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PRACTICAL TREATISE

GLANDERS AND FARCY

IN THE

HORSE;

DESCRIPTIVE AND EXPLANATORY OF ITS ORIGIN,
PROGRESS AND TERMINATION,

AND

THE MOST EFFECTUAL METHODS OF TREATMENT AND CURE.

By RICHARD VINES,

VETERINARY SURGEON :

TEACHER OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY

COLLEGE.

It is the discrimination between the cause and effect of disease, which leads to the perception
and knowledge of true principles; hut this is only to be gained by tracing diseases
to their origin.

COLORED ENGRAVINGS.

LONDON:

LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN AND GREEN ;

PATERNOSTER-ROW.

1830.

LONDON :

Gaulter, Printer, Lovell's-Court, Patemoster-Row.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART FIRST.

CHAPTER I.

page

General Observations on Glanders and Farcy 1

CHAPTER n.

The Appearances and Symptoms which constitute what
is termed Glanders and Farcy 8

CHAPTER HI.

Preliminary Remarks on Glanders and Farcy, as the
result of common Injlammatory Diseases, viz.. True
and false Strangles, Common Colds, (Catarrh,) Dis-
temper, (Epizootic, generally termed Epidemic Dis-
ease,) Inflammation of the Lungs, 8fc 12

CHAPTER IV.

Nature and Symptoms, Progress and Termination, of
True and False Strangles, ending in, or folloioed
by, Glanders or Farcy 14

TABLE OF CONTENTS,

page

Section I.— Difference between the True and False
form of Strangles ;^ jy

Section II.— Mature of the True and False form of
Strangles ^ 20

Section III — Symptoms and Progress of Glanders and
Farcy, occurring after or following the Strangles. . . 30

CHAPTER V.

Nature and Symptoms, Progress and Termination, of
Common Cold, (Catarrh,) Distemper, (Epizootic
Disease, Sfc.,J ending in, or folloxwed by. Glanders

and Farcy 33

Section I. — Symptoms of Common Cold, ( Catarrh,)
as appearing under an Epizootic form, and ending
in Glanders or Farcy 35

Section II. — Symptoms of Distemper , or Epizootic
Disease 38

Section III. — Bad Effects which follow Distemper
injudiciously treated 41

Section IV. — Bad Effects which arise from suddenly
checTcing the suppuration in Strangles, Common
Colds, Distemper, (Epizootic disease.) 45

Section V. — Symptoms of Glanders as following Com-
mon Colds, Distemper, (or Epizootic Disease.) .... 48

CHAPTER VI.

Nature and Symptoms, Progress and Termination, of
Inflammation of the Substance of the Lungs, ending
in, or followed by, Glanders or Farcy

Section \.— Symptoms of Acute Inflammation of the
Lungs

Section II.— Symptoms of Sub-Acute Inflammation of

the Lungs

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

page

Section III. — Symptoms of Glanders and Farcy, as fol-
lowing the Acute and Sub-Acute Inflammation of

the Lungs 55

Section IV. — Causes of the Symptoms of Glanders and

Farcy, as following Inflammation of the Lungs. ... 57
Section V. — Treatment usually pursued in Inflamma-
tion of the Lungs 59

Section VI. — After-Treatment of Inflammation of the
Lungs 61

CHAPTER VII.

Nature and Symptoms of Glanders and Farcy when not
talcing place immediately after other Inflammatory
Diseases, as Strangles, Common Colds, Inflammation
of tie Lungs, ^c, also of Glanders and Farcy

independent of other diseases. 63

Section I. — Nature of Glanders 65

Section II. — Symptoms of Glanders and Farcy 68

CHAPTER VIII.

Description of Glanders under all circumstances, whe-
ther following other diseases, or occurring inde-
pendent of them — Appearances of the Discharge from
the Nostrils — State of the Mucous Membrane which
lines the Nostrils — Progress of Ulceration in the
Membrane — Appearances and Size of the Ulcers —
State of the Sub-Maseillary Lymphatic Glands 71

CHAPTER IX.

State of the Parts Affected in Glanders as seen on Dis-
section, or Post Mortem Appearances, when the
result of Inflammation of the Lungs, Sfc. ; and like-

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

page

wise when independent of such Inflammatory Diseases
— Nature and Cause of the Diseased Parts separately
considered, viz., Tubercles, Vomica, Hepatization,

Emphysema, Sfc 76

Section I. — State of the Lungs as seen on Dissection. 79
Section II. — Nature and Cause of Tubercles : Opinions

of various Authors 81

Section III. — Vomica of the Lungs 93

Section IV. — Hepatization of the Lungs 95

Section V. — State of the Membrane covering the Lungs. 97

Section VI. — Emphysema of the Lungs 98

CHAPTER X.

Division of the Symptoms of Olanders according to the
Parts Effected, viz., \st, when confined to the >Mu-
cous Membrane Lining the Nose and Cavities of the
Head. Idly, When the Lungs are also Diseased. . . 101

Section I. — Glanders when confined to the Mucous
Membrane Lining the Nose and Cavities of the Head. 103

Section II. — Glanders, when the Head and Lungs are
both Diseased 105

CHAPTER XI.

Remarks on the Symptoms and Diseased Appearances
in the two divisions of Glanders 108

CHAPTER XII.

Remarks on Glanders as appearing independent of such
Inflammatory Diseases as Strangles, Colds, Inflam-
mation of the Lungs, ^c

Section I.— Glanders independent of any of those in-
flammatory diseases already named

PART II.

CHAPTER I.

page

Nature of Farcy in connexion with Glanders, when
following Common Inflammatory Diseases, as Stran-
gles, Common Colds, Distemper, Inflammation of the
Lungs, ^c, and when it occurs independent of those
diseases. . , , , , 119

CHAPTER II.

Nature and Progress, Symptoms and Termination of
Dropsy, ( Anasarca or CEdema,) Grease, Injuries
of the Skin, Muscles, Tendons, Ligaments, Sfc.
ending in or followed by Farcy and Glanders 123

Section I. — General Dropsy occurring with diseases of
the Air Passages and Lungs, as Strangles, Common
Colds, Distemper, S^c 124

Section II. — General Dropsy followed by Farcy and
Glanders, without being preceded by any other
Disease 126

Section III. — General Dropsy followed by Grease,
Farcy and Glanders 132

Section IV. — Grease and Injuries followed by Local
or general Dropsy, and ending in Farcy and Glan-
ders 133

Vlll

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

2)age

CHAPTER III,

Symptoms and Appearances of Farcy, whether follow-
ing Glanders, Dropsy, ( Anasarca or (Edema,) Grease
or Injuries, or occurring independent of other dis-
eases—Character and Size of the Abscesses and
Ulcers — State of the Discharge — Progress of Ulce-
ration—State of the Lymphatic Vessels and Glands. 136

CHAPTER IV.

Post Mortem Appearances in Farcy, under all circum-
stances— Division of the Appearances according to
the parts affected, 1st, When confined to the Skin
alone : — 2dly, To the Skin and Membrane of the JVose
and Cavities : — 3dly, To tfie Skin and Lungs ; —
4thly, To the Skin, Nasal Membrane, Sfc. and Lungs. 141

CHAPTER V.

General Remarks on the JVature of Farcy and Glanders
— Connexion of the symptoms of Farcy and Glan-
ders with each other — Predisposing and Exciting
Causes — Treatment necessary to effect a Cure — Re-
medies to be employed, and their Action on the Sys-
tem Explained 144

Section I. — Connexion between the Symptoms of Farcy
and Glanders 148

Section II. — Predisposing and Exciting Causes of
Glanders and Farcy 150

Section III. — Infectious or Contagious Nature of the
discharge in Glanders and Farcy, with the Opinions
of different Authors thereon 156

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

page

CHAPTER VI.
TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

Object to be kept in view when medicine is given either
as a Preventative or Cure — Best Remedies to be
Employed for that purpose — their Mode of Action on
the System — Changes which take place in the diseased
parts from their use 169

Section I. — Remedies to be Employed 171

CHAPTER VII.

Remarks on Cantharides, and their beneficial effects on
the systems of Horses, when judiciously administered
— Untoward Effects liable to result from their Im-
proper Use — Necessary precautions to be observed in
using Medicines 187

Section I. — Untoward Consequences liable to result
from the Improper Use of Cantharides 192

Section II. — Necessary Precautions to be used in
giving Cantharides and other Medicines 195

CHAPTER VIII.

Directions for the Proper Use of Cantharides and other
Medicines. Feeding, Exercise, Sfc 198

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.

FiGU&E 1, Exhibits the septum of the nose, with a portion of
the bone, &c., I'emoved, the Healthy and Natural appearance of
the Mucous Membrane.

FiGtJRE 2, Exhibits the Unhealthy and Ulcerated state of the
Mucous Membrane and septum of the nose, as seen in Glanders.

PLATE IL

Figure I, Represents a portion of Lung taken from a Glan-
dered Horse with Tubercles of various sizes, and in a state of
suppuration.

A, a bronchial tube.

Figure 2, Represents a portion of Lung containing Vomicae
divided.

A, a bronchial tube.

B, a blood-vessel.

Firure 3, Represents a portion of sound healthy Lung.
B, &c. blood-vessels and bronchial tubes.

PLATE in.

Represents the Leg of a Horse, with Farcy Ulcers. See a
description of the case page 180.

Dra-wn & Fji^raved by J. Stewart.

Dtaim & Kngravod by- J .Slowart..

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

IN all probability those appearances or symp-
toms of disease in the horse denominated Glanders
and Farcy,* did not exist prior to his removal
from his native clime, as they hitherto appear to
be known only in those countries which are un-
congenial to his system.f I am principally led to
this supposition jfrom the causes which produce
them being apparently nearly similar in all coun-
tries where Glanders and Farcy are known. The
ancient Greek writers afford us but Httle valuable
information on the diseases of horses, as their
works, prior to Xenophon,| appear to have been

* Called Glanders probably from the enlargement of the sub-
maxillary gfend*, usually accompanying the discharge from the
nose. — ;Farcy, from farcimen farcio, any thing stuffed or cram-
med, as the legs generally appear when so diseased.

t See note, page 167.

X Xenophon lived about fourhimdred years before the Chris-
tian era.

Xll

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

lost, and those which have been subsequently
written, but httle known ; though Dupuy has
stated that Hippocrates assures us, confirmed
Glanders was incurable. From the early Latin
authors nothing of importance or satisfactory is to
be found on the subject, until we come to the
fourth century, when we find Vegetius treating on
both diseases. He has described the symptoms of
the Morbus Humidus, or Glanders ; and informs us,
that the ancients called it the Prqfluvium Atticim,
and recommends the injection of wine and oil
made warm, into the nostrils, and to tie the head
down with a coixi to his legs, forcing him so to
walk that the humour shall run out ; if blood flows
it is a good sign." He has also treated on " the
Morbus Farciminosus, or the Farcy, (and says) that
" it is occasioned by humors forming between the
skin and flesh, and making collections in various
parts of the body, diminishing in some, and break-
ing out in others ; that though the disease be con-
tagious, it may be cured if taken in time, and
while the internal viscera are sound."*

Most probably, somewhat similar notions to these
continued in vogue, and perhaps with Httle or no
alteration, for several centuries ; and as they occu-
pied that period which has been termed the dark

* Short History of the Horse, and Progress of Horse Know-
ledge. By Mr. B. Clark. 1824-. Page 15.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

ages, we are left entirely in doubt as to what
really occurred, and so pass at once to the early
writers of our own country.

The first of any importance seems to have been
Blundevlll, who published a work on the horse in
1609. He entertained some very absurd and ob-
scure notions of diseases, and rather strange to
say, among them we find it stated that Farcy is
occasioned by a poison \ this he appears to have
borrowed firom the Itahans or French. His fol-
lowers, Markham, De Gray, Mascal, A. Snape, &c.,
had not more enlightened views than himself, and
only differed from one another in minutias; for
whenever they were fortunate enough to record a
noticed fact, they very soon afterwards lost them-
selves in absurd reasonings.

The next author to which we shall advert is
M. Solleysel, a celebrated Frenchman, whose first
work came forth in France about the year 1669,
and was translated into EngHsh by Sir William
Hope, at the end of the sixteenth or beginning
of the seventeenth century. It is in consequence
of this writer's superior practical knowledge, and
from his having been a real matter-of-fact man,
that we have made so many selections during the
progress of our work. It therefore renders unne-
cessary in this place any further observations on
this very able Veterinarian.

Gibson and Bracken, are the next English writers

b 2

Xiv PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

that we meet with of any importance, and al-
though they have not added much more than their
predecessors in the way of cure, yet we must give
them credit- for a better description, and a more
rational mode of treatment ; and in justice to
Bracken, we can but record his disbehef in the
infectiousness of Glanders.

In the year 1749, the Sieur La Fosse, Farrier to
the King of France, presented a memoir to the
Royal Academy of Sciences, wherein he main-
tained the local nature of Glanders, and of its
being always seated in the pituitary membrane of
the nose and frontal cavities ; a subject to which
we have frequently adverted in the progress of our
work. La Fosse's opinion was subsequently taken
up by some English writers, among whom will be
found Bartlet and Bracken.

Among the older and subsequent French writers
to La Fosse, on Glanders, some of whom were
opposed to his opinion, we find the names of Gar-
sault, Malouin, Paulet, Chabert, and Gilbert, and
though they have made many remarks in some
respects well applicable to the subject, on the
whole they have left it unadvanced.

Nothing more of very great moment on the sub-
ject appeared until we arrive at the time of M.
Sainbel, (1792,) a Frenchman, the founder of the
Veterinary College, and its first and ablest teacher.
He made a series of experiments on Glanders^

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. XV

but' they were not published until after his death,
and although many valuable and just remarks are
contained in the Essay, he never explained its true
nature, or advanced any thing very important
towards effecting a cure.

The opinions entertained on Glanders and Farcy
by Mr. Coleman, M. Sainbel'S successor, and the
present Lecturer at the Veterinary College, have
been freely noticed, in order, if possible, to correct
the striking errors into which he has fallen, and in
some degree to counteract their dissemination, by
putting into the hands of the profession, the stu-
dent, and the public, a work, which the author
flatters himself will prove a satisfactory check to
the too-prevailing influence which they have hi-
therto enjoyed. Soon after Mr. Coleman's acces-
sion to the College he was accused, by Mr. Lane
in his vindication of the Enghsh Farriers, amongst
other things, of teaching the opinion of SoUeysel
on Farcy ; how far he was right in his assertion,
and Mr. Blaine in a denial of its correctness, I
leave the reader to decide.

Very few original writers oh Glanders and Farcy
have appeared among modern Veterinarians ; the
two most celebrated being Mr. Thomas Smith and
M. Dupuy, to whose able labours I have had
frequent occasion to revert, in my progress .
through this work; and although I occasionally
differ on some points, especially with M. Dupuy, I

xvi

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

must in justice to them, admit that I have derived
very considerable information from a careful peru-
sal of their works, and have availed myself of
various extracts. Mr. Thomas Smith published, in
1813, a treatise on Glanders, being at that [time
Veterinary Surgeon to the 2nd Dragoon Guards,
wherein he allows that he found himself ultimately
compelled to give up those preconceived opinions
concerning the origin of Glanders, which he had
for some time held ; and as his work does not
appear to have had much circulation among the
profession or the public, — arising, I beheve, from
reasons similar to which have frequently operated
as bars to the advancement of Veterinary Sci-
ence,— I have introduced such extracts into my
pages, as lead me to hope are calculated to do him
both honour and justice; and with the view to
show the extent of zeal he displayed on the occar-
sion. The following is taken from his Preface,
page 8, et seq., and needs no further comment.

"Although I am sensible of the proposition I
am to expect from those under the influence of a
blind zeal for opinions taken upon trust ; I never-
theless hope, that what I have to offer will be
more favourably received by the unfettered and
enlarged mind.

" That man, who subjects himself to be the
dupe of a vulgar error, by whatever authority it
may be sanctioned, or however extensively it may

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. XVii

prevail, without investigating the principles upon
which it is founded, certainly acts unworthy of
himself."

In some of the numerous editions and volumes
of Mr. White's works the reader will find a few
sensible remarks, both on Glanders and Farcy.

M. Dupuy, a French Veterinarian of some
weight, and one of the Professors at the Royal
Veterinary School at Alfort, pubhshed in 1817 a
work on Tuberculous Affections, attempting to
prove that tubercles were the cau86 of Glanders, a
translation of which is given in Mr. Percivall's
series of Lectures, Part III., pubhshed in 1826,
and to which the reader will perceive frequent
reference has been made in the course of this
work. Since that period, however, there are many
other very able French Veterinarians who have
exercised their talents in investigating the nature
of Glanders and Farcy.

About the year 1825, Mr. Sewell advertised his
intention of pubhshing a work on Tuberculous
disease, or Glanders, but as it has not yet made its
appearance, at least that / am aware of, and as he
is not remarkable for being communicative on any
subject, I have not been able to learn immediately
from him, what are Us imrtkular notions of Glan-
ders ; but as some of his remarks have long since
appeared in print, relative to the subject, I shall
introduce them here. "He (Mr. Sewell) could
decide in the dark whether a horse affected with

xviii

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

Glanders was curable or not, and by the pulse
alone. If it was forty-five in a minute, Mr. S.
would say, that the subject had diseased lungs;
he can also tell by the pulse whether the lung
is hepatized or not. Another state of lung, besides
hepatization, is the tuberculated. Here is a spe-
cimen of the miliary tubercles. ( Showing a draw-
ing.) These little tubercles suppurate, and by
coalescence form large abscesses, which discharge
their contents through the bronchia : the horse is
then considered as glandered, and destroyed. In
the early stage, even of this condition of lung, Mr.
S. has no doubt many would recover. This suppu-
ration goes on to become very offensive and fetid.
He has endeavoured to ascertain whether the
matter taken from one of these tubercles would
produce disease by inoculation : and he finds that
by tuberculous matter he can as certainly produce
tubercles, as one potatoe wdll produce another.
Asses, inoculated with such matter, have had tuber-
cles produced within their lungs in the space of
five days ; and he knows this for certain, because it
is a very rare occurrence to meet with an ass with
tuberculated lungs. Mr. S. believes the lungs to
be the seat and origin' of Glanders ; and the affec-
tion of the nostrils to be secondary."* All that

* Mr. Sewell's Introductory Lecture. 1827. Published in
the Veterinarian. Vol. I, page 41-2.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

xix

we are able to gather from this brilliant description
of Glanders appears to be, that Mr. Sewell enter-
tains similar notions respecting Glanders to M.
Dupuy; viz., that it is caused by tubercles. In
fact, we have heard the late Mr. Ganly, Veteri-
nary Surgeon to the 11th Light Dragoons, who
had studied at Alfort, say, that he first communi-
cated M. Dupuy's opinion on Glanders to Mr. S.
and that he acknowledged it to be quite new, and
received it as a correct theory.

The great deficiency of knowledge on this im-
portant subject must have been already too fre-
quently and severely felt by the numerous classes
of horse-owners, to render them not otherwise
than anxious for the reception of any plan that
might tend to check its dreadful ravages ; and
I trust, after slight reflection on their individual
losses, probably hundreds of pounds in the course
.of a year, that they will not withhold their patro-
nage from any one who may throw fresh light on
this hitherto little understood branch of Veteri-
nary Science. The loss, indeed, which accrues to
the country at large from the numbers which annu-
ally die is immense ; and the Cavalry horses, being
continually hable to become affected, renders it a
subject well worthy the attention of Government.

The Governors of the Veterinary College have
of late years considered the treatment of Glanders
of the highest importance ; and judging from what

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

I have repeatedly seen announced, and from their
very Hberal remunerations to Mr. Sewell, for the
extra-exertion of his talents, in his attempts to
elucidate the subject, no proof is wanting of the
general interest it every where excites.

In France it appears the subject has engaged
the consideration of the Senate itself, though hi-
therto with little avail, as a considerable number
of horses still become affected and die every year.
In White's Compendium of the Veterinary Art,
(1825,) page 128, it is stated, that ''In 1784, a
law was enacted by the French Government to
prevent any one from keeping a glandered horse,
under a penalty of 500 livres." Every animal sus-
pected of Glanders had the words " suspected
animal," impressed in green wax on his forehead ;
and the penalty for selHng such an animal, or
offering him for sale, was 500 hvres.

Persons having suspected animals were to report
the same immediately to the mayor, syndics of
villages, or other proper authorities, under a pe-
nalty of 500 hvres. Such horses were then in-
spected ' by experienced veterinarians, or other
competent judges, appointed by the mayor or other
officer, and if found glandered, were destroyed.
If only suspected, they were marked m the fore-
head as before described.

Among the notices to correspondents in the
Sporting Magazine for August, 1828, the following

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

xxi

appears " In reply to a question from * Phillip-
pides/ as to the legality of destroying a glandered
horse without the consent of the owner, we believe
there is an obsolete statute to that effect in exist-
ence. But ' Phillippides' should recollect, that a
discharge from a horse's nose is not always a proof
of the glanders ; and that, consequently, the en-
forcement of the law might be attended with some
risk and subsequent expense."

But on strict inquiry into the subject, we have
not been able to find or hear of any Statute that
relates to Glanders ; but as there is an express one
in regard to horses with mange, and which we
beheve has never been repealed, it may possibly
have given rise to the supposition of its being
equally applicable to glanders, from the notion that
they are both infectious. As we think with the
celebrated Blackstone, that " it is incumbent upon
every man to be acquainted with those laws, at
least, with which he is immediately concerned," we
shall offer an extract.

" No person or persons shall have, or put to
pasture, any horse, gelding, or mare, infect with
scab or mange, into or upon any forest, chase,
moor, marsh, heath, common, waste ground, or
common field, upon pain to forfeit for every horse,
gelding, or mare, so infect, pasturing in any of
the said grounds, ten shilhngs ; which offence shall
be inquirable, and presentable before the steward

XXii PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

in every leet, as other common annoyances be ;
and the forfeiture thereof to be to the lord of the
same leet, where the offences shall be presented."
32 Hen. VIII., c. 13, s. 9.

So long, frequent, and common has the occur-
rence of Glanders been in our own country, as
from time to time to occupy considerable attention,
and ages since it attracted the notice of the drama-
tist, for Shakspeare in his description of Petru-
chio's horse, thus alludes to, — " His horse hipped
with an old mothy saddle, the stirrups of no
kindred : besides, possessed with the glanders, and
like to mose in the chine ; troubled with the
lampass, infected with the fashions, full of wind'
galls, sped with spavins, raied with the yellows,
past cure of the fives, stark spoiled with the stag-
gars, begnawn with the bots ; swayed in the back,
and shoulder shotten ; ne'er legged before, and
with a half-cheeked bit, and a head-stall of sheep's
leather." — Taming the Shrew, Act 3, Scene 2.

The great difficulty of explaining diseased ap-
pearances vdthout the aid of plates, induced the
author to give such as he conceived would convey
to the reader a general idea of the subject; but
notwithstanding, it becomes highly necessary to
bear in mind, that although the diseased nasal
membrane is likened to ** the sear and yeUow
leaf," that it is only to be so understood in a
general point of view, and that the same diseased

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

xxiii

appearances, in different horses, and in the same
animal at different times, varies so much as to
baffle every effort to

" Catch, 'ere the change, the Cynthia of the riiinute."

To convey, therefore, a correct idea of the succes-
sive changes which are Hable to, and occasionally
do occur, even in the same case, would require an
indefinite number of plates, since single represen-
tations can only communicate a conception of
one particular feature of the membrane. These
observations are equally applicable to the appear-
ances in Farcy, and to the various affections of
the lungs.

A number of cases might have been easily intro-
duced, had it been in contemplation to have formed
a book of that description, — a practice at variance
with the author's opinions ; though it would, no
doubt, have enabled him to swell the size of his
volume, and to have completed his task with much
greater facility. His aim, however, he trusts, is
nobler, and one that he hopes will effect greater
and more permanent benefits, — the inculcation of
solid jjrinciples rather than visionary or speculative
theories : and, as he trusts his work may possibly
find its way into the hands of some of the numerous
classes of horse-owners throughout the country,
as well as into those of his" professional brethren,
he has studiously endeavoured to make it so plain

xxiv

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

and popular as to render it generally intelligible.
There will be found, however, an occasional re-
petition, which may render it necessary to state,
that to effect the object the author had in view it
became almost unavoidable ; there will, however,
be found as a compensation for this, no want of
brevity, no unnecessary annotations, except such
as the subjects introduced required in order to
render them plain and intelligible.

The author may here be allowed to regret that
there has not yet been published a Veterinary
Nosology, by which the profession might be ena-
bled the more briefly to comprehend diseases, and
which cannot otherwise be so well described or
understood ; it was this deficiency that first led
him into the necessity of adopting a popular form,
and of writing this work in a corresponding style.
This defect, however, he may announce will not be
felt much longer, as he has lately set to work with
a full determination of forming one, which he hopes
very shortly to be enabled to present to the profes-
sion. He also takes this opportunity of stating, that
it is his intention of publishing a series of Essays,
on the nature and treatment of all the most im-
portant diseases of the horse, so as ultimately to
form a new and entire system of veterinary practice.

I may, perhaps, be expected to assign some
reasons for thus appearing before the public ; and

PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

probably one of the most satisfactory that I can
offer will be— that the older and abler men,
who possess any knowledge whatever respecting
this matter, have hitherto allowed the subject to
remain in an miadvanced and stationary condition.
The favourable situation also which I have occu-
pied at the Veterinary College for some years past,
has afforded me so excellent an opportunity of
investigating disease, that I could not but avail
myself of the advantages of research which it
opened to my acceptance, both pubhc as well
as private ; and having carefully and cautiously
formed my opinions, and compared them with
those of other practitioners, I have thus been
enabled to expose what has appeared to me erro-
neous and prejudicial, and to preserve that httle
which was of value or consideration ; I therefore,
with less mistrust, offer the opinions which I have
formed on Glanders and Farcy to the profession
and the public, and hope to continue to do so, as
long as I shall meet with any thing new or worthy
of their attention.

In conclusion : I hope I shall not be deemed
to have been unjustly severe, or guilty of showing
partiality or favour towards any individual. The
opinions which I have advanced, and the con-
clusion to which I have arrived, I sincerely beUeve
to be correct ; and, from the unparalelled success
that has crowned my humble but zealous en-

xxvi

PRELIMINARY REMARKS,

deavours to eradicate an affection at once so fatal
and ruinous, I am led to hope that I shall not
be exposed to the maliciousness of envy, or the
severity of critical denunciation. Little practised
" in the set phrase of speech," errors of ^tyle may
be many ; but I trust the good sense and acknow-
ledged generosity of the public wall perceive coun-
ter-balancing advantages w^hich may render any
inadvertency of this kind comparatively insignifi-
cant. I can but acknowledge that I feel anxious
for the result of my first effort to become of
service in my profession, — as upon it must depend
the course of my future labours and pursuits.
Relying, however, with confidence on my system
of treatment, I shall have the satisfaction of re-
flecting, that I have done something towards re-
lieving and preserving the Hfe of an animal, almost
by nature the companion of man, and without
doubt the noblest of creation.

Royal Veterinary College,
Oct. 1, 1830.

PART L

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS OK GLANDERS AND FARCY.

The great difficulty which must ever occur in
conveying clear and comprehensive ideas of such
subjects as particularly require the aid of per-
ception, from the mind of one person to another,
through the medium of words, cannot perhaps be
better exemplified than in the attempt to com-
municate to the reader a correct impression of
those appearances of disease that take place in
the horse, and which are commonly denominated
Glanders and Farcy. This difference, it is appre-
hended, must be sufficiently obvious to every
inquirer, but more especially to those who only
may have heard or seen a descriptive account, and
afterwards been enabled to contrast it with what
they have actually seen and observed. To obviate
this great difficulty, therefore, the author is in-
duced to give such illustrative plates as he trusts
will render the subjects on which he treats not
only at once familiar to the eye, but equally, if not
more, strongly impressive on the memory.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

The various circumstances under which the
appearances of disease in the horse, denominated
Glanders and Farcy, so frequently occurs, has no
doubt given rise to the different opinions which
have been formed, and the almost endless con-
fusion which has hitherto existed, respecting the
nature and causes of these diseased appearances.
But notwithstanding the great disparity of these
opinions, several writers have noticed the fact of
Glanders and Farcy following such diseases as
Strangles, Common Colds, (Catarrh,) Grease, In-
juries of different parts, &c. ; and amongst them
are to be found Solleysel, Gibson, Taplin, and
St. Bel. But they have fallen into great error by
imagining that Glanders and Farcy is caused or
produced by a poison contained in the blood, and
that on the effects of this poison depends all the
alteration in the structure or disease of those
parts which are generally affected, — as the mem-
brane hning the nostrils, the lungs, and skin.
This is the doctrine now maintained and taught
by Mr. Coleman, and that the mode of action
is by its attacking such parts of the body as are
most susceptible of its action, constituting Glan-
ders when the membrane of the nose, or substance
of the lungs is affected, and Farcy, when the
skin and lymphatic vessels are diseased ; and I
apprehend this is the most generally prevailing
opinion even now amongst Veterinarians, Farriers,

ON GLANDERS AND FARCY.

and others; and it is this notion of a poison,
it appears, that has given rise to Glanders being
a Specific disease, and consequently to practitioners
endeavouring to discover a medicine which would
unite with the supposed Specific poison in the
blood, to neutralize and destroy it by its Specific
effects.

Having briefly stated the generally received
opinions of Glanders and Farcy, it will be ne-
cessary for me now to give a short outhne of my
own ideas on these subjects, and the results of my
observations on the nature and symptoms of Glan-
ders and Farcy as they occur in the horse, and
leave the specific poison, supposed to be contained
in the blood, to be fiilly discussed hereafter.

All the symptoms of disease, which constitute
Glanders and Farcy, invariably depend upon the
unhealthy state of the system into which it is
reduced or brought, and not, as is generally sup-
posed, from a Specific poison contained in the
blood. And these symptoms of disease are found
to depend on, and arise from, a variety of causes,
whether they occur at the latter states or stages
of common healthy inflammatory diseases, which
take place, either directly or indirectly, hi different
parts of the body, such as Strangles, Common
Colds, Distemper, Inflammation of the Lungs,
Grease, Dropsy, (Anasarca or CEdema,) Injuries,

B 2

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

&c., or whether they arise independently of such
diseases. For when the system is brought into an
unhealthy and a more or less debilitated state from
neglect, or by the improper treatment of any of
these diseases, and the following symptoms occur,
they then constitute Glanders or Farcy. And as
these symptoms only indicate the unhealthy state
of the system when they follow such common
Inflammatory diseases as we have just named,
they may be regarded as ending in, or becoming
Glanders or Farcy.

But nevertheless there are many instances where
the symptoms which constitute Glanders and Farcy
take place totally independent of common in-
flammatory and healthy diseases ; but even then
the symptoms likewise depend upon the un-
healthy state which the system is in previous to,
and at the time of their appearing or taking place ;
and consequently the system must ever be in an
unhealthy state for the symptoms of Glanders or
Farcy to show themselves.

Under this view of the subject, then, it must
appear that Glanders and Farcy is nothing more
nor less than terms indicating unhealthy disease
of certain parts of the body, particularly those
of the mucous membrane which lines the nose,
the substance of the lungs, the skin, and the
cellular membrane underneath.

ON GLANDERS AND FARCY.

Veterinarians and Farriers, from not having made
a distinction between the healthy and unhealthy
state of the system when inflammatory disease
appears, or from being totally unacquainted with
the fact, have been in confusion, and fallen into
many errors respecting Glanders and Farcy. For
some contend that the symptoms of disease in one
horse indicates Glanders or Farcy, and others, that
they do not ; and consequently they have been
obliged to make use of various auxiliary terms to
express what they meant, such as Suspected, bor-
dering on, or approaching to. Glanders or Farcy ;
words of httle or no import beyond that of
showing, that there are degrees of unhealthy ap-
pearances, and which appearances constitute the
symptoms of disease.

Solleysel has stated that there are seven kinds
of Farcy, and described the appearances of the
ulcerated parts in each : M. M. Saunier and
La Fosse treat of several sorts of Glanders, and
Mr. Coleman divides Glanders into two kinds, the
Chronic, when there is no ulceration of the mucous
membrane which Hnes the nose, and Acute, when
ulcers in that membrane are to be seen.

Now it appears to me, on minute investigation,
that those persons who have been in any way con-
cerned with the diseases of horses, have been in
the constant practice of including all unhealthy

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

discharges from the nostrils,* whether the mucous
membrane was ulcerated or not, under the general
and sweeping term of Glanders ; and hence the
origin of such auxihary teiTas and expressions as
Suspected, approaching to, or borderi?ig on Glanders.
And they likewise appear to have included under
the term Farcy, all those inflammatory enlargements
of the extremities which take place in unhealthy
animals, whether the lymphatic vessels were in-
flamed and enlarged or not, with ulcers appearing
in the skin of the extremities ; as well as those
cases in which unhealthy ulcers are found in other
parts of the skin, when the ulcers and discharge
assume, or put on an unhealthy character and
appearance ; -and hence has originated the terms
of suspected, approaching to, or bordering on. Farcy ;
and as such auxiliary terms as these have got into
general use, in conjunction with the words Glan-
ders and Farcy, it will be necessary for me, in
describing the symptoms of disease, to separate
the healthy from the unhealthy, in order to make
the subject better and more clearly understood ;
and this I shall now proceed to do.

In common inflammatory diseases, the system is

* Mr. B. Clark has, however, made use of the term, Nasal
Farcy Gleets of Horses, but without defining the distinction
between it and Glanders, or stating whether the membrane was
at the same time ulcerated.

