The Bahama flora

BIOLOGY

LIBRARY

G

THE BAHAMA FLOEA

BY

NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON, PH.D., Sc.D., LL.D.

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, PROFESSOR IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

AND

CHARLES FREDERICK MILLSPAUGH, M.D.

CURATOR OF BOTANY, FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORS

JUNE 26, 1920

BIOLOGY

LIBRARY

G

Copyright, 1920
By NATHANIEL LORD BBITTON

PRESS OF

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS

PAGES

Introduction ......... v— viii

Bahama Flora 1-645

Exploration and Collections 646-655

Bibliography 656-662

Index • 663-695

451973

INTRODUCTION.

The numerous Bahama Islands form an archipelago situated east
of Florida and north of Cuba and Hispaniola, comprising 29 islands,
661 cays and 2387 rocks with a total land area of about 4424 square
miles; the nearest island to the Florida coast is Gun Cay, distant
about 40 miles nearly east from Cape Florida; the island nearest
Cuba is the little Cay Sal, about 35 miles north, across the Nicholas
Channel, while the nearest to Hispaniola is Great Inagua, lying
about 60 miles north of Cape St. Nicholas.

The axis of the archipelago is in a general way northwest and
southeast, with a total length of over 600 miles ; the greatest width,
disregarding the islands of the outlying Cay Sal Bank, from Gun
Cay to Man-of-War Cay, Abaco, is about 150 miles.

The most northern cays of the Little Bahama Bank north of the
Great Bahama Island are in north latitude about 27° 30' ; the south-
ern side of Great Inagua is in north latitude about 20° 55'. Gun
Cay is in west longitude about 79° 20'; cays of the Turk's Islands
are in west longitude about 71° 10'.

The many islands and cays stand on banks, in shallow water,
with oceanic depths among and between them. The region has,
doubtless, been subjected to alternate periods of uplift and depres-
sion in past geologic time, but the vertical movements have prob-
ably been relatively small; during times of uplift, some of the
present islands may have been connected, but there is no evidence
that there ever was land connection with either Florida, Cuba or
Hispaniola.

Most of the islands are low, but hilly and rocky, the ranges of
hills usually running lengthwise of the island ; on New Providence,
the hills rise to. about 100 feet elevation; on Cat Island, aneroid
barometer readings indicated altitudes up to 205 feet (published
records of greater elevations on Cat Island were not substantiated
by our observations) ; on Watling's Island, hills rise to about 140
feet. Most of Andros, the Great Bahama and Abaco are low and
nearly level. At points where the hills come to the sea there are
bold rocky headlands, such as Columbus Bluff, at the southern end

VI INTRODUCTION.

of Cat Island. On the western side of Andros and on the southern
side of New Providence are large areas known as " swash," subject
to overflow by the sea in storms. Beaches of white limestone sand
are occasional, and the interior of parts of some of the islands is
quite sandy (white-lands), notably Eleuthera, Little San Salvador
and some of the Berry Islands. Large salt-water lakes at sea level,
but without connection with the ocean, unless underground, are
striking features on New Providence (Lake Cunningham) and on
Watling's Island. Mangrove swamps are local along the coastal
lines. There are no fresh-water streams, but fresh-water marshes
exist on some of the larger islands.

The rocks of the Bahama Islands are wholly aeolian limestone ;
their surface is often greatly eroded into sharp " dog-tooth" pro-
jections, and there are many "sink-holes," these sometimes 10 feet
deep or deeper. Small caves are occasional. Where composed
mainly of sand, the soil is often of considerable depth, but it is
usually thin and meagre, often colored red or reddish (red-lands)
by iron oxide leached from the limestone.

There are extensive forests of the Caribbean Pine (Pinus cari-
baea), much reduced in recent years by lumbering, on the Great
Bahama, Abaco, Andros and New Providence, and this tree occurs
again on the Caicos Islands, but does not exist on any other islands
of the Archipelago. On the larger islands, notably Andros, New
Providence and Great Bahama, and on some of the smaller ones,
hardwood forests (coppices) occur, sometimes wholly enclosed by
pinelands, like the similar ' ' hammocks ' ' of southern Florida. These
coppices are made up of a considerable variety of tall tree species.
On most of the smaller islands, however, and in parts of the larger
ones, the woody vegetation is wholly of shrubs and low trees, often
of great density of growth, forming the "scrub-lands." Portions
of these areas may have had larger trees upon them in the past, cut
out for lumber and firewood, but over great areas there is no evi-
dence of large trees ever having existed. Locally some of these
areas are known as "low coppices."

The relationships of the native Bahamian flora are, as would be
expected, with those of Florida, Cuba and Hispaniola, and it may
be assumed that the species which are in common have been trans-
ported from one or another of the land masses by natural agencies
of winds, migratory birds or oceanic currents.

INTEODUCTION. vii

The flora as here recorded is composed of species as follows:

Bahama Flora Endemic

Spermatophyta 995 133

Pteridophyta 33 0

Bryophyta 69 1

Thallophy ta :

Fungi 150 18

Lichens 197 19

Algae (incl. Diatomeae) . . 519 14

Myxomycetes 11 0

1982 185

The Fungi, except the Basidiomycetes, are as yet very incom-
pletely known, many more lichens probably exist in the Bahamas,
and the fresh-water and aerial algae have been little collected or
studied. Practically nothing is known about the Bacteria.

In addition to the numerous collections made by the authors, or
under their supervision, the herbaria of the New York Botanical
Garden and the Field Museum of Natural History contain the per-
sonal herbarium of Mr. Lewis J. K. Brace and the prime set of the
collections of Mrs. Northrop, Dr. W. C. Coker, Mr. Wm. Cooper,
Mr. A. H. Curtiss, Mr. Alex. E. Wight, Dr. J. T. Rothrock and
Prof. F. S. Earle. In addition the Missouri Botanical Garden
kindly loaned to the authors the complete original collection of
Prof. A. S. Hitchcock. These collections enabled them to substan-
tiate the species published in Dolley's "Provisional List of the
Bahamas, etc."; Mrs. Northrop 's "Flora of New Providence and
Andros," and Coker 's "Vegetation of the Bahama Islands." The
authors have also, at various intervals, been able to consult the col-
lections of Catesby, Eggers, Hjalmarson, Daniell, Herrick, Allen,
Barbour and Bryant, and others deposited in European and Amer-
ican herbaria. This has rendered possible the critical notes and ob-
servations recorded in the text concerning a large number of species
heretofore erroneously accredited to the Bahamas.

In addition to the exsiccatae mentioned above a complete series
of living orchids, cacti and bromeliads, together with many other
plants of special interest were brought into the Garden conserva-
tories and there observed through several flowering seasons.

The authors have not included cultivated species except such as
have shown a strong tendency to become spontaneous.

Vlll INTBODUCTION.

Grateful acknowledgment for assistance in the preparation of
this volume is tendered to Dr. John K. Small, for critical compara-
tive work as regards plants of Florida and for proof-reading; to
Mr. Percy Wilson for bibliographical work, proof-reading and in-
dexing ; to Mr. W. R. Maxon for information relative to the Ferns ;
to Mrs. N. L. Britton for her contribution of the treatment of the
Musci ; to Professor Alexander W. Evans for his contribution of
the Hepaticae; to Professor Lincoln W. Eiddle for the chapter on
Lichens; to Dr. Marshall A. Howe and Mr. Frank S. Collins for
the chapters on Algae; to Mr. Charles S. Boyer for the list of
Diatoms; to Dr. Fred J. Seaver and Dr. William A. Murrill for
their work on the Fungi ; and to Mr. L. J. K. Brace for many notes
and for lists of common names of plants. Much information regard-
ing species was also obtained from the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, Eng-
land, and from the British Museum of Natural History, and is
highly appreciated.

THE BAHAMA FLORA

All plants may be grouped in four main categories, known as
Phyla or Subkingdoms, as follows:

PHYLUM 1. Spermatophyta, those which bear seeds, a seed
being different from all other vegetable structures by containing
an embryonic plantlet. All spermatophytes bear flowers of one
kind or another, and this phylum is also called Anthophyta, or
flowering plants and, to distinguish it from the three other phyla
collectively, Phanerogamia. Phyla 2, 3 and 4 taken together are
called Cryptogamia; all these are seedless.

PHYLUM 2. Pteridophyta, comprises ferns and fern allies;
all are flowerless and have two separate and distinct alternating
generations, the one represented by the fully developed plant
having root, stem and leaves, with vascular tissue and bearing
spores, a spore being a single vegetable cell capable of growing
into a new plant ; the other, called the prothallium stage, is small,
inconspicuous, grows from the spores, has no vascular tissue, is
not differentiated into root, stem and leaves, and bears the sexual
organs; from the female organ of the prothallium (archegonium)
the fully developed spore-bearing plant again arises; the male
organ, borne either on the same prothallium or on a different one,
is called an antheridium.

PHYLUM 3. Bryophyta, consists of mosses and their allies;
all are small flowerless plants with alternating sexual and non-
sexual (spore-bearing) generations, but the spore-bearing genera-
tion never becomes separated and independent; the sexual gen-
eration is commonly the more conspicuous and is, in most cases,
differentiated into stem and leaves, while the spore-bearing gen-
eration is never thus differentiated ; their spores are borne in con-
ceptacles termed capsules, and from the spores the plant again
develops. Bryophytes consist almost wholly of cellular or non-
vascular tissue.

PHYLUM 4. Thallophyta, includes the algae, fungi and lichens ;

2 SPERM:ATOB-HYTA.

all are flower-less and their methods of reproducing and propaga-
tion are varied. They contain no vascular tissue (except a few
large algae) and the plant body is not differentiated into stem and
leaves. Many of them are of microscopic size.

Phylum 1. SPERMATOPHYTA.

SEED-BEARING PLANTS.

Plants producing seeds which contain an embryo formed of
one or more rudimentary leaves (cotyledons), a stem (hypocotyl,
radicle), and a terminal bud (plumule), or these parts sometimes
undifferentiated before germination. Microspores (pollen-grains)
are borne in microsporanges (anther-sacs) on the apex or side of
a modified leaf (filament) . The macrosporanges (ovules) are borne
on the face of a flat or inrolled much modified leaf (carpel) and
contain one macrospore (embryo-sac) ; this develops the minute
female prothallium, an archegone of which is fertilized by means
of a tube (pollen-tube), a portion of the male prothallium sprout-
ing from the pollen-grain.

There are two classes which differ from each other as follows :

Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity (ovary) ; stigmas 1 or more.

Class 1. AXGIOSPERMAE.

Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale ; stigmas none.

Class 2. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Class 1. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary)
formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of a modified
rudimentary leaf (carpel), or of several such leaves joined to-
gether, in which the seeds are ripened. The pollen- grains (micro-
spores) on alighting upon the summit of the carpel (stigma)
germinate, sending out a pollen-tube which penetrates its tissues
and reaching an ovule enters the orifice of the latter (micropyle),
and its tip coming in contact with a germ-cell in the embryo-sac,
fertilization is effected. In a few cases the pollen-tube enters the
ovule at the chalaza, not at the micropyle.

There are two sub-classes, distinguished as follows :

Cotyledon one ; stem endogenous. Sub-class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Cotyledons normally two; stem (with rare exceptions) exogenous.

Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONS s.

TYPHACEAE.

Sub-class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Embryo with a single cotyledon and the first leaves of the
germinating plantlet alternate. Stem composed of a ground-mass
of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which bundles of wood-cells are
irregularly imbedded; no distinction into wood, pith and bark.
Leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire, com-
monly sheathing the stem at the base and often with no distinc-
tion of blade and petiole. Flowers mostly 3-merous or 6-merous.

t CARPELS 1 OR MORE, DISTINCT (united, at least partially, in Vallisneriaceae and
others of the Naiadales, which are aquatic herbs, in Hydrocharitales and in some
palms and Pandanales) ; parts of the usually imperfect flowers mostly unequal in
number.

Inflorescence various, not a true spadix.
Leaves neither compound nor flabellate.

Flowers not in the axils of dry chaffy scales.

Endosperm mealy or fleshy ; perianth of bristles or chaffy scales, or want-
ing : flowers monoecious, spicate or capitate.

Order
Endosperm none, or very little.

Perianth rudimentary, of 4 small

sepals in Potamogeton, or none.
Perianth present.
Carpels distinct.
Carpels united.

Flowers in the axils of dry chaffy scales, ar-
ranged in spikes or spikelets.
Leaves pinnately or palmately compound, or fla-
bellate ; trees or shrubs. Order
Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, with or without a
spathe ; or plants minute, floating free, the flowers
few or solitary on the margin or back of the
thallus.

tt CARPELS UNITED INTO A COMPOUND OVARY ; parts of the usually complete
flowers mostly in 3's or 6's.
Seeds with endosperm.

Endosperm mealy ; ovary mostly superior. Order 8. XYRIDALE'S.

Endosperm fleshy or horny.

Seeds without endosperm, very numerous and minute
ovary inferior ; flowers very irregular.

1. PANDANALES.

Order 2. NAIADALES.

Order
Order

3. ALISMALES.

4. HYDROCHARITALES.

Order 5. POALES.

6. ARECALES.

Order 7. ARALES.

Order 9. LILIALES.

Order 10. ORCHIDALES.

Order 1. PANDANALES.

Our species aquatic or marsh plants, with narrow elongated leaves
and very small, imperfect and incomplete flowers in spikes or heads.
Perianth of bristles, or of chaffy scales. Ovary 1, 1-2-celled. Endo-
sperm mealy or fleshy.

The order takes its name from the tropical genus Pandanus, the so-
called Screw-Pine.

Family 1. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil.
CAT-TAIL FAMILY.

Marsh or aquatic plants with creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots and
glabrous erect, terete stems. Leaves linear, flat, ensiform, striate, sheath-
ing at the base. Flowers monoecious, densely crowded in terminal spikes,
which are subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious bracts, and divided
at intervals by smaller bracts, which are caducous, the staminate spikes
uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Stamens 2-7, the filaments connate.

4 ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

Ovary 1, stipitate, 1-2-celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles as many as the
cells of the ovary. Mingled among the stamens and pistils are bristly
hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate
tips. Fruit nut-like. Endosperm copious. The family comprises only the
following genus :

1. TYPHA L. Sp. PL 971. 1753.

Characters of the family. [Name ancient.] About 10 species, widely dis-
tributed in temperate and tropical regions*. Type species: Typha latifolia L.

1. Typha angustifolia L. Sp. PL 971. 1753.

Typha domingensis Pers. Syn. PL 2: 532. 1807.

Typha angustifolia domingensis Griseb, Fl. Br. W. I. 512. 1864.

Stems slender, 1.5-3.5 m. high. Leaves narrowly linear, 3-20 mm. wide,
erect, often as long as the stem; spikes light brown, the staminate and pistil-
late portions usually separated, the two together sometimes 0.5 m. long, the pis-
tillate, when mature, 6-16 mm. in diameter, and provided with braetlets; stig-
mas linear or linear-oblong; pollen-grains simple; fruit not furrowed, not
bursting in water; outer coat of the seed not separable.

In fresh water or slightly brackish marshes, Great Bahama, Abaco, New Provi-
dence, Andros, Eleuthera, Watling's Island : — Bermuda ; Jamaica ; Cuba to Tortola
and Trinidad ; southern United States to Patagonia ; Europe ; Asia. Referred by
Dolley to Typha latifolia L. CAT-TAIL. SLAG.

Order 2. NAIADALES.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, the leaves various. Flowers perfect, monoe-
cious or dioecious. Perianth rudimentary, or wanting. Parts of the flower
mostly unequal in number. Carpels 1 or more, distinct and separate or
united; endosperm none, or very little.

Carpels distinct. Fam. 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE.

Carpels 2, united, or 1 only. Fam. 2. CYMODOCEACEAE.

Family 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE Dumort. «
PONDWEED FAMILY.

Perennial plants, the foliage mostly submerged. Leaves very narrow
or broad. Flowers monoecious or perfect, small, and inconspicuous.
Perianth present or none. Stamens \-4, with extrorse anthers. Carpels
1-seeded. Fruit drupe-like. Endosperm none. Four genera and sixty
or more species, mostly inhabiting fresh water.

Perianth of 4 segments. 1. Potamogeton.

Perianth wanting. 2. Ruppia.

1. POTAMOGETON L. Sp. PL 126. 1753.

Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of 2 kinds, submerged
and floating, the submerged mostly linear, the floating coriaceous, lanceolate,
ovate or oval. Spathes stipular, often ligulate, free or connate with the base
of the leaf or petiole, enclosing the young buds and usually soon perishing after
expanding. Peduncles axillary, usually emersed. Flowers small, spicate, green
or red. Perianth-segments 4, short-clawed, concave, valvate. Stamens 4,

ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 5

inserted on the claws of the perianth-segments. Anthers sessile. Ovaries 4,
sessile, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, attenuated into a short style, or with a
sessile stigma. Fruit of 4 drupelets, the pericarp usually thin and hard or
spongy. Seeds crustaceous, campylotropous, with an uncinate embryo thickened
at the radicular end. [Greek, in allusion to the aquatic habitat.] About 65
species, mostly natives of temperate regions. Type species: Potamogeton
natans L.

1. Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Spic. Fl. Lips. 21. 1771.

Stems slender, compressed, much branched, sometimes 4 m. long. Floating
leaves pointed at the apex, mostly rounded or subcordate at the base, 1.5—
10 cm. long, 8-30 mm. wide, 10-1 81- nerved, on petioles 2-1 01 cm. long; submerged
leaves- pellucid, sessile, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, cuspidate, rather stiff, 2-15
cm. long, 2-16 mm. wide, 3-9-nerved, the uppermost often petioled; peduncles
often thickened upward, sometimes clustered ; stipules spreading, obtuse, 1.5-2.5
cm. long; spikes 1.8-4 cm. long; fruit roundish or obliquely obovoid, 2-3 mm.
long, 1-2 mm. thick, indistinctly 3-keeled; style short, obtuse, apical; apex of
the embryo nearly touching the base, pointing slightly inside of it.

In fresh water pools and ditches, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Great Exuma : — North America and Europe. POXDWEED.

2, RUPPIA L. 8p. PI. 127. 1753.

Slender, widely branched aquatics with capillary stems, slender alternate
1-nerved leaves tapering to an acuminate apex, and with membranous sheaths.
Flowers on a capillary spadix-like peduncle, naked,, consisting of 2 sessile
anthers, each with 2 large separate sacs attached by their backs to the peduncle,
having between them several pistillate flowers in 2 sets on opposite sides of the
rachis, the whole cluster at first enclosed in the sheathing base of the leaf.
Stigmas sessile, peltate. Fruit a small obliquely-pointed drupe, several in each
cluster and pedicelled; embryo oval, the cotyledonary end inflexed, and both
that and the hypocotyl immersed. [Name in honor of Heinrich Bernhard
Eupp, a German botanist.] In the development of the plants the staminate
flowers drop off and the peduncle elongates, bearing the pistillate flowers in, 2
clusters at the end, but after fertilization it coils up and the fruit is drawn
below the surface of the water. Three or four species, widely distributed, the
following typical.

1. Ruppia maritima L. Sp. PL 127. 1753.

Stems usually whitish, often 1 mi. long, the internodes irregular, naked.
Leaves 2^-8 cm. long, 1.5 mm. or less wide; sheaths with a short free tip;
peduncles in fruit sometimes 0.3 m. long; pedicels 4-6 in a cluster, 1-3.5 cm.
long; drupes with a dark hard shell, ovoid, about 2 mm. long, often oblique or
gibbous at the base, pointed with the long style, but varying much in shape;
forms with very short peduncles and pedicels, and with broad, strongly marked
sheaths occur.

In shallow salt and brackish water throughout the archipelago : — Coast of
Eastern North America ; Bermuda ; Cuba to Trinidad ; temperate and tropical regions
of the Old World. DITCH-GRASS.

6 CYMODOCEACEAE.

Family 2. CYMODOCEACEAE Kerner.

MANATEE-GRASS FAMILY.

Submerged marine perennial herbs, with long rootstocks. Leaves linear,
sheathing. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary or cymose. Staminate
flowers of 2 long-pedicelled anthers, the anthers 2-celled, longitudinally de-
hiscent. Pistillate flowers of 1 or 2 carpels, the 1 or 2 stigmas filiform.
Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded. Two known genera, the following.

Stigmas 2 ; leaves mostly terete. 1. Cymodocea.

Stigma 1 ; leaves flat. 2. Halodule.

1. CYMODOCEA Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 96. 1805.
Leaves terete in our species, acute. Flowers dioecious. Pistillate flowers
of 2 carpels; stigmas 2. Seed pendulous. [Named for Cymodoce, one of the
Nereids.] Type species: Cymodocea aequorea Konig.

1. Cymodocea manatonun Aschers. Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1868: 19. 1868.

Eootstock branched, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 0.4-3.2 dm. long, terete
or nearly so, about 2 mm. thick, their bases enclosed by membranous stipular
sheaths 1-5 cm. long.

Shallow salt water, Great Bahama, Abaco, Mariguana : — Bermuda ; Florida ;
West Indies. MANATEE-GRASS.

2. HALODULE Endl. Gen, 1368. 1841.

Marine perennials with jointed rootstocks and linear, flat sheathing leaves,
the small flowers dioecious. Perianth wanting. Staminate flower of 2 anthers
unequally attached to a pedicel. Pistillate flower a solitary naked carpel;
style short; stigma one, slender. Fruit globular, small. [Greek, referring to
the saline habitat.] A few species of tropical and subtropical waters. Type
species: Diplanthera tridentata Steinh.

1. Halodule Wrightii Aschers. Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, 1868: 19. 1868.
Diplanthera WrigTitii Aschers. in E, & P. Nat. Pfl. Nachtr. 37. 1897.

Eootstock slender, nearly white, 3 dm. long or longer, copiously rooting at
the nodes. Leaves narrowly linear, 1 mm. wide or less, acute, sheathing at the
base, the scarious sheath 1-3 cm. long; anthers about 6 mm. long; fruit nearly
black.

Shallow salt water, Rose Island, Eleuthera, Mariguana : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto
Rico ; St. Thomas ; St. Croix ; Jamaica ; Martinique ; Panama.

Order 3. ALISMALES.

Aquatic or uliginous herbs, mostly acaulescent and with rootstocks.
Leaves alternate, mostly basal, broad or narrow. Flowers perfect, monoe-
cious or dioecious, clustered. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 thin petals,
or sometimes wanting. Stamens several or many; filaments slender or
short; anthers with inconspicuous connectives. Pistils few to many, dis-
tinct; ovary superior; style stout or slender; stigma small. Fruit a head
of achenes in the following family.

ALISMACEAE. 7

Family 1. ALISMACEAE DC.

WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, mostly glabrous, with fibrous roots, scapose
stems and basal long-petioled sheathing leaves. Inflorescence racemose or
paniculate. Flowers pedicelled, the pedicels verticillate and subtended by
bracts. Receptacle flat or convex. Sepals 3, persistent. Petals 3, larger,
deciduous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or more; anthers 2-celled,
extrorse or dehiscing by lateral slits. Ovaries 1-celled, usually with a single
ovule in each cell. Carpels becoming achenes in fruit in our species. Seeds
uncinate-curved. Embryo horseshoe-shaped. Endosperm none. Latex-
tubes are found in all the species, according to Micheli. About 13 genera
and 70 species, of wide distribution in fresh water swamps and streams.

Flowers perfect. 1. EcMnodorus.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 2. Sagittaria.

1. ECHINODORUS Richard; Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848.

Perennial or annual herbs with long-petioled elliptic, ovate or lanceolate,
often cordate or sagittate leaves, 3-9-ribbed and mostly punctate with dots or
lines. Scapes often longer than the leaves; inflorescence racemose or panicu-
late, the flowers verticillate, each verticil with 3 outer bracts and numerous
inner bracteoles. Flowers perfect; sepals 3, distinct, persistent; petals white,
deciduous; receptacle large, convex or globose; stamens 12-30; ovaries numer-
ous; style obliquely apical, persistent; stigma simple. Fruit achenes, more or
less compressed, coriaceous, ribbed and beaked, forming spinose heads. [Greek,
in allusion to the spinose heads of fruit.] About 14 species, mostly natives of
America. Type species: EcMnodorus rostratus Engelm.

1. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Kar. 109. 1857.

Alisma cordifolia L. Sp. PI. 343. 1753.

EcMnodorus rostratus Engelm. in A. Gray, Man. 460. 1848.

Leaves variable in form, often broadly ovate, obtuse, cordate at the base,
15-20 cm. long and wide, but in smaller plants sometimes nearly lanceolate,
acute at each end and but 2-5 em. long; petioles angular, striate; scapes 1 or
more, erect, 12-40 cm. tall; flowers 3-6 in the verticils; pedicels erect after
flowering; sepals shorter than the heads; petals 4—6 mm. long; stamens often
12 ; styles longer than the ovary ; fruiting heads bur-like, 4-6 mm. in diameter ;
achenes about 3 mm. long, narrowly obovate or falcate, 6-8<-ribbed; beak apical,
oblique, about one-half the length of the achene.

In sink-holes and fresh water swamps, Andros, Cat Island, Watling's Island,
Crooked Island, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, Great Exuma, Grand Turk : — South-
eastern United States ; Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Thomas and Barbadoes. BUR-HEAD.

2. SAGITTAEIA L, Sp. PI. 993. 1753.

Perennials, mostly with tuber-bearing or nodose rootstocks, basal long-
petioled nerved leaves, the nerves connected by numerous veinlets, and erect,
decumbent or floating scapes, or the leaves reduced to bladeless phyllodes.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits of the scapes in verticils
of 3 's, pedicelled, the staminate usually uppermost. Verticils 3-bracted. Sepals

8 ELODEACEAE.

persistent, those of the pistillate flowers reflexed or spreading in our species.
Petals 3, white, deciduous. Stamens inserted on the convex receptacle; stami-
nate flowers sometimes with imperfect ovaries. Pistillate flowers with numerous
distinct ovaries, sometimes with imperfect stamens; ovule solitary; stigmas
small, persistent. Achenes numerous, densely aggregated in globose or sub-
globose heads, compressed. Seed erect, curved. [Latin, referring to the
arrow-shaped leaves of some species.] About 40 species, natives of temperate
and tropical regions. Type species: Sagittaria sagittifolia L.

1. Sagittaria lancifolia L. PI. Jam. Pug. 27. 1759.

Monoecious, glabrous; scape rigid, erect, stout or rather slender, striate,
branched or simple, longer than the leaves. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, firm, entire, the blades 5-9-nerved,
0.2-0.4 m. long, gradually narrowed into the long petioles, apparently pinnately
veined; flowers numerous, 1-2.5 cm. broad; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
usually not united at the base, glabrous or nearly so, equalling or shorter
than the fruiting pedicels; stamens numerous; filaments cobwebby-pubescent,
equalling or longer than the anthers; achene narrowly obovate-cuneate, 2-3
mm. long, winged on both margins, its sides1 smooth, its beak tapering, oblique.

In fresh water or slightly brackish swamps and savannas, New Providence.
Andros, Great Bahama : — Southern United States to Argentina ; Jamaica ; Cuba to
Barbadoes. LANCE-LEAVED SAGITTARIA.

Order 4. HYDRO CHARIT ALES.

Floating or more or less emersed herbs, perennial by rootstocks or
stolons. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, arising from spathes. Perianth
of 2 dissimilar series of parts or the corolla wanting. Stamens 3-12.
Carpels 3-15, united. Ovary inferior, with several parietal placentae or
several-celled. Endosperm none.

Ovary 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae ; stigmas 3-5. Fam. 1. ELODEACEAE.
Ovary 6-9-celled ; stigmas 6-9. Fam. 2. HYDROCHARITACEAE.

Family 1. ELODEACEAE Dumort.
TAPE-GRASS FAMILY.

Stoloniferous or rhizomatous aquatics, fresh-water or marine, submerged
or the leaves sometimes floating. Leaves various, opposite, verticillate or
fascicled. Flowers small, regular or nearly so, monoecious, dioecious or
polygamous, enclosed in a spathe composed of 1-3 bracts. Calyx of the
pistillate flowers with a tube and 3 lobes or sepals, that of staminate
flowers often small or obsolete. Petals 3 or wanting. Stamens 3-12 ; fila-
ments short or the anthers sessile. Pistil 1 ; ovary 1-celled with 2-5 parietal
placentae ; ovules usually numerous. Fruit small, indehiscent. Seeds with-
out endosperm.

1. HALOPHILA Thouars; Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. 429. 1829.
Submerged or floating marine herbs, with slender rootstocks, branched
stems and opposite or whorled, petioled leaves, the dioecious flowers solitary in
spathes. Staminate flower peduncled, with 3 sepals, and 3 stamens with nearly

HYDROCHARITACEAE. 9

sessile, extrorse anthers. Pistillate flower sessile, with 3 very small sepals, a
1-celled, beaked ovary and a 3-parted style. Fruit enclosed in the spathe.
Seeds numerous, the embryo with spirally bent cotyledons. [Greek, salt-loving.J
About 7 species of tropical distribution. Type species: Caulinia ovalis R. Br.

1. Halophila Engelmanni Aschers. in Neumayer, Anleit. Wiss. Beob. 368. 1875.

Rootstocks buried in sand or mud in water up to 4 m. deep or deeper,
branched, the slender stems 3-6 dm. long. Leaves linear-oblong to oblanceolate,
mostly whorled at the ends of the branches, short-petioled, 1-3 cm. long, 3-6
mm. wide, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved, finely
and sharply serrulate; pistillate flowers axillary, enclosed by 2 lanceolate
bracts, the hypanthium flask-shaped, about 8 mm. long, the sepals minute, the
3 stigmas filiform, about 3 cm. long; staminate flowers--unknown.

In salt water, often washed ashore, Abaco, North Bimini, Rose Island, Great
Exuma: — Florida; Cuba. HALOPHILA.

Family 2. HYDROCHARITACEAE Aschers.
FROG'S-BIT FAMILY.

Submerged or floating aquatic herbs, the leaves various. Flowers regu-
lar, mostly dioecious, appearing from an involucre or spathe of 1-3 bracts
or leaves. Perianth 3-6-parted, the segments either all petaloid or the 3
outer ones small and herbaceous, the tube adherent to the ovary at its base
in the pistillate flowers. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous. Anthers
2-celled. Ovary 6-9-celled. Styles 6-9, with entire or 2-cleft stigmas.
Ovules anatropous or orthotropous. Fruit ripening under water, inde-
hiscent. Seeds numerous, without endosperm. About 14 genera and 40
species of wide distribution in warm and temperate regions.

1. THA1ASSIA Banks; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 96. 1805.

Marine herbs, with elongated rootstocks. Leaves several at a joint, sheath-
ing at the base, linear, elongated, the scape arising from the cluster of leaves.
Flowers dioecious, solitary in narrow spathes of two bracts, these united into a
tube at the base. Staminate flowers long-pedicelled ; perianth of 3 petaloid
sepals; stamens 6; filaments very short; anthers opening laterally. Pistillate
flower nearly sessile in the spathe, caducous; ovary 6-9-celled, beaked. Fruit
stalked, rugose or nearly echinate, opening by many valves. Seeds numerous.
[Greek, referring to its growth in the ocean.] Two known species, the follow-
ing typical.

1. Thalassia testudinum Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 96. 1805.

Submersed, glabrous. Rootstocks creeping, elongated; stems short, arising
from the nodes of the rootstock; leaves 2-5, sheathing the stem; blades linear,
strap-like, 0.5-3 dm. long, obtuse, withering-persistent; scapes solitary, central;
fruit globose or oval, echinate-pubescent, pointed.

In shallow salt water, Andros and New Providence to Watling's Island and
Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; throughout the West Indies. TURTLE-GRASS. Catesby,
2 : pi. 38.

2

10 POACEAE.

Order 5. POALES.

Grasses and sedges. Monocotyledonous plants, mostly herbaceous, with
leafy or leafless, usually simple, stems (culms), the leaves usually narrow
and elongated, entire or minutely serrulate. Flowers mostly perfect, small,
incomplete, in the axils of dry, chaffy scales (glumes) arranged in spikes
or spikelets.

Fruit a caryopsis (grain) : culm mostly hollow. Fam. 1. POACEAE.

Fruit an achene ; culm solid. Fam. 2. CYPEEACEAE.

Family 1. POACEAE R. Br.

GRASS FAMILY.

Annual or perennial herbs, of various habit, rarely shrubs or trees.
Culms (stems) generally hollow, but occasionally solid, the nodes closed.
Leaves sheathing, the sheaths usually split to the base on the side oppo-
site the blade; a scarious or cartilaginous ring, naked or hairy, rarely
wanting, called the ligule, is borne at the orifice of the sheath. Inflo-
rescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, consisting of spikelets composed
of two to many 2-ranked imbricated bracts, called scales (glumes), the
two lowest in the complete spikelet always empty, one or both of these
sometimes wanting. One or more of the upper scales, except sometimes
the terminal ones, contains in the axil a flower, which is usually enclosed
by a bract-like awnless organ called the palet, placed opposite the scale
and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the spikelet, generally 2-
keeled; sometimes the palet is present without the flower, and vice versa.
Flowers perfect or staminate, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, sub-
tended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales called the lodicules. Stamens 1-6,
usually 3. Anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles
1-3, commonly 2 and lateral. Stigmas hairy or plumose. Fruit a seed-
like grain (caryopsis). Endosperm starchy. About 3500 species widely
distributed throughout the world, growing in water and on all kinds of soil.
Those yielding food-grains are called cereals. The species are more nu-
merous in tropical countries, while the number of individuals is much
greater in temperate regions, often forming extended areas of turf.

A. Spikelets articulated below the empty scales or below a subtending involucre, or
attached to and deciduous with the internodes of a readily disarticulating
rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower imperfect.

1. Fruiting scale and palet hyaline, thin, more delicate than the empty scales.

* Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in the

upper, part of the same spike. 1. Tripsacum.

** Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other
pedicellate and sometimes perfect, more commonly
staminate or empty, or sometimes reduced to a
single scale, or wanting.

Axis of the racemes continuous. 2. Imperata.

Axis of the racemes articulated.

Raceme single : pedicels and internodes of the

rachis club-shaped. 3. Schizachyrium.

Racemes in pairs or more ; pedicels and rachis-

internodes filiform. 4. Andropogon.

2. Fruiting scale and palet never hyaline and thin, as firm

as the empty scales, or firmer.

1. Spikelets prickly. 5. Nazia.

2. Spikelets not prickly, but sometimes enclosed in a

spiny involucre.

POACEAE.

11

* Spikelets in clusters of 3 or 4, the empty scales

forming a false involucre.
** Spikelets otherwise arranged.

t Spikelets not sunken in the rachis.

J Spikelets without a subtending involucre

of bristles or valves.
§ Scales awnless.

Fruiting scale chartaceous, the mar-
gins hyaline and flat.
Racemes in whorls, or approximate
at the summit of the stem ; outer
scales of the spikelet with short
hairs or glabrous.

Racemes on an elongated axis ;
outer scales of the spikelet
clothed with long hairs exceed-
ing the spikelet.

Fruiting scale indurated, rigid, the

margins inrolled and not hyaline.

Opening in the fruiting scale turned

toward the rachis.
Opening in the fruiting scale turned

away from the rachis.
Spikelets plano-convex, arranged
in secund racemes, of 3 scales.
Spikelets unequally bi-convex,
in panicles, or rarely in
secund racemes, of 4
scales.

Culms herbaceous.
Culms woody.

§§ Scales, or some of them, awned or awn-
pointed.

Third scale awned or awn-pointed, the
second and first scales awnless or
with awns successively shorter.
Third scales awnless or awn-pointed,
the second and first scales with
awns successively longer.
$t Spikelets with an involucre.
Involucre of bristles.

Bristles persistent ; spikelets de-
ciduous.

Bristles deciduous with the spikelets.
Involucre of 2 spine-bearing valves.
ft Spikelets sunken in one side of a flat thick

rachig.
B. Spikelets articulated above the empty persistent scales,

1-many-flowered.

1. Stems' herbaceous, hence annual ; leaves scattered.
* Spikelets of 3 scales, 1-flowered.

Flowering scale awned, closely embracing the grain.
Awns 3.
Awn 1.
Flowering scales awnless, the grain dropping from

it when mature.
** Spikelets of 4 or more scales, usually with 2 or more

flowers.
t Spikelets in 2 rows, forming 1-sided spikes or

racemes.

Spikelets wholly deciduous.
Spikelets not wholly deciduous.

1 perfect flower in each spikelet.

No empty scales above the flowers.
1-several empty scales above the flower.
Spikes in whorls or closely approxi-
mate.

Second empty scale acute ; awn of
the flowering scales usually long.
Second empty scale truncate or 2-
toothed ; flowering scales awnless
or awn-pointed.
Spikes remote.

2-several perfect flowers in each spikelet.
Spikelets densely crowded ; spikes digitate.
Spikes with terminal spikelets.
Spikes with the rachis extending
beyond the spikelets in a naked
point.

6. Anthcphora.

1. Syntherisma.

8. Valota.

9. Axonopus.
10. Paspalum.

11. Panicum.

12. Lasiacis.

13. Echinochloa.

14. Oplismenus.

15. OhaetocMoa.

16. Cenchropsis.

17. Cenchrus.

18. Stenotaphrum.

19. Aristida.

20. Muhlenbergia.

21. Sporobolus.

22. Spartina.

23. Capriola.

24. Chloris.

25. Eustachys.

26. Bouteloua.

27. Eleusine.

28. Dactyloctenium.

12 POACEAE.

Spikelets alternate ; spikes remote. 29- Leptochloa.

ft Spikelets in open or spike-like panicles or racemes.
Rachilla with hairs longer than the flowering
scales and enveloping them ; tall reed-like ,
grasses. 30. Phragmites.

Rachilla and flowering scales glabrous.

Flowering scales 3-nerved ; first 2 scales of

the spikelets empty.

Inflorescence of long branches, along which
the appressed spikelets are arranged on
short pedicels ; lateral nerves of the
flowering scales pubescent. 31. Dlplachne.

Inflorescence an open or contracted pan-
icle, rarely racemose ; lateral nerves of
the flowering scale glabrous. 32. Eragrostis.

Flowering scales 5-many-nerved ; first 2-6

scales of the spikelets empty.

Plants not dioecious ; spikelets flat, 2-edged. 33. Uniola.
Plants dioecious ; spikelets compressed. 34. Distichlis.

2. Stems woody, perennial ; leaves on short branches which

form dense whorls at the nodes. 35. ArthrostyUdium.

1. TKIPSACUM L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1261. 1759.

Tall perennial grasses with thick rootstocks, rather broad, flat leaves and
monoecious flowers. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, in terminal or axillary, solitary or clus-
tered, elongated spikes. Staminate spikelets in 2 's at each node of the upper part
of the axis, 2-flowered, consisting of four scales, the two outer coriaceous, the two ,
inner thinner, the palet hyaline; stamens 3. Pistillate spikelets in excavations
at the lower joints of the spike, 1-flowered; stigmas exserted; style slender.
Grain partly enclosed in the excavations of the spikes, covered in front by the
horny exterior lower scale. [Name from the Greek, in allusion to the polished
outer scales.] About 7 species, natives of America, the following typical.

1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1261. 1759.

Kootstock 1.25-2.5 cm. thick; culms stout, erect, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves
smooth and glabrous, 3 dm. or more long, 1.25-3.75 cm. wide; spikes terminal,
and in the upper axils, solitary or 2-3 together, 1-1.25 dm. long; outer scales
of the staminate spikelets linear and obtuse, 8 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide,
faintly many-nerved; exterior scale of the pistillate spikelets horny, shining.

Scrub-lands, Inagua : — Rhode Island to Nebraska, Florida and Texas ; Hispaniola ;
Trinidad; Mexico; South America. GAMA-GRASS.

2. IMPERATA Cirillo, PI. Ear. Neap. 2: 26. 1792.

Perennial grasses with elongated leaves, the spikelets in dense terminal
spike-like, silvery-hairy panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, un-
equally pedicellate in pairs; scales 4, thin, hyaline, awnless, the 2 outer ones
empty, pilose, the third glabrous, usually empty, the fourth glabrous, subtend-
ing a perfect flower and its 2-nerved palet. Stamens 1 or 2. Styles distinct,
stigmas plumose. [Commemorates Ferrante Imperate, Italian naturalist of the
sixteenth century.] About 5 species of tropical distribution. Type species:
Lagurus cylindricus L.

1. Imperata brasiliensis Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 2: 331. 1832.

Culms 8 dm. high, or less; sheaths glabrous; leaf -blades erect, 1-4 dm.
long, less than 1 cm. wide, the upper surface densely hirsute near the base, the

POACEAE. 13

apex long-acuminate, the base narrowed; panicle 1-2 dm. long, 2-3 cm. thick,
obtuse, its branches erect or nearly so; spikelets 3-4.5 mm. long, the subtend-
ing hairs about twice as long, nearly white.

Borders of savannas, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba ;
continental tropical America. SILVER-PLUME GRASS.

3. SCHIZACHYBIUM Nees, Agrost. Bras. 331. 1829.

Annual or perennial grasses, the spikelets in spike-like racemes, terminat-
ing the culm or its branches. Eachis articulated, the internodes cup-shaped or
appendaged, the basal callus barbed. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the
rachis, one sessile, the other stalked, the sessile one dorsally compressed, 1-flow-
ered, the flower perfect; first scale 2-keeled with infolded margins, the second
awnless or bristle-tipped, the third 2-nerved or nerveless, the fourth usually
2-cleft, usually bearing a bent awn. Stalked spikelet usually flowerless.
Stamens mostly 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. [Greek, cleft-chaff.]
Some 40 species, or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species:
Andropogon ~brevifolius Sw.

Leaf-blades flat, or sometimes conduplicate when dry, never terete ; racemes glabrous

or nearly so. 1. 8. semiberbe.

Leaf-blades terete ; racemes long-hairy. 2. 8. gracile.

1. Schizachyrium semifoerbe Nees, Agros. Bras. 336. 1829.

Andropogon setmberbis Kunth, Enum. 1: 489. 1833.

Perennial; culms glabrous, branched, erect, 6-12 dm. high; leaves glabrous;
sheaths compressed, keeled; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; racemes nar-
row, 5-8 cm. long, the internodes of the rachis as long as the sessile spikelets
or shorter, glabrous or nearly so; sessile spikelets 5—7 mm. long, the first scale
glabrous or with a few short hairs, its infolded margins touching, the third and
fourth scales ciliate, the fourth 2-cleft nearly to the base, its awn 12-15 mm.
long; .stalked spikelet of one hispidulous scale about 3 mm. long, with an awn
about as long.

Pine-lands, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Trini-
dad ; South America. Recorded by Coker as Andropogon tener Kunth. STIFF
BEARD-GRASS.

2. Schizachyrium gracile (Spreng.) Nash, in Small, PI. SE. U. S. 60. 1903.

Andropogon gracilis Spreng. /Syst. 1: 284. 1825.

Perennial, tufted, glabrous, except the inflorescence; culms slender,
branched, 2-6 dm. high. Sheaths striate ; leaf -blades 2 dm. long or less, terete,
less than 1 mm. in diameter; racemes long-stalked, 3-5 cm. long, the rachis
clothed with long silky hairs; sessile spikelet 5—6 mm. long, the first scale char-
taceous with hispidulous keels, the second scale acute, the fourth 2-cleft, bearing
an awn 13-20 mm. long; stalked spikelet of one short-awned scale 1-2.5 mm.
long.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, North Caicos : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ;
Cuba ; Guadaloupe. SLENDER BEARD-GRASS.

4. ANDROPOGON L. Sp. PI. 1045. 1753.

Perennial grasses with usually long narrow leaves, and terminal and axil-
lary racemes. Spikelets in pairs at each node of the jointed hairy rachis, one
sessile, and perfect, the other with a pedicel and either staminate, empty or

14 POACEAE.

reduced to a scale, or none. Perfect spikelet consisting of 4 scales, the outer 2
coriaceous, the second keeled and acute, the two inner hyaline, the fourth more
or less awned and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 1-3. Grain
free. [Greek, in allusion to the bearded rachis.] About 150 species, widely
distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Andropogon
hirtum L.

Branches of the inflorescence crowded at the summit of the stem in 1 or more dense
corymbiform clusters. 1. A. glomeratus.

Branches of the inflorescence scattered along the stem in a long

narrow panicle. 2. A. virginicus.

1. Andropogon glomeratus (Walt.) B. S. P. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 67. 1888.

Cinna glomerata Walt. Fl. Car. 59. 1788.

Andropogon tenuispatheus Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 113. 1912.

Culms 1.5 dm. high or less, much branched, the ultimate flowering branches
forming oblong corymbiform clusters, the nodes of the secondary branches
densely barbed. Sheaths keeled; leaf-blades 4 dm. long or less, 3-7 mm. wide;
spathes 2.5-3 cm. long, glabrous; racemes in pairs, 1-2 cm. long; sessile spikelet
3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet a rudimentary
scale, or wanting.

Pine-lands, scrub-lands, and savannas, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuth-
era, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana, Inagua : — south-
eastern United States ; Mexico ; West Indies : tropical continental America. Re-
ferred by Dolley to Anatherum macrurum, following Grisebach. BUSHY BEARD-
GRASS. BED-GRASS.

2. Andropogon virginicus Ii. Sp. PI. 1046. 1753.

Culms tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, many times longer than the basal leaves;
sheaths, at least the lower ones, more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins ;
leaves 4 dm. long or less, more or less hirsute on the upper surface near the
base; spathes 3-5 cm. long, racemes generally in pairs, 2-3 cm. long; sessile
spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn 10-15 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting
or rarely present as a minute scale.

Pine-lands and white-lands, Abaco, Elbow Cay, Great Bahamas, Great Sturrup
Cay, New Providence, and Watling's Island : — Bermuda ; Massachusetts to Missouri
and southward to Mexico ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. VIRGINIA BEARD-GRASS.

5. NAZIA Adans. Fam. PL 2: 31, 581. 1763.

Annual grasses, diffusely branched, with flat leaves and 1-flowered deciduous
spikelets, either solitary or in clusters of 3-5 in a terminal spike. Scales of
spikelet 2 or 3, the outermost small or wanting, the second rigid and covered
with hooked prickles, the third membranous, subtending a palet and perfect
flower. [Name unexplained.] Two species, of tropical and temperate regions.
Type species: Cenchrus racemosus L.

1. Nazia alidna (Spreng.) Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 17: 28. 1899.
Lappago aliena iSpreng. Neue Entdeck. 3: 15. 1822.

Tufted, 1-3 dm. high, the culms often rooting at the lower nodes, slender,
glabrous. Sheaths glabrous; leaf -blades 2-8 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less,
their margins ciliate. Inflorescence 4-10 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long;
the second scale bearing prickles 0.5 mm. long or less, the prickles with swollen
opaque bases.

Sandy fields, Grand Turk Island and Ambergris Cay : — southwestern United
States to the Argentine; Cuba to St. Thomas and Antigua. PRICKLEKJRASS.

POACEAE. 15

6. ANTHEPHOEA Schreb. Beschr. Gras. 2: 105. pL U. 1810.

Tufted grasses, the culms often branched, erect or prostrate, the leaves
mostly flat, the 1-flowered spikelets in deciduous clusters of 3 or 4, forming
elongated terminal, slender spikes. Empty scales of the spikelets rigid, the
first one indurated, large, involucre-like, the others acute or short-awned; upper
and inner scales thin, the innermost enclosing a thin palet and a perfect flower,
the stamens 3, the styles united at the base, the stigmas plumose. [Greek,
flower-bearing.] Five known species, of tropical distribution, the following
typical.

1. Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 759. 1891.
Tripsacum hermaphroditum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1261. 1759.

Annual; culms 3-10 dm. long, rooting and branching at the lower nodes.
Leaves flat, 7-20 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, glabrous or hirsute, acuminate;
spikes 2—12 cm. long, continuous and dense, or interrupted below, about 4 mm.
thick, the slender rachis flexuous; clusters of spikelets about 7 mm. long; lower
scales ovate to elliptic, acute to acuminate, glabrous or hispidulous.

South Caicos : — West Indies and continental tropical America, commonly in
waste and cultivated grounds. ANTHEPHORA.

7. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Fl. Car. 76. 1788.

Annual grasses, with flat leaves and spikelets borne in pairs or sometimes
in 3's, in secund spikes which are digitate or approximate at the summit of the
culm. -Spikes often purplish. Scales of the spikelet 4, sometimes 3 by the
suppression of the lowest one; the fourth or innermost scale chartaceous, sub-
tending a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas
plumose. [Greek, crop-making, in allusion to its abundance.] 'Species about
20, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Syn-
therisma praecox Walt.

Rachis of the racemes with the angles naked, not winged ; first scale of the spikelet

usually wanting. 1. 8. flliformis.

Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles broadly winged,
thus making it appear flat ; first scale of the spikelet
usually present.
Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, one fifth «as wide as long,

acuminate. 2. 8. digitata.

Spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, one fourth as wide as long or more,

acute. 3. 8. sanguinalis.

1. Syntherisma filiformis (L.) Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 420. 1895.

Panicum filiforme L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753.
. Milium paniceum Sw. Prod. 24. 1788.

Syntherisma paniceum Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 152. 1912.

•Culms 1.5-7 dm. tall. Sheaths at least the lower ones hirsute; leaves 3-20
cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide; racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending; spike-
lets about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, elliptic, acute, in pairs, the first scale
wanting, the second 3 -nerved, the third 7-nerved, the fourth scale deep chestnut-
brown at maturity.

White-lands, sea-beaches, and roadsides, Andros, New Providence, and Cat
Island : — New Hampshire to Michigan, Florida and Mexico ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ;
Jamaica ; Porto Rico. SLENDER FINGER-GRASS.

16 POACEAE.

2. Syntherisma digitata (Sw.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 142. 1908.

MUium digitatum Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788.
Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Enum. 92. 1809.
Panicum horizontale Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 54. 1818.
Syntherisma setosa Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 300. 1898.

Culms 4-10 dm. long, branched, tufted, at length decumbent below and
rooting at the lower nodes. [Leaves more or less densely hirsute, 2-12 cm.
long, 2-7 mm. wide ; racemes several, 3-14 cm. long, whorled or alternate or ap-
proximate in pairs, widely spreading; rachis very narrow; spikelets in pairs,
about 2.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; first scale minute, glabrous; second
scale 3-nerved, appressed-pubescent ; third scale 7-nerved, also appressed-
pubescent; fruiting scale nearly 2 mm. long, shorter than the third, elliptic,
greenish when mature.

Sandy places and cultivated ground, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence,
Great Exuma. Eleuthera, Watling's Island, Long Island : — Florida ; throughout
tropical America. SOUTHERN CRAB-GRASS.

3. Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.) Dulac, Fl. Haut. Pyr. 77. 1867.

Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. PI. 57. 1753.

Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2, 1: 52. 1772.

Digitaria marginata Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 102. 1821.

Digitaria fimbriata Link, Hort. Berol. 1 : 226. 1827.

Panicum fimbriatum Kunth, Rev. 33. 1829.

Syntherisma marginatum Nash, N. A. Fl. 17: 154. 1912.

Culms 8 dm. long or less, finally branched, prostrate at the base and root-
ing at the lower nodes. Lower leaf-sheaths densely papillose-hirsute; blades
2-8 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, erect or ascending, glabrous or more or less
pubescent; racemes 2-9, 2-12 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate, in pairs
or whorls; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, about 0.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very acute,
in pairs; first scale small, glabrous, the second and third appressed-pubescent
with long hairs, the second one 3-nerved, the third slightly exceeding the flower-
ing scale, 7-nerved, the pubescence usually becoming widely spreading, the
fourth one lanceolate, very acute, yellowish white at maturity.

Sandy places, roadsides and waste places, Great Bahama, Abaco, New Provi-
dence, Eleuthera, Long Island, Elbow Cay, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Inagua : —
temperate and tropical America. Native of the Old World. Referred by Hitch-
cock to Panicum Linkianum Kth. LARGER CRAB-GRASS.

8. VALOTA Adans. Fam. PL 2: 495. 1763.

Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaves and large terminal pubescent pan-
icles. Spikelets lanceolate, acute or acuminate; scales 4, the 3 outer ones
membranous, empty, the first minute or rudimentary, the second silky-pilose
and ciliate, the fourth one shorter, glabrous, shining, chartaceous. [Perhaps
in honor of P. Vallot.] Several species, of warm temperate and tropical Amer-
ica, the following typical.

1. Valota insularis (L.) Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 19: 188. 1906.

Andropogon insulare L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1304. 1759.
Panicum leucophaeum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 97. 1815.
Panicum insulare Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 60. 1818.
Trichachne insularis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 86. 1829.

Culms erect, slender, 1-1.6 m. high, clustered. Leaves 3 dm. long or less,
1-2 cm. wide, acuminate, glabrous or their sheaths pubescent; panicle narrow,
often 3 dm. long, little, if any more than 3 cm. thick; spikelets 4-6 mm. long,

POACEAE. 17

acuminate ; second and third scale 3-nerved, long-hairy ; fruiting scale chestnut-
brown.

Sandy soil and cultivated ground, Abaco, Andros, New Providence. Eleuthera,
Great Exuma, Cat Island, Long Cay, Acklin's Island, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : —
Florida ; Bermuda ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Referred by
Dolley to Tricholaena leucophaea. SILKY-GRASS.

•

9. AXONOPUS Beauv. Agrost. 12. 1812.

Perennial grasses, with the culms usually rooting at the lower nodes, with
flat leaves and 1-flowered spikelets, borne singly in 2 rows in one-sided spikes
which (in our species) are disposed in a single pair at the summit of the culm,
or sometimes with an additional one a short distance below. Spikelets oblong
to lanceolate, convex on the outer surface, flat on the inner. Scales 3, the
outer '2 membranous, the inner one firm and with its opening turned toward
the rachis, substending a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles separate.. Stigmas
plumose. Grain free. [Greek, foot-axis.] About 12 species, of warm tem-
perate and tropical regions, the following typical.

1. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv. Agrost. 12, 154. 1812.

Milium compressum Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788.

Paspalum tristachyon Lam. Tab. Encycl. 1: 176. 1791.

Anastrophus compressus Schlecht.; Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 79. 1903.

Stolons numerous, leafy, sometimes 6 dm. long. Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, slen-
der, compressed, glabrous; sheaths loose; leaves glabrous, sometimes sparsely
ciliate, obtuse, those of the culm 5-10 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the
stolons about 2.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; spikes 2-5, 2.5—5 cm. long, approxi-
mate at the summit of the long and slender stalk; spikelets not crowded nor
secund, about 2 mm. long, acute.

Grassy places, New Providence : — Virginia to Florida and Texas ; the West In-
dies and continental tropical America. FLAT JOINT-GRASS.

10. PASPALUM L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 855. 1759.

Perennial grasses, various in habit, with generally flat leaves and 1-flow-
ered spikelets, borne singly or in pairs in 2 rows on 1-sided spikes, which are
single, in pairs or panicled. Spikelets oblong to orbicular, flat on the outer
surface, convex on the inner. Scales 3, the outer ones membranous, the inner
one indurated and subtending a palet and perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles
separate. Stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid or oblong, free. [An ancient Greek
name for some grass, used by Hippocrates.] About 160 species, of wide dis-
tribution in tropical and temperate regions, most abundant in America. Type
species: Panicum dissectum. L.

Racemes single, or, if more than 1, distant, never in pairs.
Spikelets wingless.

Spikelets 1.5 mm. long or less ; racemes usually short, rarely exceeding 4 cm.

long.

Spikelets singly disposed. 1. P. Poiretii.

Spikelets normally in pairs.

Spikelets appressed-pubescent or glabrous.

Primary pedicel much shorter than its spike-
let. 2. P. caespitosum.
Primary pedicel nearly as long as its spikelet. 3. P. portoricense.
Spikelets glandular-pubescent. 4. P. Simpsoni.
Spikelets exceeding 1.5 mm. long ; racemes long, rarely
under 6 cm.

18 POACEAE.

Racemes 6 or fewer; blades usually 4-8 mm. wide or

less ; stems slender. 5. P. glabrum.

Racemes numerous, usually 10 or more ; blades up to

1 cm. wide or more ; stems stout.
Rachis of the spikelet glabrous ; sheaths not

nodulose. 6. P. secans.

Rachis sparingly pilose ; lower sheaths nodulose. 7. P. milleyrana.
Spikelets with a flmbriate wing. 8. P. fimbriatum.

Racemes in pairs at the summit of the stem ; spikelets singly

disposed.
Racemes long and slender; spikelets less than 2 mm. long,

nearly orbicular. 9. P. conjugatum.

Racemes short and stout ; spikelets over 2 mm. long, ovate.

Spikelets pubescent, ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long. 10. P. {Hs1ichnm.

Spikelets glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long. 11. P. vagtnatwn.

1. Paspalum Poiretii R. & S. Syst. 2: 878. 1817.

Perennial; culms densely tufted, 5 dm. high or less, slender, glabrous,
simple, or sometimes branched at the base. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, 3-6 mm.
wide, glabrous or sparingly hirsute, or ciliate; racemes 1-3, erect or ascending,
2-4 cm. long, the rachis about 0.5 mm. wide; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, 0.9 mm.
wide, elliptic, appressed-pubescent, singly disposed, the scales 3-nerved, the
fruiting one oval.

Savanna, Andros : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica. POIRET'S PAS-
PALUM.

2. Paspalum caespitosum Fluege, Gram. Monog. 161. 1810.

Paspalum Blodgettii Chapm. Fl. S. U. 8. 571. 1860.

