prayer, a phrase or a verse of the Kuran-i-Majid goeth, —
it, he heareth from a true speaker ; and knoweth his own tongue or another's tongue
(to be) the means whereby God conveyeth to his ear His own word — as, by the (burning)
olive bush. He conveyed to Musa His own ancient address.

The purifying of the stations of 'ilm, and the congratulating of the subtleties of
the understanding of words of the Kuran by the moderating of nafs, and the aban-
doning of listening to the hadis of nafs is attainable ; and its purport is this ayat —
" When the Kuran is being read, to it listen and refer if thou wishest to be pitied (by God).

4. The adab of asking and of address. As, from the form of order and of prohi-
bitions, the sense of the question is farther, nearer it is to adab. ^

ADAB OF GOD. , ,y

In asking the Pardoner (God) and (seeking) mercy from his tribe, Ibrahim prefer-
red, out of the form of order, the words of prayer, saying : —

Me, those have sinned against; but, the most merciful pardoner, Thou art.

He said not :^

Them, pardon and forgive.

In the desire of repelling torments from nations, and of asking pardon from God
he kept out from the form of order his address, saying:

Them, if Thou torment— they are Thy slaves; them, if Thou forgive, the precious Wise One,
Thou art.

He said not : —

Them, torment not ; but forgive them.

Out from the voice of order, Ayub kept his desire of recovery —
Me, ailment hath afflicted ; the most Merciful of the merciful, Thou art.

He said not : —

On me, have mercy !

In answer to God's address —

Art Thou He who told the people—" As gods besides Allah, accept Me and My mother? "

'Isa said : —

Verily, Thou toldest the people ; to the people. Thou madest known.

5. Concealing nafs in the fold of diminution, and depreciating one's own existence
in the manifestation of the effects of God's power, when he mentioneth a favour of
God's favours to himself.

Muhammad said : —

At the earth, I glanced — east and west.

He said not —
I saw.

By not mentionino- the deed, to himself he concealed his own existence ; and
thus was nearer to adab.

6. The preserving the mysteries of God.

When the slave gaineth knowledge of a mystery of the mysteries of God ; and
becometh the place of deposit and one with whom is desposited aught, — its reveal-
ing he should hold unlawful.

Otherwise, far from the degree of propinquity, he goeth and becometh the place
of punishment.

j,g SUFI.ISM.

In the Hadis —

The betraying of secrets is kufr.

7. The observing the times : —

of asking. t of resting.

„ praying. | „ keeping quiet.

This sense is dependent upon the ma'rifat of the times : —
of grace (of God).
„ mercy „
„ bast (expansion of heart).

in the times of grace, is the plunder of leisure —
for praying.
„ asking.

In the times of wrath, of severity, and of kabz (contraction oi heart), is the
season : —

of being silent.

„ abstaining from asking.

Who preserveth not this adab ; who, at the time of prayer, is silent ; who, at the
time of being silent, is vociferous, — his time is the ti:<ie of hate.

At the time of prayer, the slave should ask (of God) according to his hal
and makam.

If he be in the first of the makams of propinquity and, notwithstanding that, in
respect of joy, he be not permitted, — not possible is it that on the carpet of joy,
he should place the foot of inquiry.

Against asking for trifling matters, cometh the forbidder,— the majesty of God's
grandeur.

One day, Shibli sent to one of the sons of the world ; and, from him, desired some-
thing of the world.

That one replied : —

From God, desire this world also, since, from Him, thou desirest the next world.

Reply, Shibli sent back : —

Thou art ignoble ; ignoble is this world : God is noble ; noble is the next world.
The ignoble from the ignoble, I seek; the noble from the noble.

If he be at the end of propinquity, and in respect to joy permitted by God, it is
lawful to travel the path of joy — in praying and asking.

In the beginning of hal, on account of the world's contempt and reproach, Musa
used not to seek from God worldly needs; otherwise, the need of the Djext world and

ADAB OF GOD. j ,q

of asking trifling matters in the veil of grandeur would have been until thattime when
God conveyed him to another degree in propinquity (to Himself), superior to that
(previous) degree ; and, in the asking of mean matters, permitted him saying :

O Musa ! ask of Me, even if it be the salt of thy (worthless) ferment (the dust elements of the
body).

When he became necessitous for food, Musa said : —

O God ! on me whatever thou causeth to descend is the best for the fakir.

Known, it became that there is an adab for eve'"y —

wakt (period).

hal.

makam.

Hence, is the kaul of Aba Hafas Huddad : —

All adab is tasawwuf ; for adab is all wakt, hal, and makam. Who performed the adab of
wakt reached the pinnacle of manliness; who wasted the adab was far from propin-
quity (to God) and rejected of His acceptance.

Whoever guardeth as to keeping these seven adab, the hope is that, from observ-
ing the subtleties of the other adab, he will not be portionless.

In short, from off the slave, the adab of God should fall in no hal except in the
hal of fana and in the immersion in the essence of jam'. For the observance of adab
demandeth change of wujud and acquireth duality.

In the hal of fana, the slave's existence (the demander of change) becometh up-
plucked. Hence the kaul —

Saith God the great, the praised —

Necessary is adab for him who observeth kiyam in My name and with love for Me ; necessary
is destruction for him to whom is revealed the truth of My zat. Adab or 'atab (destruc
tion),— either of the two, — he can choose.

The explanation is :—

The glory of God's zat demandeth fana; in fana, adab weakeneth ; the glory of names and of
qualities demandeth existence; in existence, the protection of adab is necessary.

Junid saith ; —

When love becometh true, dropped are love's conditions.

Because the end of love's demand is this —

When the lover becometh fani in the beloved, and the twofold custom ariseth (to depart! ;
the way of adab becometh the change of existence. Nay, in a hal such as this, the ob-
serving of adab is the abandoning of adab.

Once Abu-l-'Abbas bin 'Attar, while in the midst of some of his sahaba, extended
his foot, denying : —

In the midst of people of adab, the abandoning of adab is adab.