ON GLANDERS AND FARCY.

always in a more or less healthy state ; but on the
contrary, when those symptoms of disease which
constitute Glanders or Farcy occur, the system is
always in a more or less unhealthy state ; and in
proof of this I may advance, that the diseases of a
common inflammatory nature, such as Strangles,
Colds, Inflammation of the Lungs, Grease, In-
juries, &c., from neglect or improper treatment,
frequently degenerate into what is commonly termed
Glanders or Farcy.

The diseases of every animal will, therefore,
assume a character according to the state of the
system ; that is, if the animal should happen
to be in a healthy state when an inflammatory
disease takes place, a healthy inflammatory action
will be the result ; but if, on the contrary, the
animal should be in an unhealthy state, then an
unhealthy inflammatory disease will be the conse-
quence ; and this is found to be one reason,
amongst a multitude of others, w^hy horses in large
cities and crowded places, from the impure air
which they breathe, are much more frequently
affected with all the different symptoms of un-
healthy inflammatory diseases which are included
under the general and sweeping terms of Glanders
and Farcy,

SYMPTOMS WHICH CONSTITUTE

CHAPTER II.

THE APPEARANCES AND SYMPTOMS WHICH CONSTITUTE
WHAT IS TERMED GLANDERS AND FARCY.

Those diseased appearances which occur in the
horse, and are usually denominated Glanders, are
best distinguished by a discharge of unhealthy
matter from one or both of the nostrils, varying in
quantity ; and instead of flowing away fi*eely, most
commonly adheres to the edges of the nostrils ; at
the same time presenting a sizy or glue-like appear-
ance, sometimes streaked or tinged with blood, and
the extremities, or openings of the nostrils, are
observed to be more contracted than is usually the
case in the other diseases to which these parts are
liable, such as Colds, Strangles, &c.

The mucous membrane lining the nostrils is the
part from which the discharge takes place in Glan-
ders, and, on inspection, this membrane will be
found to be of a paler colour than when in a
healthy and natural state, with a tawny hue, or
yellowish tinge, and unhealthy in appearance,

" Like the wan and sickly leaf of autumn."

And in some instances this characteristic appear-
ance is quite dark, and nearly approaches to a
copper colour. Ulcers are also sometimes formed
in this membrane, which gi-adually enlarge, and

WHAT IS TERMED GLANDERS AND FARCY. D

these likewise appear of the same unhealthy nature
as the membrane.

Frequently one, and occasionally both, of the
Sub-maxillary lymphatic glands,* which are situated
between the lower or posterior jaw, will be found
to be more or less enlarged, and tender from in-
flammation : but they are only shghtly affected in
some instances ; and as the symptoms of the
disease advance, these glands become less sensible
to the touch, more indurated or thickened, and
ultimately take on a hardened or schirrous cha-
racter.

The animal is generally more or less off his
stomach, appearing languid and weak, and alto-
gether out of condition, with a rough and unkindly
coat ; and as the symptoms of the disease increase
or proceed, the appetite becomes still more dimi-
nished, and the system weaker ; profuse sweating
comes on from slight exertion, the membrane and
discharge from the nostrils become more unhealthy,
the ulceration extends, and in such cases as have
hitherto been without ulcers at this period or stage
of the disease, most generally exhibit them. But
it is necessary to bear in mind, that there are some
cases where ulcers exist in the membrane, as well
as some in which they do not, where the appetite
is tolerably good, and the animal capable of under-

* Vulgarly called Kernels.

SYMPTOMS WHICH CONSTITUTE

going moderate exertion, by performing a certain
quantity of labour ; and this state may continue
for some time where care is taken ; but these cases
when neglected, ultimately exhibit similar symptoms
to those already stated.

There are some cases of Glanders where ab-
scesses and unhealthy ulcers form in the skin of
various parts of the body, and which discharge
matter of an unhealthy and infectious nature ; and
this, when introduced into the system of some
animals by inoculation, will produce similar effects
as the discharge from the nostrils would, if taken
from the same animal ; and in such cases as these,
the animal is then considered to have both Glan-
ders and Farcy.

It occasionally happens, that when Farcy follows
Glanders, that a considerable enlargement and
swelling of one or more of the extremities takes
place, and, in some cases, conjointly with enl^a*ged
and inflamed lymphatic vessels ; whilst m others,
these vessels may be diseased without any great
enlargement of the extremities.

The symptoms of Farcy sometimes precede
those of Glanders ; and in other cases, those of
Glanders come on before Farcy appearances : and
again, a horse may show symptoms which indicate
Glanders without any of those which belong to
Farcy.

If an unhealthy discharge takes place from the

WHAT IS TERMED GLANDERS AND FARCY. 11

membrane lining the nostrils, when a horse is
affected with Farcy, by no means an unfrequent
occurrence, then the discharge, from its unhealthy
and infectious character, will constitute Glanders.

The animal's appetite, strength, and general con-
dition, commonly varies in Farcy much the same
as it does in Glanders ; and the mucous membrane
of the nostrils, both in Farcy and Glanders, will
be found to appear of a more or less unhealthy
nature, and of a pale, yellowish cast, indicating
an unhealthy state of the whole system.

A cough is sometimes a symptom both of Glan-
ders and Farcy, and occasionally it indicates disease
of the lungs ; a state in which they are in some in-
stances found on examination after death ; but there
are cases, both of Glanders and Farcy, where no
alteration or disorganization of these parts, or any
disease of the lungs, are to be found, when the
only unnatural appearances to be observed are^
that these parts, together with all others of the
body, are much whiter in colour, and weaker m
texture, than is usually found to be the case in
those animals which are destroyed when in a
perfect state of health.

ON GLANDERS AND FARCY AS THE RESULT

, CHAPTER III.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON GLANDERS AND FARCY AS THE
RESULT OF COMMON INFLAMMATORY DISEASES, VIZ.,
TRUE AND FALSE STRANGLES, COMMON COLDS, (CA-
TARRH,) DISTEMPER, (EPIZOOTIC, GENERALLY TERMED
EPIDEMIC disease) INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS, &C.

Glanders and Farcy have hitherto been most
commonly described and treated as distinct and
separate diseases, whereas they are, if properly con-
sidered, only the unhealthy, and, not unfrequently,
the latter stages of common inflammatory diseases of
certain parts of the body, generally of the mucous
membrane of the nostrils, cellular texture, or sub-
stance of the lungs, the skin, or the connecting
cellular membrane underneath ; and the inflam-
matory diseases which Glanders and Farcy most
frequently follow, are those termed Strangles, true
and false, Common Colds, Distemper, Acute and
Sub-Acute Inflammation of the lungs, general or
local Dropsy, (Anasarca or CEdema,) and the latter,
whether it occurs from general, or local debility,
conjointly with Grease, or Injuries of different
parts of the body or not ; as, for instance, when a
horse has been for a time labouring under one or
other of these common inflammatory diseases, from

OF COMMON INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. 13

the effect of which, or by improper treatment, the
system has been brought into an unhealthy state.

When such changes as these take place, and the
discharge and ulcerations become unhealthy, the
disease with which the animal was before afflicted
is now altered from its original character, and,
under these circumstances, the animal is usually
considered to have become Glandered or Farcied.

Glanders and Farcy not only follow such dis-
eases as have been just mentioned, but also appear
sometimes in unhealthy and debilitated animals
from over-exertion and other causes, and without
being preceded by any of the former named dis-
eases of a common inflammatory character ; and
this is occasioned by the system being reduced to
an unhealthy state from the same causes as those
which, in more healthy and vigorous animals,
would be found to produce Strangles, Common
Colds, Inflammation of the lungs, &c.

I shall now proceed to explain, as clearly as
I am able, the symptoms and diseased appearances
which take place in Glanders and Farcy, the
causes, and circumstance under which they occur,
pointing out at the same time such cases as are
remediable, with the most rational mode of cure ;
commencing with Glanders and Farcy, as following
the true and false Strangles.

NATURE AND SYMPTOMS OF

CHAPTER IV.

NATURE AND SYMPTOMS, PROGRESS AND TERMINATION,
OF TRUE AND FALSE STRANGLES, ENDING IN, OR FOL-
LOWED BY, GLANDERS OR FARCY.

Both the true and false form of Strangles, like
Common Colds, consist of a greater or less degi-ee
of inflammation of the mucous membrane that
lines the upper part of the throat, (or larynx,)
wind-pipe, (or trachea,) and bronchial tubes ; and
in some cases the cellular texture, or substance of
the lungs, participates in the inflammation.

At the commencement of Strangles there is
generally a cough, with considerable soreness of
the throat, and a difficulty in swallowing ; and in
the act of doing so, or in the attempt to swallow,
there is sometimes a convulsive wheezing brought
on, which is followed by a copious discharge of
sahva and mucus from the throat and mouth ; and
after coughing, a discharge of matter is very often
produced from both nostrils of a white or yellowish
colour.

In addition to these symptoms, there is an
external enlargement, with considerable swelling
and tenderness, of the skin and cellular membrane
of the throat, and particularly in that part which
covers the Parotid and Sub-maxillary salivary

TRUE AND FALSE STRANGLES.

glands,* as well as in the glands themselves.
Sometimes abscesses form in these parts; and
during the progress to suppm'ation, and previous
to the matter being discharged, the sweUing and
enlargement is so great as occasionally to compress
the passages leading to the lungs, and by pre-
venting the air passing through the upper part of
the wind-pipe (or larynx) in some instances it is
necessary to perform tracheotomy, by making an
opening in the middle of the wind-pipe, and in-
troducing a proper tube, in order to prevent the
animal from being suffocated. The Sub-maxillary
lymphatic glands, the skin, and cellular membrane
which surrounds and covers them, also partake
more or less of the swelling and enlargement,
inflammation and tenderness ; and these glands,
when the animal is treated in a judicious manner,
and particularly in cases where the constitution is
strong, gradually enlarge and suppurate, and if
not artificially opened, ultimately discharge a more
or less quantity of thick, white, and healthy
matter. But quite the reverse of this is the case
when the true form of Strangles degenerates into
the false ; a frequent occurrence, when the system
has been reduced by large and repeated blood-
lettings, strong physic, or diuretic medicines ; for,

* Situated a little below the ears, and rather inside tlie broad
part of the lower jaw.

NATURE AND SYMPTOMS OF

by such treatment, the suppurative process of
the glands is suddenly checked, and in con-
sequence they become hard or schirrous. But
there are instances where they proceed to sup-
puration very slowly, and with great difficulty, and
the matter formed is then much less in quantity,
and of a more or less unhealthy character than in
the true and regular form of Strangles, when
violent remedies have not been used. The pulse
in Strangles is commonly increased, and in some
cases the respiration also ; the eyes appear dull
and languid, the head is thrust forward with a
reluctance to eat, and, in some cases, the animal
appears to have a great desire to drink ; but from
the tenderness of the throat, and difficulty in
swallowing, after a gulp or two, stops, and is
unable to quench his "thirst, yet very reluctant
to part with the water, which he e^ddently craves ;
and in such cases, from the soreness, and difficulty
in swallowing the water when taken into the mouth,
instead of passing down the throat, is fi-equently
returned, and escapes by the nostrils. On some
occasions it happens that the inflammation extends
to the lungs ; and in such cases as these, there is a
greater increase of the pulse and respiration ; and
in cases of this sort it will be necessary to keep
the animal cool, and take away a moderate portion
of blood. The extremities are sometimes found

TRUE AND FALSE STRANGLES.

slightly eiilai-ged and swollen, and the appetite bad,
with a great degree of languor and reluctance to
move.

It is also necessary to state, that the false form
of Strangles occasionally occurs independent of the
true form, and without following it ; but this only
takes place in those animals where the system is
too weak to exhibit the symptoms which ^constitute
the true form.

Section I.

Difference between the True and False form of

Strangles.

The pulse in the true or regular form of this
disease is always fuller and stronger than in the
false or suppressed Strangles, and the mucous
membrane of the nostrils redder, with a more
healthy appearance, and it discharges a greater
quantity of healthy matter. The membrane of
the nose is also less liable to be ulcerated, and
if ulcers are present, they assume a more healthy
appearance, and quickly heal, and are not so hable
to degenerate into Glanders as the false or irre-.
gular Strangles.

In the true form of Strangles there is very

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TRUE

rarely ulceration of the nasal membrane, and this
true form seldom degenerates into Glanders, unless
in very badly managed cases : while on the other
hand, in false Strangles, followed by Glanders, ul-
ceration is not uncommon.

The false form of Strangles never becomes the
true ; but the true, by bad management, or from
other causes, very frequently degenerates into the
false or irregular form; and by continued bad
treatment, causes an unhealthy state of the body,
which ultimately terminates in what is termed
Glanders.

SoUeysel was well aware that the false or
irregular form of Strangles when neglected, run
into Glanders, for, in treating on Strangles, he
states as follows : " When there is only an im-
perfect evacuation of humour, the horse is fre-
quently troubled with False Strangles at the age
of Six, Ten, or Twelve years ; which being
neglected, degenerates to the Glanders."* And he
also appears to have been fully aware of the true
form of Strangles ending in Glanders, for, m the

* See the " Complete Horseman, by the Steur dc SoUeysel,
Querry to the French King for his Great Horses, and one of the
Royal Academy at Paris, made into English from the eighth
edition of the original. By Sir William Hope, Kt., Deputy-
Lieutenant of the Castle of Edinhurgh. The Second Edition,
1717, corrected from many Errors in the former Edition."
Part II, Chap. IX, Sect. 1, p. 15.

AND FALSE FORM OF STRANGLES.

next page, he states, " But horses that are used to
dry food must not be turned out to grass, which
would cool 'em too much, and perhaps turn the
Strangles to the Glmiders" And, further, that
critical writer TapHn, in his concluding obser-
vations on Strangles, likewise makes the following
statement : " It is necessary to be remarked, and
well remembered, that the disease we now treat of,
by neglect and inattention, sometimes degenerates
to a confirmed glanders."*

SoUeysel also appears to have been fully ac-
quainted with the difficulty, and danger which
occurs in the false or irregular form of Strangles,
for on this point he observes, in treating On the
False or Bastard Strangles, " This Distemper
makes the Horses a great deal more sick than the
true Strangles, and sometimes they die for want of
due Assistance, or the , Disease generates to the
Glanders ; and, therefore, great care must be taken
to keep 'em warm, and to administer effectual
Remedies."f

* The Gentleman's Stable Directory, or Modern System of
Farriery, by William Taplin, 10th Edition, page 286.
f Solleysel, Part II, Chap. X, Section 1, page 21.

c 2

NATURE OF THE TRUE

Section II.

Nature of the True and False forms of Strangles.

The Strangles in the horse have been compared
by several old writers, as w^ell as many of the
moderns, to the small-pox, measels, &c., in the
human subject ; and it appears to be in con-
sequence of the disease only taking place once
during the life of the animal, under the true fonn,
and that mostly between one and five, or six years
old. But this is by no means a constant rule ; for
though horses, generally speaking, have the disease
only once, there are many instances where the
Strangles occur under the true, or regular form, a
second time, during the above named periods. The
false form of Strangles may take place in the
early, as well as the advanced stages, both in such
animals as have, or have not undergone the disease
in the true form.

Some persons contend, and amongst this class is
Mr. Coleman, that Strangles is caused by an animal
poison taken into the blood, and circulated with it,
from breathing the impure and contaminated air of
Stables. SoUeysel, in the chapter, wherein he
treats on Strangles, states, that " there are various
opinions concerning the cause of this Distemper :
For some look for its Original in the Mares'

AND FALSE FORM OF STRANGLES. 21

womb, from whence, (they think) the Foal brings
the Seed of it, which some years after, when the
natural Heat is considerably augmented, break
forth, and agitate the Humours, which by degrees
are discharged on some part of the Body, where
they usually come to Suppuration. Others are of
opinion, that the change of Nourishment, that is,
of Milk to more solid Food, makes a notable
Alteration in the Body, both in the Humours, and
in the Parts that are nourished by 'em, which is
followed by Fermentation, that obliges Nature to
make an Attempt to expel the Remainders of the
first Distemper."*

Gibson gives as the causes of Strangles, change
of diet, alteration of air and exercise, with some
others, as by taking cold, shedding or changing the
teeth, or whatever may induce pain, or bring a
flux of humours at any critical time upon the
Throat and Jaws.

Taplin considered Strangles to have arisen from
an accumulation of impurities in the body, imbibed
with the food.

White asserts, that the Strangles is a disease of
the throat, consisting of an inflammation of the
tonsils, and terminating in an abscess under the
Jaws.

Blaine, one of the latest writers who has given

* Solleysel, Part II, Chap. X, Sect. 1, p. 15.

NATURE OF THE TRUE

his own opinion on the subject, states, " It may be
characterised as a catarrhal affection, accompanied
with a specific phlegmonous inflammation of the
cellular substance, in and around the parotid and
sub-maxillary glands, tending in most instances to
abscess."

The last opinion which I shall notice on the
subject of Strangles, is one that deserves very
particular attention, it is that of M. Rodet, Jun.,
one of the Professors at the Royal Veterinary
School at Alfort, and which I shall copy
as it appears in the Farrier and Naturalists'
Journal for July, 1828, p. 330, there given as a
translation from the Jour. Prat. Med. Vet., and
taken from his Essay " On the Treatment of
Strangles in Horses, by the Antiphlogistic Plan,
addressed to the Medical Society of Emulation of
Paris." M. Rodet being one of the corresponding
Members, his Memoir is most interesting ; as it
treats, in a new manner, a subject on which much
has been written, but which has not been well
understood ; although he has made a grand step in
this department of Veterinary Pathology.

"According to a popular author, the Strangles
' consists in a poisoii of an uncertain quality, which
circulates in the blood, until nature makes an effort
to throw it off, and it settles on a part, which is
usually the nose or under jaw."

" If the poison be not expelled, that is, if the

AND FALSE FORM OF STRANGLES.

horse does not have the Strangles, he is generally
considered in great danger ; and this opinion is even
maintained by many persons in the profession.

" M. Rodet, dissatisfied with this vague account,
has made experiments which throw great hght
upon the subject, and has proved the absurdity of
the vulgar opinion. He considers the Strangles as
an inflammation of the throat, which differs in no
respect from many other affections of these parts
known under different names.

" This author, who admits nothing which expe-
rience has not sanctioned, meets the advocates of
the innate cause pf Strangles with the following
fact, which refutes them completely : —

" The horses of warm countries, such as Arabia,
the coast of Africa, Spain, and even Italy, never
have Strangles,— a disease known only in the
middle and northern parts of Europe. Now, have
we not a right to ask, by what privilege the horses
of the South are preserved from Strangles, if this
affection were solely to be. attributed to the exis-
tence of a particular poison ? And also, why Bar-
bary horses (we cite them as an example) are less
sickly and more vigorous than those of our own
country, as they do not go through that puri-
fication— that cleansing which is here considered so
indispensable to the health of our horses ?

" The inflammation called Strangles, cannot be
attributed to an innate poison which circulates in

NATURE or THE TRUE

the blood from the birth of the animal ; and it is
not the effect of any single cause, it is referable,
according to M. Rodet —

1st, To the disturbance of second dentition,
which takes place between the ages of three and
five, and is sufficiently painful to cause an increased
action, more or less, of all the neighbouring parts.

" 2dly, To the castration of males.

"3dly, To the changes in diet and situation
which young horses undergo.

" 4thly, To the unusual fatigue which they under-
go in training ; — all circumstances which happen
about that period, and which add more or less, to
the activity of the first and principal cause.

"The fact before mentioned on the subject of
Souttiern horses, still comes in support of this
opinion : they are free from the Strangles when
not castrated, and left in their native countiy : but
they lose this advantage if they are castrated, and
taken young into cold and humid climates, where
we find them placed under the influence of the
above causes, They do not carry with them the
germ of the complaint, but they acquire it in the
country, to which they are taken.

" The errors in the treatment of Strangles have
chiefly attracted the attention of M. Rodet. In
consequence of the opinion that [the Strangles,
being a poison generated with the animal, is an
indispensable complaint, — a crisis wliich is nc-

AND FALSE FORM OF STRANGLES.

cessaiy to take place, — it is generally believed that
we ought to assist it as much as possible ; above
all, to be carefal of checking it by bleeding, which,
however, is the best means of cure.

" It is a great satisfaction to many people, when
a horse "with the Strangles has discharged well ; it
is a guarantee for his future health — the more goes
out, the less remains, they think. This reasoning,
which appears singular to physiologists, is, however,
without any exaggeration, that of many persons
who are not devoid of knowledge ; but who, upon
this particular subject, reason wrongly. Every
day we hear amateurs and officers of cavalry com-
plaining to dealers that they stop the Strangles on
their horses by bleeding them when it shows itself;
and attribute all the complaint which may after-
wards occur to the Strangles repelled, or badly
thrown out.

" M. Rodet has not admitted any of these evi-
dently erroneous opinions : he treats the Strangles
by the antiphlogistic plan, in which bleeding is a
principal agent, by powerftil counter-irritation,
(setons, blisters, &c.) The success which he has
met with in this rational plan has been very great,
as may be seen in his Essay, which contains the
history of twenty-two cases treated on this plan,
twenty of which were successful ; to the other two
he was called too late, and in them he remarked a

NATURE OF THE TRUE

complication of symptoms. The author inquires,
upon what this generally-received opinion is
founded — that stopping the Strangles, and the
non-expulsion of the supposed virus, can have
injurious effects ? He observes, that the dealers
who have horses on the point of showing the
Strangles, disperse the first symptoms of it by re-
peated bleedings, which check the inflammation ;
but they do not follow up the bleeding by any
additional means to render its effect durable ; and,
besides, they continue to keep the animals under
the influence of the causes which first produced it.
It results, that inflammation, imperfectly treated,
recurs again after a time, and gives rise to diseases
of more or less importance, which ought to be
attributed to this bad treatment, and not to the
bleeding ; which is good, and the most useful
remedy in our power.

" M. Rodet concludes, from the observations
contained in his Essay, —

" 1st, That the Strangles, far fi'om being an
affection sui generis, is truly an inflammation of
the mucous membrane of the mouth, nostrils,
larynx, trachea, &c. : it may extend, by continuity
or sympathy, to the tissues which that membrane
invests, to the glands, the lungs, and even to the
stomach.

"2ndly, That bleeding, aided by other anti-

AND FALSE FORM OF STRANGLES. 27

phlogistic means, to which is joined the use of
the most active counter-irritants, constitutes the
proper treatment of Strangles,

"3rdly, That bleeding, employed without the
auxiharies in question, may certainly have the bad
consequences which have been attributed to it by
ignorant people."

I can readily coincide, in part, with some of these
writers on the nature of Strangles, and particularly
with M. Rodet, but I cannot by any means recon-
cile myself to his mode of treatment in general, or
agree with him on every point of treatment, espe-
cially in that of copious and frequent blood-letting,
with a view of preventing suppuration taking place.

In the statement which is made, that, " every
day we hear amateurs and officers of Cavalry com-
plaining to dealers, that they stop the Strangles in
their horses by bleeding them when it shows itself,
and attribute all the complaints which may after-
wards occur to the Strangles repelled or badly
thrown out." Now I am fully aware that this is a
very generally received opinion in England, as well
as in France, and I have not the least doubt but
this doctrine is founded on fact ; and though officers
and other persons may be mistaken in regard to
the nature and causes of diseases, they may most
certainly be allowed to judge from facts and the
effects which they see follow from the treatment of
Strangles or other diseases.

NATURE OF THE TRUE

The Strangles, more particularly in some animals,
where the system is in a vigorous and healthy
state when the inflammatory symptoms run high,
with a full and strong pulse and a considerably
increased respiration, are such cases only as
admit of moderate blood-letting, and occasionally
to be repeated, then this plan may be found
of great benefit ; but when, on the contrary, the
system is weak, then bleeding and reducing the
animal will be followed by the worst of con-
sequences ; in short, large or repeated bleedings,
with a view to prevent suppuration, will have the
effect of checking the animal's growth when young,
and, in many instances, from the direct debility
which it produces on the shghtest exciting cause
being applied, although the animal has appa-
rently recovered, will be more liable to take on any
future disease of the following parts, as the mucous
membranes, substance of the lungs, skin, &c. ; and
any of these affections may, directly or indirectly,
end in Glanders or Farcy : and similar effects
may also be produced by an injudicious use of
strong and repeated physic and diuretic medicines,
and other debihtating remedies. This is by far
most frequently the case when the Strangles occur
in a suppressed form ; and in such cases, instead of
reducing the system too much, gentle tonics ought
rather to be given, such as Gentian in combination
with Ginger, &c., to rouse and increase the system.

AND FALSE FORM OF STRANGLES.

and cause the suppurative process to take place.
Horses, while labouring under the true form of
Strangles, are very frequently brought into the
false or suppressed form, and this is also in con-
sequence of the same injudicious modes of treat-
ment, such as copious blood-lettings, purging, and
diuretic medicines, &c. ; and the false, as already
stated, frequently degenerates into Glanders or
Farcy.

The false form of Strangles is most frequently
found to take place in those horses which are much
exposed to wet and cold, or are badly fed, — as
horses at Straw-yards, &c. or by continually breath-
ing impure air ; and likewise, in those cases where
the system has been reduced to a more or less
debilitated state, by the injurious application of a
variety of predisposing and exciting causes, such
as before stated. While, on the contrary, the
true form of Strangles, most frequently occurs in
animals in a better state of condition, stronger and
well-fed, and in which the system is in a more pre-
disposed state to take on acute inflammation than
it is in the false. The false form of Strangles, as
it is termed, therefore requires the system, in most
cases, to be moderately supported; but the tme
form, may, in some instances, require the system to
be reduced in a moderate degree by bleeding, &c.,
but it ought not to be carried so far as to prevent
suppuration taking place.

30 PROGRESS OF GLANDERS AND FARCY

Section III.

Symptoms and Progress of Glanders and Farcy,
occmring after or following the Strajigles.

The symptoms which present themselves to
notice when the Strangles terminates in Glanders,
are the following, — the discharge from the nostrils
may be observed to have lost its white and healthy
colour ; to be considerably less in quantity and
of a thinner consistence ; and of a darker coloured,
unhealthy, sizy, or glue-like appearance ; and instead
of flowing freely from the nostrils, as heretofore,
adheres closely round the exterior openings, or
edges of the nostrils. But these are not the only
changes that have taken place in the discharge ; for
it now becomes of a more unhealthy and infectious
character, capable of producing, in some horses,
and nearly every ass, a similar disease, by inocula-
tion of the parts about the nostrils, and ultimately,
in some, death. The discharge, instead of coming
away equally from each nostril as heretofore, in
some cases now becomes confined to one only, and
more particularly to that side in which the lym-
phatic gland is most diseased : but in many cases
the discharge is about equal from both nostrils.
The extremities of the nostrils become more closed
and contracted, and on examining the membrane

OCCURRING AFTER STRANGLES.

lining the nostrils, it will be found to have changed
the red and healthy appearance and assumed a
more or less unhealthy one, of a pale yellowish
colour, occasionally darker, and inclining towards a
copper colour, indicating an unhealthy appearance ;
and in such cases, where ulceration existed previous
to this state of the membrane occurring, the ulcers
will be found to have changed from a red and
healthy state, and to have taken on a similarly un-
healthy one. In cases of Glanders following
Strangles, when there is no ulceration of the mem-
brane lining the nostrils present, but, after the
sjrmptoms of Glanders have appeared, either for a
long or short time, an unhealthy ulceration of these
parts are found to occur : the former state of the
membrane, that is, without ulceration, is designated
by Mr. Coleman, the Chronic Glanders, while the
latter state, when ulceration takes place, he terms
the Acute form of the disease ; and he has also
adopted the same terms, under whatever circum-
stances Glanders appear. The suppuration and
discharge of matter from the sub-maxillary lym-
phatic glands, in cases where Glanders occur
after suppuration of these parts have taken place,
will be found to be considerably less in quantity,
thinner in consistence, darker in colour, and of a
much more unhealthy hue than before; and in
cases of false Strangles, where these glands are
tending towards a state of suppuration previous to

S2 PROGRESS OF GLANDERS AND FARCY, &C.

Glanders occurring, as soon as the symptoms of
Glanders appear, the suppurative process of these
glands suddenly diminish or wholly cease, and they
soon become considerably harder and quite schir-
rous, and the membrane of the nostrils will be
found to assume the same unhealthy appearance as
we have before described.

In some of the cases of Glanders which follow
the Strangles, or shortly after the symptoms appear,
small tumors are sometimes to be observed on the
sides of the face, in other cases on the neck, and
occasionally also, on one or more of the extremities
or other parts of the body : these tumors proceed
to suppuration, and ultimately form unhealthy ab-
cesses and ulcers in the parts, and the matter or
discharge from them will be found of a thin and
unhealthy consistence, of the same infectious cha-
racter, and capable of producing similar effects on
being introduced into the system of other animals
by inoculation, as the discharge taken from the
nostrils would do in the same disease, and whenever
this is observed to be the case the animal is then
considered to be Glandered and Farcied.

CHAPTER V.

NATURE AND SYMPTOMS, PROGRESS AND TERMINATION,
OF COMMON COLD, (CATARRH,) DISTEMPER, (EPIZOOTIC
DISEASE, &C.,) ENDING IN, OR FOLLOWED BY, GLANDERS
AND FARCY.

The leading symptoms of Common Cold, (Ca-
tarrh,) at the commencement and during the
progress of the disease, are not so acute as
those in Strangles ; the membrane of the nostrils
is not found to be so red or inflamed,^ the sub-
maxillary lymphatic glands are not very frequently
enlarged, and, when they are affected, the in-
flammation and enlargement is in a less degree,
generally subsides sooner, and does not proceed
to suppuration, as in the Strangles. The soreness
of the throat and difficulty in swallowing is also,
in general, much less, and, in many cases, not to
be observed. But some cases of Common Colds
are met with, where the tenderness of the throat
and the difficulty of swallowing, is nearly equal to
the same symptoms in Strangles.

The Parotid glands are sometimes slightly en-
larged, and the skin and cellular membrane round
the throat inflamed, and occasionally abscesses form,
but not to the same extent as in the Strandes.
The inflammatory state of the system, and the

SYMPTOMS OF COMMON COLD

increased state of the circulation and respiration,
is not, in general, very violent in Common Colds ;
and the animal is capable of undergoing moderate
exertion without much inconvenience, at the com-
mencement of the disease ; although, in most in-
stances, the appetite is more or less impaired : while
in Strangles we mostly find the circulation in-
creased, with other inflammatory symptoms — hot
mouth, loss of appetite, and the animal incapable
of undergoing any considerable exertion ; though
this circumstance is sometimes the case in Common
Colds, but not so frequent by far as in Strangles.

There are cases where inflammation of the mem-
brane of the nostrils extends down the wind-pipe,
(trachea,) to the bronchial tubes, as in Strangles,
and in which the pulse and respiration is found to
be considerably increased, with coldness of the
extremities ; and if those cases are neglected, or
improperly treated, they may end in a chronic
disease of the lungs, or death, or directly or ulti-
mately run into Glanders or Farcy.

In the greater number of cases of Common
Colds, the animal looses his strength and appetite,
and if there be much disease present, and the
animal is taken to work, he sweats and quickly
loses his condition. In some instances there is
a cough, and in all cases a discharge from the
nostrils, which is commonly white and healthy,
and less in quantity than in the Strangles ; at the

ENDING IN GLANDERS AND FARCY.

same time coming away more freely, and without
adhering to the edges of the nostrils as in Glanders.

The symptoms of Common Cold are hable to
take place at all periods of the animal's life, and
at all seasons of the year, though, in many instances,
without much inconvenience.

Section I.

Symptoms of Common Cold, ( Catarrh,) as appearing
under an Epizootic form, and ending in Glanders
or Farcy.

Having given a brief description of Common Cold,
(Catarrh,) as it is liable to occur at all times and
seasons of the year, I shall now describe the disease
as it appears under an Epizootic* or general form,
for when it thus occurs it is of a more dangerous
character, and requires a more careful mode of
treatment than when only in the common or simple
form.

* From the Greek words, Epi, upon, zoon, an animal ; a very
appropriate term, as being applicable to all animals. The word,
Epidemic, being from the Greek of Epi, upon, demos, the people,
consequently ought not to be used in diseases of animals, though
very frequently so applied. With the French Veterinarians, the
word Epizootic, appears to be in general use.

D 2

36 COMMON COLD UNDER AN EPIZOOTIC FORM,

This description of cold most frequently occurs
when the weather is changeable, particularly -in
the spring and autumn months, and from being
prevalent in some seasons more than others ; it
has in consequence been considered to be a con-
tageous disease, viz., capable of being communi-
cated from one animal to another by the actual
contact of the matter which is discharged from
the nostrils ; while others have considered this
form of cold to be of an infectious nature, viz.,
capable of being communicated from one animal to
another through the medium of the breath, or air
expired from the lungs ; and these opinions are, f
apprehend, still entertained by many modern Ve-
terinarians : but the most probable cause of this
disease appears, to me, to be the sudden changes
and variable state of the atmosphere, as from dry
to wet, and from, hot to cold ; and it also appears
to be produced by a long continued easterly windj
or these causes in combination ; and, when this
form of disease is prevalent, nearly all domesticated
animals are liable to be affected, whether confined
or exposed to the atmosphere. Various terms
have, in consequence, been applied to it ; when it
occurs amongst horses, it is called Distemper, In-
fluenza, Contagious Catarrh, Catarrhal Fever,
Epidemic Catarrh, Epidemic and Epizootic disease,
&c. ; and when it appears in Cattle, it has been

ENDING IN GLANDERS AND FARCY.

designated by the name of Quarter Evil, or 111,
Blood Striking/Black Quarter, Joint Felon, &c.