Tufted; culms slender, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves glabrous, narrowly linear,
flat, 5-20 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, erect or nearly so, with glabrous sheaths;
racemes 2—6, erect, 1-5 cm. long, the rachis very narrow; spikelets in pairs, a
little less than 2 mm. long and nearly 1 mm. wide, elliptic, the first scale want-
ing, the second and third sparingly papillose-pubescent with appressed hairs,
3-nerved, the fruiting scale yellowish white.

Pine-lands, scrub-lands, and clearings, Abaco. Great Bahama, Berry Islands,
South Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Inagua,
and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Jamaica. SLENDER PAS-
PALUM.

3. Paspalum portoric&ise Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 377. 1903.

'Culms tufted, glabrous, very slender, spreading, 6 dm. long or less, simple or
rarely branched. Leaves flat, 5-12 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, with a few long
hairs at the base; racemes 1-3, very slender, 2-6 cm. long, ascending; spikelets
geminate, oblong-elliptic, acute, about 1.8 mm. long, 0.8 mm. wide, glabrous,
about as long as the primary pedicel, the first and second scales 3-nerved.

Crooked Island (according to Hitchcock) ; Porto Rico.

4. Paspalum Simpson! Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 39. 1897.

Paspalum gracillimum Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 73. 1903.

Tufted, similar to P. caespitosum; culms slender, 4-8 dm. high. Basal
sheaths hirsute, the upper glabrous; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long,
3-10 mm. wide, glabrous on both sides, the margins ciliate; racemes 3-5,
spreading, 2-7 cm. long, the rachis narrow; spikelets in pairs, obovoid, about
1.5 mm. long, and 0.8 mm. thick, the first scale wanting, the second and third
3-nerved, densely pubescent with short glandular hairs.

Scrub-lands, white-lands, and clearings, Great Bahama, Abaco, Berry Islands,
Andros, New Providence, Cave Cay, Watling's Island, Little San Salvador, Acklin's
Island, Fortune Island, Mariguana, and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto
Rico. SIMPSON'S PASPALUM.

POACEAE. 19

5. Paspalum glabrum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 30. 1804.

Paspalum Eelleri Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 376. 1903.

Culms tufted, slender, glabrous, erect or ascending, simple, 3-10 dm. high.
Leaves 5-20 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, roughish-margined, with a few hairs at
the base of the blade ; racemes 2-6, narrow, 10 cm. long or less, erect or spread-
ing; spikelets many, oval, glabrous or pubescent, 1.7-2 mm. long, obtuse.

Moist grounds, Abaco and Great Sturrup Cay to Andros, North Caicos, Grand
Turk and Inagua : — Cuba to Tortola and Barbadoes ; Jamaica. Referred by Hitch-
cock to P. nanum C. Wright.

6. Paspalum secans Hitch. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 319. 1917. •

Perennial, forming clumps ; culms simple, erect glabrous, 1-2 m. tall. Leaf-
sheaths with a row of white hairs at the mouth, the blades much elongated,
sometimes 1 m. long, 5-10 mm. wide, flat, but in drying more or less involute,
their margins serrulate; racemes 5-20, .slender, spreading, 5-15 cm. long; rachis
glabrous; spikelets glabrous, about 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide.

Moist soil, New Providence, Acklin's Island, and Inagua: — Cuba; Porto Rico;
Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; St. Croix ; Antigua. Referred by Nash to P. Schreberianum,
TALL PASPALUM.

7. Paspalum millegratia Schrad. in Schultes, Mant. 2: 175. 1824.

Paspalum Underwoodii Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 375. 1903.

Culms stout, 1-1.5 m. high, often clustered, smooth. Lower sheaths nodu-
lose, overlapping; leaves elongated, roughish, 5-10 mm. wide, commonly pu-
bescent above; racemes many, close toegther, ascending or nearly erect, 4-10
cm. long; spikelets glabrous, suborbicular or obovate-orbicular, about 2 mm.
long, usually purplish; rachis sparingly pilose.

New Providence (according to Hitchcock and Chase) : — Jamaica ; Cuba ; Porto
Rico ; Tobago ; Trinidad to southern Brazil. UNDERWOOD'S PASPALUM.

9

8. Paspalum fimbriatum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 93. 1815.

Annual; culms tufted, glabrous, often branched below, 3-8 dm. high, the
sheaths hirsute or glabrous. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5 cm. wide or less,
ciliate; racemes 2-6, erect or ascending, 2.5-7 cm. long; spikelets mostly in
pairs, suborbicular, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, the scales papillose, 3-nerved, the lower
one with a broad cleft wing, with ciliate segments, the next with a similar
partial wing, the fruiting scale 7-ridged.

Waste and cultivated grounds, Andros, New Providence, Bleuthera, Cat Island :
— Cuba, Hispaniola and Porto Rico to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; South America. FRINGED
PASPALUM.

9. Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Acta Helv. 7: 129. 1762.

Smooth and glabrous. Culms compressed, 2-9 dm. tall, finally decumbent
at the base and rooting at the lower nodes; leaves 4-16 cm. long, 4-12 mm.
wide; racemes in pairs, slender, often curved, spreading or ascending, 5—12
cm. long, the rachis straight, or flexuous toward the apex, 0.6-0.8 mm. broad;
spikelets crowded, much compressed dorsally, singly disposed, 1.5 mm. long,
1-1.2 mm. broad, apiculate, the 2 outer scales 2-nerved, the nerves marginal,
the first scale ciliate on the margins with very long lax hairs, the third scale
smooth, white.

Grassy places along roads, apparently introduced, New Providence : — Bermuda ;
Southern United States ; Cuba to St. Thomas and Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; continental
tropical America ; Old World tropics. TWO-SPIKED PASPALUM.

20 POACEAE.

10. Paspalum distichum L. Pugil. PI. Jam. 5. 1759.

Culms 1-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock; sheaths compressed,
keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, especially at the base and on the
innovations, glabrous, or more or less hairy on the margins; leaves commonly
less than 1 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, usually glabrous; racemes terminal, in
pairs, ascending, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, ovate, 2.5-3 mm.
long, acute, the 2 oufer scales firm, 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved, the first scale
glabrous, the second appressed-pubescent, the third apiculate, pubescent at
the apex.

Fresh water marsh, New Providence : — Bermuda ; Virginia to Florida, Texas
and California, and north on the coast to Oregon ; the West Indies and tropical
America. Hitchcock's plant from Fortune Island, referred to this species, proves
to be P. vaginatiim Sw. JOINT-GRASS.

11. Paspalum vaginatum Sw. Prodr. 21. 1788.

Culms 2-6 dm. tall, from a long stout rootstock ; sheaths compressed,
keeled, usually crowded and overlapping, at least at the base and on the inno-
vations, glabrous; leaves folded, or involute when dry, 1.5 dm. long or less,
2-4 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly hairy; racemes terminal, usually in
pairs, rarely more >or but a single one, erect or ascending, 3-7 cm. long; spike-
lets singly disposed, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-4 mm. long, the 2 outer scales
glabrous, thin, the first scale 4-nerved, the lateral nerves approximate at the
margin, the midnerve suppressed, the second scale 5-nerved, the lateral nerves
rather near together, the third scale glabrous at the apex or with 2 or 3 hairs.

Borders .of marshes, New Providence, Watling's Island, Fortune Island, and
Inagua : — Bermuda ; southern United States ; West Indies ; tropical continental
America. SHEATHED PASPALUM.

Paspalum sp. Hitchcock and Chase (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 316) record
a plant of this genus from Inagua, not certainly referable to any known species.

11. PANICUM L, Sp. PI. 55. 1753.

Annuals or perennials, various in habit, with open or contracted panicles.
Spikelets 1-2-flowered, when 2-flowered the lower one staminate only. Scales
4, the 3 lower membranous, empty, or the third with a staminate flower, vary-
ing in the same species; the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, shining, enclos-
ing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Awns none. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened fruit-
ing scale and palet. [Old Latin name for some grass, probably the cultivated
sorghum, referring to its panicle, taken from Pliny.] About 500 species, in
temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Panicum miliaceum L.

A. Palet little or not at all enlarged when mature.

1. Inflorescence consisting of spike-like often 1-sided branches or racemes.

Spikelets singly disposed, in 2 distinct rows, on very short equal pedicels ;

first scale truncate. 1. P. yeminatum.

Spikelets otherwise arranged, on unequal pedicels ;

first scale acute or obtuse, never truncate.
Fourth scale of the spikelet transversely rugose.
Panicle branches terminating with a spikelet,

no prolongation.
Pedicels shorter than the spikelets.

Stems all fertile, the nodes naked, or

occasionally sparsely pubescent.
Outer scales of the spikelet with no
cross-veinlets ; stems often rooting
at the lower nodes. 2. P. adspersum.

Outer scales of the spikelet with
manifest cross-veinlets ; stems rare-
ly rooting at the lower nodes. 3. P. fasciculatum.

POACEAE. 21

Fertile stems tall and stout, the sterile

long and creeping, the nodes densely .

barbed. 4. P. barbinode.

Some of the pedicels equaling OP longer

than the spikelets. 5. P. maximum.

Panicle branches extending beyond the spikelet

in a sterile rudiment.

Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. 6. P. distantiflorum.

Spikelets 2 mm. long or more. 7. P. Chapmani.

Fourth scale of the spikelet smooth. 8. P. laxum.

2. Inflorescence usually a diffuse, rarely narrow panicle,

its branches not spike-like.

Fourth scale of the spikelet transversely rugose. 5. P. maximum.

Fourth scale smooth.

Annuals, or if perennials, not with tufts of leaves

at the base of the stem.

Spikelets lanceolate to ovate, acute to acumi-
nate, glabrous ; leaf-blades elongated,
linear.
Plants tufted, no long creeping rootstocks ;

spikelets 3 mm. long or less.
Panicle narrow, dense, its branches ap-

pressed.
Stems slender, 6 dm. tall or less ;

basal sheaths round. 9. P. tenerum.

Stems stout, usually 1 m. tall or
more ; basal sheaths compressed,
keeled, equitant. 10. P. condensum.

Panicle broad at maturity, loose and
open, its branches spreading or
ascending.

First scale one half as long as the
spikelet or more, broadly ovate,
acute.

Sheaths glabrous; stems slender. 11. P. diffusum.
Sheaths densely papillose-hispid ;

stems stout. 12. P. Ghiesbreghtii.

First scale rarely exceeding one
fourth the length of the spikelet,
orbicular, truncate or rounded at

the apex. 13. P. dichotomiflorum.

Plants with long stout rootstocks ; leaf-
blades very thick and firm ; spikelets 4-5
mm. long; seacoast grass. 14. P. amarulum.

Spikelets elliptic, pubescent ; leaf-blades broad,

ovate-lanceolate. 15. P. trichoides.

Perennials, with basal tufts of leaves.

Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, glabrous. 16. P. coerulescens.

Spikelets 2 mm. long, pubescent.

Primary leaf-blades 5 mm. wide or less,
strongly striate ; spikelets broadly obo-

yoid. 17. P. neuranthum.

Primary leaf-blades up to 12 mm. wide ;

spikelets elliptic. 18. P. nitidum.

B. Palet much enlarged when mature. 19. P. exiguiflorum.

1. Panicum geminatum Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 18. 1775.

Aquatic. Culms 6—12 dm. long, usually clothed with sheaths below;
leaves glabrous, 2.5 dm. long or less, 6-10 mm. wide; racemes 10-20, one-sided,
the raehis broadly winged, appressed, 2-4 cm. long; spikelets about 2.5 mm.
long, ovate, acute, glabrous, singly disposed in 2 rows, the first scale broader
than long and clasping the spikelet at its base, truncate at the apex, the fourth
scale transversely wrinkled.

Wet or moist places, Great Bahama, Abaco, Berry Islands, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Long Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island,
and Inagua : — Bermuda ; southern Florida and Texas ; in tropical regions generally.
Erroneously referred, by authors, to P. paspaloidcs Pers. WATER-GRASS.

2. Panicum adspersum Trin. Gram. Pan. 146. 1826.

Culms ascending or spreading, rooting at the lower nodes, branched, com-
pressed, glabrous, 3-10 dm. long. Sheaths ciliate above; leaf -blades 5-20 cm.

22 POACEAE.

long, 8-20 mm. wide, glabrous, or sometimes ciliate at the base, abruptly
actfminate, rough-margined; panicles 6-15 cm. long, composed of many spike-
like racemes; spikelets short-stalked, 3-4 mm. long, 1.5-1.8 mm. wide, fusiform;
first scale acute, glabrous, 5-nerved, about one-third as long as the whole spike-
let; second and third scales 5-7-nerved, hispid at least above, rarely glabrous.

New Providence and Anguilla Isles : — -Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico, Tortola
and Martinique ; Jamaica. LOOSE PANIC-GRASS.

3. Panicum fasciculatum Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788.

Panicum fuscum Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788.

Panicum flavescens Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788.

Panicum paniculatum Nash, Bull. Torr. Club 30: 381. 1903.

Perennial; culms glabrous or somewhat pubescent above, slender or rather
stout, erect, spreading or ascending, 0.3-1 m. long. Leaves flat, 3 dm. long or
less, 0.6-2 cm. wide, glabrous or more or less pubescent, the sheaths sometimes
pilose or hispid; panicles 5-15 cm. long, the branches raceme-like, ascending;
spikelets commonly approximate, short-stalked, brown, 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous,
the outer scales reticulate-veined, the fourth scale rugose.

Waste places, Grand Turk Island : — southern Florida and Texas ; the West Indies
and tropical continental America. BROWN PANIC-GRASS.

4. Panicum barbinode Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 256.

1834.

Sterile culms 1-2 m. long, rooting at the nodes, the fertile ones erect,
6-10 dm. tall or more, the nodes densely barbed; leaf -sheaths often overlapping,
papillose-hirsute; blades 1-3 dm. long, glabrous or pubescent, 6-16 mm. wide;
panicle 1.5-2 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending; spikelets about
3 mm. long, glabrous.

New Providence and Acklin's Island: — Bermuda; Florida to Texas; the West
Indies and tropical America and Old World tropics. Has been confused with P.
molle Sw. PARA GRASS.

5. Panicum maximum Jacq. Ic. PI. Ear. 1: 2, pi. 13. 1781-6.

€ulm 1-2 m. tall or more, leafy; leaf -sheaths overlapping, glabrous, or
tuberculate-pubescent ; blades elongated, 1-4 cm. wide, glabrous; panicle 3-6
dm. long, its branches erect or nearly so, very long; spikelets glabrous, 3-4 mm.
long, the fourth scale transversely rugose.

In swales and along swamps, New Providence, Eleuthera, Fortune Island, Turks
Islands, and Inagua : — Bermuda; Georgia and Florida to Texas; the West Indies
and continental America. Referred by Coker to P. elephantipes Nees. GUINEA
GRASS.

6. Panicum distantiflorum A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11 : 304. 1850.

Culms glabrous, tufted, slender, wiry, branched, 6-8 dm. high. Sheaths
compressed; leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long, only 1 or 2 mm. wide, involute in drying;
panicles narrow, 2-7 cm. long, their branches nearly erect; spikelets elliptic,
glabrous^ acute, about 1.5 mm. long; first scale about one-half as long as the
whole spikelet, 5-nerved, acute; second scale obtuse, about two-thirds as long
as the fruit.

Srrub-lands, Long Island and Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Curacao. NARROW
PANIC-GRASS.

7 Panicum Chapman! Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 11: 61. 1884.

Culms glabrous or nearly so, tufted, slender, 3-10 dm. high, simple, or
sometimes branched below. Leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, acuminate,
the sheaths sparingly ciliate; panicles 3 dm. long or less, composed of sessile
1-sided spike-like racemes of 3-12 spikelets, the flexuous rachis terminated by a

POACEAE. 23

short bristle; spikelets nearly sessile, about 2 mm. long, in 2 rows, obpvoid,
glabrous, the first scale obtuse, about one-half as long as the whole spikelet,
the second scale 7-nerved, the fourth scale transversely wrinkled.

Scrub-lands and along marshes, New Providence, Rose Island, Great Exuma : —
southern Florida. CHAPMAN'S PANIC-GRASS.

8. Panicum laxum Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788.

Panicum agrostidiforme Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791.
Panicum tenuicidmum Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 58. 1818.

'Culms simple or little branched, often decumbent and rooting at the lower
nodes, 4-12 dm. high. Sheaths hirsute above, otherwise glabrous; leaves 1-2.5
dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent on the upper side;
panicles 0.5-3 dm. long, with many, slender spike-like branches, the lower
branches spreading, the ultimate branchlets mostly secund; spikelets 1-1.5
mm. long, about 0.7 mm. wide, short-stalked; first scale 1-3-nerved, about one-
third the length of the whole spikelet, the second somewhat shorter than the
third.

Turks Islands : — nearly throughout tropical America. RED-TOP PANIC-GRASS.

9. Panicum tenerum Beyr.; Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI 1: 341. 1834.

Culms slender, stiff, tufted, glabrous, 4-9 dm. high. Sheaths glabrous, or
the lower softly pubescent; leaf blades 4-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, or the
upper much smaller, erect, somewhat involute in drying, somewhat pubescent,
at least toward the base; panicles solitary and termin'al, 3-8 cm. long, or also
a few smaller ones lateral; spikelets 2-2.8 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, short-
stalked, rather crowded; first scale about one-half the length of the whole
spikelet, 1-nerved, the second and third 5-7-nerved.

Open places in pine and scrub-lands, Andros and New Providence : — Georgia
and Florida to Texas ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. SLENDER PANIC-GRASS.

10. Panicum condensum Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 93. 1903.

Culms tufted, branched, 0.6-1 m. tall, the basal sheaths compressed and
keeled. Leaves 2-4 dm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, erect or nearly so; panicles large,
dense, oblong, 1-2.5 dm. long, their branches erect; spikelets numerous, about
2.3 mm. long, acute, glabrous; first scale acuminate, about one-half the length
of the whole spikelet; second and third scales acuminate.

Fresh water swamps and wet places, Andros, New Providence, Acklin's Island
and Cat Island: — New Jersey to Florida and Texas; Cuba; Porto Rico; Guada-
loupe ; Jamaica ; Mexico. DENSE PANIC-GRASS.

11. Panicum diffusum Sw. Prodr. 23. 1788.

Perennial; culms tufted, spreading or ascending, simple or little branched,
glabrous with pubescent nodes, 2-5 dm. high. Sheaths striate, glabrous or
pubescent; leaf -blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-3 mm. wide, sparingly pubescent;
panicles 5-10 cm. long, open, the branches filiform; spikelets few, near the
ends of the panicle-branches, short-stalked, about 2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide;
first scale acute, about one-half as long as the spikelet; second and third scales
7-9-nerved.

Coppice, New Providence : — Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Thomas, Tortola and Mar-
tinique, DIFFUSE PANIC-GRASS.

12. Panicum Ghiesbreghtii Fourn. Mex. PI. 2: 29. 1886.

Panicum hirtivaginum Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 223. 1909.

Perennial; culms erect, tufted, rather stout, 6-8 dm. high, the nodes
hirsute. Sheaths hirsute; leaf -blades flat, up to 6 dm. long and 12 mm. wide,
hirsute >or glabrate; panicle 2-3 dm. long, its branches ascending; spikeleta
numerous, short-stalked, about 3 mm. long and 1 mm. wide; first scale acute,

24 POACEAE.

one-half to two-thirds as long as the whole spikelet; second and third scales
7-9-nerved.

A weed, Crooked Island : — Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Guadeloupe ; Antigua ; continental
tropical America.

13. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 48. 1803.

Panicum tartowense Scribn. & Merr. Circ. U. S. Dept. Agric. Agrost. 35:
3. 1901.

•Culms at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later decumbent and geniculate,
1-1.5 m. long, branched at all the upper nodes. Sheaths loose, glabrous, or
papillose-hispid, somewhat flattened; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, long-
acuminate, scabrous on the margins and occasionaly on the nerves; panicles
pyramidal, 1-4 dm. long; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, crowded, lanceolate, acute,
glabrous, sometimes purplish; first scale about one-fourth as long as the spike-
let; second and third scales about equal, acute, 5-7-nerved; fourth scale elliptic,
shining.

Swamps and water holes, Great Bahama, North Bimini, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Cat Cay, Watling's Island, Crooked Island, and Great Exuma : — Maine to
Nebraska, Florida and Texas ; Bermuda ; Cuba. Recorded by Coker as P. ele-
phantipes Nees ; has been confused with P. proliferum Lam. SPREADING WITCH-
GRASS.

14. Panicum amarulum Hitchc. & Chase. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15 : 96. 1910.

Culms rather stout, tufted, glabrous, glaucous, 4-15 dm. high, the sheaths
overlapping. Leaves 1.5-3 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, leathery, the margins
involute; panicle narrow, sometimes 7 dm. long, its branches erect; spikelets
about 5 mm. long; first scale about one-half as long as the whole spikelet, the
third somewhat longer than the second.

Sea-beaches and sand dunes. Great Bahama and New Providence : — Virginia to
Florida and Mississippi ; Cuba ; Jamaica. SEA-BEACH GRASS.

15. Panicum trichoides Sw. Prodr. 24. 1788.
Panicum brevifolium of authors. Not L. 1753.
Panicum capillaceum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173. 1791.

Culms slender, ascending or erect, 6 dm. high or less, pubescent. Sheaths
pubescent and ciliate; leaf -blades membranous, 2-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, glabrous
or sparingly pubescent; panicles 2 dm. long or less, their branches filiform,
spreading and ascending; spikelets nearly ellipsoid, about 1.2 mm. long, spar-
ingly hirsute; first scale acute, 1-nerved, about one-half as long as the whole
spikelet; second and third scales 3-nerved.

Turks Islands : — Jamaica ; Cuba to Tortola and Trinidad ; tropical continen-
tal America. HAIR-LIKE PANIC-GRASS.

16. Panicum coerulescens Hack.; Hitchc. Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 219. 1909.

Culms slender, tufted, glabrous, at first erect and simple, later reclining
and with short, fascicled branches at the nodes, 8 dm. long or less. Sheaths
glabrous, or the lower sometimes pubescent; leaves of the vernal stage 5-8 cm.
long, 3-7 mm. wide, glabrous or very nearly so ; panicles of the vernal stage
3-7 cm. long, those of the autumnal stage usually reduced to a few spikelets;
spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, <obovoid, glabrous; first scale about one-third
the length of the whole spikelet.

Moist places and in swamps, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island
(?) Crooked Island: — New Jersey to Florida and Texas; Cuba. Referred by Dolley
to P. dichotomum L. BLUISH PANIC-GRASS.

17. Panicum neuranthum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cuba 232. 1866.

Culms tufted, slender, at length much branched, 3—7.5 dm. tall. Sheaths
glabrous, or the lower pubescent; leaves smooth and glabrous, the primary

POACEAE. 25

erect, acuminate, 2.5-10 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, those on the branches shorter,
erect or ascending, usually involute when dry, concealing the small secondary
panicles; primary panicle 2.5-10 cm. long, its branches at first erect, at length
spreading; spikelets numerous, about 2 mm. long, densely pubescent with
short, spreading hairs, the second and third scales 7-nerved.

Swamps and savannas, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba. NE.KVED
PANIC-GRASS.

18. Panicum nitidum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 172. 1791.

Culms slender, tufted, 3-10 dm. long, erect or reclining, often becoming
much-branched, the nodes bearded. Sheaths glabrous, ciliate, or the lower
pubescent; leaves of the vernal stage 5-12 cm. long, 3-10 mm. wide, the basal
ones tufted, those of the autumnal xstage much smaller, 1-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm.
wide; panicles of the vernal stage 5-8 cm. long, often nearly as wide, those of
the autumnal stage smaller, sometimes reduced to a few spikelets; spikelets
2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, pubescent, the first scale about one-third as long as
the whole spikelet.

Pine and palmetto lands, Great Bahama : — Virginia to Missouri, Florida and
Texas ; Cuba. SHINING PANIC-GRASS.

19. Panicum exiguiflorum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 234. 1866.
Panicum tricolor Hack. Oest. Bot. Zeitsch. 51: 370. 1901.

Perennial; culms tufted, glabrous, slender, simple or somewhat branched,
erect or ascending, 1-5 dm. high. Leaves 1-6 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, flat,
glabrous or their sheaths ciliate ; panicles 2-10 cm. long, their few slender
branches spreading or finally reflexed, bearing several, short-stalked spikelets
about 1.5 mm. long; first scale 3-nerved, about one-third as long as the spike-
let ; second scale nearly as long as the first ; palet large, subcoriaceous, forcing
the spikelet open at maturity.

Moist grounds, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island and Inagua : — Cuba.

An imperfect specimen of a Panicum, perhaps representing P. lucidum
Ashe, was collected on Cat Island (Britton fy Millspaugh 5776}.

12. LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S, Nat. Herb. 15: 16. 1910.

Perennial, woody, often elongated and vine-like grasses, with flat leaves,
the inflorescence of terminal panicles of large subglobose somewhat oblique
1 -flowered spikelets. Scales 4, somewhat coriaceous or chartaceous, not awned,
bearing an apical tuft of short hairs. Grain enclosed in the hard fruiting
scale and palet. [Greek, hairy-tip.] Ten species or more, of tropical and
subtropical America. Type species: Panicum divaricatum L.

1. Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitchc. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 16. 1910.
Panicum divaricatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 871. 1759.

Culm glabrous, smooth, much branched, erect or arching, 2-3 m. long, the
branches sometimes pendent. Sheaths ciliate; leaves glabrous, acuminate,
those of the main culm 8-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, those of the branches
smaller; panicle 5-10 cm. long, its slender branches spreading; spikelets
swollen, 4h5 mm. long, the scales tipped with woolly hairs, the broad lower
scale clasping.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence,
Rose Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Little San Salvador, Watling's Island, Rum
Cay, Conception Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, North
Caicos, Little Inagua, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : — southern Florida ; West Indies
and continental tropical America. CANE-GRASS. WILD CANE.

26 POACEAE.

13. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 53. pi. 11, f. 2. 1812.

Usually tall grasses, commonly annuals, with broad leaves and a terminal
inflorescence consisting of one-sided racemes racemosely or paniculately ar-
ranged. Spikelets 1-flowered, singly disposed, or in smaller racemes or clusters
on the ultimate divisions of the inflorescence. Scales 4, the outer 3 mem-
branous, hispid on the nerves, the third and usually also the second scale awned,
or sometimes merely awn-pointed, the awn often very long; fourth scale in-
durated, shining, frequently pointed, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a
perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free.
[Greek, in reference to the stout hispid hairs of the spikelets.] Species about
12, mostly in warm and tropical countries. Type species : Panicum Crus-galli L.

Outer scales of the spikelet not awned ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 1. E. colonum.
^uter scales of the spikelet, at least one of them, awned ; spikelets

2.5-4 mm. long, exclusive of the awns. 2. E. Crus-galli.

1. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833.

Pamcum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 870. 1759.

'Culms tufted, smooth and glabrous, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, often decumbent and
rooting at the lower nodes. Sheaths compressed, usually crowded; leaves flat,
2.5-17 cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide; inflorescence composed of 3-18, 1-sided, more
or less spreading dense racemes 6-50 mm. long, disposed along a 3-angled
rachis and generally somewhat exceeding the length of the internodes; spikelets
single, in pairs, or in 3 's in 2 rows on one side of the hispidulous, triangular
rachis, obovate, pointed, the first scale about one-half as long as the spikelet,
3-nerved, the second and third scales a little more than 2 mm. long, awnless,
5-nerved, hispid on the nerves, the fourth scale cuspidate.

Waste places, Turks Islands : — Virginia to Florida and Texas ; tropical regions.
JUNGLE RICE.

2. Echinochloa Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812.

Panicum Crus-galli L. Sp. PI. 56. 1753.

Culms 6-12 dm. tall, often branching at base. Sheaths smooth and
glabrous; leaves 1.5-6 dm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, glabrous, smooth or scabrous;
panicle composed of 5-15 sessile, erect or ascending branches, or the lower
branches spreading or reflexed; spikelets ovate, green or purple, densely
crowded in 2-4 rows on one side of the rachis; second and third scales about 3
mm. long, scabrous or hispid, the third scale more or le_ss awned, empty, the
fourth ovate, abruptly pointed. Widely distributed as a weed in all cultivated
regions. Naturalized from Europe.

Waste places, Turks Islands : — widely distributed in temperate and subtropical
regions. Native of the Old World. BAKNYAKD-GRASS.

14. OPLISMENUS Beauv. Fl. Owar. 2: 14, pi. 68. 1807.

Perennial grasses, often decumbent and branched at the base, with broad
flat leaf-blades and inflorescence composed of spikes, bearing on the lower side
scattered clusters of a few spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered. Scales 4, the 3
outer membranous, the first and second empty, awned, the first equalling or
somewhat shorter than the spikelet, the third scale usually awned, empty, or
enclosing a small palet, the fourth one shorter than the others, obtuse, awn-
less, chartaceous, finally indurated, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct to the base. Stigmas plu-

POACEAE. 27

mose. [Greek, armed, presumably referring to the awns.] About 4 species,
natives of warm regions. Type species: Oplismenus africanus Beauv.

J. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) E. & S. Syst. 2: 481. 1817.

Panicum hirtellum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 870. 1759.
Oplismenus setarius E. & S. Syst. 2: 481. 1817.

Culms prostrate or nearly so, rooting at the nodes, very slender, 6 dm.
long or less. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-6 cm. long, 1 cm.
wide or less, their sheaths often pubescent; panicle 8 cm. long or less, its
filiform short branches erect or spreading; spikelets 3 mm. long, the awns up
to 8 mm. long.

Cultivated ground, New Providence : — Bermuda ; South Carolina to Florida and
Texas ; the West Indies and tropical continental America. WOOD-GRASS.

15. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Bull. TJ. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 38. 1897

Mostly annual grasses with erect culms and flat leaves, the inflorescence in
spike-like clusters. Spikelets 1-flowered, or rarely with a second staminate
flower, the basal bristles single or in clusters below the articulation of the
rachilla, and therefore persistent. Scales of the spikelet 4, the three outer
membranous, the third often subtending a palet and rarely a staminate flower;
the inner or fourth scale chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar texture
and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongated. Stigmas plu-
mose. Grain free, enclosed in the scales. [Greek, in reference to the bristles
of the inflorescence.] Species about 35, in temperate and tropical regions.
Type species : Setaria longiseta Beauv.

Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged ; bristles 5-16 at the base of

each spikelet, involucrate. 1. C. geniculata.

Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters or on manifest
branches ; bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet, not in-
volucrate.

Spikelets 2 mm. long; leaves pubescent. 2. C. setosa.

Spikelets 3 mm. long ; leaves glabrous. 3. G. macrosperma.

1. Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase, Field. Mus. Bot. 3: 37.
1903.

Panicum geniculatum Lam. Encycl. 4: 727. 1798.

Panicum imber'be Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 272. 1816.

Chaetochloa imberbis Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4: 39. 1897.

Perennial; culms 6-12 dm. long, ascending. Sheaths smooth and glabrous,
compressed and keeled; leaves 1-3.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, pale green or
glaucous, smooth or nearly so; spike-like panicle long-exserted, rather slender,
2.5-7 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. thick; spikelets usually single, about' 2.5 mm.
long and 1.25 mm. wide, the first scale ovate, 3-nerved, about one-half as long
as the spikelet, the second scale acute, 3-nerved, the third scale 5-nerved;
bristles in two nearly equal clusters of 5 each, very slender, 6-10 mm. long.

Waste places, sink-holes, and in the scrub. Abaco, Great Bahama, Berry Islands,
Andros, New Providence, Exuma Chain, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, Caicos
Islands, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; Massachusetts to
Kansas, Florida and Texas ; West Indies ; tropical continental America. Referred
by Hitchcock and by Coker to Setaria glauca Beauv. ; and by Mrs. Northrop to
Chaetochloa glauca. FOX-TAIL GRASS.

28 POACEAE.

2. Chaetochloa setosa (Sw.) Scribn. Bull. U. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost. 4:39.

1897.

Panicum setosum Sw. Prodr. 22. 1788.

Setaria setosa Beauv. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812.

Panicum paractaenoides Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 32: 219. 1834.

Perennial, tufted; culms wiry, slender, 3-9 dm. high, somewhat flattened.
Leaves 2 dm. long or less, pubescent or scabrous, 5-15 mm. wide; inflorescence
more or less branched, the branches erect, or ascending, the lower sometimes
3 cm. long; bristles 1-3 at the base of all the spikelets or of some of them,
6-12 mm. long; spikelets ovoid, about 2 mm. long.

Sandy or rocky soil, Berry Islands, Water Cay, Acklin's Island, Eleuthera,
Crooked Island, Inagua, Little Inagua and Anguilla Isles : — Western Texas and New
Mexico; tropical America. Referred by Hitchcock to Setaria caudata> (Lam.) R. &
S., and by Coker to Setaria macrostachya H.B.K. BRISTLY FOX-TAIL GRASS.

3. Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. & Merr. Bull. TJ. S. Dep. Agr. Agrost.

21:33. 1900.

Perennial; culms rather stout, glabrous, up to 1.2 m. high. Leaf-sheaths
compressed, the margins ciliate, the blades 1-3 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, glabrous ;
spike-like panicle 2.5 dm. long or less, 2-4 cm. thick; bristles 1.5-3 cm. long;
spikelets acute, 3 mm. long, the narrowly ovoid flowering scale transversely
wrinkled, acute.

Coastal thicket, Frozen Cay, Berry Islands : — southern Florida and Texas.
LARGE FOX-TAIL GRASS.

[Setaria filiformis of Coker is a misprint for Scleria flUformis.]

16. CENCHROPSIS Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 109. 1903.

Perrenial grasses, with long rootstocks and flat leaves, the spikelets in
terminal spikes, each spikelet subtended by an involucre of 1 or 2 outer rows
of barbed, thick-based bristles, and 1 or 2 inner rows of barbed spines longer
than the bristles, the involucre jointed to the rachis and deciduous. Spikelets
of 4 scales, the first and second ones empty, the third enclosing a palet one-
half its length or less, the fourth enfolding a similar palet and a perfect
flower. Stamens 3. [Greek, resembling Cenchrus.] A few species, of tropical
America. Type species: Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K.

1. Cenchropsis myosuroides (H.B.K.) Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 109. 1903.
Cenchrus myosuroides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 115. 1815.

Culms erect, slender, 0.6-1.5 m. tall, simple or branched above, glabrous.
Leaves 1-3 dm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, glabrous; spikes 5-20 cm. long; involucres
numerous, the barbed spines about 5 mm. long, and about as long as the spike-
let.

In sandy places, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : — southern Florida ;
Mexico ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; tropical South America. SPIKED FOX-TAIL
GRASS.

17. CENCHRUS L. Sp. PI. 1049. 1753.

Annual or perennial grasses, with usually flat leaves. Inflorescence spike-
like. Spikelets subtended by a spiny involucre which is deciduous with them
at maturity. Scales 4; the first hyaline; the second and third membranous, the
latter sometimes having a palet and staminate flower in its axil; the fourth
chartaceous, subtending a palet of similar structure which encloses a perfect

POACEAE. 29

flower. Stamens 3. 'Styles united below. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, en-
closed in the scales. [Ancient Greek name for some grass, probably Millet.]
About 12 species, in tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Cenchrus
echinatus L.

Involucre 2-spikeleted, armed at the base with commonly shorter often reflexed

spines, usually glabrous, or merely puberulent at the base.
Involucre, over all, 8-12 mm. in diameter.

Body of the involucre 5-6 mm. thick, finely pubescent. 1. C. carolinianus.
Body of the involucre 8-10 mm. thick, densely woolly. 2. C. tribuloides.
Involucre, over all, 5 mm. in diameter or less. 3. C. microcephiilus.

Involucre more than 2-spikeleted, armed at the base with

barbed bristles.

Spines on the usually 3-spikeleted involucre basal and slen-
der, rarely any above, erect ; bristles very slender. 4. C. viridis.
Spines on the usually 4-6-spikeleted involucre not basal but
occurring on various parts, spreading or often reflexed ;
bristles stouter and almost spine-like. 5. C. echinatus.

1. Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Fl. Car. 79. 1788.

Culms erect or decumbent from an annual root, 2-9 dm. long. Sheaths
usually loose, compressed, smooth; leaves 6-12.5 cm. long; spikes 2.5-6.25
cm. long, sometimes partially included in the upper sheath; involucres crowded
on the scabrous rachis, 2-spikeleted, globose, pubescent except at the base, the
spines stout; spikelets about 6 mm. long.

Sand dunes, cultivated grounds, and waste places from South Bimini and
Andros to Mariguana, Turks Islands, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Salt Cay Bank : —
Maine to Nebraska, Arizona, Texas and Florida ; West Indies and tropical conti-
nental America. Referred by Hitchcock, Coker, Dolley, Mrs. Northrop, and Herrick
to C. tribuloides L. SMALL BUR-GRASS. DEVIL-GRASS.

2. Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. PI. 1050. 1753.

Culms at first erect, later prostrate and forming mats, 4-6 dm. long,
branching; leaf-sheaths compressed; blades 6-12 cm. -long, 4-8 mm. wide,
smooth or rough, usually flat; spikes 2-6 cm. long; involucres 6-20, 1.5-2 cm.
broad, enclosing 2 spikelets, pubescent, the spines 3-4 mm. long; spikelets 6—7
long, usually not exserted beyond the involucre.

Sandy sea-beaches, New Providence (according to Hitchcock) : — New York to
Florida and Mississippi ; Brazil. LARGE BUR-GRASS.

3. Cenchrus microcephalus Nash; Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

18:356. 1917.

Culms at length prostrate and branching, up to 1 m. long, smooth and
glabrous; leaf -sheaths glabrous, or often ciliate on the margins; blades up to
1 dm. long, or those on the innovations longer, 2-3 mm. wide, rough, commonly
pubescent on the upper surface, ascending; spike 3-4 cm. long, exserted; in-
volucres 8-12, 5-6 mm. long, 5 mm. in diameter or less, the larger spines broad
and flat, long-ciliate, the basal spines much shorter, not ciliate; spikelets 2,
much exserted beyond the body of the involucre.

Moist soil, Little Harbor Cay and Frozen Cay, Berry Islands. Endemic.
BAHAMA BUR-GRASS.

4. Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Syst, 1 : 301. 1825.

C. echinatus viridis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 556. 1864.

Culms erect or ascending, usually 6-8 dm. high, branched or simple, the
leaf -blades flat, 4 dm. long or less. Spike usually dense and cylindric, 8-12
cm. long and often much exserted; involucres usually 3-spikeleted, armed below
with slender spines, the body about 4 mm. in diameter, the barbed bristles
slender.

Cultivated land, Andros. New Providence, Eleuthera, Long Island and Mari-
guana : — Florida ; West Indies and tropical continental America. GREEN BUR-GRASS.

30 POACEAE.

5. Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. PI. 1050. 1753.

Culms finally prostrate and rooting at the nodes, branched; leaf-sheaths
loose; blades 1-4 dm. long, 5-16 mm. wide, smooth or rough, flat; spikes 3-12
cm. long, finally more or less exserted; involucres 20-50, containing 4-6 spike-
lets, green to purplish, villous at the base, the spines 34 mm. long, the bristles
at the base numerous, slender, distinctly barbed for their whole length; spike-
lets 6-7 mm. long.

Sandy soil, waste places and roadsides, Frozen Cay, New Providence, Eleuth-
era, Watling's Island, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; North
Carolina to Florida and Texas; West Indies; tropical continental America.
SOUTHERN BUR-GRASS.

[Cenchrus lilrsutus. Dolley's reference to this name is an error for Cor-
chorus hirsutus into which he was led by Herrick's misprint of Cenchorus hir-
sutus for the same species.]

18. STENOTAPHBUM Trin. Fund. Agrost. 175. 1820.

Perennial creeping branched grass, with rather stout flattened culms and
short linear leaves. Spikelets spicate or panicled, acute, mostly 2-flowered,
imbedded in depressions on one side of the flattened rachis. Scales 4; first
scale small or minute, second about as long as the spikelet, third similar to the
second, subtending a staminate flower, fourth rigid, enclosing a perfect flower.
Stigmas plumose. [Greek, a narrow depression.] A few species of tropical
and subtropical distribution, the following typical.

1. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. 794. 1891.

IscTiaemum secundatum Walt. Fl. Car. 249. 1788.

Stenotaphrum americanum Schrank, PI. Ear. Monac. pi. 98. 1819.

Widely creeping, sometimes 5 m. long, glabrous, rooting at the lower nodes.
Leaf-sheaths keeled, flattened, the blade linear, 3-15 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide,
blunt and rounded at the apex; spikelets about 6 mm. long in spikes 4-13 cm.
long.

Waste places and roadsides, North Bimini, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New
Providence, and Fortune Island : — Bermuda ; South Carolina to Florida and Texas ;
West Indies and tropical continental America. RUNNING CRAB-GRASS.

19. AEfSTTDA L. Sp. PI. 82. 1753.

Grasses varying greatly in habit and inflorescence. Leaves narrow, often
involute-setaceous. Spikelets narrow, 1-flowered. Scales 3, narrow, the two
outer carinate; the third rigid and convolute, bearing three awns occasionally
united at the base, the lateral awns rarely wanting or reduced to rudiments.
Palet 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free,
tightly enclosed in the scale. [Latin, from arista, an awn.] About 100 species,
in the warmer regions of both hemispheres. Type species: Aristida adscen-
sionis L.

Awns about equal in length.

First scale shorter than the second.

Annual ; blades thin, flat or involute. 1. A. adscensionis.

Perennial ; blades thick, folded or involute. 2. A. cognata.

First scale about as long as the second ; perennial. 3. A. gyrans.

Lateral awns minute. 4. A. sctibra.

POACEAE. 31

1. Aristida adscensionis L. Sp. PI. 82. 1753.

Aristida stricta Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 534. 1864. Not Michx. 1803.

Annual, tufted, glabrous; culms slender, erect, or ascending, 3-7 dm.
long, branching from the lower nodes. Leaf -blades thin, flat or involute;
panicles narrow, 1.5 dm. long or less, with short appressed branches or the
lower branches spreading; awns about equal in length, 12-20 mm. long.

In sandy places and in the scrub, Great Exuma. Long Island, Fortune Island,
Crooked Island, Grand Turk, Caicos Islands, and Inagua : — West Indies ; Ascen-
sion Island ; continental tropical America. ANNUAL TEIPLE-AWNED GRASS.

2. Aristida cognata Trin. & Eupr. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 5i:

127. 1842.

Perennial; culms slender, tufted, spreading, 3-6 dm. tall. Leaves invo-
lute-filiform, the upper shorter; panicle spike-like, strict, or the top some-
times nodding, its short branches ascending; awns 1-2 cm. long, horizontal
when old, nearly equal in length.

Roadside, Long Cay : — Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; St. Thomas ; St. Croix. PERENNIAL
TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.

3. Aristida gyrans Chapm. Bot. Gaz. 3: 18. 1878.

Perennial; culms tufted, wiry, erect, 3-7.5 dm. tall, usually simple, or
little branched. Leaves 3-5 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, flat, or becoming in-
volute in drying; spike-like panicles 0.5—1.5 dm. long, strict, or sometimes
nodding, the few short branches appressed ; outer scales of spikelet awn-pointed,
the third scale from two-thirds to three-quarters as long as the first, middle
awn 1-1.5 cm. long, horizontal, the lateral awns somewhat shorter, erect or
divergent.

White-lands and palmetto-lands, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola.
Recorded by Small in Miami Flora as A. purpurascens Poir., which it resembles.
FLORIDA TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.

4. Aristida scabra (H.B.K.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 62. 1829.

Streptachne scalra H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 124. 1815. *
Streptachne cubensis A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11 : 311. 1850.

Perennial; culms 1 m. high or less, erect, simple. Leaves involute, at least
when dry, 2-3 dm. long, about 1 mm. thick; panicle 2—3 dm. long, its branches
ascending, the longer ones up to 14 cm. long; spikelets short-stalked; terminal
awn about 2 cm. long, the lateral ones minute.

Pine and scrub-lands, Great Sturrup Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleutheni,
Cat Island, Cave Cay, Rum Cay, Watling's Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island,
Fortune Island, Mariguana and Inagua : — Cuba ; Mexico. Referred by Dolley to
Stipa sp. Ortachne floridana (Chapm.) Nash may not be distinct from this. TALL
TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.

20. MUHLENBEEGIA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2: 171. 1791.

Mostly perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate in-
florescence. Rootstocks often scaly. Spikelets 1-flowered, very rarely 2-flow-
ered. Scales 3, very rarely 4; the outer ones empty, membranous or hyaline,
acute and sometimes awned; third scale 3-5-nerved, subtending a palet and
perfect flower, obtuse, acute, or very often produced into a capillary awn ; palet
2-keeled. Stamens often 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Callus minute.
Grain narrow, free, tightly enclosed in the scale. [In honor of Henry Muhlen-
berg, 1756-1817, North American botanist.] About 60 species, chiefly natives
of America, a few Asiatic. Type species: Muhleribergia Schreberi Gmel.

32 POACEAE.

1. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191. 1824.
Stipa capillaris Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 158. 1791.

Culms 4.5-12 dm. tall, erect, simple, smooth or nearly so. Sheaths smooth,
the lower short and overlapping, the upper ones much longer; leaves 1.5-3 dm.
long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.75-3 dm. in length or more, diffuse,
the capillary branches 1-2 dm. long, at length widely spreading; spikelets on
long hair-like pedicels which are clavate-thickened at the apex; outer scales
unequal, acute or short-awned, slightly scabrous; third scale, exclusive of the
awn, 4 mm. long, about twice as long as the first one, the awn 6-18 mm. long.

Palmetto-lands, Andros and New Providence : — Massachusetts to Missouri, Flor-
ida and Texas ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. LONG-AWNED HAIR-GRASS. PURPLEI-GRASSL

21. SPOROBOLUS E. Br. Prodr. 169. 1810.

Perennial or rarely annual grasses, with flat or convolute leaves and open
or contracted panicles. Spikelets generally small, 1-flowered, occasionally 2-3-
flowered. Scales in the 1-flowered spikelets 3, membranous; the 2 outer empty,
the first somewhat shorter; the third scale equalling or longer than the empty
ones; palet 2-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plu-
mose. Grain free, and often early deciduous. [Greek, referring to the de-
ciduous grain.] About 100 species, in tropical and temperate regions, very
numerous in America. Type species : Agrostis indica L.

Plants with no rootstocks ; culms tufted.

Second scale one half as long as the spikelet or less.

Panicle usually long and narrow, its branches spikelet-bearing to the base ;

spikelets numerous.

Second scale orbicular, rounded and erose-denticulate at the apex, one
fourth to one third as long as the spikelet ; spikelets loosely arranged
on long slender branches. 1. S. indicus.

Second scale ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse, about
one half as long as the spikelet ; spikelets densely

arranged* on the short and appressed branches. 2. $. Berteroanus.

Panicle loose and open, its branches naked at the base,

spreading ; spikelets few. 3. S. atrovirens.

Second scale as long as the spikelet or nearly so.

Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; first scale about one fourth
as long as the second ; panicle branches rarely over
1.5 cm. long. 4. S. argutus.

Spikelets about 2 mm., long ; first scale about one half

as long as the second ; panicle branches longer. 5. S. domingensis.

Plants with long stout rootstocks ; grass of sea beaches or

saline situations. 6. S. virginicus.

1. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 170. 1810.

Agrostis indica L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753.

Agrostis tenacissima L. f. Suppl. 107. 1781.

Sporo'bolus Jacquemontii Kunth, Rev. Gram. 2: 427, pi. 127. 1831.

Glabrous. Culms 3-12 dm. tall, erect, tufted ; leaves 2-6 mm. wide, attenu-
ate into a long slender tip, the lower 2-3 dm. long, the uper shorter; pan-
icle 1-4 dm. in length, usually elongated, narrow, spike-like; spikelets 1.5-2
mm. long, the outer scales unequal, the second about one-third as long as the
third, obtuse, smooth and glabrous, the lower one shorter, and often erose-
truncate.

Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Eleuthera : — West Indies ;
continental trooical America. Referred by Dolley to 8. tenacissimus Beauv. WEST
INPIAN RUSH-GRASS.

POACEAE. 33

2. Sporobolus Berteroanus (Trin.) Hitchc. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.

18:370. 1917.
Vilfa Berteroana Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 41: 100.

1840.
Sporololus angustus Buckley, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1862: 88. 1863.

Slender, wiry, 1 m. tall or less. Leaves smooth, nearly erect, 1-3 mm.
wide, long-attenuate, the lower ones 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the upper shorter; pan-
icle narrow, often 3 dm. long; spikelets about 3 mm. long, crowded on the short
appressed branches of the panicle; second scale o^ate-oblong, about one half
as long as the spikelet.

Sandy places, Andros, New Providence and Turks Islands : — Bermuda ; Vir-
ginia and Tennessee to Florida and Texas ; West Indies. BULL-GRASS.

3. Sporobolus atrovirens (H.B.K.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829.

Vilfa atrovirens H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 138 1815.

Sporololus lahamensis Hack. Oest. Bot. Zeitsch. 52: 56. 1902.

Perennial, the roots of long filiform fibres. Culms very slender,, tufted,
erect, glabrous, 3 dm. high or less. Leaves glabrous, mostly clustered at the
base, narrowly linear, 2-8 cm. long; panicle loose, open, much-branched, 6-15
cm. long, its filiform branches spreading, scattered, 2-4 cm. long; the branch-
lets bearing a few spikelets about 1.5 mm. long.

Acklin's Island : — Mexico. FILIFORM RUSH-GRASS.

4. Sporobolus argutus (Nees) Kunth, Enum. 1: 215. 1833.

Vilfa arguta Nees, Agrost. Bras. 395. 1829.

Perennial; culms 3 dm. tall or less, erect, or somewhat decumbent at the
base. Sheaths shorter than the internodes, their margins sometimes hirsute at
the top; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide at the base, acuminate, smooth
and glabrous beneath, scabrous, and often sparingly hairy at the base above;
panicle 3.75-7.5 cm. in length, the branches 1.25-2.5 cm. long, verticillate, at
first appressed, finally widely spreading; spikelets 1.5 mm. long; outer scales
smooth and glabrous, the first rounded or obtuse, one-quarter the length of
the acute second one; third scale about equalling the second, acute.

Sandy soil and in the scrub, Eleuthera, Long Island, Fortune Island, Mariguana,
Grand Turk, and Inagua : — Kansas and Colorado to Louisiana and Texas ; Jamaica ;
Cuba to St. Croix ; Antigua ; Trinidad ; tropical continental America. POINTED
DROPSEED-GRASS.

5. Sporobolus doming&isis (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. 1: 214. 1833.

Vilfa domingensis Trin.; Spreng. Neue Entdeck. 2: 59. 1821.

Perennial, similar to S. argutus, but usually larger, the culms up to 4 dm.
long, the panicle densely many-flowered, narrow, 9 cm. long or less, its branches
2-4 cm. long. Spikelets 2 mm. long; first scale about one-half as long as the
second.

Sandy places, scrub, and roadsides. Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Little
San Salvador, South Cat Bay, Watling's Island, Long Island, Acklin's Island, Fortune
Island, Ambergris Cay, Caicos Islands, Grand Turk. Little Inagua, Inagua, and An-
guilla Isles: — southern Florida and Texas; Cuba; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico; Jamaica.
DOMINGAN DROPSEED-GRASS.

6. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 67. 1829.

Agrostis virginica L. Sp. PI. 63. 1753.

Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, erect or decumbent, from a stout creeping rootstock.
Sheaths numerous, short, overlapping and crowded at the lower part of the
culm, smooth, glabrous or sometimes pilose on the margins and at the throat;
leaves 2.5-20 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less at the base, distichous, acuminate
into a long point, involute on the margins and at the apex, smooth beneath,.

34 POACEAE.

scabrous above or sometimes sparingly hairy; panicle 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 4-10
mm. thick, dense and spike-like, usually exserted; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the
outer scales about equal, acute, smooth and glabrous; third scale smooth and
glabrous, acute, slightly shorter than the second and about equalling the obtuse
palet.

Moist situations, especially in brackish swamps, Great Bahama, Gun Cay.
Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Rum Cay, Long Island, Fortune Island, Crooked
Island, Grand Turk, Little Inagua, Inagua, Water Cay, and Anguilla Isles : — Ber-
muda ; Virginia to Florida and Texas ; West Indies and tropical continental America.
SEA-SHOBB RUSH-GRASS.

22. SPAR-TINA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. 123. 1791.

Perennial glabrous grasses, with long horizontal rootstocks, flat or in-
volute leaves, and an inflorescence of one-sided spreading or erect alternate
spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, deciduous, borne in two rows on the
rachis, articulated with the very short pedicels below the scales. Scales 3; the
two outer empty, keeled, very unequal; the third subtending a perfect flower,
keeled, equalling or shorter than the second; palet often longer than its scale,
2-nerved. Stamens 3. .Styles filiform, elongated. Stigmas filiform, papillose
or shortly plumose. Grain free. [Greek, referring to the cord-like leaves of
some species.] About 7 species, widely distributed in saline soil, a few in
fresh- water marshes. Type species: Spartina Schreberi Gmel.

1. Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. Gram. 55. 1817.

Dactylis patens Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 104. 1789.

Spartina juncea Willd. Enum. 81. 1809.

Culms 3-9 dm. tall, erect, or decumbent at base, smooth. Leaves 1.5-3
dm. long, 2—4 mm. broad, involute, attenuate into a long tip, smooth and
glabrous beneath; spikes 2-10, 2.5-5 cm. long, usually ascending, more or less
peduncled, the rachis slightly scabrous; spikelets 6-8 mm. long; outer scales
acute, scabrous-hispid on the keel, the first usually rather less than one-half
as long as the second; third scale somewhat scabrous on the upper part of the
keel, emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, longer than the first and exceeded
by the palet.

Sea-beaches, Eleuthera ; Fortune Island : — eastern United States ; Bermuda ;
Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Guadaloupe ; Martinique. SALT GRASS.

23. CAPRIOLA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 31. 1763.
[CYNODON Eich.; Pers. Syn. 1: 85. 1805.]

Perennial grasses with short flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes
digitate. Spikelets 1-flowered, secund. Scales 3; the 2 lower empty, keeled;
flowering scale broader, membranous, compressed; palet a little shorter than
the scale, hyaline, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas short, plu-
mose. Grain free. [Name mediaeval Latin for the wild goat, that feeds on
this grass in waste rocky places.] Fiour known species, of which three are
Australian, the following typical one widely distributed.

1. Capriola Dactylon (L.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. 764. 1891.

Panicum Dactylon L. Sp. PI. 58. 1753.

Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Syn. 1 : 85. 1805.

'Culms 1-3 dm. tall, erect, from long creeping and branching stolons,
smooth and glabrous. Sheaths glabrous or somewhat hairy, crowded at the

POACEAE. 35

bases of the culms and along the stolons ; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide,
flat, scabrous above; spikes 4 or 5, digitate, 1-5 cm. long, the rachis flat;
spikelets 2 mm. long; outer scales hispid on the keel, narrow, the first shorter
than the second.

Waste and cultivated lands, New Providence, Eleuthera and Inagua : — Ber-
muda ; southern New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas ; warm and tropical regions
of both the Old World and the New. BERMUDA-GRASS.

24. CHLORIS Sw. Prod. 25. 1788.

Mostly perennial grasses with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the
spikes few or numerous, verticillate or approximate. Spikelets 1-flowered, ar-
ranged in two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4; the 2 lower empty,
unequal, keeled, acute; third and fourth usually awned, the former subtending
a perfect flower; palet folded and 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale. [Greek, greenish-yellow,
referring to the color of the herbage.] About fifty species, mostly natives
of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Agrostis cruciata L.

Hairs on the margins or nerves of the third scale short, not manifest, appressed

to and not extending beyond the apex.

Fourth scale of the spikelet at least one third as long as the second scale and
bearing a long awn 4 mm. long or more ; spikes 4-6, widely spreading at
maturity. 1. C. Sagraeana.

Fourth scale of the spikelet rudimentary, bearing an awn
less than 4 mm. long ; spikes usually numerous, erect or
ascending at maturity. 2. C. radiata.

Hairs on the margins or nerves of the third scale long,
manifest, widely spreading or extending much beyond
the apex.

Third and fourth scales only awned, the former densely
long-hairy on the midnerve, its awn less than twice
the length of the scale.

Marginal hairs less than one half the length of the body
of the scale, barely extending beyond its apex ; spikes
3-5. 3. C. ciliata.

Marginal hairs equaling in length the body of the scale
and extending much beyond its apex ; spikes usually
6 or more. 4. C. polydactyla.

Third, fourth and fifth scales awned, the first glabrous on
the midnerve, its awn about three times the length of the
scale. 5. C. .paraguiensis.

1. Chloris Sagraeana A. Kich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 315. 1850.

Chloris eleusinoides Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 539. 1864.

Perennial; culms ascending, 6 dm. long or less, usually branched below.
Leaf -sheaths keeled, the blades narrow, involute; spikes 4-6, slender, 4-8 cm.
long, horizontally spreading when old, not pectinate; spikelets imbricated, the
fourth scale bearing a filiform awn 4-12 mm. long.

Waste grounds and roadsides, New Providence, Fortune Island and Inagua : —
Cuba ; Hispaniola : St. Croix ; Antigua : Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Referred by Hitch-
cock to Chloris cruciata Sw. SACRA'S CHLORIS.

2. Chloris radiata (L.) Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788.

Agrostis radiata L. PI. Jam. Pugil. 7. 1759.

Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. long, usually
branched, smooth and slender. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the blades flat, blunt
or short-pointed, 2-15 cm. long; spikes several or many, radiating, slender,
4-8 cm. long, not pectinate; spikelets densely imbricated, the fourth scale
rudimentary, bearing a filiform awn about 3 mm. long.