150 SUFi.lSM.

Once when Muhammad was sitting with Abu Bakr and' Umar, a part of his auspi-
cious thigh became exposed.

Suddenly 'Usman approached Muhammad, covered his thigh saying : —
Him, whom the angels regard I must regard.

Though this hal pointeth to 'Usman's esteem in Muhammad's opinion ; yet com-
pared with that bal (which was between Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and 'Umar) it was
lower — for nearer to concord was that hal.

Adab-i-Ma'lshat (the rule of livelihood).

VI. 7.
Diverse, according to contrariety of degrees, are the hals of the <iiya3U (muta-
sawwifa) in causation and in reliance (on God).

(a) Some, through weakness of hal, for the amending of time, in search of daily food rely on

chattels. These are called i_-' '.» (mutasabbib).

(b) Some, through power of hal and denial of will, suffice themselves with the surety of God ;

on Him, rely ; and in no way seek reliance on daily distributed food (through man's
effort). These are called JSJm (mutawakkil).

time) now in kasb, now in beggary.

Ibrahim Adham, sometimes for the maintenance of the saliaba, used to obtain a
morsel of lawful food by watching over sown fields, or by reaping; and sometimes
when alone, at the time of need and to its extent, used to travel the path of beggary.
Awhile, he was a dweller in the jam' (masjid) at Bisra and used to break his fast every
three nights ; on the night of breaking the fast, he used to come forth, and to take
morsels from the doors of houses ; to the eating of these morsels, he restricted him-
self.

Aba Ja'far-i-Haddad (Junid's murshid) used to go forth, every two or three
nights, in the first two watches (of the night); and to the extent of his need, at doors,
used to beg.

In the beginning of hal, Abu Sa'id-i-Kharaz used, when he was very necessitous
to hold forth the hand (of beggary); and to say : —
" The prophet of God ! "

So long as the necessity for concord was not complete, they have not seen this
crowd in beggary whereof they are full of caution. Because of it the shari'at hath
cautioned them in the way of inciting and of terrifying.

[a] Inciting.

In the history of Sauban, it is related that one day Muhammad said to the ashab : —
Who in one thing will join me,— him, in Paradise, I will meet.

ADAB-l-MA'iSHAT. ,^j

I said : —

O prophet of God ! I will.

He said : —

Of the people, ask naught.

{d) Terrifying.

In the Hadis, it is said : —

Urge not thy prayer (of beggary) till God permitteth ; till only a piece of flesh remaineth on
thy cheek.

The adab of the beggar is : —

So long as no necessity ariseth, he should not enter upon beggary. As long as he hath

power, be maketh nafs desirous of patience of its handfuis till from the hidden, the door

openeth.
When, in places of need, by giving patience, nafs displayeth levity, true wealth from all

exterior to God is acquired.

The second crowd J{ji* (mutawakkil) on account of perfection of being en-
gaged with Him, — viewing the grandeur of tauhid and the light of yakin,— seek the

causing in no cause of the causes of daily food ; and from no created beino-, seek aid

so that the Causer of causes (God) may as He desireth convey to them daily food.

One day, they inquired of Bayizid, saying: —

Thee, we see engaged with none: whence is thy livelihood ?

He replied :—

The (unclean) dog and the (filthy) pig, my Master feedeth, wherefore should he not feed Abu
Yazid ?

Some are those who, whatever they ask, ask of God, so that He giveth them one
of these things : —

(i) the giving of the desired object,
(ii) „ power of patience,
(iii) „ erasing of desire from the heart.

Some ask naught, either from the people, or from God ; because in His 'ilm, they
have effaced their own 'ilm and desire ; they know that in their affairs, more compre-
hending is the 'ilm of the Eternal than their own 'ilm ; attachment to their affairs,
on the part of Universal Desire (God) is greater and more complete than partial desire
on their part; therefore on account of His 'ilm, they are independent of begging.

They call the mutawakkil "the companions of gratuitous income"; because
their taking is from the income received gratuitously from the hidden. Although he
seeth that, from the hidden is gratuitous income without their nafs being desirous,
they accept it, even if, in need of it they be not.

Some are slow in taking and in giving; because, in both hals, they have suspect-
ed the residence of desire in their own nafs.

,-2 SUFi.lSM.

Some are slovv in taking, not in giving; because in giving they less regard the
pleasure of nafs.

Some are slow in giving, not in taking; because in taking they regard only the
will and the act of God, — in giving, their own will and act.

Some are slow neither in taking nor in giving; because their existence is annihila-
ted in the light of tauhid, their giving in divine causes, is their safety from the cala-
mity of desire. In the world, the existence of this crowd is more precious and less
often found than (rare) red sulphur.

The adab of: —

the mutasabbib (or tarik).
„ mutawakkil.

is this, that before arrival at the degree of the glory of zat, of qualities, and of
deeds (which are the source of glories), they haste to taking gratuitous income and to
o-ivino- it without the connection of a new permission, or of a ready knowledge.

Before the rules of the makam of freedom, they plant not the foot, in the foot-
place of the free.

In respect to the Ashab of tamkin and to the Lords of yakin, they regard not
their own hal without a true proof.

By the residence of the veil of seduction, the truth of the shaikh's hal may ap-
pear to him obscure ; but at the time of examination (the fact) that the cash of his hal
is counterfeit is not concealed to the assayer of vision.

As long as he is bound by the residence of the residence of his own habits, for
him is not reserved the makam of freedom.

Shaikh Hamad used to eat no food unless, in dream or in sleep, he sav/ the
order : —

(a) Certain food of such a quantity from such a one,— take.

[b) „ „ „ to Hamad take.
Then he used to take it.

To one of the crowd of his own murids, Shaikh Abdu-1-Kadir-i-Hibli sent, despite
that the depositor was absent, saying : —

In thy presence, a certain one hath a desposit; thence, some gold and some food thou
shouldest send me.