This form of disease is similar in character to
common Cold, (Catarrh,) as far as regards the
discharge from the nostrils, state of the mucous
membrane, submaxillary lymphatic and parotid
glands ; as also the inflammation of the sur-
rounding cellular membrane and soreness of the
throat; but the symptoms are always more com-
plicated and dangerous than in Common Colds.

There is also greater dulness and general debility,
with a want of appetite, and more or less of a
dropsical swelling of the extremities ; (Anasarca ; )
but this symptom is not so frequent in Common
Colds. The pulse and circulation is also more
increased, the body bound, and the animal less able
to undergo exertion as in the common form of the
disease.

When this disease appears in the Epizootic form, it
varies in character according to the season in which
it occurs ; as in the spring months the system of all
animals is stronger and more active than at any
other period of the year, this disease, therefore,
requires a more active mode of treatment than
when it takes place in the autumn. It occurs in
some seasons more frequently than in others, which
I consider chiefly arises from the variable state
of the atmosphere. Different kinds of animals at all
ages are liable to be affected, and none more so,

SYMPTOMS OF DISTEMPER,

perhaps, than the horses confined in large cities, as
well as those which have been lately brought fresh
from the country, and are suddenly subjected to a
different kind of stable treatment.

When the disease assumes the Epizootic form, it
is found more frequently to terminate in Glanders
alone, or in conjunction with Farcy, than when
in a milder or the more simple form of Common
Cold; and this, in a great measure, accounts for our
having Glanders and Farcy much more prevalent
in some seasons than in others.

Section II.

Symptoms of Distemper, or Epizootic Disease.

The first symptoms of this disease are, usually,
loss of appetite, a quick pulse, and, in some cases, a
shivering fit, attended with a greater or less degree
of inflammation of the whole system ; the eye-lids
appear swollen, the lining membrane, or conjunctiva,
is found to be inflamed, and the transparant part of
the eye, or cornea, to have lost its brilhancy. The
discharge from the nostrils soon looses its natural
appearance, and assumes that of a thick, and healthy
matter, or pus, and the mucous membrane of the
nostrils, at the commcement of the disease, becomes

OR EPIZOOTIC DISEASE.

redder in colour and more or less inflamed ; there
is also general debility, sore throat, and difficulty in
swallo^ying ; an enlargement of the parotid, and, in
some cases, of one or both of the sub-maxillary
lymphatic glands : there is also, sometimes, a cough ;
and from the soreness of the throat and upper part
of the wind-pipe, the food and water, when
attempted to be swallowed, is forced back again
through the nostrils.

In some instances, as in Common Colds, the
inflammation extends down the membrane lining
the wind-pipe, (trachea,) and ultimately terminates
in Acute or Chronic inflammation of the lungs;
while, in others, the inflammation is wholly confined
to the membrane hning the nostrils and cavities of
the head, and without extending to the lungs : and
there is also, in most cases, swelhng of the extremi-
ties, (QEdema,) in a greater or less degree.

The character of this disease varies according
to the season of the year, as well as the state
and condition in which the animal is placed, at
the time of being attacked. In the autumn and
winter months, in the generality of cases, the pulse
is quick and weak ; the most cautious treatment is
therefore rendered necessary ; for if active measures
are resorted to, such as large and repeated blood-
lettings, roiuek, strong plujslc, and diuretic medicines,
he, the whole system of the animal necessarily be-
comes greatly debilitated ; the healthy suppuration.

SYMPTOMS OF DISTEMPER, &C,

or discharge from the nostrils, will very soon
partially or wholly cease ; the extremities will
become considerably more enlarged and dropsical,
and the animal, consequently, either dies, or
remains in a low and weak state, or ultimately
becomes Glandered and Farcied. This particularly
applies to horses in large towns and confined
situations.

In the spring and summer, the Distemper, or
Epizootic disease, is found to assume a more active
character than in the winter and autumn months,
and the pulse, although quick, is at the same time
much fuller and stronger than at any other season of
the year ; but this depends on the system being
much stronger and more vigorous than in the
autumn and winter months.

This disease, therefore, in the spring and summer
months requires, and the system will bear, a more,
active mode of treatment in the form of depletive
measures, as blood-letting, &c. ; but notwithstanding
this, they require to be used with the greatest
caution ; for if abused, the same results will follow as
in those cases already stated, which occur in the
autumn and winter, and which generally produce
irrecoverable direct debility in the system, in some
cases death, and in others Glanders and Farcy.

Section III.

Bad effects which follow Distemper I??Judiciousli/

treated.

From the real nature and proper treatment of
this disease not being understood, the number of
horses which have fallen sacrifices to its influence
is almost beyond conception. Dealers, Stage mas-
ters. Coal merchants, and Brewers, have been
known, in some instances, to have lost nearly one
half, if not a third of their horses, partly from the
causes which produce the disease, as the sudden
and variable state of the atmosphere, and partly
from improper treatment ; and I have seen and
examined a great number brought to the slaughter
houses, after death, where every part of the interior
of the body was in a perfectly healthy state, the
only diseased appearance being a httle redness or
inflammation of the membrane of the nostrils, and
the upper part of the windpipe, (trachea.) In
some few instances, however, the substance of the
lungs has appeared slightly inflamed, while in others
the principal diseased appearance presented, was a
shght inflammation of the inner coat, or what is
termed the mucous membrane of the intestines,
evidently arising from the effects of the injurious
Use of powerful drastic purgative medicines.

42 BAD EFFECTS WHICH FOLLOW DISTEMPER

Now in a great many such cases, a question has
arisen. What has been the cause of the animal's
death? It has been asserted, that inflammation
could not have been the cause, for, in most of
the cases I examined, there was little or no inflam-
mation present. It has also been advanced, that
the want of bleeding could not have been the
cause, for that he was both bled, and well physiced,
and that every thing had been done which could
tend to save his life.

But if we inquire minutely into this disease, and
ask whether the generaUty of cases require so active
a mode of treatment, I must certainly say, they do
not ; being a disease which, in my opinion, requires
a treatment rather the reverse ; and, in the greatest
number of cases, moderate blood lettings, according
to the age, size, strength, and condition of the
animal, with a daily administration of alterative
medicines, such as will have the effect of gradually
restoring the action of the bowels and kidnies,
without producing a decided violent purgative, or
diuretic effect, is the plan to be adopted ; but as
soon as either of these become evident, the medicine
ought to be discontinued for a time, and then, if
necessary, commenced again, and continued until
the animal begins to recover, indicated by the pulse
becoming less frequent and stronger, and by the
animal's gradually recovering his appetite.

During the treatment of Distemper, it is ne-

INJUDICIOUSLY TREATED.

cessary to keep the animal in a large box, without
exercise, and, in the summer, let the temperature
be kept as cool as possible, cautiously avoiding a
direct current of air. But at the commencement of
the disease, and until the animal begins to recover,
the diet should be nothing more than scalded bran
and hay, with chilled water always within his
reach, as he has generally an inchnation to drink ;
and when he begins to recover, let the quantity of
corn be gradually increased, and combined with the
scalded bran, and when able, let his work be at
first as moderate as possible.

When this Distemper occurs in the autumn
or winter months, particularly if the weather is
continually wet, cold, or changeable, unless the
animal is in high condition, no bleeding whatever
is necessary ; at least in the majority of cases ;
and if blood be taken away, it should be in a
much less quantity, and with greater caution than
in the spring of the year ; for if this is not done,
the system is liable to become debilitated and
the animal rendered more susceptible of a variety
of other diseases. During the inflammatory stage,
the animal requires to be kept moderately warm,
and free from wet and cold, to be fed on bran and
hay, to have alteratives given in the same way as
before, and to be kept from exercise, not forgetting
to let him have plenty of chilled water. When

44< BAD EFFECTS WHICH FOLLOW DISTEMPER,

he begins to feed, the pulse will soon become less
frequent, and stronger, and, in a short time, sup-
puration, or a discharge of healthy matter, or pus,
takes place from the nostrils. At this season of
the year, when such is observed to be the case,
instead of further reducing the animal, and thereby
checking the discharge from the nostrils, it will be
much better to give him a moderate quantity of
corn, and to administer daily tonic medicines, balls,
composed of equal parts of powdered ginger and
gentian roots, made into a mass with treacle, which
will enable the system to recover its lost power,
and thereby prevent the animal from becoming
Glandered, or Glandered and Farcied. The same
beneficial result may be obtained by adopting
this mode of treatment in Strangles and common
Colds.

In this disease, the tonic stimulating and cordial
plan, after the suppurative process has taken place,
is not so requisite in the spring and summer, as
in the autumn and winter months ; for, in the
former, the season is more favourable, and the
system more vigorous, consequently, the admi-
nistration of tonic stimulating medicines is not so
necessary as at the other seasons of the year.

In the autumn and winter, after suppuration has
taken place, the stimulating plan is frequently
followed by very beneficial effects, in most instances

INJUDICIOUSLY TREATED.

increasing the animal's strength and appetite, and
thus preventing the disease from rmming into
Glanders and Farcy.

Section IV.

Bad effects which arise from suddenly checkitig the
suppuration in Strangles, Common Colds, Distem-
per, {Epizootic disease.)

The bad effects which arise from suddenly-
checking the suppurative process of the disease by
copious and too frequent blood-lettings, purgative,
and diuretic medicines, are these : instead of the
proper suppuration, or discharge of healthy matter
from the nostrils taking place, none whatever, or at
least but a very scanty quantity, is thrown off from
the membrane, and if the suppuration is established
it generally diminishes, the pulse becomes quicker
and weaker, the respiration or breathing more fre-
quent, and in cases where the extremities are
somewhat enlarged, they become much more drop-
sical, (GEdematous.) There are other effects which
now become evident. In consequence of the debiHty
which the system is frequently brought into by
these means, many of those cases in which the
extremities were not before enlarged and dropsicali

46 BAD EFFECTS FROM SUDDENLY CHECKING

immediately became so ; and there are persons,
who, from not being aware that this improper mode
of treatment has been the cause of these effects,
increase, and continue the use of diuretic medicines,
with a view, they contend, of stimulating the
kidnies, — of causing the absorbents to take on a
greater action, and thus remove the watery parts
of the blood.

Now there cannot, I conceive, be a more erro-
neous idea than this ; for, whatever excites the
kidnies into powerful action, must have the same
effect on the system as purgative medicines, which
powerfully increase the action of the bowels, and, if
repeatedly or injudiciously administered, ultimately
produce general debility and death. Similar also
will be the frequent application of diuretic medicines.
It is certainly true, that, like bleeding or purging,
they will for a short time diminish the size of the
legs, but after the immediate effect is over, the
extremities are mostly found to become much
larger than before.

Thus, then, we find that bleeding, purging, and
diuretic medicines are, in many cases, very valuable
remedies in subduing acute inflammation, but there
are many cases in which these auxiharies are
carried by far to too great an extreme, particularly
in Distemper, (or Epizootic disease,) a disease in
which there is most commonly great langour and
debility of the whole system. Hence a cautious

SUPPURATION IN STRANGLES, &C.

mode of treatment ought to be adopted ; for if
either bleeding or purging remedies be carried to
too great an excess before or after a discharge from
the nostrils, or the suppurative process has com-
menced, the system becomes so extremely debil-
itated, that the animal frequently dies, or becomes
either directly, or shortly afterwards, Glandered or
Farcied. The same occurrence is to be observed
when a similar mode of treatment is adopted in
Strangles, Common Colds, (or Catarrh,) but not
so frequently as in Distemper, (or Epizootic
disease.)

It sometimes happens that the symptoms of these
diseases are much slighter in some animals than in
others, and in many cases, with proper care and
treatment, the animal, although in a state of
disease, is yet capable of undergoing moderate
exertion, without much inconvenience, and would,
if properly attended to, soon recover ; but when,
from the injudicious use of bad food, or too much
hard work, or from being exposed to impure air,
the suppurative process or discharge from the
nostrils (as described before in alluding to the too
frequent repetition of bleeding &c.,) is prevented
from taking place, it is suddenly and altogether
checked, or rendered less in quantity, and of an
unhealthy character, thus ultimately constituting
Glanders.

SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS AS FOLLOWING

Section V.

Symptoms of Glanders as following Common Colds,
Distempei', (or Epizootic Disease.)

The following are the symptoms of Glanders,
when it occm-s after Common Colds and Distemper,
and also in those cases in which the former modes
of treatment have been pursued previous to sup-
puration having taken place. Instead of a healthy
discharge running from both the nostrils, a slight,
unhealthy discharge, of the description already
stated in the account of the symptoms of Glanders,
appears from one or both the nostrils, with a
corresponding unhealthy appearance of the mucous
membrane of the nostrils, either with or without
ulceration, and an enlargement of one or both
of the Sub-maxillary lymphatic glands. But in
those cases in which the healthy suppuration or
discharge fi'om the nostrils has already commenced,
and in which any of the former modes of inju-
dicious treatment have been pursued, and under
either state the animal has been long exposed to wet
and cold, the discharge from the nostrils suddenly
becomes diminished in quantity, looses its white,
healthy appearance, and assumes a dark coloured

COMMON COLDS, DISTEMPER, &C. 49

unhealthy character. The mucous membrane of
the nostrils is also found to have lost its red and
healthy hue, and to have taken on an unhealthy
character. So likewise will the ulcers of this part,
if any ulceration existed, previous to these symp-
toms occurring : for if ulceration has not com-
menced, it will in most cases ultimately take place,
and the membrane assume the character as de-
scribed in the account of Glanders. In many
cases, also, unhealthy tumors, abscesses, ulcers, &c.
afterwards appear in the skin of different parts of
the body, and thus constitute Farcy.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS

CHAPTER VI.

NATURE AND SYMPTOMS, PROGRESS AND TERMINATION,
OF INFLAMMATION OF THE SUBSTANCE OF THE LUNGS,
ENDING IN, OR FOLLOWED BY, GLANDERS OR FARCY.

It has already been stated, that, in Strangles,
Common Colds, and Distemper, the inflammation
of the nostrils sometimes extends down the mem-
brane of the wind-pipe, (or trachea,) to the sub-
stance of the Imigs ; — that whenever this is the
case, the general circulation and respiration was
found to be considerably increased, and that the in-
flammation of the mucous membrane of the nostrils
was the primary, and the affection of the substance
of the lungs, the secondary disease ; — that in many
cases of this description, from neglect or improper
treatment, they were found to take on those
symptoms of disease which are usually deno-
minated Glanders and Farcy. I shall therefore now
proceed to describe inflammation of the lungs ; a
disease which very frequently takes place in the
horse, independent of such diseases as Strangles,
Common Colds, Distemper, (or Epizootic disease,)
&c.

This disease is liable to occur in horses of all
ages, and at every season of the year. The most

ENDING IN GLANDERS OR FARCY.

general time, however, of its appearance is in the
spring and summer months, when the weather is
very hot and dry. Those horses which are most
susceptible are such as have been driven a greater
distance than their strength will bear ; — dealers'
horses, that have been brought fresh from the
comitry, and closely confined in hot stables, and
more especially those that are enduring the severe
exertion of being broken into harness. Those
horses Hkewise which are suddenly put to work,
and made to undergo great exertion after having
been sometime lying by, and have not lately been
used to hard work.

Inflammation of the lungs also occurs from
sudden changes of the weather, in the autumn
and winter months, — particularly from that which
generally accompanies the breaking up of a severe
or long continued frost.

Inflammation of the lungs, like other inflam-
matoiy diseases, varies in its character according to
the strength of the animal, as well as the season of
the year in which it occurs. It is found to assume
two forms, the Acute, and Sub-Acute. The Acute
form generally appears in spring and summer, and
the Sub-Acute, which is more confined to weak
and debiHtated animals, in the autumn and winter
months.

SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE

Section I.

Symptoms of Acute Inflammation of the Lungs.

The first stage of Acute Inflammation of the
Lungs commences with a full and strong pulse, hot
and dry mouth, drooping head, with the nostrils
distended, and the respiration increased, indicated
by a considerable heaving, or violently unnatural
motion of the flanks. The membrane also which
covers the eye, and lines the interior of the eye-
lids will be found, on inverting and inspecting it
closely, redder than usual, and there will be an
appearance of inflammation in the mucous mem-
brane lining the nostrils. The body is boimd, the
animal eats little or no food, and very seldom, if
ever, lays down.

In the next stage, the pulse is not so full nor
frequent, and the appetite, if any previously
existed, is entirely gone. There is, hkewise,
usually, a short but imperfect cough, the exertion
of which appears to give the animal great pain.
In those cases where such symptoms occm', the
animal is seriously and dangerously affected, and
there is a remarkably distressed appearance in his
countenance, with frequent anxious looks towards
his sides : the whole body appears stiff, the fore
legs widely distended, and pushed a little forwards.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

nor does he lay down until recovering from the
effects of the disease. The ears, legs, and surface
of the body, is, in most cases, very cold, and the
pulse, at the latter stage, mostly weak.

Section II.

Sz/mptoms of Sub-Acute Inflammation of the Lungs.

In Sub-Acute inflammation of the Lungs, the
pulse, instead of being full and strong, as at the
commencement of the Acute form, is, on the con-
trary, quick and weak ; the mouth hot, the respi-
ration quickened, the body bound, in short, all
the leading symptoms which present themselves in
the Acute form are discernible in this, though as
its name implies, the symptoms are less severe ;
but equally requiring a cautious, if not more
cautious treatment, than when the disease assumes
a strong and Acute character.

The termination of the Acute and Sub-Acute
inflammation of the lungs in horses, like other
diseases already treated on, as Strangles, Common
Colds, Distemper, (Epizootic disease,) are various ;
some animals are perfectly restored to health and
strength ; some hnger for a length of time in a de-
bihtated and unhealthy state; some, previous to

SYMPTOMS OF SUB-ACUTE

death, become either Glandered or Farcied, while
others die rapidly. The terminations of inflam-
mation of the lungs, like those of the former
diseases, will, in a great measm'e, depend on the
healthy or unhealthy state of the animal previous
to the inflammation coming on, and also on the
mode of treatment pursued while the animal is
labouring under the disease.

If the disease has been long neglected, or impro-
perly treated, the lungs will become altered in
structure, (see plate, 2, Fig. 1, 2,) and the animal
reduced to a weak and unhealthy state, with a
further alteration of the diseased parts, in many
cases constituting Glanders or Farcy, and fre-
quently ending in death. Hence, in the latter
stages of inflammation of the lungs, it is not un-
frequent, particularly in old and debilitated horses,
to observe swelHngs of the legs, with Farcy tumors
in the skin.

It is necessary to observe, that, in some cases,
untoward results occur when the most judicious
modes of treatment have been pursued, arising
from the bad and unhealthy state of the body, or
the predisposed state in which the system of the
animal was, previous to the inflammation of the
lungs occurring. This is also sometimes the case
when Glanders and Farcy appears or follows other
diseases ; particularly with horses which are much •
out of condition. The other viu'iety of causes

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

from which it is hable to occur, will be fully
treated on hereafter.

Glanders and Farcy frequently occurs from horses
being taken to work before they have sufficiently
recovered their strength ; the debility of the system
produced by inflammation of the lungs being very
great ; or from turning them out to grass, and
exposing them to storms of rain or wind, too soon
after they have been affected by this, or other
diseases. It is, therefore, necessary to be very
careful and judicious in the mode of treating
horses, after an attack of almost any disease ; and
instead of turning them out to grass, with the view
of recovering their strength, they should be kept
loose, in a large and airy box, and allowed a
proportionate quantity of green food, and hay,
and a regular and moderate degree of walking
exercise.

Section III.

Sijmptoms of Glanders and Farcy, as folloxoing the
Acute and Suh- Acute Inflammation of the Lungs.

The symptoms of Glanders or Farcy following
Acute and Sub-Acute inflammation of the lungs,
are similar to those already stated in Strangles,

56 GLANDERS, &C., AS FOLLOWING ACUTE AND

Common Cold, and Distemper, (Epizootic disease,)
excepting that, there is not, previously, as in most
of the former diseases, a healthy discharge from
the membrane of the nostrils, but instead, it will
be found to have lost its red and healthy character,
{see plate 1, Fig. 1,) and to have assumed a yel-
lowish, unhealthy appearance, in some cases
exhibiting slight, and at other times, extensive
ulceration. There are cases, however, of Glan-
ders following inflammation of the lungs, as in
Common Colds, &c., in which there is no ulceration
either at the commencement, or for some time
afterwards, or until after the symptoms of what
is termed Glanders have appeared.

When Glanders follows inflammation of the lungs,
the submaxillary lymphatic glands present a diseased
appearance, and one of them is commonly more or
less enlarged, inflamed, and tender to the touch ;
and these symptoms are sometimes followed, hke all
the other diseases with which Glanders is found to
be connected, by a general inflammation and en-
largement of one or more of the extremities, and,
in most instances, also by a number of unhealthy
abscesses and ulcers appearing in the skin which
covers these parts, (see jjlate 3,) as well as in various
other parts of the skin of the body. Whenever
this is found to be the case, the animal is then
in that state usually denominated Glanders and
Farcy. Sometimes this unhealthy inflammation of

SUB-ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 57

the skin, termed Farcy, occurs after inflammation
of the hmgs as a primary, and after Glanders as
a secondary disease ; but it also frequently happens
that the reverse of this is the case, and that
Glanders occurs as a primary, and Farcy as a
secondary disease ; and there are many cases in
which both Glanders and Farcy follow inflam-
mation of the lungs, without occurring after each
other.

Section IV.

Causes of the symptoms of Glanders and Farcy, as
following Inflammation of the Lungs.

The causes of those symptoms of disease usually
denominated Glanders and Farcy, and following
inflammation of the lungs, are the same as in the
cases where they follow Strangles, Common Colds,
&c. ; and they likewise depend upon several cir-
cumstances,— as the state of the animal previous
to being affected with disease,— the mode of treat-
ment adopted while labouring under it, and also
from his not being sufficiently recovered in health
and strength from the first attack of disease : but
as a knowledge of these different states of the

58 SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS, &C., AS FOLLOWING

animal are of importance, they will be commented
on in distinct heads.

If an animal is debilitated, or approaching towards
a weak or unhealthy state, previous to inflamma-
tion of the lungs, or any other disease which Glan-
ders and Farcy are found to follow, as Strangles,
Common Colds, &c., it will be absolutely necessary
to adopt the most carefiil and judicious mode of
treatment, although in some instances, even when
this is done, the animal either remains in a weak
state, or immediately afterwards becomes Glandered
and Farcied. It is this weak state more than
all others, in which horses are found to be most
predisposed, and in which they most frequently
exhibit those symptoms of disease called Glanders
and Farcy. The various causes which may have
brought the animal into this predisposed state, will
be more fully treated on under the head of the
injudicious practice of allowing horses to become
weak and out of condition, by turning them to
straw yards, &c.

Hence it becomes extremely necessary, in all
cases of this description, to avoid copious and
frequent blood lettings, the free use of rowels,
blisters, purgative and diuretic medicines, &c., for
if these are not resorted to Avith the greatest
caution, the animal, most generally, soon dies, or
becomes Glandered or Farcied, which ultimately

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. oy

ends in death. It is, therefore, necessary, when a
horse becomes in any way diseased, to pay very
particular attention to the state of the system in
which the animal had been previous to its com-
mencing, and by no means to adopt violent
remedies, especially with animals which are in a
low and weak state of condition prior to disease
of any kind occurring.

Section V.

Treatment usually 'pursued in Inflammation of the

Lungs.

There are various modes of treatment pursued
with horses when labouring under inflammation of
the lungs ; some bleed, — ^keep the animal in a
moderately cool place, — ^bandage the legs, — give
small doses of alterative medicines, — insert rowels
or setons ; others keep the animal moderately
cool, and bleed and blister the horse's sides un-
mercifully, and at the same time bandage his legs,
and give small doses of Hellebore internally.
This latter mode of treatment, as far as regards
the extensive bhstering of the sides, and giving
white Hellebore root (Veratrum) internally, is
certainly the most dangerous and injudicious that

USUAL TREATMENT PURSUED

Veterinary practitioners can possibly adopt, par-
ticularly in the Spring and Summer months, when
the weather is dry and hot, and the whole system
of animals in general in a much higher degi-ee of
excitement than at any other season of the year.
The cause of this dangerous and injudicious mode of
treatment being introduced into Veterinary practice,
I am not at present at full liberty to enter upon,
but it is evidently of modern date. The Farriers
of the old school were in the habit of bleeding
and giving the animal cordial medicines at the
commencement of this disease, (the latter of which
is bad practice,) but this is nothing when com-
pared with the extensive blistering* now, alas!
too much in use, nor do I consider it to be half
so injurious as the old, but improper practice of
giving cordial or stimulating medicines.

The practice of giving stimulants internally, has
been condemned in the strongest terms for years,
but to the extensive bhstering of the sides we hear
of no open objection ; neither do we hear any
thing said against the ill effects of the white Hel-
lebore root,f when given internally, with a view

* The practice of Blistering, in inflammation of the lungs, will
appear in a future Essay, when its very injurious effects will be
shown by fair Physiological argument.

■|- M. Majendie, in speaking of the action of Veratrine (the
active part of white Hellebore root) on animals, states, " that if
a small quantity come in contact with the mucous membrane of

IN INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

of lowering the pulse. I have repeatedly seen
quite the opposite effects produced, when even
given in a small dose, viz., that of increased action,
with inflammation of the stomach and intestines.

Section VI.

After-treatment of Inflammation of the Lungs.

It sometimes appears, that before a horse has
sufficiently recovered from an attack of inflam-
mation of the lungs, he is put to his usual work,
and either becomes the subject of a fresh attack,
remains in a weak and low state, or becomes
Glandered or Farcied ; and there are instances

the intestines, it becomes inflamed, tlie irritation spreads, and that
purging (and in some animals vomiting) will be produced." In
a much larger dose, the substance induces a very great accelera-
tion of the circulation, and of respiration, soon followed by
tetanus and death.

A small quantity thrown into the jugular vein, also induces
tetanus and death in a very short time ; and, even in this case
Veratrine produces an effect on the intestinal canal ; for, on dis-
section, the mucous membrane will be found highly injected and
inflamed. The lungs also present signs of inflammation and of
engorgement.

62 AFTER-TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION, &C.

also when some turn them out, without anj^regard
either to the state of the weather, or the season
of the year ; the natural consequence is, that the
system, being weak from the effect of the previous
disease of the lungs, continues in a debilitated state,
and the same results follow as in those cases where
the animal is taken to laborious exertion imme-
diately after recovery. It is, therefore, necessary
for every one who may have sick horses, to pay
them every due attention, and be sure and give
them a sufficient time to recover their strength
and condition ; not to take them to work too
soon, and by no means to tiKn them out without
strict regard to the state of the weather and season
of tjie year. If this is not done, it will be im-
possible to prevent the ill effects which so fre-
quently follow, to the destruction of the animal,
when a little necessary attention might have saved
him. This point will be more fully discussed
when we come to the subject of horses becoming
out of condition, and Glandered and Farcied, from
a variety of causes.

CHAPTER VII.

NATURE AND SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS AND FARCY WHEN
NOT TAKING PLACE IMMEDIATELY AFTER OTHER IN-
FLAMMATORY DISEASES^ AS STRANGLES, COMMON COLDS,
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS, &C., ALSO OF GLANDERS
AND FARCY INDEPENDENT OF OTHER DISEASES.

Having before stated that although Glanders is
considered by most authors to be a distinct and
separate disease, — that, if properly investigated, it
will most commonly be found to be only the
latter stage of a common inflammatory disease of
the mucous membrane which lines the nostrils and
cavities of the head, the throat, (trachea, bronchial
tubes, &c.) as well as of the substance of the lungs ;
and that the violence of the symptoms which these
parts assume, when affected with inflammation, is in
a great degree varied according to the age and
strength of the animal. These diseased appear-
ances are termed Strangles or Colds, either in the
Common or Epizootic form, also inflammation of the
substance of the lungs, &c. ; but h?iving described
the appearances which the membrane of these parts
presents, and also that of the matter discharged in
each disease, as well as the changes which are
found to take place when either of these diseases

terminate in, or become Glanders, we shall not
enlarge upon them here. It has been observed,
.however, that in each disease, so long as the
membrane is healthy, and the discharge from it
fomid to be mialtered and inoffensive in its
character, viz. incapable of producing the symp-
toms of Glanders by inoculation, that they were
considered as only original diseases ; and that on
the cpntrary, when the membrane of the nostrils,
and the discharge from it assumed an unhealthy
appearance, and the matter was found to be of an
infectious character, viz. capable of producing by
inoculation the symptoms which constitute Glan-
ders, then, under these circumstances, the common
inflammatory diseases "with which the animal was
affected, whether Strangles, Common Colds, &c.
were changed from their original names, and de-
signated under one broad and sweeping term, —
Glanders. Hence has arisen the terms of bordering
on, suspected, or approaching to Glanders, being
used when Common Colds, &c., run into Glanders ;
terms of themselves only showing that, in many
instances, these diseased parts present different
appearances before they arrive at that stage which
constitutes confirmed Glanders.

NATURE OF GLANDERS.

Section I.
Nature of Glanders.

The term Glanders, in all probability originated
with those who knew but little regarding the
nature and causes of disease in the horse ; and it
appears to have been continued as a matter of course,
without any one giving a definite description of its
nature, excepting that it depended on an animal
poison contained in the blood, which, I trust, I
shall satisfactorily prove to be founded in error.

Those symptoms of disease which occur in the
horse, termed Glanders, depend upon the un-
healthy state of the system, into which it may be
brought from a variety of causes, particularly by
an injudicious mode of treatment either prior to, '
or while laboring under disease, or before having
sufficiently recovered : for instance, when an animal
has become Glandered from the Strangles, Common
Colds, &c,, the same parts are still affected, and
still in a state of disease, the difference only being
that these diseased parts, and the matter which
is discharged, now assume an unhealthy character ;
though this is not the only change ; for the matter
or discharge also becomes infectious.*

* The nature and cause of this change will be fully explained
in its proper place, and under a separate head.

NATURE OF GLANDERS.

How it has happened that a new name, viz.
Glanders, should have become in such general use
among the profession, we are somewhat surprised ;
though we are able, we imagine, to trace the cause
to its source, which we opine to be merely this : —
that the discharge and appearances resulting from
cold or an inflammatory affection of the lungs, &c.,
having assumed a diseased aspect ; or, in other
words become changed from a healthy to an un-
healthy character, the want of proper discrimina-
tion has led them to mistake the mere alterations
of the symptoms of one disease, for the confirmed
exhibition of another; which they have dignified
with the term. Glanders.

This new name, apparently first given by those
unacquainted with the nature and properties of the
horse, does not, as a matter of course, constitute
it a new disease ; for it is, as I have just stated,
merely that change or sequel which follows from a
healthy to an unhealthy state of the system, and
which arises from some of the variety of causes
under which disease is found to occur. The
healthy disease is usually termed inflammatory, and
the unhealthy, specific (or pecuhar) inflammatory
disease. Hence, so long as Common Colds, Inflam-
mation of the lungs. Skin, Cellular membrane
underneath, &c., recover under the modes of treat-
ment commonly adopted, so long they are considered
as common inflammatory diseases ; but as soon as

NATURE OF GLANDERS.

the ulcers in the skin, and the membrane lining the
nostrils, assume an unhealthy appearance, the dis-
charge being at the same time of an infectious
nature, and when the disease is not recoverable by-
common remedies, such as bleeding, physicing,
diuretics, &c., but rather aggravated by such
treatment, then they are mostly considered either
Glanders or Farcy, or what is generally termed a
specific disease, the cause of which is said to
depend on an animal poison having entered the
blood.

If an animal is found to become affected with
the symptoms of Glanders or Farcy while out at
grass, — no uncommon occurrence in very wet
seasons, — and more particularly if, a short time
previous to turning out, the animal had suffered
from disease of any kind, and become debilitated,
it is asked. What has been the cause of these
symptoms of Glanders or Farcy occurring ? and it
has been as promptly answered, — That the poison
remained dormant in the blood during the time the
animal was in the stable, but that, in consequence
of being turned to grass, it was brought into
action : thus leaving entirely out of view the
changeable state of the atmosphere, and the sickly,
unhealthy, and debilitated state into which the
animal, for some time previous to the symptoms
of Glanders or Farcy appearing, was reduced.

SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

Section II.

Symptoms of Glanders and Farcy.

The symptoms which constitute Glanders and
Farcy in the horse, will be found to occur in a
variety of ways ; sometimes immediately, and at
other times shortly afterwards following other
diseases of the membrane of the nostrils, the
substance of the lungs, and skin ; and occa-
sionally, after the animal has suffered repeatedly
from inflammatory diseases, as of the mucous
membrane of the nose, the luugs, and skin, either
in the form of Common Colds, Acute and Sub-
acute inflammation of the lungs. Grease, GEdema,
&c., and when, from the alteration in the structure
of these parts, ( see Plate 1, Fig. 1, and Plate 2, Fig.
1, . 2,) as well as the unhealthy state into which
the system has been reduced, in combination wdth a
variety of other predisposing and exciting causes,
the animal is rendered in an unhealthy and pre-
disposed state, he becomes more liable to take
on these symptoms of unhealthy disease which
constitute Glanders or Farcy.
, Glanders or Farcy also takes place in animals
which have never suffered or been affected with
any previous disease, which will be found to occur
from the system being rendered in an unhealthy

SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 69

and debilitated state, from bad food, long confine-
ment to a stable or stall, want of exercise, impure
air, as well as from long exposure to wet and cold.
When, however, disease occurs from the system
being already in an unhealthy state, instead of a
common healthy inflammation taking place, an
unhealthy inflammatory disease will be the result,
which has been termed Glanders or Farcy, although
Glanders or Farcy, or both, may take place im-
mediately, without being preceded or followed by
any other disease.