Waste places and roadsides, New Providence : — West Indies and tropical con-
tinental America. RADIATE CHLORIS.

36 POACEAE.

3. diloris ciliata Sw. Prodr. 25. 1788.

Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or nearly erect, rather stiff, 8 dm.
long or less, smooth, mostly simple. Leaf-sheaths somewhat compressed, the
blades flat, long-acuminate, 7-20 cm. long; spikes few, stout, radiate, pecti-
nate, 4-7 cm. long, commonly curved; spikelets pale, approximate, the third
and fourth scales short-awned.

Waste places and roadsides, New Providence : — Cuba to St. Thomas, St. Croix,
Martinique and Grenada ; Jamaica ; South America. FRINGED CHLORIS.

4. Chloris polydactyla (L.) Sw. Prodr. 26. 1788.

Andropogon 'bar'batum L. PI. Jam. Pugil. 30. 1759. Not Chloris ~bar-

lata Sw. 1797.

Andropogon polydactylon L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1483. 1763.
Chloris ~barl)ata Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 25 : 443. 1898.

Perennial; culms 7-12 dm. high. Leaves smooth, up to 6 dm. long, 5-10
mm. wide, long-attenuate. Spikes 6-25, spreading, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets,
exclusive of the awns, about 3 mm. long; scales 6, the 2 empty ones acuminate;
third scale pilose on the nerves, bearing an awn 3-4 mm. long; fourth scale
bearing an awn 2.5-3 mm. long; fifth and sixth scales awnless.

Cultivated ground, New Providence, Hog Island. Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum
Cay, Long Island : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Antigua ; South America. MANY-SPIKED
CHLORIS.

5. Chloris paraguaiensis Steud. Syn. PL Gram. 204. 1854.

Chloris "barbata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 200. 1797. Not Andropogon 'bar-
'batum L. 1759.

Annual; culms decumbent, ascending or erect, 3-6 dm. long, slender,
smooth. Leaf-sheaths compressed, the blades flat or folded, long-acuminate,
4-12 cm. long. iSpikes few or numerous, radiate, pectinate, 4-8 cm. long;
spikelets usually purple, the third, fourth and fifth scales filiform-awned.

Waste places, New Providence, Grand Turk, and Inagua : — tropical and warm
temperate regions. PARAGUAY CHLORIS.

25. EUSTACHYS Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 188. 1810.

Perennial grasses, with flat or folded, usually obtuse leaf -blades, and spicate
inflorescence, the spikes single, in pairs or 3-many and digitate. Spikelets
usually 1-flowered, rarely 2-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows. Scales 4,
rarely 5, the 2 lower empty, persistent, unequal, keeled, the first generally acute,
the second oblong, truncate or 2-lobed at the apex, short-awned, the others awn-
less, mucronate, or short-awned, firmer than the empty scales, the third scale
enclosing a perfect flower and a palet, the fourth scale empty, or rarely en-
closing a staminate flower. [Greek, beautiful spikes.] About 6 species,
natives of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Eustachys petraea (Sw.) Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 2: 189. 1810.
Chloris petraea Sw. Prodr. 25. 1788.
Chloris Swartziana Doell. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2s : 68. 1878.

Culms 3-11 dm. tall; leaves 3 dm. long or less, 10 mm. wide or less, smooth;
spikes 3-11, usually 4-6, erect, 4-11 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long;
scales 4, the second, exclusive of the awn, 1.5-1.75 mm. long, 2-toothed at the
apex, the teeth triangular, acute or obtusish, the awn about 0.5 mm. long;
third scale about 2 mm. long, in side view elliptic and about 1 mm. wide, the

POACEAE. 37

awn short or wanting; fourth scale, in side view, obovate-elliptic, rounded at
the apex, awnless.

Waste and cultivated lands, Great Bahama, Abaco, North Bimini, Andros, New
Providence, Hog Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Acklin's Island,
Crooked Island, Long Cay, Mariguana, Grand Caicos, Little Ambergris Cay, Grand
Turk, Inagua, Salt Key, and Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Florida
and Texas ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; tropical continental America.
WEST INDIAN GRASS. FINGER-GRASS.

26. BOUTELOUA Lag. Varied. Cienc. 2*: 134. 1805.

Annual or perennial grasses with flat or convolute leaves and numerous
spikelets in few one-sided spikes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, arranged in two
rows on one side of a flat rachis, the rachilla extended beyond the base of the
flowers, bearing 1-3 awns and 1-3 rudimentary scales. Two lower scales
empty, acute, keeled; flowering scale broader, 3-toothed, the teeth awn-pointed
or awned; palet hyaline, entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, free. [In honor of Claudius Boutelou, a
Spanish botanist.] About 30 species, particularly numerous in Mexico and in
the southwestern United States. Type species: Bouteloua racemosa Lag.

1. Bouteloua americana (L.) Scribn. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1891: 306. 1892.

Aristida americana L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 879. 1759.

Bouteloua litigiosa Lag. Gen. & Sp. Nov. 5. 1816.

Perennial, tufted. Culms. wiry, compressed, decumbent or ascending, 7 dm."
long or less, often much branched, glabrous. Leaves involute-margined, hairy
near the base, 6-10 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less; raceme open, composed of
several spike-like branches 2-3 cm. long; spikelets about 7 on each spike, ap-
pressed; second flower rudimentary, with 3 awns of about equal length.

Inagua : — Cuba to Tortola and Barbados ; Jamaica ; northern South America
to Panama. MESQUITE-GRASS.

27. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1: 7. 1788.

Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and spicate inflores-
cence, the spikes digitate or close together at the summit of the culm. Spike-
lets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two rows on one side of the
rachis, which is not extended beyond them; flowers perfect or the upper
staminate. Scales compressed, keeled; the 2 lower empty; the others subtend-
ing flowers, or the upper empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plu-
mose. Grain loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [From the Greek name
of the town where Ceres was worshipped.] Species 6, natives of the Old World.
Type species: Cynosurus coracana L.

1. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. & Sem. 1 : 8. 1788.

Cynosurus indicus L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753.

Andropogon repens Sehoepf, Reise 2: 493. 1788.

Culms 1.5-6 dm. tall, tufted, erect, or decumbent at the base. Sheaths
loose, overlapping and often short and crowded at the base of the culm, glab-
rous or sometimes sparingly villous; leaves 7.5-30 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide,
smooth or scabrous; spikes 2-10, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, whorled or approximate at
the summit of the culm or one or two sometimes distant ; spikelets 3-6-flowered,
3-4 mm. long; scales acute, minutely scabrous on the keel, the first 1-nerved,
the second 3-7-nerved, the others 3— 5-nerved.

Waste places, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Fortune Island, Grand Turk,
Rum Cay, and Inagua : — Bermuda ; common as a weed in all warm temperate and
tropical regions. WIRE-GRASS.

38 POACEAE.

28. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809.

An annual grass, with flat leaves and spicate inflorescence, the spikes in
pairs or digitate. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile, closely imbricated in two
rows on one side of the rachis, which is extended beyond them into a sharp
point. Scales compressed, keeled, the 2 lower and the uppermost ones empty,
the others subtending flowers. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas
plumose. Grain free, rugose, loosely enclosed in the scale. [Greek, referring
to the digitately spreading spikes.] A monotypic genus of the warmer parts
of the Old World.

1. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809.
Cynosurus aegyptius L. Sp. PI. 72. 1753.

Culms 1.5-6 dm. long, usually decumbent and extensively creeping at the
base. Sheaths loose, overlapping and often crowded, smooth and glabrous;
leaves 1.5 dm. in length or less, 2-6 mm. wide, smooth or rough, sometimes
pubescent, ciliate toward the base; spikes in pairs, or 3-5 and digitate, 1.25-5
cm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered ; scales compressed, scabrous on the keel, the
second awned, the flowering ones broader and pointed.

Waste places, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Bahama, Fortune Island, Caicos
.Islands, and Inagua : — New York to California, Florida and Texas ; common as a
weed in the West Indies, in tropical America, and in the tropics of the Old World.
EGYPTIAN GRASS.

29. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Agrost. 71, pi. 15, /. 1. 1812.

Usually tall annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaves and numerous
spikes forming a simple panicle. Spikelets usually several-flowered, flattened,
alternating in two rows on one side of the rachis. Scales 4 to many; the 2
lower empty, keeled, shorter than the spikelet; the flowering scales keeled,
3-nerved. Palet '2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, in allusion to the slender
spikes.] About 12 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres.
Type species: Cynosurus virgatus L.

Spikelets with 7 or 8 scales, the flowering scales awnless, or sometimes the first
and rarely the second short-awned ; leaves glabrous. 1. L. virgata.

Spikelets with 5 or 6 scales, the flowering scales all awned,
the awn of the first scale more than one-half as long as the
body ; leaves sparingly pilose. 2. L. domingensis.

1. Leptochloa virgata (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 71, 166. 1812.
Cynosurus virgatus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 876. 1759.

Perennial; culms rather slender, smooth, erect or decumbent, somewhat
tufted, 2-10 dm. high, little branched or simple. Leaves glabrous, the blades
6-18 cm. long, 4-15 mm. wide; spikes slender, weak, 3-12 cm. long, racemose
near the top of the culm; spikelets about 4 mm. long; flowrering scales awn-
less or very short-awned.

New Providence : — West Indies and tropical continental America. VIBGATE
LEPTOCHLOA.

POACEAE. 39

2. Leptochloa domingensis (Jacq.) Trin. Fund. Agrost. 133. 1820.

Cynosurus domingensis Jacq. Misc. Austr. 2: 363. 1781.
Leptochloa virgata gracilis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 538. 1864.

Perennial, similar to the preceding species, but the leaf -sheaths often more
or less hispid and the blades somewhat villous on the upper surface; flowering
scales tipped by filiform awns 1-3 mm. long.

Cultivated grounds and scrub lands, New Providence, Eleuthera, and Great
Exuma : — Florida ; Mexico ; and the West Indies. SLENDER LEPTOCHLOA.

30. PHKAGMITES Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.

Tall perennial reed-like grasses, with broad flat leaves and ample panicles.
Spikelets 3-several-flowered, the first flower often staminate, the others perfect;
rachilla articulated between the flowering scales, long-pilose. Two lower scales
empty, unequal, membranous, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the spikelet; the
third scale empty or subtending a staminate flower; flowering scales glabrous,
narrow, long-acuminate, much exceeding the short palets. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the scale
and palet. [Greek, referring to its hedge-like growth along ditches.] Three
known species, the following typical one widely distributed, one in Asia, the
third in South America.

i. Phragmites Phragmites (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 379. 1881.

Arundo Phragmites L. Sp. PI. 81. 1753.

Phragmites communis Trin. Fund. Agrost. 134. 1820.

Culms 1.5-5 m. tall, erect, stout, from long horizontal rootstocks, smooth
and glabrous. Sheaths overlapping, loose; blades 1.5-3 dm. long or more, 8-50
mm. wide, flat, smooth, glabrous; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long or more, ample; spike-
lets crowded on the ascending branches; first scale 1-nerved, half to two-thirds
as long as the 3-nerved second one; flowering scales 1-1.2 cm. long, 3-nerved,
long-acuminate, equalling the hairs of the rachilla.

Marshes, Andros, New Providence, and Watling's Island : — Widely distributed in
tropical and temperate regions. REED-CEASS.

31. DIPLACHNE Beauv. Agrost. 80, pi. 16, f. 9. 1812.

Tufted grasses, with narrow flat leaves and long slender spikes arranged
in an open panicle, or rarely only one terminal spike. Spikelets several-flow-
ered, narrow, sessile or shortly pedicelled, erect. Two lower scales empty,
membranous, keeled, acute, unequal; flowering scales 1-3-nerved, 2-toothed and
mucronate or short-awned between the teeth. Palet hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens

3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain free, loosely enclosed in the
scale and palet. [Greek, referring to the 2-toothed flowering scales.] About
15 species, natives of the warmer regions of both hemispheres, the following
typical.

1. Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.) Beauv. Agrost. 160. 1812.

Festuca fascicularis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 189. 1791.
Leptochloa fascicularis A. Gray, Man. 588. 1848.

'Culms tufted, finally branching, 3-8 dm., tall. Leaves erect, 1-2 dm. long,
3 mm. or less wide, involute when dry, rough; racemes 8 or more, erect or

40 POACEAE.

ascending, the larger ones 4-8 cm. long; spikelets 4-8 mm. long; scales 10-12,
the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-4 mm. long, the midnerve extend-
ing into an awn 1 mm. long or less.

Swamps, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma, Cat Island, Long Cay, and
Inagua : — Florida to Texas, and northward in the Mississippi valley to Illinois ;
Cuba ; St. Croix ; Jamaica ; Mexico. SPIKE-GRASS.

32. ERAGROSTIS Host, Ic. Gram. Austr. 4: 14, pi. 24. 1809.

Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, from a few inches to several
feet in height, the spikelets in contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-many-
flowered, more or less flattened. Two lower scales empty, unequal, shorter
than the flowering ones, keeled, 1-nerved, or the second 3-nerved; flowering
scales membranous, keeled, 3-nerved; palets shorter than the scales, prominently
2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually persisting on the rachilla after the fruiting scale
has fallen. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas plumose. Grain
free, loosely enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, etymology doubtful, per-
haps signifying a low grass, or Love-grass, an occasional English name.] A
genus of about 100 species, widely distributed throughout all warm and tem-
perate countries. Type species : Briza Eragrostis L.

Palets glabrous on the keels, or merely hispidulous.

Annual ; roots fibrous ; spikelets not over 1.5 mm. wide. 1. E. tephrosanthos.

Perennials.

Pedicels several times longer than the spikelets. 2. E. Elliottii.

Pedicels shorter than the spikelets.

Stems low, 3 dm. tall or less ; inflorescence race-
mose or nearly so. 3. E. bahamensis.
Stems tall, usually over 1 m. ; inflorescence pro-
fusely paniculate. 4. E. prolifera.
Palets with keels conspicuously ciliate ; annuals.

Panicle contracted, spike-like, the branches short and ap-
pressed ; palets with very long hairs ; spikelets 3-4 mm.
long. 5. E. ciliaris.

Panicle open, its branches spreading ; palets with shorter

hairs ; spikelets about 2 mm. long. 6. E. amabilis.

1. Eragrostis tephrosanthos Schult. Mant. 2: 316. 1824.

Annual ; culms tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. high, glabrous.
Leaves 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, glabrous or nearly so, the sheath ciliate
at the top; panicle open, 4-8 cm. long, its filiform branches spreading or
ascending; spikelets filiform-peduncled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-7 mm.
long, about 2 mm. wide; scales and palets glabrous.

Waste places and cultivated grounds, New Providence : — Cuba to St. Thomas
and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. ANNUAL LOVE-GRASS.

2. Eragrostis Elliottii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25 : 140. 1890.

Poa nitida Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 162. 1817. Not Lam. 1791.
Eragrostis macropoda Pilger, in Urb. Symb. Ant. 4: 106. 1903.

Perennial; culms tufted, glabrous, rather slender, erect, 4-10 dm. high.
Sheaths glabrous; leaf -blades 1-4 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, scabrous above,
smooth beneath ; panicle 2-5 dm. long, open, its nearly filiform branches spread-
ing or ascending; pedicels filiform, much longer than the spikelets; spikelets
6-13-flowered, 5-10 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm. long.

Moist places in pine and palmetto-lands and open scrub-lands, Great Bahama,
Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Little San Salvador : — South Carolina
to Florida and Louisiana : Cuba ; Porto Rico ; St. Thomas ; Jamaica. Referred by
Dolley to E. pectinacea Gray. ELLIOTT'S LOVE-GRASS.

POACEAE. 41

3. Eragrostis bahamensis Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 149. 1893.

Perennial, somewhat glaucous; culms slender, wiry, glabrous, 1-3 dm.
high. Leaves setaceous, 8 cm. long or less; spikelets sessile, distant, loosely
spicate, oblong, many-flowered, 6-10 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; flowering
scales 3-nerved, glaucous, compressed.

Wet or moist rocky places, Rum Cay, Acklin's Island. Ambergris Cay, Little
Inagua, Inagua and Grand Turk. Endemic. BAHAMA LOVE-GRASS.

4. Eragrostis prolifera (Sw.) Steud. Syn. PI. Gram. 278. 3855.

Poa prolifera Sw. Prodr. 27. 1788.

Poa domingensis Pers. Syn. 1 : 88. 1805.

Eragrostis gigantea Trin. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 1: 403. 1831.

Perennial, tall ; culms slender, up to 2 m. high, often forming large clumps.
Leaves elongated, 1.5-6 mm. wide; panicle large, sometimes 6-7 dm. long,
broad or narrow, the axils of its branches usually without hairs; spikelets
several on the branchlets of the panicle, pale green, short-stalked, linear,
about 10 mm. long; palets glabrous.

In sand, Whale Cay : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe ; Martinique ; Jamaica ;
Cayman Islands. TALL LOVE-GRASS.

5. Eragrostis ciliaris (L,) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 192. 1827.

Poa ciliaris L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 875. 1759.

Annual; culms densely tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 3 dm. high or
less; leaf -sheaths with a tuft of hairs at the top and usually ciliate, the blades
flat, 2-7 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle narrow, dense, 2-10 cm. long, its
branches appressed; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 6-16-flowered ; palet-nerves long-
ciliate.

Waste places and roadsides, Great Bahama, Abaco, Little Harbor Cay, New
Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Acklin's Island, Long Cay, Sand Cay, Grand
Turk, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : — Georgia and Florida to Mississippi ; West Indies
and tropical America.

6. Eragrcstis amabilis (L.) W. & A.; H. & A. Bot. Beechey Voy. 251. 1841.

Poa amaUlis L. Sp. PI. 68. 1753.

Poa plumosa Eetz. Obs. 4: 20. 1786.

Eragrostis plumosa Link, Hort. Berol. 1 : 192. 1827.

Annual; culms slender, densely tufted, erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. high.
Sheaths commonly with a tuft of hairs at the top, their margins usually
cllate; leaf -blades 2-10 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less; panicle-branches spread-
ing or ascending; spikelets about 2 mm. long, 4-8-flowered, the palets ciliate
with very short hairs.

Waste places and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Inagua : — Georgia
and Florida ; West Indies ; tropical continental America ; Old World Tropics. Re-
corded by Hitchcock as E. major Retz, but written up by him on the label of his
Inagua specimen as E. minor. PLUMED LOVE-GRASS.

33. UNIOIiA L. Sp. PI. 71. 1753.

Erect and often tall grasses with flat or convolute leaves and paniculate
inflorescence. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, flat, 2-edged, the flowers perfect, or
the upper staminate. Scales flattened, keeled, sometimes winged, rigid, usually
acute; the lower 3-6 empty, unequal; the flowering scales many-nerved, the
uppermost scales often smaller and empty; palets rigid, 2-keeled. Stamens 1-3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain compressed, free, loosely enclosed

4

42 POACEAE.

in the scale and palet. [Name diminutive of unus, one, of no obvious applica-
tion.] About 8 species, natives of America. Type species: Uniola paniculata L.

Spikelets 12 mnu long or more ; inflorescence an open loose panicle. 1. U. paniculata.
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; inflorescence of numerous short secund

racemes. 2. V. virgata.

1. Uniola paniculata L, Sp. PI. 71. 1753.

Culms 1-2.5 m. tall. Leaves 3 dm. long or more, about 6 mm. wide, in-
volute when dry, attenuate into a long slender tip; panicle open, loose, 2.25-3
dm. in length or more, the branches erect or ascending, strict, rigid, the lower
6-12.5 cm. long; spikelets many-flowered, short-pedicelled, ovate to oval when
mature, 1.25-2:5 cm. long; flowering scales 8-10 mm. long and scabrous on the
keels.

Sand dunes and beaches, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great
Ragged Island, Atwood Cay, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Mariguana, Turk's
Islands, Inagua, and Salt Key : — Virginia to Florida and Texas ; Cuba. SEA OATS.
Catesby 1 : pi. 32.

2. Uniola virgata (Poir.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. I. 531. 1864.

Poa virgata Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 78. 1804.

Uniola racemiflora Trin. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 1 : 68. 1836.

Culms tufted, 1-2 m. tall, rigid. Leaves 3-5 dm. long, rigid, involute,
usually curved, 2-3 mm. wide; panicle narrow, virgate, 2-5 dm. long, about
2 cm. thick, its many short branches erect, appressed, the spikelets racemose-
spicate, secund, 3-4 mm. long, oval, few-flowered; flowering scales about 2
mm. long.

Sandy sea-beaches, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island : —
Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Vieques ; St. Thomas ; St. Jan ; Saba. SPIKE-GRASS.

34. DISTICHLIS Eaf. Journ. de Phys. 89: 104. 1819.

Dioecious grasses, with rigid culms creeping or decumbent at the base, flat
or convolute leaves and spike-like paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets flat-
tened, more numerous on the staminate plants than on the pistillate, 6-16-flow-
ered; rachilla continuous in the staminate spikelets, articulated in the pistil-
late. Two lower scales empty, narrow, keeled, acute, shorter than the flower-
ing ones; flowering scales broader, many-nerved, acute, rigid; palets 2-keeled.
Stamens 3. Styles thickened at the base, rather long, distinct. Stigmas long-
plumose. Grain free, enclosed in the scale and palet. [Greek, signifying two-
ranked, probably in reference to the spikelets.] Four known species, natives
of America, inhabiting the seacoast or alkaline soil; one of them is also found
in Australia. Type species: Uniola spicata L.

1. Bistichlis spicata (L.) Greene, Bull. Cal. Acad. 2: 415. 1887.
Uniola spicata L. 'Sp. PI. 71. 1753.

Culms 7.5-60 cm. tall, erect from a horizontal rootstock, or often de-
cumbent at the base. Sheaths overlapping and often crowded; leaves 1.25-15
cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute; panicle dense and spike-like, 1.8-6 cm.
in length, the branches 2.5 cm. long or less, erect; spikelets 6-16-flowered, 8-18
mm. long, pale green; empty scales acute, the first 1-3-nerved, two-thirds as
long as the 3-5-nerved second one; flowering scales 3-5 mm. long, acute or
acuminate.

Brackish soil, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling's Island, Inagua : —
Nova Scotia to Washington, California, Texas, and Florida; Mexico; Cuba; South
America. Erroneously called BULRUSH. MARSH SPIKE-GRASS. RABBIT-GRASS.

CYPEKACEAE. 43

35. AETHEOSTYLIDIUM Eupr. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI. 52: 117. 1839.

Woody, mostly vine-like grasses, the leaves usually borne on short branches
whorled at the nodes, the leaf -blades linear or lanceolate, jointed with the
sheaths. Spikelets racemose, usually appearing only after long intervals, some-
times only after many years. Spikelets linear, few-several-flowered, stalked
or nearly sessile, more or less secund, articulated above the lower 3 or 4 empty
scales; lowrest scale small, the others similar to ea"h other, acute or acumi-
nate, many-nerved, not awned; palets narrow, 2-carinate, scarcely shorter than
the scales. Flowers perfect. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles 2. Grain
oblong. [Greek, referring to the jointed spikelets.] About 20 species, natives
of tropical America. Type species: Arthrostylidium Haerikei Kupr.

1. Arthrostylidium capillifolium Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 531. 1862.

Glabrous; stem slender, wiry, woody, climbing over shrubs and small trees,
sometimes 5 m. long, often forming large colonies. Branches numerous,
fascicled at the nodes, short; leaves capillary, flexible, 5-15 cm. long; spike-
lets few, at the ends of the branches, lanceolate, 8-12 mm. long, 2-3 mm.
wide, several-flowered.

In low dense coppices and pinelands, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island,
Great Exuma : — Cuba ; Porto Rico. OLD MAN'S BEARD.

Family 2. CYPERACEAE J. St. Hil.

SEDGE FAMILY.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs. Stems (culms) slender, solid (rarely
hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Boots fibrous (many
species perennial by long rootstocks). Leaves narrow, with closed sheaths.
Flowers perfect or imperfect, arranged in spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the
axil of each scale (glume, bract), the spikelets solitary or clustered, 1-
many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or spirally imbricated, persistent or de-
ciduous. Perianth hypogynous, composed of bristles, or interior scales,
rarely calyx-like, or entirely wanting. Stamens 1-3, rarely more. Fila-
ments slender or filiform. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1,
anatropous, erect. Style 2-3-cleft or rarely simple or minutely 2-toothed.
Fruit a lenticular, plano-convex, or trigonous achene. Endosperm mealy.
Embryo minute. About 65 genera and 3000 speices, of very wide geog-
raphic distribution.

Fertile flowers perfect.

Basal empty scales of the spikelet none, or not more than two.

Scales of the spikelets distichous ; bristles none. 1. Cyperus.

Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated (apparently

distichous in Abildgaardia) .

Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene.
Spikelet 1 ; perianth-bristles usually present ; culms

leafless, 2. Eleocharis.

Spikelets usually several or numerous ; bristles none ;

culms leafy below. 3. Stenophyllus.

Style wholly deciduous : no tubercle on the achene.
Base of the style swollen ; bristles none.

Spikelets nearly terete, not flattened. 4. Fimbristylis .

Spikelets distinctly flattened. 5. Abildgaardia.

Base of the style not swollen ; bristles usually

present. 6. Scirpus.

Basal empty scales of the spikelets 3 or more.

Style 2-cleft, its base persistent as a tubercle on the

achene.

Bristles none : culm monocephalous. 7. Dichromena.

Bristles usually present ; culm usually polycephalous. 8. RyncTiospora.

44 CYPEKACEAE.

Style 3-cleft, its base fused with the top of the achene ;

tubercle none.

Brisitles none. 9. Mariscus.

Bristles present. 10. Schoenus.

Flowera all imperfect ; achene bony or crustaceous. 11. Scleria.

1. CYPERUS L. Sp. PI. 44. 1753.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms in our species simple, triangular, leafy
near the base, and with 1 or more leaves at the summit forming an involucre
to the simple or compound, umbellate or capitate inflorescence. Rays of the
umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal, one or more of the heads or
spikes commonly sessile. Spikelets flat or subterete, the scales falling away
from the rachis as they mature (nos. 1-7), or persistent and the spikelets
falling away from the axis of the head or spike with the scales attached
(nos. 8-14). Scales concave, conduplicate or keeled, 2-ranked, all flower-bear-
ing or the lower ones empty. Flowers perfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3.
Style 2-3-cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene. [Ancient Greek
name for these sedges.] About 600 species, of wide distribution in tropical
and temperate regions. Type species: Cyperus esculentus L.

Style-branches 2 ; achene lenticular. 1. C. paniculatus.

Style-branches 3 ; achene trigonous.

Spikelets not breaking up into one-fruited joints.

Scales deciduous from the persistent rachis of the

spikelets.

Rachis-wings none, or very narrow.
Annuals.

Scales tipped with recurved awns. 2. C. cuspidatus.

Scales acuminate, not awned. 3. C. compressus.

Perennials.

Leaves flat ; plants not viscid.

Spikelets yellow, oblong-lanceolate. 4. G. ochraceus.

Spikelets green-brown, ovate. 5. C. pseudovegetus.

Leaves involute ; plant viscid. 6. C. elegans.

Rachis-wings manifest ; perennial. 7. C. rotundus.

Spikelets falling away above the two persistent lower

scales.

Leaves and culms filiform, reclining. 8. C. floridanus.

Leaves flat ; culms stout or slender, erect.
Spikelets with 1-4 achenes.

Spikelets in a single capitate cluster. fi. C. fuligineus.

Umbel compound ; spikes cylindric. 10. G. ligularis.

Spikelets with 5-20 achenes.

Scales acute or cuspidate, not awned. 11. C. lirunneus.

Scales awned. 12. C. confertus.

Spikelets breaking up into one-fruited joints.

Umbel compound : annual with flat leaves. 13. C. ferax.

Spikelets in a single cluster or two ; perennial with

filiform leaves. 14. G. filiformis.

1. Cyperus paniculatus Rottb. Descr. & Icon. 40. 1773.
Cyperus Gatesii Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 255. 1836.

Annual, bright green. Leaves 1-4 mm. wide; culms slender, tufted, 1-4
dm. tall, often surpassing the leaves; bracts of the involucre 3-5, surpassing
the umbel, the longer ones up to 2 dm. long; umbel with 3-8 rays, or rarely
nearly capitate : spikelets few, linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, acute ;
scales light chestnut-brown, oblong-lanceolate, acute, shining, striate, deciduous
at maturity; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, oblong, grayish, abruptly apicu-
late, fully half as long as the scale.

Moist ground, New Providence : — southeastern United States ; West Indies ;
tropical continental America. Referred by Clarke to Pycraeus ferrugineus ; recorded
by Dolley as C. polystachyus Rottb. PANICLED CYPERUS.

CYPEEACEAE. 45

2. Cyperus cuspidatus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 204. 1816.

Annual, glabrous; culms tufted, 2-14 cm. tall, as long as the leaves, or
longer. Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, those of the umbel usually 3 or 4, sometimes 1
dm. long; umbel 2-5-rayed, rarely capitate; rays 0.5-5 cm. long; spikelets
linear, 5-12 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, digitate, many-flowered; scales
chestnut-brown, nearly 2 mm. long, strongly 3-5-nerved, keeled, the recurved-
spreading awn-like tip nearly as long as the body ; stamens 1-3 ; achene broadly
obovoid, 0.5 mm. long, trigonous, brown, apiculate; style very short.

Wet soil, New Providence, Cat Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, South
Caicos, Inagua : — southern United States ; Cuba : Anegada ; Yucatan ; South Amer-
ica. Recorded by Hitchcock as C. aristutus Rottb. CUSPIDATE CYPE.RUS.

3. Cyperus compressus L. Sp. PI. 46. 1753.

Annual; culms slender, erect or reclining, smooth, 7-25 cm. long. Leaves
light green, about 2 mm. wide, those of the involucre 2-3, the longer exceed-
ing the spikelets; umbel capitate or with 2-3 short rays; spikelets narrowly
lanceolate, acute, 8-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, very flat, many-flowered;
scales light green with a yellow band on each side, ovate, acuminate, firm,
keeled, several-nerved, falling away from the narrowly-winged rachis at ma-
turity; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene sharply 3-angled, obovoid, obtuse, dull,
brown, about one-third as long as the scale.

Waste grounds, New Providence : — 'United States ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and
Trinidad ; Jamaica ; tropical continental America and Old World tropics. FLAT
CYPERUS.

4. Cyperus ochraceus Vahl, Enum. 2: 325. 1806.

Perennial; culms rather stout, 2-7 dm. tall. Leaves 6 mm. wide or less,
the basal ones mostly shorter than the culm, those of the involucre several,
spreading, 2 or more of them much longer than the compound or simple umbel;
umbel-rays 15 cm. long or less; spikelets numerous, capitate, flattish, blunt,
many-flowered, 5-12 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; scales yellow, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, obtusish; stamen 1; achene ovoid, 3-angled, narrowed at both ends.

Swamps, New Providence: — southern United States; Cuba to Guadaloupe; Ja-
maica ; tropical continental America. Erroneously referred by Clarke to G. Luzulae
Rottb., citing Brace no. 408 ; referred also here by Dolley. YELLOW CYPERUS.

5. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Syn. PI. Gyp. 24. 1855.

Perennial by thickened tuber-like joints of the rootstocks; culm rather
stout, 0.3-1.3 m. high, often equalled by the leaves. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide,
smooth, nodulose, the midvein prominent; leaves of the involucre 4-6, spread-
ing; umbel several-rayed, compound; spikelets ovate, flat, many-flowered, light
green, densely capitate, 4-6 mm. long; scales keeled, conduplicate, 1-nerved,
curved, acute, longer than the linear 3-angled slightly stalked achene; stamen
1; style 3-cleft.

Swamps, New Providence at Southwest Bay : — southeastern United States.
MARSK CYPERUS.

6. Cyperus elegans L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753.

Cyperus viscosus Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788.

Perennial by short rootstocks; culms viscid-pubescent, 8 dm. tall or less.
Leaves convolute in drying, the basal ones about as long as the culm, those of
the involucre about 3, the longer ones much surpassing the inflorescence; umbel
usually compound, the rays up to 15 cm. long; spikelets 2-12 in the clusters,
digitate, oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, compressed; scales
green-brown, ovate, strongly mucronate, about 3 mm. long; stamens and style-
branches 3; achene obovoid, 3-angled, nearly black, about half as long as the
scale.

Marshes and sink-holes, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Watling's Island, Acklin's Isand, Great Exuma, Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to St.
Jan and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; Yucatan ; South America. VISCID CYPERUS.

46 CYPEBACEAE.

7. Cyperus rotundus L. Sp. PI. 45. 1753.

Perennial by scaly tuber-bearing rootstocks; culm rather stout, 0.1-0.5 m.
high, usually longer than the leaves. Leaves 3-6 mm. wide, those of the in-
volucre 3-5; umbel 3-8-rayed, the longer rays 5-11 cm. long; spikelets linear,
clustered, few in each cluster, acute, 8-20 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; scales dark
purple-brown or with green margins and centre, ovate, acute, appressed when
mature, about 3-nerved on the keel; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, its branches ex-
serted; achene 3-angled, about one-half as long as the scale.

Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence : — United States ; Bermuda ;
West Indies : tropical continental America ; warm-temperate and tropical parts of
the Old World. NUT-GRASS.

8. Cyperus floridanus Britton; Small, Fl. S. E. U. S. 170. 1903.

Perennial by tuber-like bases of the culms. 'Culms filiform, wiry, densely
clustered, erect or reclining, 0.5-2.5 dm. long; leaves filiform, or the lowest
reduced to scales, some of them usually as long as the culm or longer, about
0.5 mm. wide, those of the involucre 2 or 3, similar to the lower ones, the
longer much exceeding the head of spikelets, sometimes 10 cm. long; head
composed of few to several spikelets; spikelets digitate, flattened, linear-
subulate, 6-15 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, several-flowered, acuminate; scales
oblong, 2 mm. long, chestnut-brown, blunt, strongly several-nerved, firm in
texture; stamens 3; achene linear-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long and 0.5 mm.
thick, dull, dark brown. Plant with the habit of C. filiformis.

Moist sandy soil, Abaco, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ;
Cuba ; Santo Domingo. FLORIDA CYPERUS.

9. Cyperus fuligineus Chapm. Fl. S. States 511. 1860.

Mariscus fuligineus Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 8 : 16. 1908.

Perennial; culms very slender, smooth, tufted, 1-4 dm. high, rather rigid.
Leaves revolute-margined, shorter than the culm, those of the involucre usually
2, unequal; spikelets linear, 6-10 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, densely crowded
in a single terminal head; scales ovate to oval, about 2 mm. long, dark brown,
striate, mucronulate; style 3-cleft; achenes oblong-obovoid, trigonous, about
1.5 mm. long, dull, brown.

Sandy and rocky soil, Berry Islands, New Providence and Eleuthera to Am-
bergris Cay, Grand Turk, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuban Cays ;
Anegada ; Bonaire ; Curagao. Recorded by Coker and presumably by Dolley as O.
Vahlii Steud. ; by Hitchcock as C. brunneus Sw.

10. Cyperus ligularis L. Amoen. Acad. 5: 391. 1759.

Perennial; roots fibrous, thick; rootstock short or none; culms stout, 1.2
m. high or less. Leaves 8-20 mm. wide, pale green, rough-margined, the
basal ones often overtopping the culm, those of the involucre sometimes 7 dm.
long; umbel 4-12-rayed, large, compound; spikes oblong or subglobose, 8-10
mm. thick, very dense; spikelets gray to brown, 4-6 mm. long, about 1.5 mm.
wide, bearing 2-4 achenes; fruiting scales oval or ovate, striate, blunt, 2.5-3
mm. long; achene narrowly obovoid to ellipsoid, dark brown, dull, 3-angled,
about 1.5 mm. long, half as long as the scale.

Swamps, Great Bahama to Andros, New Providence. Fortune Island, North
Caicos and Inagua : — southern United States : West Indies and tropical continental
America ; tropical Africa. LARGE CYPERUS. SAW-GRASS.

11. Cyperus brunneus Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 116. 1797.
Mariscus 'brizaeus Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 52. 1900.

Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, 7 dm. high or less. Leaves
4-10 mm. wide, pale green, the basal often overtopping the culm, those of the
involucre 3-5, the longer much surpassing the inflorescence; umbel few-rayed,

CYPEEACEAE. 47

or glomerate, simple or little compound, the rays up to 3 cm. long; spikelets
short-spicate, 1-2 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, with 5-10 achenes ; scales brown,
ovate, apiculate, strongly striate-nerved ; achene obovoid, 3-angled.

Sand dunes and white-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to the Caicos Islands, Little Inagua and Cay Sal : — Bermuda ; Florida ;
West Indies ; Mexico. Consists of several races differing in stalked or sessile
spikes, width of leaves, the scales ovate to elliptic-oblong. Recorded by Herrick as
C. Vahlii Steud. SAND or COAST CYPERUS.

12. Cyperus confertus Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788.

Perennial by short rootstocks; culms rather slender, 1-4 dm. high, clus-
tered. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, the basal ones as long as the culms or shorter,
those of the involucre 2 dm. long or less, the longer much surpassing the in-
florescence; umbel simple, 1-7-rayed; heads subglobose, about 1 cm. thick;
spikelets greenish-yellow, 5-7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, flat, bearing 5-9
achenes; fertile scales ovate, keeled, strongly striate, tipped with short, some-
what curved awns; stamens 3 or sometimes 2; achene oblong-obovoid, 3-angled,
1-1.5 mm. long, about half as long as the scale.

Inagua : — Hispaniola to St. Thomas and to Martinique ; Jamaica. Curacao ;
northern South America ; Galapagos. CAPITATE CYPERUS.

13. Cyperus f erax L. C. Eich. Act. -Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1 : 106. 1792.

Annual ; smooth ; culms rather stout,' 3-8 dm. tall, usually tufted. Leaves
5-10 mm. wide, the lower ones as long as the culm or shorter, those of the
involucre 3 or more, the longer equalling or exceeding the umbel; umbel
simple or compound, several-rayed; spikelets linear, subterete, 10-20-flowered,
1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, the ovate-oblong, appressed, yellow-green,
7-9-nerved scales scarcely imbricated; stamens 3; style 3-cleft; achene trigo-
nous, narrowly obovoid, obtuse.

Swamps, Abaco, Cat Cay, New Providence, Exuma Chain, Eleuthera : — United
States ; West Indies ; Central and South America. COARSE CYPERUS.

14. Cyperus filiformis Sw. Prodr. 20. 1788.
Mariscus filiformis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1 : 213. 1816.

Perennial; glabrous; culms very slender or filiform, tufted, rather weak,
2-7 dm. long. Leaves usually much shorter than the culm, about 2 mm. wide,
those of the involucre 1 or 2, mostly longer than the 1 or 2 loose spikes;
spikelets 3-10, nearly digitate, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 1 mm. thick, terete, erect
or ascending, several-flowered; scales yellowish with a green keel, acutish,
shining, faintly striate, ovate, inrolled, not overlapping; achene shorter than the
scale, trigonous, ellipsoid, blackish, pointed at both ends.

Grassy places, New Providence : — Cuba to St. Thomas and St. Croix ; Jamaica.
The Crooked Island reference of Hitchcock proves to be an error, his plant being
Schoenus nigricans L. SLENDER CYPERUS.

Schoepf records Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. as observed by him on New
Providence in 1784, but no species of that genus has been collected in the
Bahamas by subsequent botanists.

2. KLEOCHARIS E. Br. Prodr. 1:224. 1810.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms simple, triangular, quadrangular,
terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the lowest very
rarely blade-bearing. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect, several-many-flowered,
not subtended by an involucre. Scales concave, spirally imbricated all around.
Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed, or wanting in some species.

48 CYPEEACEAE.

Stamens 2-3. Style 2-cleft and achene lenticular or biconvex, or 3-cleft and
aehene 3-angled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid.
Base of the style persistent on the summit of the achene, forming a terminal
tubercle. [Greek, referring to the growth of most of the species in marshy
ground.] About 140 species, widely distributed. Type species: Scirpus
palustris L.

Spikelets little, if at all, thicker than the culms ; scales rigid ; tall sedges.

Achenea transversely ridged ; culms nodose-septate. 1. E. interstincta.

Achenes copiously pitted ; culms continuous. 2. E. cellulosa.

Spikelet thicker than the culm ; scales membranous ; low sedges.

Upper sheath hyaline, scarious. 3. E. flaccida.

Upper sheath truncate, oblique or 1-toothed.

Perianth-bristles nearly white ; achene 0.5 mm. long ;

culms nearly filiform. 4. E, atropurpurea.

Perianth-bristles brown ; achene 1 mm. long ; culms slen-
der. 5. E. capitata.

1. Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl) E. & S. Syst. 2: 149. 1817.

Scirpus interstinctus Vahl, Enum. 2: 251. 1806.

Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, terete, 4-10 dm. tall, nodose,
hollow. Sheaths oblique, the lower sometimes bearing short blades; spikelet
cylindric, terete, 2-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick; scales coriaceous, obtuse,
faintly many-nerved, scarious-margined ; bristles about 6, retrorsely barbed, as
long as the achene or shorter; style 3-cleft rarely 2-cleft; achene obovold,
shining, brown, minutely many-striate and transversely ridged; tubercle conic,
acute.

Marshes, Great Bahama, New Providence, Acklin's Island : — eastern United
States ; Bermuda ; Cuba to St. Thomas and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; tropical continental
America. KNOTTED SPIKE-RUSH.

2. Eleocharis cellulosa Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 298. 1836.

Perennial by long rootstocks; culms obscurely 3-angled below, terete above,
7 dm. tall or less, not nodose. Sheaths membranous, oblique; spikelet 1.5-3
cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick, cylindric, somewhat thicker than the culm; scales
coriaceous, obtuse, membranous-margined, many-striate; bristles 6 or 7, nearly
or quite smooth, about as long as the achene; style 3-cleft; achene broadly
obovoid, trigonous, striate, copiously pitted; tubercle deltoid, about one-half as
wide as the achene.

Marshes, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Rose Island, Eleuth-
era, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Great Exuma, Inagua : — southern United
States ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; Yucatan. ROUND-STEMMED SPIKE-
BUSH.

3. Eleocharis flaccida (Echb.) Urban, Symb. Ant, 2: 165. 1900.

Scirpus flacddus Echb.; Spreng. Tent. Suppl. 3. 1828.

Eleocharis ocJireata Nees, Linnaea 9: 294. 1834.

Scirpus ochreatus Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 570. 1864.

Heleocharis 'bahamensis Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 2: 11 in part. 1890.

Perennial by slender rootstocks ; culms slender or filiform, 3-angled, 0.5-3
dm. long. Upper sheath white, hyaline, membranous; spikelet oblong or ovoid,
3-6 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. thick, much thicker than the culm; scales elliptic to
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or the upper acute, thin, pale green with a faint
midvein; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obovate, smooth, 0.5 mm. long, 2-4
times as long as the conic, acute tubercle ; bristles 6 or 7, retrorsely barbed, as
long as the achene, or shorter, or none.

Wet grounds, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Southeastern United States ; Cuba
TO St. Thomas and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; tropical continental America ; Philippine
Islands. PALE SPIKE-RUSH.

CYPERACEAE. 49

4. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth, Enum. 2: 151. 1837.

Scirpus atropurpureus Retz. Obs. 5: 14. 1789.
Heleocharis Sintenisii Boeckl. Gyp. Nov. 1 : 16. 1888.
Eeleocharis ~bahamensis Boeckl. Cyp. Nov. 2: 11. 1890.

Annual; roots fibrous; culms tufted, very slender, 2-9 cm. high. Upper
sheath 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid, many-flowered, subacute, 3-4 mm. long, 2 mm.
in diameter or less; scales minute, ovate-oblong, persistent, purple-brown with
green midvein and very narrow scarious margins; stamens 2 or 3; style 2-3-
cleft; bristles 2-4, fragile, white, minutely downwardly hispid, about as long
as the achene; achene jet black, shining, 0.9 mm. long, smooth, lenticular;
tubercle conic, minute, depressed but rather acute, constricted at the base.

Hog Island, New Providence, Andros, Acklin's Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto
Rico ; Central and western United States to Central America ; Europe ; Asia.
Referred by Clarke to E. camptotricha Schweinitzii Clarke, citing Northrop 524 b,
from Conch Sound, Andros, but that has trigonous achenes, proliferous spikelets
and is the same as E. prolifera Ton-., its older name. Our specimen of this
number has lenticular achenes ; it is possible that two species were distributed under
the same number. Mrs. Northrop's no. 745, indicated on her label as the same as
524 b, was determined by Mr. Clarke as E. atropurpurea. PURPLE SPIKE-RUSH.

5. Eleocharis capitata (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 225. 1810.

Scirpus capitatus L. Sp. PI. 48. 1753.

Annual; roots fibrous; culms densely tufted, nearly terete, almost filiform,
5-25 cm. tall. Upper sheath 1-toothed; spikelet ovoid, obtuse, much thicker
than the culm, 3-5 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, many-flowered; scales broadly
ovate, obtuse, firm, pale or dark brown with a greenish midvein, narrowly
scarious-margined, persistent ; stamens mostly 2 ; style 2-clef t ; bristles 5-8,
slender, downwardly hispid, as long as the achene; achene obovate, jet black,
smooth, shining, nearly 1 mm. long; tubercle depressed, apiculate, constricted
at the base, very much shorter than the achene.

Moist and wet grounds, Great Bahama, and Andros to Crooked Island, North
Caicos and Inagua : — United! States ; Bermuda ; West Indies ; tropical continental
America ; Old World tropics. CAPITATE SPIKE-RUSH.

3. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Neog. 4. 1825.

Mostly annual sedges, with slender erect culms, leafy below, the leaves
narrowly linear or filiform, with ciliate or pubescent sheaths. Spikelets um-
bellate, capitate or solitary, usually subtended by a 1-several-leaved involucre,
their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous. Flowers perfect.
Perianth none. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, glabrous, its base much
swollen and persistent as a tubercle on the achene as in Eleocharis. Achene 3-
angled, turgid or lenticular. [Greek, referring to the narrow leaves.] A genus
of some 90 species, natives of temperate and warm regions. Type species:
Scirpus stenophyllus Ell.

1. Stenophyllus Wilsoni Britton, Torreya 13: 215. 1913.

Perennial by short stout rootstocks; culms clustered, somewhat flattened,
smooth, stiff, but rather slender, erect, 2-3 dm. tall. Basal sheaths 3 or 4,
bladeless, acute, many-nerved, floccose-pubescent, the upper with a scarious
margin; spikelets 2-5 together, in a terminal capitate cluster subtended by a
subulate bract 0.5-2 cm. long, or sometimes by 2 bracts, linear-oblong, much
compressed, 1-2 cm. long, 4 mm. wide; scales narrowly oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, loosely pubescent, ciliate, light brown, membranous, obtusish, 5
mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, the midvein prominent; stamens 3; style 3-cleft, the

50 CYPEEACEAE.

pubescent branches about as long as the glabrous lower part; achene obovoid.
dull black, bluntly trigonous, nearly 1 mm. long, capped by a minute de-
pressed tubercle.

Castle Island and Little Inagua. Endemic. WILSON'S STENOPHYLLUS.

4. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl, Enum. 2: 285. 1806.

Annual or perennial sedges. Culms leafy below. Spikelets umbellate or
capitate, terete, several to many-flowered, subtended by a 1-many-leaved in-
volucre, their scales spirally imbricated all around, mostly deciduous, all fertile.
Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, pubescent or glabrous, its base
much enlarged, falling away from the summit of the achene at maturity.
Achene lenticular, biconvex, or 3-angled, reticulated, cancellate, >or longitudi-
nally ribbed or striate in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the fringed style
of some species.] A large genus, the species widely distributed in temperate
and tropical regions. Type species: Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl.

Style branches 2 ; achene lenticular.

Achene longitudinally ribbed. 1. F. diphylla.

Achene cancellate, reticulate or granular, not ribbed.

Scales pilose-puberulent ; leaves short. 2. F. ferruginea.

Scales glabrous.

Leaves elongated : inflorescence loose.

Leaves involute or plano-convex. 3. F. castanea.

Leaves flat. 4. F. inaguensis.

Leaves short : inflorescence compact. 5. F. spathacea.

Style branches 3 ; achene trigonous. 6. F. hirta.

1. Fimbristylis diphylla (Ketz.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 289. 1806.

Scirpus diphyUus Eetz. Obs. 5: 15. 1789.

Perennial by short rootstocks, glabrous or pubescent; culms tufted, 1-6
dm. high, slender. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than the culm; involucre-
bracts 3 or 4, shorter than or surpassing the simple or compound umbel; spike-
lets oblong or ovoid, 5-10 mm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, acute,
glabrous; style 2-cleft; achenes scarcely 1 mm. long, obovoid, biconvex, white
or yellowish, longitudinally ribbed, reticulated, the 'ribs smooth.

Moist soil, New Providence and Fortune Island : — southern United States ;
West Indies ; tropical continental America ; Old World tropics. SLENDER FIMBRI-
STYLIS.

2. Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 291. 1806.

Scirpus ferrugineus L. Sp. PI. 50. 1753.

Culms tufted, erect, 2-8 dm. tall, rather slender. Leaves much shorter
than the culm, often very short; involucre-bracts 2-4, rarely exceeding the
simple <or slightly compound umbel; spikelets few or several, ovoid-oblong,
8-20 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, acutish or mucronulate, brown,
pilose-puberulent toward the apex; style 2-cleft; achene obovoid, biconvex,
smooth, brownish, half as long as the scale.

Moist saline soil, Berry Islands, Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence and
Eleuthera to Mariguana and Inagua : — West Indies ; continental tropical America.
SALT MARSH FIMBRISTYLIS.

3. Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 292. 1806.

Scirpus castaneus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 31. 1803.

Perennial; glabrous; culms stiff, slender, wiry, trigonous, 3-10 dm. high.
Leaves rigid, involute, usually somewhat shorter than the culm, about 2 mm.
wide when unrolled, their sheaths often brown, those of the involucre 3-6, the

CYPEEACEAE. 51

longer sometimes exceeding the simple or compound umbel; umbel-rays several,
nearly erect; spikelets ovoid or ovoid-cylindric, acute, 5-12 mm. long, the
central ones sessile, the others stalked; scales obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous,
brown with a green midvein; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, obo-
vate, brown, reticulate.

Moist saline soil, Andros, New Providence. Rose Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Little San Salvador, Watling's Island ; Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; eastern United
States; Cuba. Recorded by Hitchcock, by Dolley and by Mrs. Northrop as Fimbri-
spadicea (L.) Vahl. MARSH FIMBRISTYLIS.

4. Fimbristylis inaguensis Britton, Torreya 13: 216. 1913.

Perennial by short stout rootstocks; culms rather stout, stiff, smooth, com-
pressed, 3-5 dm. tall. Basal leaves one-third to two-thirds as long as the
culm, flat, rather stiff, smooth, 1-2.5 mm. wide, obtuse; leaves of the involucre
2-4, the longer one usually a little exceeding the inflorescence; umbel com-
pound, 5-7 cm. broad, the rays 2-4 cm. long, ascending, the raylets slender,
0.5-2 cm. long; spikelets narrowly oblong, 8-12 mm. long, about 2.5 mm. thick,
acute, many-flowered, solitary at the ends of the rays and raylets; scales
brown, glabrous1, dull, ovate, carinate, mucronate or the lower short-awned;
achene elliptic or obovate-elliptic, flat, blunt, finely reticulated, nearly 1.5 mm.
long; style-branches 2.

White-lands and rocky soil. Cat Island. Little San Salvador. Watling's Island",
Fortune Island, Crooked Island, Exuma Chain, Little Ambergris Cay, Inagua : —
Cuban Cays ; Anegada. WEST INDIAN FIMBRISTYLIS.

5. Fimbristylis spathacea Eoth, Nov. Sp. 24. 1821.

Scirpus glomeratus Betz. Obs. 4: 11. 1786.

Fimbristylis glomerata Urban, Symb. Ant. 2 : 166. 1900. Not Nees. 1834.

Culms tufted, stiff, erect, rather slender, 1-4 dm. high. Basal leaves flat,
stiff, much shorter than the culm, 1.5-3 mm. wide, spreading or ascending,
the apex bluntish and mucronate; involucral leaves mostly shorter than
the compound small dense umbel; spikelets ellipsoid to short-cylindric, 3-6
mm. long, about 2 mm. thick ; scales ovate, brownish, glabrous, emarginate,
scarious-margined ; style 2-cleft ; achene about one-half as long as the scale,
biconvex, obovate, brown, granular or subtuberculate.

Coppices, waste and cultivated grounds, Great Bahama, Andros, Rum Cay,
Fortune Island, Cay Sal : — West Indies and tropical continental America ; Old World
tropics.

Justice Joseph E. Adderley, at Eight Mile Rocks. Great Bahama, informed us
at the time of our visit there 'in February, 1905, that soon after the hurricane of
August 13. 1899, this sedge appeared in clearings, and had soon spread as a trouble-
some weed through cultivated lands, killing out pasture grasses in places ; it had
therefore come to be called there " Hurricane Grass."

6. Fimbristylis hirta (Thunb.) E. & S. Syst. 2: 99. 1817.

Cyperus Jiirtus Thunb. Phyt. Blaett. 1: 6. 1803.
Scirpus exilis Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 5: 105. 1817.
Fimbristylis exilis E. & S. Syst. 2: 98. 1817.

Annual; culms 1-4 dm. long, slender, pilose at least above. Leaves
nearly filiform, pubescent, half as long as the culm or less, 0.2-0.5 mm. wide;
involucral bracts 3-5, longer or shorter than the umbel; spikelets 3-14, on
filiform pilose umbel-rays, ovoid, 6-12 mm. long; scales few, ovate, mucro-
nate, chestnut -brown, pilose-puberulent, the midvein green; style glabrous, its
3 branches linear; achene pyriform, pale brown, 1 mm. long, irregularly rugose,
sometimes tuberculate.

Bahamas, collected by Dale, according to Clarke : — Cuba ; northern South Amer-
ica ; Africa. HAIRY FIMBRISTYLIS.

52 CYPEEACEAE.

5. ABILDGAARDIA Vahl, Enum. 2: 296. 1806.

Low, perennial or annual sedges, with slender culms, narrow or setaceous
basal leaves, the involucre usually of 1 small bract, the flattened spikelets soli-
tary or few together, several-many-flowered. Scaly imbricated in 2 rows,
keeled, deciduous. Bristles none. Stamens 1-3. Style pubescent, deciduous,
its base swollen. Stigmas 3. Achene trigonous. [Commemorates P. S. Abild-
gaard, Danish botanist.] About 15 species of tropical and subtropical dis-
tribution, the following typical.

1. Abildgaardia monostachya (L.) Vahl, Enum. 2: 296. 1806.

Cyperus monostachyos L. Mant. 180. 1771.

Fimbristylis monostachya Hassk. PI. Jav. Ear. 61. 1848.

Perennial, glabrous; culms tufted, very slender, smooth, thickened at the
base, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide, about half as long as the
culm; involucral bract short, rarely as long as the spikelet; spikelet ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, flat, 1-1.5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide; scales ovate, keeled,
mucronate, pale greenish-brown with white margins; style villous, with 3 short
branches; achene obovoid, 2-2.5 mm. long, 3-angled, yellowish, tuberculate.

Grassy places and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Cat
Island, Fortune Island, Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; St. Jan to Tobago ;
Anegada ; continental tropical America and Old World tropics. FLAT-SPIKED RUSH.

6. SCIEPUS L. Sp. PI. 47. 1753.

Annual or perennial very small or very large sedges, with leafy culms or
the leaves reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened,
solitary, capitate, spicate or umbellate, subtended by a 1-several-leaved in-
volucre or the involucre wanting in some species. Scales spirally imbricated
all around, usually all fertile, the 1-3 lower sometimes empty. Flowers per-
fect. Perianth of 1-6, slender or rigid, short or elongated, barbed, pubescent
or smooth bristles, or none in some species. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, not
swollen at the base, wholly deciduous from the achene, or its base persistent
as a subulate tip. Achene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex. [Latin
name of the Bulrush, said to be from sirs, the Celtic word for rushes.] About
200 species of very wide geographic distribution. Type species: Scirpus
lacustris L.

Bracts of the involucre several ; scales long-awned ; culm trigonous. 1. 8. robustus.
Bract of the involucre only 1 ; scales short-tipped ; culm terete. 2. 8. validus.

1. Scirpus robustus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 56. 1814.

Perennial by rootstocks; culm stout, stiff, 3-angled with flat sides, smooth,
0.5-1.4 m. tall. Leaves dark green, smooth, 5-1Q mm. wide; involucral leaves
2-4, elongated, similar to the lower ones; spikelets ovoid-oblong, stout, 1.5-2.5
cm. long, 8-10 mm. in diameter, 6-20 together in a dense terminal cluster; scales
ovate, brown, puberulent, thin, the midvein excurrent into an, at length, re-
flexed awn 3-5 mm. long ; bristles 1-6, fragile, shorter than the achene, or none ;
style 3-cleft; achene compressed, flat on the face, convex or with a low ridge
on the back, obovate-orbicular, dark brown, shining, 3 mm. long.

Marshes, Little Inagua : — Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. SALT
MARSH BULRUSH.

CYPEEACEAE. 53

2. Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum. 2: 268. 1806.

Perennial by stout rootstocks; culms stout, smooth, terete, erect, 1-3 m.
tall, sheathed at the base. Involucre-bract 1, erect, shorter than the umbel, ap-
pearing as if continuing the culm ; umbel compound, its primary rays slender,
1-6 cm. long; spikelets several or many, oblong-conic, 1 to 5 together, 5-12
mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; scales ovate, short-tipped; bristles 4-6, downwardly
barbed, as long as the achene or longer; stamens 3; style 2-cleft; achene
obovate, plano-convex, mucronate.