That murid came before the shaikh and said : —

Rule over the deposit, how is it lawful for me to exercise ? If they ask thee, thou wilt give a
decision that it is not fit (to do so).

With compulsion, the shaikh ordered him (to take from the deposit).

Immediately after that, from the master of the deposit arrived a letter saying
so much gold and so much food, take up from the deposit ; and take to Abdu-1-
Kadir. >

SALAT. ^53

Its quantity was exactly as the shaikh had stated.

Then in respect to his delaying in (the matter of) submission (to his order) the
shaikh reproved that murfd and said : —

Void of the truth of 'ilm, thou thoughtest was the commanding of the fukara.
The truth of gratuitous income is this : —

From God, they should take it, not from the people-whether its cause be the hand of man
or not; whether it be known or not- on the condition that in its preface there be no'
wishfulness.

The Shaikhu-1-Islam relateth that once to Shaikh Abu-1-Sa'id a man came, and
said : —

I wish to make a f^xed quantity of a daily allowance that they should bring for thy use ; but I
think that the sufis have said : "Sinister, is what is known."

The Shaikh said : —

This, we say not : because the known that God willeth for us,— in it. His deed we see; and it
auspicious, not sinister, we regard.

Salat (prayer).

VII. 5-
When a person wisheth to begin the salat (namaz, prayer), its sunnat is that in
its preface, if it be an enjoined ordinance, he should prefer the ikamat.*

Generally in the salawat — except in the nawafil of safar in respect to the rahila

the condition is : —

In body, he should look towards the kibia and in heart, towards the Master of the kibia ■
from the wickedness of the temptations of Shaitan and from the thoughts of nafs should
take shelter in God; and to himself should utter: —

the Suratu-n-nas, chapter 114, the Kuran.

* The azan the ikamat.

(a) 4 takbir ,.

(b) 4 Shahadat 2 of God ,,

2 „ Muhammad „

2 „ falah

(d) 2 ikamat.

(e) 2 takbir „
(/) 2 tahlil 1 tahlil.

After the four hayy-i-'ala the sunni muslims add twice —

As salatu khairun min-an-naum (prayer is better than sleep).

The shi'a muslims say : —

(d) Hayy-i-'ala khair il 'amal (rise for the best deed, prayer).

(ij Either one (or two) shahadat of the vilayat (waliship) of Ali after the two shahadats o(
Muhammad.

154 suFi.iSM.

Both hands, he should uplift in such a way that the two palms are level with (and
parallel to) the two shoulders, the two thumbs near to the two lobes of the ear, and
the finger-tips level with the the ears.

According to the appointing, he should in his heart, perform the established
salat ; if he urge it also orally it should be continuous as in the namaz (prayer) of
morn. He should say : —

" I utter the enjoined prayer of this morn."

In confirming resolution in his heart, he lowereth his hands and saith : —
ji<) iJUl Allahu Akbar, God is greatest,

so that the first portion of the takblr may agree with the falling of the two
hands. With the takbJr should be associated — the end of the takbir, the end of the
falling of the hands, and the niyyat.

In <)JJI, he observeth the madda (the lengthening of alif) ; in the zamma ( — ) of the
« he exaggerateth not.

In jaJ'I he addeth not an I (alif) between the v (ba) and the j (ra), but maketh it
niajzum.

In letting fall the hands, he avoideth swinging so that he may be with delibera-
tion, dignity, and khushu' (humility).

At the time of takbir, he should be the beholder of God's majesty.

In his glance, the people should appear contemptible and feeble ; he should not
turn his attention as to their being informed about his lial. Thus, may he come into
the crowd, of the sadik (the sincere ones) and draw not on himself the line of false-
hood.

The most excellent of the takbirs is the first takbir (the ihram) as Junid saith : —
Of every thing is a chosen part ; the chosen part of the prayer is the first takbir.

The first takbir is the place of resolution ; resolution is the life of practice.
Whenever resolution is for God, and free from the impurities of causes, — its order is
applicable to (other) parts of deeds.

If through the beholding of shaitan, through error or neglect, practice becometh
defective, — resolution hath no great effect.

From Ibn Salim, Abu Nasr Siraj quoteth : —

Resolution is to God, for God, from God ; otherwise is destroyed whatever is added to the
slave's prayer after the resolution, even if it be to God and for God.

After the takbir, and the falling of the hands, he should advance h's hands mid-
way between his breast and his navel ; should place the right hand on t^ie left hand,

SALAT. ,53

the fore-finger and the middle-finger on the left wrist ; should seize with the three
other fingers both sides of the end of the wrist ; should lower his head ; should keep
his glance on the place of prostration ; should stand so that his stature may be firm
and erect ; should not bend his knees ; should keep his feet apart to the extent of
four fingers ; should make effort to keep his feet parallel to each other ; should not
lift a foot ; should not place one foot on the other.

In the shari'at, zaghn (the lifting of the feet) and safd (the joining of the feet)
are prohibited.

Thus, he standeth, and saith : —

To Him, who created the heaven and the earth, obedient and faithful, my face, I turn : not
of the crowd of mushrik (believe's in partnership with God) are we ; verily, from God, the
Provider of the world, are — my prayer, my devotion, my life, my death. His, is no
partner; to this belief, we are commanded : of the crowd of mushirs, are we.

In the preface to the talawat (reading) to this extent (if he have not the power
of prolonging it) he should not abridge the enjoined ordinances.

If he have the power of prolonging the reading, he should, after reading the ayat
of tawajjuh, utter the prayer istiftah (asking aid) : —

To Thee, O God— glory ! to Thee, praise ! Auspicious is Thy name, lofty Thy rank ; save
Thou, is no God. O God ! Thou art king; there is no God but Thou my Lord ; Thy
slave, I am ; I have oppressed my nafs ; I confess my sins ; my sins, forgive. Verily none
forgiveth sins save Thou; lead me to goodness of heart; to goodness of heart, verily
none leadeth save Thou ; pass over my sins ; over sins, verily none passeth save Thou ;
I stand in service of Thee; by Thee, 1 stand ; in Thy hands, is all good and evil none.