When the symptoms of Glanders follow the
Strangles, Common Colds, &c., there is in most
instances, and previous to the appearance of these
symptoms taking place, a healthy discharge of
matter from the nostrils, with a more or less
healthy state of the hning membrane ; but so soon
as these symptoms of disease ocCur, the matter
which is discharged, as well as the appearance
of the membrane, will be found to have changed
from a healthy to an unhealthy state, and the
matter or discharge at the same time adhering
to the edges of the nostrils, with an appearance
like that of glue or size.

On the other hand, when Glanders occurs from
the system having been reduced at some distant
time into an unhealthy and predisposed state,
and without immediately following any other
disease, it will be found to take on such

SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

unhealthy appearances as constitute Glanders ; and
when the symptoms of Glanders take place, which
they do entirely independent of other diseases, the
unhealthy state of the membrane will be the same
as when the symptoms is found to follow other
diseases with which it has been coimected.

A spontaneous and unhealthy discharge from the
nostrils will also be found to take place, without
following, or being in any way connected, or pre-
ceded by a healthy discharge of matter. The
symptoms also of the disease of the skin, which is
termed Farcy, will be found to occur in a similar
manner.

CHAPTER VIII.

DESCRIPTION OF GLANDERS UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES,
WHETHER FOLLOWING OTHER DISEASES, OR OCCURRING
INDEPENDENT OF THEM APPEARANCES OF THE DIS-
CHARGE FROM THE NOSTRILS STATE OF THE MUCOUS

MEMBRANE WHICH LINES THE NOSTRILS PROGRESS

OF ULCERATION IN THE MEMBRANE APPEARANCES

AND SIZE OF THE ULCERS STATE OF THE SUB-
MAXILLARY LYMPHATIC GLANDS.

It has already been stated, that the matter or
discharge from the nostrils in Glanders is always of
a deeper than natural colour, of an unhealthy and
infectious character, having very much the ap-
pearance of glue or size, and adhering closely
to the edges of the nostrils ; although there are
occasions, when it is thinner and consequently not
so adhesive. Again, there are some cases in which
it approaches to a healthy character, as may be
observed in Strangles, Common Colds, and Dis-
temper, and others in which the discharge takes
place from one nostril only, and others in which
it is nearly equal from both.

The mucous membrane of the nose, in every
case of Glanders, is always paler in colour than
natural, unhealthy in appearance, and often con-

DESCRIPTION OF GLANDERS

tinues in this state for a considerable time without
ulceration taking place. In other cases, ulcers
soon appear, and rapidly extend themselves in the
membrane and septum of the nose.

In some cases the ulcers appear about the size of
pin-holes, and gradually increase to that of small
peas ; in others, the ulceration is large at first, and
spreads so extensively as to destroy considerable
portions of the cartilage, turbinated bones, and
hkewise large portions of the internal surface of
the frontal, maxillary, and nasal bones, w^hich form
the cavities of the head, and on vv^hich the mem-
brane of the nostrils is reflected. Large collections
of the same sort of unhealthy matter, similar to
that which is discharged from the nose, are
sometimes found in some of these cavities after
death ; and the consequence is that the discharge
from the nostrils is sometimes found to have
become so much diminished, or even suspended,
as to lead the owner erroneously to suppose the
horse to be in a fair way of recovery ; though
this circumstance is a delusive symptom, and only
produced from the matter being confined in the
sinuses or cavities of the head ; for if the animal
is put to work the discharge immediately comes on
again, worse than before.

The membrane of the nostrils, as well as the
ulcers in it, are found to assume various unhealthy
appearances in Glanders, both in approaching to

UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES', &C. 73

that of a healthy and an unhealthy state; the
ulcers in some cases assuming a reddish, healthy
character, in others, a tawny, copper colour, and
sometimes a dark brown, or still more unhealthy
hue. The membrane of the nose is also found to
assume various unhealthy appearances, approaching
in some cases to a healthy, and in others to an
unhealthy character ; and it is no doubt in con-
sequence of these different appearances, that Vete-
rinary practitioners have made use of such terms
as bordering on, approaching to, and suspected
Glanders ; the worst form or state having been
commonly considered as the true form of Glanders.

In those cases where ulceration of the membrane
is found to be extensive, and portions of the mem-
brane begin to separate, and slough away, there
is sometimes a slight, and at others, a considerable
bleeding, or hemorrhage from the nostrils ; and this
generally occurs when the animal has been con-
siderably exerted, or even from slighter causes,
and also where there is but Httle ulceration of
the membrane ; though not so frequent as when the
ulcers are extensive.

When the diseased portions of the mucous mem-
branes of the nose begin to separate, the ulcers
usually present uneven surfaces, without any ap-
pearance of healthy granulations ; unless it is in
those cases where the animal is recovering from the
disease in consequence of the system having been.

DESCRIPTION. OF GLANDERS

excited by medicine, or food, and brought into a
healthy state.

The state in which the sub-maxillary lymphatic
glands are generally found is that of their being
slightly enlarged, inflamed, and tender ; and, in
many cases, after remaining in this state for a
certain time, they become schirrous, and after-
wards change from this hardened state to a
softer, suppurate, and discharge a small quantity
of unhealthy matter or pus. This is fi-equently
the case when the symptoms of Glanders follow
Colds, either in the common or Epizootic form.
Inflammation of the lungs, &c., and also when
Glanders occurs independent of such diseases.
The lymphatic gland of one side only is occa-
sionally found diseased, and the discharge is
then mostly confined to the nostril on the same
side as the enlarged gland. And, again, there are
other cases in which the discharge and enlargement
of the glands are nearly equal on both sides : or a
discharge in Glanders may appear, either from one
or both nostrils, without any enlargement or symp-
tom of disease of the lymphatic gland on either
side ; and this may be the case under eveiy cir-
cumstance in which the symptoms of Glanders is
found to occur, except when it follows either the
true or false form of Strangles. In other cases,
the discharge is very offensive ; and this is not un-
frequently the case when the symptoms follow

UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES, &C. 75

inflammation of the lungs, and likewise when there
is extensive disease of the mucous membrane of
the nostrils, but more particularly when the bones
are in a diseased state ; and, on the other hand,
there are cases in which the matter discharged
from the nostrils is not in the least offensive in
character.

76 DISEASED APPEARANCES OF GLANDERS

CHAPTER IX.

STATE OF THE PARTS AFFECTED IN GLANDERS AS SEEN
ON DISSECTION, OR POST MORTEM APPEARANCES,
WHEN THE RESULT OF INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS,
&C. ; AND LIKEWISE WHEN INDEPENDENT OF SUCH

INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. NATURE AND CAUSE OF

THE DISEASED PARTS SEPARATELY CONSIDERED, VIZ.,
TUBERCLES, VOMICA, HEPATIZATION, EMPHYSEMA, &C.

The frontal, or maxillary cavities of the head, in
Glanders, occasionally contain large quantities of
matter of a similarly unhealthy character to that
which is discharged from the nostrils, whether
the membrane is in an ulcerated state or not.
There are other parts in which it is also confined.
It is sometimes found in the folds of the mem-
brane covering the turbinated bones, as well as the
various cavities in those bones ; likewise in the
bronchial tubes and substance of the lungs, and
contained in both small and large cysts termed
tubercles and vomicae, and the matter, if taken from
these abscesses in Glandered horses is generally
found to be of an equally infectious character with
that discharged from the nostrils during the life of
the animal.

The membrane of the wind-pipe (or trachea) is

AS SEEN ON DISSECTION. 77

a continuation of that which hnes the nostrils and
cavities of the head, and on examination after
death, is found to present a similarly unhealthy
appearance, which is most commonly of a faint,
copper coloured, unhealthy hue ; and this mem-
brane presents, at one time slight, and at others
extensive ulceration ; and when the membrane is
thus diseased, the ulcers have the same unhealthy
appearance. The portions of this membrane which
belong to the trachea an dbronchial tubes, are very
seldom found in a state of ulceration, without also
that which covers the septum and hnes the nostrils
being in the same state. But it is quite the
reverse with that portion of the membrane which
lines the nostrils and cavities, and covers the
septum of the nose ; this part being often found
shghtly or extensively ulcerated, without the tra-
cheal and bronchial portions exhibiting, in the
slightest degree, ulceration.

There are some cases of Glanders met with, in
which we are not able to detect any ulceration in
the mucous membrane of the nose, until after the
death of the animal ; and this arises from the situation
of the ulcers being at the upper part, and conse-
quently impossible to be seen. Sometimes the
ulcers are found in great numbers in' the course of
the large veins of the septum, and in other cases a
considerable number are to be observed in those
portions of the membrane which are reflected, and

78 DISEASED APPEARANCES OF GLANDERS

form folds with the turbinated bones, and also in
that part which covers the turbinated prominences.
The ulcers of these parts sometimes appear in
small insular clusters, situated at different distances
from each other, and, at others, they are found in
broad and extended patches : and again, the carti-
lage which forms the septum, and also the tur-
binated bones, are found, occasionally, to be
extensively destroyed by ulceration ; and, in some
cases, the bones of the head, as the frontal,
maxillary, &c., are softened and spongy on their
inner surface, and covered with a similar sort
of excrescence. On examining the interior of
some horses' heads, which had been treated for
Glanders, and recovered, but afterwards died from
other causes, I have found both when there had
been slight, as well as when there had been exten-
sive ulceration of the parts, that the ulcers had
completely healed, and the mucous membrane, which
before had been altogether in a diseased state, and
of an unhealthy appearance, had assumed a perfect,
healthy character ; and in those cases where the
ulcers have been but small, there have generally
•been left small pits or indentations in the mem-
brane, of a somewhat similar nature to those
remaining in the skin of the human subject after
the small-pox. But where extensive ulceration
had formed, the diseased parts were cicatrised,
having broad patches or indentations similar in

AS SEEN ON DISSECTION. 79

appearance to the human skin after being injured
by ulceration and subsequently healed. I have
now under treatment a horse that was very
valuable hefore he became diseased, which I bought
in order to cure, and which had, at the time I
purchased him, an unhealthy discharge from both
nostrils, mixed with blood, as well as an extensive
ulceration of the septum, and an enlargement of
the lymphatic glands, — in short, he was altogether
in a very lamentable condition, but through my
mode of treatment he is nearly recovered.

Section I.

State of the Lungs as seen on Dissection.

Gn examining the lungs of Glandered horses
after death, it is a common occurrence to find small,
round bodies, called tubercles ; they vary in size in
the same as well as in different animals, but more
particularly in the horse, when exhibiting the
symptoms which constitute Glanders : the con-
sequence is, that they have been termed by French
writers, MiUiary, Pisiform, and Unciform. These
tubercles vary in size, from a mustard seed to that
of a large pea. {See plate 2, Fig. 1.) The large ones,
in particular, when soft, contain an unhealthy

STATE OF THE LUNGS, &C.

matter, which varies in its character, and if taken
from the tubercles in the lungs of a Glandered
horse, it is found to be capable of producing
similar effects on the system as the discharge
from the nostrils of the same animal would by
inoculation.

Some tubercles are hard, particularly the smaller
ones, and very seldom contain any matter, and
they appear to be formed of condensed portions
of the cellular texture of those parts in which they
are situated, and are found to be either in a
state of inflammation proceeding to suppuration, or
hard and schirrous, the effect of the former in-
flammation.

Tubercles are not only formed in the cellular
texture of the lungs of a great many animals, as
well as human subjects, but occasionally in all
the other textures of different parts of the body :
and they appear to be only abscesses formed in the
cellular texture, and, like large abscesses of other
parts, the effects of inflammation. Those tubercles
which are large and of a soft nature, are found
sometimes to contain matter of a yellowish, cheese-
like consistency, though occasionally it is found to
be of a dark brown, or reddish hue, and, in some
few instances very thin, and straw coloured ; in
others it is also of a thin, dark, and reddish
appearance.

NATURE AND CAUSE OF TUBERCLES.

Section II.

Nature a?id Cause of Tubercles : opinions of
various authors.

The opinions which have been formed respecting
the nature and cause of tubercles which are found
in the. lungs and other parts of the body of animals,
as well as the human subject, are numerous.
Some of the modern French authors,* Dupuy,
Laennec, and others, consider these tubercles as
being the product of an unknown cause ; and Dupuy
has described them as being the cause of Glanders
in the horse, and has given the following account
of them.f " The primitive tubercle is a little,
firm, grey, hard body, composed of a fine cellular
tissue, in which is deposited a substance that
proves to be phosphate and carbonate of lime ;
it is mostly inclosed in a small cyst, appearing to be
a production of the tissue in which it is found.
These incipient tubercles exist in small numbers,

* M. Dupuy, one of the professors of tlie Royal Veterinary
School at Alfort : M. Laennec, Regius Professor of Medicine
in the College of France.

t From a translation of Dupuy 's work on Glanders, in Mr.
Percivall's series of Lectures, Part IIL, p. 467.

NATURE AND CAUSE OF TUBERCLES :

and interfere but little with the functions of the
affected part. At this time, the animal enjoys a
flourishing state of health, and Glanders is unknown
to exist. We next discover, without being able to
assign any satisfactory rationale for it, that the
tubercles grow more numerous; in which case they
occasion a discharge, or flux, most commonly from
one nostril ; this is regarded as Catarrh, or Chronic
defluxion, or, should the horse be young, as
Strangles." And Dupuy also observes that, "the
space of time, during which the tubercles preserve
this organization grow and increase, (five or six
years, perhaps,) constitutes the first stage, during
which they resemble so many poppy seeds.

" In the second stage the tubercle grows soft —
disorganized, and degenerates and becomes con-
verted into an ulcer; this ulcerative degeneration is
what has been seized upon by Lafosse, Chabert,
and other authors, and made the basis of their
divisions and distinctions of Glanders." — " The
ulcerations observed upon the mucous membrane
of the nose in the last period of Glanders, con-
sequent upon the degeneration of the tubercles,
are insulated, or united, grouped or so near
one another that in meeting they disorganize a
broad patch of the Schneiderian membrane. These
alterations depend upon the variety of the tuber-
culous affection." It therefore appears, M. Dupuy
considered tubercles as being the cause, and not

OPINIONS OF VARIOUS AUTHORS.

the effect of disease ; and also that the ulceration
of the membrane of the nostrils in Glandered
horses, was of the same natm-e as the tubercles
which are found in the lungs and other parts of the
body ; for he further observes, " One important
consideration, however, is, that these tubercles
multiply under the influence of cold and wet, at
least I have found that horses so exposed had a
greater number of' tubercles in their lymphatic
glands and other parts of their economy. These
(glandular) tubercles grow soft and degenerate,
become abscesses, and convert the whole interior
of the gland into little cysts, whose parietes are
dense, cartilaginous, and occasionally bony. The
cysts in inveterate cases are found in a state of
ulceration, similar to that which destroys the mem-
brane of the nose."

In M. Laennec's work* on diseases of the chest
in the human subject, it is stated, that " tubercles
are not the product of inflammation of any of the
constituent textures of the lungs," but that " they
are merely occasional causes, the real cause, Hke
that of all diseases, being probably beyond our
reach." From this assertion, then, of Laennec's,
it appears, that he attended more to the appear-
ances of disease after death than to the nature and

* A Treatise on the diseases of the Chest, &c., by R. T. H.
Laennec, M.D., translated by John Forbes, M.D., 1827. Second
edition, page 297.

G 2

NATURE AND CAUSE OF TUBERCLES *.

causes of them while the patients were living, or
surely he would never have made such an assertion
as that of the nature and cause of " all diseases
being probably beyond our reach." The nature
and cause of most diseases is undoubtedly within
our reach, and, if we only properly investigate the
subject, there is but very little chance of being dis-
appointed, and of our not arriving at the true
causes ; particularly with regard to the nature
and cause of tubercles in the lungs and other
parts of the body, as it is easy to be proved by
common observation and experiments on animals.

M. Laennec further observes, that M. Broussais
maintains that tubercles are the effect of inflam-
mation, and that " it has been asserted by one of
M. Broussais's followers that he could produce
tubercles at pleasure by irritating in a certain manner
the bronchia of a dog " And again, " but I believe
the thing has never yet been done, nor the manner
of doing it ever explained : " and he hkewise
states, "there is not a more ancient opinion in
physic, or one that has been longer apphed by the
vulgar than that an ill-treated or neglected cold is
apt to degenerate into phthisis.* This old notion

* This I consider to be a very just observation and well
applicable to Glanders in the horse ; for in very bad and
irrecoverable cases, the same diseased appearances present
themselves in the lungs of the horse, as are found in consumption
(or phthisis) in the human subject, viz., Tubercles, Vomica;, &c.

OPINIONS OF VARIOUS AUTHORS: 8o

has been adopted by M. Broussais with no better
reason, apparently, than that which influenced its
early patrons." The reader will thus perceive,
from these opinions respecting the nature and
causes of tubercles, that they are but very imper-
fectly understood ; one class contending for a
known cause, — inflammation, and another that the
causes are unknown, and who, in short, look on
tubercles as being the came rather than the effect
of disease.

The opinion of M. Broussais, as regards the cause
of tubercles, appears to me by far the most correct,
as I have satisfactorily proved by experiments :
consequently, the statement which Laennec has
made, that " the real cause of tubercles is un-
known, and that like all diseases, probably beyond
our reach, is little better than like advancing an
imaginary hypothesis with a view of setthng a
question without any farther inquiry.

The facts which I have now to offer, respecting
the cause of tubercles, are in, confirmation of the
opinion of M. Broussais, and derived from actual
experiments and observation, without any previous
knowledge of his entertaining similar opinions on
this subject. If the wind-pipe (or trachea) of a
healthy ass is laid open, and an irritating fluid, as a
solution of blue vitriol, (sulphate of copper,)[is
introduced, acute inflammation of the whole sys-
tem would be the immediate result, and if the

NATURE AND CAUSE OF TUBERCLES :

animal has sufficient strength to withstand the
effects for a few days without death taking place,
which, in most instances is the case, tubercles of the
lungs containing matter or pus, is almost certain to
follow, and a quantity of water will also be found
in the chest ; and these results are commonly to be
observed at the end of eight or ten days, when
death mostly takes place. The same results will be
found to occur, if an irritating fluid is introduced
into the jugular or any of the other large veins,
and thus conveyed through the circulation to the
lungs, or by inoculating the skin of the nostrils, or
any other part of the body, with the matter of
Glanders or Farcy, or any unhealthy matter taken
from horses labouring under such diseases as Grease,
&c., and not only will tubercles of the lungs be the
result, but an unhealthy infectious discharge from
one or both of the nostrils, accompanied with
inflammation and enlargement of one or both of
the sub-maxillary lymphatic glands, and in some
cases, tubercles in the mucous membrane followed,
by extensive ulceration, as well as abscesses in
different parts of the skin. In the first instance,
when the membrane of the nose is alone affected,
it constitutes Glanders, and in the second, when
the skin is affected. Glanders and Farcy.

The diseased appearances which are called
Glanders and Farcy in the horse, may be produced
at any time in the ass, by introducing an irritating

OPINIONS OF VARIOUS AUTHORS. 87

fluid into the circulation, or by infectious matter
taken from an unhealthy and diseased animal.

No one I suspect will doubt, that inflammation of
the various textures of the body is the true cause of
tubercles, after having repeated these experiments.
Tubercles are also frequently the effects of inflam-
mation of the lungs and other parts of the body,
produced by sudden or continued exposure to wet
and cold. M. Dupuy, it appears, had some notion
of this sort ; for he states, when treating on tuber-
cles as being the cause of Glanders in horses, —
"One important consideration, however, is, that
the tubercles multiply under the influence of wet
and cold ; at least I have found horses so exposed
had a greater number of tubercles in their lymphatic
glands and other parts of their economy." But
although this author asserts, that he had seen this,
he still adheres to the erroneous notion, that
"tubercles are the effects of an unknown cause,
and that they are composed of phosphate and
carbonate • of lime inclosed in a small cyst, ap-
pearing to be a production of the tissue, in which
they are formed." This kind of primitive tubercle
M. Dupuy considers to be the cause of disease,
from frequently finding them in the textures of
healthy animals: a circumstance of which I am
fully aware, from having frequently observed them
in the lungs of healthy horses, sheep, &c. But
then I am in the habit of considering them to

88 NATURE AND CAUSE OF TUBERCLES :

be the effect and not the cause of disease, and
that they are nothing more than tubercles or
celhilar abscesses in a chronic state; the effect
of former inflammation of the parts in which they
are found; and that they have been checked
in their progress towards suppuration by the cause
of the inflammation being removed ; or, like other
abscesses, having gone through actual suppuration,
and the matter become absorbed, the parts have
in consequence been left in a thickened and con-
densed state, without much injury to the part
itself, or materially impairing the health of the
animal ; and that tubercles in these cases are no
doubt the effects of inflammation in the form of
Colds, Inflammation of the lungs, &c. When
these diseases often occur, or are neglected, fresh
tubercles or abscesses form, and at last the health
of the animal is materially weakened and injm-ed,
and the system in consequence becomes unhealthy
and debilitated, and is in the horse frequently
attended with a discharge at the nose, or ul-
ceration of the skin, and thus constituting either
Glanders or Farcy. In M. Laennec's work, the
translator observes in a Note, (p. 298,) " It is
hardly necessary to refer to the crude notions of
the ancients on this subject. Hippocrates con-
sidered them owing to the putrefaction of the
phlegm or bile ; and the opinions of his successors,
and those of Galen, for many centuries, Avere

OPINIONS OF VARIOUS AUTHORS.

equally intelligible and correct. In more modern
times, still greater variety of opinion has prevailed
respecting tubercles. They have been considered
as lymphatic glands rendered visible by inflam-
mation in the first place, and then subjected to the
common progress of this morbid process, such as
suppuration, ulceration, &c. This was the opinion,
with some shght difference, of Sylvius, Wepfer,
Tralles, and a great many more of our modern
writers ; and it is still that of M. Broussais."
Laennec states as follows, but without attempting
to give any opinion of his own, (p. 295.) " It is
said that chemical analysis discovers no difference
between the softened matter of tubercles and true
pus ; in hke manner, I say, that it discovers none
between the albumen of the egg, and the secretion
of certain cancers : but these facts prove the im-
perfection of chemistry, rather than the identity of
the matters in question."

In reply to this, I have to observe, that sup-
posing the chemist detects by his analysis a
pecuHar chemical substance in tubercles, which
M. Dupuy states to be phosphate and carbonate
of Hme, what in the name of common sense has
his chemical analysis to do with explaining the
nature and cause of organic disease ? for the laws of
chemistry are different from those of vitahty, and
the laws of the one can never explain those of the
other, and however deep and closely the chemist

NATURE AND CAUSE OF TUBERCLES :

may study his science, when he comes to be fairly
pitted against the physiologist who has well inves-
tigated the laws of vitahty, as connected with living
animal bodies, we shall soon find that the skill of
the chemist will avail him but httle in the investi-
gation, or in throwing light on the nature and cause
of organic disease. In regard to the opinions of
tubercles being, " lymphatic glands rendered visible
by inflammation in the first place, and then sub-
jected to the common progress of this morbid
process, such as suppuration, ulceration," &c., they
appear to me as assertions without foundatioix or
proof; for if they were lymphatic glands rendered
visible by inflammation, how then can they be
tubercles, as lymphatic glands very often contain
tubercles themselves..

The following rationale appears to me far the
most plausible as to the nature and cause of
tubercles in the horse and other animals, as well as
in the human subject : — ^That they are small cellular
abscesses more particularly confined to the textures
of weak animals, as strong ones rarely exhibit
them ; and when they do, the inflammation which
produced them has existed only in a very slight
degree ; and in proof of their being nothing more
than abscesses, it is a known fact that they pass
through certain states of inflammation, and fi-e-
quently contain matter or pus, like large abscesses
in the lungs and other parts of the body, which

OPINIONS OF VARIOUS AUTHORS. 91

occur in animals that are stronger and in a more
vigorous state of health. The .reason why tuber-
cles, or cellular abscesses, are found to occur in the
lymphatic glands, and more particulary the sub-
maxillary of the horse — which is the case when
these glands become hard and schirrous, as in
glanders, arises in consequence of the arterial
system of such animals being weaker, more debili-
tated, and less active than it is in those in which
the lymphatic glands become inflamed, as in cases
of Strangles; for in the true Strangles, from the
system being in a healthy and vigorous state, the
inflammation of these glands terminates in the
product of a large quantity of healthy matter, or
pus ; while, on the contrary, from the whole system
being in a weak and unhealthy state, as in glanders,
the inflamed state of these glands are not capable
of producing a large abscess, and consequently but
a small quantity of unhealthy pus, " which is con-
tained in a number of very small tubercular
abscesses.

When the cellular texture of the lungs becomes
alfected with tubercular abscesses, the inflamma-
tion which produces them is not very violent. We
may however state, that in strong animals, if the
inflammation is mild, small abscesses or tubercles
will very often appear as the result, and on the
contrary, if the inflammation is strong, large ab-
scesses or vomicae; (see plate 2, ^g. 2); but if

92 NATURE AND CAUSE OF TUBERCLES.

inflammation occurs in the lungs of a weak animal,
the inflammatory action cannot of course be
strong, and hence we have in most such animals
what I have termed tubercular abscesses.

Tubercles, therefore, may appear under three
forms : —

1st, In a state proceeding tovt^ards suppuration ;

2ndly, In a state of actual suppuration ; and

3rdly, In a chronic, schirrous, or condensed form,
either from having gone through the former states,
or from having been checked in their progress
towards it by that which removed the cause of the
inflammation.

I have already stated, that M. Dupuy considers
" the ulceration observed in the membrane of the
nose, in the last period of Glanders, consequent
upon the degeneration of the tubercles when they
are insulated, united, grouped, or so near to one
another, that in meeting they disorganize a broad
patch of the schneiderian membrane ; " and also
that he remarks, that the discharge from the mem-
brane of the nostrils, in chronic catarrh as well as in
Strangles, is found to be in consequence of a tuber-
cular affection of these parts ; and hence Common
Colds, Strangles, Glanders, &c., is considered to
depend on this tubercular disease. Now in eveiy
one of these instances he has mistaken the effect
for the cause ; for we may have tubercular abscess
of a mucous membrane, either with or without

VOMICA OF THE LUNGS.

ulceration, as, well as healthy or unhealthy ab-
scesses and ulcers in the skin; and in every
instance it is an effect, and not a cause of disease ;
the inflammation of these parts in the majority of
cases being produced, from the sudden exposure
from heat to cold, or from cold to heat, storms of
rain, bad food and air, violent or over-exertion.

Section III.
Vomica of the Lungs.

Having endeavoured to clear up the point as
regards the true nature and cause of tubercles, or
more properly speaking, minute cellular abscesses,
I shall next attempt to describe the true abscess,
or what is termed, vomica of the lungs, and fre-
quently found in the lungs of horses, when de-
stroyed in the last or incurable stage of Glanders,
These, like tubercles or small abscesses, arise from
inflammation of the parts, and are found to take
place in such animals as have a stronger circula-
tion than those wherein tubercles or small ab-
scesses occur, in consequence of violent acute
inflammation of the lungs.

The Vomica, or abscess, in the lungs of horses,
vary in size, like tubercles, from a large hazel nut.

VOMICA OF THE LUNGS.

to that of a hen's egg ; the result of acute inflam-
matioiij and is generally found to occur in animals
that are of a stronger nature ; whereas the largest
tubercles seldom exceed that of a middling sized
pea, and from being the effect of a weak or sub-
acute inflammation, are mostly confined to weak
animals. Thus if a strong horse which has been
highly fed, and in the constant habit of undergoing
violent exertion, and exposed to a high degree
of temperature in a close and hot stable, is at-
tacked with inflammation of the lungs, and dies
in consequence, it is not unfrequent to find a
number of vomicae in the lungs. But on the
contrary, where horses are weak, badly fed, exposed
to wet or cold, not over exercised, and the circu-
lation weaker, the small kind of abscess or tubercle
is most commonly found.

The matter or pus contained in the vomica of
Glanders, like that of the tubercle, is fomid to
assume a more or less unhealthy appearance, and
if introduced into the circulation of a healthy ass,
by inoculation, is capable of producing general
irritation, and similar results as the matter of
tubercles. Hence mostly arises tubercles of the
lungs, ulceration of the membrane of the nostrils
v^dth a discharge, and abscess of the skin, thus
constituting Glanders and Farcy. These effects
do not only follow from inoculating an ass ^vith
the matter discharged from the diseased parts in

HEPATIZATION OF THE LUNGS. 95

Glanders or Farcy, but also from the discharge
taken from bad and long-neglected cases of Grease
in unhealthy and debilitated horses, or by intro-
ducing the unhealthy blood of one animal into the
system of another through the jugular vein, as well
as by a solution of sulphate of copper, &c. Similar
effects also follow the injection of irritating fluids
into the wind-pipe (or trachea).

Section IV.
Hepatization of the Lwigs.

In some Glandered horses, the lungs, instead of
containing tubercles or vomicae, are found to be in
that condensed or schirrous state which has been
termed by French writers, hepatization. On mak-
ing an incision, it appears in its nature rather to
resemble a portion of liver than of lung, in con-
sequence of the cellular texture being obliterated
by inflammation.

This diseased structure never aff'ects the entire
lungs, for the animal always dies before such
extensive alteration can be accomphshed. It is
Hable to take place both in the small and large
portions of the lungs, particularly in the anterior
part of the right and left lobes, or those portions

HEPATIZATION OF THE LUNGS.

which fill up the spaces formed by the three first
ribs, by the laternal part of the heart, or external
portions of the pericardium or membrane covering
the heart. Sometimes there are also condensed
masses situated in larger portions of the lungs and
occupying a considerable space. This description
of lung, when cut into slices, and thrown into
water, from the cellular texture being destroyed,
immediately sinks, whereas it would, if in a healthy
state, from the air which it contains, float upon the
surface.

Hepatized portions of lung have various appear-
ances ; sometimes they are found to be of a dark
brown or reddish colour, at others, and more fre-
quently they are dark grey, and when cut into, are
almost as compact as cartilage, without the least
trace of their original cellular texture existing.
Sometimes these portions, throughout their whole
extent, are found to contain innumerable small
tubercles in a state of suppuration, and similar in
character to those seen in the cellular texture of
the lungs when not in this hepatized or condensed
state.

The immediate cause of hepatization of the lungs
is mostly considered to arise from an effusion of
lymph into the cellular texture, the result of
previous inflammation ; though there are persons
who contend that tubercles, vomicas, hepatization,
&c., of the lungs are the sole effect of a pokon

STATE OF THE MEMBRANE COVERING THE LUNGS. 97

contained in the blood. I trust, however, that I shall
hereafter be able to show that these alterations of
structure are produced by the sudden change of
temperature, state of the air, food, and exercise,
and that the notion respecting the poison is only
imaginary, and that in proportion to the extent
and debility, and the disposition of these parts to
inflammation, so will the animal in its frequency be
rendered more debilitated and unhealthy, and of
course more susceptible to every kind of disease,
and particularly Hable to exhibit those symptoms
which are denominated Glanders and Farcy, and
thus, apparently, in consequence of a considerable
portion of the structure of one of the most im-
portant organs concerned in the support of life
having been destroyed.

Section V.

State of the Membrane covering the Lungs.

When acute inflammation of the lungs is imme-
diately followed by Glanders, the membrane (or
pleura) which covers them, and lines the chest,
is sometimes found in a high state of disease,
adhering to the sides, and covered with a layer of
yellow substance, technically termed self-coagulable
lymph, frequently in conjunction with a quantity
of serous effusion within the cavities of the chest.

98 EMPHYSEMA OF THE LUNGS.

The cause of the disease, then, of the membrane,
(or pleura,) and the consequent effusion, is evident.
It arises in consequence of inflammation of the
parts of which it forms a covering, and, no doubt,
participates in the inflammation of the primary
diseased parts ; although some authors and practi-
tioners consider and treat the affection of this
membrane as a separate and distinct disease. I
cannot coincide with them ; and it appears to me
that they have borrowed their ideas respecting it
from writers on human diseases, rather than from
sound veterinary pathology and judicious observa-
tion ; and I am very much disposed to beheve
that, even in the human subject, the symptoms
which constitute what is termed pleurisy, is only
an effect of a greater or less degree of inflammation
of the substance of the lungs, or consequence of
a primary inflammation of the intercostal muscles
from change of clothing, sudden exposure to wet
and cold, or other injudicious circumstances.

Section VI.

Emphysema of the Lungs.

In a great number of Glandered horses, after
death, the lungs are found to present, whether
tubercles exist in the cellular texture or not, a par-

EMPHYSEMA OF THE LUNGS.

ticularly soft, white, and delicate appearance ; being
at the same time much larger and lighter than they
are commonly met with in horses that are destroyed
when in perfect health. This • particular appear-
ance of the lungs is not only common to Glandered
horses, but is likewise found in the greater number
of such as are destroyed when out of condition, —
brought into that state from a variety of causes, as
being fed with bad hay, autumn grass, &c. Similar
appearances are hkewise very often met with in
broken-winded horses, a disease frequently pro-
duced by bad feeding.