Ponds, Fortune Island : — Continental North America ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Haiti ;
Porto Rico ; Jamaica. AMERICAN GREAT BULRUSH..

7. DICHROMENA Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1:37. 1803.

Leafy-stemmed sedges, perennial by rootstocks, the spikelets crowded in a
terminal head involucrate by the upper leaves, which are often white at the
base. Spikelets compressed, several-many-flowered. Scales spirally imbricated
all around, several of them with imperfect flowers, or empty. Perianth none.
Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft, its branches subulate. Achene lenticular, transversely
rugose, crowned with the broad persistent base of the style (tubercle).
[Greek, alluding to the two-colored involucral leaves.] About 8 species, na-
tives of America. Type species: Dichromena leucocephala Michx.

Spikelets capitate: involucral bracts reflexed. 1. D. colorata.

Spikelets subspicate ; bracts erect or the lower one spreading 2. D. inaguensis.

1. Dichromena colorata (L.) Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1893.

Schoenus coloratus L. Sp. PI. 43. 1753.

Dichromena leucocephala Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 37. 1803.

Glabrous; culm slender, erect, rather sharply triangular, 0.3-0.6 m. tall.
Leaves distant, narrowly linear, about 2 mm. wide, much shorter than the
culm, those of the involucre 4-6, reflexed when mature, yellowish white at the
base; head globose, 1-2 cm. in diameter; spikelets narrowly oblong, acute;
scales membranous, lanceolate, nearly white, 1-nerved, subacute at the apex;
achene obovate, brown, nearly truncate at the summit, compressed, covered by
the tubercle which is not decurrent on its edges.

Scrub-lands and borders of marshes, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New
Providence to Caicos Islands and Inagua : — southeastern United States ; Bermuda ;
Cuba to Porto Rico and Martinique ; Texas to Yucatan. NARROW-LEAVED DICHRO-
MENA. WHITE-HEADED RUSH.

2. Dichromena inaguensis Britton, spec. nov.

Densely tufted; culm very slender, erect, about 3 dm. tall. Leaves 1—1.5
mm. wide, two-thirds as long as the culm; involucral bracts 3-5, glabrous,
erect, green or whitened only at the base, or the lower one spreading and some-
times 14 cm. long; bractlets ciliolate; spikelets few, subspicate, nearly erect,
about 7 mm. long; scales white, obtusish; achene yellowish brown, a little
more than 1 mm. long, copiously transversely rugose, capped by a low flat-
conic tubercle of about one-fourth its length.

Scrub-lands between Northwest Point and Southwest Point, Little Inagua (Nash
and Tayl or 1254). Endemic. INAGUA DICHROMENA.

8. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl, Enum. 2: 229. 1806.

Leafy sedges, mostly perennial by rootstocks, with erect 3-angled or terete
culms, narrow flat or involute leaves, and ovoid oblong or fusiform, variously

54 CYPERACEAE.

clustered spikelets. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricated all around, usually
mucronate by the excurrent . midvein, the lower empty. "Upper flowers imper-
fect, the lower perfect. Perianth of 1-20 (mostly 6) upwardly or downwardly
barbed or scabrous bristles, wanting in some species (no. 2). Stamens com-
monly 3. Style 2-cleft, 2-toothed or rarely entire. Achene lenticular or
swollen, not 3-angled, smooth or transversely wrinkled, capped by the persistent
base of the style (tubercle), or in some species by the whole style. [Greek,
referring to the beak-like tubercle.] About 200 species, of wide geographic
distribution, most abundant in warm regions. Type species: Rynchospora
aurea Vahl.

Style long, stout, its branches much shorter than the undivided part ; spikelets

densely capitate.

Heads several or numerous, panicled ; achene 1 mm. long. 1. K. cyperoides.
Heads only 1-6 ; achene 2.5 mm. long. 2. R. Trucyi.

Style short, its branches mostly as long as the undivided part ;

spikelets loosely clustered, not capitate.
Perianth-bristles none.

Achene transversely wrinkled. 3. R. tennis.

Achene reticulated. 4. JR. divergens.

Perianth-bristles present, upwardly barbed ; achene trans-
versely wrinkled.
Achene not stipitate ; spikelets about 2 mm. long.

Perianth-bristles much shorter than the achene or

obsolete. 5. R. perplexa.

Perianth-bristles as long as the achene or longer.

Leavea 2-4 mm,, wide. 6. R. microcarpa.

Leaves less than 1 mm. wide. 7. R. bahamensis.

Achene stipitate; spikelets 5-7 mm. long. 8. R. marisculus.

1. Rynchospora cyperoides (Sw.) Mart. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Muench. 6:

149. 1816-17.

Schoenus cyperoides Sw. Prodr. 19. 1788.

Culms 8 dm. high or less, clustered, rather stout, trigonous, leaf-bearing
up to or beyond the middle. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide, the upper ones sometimes
overtopping the culm; heads subglobose, dense, usually several or numerous,
corymbose-paniculate, 8-12 mm. in diameter; bracts similar to the leaves, but
shorter; spikelets numerous, their scales 7, the 4 lower ones empty, 1 of the
others subtending an achene; bristles 6, upwardly hispid, longer than the
achene; style long, 2-cleft at the apex; achene obovoid, about 1 mm. long,
faintly transversely undulate; tubercle subulate, ciliate, about as long as the
achene.

Swampy grounds, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great
Exuma, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Inagua : — West Indies ; tropical continental
America. CAPITATE BEAKED-RUSH.

2. Rynchospora Tracyi Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 11 : 84. 1892.

Ceratoschoenus capitatus Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 529. 1860. Not Ryncho-
spora capitata R. & S. 1817.

Perennial; culms tufted, slender, glabrous, nearly terete, erect, 5-12 dm.
high. Leaves elongated, channelled, 4-8 mm. wide; spikelets lanceolate, 5-7
mm. long, densely clustered in 1-6 globose heads which are 1-2 cm. in diam-
eter; scales yellowish-brown, ovate, acute; bristles 6, longer than the achene,
upwardly barbed; achene flat, obovate, about 2.5 mm. long, ciliate, finely
wrinkled; style 2-cleft at the apex; tubercle subulate, setose, at least as long as
the achene.

Wet soil, Great Bahama at West End ; Andros, in savanna near Staniard Creek : —
Florida ; Cuba. TRACT'S BEAKED-RUSH.

CYPEEACEAE. 55

3. Rynchospora tennis Link, Jahrb. 1«: 76. 1820.

Rootstocks short, slender; culms very slender, tufted, 1.5-4 dm. long,
glabrous and smooth, erect or reclining. Leaves 0.5-2 mm. wide, as long as
the culm or shorter; corymbs of spikelets 1-3, filiform-stalked; spikelets
usually rather loosely clustered, about 4 mm. long, narrowly lanceolate, acute,
pale, bearing a single achene; scales acute, the lower ovate, the upper
lanceolate; bristles none; style deeply 2-cleft; achene obovate or nearly orbi-
cular, sessile, transversely rugose, about 1 mm. broad; tubercle acute, one-
fourth to one-half as long as the achene and decurrent on its margins.

Moist ground, Andros, New Providence : — Cuba ; Dominica to Grenada ; trop-
ical continental America. SLENDEI: BEAKED-RUSH.

4. Eynchospora divergens Chapm.; M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. II. 7: 409.

1849.

Perennial; culms nearly filiform, densely tufted, 1-4 dm. high. Leaves
similar to the culms, usually somewhat shorter; spikelets loosely corymbose,
ellipsoid, acute, about 3 mm. long; scales ovate to elliptic; bristles none; style
'2-cleft, the branches about as long as the undivided part; achene orbicular -
obovate, 0.5-0.8 mm. long, pale, reticulated, contracted at the base, the short
tubercle depressed.

Moist soil, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — southeastern United
States ; Cuba. Low BEAKED-RUSH.

5. Eynchospora perplexa Britton; Small, Fl. SE, U. S. 197. 1903.

Perennial by rootstocks; culms slender, usually clustered, 3-12 dm. high.
Leaves flat, grass-like, elongated, smooth, 1.5-3 mm. wide; corymbs usually
several, rather loose, slender stalked; spikelets numerous, ovoid, about 2 mm.
long; scales brown, obtuse or acutish; bristles 6, upwardly barbed, shorter
than the achene; style 2-cleft at the summit; achene biconvex, transversely
wrinkled, about 1 mm. long, the depressed tubercle broader than high.

Wet grounds. Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat
Island : — southeastern United States. SHORT-BRISTLED BEAKED-RUSH.

6. Eynchospora microcarpa Baldw.; A. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 3: 202. 1836.

Perennial by rootstocks; culms rather slender, clustered, 11 dm. high or
less. Leaves flat or slightly channeled, 1-5 mm. wide; corymbs 3-6, slender-
stalked, with few or many ovoid spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; scafes brown;
bristles 5 or 6, upwardly barbed, about as long as the achene or a little
longer; style 2-cleft at the summit; achene lenticular, transversely wrinkled,
scarcely 1 mm. long, the depressed tubercle blunt.

Wet grounds, Andros, New Providence, Crooked Island : — southeastern United
States. SMALL-FRUITED BEAKED-RUSH.

7. Eynchospora oahamensis Britton, Torreya 13: 217. 1913.

Densely tufted; rootstocks short. Culms nearly filiform, roughish, spread-
ing or reclining, 2-3.5 dm. long; leaves setaceous-flattened, less than 1 mm.
wide, roughish-margined, the basal ones about one-fourth as long as the culm,
the upper 3-5 cm. long; spikelets oblong, 1.5-2 mm. long in 2-4 distant
slender-peduncled clusters, each with a single achene; scales dark brown,
ovate-oblong, mucronulate; achene elliptic-obovate, faintly transversely
wrinkled, 1.5 mm. long; tubercle flattened, conic, one-third to one-half as long
as the achene; bristles upwardly barbed, as long as the achene.

Coppices and borders of swamps, New Providence, Andros : — Cuba ; Porto
Rico. BAHAMA BEAKED-RUSH.

66 CYPEEACEAE.

8. Eynchospora marisculus Lindl. & Nees; Mart. Fl. Bras. 21: 142. 1842.
Eynchospora jubata Liebm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 254. 1851.

Perennial by rootstocks, glabrous. Culm rather slender, 0.5-1 m. long.
Leaves 2-5 dm. long, 7 mm. wide or less; corymbs usually several, distant, or
the upper ones approximate, dense, the lower slender-stalked, nodding; spike-
lets numerous, clustered, narrowly ellipsoid, acute, 5-7 mm. long ; scales brown,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, from 1 to 3 of them subtending achenes;
bristles 6 or 7, longer than the achene, scabrous above, pilose at the base;
style 2-cleft at the apex; achene short-stipitate, obovate, transversely undulate,
1.5-2 mm. long; tubercle flat-conic, acute, about one-half as long as the achene.

Moist grounds, New Providence : — Cuba ; Haiti ; Jamaica ; tropical continental
America. LONG BEAKED-RUSH.

9. MARISCUS (Hall.) Zinn, Cat. Hort. Goett. 79. 1757.

Perennial leafy sedges, similar to large Rynchosporas, the spikelets oblong
or fusiform, few-flowered, variously clustered. Scales imbricated all around,
the lower empty, the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect flowers, the
upper usually fertile. Perianth none. Stamens '2 or sometimes 3. Style 2-3-
cleft, deciduous from the summit of the achene, its branches sometimes 2-3-
parted. Achene ovoid to globose, smooth or longitudinally striate. Tubercle
none. [Greek, referring to the branched inflorescence of some species.]
About 40 species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Type species:
Schoenus Mariscus L.

1. Mariscus jamaicensis (Crantz) Britton in Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2,
1:348. 1913.

Cladium jamaicense Crantz, Inst. 1: 362. 1766.
Cladium occidentals Schrad. Fl. Germ. 1: 76. 1806.

Culm stout, 1.5-3 m. high, obtusely 3-angled. Leaves very long, glabrous,
6-20 mm. wide, the margins spinulose-serrulate ; umbels .several or numerous,
decompound, forming a large panicle; spikelets mostly 2-5 together at the
ends of the raylets, narrowly ovoid, acute, 4-5 mm. long; uppermost scale sub-
tending a* perfect flower; stamens 2; achene ovoid, abruptly sharp-pointed,
wrinkled, narrowed to the base, 2 mm. long.

Marshes, Abaco, South Bimini, Andros and New Providence to Crooked Island
and Inagua : — southern United States ; Bermuda ; Jamaica ; Cuba to Porto Rico ;
Guadaloupe to Grenada ; Mexico. Erroneously recorded by C. B. Clarke as Lageno-
carpus guiancnsis Nees, and by Hitchcock as Cladium mariscus (L.) R. Br. SAW
GRASS.

10. SCHOENUS L. Sp. PI. 42. 1753.

Perennial sedges, with stiff, tufted culms, basal, narrow or semiterete
leaves, the 1-few-flowered spikelets clustered, capitate or paniculate, the
clusters subtended by 1 bract or few. Scales imbricated in 2 series, the lower
ones empty the upper subtending flowers. Perianth of 3-6, scabrous or plu-
mose bristles. Stamens 3. Style slender, scarcely enlarged at the base, 3-
cleft, deciduous. Achene trigonous; tubercle none. [Greek, a rush.] Sixty
species or more, mostly natives of the Old World, the following typical.

C1PERACEAE. 57

1. Schoenus nlgricans L. Sp. PI. 43. 1753.

Glabrous; culms 2-7 dm. tall, mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves
similar to the culm, stiff, sharp-pointed, semiterete, 0.5-1.5 mm. thick, their
bases dark brown or nearly black, shining; involucre of 2 bracts, one of them
elongated, sometimes 8 cm. long; spikelets about 1 em. long in a dense, ter-
minal, capitate cluster, 5-8-flowered, compressed, their scales dark chestnut-
brown, or nearly black, lanceolate, carinate, acuminate, somewhat shining;
perianth-bristles 6, plumose; achene ellipsoid, white, shining, about 2 mm. long;
shorter than the bristles.

Swamps, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Crooked Island, Caicos : — Flor-
ida ; Cuba ; southern California ; Europe. BLACK-HEADED SEDGE.

11. SCLKRIA Berg. Vet. Acad. Handl. 26: 142, 1765.

Leafy sedges, mostly perennial, the spikelets small, clustered in terminal,
or terminal and axillary fascicles, or sometimes interruptedly spicate. Flowers
monoecious. Fertile spikelets 1-flowered. Staminate spikelets many-flowTered.
Scales imbricated, the 1-3 lower and sometimes also the upper ones of the fertile
spikelets empty. Perianth none. Style 3-cleft, slender or sometimes swollen
at the base, deciduous. Ovary supported on a disk (hypogynium), or this
wanting. Stamens 1-3. Achene globose or ovoid, obtuse, crustaceous or bony,
white in our species. [Greek, in allusion to the hard fruit.] About 200
species, natives of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: Scleria
Flagellum-nigrorum Berg.

Annual ; achene with sharp transverse ridges. 1. S. verticillata.

Perennial ; achene smooth. 2. £. lithosperma.

1. Scleria verticillata Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 317. 1805.

Roots fibrous; culms very slender or filiform, 3-angled, smooth or nearly
so, erect, 1-5 dm. tall. Leaves very narrowly linear, 0.5-1 mm. wide, erect,
shorter than the culm; spikelets in several separated clusters; bracts bristle-
like; scales glabrous; achene globose, 1 mm. in diameter, crustaceous, marked
by sharp distinct tranverse ridges, or somewhat reticulated; hypogynium none.

Borders of marshes. New Providence : — eastern United States ; Cuba. Low
NUT-RUSK.

2. Scleria lithosperma (L.) Sw. Prodr. 18. 1788.

Scirpus lithospermus L. Sp. PI. 51. 1753.
Scleria filiformis Sw. Prodr. 19. 1788.

Perennial by rather short rootstocks, the culms often clustered, slender,
weak, glabrous, 2-6 dm. long. Leaves 0.5-3 mm. wide, the upper elongated,
the lowest reduced to pubescent or puberulent sheaths; panicles 1-3, distant,
glabrous, small, stalked or the upper sessile; bracts filiform, glabrous; achene
obovoid-ellipsoid, white, smooth, shining, about 2 mm. long, its base trigonous;
hypogynium none.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama. Berry Islands and Andros
to Mariguana and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America ;
Old World tropics. SLENDER NUT-RUSH.

58 ARECACEAE.

Order 6. ARECALES.

Mostly trees with unbranched, erect trunks and a terminal bud, the large
leaves pinnately or palmately divided, forming a terminal crown, the small,
perfect or imperfect flowers usually panicled, sessile or pedicelled, the
panicle subtended by a spathe and usually bracted. Sepals and petals each
3, distinct or connate. Stamens commonly 6, sometimes 9-12; filaments
distinct >or connate below; anthers introrse; pistillate flowers sometimes
with staminodia. Ovary various, 1-celled, 3-celled or of 3 distinct carpels;
style usually short or wanting; ovules 1 in each carpel, anatropous. Fruit
drupaceous, 1-seeded. Seed with horny or cartilaginous endosperm, the
small embryo near the surface.

Family 1. ARECACEAE Rchb.
PALM FAMILY.

Characters of the order. About 150 genera and 1200 species, mostlj
tropical.

Leaves palmately cleft.
Petioles smooth.

Style terminal in fruit.

Endosperm smooth. 1. Thrinax.

Endosperm grooved. 2. Coccothrinax.

Style basal in fruit. 3. Sabal.

Petioles spine-toothed. 4. PauroUs.

Leaves pinnately divided.

Fruit normally 2-3-lobed, not watery within. 5. Pseudophoenix.

Fruit trigonous, large, watery within. 6. Cocos.

1. THRINAX Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788.

Unarmed, mostly tall and slender palms with nearly orbicular, palmately
cleft, long-petioled leaves, the narrow segments mostly 2-cleft at the apex, the
petioles flat, the inflorescence sheathed, paniculately branched, the small, perfect
flowers white. 'Calyx and corolla more or less united into a lobed or truncate
cup. Stamens mostly 6, the filaments connate at the base. Ovary 1-celled;
style terminal, slender; stigma flat or concave. Drupes small, globose. Seed
erect; endosperm horny, not grooved; embryo lateral. [Greek, fan.] About 12
species of Florida, the West Indies and 'Central America. Type species:
Thrinax parviflora Sw.

Fruit essentially sessile. 1. T. microcarpa.

Fruiting pedicels about as long as the fruit. 2. T. parviflora.

1. Thrinax microcarpa Sargent, Gard. & For. 9: 162. 1896.

Thrinax Tceyensis Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 86. 1899.

Thrinnx bahamensis O. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 20. 1902.

A tree, up to 12 m. high, with a trunk 2-2.5 dm. in diameter, usually much
smaller. Leaves 1.5 m. in diameter or less, deeply cleft into many narrow
segments, green and shining above, bluish or silvery-white beneath, the ligule
blunt or acute, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; inflorescence '2 m. long or less, as long as the
leaves or shorter; pedicels very short, disk-like; perianth about 3 mm. long;

ARECACEAE. 59

filaments nearly triangular; drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter, white, very nearly

Sandy and rocky soil, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and
Abaco to Mariguana, Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba. SMALL-FRUITED
THATCH-PALM. BUFFALO-TOP.

2. Thrinax parviflora Sw. Prodr. 57. 1788.

Thrinax floridana Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 84. 1899.

A tree up to 9 m. high or more, with a trunk about 1.5 cm. in diameter.
Leaves up to 1.5 m. in diameter, deeply cleft into numerous narrow segments,
green and shining above, silvery-white beneath, at least when young, the acute
ligule 1-2 cm. long; inflorescence up to 1 m. long; pedicels slender, about 3 mm.
long; drupes 6-9 mm. in diameter, white, distinctly stalked.

Sandy soil, North Cat Cay : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica. LAEGE-FBUITED THATCH-

2. COCCOTHRINAX Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 87. 1899.

Unarmed, tall or low palms, with nearly orbicular, palmately cleft, petioled
leaves, the petioles flat, the segments usually 2-cleft at the apex, the sheathed
inflorescence paniculately branched, the small perfect pedicelled flowers white.
Calyx and corolla united into a 6-lobed perianth. Stamens 9-12; filaments
subulate. Ovary 1 -celled; style terminal; stigma funnelform. Drupes small,
globose. Seed erect; endosperm grooved; embryo lateral. [Greek, berry-
Thrinax.] About 10 species, of Florida and the West Indies. Type species:
Coccothrinax jucunda Sargent.

1. Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sargent, Silva N. A. 14: 85. 1902.

Thrinax argentea Lodd.; E. & S. Syst.*7: 1300. 1830.
Coccothrinax jucunda Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 89. 1899.

Trunk sometimes 10 m. high, usually not more than 6 m., sometimes very
short, 1.5-2 dm. in diameter. Leaves nearly orbicular, 7 dm. broad or less,
cleft to beyond the middle into narrowly lanceolate, acuminate segments,
bright green and shining above, silvery-white beneath, at least when young,
the slender petioles about as long as the blades, their bases expanded into per-
sistent fibrous sheaths; panicles short-stalked, mostly shorter than the petioles;
pedicels 1-3 mm. long, thickened in fruit; flowers about 3 mm. broad; stamens
usually 9; fruit globose, black, 8-12 mm. in diameter.

Throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Berry Islands and Andros to the
Caicos, Inagua and Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal (not observed on Great Bahama) : —
Florida: Cuba; Hispaniola ; Porto Ri2o: St. Thomas: St. Jan: St. Croix : Jamaica.
Recorded by Dolley and by HitchcQck as Thrinax parviflora Sw. SILVER THATCH.
SILVER-TOP. BAY-TOP.

3. SABAL Adans; Guersent, Bull. Soc. Philom. 3: 206. 1803.

Unarmed palms, the stems erect, creeping or subterranean, the leaves
palmately cleft, with a long petiole and a short rachis, the narrow segments
bearing marginal fibres, 1-cleft or 2-cleft, the petiole concave above. Panicles
spreading or drooping. Flowers perfect, white or greenish. Calyx-lobes 3,
unequal. Petals 3, imbricated. Stamens 6 ; filaments subulate or lanceolate,
united at the base. Ovary 3-celled; style 3-angled; stigma truncate. Drupes
solitary, with a thin epicarp and a fleshy pericarp. Seed depressed-globose,

60 ARECACEAE.

hard, the endosperm bony. [Name not explained.] About 18 species, of the
southern United States, Bermuda, West Indies, Mexico, and northern South
America. Type species: Sabal Adansoni Guersent (S. glabra (Mill.) Sargent).

1. Sabal Palmetto (Walt.) Lodd.; R. & S. Syst. 7: 1487. 1830.

Corypha Palmetto Walt. Fl. Car. 119. 1788.
Sabal umbraculifera Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 245. 1839.
Inodes Palmetto O. F. Cook, Bull. Torr. Club 28: 532. 1901.
Sabal Palmetto bahamensis Becc. Palm. Amer. 38. 1907.

Trunk 10-20 m. high, 3-7 dm. in diameter, often clothed, when young,
with persistent leaf-bases. Leaves 1-2.5 m. broad, their many linear-lanceolate
segments 2-cleft and somewhat drooping at the apex, the stout petioles
concave above, often as long as the blades; panicles as long as the leaves or
shorter; flowers wrhite, sessile; calyx cup-shaped, 3-lobed, its lobes obtuse,
about 1 mm. long; petals oblong-lanceolate 5-6 mm. long; stamens about as
long as the petals; drupes globose, black, 6-12 mm. in diameter, the pulp thin.

Borders of marshes, and in rocky soil, throughout the archipelago from Great
Bahama to Watlings, Caicos Islands, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal : — North
Carolina to Florida ; ?Cuba. POND-TOP. POND THATCH. HAT PALMETTO.

4. PAUROTIS O. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 21. 1902.
[AcOELORRAPHE Wendl. Bot. Zeit. 37: 147. Hyponym. 1879.]

A slender, clustered palm, the trunks united underground, forming colonies,
the leaves palmately cleft with spiny-toothed petioles, the large panicles of
greenish- white flowers erect or ascending, the petiole-bases long-persistent.
Flowers very small and numerous, sessile and glomerate. Sepals 3, nearly
orbicular ; petals 3, valvate. Stamens 6 ; filaments short, their bases dilated
and united into a short cup; anthers ovate. Ovary 3-carpellary. Fruit small,
globose. Seed globose, separable from the pericarp, the raphe not intruded
into the endosperm. [Greek, referring to the few spathes of the inflorescence.]
A monotypic genus. Type species: Paurotis androsana O. F. Cook.

1. Paurotis Wrightii (Griseb. & Wendl.) Britton, N. A. Trees 141. 1908.

Copernicia Wrightii Griseb. & Wendl.; Griseb. Cat. PL Cub. 220. 1866.
Serenoa arborescens Sargent, Bot. Gaz. 27: 90. 1899.
Paurotis androsana O. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 22. 1902.

Gregarious; trunks 5-8 m. high or exceptionally 10-15 m., 1-1.5 dm. thick.
Leaves 6-10 dm. in diameter, deeply cleft into linear -lanceolate, acuminate seg-
ments 1-2 cm. broad, light green above, pale green or whitish beneath, 2-cleft
above the middle, the slender, compressed petiole about as long as the blade,
its margins armed with many rigid, triangular, spine-like teeth 4-7 mm. long;
panicles longer than the leaves; flowers about 1.5 mm. broad; fruit 6-8 mm. in
diameter.

Borders of swales and sandy ridges, Andros : — Florida ; Cuba. SAW PALMETTO.
SPANISH-TOP.

5. PSEUDOPHOENIX Wendl. Bot. Gaz. 11: 314. 1886.

Unarmed palms, with a cylindric or somewhat spindle-shaped trunk en-
larged at the base, and large, pinnate leaves of many, narrow segments, the
rachis concave above, the petiole short. Inflorescence drooping, usually much

AKECACEAE. 61

shorter than the leaves. Flowers pedicellate, monoecious, the pistillate with
a short, 3-lobed calyx, 3 valvate petals and 6 stamens or staminodia, the
staminate similar, a little larger. [Greek, false date.] Only one species,
native of Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola. Type species: Pseudo-
phoenix Sargentii Wendl.

1. Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc. Pomona College Journ. Econ. Bot.
2: 268. 1912.

Euterpe vinifera Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 3 : LXXXV. 1845.
Pseudophoenix Sargentii Wendl. Bot. Gaz. 11: 314. 1886.
Cydospathe Northropi O. F. Cook, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 25. 1902.

A tree up to 8 m. high, usually lower, the trunk 2-3 dm. in diameter.
Leaves spreading, 1-2 m. long; petiole concave, thin-margined, 1-2 dm. long;
segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those at the middle of the leaf 4-5 dm.
long, those toward the bai?e and apex shorter; panicle about half as long as
the leaves, its branches rather widely spreading, flattened and angled; petals
ovate or ovate-oblong, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse, yellowish-green; staminodia less
than half as long as the petals; fruiting pedicels 4-6 mm. long; drupe orange-
red, fleshy, normally 2-3-lobed, 1-2 cm. broad, the calyx persistent at its base.

Sandy and rocky soil, Frozen Cay, Berry Islands ; South Bimini ; Andros ; New
Providence ; Ship Channel Cay to Great Exuma ; Little San Salvador ; Mariguana ;
Inagua : — Long Key and Elliott's Key, Florida ; Cuban Cays ; Santo Domingo. Re-
corded by Dolley as Euterpe oleracea Mart. Hoc CABBAGE-PALM. HOG PALMETTO.

6. cdCQS L, Sp. PL 1188. 1753.

Unarmed palms, with pinnate leaves, their numerous segments narrow,
their petioles concave above, the monoecious, bracted flowers mostly densely
clustered among the petioles, the staminate uppermost in the clusters, smaller
than the pistillate. Staminate flowers with 3 small valvate sepals, 3 oblong
valvate petals, and 6 stamens with subulate filaments, the anthers linear.
Pistillate flowers ovoid, the 3 thick sepals imbricated, the 3 coriaceous petals
valvate, the ovary 3-celled, with 2 of the cells usually empty, the ovule ascend-
ing. Fruit 1-seeded, often large, the pericarp fibrous, the bony endocarp 3-
porose near the base. Seed with a hollow or solid endosperm, the embryo op-
posite one of the pores of the endocarp. [The coco-nut.] Perhaps 30 species,
of tropical America and subtropical South America, the following typical one
widely distributed also in the Old World tropics, its original home unknown.

1. Cocos nucifera L. Sp. PI. 1188. 1753.

Trunk up to 30 m. high, usually 10-20 m. Leaves 3-6 m. long, some-
what drooping, short-petioled, the numerous linear-lanceolate, acuminate seg-
ments shining above, 5-7 dm. long, about 5 cm. wide; staminate flowers 10-12
mm. long; pistillate flowers about 2.5 cm. long; fruit ovoid or ellipsoid,
bluntly 3-angled, 2-3 dm. long, the fibrous husk 2-4 cm. thick, the bony endo-
carp 3-5 mm. thick, the hollow endosperm about 1 cm. thick, filled with a clear
saccharine liquid, which ultimately disappears.

Locally spontaneous after cultivation, nearly throughout the archipelago : — all
tropical insular and coastal regions. COCO-NUT.

Eoystonea regia (H.B.K.) O. F. Cook, EOYAL PALM, recorded from the
Bahamas, is known to us in the archipelago only as a planted tree.

62 LEMNACEAE.

Order 7. ARALES.

Monoeotyledonous herbs, mostly fleshy. Inflorescence in the Araceae
(which are not now known to be represented by any wild plants in the
Bahama flora although Schoepf records observing Arum sagittifolium and
Orontium aqhaticum on N'ew Providence in 1784) a fleshy spadix, sub-
tended by a spathe, or naked. The Lemnaceae are minute floating thalloid
plants, with flowers on the margin or back of the thallus.

Family 1. LEMNACEAE Dumort.
DUCKWEED FAMILY.

Minute perennial floating aquatic plants, without leaves or with only
very rudimentary ones. The plant-body consists of a disk-shaped, •» elon-
gated or irregular thallus, Which is loosely cellular, densely chlorophyl-
lous and sometimes bears one or more roots. The vegetative growth is
by lateral branching, the branches being but slightly connected by slender
stalks and soon separating. The inflorescence consists of one or more
naked monoecious flowers borne on a slight lateral prominence on the edge
or upper surface of the plant. Each flower commonly consists of but a
single stamen or a single flask-shaped pistil. The anther is provided with
two to four pollen-sacs, containing spherical minutely barbellate grains.
The pistil is narrowed to the funnel-shaped scar-like stigmatic apex, and
produces 1-6 erect or inverted ovules. The fruit is a 1-6 seeded utricle.
The family comprises the smallest of the flowering plants and contains 4
genera and about 30 species of wide distribution.

1. LEMNA L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753.

Thallus disk-shaped, usually provided with a central nerve and with or
without two or four lateral nerves. Each thallus produces a single root, which
is devoid of vascular tissue and is commonly provided with a thin blunt or
pointed rootcap. The ovary contains from one to six ovules. Fruit ovoid,
more or less ribbed. Endosperm in one or three layers. [Greek, in allusion
to the growth of these small plants in swamps.] About 10 species, in tem-
perate and tropical regions. Type species: Lemna trisulca L.

1. Lemna minor L. Sp. PI. 970. 1753.

Thallus obovate or subcircular, 1.5-5 mm. long, thickish, rarely reddish
or purplish tinged, short-stalked when young, provided throughout with
etomata, nearly symmetrical, obscurely 3-nerved, very rarely 4-5-nerved. Boot-
cap obtuse or subtruncate; fruit symmetrical, subturbinate ; seed with a
prominent protruding hilum, deeply and unequally 12-15-ribbed ; ovule 1.

Water-holes and sink-holes, near The Bight, Cat Island : — North temperate and
subtropical zones, but not known to us elsewhere in the West Indies. DUCK-WEED.

BROMELIACEAE. 63

Order 8. XYRIDALES.

Monocotyledonous herbs, mostly with narrow leaves. Flowers usually
complete, their parts mostly in 3's or 6's. Corolla regular or nearly so
(except in Commelina). Ovary compound, superior. Endosperm of the
seed mealy.

Epiphytic plants with scurfy leaves. Fam. 1. BROMELIACEAE.

Terrestrial plants, their leaves not scurfy. Fam. 2. COMMELINACEAE.

Family 1. BROMELIACEAE J. St. Hil.

PINE-APPLE FAMILY.
•

Epiphytic herbs (some tropical species terrestrial), mostly scurfy, with
elongated, entire or spinulose-serrate leaves. Flowers spiked, panicled,
or solitary, regular and' perfect, usually conspicuously bracted. Perianth
of 3 thin distinct or somewhat united sepals, and 3 clawed distinct or
united petals. Stamens 6, usually inserted on the base of the corolla.
Ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity,
anatropous; style short or elongated; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved in
our species. Seeds numerous, the testa membranous. Embryo small,
situated at the base of the copious endosperm. About 45 genera and 900
species, all natives of tropical and subtropical America.

Style filiform.

Stems thread-like, pendent; flowers solitary, rarely 2. 1. Dendropogon.

Stems not thread-like, rigid; flowers spicate. 2. Tillandsia.

Style short or none. 3. Catopsis.

1. DENDROPOGON Raf. Neog. 3. 1825.

Pendulous, much-branched plants, with thread-like stems and branches,
very narrow, entire leaves and yellow or greenish flowers. Sepals distinct
or very nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens long, the 3 inner ones Home on
the bases of the petals; filaments filiform; anthers linear. Ovary superior;
style columnar; stigmas short. Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds erect,
narrow, supported on a long funiculus which splits into fine threads. [Greek,
tree-beard.] About 3 species, the following typical.

1. Dendropogon usneoides (L.).Raf. El. Tell 4: 25. 1838.

Eenealmia usneoides L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753.
Tillandsia usneoides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 411. 1762.

Stems flexuous, hanging clustered in festoons from the branches of trees,
1-8 m. long, gray and, like the filiform leaves, densely silvery-scurfy all over.
Leaves scattered, 2-8 cm. long, scarcely 1 mm. thick, their bases somewhat
dilated; flowers sessile and solitary or rarely 2 together in the axils of the
leaves; sepals about 6 mm. long, pale green; petals yellow; stamens about as
long as the calyx; capsule linear, 2-3 cm. long, at length splitting into 3 linear
valves.

Hanging from shrubs and trees, New Providence, Cat Island, Inagua :•• — Virginia
to Florida and Texas ; West Indies and continental America south to Paraguay.
SPANISH Moss. OLD MAN'S BEARD.

64 BKOMELIACEAE.

2. TLLLANDSIA L. Sp. PI. 286. 1753.

Epiphytic plants with narrow entire leaves and white, yellow or purple
flowers. Sepals distinct and separate or very nearly so. Petals distinct.
Stamens hypogynous or the three inner ones inserted on the bases of the petals;
filaments filiform; anthers linear or linear-oblong. Ovary superior; style sub-
ulate; stigmas short. Capsule septicidally 3-valved. Seeds erect, narrow, sup-
ported on a long funiculus which splits up into fine threads. [Dedicated to
Elias Tillands, Swedish (?) botanist of the seventeenth century.] About 350
species, natives of warm and tropical America. Type species : Tillandsia utric-
ulata L.

Flowering stems scape-like ; leaves setaceous-filiform. 1. T. recurvata.

Flowering stems leafy, their leaves smaller than the basal ones.
Basal leaves about as long as the flowering stems, or longer.

Leaf-bases strongly convex. 2. T. BalMsiana.

Leaf-bases flat or nearly so.

Leaves soft in texture; bracts ribbed. 3. T. Valenzuelana.

Leaves firm and stiff ; bracts not ribbed. 4. T. fasciculata.

Basal leaves shorter than the flowering stems.
Bracts and flowers erect or appressed.

Stem-leaves with long tips. 5. T. circinata.

Stem-leaves reduced to clasping scales. 6. T. utriculata.

Bracts and flowers spreading. 7. T. aloifolia.

1. Tillandsia recurvata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 410. 1762.

Stems clustered on the branches of trees or shrubs, sometimes on other
objects, even on telegraph wires, often forming large masses, the leaf -bearing
part 3-8 cm. long, terminated by a scape-like, 1-5-flowered (mostly 2-flowered),
very slender peduncle 5-12 cm. long. Leaves filiform-setaceous, about as long
as the peduncle or shorter, densely covered with soft, spreading scales, their
bases a little dilated; bracts lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate,
acute, shorter than the bracts ; petals blue, narrow, about as long as the bracts ;
capsule linear, prismatic, 2-2.5 cm. long.

On trees and shrubs, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Great
Exuma, Acklin's Island, Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical
America. THREAD-LEAVED WILD PINE.

2. Tillandsia Balbisiana Schultes; E. & S. Syst. 7: 1212. 1830.

Plants usually solitary on trees or shrubs, sometimes clustered. Leaves
densely appressed-scurfy, linear-attenuate from much dilated bases which
form a swollen cluster 2-6 dm. long, the lower ones often as long as the rather
slender flowering stems, sometimes longer; inflorescence narrow; spikes 3-8,
compressed, 5-10 cm. long, the flowers rather close together; bracts oblong-
lanceolate, acute, 1.5-2 cm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, about as
long as the bracts; petals blue, 4-5 cm. long; capsule subcylindric, about twice
as long as the bracts.

On shrubs and low trees, in coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Abaco,
Andros, New Providence, Crooked Island, Inagua, Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba ; His-
paniola ; Jamaica ; Central America. BALBIS' WILD PINE. CUTTLEFISH.

Referred to T. polystachya L., in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3 : 441, as determined
by Prof. Wittmack, but that species is not definitely known to us from the
archipelago, although also recorded by Schoepf as observed by him in 1784.

3. Tillandsia Valenzuelana A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 267. 1850.

Plants usually clustered on trees or shrubs, densely appressed-scurfy.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually attenuate from near the base, soft in

BEOMELIACEAE. 65

texture, 4 dm. long or less, the lower often as long as the flowering stems,
their bases 2-4 cm. wide, the upper similar, much smaller; spikes few or
several, rather loosely flowered, 7-12 cm. long; bracts pink, numerous, 1.5-2
cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute; sepals lanceolate, rather shorter than the
bracts; petals blue, 2-3 cm. long; capsules linear-prismatic, about twice as
long as the bracts.

On trees in coppices, Marsh Harbor, Abaco : — Florida ; Cuba, Jamaica ; Mexico
to Colombia. VALENZUELA'S WILD PINE.

4. Tillandsia fasciculata Sw. Prodr. 56. 1788.

Plants usually clustered on trees, the flowering stems stout, 2-6 dm. long.
Leaves densely appressed-scurfy, lanceolate-attenuate, their bases 5 cm. wide
or less, the lower ones often as long as the flowering stems, the upper smaller;
spikes subdigitate, compressed, 5-15 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute, many-
flowered; bracts oblong, acute, appressed, rigid, 2-3 cm. long, red or reddish;
sepals lanceolate, about as long as the bracts; petals blue, nearly twice as long
as the sepals; capsules as long as the bracts or somewhat longer.

On trees and shrubs, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Cat Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies and
continental tropical America. CLUSTEKED WILD PINE. DOG-DRINK-WATER. Catesby,
2 : pi. 89.

5. Tillandsia circinata Schl. Linnaea 18: 430. 1844.

Tillandsia ZmJ&osa Chapm. Fl. S. States 471. 1860. Not Hook. 1827.

Plants usually clustered on trees or shrubs, 1-3 dm. high, densely silvery
scaly. Lowest leaves ovate, acute, 1.5-3 cm. long, the next with broadly ex-
panded bases 2-4 cm. wide, abruptly narrowed above into linear-attenuate, usually
recurved tips 2-8 cm. long; the upper ones similar, smaller; spikes 1-3, com-
pressed, 1-2 dm. long, rather dense; bracts oblong to lanceolate, little spread-
ing, 2-3 cm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, about 2 cm. long; petals blue,
2.5-3 cm. long; capsules 2-3 times as long as the bracts.

On trees and shrubs, Great Bahama, New Providence, Andros, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's, Fortune, Inagua, Mariguana, Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Mexico.
Erroneously called Wild Onion. SILVEBY WILD PIKE.

6. Tillandsia utriculata L. Sp. PL 286. 1753.

Plants solitary or clustered on trees or shrubs, large, sometimes 4 m. high.
Basal leaves numerous, densely appressed-scaly, 3-7 dm. long, lanceolate-atten-
uate with bases gradually expanded and 5-10 cm. wide, the lower ones of tlie
flowering stem similar, but smaller, the upper reduced to acute sheathing scales
2-4 cm. long; inflorescence usually much branched, the branches long, ascend-
ing or nearly erect; spikes few-flowered; bracts oblong, appressed, 1.5-3 cm.
long; sepals oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long; petals white or nearly white, shorter than
the stamens; capsules subcylindric, 4-5 cm. long.

On trees and shrubs, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence,
Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's Island, Little Inagua, Inagua : —
Florida ; Cuba to Anegada and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America.
SWOLLEN WILD PINE.

7. Tillandsia aloifolia Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 205, 1826.

Tillandsia flexuosa Lindl. Bot. Eeg. pi. 749. 1823. Not Sw. 1788.

Plants usually solitary on trees or shrubs, 3—10 dm. long, the flowering
stem much longer than the densely appressed-scurfy leaves. Lowest leaves
ovate, acute, 8 cm. long or less, the next lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, 10-20
cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide near the base, those of the stem sheathing, acute, 2-5

f>6 COMMELINACEAE.

cm. long; inflorescence paniculate; bracts linear-lanceolate, concave, spreading,
2-3 cm. long; sepals oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long; petals white to purple, about 2
cm. long; stamens longer than the petals; capsules cylindric, pointed, about
twice as long as the bracts.

On trees and rocks, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Great Exuma, Crooked Island. Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, Inagua, Mariguana
and Caicos Islands : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Grenada ; Curagao ;
Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. FLEXUOUS WILD PIXE.

As to the Tillandsia canescens Sw., doubtfully recorded from Abaco by
Eaton and Setchell, collected by Herrick, the determination was based on a
very young plant without flowers or fruit; an examination of the specimen
shows that it can not be certainly named, but it may be T. fasciculata Sw.

3. CATOPSIS Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 599. 1864.

Epiphytic herbs, the basal leaves tufted, lepidote, entire, the flowering
stem scapose, usually longer than the leaves, the inflorescence spicate or
paniculate, the white or yellow flowers sessile. Flowers perfect or sometimes
dioecious. Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals distinct. Stamens shorter
than the petals, those of pistillate flowers very short, with sterile anthers,
those of staminate or perfect flowers with slender filaments and ovate or
elliptic anthers. Ovary of pistillate or perfect flowers ovoid or ellipsoid;
style shorter than the ovary or none. Capsule septicidally dehiscent above the
middle. Seeds thick, comose. [Greek, a view, the significance not evident.]
About 16 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Catopsis
nutans (Sw.) Griseb.

1. Catopsis Berteroniana (Schultes) Mez. in DC. Mon. Pham. 9: 621. 1896.
Tillandsia Berteroniana Schultes; K. & S. Syst. 7: 1221. 1830.

Plants solitary or clustered on trees or shrubs. Basal leaves numerous,
tufted, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, thin, 1-4 dm. long, acute or acuminate,
pale green and whitish-pruinose ; flowering stem rather slender, 3-9 dm. high,
clothed with small, appressed narrowly lanceolate leaves; inflorescence panicu-
late; flowers close together or the lower distant; bracts subcoriaceous, ovate to
oval, obtuse, 6-8 mm. long; sepals oval, a little longer than the bracts; petals
white, oblong, about as long as the sepals; capsule ovoid, 6-10 mm. long.

On trees and shrubs in coppices, Abaco, Andros, New Providence : — Florida :
Cuba ; Jamaica ; northern South America. Recorded by Eaton and Setchell and by
Dolley as C. nutans Griseb., by Hitchcock as C. vitellina (L. K. & O.) Baker.
MEALY WILD PINE. Catesby, 2 : pi. 77.

Bromelia Pinguin L. is recorded as a Bahamian plant by Dolley, but we
have not found it wild on any island visited. It is widely distributed in the
southern West Indies, and has been planted in the Bahamas.

Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez. [Tillandsia lingulata L.] recorded by Schoepf
as seen by him in New Providence in 1784, is not known to inhabit the Bahamas
at the present time.

Family 2. COMMELINACEAE Rchb.
SPIDERWORT FAMILY.

Perennial or annual leafy herbs with regular or irregular perfect and
often showy flowers in cymes, commonly subtended by spathe-like or leafy
bracts. Perianth of 2 series; a calyx of mostly 3 persistent sepals and a

COMMELINACEAE. 67

corolla of mostly 3 membranous and deciduous or fugacious petals.
Stamens mostly 6, hypogynous, rarely fewer, all similar and perfect or 2
or 3 of them different from the others and sterile; filaments filiform or
somewhat flattened; anthers 2-celled, mostly longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary superior, sessile or very nearly so, 2-3-celled; ovules 1 or several
in each cell, anatropous or half anati'opous; style simple; stigmas termi-
nal, entire or obscurely 2-3-lobed. Seeds solitary or several in each cell
of the capsule. Capsule 2-3-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Embryo
small. Endosperm copious. About 25 genera and 350 species, mostly
natives of tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones.

Fertile stamens 1-3. 1 Commelina.

Fertile stamens 5 or 6. 2. Rhoeo.

1. COMMELINA L. Sp. PI. 40. 1753.

Somewhat succulent, branching herbs, with short-petioled or sessile leaves,
and irregular mostly blue flowers in sessile cymes subtended by spathe-like
bracts. Sepals unequal, the larger ones sometimes slightly united. Petals
unequal, 2 of them larger than the third. Perfect stamens 3, rarely 2, one of
them incurved and its anther commonly larger. Sterile stamens usually 3,
smaller, their anthers various. Filaments all glabrous. Capsule 3-celled.
Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, the testa roughened, smooth or reticulated. [Dedi-
cated to Kaspar Gommelin, 1667-1731, Dutch botanist.] About 95 species of
wide distribution in warm and temperate regions. Type species: Commelina
communis L.

Spathes not united at the base. 1- C. longicaulis.

Spathes united at the base. 2. C. elegans.

1. Commelina longicaulis Jacq. Coll. 3: 234. 1789.

Glabrous or very nearly so; stems procumbent or creeping, 3-8 dm. long.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at
the apex, their sheaths sometimes ciliate; spathe acuminate, 1-2.5 cm. long,
peduncled, the 2 bracts not united by their margins; flowers few in each
spathe, 6-12 mm. broad; ventral cavities of the ovary 2-ovuled, the dorsal 1-
ovuled; capsule commonly 5-seeded (2 seeds in each of the ventral cells, 1 in
the dorsal) ; seeds oblong, reticulated, about 2 mm. long.

Moist waste places, New Providence : — all tropical and warm temperate regions.
Referred by previous authors to C. nudiflora L. CREEPING DAY-FLOWER.

2. Commelina elegans H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 1: 259. 1816.

Stems branching at the base, the branches decumbent, rooting at the
nodes, with puberulent intesnodes; leaves lanceolate to elliptic or oblong-
lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, often rounded at the
base, the sheaths 1-1.5 cm. long, naked or sparingly ciliate on the margin;
spathes short-peduncled, glabrous or puberulent, 1.5-2 cm. long, acute; petals
blue or white; capsules obovoid, 4 mm. long, reticulated especially on the
dorsal lobe; seeds 3, smooth.

Moist shaded situations, New Providence : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies
and continental tropical America. ?C. communis of Schoepf. LARGER DAY-FLOWER.

68 LILIACEAE.

2. RHOEO Hance; Walp. Ann. 3: 659. 1852-3.

A somewhat fleshy, short-stemmed, low herb, glabrous throughout or the
mouth of the leaf -sheathe pilose, the leaves much longer than the large-bracted
inflorescence, the axillary peduncles simple or forked, the umbelled flowers
almost concealed within the bracts. Sepals 3, petal-like, ovate-lanceolate,
distinct. Petals 3, ovate. Stamens 6, nearly equal; filaments pilose; anthers
oblong. Ovary 3-celled, sessile; ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit a
3-valved capsule. Seeds rugose. [Name unexplained.] A monotypic genus.

1. Rhoeo discolor (L'Her.) Hance; Walp. Ann. 3: 660. 1852-3.
Tradescantia discolor L'Her. Sert. Angl. 5. 1788.

Stems stout, 2-15 cm. high, about 1.5 cm. thick, often clustered and
sometimes forming large colonies. Leaves few, nearly erect, oblong-lanceolate,
2-4 dm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, acuminate, dark green above, purple beneath,
rather fleshy; peduncles 2-4 cm. long; bracts compressed-conduplicate, broader
than high, 1.5-3 cm. high, acute; umbel many-flowered; pedicels about 1 cm.
long; petals white, 5-8 mm. long; capsule ovoid, obtuse, 3-angled, about 4 mm.
long; seeds about 3 mm. long.

Shaded walls and other rocky places, Andros, New Providence : — Cuba to St.
Thomas and Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico. OYSTER PLANT. BOAT LILY.

Schoepf records Trad'escantia virginica, L. as seen by him in New Providence
in 1784, but this United States species is not now known to grow in the Bahamas.

Order 9. LILIALES.

Monocotyledonous plants, mostly with well-developed perianth, the
flowers usually regular and complete, and their parts in 3's or 6's. Ovary
superior or inferior, compound. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or horny.

Ovary superior (partly inferior in Aletris).
Herbaceous plants or vines.

Pruit a capsule. Fam. 1. LILIACEAE.

Fruit a fleshy berry ; dioecious vines. Fam. 2. SMILACACEAE.

Large tall woody plants. Fam. 3. DRACAENACEAE.

Ovary inferior.

Stamens 6 in our species.

Erect perennial herbs ; flowers perfect. Fam. 4. AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Twining vines ; flowers dioecious. Fam. 5. DIOSCOREACEAB.

Stamens 3, opposite the outer corolla-segments. Fam. 6. TRIDACEAE.

Family 1. LILIACEAE Adans.
LILY FAMILY.

Scapose or leafy-stemmed herbs from bulj>s or corms, or rarely with
rootstocks or a woody caudex (Yucca), the leaves various. Flowers soli-
tary or clustered, regular, mostly perfect. Perianth parted into 6 distinct
or nearly distinct segments, or these more or less united into a tube in-
ferior or partly superior (Aletris). Stamens 6, hypogynous or borne on
the perianth or at the bases of its segments; anthers 2-celled, mostly in-
trorse, sometimes extrorse. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules few or numerous in each
cavity, anatropous or amphitropous; styles united; stigma 3-1'obed or
capitate. Fruit a usually loculicidal capsule, or in Yucca sometimes fleshy

LILIACEAE. 69

and indehiscent. Seeds various, winged or wingless. Embryo in copious
endosperm. About 125 genera and 1300 species, widely distributed.

Cavities of the fruit each 1-seeded. 1. Aloe.
Cavities of the fruit many-seeded.

Fruit with a thin rupturing pericarp. 2. Cordyline.

Fruit a loculicidal capsule. 3. Aletris.

1. ALOE L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753.

Succulent plants with a short or elongated caudex, the thick tufted leaves
with spiny-toothed margins, the racemose flowers nodding. Perianth sub-
cylindric, the segments connivent or coherent, their tips somewhat spreading.
Stamens 6, with slender filaments and oblong anthers. Ovary sessile, 3-angled
and 3-celled; style filiform, tipped by the small stigma; ovules many in each
cavity of the ovary. Capsule leathery, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds numer-
ous, black. [Name ancient.] Over 75 species, mostly African. Type species:
Aloe perfoliata L.

1. Aloe vera L. Sp. PI. 320. 1753.

Alee vulgaris Lam. Encycl. 1: 86. 1783.

Aloe perfoliata vera L. Sp. PI. 320. 1753.

Aloe ~barbadensis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.

Acaulescent, or nearly so, stoloniferous. Leaves 3-6 dm. long, narrowly
lanceolate, long-acuminate, turgid, very watery within, pale glaucous-green, the
marginal spiny teeth 1 cm. apart or less; scape stout, 6-12 dm. high, bearing
distant, broad, acute scales; raceme dense, 1-3 dm. long; bracts lanceolate,
acute, longer than the short pedicels: flowers yellow, about 2.5 cm. long;
stamens about as long as the perianth, the style longer.

Coastal rocks, snnrf olnins and dunes, spontaneous after cultivation, Great
Exuma. Cat Islnnd. North, East and South Caicos and Salt Cay. Native of the
Mediterranean Region, escaped in Bermuda, the West Indies and Central America.
ALOES.

2. CORDYLINE Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 54, 543. 1763.
[SANSEVIERIA Thunb. Prodr. Fl. Cap. 65. 1794.]

Fleshy perennial herbs, the leaves tufted, basal, flat or terete, elongated,
containing a strong fibre, the rather large flowers in a raceme at the end of a
simple scape. Perianth-tube slender, its lobes narrow, spreading. Stamens 6,
borne near the top of the perianth- tube, the filaments filiform, the anthers
oblong or linear. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, erect. Fruit with a
thin pericarp. Seeds 1-3, subglobose, fleshy. [Greek, a club.] About 25
species, natives of Asia and Africa. Type species: Aloe Jiyacinthoides L.

1. Cordyline guineensis (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 35. 1918.

Aletris Tiyacintnoides guianensis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 456. 1762.

Aletris guineensis Jacq. Hort. Vind. 1: 36. 1770.

Sansevieria guineensis Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 159. 1799.

Leaves linear, 1 m. long or less, nearly flat, 5-8 cm. wide, dark green and
mottled, narrowed at both ends. Scape about as long as the leaves; raceme
many-flowered; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; perianth nearly white, its lobes about

70 SMILACACEAE.

1.5 cm. long, linear or linear-spatulate, recurved, somewhat shorter than the
tube.

Waste grounds, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence : — Florida ; Porto
Rico ; Cuba ; St. Thomas ; St. Croix ; Jamaica. Native of tropical Africa. AFRICAN
BOWSTRING-HEMP.

3. ALETRIS L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753.

Scapose perennial bitter fibrous-rooted herbs, with basal lanceolate leaves,
and small, white or yellow, bracted perfect flowers in a terminal spike-like
raceme. Perianth oblong or campanulate, roughened without, 6-lobed, its lower
part adnate to the ovary. Stamens 6, inserted on the perianth at the bases of
the lobes, included; anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled; ovules numerous, anat-
ropous; style 3-cleft above; stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid, enclosed
by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds oblong,
ribbed. Embryo small. Endosperm fleshy. [Greek, signifying to grind corn,
apparently in allusion to the rough, mealy flowers.] About 8 species, natives
of eastern N. Am. and Asia. Type species: Aletris farinosa L.

1. Aletris "bracteata Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 27. 1902.

Basal leaves tufted, grayish green, spreading, narrowly lanceolate, 10 cm.
long or less, 6-10 mm. wide, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
those of the scape few, distant and very small. Scape about 6 dm. high,
erect; raceme erect, many-flowered; pedicels about 1 mm. long; bracts subu-
late, 4-6 mm. long; perianth wrhite, 6-8 mm. long, tubular-oblong, about 3 mm.
thick, its oblong-lanceolate lobes about one-fourth as long as the tube; anthers
longer than the filaments; fruit oval, about 5 mm. long.

Wet grounds in savannas and pine-barrens, Abaco and Andros : — Florida.
SOUTHERN COLIC-ROOT.

Family 2. SMILACACEAE Vent.
SMILAX FAMILY.

Mostly vines with wood}' or herbaceous, often prickly stems. Leaves
alternate, netted-veined, several-nerved, petioled. Petiole sheathing, bear-
ing a pair of slender tendril-like appendages, persistent, the blade falling
away. Flowers small, mostly green, dioecious, in axillary umbels. Peri-
anth-segments 6. Stamens mostly 6, distinct; filaments ligulate; anthers
basifixed, 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 3-celled, the cavities opposite the inner
perianth-segments; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, orthotropous ; style very
short or none; stigmas 1-3. Fruit a globose berry containing 1-6 brownish
seeds. Endosperm horny, copious; embryo small, oblong, remote from the
hilum. Genera 3, only the following in North America ; species about 230,
in warm and temperate regions.

1. SMILAX L. Sp. PI. 1028. 1753.

Eootstocks usually large and tuberous, stems usually twining, and climb-
ing by means of the coiling appendages of .the petiole. Lower leaves reduced
to scales. Flowers regular. Perianth-segments distinct, deciduous. Pedicels
borne on a globose or conic receptacle, inserted in small pits, generally among

SMILACACEAE. 71

minute bractlets. Filaments inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments.
Staminate flowers without an ovary. Pistillate flowers usually smaller than the
staminate, usually with 1-6 abortive stamens. Berry black, red or purple
(rarely white), with 3 strengthening bands of tissue running through the outer
part of the pulp, connected at the base and apex. Embryo lying under a
tubercle at the upper end of the seed. [Ancient Greek name, perhaps not
originally applied to these plants.] About 225 species of wide distribution,
most abundant in tropical America and Asia. Type species: Smilax aspera L.

Leaves normally armed with prickels ; leaves coriaceous. 1. 8. havanensis.
Leaves unarmed.

Leaves chartaceous, ovate, mostly 2-lobed near the base. 2. S. auriculata.

Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate. 3. S. laurifolia.

1. Srnilax havanensis Jacq. Enum. 33. 1760.

Smilax havanensis dentata O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 40, as to

Bahama plant, 1904.

Smilax havaaiensis ovata laevis O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 41. 1904.
Smilax oblongata O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 42, as to Bahama plant. 1904.
Smilax oblongata viscifolia O. E. Schulz, loc, cit. 43, at least as to Bahama

plant. 1904.
Smilax populnea O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 43, as to Bahama plant. 1904.