To Thee, I cry ; to Thee, I approach ; Thee I extol ; of Thee, I ask forgiveness ; to Thee, I
repent; from the accused shaitan, I flee to God. In the name of God, the merciful, the
compassionate.

After this, he will utter the Fatihaand that Sura that he desireth ; between them
if there be an Imam, he should delay awhile and slowly utter : —

O God ! between me and my sins, place distance— as distance. Thou hast placed between
the east and the west; cleanse me from my sins as, out of the filthy garment. Thou
hast made the white garment. O God ! with water, with snow, with hail,— wash out my
sins.

This prayer, he should (if alone) utter before the Fatiha. In uttering, in praying,

he should be fully present (conscious). The words of the Kuran that he urgeth on

his tongue, — their meanings with the desire of being present (conscious), he should
comprehend.

Thus, the speech of the tongue (which is the interpreter of the heart) may be the
author of the speech of the heart. For the credit of the heart's speech is not the
tongue's. If the tongue's speech be not the author and the interpreter of the heart's
speech, the prayer-utterer is neither the speaker in the way of needs to God, nor the
hearer in the way of understanding Him.

w 2

1-6 SUFi.ISM.

In respect to the hearing together the word of God, the men full of presence
(consciousness) and the Lords of propinquity, are comprehenders of three hals, only
found among them.

i. Regarding the outward signification of the world of dominion. This is the special power of

nafs, so that it may stand in the place of its liadis.
ii. Regarding the inward signification of the world of angels. This is the special power of the

heart, so that it may forbid the heart from turning to the world of dominion,
iii. Regarding the pomp of the Speaker (God) from the world of jabarut. This is the special
power of the ruh (the soul), so that it may protect men from turning to other than God;
and may reach a place where the soul is so immersed in the sea of shuhud that the
prayer-utterer is hidden from feeling (consciousness).

One day, Muslim bin Yasar was offering prayer in the masjid of Bisra. Sudden-
ly a column fell, and of the fall thereof all the people of Bisra knew ; but he, in the
masjid, knew of it naught.

Awhile, he should rest ; and then proceed to the ruku' (bowing the body from
the hips).

In the ruku', he should keep his stature well-bowed, the neck and the back straight; should
place the palms of the two hands, with extension of the fingers, on the two knees; should
not bend the knees ; should keep in the state of standing, the lower half of the body (hips
downwards), and his glance on the feet.

When he establisheth himself in the rukfl', he should, three times, say : —
To my God, the greatest, — glory; to Him, praise.

If he say it ten times, it is full.
Then, he saith : —

O God ! to Thee, I bow; to Thee, I make humble my limbs; to Thee, I incline; to Thee
applied are my ear, my eye, my flesh, my limbs, and tendons.

Restricted to it, he should keep all his spirit ; for these significations become
the qualities of his zat.

When from ruku', he uplifteth his head, he saith : —
Him, who praiseth Him, God heareth.

When he standeth erect, he saith : —

O God ! the praise of the heaven and of the earth — to Thee !

After that, if it be in the second raka't of the enjoined ordinances of the morning
or of the witr of the latter half of the month Ramazan, he should utter the prayer of
kunut.*

O God ! guide us whereto Thou wishest to guide ; protect us whereto Thou wishest to pro-
tect; cause us to love what Thou wishest us to love; make auspicious to us what Thou

* The up-lifting of both hands and joining them before the face, at a distance of a foot, palm
upwards, parallel to the prayer-mat. '

SALAT. jr^

bast bestowed. Save me from the evil of what I have neglected ; give benediction to
Muhammad, the noblest of the prophets ; forgive and pity, for Thou art the Most
Merciful.

Before standing in kiyam, he should go to sujud (prostration). The Hadis
saith : —

Him, who raiseth not erect his spine between ruku' and sujud, God looketh not at.

Then into sujud, he goeth ; and, as he goeth, uttereth a takbir. He placeth on
the prayer-mat first the lower limbs, then the upper limbs.

That is —

He placeth on the ground first the knee, then the hand, the forehead, and the nose :
keepeth open the eyes, and his glance on the tip of his nose ; placeth on the pvayer-
mat his two bare palms ; keepeth the head right between the two hands ; placeth on
the prayer-mat his hands parallel to the shoulder and the tip of the elbow against his
side ; holdeth joined together the fingers opposite the kibla ; extendeth on the prayer-
mat the wrist ; and saith three times : —

To my God, the loftiest,— glory ; and praise to Him.

If he say it ten times, it is full. Then he saith : —

To Thee, I prostrate myself: in Thee, faith I have; to Thee, I bow. Auspicious, is God
the best of makers.

In the presence of God, a crowd in sujud seeth its own nafs fallen on the dust of
fana.

By reason of the residue of existence, this crowd is affected by the majesty of
pomp, and humility is the custom of its hal.

A crowd of the men of revelation and of beholding, in the state of sujud becometh
described with the truth of fana; in the light of the shuhud of the zat of Wahid (God
the One), seeth the existence of created beings, high and low, obliterated, — like to
the obliterating of the shadow in the sun's light; and seeth itself entered in sujud
into the spaciousness of fana on the border of the sheet of the grandeur of God.

By reason of fana, this crowd is not impressed with the form of the grandeur of
zal ; in the essence of affection it is plucked forth from the garment of submission.

Besides these two crowds of the manifestations of the mysteries of sujud, is a
crowd (in which, for the sake of prolonging prayer, and of the loftiness of being de-
scribed with baka after fana, — are collected affection and fear).

This crowd is : —

(a) in heart and in nafs submissive through the manifestation of the fire of grandeur (of God)
(6) in soul and with head uplifted and exalted, through the viewing of the light of affection of
the beauty (of God).