When the lungs exhibit this sort of appearance,
they are called Emphysematous, and it is con-
sidered to arise in consequence of an unusual
inflation of air into the cellular membrane. It has
been stated that broken wind is caused by the air-
cells being ruptured; but Mr. B. Clark, after
advancing some opinions on the subject, states,
that " the exact way in which Emphysema occurs
has not yet been ascertained." I consider, how-
ever, the cause of the white, dehcate, light, and
enlarged state of the cellular texture of the lungs,
both in Glandered and broken-winded horses, to
arise in consequence of the whole of the animal's
system having been brought into a weak state, and
more particularly the lungs ; and this may take
place from a variety of predisposing causes, as the
sudden transition from good and high feeding to

H 2

100

EMPHYSEMA OF THE LUNGS.

that of a poor, low, and impoverishing state of
keep. It is, moreover, by no means uncommon to
see horses that haye been taken from the stable in
good condition, and perfectly sound in wind, after
having been turned out to grass, exposed, and
perhaps badly fed, brought up again considerably
out of condition, with swellings and enlargements
of the extremities, and, in many instances, with
either broken wind. Glanders, or Farcy.

101

CHAPTER X.

DIVISION OF THE SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS ACCORDING TO
THE PARTS AFFECTED, VIZ., Ist, WHEN CONFINED TO
THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING THE NOSE AND CAVI-
TIES OF THE HEAD. 2dll/, WHEN THE LUNGS ARE
ALSO DISEASED.

Having described those diseased appearances
which constitute Glanders, and which are found in
horses that are destroyed, or die, it becomes
necessary to observe that these appearances vary
in nearly every animal, being in some slight, in
others comphcated ; and that the mucous mem-
brane of the nostrils sometimes exhibits a conside-
rable, and at other times only a slight diseased
appearance ; not but that there are cases in which
the lungs and every other part of the body vdll be
found without any appearance of disease or disor-
ganization, allowing that the interior parts of the
body are usually paler in colour, and weaker in
texture, than is to observed in horses when
destroyed in a healthy state. On the other hand,
diseased appearances are not always confined to
the head, the lungs being sometimes slightly
diseased, occasionally highly so, presenting Tuber-
cles, Vomicae, Hepatization, Emphysema, &c.

102 DIVISION OF THE SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS

In a number of instances, the diseased appear-
ances are wholly confined to the mucous membrane
of the nostrils, and where the symptoms have not
arrived to that extent which is commonly consi-
dered the true form of Glanders ; and such cases
as these are usually but improperly termed sus-
pected Glanders ; and most of them would soon
recover if a proper and judicious mode of treat-
ment was resorted to, instead of reducing the ani-
mal by hard work, &c., particularly young horses.

It is of the greatest consequence, therefore, to
owners, who they employ about their ahimals when
diseased. Numbers of very valuable animals, vvdth
only slight unhealthy discharges from the nostrils,
have been condemned, as being incm^ably Glan-
dered, wholly in conseqiience of such unskilful
persons being unacquainted with the true nature
and cause of the unhealthy state of the animal,
and which is the sole cause of their exhibiting such
symptoms.

Again, there is another class of persons equally
ignorant Math the former, who, wdth their great
and mighty Specifics, undertake to cure all cases,
even those of the lungs when badly diseased, and
when there is not even the shadow of a chance of
their effecting a cure, unless by supplying the
animal with new organs. It therefore behoves
owners to be strictly careful what horses they
condemn, and also how they bestow useless keep

ACCORDING TO THE PARTS AFFECTED. 103

and treatment on others that are incurable ; cir-
cumstances which can only be obviated by a strict
attention to those symptoms which, if properly
understood and properly attended to for a sufficient
time, may allow the horse an opportunity of reco-
vering. In order to enable those who may be
disposed the better to comprehend the subject, I
shall divide the symptoms which constitute Glan-
ders into two classes, beginning with those which
are confined to the head.

Sect. I.

Glanders when confined to the mucous membrane
lining the nose and cavities of the Head.

When the symptoms of Glanders are wholly
confined to the membrane of the nostrils and
ca\ities of the head, it is most frequently the effect
of badly-treated or neglected cases of Strangles or
Colds, in the common or Epizootic form ; and as a
consequence, the whole system has been brought
into a more or less unhealthy and debihtated state ;
and as the lungs are also sometimes diseased, it has
given rise to such various opinions being advanced
concerning the parts truly affected in Glanders ;

104 GLANDERS CONFINED TO THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE.

some persons contending that it originated in the
head, and others that it originated in the lungs;
M. La Fosse entertaining the former, and M.
Solleysel the latter opinion. The idea of the
disease being situated in the head, in all proba-
bility led M. La Fosse to recommend the use of
the trephine and injections with a view to cure
Glanders ; nevertheless, this plan failed, from the
real cause not being removed, viz., the unhealthy
state of the system ; with which he does not in
any way appear to have been acquainted. Under
such circumstances, any kind of local treatment
will avail but little ; and whatever is effected, must
be by acting on the entire system ; which when
brought into a healthy state by proper remedies,
the discharge and diseased state of the membrane
of the nostrils will soon assume a mo^*e healthy
appearance, and ultimately recover its former state,
and this without any local treatment, either in the
form of injection, or otherwise. These slight cases
of Glanders have been known to recover without
any medical treatment whatever being adopted,
excepting that of keeping the part clean, feeding
the~ animal well, only moderately working him,
and avoiding further exposure to the cause or
causes which first produced the appearances.
Symptoms of unhealthy disease, similar in appear-
ance to those which constitute Glanders, may also

HEAD AND LUNGS BOTH DISEASED.

105

occur in unhealthy animals in consequence of
injuries to the bones of the face, as kicks,
blows, &c.

Section II.

Glanders, wlten the Head and the Lungs are both

diseased.

Under the complicated forms of diseased appear-
ances in Glanders, I include all the various affec-
tions of the lungs, as tubercles, vomicas, &c., as
well as those of the membrane of the nostrils and
cavities of the head This is the worst form of
Glanders, and generally arises either from Stran-
gles, Colds in the common or Epizootic form, or
from Acute or Chronic inflammation of the sub-
stance of the lungs ; of which it is not uncommonly
the effect ; and may with propriety be called con-
sumption of the lungs of the horse. But although
the lungs are sometimes diseased in Glanders, it
must not be supposed that it is equally so in all
cases, for sometimes the appearances of disease are
very slight, and tubercles only to be observed.

It has been stated, that horses never recover
from Glanders when they have tubercles in the
lungs, and that it has often happened, that when

106

GLANDERS WHEN THE HEAD

the horse has been destroyed, after being under
treatment several months, that one or two very-
small ones have been found in the lungs, just suffi-
cient to prove the fact of their existence, and
they have been consequently considered as the
sole cause of the animal's not recovering. On
inquiry, however, it has been always found that
the medicines administered were improperly and
injudiciously given, and were the principal means
of destroying the appetite ,and condition of the
animal ; when, if an opposite mode of treatment
had been adopted, in all probabihty the animal
would have recovered. Similar results have also
followed the bad treatment of young horses, in
which there has not been the least trace of disease
of the lungs, and very httle if any of the mem-
brane of the head. But in those cases where a
proper mode of treatment has been resorted to, and
where the membrane of the nostrils and cavities of
the head was highly diseased, and the lungs also
suspected to be shghtly so, the animals have to all
appearance completely recovered, and afterwards
performed a great deal of work without any of the
symptoms re-appearing.

As to tubercles, therefore, being the cause of
Glanders, and of the animal's not being able to keep
up his condition under shght disease of the lungs, I
consider to be an erroneous opinion, and one that
is not worth further investigation; for organic

AND LUNGS ARE BOTH DISEASED.

107

disease of the lungs, like various other parts of the
body, will always be found to injure the health of
the aninial, just in proportion to the degree of
injury to which the tubercular disease of the lungs
is found to extend ; and I may advance in support
of this, that we may frequently see the lungs of
sheep, and even lambs, affected with numerous
small chronic tubercles in the cellular texture when
killed, and at the same time apparently in the
highest state of condition.

108

REMARKS ON THE

CHAPTER XI.

REMARKS ON THE SYMPTOMS AND DISEASED APPEARANCES
IN THE TWO DIVISIONS OF GLANDERS.

Having stated under separate heads the symp-
toms of disease in the Hving animal, and also the
appearances of the diseased parts in Glandered
horses which are observable after death, I shall
proceed to describe, and endeavour to prove, their
real nature and cause, occasionally reverting to
those symptoms and appearances so indefinitely
termed Glanders.

In the first chapter I have stated Glanders to be
nothing more than symptoms of unhealthy dis-
ease, weak inflammation, and that these only occur
from the whole system being in an unhealthy and
debilitated state ; and I have moreover endea-
voured to show, in the subsequent chapters on
Strangles, Colds, Inflammation of the lungs, &c.,
that the symptoms of disease in the horse, called
Glanders, are nothing more than the latter stages
of those diseases, and that to constitute Glanders it
is only necessary to have a train of unhealthy
symptoms in particular parts, as the mucous mem-
brane of the nostrils with a discharge, either mth
or without an enlarged and diseased state of the

TWO DIVISIONS OF GLANDERS.

109

sub-maxillary lymphatic glands ; and on the con-
trary, that when these symptoms of disease assmned
a more or less healthy appearance, and the dis-
charge was not of an infectious character, that they
were then only considered as acquired or common
diseases ; and termed Strangles, Colds, &c. ; and
that in consequence of their assuming another train
of diseased symptoms, they have hitherto been
classed under the indefinite term Glanders ; and
although we have Glanders following the Strangles,
Colds, Inflamed lungs, &c., no one that I am
aware of has yet defined the nature and cause of
these different changes of disease, unless it be that
of attributing it to a poison in the blood.

Mr. Blaine, in treating on Glanders, says, " the
philosopher's stone was scarcely sought for more
earnestly by the ancients than a cure for the Glan-
ders by the moderns, — by modern Veterinarians at
least;"* and further, "That a cure may, however,
be discovered for this specific poison there is no reason
from analogy to despair, but, on the contrary, much
reason to hope ; nevertheless, one consideration, n ot
usually taken into account, would probably much
lessen the value of such a discovery, which is, that
it does not appear to be the Glanders as it affects
the head that destroys the animal, but as it diseases
tlie lungs."

Outlines of the Veterinary Art : p. 461. Third Edition.

110

REMARKS ON THE

Now I very much regret being compelled to say,
that it is the imaginary idea of a specific poison,
and discovery of its antidote, that has been a pow-
erful bar to the advancement of Veterinary science,
and one great reason of practitioners loosing sight
of the real nature and cause of the symptoms
of disease ; for although they have found the matter
which is discharged from the diseased parts in"
many instances infectious, they do not appear to
have been aware that it depended on the unhealthy
state of the animal's whole system, and in con-
sequence they have been at work tooth and nail to
discover a specific remedy, apparently forgetting to
consider that all the alterations of the structure of
the membrane of the wind-pipe (or trachea) and
cellular substance of the lungs, in which there is
commonly a greater or less degree of disorganization,
as ulceration of the membrane, tubercles, vomicae,
hepatization, &c., are the effects of inflaimnation,
and produced by the irritable state of the animal,
particularly when in a highly domesticated state,
from food, cloathing, air, exercise, change of tem-
perature, &c., and that these are, in nearly every
instance, liable to render the whole animal system
unhealthy, and at the same time produce organic
disease in all its varieties, and the oftener the
animal is affected the more unhealthy and weaker
lie becomes, and the less hkely to recover, when
alteration of structure has occurred.

TWO DIVISIONS OF GLANDERS.

Ill

From the experience, therefore, which I have had
in Glanders, it appears to me, that the greater
nmnber of cases, but particularly such as are
described under the first divisions, are the latter
stages of badly treated or long neglected cases of
Strangles, Colds, &c. For when a horse becomes
affected with what is commonly termed a violent
cold, that is, inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane of ^ the nostrils and air passages, followed
by a discharge of healthy matter or pus from the
former, with loss of appetite, and a general debihty
of the system, (in most instances occurring from
sudden change of temperatm'e, long exposure to
wet, cold, &c.,) and when, instead of the owner
paying proper attention to the horse, by which he
would soon recover, he is still forced to work,
until at last he becomes so much injured, and his
appetite so bad, that an unhealthy state of the
system, direct debihty. Glanders and Farcy, is very
frequently the sequel. But on the contrary, if the
animal is kept fi'om work while labouring under
these affections, and those " curses of good horse
flesh" but very cautiously resorted to — viz., re-
peated blood-lettings, strong physic, and diuretic
medicines, the direct debility which such treatment
is almost certain to produce may be prevented.
Solleysel appears to have been perfectly aware that
the symptoms of disease which constitute Glanders,
frequently occurred from the improper treatment

112

REMARKS ON THE

of Strangles, Colds, &c., although this fact appears
to have been entirely unheeded by modern Veteri-
narians. While treating on Glanders he observes,
" 'Tis a most certain Rule, that a Horse should
never be Purged while he voids matter at the
Nose ; for a Purging Medicine may throw him
into this Distemper, tho' he were free of it before.
We must follow Nature in the Cure of Diseases,
and not compel her to change her course, or to
submit to one that is opposite to that which she has
already taken, as Purgation is in the present case.
'Tis true, most Farriers observe that Method, but
I'm fully convinced that 'tis very dangerous, and
oftentimes fatal."*

These remarks, which are founded on facts, ought
to be strictly attended to, and never lost sight of
by those practitioners who value their reputation,
and feel a true interest for their employers. They
will find that, by carefully pursuing a moderate
system of treatment, such as the use of gentle
tonic alterative medicines, and allowing the animal
proper rest, that many valuable horses might be
recovered, and thus saved from those destructive
appearances called Glanders.

The first division of Glanders, for want of a
better name, I shall at present denominate, un-
healthy nasal flux. This form is sometimes found

* " Compleat Horseman : " Part II., Chap. 11, Sect. 1, p. 30.

TWO DIVISIONS OF GLANDERS. 113

to degenerate into that described in the second,
or complicated form, which is in consequence of
the lungs becoming inflamed and diseased from
the predisposed state of the animal, as well as
from a variety of other causes, as sudden increase
of temperature, violent exertion, &c., and not by
an animal poison attacking the parts, as Messrs.
Coleman, Blaine, and others have asserted.

The symptoms termed Glanders is most fre-
quently found to occur, in the more comphcated
form, from primary Acute, and Chronic inflam-
mation of the lungs, generally brought on by
violent or long continued exertion, increase of
temperature, &c., which produces more or less
alteration of structure or disorganization of the
lungs, though not preceded, as in the former in-
stance, by Strangles, Common "Colds, &c. Glanders
may therefore occur in two ways : 1st, from violent
or long continued inflammation of the membrane
which lines the nostrils and cavities, the result of
Common Colds, &c. ; and 2ndly, from violent pri-
flmary inammation of the substance of the lungs,
which produces tubercles, vomicae, &c., and ulti-
mately similar symptoms of unhealthy disease.
In the former instance the inflammation of the
membrane of the nostrils and cavities may extend
to the substance of the lungs ; and in the latter
the inflammation of the lungs to the mucous mem-
brane of the nostrils and cavities.

114

CHAPTER XII.

REMARKS ON GLANDERS AS APPEARING INDEPENDENT OF
SUCH INFLAMMATORY DISEASES AS STRANGLES, COLDS,
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS, &C.

After having endeavoured to show that those
symptoms of disease which appear in the horse,
and denominated Glanders, are most commonly
the latter stages of badly treated or neglected
cases of Strangles, Colds, or Inflammation of the
lungs, and that the effects or symptoms depended
on the unhealthy state of the system, and a.gi'eater
or less alteration in the structure of such parts as
were affected, viz., the membrane of the nostrils,
the substance of the lungs, &c., I now come to
consider those symptoms of disease called Glan-
ders, and which are likewise found to foUow, but
not. immediately after, such diseases as have been
already named, — as Strangles, Colds, Inflamma-
tion of the lungs, &c. In such cases, although a
state of debility and disorganization has taken
place, the animal may not exhibit the symptoms of
Glanders directly ; yet from the state of debility
into which the system has consequently been
brought, the animal is rendered more predisposed
to assume the unhealthy symptoms on the applica-

REMARKS ON GLANDERS,

115

tion of the sligitest exciting cause, as exposure to
wet, cold, undue exertion, &c., but which, however,
in stronger and more vigorous animals would not be
followed by any injurious effects, or immediately
produce the symptoms of unhealthy disease termed
Glanders. In cases of this description, an un-
healthy discharge takes place directly, and with-
out being preceded by a healthy one. This is also
frequently a circumstance with horses which are
not properly attended to, and not allowed sufficient
time to recover their strength and condition after
disease, and that have been perhaps turned out and
exposed to wet and cold, or immediately taken to
work, and made to undergo considerable exertion,
instead of their having been properly treated.
The old adage, " penny wise and pound foolish " is
well applicable to this manner of treating horses ;
and those who, probably for the sake of economy,
turn them out, had much better have kept them,
in a loose box, with a sufficient quantity of corn,
bran, hay, and green food.

Horses which have suffered much from several
attacks of acute inflammation of the lungs, &c., in
the spring and summer months, if not taken great
care of for some time afterwards, are liable to
become affected with those unhealthy symptoms
of disease called Glanders, when the cold and
wet weather of autumn and winter sets in ; and
again, those which have been affected and reduced

I 2

116 GLANDERS INDEPENDENT OF OTHER DISEASES.

by inflammatory disease in the autumn and winter
months, are also hable to take on the symptoms of
Glanders when the warm weather in the spring and
summer comes on. In the former instance, it
arises in consequence of the system being reduced
in the spring or summer, and the animal's being
rendered less capable of withstanding the cold and
changeable weather of the autumn and winter
months ; and, in the latter instance, the system
has been so much reduced and debilitated in the
autumn and winter, that the animal is unable to.
bear the change and heat of the spring and summer
months. This will account for our having Glanders
more frequently at the rise and fall of the year.

Section I.

Glanders independent of any of those inflammatonj
diseases already named.

In the first chapter it has been stated that disease
assumes a character according to the healthy or
unhealthy state of the animal, and also that where
the symptoms of Glanders follow other diseases,
either directly or indirectly, the symptoms in a
great measure, or wholly, depended upon the un-
healthy state into which the system had been

GLANDERS INDEPENDENT OF OTHER DISEASES. 117

previously brought, and that they were not pro-
duced, as generally supposed, by a poison contained
in the blood.

I shall now endeavour to explain the reason of
those symptoms of disease called Glanders, which
are found to occur entirely independent of other
inflammatory diseases. It is a well-known fact,
that if animals are kept for some time in a close
and confined situation, they very soon become
unhealthy, and in a more or less debilitated state,
in consequence of the impureness of the air ; and
the same effects frequently happen when they are
worked too hard, or very badly fed.

Similar effects are also produced when horses
undergo any sudden change, either in temperature,
food, clothing, or exercise. In such cases the
whole system is very rapidly reduced and debili-
tated, and those unhealthy symptoms which con-
stitute Glanders soon follow, and without being
preceded by any healthy disease. In these in-
stances, from the whole system being in an
unhealthy state, and, as a matter of course under
these circumstances, not capable of assuming a
healthy inflammatory disease, but on the contrary
an unhealthy one, at the same time exhibiting
symptoms which, when they appear with a dis-
charge from the nostrils, constitute Glanders, and
when with small abscesses and ulcers in the skin.
Farcy,

118 GLANDERS INDEPENDENT OF OTHER DISEASES.

There are various degrees of unhealthy appear-
ances of certain parts which constitute Glanders or
Farcy, whether the symptoms follow healthy dis-
ease, or occur independent of it ; and this is
apparently the reason why persons have been so
much at a loss, and of their describing so many
different sorts of disease, and also of the introduc-
tion of the terms bordering 07i, ajjproaching to, or
suspected Glanders or Farcy, and Hkewise of the
term Specific* Now the word specific means,
plainly speaking, peculiar ; and it has been used
most extensively as a hood-wink for ignorance ; and
hence we have in constant use in Veterinaiy prac-
tice. Specific Grease, Specific Mange, Specific Oph-
thalmia, Specific Glanders, Specific Farcy, and I
cannot now enumerate how many other Specific
diseases.

* " There is no medicine in the world," says Osmer, " that
can properly be said to contain any specifick quality, but when
we know not how to account for the effects or modes of operation
in any medicine, we, to keep up the shew of knowledge, and to
gratify our own pride, have recourse to hard words, or terms of
art, that serve in reality to betray our ignorance." — A Treatise on
the Diseases and Lameness of Horses, by W. Osmer. 1761, js.
190-1.

PART II.

CHAPTER I.

NATURE OF FARCY IN CONNEXION WITH GLANDERS,
WHEN FOLLOWING COMMON INFLAMMATORY DISEASES,
AS STRANGLES, COMMON COLDS, DISTEMPER, INFLAM-
MATION OF THE LUNGS, &C., AND WHEN IT OCCURS
INDEPENDENT OF THOSE DISEASES.

In most of those cases where the symptoms
which constitute Glanders follow the Strangles,
Common Colds, Distemper, (or Epizootic disease,)
Inflammation of the Lungs, &c. ; and also when
these symptoms occur without immediately follow-
ing such diseases, there is great probability also of
Farcy symptoms appearing. And the knowledge
of this fact is not modern ; for I now find that M.
Solleysel was acquainted with it, and likewise with
that of Glanders occurring after Farcy ; for, in
treating of Glanders, he remarks that, " If while
the Horse is under Cure, you observe any Knots of
the Farcin to break forth upon his body, though
they may be easily cured, and the Farcin be not
mahgnant, yet the horse will never recover."*

* Solleysel, Part II., Chap. 12, Sect. 8, p. 37.

120

NATURE OF FARCY

And he further remarks that, " there is a great
affinity between the Glanders and Farcin ; and the
latter, when 'tis past Remedy, degenerates into the
former y which, in that case, is absolutely incurable."*
As far as regards this fact, then, of Farcy following
Glanders, and the reverse, I entirely agree with
M. SoUeysel ; but I cannot do so, either with him
or Mr. Coleman, in allowing that all the disease
and alteration of structure which takes place, is the
effect of a poison contained in the blood. M. Sol-
leysel goes on to state, that " Van Helmont says,
that the French Pox had its Original from the
Farcin in Horses ; and 'tis generally agreed, that in
the Cure of that Distemper, the Malignity of its
Poison must be destroy'd, and the Blood afterwards
purify'd and rectify'd ; after which all the Symp-
toms disappear. The same may be applied to the
Farcin. When the Farcin is inveterate, or of long
continuance, the Blood being utterly corrupted by
the Poison that is lodged in it, acquires so virulent
an Acrimony, that it ulcerates the Lungs or the
Liver by its excessive Heat and Malignity." f
M. Solleysel also goes still further, and attempts to
describe the nature of the Farcy poison, upon
which, however, I shall not comment until I come
to describe the infectious properties of Farcy and
Glanders.'

* Solleysel, Part II., Chap. 13, Sect. 7, p. 36.
t Ibid., Part II., Chap. 77, Sect. 1, p. 225.

IN CONNEXION WITH GLANDERS. 121

Why an infectious ulceration of the skin, termed
Farcy, should follow that state of the membrane
of the nostrils called Glanders, has particularly
occupied the attention of Veterinary Surgeons;
and it has been generally considered and admitted
that a poison in the blood was the cause. But
they appear to have lost sight of the fact, that
when Farcy occurs after Glanders, and more
particularly Glanders in the complicated form,
where there is considerable alteration in struc-
ture of the internal organs, viz., tubercles, vomicae,
&c., of the lungs, that the whole system has
become debilitated and unhealthy in consequence,
as well as from the causes which produced such
alterations ; otherwise they would not have been
at such a loss to discover why such an unhealthy
affection of the skin as that called Farcy should
take place, nor why an unhealthy appearance of
the membrane of the nostrils should also occur, if
they had taken this circumstance into consideration
— that the whole system is in an unhealthy state,
and that, consequently, we are not at all likely to
find a healthy state of ulceration or discharge in
one part, with unhealthy appearances in other
parts of the body ; for every part of an animal
which is diseased will be found to assume an ap-
pearance according with the state of the system,
and in Glanders, the ulcers in the nasal membrane
will have a corresponding unhealthy appearance to

122

NATURE OF FARCY, &C.

those of the skin, and the reverse ; both the dis-
charges from these diseased parts being equally in-
fectious in character, although not, in my opinion, in
consequence of its containing any particular poison;
but wholly from the blood ; the other fluids, as well
as the solids, being changed from a healthy to an
unhealthy state.

All the causes, therefore, which will in any way
further tend to debilitate an animal, will invariably
cause the ulcers, both in Glanders and Farcy, to
become still more unhealthy — to get larger by gra-
dually extending ; and in those cases which may
not have assumed the true ulcerated appearance of
Glanders and Farcy, and where such injudicious
means have been resorted to, as large and repeated
blood-lettings, strong physic, and dim-etic medi-
cines, they very quickly become so ; while, on the
contrary, in such cases as are recoverable either
before or after they assume the true character of
Glanders and Farcy, all those causes which tend to
promote the health and strength of the animal will
have the effect of causing the discharge to appear
of a more healthy character, the ulcers to cicatrise,
and the animal ultimately to recover.

123

CHAPTER II.

NATURE AND PROGRESS, SYMPTOMS AND TERMINATION
OF DROPSY, (anasarca OR (EDEMA,) GREASE, INJURIES
OF THE SKIN, MUSCLES, TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, &C.
ENDING IN OR FOLLOWED BY FARCY AND GLANDERS.

Dropsy of the skin and cellular membrane in the
horse's, as well as in other animals, appears mider a
general and local form,* the former of which is
most frequently found connected with the diseases
of the mucous membrane of the air passages and
lungs, as Straligles and Colds, either in the common
or Epizootic form, and the latter stages of Acute
and Sub-acute inflammation of the lungs ; while
local dropsy more commonly follows Grease or
Injuries.

General and local dropsy both consist in a
deposit of serum or water in the cellular texture
underneath the skin, depending in nearly every
instance on general or local debility. General
dropsy also occasionally follows other diseases, and

* When all the extremities are enlarged, and occasionally with
other parts of the body, as the head, sheath, under part of the
belly, &c., the term general dropsy lias been adopted when one or
two extremities are only affected, locally or partially.

124

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

occurs from various causes when the system is
debilitated, and when there is no other particular
disease existing.

Section I.

General Dropsy occurring zmth diseases of the Air
Passages a?id Lungs, as Strangles, Common Colds,
Distemper, 8^c.

Dropsy of the extremities very frequently occurs
in these diseases, particularly in the Distemper
(or Epizootic form of cold,) it is commonly called
swelling of the legs, and sometimes Water Farcy.
It arises in consequence of the debihty of the
system, and languid state of the circulation ;
having become so from the causes which produced
the original disease, and which it follows ; it is not,
therefore, as frequently supposed, a primary disease
caused hy the humours in the blood.

General dropsy takes place sometimes at the
commencement of these diseases notwithstanding
the best mode of practice is pursued ; but it too
frequently happens from bad and injudicious treat-
ment, and is too often found to follow immediately
after large and repeated blood-lettings, and the abuse
of purging and diuretic medicines ; and not unfre-

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

125

qiiently, when given under the direction of such
persons as ought to know better.* General dropsy
may appear either at the early or latter stages of
these diseases, and if instead of keeping the body
moderately loose, and exhibiting gentle tonic medi-
cines, &c., these practitioners continue to bleed
freely, and throw in their diuretics, under the igno-
rant plea of exciting the kidnies into a greater
action, and the absorbents to remove the watery
parts of the blood, they show a want of knowledge
of the original cause of the disease, and by their bad
treatment render the whole mass of blood, (already
too much of a watery nature,) still weaker. By
a farther continuance of the bleeding and diuretics,
they may easily for a short time lessen the quan-
tity of blood in the system, and render the drop-
sical enlargements a little less, but as the blood
becomes more watery or serous, the swelhngs get
larger, and if this practice is carried still farther,
the animal either dies in consequence, or becomes

* " Again, when horses have cold cedematous swellings in the
extreme parts, occasioned by the impoverished state of the blood
and juices, or bad usage, the custom is to purge away, dose after
dose, without knowing, that by such continued purging, they are
doing harm ; for the use of purges will render the blood and
juices thinner, so that these swellings will be increased rather than
removed, unless some proper warm medicines are given between
whiles, to amend the state of the blood."— Pa^-e 167, Treatise
on the Diseases and Lameness of Horses. By W. Osmcr.
17(51.

126

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

Glandered and Farcied, and then dies. I have
even under these circumstances heard it asserted
by practitioners, that the horse must have taken
the Glanders or Farcy from another, apparently
ignorant that their own bad practice of reducing
the system was the cause of the animal's death.

Section II.

General Dropsy followed hy Farcy and Glanders,
without being preceded by any other disease.

This form of Dropsy* mostly occm-s at two
particular seasons of the year, spring and autumn,
and is very frequently the forerunner of Farcy and
Glanders. When it occurs in the spring it is gene-
rally in those animals w^hose systems have been
previously reduced during the autumn and ^\dnter,
and vv^hen in the autumn, in such as have been
weakened, and rendered unhealthy by various
causes dui'ing the preceding spring or summer.
General dropsy is most frequently subsequent to
sub-acute inflammation, and liable to arise from a
variety of causes. It occasionally appears after
copious bleeding or purging, or from a too free use

* When this disease disappears without unhealthy ulcers
forming, it is what is termed Water Farcy by Farriers.

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

127

of diuretics, likewise from feeding with mow-burnt
or musty hay, kiln dried, musty or heated oats,
badly ventilated stables, excess of cloathing, bad
water, want of proper exercise, or from too high
as well as too low feeding.

Some persons are very fond of bleeding and
purging their horses copiously and frequently, and
of giving them diuretics, and they are not satisfied
until these produce the most violent effects ; hence,
from the debility which follows, arises dropsy and
its consequences.

In dropsy, or swelling of the legs, occurring from
debihty, the old practitioners were in the habit of
giving cordial tonic medicines, a very judicious
plan ; but it appears to have been nearly superseded
by the modern and injudicious use of bleeding,
purging, and diuretics, under an idea of cordial
tonics being of little or no utility, and only to
be considered on a par with drams ; but whether
they deserve this comparison or not, I contend that
where one case of dropsy recovers from the use of
diuretics, twenty would do so, and be prevented
from running into Glanders and Farcy, by a proper
use of cordial tonics in a way I shall hereafter lay
down.* It is most certainly true, that diuretics can

* The administration of these medicines must of com-se be
varied according to the season of the year. In the spring and
summer they require to be given with greater caution, and in
less quantity, than in the autumn and winter.

128

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

be compounded at a much less price than cordials,
but when the life of so valuable an animal as that of
the horse is at stake, this ought not to be, though
I am sorry to say I believe it is too frequently, a
matter of consideration.

Some of the cases of general dropsy ocucrring
in the spring, which is often followed by Farcy and
Glanders, may be attributed to letting horses get
out of condition from bad feeding, over work, and
want of proper cloathing, &c., during the autumn
and winter, as well as from turning them out to
straw-yards, when, perhaps, they have been the
whole of the previous spring and summer, and
even for years before, in a warm stable, well fed
and cloathed. From such sudden changes, who, in
the name of common sense, could expect any thing
less than to find their horses weak, debilitated, in
an unhealthy state, altogether out of condition,
and frequently Farcied or Glandered. It has been
stated, on the contrary, that sudden changes of
temperature cannot be the cause of Farcy and
Glanders, for that they depend upon a 2}oiso?i
in the blood, and that horses in forests, commons,
&c., which are very little, if at all domesticated,
yet badly fed, and much exposed to wet and cold,
seldom become Farcied and Glandered. In reply
to this I may observe, that foresters, &c., frequently
become dropsical ; and the reason of their not being
so often found Glandered, is, that the former,
being less accustomed to such a kind of treatment,

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

129

feel the shock or change more severely than the
latter, and the system is consequently rendered
more unhealthy than in those animals which are
foaled and constantly exposed to the variableness
of the seasons.

But suppose we reverse this, and take animals
from commons, &c., and suddenly place them in
close stables, under warm cloathing, and high feed,
and see what the consequences would then be ; —
very frequently general dropsy, followed by Glan-
ders and Farcy. Thus horses taken from pasture
are equally liable to become affected with the
unhealthy symptoms of disease called Glanders and
Farcy, as those which are turned out from stables,
and heedlessly exposed. Horses, therefore, which
are turned out, whether in summer or winter,
should have a proper place to shelter them in wet
weather, and more particularly in vdnter ; and at all
times a proper quantity of corn, and hay if re-
quired ; as in wet summers the grass contains but
a small portion of nutriment, by no means suffi-
cient to support and keep them in proper condi-
tion, and free from disease. Particular attention
ought also to be paid to taking them up from
pasture in the autumn; by no means allowing
:them to remain out after the grass begins to loose
its nutrition, and the weather becomes cold;
.though, perhaps, the best way would be not to
turn them out at all, but adopt some such plan of

130

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

treatment as that which has been laid down in a
series of articles that appeared in the Sporting Maga-
zine, by a well known writer, Nimrod, under the title
of " Condition," wherein he recommends the use
of loose boxes and hard meat, with a due portion
of green food. I am confident that there are more
horses rendered dropsical, (oedematous,) Farcied
and Glandered, than many people imagine, by
injudiciously turning them out to grass, or into
straw yards, especially in wet seasons, and after
their having been in a stable, and kept on hard
meat perhaps for years before. If such horses do
not directly become Farcied or Glandered, they
very frequently fall into a weak, sickly, and predis-
posed state to become diseased, as with acute and
sub-acute inflammation of the lungs, &c., liable to
terminate in tubercles, general dropsy, or Fai'cy
and Glanders.