Woody, climbing or trailing, armed with short hooked prickles or nearly
unarmed, 1-4 m. long, the branches angled, often zigzag. Leaves coriaceous,
oblong to ovate or suborbicular, spinulose-dentate or entire, 2-12 cm. long,
reticulate-veined, 3-7-nerved, obtuse, mucronate or emarginate at the apex,
rounded, narrowed or subcordate at the base, the petioles 10-18 mm. long, the
stipular sheaths about half as long as the petioles; peduncles about as long as
the petioles, 4-30-flowered; pedicels about 4 mm. long; flowers 2-3 mm. broad,
the staminate somewhat larger than the pistillate; sepals and petals oblong;
berries black, subglobose or ovoid, 4-6 mm. in diameter.

Rocky and sandy soil, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama south to the Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola. Our field
observations, and specimens, show that the synonyms cited above are of no value
in differentiating the large number of races which constitute this species ; there
being a wide range in leaf-form and venation and in the relative number of prickles ;
also in the relative leanness of the upper parts of the plants ; individual specimens
may be unarmed. Hitchcock referred a part of his specimens of this species to S.
dominyensis Willd. PRICKLY GREEN-BRIER. SAW-BRIER. CHINA-BRIER. CHANEY-VINE.

2. Smilax auriculata Walt. Fl. Car. 245. 1788.

Smilax Beyrichii Kunth, Enum, PI. 5: 207. 1850.

A glabrous vine, often 5 m. long or longer, trailing or climbing, th«
branches angular, zigzag, bearing a few prickles or unarmed. Leaves oblong
to ovate, chartaceous, 2-10 cm. long, abruptly short-pointed, narrow or obtuse
at the base, often dilated or auricled below, shining, coarsely reticulate-veined,
the stout petioles 6-10 mm. long; peduncle 3-12 mm. long; pedicels several or
many, slender, 4-10 mm. long; flowers yellowish-green, fragrant; sepals and
petals of staminate flowers nearly linear, 4-5 mm. long, those of pistillate
flowers oblong, about 2.5 mm. long; berries black, globose, about 5 mm. in
diameter.

Coppices, scrub-lands, savannas and pine-barrens, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros,
South Cat Cay, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Georgia to Florida and Louisiana.
AURICLED GREENBRIER. CHINA-BRIER.

72 DRACAENACEAE.

3. Smilax laurifolia L. Sp. PI. 1030. 1753.

Rootstocks bearing tubers sometimes 1.5 dm. thick; stem high- climbing,
terete,- armed with strong straight prickles, the branches angled, mostly un-
armed. Petioles stout, 6-16 mm. long; leaves leathery, evergreen, elliptic or
oblong-lanceolate, acute or abruptly cuspidate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, entire, 3-nerved, or sometimes with an additional pair of nerves near the
margins, 5-11 cm. long; peduncles stout, angled, 4-20 mm. long; umbels 6-30-
flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; staminate flowers 4—6 mm. long; anthers
usually about one-third shorter than the filaments; stigma 1, sometimes 2;
berries black, ovoid, 4-6 mm. thick.

Border of swamp, Delaport, New Providence ; coppices at Staniard Creek,
Andros : — Southeastern United States ; Cuba. LAUREL-LEAVED GREENBRIER. Catesby
1 : pi. 15.

Smilax Walteri Pursh, attributed to the Bahamas by O. E. Schulz, from a
specimen supposed to have been collected by Maerter, preserved in the Munich
herbarium, has not been found on any of the islands in the course of our
explorations; we presume the specimen was collected in the United States.

Family 3. DRACAENACEAE Link.
DRACAENA FAMILY.

Perennial, often large, woody plants, mostly with erect and leafy stems,
the leaves alternate, the flowers in terminal panicles or racemes. Sepals
and petals each 3, nearly alike. 'Stamens 6; filaments distinct; anthers
2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled ; ovules 2 to numerous in each cavity ;
styles united. Fruit capsular or baccate, dry or fleshy, loculicidally dehis-
cent or rarely indehiscent. About 10 genera and 100 species, natives of
warm and tropical regions.

1. YUCCA L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753.

Large plants, with a short sometimes subterranean caudex, or tall woody
and leafy stem, or bracted scape, the leaves linear or lanceolate, usually rigid
and sharp-pointed, bearing long marginal thread-like fibres in our species.
Flowers large, nodding in a terminal raceme or panicle. Perianth campanulate,
or nearly globular, white in our species, of 6 ovate, or ovate-lanceolate connivent
segments. Stamens hypogynous, shorter than the perianth ; filaments thickened
above; anthers small, versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled;
ovules numerous; style columnar, short, with 3 stigmatic lobes. Fruit a cap-
sule, or fleshy, or spongy and indehiscent. Seeds numerous, flattened, hori-
zontal. [The Haitien name.] About 30 species, natives of North and Central
America. Type species: Yucca aloifolia L.

1. Yucca aloifolia L. Sp. PI. 319. 1753.

Caudex stout, up to 3.3 m. high, often branched; plant usually growing in
colonies, forming large masses. Leaves 1 m. long or less, stiff, sharp-pointed,
the upper spreading, the older lower ones deflexed, the base expanded; panicle
ample, often 6 dm. long, showy; perianth white or purplish-tinged, about 5 cm.
long, its segments oblong; capsule pulpy, indehiscent, oblong, 6-8 cm. long;
seeds thin.

Sand dunes, New Providence : — Bermuda ; Florida to Louisiana ; Cuba ; Jamaica •
Mexico. SPANISH BAYONET.

AMARYLLIDACEAE. 73

Family 4. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl.
AMARYLLIS FAMILY.

Perennial herbs (some tropical species woody or even arboreous), with
bulbs or rootstocks, scapose or sometimes leafy stems and usually narrow
and entire leaves. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so. Perianth 6-
parted or 6-lobed, the segments or lobes distinct, or united below into a
tube which is adnate to the surface of the ovary (adnate only to the lower
part of the ovary in Lophiola). Stamens 6 in our genera, inserted on the
bases of the perianth-segments or in the throat of the perianth opposite the
lobes. Anthers versatile or basifixed, 2-celled, the sacs usually longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary wholly or partly inferior, usually 3-celled.
Style filiform, entire, lobed, or cleft into 3 stigmas at the summit. Ovules
usually numerous, rarely only 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary, ana-
tropous. Fruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds mostly black, the embryo
small, enclosed in fleshy endosperm. About 70 genera and 800 species,
principally natives of tropical and warm regions, some in the temperate
zones.

Plants with rootstocks or corms.

Inflorescence umbellate; capsule circumscissile ; low herbs. 1. Hypoxis.
Inflorescence paniculate ; capsule 3-valved ; large plants with

flowers on tall scapes.

Perianth funnelform. 2. Agave.

Perianth rotate-campanulate. 3. Furcraea.

Bulbous plants.

Filaments distinct. 4. Atamosco.

Filaments united below into a cup. 5. Hymenocallis.

1. HYPOXIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 986. 1759.

Low, mostly villous herbs, with a corm or short rootstock, grass-like leaves
and slender few-flowered scapes, the flowers rather small. Perianth 6-parted,
its segments equal or nearly so, separate to the summit of the ovary, withering-
persistent. Stamens inserted on the bases of the perianth-segments; filaments
short; anthers erect, sagittate or entire. Ovary 3-celled; style short; stigmas
3, erect; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity. Capsule thin-walled, not
dehiscent by valves. Seeds globular, black, laterally short-beaked by their
stalks. [Greek, originally given to some plant with sour leaves.] About 50
species, widely distributed. Type species: Hypoxis decumbens L.

1. Hypoxis juncea J. E. Smith, Spic. 15. 1792.

Leaves linear-filiform, curved, '3 dm. long or less, 1-2 mm. wide, glabrous
above, sheathing at the base. Scapes 2 or 3 together or solitary, filiform,
mostly shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered or 2-flowered at the summit, weak,
reclining or prostrate when old; bracts linear-subulate; perianth about 2 cm.
broad, its acute segments oblong-lanceolate, pubescent outside, yellow within;
capsule 4-6 mm. long; seeds about 0.8 mm. in diameter.

Grassy places and in pine-barrens, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : —
Georgia to Florida, west to Texas ; Cuba. SOUTHERN YELLOW-EYED GRASS.

2. AGAVE L. Sp. PL 323. 1753.

Fleshy herbs, some species very tall, with a short crown-like or erect
caudex and a tall bracted scape, the leaves large, thick, sometimes spiny-toothed,

74 AMARYLLLDACEAE.

basal, or clustered at the top of the caudex, the large bracted flowers in
terminal spikes or compound clusters. Perianth tubular or funnelform, wither-
ing-persistent, with 6 equal or nearly equal lobes. Stamens inserted on the
perianth at the bases of the lobes, exserted. Ovary 3-celled; style slender,
exserted, 3-lobed; ovules numerous, in 2 rows in each cavity of the ovary.
Capsule 3-lobed, thick-walled, many-seeded. Seeds compressed, somewhat
cuneate, black. [Greek, signifying noble.] Perhaps 150 species. All these
plants, except the Sisal, are called "Bamboo" in the Bahamas. We have
copied here the original descriptions of the Bahama species by Professor Tre-
lease, who had all our specimens for his investigation, and we have nothing to
add to them.

Plants not suckering; leaves broad, fleshy, curved.

Leaves broad and stout, about 3 times as long as wide. 1. A. Braceana.

Leaves elongated-lanceolate, much longer than wide.

Prickles of the leaf-margins 10-25 mm. apart, 2-5

mm. long.
Capsules broadly oblong.

Leaves dull, gray ; spine rather short. 2. A. bahamana.

Leaves somewhat glossy, greenish ; spine

elongated. 3. A. MillspaugMi.

Capsules narrowly oblong. 4. A. cacozela.

Prickles 5-10 mm. apart, about 1 mm. long.

Spine stout ; prickles often with lenticular bases. 5. A. acklinicola.
Spine slender ; prickles not lenticular. 6. A. indagatorum.

Plants freely suckering ; leaves narrow, hard, straight.
Leaves erect ; flowers 3.5-5 cm. long, yellow.

Leaves gradually tapering, deeply concave ; prickles

deltoid. 7. A. Nashii.

Leaves abruptly acute, nearly flat ; prickles slender. 8. A. inaguensis.

Leaves ascending ; flowers 4.5-6.5 cm. long, yellow-green. 9. A. stsalana.

1. Agave Braceana Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sei. 11: 40. 1913

Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves gray, broadly oblanceolate. nearly
flat, 19 by 65 cm. (or larger?); sj)ine from brownish becoming gray, smooth,
dull, straight or gently curved, conical, flat or round-grooved to about the
middle or becoming involute, 3 by 10-15 mm., slightly decurrent; prickles
usually 5-10 mm. apart, 2-3 mm. long, straight or the lower gently recurved,
triangular, scarcely lenticular at base, the intervening margin straight, or con-
cave when they are raised on low green bases; inflorescence about 7 m. high,
paniculate; pedicels about 10 mm. long; flowers golden-yellow, 40-45 mm.
long; ovary 20 mm. long, nearly half as long again as the perianth, oblong-
fusiform; tube conical, about 7 mm. deep; segments 3-4 by 15-17 mm., three-
fourths as long as the ovary; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 35 mm.
long, about twice as long as the segments; capsules broadly oblong, 20 by 35
mm., shortly stipitate and beaked ; seeds 6 by 8 mm. ; bulbils unknown.

Rocky and sandy soil, Abaco; Great Bahama; Andros (?). Endemic. BRACE'S
CENTURY-PLANT.

2. Agave bahamana Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 40. 1913.

Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves dull grayish, rather narrowly lanceo-
late, concave, occasionally somewhat plicate, 15 by 200-300 cm.; spine from
brownish becoming gray, smooth, dull, slightly recurved, stoutly conical,
usually becoming involutely grooved below the middle, 4-5 by 10-15 mm., de-
current ; prickles usually 5-10 mm. apart, 3-5 mm. long, reduced above and
below, straight or the longer ones appressed-recurved, triangular, scarcely
lenticular at base, sometimes on small green prominences, the intervening
margin nearly straight; inflorescence about 10 m. high, the upper third or so

AMARYLLIDACEAE. 75

ovoid-paniculate with slightly ascending branches; bracts deltoid, not im-
bricated; pedicels about 10 mm. long; flowers golden, 50-60 mm. long; ovary
30-35 mm. long, half as long again as the perianth, oblong-fusiform; tube
conical, about 7 mm. deep; segments 4 by 15 mm., about half as long as the
ovary, filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 30-35 mm. long, more than twice
as long as the segments; capsules oblong, 25 by 50 mm., shortly stipitate and
be'aked; seeds 6 by 8 mm.

Rocky plains and ridges, Berry Islands, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Cave Cay
and Great Exuma. Endemic. Erroneously referred by Dolley and by Urban to
Agave americana L. ; by Hitchcock to Agave sobolifera Salm-Dyck. ; and by Mrs.
Northrop and Coker to Agave rigida Mill. BAHAMA CENTURY-PLANT.

The four following species described by Professor Trelease, may be but
races of A. ~bahamana.

3. Agave Millspaughii Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 41. 1913.

Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves somewhat glossy, green, narrowly ob-
lanceolate, concave, 15 by 125 cm. or more; spine red-brown, smooth, rather
dull, straight, conical, triquetrous or V-grooved below the middle, 3-4 by 15-20
mm., decurrent for its length or more; prickles usually 15-25 mm. apart, 3-5
mm. long, straight and spreading or occasionally reflexed sometimes with up-
curved tips, narrowly triangular, scarcely lenticular at base, the intervening
margin nearly straight; inflorescence large, paniculate; bracts broadly tri-
angular; pedicels about 10 mm. long; flowers (yellow?) 50 mm. long; ovary
25 mm. long, little longer than the perianth, fusiform; tube conical, about 7
mm. deep ; segments 4 by 15-20 mm., three-fourths as long as the ovary ;
filaments inserted nearly in the throat, scarcely 30 mm. long, about one-half
longer than the segments; capsules short-oblong, 20 by 35 mm., shortly stipi-
tate and beaked; seeds 5 by 7 mm.

Low coppices and scrub-lands, Great Exuma. Endemic. MILLSPAUGH'S CEN-
TURY-PLANT.

4. Agave cacozela Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 41. 1913.

Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves yellowish green, somewhat overcast
with gray, typically roughish, lanceolate, deeply concave, 20 by 150-200 cm.;
spine from brownish becoming gray, smooth; dull, straight or the tip slightly
refracted, triquetrously conical, openly grooved below the middle, 3-5 by 15-20
mm., decurrent; prickles usually 10-15 mm. apart, 2-5 mm. long in the middle,
nearly straight or the larger ones appressed-recurved, narrowly triangular,
rarely lenticular at base, the intervening margin straight or somewhat concave ;
inflorescence 6-7 m. high, the upper third densely ovoid-paniculate with
horizontal or slightly ascending branches; bracts broadly triangular, not
imbricated; pedicels about 10 mm. long; flowers golden, 50-60 mm. long;
ovary 35-40 mm. long, about half as long again as the perianth, oblong-fusi-
form; tube rather open, about .7 mm. deep; segments 4-5 by 20 mm., about
half as long as the ovary; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 40-45 mm.
long, rather more than twice as long as the segments ; capsules narrowly oblong,
15 by 35-45 mm., shortly conical-stipitate, beaked; seeds 4 by 6-7 mm. Said
to be bulbiferous sometimes.

Rocky margins of salt marshes, New Providence. Endemic. NEW PROVIDENCE
CENTURY-PLANT.

5. Agave acklinicola Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11 : 41. 1913.

Aspect of A. l)ahamana. Spine from red-brown becoming gray, smooth,
glossy, somewhat flexuously recurved, conical, involutely grooved to or beyond
the middle, 4-6 by 20-25 mm., decurrent; prickles 5-10 mm. apart, 1—1.5 mm.

76 AMARYLLIDACEAE.

long, straight or gently curved, rather acuminately deltoid often from oblique
green prominences, or with lenticular bases, the intervening margin nearly
straight; inflorescence, flowers, fruit, and bulbils unknown.

Acklin's Island. Endemic. ACKLIN'S ISLAND CENTURY-PLANT.

6. Agave indagatorum Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 42. 1913.

Acaulescent, not cespitose. Leaves somewhat grayish and at first very
glaucous beneath, lanceolate, somewhat concave, gradually acute, 20-25 by
150-250 cm.; spine chestnut, smooth, rather glossy, nearly straight, conical,
involutely grooved to the middle, 3 by 12 mm., decurrent for about its own
length; prickles 5-12 mm. apart, about 1 mm. long, straight or slightly re-
curved, narrowly triangular, not lenticular at base, the somewhat membranous
at first slightly pink intervening margin straight; inflorescence 9 m. high,
paniculate; pedicels 15-20 mm. long; flowers unknown; capsules narrowly
oblong, '20 by 55-60 mm., thick-stipitate, acuminately pointed; seeds 5 by 7-8
mm. Said by Dr. Britton to be bulbiferous.

Rocky soil, Watling's Island. Endemic. WATLING'S ISLAND CENTURY-PLANT.

7. Agave Nashii Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 45. 1913.

Acaulescent, cespitose. Leaves gray-green, sometimes purple-tinged, gray-
green, somewhat glaucous and transversely banded, attenuate-oblong, concave,
4-5 by 30-50 cm. ; spine purplish brown, smooth, somewhat polished and
recurved or upcurved toward the end, conical tapered, narrowly slit-grooved
to beyond the middle, 3 by 15 mm., decurrent ; prickles usually 3-5 mm. apart,
scarcely 2 mm. long, straight or somewhat curved,, acuminately triangular,
sometimes nearly or quite confluent, the intervening margin nearly straight;
inflorescence 3.5-4 m. high, the upper third or more very loosely paniculate
with slender outcurved branches; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; flowers light yellow,
35 mm. long; ovary 20 mm. long, exceeding the perianth, subfusiform or
obovoid in development; tube openly conical, 3 mm. deep; segments 3 by 10
mm., half as long as the ovary; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 25 mm.
long, more than twice as long as the segments; capsules oblong or oblong-
pyriform, 20 by 35 mm., or less, slightly stipitate and beaked; seeds 4 by
4-5 mm.

Sandy soil, Inagua. Endemic. NASH'S CENTURY-PLANT.

8. Agave inaguensis Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 47. 1913.

Habit of A. Nashii. Leaves typically white-glaucous, oblong or oblanceo-
late, more quickly acute, flatter, sometimes plicate, 6-9 'by 40-60 cm. ; spine
often shorter and stouter; prickles closer, 2-3 mm. apart, more recurved and
less uniform, very narrowly triangular, almost continuously joined by a narrow
blackish border; inflorescence and fruit unknown; pedicels 5-10 mm. long;
flowers yellow, 50 mm. long; ovary 25-30 mm. long, exceeding the perianth,
subfusiform ; tube open, 5 mm. deep ; segments 5 by 15-17 mm., half as long as
the ovary; filaments inserted nearly in the throat, 35 mm. long, fully twice as
long as the segments.

Little Inagua ; South Caicos. Endiemic. INAGUA CENTURY-PLANT.

9. Agave sisalana (Engelm.) Perrine, House Rep. Document 564: 8. 1838.

Agave rigida sisalana Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 3: 316. 1876.
Agave sisalana armata Trelease, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. 11: 49. 1913.

Subacaulescent. Leaves finally green and somewhat glossy, at first lightly
glaucous and transversely banded on the back, linear-lanceolate, nearly flat,
about 10 by 150 cm.; spine dark brown, somewhat pitted and glossy, tumidly

AMAKYLLIDACEAE. 77

conical or triquetrous, slightly recurved, shallowly round-grooved near the base,
4-5 by 20-25 mm., not decurrent; prickles exceptionally numerous and 2-4 mm.
long, but typically.minute or almost entirely suppressed ; inflorescence about 6 m.
high, the upper half loosely oblong-paniculate; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; flowers
yellowish green, 45-60 mm. long; ovary 20-25 mm. long, shorter than the
perianth, soon broadly fusiform; tube urceolate, 15-20 mm. deep; segments
6-8 by 15-20 mm., a little shorter than the ovary; filaments inserted about the
upper third of the tube, 40-70 or even 80 mm. long, twice or thrice as long as
the segments; capsules, when produced, which is rare, oblong, 20-25 by 60 mm.,
stipitate and beaked; seeds 7 by 10 mm. Freely bulbiferous.

Rocky plains, spontaneous after cultivation, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island.
Native of Yucatan. Cultivated throughout the archipelago.

In fields of the cultivated plant many individuals were found with spineless leaf
margins, others with very spiny margins, and still others both spiny and spineless
margins on the same plant. SISAL.

3. FUECEAEA Vent. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1: 65. 1793.

Large succulent plants with tufted basal leaves and tall scapes, the in-
florescence terminal, paniculate. Perianth of 6 spreading segments, slightly
united at the base. Stamens borne on the bases of the segments; filaments
thickened below the middle; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 3-celled, with many
ovules in 2 rows in each cavity; style rather stout, 3-angled and thickened
below, tipped by a small stigma. Capsule oblong, 3-sided, 3-valved. Seeds
numerous, flat. [Dedicated to Antoine Francois de Fourcray.] About '20
species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Furcraea cubensls Vent.

1. Furcraea macrophylla Baker in Hook. Ic. pi. 2501. 1899.

Leaves many, the larger about 2.3 m. long by 18 cm. wide, nearly equally
bright green on both sides, shallowly channeled above, rather firm, gradually
narrowed to 5 cm. or 7 cm. wide above the expanded base, the lower prickles
2-3 mm. long, the upper strongly hooked forward, 2-7 cm. apart, borne on
triangular, distant teeth 4-6 mm. high; scape up to 10 m. tall, about 1.5 dm.
thick toward the base, its lanceolate bracts broad-based, the lower 3-6 dm.
long, ascending, the upper, shorter, widely spreading; panicle branches curved
and tortuous when young; flowers white, fading yellowish green; ovoid bulbils'
2-4 cm. long are freely developed on the panicle in place of flowers.

Roadsides and' waste grounds, New Providence, Cat Island, Acklin's Island,
North and South Caicos : — Bermuda (naturalized), Cuba, Jamaica. Originally de-
scribed from garden specimens, of New Providence, grown at Kew. Mr. Percy
Wilson says that the North Caicos plants grow in a forest far from habitations
and have all the appearances of being native. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to F.
cubensis and, doubtfully by Drummond to F. undulata Jacobi. Drummond (Rep.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 43) doubtfully records F. cubensis (Jacq.) Vent, from East
Caicos. WILD SISAL.

4. ATAMOSCO Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 57, 522. 1763.

Acaulescent herbs, with coated bulbs and glabrous foliage. Leaves dasal,
narrowly linear, flat or channeled. Scape 1-flowered. Perianth white, red, pink,
purple or yellow, its tube funnelform, its 6 lobes equal. Stamens 6, equal or
nearly so; filaments adnate to the throat of the perianth-tube; anthers versa-
tile. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, 3-lobed at top, or stigma nearly capitate.
Ovules numerous, in two rows in each cavity. Capsule 3-celled, subglobose or
depressed, more or less 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds black or nearly

78 AMARYLLIDACEAE.

so, usually flattened. [Aboriginal name.] About 35 species, natives of America.
Type species: Amaryllis Atamasco L.

Flower rose-pink, 2-3 cm. wide. 1. A. rosea.

Flower bright red, 7-8 cm. wide. 2. A. cardinalis.

1. Atamosco rosea (Lindl.) Greene, Pittonia 3: 188. 1897.

Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. Bot. Eeg. 10: pi. 821. 1824.

Bulbs subglobose, usually less than 2 cm. in diameter, short-necked.
Scape rather slender, 2 dm. high or less, as long as the leaves or longer;
leaves 3-4 mm. wide; spathe about half as long as the peduncle, 2-cleft at the
top; perianth 2-3 cm. long, rose-pink, with a short tube and obovate bluntish
segments; style 3-cleft; capsule about 8 mm. thick.

Roadsides, spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence and on Grand Turk
where it was observed carpeting a pasture of over five acres in extent. Native of
Cuba. Erroneously called CROCUS and SNOWDROP. SMALL PINK ATAMASCO-LILLY.

2. Atamosco cardinalis (C. H. Wright) Britton.

Zephyranthes cardinalis C. H. Wright, Bot. Mag. pi. 8553. 1914.

Bulbs up to 6 cm. in diameter. Scape rather stout, 10-12 cm. high, pink
at the base, green above, about as long as the leaves ; leaves 6-8 mm. wide ;
spathe somewhat longer than the peduncle, acute, pink, 2-3 cm. long; perianth
bright red, its funnelform tube 2-3 cm. long, its oblong-oblanceolate segments
4-5 cm. long.

Grown in Bahama gardens ; perhaps native somewhere in the archipelago.
RED ATAMASCO-LILY.

5. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 338. 1812.

Mostly tall bulbous herbs with usually lanceolate or linear-oblong leaves,
and large white capitate or umbelled flowers on solid scapes, each flower sub-
tended by 2 membranous bracts. Perianth of 6 spreading or recurved, narrow
equal elongated lobes, united below into a long cylindric tube. Stamens in-
serted in the top of the perianth-tube, the lower parts of the long filaments con-
nected by a membranous crown; anthers linear, versatile. Ovary 3 -celled;
ovules only 1 or 2 in each cavity; style filiform, long-exserted ; stigma small,
entire or nearly so. Capsule rather fleshy. Seeds usually only 1 or 2, large,
green, fleshy. [Greek, beautiful membrane, referring to the crown.] About
30 species, all American. Type species: Hymenocallis littoralis Salisb.

Perianth-segments as long as the tube or longer. . 1. H. declinata.

Perianth-segments shorter than the tube. 2. H. caymanensis.

1. Hymenocallis declinata (Jacq.) M. J. Eoem. Fam. Nat. 4: 171. 1847.

Pancratium declinatum Jacq. Select. Am. 99. 1763.
Hymenocallis arenicola Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club. 12: 28. 1902.

Bulb subglobose, often 8 cm. in diameter. Leaves fleshy, sessile, nearly
linear or linear-oblong, 6 dm. long or less, 4-6 cm. wide, rounded or acute at
the apex, gradually narrowed to the broadened base, many-nerved, dark green;
scape stout, as long as the leaves or shorter; flowers 5-13, sessile, fragrant;
bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-6 cm. long; ovary oblong,
1-1.5 cm. long; perianth-tube slender, 5-10 cm. long; perianth-segments

DIOSCOREACEAE. 79

linear, 8-12 cm. long, longer than the tube ; crown 3-4 cm. long, about one-third
as long as the stamens; style about as long as the perianth.

Sandy coastal ridges and dunes, Great Bahama to Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island and Great Exuma : — Hispaniola to St. Jan, St. Kitts and
Montserrat. SPIDER-LILY. DAY-LILY.

2. Hymenocallis caymanensis Herb. Amaryl. 214. 1837.

Bulb subglobose. Leaves fleshy, sessile, 3-8 dm. long, 3-8 cm. wide,
linear or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse at the apex, somewhat narrowed toward
the base, green, many-nerved; scape rather stout, about as long- as the leaves;
flowers G-12, sessile; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 7 cm.
long or less; ovary oblong, 1-2 cm. long; perianth-tube 12-16 cm. long; peri-
anth-segments linear, 8-10 em. long, shorter than the tube; crown about 3 cm.
long; style very slender, about as long as the perianth.

In sand, Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : — Florida ; Cuba ; Haiti ; Cayman
Islands. CAYMAN ISLANDS SPIDER-LILY. CHRYSOLITE LILY.

Hymenocallis carilbaea (L.) Herb, of the Lesser Antilles, is recorded from
the Bahamas by Unban (iSyinb. Ant. 4: 151) and also doubtfully by Schoepf,
but has not been found by us1 in the archipelago. It has been confused with
H. declindta.

Hymenocallis crassifolia Herb., of Florida, is recorded by Baker (Amaryl.
126) as from the Bahamas, but has not been found by us in the archipelago.
Perhaps the specimen studied by him was of H. declinata.

Family 5. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl.
YAM FAMILY.

Herbaceous or slightly woody twining vines with fleshy or woody root-
stocks, slender stems, petioled, mostly cordate, several-nerved and reticulate-
veined leaves, and small inconspicuous dioecious or monoecious (in some
exotic genera perfect) regular flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles.
Perianth 6-parted, that of the pistillate flowers persistent. Staminate
flowers with 6 'or 3 stamens, sometimes with a rudimentary ovary. Pistil-
late flowers with an inferior 3-celled ovary, 3 styles and 3 terminal stigmas,
sometimes also with 3 or 6 staminodia; ovules 2 (rarely 1) in each cavity
of the ovary, pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 3-valved,
3-angled capsule or samaroid. Endosperm of the seed fleshy or cartilagi-
nous, enclosing the small embryo. About 9 genera and 175 species, mostly
natives of America, a few in the Old World.

Fruit a 3-celled, 3-winged or 3-angled capsule. 1. Dioscorea.

Fruit a 1 -seeded samara. 2. Rajania.

1. DIOSCOREA L. Sp. PI. 1032. 1753.

Characters of the family as defined above, the fruit a 3-angled capsule.
[Name in honor of the Greek naturalist Dioscorides.] About 160 species, most
numerous in tropical regions, a few in the temperate zones. Type species:
Dioscorea sativa L.

1. Dioscorea alata L. Sp. PI. 1033. 1753.

Glabrous, dioecious, high-climbing from a large tuber, the stem 4-winged
or 4-angled. Leaves opposite, the blades broadly ovate, 7-15 cm. long, palmately

80 IRIDACEAE.

nerved, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base; petioles slender, as long as
the blades or somewhat shorter ; staminate flowers in whorled, often panicled
spikes, the rachis flexuous, the perianth about 2 mm. broad, the stamens mostly
6; pistillate flowers distant in simple spikes; capsule elliptic, 3-winged, 1.5-2
cm. long.

Spontaneous after cultivation, Andros, Eleuthera : — Jamaica ; Porto Rico ;
Tortola to Trinidad. Generally cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries.
Probably native of southeastern Asia. — YAM.

2. RAJANIA L. Sp. PL 1032. 1753.

Twining vines, with alternate, petioled leaves and small, greenish, dioe-
cious, racemose flowers, the staminate ones commonly clustered in the racemes,
the pistillate solitary. Staminate flowers with a 6-cleft perianth and 6 stamens
with short filaments, the pistil rudimentary or none. Pistillate flowers with 6
distinct perianth-segments, the styles 2-cleft; staminodia minute or wanting.
Fruit samaroid, 1-seeded, indehiscent, the wing terminal, thin. [Commemorates
John Bay, 1628-1705, famous English botanist.] Ten species or more, natives
of the West Indies. Type species: Eajania hastata L.

1. Rajania microphylla Knuth, Enum. 5: 451. 1850.

Slender, glabrous, often much-branched, 1-2 m. long or longer. Leaves
lanceolate to ovate in outline, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate and mucronate
at the apex, hastate or cordate at the base, the auricles rounded, the petiole
much shorter than the blade; staminate racemes about as long as the leaves;
pistillate racemes as long as the leaves or shorter; samaras oblong, obtuse,
thin, shining, 8-12 mm. long.

Rocky plains, pine-lands and interior ridges, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New
Providence, Cat Island1 and Great Bxuma : — Cuba. SMALL RAJANIA. WILD YAM.
Referred to R. hastata L., by Mrs. Northrop, a species now understood to be
restricted to Hispaniola.

Family 6. IRIDACEAE Lindl.
IRIS FAMILY.

Perennial herbs with narrow equitant 2-ranked leaves and perfect,
mostly clustered flowers subtended by bracts. Perianth of 6 segments or
6-lobed, its tube adnate to the ovary, the segments or lobes in two series,
convolute in .the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, inserted on the
perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes; filaments filiform,
distinct or united; anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary inferior, mostly 3-
celled; ovules mostly numerous in each -cell, anatropous; style 3-cleft, its
branches sometimes divided. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent, 3-
angled or 3-lobed (sometimes 6-lobed), many-seeded. Endosperm fleshy or
horny; embryo straight, small. About 57 genera and 1000 species, of wide
distribution.

1. SISYRINCHITJM L. Sp. PI. 954. 1753.

Perennial mostly tufted slender herbs with fibrous roots from contracted
rootstocks, simple or branched 2-winged or 2-edged stems, and linear grass-like
leaves. Flowers from terminal spathes consisting of mostly one pair of oppo-
site eonduplicate herbaceous bracts enclosing membranous scales; perianth

OBCHIDACEAE. 81

blue, violet or white with a yellow eye, rarely all yellow, the 6 oblong or ob-
ovate segments spreading and aristulate; filaments monadelphous ; anthers
linear or oblong, the sacs distinct at base; style threadform, the branches fili-
form or obsolete; ovary 3-celled; capsule globose, oval or obovoid, usually
trigonous, loculicidally 3-valved; seeds globose to obovoid, often angled, pitted
or smooth. Flowers fugacious, opening successively in sunlight, each usually
lasting but a day. Probably not fewer than 125 species, nearly all American.
Type species: Sisyrinchium Bermudiana L.

1. Sisyrinchium miamiense Bicknell, Bull. Torr. -Club 26 : 226. 1899.

Glabrous; stems erect, 2-3 dm. high, somewhat longer than the leaves.
Leaves 1-2 mm. wide, striate-nerved, acute, serrulate; peduncles 2-4, slender,
3-7 cm. long; spathes 12-15 mm. long, the bracts keeled, the outer one slightly
longer than the inner; flowers blue, about 1 cm. wide; fruiting pedicels ex-
serted, 10-15 mm. long; capsules obovoid, 3-5 mm. long, mucronulate.

Margins of swamps, Great Bahama near West End : — Florida. MIAMI BLUE-
EYED GRASS.

Order 10. ORCHIDALES.

Monocotyledonous herbs, many tropical species epiphytes. Flowers
mostly very irregular, complete and perfect, their parts in 3's or 6's.
Ovary inferior, compound. Seeds very numerous and minute, without
endosperm.

Family 1. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl.
ORCHID FAMILY.

Perennial herbs, with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots, sheathing entire
leaves, sometimes reduced to scales, the flowers perfect, irregular, bracted,
solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth superior, of 6 segments, the 3 outer
(sepals) similar or nearly so, 2 of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the
third inner one (lip) dissimilar, often markedly so, usually larger, often
spurred, sometimes inferior by torsion of the ovary or pedicel. Stamens
variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column; anther 1 or
in Cypripedium 2, 2-celled; pollen in 2-8 pear-shaped, usually stalked
masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery,
attached at the base to a viscid disk (gland). Style often terminating in a
beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs. Stigma a
viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or in a cavity between
the anther-sacs (clinandrium). Ovary inferior, usually long and twisted,
3-angled, 1-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, on 3 parietal placentae.
Capsule 3-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, mostly spindle shaped,
the loose coat hyaline, reticulated; endosperm none; embryo fleshy. About
410 genera and 5000 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in the
tropics, many of those of warm regions epiphytes.

Flowering stem or peduncle terminal.
Leaves convolute.

Anther blunt, generally rounded, usually much exceeding the rostellum and

appressed to or incumbent upon it.
Lip not enclosing the column; flowers erect or ascending; low erect

herbs. 1. Carteria.

Lip enclosing the column ; flowers nodding ; suc-
culent vines. 2. Vanilla.

82

ORCHIDACEAE.

Anther, at least the body, about as long as the rostel-
lum and not appressed to it, when beaked, the
beak sometimes exceeding the rostellum.
Pollinia not in distinct masses.
Lip turned outward.

Lateral sepals united at the base into a

long spur. 3. Pelexia.

Lateral sepals free.

Flowers in a 1-sided spike which is
sometimes spirally twisted, the peri-
anth spreading or nodding ; lip not
saccate. 4. lUdium.

Flowers in a many-sided spike, the peri-
anth ascending or erect ; lip saccate at

the base. 5. Stenorrhynchus.

Lip turned upward.

Sepals united at the base ; lip adnate to the
sepal-tube, the base free from the short
column. 6. Prescottia.

Sepals free ; lip free from the sepals, the

base adnate to the elongate column. 7. Ponthieva.

Pollinia in several distinct masses. 8. Physurus.

Leaves duplicate.

Leaf-blades not plaited.

Leaves not articulated near the base ; pollinia un-

appendaged. 9. Malaxis.

Leaves articulated near the base ; pollinia with tail-
like appendages.
Column with a distinct foot ; lip and lateral

sepals about equal in size. 10. Polystachya.

Column without a foot ; lip much larger than

the lateral sepals.

Ovary not produced into a hollow neck.
Pollinia 4.

Plants without pseudiobulbs.

Flowers axillary to bracts borne

along a rachis. 11. Spathiger.

Flowers in a terminal raceme or

panicle or solitary. 12. Auliza.

Plants with pseudobulbs.

Lip 3-lobed, longitudinally crested
or appendaged ; sepals and
petals not attenuate.
Lip deeply 3-lobed, the middle
lobe broad ; . pseudobulbs
terete ; scape without a
long basal sheath. 13. Encyclia.

Lip obscurely 3-lobed, the mid-
dle lobe minute ; pseudobulbs
flattened ; scape with a long
basal sheath. 14. Epicladium.

Lip entire, or undulate, neither

crested nor appendaged.

Lip concave, shell-like. 15. Anacheilium.

Lip nearly linear. ]6. Nidema.

Pollinia 8. 17. Tetramicra.

Ovary produced into a hollow neck. 18. Laeliopsis.

Leaf-blades plaited. 19. Limodorum.

Flowering stem or peduncle lateral.

Leaves convolute ; column elongate.

Column without a foot ; lip attached to the base of

the column ; lateral sepals free. 20. Bletia.

Column with a distinct foot ; lip attached to the apex

of the foot; lateral sepals adnate to the column-foot. 21. Govenia.
Leaves duplicate; column very short. 22. Oncidium.

1. CARTERIA Small, Torreya 10: 187. 1910.

Caulescent terrestrial orchids with clustered, fleshy tubers and erect simple
stems. Leaves various, the basal ones firm, narrow, with plicate blades, the
cauline ones mere sheathing scales. Flowers several, erect, axillary to scale-
like bracts. Perianth colored. Sepals nearly equal, narrow, longer than the
petals. Petals decidedly narrower than the sepals. Lip short, sessile, slightly

OBCHIDACEAE. 83

3-lobed at the apex, with the middle lobe much longer than the lateral ones,
the body with 5 longitudinal crests. Capsules erect. [Commemorates Joel
Jackson Carter, 1843-1912, a diligent American botanical collector.] A mono-
typic genus.

1. Carteria corallicola Small, Torreya 10: 188. 1910.

Stems 2-3.5 dm. tall, rather slender, fleshy. Basal leaves 2-7 cm. long;
blades nearly linear, narrowed at both ends, often curved; spike of flowers
rather inconspicuous, erect; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate to broadly linear,
6.5-7.5 mm. long, green or greenish-yellow; petals linear or nearly so, yellow-
ish-green or greenish-white; lip oval to orbicular-oval, 6-7 mm. long, the body
yellowish, with the crests extending to the base of the middle lobe, the lobes
magenta, or magenta-pink at the tips; anther magenta; mature fruit not seen.

Scrub-lands, New Providence along Farringdon Road : — Florida. CARTER'S
ORCHID.

2. VANILLA Juss. Gen. 66. 1789.

Fleshy, climbing 'orchids, the leaves broad or reduced to mere scales, the
stems giving off aerial roots, the mostly large flowers in axillary spikes or
racemes. Sepals nearly alike, distinct, spreading. Petals resembling the
sepals. Lip clawed, the claw adnate to 'and embracing the long column.
Stigma borne under the rostellum. Anther convex, its sacs separate; pollinia
powdery. Capsule elongated, fleshy, indehiscent or tardily partly dehiscent.
[From the Spanish name for the fruit.] About 20 species, of tropical and
subtropical regions. Type species: Epidendrum Vanilla L.

Plants leaf-bearing ; lip not lobed.

Leaves lanceolate, 4 cm. long or less. 1. V- Eggersii.

Leaves Tinear-oblong, 7-l'2 cm. long, 1.5-2 5 cm. wide. 2. V. phaeantha.

Plant leafless, except on youngest shoots ; lip 3-lobed. 3. V. articulata.

1. Vanilla Eggersii Bolfe, Jour. Linn. Soc. 32: 472. 1896.

Fleshy, elongated, described as sometimes 30 m. in length and often 10 m.
long or longer, the stems terete, 1-grooved, 1-1.5 cm. thick, the aerial roots 5-8
cm. long, tendril-like. Leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
2-8 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide; peduncle stout, geniculate, 5-10 cm. long, bearing
an ovate or oblong, acute bract at each node; spike several-flowered, 6-14 cm.
long, its bracts triangular-ovate, about 5 mm. long; ovary cylindric, about as
long as the sepals; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 4-6
cm. long;. lip about as long as the sepals, rounded, crenate or undulate, not
lobed; column 2-2.5 cm. long? capsule fleshy, indehiscent, cylindric or sub-
clavate, 7-12 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick.

Coastal thickets and coppices, Andros : — 'Florida ; Hispaniola to Virgin Gorda,
EGGERS' VANILLA. Fawcett and Rendle (Fl. Jam. 2: 17) accredit Vanilla claviculata
Sw. to the Bahamas, Porto Rico and St. Thomas, presumably including V. Eggersii
as a synonym of that species. This view may be correct, but we do not have speci-
mens to corroborate it. The petals of V. claviculata are described as obtuse, while
those of V. Eggersii are acute.

2. Vanilla phaeantha Echb.f. Flora 48: 274. 1865.

Fleshy, often 6 m. long or longer. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, nearly
sessile, 6-18 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, acute or obtuse; peduncle stout, 2-8 cm.
long, geniculate, leafy -bracted ; spike few-several-flowered, its bracts ovate,
Obtuse, 6-12 mm. long; ovary cylindric, 5-6 cm. long;, sepals and petals nar-

84 ORCHIDACEAE.

rowly oblong or linear-oblanceolate, acutish, 6-8 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad; lip
broadly ovate, convolute, retuse, cremilate, crested, about 8 cm. long; capsule
narrowly cylindric, 7-8 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick.

Coppices, Abaco and Great Bahama : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; St. Vincent ;
Trinidad. Our Bahama specimens are barren ; they were determined by Mr. R. A.
Rolfe, of Kew. OBLONG-LEAVED VANILLA.

3. Vanilla articulata Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 31. 1902.

High-climbing, sometimes 10 m. long or longer, branched, subterete, the
stems 2 cm. in diameter or less, only the youngest shoots leaf-bearing, their
leaves linear-lanceolate, 2 cm. long or less. Peduncle geniculate, 3-7 cm. long,
bearing triangular-ovate bracts 5-7 mm. long; spike few-several-flowered;
ovary narrowly cylindric, about 3 cm. long; sepals and petals white or slightly
pink, oblanceolate, acutish or obtuse, 3-4 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide; lip
broadly obovate, convolute, 3-lobed, about 3 cm. wide, the middle lobe some-
what crested; capsule subcylindric, 5-7 cm. long.

Thickets and low coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Exuma,
Great Guana, Watling's and Crooked Islands : — Florida and Cuba. LINK-VINE.
WORM- VINE.

3. PELEXIA Poit.; L. C. Eich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818.

Terrestrial orchids, with thick, clustered roots, petioled basal leaves, the
flowers spicate at the summit of a sheathed scape. Sepals narrow, the median
one adnate to the petals, the lateral ones united below and prolonged into a
spur. Lip concave, elongated, embracing the short column. 'Column without
a foot. Kostellum subulate. Anther narrowly oblong; pollinia powdery. Cap-
sule ellipsoid. [Greek, from the fancied resemblance of the lip to a hatchet.]
About 20 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Neottia
adnata Willd.

Perianth 6 mm. long ; spur short, adnate. 1. P. adnata.

Perianth 2.5-3 cm. long; spur subulate, free. • 2. P. setacea.

1. Pelexia adnata (Sw.) Spreng. Syst. 3: 704. 1826.

Neottia adnata Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3 : 1409. 1806.
Pelexia spiranthoides Lindl. Bot. Reg. 12: pi. 985. 1826.

Scape pubescent above, 2.5-4 dm. high. Basal leaves 2-5, glabrous, the
blades elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 5—12 cm. long, 3-nerved, acute at the apex,
rounded at the base, the slender, nearly erect petioles 7-14 cm. long, reddish;
sheaths of the scape acuminate, 2-5 cm. long; spike pubescent, many-flowered,
6-12 cm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, about as long as the whitish
flowers; sepals about 6 mm. long, the median one elliptic, obtuse, concave, the
lateral ones linear, acute; petals linear, nearly as long as the sepals; lip tubular
below, 5-6 mm. long; capsule about 1.5 cm. long, 6-ribbed.

In shadv coppice, Andros at Conch Sound : — Cuba to Guadeloupe ; Jamaica ;
Venezuela. Determination based on fruiting specimen only ; recorded by Mrs.
Northrop as Granichis sp. SHORT-SPUBBED PELEXIA.

2. Pelexia setacea Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 482. 1840.

Scape 3-6 dm. high, puberulent above, bearing several acuminate sheaths
2-4 cm. long. Basal leaves 1-3, the blades elliptic or oval, 8-15 cm. long,
acute at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, several-nerved, the slender
petioles 10-18 cm. long; spike few-several-flowered, pubescent, 15 cm. long or
less; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, long-acuminate into a filiform tip;
ovary fusiform, about 2 cm. long; perianth purplish-green or greenish-white;

ORCHIDACEAE. 85

sepals narrowly lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm. long, the spur 8-10 mm. long; petals
narrowly lanceolate, about 2 cm. long; lip white; capsule about 2 cm. long,
6-ribbed.

Shady coppices, Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba
to Guadeloupe and Trinidad ; Colombia to Brazil. LONG-SPURRED PELEXIA.

4. IBIDIUM Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 1: 291. 1812.

Erect terrestrial orchids, with fleshy-fibrous or tuberous roots and slender
stems or scapes, leaf-bearing below or at the base. Flowers small, spurless,
spiked, 1-3-rowed, the spikes more or less twisted. Sepals free, or more or less
coherent, or sometimes united with petals into a galea. Lip concave, erect,
embracing the column and often adherent to it, spreading and crisped, or
rarely lobed or toothed at the apex, bearing minute callosities at the base.
Column arched below, obliquely attached to the top of the ovary. Anther
without a lid, borne on the back of the column, erect. Stigma ovate, pro-
longed into an acuminate beak, at length bifid. Pollinia 2, 1 in each sac,
powdery. Capsule ovoid or oblong, erect. About 80 species, natives of tem-
perate and tropical regions. Type species: Ophrys spiralis J. E. Smith.

Flowers white ; basal leaves linear. 1. I. tortile.

Flowers green ; basal leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic. 2. 7. lucayanum.

1. Dridium tortile (Sw.) House, Muhlenbergia 1: 129. 19*06.

Neottia tortilis Sw. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1800: 226. 1800.
Spiranthes tortilis L. C. Eich. Mem. Mus. Par. 4: 59. 1818.

Stem slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, glabrous below, pubescent above, bear-
ing 2-4 bladeless acute sheaths above, and sometimes a narrowly linear leaf
2-7 cm. long, below the middle. Basal leaves 2 or 3, present at flowering time,
linear, 8-30 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; spike erect, 6-13 cm. long, pubescent,
the approximate flowers in a single spiral; flowers white; bracts ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, pubescent, acute or acuminate, 6-7 mm. long, about as long as the
ovary; sepals 5-6 mm. long, the median one elliptic, obtuse, the lateral ones
oblong, oblique; petals oblong, about as long as the sepals; lip 4-6 mm. long,
ovate-elliptic, emarginate, the callosities short; capsule about 5 mm. long.

Savannas and borders of marshes. Great Bahama, Andros and New Provi-
dence : — Florida ; Louisiana ; West Indies. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Oyro-
stachys peruviana Kuntze. SOUTHERN LADIES-TRESSES.

2. Itoidium lucayanum Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 312. 1907.

Spiranthes lucayana Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 338. 1909.

Boot of cylindric, fleshy tubers 2-5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. thick. Basal
leaves present at flowering time, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate to elliptic, thin
but somewhat fleshy, spreading, 5-nerved, reticulate-veined, at least when dry,
5-17 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into a
rather slender petiole, which is one half to two thirds the length of the blade;
scape slender, including the spike 2-4 dm. high, its several leaves linear or
linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, appressed, 1-3 cm. long; spike 5-25 cm.
long, about 1 cm. thick, usually many-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
erect, as long as the ovary or longer; flowers green, spreading; sepals linear-
lanceolate, acutish, 3-4.5 mm. long; petals linear a little shorter than the
sepals; lip ovate-oblong, obtusish, concave, 3-5 mm. long, about one third as

86 ORCHIDACEAE.

wide as long, with two minute callosities at the base; capsule oblong, blunt,
about 5 mm. long.

Coppices and white-lands, Lignum Vitae Cay, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Long Island, Watling's, Great Exuma, Crooked Island and North Caicos : — Florida ;
Anegada ; Porto Rico. Erroneously recorded by Cogniaux as Spiranthes elata.
GREEN LADIES-TRESSES.

5. STENORRHYNCHUS L. >C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818.

Erect, terrestrial orchids, with lanceolate to elliptic basal leaves often
wanting at flowering time, the sheathed scape terminated by a spike of rather
large, often showy, mostly red or yellow flowers. Sepals nearly equal, the
median one adnate to the petals, the lateral ones united below and produced
into a sac or spur. Petals mostly shorter than the sepals. Lip entire or nearly
so, concave, without callosities. Column with a foot; stigma under the
beaked rostellum. Anther oblong or lanceolate; pollinia powdery. [Greek,
narrow beak.] About 25 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type
species: Neottia speciosa Willd.

1. Stenorrhynclms lanceolatus (Aubl.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 642. 1864.

Limodorum lanceolatum Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 821. 1775.

Satyrium orcMoides Sw. Prodr. 118. 1788.

Stenorrhynchus orchioides L. C. Rich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 59. 1818.

Leaves 1-3, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, bright green, glabrous, 1-3 dm.
long, 2-5 cm. wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into margined
petioles, wanting at flowering time. Scape rather stout, 3-6 dm. high, erect,
scurfy or somewhat glandular-pubescent, bearing several, acuminate, sheath-
ing scales 2-4 cm. long; spike several-many-flowered, 1-2.5 cm. long; bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers; flowers red or yellow, 2-3 cm.
long; ovary oblong, oblique at the apex; sepals glandular, lanceolate, acute,
5-7-nerved ; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved ; lip lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, saccate at about the middle; capsule about 1 cm. long.

Pine-landis and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : —
Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Trinidad ; Mexico to Colombia and Paraguay.
LEAFLESS BEAKED-ORCHID.

6. PRESCOTTIA Lindl. in Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 115. 1825.

Terrestrial orchids, with clustered roots, erect, scape-like stems, broad,
tufted, basal leaves convolute in the bud, and small flowers in a terminal spike.
Sepals broad, connate at the base. Petals narrow, thin, mostly shorter than
the sepals. Lip broad, concave, 2-auricled at the base of the blade, erect.
Column short; rostellum retuse, as long as the anther or longer. Pollinia
powdery. Capsule small, oblong or ovoid. [Commemorates John D. Prescott,
English botanist, died 1837.] About 30 species, of tropical and subtropical
America. Type species: Prescottia plantaginifolia Lindl.

1. Prescottia oligantha (Sw.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 454. 1840.
Cranichis oligantha Sw. Prodr. 120. 1788.

Slender, glabrous, 2-4 dm. high. Basal leaves few, ovate to elliptic,
2-7.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base,

OECHIDACEAE. 87

about 13-nerved, the petioles 1.5-3 mm. long; scape with several, narrow,
acute, bladeless sheaths 1-3 cm. long; spike slender, densely flowered, 2-7 cm.
long; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; ovary obovoid-oblong;
sepals 1-nerved, pinkish, rounded, about 1 mm. long; petals narrowly obovate
or oblong, obtuse, a little shorter than the sepals, white or pink; lip 3-nerved,
1-1.5 mm. long, the blade roundish, minutely auricled; capsule about 4 mm.
long.

Coppices and shaded stone walls, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba
to Tortola and Guadeloupe; Jamaica. SMALL PRESCOTTIA.

7. PONTHIEVA E. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 199. 1813.

Terrestrial orchids with fibrous roots, tufted basal leaves, and small,
loosely racemose flowers on sheathed, erect scapes. Sepals spreading, the
lateral ones slightly inequilateral. Petals clawed, spreading, nearly triangular,
adnate to the short column, unsymmetrical. Lip adnate to the column,
clawed, concave, ascending, spurless. Anther shorter than the rostellum;
pollinia 4, in pairs, powdery, pendulous. Capsule ellipsoid. [Commemorates
de Ponthieu, who sent American plants to Sir Joseph Banks.] About 20
species, of tropical and warm temperate America. Type species: Neottia
glandulosa Sims.

1. Ponthieva Brittonae Ames, Torreya, 10: 90. 1910.

Boots clustered, slender, villous. Basal leaves about 4, oblong-lanceolate
to oblanceolate, 10 cm. long or less, acute at the apex, narrowed into petioles
1-2.5 cm. long; scape slender, 2-4 dm. high, bearing several oblong, acute
sheaths, pubescent above; raceme 1-2 dm. long, pubescent, several-many-
flowered; bracts oblong, acute or acuminate, about 5 mm. long; pedicels
ascending, 8-10 mm. long; sepals about 4 mm. long; petals lanceolate, obtuse,
a little longer than the sepals ; lip 3-lobed, subsaccate, 4.5 mm. long, the lateral
lobes rounded, the median lobe oblong.

Pine-land near Fresh Creek, Andros, Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence : —
Florida. MRS. BRITTON'S PONTHIEVA.

8. PHYSURUS L. C. Eich. Mem. Mus. Paris 4: 55. 1818.
[ERYTHEODES Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 410. 1825.]

Leafy-stemmed, terrestrial orchids, with thick, clustered roots, the leaves
broad, petioled, parallel-nerved and reticulate-veined, convolute in the bud,
the small flowers in a terminal spike. Sepals distinct, nearly equal, the small
petals cohering with the median, one. Lip erect, 3-lobed, embracing the short
column, produced below into a blunt pouch-like spur. Anther about as long as
the rostellum. Pollinia granular, pendent. Capsule ellipsoid to obong.
[Greek, referring to the pouch-like spur.] About 60 species, natives of
tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Orchis plantaginea Willd.

1. Physurus querceticola Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 505. 1840.

Physurus Sagraeanus A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 253. 1850.

Stem slender, erect, glabrous, 3 dm. high or less. Leaves several, distant,
ovate to lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute, acuminate, or the lower ones obtuse at
the apex, rounded or subtruncate at the base, the petioles 5-20 mm. long, their

88 ORCHIDACEAE.

bases much dilated, sheathing the stem, the upper sheaths bladeless; spike
2-7 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, acute, a little shorter
than the ovary; sepals about 4 mm. long, linear or linear-lanceolate; lip with
a dilated claw and a nearly orbicular blade terminated by a drooping or
recurved triangular tip, the pouch-like spur shorter than the ovary.

Under bushes in pine-lands and in savannas. Great Bahama and Andros : —
Florida to Louisiana ; Cuba ; Guadeloupe. Low PHYSURDS.

9. MALAXIS Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788.

Low orchids with a solid bulb, 1-leaved or 2-leaved. Flowers small, white
or green, in a terminal raceme. Sepals spreading, separate, the lateral ones
equal at the base. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. Lip cordate or eared
at the base, embracing the column. Anther erect between the auricles, 2-celled;
pollinia 4, smooth and waxy, 2 in each sac, the pairs cohering at the summit,
without caudicles or glands. Capsule oval, sometimes nearly globose, beakless.
[Greek, in allusion to the soft tissues.] About 140 species, widely distributed,
the following typical.

1. Malaxis spicata Sw. Prodr. 119. 1788.

Microstylis spicata Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 19. 1830.

Glabrous, 1-3 dm. high, 2-leaved near the base, and with 1 or 2 sheaths
below the leaves. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute, the
lower one the larger, the sheathing petioles 1-5 cm. long; raceme narrow, 8 cm.
long or less, many-flowered; bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-4 mm.
long; pedicels 5-9 mm. long; middle sepal about 3 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate,
acute or bluntish, the lateral ones about as long, obtuse; petals linear, 2 mm.
long; lip about 4 mm. long, its terminal lobe linear-oblong; capsule about 8
mm. long.

Coppice, Crooked Island : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Martinique :
Jamaica. We are indebted to Mr. Oakes Ames for the determination of the Crooked
Island specimen. SLENDER MALAXIS.

10. POLYSTACHYA Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 103. 1825.

Epiphytic, leafy-stemmed orchids, the stems usually clustered, sheathed
at the base, the roots thick-fibrous, the many-nerved leaves conduplicate in the
bud, the upper reduced to long, narrow scales, the small flowers in terminal,
panicles or spike-like racemes. Median sepal narrower than the lateral ones.
Petals narrower than the lateral sepals. Lip jointed with the base of the
column, spurless, sessile, bent below, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes small. Column
short, with a distinct foot. Anther terminal, lid-like, convex, usually 1-celled;
pollinia 4, waxy, broadly ovate or nearly hemispheric, not appendaged.
[Greek, many spikes.] About 170 species, mostly of tropical regions. Type
species: Cranichis luteola Sw.

Leaves several, oblong-ligulate ; racemes numerous. 1. P. minuta.

Leaves 2, linear or linear-lanceolate ; racemes few. 2. P. folios®.