158 SUFi.lSM.

Then, he uplifteth his head from sujud and uttereth the takbir ; sitteth erect on
the left foot ; uplifteth the right foot so that its toes are opposite the kibla ; placeth
his hands on the knees without an effort of joining, or of separating, them ; and
saith : —

0 God ! me, forgive; on me, have mercy|; me save; pass over my sins.

Again into sujud, he goeth ; and when from it he raiseth his head. If again he
wisheth to rise, for the sake of sitting at ease, he sitteth and lightly riseth. In the
last tashshahud (p. 45), he sitteth on the prayer-mat on the left foot ; placeth his hands
near the tip of the knee on the thigh ; draweth to the palm the fingers of the right
hand, except the forefinger; keepeth expanded from the palm the fingers of the left
hand ; and saith : —

O prophet I auspicious blessings, holy benedictions from God ; to thee, salutation and the mercy of
God and His peace ; on us and the pious slaves of God, salutation.

1 declare that there is no God but God ; I declare that Muhammad is His slave and His pro-

phet. O God ! on Muhammad and his offspring, bestow Thy benediction; on Muham-
mad and his offspring, have mercy ; Muhammad and his offspring, congratulate as Thou
hast bestowed benedictions, congratulations, and mercy on Ibrahim and his offspring.
Verily, Thou art glorious and honourable. O God ! me forgive what is past, last, secret, and
open and what Thou knoweth more than I. Verily ! Thou art the first and the last.
There is no God save Thou.

When, in shahadat (p. 89), he reacheth to (illa-1-lah), he uplifteth the fore-
finger, and inclineth it to the right side.

At the end of tashshahud (p. 45), for loosening the knot of the ihram (p. 154), he
again giveth the salutation (p. in); turneth his face to the right side, so that the
people on the right may clearly see over his cheek.

In that state of resolution of issuing from —

salat,

salam (p. Ill),

he bringeth into his heart those present of the angels, of the faithful jinn and men ;
and a moment delayeth.

Again, he turneth his face slowly to the left side, and giveth another salutation
(p. III).

Of this form, motion, resting, words, and deeds (which in the form of salat are
mentioned) are some enjoined ordinances and some sunnats.*

* These are described in the Misbahu-1-Hidayat, chapter 7, section 6,

KADiRlS.

'59

The (mystic) rose of the Kadiris.*

(Brown's darvishes, pp. Sg— 93.)
Every tarik (path) hath its sign ; the sign of the Kadiris is a rose which is green,
because the word ^ (the Living one) was manifested in green colour to one of the
shaikhs. It hath :—

White rings.!

Series of leaves.

Colours.

Petals.

Number.

Signification.

Number.

Signification.

Number.

Significa-
tion.

Number.! Significa-
tion.

/• I sharftt (mus-

is my word .

I five leaves .

five virtues of

I yellow

shari^t .

l lim law).

musiims.

' beauteous

outside

names of
God.

1 2 tarikat (the

„ „ practice

2 six „ . six characteris- 2 white .

tarikat.

path).

tics of faith.

f 3 ma'rifat (divine „ the chief of

3 seven „ .

seven verses of

3 red .

ma'rifat.

inside .

) knowledge) .

all things.

the kuran .

(.4 hakikat (truth).

„ my condi-
tion.

The whole se-
ries (iS
leaves).

Muhammad
brought mercy
to eighteen
worlds.

4 black

hakikat.

Shaikh lsnna,ilu-r-Rumi, successor to 'Abdu-1-Kadir, adopted this rose as emblem-
atic of the seven namesj of God uttered during the zikr •

Name of God.

Signification. C"'"-"/

Number of times the name must
be repeated.

U ilaha iUa-l-Iah .

Allah

5 Hav

6 Wahid

'Aziz

Wadud

no eod but God

Allah, (the beauteous) name

the Living One .

„ One

„ Dear One ....

„ Loving „ . . . .

1 blue
yellow
red
white
green
black
none

100,000

?S,5S6
44,630
20,092
93.420
74,644
30,202

The seven colours are emblematic of the lights (splendours) of the seven names ;
its eighteen gores (tark), of the numerical value of the two letters in :^
,_ya- (the Living One).§

* This order was founded by shaikh Abdu-1-Kadir-i-Gilani (6. 1078, d 1 166), His titles were : —
(a) Pir-i-dast-gir, the hand-seizing Pir,
(6) Muhyu-d-Din, collected in faith.
(c) Ghausu-1-A^am. the greatest Ghaus.
t The white colour signifieth submission to the shaikh. The first three circles signify the acquisition of hal, that
is of hakikat. The green cord surrounding the rose signifieth " the living one."

+ The ninety.nine beautiful names of God are given in Brown's Darvishes (p. 1 16).

%r = s

L? := 10

lota! 18

,6o SUFI.ISM.

In the centre of the rose, is the seal oi J-<J~^ (Sulaiman), the signification where-
of is : —

,_;» freedom from defect,

\J gentleness of disposition.

(S power of spiritual vision.

f familiarity with his companions.

c prayers and salutations belong to God (the Kuran i. 4).

The rose is embroidered on felt of camel's hair, emblematic of the felt khirka
that Muhammad gave to Uvais Kami, Sultan of faithful lovers.

In the word J/ (gul) the rose, the letters ^ and J arc the first letters of the
two lines of the Kuran, xxxix. 37.

The origin of the rose of the Kadiris is as follows : —

Shaikh 'Abdu-1-Kadir Gilani, unde' the direction of Khzir (Elias), proceeded to Baghdad.
When he arrrved. Shaikh 'Ali,u-l-Vahidi-al-Kadiri sent him a cup full of water, which meant

the Baghdad being full of holy men, there was no room for him.
Whereupon 'Abdu-1-Kadir put a rose into the cup, which meant that Baghdad would find

a place for him.
Then all present exclaimed : —

" The shaikh is our rose !"