Post and stage horses are particularly Hable to
dropsy of the extremities, and to its speedily
ending in Farcy and Glanders, both in the spring
and autumn ; the more so if for some time previ-
ously they have been worked very hard, and highly
fed. Many cases of this description depend on
what is termed a general break up ; autumn and
spring, being always the most critical seasons with
most animals.

General dropsy, followed by Farcy alone, or
conjointly with Glanders, or Glanders and Farcy

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

131

without dropsy, most frequently occur amongst the
horses of coal merchants, brewers, and stage and
post masters, though occasionally with others, even
when the greatest care is taken of them ; and they
are especially susceptible in the autumn, when the
change in their coats takes place, by becoming
thicker and longer, in order to resist the incle-
mency of winter. During this change, the blood-
vessels of the skin are in a state of increased action,
by which they promote the growth of the hair.
Hence it happens that all horses at this time are
duller, weaker, more chilly, sweat sooner and
more profusely, and purge much easier than at any
other season. Horses, therefore, require more
careful treatment ; they should have an additional
quantity of corn allowed them, with a portion of
beans, and if any slight swelhng appears about
their legs, they ought to have tonic stimulating
medicines, so as to increase their appetite and
strength ; carefully avoiding all purging and diure-
tics, as they invariably tend to make the animal
more languid and weaker, as well as more liable to
assume an unhealthy diseased action, particularly
in the form of Farcy and Glanders.

Exposing the animal to cold and rain, at any
part of the year, but especially in autumn, washing
the surface of his body with cold water when he is
heated, or exposing him to a direct current of air,
will sometimes produce general dropsy, and that

K 2

132

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

train of unhealthy symptoms of disease of the
skin called Farcy, and of the membrane of the
nostrils called Glanders, similar to those unhealthy
symptoms which are found to follow healthy
disease, when improperly treated or neglected.

Section III.

General -Dropsy followed hy Grease, Farcy and

Glanders.

. When general dropsy occurs from any of the
causes which we have already enumerated, it is
often the forerunner of that disease of the skin of
the extremities, especially the hinder ones, which,
from the particular appearance of the discharge, is
called Grease. General dropsy is also a conse-
quence of the debility of the system, on what is
generally termed being out of condition, and may
be considered as one predisposing cause of Grease,
aided in the autumn and winter by the too fre-
quent application of cold water to the extremities,
when the animal is over-heated by excessive labour.

When general Dropsy is followed by Grease, the
usual practice is to diminish the quantity of corn,
and immediately bleed, — ^insert rowels, — and give
purging and diuretic medicines ; with a view, no

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

133

doubt, of stimulating the absorbents, in order
to cany off the super-abundant watery parts of
the blood.* It is true these remedies appear for a
time to relieve, but it will be found they ultimately
render him more debilitated, when in reality the
dropsy of the extremities and the Grease become
a great deal worse, and not unfrequently the
animal becomes affected with Farcy and Glanders,
which might easily have been prevented by judi-
cious treatment. I particularly mean these obser-
vations to apply to cases of general dropsy, which
are followed by Grease, and in which there is no
internal organic disease of the lungs ; for when
that happens, the best mode of treatment too
frequently proves of little avail.

Section IV.

Grease and Injuries followed by local or general
Dropsy, and ending in Farcy and Glanders.

Grease generally occurs, in the local form, in the
autumn and winter, when the animal is in high as

* A Dissertation on the real nature of the blood, and action of
the absorbent vessels will be published shortly, containing many
new views of the subject.

134

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

well as low condition. It is produced from a variety
of external causes, which are liable to affect the skin
of the legs, — as the too frequent application of cold
water, without properly drying them after ; plucking
out or clipping the hair too close, in cold and wet
weather. Dirt also, if allowed to accumulate, so
as to produce irritation, injuries inflicted on the
heels, as halter casts, &c., and improperly treated
or neglected blisters. When Grease occurs from
these or other causes, it is mostly attended with a
local swelling, or dropsical state of one or more of
the extremities. The same sort of swelhng also
frequently happens from contused, lacerated, or
punctured wounds, and other injmies in any part
of the skin, or the muscular, tendinous, or liga-
mentous parts, especially injuries of the pastern or
hock joints. In strong and healthy animals these
descriptions of swelHngs are best treated by mode-
rate bleedings, rowels, and setons, purgative, and
diuretic medicines ; but when they occur in ani-
mals which even have a tendency towards an
unhealthy state, then they will be found very
injurious, and liable to produce general Dropsy,
Farcy, and Glanders. With those animals, how-
ever, which are in a very unhealthy state, it will be
much better to adopt a milder and more cautious
plan, and carefully to consider the probable effects
of the bold and scientific practice of bleeding,
bhstering, purging, and giving diuretics; for I

ON GENERAL DROPSY.

135

sincerely believe that these remedies, however
valuable they may be in able hands, and used with
sound judgment, when carried to excess, are
always injurious to animals in health, and that
they very frequently lay the foundation of a pre-
disposition in the animal to exhibit symptoms
of unhealthy disease in general, and particularly
those denominated Farcy and Glanders. With
such effects on healthy horses, what must they
have on weak ones, or on those which are ap-
proaching to, if not already in an unhealthy- state.

That imhealthy ulceration of the skin termed
Farcy, takes place in some animals from even the
slightest injury ; while in others, that are more
healthy, the symptoms do not appear until after
repeated injuries, bad treatment, food, air, and
want of an over exercise ; in short, it is only when
the system is in a weak and a particularly un-
healthy state, that this description of sweUing and
ulceration is met with.

136

APPEARANCES OF FARCY,

CHAPTER III.

SYMPTOMS AND APPEARANCES OF FARCY, WHETHER
FOLLOWING GLANDERS, DROPSY (ANASARCA OR CEDE-
MA,) GREASE OR INJURIES, OR OCCURRING INDE-
PENDENT OF OTHER DISEASES CHARACTER AND SIZE

OF THE ABSCESSES AND ULCERS — STATE OF THE

DISCHARGE PROGRESS OF ULCERATION STATE OF

THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND GLANDS.

Almost every description of sore to which the
skin and membrane of the nostrils are liable, and
that may have an uncommon discharge, have
been, in some way or other, designated Farcy and
Glanders, and which may account in some mea-
sure for the many supposed kinds which have been
treated on by SoUeysel, La Fosse, and others.

The symptoms and post mortem appearances of
Glanders having been already described, I shall
now proceed to explain those of Farcy, best known
by small tumours sometimes suddenly appearing
in the skin, and cellular membrane underneath,
especially on the sides of the face, neck, trunk, the
insides, and occasionally the outsides of the extre-
mities, and without there being a dropsical en-
largement of any particular part. These Farcy
tumours are less numerous in some cases than in

FOLLOWING GLANDERS, DROPSY, &C.

others, and wholly confined to one part, particu-
larly to the inside of one leg : sometimes with the
lymphatic vessels enlarged, inflamed, and tender,
and at others without. When these Farcy tu-
mours occur, and the lymphatic vessels are hke-
wise enlarged and inflamed, they present a knotty
appearance, somewhat resembling so many cords,
running from the lips to the ears, sides of the
neck, and to the chest, and from the pasterns
towards the lymphatic glands, which are situated
at the inside of the fore and hind legs. These
enlargements of the lymphatic vessels in Farcy
were considered by the old farriers as a disease of
the veins, and they termed it, " the Corded Farcy,"
whether abscesses formed in the skin or not ; thus
making a distinction when it occurred without any
enlargement of the lymphatic vessels.

The greater number of practitioners appear to
agree in considering Farcy to depend on a poison
in the blood, and some have informed us that the
reason of the lymphatic vessels becoming inflamed
and enlarged, and also of Farcy abscesses occur-
ring, is in consequence of the specific poison being
interrupted, or arrested in its course by the valves
of these vessels,* that the valves and coats be-
come inflamed, and that Farcy abscesses and
ulcers form in the skin, as the result ; but none of
^ them have yet deigned to tell us what becomes of

* Blaine's Veterinary Outlines. 3rd Edition. Art. Farcy, p. 1.03.

138 APPEARANCES OF FARCY,

this specific Farcy poison after it has thus made its
escape from the body.

In some cases of Farcy, either with or without
inflammation, enlargement, and tenderness of the
lymphatic vessels, abscesses occur ; and also where
there has been a previous dropsical or cedematous
state of one or more of the extremities. This is
more particularly found to be the case in old and
debihtated horses, when they get into an unhealthy
state, and are much out of condition ; as well as in
others in which dropsy has occurred from any of
the various causes enumerated in the last chapter.

When Farcy tumours appear in local, or what is
more frequent, in general dropsy, they are more
numerously clustered together than under any
other form ; (see plate 3 ;) and when ulceration
takes place, a considerable portion of the skin of
the extremities is destroyed, previous to the ab-
scesses suppurating. They appear like small,
hard, tender lumps in the skin, cellular membrane,
and sometimes in the muscular parts ; they gene-
rally become larger and softer as they proceed to
suppuration, ulceration, &c., and discharge a matter
which with the ulcers presents a particularly pale,
yellowish white, or dark coloured unhealthy cha-
racter, very unlike the red and healthy appearance
of common sores ; these either remain in an indo-
lent state, or gradually extend, discharging at
times a small quantity of unhealthy matter. It is
occasionally found, when local remedies are ap-

FOLLOWING GLANDERS, DROPSY, &C. 139

plied to Farcy ulcers, after they have been for
some time in a sluggish and unhealthy state, that,
at last, though with great difficulty, through the
use of caustic appHcations, they dry up, and
appear healed. Topical remedies are not proper
and effectual means for curing Farcy ulcers, as
almost immediately after, fresh abscesses and
ulcers appear, and, in many instances, even more
numerous than before.

Farcy ulcers sometimes have a tendency to gra-
nulate and heal without any external application ;
but, it must be observed, the granulations, Uke the
ulcers, are mostly of an unhealthy character ; heal-
ing with great difficulty, and even ineffectually,
until proper remedies, and such as will rouse and
invigorate the system, are applied and skilfully
administered. The lymphatic glands of the neck,
inside and upper part of the fore and hind legs, as
well as the sub-maxillary, are very often inflamed,
enlarged, and tender, and ultimately become hard
or scirrhous, and without at all proceeding to sup-
puration ; an occurrence not unfrequent in healthy
animals when these glands are inflamed.

M. Solleysel in his " Compleat Horseman," has
given us the following description of Farcy: he
says : —

" Some reckon up seven, and others eight Sorts of tliis Distem-
per ; but I shall only divide it into four kinds, to which all the
rest may be reduc'd.

" IVie Flying Farcin.— This kind of Farcin is known by

140

APPEARANCES OP FARCY, &C.

certain Knots that are spread over the whole body, appearing
sometimes in one place, and sometimes in another ; and resem-
bling the little swellings called Corns in men. 'Tis called the
Flying Farcin, because it quickly over-runs those parts that
seem'd not to be infected with it before. 'Tis easily cur'd,
because it has not a fixt Seat or Rest in the Emunctories."

" The Corded Farcin. — The second sort of Farcin is accom-
pany'd with hard Swellings, resembling the Ropes or Strings
that run between the Flesh and the Skin along the Veins, espe-
cially those of the Thighs, Neck, and Brisket, and along the
Belly. These Cords are beset with Tumours or Knots, which
break forth into Ulcers, and cast out Matter : and the Colour of
these Ulcers is different, according to the Variety of the cor-
rupted Humours.

" If the Blood predominate they are Red ; if it degenerate
into Choler, by reason of the Defect of the Liver, in separating
the Bile from the Mass of Humours, they appear yellow, if
Flegm abound, they are white, and if there be a Redundancy of
burnt, black, and melancholic Humours, they are of a blackish
Colour, which is the most dangerous of all the four cases."

" The Farcin resembling a Hen's Fundament. — This is a very
dangerous Farcin, and difficult to be cur'd. 'Tis known by
great Tumours or Bunches, which break the skin without voiding
any Matter. The Lips of the Ulcer are almost always callous
and foul, and of a reddish black colour, which is a sign of burnt
and melancholic Blood. It takes its Name from the Resemblance
of its Figure."

" The Internal Farcin. — In this Kind the Knots are seated
between the Flesh and the Skin, without any visible external
Swelling ; they resemble Corns, and fasten the Flesh to the Skin.
If the Cure be not timely begun, the Disease enters in the Body,
and infecting the inward Parts, kills the Horse. Sometimes the
Knots are fasten'd to the inside of the Skin only, and are not
rooted in the Flesh ; they appear usually on the fore-part of the
Breast, and are very easily cur'd."

CHAPTER IV.

POST MORTEM APPEARANCES IN FARCY, UNDER ALL

CIRCUMSTANCES DIVISION OF THE APPEARANCES

ACCORDING TO THE PARTS AFFECTED, Ist, WHEN

CONFINED TO THE SKIN ALONE *, 2dli/, TO THE SKIN

AND MEMBRANE OF THE NOSE AND CAVITIES ; Sclll/,

TO THE SKIN AND LUNGS ; 4^AZ?/, TO THE SKIN,

NASAL MEMBRANE, &C. AND LUNGS.

When Farcied horses, whether in conjunction
with Glanders or not, are destroyed, and their car-
cases examined, they generally exhibit appearances
nearly similar to those found in Glanders, and
which have been already described, viz., tubercles,
hepatization, &c., of the lungs. In the first divi-
sion of Farcy when it is confined to the skin, there
are some cases met with, where no alteration of
structure in the interior of the body is to be seen,
and then only with this difference, that all the
organs are of a paler colour, and weaker in texture
than in animals which are destroyed in a healthy
state. I have seen a great many such cases after
death, which has convinced me that very many
valuable horses are destroyed, so slightly Farcied,
that neither in the inside nor outside of the body can
any disease whatever be traced, excepting perhaps

142 POST MORTEM APPEARANCES IN FARCY,

half a dozen or a dozen ulcers in the skin, and with-
out the slightest appearance of dropsy. I well re-
member a remarkable case of this description, that I
met with at the slaughter-house, in a six-year old
very valuable young draught horse, wliich had been
destroyed under the above circumstances. This
horse had only a few unhealthy sores in the skin,
produced, in all probability, by the perspiration
being suddenly checked, from exposure to cold or
wet ; a case which I am fully confident might have
been very soon recovered by a judicious mode of
treatment ; as tonic medicines, proper attention,
good food, air, and exercise. It is this description
of case, as well as many others, even where the
skin has been far more extensively diseased, that I
have found cura-ble by proper care and treatment.

Among the second division of cases, those in
which the skin and membrane of the nostrils are^
both affected, which constitutes in fact Farcy and
Glanders, there are Hkewise many that might be
recovered, particularly when it occurs in yomig
horses, and when the membrane which lines the
nose is not very extensively ulcerated.

In the third division of Farcy we find the skin
and lungs are both diseased ; and in some instances
the lungs occasionally present all the various
appearances of disease which are found in Glan-
ders, the result of repeated inflammation. The
recovery of an animal thus affected will be much

UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES.

143

more difficult and doubtful, than either of the
former divisions.

The fourth division, that in which the skin,
membrane of the nose and lungs are all highly-
diseased, constitutes Farcy and Glanders in the
most compHcated form ; and such cases being
beyond the reach of medicine, it will be always
far better to have the animal destroyed as soon as
possible.

144.

CHAPTER V.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE NATURE OF FARCY AND

GLANDERS CONNEXION OF THE SYMPTOMS OF FARCY

AND GLANDERS WITH EACH OTHER- — PREDISPOSING

AND EXCITING CAUSES TREATMENT NECESSARY TO

EFFECT A CURE REMEDIES TO BE EMPLOYED, AND

THEIR ACTION ON THE SYSTEM EXPLAINED.

The symptoms of Farcy, like those of Glanders,
follow different common inflammatory diseases,
and also occasionally like them appear in such
horses as are in an unhealthy state, independently,
or without following such diseases. It has been
hkewise stated that the symptoms which constitute
Farcy, as well as Glanders, depend on an unhealthy
state of the system, and that it may have been
brought into that state from a variety of causes. I
shall now enter more fully into the subject, by exa-
mining why the symptoms have been supposed to be
produced by a poison contained in the blood.

What is termed Farcy and Glanders, both in the
horse and ass, is nothing more than certain symptoms
which occur in particular parts of the body, when the
system is in an unhealthy state. In Farcy, the skin
alone is diseased^ although it may be so in conjunc-

NATURE OF FARCY AND GLANDERS. I'i5

tion with the cellular membrane and lymphatic
vessels ; and in Glanders either the mucous mem-
brane of the nostrils, air passages, or lungs, are
diseased, accompanied with a discharge from the
mucous membrane, whether ulcerated or not.

Those symptoms of disease which constitute
Farcy or Glanders may exist either separately or
conjointly, and with or without the lungs or any
other internal organ being diseased. I shall there-
fore propose they be designated unliealthy nasal
fluxes, and when those symptoms which are termed
Farcy appear, followed by abscesses and ulcers in
the skin, unliealthy cutaneous abscesses and ulcers.
The veterinary practitioner will be thus enabled to
Comprehend more clearly the nature of the symp-
toms, and not, as heretofore, to class every kind of
discharge from these parts, under the general terms
of Farcy and Glanders, which, like the vague and
unmeaning terms of hydrophobia and rabies in the
dog, have been long held as sufficient grounds by
the ignorant for destroying many a valuable animal
that by care and proper treatment, particularly at-
the commencement of disease, would no doubt have
easily recovered.

As the infectious character of the discharge, or
matter which flows from the parts that are diseased,
both in Farcy and Glanders, depends on the blood
as well as all the other parts of the body, being in
an unJiealthy state, and not, as it has been for ages

146

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE

asserted, on that of a distinct poison, I shall be
enabled to explain clearly the nature and character
of the symptoms ; having found that when the dis-
charge is taken from the least affected of these
animals, it is the less likely to be infectious ; for it
will be invariably found that where the system is in
the most unhealthy state, the matter will be pro-
portionately infectious. I am not aware that any
, one has hitherto attempted to explain the nature
and appearances of Farcy and Glanders, or the
infectious character of the discharges, on the prin-
ciple of the unhealthy state of the system, or that to
effect a cio-e it must be gradually recovered fi'om
that unhealthy state into a more healthy one.
There are several persons who have asserted their
belief in the infectious or contagious character of
both Farcy and Glanders ; and but few to the con-
trary ; some contending that they were highly so,
others that they were not. M. M. Solleysel* and
Sainbel f maintaining the former opinion, and Mr.
Thomas Smith % the latter, with whom I am led to
agree : he expresses himself thus : " I have no wish to

* " Compleat Horseman," by the Sieur de Solleysel. Hope's
translation, 1717. Part II, pages 28 and 224.

-f- Experiments and Observations made upon Glandered Horses.
Posthumous Works of Charles Vial de Sainbel, 1797.

t A Treatise on Glanders, by Thomas Smith, Veterinary Sur-

"1"

geon to the 2nd Regiment of Dragoon Guards. 8vo. 1813.
Preface, pages 8 and 9.

NATURE OF FARCY AND- GLANDERS. 147

allure any into a fatal security, by inducing them to
permit a diseased subject to remain with one that
is perfectly free from it." Now I do not mean to
assert that Glanders and Farcy are not contagious,
but I mean to contend that they are not, nearly to
that extent which is generally supposed. On such
gi-ounds persons are not warranted in condemning
valuable horses, many instances of which I have
known, in consequence of a poor, weak, and debi-
litated ass having been inoculated and infected
with discharge taken from the horse, and, on the
test, the animal has been pronounced to be badly
glandered, and so foolishly destroyed. It ought to
be clearly understood that, from asses being natu-
rally weak-textured animals, nearly always badly
fed, and highly susceptible of the slightest exciting
causes, they are more liable to general irritation of
the system, inflammation of the membrane of the
nostrils, and that unhealthy discharge commonly
called Glanders, as well as from their being much more
easily acted upon by inoculation; so that appearances
may be produced not only by the discharge taken
from the nostrils of an unhealthy horse, but by
a variety of other causes.

CONNEXION BETWEEN THE SYMPTOMS

Section I.

Connexion bettmen the symptoms of Farcy and

Glanders.

Farcy and Glanders are indicated by affections
of separate parts of the body, the former appearing
in the skin, and the latter in the mucous membrane
of the nose and air passages ;* and the symptoms
are found to follow various inflammatory diseases,
and always to depend on the unhealthy state of
the system, which are the effects of those diseases
which Farcy and Glanders are found to follow, as
well as from a variety of other causes.

The most general way of accounting for this by
the modern Veterinarians has been, that Farcy and
Glanders is one and the same disease, and that the
same poison produces both, but that while circu-
lating with the blood it attacks such parts of the
body as are most susceptible of its action, when
the membrane of the nostrils or lungs are affected,
constituting Glanders, and. when the skin and lym-
phatic vessels. Farcy. It is against this notion of

* Those readers who may be desirous of becoming thoroughly
acquainted with the real nature of this membrane, and its con-
nexion with the skin, will find a clear and concise description in
Bichat's Treatise on the Mucous Membranes. Translated by J.
Houlton, Esq. Svo. 1821.

OF FARCY AND GLANDERS. 149

an imaginary poison that I so strongly protest, and
fearlessly assert that the symptoms of Farcy and
Glanders are the effects of well known external
causes, and that when the system is brought
'into a debilitated and unhealthy state, those parts
which are natiu-ally the weakest and most predis-
posed, are consequently rendered more susceptible
to the exciting causes, and the parts to which they
are most powerfully applied are those which soonest
become diseased. As for instance, if a horse is in
an unhealthy and predisposed state, and any ex-
citing cause acts on the skin. Farcy will be the
result, and if, subsequently, to the membrane of
the nostrils, a weak and unhealthy inflammation
termed Glanders may follow; and so on the reverse,
if the cause first act on the membrane of the
nostrils, producing symptoms of disease, and ulti-
mately on the skin, similar effects will be found to
follow ; as thus, if a healthy animal should happen
to be exposed, or driven against wind or rain, a
healthy inflammation and its consequences, as the
disease termed a Cold (Catarrh) will be the result,
but if in an unhealthy state or improperly treated,
the disease will be very hable to end in Farcy or
Glanders.

150 PREDISPOSING AND EXCITING CAUSES

Section II.

Predisposing and Exciting Causes of Glanders
and Farcy.

Having in the progress of this work already
alhided to most of the predisposing as well as the
exciting causes of Glanders and Farcy, I shall only
here shortly recapitulate them ; alluding to such
others as are of importance.

T consider those symptoms of disease termed
Glanders and Farcy, both when there is slight as
well as extensive disorganization, as when directly
or indirectly following Strangles, Colds, Inflamma-
tion of the Lungs, Dropsy, Grease, Injuries, &c.,
and also when they occur in unhealthy animals
independent of any of these diseases, to arise in
consequence of the unhealthy state of the system ;
the effects of a variety of predisposing and exciting
causes, to which horses in a highly domesticated
state are so frequently exposed. The causes which
produce Glanders or Farcy, as well as the different
diseases that they are found to follow, are sudden
changes of temperature, of clothing, of food, of
air, and of exercise, as well as the improper
treatment of diseases. Unfortunately a great many
persons suppose they possess a sufficient skill and
judgment to prescribe bleeding, physic, diuretics,

OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 151

&Ci, for their horses, but they are often deceived,
and generally suffer severely for their presumption.
For when these remedies are too frequently or
otherwise improperly administered, they become
the cause of both Glanders and Farcy, equally
when the animal is in health as when he is labour-
ing under disease, by producing a general debihty,
as extreme as if they had become diseased from
impure air, bad food, musty hay or oats, hard or
excessive work, exposure to wet and cold, poor
keep, &c.*

* We may perhaps be allowed here to introduce the following
letter, which will show how extensive the mortality is which
sometimes happens amongst horses from Glanders and Farcy, in
some seasons.

"Sir, - " Jpril 15, 1830.

"Having engaged to give you some information relative to
Glanders, as it prevailed in the year 1826, and the beginning of
1827, the following are the particulars, as near as my memory
serves me.

" The summer was dreadfully hot, with a long continuance of
dry weather, without a single shower being known to occur for
months ; green food became so scarce that people were obliged
to feed their cattle on dry meat ; in the following winter the
scarcity of hay and corn was unprecedented, it was also very
unwholesome; I have seen out of one load of oats (twenty
bags) four of them winnowed away, by the separation of
small lumps of the soil, &c. This appeared to arise from the
straw being so short, that the oats were literally pulled up to
make the most of the straw, instead of being mown, and the con-
sequence was, that a great deal of dirt, &c„ went to market with
the grain.

152

PREDISPOSING AND EXCITING CAUSES

In addition to my own experience I shall also
adduce some extracts in support of my opinions,
from a valuable modern author on Glanders, Mr.
Thomas Smith, and also some few others from the
French writers. Smith enumerates six principal

" After the horses had been fed on this sort of food for a few
months, Glanders made its appearance in the stables of many of the
coach and posting establishments : within my own range of prac-
tice, I knew of the loss of nearly five hundred horses. Mr.
R. Evans, of Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, lost upwards of one
hundred ; and it is an important fact that those horses which
were in the highest condition, broke out first, and in many of
them the disease was ushered in apparently by symptoms of
inflammation of the lungs, and after these symptoms subsided
the horses began to discharge at the nose ; the sub-maxillary
glands on one or both sides became enlarged, and occasionally
there appeared extensive ulceration of the membrane of the
nose, and Farcy was frequently the consequence ; in others, the
disease was so acute as to destroy the animal in forty-eight
hours, from the time the inflammation within the chest com-
menced ; this being the general precursor of Glanders.

" The disease (though highly contagious) appeared, in the
generality of cases that came under my examination, (sometimes
amounting to twelve or fourteen horses in the day, for weeks
together,) to be generated in the system. In a great number of
the post-mortem examinations I found the lungs very much
tuberculated, with vomicas and ulceration. That the disease
was produced by unwholesome food in these instances, is a fact
which in my mind requires no argument to substantiate.

" I am, your obliged Servant,

" R. Pritchard."
" To R, Vines, Esq., " JVolvcrhamjHon, Staffords/iirc."

Jtoyal Vet. Coll.

OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

153

causes of Glanders ; 1st, General Debility ;— 2f%,
A previous disease ;—Sdhj, Breathing an impure
air ; — 4:thly, Exposure to a current of cold air, or
being permitted to drink cold water, when hot ; —
5thli/, A sudden transition from cold to heat, and
vice versa ; — 6tJili/, Infection.*

Among the opinions of the French writers we find
ascribed, as the cause of Glanders and Farcy, " da-
maged provender, over-fatigue, the influence of cold
and humidity ; low, wet, dark habitations, infested
zmth currents of air, charged with effluvia from the
animal matters accumulated about the door and win-
dows of stables, the atmosphere of which is not sufflci^
ently often renewed, and which are situated by the
side of rivers, rampart walls, garrison towns, &c."f
They also consider Glanders as " an untoward ter-
mination of Strangles, bastard-strangles, . cynanche
maligna, farcy, water-farcy, catarrh,"^ &c.

I have introduced these valuable remarks for the
purpose of showing that my own notions are not
singular, but are borne out by many of the French
practitioners, who with me, differ from the opi-
nion of M. Dupuy. This gentleman states that
Glanders is a specific disease ; and not a termi-

* A Treatise on Glanders. By Thos. Smith, Veterinary Sur-
geon to the 2nd Dragoon Guards. 1813, page 17,

f Translation of M. Dupuy's Work on Glanders, &c. 1817.
Mr. Percivall's Lectures, Part III, page 498.

X JOidf page 4S1.

154 PREDISPOSING AND EXCITING CAUSES

nation of strangles, bastard-strangles, cynanche
maligna, farcy, water-farcy, catarrh, &c. When
the lungs are affected, it is a sequel of the tuber-
culous disposition, and not a termination of perip-
neumony. On the contrary, acute or chronic
peripneumonies are very often consequences of the
tuberculous affection.* From the remarks of M.
Dupuy, it evidently appears, that he was totally
unacquainted with the real nature of tubercles,
and that he was not aware of their being cellular
abscesses, or the effect only of inflammation, he
having distinctly stated it as his opinion, that they
were the cause, and not the effect of disease. Thus,
therefore, he has fallen into a great en-or, notwith-
standing his depreciation of all preceding writers,
from the time of Aristotle down to that of his own.

M. Dupuy has also stated, that " two leading
hypotheses are discoverable (in these works) ; "
alluding to all preceding writers ; " the one attri-
buting glanders to an acrimony circulating in the
blood; to which account they lay all disorders
that may supervene upon it. The partisans of this
proofless supposition imagine that they will achieve
a cure if they can but manage to eliminate or
expel this pretended morbific humour, to the fulfil-
ment of which grand desideratum every remedy
employed is directed. According to the second

* Ibid, page 484'.

OP GLANDERS AND FARCY.

155

supposition, - glanders is viewed as a local affection,
attacking the mucous membrane of the nose.
Those who have adopted this opinion employ fu-
migations, and trepan the frontal and maxillary
sinuses.

" Moreover, they have invented instruments to
conduct these vapours and fumigations into the
different windings of the nasal cavities, with the
intention of locally affecting and bathing the
diseased parts, and in the end of cicatrizing the
chancres by vapours charged with medicinal exha-
lations ; but unfortunately, all these means, whose
combinations appear so happy, have not been
followed by the anticipated success. It certainly
is surprising to one who has attentively perused
the different works on glanders, from the time of
Aristotle to the present, that he has met with
nothing hut a multiformity of suppositio7is, and not
one author who has busied himself about the nature
of this mortal malady. They have all disregarded
this important part of pathology." *

Now I consider M. Dupuy nearly in the same
situation as those writers whom he condemns, for
he describes Glanders and Farcy> with many other
diseases, as the result of hereditary tuberculous
affection, and asserts that tubercles are " the effect
of an unknown cause" that the only means of era-

* Ibid, puges 492-3.

156

INFECTIOUS OR CONTAGIOUS

dicating this disposition in animals, is to couple
and cross with such breeds as are well known to
inherit the least disposition towards tubercular
disease. In the latter notion I perfectly coincide
with him, as it is a point of considerable import-
ance ; but after all, it will avail but little or nothing
unless the animals are so treated as to be secured
from all the various .predisposing and exciting
causes which tend to produce Glanders and Farcy,
and when they labour under those inflammatory
diseases which these follow.

' Section III.

Infectious or Contagmis Nature of the discharge in
Glanders and Farcy, with the Opinions of diffe-
rent Authors thereon.

In treating on Glanders or Farcy, when following
Strangles, Colds, Dropsy, (Anasarca or CEdema)
Grease, &c., and also when they occur independent
of these, it has been stated that to constitute the
proper symptoms of Glanders and Farcy, it is ne-
cessary that there should be a particularly unheal-
thy appearance in those parts which are diseased,
as well as in the matter or discharge, before they
can with propriety be termed Glanders or Farcy ;

NATURE OP GLANDERS AND FARCY.

157

and as these diseased appearances sometimes vary,
practitioners have introduced different auxiliary
terms to express what they mean, as, bordering on,
suspected, or approaching to, Glanders or Farcy.

Much has been said about the infectious or con-
tagious* nature of both Glanders and Farcy Mr.
Coleman attributes the infection or contagion to a
Specific poison in the blood; and he also asserts
that a similar poison exists in those animals where
Glanders or Farcy is generated ; that it is formed in
the atmosphere of stables, by the secretions and ex-
cretions of the animal, and that it is a compo of dung,
urine, breath, and perspiration. But in my opinion
any impure air which may be thus formed, only
tends to render the system debilitated and un-
healthy ; and that from this cause, as well as from
a variety of others, the blood and fluids which are
formed are rendered vitiated or unnatural, and of

* The words contagion and infection are very frequently used
synonimously. By infection, as applied in the common acceptation
to disease, is generally understood, those diseases which have
been communicated from one animal to another through the me-
dium of an atmosphere tainted either by respiration or exhalations
from the body ; and by contagion, is understood among Veteri-
nary practitioners, such diseases as are propagated by the actual
contact of matter. As we have never seen a case, and are
unacquainted with an instance where Glanders or Farcy was
produced, by inhaling the breath or effluvia of the body of ano-
ther animal, but only by actual contact of matter, we shall, like
Smith and Dupuy, use the terms synonimously.

158

INEECTIOUS OR CONTAGIOUS

an infectious or contagious character, and capable
of producing general derangement or disease, if
introduced into the system of some other animals,
especially the ass, which is almost naturally predis-
posed to disease from bad feeding, and the weak tex-
ture of its skin. Thus far only, then, do I consider
the discharge in Glanders and Farcy infectious, and
not in consequence of an independent poison in tJie
blood. Take, for example. Glanders and Farcy when
following Colds, Injuries, &c., when it has been pre-
ceded by a healthy discharge not infectious, but which
from neglect or bad management becomes so un-
healthy as to constitute Glanders or Farcy. Is it not
then the very height of folly to lose sight of the negli-
gence, mal-treatment, and unhealthy state of the
system which these produce, and to rest satisfied with
so idle and ridiculous a notion as that of a specific
poison having crept into the Mood ?