OBCHIDACEAE. 89

1. Polystachya minuta (Aubl.) Britton; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 328, 1329. 1903.

Epidendrum minutum Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 824. 1775.
Dendrobium polystachyum Sw. Act. Holm. 21: 247. 1800.
Cranichis luteola Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1433. 1806.
Polystachya luteola Hook. Exot. Fl. pi. 103. 1825.

Stems rather slender, 2-6 dm. long. Sheaths many-striate, 2-4 cm. long;
leaves oblong or linear-oblong, 6-30 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acute or obtuse,
shorter than the stem; panicle 3 dm. long or less, sometimes reduced to a
single raceme; racemes rather densely several-many-flowered ; bracts acute,
about 2 mm. long; flowers greenish-yellow; buds obliquely 3-angled; median
sepal ovate, 3-4 mm. long, the lateral ones oblique, a little longer; petals nar-
rowly spatulate, shorter than the sepals; lip about 4 mm. long, glandular-hairy
within, the median lobe emarginate, the lateral lobes incurved; capsule 10-12
mm. long.

On trees in coppices, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba to
Virgin Gorda, south to Trinidad and South America. LARGE POLYSTACHYA. Catesby,
2 : pi. 55.

2. Polystachya foliosa (Hook.) Kchb. f.; Walp. Ann. Bot. 6: 640. 1863.

Stelis foliosa Hook. Ann. Nat. Hist. 2: 330. 1839.

Stems slender, 2 dm. long or less. Sheaths striate, 1-3 cm. long; leaves
usually 2, linear or linear-lanceolate, 5-16 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, obtuse or
minutely 2-3-toothed at the apex, shorter than or equalling the stem; racemes
1-5, narrow, rather densely several-many-flowered; flowers yellow or yellowish;
bracts acute or acuminate, 1-2 mm. long; median sepal ovate, about 1.5 mm.
long; lateral sepals broadly ovate, about 2 mm. long; petals spatulate,
rounded, 1.5-2 mm. long; lip nearly 2 mm. long, obovate, its lateral lobes
incurved, not much smaller than the- median one.

On tree-trunks, Andros : — Grenada ; Trinidad ; northern South America. SMALL
POLYSTACHYA.

11. SPATHIGEB Small, Fl. Miami 55. 1913.

Epiphytic, usually branched, creeping or pendent orchids, with slender
leafy stems, narrow sessile leaves and small flowers in the axils of spathe-like
bracts, forming terminal spikes; pseudobulbs none. Leaves duplicate in the
bud, the blades not plaited, jointed at the base. Lateral sepals broader than
the median one. Petals scarcely broader than the sepals. Lip reniform or
nearly orbicular, concave. Column adnate to the lip. Pollinia 4, appendaged.
[Greek, spathe-bearing.] About 10 species of tropical and subtropical
America, the following typical. ..

1. Spathiger rigidus (Jacq.) Small, Fl. Miami 55. 1913.
Epidendrum rigidum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760.

Often much branched, 5 dm. long or less. Leaves oblong or linear-oblong,
subcoriaceous, 3-8 cm. long; flowers greenish-white; lateral sepals ovate, about
6 mm. long; petals narrowly spatulate or oblong; blade of the lip about 3
mm. long, suborbicular, with callosities near the base; capsule about 1.5 cm.
long.

On trees, New Providence : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe to
Trinidad ; continental tropical America.

90 ORCHIDACEAE.

12. AULIZA Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1: 294. 1812.

Epiphytic or terrestrial orchids, with erect or ascending, leafy, often
clustered stems, subcoriaceous sessile leaves with sheathing bases, and rather
large pedicelled flowers in terminal racemes or panicles, or solitary; pseudo-
bulbs none. Sepals often elongated. Petals linear to spatulate. Lip various.
Column adnate to the base of the lip. Pollinia 4, appendaged. [Greek,
perching.] Eighty species or more, of tropical and subtropical America.
Type species : Epidendrum ciliare L.

1. Auliza nocturna (Jacq.) Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913.
Epidendrum nocturnum Jacq. Enum. 29. 1760.

Epiphytic or saxicolous; stems stiff, clustered, rather slender, usually
erect, 3-11 dm. high. Leaves oblong to elliptic, oblong-lanceolate or linear-
oblong, 7-16 cm. long, acute at the apex, partly clasping at the base, the
sheaths cylindric, the lower ones bladeless; flowers solitary or two together,
peduncled, the peduncle 2-10 cm. long; bracts ovate or lanceolate, 3-6 mm.
long; lateral sepals green, linear-attenuate, 3-6 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; petals
yellow, similar to the sepals, but a little narrower; lip white, 3-cleft, the 2
lateral lobes ovate or ovate-oblong, 10-15 mm. long, the middle lobe setaceous,
3-5 cm. long; capsule oblong, narrowed at both ends, 2.5-4 cm. long.

On trees in coppices, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ;
Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; Trinidad ; tropical South America. SLENDER
AULIZA. Catesby, 2 : pi. 68.

13. ENCYOLIA Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 2831. 1828.

Epiphytic or rarely terrestrial orchids, with mostly terete, short or elon-
gated pseudobulbs, flat, mostly stiff, elongated narrow leaves duplicate in the
bud, and rather large, racemose or panicled bracted flowers on a long terminal
scape. Lateral sepals broad or narrow, about as wide as the similar median
one; petals spatulate to linear. Lip longitudinaly crested or appendaged,
3-lobed, the middle lobe much wider than the lateral ones, often emarginate.
Column usually adnate to the lip at its base and sometimes enclosed by it.
Capsules ribbed. [Greek, wrapped around.] Perhaps 75 species, of tropical
and subtropical America. Type species: Encyclia viridiflora Hook. These
orchids are locally called WILD INDIAN.

Middle lobe of the lip acute or tipped. 1. E. fucata.

Middle lobe of the lip rounded or retuse.

Flowers panicled ; middle lobe of the lip rounded, retuse or

apiculate.
Column short, 6 mm. long or less.

Sepals obtuse ; lip sessile or nearly so. 2. E. bahamensis.

Sepals acute ; lip clawed. 3. E. rufa.

Column long. 7-10 mm. long.

Pseudobulbs ovoid, 4-7 cm. long. 4. E. iampensis.

Pseudobulbs ovoid-oblong, up to 10 cm. long.

Sepals and petals purplish or greenish ; leaves

1.5-2.5 cm. wide. 5. E. diurna.

Sepals and petals yellow ; leaves 1 cm. wide or

less. 6. E. inaguensis.

Flowers racemose or inflorescence with a few branches.

Leaves broadly linear ; middle lobe of the lip cordate. 7. E. plicata.

Leaves norrowly linear ; middle lobe of the lip ovate,

rounded. 8. E. acicularis.

OECHIDACEAE. 91

1. Encyclia fucata (Lindl.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Epidendrum fucatum Lindl. Bot. Beg. 24: Misc. 15. 1838.

Pseudobulbs slender, ovoid to oblong, 2-5 cm. long. Leaves 1 or 2, linear,
1-3 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide ; scape slender, • usually branched, 3-7 dm. long ;
pedicels slender or filiform, 1-2 cm. long; sepals yellow or brownish yellow,
oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, 1.5-2 cm. long; petals oblanceolate,
similar to the sepals but a little shorter; lip yellow, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes
oblong, obtuse, about 1 cm. long, the middle lobe suborbicular, tipped; column
wingless; capsule oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long.

On trees in coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, and Andros : —
Cuba ; recorded from Hispaniola and Porto Rico. SMALL-FLOWERED ENCYCLIA.

A fruiting specimen from Abaco, probably of this species, was determined by R.
A. Rolfe as E. primulinum Batem, of Mexico, and recorded under that name in
Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4 : 116.

2. Encyclia foahamensis (Griseb.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Epidendrum lahamense Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 614. 1864.

Pseudobulbs ovoid-oblong, 10 cm. long or less. Leaves 1-3, coriaceous,
linear, blunt or acutish, 1.5-5 dm. long; 1-3.5 cm. wide; scape usually much-
branched, paniculately many-flowered, 5-9 dm. long; pedicels slender, 1-2 cm.
long; sepals oblong, 7-nerved, obtuse or obtusish, 15-19 mm. long; petals
obtuse, oblong or spatulate-oblong, narrowed toward the base, about as long
as the sepals; lip sessile or nearly so, deeply 3-lobed, 16-19 mm. long, its lateral
lobes triangular-ovate, much shorter than the orbicular-obovate, rounded or
retuse, nearly sessile, middle one; column narrowly winged to the base; capsule
oblong, 1.5-3 cm. long.

On trees, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, Eleuthera, Ship Channel Cay, Crooked
Island, Little Inagua and Inagua. An Andros specimen was referred to Epidendrum
odoratissimum Lindl., by Mrs. Northrop. BAHAMA ENCYCLIA.

3 Encyclia rufa (Lindl.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Epidendrum rufum Lindl. Bot. Eeg. 31: Misc. 33. 1845.

Pseudobulbs "pyriform." Leaves 2 or 3, ligulate, obtuse, 15-18 cm. long,
about 18 mm. wide; scape little branched, paniculately many-flowered, 2-3.5
dm. long; pedicels slender, about 1 cm. long; flowers yellowish-brown; sepals
oblong or oblong-spatulate, acute, 19-25 mm. long; petals oblong-cuneate, about
as long as the sepals; lip short-clawed, about 2 cm. long, deeply 3-lobed, the
lateral lobes short "acute," much shorter than the obovate, rounded middle
one; column narrowly winged to the base.

Bahamas, collected by Skinner (according to Cogniaux) and also attributed to
the Bahamas by Grisebach : — Hispaniola. Not known to us from the archipelago.
Cogniaux's reference to this species as recorded by Britton from Abaco (Urban,
Symb. Ant. 6:494) is an error. The type specimen is said by Lindley to have
been sent from Rio Janeiro, Brazil. Our specimen from Hispaniola was collected
at Bayeux, Haiti, by George V. Nash (No. 300) and determined as Epidendrum rufum
Lindl., by R. A. Rolfe at Kew. RUFOUS ENCYCLIA.

4. Encyclia tampensis (Lindl.) Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913.

Epidendrum tampense Lindl. Bot. Eeg. 1847: under pi. 35. 1847.

Pseudobulbs narrowly ovoid, terete, 4-7 cm. long. Leaves 1-3, linear or
linear-lanceolate, 0.5^2.5 dm. long, 8-18 mm. wide, acutish or obtuse, rather
rigid; scape slender, branched, often 5 dm. long or longer; pedicels rather
slender, 7-12 mm. long; lateral sepals yellowish-brown, narrowly oblanceolate,
acutish, about 2 cm. long; petals similar to the sepals but somewhat narrower;
lip nearly sessile, deeply 3-lobed, white lined with purple, a little shorter than
the petals, the middle lobe reniform-orbicular, short-clawed, rounded or apicu-
late, the lateral lobes oblong, obtuse; column about 8 mm. long, 2-auricled at
the top and narrowly winged.

On trees and shrubs, Abaco, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba. Recorded by
Coker as Epidendrum fucatum Lindl. TAMPA ENCYCLIA.

92 OECHIDACEAE.

5. Encyclia diurna (Jacq.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Limodorum diurnum Jacq. Ic. Ear. 3: pi. 603. 1786-93.
Epidendrum gracile Lindl. Bot. Eeg. 21: pi. 1765. 1835.
Epidendrum cdtissimum Batem. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 38. 1838.
Epidendrum virens Lindl. in Paxton, Fl. Gard. 1: 152. 1850-51.
Epidendrum diurnum Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6 : 497. 1910.

Plants usually clustered, sometimes forming large colonies. Pseudobulbs
elongated, ovoid-oblong, 10 cm. long or less. Leaves 2 or 3, linear, rigid,
acute or obtuse, 2-5 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; scape more or less branched,
5-10 dm. high; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long; lateral sepals greenish or purplish,
narrowly oblong, acute or obtusish, about 2 cm. long; petals similar to the
sepals, obtuse, narrowed below; Up a little shorter than the sepals, white lined
with purple, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe suborbicular or rhomboid-orbicular,
rounded or retuse and apiculate, the lateral lobes oblong, obtuse ; column clavi-
form, about 1 cm. long; capsule oval, 1.5-3 cm. long.

On the ground, in rocky soil, or sometimes on trees, throughout the archipelago,
from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Mariguana, Acklin's and Caicos Islands : —
Cuba ; Mexico to Venezuela. Consists of many races, differing in size of the plant,
of the leaves and of the flowers, and in color of the perianth. TALL ENCYCLIA.

6 Encyclia inague"nsis Nash, sp. nov.

Stems slender, up to 1 m. tall, usually from a creeping rootstock, the
pseudobulbs up to 1 dm. long and 1.5 cm. in diameter at the base, gradually
narrowed from the base to the apex. Leaves linear, up to 5 dm. long and 1 cm.
wide, acute; inflorescence up to 6 dm. long, paniculate, the branches ascending,
the lower ones longer and bearing 2-5 flowers. Flowers 2.5-3 cm. in diameter,
fragrant; sepals and petals yellow, irregularly striped with purple, the sepals
oblong-elliptic, acute, the petals oblanceolate-spathulate, acute ; lip about as
long as the sepals, white, the lateral lobes and margin of the middle lobe
yelow, all flushed and striped with purple; lateral lobes ascending, oblong,
acutish, 8-10 mm. long, the middle lobe almost orbicular, undulate on the
margin, retuse, 8-9 mm. in diameter, almost sessile ; column white, striped with
purple, about 1 cm. long.

On shrubs and trees. Type collected between Northwest Point and Southwest
Point, Little Inagua, Oct. 21, 1904 (Nash and Taylor, 1251). A barren specimen from
East Caicos (Millspaugh 9111) may be of this species. INAGUA ENCYCLIA.

7. Encyclia plicata (Lindl.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Epidendrum plicatum Lindl. Bot. Beg. 33: under pi. 10. 1847.

Pseudobulbs ovoid, terete, 8 cm. long or less. Leaves 2 or sometimes 3,
coriaceous, stiff, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide; scape usually much longer
than the leaves, simple or more or less branched; pedicels slender, 1-1.5 cm.
long; lateral sepals oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, purplish or greenish, 2.5-3
cm. long; petals similar to the lateral sepals; lip about as long as the petals,
yellowish or whitish striped with purple, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe sub-
orbicular, cordate, emarginate and sometimes cuspidate, the lateral lobes oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse; column about 15 mm. long; fruit oval, 2-3 cm. long.

On shrubs and trees in thickets, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Fortune
Island, Cat Island, Crooked Island and Inagua : — Cuba. Recorded by Hitchcock as
E. virens Lindl., and by Mrs. Northrop as E. phoeniceum L/indl. PLICATE ENCYCLIA.
Catesby, 2 : pi. 88.

8. Encyclia acicularis (Batem.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Epidendrum aciculare Batem.; Lindl. Bot. Beg. 27: Misc. 46. 1841.

Pseudobulbs ovoid, clustered, 2-3 cm. long; leaves 1 or 2, narrowly linear,
2-7 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide. Scape usually simple, few-several-flowered,
longer than the leaves; pedicels very slender, about 1 cm. long; lateral sepals

ORCHIDACEAE. 93

narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate, purple, acute, 2-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide;
petals similar to the sepals; lip white, lined with rose, a little shorter than
the sepals, deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobe ovate, rounded, the lateral lobes
oblong, obtuse; column about 1 cm. long, 2-auricled at the summit.

Bahamas, collected by Skinner, according to Lindley : — Mexico. A plant found on
Conocurpua in an open coastal coppice, at Great Bahama at Golden Grove (Britton
and Millspauyh 2728), was doubtfully referred to this species by Mr. R. A. Rolfe at
Kew. It subsequently produced a few flowers at the New York Botanical Garden
which do not wholly agree with those of Mexican specimens. NARROW-LEAVED

ENCl'CLIA.

Epidendrum papilionaceum Vahl, is doubtfully recorded as Bahamian by
Urban and by Cogniaux, the determination based on barren specimens collected
by Eggers in New Providence.

14. EPICLADIUM Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913.

An epiphytic orchid, with nearly orbicular flattened pseudobulbs, narrow,
erect, flat leaves, duplicate in the bud, the flowering scape subtended by an
elongated spathe-like sheath. Flowers racemose or solitary, minutely bracted,
showy, mottled. Lateral sepals about as wide as the median one; petals
similar to the lateral sepals; lip sub rhombic, shorter than the sepals; column
without a foot, partly adnate to the lip. Capsules nodding, winged. [Greek,
upon a branch.] A monotypic genus.

1. Epicladium Boothianum (Lindl.) Small, Fl. Miami 56. 1913.

Epidendrum Boothianum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 5. 1838.
Epidendrum erythronioides Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 328. 1903.

Pseudobulbs clustered or solitary on branches, about 2.5 cm. long, less
than 1 cm. thick, subtended by ovate, subscarious scales 1-2 cm. long. Leaves
oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, 6-12 cm. long; flowering stem simple,
mostly longer than the leaves, 2-3 times as long as the sheath; flowers 1-sev-
eral; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; lateral sepals oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate,
acute, yellow, mottled with brown, about 13 mm. long; petals spatulate, yellow,
brown-mottled, about as long as the sepals; lip yellowish, about 7 mm. long;
capsule 2-3 cm. long, oblong, 3-winged.

On trees, Andros : — Florida ; Cuba. EPICLADIUM. Catesby, 2 : pi. 7^.

15. ANAOHEILIUM Hoffmg. Linnaea 16: Litt. 229. 1842.

Epiphytic orchids, with elongated, somewhat flattened psudobulbs, long
flat leaves duplicate in the bud, and nodding racemose bracted flowers on a
simple terminal scape. Sepals all nearly alike, elongated, narrow, acuminate.
Petals similar to the sepals, but somewhat shorter; lip concave, entire, much
shorter than the sepals. Column partly adnate to the lip, footless. Capsules
winged, drooping. [Greek, upturned lip.] The genus is probably monotypic.

1. Anacheilium cochleatum (L.) Hoffmg. Linnaea, 16: Litt. 229. 1842.
Epidendrum cochleatum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1351. 1763.

Pseudobulbs lanceolate to ovate, compressed, 8-12 cm. long, clustered.
Leaves 2 or 3, linear or linear-oblong, acute, 1-4 dm. long; scape simple, 1.5-6
dm. long, bearing several linear-lanceolate scarious scales 1-3 cm. long and
subtended by a larger, scarious, spathe-like scale 5-8 cm. long; flowers few-
several, racemose; bracts small; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, greenish yellow,

94 OECHIDACEAE.

2-3 cm. long, similar to the petals; lip purple or variegated, about 2 cm. long,
abruptly acute, entire; capsule 2-3 cm. long.

On trees in coppices, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ;
Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica : Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela. Recorded
from St. Croix. Catesby, 2 : pi. 88. SHELL ORCHID.

16. NIBEMA Britton & Millspaugh, gen. nov.

Epiphytic orchids, with flattened 1-leaved pseudobulbs subtended by narrow
scales, the leaves narrowly linear, the slender scapes bearing several, rather
small, racemose flowers, or but one. Lateral sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, 3-5-nerved, acute or acuminate; petals linear to lanceolate, somewhat
shorter than the sepals; lip linear or ligulate, somewhat fleshy, entire or undu-
late; column free from the lip or but slightly adnate at the base, footless.
Capsule oblong. [Anagram of Dinema, a related genus.] Two species or
more, natives of the West Indies, the following typical.

1. Nidema Ottonis (Echb. f.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Epidendrum Ottonis Echb. f.; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 613. 1864.

Pseudobulbs narrowly oblong, clustered, compressed, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1-
leaved. Leaf thin in texture, linear, 6-13 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, obtuse or
acutish; scape very slender, little, if any, longer than the leaf, bearing several
linear scales and 3-6 bracted whitish flowers; ovary shorter than the linear
bract; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, about 8 mm. long; petals linear, acute,
about 6 mm. long; lip linear, acute, undivided, about 5 mm. long; column free,
claviform, 4 mm. long, 5-toothed; capsule oblong, about 1 cm. long.

On tree, Blue Hills, New Providence, collected by Eggers (according to Cog-
niaux), not found by us in the Bahamas: — Jamaica; Cuba; Hispaniola; Porto
Rico ; Trinidad ; Venezuela.

17. TETRAMICRA Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 119. 1831.

Mostly terrestrial orchids, without pseudobulbs, the roots thick fibers, the
few subterete fleshy leaves basal, the pink to purple flowers in a simple raceme
at the end of a slender sheathed scape. Bracts very small. Sepals about
•equal, distinct, spreading. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip 3-lobed, spread-
ing, the lobes entire or nearly so. Column 2-winged. Anther convex, imper-
fectly 4-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, appendaged. Capsule oblong, beakless.
[Greek, small four.] About 8 species, of tropical America. Type species:
Cymbidium rigidum Willd.

1. Tetramicra Urbaniana Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 551. 1910.

Eoots few, thick, canescent. Leaves 2, lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 3 cm.
long or less, acute or acuminate, fleshy; scape very slender, 2-4.5 dm. high,
its small membranous sheaths appressed; raceme 2— 5-flowered, the flowers dis-
tant; bracts ovate, membranous, acute, 1-3 mm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long;
ovary slender, 5-7 mm. long; sepals ovate or oblong, 5-nerved, about 4 mm.
long; petals linear, about as long as the sepals; lip 4-6 mm. long, deeply 3-
lobed, the lobes rounded; column narrowly 2-winged, 3 mm. long.

On the ground, New Providence near Nassau : — Endemic. BAHAMA TETRAMICRA.

OBCHIDACEAE. . 95

18. LAELIOPSIS Lindl. in Paxton, Fl. Gard. 3: 155. 1853.

Epiphytic orchids, with small oblong, 1-leaved or 2-leaved pseudobulbs,
the leaves linear or oblong, coriaceous, the few or several large, rose or purple
flowers in a terminal, long-peduncled raceme. Sepals equal, distinct, erect or
somewhat spreading. Petals similar to the sepals, but a little broader. Lip
broad, spreading, sometimes slightly 3-lobed, sessile at the base of the column.
Anther terminal, 2-celled; pollinia 8. Capsule oblong to obovoid. [Greek,
similar to Laelia.] Three or four species, inhabiting 'Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola
and the Bahamas, the following typical.

1. Laeliopsis domingensis Lindl. in Paxton, Fl. Gard. 3: 155, pi. 105. 1853.

Cattleya domingensis Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 118. 1831.

Broughtonia lilacina Henfr. in Moore & Ayres, Gard. Mag. Bot. 3: 201.

1851.

Broughtonia domingensis Rolfe, Gard. Chron. III. 5: 491. 1889.
Cattleyopsis Northropiorum Cogn. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 6: 545. 1910.

Pseudobulbs narrow, 3-7 cm. long, 5-9 mm. in diameter. Leaves linear-
oblong, 7-14 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less, obtuse, the margin more or less
erose-denticulate, the midvein prominent; peduncle slender, terete, erect, 4-7
dm. long, with several distant scarious appressed sheaths; flowers 4-15;
pedicels slender, 1.5-2 cm. long; bracts ovate, acute, about 2 mm. long; sepals
lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved, 2.5-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide; petals 7-10 mm.
wide; lip broadly obovate, 3-4 cm. long, emarginate, undulate; capsule 2-3
cm. long.

On trees and shrubs in coastal coppices and pine-lands, Abaco and Great Ba-
hama, Andros, South Bimini and Eleuthera : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica.

19. LIMODORUM L. Sp. PI. 950. 1753.

Scapose terrestrial orchids, with round solid bulbs which arise from the
bulb of the previous year, a leaf appearing the first season, succeeded in the
following year by the scape. Flowers several in a loose terminal spike or
raceme. Sepals and petals nearly alike, separate, spreading. Column elon-
gated, 2-winged above. Anther terminal, operculate, sessile; pollinia solitary,
1 in each sac, loosely granular. Lip spreading, raised on a narrow stalk,
dilated at the apex, bearded on the upper side with long club-shaped hairs.
[Greek, a meadow-gift.] Five species of the eastern United States, the
Bahamas and Cuba. Type species: Limodorum tuberosum L.

1. Limodorum Simpson! Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 322. 1903.

Calopogon pulchellus Simpsoni Ames, Contr. Ames Bot. Lab. 1 : 18. Hypo-
nym. 1904.

Scape slender, erect, 3-7 dm. tall, bearing 1 or 2 short basal scales and
usually but 1, linear, acute leaf 1-3 dm. long, borne near the base. Spike
loosely few-flowered; bracts lanceolate, acute, usually much shorter than the
ovary; flowers purple, rarely white; lateral sepals suborbicular, acute, about
18 mm. long; petals ovate-oblong, a little longer than the sepals; middle lobe
of the lip 8-10 mm. wide, emarginate; capsule 1.5-2 cm. long.

Savannas and pine-lands, Andros : — Florida ; Cuba. Determined by Mrs. North-
rop as L. tuberosum L., and referred to that species by Cogniaux. SOUTHERN
GRASS-PINK.

96 OECHIDACEAE.

20. BLETIA E. & P. Syst. 229. 1798.

Terrestrial orchids, with globose or ovoid corms, narrow, elongated linear
or lanceolate leaves, the slender sheathed scape arising from the side of the
corm, the large purple or pink flowers in simple or branched racemes. Sepals
nearly alike, ovate to oblong. Petals similar to the sepals. Lip broad, 5-7-
crested, 3-lobed. 'Column elongated. Anther 2-celled; pollinia obovate, waxy.
Capsules oblong, erect. [Commemorates L. Blet, a Spanish apothecary.]
About 45 species, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Bletia catenulata
E. & P.

1. Bletia purpurea (Lam.) DC. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 9: 100.
1841.

Limodorum purpureum Lam. Encycl. 3: 515. 1789.

Limodorum altum Jacq. Ic. Ear. 3: 17, pi. 602. 1786-93. Not. L. 1767.

Bletia verecunda E. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 5: 206. 1813.

Corm subglobose, 2-3 cm in diameter; scape slender, 3-11 dm. high.
Leaves 1.5-5 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide at about the middle, tapering to both
ends, narrowed below into a sheath; sheaths of the scape 1-1.5 cm. long, ovate,
appressed; bracts ovate, 4-5 mm. long, acute or acuminate; sepals 11-18 mm.
long, acute, the median one ovate-lanceolate, the lateral ones ovate to oblong;
petals oval, a little shorter than the sepals; lip 7-crested, nearly as long as the
petals, its middle lobe notched, crenate crisped; capsule cylindric, 2.5-4 cm.
long.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros. New Providence,
Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba : Hispaniola ; Jamaica. Recorded by Hitchcock as Bletia
alta (L.) Hitchc. PURPLE BLETIA.

21. GOVENIA Lindl. in Lodd. Bot. Cab. pi. 1709. 1831.

Terrestrial orchids with rootstocks, the leaves few, plaited, the stem erect,
the rather small flowers in a simple, terminal, spike-like raceme. Sepals con-
nivent, nearly equal, the median one erect, incurved. Petals similar to the
sepals. Lip concave, simple. Column winged, incurved, its foot short. Anther
incumbent, convex, 1-celled; pollinia 4, waxy, not appendaged. Capsule oblong.
[Commemorates James Eobert Gowen, an English botanist, who died in 1862.]
About 17 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Govenia superba
Lindl.

1. Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. Bot. Eeg. 25: Misc. 47. 1839.
Cymbidium utriculatum Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 6: 75. 1799.

Plant 3-7 dm. high, the stem rather stout, bearing large basal inflated
bladeless sheaths and 1 or 2 broad leaves. Basal sheaths usually 2, mem-
branous, 4-20 cm. long; leaves usually 2, elliptic, 1-2.7 dm. long, 5-9 cm. wide,
acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, finely many-nerved ;
cauline sheaths 1 or 2, obtuse, about 5 cm. lo'ng; raceme few-several-flowered,
1.5 dm. long or less; pedicels 3-5 mm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 1-2
cm. long; flowers whitish; sepals about 1.5 cm. long, the lateral lanceolate, the
median oblong; petals about as long as the sepals; lip ovate, acute, about
9 mm. long; capsules deflexed, 2.5-3 cm. long.

Coppices and pine-barrens, Abaco, Andros : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ;
Jamaica ; Mexico to South America. SWOLLEN GOVENIA.

ORCHIDACEAE. 97

22. ONCIDIUM Sw. Vet. Akad. Stock. Handl. 21: 239. 1800.

Mostly epiphytic orchids, with or without pseudobulbs, the leaves flat or
3-edged, elongated or short, the stems short, the peduncles or scapes lateral,
the flowers in loose racemes or panicles. Sepals nearly equal, spreading or
reflexed, the lateral ones connate in some species. Petals similar to the median
sepal. Lip clawed or sessile, 3-lobed, crested or tubercled, the middle lobe
broad, notched or 2-cleft. Column short, winged, without a foot. Anther
inclined, convex or semiglobose, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2,
waxy, not appendaged. Capsule ovoid to fusiform, beaked. [Greek, referring
to the tubercled lip.] More than 400 species, natives of tropical and sub-
tropical America. Type species: Oncidium carthaginense (Jacq.) Sw.

Terrestrial ; leaves 3-5 dm. long ; scape 1 m. or more high. 1. O. sphacelatum.
Epiphytic ; leaves 1-1.5 dm. long ; scape 3-5 dm. long.

Leaves elongated-linear. 2. 0. ~bahamense.

Leaves oblong-falcate. 3. O. lucayanum.

1. Oncidium sphacelatum Lindl. Sert. Orch. under pi. 48. 1841.

Pseudobulbs nearly cylindric, 8-12 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick. Leaves
linear, elongated, 3-10 dm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, flat, finely many-nerved; scape
slender, 2 m. long or less, the flowers loosely panicled; bracts linear-lanceolate,
8-15 mm,, long; pedicels slender, 1-2.5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, about 16 mm.
long, brownish, barred with yellow; petals similar to the sepals, but somewhat
broader and shorter; lip bright yellow, about as long as the petals, its middle
lobe 11-14 mm. wide; capsule oblong, about 2 cm. long.

On the ground in pine-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New
Providence, Watling's Island, Crooked Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Central America.

2. Oncidium "bahamense Nash, sp. nov.

A stoloniferous plant, creeping along branches and tree trunks, with
equitant leaves which are long, curved and narrow, and a raceme of yellow
flowers much exserted beyond the leaves. Leaves up to 8, crowded at the
base, the lower 1 or 2 short, triangular and scale-like, the larger ones up to
2 dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, laterally compressed, acutely angled on the back,
channeled on the upper side, smooth and glabrous, linear, acute; scape up to
4.5 dm. long, smooth and glabrous, with scattered ovate scarious acute scales
5-7 mm. long; raceme 5-7 cm. long, of 10-15 spreading flowers on slender
pedicels up to 1 cm. long, the bracts ovate, acuminate, about 3 mm. long;
dorsal sepal obovate-spatulate, concave, much narrowed at the base, emargi-
nate and apiculate at the apex, 1-nerved, 5-6 mm. long, about 3 mm. wide at
the broadest part when spread out; lateral sepals united to the apex into an
obovate-cuneate concave body about 6 mm. long and 4 mm. wide when spread
out, rounded-truncate at the apex, 2-nerved, running out into short apicula-
tions: petals obovate, 5-nerved, undulate on the margins, apiculate at the apex,
7 mm. long and 5 mm. wide; lip sessile with a broad rounded base, 9-10 mm.
long and 10-12 mm. wide, puberulent on the upper surface, of equal width at
base and apex, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading and somewhat reflexed,
broad, rounded at the apex, irregularly crenulate on the margins, the middle
lobe much broader than long-, reniform, irregularly lobulate on the margins,
strongly emarginate at the apex, apiculate, the crest with two processes, one
of them with long lobes, the other smaller and with 3 lobes; column stout,
about 2.5 mm. long, the wings puberulent, ovate, rounded at the base, obtuse
at the apex, and extending considerably beyond the summit of the column, 3.5
mm. long and about '2 mm. wide.

Type collected by L. J. K. Brace, at Eight Mile Rocks, Great Bahama, April 16-
May 8, 1905, 'no. 8689, in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. A

98 OROHIDACEAE.

specimen in the herbarium of Columbia University, collected by John I. and Alice
R. Northrop, on Andros Island, in May, 18&0, no. 5Jt3, doubtfully determined by Mrs.
Northrop as O. sylvestre Lindl., is also this species ; it was also referred to O.
sylvestre by Cogniaux. The plant recorded by Eaton and Setchell, and also by
Dolley, from Abaco, collected by Herrick, is apparently this species.

This orchid is related to Oncidium sylvestre Lindl., but the longer leaves,
smaller flowers, and the differences in the lip at once distinguish it. In O. sylvstre
the leaves are not over 4 cm. long, the flowers are fully twice the size, and the lip
has the lateral lobes very small ; in O. ~bahamense the lip is as broad across the
lateral lobes as it is at the apex.

3. Oncidium lucayanum Nash, sp. nov.

Plant with short compressed leaves and a few-flowered raceme. Leaves
4-6, crowded at the base, curved, spreading, acute, compressed, acutely angled
on the back, channeled on the upper surface, wrinkled on the upper margins,
smooth and glabrous, 1-1.5 em. long and about 3 mm. wide; scape smooth and
glabrous, with a few scattered ovate acute appressed scarious scales 3-4 mm.
long; flowers on pedicels 5-7 mm. long; dorsal sepal oblanceolate-cuneate,
acutish at the apex, narrowed toward the base, 7 mm. long and 2-2.5 mm.
wide, the margins repand ; lateral sepals united into a concave 2-nerved oblance-
olate-cuneate body which is 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth rounded and about
0.75 mm. long, about 8 mm. long and 2.5-3 mm. wide; petals lyrate-ovate,
acute at the apex, abruptly narrowed below the middle into a claw about 2 mm.
long and 1.5 mm. wide, 8 mm. long and 3-3.5 mm. wide, undulate on the
margin; lip adnate to the column up to its wings by a bi-lamellate process,
8 mm. long and 7 mm. wide, sessile by a rounded or truncate base, 3-lobed, the
lateral lobes 1.5-2 mm. long and 1.5 mm. wide, somewhat reflexed, rounded or
a little acute at the base, merging into a hemispherical somewhat toothed
isthmus which joins them to the middle lobe, the middle lobe flabellate, on a
triangular claw, round-truncate and apiculate at the apex, irregularly lobulate
on the margins, the crest of 3 lobes, the lateral divaricate, separated by a
rounded protuberance, the middle lobe the largest and again 3-lobed; column
3-3.5 mm. long, the wings semiovate, rounded at the base, acute at the apex,
irregularly lobed and extending somewhat beyond the summit of the column.

Type, in the herbarium of Columbia University, collected by John I. and Alice
R. Northrop, at Fresh Creek, Andros Island, June 10, 1890, no. 6^7. Resembles O.
variegatum considerably, but the sepals are nearly as long as the lip, and the
middle lobe of the lip flabellate while in O. variegatum the sepals do not exceed one
half the length of the lip which has the middle lobe reniform and sessile. Referred
by Cogniaux to O. Leiboldi Rchb. f.

Oncidium variegatum Sw. is recorded by Cogniaux as collected on Andros
(Northrop 587) but our specimens of this number appear to be 0. lucayanum.
We have fruiting specimens of apparently the same plant from Abaco and
Great Bahama.

A small Oncidium, collected on Cat Island, died before flowering.

Sub-class 2. DICOTYLEDONES.

Embryo of the seed with two cotyledons (in a few genera one
only), the first leaves of the germinating plantlet opposite. Stem
exogenous, of pith, wood and bark (endogenous in structure in
Nymphaeaceae), the wood in one or more layers surrounding the
pith, traversed by medullary rays and covered by the bark. Leaves
usually pinnately or palmately veined, the veinlets forming a net-
work. Parts of the flower rarely in 3 's or 6 's.

Dicotyledonous plants are first definitely known in -Cretaceous
time. They constitute between two-thirds and three-fourths of the
living angiospermous flora.

DICOTYLEDONES.

Series I. Choripetalae.

Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting.

The series is also known as Archichlamideae, and comprises
most of the families formerly grouped under Apetalae (without
petals) and Polypetalae (with separate petals). Exceptions to the
typical feature of separate petals are found in the Fabaceae, in
which the two lower petals are more or less united; in the
Fumariaceae, where the two inner petals or all four of them are
sometimes coherent ; in some Crassulaceae ; the Polygalaceae, in
which the three petals are united with each other, and with the
stamens ; Oxalidaceae and Ilicaceae, whose five petals are sometimes
joined at the base.

t Petals none (except in family Portulacaceae and in most Caryophyllaceae,
which are herbs with the leaves nearly always opposite, the seeds with endosperm).

Calyx none (except in some of the SANTALAI/ES, and sometimes
Loosely jointed trees, the leaves reduced to verticillate scales

Order 1.
Plants not loosely jointed ; leaves normal.

Herbs with small perfect flowers in spikes. Order 2.

Trees or shrubs ; staminate flowers, and some-
times also the pistillate, in aments.

Leaves simple. Order 3.

Leaves odd-pinnate or trifoliolate ; fruit a

nut enclosed in a husk, or drupe-like. Order 4.

Calyx present.

Flowers monoecious, dioecious or polygamous,

ovary superior, 1-celled.
Flowers dioecious or perfect ; ovary inferior, at

least in part.
Ovary 1-celled.
Ovary several-celled (usually excelled) ; flowers

perfect.
Flowers mostly perfect ; ovary superior.

Embryo straight or nearly so; fruit an achene. Order 8
Embryo coiled, curved or annular ; fruit not
an achene.

in Casuarinaceae).
CASUARINALES.
PIPERALES.

MYRICALES.
JUGLANDALES.

Order 5. URTICALE.S.

Order 6.
Order 7.

Order 9.

SANTALALES.
ARISTOLOCHIALES.
POLYGONALES.
CHENOPODIALES.

$$ Petals present (wanting in Ceratophyllaceae, aquatic herbs with whorled
dissected leaves ; in many Ranunculaceae ; in Lauraceae, alternate-leaved aromatic
trees and shrubs ; in Zanthoxylum, pinnate-leaved trees of the Rutaceae ; in many
Euphorbiaceae ; in some species of Ludivigia in Onagraceae ; in Proserpinaca of the
Haloragidaceae).

A. Ovary superior, free from the calyx (partly or wholly inferior in Loasaceae).

Carpels solitary, or several and distinct (united in some Nymphaeaceae) ; sta-
mens mostly hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals ; sepals mostly
distinct. Order 10. RANALES.

Carpels 2 or more, united into a compound ovary ;

stamens hypogynous; sepals mostly distinct. Order 11. PAPAVERALES.

Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or some-

times united ; stamens mostly perigynous or epi-
gynous ; sepals mainly united or confluent with
the concave receptacle (hypanthium).
Carpels united into a compound ovary ; sepals

mostly distinct.
Stamens few, rarely more than twice as many

as the petals.

Stamens as many as the sepals or fewer
and opposite them, or more numerous.
Ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the

axis of the ovary.

Ovules pendulous, the raphe away from
the axis of the ovary, or erect, or as-
cending.

Stamens as many as the sepals and alter-
nate with them, opposite the petals when
these are present ; ovules erect.
Stamens usually very numerous (except in
Violaceae and Passifloraceae) ; disc in-
conspicuous, or none.

Order 12. ROSALES.

Order 13. GERANIALES.

Order 14. SAPIKDALES.

Order 15. RHAMNALES.

100 CASUARINACEAE.

Sepals valvate ; placentae united in the axis. Order 16. MALVALES.
Sepals or calyx-segments imbricated or con-
volute ; placentae mainly parietal,
sometimes united in the axis.

Sepals separate. Order 17. HYPERICALES.

Sepals united. Order 18. PASSIFLORALES.

B. Ovary inferior, adnate to the calyx, wholly or in part (except in Lythraceae

where it is usually merely enclosed by it).

Herbs with barbed or stinging hairs. Order 19. LOASALES.

Plants without barbed or stinging hairs.

Fleshy spiny plants, with jointed stems, the ^

leaves mostly very small or none ; calyx-seg-
ments and petals several or numerous. Order 20. OPUNTIALES.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, not fleshy or spiny ;

calyx-segments rarely more than 5.
Ovules several or numerous in each cavity
of the ovary (except in Haloragidaceae,

aquatic herbs). Order 21. MYRTALES.

Ovule 1 in each cavity of the ovary. Order 22. AMMIALES.

Order 1. C A SU AKIN ALES.

Trees or shrubs, with very slender, jointed, angled branches and twigs,
the leaves reduced to minute verticillate scales at the nodes, the scales
sometimes connate, the small imperfect bracted flowers in terminal spikes
or cone-like heads. 'Staminate flowers with 1 or 2 sepals and 1 stamen
with a large anther. Pistillate flowers without a perianth; ovary small,
1-celled; style short, with 2 slender branches; ovules 1 or 2, ascending.
Fruit a cone-like mass of accrescent bracts, subtending winged achenes.
Seed with a membranous testa and no endosperm, the embryo straight.

Family 1. CASUARINACEAE Lindl.

BEEF-WOOD FAMILY.
Only one genus, with about 25 species, most abundant in Australasia.

1. CASUARINA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 104. 1776.

Characters of the order. [From the zoological name of the Cassowary.]
The following species is typical.

1. Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. Char. Gen. PL 104. 1776.

A tree, reaching in the American tropics a maximum height of about 20 m.«
with a trunk up to 1 m. in diameter, much larger in Australia, with long and
slender branches, the upper ones erect or nearly so, the dark brown bark fur-
rowed. Twigs angular, very slender, drooping; leaves 6-8 in each whorl, only
1-3 mm. long, acute, appressed, ciliate, decurrent on the twigs; staminate
flowers in slender terminal cylindric spikes 1-4 cm. long, the bracts imbricated,
the anthers exserted; pistillate flowers in lateral dense subglobose heads which
become about 2 cm. in diameter in fruit.

Sandy sea shores, spontaneous after cultivation, Abaco, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Eleuthera, Crooked Island, the Caicos, Grand Turk, and Inagua : — A native
of Australia more or less naturalized in Florida, the West Indies and Yucatan.
Erroneously called SPANISH CEDAR. BEEF-WOOD.

MYEICACEAE. 101

Order 2. PIPERALES.

Dicotyledonous plants, with neither petals nor sepals, the spicate flowers
bracteolate.

Family 1. PIPERACEAE H.B.K.

PEPPER FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs or rarely small trees, with alternate, opposite or verticil'
late leaves, almost always entire-margined, the mostly minute bracteolate
flowers in spikes or rarely in racemes. Perianth none. Stamens mostly
2-6, hypogynous; anthers erect, terminal, their sacs distinct or confluent,
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile or rarely stipitate^ 1-celled, 1-
ovuled; style 1; ovule erect, orthotropous. Fruit baccate, indehiscent.
Seed solitary, the testa membranous, the endosperm copious, the embryo
minute. About 6 genera with over 1000 species, mostly of tropical
distribution.

1. PEPEROMIA B. & P. Prodr. 8. 1794.

Herbs, mostly succulent, with alternate, opposite or verticillate leaves, the
flowers in slender, solitary or clustered spikes, subtended by circular or elliptic
bracts. Stamens 2 ; filaments short. Ovary mostly sessile, sometimes stalked,
sometimes beaked; stigma terminal or lateral. Berry very small, globose,
oblong or ellipsoid, viscid. . [Greek, pepper.] Six hundred species or more,
mostly of tropical America. Type species: Peperomia secunda E. & P.

1. Peperomia spathulifolia Small, sp. nov.

Plants mainly terrestrial, strongly aromatic. Stems and branches decum-
bent, partly creeping; leaf -blades cuneate to spatulate, 6-11 cm. long, rounded,
truncate or notched at the apex, glabrous, bright-green, obscurely veined, ex-
cept sometimes in drying, acuminate at the base or attenuate into long or
rather long petioles; inflorescence with a slender often elongate stalk, with one
to five slender recurved-nodding branches; spikes mostly 1-2 dm. long, yel-
lowish, the rachis less than 2.5 mm. thick, slender-tipped; bracts orbicular,
about 0.3 mm. in diameter; anthers about 0.25 mm. in diameter; berries not
densely crowded, broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, nearly 1 mm. long, rounded at the
base, the beak much shorter than the body, strongly curved or hooked.

Deep woods, Abaco, in coppice at Eight Mile Bay : — Florida ; Haiti. SPATTJ-

LATE-LEAVED WlLD PEPPER.

Order 3. MYRICALES.

Shrubs or trees, with simple leaves and small monoecious or dioecious
flowers in aments. Perianth none. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigmas

2. Ovule erect, orthotropous. Endosperm none. Only one family.

Family 1. MYRICACEAE Dumort.
BAYBERRY FAMILY.

Leaves alternate, mostly coriaceous and aromatic. Flowers solitary in
the axils of the bracts. Staminate flower with 2-16 (usually 4-8) stamens

102 l PlCRODENDKACEAE.

inserted on the receptacle; filaments short; anthers ovate, 2-celled, the
sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary subtended by 2-8 bractlets; stigmas
linear. Fruit a small drupe or nut, the exocarp often waxy. Seed erect.
Cotyledons plano-convex. Radicle short. Two genera and about 36 species.

1. MYBICA L. Sp. PL 1024. 1753.

Leaves entire, dentate or lobed, mostly resinous-dotted. Staminate aments
otlong or narrowly cylindric, expanding before or with the leaves. Stamens
4-8. Pistillate aments ovoid or subglobose; ovary subtended by 2-4, mostly
short, bractlets. Drupe globose or ovoid, its exocarp waxy. [Ancient Greek
name of the Tamarisk.] About 35 species, widely distributed. Type species:
Myrica Gale L.

1. Myrica cerifera L. Sp. PI. 1024. 1753.

Cerothamnus ceriferus Small, PI. Miami 61. 1912.

A slender dioecious shrub, or a tree, sometimes 12 m. high, with a trunk
5 dm. in diameter, the bark gray, nearly smooth. Leaves narrow, oblong or
oblanceolate, mostly acute, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed at the base,
fragrant, short-petioled, dark green above, paler and sometimes pubescent
beneath, golden-resinous, 2-8 cm. long, unfolding with or before the aments;
staminate aments cylindric; pistillate aments short, oblong; ripe drupes
globose, bluish white, waxy, tipped with the base of the style, long-persistent.

Sandy thickets, coppices and pine-lands, Abaco, Andros. Great Bahama. New
Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, and Acklin's Island : — New Jersey southward
along the coast to the Florida Keys and to Texas ; Bermuda : Cuba ; Hispaniola ;
Porto Rico. BAY-BEBBY* WAX-BEBRY. MICKLE-BERBY. WILD TEA.

Order 4. JUGLANDALES.

Trees with alternate pinnately compound or trifoliolate leaves, and
monoecious or dioecious bracteolate flowers, the staminate in long drooping
aments, the pistillate solitary or several together. Staminate flowers con-
sisting of 3-numerous stamens with or without an irregularly lobed perianth
adnate to the bractlet, very rarely with a rudimentary ovary. Anthers
erect, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; filaments short. Pistillate
flowers with a 3-5-lobed calyx or with both calyx and petals, and a 1-celled
or 2-4-celled ovary. Ovules solitary or 2, erect, orthotropous ; styles 1 or 2.
Fruit a drupe with indehiscent or dehiscent, fibrous, fleshy or woody exo-
carp, enclosing the bony endocarp or nut which is 2-4-celled. Seed large,
2-^i-lobed. Endosperm none. Cotyledons corrugated, Two families, that
of the Walnuts (Juglandaceae) and the following.

Family 1. PICRODENDRACEAE Small.

Rough-barked trees, or shrubs, with bitter wood, alternate, slender-
petioled, 3-foliolate leaves, and dioecious flowers, the pistillate ones solitary,
axillary, peduncled, the staminate in long drooping aments. Staminate
flowers each subtended by 3 bracts, the middle bract the larger; perianth
none ; stamens many, clustered ; filaments glabrous, shorter than the anthers

ULMACEAE. 103

or as long; anthers oval, sparingly pubescent. Calyx of the pistillate
flowers small, 4-parted, the lobes or sepals narrow, deciduous; petals none;
ovary sessile, 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cavity ; style columnar ; stigmas subu-
late, longer than the style. Drupe globose or oval, stalked. Seed solitary.
Only the following genus.

1. PICRODENDRON Planch, in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 5: 579. 1846.

Characters of the family. [Greek, bitter tree.] Three species, natives of
the Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba and Hispaniola. Type species: Juglans baccata
L. (Picrodendron arboreum Macfad.).

1. Picrodendron macrocarpum (A. Eich.) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4:
139. 1906.

Schmidelia macrocarpa A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 116. pi. 30.

1845.
Picrodendron badcatum bahamense Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 308.

1893.

A tree, up to 20 m. high, or sometimes a shrub. Petioles minutely pubes-
cent, 2-8 cm. long; leaflets 1.5-9 cm. long, oblong, oval or obovate, usually
rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, finely
pubescent, or becoming glabrate, finely reticulate-veined; calyx yellowish, the
narrowly linear-lanceolate lobes 2.5-3.5 mm. long; drupe oval or ovoid, 2-2.5
cm. long, longer than its stalk.

Rocky coppices, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great
Guana Cay, and Long Island : — Cuba. Referred by Dolley to Picrodendron juglans
Griseb. Erroneously called Olive. BLACK WOOD. Catesby, 2 : pi. 32.

Order 5. URTICALES.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, the flowers with a calyx but without corolla,
small, not borne in aments, monoecious, dioecious or polygamous; ovary
1-celled, superior.

Fruit not an achene : trees, shrubs or herbs ; ovule pendulous.

Trees with alternate leaves, the sap not milky. Fam. 1. ULMACEAE.

Trees with alternate leaves and milky sap. Fam. 2. MORACEAE.

Fruit an achene ; herbs with small clustred greenish flowers ;
ovule erect or ascending. Fam. 3. URTICACEAE..

Family 1. ULMACEAE Mirbel.
'ELM FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple serrate petioled pinnately-vemed
stipulate leaves, the stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, monoe-
cious, dioecious, perfect or polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate solitary.
Perianth 3-9-parted or of 3-9 distinct sepals. Petals none. Stamens in
our species as many as the perianth-lobes or sepals and opposite them;
filaments straight; anthers ovate or oval, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
1-celled (rarely 2-celled), mostly superior; ovule solitary, pendulous, ana-
tropous or amphitropous; styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara, drupe or
nut. Endosperm of the seed little or none. Embryo straight or curved;
cotyledons mostly flat. About 13 genera and 140 species, widely dis-
tributed in temperate and tropical regions.

104 MOEACEAE.

1. TEEMA Lour. Flor. Coch. 562. 1790.

Tajl shrubs or trees, unarmed, usually pubescent. Leaves alternate,
toothed, 3 -nerved at the base, equilateral or only slightly inequilateral, short-
petioled, the stipules lateral. Flowers small, mostly monoecious or polyg-
amous, greenish or whitish, the perfect mostly fertile, in axillary cymes.
Sepals of pistillate flowers induplicate-valvate, those of the perfect flowers
slightly imbricated. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary sessile. Stigmas 2, entire. Ovule
pendulous. Drupe ovoid to globose. [Name unexplained.] Some 30 tropical
species. Type species: Trema canndbina Lour.

1. Trema Lamarckiana (E. & S.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. 2: 58. 1853.

Celtis Lamarckiana R. & S. Syst. 6: 311. 1820.

Sponia Lamarckiana Decn. Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 498. 1834.

Trema Lima Hitch. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 129. 1893.

A tree, up to 8 m. high, the trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter, or more
often a shrub 1.5-3.5 m. high, the twigs slender, rough-pubescent. Leaves
ovate to lanceolate, short-petioled, 5 cm. long or less, very rough on the upper
side, 3-nerved at the base, reticulate-veined and finely tomentose beneath;
flowers only about 2 mm. wide, the staminate clusters sessile, the pistillate short-
stalked; fruit ovoid, about 3 mm. long, smooth.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Great Bahama, Andros. Mangrove Cay, St. George's
Cay, New Providence, Rose Island. Hog Island, Eleuthera, Great Guana Cay, Wat-
ling's, Crooked Island and Mariguana : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba to Porto Rico ;
Montserrat to St. Vincent. LAMARCK'S TREMA. PAIN-IN-BACK.

Family 2. MORACEAE Lindl.
MULBERRY FAMILY.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, mostly with milky sap, petioled stipulate leaves,
and small monoecious or dioecious axillary clustered flowers, or the pistil-
late flowers solitary in some exotic genera. Calyx mostly 4-5-parted.
Petals none. In Ficus the minute flowers are wholly inclosed in receptacles.
Staminate flowers panicled, spicate or capitate, the stamens as many
as the calyx-segments. Pistillate flowers capitate, spicate or cymose.
Ovary superior, 1-celled in our genus. Ovule solitary, pendulous, ana-
tropous. Styles 1 or 2. About 55 genera and 925 species, natives of
temperate and tropical regions.

1. FICUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753.

Woody plants, mostly large trees, with milky sap, weak wood, and alter-
nate leaves with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers minute, wholly enclosed in
receptacles, the staminate with 1, 2 or 3 stamens with short, stout filaments,
the pistillate with a sessile 1-celled ovary, the style lateral, the ovule anat-
ropous. Achenes enclosed in the receptacle. [Latin fig.] Some 600 species,
of tropical and warm regions. Type species: Ficus Carica L.

Receptacles normally sessile. 1. F. aurea.
Receptacles peduncled.

Leaves 6 cm. long or less, short-petioled. 2. F. jacquinifolia.

Leaves 3-10 cm. long, long-petioled. 3. F. brevifolia.

UETICACEAE. 105

1. Ficus aurea Nutt. Sylva 2: 4. 1846.

Ficus sapotaefolia Kunth & Bouche, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1846: 17.

1846.
Ficus dimidiata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 151. 1859.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 20 m. with a trunk diameter
up to 1.2 m., the stout branches spreading, sending down aerial roots which
sometimes reach the ground and form secondary trunks, the thick, nearly
smooth bark gray, the stout twigs yellow, glabrous. Leaves oblong or elliptic,
firm in texture, 5-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed
or obtuse at the base, glabrous, the petioles 1-6 cm. long; figs obovoid, sessile
(rarely short-stalked), yellow or red, 6-15 mm. in diameter.

Sandy and rocky soil, Abaco, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, Cat Cay, Andros,
New Providence. Eleuthera, Cat Island and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Cuba ; His-
paniola ; Jamaica. GOLDEN WILD FIG. Erroneously called BANTAM.

2. Ficus jacquinifolia A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 221. 1850.

A tree up to 15 m. high with a trunk 1 m. in diameter, usually much
smaller and sometimes shrubby, the smooth bark pale gray or nearly white, the
branches often emitting many aerial roots, the twigs slender, glabrous. Leaves
obovate to oblong, coriaceous, 2-6 cm. long, acute or rounded at the apex, nar-
rowed or obtuse at the base, glabrous, finely many-veined, the petioles 2-5 mm.
long; figs globose, in pairs or solitary, 3-5 mm. in diameter, on peduncles 2-4
mm. long, the ostiolum prominent. The leaves of shoots are sometimes con-
siderably larger than those of older branches.

Coppice and pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New
Providence and Cat Island : — Cuba. Referred to F. pertusa L. f., by Hitchcock,
Dolley and Mrs. Northrop. SMALL-LEAVED WILD FIG.

3. Ficus brevifolia Nutt. Sylva 2: 3. 1846.

Ficus populnea bahamensis Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 473. 1903.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 15 m. with a trunk up to 5
dm. thick, the branches spreading, the smooth bark brownish, the twigs slender,
glabrous, or sparingly pubescent when young. Leaves rather thin, glabrous,
ovate or oval, 3-10 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate
at the base, the slender petioles 1.5-4 cm. long; figs globose or globose-obovoid,
7-12 mm. in diameter, on peduncles 4-20 mm. long, red when mature, the
ostiolum not prominent.

Rocky and sandy soil, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Ba-
hama to Andros, Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba : Santo Domingo.
Closely related to F. laevigata Vahl, of Porto Rico and the Lesser Antilles, to
which species it was referred by Hitchcock ; recorded by Mrs. Northrop as F.
pednnculata Willd. SHORT-LEAVED WILD Flo. Catesby 2 : App. pi. 18.

Family 3. URTICACEAE Rchb.
NETTLE FAMILY.

Herbs (some tropical species shrubs or trees), with watery sap, mostly
stipulate simple leaves, and small greenish dioecious, monoecious or poly-
gamous flowers, variously clustered. Calyx 2^5-cleft, or of distinct sepals.
Petals none. Stamens in the staminate flowers as many as the lobes or
segments of the calyx (sepals) and opposite them, the filaments inflexed
and anthers reversed in the bud, straightening at anthesis. Ovary superior,
1-celled; style simple; ovule solitary, erect or ascending, orthotropous, OT

8

106 URTICACEAE.

in some genera partly amphitropous. Fruit an achene. Endosperm oily,
usually not copious; embryo straight. About 40 genera and 550 species
of wide geographic distribution.

Herbs with stinging hairs. 1. Fleurya.
Herbs without stinging hairs.

Stigma penicellate. 2. Pilea.

Stigma not penicellate. 3. Rousselia.

1. FLEURYA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 497. 1830.

Annual herbs, with stinging hairs similar to those of nettles, alternate
petioled dentate leaves, and minute clustered monoecious or dioecious flowers.
Staminate flowers with a 4-5-parted perianth, 4 or 5 stamens and a rudimentary
ovary. Pistillate flowers with 4 imbricated perianth-segments, a somewhat
oblique ovary, the stigma papillose ; ovule erect. Fruit an oblique achene.
[Commemorates J. F. Fleury, French botanist.] About 8 species, of tropical
regions. Type species: Fleurya paniculata Gaud.

1. Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaud.; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 154. 1859.
Urtica aestuans L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1397. 1763.