The bai'at (the pledge) of the murfd.

(Brown's Darvishes, pp. 94, 95 ; 97-ioi ; 103, 215, 216.)
As appointed by its Pir (founder), the mubayi'at (the pledging) of a murid of the

Kadiris is as follows : —

The murid sitteth with his right hand* in the right hand of the shaikh (the mur-

shid); expresseth his repentance, and his readiness to take the 'ahd (the pledge).

The shaikh addresseth him thus: —

The Fakir must be of an active mind, brilliant in thought, of good repute, near in approach to
God, of a good heart, of a meek demeanour, of serious deportment, uf a mind easy to
acquire knowledge, prepared to teach others who are ignorant, disposed tu trouble no one,
though they trouble him.

It is incumbent on him to speak only of those things which belong to his faith ; to be gener-
ous of his means; to avoid what is forbidden and wrong; to be careful in refraining
from what is doubtful ; to aid those who are strangers ; to be a parent to the fatherless ;

* The two thumbs must be raised against each other. This is the bai'at, the pledge.

The bai'at (the giving of the hand) of the murid taketh place several years after his admission to
the Order of Darvishes. The period dependeth on the shaikh (murshid) and on the degree of know,
ledge (ma'rifat) and acquisition (kasbl of the murid.

The shaikh, or the murid, is held to see in a vision either the Prophet 'Ali or the Pir (founder of
the Order).

This ceremonial is a secret which the murid takes an oath never to divulge.

THE BAl'AT. ,g,

to be of a pleasant countenance; to be gentle of heart and joyful of spirit ; to be agree-
able and happy.
Even in poverty, not to expose his secrets to others, nor to divulge them ; to be gentle in con-
duct and in intercourse; to be bountiful of his benefits, kind in language, few in
words ; to be patient with the ignorant, and to refrain from doing them an y wrong • to
show respect to great and small; to be faithful to those who confide in him, and to keep
aloof from all duplicity; to be strict in his religious duties; to refrain from sloth and
slumber; to speak ill of no one; to be sedate, easily satisfied, and thankful for benefits
bestowed; to be much in prayer and fasting, truthful of tongue, permanent in abode ;
to curse no one; to be without calumny, hatred, of a grave heart, and careful of the per-
fect performance of the religious duties of the Order; and to be as correct in thought as
in deed.

Having uttered this counsel, the shaikh, holding the murid's hand in his own re-
citeth from the Kuran : —

i. Suratu-1-Fatiha.
X. „ „ Yunas.
xlviii. ,, „ Fath (first lo verses).
xxxiv. „ „ Ahzab (the 56th verse).
xxxvii. ,, -s-Saffat (the i8oth — 182nd verse).

Then the shaikh offereth the istighfar (prayer for pardon) : —

0 great God, I beseech Thee to pardon me,— Thou, like to whom is none other.

"To Him, I repent of my sins; Him, 1 ask to pardon me, to accept my repentance, to lead me
" in the true path, and to have mercy on all those who repent of their sins. Accept my
"oath of fealty, the oath which Muhammad administered to the ashabs (companions)."

Then the shaikh addresseth the murid ; —

All muslims are bound to offer up their devotions, to give alms and religious advice, to disbe-
lieve any association with God (Father, Son and Holy Ghost), to abjure wine, not to
waste their means, not to commit adultery, not to kill forbidden food, not to calumniate
any one.

These I command you to observe as implicitly as the dead body is submissive in the hands of
the preparers for interment.

Rebel not against what you know halh been commanded thee of God; commit not what is
forbidden; make no innovations in your prayers; commit no sins, distinguish between
the wrong and the true path.

Bear your shaiyi ever in mind in this world and in the next.

The Prophet is our prophet, and the Shaikh 'Abdu-1-Kadir-i-Gilani is our Pir (founder) ; the
oath of fealty is the oath of God ; this hand is the hand of Shaikh 'Abdu-l-Kadir-i-
Gilani, and the hand of the Director of the True Path is in yours ;

1 am. the Khalifa of 'Abdu-l-Kadir ; he accepted this hand; with it, I accept you (as his

disciple).

The murld replieth :—

1 also accept you (as my murshid).

The shaikh respondeth : —
1 therefore do now admit you.

l62

SUFl.lSM.

Then the shaikn pronounceth the zikr, which the murid repeateth three times after
him ; and directeth him to recite with him the Fatiha (Kuran i.) ; and, the saiat va
salam (the prayer of peace for the Prophet).

The murid kisseth the hand of the shaikh, and of all the darvishes present.

This act is called musafahat (taking by the hand).

The shaikh offereth up the istighfar (the prayer for pardon of the sins of the
murid) and addresseth the assembly : —

"The acceptance of this initiation by the murid is a source of future advantage to him. The
prayer which we have offered for him is for the submission of his body to his spiritual
will, just as when the angels, before addressing the Creator, prostrate themselves humbly
before Him,— so hath the murid by his acceptance of this bai'at (giving of the hand) sub-
mitted to my rule."

Our shaikh ('Abdul-1-Kadir) hath said — It is not proper for the shaikh to sit in
the post of pillage, nor to gird on the sword of benevolence until he becometh qualified
by the following twelve qualities : —

Name of person.

Quality.

Allah (God) ....
Muhammad ....
Abu Bakr ....

'Umar

'Usman

'Aii

to cover up and to forgive.

to intercede and to accompany.

truthfulness and benevolence.

to command and to forbid.

to feed the poor and to pray when others sleep.

to be knowing and brave.

If these qualities be not possessed by the shaikh, he is unworthy of the submis-
sion of the murid.

When he doth possess them, follow under his banner. When he doth not,
Shaitan hath made him his friend ; and he will participate neither in the benefits of this
life nor of the next.

The prophet hath said : — When to one of his murids a shaikh giveth spiritual
advice ; and by it, he refuseth to abide — God abandoneth him.