This so-said poison, like the Ether* of past ages,
has hitherto been a very profitable and convenient

* Ether, the name of an imaginary fluid, was supposed by
several of the ancient authors to be the cause of gravity, heat,
light, muscular motion, sensation, — in a word, of every pheno-
mena in nature. For instance, when any one put a question like
the following, viz. : — What is the cause that sheep have some-
times horns ? The ready answer was, — Because the Ether ivas
sometimes so modified in its operation as to produce that effect.
Why are some sheep without horns ? Owing to another modifi-
cation of the Ether. Why is a crow black ? — Because of the

NATURE OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

159

term to some persons ; enabling them to settle so
many questions in their own way, and to their own
hearts' desire, that let Glanders or Farcy, and I
know not how many other diseases, occur under
whatever circumstances they may, — whether in the
stable, straw-yard, at grass, after great exertion, or
when the system is in a deranged state, this ima-
ginary poison is invariably set down as the satanic
agent. If it is contended, that by inoculating with
the matter of Glanders or Farcy, the proper symp-
toms are produced, and that the fact is then
proved, and that a specific poison thus existed, and
that this poison, like other poisons, is governed by

Ether. Why is a swan white, with black feet ? — Owing to the
Ether. Why have fishes scales — ^birds wings — some animals two
feet, some four, and others none ? — The causes may all he attributed
to different modijications of the Ether ! ! and thus, on these princi-
ples may be solved any of the most intricate problems in nature.
Ether, however, must now "hide its diminished head," — for mo^
dern intelligence has discovered a power, that if it does not surpass,
may at least claim an equally potent agency with the Ether of the
ancients. For were you to require an explanation of the propo-
sition,— Why Glanders, Farcy, and some other diseases of the
horse are affirmed to be caused by " an animal poison contained
in the blood," you would receive an equally convenient and di-
verting answer, as you did to your previous queries respecting
the horns, crow, &c., and one quite as explanatory and satisfac-
tory, viz., that it is formed from dung, urine, breath, and perspi-
ration ; a compo, — an imaginary something, which " the Chemist
CANNOT DETECT," but which OUT readers may call, if they please,
Ether!

160

INFECTIOUS OR CONTAGIOUS

laws peculiar to itself, and that this is still further
proved by introducing blood from a Glandered
horse into the veins of a healthy ass, and similar
symptoms produced ; I am prepared to prove that
unhealthy blood taken from an animal not Glan-
dered v^^ill produce similar effects as blood taken
from a Glandered horse.* In the course of my
experiments I have produced Glanders and Farcy,
with a considerable tuberculous disease of the lungs,
and water in the chest, that ended in death,
in the course of ten days, by introducing half a
pint of blood, taken from a rabid dog, into the
jugular vein of a five-year old healthy ass ; and
similar effects will likewise follow the introduc-
tion of any irritating fluid into the circulation,
— as a solution of sulphate of copper, &c. Now

* One of the opinions of Mr. John Hunter was, that the
blood never became diseased. — Mr. Coleman, however, asserts
that it does in Glanders and Farcy, and lays claim to the asser-
tion as a discovery ; advancing as a proof the introduction of
blood from a Glandered horse, into the veins of an ass, producing
Glanders and Farcy. The impropriety of applying the term
disease to a fluid not possessing organization, must I think be
sufficiently apparent. Had it been stated that the blood became
changed in quality, viz., from a healthy to an unhealthy state,
we might then easily have accounted for its producing derange-
ment or disease, a term which can only, properly speaking, be
applied to organized textures. The above experiment with the
blood of a dog labouring under Hydrophobia, will, I presume,
show the fallacy of his assertion.

NATURE OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 161

this clearly shows that it is the particular irri-
tation to which the system of some animals is so
susceptible, (no matter from what cause,) that pro-
duces the diseased symptoms, and that it is not the
effect of a specific or particular poison contained
in the blood. As a further illustration, I may
advance, that I have seen Glanders, and even
death produced by inoculating an ass with matter
taken from an unhealthy animal labouring under
virulent Grease.

It is no doubt from the contagious nature of the
discharges in very bad cases of Glanders and
Farcy, — and which I consider to depend on the
unhealthy state of the animal, — that first led
others to the idea, that when similar symptoms
were produced, they always depended on a specific
poison in the blood, and that in the treatment of
such diseases it required those remedies which, by
their specific effects, would combine with this sup-
posed specific poison, so as to nutralise and destroy
its effects. Mr, Coleman tells us that the specj^c
poison which is the cause of Glanders and Farcy,
" cannot be detected by the Chemist ; " and M.
Solleysel goes a step further, and attempts to give
a description of the nature of the Farcy poison,
which he also considers to be produced from a
variety of causes :— he says, " For a brief Explana-
tion of the Nature of that Poison, 'twill be suffi-
cient to tell you, that 'tis a venenious Steam, or

162 PREDISPOSING AND EXCITING CAUSES

certain corrupt Spirits, which penetrates the Parts
of a Horse's Body, as the Light of the Sun passes
through a Glass. These Spirits are a sort of Fer-
ment that breeds Corruption in whatsoever part
they attack. And 'tis to be observed that this
poison can never be destroy'd by purgative Medi-
cineg, without the Use of Specifics.

" This Disease is sometimes communicated by
Contagion from an infected Horse ; 'tis also occa-
sioned by eating too great a quantity of (especially
new) Oats, or new Hay, before 'tis purg'd, by
evaporating its superfluous Moisture, which usually
happens about two Months after 'tis put up in
Stacks, or in a Barn. Violent Exercise in hot
Weather, and even once hard Riding, Hurts or
Wounds made with a foul or Cancerous Iron In-
strument, such as Spurs, Bits, &c., and the too
great Abundance of Blood may also cause this
Distemper. It proceeds not unfr-equently from a
preposterous and too hasty Dihgence, in fattening
tyr'd, lean, and over-heated Horses ; for too gi-eat
Abundance of Nourishment breeds the Farcin,
unless it be prevented by moderate Exercise and
often repeated Bleeding." *

The contagious nature of Glanders has been
much doubted by some authors, and still more so

* "Compleat Horseman." By the -Sicwr rfe Solleysel. Hope's
translation, 1717. Part II, Chap. LXXVII, Sect. 1, page 225.

OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

163

that of Farcy, and amongst them are Mr. Thomas
Smith,* and M. Dupuy. This seems to arise from
some cases being less contagious than others, a
circumstance of which the old writers appear to
have been aware ;. for M. Saunier has asserted that
amongst the different kinds of Glanders, there

* " That the efFects of similar causes are generally mistaken
for contagion, will appear from the presence of the disease
amongst the horses employed in post-chaises, coaches, &c.,
where it has always been considered as the eflPect of contagion.
But if w^e consider that such horses are constantly exposed to
the alternate changes of heat and cold, and when almost ex-
hausted by the exertion they are forced to make, are plunged
into a river or pond, or have pail-fulls of cold water thrown over
their whole body, and are afterwards exposed to a current of
cold air in the yard, until they are dry, it will appear that the
disease is produced without the influence of contagion. And do
we not also frequently see those horses employed in stage wag-
gons, when excessively heated and fatigued with dragging those
huge machines, halted opposite to an inn, and remain there until
they are quite torpid with cold, and when they arrive at the end
of the journey, are treated with as little consideration ? Conse-
quently, some of them become diseased, and are destroyed, and
the stable white-washed, and then another horse is put into the
same situation, who, from being subjected to the same treatment,
also becomes diseased, sooner or later, according to the violence
of the exertion, the temperature of the weather, the susceptibi-
lity of the animal to the impression of the disease. Hence they
have kept white-washing and shooting ad infinitum, having mis-
taken the mal-treatment of the liorses for contagion." — Treatise
on Glanders. By Mr. Thos. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon to the
2nd Regiment of Dragoon Guards. 1813. pages 43, 'H-.

M 2

164

PREDISPOSING AND EXCITING CAUSES

were some that was communicated from one horse
to another, at the distance of fifteen or twenty
miles, an error of the grossest description, although
in a great measure still credited by those who are
wholly ignorant of the subject.* Many of our
present practitioners beheve that Glanders cannot
be communicated from one animal to another,
through the medium of the breath, or exhalations
from the body, but that it requires the actual
contact of Glandered or Farcied matter to produce
an effect. In these views, then, I perfectly coin-
cide, never having seen a single case which could
be fairly attributed to infection, through any inha-
lation from another horse.

In allusion to the infectious nature of Glanders,
Mr. Smith, in his treatise, (page 32,) says, that he
has set down infection as a cause of Glanders only
from common report, supposing it to be so ; that

* " For instance," says Mr, Smith, " the disease appears
in a quarter where it had never been known before ; a doctor
is sent for, and the cause demanded : this puts him to a nonplus.
Being unable to account for it on rational principles, he hesitates :
to have made a candid confession of liis ignorance, would have
sullied his reputation, and deprived him of a customer. He,
therefore, looks around him, and happily recollects that there is a
glandered horse in tlie neighbourhood, though at a great distance,
from which the wind had conveyed its dire effluvia to the subject
before him : hence he is delivered from his dilemma, and the
credulous owner is satisfied with the important discovery." —
Smith's Treatise on Glanders. 1813. Preface, pages 10, 11.

OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

165

lie inoculated two horses, but in neither was the
disease produced ; he therefore considers that
where one case proceeds from infection, ninety-
nine out of a hundred are from the other causes
which have been already enumerated. M. Dupuy
states, " That the contagiousness of glanders yet
remains an unsolved problem. That almost all
veterinarians have adopted the idea of contagion ;
though some have advanced quite the opposite
opinion. That veterinarians regard this as a part
of the established doctrine ; though there are
many proofs to the contrary. That I know of no
well-conducted experiments in favour of contagion,
whereas there are some against it. That if I raise
doubts about the contagiousness of glanders, it is
with a view of inducing Government to order
some experiments to be directed to this object." *
M. Volpi, Professor of the Veterinary School at
Milan, asserts that both Glanders and Farcy origi-
nate in contagion only. *

The reason of the infectiousness or contagious-
ness of Glanders being doubted by some and not
by others, appears to me to arise in consequence
of each party endeavouring to support his own
opinion without having properly investigated the
subject; otherwise there would not be some con-

* Translation of M. Dupuy's Work on Glanders, in Mr.
rercivall's Lectures. Part III, pages 483-4.

166 PREDISPOSING AND EXCITING CAUSES

tending that infection or contagion is the sole
cause, — rsdme that it arises from a poison in the
blood, — some that it is only a local disease, —
some that it is caused wholly by sudden changes
of temperature, bad food, aii*, &c., and others,
among whom are the ' followers of M. Dupuy,
who contend that tubercles are the sole cause,
and that they multiply -under the influence of
wet, cold, &c. Now I find that the contagious-
ness, by which I mean actual contact of matter,
both of Glanders and Farcy, admits of various
modifications : for instance, in those animals where
the systerii is in the most unhealthy state, the dis-
charges or matter will be found of the most conta-
gious character, and so on the reverse.

The predisposition of an animal to become af-
fected through inoculation is also of great moment ;
for it will be always found that strong, healthy,
and well-fed horses are by far the least susceptible
of inoculation by morbid matter ; while on the con-
trary, those animals which are but badly fed, and
out of condition, especially asses, — whose textui-es
are always weak, — are the most susceptible and
liable to become affected, and generally die in
about eight or ten days after inoculation.
. The knowledge of this circumstance has led me
to a careful description of the symptoms of Glan-
ders, as they follow Colds, &c., and I may again
state, that they are not, strictly speaking, to be

OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

167

considered Glanders, until the discharge or matter
from the nostrils, is capable of producing similar
effects ; and I wish particularly to impress on my
readers that it must ever depend on the state of the
animal, whether healthy or unhealthy, and whether
or not he becomes Glandered or Farcied, or exliibits
those symptoms of disease which constitute them.
For when an animal is weak, and approaches towards
an unhealthy state, any of the causes which will
produce inflammation, independent of Glandered
and Farcied matter, will have the effect of causing
those unhealthy symptoms. On the predisposition
therefore of animals must ever depend either his
generating disease, or receiving it by inoculation ;■
for if those predisposing and exciting causes did
not exist, animals would never become affected
with those symptoms of unhealthy disease which
constitute Glanders and Farcy, and consequently
they would be unknown, as appears to be the case,
in countries where the atmosphere is not liable to
sudden variations.*

If, then, horses were not so treated, as to be
brought into a predisposed state, inoculation with

* " From my own experience," says M. Dupuy, " and that of
my colleagues, it would appear that glanders is rare in very cold
countries, and absolutely unknown in hot climates. From and
about Poland to about the middle of France, glanders is fre-
quently seen ; it is not common on the other side of the Pyre-
nees ; it is unknown in Africa. M. Vuillaume, my colleague

168

PREDISPOSING CAUSES, &C.

morbid matter would be much less capable of
producing those symptoms of disease than it is in
many animals ; and it is a well known fact, that
there are some horses which resist disease by ino-
culation, and that there are others which are
quickly affected. Mr. Monk, a well known horse
slaughterer, in Whitechapel, has informed me,
that for sixteen years he has kept a horse in a
stable, generally containing a number of Glan-
dered and Farcied horses, but this horse has never
become affected. I have also repeatedly known
instances of healthy horses being stalled and fed,
for a length of time, with horses which were
Glandered and Farcied, without their exhibiting
any symptoms whatever of infection or disease.

and Friend, ascertained this fact during his stay at Tunis and
Tangiers. M. Simon, Veterinary Surgeon to the King of Por-
tugal, assured him that he had not seen a glandered horse during
the thirty years he had been residing in Lisbon." — Translalion
of Dupuy's Work. Mr. PercivalVs Lectures, Part III, pages
496-7.

169

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.
CHAPTER VI.

OBJECT TO BE KEPT IN VIEW WHEN MEDICINE IS GIVEN
EITHER AS A PREVENTATIVE OR CURE BEST REME-
DIES TO BE EMPLOYED FOR THAT PURPOSE THEIR

MODE OF ACTION ON THE SYSTEM CHANGES WHICH

TAKE PLACE IN THE DISEASED PARTS FROM THEIR
USE.

It is my intention in this and the following
chapters to point out those objects which are to be
kept in view, in order to attempt or effect a cure.
. At the commencement of most inflammatory
diseases, excepting those in which the system is very
weak, as in many cases of sub-acute inflammation,
the circulation requires to be moderately reduced
or lowered ; but as soon as this has been accom-
plished, and the inflammatory disposition checked
or subdued, the time very soon arrives when the
system again requires to be gradually restored to
its natural tone. Similar restorative treatment to
this is required for horses much out of condition,
whether from predisposing or exciting causes ; for
if, instead of further reducing the system by hard
work and diuretic medicines, &c., an opposite course

170 TllEATMENT 01- GLANDERS AND FARCY.

was pursued, — that of giving tonic stimulating me-
dicines, the discharge from the nasal membrane, as
in Colds, &c., would continue healthy and quickly
subside, and the dropsical swellings of the extremi-
ties gradually become diminished, as the strength
of the animal returned, and those diseases would
not end in Glanders and Farcy near so frequently
as they do at present.

The Farriers have been much censured by
modern Veterinarians, for resorting so often to
the use of cordial stimulating medicines, but
though, no doubt, they often go too far with them,
particularly by administering them at the com-
mencement of inflammatory diseases, they have
notwithstanding found by experience, that in most
cases after the inflammatory symptoms had sub-
sided in Colds, Dropsy, &c., although they could
not account, perhaps, for their mode of action,
yet they knew the fact, that they were of infinite
service, and tended to restore the animal. SoUey-
sel, and many subsequent writers, were loud in the
praise and use of cordial medicines.

Veterinarians of the present day are instructed to
use freely diuretic medicines in Dropsy, in-order
that by exciting the absorbent vessels into a
greater action, they may take up the watery parts of
the blood : but I contend that though such a mode
of treatment may for a short time diminish the en-
largement of the extremities, yet from the debility

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 171

which they produce, the animal is ultimately ren-
dered worse, the blood more serous, and the en-
largement still greater.

That mode of treatment, therefore, which I am
about to recommend, both as a preventative and
cure for Glanders and Farcy, and especially for
horses very much out of condition, are medicines
of a tonic stimulating nature ; and such as by their
effects, conjointly with good food, air, and exer-
cise, are capable of invigorating the whole system,
and ultimately of bringing it into that healthy state,
for which every other remedy has been tried in
vain to effect.

Section I.

Remedies to he Employed.

The remedies which are to be employed in those
cases which are Hkely to run into, or are already
become what is usually termed Glanders or Farcy,
whetherfoUowing Colds or other diseases, or whether
accompanied with dropsical enlargement of the
extremities from general debiHty or not, or when
Glanders or Farcy occurs in debilitated, unhealthy
animals, without immediately following ordinary dis-

172 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

eases, are those which possess stimulating and tonic
properties, separately or united, as the following: —

Stimulating. — Cantharides : Canella Bark (Canellae Cor-
tex); Capsicum Berries (Capsici BaccceJ ; Cubebs, or Java
Pepper ( CubehaJ ; Ginger Root ( Zingiberis Radix J ; Grains
of Paradise ( Grana Paradisi ) ; Pellitory of Spain (Pyrethri
Radix); All the different sorts of Peppers, as the Common
Black, Cayenne, Chili, Long and White ; Pimento, or Allspice
( Pimentce Baccce ) ; Sweet Flag Root ( Calami Aromat.
Radix); Winter's Bark (Winterce Cortex).

Tonic. — Angustura Bark (Cusparice Cortex); Buckbean
( Menyanthes trifoliata ) ; Cascarilla Bark, ( Cascarillce Cortex ) ;
Chamomile Flowers ( Anthemides Flores ) ; Gentian Root
( Gentiance Radix ) ; Quassia Wood ( Quassice Lignum ).*

Any of these, when judiciously combined and
given in proper doses, have the effect of greatly
increasing the appetite and powers of the circula-
tion, and consequently of improving the animal's ge-
neral health and condition.

The medicine which I have found of the greatest
service, whether it has been given alone or in
combination with any of the others, has been Can-
tharides. They appear to me, when given internally,
to act on the system in two ways ; first, by stimu-

* Peruvian Bark^ ( Cinchona lancifolia ) may also be used
with advantage, in combination with stimulants ; practitioners
should always powder it themselves, they will then stand abetter
chance of having it genuine, though not wholly so, as some spe-
cimens of bark have been seen from .which the greater portion of
the Quinine has been extracted. Sulphate of Quinine would
always be the best preparation to usej where the price is not
an object, and circumstances will allow of its being given.

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 173

lating the vascular surface of the inner coat of the
stomach and intestines, thus promoting a greater
formation as well of gastric juice as of the other
fluids; and also increasing the appetite and diges-
tion, and consequently forming a greater quantity
of chyle or new white blood. Secondly, by absorp-
tion, their active properties being taken into the
circulation, and producing in a very short time,
a material change in the mucous membrane and
ulcers of the nose, as well as in the ulcers of
the skin. The changes which these undergo, in
most instances, is in the colour of the mucous mem-
brane, in the ulcers, and discharge; that of the mem-
brane turning from a pale, yellowish, unhealthy
cast, to a more healthy, natm-al, bright red appear-
ance. (See plate I. Fig. 1, 2.) In proof of the
action of this medicine, when it is appHed in a large
quantity to the skin, in the form of a bhster,
whether on the horse or on the human subject, it
is frequently found that a very high degree of
irritation soon follows its apphcation, with inflam-
mation of the kidnies, bladder, and other parts of
the body, and sometimes a discharge of bloody
urine, not unfrequently of a very alarming nature ;
effects which could not possibly follow, unless
certain active portions were taken into the circu-
lation by absorption.*

* As these effects on the system are sometimes to be ob-
served even in horses in health, when the legs are blistered,

174 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

The action, therefore, of this medicine, when
given internally, for the reUef of those symptoms
of disease produced by debility of the system, and
when the animal is unhealthy, is by increasing the
appetite, and giving tone to the circulation, and
promoting all the different functions of the body,
and bringing them into a healthy state, changing the
unhealthy discharges of the mucous membrane of
the nostrils and the ulcers, as well as the ulcers
of the skin, and causing healthy granulation in
those cases of Glanders and Farcy which are reco-
verable.

In animals previously affected, the matter or
discharge will be found to have become thick and
healthy — to have lost entirely the dark-coloured,
glue, or size-like, unhealthy, and infectious cha-
racter, and to resemble common healthy matter or
pus ; whatever medicines therefore are employed,
whether as preventatives* or for the cure of Glan-
ders and Farcy, the great object invariably to be kept
in view, is that of bringing the system gi-adually

what then must be the effect of a blister, eighteen inches by
twelve, on each side ; and occasionally at the same time a third, a
foot by nine inches, on the under part of the neck, and applied
to horses labouring under violent inflammation of the lungs, and
perhaps in the dog-days, I leave it to common sense to determine.

* By preventative medicines, is meant those which, when given at
proper periods, prevent such diseases as Colds, Dropsy, &c.,
running into Glanders or Farcy.

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 175

from an unhealthy to a healthy state, and entirely to
divest the mind of all preconceived notions rela-
tive to animal poison and specific remedies.

M. Dupuy very justly observes, " Let not medi-
caments, taken singly, be looked upon as specifics :
we have no such thing ; but as agents capable of
producing beneficial effects in the hands of scien-
tific practitioners, when judiciously combined, and
skilfully exhibited."* And at the conclusion of
his forty-seventh Lecture, Mr. Percivall states as
follows: — "With regard to remedies for glanders,
either in its acute or chronic form. Professor Cole-
man has nothing to offer. He has prescribed, by way
of experiment, almost or quite, all the mineral and
known vegetable poisons : preparations of arsenic,
antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, &c., hellebore,
aconitum, digitalis, hyoscyamus, cicuta, bella-
donna, &c. &c., have been, in various condemned
subjects, internally administered ; but all without
any specific or curative effect on this awful and
obstinate malady." f

Mr. Coleman has also kept horses that were
Glandered, for a time on sheep's blood, without
allowing them any kind of food, and I understand

* Translation of Dupuy's Work on Glanders, in Mr. Perci-
vall's Lectures. Part III. page 501.

t Mr. Percivall's Lectures, 1826. Glanders and Farcy, Part
in, page 464.

176 TREATMENT OF OLANDEUS AND FARCY.

that some have also been crammed with balls of
meat, but with no happier result than the before-
named drugs.

I have witnessed a great variety of medicines
administered for the purpose of curing Glanders
and Farcy, but none of them have ever equalled
Cantharides, or produced any thing like such rapid
and decided effects and permanent benefits, espe-
cially when carefully used, either separately or
conjointly with tonics and stimulants. I was first
induced to give Cantharides a full and fair trial in
Glanders, at the suggestion and persuasion of a
professional acquaintance ; and also in consequence
of having been informed by Mr. Revell, an old and
established practitioner in London, that he had long
been in the habit of using Cantharides in small
doses for the cure of Farcy, with the greatest
success. I first used it in treating some Glan-
dered horses which belonged to H. Mc'Tntosh,
Esq., and from the highly beneficial results which
ensued, I have ever since continued it with un-
paralelled success. Some of the horses alluded
to are alive and well, though it is now nearly
three years since I first attended them ; and I
could adduce, were it necessary, many more simi-
larly successful instances which have occurred since
that period.

Several practitioners in and near London at my
suggestion have also pursued my plan of treatment

TREATMENT OP GLANDERS AND FARCY.

and have met with no inconsiderable success * I
have also used Cantharides in combination with
tonic and stimulating medicines in Chronic Colds,
and the swellings of the legs, in horses much out of
condition, and in a variety of different cases where
the system was debilitated, and where there was
considerable probability of running into Glanders
or Farcy, and I have invariably found that the
effects were quicker and greater than I ever expe-
rienced from any other medicine.

On my inquiring into the history of the internal
use of Cantharides, I found that a very able sur-
geon of the name of Roberton, had published an
excellent practical work on the use of Cantharides
in the human subject, recommending it for the
cure of Gleets or affections of the mucous mem-
brane of the urethra, and unhealthy sores in
the skin. I also learnt that a Dr. Greenfield, from
whom Mr. Roberton acknowledges he was first led
to try Cantharides, had been in the habit of using it
more than a century ago, and that his success with
it had been so great as to have excited the envy
and malice of his professional brethren, who

* Mr. Fenwick, an able and long-established practitioner in
London, at my suggestion has given Cantharides a fair trial, and
has experienced great success in curing Glanders and Farcy, and

* chronic affections, from debility of the mucous membrane of
' the nose, and when given in conjunction with Vegetable bitters,

• considers it superior to all other medicines.

178 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

carried their intrigues to such an extent, as actually
to procure his committal to Newgate, on a charge
of prescribing dangerous remedies for the removal
of disease. But notwithstanding such a disheart-
ening fact before me, I have not been discouraged
in endeavouring to communicate to my professional
brethren and the public, the result of my investiga-
tions and experience with this very medicine,
little fearing, in this enlightened age, the risk of
being sent to Newgate, — whatever hazard I may
run, as a consequence of this undertaking, of being
obliged to become the inmate of a larger mansion,
situated somewhere about St. George's Fields.

Mr. Sewell has informed me, that about twenty
years ago the same intelligent surgeon, Mr. Rober-
ton, suggested the internal use of Cantharides in the
horse, for the cm'e of Glanders and Farcy, to the
supreme of the College,* and that a trial of it was

* In all probability it was at or about the same period that
Mr. Roberton made a similar communication to Mr. B. Clark,
as well as to another London Veterinarian in extensive prac-
tice, suggesting the use of Cantharides in Glanders and Farcy.
The former, in 1819, published his Pharmacopoeia Equina,
wherein he recommends the use of Sulphate of Zinc to be given
conjointly with Cantharides, &c., ^as a remedy for Nasal Farcy
Gleets, and for condition powders. And in a subsequent edition
which was published some years after, he has acknowledged the
source from whence he derived his information on the subject :
he says, "Let me not by silence, however, be guilty of not
rendering justice to its discoverer ; for though / 7vas the first

TREATMENT. OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

made, but without success ; the reason of which I
shall be able to show arose from its having been
given in too large doses, (drachms) which causes
it to produce effects directly opposite to those in-
tended, besides adding considerably to the previous
injmy.

Since my very great success with this medicine,
it has been used at the College, in properly increased
doses, for the cure of Farcy, and in some of the
worst cases that have been admitted, with com-
plete success ; but as Mr. Sewell has long boasted
of possessing a cure for Glanders, (Sulphate of
jCopper given in a solution), I hardly need inform

that ever tried it in these cases, I owe the suggestion to the inge-
nious Dr. Roberton." He likewise mentions two cases of
Glanders which had been cured, and which he had seen, by the
" steady administration of this medicine, and the tonic medicine
alternately, week by week." Here, however, we are at a loss to
know what he intended to be understood by Nasal Farcy Gleets,
and the distinction between it and Glanders. Mr. B. Clark does
not appear to have depended on Cantharides alone for effecting a
i cure in either instance, or to have recommended it with much
confidence, if at all, for the cure of Glanders or Farcy. I cannot
1 coincide in opinion with Mr. B. Clark, in assigning the action of
Cantharides wholly to the stimulus it produces on the stomach,
1 or give them that degree of latitude in preventing diseases which
he appears to give them, and likewise Bots, by hinting at their
being capable of checking or subduing "a tendency or disposition
in the horse to inflammatory complaints, as the caligo of the
eyes, termed moon-blindness, inflammation of the lungs and of
the bones, as spavins, splents, &c.

N 2

180 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

my readers, who are acquainted with his disposition,
that Cantharides has not yet received at the College
a sufficiently fair trial in Glanders.

A case of Farcy which was treated in the College,
is represented in plate III. This horse, with two
others, belonged to Mr. Pocock, a coal merchant;
two were cured in the periods of two and three
weeks, and the one represented in the plate, a case of
the worst description, in six. This horse was also
under treatment at the same time for another disease,
exfoliation of the coffin-bone of the near fore-foot,
fi-om the puncture of a nail near the side of the fi'og,
and from the extreme pain and difficulty in stand-
ing, in consequence of his having only two sound
legs, during the greater part of the recovery he
was actually lying down, and the medicine was
given merely as an experiment, very little if any
hopes being at first entertained of his recoveiy,
owing to his extremely low condition. But as soon
as a few daily doses of the following medicine* had
been given, the appetite rapidly increased, the horse
considerably improved, and soon got quite well.

Now what would have been the fate of this
animal, supposing an opposite plan of treatment
had been resorted to ? — bleeding to relieve the
puncture in the foot; — rowels to cure the Farcy;

* Powdered Gentian Root, Powdered Ginger, of each |oz.
Cantharides in fine j)Owder, from 5 grains to 10, made into a Ball
with Treacle.

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

181

Why, in all probability, from the already too debih-
tated state in which he was, he would have been
still further debilitated, and must have died, while
fortunately the tonic stimulating plan tended to
rouse the vital powers, and invigorate the system
so as to resist the effects of the disease.

Mr. Roberton, when speaking of Cantharides, in
the introduction of his very able work states as fol-
lows When I first made use of that ill-under-
stood and consequently mis-represented medicine,
(and I confess I did it with fear and trembling) in
a case of gleet — the gentleman had several ulcers,
of some years standing, on one of his legs, which,
under the influence of the Cantharides, inflamed
so much that he could not even stand. In the
course of a few weeks, however, without any other
medicine or change of dressing to what he had
used for many a day, the ulcers all healed. It
was, at this time, that I ventured to believe that
Cantharides was a general stimulant, and had
caused this favourable change in my patient's
system. I therefore took an early opportunity of
administering that medicine, in the case of a very
bad ulcer on the leg of a young lady. Similar
inflammation was also produced here, which was
followed by a complete cure. This lady's mother
told me that her daughter had, for several years,
been affected with leucorrhoea, which, during the

182 TREATMENT OF GrLANDERS AND FARCY.

use of the above medicine, had disappeared. This
circumstance led me to a consideration of the
effects of the Cantharides in leucorrhoea, and it
was, during this part of my practice, that I met
with some cases, combined with irregularity in the
menstrual discharge. .1 at length tried the Cantha-
rides in these cases, uncombined with leucorrhoea,
and experienced similar happy results. It was also,
in my treatment of certain cases of gleet, that I
succeeded in curing some cases of seminal emis-
sion. Thus these important facts have actually
been thrust upon me. I shall proceed in the same
simple unbiassed way, and indeed should count
the extension of such a train of success, in such
dreadful complaints, worthy of the most patient
investigation.

" My attention was, several years since, first led
to the treatment of some of these diseases in
perusing a publication by Dr. Greenfield, written
about a century ago, and containing some original
observations on that subject. His book has many
faults ; but these, though they may tarnish, do not
render useless its better parts.

" Though Dr. Greenfield's account of the powers
of this medicine be very extravagant, yet it has, in
many points, internal evidence of consistency and
truth. All the complaints in which it is there said
to be useful, have one character; they are those

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 183

of extreme debility, and, therefore, might all be
rationally expected to be alleviated by similar
means." *

The following extracts are taken from that part
of Mr. Roberton's able work, in which he treats
on the effects of Cantharides in the human sub-
ject : —

" Phenomena which succeed the admission of the
Cantharides into the System"

" The pulse is strengthened, the appetite gene-
rally improved, the mind rendered more cheerful,
the matter or discharge, from any abraded or
ulcerated surface, becomes opaque, is inspissated,
and this is termed pus, while a greater or less
degree of pain generally affect the parts, whence
the discharge proceeds. This goes off, if the me-
dicine be omitted, increases if continued, and is
kept up if the dose be only diminished.

" The morbid discharge also varies in quantity.
Sometimes, on taking the first doses, it is in-
creased, but generally diminishes daily, and at last
disappears, leaving the parts capable of performing
all their natural functions."

* Roberton on the Generative System. 1827. Pref. pp. 23,
21', 29, 30,

184 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

" Effects of Cantharides on the General System.

" I hope I have, in the preceding pages, proved
that when the Cantharides is first taken internally,
in moderate doses, it enlivens the functions of
mind and body, increases the celerity and force of
the circulations, generally improves the appetite,
and increases the flow of urine and perspiration.
Nor are their effects lessened by using them for
any length of time, for I have frequently given
them for years, at the expiration of which the
patients had imparted to their body similar stimu-
lant effects as at first, by perhaps one-twentieth
part of the medicine, and such individuals were
stouter than they had been for many years before.
Nor did they, in the slightest degree, relapse into
their former debilitated state, on entirely leaving
off the medicine.

" Modus operandi of the Cantharides.

" The more evident changes, as evinced by
either local or general phenomena, one of an in-
flammatory nature, and the diseases in which they
are chiefly beneficial, are those of dehilitij.

" Cantharides gives a vigour to the debilitated
parts, which they themselves could not exert, and
ultimately it invigorates and renders them able to

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 185

perfoi-m their natural functions, when it becomes
proper to withdraw that medicine from the system.

"Nor do we find, however violent the action
which arises from the introduction of this sub-
stance into the general constitution, that such
action, however much it may increase the animal
powers, will produce any tendency to support sup-
puration. In certain parts, greatly disorganized by
previous disease, the Cantharides acts so as either
to restore them to their healthy functions, or, if
too far diseased, so that they cannot be restored to
these natural functions, then suppuration seems
unavoidable ; and the action of that medicine, on
the general system, so invigorates the animal
powers as to enable them to force the mor-
bidly affected part toward the skin, and thus
relieve the system of an evil, and a cause of irrita-
tion, which the previous condition of these powers
were incapable of expelling.