Erect or ascending, simple or little-branched, 3-9 dm. high, the stinging
hairs copious or few. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate-orbicular, 2-12 cm. broad,
coarsely and sharply dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, the petioles 1-10 cm. long; panicles androgynous, shorter
than or equalling the leaves, slender-peduncled ; achene ovate, compressed, about
2.5 mm. long.

A weed in waste places. New Providence at Nassau and Grant's Town : —
Haiti to Tortola and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. WEST IN-
DIAN NETTLE, COW-ITCH.

2. PILEA Lindl. Coll. pi. 4. 1821.

Herbs, with opposite petioled mostly 3-nerved leaves, connate stipules, and
small monoecious or dioecious flowers in axillary clusters. Staminate flowers
mostly 4-parted (sometimes 2- or 3-parted) and with a rudimentary ovary.
Pistillate flowers 3-parted, the segments in most species unequal, each subtend-
ing a staminodium in the form of a concave scale; ovary straight; stigma
sessile, penicillate. Achene compressed. Seed-coat thin. Endosperm scanty
or none. [Name unexplained.] About 160 species, chiefly in the tropics, most
abundant in tropical America. Type species: Pilea muscosa Lindl.

Leaves firm, thick or succulent ; stems erect. 1. P. microphylla.

Leaves very thin and flaccid, slender-petioled ; stems prostrate. 2. P. tenerrima.

1. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Yid. Selsk. Skr. V. 2: 296. 1851.

Parietaria microphylla L, Syst. ed. 10, 1308. 1759.
Pilea muscosa Lindl. Coll. pi. 4. 1821.

Annual or biennial, slender, glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, or some-
times creeping at the base, 5-30 cm. long, fleshy, simple or mostly branched;
leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, 4—10 mm. long, acute or acutish at the apex,
entire, acuminate at the base, transversely wrinkled; petioles filiform, shorter
than the blades; flower-clusters very small, shorter than the petioles; sepals
ovate, very thin, acutish; achenes oblong, lenticular.

On walls and in waste rocky places, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great
Exuma : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. LACE-
PLANT.

URTICACEAE. 107

2. Pilea tenerrima Miquel, Linnaea 26: 219. 1854.

Steins very slender or nearly filiform, usually tufted, prostrate or nearly
so, somewhat fleshy, 3-10 cm. long, more or less branched. Leaves suborbicu-
lar or obovate, usually thin and flaccid, the blades 3-6 mm. long, rounded or
obtuse at the apex, obliquely narrowed or obtuse at the base, the raphides
linear, 0.3-0.5 mm. long, irregularly transverse, the slender petioles 2-5 mm.
long; flowers and achenes similar to those of the preceding species of which it
may be a slender, small-leaved race.

Crevices of rocks, Andros, Eleuthera, Rum Cay, Long Island, Acklin's and
South Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba ; St. Jan ; Anegada ; Curagao ; Jamaica. This plant
has been confused with P. herniarioides (Sw.) Lindl., of wet mountain rocks in
Cuba and Jamaica. SMALL LACE-PLANT.

3. ROUSSEUA Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 503. 1830.

A low, diffuse, perennial herb, without stinging hairs, the leaves alternate,
entire, the small axillary flowers monoecious. Staminate flowers in small
racemes, the calyx 4-parted, the stamens 4, the ovary rudimentary. Pistillate
flowers geminate, 2-bracted, sessile, the bracts foliaceous; calyx ovoid, dentate;
ovary straight; style filiform, curved, plumose on one side. Achene flat, ovate,
acute, surrounded by the bracts. Seed with a membranous testa and scanty
endosperm. [Commemorates H. F. A. de Eoussel, professor at Caen.] A
monotypic genus.

1. Rousselia humilis (Sw.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 205. 1905.

Urtica humilis Sw. Vet. Akad. Stockh. Handl. 6: 34. 1785.

Urtica lappulacea Sw. loc. cit. 8: 69. 1787.

Eousselia lappulacea Gaud. Bot. Voy. Freyc. 503. 1830.

Pubescent; stems slender, branched, prostrate or ascending, 1-4 dm. long.
Leaves ovate, membranous, 3-nerved, 0.5-3 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the
apex, rounded at the base; stipules minute; bracts of the pistillate flowers
ovate, 3-4 mm. long, entire; achene shining, about 2 mm. long.

On rocks, New Providence at Nassau : — Cuba to St. Thomas ; Jamaica. ROUS-
SELIA.

Order 6. SANTALALES.

Trees, or shrubs, and a few species herbaceous, many of them para-
sitic on the roots or branches of other plants, with simple, mostly entire
leaves, and inconspicuous clustered perfect or imperfect flowers, the
corolla present or wanting. Ovary partly or wholly inferior, compound.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals or petals. Fruit various.
Seeds mostly with fleshy endosperm. A large order, mostly tropical.

Green parasites with opposite leaves. Fam. 1. LORANTHACEAE.

Trees or shrubs, mostly with alternate leaves. Fam. 2. OLACACEAE.

108 LORANTHACEAE.

Family 1. LORANTHACEAE D. Don.
MISTLETOE FAMILY.

Parasitic green shrubs or herbs, containing chlorophyll, growing on
woody plants and absorbing food from their sap through specialized
roots called haustoria k(a few tropical species terrestrial). Leaves in the
following genera opposite, in Razoumofskya reduced to opposite scales.
Flowers regular, terminal or axillary, dioecious or monoecious, and peri-
anth simple, or in some genera perfect, and with perianth of both calyx
and corolla. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens 2-6. Ovary soli-
tary, erect; style simple or none; stigma terminal, undivided, obtuse.
Fruit a berry. Seed solitary, its testa indistinguishable from the endo-
sperm, which is usually copious and fleshy; embryo terete or angled.
About 21 genera and 500 species, widely distributed; most abundant in
tropical regions.

Perianth of two series of parts ; flowers mostly perfect. 1. Dendropemon.

Perianth of one series of parts ; flowers imperfect. 2. Phoradendron.

1. DENDROPEMON Blume, in Schultes, Syst. 7: 1729. 1830.

Parasitic shrubs, with opposite, coriaceous or somewhat fleshy, mostly flat
leaves, and small, axillary, bracteolate flowers in simple axillary spikes or
racemes, the bractlets connate, cupulate. Calyx-limb truncate or 4-6 toothed,
Petals usually 5 or 6, small. Stamens short, borne at the base of the petals;
anthers dorsifixed. Style short; stigma terminal. Fruit a small, fleshy berry.
[Greek, injurious to trees.] About 15> species, natives of the West Indies.
Type species: Loranthus parvifolius Sw.

Plants glabrous, not scaly.

Leaves long-petioled ; berry oblong to obovoid. 1. D. purpureus.

Leaves subsessile ; berry subglobose. 2. D. brevipes.

Inflorescence scaly.

Leaves mostly acute ; twigs angular ; inflorescence densely

scaly. 3. D. bahamensis.

Leaves rounded, emarginate or cuspidulate ; twigs terete ;

inflorescence lightly scaly. 4. D. emarginatus.

1. Dendropemon purpureus (L.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 26. 1897.

Viscum purpureum L. Sp. PI. 1023. 1753.

Loranthus uniflorus A. Rich. Ess. PI. Cub. 648. 1845. Not. Jacq. 1760.

Smooth, not at all scaly; branches 2-4 dm. long, a little flattened when
young, soon terete. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, obtuse, sub-
truncate or acute at the apex and usually mucronulate, rarely retuse, narrowed
at the base, the petioles 3-12 mm. long; racemes glabrous, several-many-
flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter, the peduncles somewhat flattened;
pedicels 1-3 mm. long; bractlets connate to about the middle; flowers reddish;
berry obovoid-cylindric, blue-black, or red, or black with a red base, 5-8 mm.
long.

On trees, Andros, New Providence, Caicos : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico.
Catesby 2 : pi. 95. SMOOTH MISTLETOE.

2. Dendropemon brevipes Britton, sp. nov.

Smooth throughout, not at all scaly; young branches slightly flattened, the
older terete, 3 dm. long or less. Leaves oval to elliptic-obovate, dull green,

LOKANTHACEAE. 1 09

2.5-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, rounded or minutely apiculate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, the midvein prominent on the under side, the lateral vena-
tion obscure, the petioles about 0.5 mm. long; inflorescence peduncled, few-
flowered, short-racemose; peduncles about one-half as long as the leaves;
pedicels 3 or 4 mm. long; bractlets connate to about the middle j calyx trun-
cate; fruit subglobose, bluish purple, 8-9 mm. in diameter.

On Swietenia Mahagoni, Long Island near Clarence Town on Galloway Road
Brltton & MillspaugJi 632%.) SHORT-STALKED MISTLETOE;.

3. Dendropemon bahamensis Britton, sp. nov.

Similar to D. emarginatus, but the twigs strongly angled, not scaly.
Leaves ovate-elliptic to elliptic-obovate, 5 cm. long or less, 1.5-3 cm. wide,
acute, acutish or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base; petioles stout,
about 2 mm. long; rachis of the inflorescence densely white-scaly, 3 cm. long
or less; calyx densely white-scaly, broadly triangular, 3 mm. long in fruit, its
teeth broadly triangular, horny, glabrous; ripe fruit cylindric with a conic
apex, red-brown, 9 mm. long, 5 mm. thick.

On Lyslloma SaMcu, Nassau, New Providence (Britton and Brace 269, type:
Brace 3^27) ; on the same host, Haynes Road, Great Exuma (Britton & Millspaugh
2975) ', on Conocarpus erect®, Georgetown, Great Exuma (Britton & Millspaugh 2906).
Presumably recorded by Dolley as Loranthus parviflorus Sw. BAHAMA MISTLETOE.

4. Dendropemon emarginatus (Sw.) Steud. Xomencl. ed. 2, 491. 1841.

Loranthus emarginatus Sw. Prodr. 58. 1788.

Dendropemon emdrginatus lepidotus Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 25.
1897.

Stems rather stout, terete, 3-4 dm. long, the twigs terete or very nearly
so, usually scaly. Leaves obovate or elliptic- obovate, 2-7 cm. long, rounded
or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, the .petioles 2-6
mm. long; inflorescence scaly, several-flowered, 2-5 cm. long,, the peduncles
terete or slightly angular, the pedicels 1 mm. long or less; bracts connate;
calyx more or less scaly, its teeth short; berry cylindric, 6-8 mm. long, black,
or red with a black base.

On Ficus and Elaphrium Simaruba, Andros : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. SCALY
MISTLETOE.

2. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. II. 1: 185. 1848.

Shrubs, parasitic on trees, mostly brittle at the nodes, with opposite
coriaceous flat leaves, sometimes reduced to scales (cataphyls), terete or angled
twigs, and monoecious or dioecious axillary spicate bracted small flowers,
solitary or several in the axil of each bract. Staminate flowers with a
3-lobed (rarely 2-4-lobed) calyx, bearing a sessile transversely 2-celled anther
at the base of each lobe. Pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adnate to the
ovoid inferior ovary; style short; stigma obti'se or capitate. Fruit a sessile
fleshy berry. Endosperm copious. [Greek, tree-thief, from its parasitic habit.]
Over 200 species, all American. Type species: Phoradendron calif ornicum
Nutt.

Branches distinctly tetragonal ; leaves scarcely petioled or short-
petioled

Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate or oblong-spatulate ; peti-
oles 3-8 mm. long. 1. P. rubrum.

Leaves obovate to obovate-elliptic, 5 cm. long or less, petioles

1-2 mm. long. 2. P. trinervium.

Branches terete or nearly so ; leaves distinctly petioled.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, blunt at the apex ; berry

white. 3. P. racemosum.

Leaves obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex ; berry red. 4. P. Northropiae.

110 LOEANTHACEAE.

1. Phoradendron rubrum (L.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 314. 1860.

Viscum rubrum L. Sp. PI. 1023. 1753.

Phoradendron spathulifolium Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 41. 1897.

Branches slender, 5 dm. long or less, pseudodichotomous, bearing 2-4
blunt cataphyls near the base, the internodes short, 4-angled, upwardly some-
what enlarged. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse
at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, scarcely petioled; spikes usually
several together, 2 cm. long or less, 2-3-jointed, the joints about 12-flowered;
berry subglobose, about 4 mm. in diameter, smooth, red or sometimes yellow.

On trees, especially mahogany, Abaco. New Providence, Cat Island, Long Island,
Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana, Inagua : — Cuba. Cates-
by, 2 : pi. 81. Recorded as Phoradendron tetrastichum Griseb. by Hitchcock. NAR-
ROW-LEAVED MISTLETOE.

2. Phoradendron trin&rvium (Lam.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 314. 1860.

Viscum trinervium Lam. Encyc. 3: 57. 1789.

Branches slender, 3-5 cm. long, pseudodichotomous, bearing 1 or 2 pairs
of cataphyls near the base, the internodes 3-5 cm. long, 4-angled. Leaves
obovate or elliptic-obovate, 2-5 cm. long, rounded at the apex, narrowed or sub-
cuneate at the base, scarcely petioled; spikes usually clustered, 1-2 cm. long,
2-3-jointed, the joints usually 6-flowered or 8-flowered; berry oblong when
young, subglobose, smooth, orange and 3-4 mm. in diameter when mature.

On various trees, Watling's Island, Great Ragged Island. Acklin's Island : —
Porto Rico and St. Thomas to Trinidad ; Jamaica. Closely related to the preceding
species. ANGLED MISTLETOE,

3. Phoradendron racemdsum (Aubl.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 46.

1897.

Viscum racemosum Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 895. 1775.

Branches elongated, rather stout, 3-6 dm. long, most of the joints bearing
1-3 pairs of cataphyls, the internodes terete or nearly so, somewhat enlarged
above, 7-15 cm. long. Leaves various, lanceolate or elliptic or orbicular, 5—16
cm. long, pinnately veined, rounded or obtuse at the apex, abruptly narrowed
into winged petioles 1-2 cm. long; spikes often clustered, 3-7 cm. long, 3-5-
jointed, the long joints several-many -flowered ; berry ellipsoid, white, about
4 mm. long.

On Ocotea, Andros at Deep Creek : — 'Cuba ; Hispaniola : Porto Rico : northern
South America. Erroneously called SNAKEIROOT. BROAD-LEAVED MISTLETOE. BIG
MAN.

4. Phoradendron Northropiae Urban; Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 33,

pi. 4. 1902.

Dichotomously or trichotomously branched, 2-4 dm. long, the sub terete
branches glabrous, 3-5 mm. thick, usually with cataphyls in all joints, the inter-
nodes 4-10 cm. long. Leaves obovate, thick, 3-7 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide,
rounded, subtruncate or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, very
indistincty few-veined, the petioles 3-7 mm. long; spikes several or numerous
at the nodes, 2.5 cm. long or less, short-peduncled, 4-6-jointed; joints 8-18-
ftowered, subfusiform, rather thick; berry subglobose, red.

On Mimusops, Andros, at Conch Sound and Lisbon Creek: — Endemic. MBS.
NORTHROP'S MISTLETOE.

OLACACEAE. Ill

Family 2. OLACACEAE Lindl.
OLAX FAMILY.

Shrubs, trees or woody vines, mostly with alternate and entire, pinnately
veined, estipulate leaves, and regular perfect or polygamous flowers in
axillary clusters. Calyx 4-6-toothed or 4-6-parted. Corolla 4-6-lobed or
of 4—6 distinct petals. Disk various. Stamens 4-12; filaments distinct or
rarely monadelphous •; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-3-celled, inferior, half-
superior, or partly immersed in the disk; ovules few, anatropous; style
short, usually simple; stigma entire or 2-5-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, 1-
celled. Testa of the seed membranous; endosperm fleshy, or rarely want-
ing. About 25 genera and 140 species, mostly tropical.

Petals united to above the middle. 1. Schoepfia.

Petals nearly separate. 2. Ximenia.

1. SOHOEPFIA Schreb.; Gmel. Syst. 376. 1791.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with coriaceous entire leaves and small perfect
flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx very small, 4-toothed. Petals united to above
the middle, forming a tubular or urceolate, 4-6-lobed corolla, the lobes valvate,
recurved. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them; filaments
filiform or short; anthers didymous. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, partly immersed
in the disk; style slender or short; stigma capitate or 3-lobed; ovules usually
1 in each cavity. Fruit a small drupe nearly enclosed by the accrescent disk.
[Commemorates J. D. Schoepf, 1752-1800, German botanist.] About 15
species, of tropical and subtropical America and Asia. Type species:
Schoepfia Schreberi Gmel.

Leaves obovate, obtuse. 1. 8. obovata.

Leaves ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, acute. 2. 8. chrysophylloides.

1. Schoepfia obovata C. Wright; Sauv. Anales Acad. Habana 5: 289. 1868.

A glabrous shrub 1-3 m. high, or sometimes a tree up to 10 m. high, the
twigs slender, gray, the bark rough in narrow plates. Leaves obovate, oblong
or elliptic, coriaceous, 2-4 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, narrowed
or cuneate at the base, few-veined, the petioles 1-3 mm. long; peduncles soli-
tary or few together in the axils, 2-8 mm. long, 1-3-flowered ; flowers sessile ;
corolla ovoid-cylindric, 4-5 mm. long, red to greenish yellow, the lobes ovate or
triangular-ovate; fruit globose-obovoid to ellipsoid, 5-8 mm. long; fruit yellow
or red when mature.

Thickets and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence, Mariguana and
Acklin's : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Anegada. Referred to by Mrs. Northrop
as Elaeodendron xylocarpum. WHITE BEEFWOOU.

2. Schoepfia chrysophylloides (A. Rich.) Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 2: 261.

1854.

Diplocalyx chrysophylloides A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 81. 1850.

A shrub or small tree sometimes up to 8 m. high, with crooked branches and
slender glabrous twigs. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate to lanceolate, 2-6 cm.
long, acute or obtusish at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, the
margined petioles 4-8 mm. long; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the
axils, reddish; calyx about 2 mm. long; corolla narrowly campanulate, about

112 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

4 mm. long, its lobes reflexed; stamens 4, borne at the base of the corolla-
lobes, the anthers sessile; drupe ovoid or oval, scarlet, 10-12 mm. long, nearly
enclosed by the accrescent calyx.

Coppices, scrub-lands and pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and Eleu-
thera : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica. WHITE WOOD.

2. XIMENIA L. Sp. PL 1193. 1753.

Spinescent shrubs or trees, with entire, often fascicled leaves and small
white or yellow, perfect axillary, solitary or cymose flowers. Calyx very small,
4-5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, united only at the base, coriaceous, valvate, pubes-
cent on the inner side. Stamens 8-10, the filaments filiform, the anthers linear.
Ovary 3-celled; style simple; stigma subcapitate; ovules 3 or 4 in each cavity.
Drupe with a fleshy exocarp and a woody or crustaceous stone. Embryo of the
seed very small. [Commemorates Francesco .Ximenes, a Spanish naturalist.]
About 5 species, of tropical distribution, the following typical.

1. Ximenia americana L. Sp. PL 1193. 1753.
Ximenia inermis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 497. 1762.

A thorny shrub or small tree, rarely 6 m. high, with reddish smooth
astringent bark, the slender branches spreading. Leaves oblong to orbicular,
subcoriaceous, 3-7 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, sparingly pubescent when young, mostly glabrous when
old, the slender petioles 5-10 mm. long; clusters 2-4-flowered, much shorter
than the leaves; calyx about 1 mm. long; corolla-lobes linear, reflexed, 1 cm.
long; drupe yellow or red, 12-17 mm. in diameter.

Coastal white-lands and coppices, New Providence, Conception Island, Long
Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island, Caicos and Cay Sal : — Florida : Cuba to
Porto Rico and Martinique ; Jamaica ; Mexico and South America ; Old World
tropics. When growing on sand dunes this shrub is much depressed and has nearly
orbicular, fleshy leaves ; when growing in coppices or scrub-lands it is tall, with
elongated oblong to oblanceolate leaves. TALLOW WOOD. SPANISH PLUM.

Order 7. ARISTOLOCHIALES.

Herbs or vines, mostly with cordate or reniform leaves and perfect
flowers. Calyx inferior, its tube wholly or partly adnate to the ovary.
Corolla none. Ovary several- (mostly 6-) celled. Only the following
family.

Family 1. AEISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume.
BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

Acaulescent plants, or with erect or twining stems. Leaves alternate,
often basal, estipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, sometimes clus-
tered. Calyx-limb 3-6-lobed or irregular. Stamens 6-many, adnate to
the pistil; anthers 2-celled, their sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovules
numerous in each cavity, anatropous, horizontal or pendulous. Fruit a
many-seeded 6-celled capsule. Seeds angled or compressed, with a crus-
taceous testa and usually with a fleshy or dilated raphe ; endosperm fleshy,
copious; embryo minute. Six genera and about 200 species of wide dis-
tribution in tropical and temperate regions.

ARISTOLOCHIACE AE. 113

1. ARISTOLOCHIA L. Sp. PI. 960. 1753.

Perennial herbs or twining vines. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled, or
entire, 3-7-lobed cordate or auriculate palmately nerved. Flowers irregular.
Calyx adnate to the ovary, at least to its base, the tube usually inflated around
the style and contracted at the throat, the limb spreading or reflexed, entire,
3-6-lobed or appendaged. Stamens mostly 6; anthers adnate to the short style
or stigma, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary mostly 6-celled
with 6 parietal placentae. Style 3— 6-lobed. Capsule naked, septicidally 6-
valved. Seeds very numerous, horizontal, compressed. [Named for its sup-
posed medicinal properties.] About 180 species, widely distributed in tropical
and temperate regions. Type species: Aristolochia rotunda L.

Leaves cordate ; fruits short-peduncled ; peduncles leafy-bracted.

. 1. A. pentandra.

Leaves sagittate to hastate; fruits slender-peduncled ;
peduncles not bracted. 2. A. passifloraefolia.

1. Aristolochia pentandra Jacq. Enum. 30. 1760.

Stems loosely pubescent or glabrate, trailing or low-climbing, branched, 3
m. long or less. Leaves rather fleshy, glabrous or nearly so, broadly ovate,
4-10 cm. long, entire or 3-lobed, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the
base, the slender petioles 1-4 cm. long; peduncles solitary in the axils, shorter
than the petioles, leafy-bracted at about the middle, the bract ovate, cordate,
sessile, 1-3 cm. long; ovary and calyx pubescent; calyx 2-3 cm. long, expanded
to one side, the limb acuminate, veined; stamens 5; capsule globose, 1.5-2 cm.
in diameter, usually longer than the peduncle.

Maritime sand plains, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence, Andros, Eleu-
thera, Watling's and Long Island : — (Florida ; Cuba. COASTAL ARISTOLOCHIA.
PITCHER-PLANT.

2. Aristolochia passifloraefolia A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 195. 1850.

A glabrous vine, sometimes becoming 3 m. long, usually not more than 1
m., usually climbing, the stem slender. Leaves sagittate or auriculate to
hastate, various, 3-6 cm. long, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, the basal
auricles rounded, the petiole shorter than the blade; peduncles solitary in the
axils, as long as the leaves or shorter, not bracted; calyx 3-4 cm. long, brown-
purple or greenish yellow, its base obliquely inflated, its tube slender, curved,
its limb suborbicular, bearing slender processes 6-10 mm. long; capsule oblong
or oblong-globose, 1-2 cm. long.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba.
SLENDER ARISTOLOCHIA.

Order S. POLYGONALES.

Herbs, twining vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate, or sometimes oppo-
site or whorled, simple mostly entire leaves, jointed stems, and usually
sheathing united stipules (ocreae). Flowers small, regular, perfect, dioe-
cious, monoecious or polygamous. Petals none. Calyx inferior, 2-6-cleft
or 2-6-parted, the segments or sepals more or less imbricated, sometimes
petaloid, sometimes developing wings in fruit. Stamens 2-9, inserted near
the base of the calyx; filaments filiform or subulate, often dilated at the
base, distinct or united into a ring; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary, orthotropous, erect or

114 POL YGONACE AE.

pendulous; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-parted, sometimes very short; stigmas
capitate or tufted, rarely 2-cleft; fruit a lenticular 3-angled or rarely 4-
angled achene, usually invested by the persistent calyx; endosperm mealy;
cotyledons accumbent or incumbent; embryo straight or nearly so. Only
the following family.

Family 1. POLYGONACEAE Lindl.

•

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.

About 40 genera and 800 species, qf wide geographic distribution.

Herbaceous plants.

Erect or ascending herbs.

Ocreae cylindric, truncate. 1. Persicaria.

Ocreae oblique. 2. Fayopyrum.

Vines ; racemes terminating in tendrils. 3. Antigonon.

Trees and shrubs. 4. CoccoloMs.

1. PEBSICAHIA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754.

Herbs, with alternate entire leaves, cylindric ocreae, and flowers in slender
spike-like racemes, the ocreolae funnelform, the short pedicels jointed at the
base of the calyx. Sepals mostly 5, neither winged nor keeled. Stamens 4-8,
included or exserted, the filaments erect or nearly so. Styles 2 or sometimes
3, usually partly united; stigmas capitate. Achene lenticular, or sometimes
3-angled, usually black. Endosperm- horny; cotyledons accumbent. [From
Persica, the leaves resembling those of the peach.] About 125 species, widely
distributed. Type species: Polygonum Persicaria L.

Ocreae ciliate.

Flower clusters contiguous. 1. P. hydropiperoides.

Flower clusters separated. 2. P. punctata.

Ocreae eciliate. 3. P. portoricensis.

1. Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 378. 1903.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. FL Bor. Am. 1: 239. 1803.

Perennial, strigillose; stem erect, decumbent or prostrate, slender, 3-9
dm. long. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblcng-lanceolate, varying to linear-
lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, short-petioled, acute at apex, ciliate, pubescent with
appressed hairs on the midrib beneath; ocreae cylindric, loose, strigose, fringed
with long bristles; racemes panicled, terminal, erect, narrow, more or less inter-
rupted, 3-7.5 cm. long; calyx pink or greenish; stamens 8; style 3-parted to
below the middle; achene 3-angled, ovoid or oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long, smooth,
shining.

Water-holes, Great Bahama at West End : — Continental North America south
to Florida and California. MILD WATER PEPPER.

2. Persicaria punctata (Ell.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 379. 1903.

Polygonum punctatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 455. 1817.
Polygonum acre H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 179. 1817. Not Lam. 1778.

Annual or perennial, glabrous or very nearly so; stem erect or ascending,
rarely prostrate, simple or branched, 3-12 dm. long. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, petioled, ciliate, con-
spicuously punctate, acrid, the midrib often with a few scattered hairs; ocreae

POLYGONACEAE. 115

cylindric, fringed with long bristles falling away at maturity, racemes narrow,
erect or slightly drooping, loosely-flowered, 2-8 cm. long; calyx greenish;
stamens 8; style 2-3-parted to the base; achene oblong, thick, lenticular or 3-
angled, 2.5 mm. long, smooth, shining.

Swampy ground, Andros, along road to Morgan's Bluff : — Bermuda ; temperate
and tropical continental America ; Cuba to Trinidad ; Jamaica. WATER SMAETWEED.

3. Persicaria portoricensis (Bert.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 377. 1903.

Polygonum portoricense Bert.; Small, Mem. Bot. Col. Coll. 1: 46. 1895.
Polygonum glabrum C. & S. Linnaea 3: 46. 1828. Not Willd. 1799.

Perennial, more or less scurfy; stem erect, decumbent or floating, 1-1.5 m.
long or longer, branched, enlarged at the nodes. Leaves lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, 4-30 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, obscurely punctate, short-
petioled, the nerves prominent beneath; ocreae cylindric, sometimes bristly
when young, naked when mature, sometimes hispid; racemes narrow, panicu-
late, often in pairs, 2.5-13 em. long, dense, erect; calyx white or whitish, 5-
parted to near the base; stamens 6-8, included; style 2-3-cleft, somewhat ex-
serted; achene lenticular and strongly biconvex or 3-angled, 2-3 mm. long,
broadly oblong, orbicular or even broader than high, black, smooth and shining,
or minutely granular.

Fresh water swamps and water-holes, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Great Exuma and Cat Island : — southern United States to Mexico and northern
South America; Cuba to Martinique; Jamaica. DENSE-FLOWERED PERSICARIA.

2. FAGOPYBUM Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 182. 1791.

Annual or perennial, rather fleshy, usually glabrous leafy herbs, with erect
striate or grooved stems. Leaves alternate, petioled, hastate or deltoid, with
oblique, cylindric or funnelform ocreae. Flowers small, white or green, in
terminal or axillary, usually paniculate racemes, perfect, borne solitary or sev-
eral together from each ocreola, slender-pedi celled. Calyx about equally 5-
parted, persistent and unchanged in fruit, the segments petaloid, shorter than
the achene. Stamens 8; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary 1-celled, 1-
ovuled; style 3-parted; stigmas capitate. Achene 3-angled. Embryo central,
dividing the mealy endosperm into two parts; cotyledons broad. [Greek,
beech-wheat, from the similarity of the grain.] About 6 species, native of
Europe and Asia. Type species: Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.

1. Fagopyrum Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 522. 1880-83.

Polygonum Fagopyrum L. Sp. PI. 364. 1753.
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Meth. 290. 1794.

Annual, glabrous except at the nodes, stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves hastate,
2.5-7.5 cm. long, abruptly narrowed above the middle, acuminate, the nerves on
the lower surface slightly scurfy ; ocreae brittle and fugacious ; racemes mostly
panicled, sometimes corymbose, many-flowered, erect or inclined to droop; pedi-
cels as long as the calyx; calyx-segments white or whitish; stamens included;
style-branches deflexed in fruit; achene acute, 5 mm. long, about twice as long
as the calyx, its faces pinnately-striate when mature, the angles acute, not
crested.

Waste grounds, New Providence : — native of eastern Europe or western Asia.
Widely distributed through cultivation. BUCKWHEAT.

116 POLYGONACEAE.

3. ANTIGONON Endl.; H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308. 1838.

Vines with alternate petioled cordate entire leaves, the petiole-bases
clasping, and small flowers in racemes opposite the leaves or clustered at the
summit, the racemes terminating in tendrils. Sepals 5, unequal, the 3 outer
ones cordate, ovate, the 2 inner ones oblong. Stamens 8, equal, the filaments
subulate, connate at the base. Ovary 3-angled; ovule erect; styles 3, recurved.
Achene enclosed in the accrescent calyx. [Greek, opposite the nodes.] Three
or four species native of Mexico and Guatemala, the following typical.

1. Antigonon leptopus H. & A. Bot. Beech. Voy. 308. 1838.

Herbaceous, climbing, branched, often 5 m. long or longer, finely pubescent
at least above. Leaves thin, broadly ovate, 3-9 cm. long, puberulent, acuminate
at the apex, rather deeply cordate at the base, the petioles 1-5 cm. long;
racemes several or many, loosely several-flowered, the floriferous part 3-8 cm.
long, the tendril as long or shorter; pedicels slender, 10 mm. long or less;
flowering calyx pink or sometimes white, about 5 mm. long; fruiting calyx
1-1.5 cm. long, the sepals strongly veined.

Roadways and waste ground, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence
near Nassau : — Cuba to Martinique, and in Jamaica. Native of Mexico. CORALLINA.

4. COCCOLOBIS P. Br. Civ. & Nat. Hist. Jam. 209. 1756.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate entire leaves, the ocreae cylindric or fun-
nelform, often very small, the small, usually green flowers racemose or spicate,
subtended by minute bracts and ocreolae. Calyx-tube accrescent, enclosing the
achene, its lobes 5. Stamens 8, the filaments slender. Ovary 3-angled; ovule
erect; styles 3. Fruit ovoid or globose, the accrescent calyx-tube becoming
lleshy and more or less adherent to the achene. Seed-coat thin; endosperm
mealy. [Greek, referring to the adherent calyx.] Over 125 species of tropical
and subtropical distribution, all American. Type species: Polygonum Uvi-
fera L.

Flowering pedicels 1 mm. long or longer.

Leaves very large, suborbicular, or broader than long, 7-20 cm. wide.

1. C. Uvifera.
Leaves (except those of shoots) 6 cm. wide or less, ovate to

elliptic, obovate or orbicular.
Leaves not reticulate-veined above.

Leaves coriaceous ; racemes erect or spreading ; fruit

7-10 mm. long. 2. C. laurifolia.

Leaves charlaceous ; racemes long, drooping ; fruit

about 4 mm. long. 3. 0. bahamensis.

Leaves prominently reticulate-veined on both sides when

old. 4. C. Northropiae.

Flowering pedicels less than 1 mm. long.

Inflorescence longer than the leaves, which are finely reticu-
late-veined above. 5. C. diversifoUa.
Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, which are very indis-
tinctly veined above. 6. C. KruglL

1. Coccolobis Uvifera (L.) Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760.

Polygonum Uvifera L. Sp. PI. 365. 1753.
Coccololis leoganensis Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760.

A tree, exceptionally up to 15 m. high with a trunk 1 m. in diameter,
usually not over 6 m. high, the branches spreading, the smooth bark brown, the
twigs stout, finely pubescent when young, soon glabrous. Leaves orbicular or
broader than long, coriaceous, 7-20 cm. broad, cordate at the base, very short-

POLYGON ACEAE. 117

petioled, their sheaths 1 cm. long or less; flowers numerous, white, in dense
narrow glabrous racemes 7-12 cm. long; pedicels 3-4 mm. long; calyx white,
about 6 mm. broad, its lobes ovate, rounded; fruits forming drooping clusters
somewhat resembling bunches of grapes, globose, purple, 1-2 cm. in diameter,
the pulp thin, astringent.

Coastal thickets, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama
to Grand Turk, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West
Indies ; coasts of tropical continental America. SEA GRAPE. Catesby, 2 : pi. 9&

2. Coccolobis laurifolia Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 9. 1797.

A tree, up to 20 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 7 m. thick, usually much
smaller, and often shrubby, the thin gray bark brown mottled, the twigs and
leaves glabrous. Leaves ovate, elliptic or obovate, coriaceous, obtuse or acute
at the apex, rounded at the base, 4-12 cm. long, or those of young shoots
larger, the petioles 5-20 mm. long, the sheaths short; racemes slender, 5-10
cm. long; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; calyx greenish about 5 mm. broad, its lobes
suborbicular ; fruits subglobose, red, acid, 8-10 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Croix ; Jamaica. Very various
in size and shape of leaves, the species evidently composed of numerous races,
one of which was recorded in Mrs. Northrop's Flora as the Cuban (7. Wrightii
Lindau, a different species ; and another as C. tenuifolia L., as also recorded by
Dolley and by him also as G. punctata L. PIGEON-PLUM. Catesby, 2 : pi. 9$.

3. Coccolobis bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 116. 1905.

A glabrous shrub, 4 m. high or less. Leaves thin-coriaceous, elliptic to
ovate or obovate-elliptic, obtuse to acutish at the apex, obtuse, somewhat nar-
rowed, or subcordate at the inequilateral base, 4-7 cm. long, 5 cm. wide or less,
the primary veins 6-8 on each side, minutely but strongly reticulate-nerved on
both surfaces, dull, the upper surface bright green, tne lower surface paler;
petioles 3-5 mm. long; racemes very slender, numerous, recurved-drooping,
finely puberulent when very young, in fruit glabrous; pedicels 1 mm. long in
fruit, much longer than the ocreolae ; flowers bright white, 3-4 mm. broad ;
sepals oval, obtuse, about as long as the stamens; fruit ovoid, narrowed at the
base, bluntish at the apex, 6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, faintly several-ribbed,
not coronate.

Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma,
Eleuthera, Acklin's Island, Watling's Island, Inagua. Endemic. Reported by
Lindau and by Mrs. Northrop as C. obtusifolia Jacq. BAHAMA PIGEON-PLUM.

4. Coccolobis Northropiae Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub, or a tree up to 4 m. high, the bark rough, the twigs and leaves
glabrous. Leaves orbicular to obovate or obovate-orbicular, 3-5 cm. long,
chartaceous or subcoriaceous, obtuse, rounded or acutish at the apex, narrowed
or obtuse at the base, retiulate-veined on both sides when old, the petioles 3-6
mm. long, the ocreae short; racemes mostly as long as the leaves or longer,
the rachis puberulent or glabrous; pedicels '2-3.5 mm. long, solitary or 2 or 3
together; perianth about 3 mm. long; ocreolae obliquely truncate, about 1 mm.
long; fruit ovoid, about 5 mm. long, short-coronate, the exocarp fleshy.

Coppices and white-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera and Great
Exuma. Type collected near Nassau, New Providence, by A. H. Curtiss in 1903.
Referred by Mrs. Northrop to C. retusa Griseb. NOETHROP'S PIGEON-PLUM.

5. Coccolobis diversifolia Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760.

A tree up to 10-12 m. high, the bark gray, the many twigs short, glabrous
or nearly so. Leaves ovate to elliptic or elliptic-obovate, coriaceous, glabrous,
4—10 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, obtuse, subcordate, or some of
them narrowed at the base, reticulate-veined on both sides, the rather stout

CHENOPODIACEAE.

petioles 8-15 mm. long; ocreae appressed, as long as the petioles or shorter;
inflorescence spicate, slender, longer than the leaves; flowers green, very nearly
sessile, 2-2.5 mm. long; fruit ovoid, pointed, 6-10 mm. long, coronate, the peri-
carp slightly fleshy.

Scrub-lands, pine-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco
and Great Bahama to Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Hispaniola to Porto Rico,
Virgin Gorda and Barbadoes ; Jamaica, Aruba ; Curagao ; Bonaire. Leaves and fruit
smaller than in specimens from the Windward Islands. TIE.-TONGOE.

6. Coccolobis Krugii Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 145. 1890.

A glabrous shrub or small tree, sometimes about 8 m. high, the slender
twigs short and numerous, the bark smooth, gray. Leaves broadly ovate or
nearly orbicular, light green, subcoriaceous, rounded or obtuse at the apex,
cordate or subcordate at the base, 6 cm. long or less, inconspicuously veined
above, densely finely reticulate-veined beneath, the rather stout petioles 4-S
mm. long, the ocreae appressed, short; spikes very slender, glabrous, mostly as
long as the leaves or shorter, loosely flowered ; pedicels less than 0.5 mm. long ;
perianth green, about 1.5 mm. lon^; stamens white; fruit ovoid or ovoid-
globose, 4-6 mm. long, slightly ribbed, black, capped by the perianth-segments,
the pericarp somewhat fleshy.

Scrub-lands and coppices, New Providence, Cat Island, Watling's Island,
Crooked Island, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, Caicos Islands, Inagua : — Porto
Rico ; Jamaica ; Anegada ; St. Martin ; Barbuda. CRAB-WOOD. BOW-PIGEOX.

Order 9. CHENOPODIALES.

Herbs, mostly with perfect flowers. Calyx present. Corolla, if pres-
ent, polypetalous. Ovary superior. Embryo coiled, curved or annular.
Fruit not an achene, rarely achene-like.

Fruit not capsular, a utricle, berry, anthocarp or achene-like ; corolla none.
Fruit a utricle.

Flowers bractless, or if bracted, the bracts not

scarious. Fam. 1. CHENOPODIACEAE.

Flowers with scarious bracts. Fam. 2. AMARANTHACEAE.

Fruit not a utricle.

Fruit an anthocarp. Fam. 3. NYCTAGINACEAE.

Fruit not an anthocarp.

Fruit aggregate. Fam. 4. BATIDACEAE.

Fruit not aggregate. Fam. 5. PHYTOLACCACEAE.

Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves or teeth.

Capsule 2-several-celled ; corolla none. Fam. 6. AIZOACEAE.

Capsule 1-celled ; petals mostly present.

Sepals 5 or 4. Fam. 7. ALSINACEAE.

Sepals only 2. Fam. 8. PORTULACACEAE.

Family 1. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort.
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with angled striate or terete
stems. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, estipulate, simple, en-
tire, toothed or lobed, mostly petioled (in Salicornia reduced to mere
scales). Flowers small, green or greenish, regular or slightly irregular,
variously clustered, occasionally solitary in the axils. Petals none. Calyx
persistent, 2-5-lobed, 2-5-parted or rarely reduced to a single sepal, want-
ing in the pistillate flowers of some genera. Stamens as many as the
lobes or divisions of the calyx, or fewer, and opposite them; filaments
slender; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk usually none.

CHENOrODIACEAE. 119

Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, amphitropous ; styles 1-3; stigmas capitate,
or 2-3-lobed or divided. Fruit a utricle, with a thin or coriaceous peri-
carp. Seed vertical or horizontal; endosperm mealy, fleshy or wanting.
About 75 genera and 550 species, of wide geographic distribution.

Embryo annular or horseshoe-shaped ; leaves normal, at least the lower broad.

Calyx present ; fruit not enclosed by bractlets. 1. Chenopodium.

Calyx present in staminate flowers only ; fruit enclosed by

bractlets. 2. Atriplex.
Embryo spirally coiled.

Leaves thick and fleshy, nearly terete. 3. Dondia.

Leaves reduced to rudimentary scales or ridges. 4. iSailicornia.

1. CHENOPODIUM L. Sp. PI. 218. 1753.

Annual or perennial herbs, with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers small,
green, perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered. Calyx 2-5-parted or 2-5-lobed,
embracing or enclosing the utricle, its segments or lobes often keeled or ridged.
Stamens 1-5; filaments filiform or slender. Styles 2 or 3; seed horizontal or
vertical, sometimes in both positions in different flowers of the same species :
endosperm mealy; embryo completely or incompletely annular. [Greek, goose-
foot, from the shape of the leaves.] About 60 species, mostly weeds, of wide
geographic distribution. Type species: Chenopodium rubrum L.

Embryo a complete ring ; plant not aromatic. 1. Q. murale.

Embryo horse-shoe-shaped ; plant aromatic. 2. C. ambrosioides.

1. Chenopodium murale L. 6p. PI. 219. 1753

Annual, somewhat scurfy above; stem 3-8 dm. high, leafy to the summit.
Leaves rhombic-ovate, thin, bright green, acute or acuminate, sharply and
coarsely sinuate-dentate, cuneate or subtruncate at the base, slender-petioled,
5-10 cm. long; flowers in loose axillary panicles often not longer than the
petioles; calyx-segments not entirely enclosing the utricle; seed sharp-edged,
horizontal, firmly attached to the pericarp.

A weed of streets and waste grounds, on the inhabited islands of the archi-
pelago, Great Bahama to Watling's, Acklin's, and Long Islands, East Caicos and
Grand Turk : — Widely distributed as a weed in temperate and tropical regions.
SOWBANE. GREENS.

2. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753.

Chenopodium spathulatum Sieb.; Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 73. 1849.

Annual, glabrous or slightly glandular-pubescent, strong-scented; stem
leafy. 6-10 dm. high, angular and grooved. Leaves oblong or oblong-laneolate,
narrowed to a short petiole, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper entire, 2-9
cm. long, the upper numerous and much smaller ; flowers in small dense axillary
spikes; calyx usualy 3-parted, completely enclosing the fruit; pericarp readily
separable from the horizontal or vertical, shining seed.

A weed, in waste grounds of the larger towns, New Providence, Eleuthera and
Cat Island : — Widely distributed as a weed in temperate and tropical regions.
WORMSEED. JERUSALEM PARSLEY.

2. ATRIPLEX L. Sp. PI. 1052. 1753.

Herbs or low shrubs, often scurfy-canescent or silvery. Leaves alternate,
or some of them opposite. Flowers dioecious or monoecious, small, green, in
paLicled spikes or capitate-clustered in the axils. Staminate flowers bractless,
consisting of a 3-5-parted calyx and an equal number of stamens; filaments

120 CHENOPODIACEAE.

separate or united by their bases; a rudimentary ovary sometimes present.
Pistillate flowers subtended by 2 bractlets which enlarge in fruit and are more
or less united, sometimes quite to their summits; perianth none; stigmas 2.
Utricle completely or partially enclosed by the fruiting bractlets. Seed vertical
or rarely horizontal; embryo annular; endosperm mealy. [From a Greek
name of orache.] About 150 species, of wide geographic disribution. Type
species: Artiplex hortensis L.

Leaves, at least some of them, toothed.

Sides of the bracts tubercled or crested. 1. A. pentandra.

Sides of the bracts unappendaged. 2. A. domingensis

Leaves entire. 3. A. arenaria.

1. Atriplex pentandra (Jacq.) Standley, N. A. PI. 21: 54. 1916.

Axyris pentandra Jacq. Sel. Stirp. Am. 244. 1763.
Atriplex cristata H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 959. 1806.

Annual or perennial, branched, the branches procumbent or ascending, 3-8
dm. long, scurfy when young, becoming glabrate. Leaves alternate, sessile or
short-petioled, oblong to rhombic or obovate, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse or acute at
the apex, mucronate, cuneate at the base, repand-dentate, undulate or the upper
entire, white-scurfy beneath, green above; flowers monoecious, the staminate
in dense short terminal spikes, the pistillate clustered in the axils; fruiting
bracts cuneate-orbicular, about 3 mm. long, united only at the base, sharply
dentate, the sides bearing 2 dentate crests or irregularly tubercled; seed brown.

Coastal rocks and sands, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama south
to Andros, Mariguana, Atwood Cay, and Grand Turk : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Jan ;
Jamaica ; Curasao ; Venezuela and Colombia to Peru. CRESTED ATRIPLEX.

2. Atriplex domingensis Standley, N. A. PI. 21 : 55. 1916.

'Annual, woody, much branched, the branches decumbent, spreading, scaly,
2 dm. long or longer. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, deltoid or deltoid-
oblong, small, 4-6 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, denticulate or entire, acute at the
apex, crisped, thick, white-scaly on both sides; flowers monoecious, the stami-
nate in terminal spikes, the pistillate 2-4 together in axillary clusters; bracts
cuneate, 2 mm. long, coarsely 5-toothed above, their sides unappendaged; seed
dark brown.

White-lands, Eastern Cay, Turk's Islands : — Hispaniola. DOMIXGAN ATRIPLEX.

3. Atriplex arenaria Nutt. Gen. 1: 198. 1818.

Atriplex cristata arenaria Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 546. 1891.

Annual, pale, stem densely silvery-scurfy, bushy-branched, 1-4.5 dm. high,
the branches ascending or decumbent, angular. Leaves oblong to obovate,
entire, short-petioled or sessile, 1-4 cm. long, whitish-scurfy beneath, the lateral
veins few and obscure; staminate flowers in terminal or axillary spikes; pis-
tillate flowers in axillary clusters much shorter than the leaves; fruiting bracts
triangular wedge-shaped, broadest above, 4-6 mm. wide, united nearly to the
several-toothed summits, their margins entire, their sides reticulated, or some-
times crested or tubercled.

Coastal sands, Eleuthera, Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : — Nova Scotia to
Texas ; Bermuda ; Cayo Sabinal, Cuba. SEA-BEACH ATRIPLEX.

3. DONDIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 261. 1763.

Fleshy herbs or low shrubs, with alternate narrowly linear, thick or nearly
terete, entire sessile leaves, and perfect or polygamous bracteolate flowers,

CHENOPODIACEAE. 121

solitary or clustered in the upper axils. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, the segments
in fruit enclosing the utricle. Stamens 5. Styles usually 2, short. Pericarp
separating from the seed. Embryo coiled into a flat spiral. Endosperm want-
ing or very little. [In honor of Jacopodi Dondi, Italian naturalist of the
fourteenth century.] About 50 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type
species: Chenopodium altissimum L.

Leaves 2-5 cm. long, elongated-linear ; calyx-lobes strongly keeled. 1. D. Unearis.
Leaves 1-1.5 cm. long, narrowly oblong ; calyx-lobes inflexed, not

keeled. 2. D. fruticosa.

Leaves 2-5 mm. long, oblong ; calyx-lobes inflexed, rounded. 3. D. insularis.

1. Dondia linearis (Ell.) Heller, Cat. N. A. PI. 3. 1898.

Salsola linearis Ell., Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 332. 1821.
Dondia carinata Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot. 2: 297. 1909.

Usually annual, sometimes perennial ; stem erect, strict, 3-10 dm. tall, pale
green or nearly white, the branches slender, very leafy, erect-asending or some-
times recurved. Leaves of the stem linear-subulate, 2-5 cm. long, those of the
branches much shorter, somewhat 3-angled, lanceolate-subulate, widest just
above the base, the upper surface flat; calyx-lobes glaucous, acutely keeled or
almost winged; seed orbicular, horizontal, black, shining, 1-1.5 mm. broad.

Salina borders and maritime rocks, South Bimini, New Providence, Andros,
Eleuthra, Riding Rocks, Inagua, islands of the Cay Sal Bank : — Const of eastern
North America; Cuba. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to D. fruticosa (Forsk.) North-
rop. TALL SEA-BLITB.

2. Dondia fruticosa (L.) Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club. 12: 35. 1902.

Chenopodium fruticosum L. Sp. PI. 221. 1753.

Suaeda intermedia S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 296. 1879.

Dondia intermedia Heller, Oat. N. A. PI. 3. 1898.

Dondia Wilsonii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 297. 1909.

Perennial, woody, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat glaucous, much branched,
8 dm. high or less, the branches leafy, ascending. Leaves subterete, 1-1.5 cm.
long, the upper little shorter than the lower; calyx-lobes rounded on the back,
inflexed; seed red-brown or black, 1 mm. broad.

Margins of salt pans, South Caicos Island : — Western United States ; Cuba ;
Virgin Gorda ; alkaline regions of Europe, Asia and Africa. BUSHY SEA-BLITE.

The plant is much out of its general range on South Caicos ; our specimen was
referred to D. fruticosa by Standley (N. A. Fl. 21: 91).

3. Dondia insularis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 138. 1906.

Perennial, shrubby, much branched, 3 dm. high or less, glabrous, glaucous,
the branches divaricately ascending. Leaves approximate, oblong, thick and
fleshy, 2-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm'.' thick, obtuse, narrowed to a subsessile base ;
flowers axillary to the upper leaves, about 2.5 mm. broad; calyx-lobes ovate,
obtuse, rounded on the back; filaments shorter than the calyx; seed vertical,
black, shining, 1 mm. long.

In salinas, Grand Turk Island and Ambergris Cay : — Cuba ; Santa Lucia.
ISLAND SEA-BLITE.

4. SALICOBNIA L. Sp. PI. 3. ' 1753.

Fleshy glabrous herbs with opposite terete branches, the leaves reduced to
mere opposite scales, the flowers sunken 3-7 together in the axils of the upper
ones forming narrow terminal spikes, perfect or the lateral ones staminate.
Calyx obpyramidal or rhomboid, fleshy, 3-4-toothed or truncate, becoming

9

122 AMAEANTHACEAE.

spongy in fruit, deciduous. Stamens 2, or sometimes solitary, exserted; fila-
ments cylindric, short; anthers oblong, large. Ovary ovoid; styles or stigmas 2.
Utricles enclosed by the spongy fruiting calyx, the pericarp membranous.
Seed erect, compressed; embryo conduplicate ; endosperm none. [Name Greek,
salt-horn; from the saline habitat, and horn-like branches.] About 10 species,
natives of saline soil, widely distributed in both the Old World and the New.
Type species: Salicornia europaea L.

Perennial ; prostrate with erect branches. 1. S. perennis.

Annual ; erect. 2. 8. Bigelovii.

1. Salicornia perennis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.

Salicornia ambigua Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 2. 1803.

Perennial by a woody rootstock; stem trailing or decumbent 1.5-6 dm.
long, rooting, the branches ascending or erect, slender, nearly or quite simple,
rather long- jointed. Scales broadly ovate or wider than high, appressed or
slightly divergent; fruiting spikes 1-4 cm. long, their joints not longer than
thick; flowers all about equally high and about equalling the joints; seeds
covered with slender hairs.

Salinas, usually on the edge of mangrove colonies, throughout the archipelago
from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, the Caicos and Turks Islands and
Inagua : — North American coasts, Massachusetts to Florida and west to Texas ; Ber-
muda ; Cuba : St. Croix ; Jamaica. An Inagua specimen was referred by Standley
(N. A. Fl. 21 : 83) to the European S. fruticosa L. which this species much re-
sembles. WOODY GLASS WORT. WILD CORAL. GUINEA-BEAD.

2. Salicornia Bigelovii Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 184. 1859.

Salicornia mucronata Bigelow, Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 2: 1824. Not Lag. 1817.

Annual, stout, erect or nearly so, 5-50 cm. tall, more or less branched,
the branches stout. Scales ovate or triangular-ovate, sharply mucronate, 2-3
mm. long, at length spreading; fruiting spikes 1-12 cm. long, their joints not
longer than thick; middle flower slightly higher than the lateral ones, reaching
very nearly to the end of the joint; seed covered with short hairs.

In saline marshes, Abaco, Andros and Grand Turk : — Nova Scotia to Florida and
Texas ; California ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Yucatan. BIGELOW'S GLASSWORT.

Family 2. AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil.

AMARANTH FAMILY.

Herbs, or a few genera low shrubs, with simple, mostly entire, thin
leaves. Flowers small, green or white, bracteolate, variously clustered,
usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads. Petals none. Calyx her-
baceous or membranous, 2-5-parted, the segments distinct, or united at
the base, equal, or the inner ones smaller. Stamens 1-5, mostly opposite
the calyx-segments, hypo^ynous; filaments distinct, united at the base, or
into a tube. Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary in the majority of genera,
amphitropous, several in some tropical genera; «tigmas 1-3. Fruit a
utricle, circumscissile, bursting irregularly, or indehiscent, 1-seeded or sev-
eral-seeded. Seeed mostly smooth; embryo annular; endosperm mealy,
usually copious. About 40 genera and 475 species, widely distributed, most
abundant in warm regions.

AMAKANTHACEAE. 123

Anthers 4-celled.
Leaves alternate.

Fruit several-seeded. 1. Celosia.

Fruit 1-seeded. 2. Amaranthus.

Leaves opposite. 3. Centrostachys.

Anthers 2-celled.

Stigma capitate. 4. Achyrdnthes.

Stigma-lobes subulate or filiform.
Flowers in dense heads.

Stamens 2 ; perianth sessile. 5. Lithophila.

Stamens 5 ; perianth stalked. 6. Philoxerus.

Flowers in panicled spikes. 7. Iresine.

1. CELOSIA L. Sp. PI. 205. 1753.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and small perfect bracted flowers,
in spikes or fascicles. Perianth 5-parted, the segments scarious, striate.
Stamens 5; filaments filiform or subulate, connate at the base; anthers 4-
celled. Ovary 2-many-ovuled; style present or wanting; stigmas 2 or 3.
Utricle circumscissile or irregularly rupturing. Seeds 2 to many, lenticular,
shining; embryo annular, endosperm starchy. [Greek, burned, from the dry
parched flowers of some species.] About 40 species, of tropical and subtropical
distribution. Type species: Celosia argentea L.

1. Celosia nitida Vahl, Symb. 2: 44. 1791.

Perennial; glabrous. Stem slender, erect or vine-like, 3-15 dm. long;
petioles slender, 5-20 mm. long; leaves ovate to rhombic-lanceolate, 2-7 cm.
long, obtuse, acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or obtuse and often
oblique at the base; inflorescence of panicled spikes, 1-5 cm. long; bracts
nearly half as long as the sepals, ovate to lanceolate, keeled, acuminate; sepals
elliptic-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, acuminate, dark brown, strongly parallel-
veined; style short; utricle globose-ovoid, shorter than the calyx; seeds black,
smooth.

Moist soil and thickets, Acklin's Island, Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; West Indies ;
Texas ; Mexico ; northern South America. SLENDER CELOSIA.

2. AMARANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 989. 1753.

Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading glabrous or pubescent herbs,
with petioled pinnately veined leaves and small monoecious polygamous or
dioecious, green or purplish, mostly 3-bracteolate flowers in dense terminal spikes
or axillary clusters, Calyx of 1-5 distinct sepals. Stamens 1-5; anthers
longitudinally dehiscent. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid or oblong
utricle, 1-seeded, 2-3-beaked by the styles. Embryo annular. [Greek, unfad-
ing flower, from the dry, unwithering bracts.] About 60 species of wide
geographic distribution. Type species: Amaranthus caudatus L.

Flowers all axillary ; sepals of pistillate flowers spatulate.

Peduncles short and thick ; utricle indehiscent. 1. A. crassipes.

Peduncles none ; utricle circumscissile. 2. A. polygonoides.

Staminate flowers mostly in terminal spikes ; sepals of pis-
tillate flowers oblong or obovate.
Utricle indehiscent.

Utricle smooth. 3. A. viridis.

Utricle wrinkled. 4. A. gracilis.

Utricle circumscissile or bursting irregularly.

Leaf axils with a pair of spines. 5. A. spinosus.

Plants not spiny.

Plants glabrous or nearly so. G. A. dubius.

Plants pubescent or villous. 7. A. hybridus.

124 AMABANTHACEAE.

1. Amaranthus crassipes Schlecht. Linnaea 6: 757. 1831.

Scleropus amaranthoides Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goetting. 1835.

Glabrous; stems prostrate or somewhat ascending, rather fleshy, 2-6 dm.
long. Petioles slender, 0.5-4 cm. long; leaves ovate to oblong or obovate, 0.5-
3.5 cm. long, prominently whitish-veined, rounded and emarginate at the apex,
narrowed at the base; flowers monoecious, in dense short-peduncled axillary
clusters, the peduncles thickened; bracts very small, ovate, acutish; sepals of
the pistillate flowers 4 or 5, spatulate, scarious, about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or
emarginate; style-branches 2; utricle obovoid, compressed, coriaceous, finely
tuberculate, indehiscent ; seed dark brown or black, smooth, about 1 mm. broad.

Waste places, New Providence, Watling's and South Caicos : — Florida ; West
Indies ; northern South America. THICK-STALKED AMARANTH.