Shaikh 'Abdu-1-Kadir hath said : — When any one of my murids is oppressed with
affliction, let him walk three paces to the eastward and say : —

O Thou, much desired : Thou, the aid of all in the hour of trouble, in the deepest of dark-
ness, as in the dangers of the desert. Thou seest all things.

In the hour of shame and confusion, me only Thou canst protect.

When I am overcome with affliction, in the hour of danger, me Thy supreme intelligence
will support.

O Thou, ever present. Thee I implore to free me from grief. )

THE BAI'AT.
The ceremony may be varied as follows : —

163

When a murid wisheth to enter an Order he is received in an assembly
thereof.

The shaikh toucheth his hand, and breatheth three times into his ear-
La ilaha illa-1-lah (there is no god but God).

which he commandeth him to repeat daily loi, 151, or 301 times (talkin).

The murid voweth to spend his time in khilvat ; and to repeat to the shaikh his
mushahida (manifestations).

According to these mushahida, the shaikh knoweth the time when he may breathe
into his ear successively —

Ya Allah .
,. Hu
„ Hakk .
„ Hayy ,
„ Kayyum
„ Kahhar

O God.
,, He.

„ Just One.
,, Living ,,
,, Existing „
,, Avenging „

This exercise (chilla) requireth six to ten months according to the murid's capa-
city.

When he reacheth the last makam he hath acquired takmil-i-suluk (the perfection
of travelling in the Path), and is fit for admission. During this novitiate, they call the
murid — kuchak.

The murid liveth in the world and gaineth his livelihood. The shaikh attendeth
only to his takya convent and trusteth to God for his support.

The shaikh instructeth the murid that there are : —

JsLie Station
4a..jj degree
jy* stage
j^b circle
s:i<j:L, hour
J-^ section

40
360
28
12
24
4

^t dime .

»y globe .

JU world .

(j^j) Kuranic verse .

J>j^ letter . •

i^li Kuranic openings

Number

1 3,000

164 SUFi.lSM.

The darvish reacheth kuwwat-i-ruhi-i-batini (the power of the inward soul)
through : —

tawajjuh, turning the face devoutly in prayer to God.
murakiba, fearful contemplation of God.
tasarruf, self-abandonment to pious reflection,
tasawwuf, mystic spiritualism. (See pages 133—135, 138)-

The exercise of this power is called kuwwat-i-iradi (the power of the will) which
is traced to divine power, man's soul being connected with the supreme Soul (God).

There are three zikrs : —

zikr-i-khafi (the silent zikr) when in solitude.
„ jahri (the audible „ ) „ „ society.
„ aliah, the zikr of God (Kuran, x.xiv. 37).

Tarikat is composed of columns, of precepts, and of principles as below : —

Tarikat.

Columns.

Precepts.

Principles.

Result.

"•Jy repentance

^ knowledge

c^-~^' benevolence '.

^■^^•^j*^ divine know-
ledge.

/•i^-~' resignation .

'-'j'-=^ generosity

J^ repetition (of God's
name).

(*^ meekness.

'.^h^ fidelity to the
Order.

V;^ nearness to God

^Ux Liy abandon-
" ing sin.

yf" patience.

^y^^^ J f^"-^ humility
(of limbs and of the
heart).

^^..^ faith .

UJJ ^Sy abandoning
the world.*

'-^^'■^ submission.

^) contentment .

y^J meditation .

|j^ Oji. fear of God

V"^' manners.

"^j^ retirement .

<J^ reliance on God .

1^ Jr^ love for „

t5}^ sincerity.

Zikr, Murakiba, Tauhid, Daur and Halat

(Brown's Darvishes, pp. 215—227.)
The statutes of nearly all the darvishes require them to repeat daily :—
La ilaha illa-1-lah, no god but God.

Ya Allah

O God !

* Muhammad said :—

This world is forbidden to those of life in the next world ; life in the next world is forbidden
to those of this world ; both are forbidden to the slaves of God. '

THE DAUR. ,^^

'OS

VaHu O He.

„ Hakk „ Just One.

„ Hayy „ Living „

„ Kayyum „ Existing „

„ Kahhar ,, Avenging „

These names (asma-i-ilahi) refer to : —

(a) sab' sama (the seven heavens).

(b) anvar-i-ilahi ( „ divine splendours).

The exercises of murakiba (fearful contemplation), and of tauhid (the unity of
God) are as follows : —

(a) on their heels, elbows touching, the darvishes sit in a circle; and simultaneouslv make

slight movements of the head and of the body.

(b) or they balance themselves slowly right to left, left to right ; and incline the body forwards

and rearwards ;

closed, or fixed upon the ground ; and continue them on foot.

The convent-hall (wherein these exercises are carried out) is of wood ■ and is
called the tauhid-khana, (the house of unity).

The daur (rotatory dance).

The Darvishes holding each other by the hand put forward the right foot, increasing at every
step the strength of the movement of the body.

They uncover their hands, take off their turbans ; form a second circle within the first ; intertwine
their arms ; lean their shoulders against each other ; raise the voice ; and unceasingly utter

Ya Allah! Ya Hu !

They do not stop till strength is exhausted. Each one leaves when he pleases.

To the Shaikh seated before the kibla, the darvishes offer praise.

The four senior darvishes approach the shaikh; embrace each other; and place
themselves, two on his right, two on his left.

The other darvishes, arms crossed, heads inclined, advance. Each one boweth to
the tablet whereon the founder's name is inscribed ; putteth his hands over his face and
beard ; kneeling before the shaikh, kisseth his hand ; and taketh his place on thepustin
(sheep-skin) spread in a half circle in the hall.

The circle being formed, they all chant together —

the Takbir. I Allahu Akbar.

„ Fatiha. I The Kuran.i.

The shaikh repeatedly pronounceth the words :—
La ilaha illa-l-lah ! No god but God !

Balancing themselves from side to side and placing their hands on their face,
breast, abdomen, and knee — the darvishes exclaim : —
Allah !