" It is now many years since I began my re-
searches respecting the nature and efficacy of this
substance. My first attempts in the way of publi-
cation, were on a scale contracted enough, but I
am happy to find, that the principles, even then
announced, contained no erroneous nor hurtful
doctrine, which, after experience, has made one
retract. The fault alone lay in my having too
contracted a notion of the powers of that valuable
medicine. Since that period, I have, in part, re-

186 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

moved that objection, having proceeded somewhat
fm'ther in my inquiries. Even yet, I am far from
beHeving that I have ascertained nearly the whole
effects of that medicine, but by patient persever-
ance, I hope I shall still further develope their
powers. If, however, I am deprived of this, the
specimen I have given the world will, indepen-
dently of party spirit, or any similar bar to the
advancement of every valuable fact, follow out
these researches, that the full powers of such an
active medicine may be known. Thus, and by
similar investigations, we would soon banish from
our pharmacopoeias that miscellaneous assemblage
of drugs, which can never be of use but to him
who wishes to cover his mistakes and blunders in
a multiplicity of, at best, unmeaning substances,
who can shield himself from detection where mys-
tery prevails, but who would be afraid to proceed
on the principles of simplicity and truth, and
whose chief occupation is to deprecate improve-
ment." *

* Roberton on the Generative System. 1827. Pages 516
—534.

187

CHAPTER VII.

REMARKS ON CANTHARIDES, AND THEIR BENEFICIAL
EFFECTS ON THE SYSTEMS OF HORSES, WHEN JUDI-
CIOUSLY ADMINISTERED UNTOWARD EFFECTS LIABLE

TO RESULT FROM THEIR IMPROPER USE NECESSARY

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN USING MEDICINES.

After giving Cantharides a fair trial on horses
which have been labouring under Glanders and
Farcy, whether alone or in combination with any
of those tonic and stimulating medicines which
have been enumerated, I find their effects similarly
and equally beneficial, and exactly corresponding
with those which Mr. Roberton states are pro-
duced on the human subject.

Very shortly after the regular and proper use of
Cantharides, the appetite of the horse improves, he
becomes more cheerful, his eyes brighten, and
appear more transparent, his head is more erect,
and the nostrils more distended ; the coat also
lays sm6other, the swellings of the extremities, the
diseased lymphatic vessels and their glands, gra-
dually become less, and the animal, generally
speaking, rapidly improves in condition; and
finally the pulse looses that quickness and irre-
gularity so characteristic of debility, and becomes

188 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

fuller and stronger ; and the blood when examined
will be found to be brighter, heavier, and of a
firmer consistency. The membrane of the nos-
trils and ulcers, (as well as those of the skin in
Farcy) and the lining membrane of the hps and
mouth become redder, and have a more natural
appearance, and the discharges or matter from the
diseased parts, the nostrils in particular, will be
found to flow more freely, and not adhere to the
edges ; it will also soon be found to loose its dark-
coloured, and glue or size-like appearance, and to
resemble more nearly the white healthy matter or
pus discharged from the nostrils in cases of true
Strangles, or in Colds. Whatever treatment there-
fore is adopted, the great object to be kept in ^dew
is that of bringing the unhealthy and infectious dis-
charges in Glanders and Farcy into a state similar
to that observed in Colds, &;c. This restoration is
only effected by rousing and invigorating the
system, and bringing it into a healthy state, the
only way by which the unhealthy discharges
can be properly changed in appearance. The next
visible effects produced are by the ulcers soon
exhibiting healthy granulations, both those in the
nasal membrane in Glanders, and skin in Farcy,
gradually healing, and the discharge becoming less
as the animal gets stronger.

The action of Cantharides, as well as those me-
dicines with which they are combined, operate

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 189

by removing the unhealthy action or disposition of
the system, so as to produce a new and a more
healthy one, and by their tonic and stimulating
effects, give tone and energy to the general circu-
lation ; and not, as some may suppose, by any
Specific effect, or by combining with an imaginary
poison supposed to be contained in the blood of
animals.

When Cantharides begin to produce an effect on
the system, the discharge is sometimes increased,
but always of a more healthy character ; and in
some instances fresh ulcers appear on the mem-
brane of the nostrils, and also occasionally abscesses
in the skin ; but these effects are not to be consi-
dered as discouraging, as they are only indicative of
the commencement of a healthy suppurative process.
Any attempts, therefore, to check this by bleeding,
rowels, setons, purging, or diuretic medicines, an
every-day and common practice, is most injurious,
and certainly the very worst plan that can be
resorted to, and only calculated to prevent the ani-
mal from recovering.

What reasoning first led to the introduction of
Setons and Rowels, and to their being considered of
use as counter-irritants, with a view to cure Glan-
ders and Farcy, or what good they were ultimately
intended to effect, I am at an utter loss even to
conjecture ; but of this I am quite positive, that the

190

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

injury they do is immense, always weakening the
system, and occasionally destroying any chance
we might have had of doing good, by pursuing
a proper and rational mode of treatment, by
draining off a portion of blood under the form of
matter or pus, from the system, particularly from
those parts in which they are actually placed, as
the face, breast, thighs, &c. These parts when
affected, always require a greater quantity of blood
to restore the loss of texture, so that.every depletive
measure ought carefully to be avoided. I can
only account for such treatment having arisen, in
consequence of practitioners not knowing that
Glanders and Farcy depended on direct debihty,
and in most instances were the sequel of inflam-
matory diseases, always requiring for their cure an
opposite, or invigorating mode of treatment.

Some horses of course require a much longer
time to recover from Glanders or Farcy than
others, depending on the age, previous condition,
nature and extent of disease, and employment of
the animal^ &c. And as a general rule, it vd\l be
found that those which have Farcy will recover much
quicker than those which have Glanders. The extreme
difficulty which the old practitioners found in cur-
ing Glanders in comparison with Farcy, no doubt
was the cause of SoUeysei's stating that Farcy was
sometimes curable, but bad cases of Glanders

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

never. By these it appears he meant to imply those
in which the lungs were highly diseased ; for on
further alluding to Glanders, he states that in
those cases which were curable, it frequently took
from two to three months to accomphsh it. The
reason why Glanders is more difficult to cure than
Farcy, is in consequence of the living power being
less vital and active in the mucous membrane,
cartilage and bone, than it is in those of the skin,
which is highly vascular.

We have a few instances of Glanders and Farcy
recovering without the use of medicine, where the
animals have been kept well, and not over-worked.
It would surely be a bold assertion to say nature
was wholly incapable of effecting a cure in some
few cases, without our mighty aid ; but such it
ought to be remembered are exceptions, rare oc-
currences, and only take place under particular
and very favourable circumstance. And again, on
the contrary, there are instances where Glandered
horses have had numerous remedies bestowed on
them without avail, principally cases where the
symptoms have been confined to the head alone.
Horses thus affected are enabled to work and sup-
port their condition, and with the discharge appear-
ing white, healthy, &c., coming away at intervals ;
these cases at first no doubt had the usual ap-
pearances of Glanders, and the animal had been

192 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

in that unhealthy state which has aheady been
stated, but from the strength of the system they
have ultimately regained a healthy state, while in
consequence of extensive disease of the mucous
membrane of the nose and cavities, it has conti-
nued as a local affection in a chronic state. These
are cases similar in nature to those which have
been described by La Fosse, some of which he
successfully treated by injections applied to the
diseased surfaces, after the use of the Trephine,
and there is but little doubt but this mode of
treatment might be adopted in the sort of cases
we have just alluded to, with great benefit, but
the great difficulty of reaching all parts with any
apphcation, will always render a cure doubtful.*

Section I.

Untoward Consequences liable to result from the
improper use of Cantharides.

As by the proper use of Cantharides in Glanders
and Farcy as well as in various other cases of

* Very excellent instruments for Trephining the frontal
Sinuses, and injecting fluids, as well as other Veterinary Surgical
Instruments, may be had of Mr. Long, 217, High Holborn.

TREATMENT OP GLANDERS AND FARCY. 193

debility, or want of condition, we derive the
best effects, whether given alone, or conjointly
wth tonic and other stimulating medicines ; so
on the contrary, are we liable to untoward circum^-
stances when they are incautiously made use of by
persons who through ignorance of their powerful
effects, administer them in too great doses, and
•thus produce the very contrary effects from those
desired, some of the consequences of which are as
follow : — Loss of appetite, rough coat, dullness of
the eyes, great langour, drooping of the head, ears,
and eye-lids, contracted nostrils, increased respira-
tion, hot and dry mouth, inside of the lips, nose,
and eye-Hds red and inflamed, the tongue hot
and red, the discharge from the nose greater,
and the ulceration of the nasal membrane in-
creased, and those in the skin, instead of healing,
are found gradually to extend, and the extremities
if enlarged, to become larger. The pulse is usually
found irregular, and the blood slower in coagu-
lating, and not so firm. On some occasions there
is a hard, dry, and frequent cough, with con-
siderable general irritation, continued efforts to
stale, though this effect is not so common in the
horse as stated by Mr. Roberton to be the case
in the human subject. In most cases where
these untoward circumstances take place from
an over-dose being given, the body is bound in
a greater or less degree.

194 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

When any of these important occurrences hap-
pen, which they are very rarely, if ever, liable to
do, unless from an over dose incautiously given,
the following plan of treatment is necessary to be
pursued in order to effect their removal. In the
first place the use of Cantharides must be wholly
discontinued, the animal kept cool and quiet, with
chilled water always within his reach ; emohent clys-
ters should also be immediately administered, and
repeated as occasion may require ; mashes mthout
corn, should be given, made with bran and linseed,
or linseed meal, green food, carrots, and only a
moderate allowance of hay. Laxative medicine
should likewise be administered, as one drachm
or upwards of Cape Aloes in a ball, taking due
care to proceed cautiously, otherwise they may
produce irritation and inflammation in the intes-
tines ; and if, unfortunately, a very high degree of
irritation has been created in the system, from an
over dose of the Cantharides, a moderate quantity
of blood may sometimes be abstracted with advan-
tage. But this ought not to be resorted to indis-
criminately ; for in many cases of this sort the
system will not bear lowering, and any violent and
bold treatment of this description only retards the
cure by still further reducing and debilitating the
animal. If this plan of management be carefully
pursued for a few days, the horse will easily recover
from the symptoms, and all irritation having sub-

T3EATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

sided, and the Cantharides may be again resorted
to, taking care to begin with a much smaller dose,
—not more than half the former dose, or perhaps
even still better to commence with only one-third
the quantity.

Section 11.

Necessary precautions to be used in giviug Can-
tharides and other Medicines.

The principal precautions to be attended to in
using Cantharides internally in the horse are, not
to administer them either at the commencement or
early stages of inflammatory diseases, or in too
large quantities for a dose, or too frequently to
repeat them. For they are only proper to be
used, and ought not otherwise to be administered,
but when the symptoms of disease are of a chronic
or slow form and nature ; that is, when the system
is either in a state of direct debility, or approaching
to it; and likewise in those horses which have been
very much reduced, and that are out of condition,
and in a state predisposed to disease from any
qf the various exciting causes, as bad and irre-
gular feeding, hard work, autumnal grass, low
keep at straw yards, &c., or where they have been

o 2

196 TRliiATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

greatly reduced by repeated bleedings^ rowels,
setons, purging, or diuretic medicines, or otherwise
badly treated and improperly managed, during long
continued cases of Strangles, Colds, Inflammation
of the Lungs, Dropsy, Grease, &c., when they run
into a chronic, low, and debilitated state. Under
these circumstances they are given, not with any
intention of subduing inflammation, but for the sole
purpose of setting up a new action, and of thus
rousing the system into a more healthy and vi-
gorous state ; and when given at the sequel of
diseases, not only for the purpose of curing the
disease, but also of preventing them from running
into, and exhibiting that train of symptoms which
are denominated Glanders and Farcy.

This medicine is therefore highly useful in all
those affections of the nasal membrane and skm,
that are designated by practitioners as doubtful, or
bordering on, suspected, or approaching to Glanders
and Farcy ; and if given in due time acts, as a
preventative of their becoming confirmed cases,
by gradually restoring the affected parts to a
healthy and natural state and appearance. Those
cases, therefore, in which I have found Cantharides
so very useful, and to which they are only pro-
perly applicable, are those of direct debility ; where
the system has been actually in that state, or
nearly approaching to it, or in a particularly un-
healthy state ; and I will venture to assert that no

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 197

medicine has ever yet been in use that has proved
so effectual, and that it will, when carefully used
in the way I shall proscribe be found the most
valuable desideratum that the Veterinary practi-
tioner and horse-owner have yet had recommended
to their notice.

198

CHAPTER VIII.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE PROPER USE OF CANTHARIDES
AND OTHER MEDICINES FEEDING EXERCISE, &C.

Whether Cantharides are used alone, or com-
bined with other stimulating and tonic medicines, it
is always requisite carefully to take into considera-
tion the age, size, strength, and condition of the
animal to which it is to be administered, and if
possible, what kind of work he had been previously
accustomed to perform. This is necessary to be
attended to, whether with a view of getting the
animal into condition, or curing disease, and the
only proper way of proceeding, and of ascertaining
what beneficial effects are produced, is to com-
mence with a small dose, which must be cautiously
increased every week or ten days ; for if the medi-
cine be increased in disproportionate rates to the
animal's strength, all those symptoms which I have
described, with an inflammatory state of the sys-
tem, is hable to be the result ; thus the very oppo-
site effects from those intended might be produced,
a circumstance very likely to take place, should
the medicine get into the hands of those unac-
quainted with its powers and proper doses, and the
more incapable they are of judging of these the

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

more likely are the consequences to be dangerous,
especiaUy when administered to horses not in a fit
state to warrant their use.

The following are the proportions and form of
the baU which I have found best to commence
with, to be afterwards increased as circumstances
may admit and require.

[ No. 1. ]

For a Middle Sized Saddle
Horse.

Cantharides, in fine -powder,

four grains.
Ginger Root powdered, one

drachm.
Gentian do. do.
Caraway Seeds powdered, of

each, two drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufRcient

to form one Ball.

[ No. 2. ]

For a Large Carriage or
Dray Horse.
Cantharides, in fine powder

six grains.
Ginger Root, powdered.
Gentian do. do.
Caraway Seeds, do. of each

two drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient to

£orxQ one Ball.

A ball may be given every, or every other day,
either in the evening or morning; but the last
thing in the evening and after feeding will always
be the best time. If the horse's appetite increases,
and he goes on well, which he is almost certain to
do under this plan, for the course of a week, ten
days, or a fortnight, according to circumstances
the dose may be increased by giving the following
ball.

200 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

[ No. 3. ]

For a Middle Sized Saddle
Horse.

Cantharides, in fine porvder,

six grains.
Ginger Root, powdered.
Gentian do. do.
Caraway Seeds, do. of each

two drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient to

form one Ball.

[ No. 4. ]

For a Large Carriage or
Dray Horse.
Cantharides, in fine ponder,

eight grains.
Ginger Root, powdered.
Gentian do. do. each two

drachms and a half.
Caraway Seeds, do. one

drachm.
Treacle or Honey sufficient to

form one Ball.

After a week, ten days, or a fortnight's use of
these balls, presuming the horse to go on well,
they had better be wholly discontinued for four
or five days, or a week, when you may re-com-
mence with No. 1, or No. 2, for a week more,
and afterwards give the following :

[ No. 5. ]

Cantharides, in fine powder,

ten grains.
Ginger Root, powdered.
Gentian do. do. each two

drachms and a half.
Caraway Seeds, do. one

drachm.
Treacle or Honey sufficient to

form one Ball.

[ No. 6. ]

Cantharides, in fine porvder,

twelve grains.
Ginger Root, powdered.
Gentian do. do. of each

three drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient

to form one Ball.

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 201

It is necessary to remark, that No. 6, is the
greatest quantity of Cantharides generally required ;
and that all the drugs should be of the best
quality, and carefully prepared ; and that the horse
ought to be allowed water much oftener than
usual during the administration of the medicine.

In conclusion, provided no untoward symptoms
have appeared, and the animal from having gained
strength, feeds and goes on well, and from be-
coming accustomed to the medicine, will bear a
greater dose than at the commencement ; I must
require of you carefully to watch its effects ; and
by gradually increasing or diminishing the dose
according to its action on the system ; resting for
a short interval between each increase of dose ;
it? valuable effects will soon become apparent ;
for even after using the medicine for only a fort-
night or three weeks, the horse's appetite will
be much increased, and he will be found other-
wise improved in strength and condition. I also
particularly recommend the suspension of Cantha-
rides for a short time between each increase of
dose, as its stimulative properties are otherwise
apt to become neutralized by its continuous appli-
cation to the system.

Cantharides administered in this way, either
separately or with other medicines, I can positively

202 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

assert is a most invaluable and useful medicine, and
one that can easily and safely be resorted to, whe-
ther for horses out of condition, in a state of direct
debility, approaching to, or actually affected with
Glanders and Farcy ; if the directions which have
been laid down are strictly attended to, carefully
keeping in mind that the full dose should not be
exceeded, or very triflingly so even on extraor-
dinary occasions. Cantharides, in combination
with good feeding, are not only most important
auxiliaries to medicines, but they are in many
instances the most valuable remedies that we pos-
sess, their effects being certain if ably directed.

I shall now shortly draw your attention to
Feeding, Exercise, and Air, all of which are
very highly essential to the recovery of an animal,
and produce the best effects on the system, by
invigorating it, and thus assist in causing the
diseased parts, as the nasal membrane, the ulcers
in it, as well as those of the skin, with their dis-
charges, to become more healthy, and to heal,
unless in those cases where the lungs or other
important internal organs of life are diseased.

Every description of food which is given to
horses while under the treatment just laid down,
and in all cases where Cantharides is required to
be used, should always be of the very best quahty,

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY. 203

and that which contains the most nutrition, as good
old spht beans, sound oats, a portion of the best
pollen or gurgions made moist, and mixed with
chaff and corn, prime meadow hay, carrots, &c. ;
and it is of great importance that the horse be
regularly fed, and that he have a sufficient quan-
tity, given, and that he is supplied with water more
frequently than usual. In the spring, and during
the summer, a moderate quantity of green meat
may also be given, but it must always be Umited,
and in conjunction with a fair portion of corn, and
hay.

As regards labour and exercise, if the horse is
capable of working, he should only be made to do
a moderate quantity daily, never over exerted, or
pushed beyond his strength, or forced into a pace
quicker than a brisk walk or gentle trot; taking
great care not to expose the animal to the weather,
especially in the autumn, by allowing him to
stand about, when it is cold, wet, and changeable.
These precautions are not given in consequence of
any risk liable to be produced from exposm-e
whilst under the medicine, as it materially differs
from active mineral preparations, but solely on
account of the debihtated, susceptible and predis-
posed state of the horse. If it should so happen
at any time that the animal unavoidably becomes
exposed to wet or cold, let one of the balls be

204 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

given to him as soon as he gets into the stable,
as it will stimulate the stomach, and thus induce
the horse to feed quicker and better than he
otherwise would, and by producing a re-action
posssibly prevent untoward circumstances.

If the animal is not in a fit state to work, he
ought to be kept in a loose box, where pure air is
admitted, moderately exercised every day, and fed
in the way already stated. In all instances the
food should be gradually increased ; for most horses
while taking Cantharides, eat voraciously, if they
can get at it, and if horses are allowed four,
five, or six feeds a day at the commencement
of the treatment, and having been, perhaps, before
kept very low, and otherwise reduced, it would be
doing much more harm than good. But in every
instance a horse ought not to have less than two or
three feeds a day of good oats, split beans, &c., and
the number ought to be increased according to the
state of the horse, particularly if he is able to
perform a moderate portion of work, up to five or
even six feeds a day, independent of a sufficient
quantity of hay.

The proportions of Cantharides which I have set
down will in nearly every instance be found to
effect what is required; that is, when the animal is
in a recoverable state, and the only mode of effect-
ing it is by beginning with a moderate dose, and
very cautiously increasing it, and )>y continuing it

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FArCY.

205

a sufficient time ; and on no account to resort to
such large doses as drachms, or even a scruple, as
they invariably destroy the animal's appetite, and
produce a high degree of inflammation in the intes-
tines, kidnies, bladder, and general inflammation of
the system, and frequently death.* It ought also
to be well remembered that when large doses of
Cantharides are injudiciously given, that a con-
trary effect is also produced ; for after the animal
has recovered from the shock, it v^ll be found
that he has experienced more injury than can be
restored perhaps in a month or two, in some
instances never. I therefore invariably proceed
very cautiously, and avoid if possible an over dose,
and carefully keeping the ground good which has

* Having on a former occasion alluded to Cantharides having
been tried some years ago at the College unsuccessfully, in conse-
quence of too large quantities being given at a time, I still
have to regret that they have been again administered to a
condemned horse, in such monstrous doses, and so rapidly in-
creased, as soon to amount to above half an ounce, which pro-
duced many of those untoward symptoms I have described as
invariably following the administration of such destructive quan-
tities. On examination after death very evident appearances of
inflammation of the intestines, &c. presented themselves ; and Mr,
Sewell most liberally embraced this opportunity of stating to
those present, that the effect of the medicine was just the same
as had been observed when Cantharides had been tried years
ago ; that when given in such large doses they were sure to destroy,
and that in S7nall ones they could not possibly be of any service ;
consequently I have again to state Cantharides has not received
even one fair trial in Glanders, at the Royal Veterinary College.

206 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

been made, "slow and sure" should be motto
always in view ; no forced means can effect a cure ;
and the idea of giving medicine for the sole pur-
pose of ascertaining how much an animal would
be destroyed by, which I have so frequently seen
practised, has long since convinced me of the wide
difference between the use and abuse of medicine,
and to abandon totally all notions such as a
little does good, a greater quantity must do much
more. I therefore once more caution my readers
against the use of scruple and drachm doses of
Cantharides.

It is not uncommon to meet with some cases of
suppressed Strangles, common Colds, Distemper,
general and local Dropsy, accompanied with consi-
derable debility, requiring a stimulus, but where
even Cantharides alone, or in combination mth
other medicines, might possibly have an untoward
effect, by increasing the circulation too rapidly.
In such cases, the following balls may be given
advantageously, instead of those before prescribed.

[ No. 1. ]

Ginger Root powdered, half a

drachm.
Gentian do. do. one drachm.
. Caraway Seeds, do.
Liquorice Root, do. each.

two drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient

to form a Ball.

[ No. 2. ]

Ginger Root powdered, one

drachm.
Gentian do. do. one drachm

and a half.
Caraway Seeds, do. three

drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient

to form a Ball.

TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

[ No. 3. ]

Ginger Root powdered, one

drachm and a half.
Gentian do. do. two drachms.
Caraway Seed, do. three

drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient

to form a Ball.

[ No. 5. ]

Capsicum Berries, powdered,

fifteen grains.
Ginger Root, powdered,
Allspice, powdered of each two

drachms.
Cascarilla, or Angustura Bark,

powdered, three drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient

to form a Ball.

[ No. 4. ]
Capsicum Berries, powdered

ten grains.
Ginger Root, do. one drachm

and a half.
Allspice, do.

Cascarilla Bark, powdered,

each two drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient

to form a Ball.

[ No. 6. ]

Capsicum Berries, powdered,

one scruple.
Ginger Root, do.
Canella Bark, do. each two,

drachms.
Cascarilla, or Angustura Bark,

do. three drachms.
Treacle or Honey sufficient

to form a Ball.

These balls even require to be given with discre-
tion, according to the age, size, strength, and
condition of the animal, and continued daily, or at
proper intervals, until the appetite recovers. In
very weak horses, half the quantity had best only
be given at the commencement, and increased as
they recover strength. These balls, or any medi-
cine of a similar nature, are always improper to be
given at the early stages of inflammatory diseases,
but only when those have subsided, or when they

208 TREATMENT OF GLANDERS AND FARCY.

have assumed a chronic or slow form. If the
flagging powers of the system were to be thus sup-
ported at the sequel of diseases, and horses simi-
larly treated when out of condition, (aided by lax-
atives, balls, &c.) much future mischief might be
prevented, and even slight cases of Glanders and
Farcy cured by these balls alone ; and they may
be advantageously used a short time previously to
the use of Cantharides.

Oaultrii, Printer, Lovell's Court, Piiternoster-Uow.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

THOSE MARKED THUS *, ARE EITHER VETERINARY PRACTITIONERS, OR
STUDENTS AT THE VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Mr, J. Adams, Veterinary Surgeon, Pkistow, Essex.'

— William Adams,* Pegham.

— J, Adamson,* Durham.

— J. Asbon, London.

— Jas. Ashbourn, do.

Mr. J. Bardell,* London.

— R. Barlow, Veterinary Surgeon, Nottingham.

— J. Barrett, Veterinary Surgeon, Taunton.

— Becket, Horse Dealer, London Road.

— J. Beeson, Veterinary Surgeon, Chemies, Bucks.
William Bignell, Esq., Tothill-street, Westminster.
Mr. L. Bird, Veterinary Surgeon, 8th Hussars.

— William Blakewell,* St. Ives.

— A. Bliss,* Ewell, Surry.

— A Blogg,* London.

— J. Boutall,* do.

— H. Boycott, Veterinary Surgeon, Exeter.

— C. Braby,*. London.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Mr. J. Brightwen,* do.

— Bristow, Esq., RatclifF Highway.
Mr. T. Broadrick,* Newport Pagnell.

— T. Bunbury, Veterinary Surgeon, Canterbury.

— William Bunnell,* Liverpool.

— Burford, Horae Dealer, London Road.

— Burr,* London.

Mr. J. Cannon,* Lambeth.

— P. Capes, London.

J. Carland, Esq., High St. Mary-le-bone.

Mr. William Cartwright, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— J. Cayworth,* Caudlesby, Lincolnshire.

— E. Charles, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— C. F. Cherry, Clapham, V. S. to his late Majesty

Ireland.

— E. F. Cherry, V. S., 11th Light Dragoons, India.

— W, A. Cherry,* Clapham.

— J. Child,* SwafFham, Norfolk.

— Christian, Veterinary Surgeon, Canterbury.
— r C. Clark,* London.

— J. Clark, Golden Horse-yard, Oxford-street.

— Clap, Sen.,* London.

— Clap, Jun.,* do.

Dr. F. Clater,* M. D , do.

Messrs. Coatts and Co., Barlow Mews, Bond-street.
Mr. E. C. Collins, Veterinary Surgeon, India, N. C.

— J. Connison, Head Groom Veterinary College.
• — G. Cook, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— William Cope,* Rotchester, Staffordshire.

— J. Cotcheifer, Veterinary Surgeon, Horncastle.

— S. Cotter, Veterinary Surgeon, Liverpool.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Mr. J. Creswell, Veterinary Surgeon, Worcester.

— J. Crisp, Jun., New Bond-street.

— P. Curtis,*' Croydon.

Mr. C. Dickins, Veterinary Surgeon, Bedford.

— J. Dickinson, Veterinary Surgeon, Croston, Lancashire.

— R. Docrora,* Basingbourn.

— R. Dods, Veterinary Surgeon, Kirhaldy, Scotland.

Mr. J. Eaton,* London.

— R. Elford, Veterinary Surgeon, Chelsea.

— J. English, V. S., Broomsgrove, Worcestershire.

Mr. William Farrow, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— G. Fenwick, Veterinary Surgeon, do.

— G. Fenwick, Jun..* do.

— William Fisher, V. S,, Begleswade, Bedfordshire.

— G. Fisher,* Dover.

— William Ford, Veterinary Surgeon, Kidderminster.

— J. France, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

John Gaitskeli, Esq., Bermondsey-street Distillery,

Mr. H. Gibson,* London.

James Gillman, Esq., Surgeon, Highgate.

Mr. R. Girling,* Ipswich.

— J. Gloag, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— W. Godbould, Veterinary Surgeon, Woolbridgc, Suffolk-

— S. F. Gray, New Bond-street.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Mr. J. Green, Stamford Hill.

— R. Gregory,* Halifax, Yorkshire.
Greig, Paddington-street.

Dr. Marshall Hall, London.

Mr. T. Harrison, V. S., London, late 9th Lancers.

— W. Heanley, Veterinary Surgeon, Lincoln.

— W. Heskin,* London.

— E. Higgs,* Pentonville.

— H. Higgs, Veterinary Sui'geon, Maidenhead.

— J. Hilton, Veterinary Surgeon, Liverpool.

— J. Hoare,* Wareham, Dorset.

— W. Holiday, Veterinary Surgeon, Hitchin, Herts,

— W. HoUinsworth, Veterinary Surgeon, Manchester.

— J. Horden,* Cheadel, Staffordshire.

Mr. J. Jameson,* Nottingham.

— J. Johns, Princes-street, Cavendish-square.

— J. Johnson, Kingston, Surry.

— E. Jones,* Surgeon, Shrewsbury.

— J. Jones,* London.

Mr. W. Karkeek, Veterinary Surgeon, Truro, Cornwall.
J. Kempt, Esq., Horby, Surry.

Mr. J. Lee,* Fleet, Lincolnshire.

— J. Legrew, V. S., 13th Light Dragoons, India.
Daniel Lewis, Esq., Surgeon, London.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Mr, C. Lewis,* London.

— G. Litton,* Crook, County Durham.
J. Linsell, Esq., St. Ives.

J. Long, Esq., Ipswich.

Mr. R. Long, Veterinary Surgical Instrument Maker, 217,
High Holborn.

M.-
Mr. S. Martin, London.

— W. Mavor, Veterinary Surgeon, do.

— Mears,* do.

— W. Miles,* Huntingdon.

— M. M'Innes, London.

— D. Molden,* Winchester.

— R. Molyneux, Veterinary Surgeon, India, N. C.

— G. Moneyment, Veterinary Surgeon, Norwich .

— J. Moorey, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— A. Morpeth, V. S., Acton, Northumberlandshire.

— J. T. Morton, Veterinary College.

— J. Morton,* India.

— F. C. Murphy,* London.

Mr. J. Nice, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— F. Nicholson,* Melton Mowbray.,

— J. Norfolk, V. S., Aylesbury, Warwickshire.

Mr. W. Palmer, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— R. Parsons.

— Partington, Camden Town.

— Percivall,* Hocerhill, Herts.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Mr. J. Pinnock,* London.

— J. Plank, New Palace-yard, Westminster.

— W. Powell, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— E. Price, Veterinary Surgeon, Ryall, Worcestershire.
- — T. Prideaux,* London,

— R. Pritchard, Veterinary Surgeon, Wolverhampton.

— T. Proctor, Veterinary Surgeon, Solihull, Warwickshire.

— H. Pyatt,* Nottingham.

Mr. J. Rainsford, Veterinary Surgeon, 4th Dragoon Guards.

— J. Redein,* London.

— Revell, Sen.,* do.

— Revell, Jun.,* do.

■ — R. Reynolds,* Nottingham.

— Richards,* London.

— J. Robinson, Veterinary Surgeon, 9th Lancers.

— R. Rogers, Veterinary Surgeon, Knightsbridge.
— • J. Rogers, Veterinary Surgeon, Exeter.

■ — Rowland,* Heaton, Leicestershire.

— J. Rushton,* Hollington, Derbyshire.

Mr. Saunders, Tottenham Court-road.

— Sanderson, Golden Cross, Charing Cross.

— C. Scott.* Aylesbury.

— J. Self, Veterinary Surgeon, Bristol.

— James Sewell, Veterinary Surgeon, Brighton.

— James Sewell, Veterinary Surgeon, St. Albans.

— Joseph Sewell, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— B. Shaw,* London.

— J. Shepherd,* Bicester, Oxfordshire.

— R. Silvester,* Langford.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

H. P. Simmons, Esq., London.
Mr. J. Simmonds,* do.

— W. Skelton, Veterinary Surgeon, Walthamstow.

— Skitt, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— W. Slocombe, Veterinary Surgeon, Putney.
P. Small, Esq.,* Dorking.

Mr. Smith, Angel Inn, Islington.

— Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, Ireland.

— E. Snell,* Chunleigh, Devon.

— Spencer,* Windsor.

— W. C. Spooner, Veterinary Surgeon, Blandford, Dorset.

— C. Spooner, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— J. W. Sturges, Veterinary Surgeon, do.

— W. Surman, Veterinary Surgeon, London.

— G. Sutton, St. Ives.

Mr. C. Tanswell,* London.

— Taylor,* Liverpool.

— G. Tegg,* Stamford Hill.

— W. Thomas,* Woolwich.

— T. Thornton,* London.

— Titchmarch, Sen., Hanham Lodge, Essex.

— M. Titchmarch, Jun.,* do,

— I. Toombs, Veterinary. Surgeon, India, N. C.

— C. Townsend, V. S., Long Sutton, Lincolnshire.
Jos. Travers, Esq., Highbury Terrace.

Mr. J. Trigg, Veterinary Surgeon, Hackney.

— J. Trump, Veterinary Surgeon, Myrther Tidvil.

— R. Tucker.* Westminster.

— T. Tily, Veterinary Surgeon, Dursley.

The Hon. A. Upton, Hill-street, Berkeley

square.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

S. Vines, Esq., Upper Gower-street. 2 copies.
Editors of the Veterinarian Journal..

Mr. W. Watlock, Veterinary Surgeon, Bath.
H. O. Weatherby, Esq., Queen Anne-street.
Mr. J. Wells,* Wymondham, Norfolk.
_ D. Whitby,* Myrther Tidvil.

— S. Williams, Veterinary Surgeon, Bath.

— Thomas Williamson,* Rickmansworth.

— Wood, Wigan.

— William Wood, Filton.

— William Wooden,* London.

_ William Woodman, V. S., 2nd Dragoon Guards.

— William Wright, V. S., East Burnham, Norfolk.

— WooUey, Horse-dealer, Titchfield-street.

Mr. William Youatt,* London.

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Full text of "A practical treatise on glanders and farcy in the horse [electronic resource] : descriptive and explanatory of its origin, progress and termination, and the most effectual methods of treatment and cure"

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