1 66 SUFi.lSM.

One of the darvishes on the shaikh's right chaunteth the—

Hamd-i-Muhammad.

while the other darvishes, moving their body to and fro, continue to ex-
claim—

Allah !

After a few minutes, they rise, approach each other, press their elbows against each
other, balance from right to left and then from left to right — the right foot being
firm; the left foot in periodical movement, the reverse of that of the body.

All observe great precision of measure and of cadence. In the midst, they
cry : —

Ya Allah! Ya Hu,

Pale of face, languishing of eye,— some sigh, some sob ; some weep, some perspire
great drops.

In the middle of a hymn, chaunted alternately by the two darvishes on the
shaikh's right, they accelerate their movements. One putteth himself in the centre
to incite them by example.

During this hymn, the darvishes take off their turbans ; bear their shoulders
agninst each other ; and compass the hall at a measured pace, striking their feet
against the floor, and all at once springing up and exclaiming: —
Ya Allah! YaHu!

When they would stop from sheer exhaustion, the shaikh, making violent motions,
inciteth them anew.

The two senior darvishes take his place, double the quickness of the step and the
motion of body, and all dance till entirely exhausted.

Halat (Ecstasy).

Two darvishes take down from niches cutlasses ; heat them red hot ; and present
them to the shaikh.

After breathing over them prayers and invoking the aid of the Pir of the Order,
the shaikh raiseth them to his mouth, and then giveth them to the darvishes, who
eagerly ask for them.

Transported by frenzv, the darvishes seize upon the glowing irons, gloat upon them, lick
them, bite them, hold them between the teeth, and cool them in their mouth !

Others stick cutlasses into their sides, arms, and legs.

If they fall under their sufferings they cast themselves, without a complaint, or a murmur or a
sign of pain, into the arms of their Brothers.

THE SAMA'. jg„

Some minutes after this, the shaikh visiteh each ; breatheth upon his wounds
rubbeth them with saliva, reciteth prayers, and promiseth speedy cure.

It is said that twenty-four hours afterwards, nothing is to be seen of their

wounds

They call the red hot irons gul (the red rose), because the use of them is as
agreeable to the soul of the darvish as the perfume of the rose is to the voluptuary.

The dance of the sama'.

The darvishes (nine to thirteen) sit on sheep-skins on the floor at equal
distances from each other. Thus for half an hour, — arms folded, eyes closed, head
bowed, — they remain in profound meditation.

The shaikh on a seat, on a small carpet, breaketh silence by a hymn in honour
of God. Then he inviteth the assembly (majlis) to chaunt with him the fatiha*: —

" Let us chaunt the fatiha, in glorifying the holy name of God ; in honour of the blessed religion
of the Prophets, especially of Muhammad Mustafa, the greatest, most august, magnificent
of all heavenly envoys; in memory of the first four Khulafa : of the sainted Fatima ; of
chaste Khadija : of the Imams Hasan and Husain ; of all the martyrs of the memorable
day, (battle of Karbala, 680 A.D.) ; of the ten evangelical disciples, the virtuous sponsors
of our Prophet ; of all his zealous and faithful disciples ; of all the imams, mujtahids, of
all the 'ulama, of all the auliya, of all the holy women of Islam.

" Let us chaunt in honour of Hazrat-i-Maulana, the founder of our Order, of Hazrat-i-
Sultanu-l-'Ulama (his father), of Sayyid Burhanu-d-Din (his teacher), of Shaikh Shamsu-
d-Din (his consecrator), of Valida Sultan (his mother), of Muhammad 'Aliu-d-Din (his
son and vicar), of all the successors, of all the shaikhs, of all the darvishes, and all the
protectors of our Order, to whom the Omnipotent designeth to give peace and mercy.

" Let us pray for the constant prosperity of our society ; for the preservation of the verv learned
and venerable General of our Order, for the preservation of the reigning Sultan, the very
majestic and clement sovereign of the Islam Faith, for the prosperity of the Grand Vazir
and of the Shaikhu-1-Islam, and of all the Muhammadan soldiery and of all the hujjaj
to Makka.

" Let us pray for the repose of the soul of all the pirs, of all the shaikhs, and of all the dar-
vishes of all other Orders ; for all good people.

" Let us pray for all muslims of one and of the other sex, of the east and of the west, for the
maintenance of all prosperity, for preventing all adversity, for the accomplishment of
vows, and for the success of praiseworthy enterprise.

" Finally, let us ask God to deign to preserve in us the gift of His grace, and the fire of His
love."

After this, all chaunt together ; the shaikh reciteth the fatiha and the salawat.

This being ended, the darvishey, standing in line to the shaikh's left, arms folded,
head bowed, slowly approach.

* The shaikh reciteth first the fatiha, then uttereth the following prayer.

l6S SUFMSM.

The first darvish having arrived nearly opposite to the shaikh profoundly saluteth
the tablet, wherein is inscribed the founder's name; advancing by two leaps to
the shaikh's right side he turneth to him, saluteth him, and beginneth to dance.

The dance consisteth in turning on the left heel, in advancing slowly, and in making the turn
of the hall with closed eyes and opened arms.

This, in succession, all the darvishes do.

Interrupted by two short pauses, during which the shaikh reciteth prayers, the
dance lasteth for two hours.

Towards the close, the shaikh joineth in the dance ; then returning to his seat,
he reciteth Persian verses for the prosperity of religion and of the state ; and saith : —
Let us pray for the Sovereign of the muslim and most august of Monarchs of the house
of 'Usman, Sultan, son of a Sultan, grandson of a Sultan * • * »

and for the darvishes, present and absent; for all friends of our Order ; for all the faith-
ful, dead and quick, in the east and in the west.

The fatiha is chaunted ; the sama, concluded.

GoTernment o£ India Central Priming Office. — No. lOO D. 0.—s-s-9i.— 1,004.

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Full text of "The 'Awarifu-l-ma'arif"

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