2 Amaranthus polygonoides L. PI. Jam. Pug. 27. 1759.
Amblogyna polygonoides Eaf. Fl. Tell. 3: 42. 1836.

Stems slender, prostrate or ascending, much branched, 1-5 dm. long, villous
above. Petioles 2-7 mm. long; leaves 0.5-2 cm. long, rhombic-ovate to obovate,
obtuse and usually emarginate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base,
glabrous, or sparingly pubescent beneath; flowers monoecious, in sessile dense
axillary small clusters; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the
sepals; sepals of the pistillate flowers spatulate, obtuse or apiculate, white,
scarious, 3-nerved, connate at the base, those of the staminate flowers oblong,
acute; stamens and style-branches 2 or 3; utricle circumscissile ; seed dark
brown or black, shining, less than 1 mm. broad.

Sandy waste places, usually roadsides and paths, Eleuthera and Inagua : —
Florida ; Texas ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; St. Thomas to Martinique ; Curasao ; Jamaica ;
Mexico to northern South America. KNOTWEED AMARANTH.

3. Amaranthus viridis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1405. 1763.

Amaranthus emarginatus Salzm.; Uline & Bray, Bot. Gaz. 19: 319. 1894.

Stems slender, prostrate or ascending, glabrous, usually branched, 1-6 dm.
long. Leaves slender-petioled, rhombic-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, glabrous, deeply
emarginate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base; flowers monoecious,
in small axillary clusters and usually also in a short terminal spike; bracts
ovate to lanceplate, acute, as long as the sepals or shorter; sepals 3, those of the
pistillate flowers oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or shorter than the
utricle, those of the staminate flowers oblong, acute; stamens and style-
branches 3; utricle smooth, indehiscent; seed reddish-brown, shining, nearly 1
mm. broad.

In cultivated ground, New Providence at Nassau : — southern United States ;
Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; Guadeloupe ; tropical South America and Old World
tropics. NOTCH-LEAVED AMARANTH.

4. Amaranthus gracilis Desf. Tabl. Bot. 43. 1804.

Glabrous; stem erect, usually branched, 2-9 dm. high. Leaves slender-
petioled, 8 cm. long or less, ovate or rhombic-ovate, mostly obtuse and emargi-
nate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base ; flowers monoecious, in
slender, axillary and terminal, sometimes panicled spikes 4-12 cm. long, and
also often in small dense axillary clusters; bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute,
scarious, much shorter than the 3 sepals; sepals cuspidate, 1-1.5 mm. long;
stamens and style-branches 3; utricle wrinkled, indehiscent, as long as the
sepals or longer; seed dull, dark brown, 1 mm. broad.

Waste grounds near dwellings. Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Long Island and Watling's : — southeastern United States ; West Indies and
tropical and subtropical America ; Old World tropics. SLENDER AMARANTH.

AMAKANTHACEAE. 125

5. Amaranthus spinosus L. Sp. PL 991. 1753.

Stem stout, ridged, erect or ascending, glabrous below, somewhat pubes-
cent above, usually much branched, sometimes red, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves
ovate, slender-petioled, rhombic-ovate or the upper lanceolate, acute at both
ends, 2-8 cm. long, with a pair of rigid stipular spines at each node, the mid-
vein excurrent; flowers monoecious, the pistillate in numerous capitate axillary
clusters, the staminate in dense terminal spreading or drooping spikes 2-18 cm.
long; bracts lanceolate-subulate, about as long as or longer than the 5 scarious
oblong mucronate-tipped 1-nerved sepals, and the thin imperfectly circum-
scissile utricle; stamens 5; style-branches 3; seed black, shining, nearly 1 mm.
broad.

Waste grounds, Great Harbor Cay. and New Providence : — United States ; West
Indies ; all tropical and warm temperate regions. SPINY AMARANTH. CALALUE.

6. Amaranthus dubius Mart. Hort. Erlang. 197. 1814.

Amaranthus tristis Willd. Hist. Amar. 21. 1790. Not. L. 1753.

Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent above; stem erect, often much branched.
1 m. high or less. Leaves long-petioled, the slender petiole 2-9 cm. long, the
blade ovate, 2-12 cm. long, acute or obtuse and usually emarginate at the apex,
rounded or acute at the base; flowers monoecious, in slender, often drooping
and numerous dense, terminal and axillary spikes, 5-25 cm. long, and some-
times in small, dense axillary clusters; bracts -ovate or elliptic, acute, shorter
than or about as long as the sepals; sepals of the pistillate flowers 1.5-2 mm.
long, mucronate, often emarginate, 1-nerved; stamens 5; style-branches 3;
utricle a little longer than the sepals, rugulose, dehiscent at the middle; seed
dark brown or black, circular, sharp-edged, 1 mm. in diameter.

Waste places near dwellings, Abaco, New Providence, Great Guana Cay, Cat
Island, Little San Salvador, Fortune Island and Grand Turk : — West Indies ; Cen-
tral and South America ; tropical Africa ; adventive in Europe. SOUTHERN PIGWEED.

7. Amaranthus hybridus L. Sp. PI. 990. 1753.

Stem usually slender, erect, 0.3-2.5 m. tall, often much-branched, villous
above. Leaves long-petioled, 1.5 dm. long or less, ovate to lanceolate, usually
acute; spikes linear-cylindric, 2-T2 ,cm. long, axillary and forming dense
terminal panicles, ascending, or somewhat spreading; bracts lanceolate to ovate,
about twice as long as the 5 oblong acute or cuspidate sepals; stamens 5;
style-branches 3; utricle scarcely wrinkled, circumscissile ; seed dark brown or
black, shining, 1 mm. in diameter.

Waste places, Fortune Island, Anguilla Isles : — United States ; Bermuda ; Cuba ;
Mexico. A. paniculatus as to Baiiamian references. SLENDER PIGWEED.

3. CENTROSTACHYS Wall, in Boxb. Fl. Ind. 2: 497. 1824.

Herbs, some species somewhat woody, with opposite membranous broad
leaves, and small green flowers sessile in slender elongated terminal spikes,
the calyx deflexed after anthesis. Sepals 4 or 5, cartilaginous, narrow, acumi-
nate or aristate. Stamens 4 or 5; filaments subulate; anthers 4-celled. Ovary
1-celled; ovule 1; style filiform; stigma capitate. Utricle thin-walled, inde-
hiscent. [Greek, prickly-spike.] About 12 species, of warm and tropical
regions. Type species: Centrostachys aquatica WalL

126 AMABANTHACEAE.

1. Centrostachys indica (L.) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5: 75. 1915.

Achyranthes aspera indica L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753.
Achyranthes indica Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.
AchyrantJies obtusifolia Lam. Eneycl. 1: 545. 1785.
Achyranthes aspera obtusifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 62. 1859.

Herbaceous, erect or ascending, simple or branched, 6-12 dm. high, rather
densely pubescent above. Leaves suborbicular or obovate-orbicular, pubescent,
2-5 cm. long, abruptly short-tipped at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the
base, pinnately veined, the slender petioles 1-3 cm. long; spikes very slender,
2-6 dm. long, densely flowered above, the lower flowers scattered; flowers
about 4 mm. long; bracts subulate, horny, glabrous, a little shorter than the
calyx, deflexed; sepals acuminate.

A weed in waste places and cultivated soils, throughout the archipelago from
Abaco south to Acklin's Island : — a weed in tropical and subtropical regions.
BLUNT-LEAVED CENTROSTACHYS.

4. ACHYRANTHES L. Sp. PI. 204. 1753.

Decumbent or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, entire or nearly so.
Flowers perfect, in sessile or peduncled, head-like, usually white or silvery
spikes. Sepals 5, unequal. Stamens 5, the filaments partially united into a
cup-like tube; staminodia surpassing the filaments and 2-celled anthers, or
shorter. Ovary 1-celled; stigma capitate. Ovule solitary. Utricle flattened,
indehiscent. Seeds lenticular, smooth. [Greek, straw-flower.] Forty species
or more, mostly of tropical distribution. Type species: Achyranthes repens L.

Plants succulent : leaves sessile. 1. A. maritima.
Plants not succulent.

Sepals merely acute. 2. A. polytjonoides.

Sepals spinulose-tipped. 3. A. repens.

1. Achyranthes maritima (St. Hil.) Standley, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5:

74. 1915.

Alternanthera maritima St. Hil. Voy. Bras. 2: 437. 1833.

Plants glabrous, fleshy. Stems or the branches prostrate, 2-8 dm. long,
angled, branched; leaves leathery, cuneate to oblong or elliptic, 1.5-6 cm. long,
obtuse, commonly mucronate, entire, sessile or somewhat petioled; spikes dull
straw-colored, 6-12 mm. long, sessile, leaving a conspicuous scar when detached;
bracts ovate, keeled; calyx ^ longer than the bracts; sepals rigid, ovate, acute
and slightly awn-tipped, usually 5-nerved, glabrous; staminodia longer than
the filaments, cleft or lacerate at the tip.

Maritime sands at the wave line, Great Bahama, Frozen Cay, South Bimini,
Little Mangrove Cay, New Providence and Cat Island : — Bermuda : Florida : Cuba ;
Guiana to Brazil • west coast of Africa. Referred to by Dolley and by Herrick as
Gomphrena sp. BEACH ACHYRANTHES.

2. Achyranthes polygonoides (L.) Lam. Encycl. 1: 547. 1785.

GompJirena polygonoides L. Sp. PI. 225. 1753.

Alternanthera paronychioides St. Hil. Voy. Bras. 2: 439. 1833.

Glabrous or sparingly pilose, branched, the branches procumbent or creep-
ing, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves spatulate to elliptic, 2 cm. long or less, obscurely
veined, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, the petioles 5-10 mm.
long; flowers in dense sessile globose axillary heads 8-12 mm. in diameter;
sepals bright white, shining, lanceolate, acute, slightly unequal, about 3 mm.

AMABANTHACE AE. 127

long, somewhat longer than the lanceolate bracts; staminodia about as long as
the filaments, toothed to the apex; utricle obcordate, included.

Sandy waste places. Great Bahama, New Providence, Grand Turk and Inagua : —
southeastern United States ; Cuba to St. Thomas and' to Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; con-
tinental tropical America. KNOTWEED ACHYRANTHES.

3. Achyranthes repens L. Sp. PI. 205. 1753.

Alternanthera Achyrantha E. Br. Prodr. 417. 1810.
Alternanthera repens Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 2: 540. 1891.

Loosely pilose, branched, the branches prostrate, 5 dm. long or less.
Leaves spatulate, or obovate to oval or suborbicular, 2 cm. long or less, pin-
nately veined, obtuse or abruptly tipped, narrowed at the base into short peti-
oles; flowers in dense sessile globose or oblong heads 6-12 mm. long; sepals
dull whitish, unequal, about 2 mm. long, longer than the bracts, the outer
aristate, villous; staminodia somewhat shorter than the filaments, entire, or few-
toothed below; utricle ovoid, included.

Waste places and cultivated lands, Abaco, St. George's Cay, New Providence,
Eleuthera and Long Island : — South Carolina to Florida, Texas and California ;
Cuba to St. Thomas and to South America ; Mexico to Panama, Peru and Argen-
tina ; Canary Islands ; Madeira ; Spain, CREEPING ACHYRANTHES. WASHERWOMAN.

5. UTHOPHILA Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788.

Perennial, more or less villous herbs, the leaves mostly in basal tufts, the
small perfect bracteolate flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx flattened, 5-
parted, sessile. Stamens 2; filaments connate below; anthers 2-celled; stami-
nodia 3. Ovary ovoid; style short; stigmas 2, slender; ovule 1, pendulous.
Utricle ovoid, compressed. Seed lenticular, smo:oth. [Greek, rock-loving. |
About 4 species, of the West Indies and Galapagos, the following typical.

1. Lithophila muscoides Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788.

Achyranthes linearifolia Sw. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1825: 48. 1825.

Boot woody, often deep; stems few or several, prostrate or ascending,
villous, branched, 01.-2 dm. long. Basal leaves several or many, tufted, filiform
to oblong-spatulate, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.3-5 mm. wide, obtuse, villous near the
base; cauline leaves few, similar but smaller, glabrous; spikes 3-15 mm. long,
about 5 mm. thick, solitary or clustered, terminal or axillary, sessile or nearly
so; bracts white, membranous, ovate, acute or acuminate, about one-half as
long as the sepals; bractlets similar, nearly as long as the sepals; sepals oblong,
1-2.5 mm. long, the outer obtuse, villous at the base, the inner acute; seed
nearly orbicular, brown, shining, 0.5 mm. in diameter.

In trodden sands of roadside paths, and in rocky and sandy soil, throughout
the archipelago from Great Bahama to Grand Turk and Ambergris Cay : — Cuba to
St. Croix, Anegada and Martinique ; Bonaire ; Curagao. MOSS-LIKE LITHOPHILA.

6. PHILOXERUS E. Br. Prodr. 416. 1810.

Herbs, mostly fleshy, with opposite entire leaves, the perfect bracteolate
flowers in dense heads or short spikes. Calyx compressed, thickened at the
base, 5-parted, the segments obtuse. Stamens 5; filaments subulate, connate
below; anthers oblong, 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, compressed; style short; stig-
mas 2, subulate; ovule suspended on a long funicle. Utricle compressed,

1 28 AMAEANTHACEAE.

ovoid, indehiscent. Seed lenticular; embryo annular; endosperm starchy.
[Greek, dry-loving, some species inhabiting dry situations.] About 10 species
of coastal distribution in tropical and subtropical America, Africa and Austral-
asia. Type species: Philoxerus conicus E. Br.

1. Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) Nutt. Gen. 2: 78. 1818.

Gomphrena vermicularis L. Sp. PI. 224. 1753.

Lithophila vermiculata Uline, Field Mus. Bot. 2 : 39. 1900.

Fleshy, the stems prostrate, branched, 1-8 dm. long, the branches prostrate
or ascending, sometimes 1.5 dm. high. Leaves thick, or subterete, linear,
linear-oblong or clavate, 1-5 cm. long, acutish or blunt at the apex, narrowed
to the sessile base; heads subglobose to cylindric, densely many -flowered, bright
white, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick; sepals about 3 mm. long, obtuse, a little
longer than the bracts.

Margins of salt water ponds and on maritime rocks. Abaco and Great Ba-
hama to Watling's Island and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; West Indies ; northern
South America. SAMPIRE. SALT-WEED.

7. IBESINE P. Br. Hist. Jam. 358. 1756.

Tall herbs, with opposite broad petioled leaves and small 3-bracted white
flowers, in large terminal panicles or panicled spikes. Calyx 5-parted, the
pistillate usually woolly. Stamens 5, rarely fewer; filaments united by their
bases, filiform; anthers 2-celled. Utricle very small, subglobose, indehiscent.
[Greek, in allusion to the woolly pubescence.] About 40 species, natives of
warm and temperate regions. Type species: Celosia paniculata L.

Leaves large, broadly ovate-lanceolate, acute. 1. 1. Celosia.

Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, obtuse. 2. I. flavescens.

Leaves linear, sessile or very nearly so. 3. I. inaguensis.

1. Iresine Celosia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1291. 1759.

Celosia paniculata L. Sp. PI. 206. 1753.

Iresine celosioides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1456. 1763.

Iresine paniculata Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 2: 542. 1891. Not Poir. 1813.

Annual or perennial; stem erect, ascending or clambering, 0.6-3 m. long,
glabrous or nearly so. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or the upper lanceolate,
0.5-1.5 dm. long, acute or acuminate, the slender petioles 1-6 cm. long; flowers
very numerous, 2 mm. broad or less, calyx and bracts silvery ; sepals 1-1.5 mm.
long; pistillate flowers white-villous at the base, about twice as long as the
bracts; utricle shorter than the sepals; seed red, shining, 0.5 mm in diameter.

Coastal sands and on waste and cultivated lands, Abaco and Great Bahama : —
southeastern United States ; Jamaica ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Antiqua to Trinidad ;
Mexico to Brazil and Argentina. NEW-BURN WEED.

2. Iresine flavescens H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 766. 1806.

Alternanthera flavescens Moq. in DC. Prodr. 132: 350. 1849.
Iresine Tceyensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 148. 1906.

Perennial by a woody root; stems erect, rather stout, 1 m. high or less,
glabrous, simple or much branched, the nodes often swollen. Leaves linear-
oblong to lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, 0.4-2.5 cm. wide, mostly
obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, the petioles
1 cm. long or less; panicles narrow, dense, 1-3 dm. long, glabrous; spikes 0.3-4

NYCTAGINACEAE. 129

cm. long; bracts ovate-orbicular, about one-half as long as the sepals; sepals
about 1 mm. long, those of pistillate flowers copiously woolly at the base;
utricle shorter than the sepals; seed red-brown, shining, 0.5 mm. long.

Maritime rocks and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great
Bahama and Great Sturrup southward to Andros, Great Ragged Cay, Acklin's
Island and Watling's Island : — Florida : Cuba ; Colombia. Referred by Mrs. North-
rop and by Coker to /. paniculata; by Hitchcock to /. celosioides, COASTAL, IRESINE.

3. Iresine inaguensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 149. 1906.

Perennial by a woody root; stems several, erect, rather stout, 3-9 dm. high,
glabrous, little branched, the branches erect. Leaves many, linear, 6 cm. long
or less, 1-2.5 mm. wide, obtuse, glabrous, nearly sessile, sometimes with fas-
cicles of smaller ones in their axils; panicles narrow, 7-14 cm. long, dense,
glabrous; spikes densely flowered, 3-12 mm. long; bracts ovate-orbicular,
about one-third as long as the sepals; sepals oblong, about 1 mm. long, obtuse,
those of the pistillate flowers bearing long hairs at the base; utricle a little
shorter than the sepals; seed red, shining, 0.5 mm. long.

Sandj and rocky soil, Castle Island, Atwood Cay, Sheep Cay and Inagua : —
Endemic. BAHAMA IRBSINE.

Family 3. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl.
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.

Herbs, some tropical genera trees or shrubs, with simple entire leaves,
and regular flowers in clusters, in many of the genera subtended by in-
volucres. Petals none. Calyx inferior, usually corolla-like, its limb 4-5-
lobed or 4-5-toothed. Stamens hypogynons; filaments filiform; anthers
2-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Ovary enclosed by the tube of the
perianth, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; ovule campylotropous ; stigma capitate. Fruit
a ribbed, grooved or winged anthocarp. About 25 genera and 350 species,
of wide geographic distribution, most abundant in America.

Herbs ; flowers perfect.

Perianth large, tubular-funnelform. 1. Hirabilis.

Perianth small, campanulate or funnelform.

Fruit 5-angled or 5-ribbed. 2. Boerhaavea.

Fruit 10-ribbed. 3. Commicarpus.

Trees, shrubs or woody vines ; flowers dioecious.

Fruit drupe-like, fleshy. 4. TorruMa.

Fruit dry, with 5 rows of glands. 5. Pisonia.

1. MERABILIS L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753.

Perennial herbs, with large tuberous-thickened roots and forking stems.
Leaves opposite, somewhat fleshy, petioled, or the upper sessile. Flower
solitary or many flowers together in a 5-lobed calyx-like involucre. Calyx
colored, its tube elongated, constricted above the ovary, its limb expanding,
deciduous. Stamens 5 or 6, unequal; filaments filiform, slender, incurved,
united into a fleshy cup at the base. Style filiform. Fruit ribbed. Seed filling
the pericarp, to which the testa adheres; endosperm mealy. [Latin, beautiful.]
Twenty or more American species, the following typical.

1. Mirabilis Jalapa L. Sp. PI. 177. 1753.

Foliage deep green, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stem erect, 3-7 dm.
tall, much branched; leaves ovate, acuminate, sometimes sparingly ciliate,

130 NYCTAGINACEAE.

entire, truncate or cordate at the base, the petioles about one half as long as
the blades; involucres campanulate, 7-8 mm. high, pubescent, 1-flowered, their
lobes ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube, acute, bristle-tipped; calyx
trumpet-shaped, 3-5 cm. long, deep red to purple or white, often more or less
blotched, the edge notched; stamens exserted; fruit ovoid, black, 8-10 mm.
long, wrinkled-tuberculate, 5-ribbed.

Waste grounds, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, Eleuthera and
Fortune Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; the West Indies ; continental tropical Amer-
ica north through Mexico. FOUR-O'CLOCK.

2. BOERHAAVEA L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753.

Slender herbs with forking stems and branches, opposite leaves, and small
minutely bracted flowers on jointed pedicels. Calyx campanulate to funnel-
form, its limb 5-lobed. Stamens 1-5, exserted, the slender filaments united at
the base. Ovary oblique; style filiform; stigma peltate. Fruit obovoid or
clavate, 5-angled or 5-ribbed. [In honor of Hermann Boerhaave, 1668-1738,
a celebrated Dutch scientist.] About 50 species, natives of warm an'd tropical
regions. Type species: Boerhaavea diffusa L.

Fruit with viscid glands. 1. B. coccinea.

Fruit not glandular. 2. B. erecta.

1. Boerhaavea coccinea Mill. Gard. Diet. No. 8. 1768.

Boerhaavea paniculata Eich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 105. 1792.
Boerhaavia Tiirsuta Willd. Sp. PI. 1 : 20. 1797.

Perennial by somewhat fleshy roots; stems 2-10 dm. long, slender,
branched, procumbent or ascending, usually pubescent, at least below, the
branches glabrous or puberulent. Leaves rhombic-ovate to oblong or nearly
orbicular, 2-6.5 cm. long, rounded, obtuse or rarely acute at the apex, rounded
or subcordate at the base, slender-petioled, entire or undulate; panicle slender,
often 3 dm. long, its branches nearly filiform, glabrous or puberulent; flowers
reddish, 2 mm. broad, nearly sessile in small glomerules of 2-several; fruit
obovoid, 2.5-4 mm. long, 5-grooved, glandular.

Roadsides and waste places. North Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Great
Guana Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island and Inagua : — Florida ; West
Indies ; Mexico through Central America to northern South America ; tropical
Africa. VISCID HOG-WEED.

2. Boerhaavea erecta L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753.

Stem erect or ascending, branched; leaves ovate to deltoid-ovate, some-
times inequilateral, 2-8 cm. long, apiculate, repand or undulate, acute to cordate
at the base, minutely black-dotted on the lower whitish surface, the petioles
usually about one half as long as the blades or longer; peduncles filiform;
flowers 2-6 in a cluster; calyx white to purple, its tube glabrous, the limb
campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long, sparingly pubescent; stamens exserted ; fruit
obpyramidal, 3.5-4 mm. long, 5-angled, the grooves transversely wrinkled, the
top flat.

Waste grounds, New Providence : — southern United States ; Bermuda ; New
Mexico and California to Peru and Brazil ; the West Indies. SMOOTH HOG-WEED.

3. COMMICABPUS Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 373. 1909.

Perennial herbs, with long forking stems, opposite entire petioled mostly
cordate leaves, and small perfect umbellate flowers. Calyx short-funnelform,

NYCTAGLNACEAE. 131

the limb rather widely expanded. Stamens 5, exserted, the filaments slender.
Ovary oblique; style slender. Fruit clavate, 10-ribbed, mucilaginous-glandular,
the glands rather large. [Greek, viscid fruit.] About 5 species, natives of
tropical and subtropical America, the following typical.

1. Commicarpus scandens (L.) Standley, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 373. 1909.
Boerhaavea scandens L. Sp. PI. 3. 1753.

Glabrous; stems slender, pale, elongated and often vine-like, much
branched, sometimes 2 m. long. Leaves ovate, rather thin, somewhat fleshy,
1-4 cm. long, acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, cordate or truncate at the
base, the petioles 2.5 cm. long or less; peduncles slender, mostly longer than
the leaves; umbels several-flowered; pedicels filiform, 5-12 mm. long; calyx
greenish, about 6 mm. broad, its tube and teeth short; fruit narrowly clavate,
7-10 mm. long, glandular toward the blunt apex, its ribs low and obscure.

Scrub-lands, thickets and coppices, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cave Cay. Ack-
lin's Island, Grand Turk, Ambergris Cay and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Texas and
Arizona to Guatemala, Colombia and Peru: Jamaica'; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St.
Barts ; Bonaire ; Aruba ; Curagao. COMMICAKPUS.

4. TORRUBIA Veil. Fl. Flum. 139. 1825.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite often somewhat fleshy leaves, and small
greenish dioecious panicled flowers. Calyx-limb 5-toothed. Stamens about
10, exserted, the filaments filiform. Ovary sessile; style slender or short.
Anthocarp fleshy, drupe-like, obovoid to ellipsoid or subglobose, without glands
in rows, enclosing the utricle. [Commemorates Jose Torrubia, a Spanish
naturalist.] Fifteen species or more, of tropical and subtropical America.
Type species: Torrubia opposita Veil.

Petioles stout ; leaves 6-9 cm. long, coriaceous, reticulate-veined beneath.

Leaves broadly elliptic, mostly subcordate at the base. 1. T. obtusata.

Leaves obovate, cuneate or narrowed at the base. 2. T. CoJceri.

Petioles slender ; leaves 4-6 cm. long, fleshy-chartaceous, very

indistinctly veined.
Fruit globose-obovoid to ellipsoid, little longer than thick ;

anthocarp 4-6 mm. long. 3. T. longifolia.

Fruit oblong-obovoid. twice as long as thick ; anthocarp 7-8

mm. long. 4. T. Bracei.

1. Torrubia obtusata (Jacq.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 612. 1904.

Pisonia obtusata Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 35. 1798.
Pisonia calophylla Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 625. 1896.

A shrub, or a small tree up to 13 m. high, the twigs rather slender, sub-
terete, pale gray, the bark of the trunk white. Leaves ovate or elliptic, coria-
ceous, 6-9 cm. long, about twice as long as wide, rounded at the apex, rounded,
subcordate or some of them narrowed at the base, often involute-margined, the
stout petioles 3-7 mm. long; panicles usually many-flowered, as long as the
leaves or shorter; flowers sessile, puberulent or glabrate; fruit oblong, bright
red, shining, 8-10 mm. long.

Low conpices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama. New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Acklin's, Crooked and Fortune Islands : — Cuba ;
Santo Domingo. BROAD-LEAVED BLOLLY.

2. Torrubia Cdkeri Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 613. 1904.

Glabrous, the twigs gray. Leaves firm, obovate, 8 cm. long or less, 3-4
cm. wide, rounded at the apex, narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base;

132 NYCTAGINACEAE.

petioles stout, about 1 cm. long; flowers sessile, the perianth and panicle-
branches minutely tomentulose; staminate perianth about 3 mm. long, bluntly
5-toothed, about one-half as long as the stamens.

Rocky coppices and scrub-lands, Andros ?, Eleuthera and Inagua : — Cuba.
COKER'S BLOLLY.

3. Torrubia longifolia (Heimerl) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 614. 1904.

Pisonia discolor longifolia Hiemerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21 : 627. 1896.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 16 m. with a trunk up to 5
dm. in diameter, usually much smaller and often shrubby, the bark scaly, the
twigs glabrous, slender. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate or spatulate, firm in
texture, 2-6 cm. long, glabrous, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, obscurely veined, the slender petioles 5-15 mm. long;
calyx 3-4 mm. long; fruit juicy, obovoid or globose-obovoid, bright red, little
longer than thick ; anthocarp 4-6 mm. long.

Rocky coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, North Bimini. New
Providence, Rose Island, Eleuthera, Watling's, Acklin's, Inagua and Anguilla Isles : —
Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica. NARROW-LEAVED BLOLLY. BEEF-WOOD.

4. Tornibia Bracei Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 614. 1904.

A slender tree, 5 m. high or less, the bark gray. Leaves thin, green on
both sides; petioles very slender, 6-8 mm. long; blades narrowly obovate, 5 cm.
long or less, rounded at the apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base; fruiting pedi-
cels about 0.5 mm. long; fruit very juicy, oblong-obovoid, twice as long as thick,
claret-red, truncate at the top; anthocarp 7-8 mm. long, 2 mm. thick.

Coppices and scrub-lands, New Providence and Inagua. Endemic. Specimens
from Cat Island, Conception, Acklin's and Fortune Islands, showing foliage only,
are doubtfully referred to this species. BRACE'S BLOLLY.

5. PISONIA L. Sp. PI. 1026. 1753.

Woody vines, shrubs or trees, with broad entire opposite leaves, and small,
mostly dioecious, bracteolate, cymose or panicled flowers. Calyx-limb 5-toothed
or 5-lobed. Stamens 6—10; filaments filiform, connate below into a tube or
ring; anthers exserted. Ovary sessile; style slender; stigma capitellate.
Anthocarp coriaceous, linear or clavate, bearing stalked or sessile glands in
rows, enclosing the elongated utricle. [Commemorates William Piso, a physi-
cian of Leyden, who travelled in Brazil, and died in 1648.] Twenty species or
more, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Pisonia
aculeata L.

Climbing vine with hooked prickles ; anthocarp with rows of

stalked glands along its whole length. 1. P. aculeata.

Shrub or small unarmed tree ; anthocarp with rows of stalked

glands near its summit. 2. P. rotundata.

1. Pisonia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 1026. 1753.

A climbing woody vine sometimes 10 m. long, armed with hooked oppo-
site prickles. Leaves ovate to elliptic, rather thin, 2.5-10 cm., long, glabrous,
acute, obtuse or short-acuminate at the apex, cuneate or narrowed at the base,
the petioles 1-4 cm. long; cymes many -flowered, pubescent; fruit clavate,
slender-pedicelled, 8-10 mm. long, 10-ridged, with 5 rows of glands from base
to apex.

Coppices and scrub-lands, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies and conti-
nental tropical America ; Philippine Islands. COCK-SPUR. HOLD-BACK. PULL-BACK.

BATIDACEAE. 133

2. Pisonia rotundata Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 283. 1866.

Pisonia subcordata rotundata Heimerl, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 630. 1896.

An unarmed shrub, or small tree, up to 5 m. high, in Cuba becoming larger,
the twigs and leaves glabrous or finely pubescent. Leaves oval, oblong or
obovate, firm in texture, 2.5-7 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, obtuse or
broadly cuneate at the base, minutely reticulate-veined beneath, the petioles
3-10 mm. long; cymes many-flowered, rather densely pubescent or glabrate;
fruit clavate, 6-7 mm. long, with 5 rows of short-stalked glands above the
middle.

Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera : —
Florida ; Cuba. ROUND-LEAVED PISOXIA.

Family 4. BATIDACEAE Dammer.
SALTWORT FAMILY.

Low fleshy much-branched shrubs, with opposite semiterete, linear or
club-shaped, entire sessile estipulate leaves, and small dioecious greenish
flowers in axillary spikes. Staminate spikes with many persistent imbri-
cated scales, each subtending a flower; calyx 2-lobed; stamens 4 or 5, with
stout filaments alternating with staminodia; anthers introrse. Pistillate
spikes 4-12-flowered, the scales deciduous; calyx and corolla wanting;
ovary sessile, 4-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity, erect, anatropous; stigma
sessile, somewhat 2-lobed; fruit aggregate, about 4-seeded. Seeds club-
shaped, the testa membranous; endosperm none; cotyledons large. Only
the following genus.

1. BATIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 1289. 1759.

Characters of the family. [Greek, from the fancied resemblance of the
fruit to a blackberry.] A monotypic genus.

1. Batis maritima L. Syst. ed. 10, 1289. 1759.

A glabrous shrub 1 m. high or less, the rather stout stems spreading,
prostrate or ascending, the branches nearly erect, angular. Leaves acutish,
]-2.5 cm. long; spikes ovoid or oblong, 5-10 mm. long, the staminate sessile,
the pistillate short-peduncled ; bracts nearly orbicular or reniform, longer than
the calyx; stamens exserted, longer than the triangular staminodia; fruit 1-2
cm. long, drooping.

Mangrove mud and saline marshes, Great Bahama, North Bimini, Andros, Wat-
ling's, Grand Turk, Inagua and Anguilla Isles : — Georgia to Florida ; southern
California ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. SALTWORT. TURTLE-WEED.

Family 5. PHYTOLACCACEAE Lindl.
POKEWEED FAMILY.

Herbs, some tropical species shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate entire
mostly estipulate leaves, and perfect regular polygamous or monoecious
flowers. Calyx 4— 5-parted or of 4 or 5 sepals, its segments or sepals
imbricated in the bud. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the calyx-
segments or sepals and alternate with them, or more numerous, hypogyn-
ous; filaments distinct, or united at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs

1 34 PHYTOLACCACEAE.

longitudinally dehiscent, often nearly separated. Ovary superior, several-
celled in most of the genera; ovules solitary in the cavities, amphitropous.
Styles as many as the carpels, short, or none; stigmas linear or filiform.
Fruit a berry or an achene. Endosperm of the seed mealy or fleshy.
About 22 genera and 110 species, mostly in the tropics.

Pistil a single carpel.

Fruit a globular berry.

Stamens 4 ; style elongated. 1. Rivina.

Stamens 8—16 ; style none. 2. Tricho stigma.

Fruit dry, achene-like, with bristles. 3. Petiveria.

Pistil several-many-carpeled with as many styles as carpels. 4. Phytolacca.

1. RIVINA L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753.

Herbs, sometimes woody below, the stems branched, erect, the leaves thin
in texture, the small perfect flowers in axillary or terminal, slender racemes.
Sepals 4, not enlarging in fruit. Stamens 4, the filaments filiform, the anthers
erect. Ovary 1-celled, subglobose; style curved; stigma capitate or 2-lobed.
Fruit a small subglobose berry. Seed erect, lenticular, its testa crustaceous,
the embryo curved, the endosperm mealy. [Commemorates August Eivinus,
1652-1725, professor in Leipzig.] A few species of tropical regions, the fol-
lowing typical.

1. Eivina humilis L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753.
Eivina laevis L. Mant. 1: 41. 1767.

Glabrous or finely pubescent, branched, 3-8 dm. high. Leaves ovate to ob-
long or lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, membranous, flaccid, undulate or entire, acute
or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base, the slender
petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes 10 cm. long or less, loosely several-many-
flowered; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; bracts deciduous; calyx about 6 mm. wide,
the sepals oblong-cuneate, obtuse, pink or nearly white; stamens somewhat
shorter than the sepals; berries subglobose, red, about 3 mm. in diameter.

Coastal rocks and waste grounds, from Abaco throughout the archipelago to
Parrot Cay (Caicos), Inagua, Anguilla Isles, and Water Cay: — Florida; West In-
dies ; continental tropical America. WILD TOMATO.

2. TRICHOSTIGMA A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 10: 306. 1845.
[VILLAMILLA E. & P. ; Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 3: 81. 1880. J

Woody vines, or shrubs, with alternate petioled broad leaves, the small
perfect flowers in slender bracted racemes. Sepals 4, concave, spreading or
reflexed. Stamens 8-16; filaments filiform; anthers linear, versatile, 2-cleft.
Ovary subglobose, 1-celled; ovule sessile; style none; stigma penicillate. Fruit
coriaceous, baccate, subglobose, the pericarp adherent to the erect seed.
[Greek, referring to the penicillate stigma.] About 4 species, of tropical
America, the following typical.

1. Trichostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walter, Pflanzenr. 39: 109. 1909.

Eivina octandra L. Cent. PI. 2: 9. 1756.

Villamilla octandra Hook. f. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 3: 81. 1880.

Trichostigma rivinoides A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 10: 306. 1845.

A woody vine, often 10 m. long or longer, usually climbing on trees, the
stem up to 1.5 dm. in diameter at the base, the branches long and slender,

PHYTOLACCACEAE. 135

glabrous. Leaves elliptic, oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, membranous, 5-15 cm.
long, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, entire,
the slender petioles 1-5 cm. long; racemes usually numerous, loosely many-
flowered, as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels 2-10 mm. long; flowers
white, about 8 mm. broad, the ovate obtuse sepals at length reflexed; berry
black, about 6 mm. in diameter.

Waste grounds spontaneous after cultivation, Cat Island, at the Bight : — Flor-
ida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America north to Mexico. TBICHOSTIGMA.

3. PETIVERIA L. Sp. PL 342. 1753.

An erect slender perennial herb with the odor of garlic, the leaves broad,
membranous, alternate, entire, the small perfect flowers in slender bracted
spikes. Calyx 4-parted, conic at the base, the segments lanceolate, spreading
in flower, erect in fruit. Stamens 4—8; filaments subulate; anthers linear, 2-
cleft at apex and base. Ovary oblong, flattened, truncate, tomentose, 2-celled,
with 1-6 deflexed bristles near the apex; style very short or none; stigma
penicillate. Fruit elongated, cuneate, flattened, striate, keeled on both sides,
2-lobed at the top and bearing 1-6 hooked bristles. Seed linear. [In honor
of Jacob Petiver, English naturalist and apothecary, who died in 1718.] A
monotypic genus.

1. Petiveria alliacea L. Sp. PI. 342. 1753.

Stem puberulent, at least above, or glabrate, erect, branched, 2-10 dm.
high, the branches slender, long, nearly erect or ascending. Leaves elliptic,
oblong or obovate, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 3-12 cm. long, acute or
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; spikes very slen-
der, 1-4 dm. long, puberulent; flowers greenish, short-pedicelled ; sepals nar-
rowly linear, about 4 mm. long; achene linear-cuneate, about 6 mm. long, ap-
pressed to the axis of the epike, the terminal, reflexed bristles about 2 mm.
long.

Waste and cultivated grounds. New Providence at Nassau : — Florida ; West
Indies ; continental tropical America north to Mexico. GARLIC- WEED. OBEAH-BDSH.

4. PHYTOLACCA L. Sp. PI. 441. 1753.

Tall perennial herbs, with petioled estipulate leaves, and small flowers in
terminal racemes, which by the further growth of the stem become opposite the
leaves. Pedicels bracted at the base and often 1-3-bracted above. Calyx of 4
or 5 persistent rounded sepals. Stamens 5-15, inserted at the base of the
calyx. Ovary composed of 5-15' distinct or somewhat united carpels. Pruit a
depressed-globose 5-15-celled fleshy berry. Seeds 1 in each cavity, erect, com-
pressed; embryo annular in the mealy endosperm. [Name Greek and French,
refering to the crimson juice of the berries.] About 24 species, mostly
tropical. Type species: Phytolacca americana L.

1. Phytolacca icosandra L. Syst. ed. 10, 1040. 1759.
Phytolacca octandra L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 631. 1762.

Erect, glabrous, or puberulent above, branched, somewhat succulent, 1-3
m. high. Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, membranous, 8-20 cm. long, acute
or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the rather stout petioles 1-5

136 AIZOACEAE.

cm. long; racemes erect, densely many-flowered, 1-3 dm. long; pedicels 1.5-4
mm. long; flowers greenish white or yellowish, 6-8 mm. broad; sepals rounded;
stamens 8-20; carpels 8-20; berry black, depressed-globose, about 8 mm. in
diameter.

Waste and cultivated ground, and in coppices, Great Bahama, Andros, New
Providence, Eleuthera, Great Exuma : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; continental
tropical America. SOUTHERN POKE-WEED OB POKE-BUSH. PORK-BUSH.

Family 6. AIZOACEAE A. Br.
CARPET-WEED FAMILY.

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, mostly prostrate and branching, with
(in our species) opposite, more or less fleshy leaves, and perfect small regu-
lar flowers. Stipules none or scarious, or the petiole-bases dilated. Calyx
4—5-cleft or 4 — parted. Petals small or none in most species. Stamens
perigynous. Ovary usually free from the calyx, 3-5-celled, and ovules
numerous in each cell in our genus. Fruit a capsule with loculicidal
or circumscissile dehiscence. Seeds amphitropous ; endosperm scanty or
copious; embryo slender, curved. About 22 genera and 500 species, mostly
of warm regions, a few in the temperate zones.

1. SESUVIUM L. Syst. ed. 10, 1058. 1759.

Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves and axillary
pink or purplish flowers. Stipules none, but the petioles often dilated and
connate at the base. Calyx-tube top-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse.
Petals none. Stamens 5-60, inserted on the calyx-tube. Filaments filiform,
sometimes united at the base. Ovary 3-5-celled. Styles 3-5, papillose along
the inner side. Capsule membranous, oblong, 3-5-celled, circumscissile. Seeds
round-reniform, smooth; embryo annular. About 4 species, natives of seacoasts
and saline regions. Type species: Sesuvium portulacastrum L.

Stamens 5. 1. S. maritimum.

Stamens numerous. 2. 8. portulacastrum.

1. Sesuvium maritimum (Walt.) B.S.P. Prem. Cat. N. Y. 20. 1888.

Pharnaceum maritimum Walt. Fl. Car. 117. 1788.
Sesuvium pentandrum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 556. 1821.

Annual, glabrous; branches 0.5-3 dm. long. Leaves obovate or spatulate,
entire, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed into a petiole or
the upper sessile, 8-25 mm. long; flowers sessile or nearly so, about 2 mm.
broad, mostly solitary; stamens 5, alternate with the calyx-lobes; capsule ovoid,
about 4 mm. high, scarcely longer than the calyx.

Salinas and edges of mangrove swamps, Andros. Ship Channel Cay, Cat Island,
Long Island, Little San Salvador and Watling's : — Atlantic coast from Long Island
to Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. SLENDER SEA PURSLANE.

2. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1058. 1759.

Perennial, fleshy, glabrous. Stems usually diffusely branched, the branches
prostrate, often creeping, forming large patches; leaves oblanceolate to oblong,
1.5-4 cm. long, acute or acutish, the bases clasping; flowers shorti-pedicelled,
solitary in the axils ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, 7-10 mm. long, hooded, purple

POETULACACEAE. 137

within, the back prolonged into an appendage; stamens numerous; capsule
conic, 8-10 mm. long.

Sea beaches and saline borders, throughout the archipelago to Turks Island and
Cay Sal : — Bermuda ; North Carolina to Florida ; the West Indies ; Mexico to Co-
lombia and Venezuela ; Old World tropics. Plants from saline borders have smaller
leaves and seeds than those from sea beaches and coastal rocks. SEA PURSLANE.

Family 7. ALSINACEAE Wahl.
CHICKWEED FAMILY.

Annual or perennial herbs with opposite entire leaves, estipulate or
stipulate, and mostly small perfect flowers, solitary or in cymes or umbels.
Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, imbricated, at least in the bud, separate to the
base, or nearly so. Petals as many as the sepals, not clawed, rarely
wanting. Stamens twice as many as the sepals, or fewer, inserted at the
base of the sessile ovary, or on a small disk; filaments distinct, or cohering
below; anthers introrse, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary usually 1-celled;
styles 2-5, distinct; ovules several or numerous, amphitropous or campylo-
tropous, borne on a central column. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent by valves
or by apical teeth. Embryo mostly curved and with incumbent cotyledons.
About 32 genera and 500 species, of wide distribution, most abundant in
temperate regions.

1. DRYMABIA Willd; E. & S. Syst. 5: 406. 1819.

Low branching herbs, with flat small leaves, small, often fugacious stip-
ules, and small mostly white flowers in cymes or solitary. Sepals 5, distinct.
Petals 5, cleft. Stamens 5 or fewer. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled; style
mostly 3-cleft. Fruit a 5-valved capsule. Seeds globose-reniform, the embryo
peripheral. [Greek, pertaining to the forest.] About 20 species, of tropical
and subtropical America, one also in the Old World tropics. Type species:
Jjrymaria arenarioides H. & B.

1. Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd.; E. & S'. Syst. 5: 406. 1819.
Holosteum cordatum L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753.

Annual, glabrous or puberulent above; stems very slender, diffuse, 1-4
dm. long. Leaves orbicular or broader than long, 6-20 mm. wide, membranous,
palmately veined, obtuse or cuspidulate at the apex, subcordate at the base,
short-petioled; peduncles filiform, usually much longer than the leaves, often
forked; cymes f ew-several-flowered ; pedicels as long as the bractlets or
shorter; sepalg 1.5-3 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft; stamens
2 or 3 ; capsule about as long as the sepals.

Waste grounds, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies and continental trop-
ical America. DRYMARIA.

Family 8. PORTULAOACEAE Rchb.
PURSLANE FAMILY.

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with regular perfect but unsymmet-
rical flowers. Sepals commonly 2 (rarely 5). Petals 4 to 6, rarely more,

10

138 POKTULACACEAE.

hypogynous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, equal in number to the
petals or fewer, rarely more; filaments filiform; anthers 2-celled, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled; style 2-3-cleft or 2-3-divided, the
divisions stigmatic on the inner side: ovules 2— oo, amphitropous. Capsule
circumscissile, or dehiscent by 3 valves. Seeds 2-oo, reniform-globose or
compressed: embryo curved. About 20 genera and 180 species, mostly
natives of America.

1. PORTULACA L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753.

Diffuse or ascending, glabrous or pubescent succulent herbs, with terminal
flowers. Sepals 2, united at the base and partly adnate to the ovary. Petals
4-6 (mainly 5), inserted on the calyx, fugacious. Stamens 7-co, also on the
calyx. Ovary many-ovuled ; style deeply 3-9-cleft or parted. Capsule mem-
branous, dehiscent by a lid, many-seeded. [Latin, in allusion to the purging
qualites of some species.] A genus of about 20 species, all but 2 or 3 natives
of America. Type species: Portulaca oleracea L.

Leaves flat; flowers yellow. 1. P. oleracea.
Leaves subterete.

Flowers yellow ; seeds brown. 2. P. phaeosperma.

Flowers purple ; seeds black. 3. P. gagatosperma.

1. Portulaca oleracea L. Sp. PI. 445. 1753.

Annual, usually prostrate, branching from a deep root; branches 1-7.5 dm.
long. Leaves alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate or
cuneate, 6-20 mm. long, rounded at the apex, very fleshy; flower-buds flat;
flowers solitary, sessile, 4-10 mm. broad, yellow, opening in bright sunshine;
sepals broad, keeled, aeutish; style 4-6-parted; capsule 6-10 mm. long; seeds
finely rugose.

Cultivated soil, waste places and maritime rocks, throughout the archipelago : —
all temperate and tropical regions. Includes several races differing in size of
leaves and flowers, and of a prostrate or ascending habit. PURSLANE.

2. Portulaca phaeosp6rma Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 233. 1905.

Fleshy, branched, 1.5 dm. high or less, with tufts of brownish hairs at the
nodes. Leaves linear-oblong, subterete, acute or obtuse, 5-10 mm. long, about
2 mm. thick, alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches; flowers yel-
low, 6-10 mm. broad; petals oblong to obovate, obtuse; capsule about 3 mm.
in diameter, circumscissile at about the middle; seeds brown.

Dry or rocky soil, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and Andros
to Mariguana, Turk's Islands and Inagua : — 'Florida ; Cuba to St. Croix and Virgin
Gorda ; Jamaica. Referred by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker to P. halimoides L. ;
by Hitchcock and by Coker to P. pilosa L. BROWN-SEEDED PORTULACA.

3. Portulaca gagatosperma Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot. 2: 299. 1909.

Fleshy, diffusely branched, 5-10 cm. high, with tufts of whitish hairs at
the nodes. Leaves alternate, subterete, acute, 6-12 mm. long, about 2 mm.
thick, short-petioled ; flowers sessile at the ends of the branches; sepals broadly
ovate, apiculate; petals purple, emarginate; capsule about 4 mm. in diameter,
circumscissile below the middle; seeds jet black, 0.6 mm. in diameter.

In moist soils and mud of lake borders, Great Bahama, New Providence. Grand
Turk, Salt Cay (Turk's Islands) and Inagua, attaining its highest development in
our region on the dry rocks of East and Ambergris Cays of the Turk's Island
group : — Endemic. Referred by Hitchcock to P. pilosa L., which it resembles. BA-
HAMA PORTULACA.

.NYMPHAEACEAE. 139

Order 10. RANALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Calyx present, usually of separate sepals.
Corolla usually present and of separate petals. Ovary or ovaries superior,
free from the calyx; carpels 1 to many, usually separate. Stamens mostly
hypogynous and more numerous than the sepals.

Aquatic herbs, the leaves peltate or with a basal sinus. Fam. 1. NYMPHAEACEAE.
Terrestrial plants.

Stamens many ; sepals distinct.

Flowers perfect (in the Bahama species).

Carpels distinct ; sepals 4 or 5 ; petals, when

present about as many (none in Clematis). Fam. 2. RANUNCULACEAE.
Carpels more or less coherent ; sepals 3 ;

petals 6 ; trees or shrubs. Fam. 3. ANNONACEAE.

Flowers dioecious, small ; climbing vines. Fam. 4. MEMISPEKMACEAE.

Stamens 9* or 12 in 3 or 4 series of 3 each ; sepals

more or less united.
Shrubs or trees with broad leaves ; fruit borne

on the calyx-tube. Fam. 5. LAURACEAE.

Leafless vines ; fruit enclosed by the accrescent

calyx-tube. Fam. 6. CASSYTHACEAE.

Family 1. NYMPHAEACEAE DC.
WATER LILY FAMILY.

Aquatic perennial herbs, with horizontal rootstocks, floating, im-
mersed or rarely emersed leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Sepals
3-5. Petals 5-oo. Stamens 5-oo ; anthers erect, the connective continu-
ous with the filament. Carpels 3-oo, distinct, united, or immersed in the
receptacle. Stigmas distinct, or united into a radiate or annular disk;
ovules l-oo, orthotropous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds enclosed in pulpy
arils, or rarely naked; cotyledons fleshy; hypocotyl very short. Five
genera and about 55 species, widely distributed in fresh' water.

1. CASTALIA Salisb. Par. Lond. 1: pi. 14. 1805.

Herbs with horizontal perennial rootstocks, floating leaves and showy
flowers. Sepals 4. Petals in several rows, or but few, inserted on the ovary,
gradually passing into stamens; stamens oo, the exterior with large petaloid
filaments and short anthers, the interior with linear filaments and elongated
anthers. Carpels oo, united into a compound pistil with radiating linear pro-
jecting stigmas. Fruit globose, covered with the bases of the petals, ripening
under water. [A spring of Parnassus.] About 40 species, of wide geographic
distribution. Type species: Castalia magnified Salisb.

1. Castalia pulchella (DC.) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 138. 1906.

Nymphaea pulchella DC. Syst. 2: 51. 1821.

Nymphaea ampla pulchella Casp. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 42; 159. 1878.

Eootstoek 2-4 cm. thick. Petioles 5-10 mm. thick, various in length, de-
pending upon the depth of water; leaf -blades suborbicular, rather thin, 1-3
dm. broad, glabrous, undulate or repand, green on both sides, very coarsely
reticulate-veined beneath, the basal sinus rather narrow, the lobes acute;
peduncles about as long and as thick as the petioles; sepals 4, lanceolate,

140 BANUNCULACEAE.

acutish, 6 mm. long or less ; petals 4-8, white, acute ; stamens 50 or fewer ; fruit
2-3 cm. in diameter.

Fresh water swamps and water-holes, New Providence, Cat Island, Great
Exuma, Acklin's Island and Inagua : — Cuba to Haiti and St. Croix ; South Amer-
ica. Referred to by Coker as C. am pi a (DC.) Greene. WHITE WATER-LILY.

Family 2. RANUNCULACEAE Juss.
CROWFOOT FAMILY.

Herbs, or rarely climbing shrubs, with acrid sap. Leaves alternate
(except in Clematis and Atragene). Stipules usually none, but the base
of the petiole often sheathing. Pubescence, when present, composed of
simple hairs. Sepals 3-15, generally caducous, often petal-like, imbricate,
except in Clematis and Atragene. Petals about the same number (occa-
sionally more), or wanting. Stamens oo, hypogynous, their anthers
innate. Carpels oo or rarely solitary, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled. Ovules
anatropous. Fruit achenes, follicles or berries. Seeds with endosperm.
About 35 genera and 1100 species, distributed throughout the world, not
abundant in the tropics.

1. CLEMATIS L. Sp. PI. 543. 1753.

Climbing vines or perennial herbs, more or less woody. Leaves opposite,
slender-petioled, pinnately compound, lobed, or in some species entire. Sepals
4 or 5, valvate in the bud, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens oo. Pistils oo.
Achenes 1-seeded. Style long, persistent, plumose, silky or naked. [Greek
name for some climbing plant.] About 25 species of very wide geographic dis-
tribution, most abundant in temperate regions. Type species: Clematis
Vitalba L.

1. Clematis bahamica (Kuntze) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 117. 1905.

Clematis dioica bahamica Kuntze, Verb. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 26: 102.
1895.

Vine slender, trailing or high-climbing, the young plants sparingly and
loosely pubescent. Leaves trifoliolate or the uppermost simple; leaflets slender-
stalked, 4 cm. long or less, various in form even on the same vine, ovate to
oval or nearly orbicular, acute or obtuse and mucronulate at the apex, quite
glabrous when mature, entire, or often 3-lobed, firm in texture and strongly
veined on the under side; achenes plump, only 3 mm. long, the filiform plumose
style 3-5 cm. long; flowers few, in small leafy-bracted panicles; pedicels loosely
pubescent; sepals oblong-lanceolate, about 5 mm. long, loosely pubescent, in a
Mariguana specimen coherent and falling away as a cap.

Rocky thickets, pine-lands and sink-holes. Abaco, Great Bahama. Andros, Eleu-
thera, Cat Island, Great Exuma, and Mariguana.' Endemic. Referred by Mrs.
Northrop to C. dioica; by Hitchcock to G. flammulastrum, and by Dolley to C.
Vitalba. BAHAMA VIRGIN'S-BOWER.

ANNONACEAE. 141

Family 3. ANNONACEAE DC.

CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, generally aromatic, with alternate entire leaves.
Stipules none. Sepals 3 (rarely 2), valvate or rarely imbricate. Petals
about 6, arranged in 2 series. Stamens oo ; anthers adnate, extrorse.
Carpels oo, separate or coherent, mainly fleshy in fruit. Seeds large,
anatropous; embryo minute; endosperm copious, wrinkled. About 46
genera and 550 species, mostly in the tropics, a few in the temperate
zones.

1. ANNONA L. Sp. PI. 536. 1753.

Mostly trees, with coriaceous or chartaceous leaves, and perfect, usually
solitary and axillary, nodding, peduncled flowers. Sepals 3, valvate, deciduous.
Petals usually 6, valvate, the 3 outer larger than the 3 inner. Receptacle
hemispheric. Anther-sacs contiguous. Pistils borne at the top of the recep-
tacle; ovaries 1-ovuled; stigma sessile or nearly so. Fruit compound, aggre-
gate, many-seeded; seeds arillate. [Name said to be derived from Malayan.]
Fifty species or more, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species:
Annona muricata L.

Outpr netals broad, ovate, the inner as long, or somewhat shorter ; fruit

smooth. 1. A. glabra.
Outer petals linear-oblong, the inner minute.

Fruit tubercled. 2. A. squamosa.

Fruit reticulated or areolate. 3. A. reticulata.

1. Annona glabra L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753.

Annona palustris L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 757. 1762.
Anona lauri folia Dunal, Monogr. Anon. 65. 1817.

A tree, up to 12 m. high, with a trunk 4 or 5 dm. in diameter, usually
smaller, sometimes shrubby, the fissured bark reddish brown, the twigs glabrous.
Leaves ovate to oblong, subcoriaceous, 8-18 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate
at the apex, usually rounded at the base, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; flowers
solitary in the axils, nodding, short-peduncled, yellowish green, 2-3.5 cm. long;
sepals broader than long, slightly united; petals thick, concave, the outer a
little larger than the inner; fruit ovoid, 6-13 cm. long, smooth, rounded at
apex, impressed at base, yellowish brown ; seeds 1-2 cm. long.

Ponds and water-holes. Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island,
Watling's Island, Crooked Island--: — Florida ; West Indies ; northern South America.
Catesby, 2 : pi. 6Jt, 67. POND-APPLE.

2. Annona squamosa L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753.

A tree, up to about 12 m. high, the young twigs densely pubescent.
Leaves elliptic, lanceolate to oblong, chartaceous, 6-12 cm. long, pubescent, at
least when young, sometimes glabrous when old, acute at the apex, narrowed
at the base, the petioles 5-12 mm. long; peduncles about as long as the
petioles; flowers greenish, about 2 cm. long; sepals triangular, acute, pubescent,
1.5 mm. long; outer petals linear-oblong, puberulent; fruit globose, 5-9 cm.
in diameter, strongly tubercled, greenish, the tubercles rounded, the pulp white;
seeds oblong, brown, shining.

Scrub-lands. New Providence, probably introduced : — Cuba to Virgin Gorda
and St. Vincent ; Jamaica ; widely cultivated in tropical regions. SUGAR-APPLE.

142 MENISPERMACEAE.

3. Annona reticulata L. Sp. PI. 537. 1753.

A small tree, sometimes 8 m. high, usually smaller, the young twigs puberu-
lent. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, chartaceous,
8-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, puberulent when young, glabrous when old,
acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the rather stout petioles 2 cm.
long or less; peduncles longer than the petioles; flowers greenish, about 2 cm.
long; sepals triangular-ovate, 2-3 mm. long; outer petals narrowly oblong,
puberulent; fruit globose, 8-12 cm. in diameter, yellowish brown, glabrous,
coarsely reticulated, the pulp yellowish, the oblong, brown seeds shining.

Sink-holes, Great Bahama at Eight Mile Rocks :— West Indies. Widely culti-
vated. CUSTARD APPLE. Catesby, 2 : pi. 86.

Family 4. MENISPERMACEAE DC.
MOONSEED FAMILY.

Vines, shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, no stipules, and small
dioecious panieled racemose or cymose flowers. Sepals 4-12, or fewer.
Petals 6, imbricated in 2 rows, sometimes fewer, or none. Stamens about
the same number as the petals or fewer. Carpels 3— oo (generally 6), 1-
ovuled, separate; styles commonly recurved. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo
long, curved. About 55 genera and 150 species, mainly of tropical dis-
tribution, a few extending into the temperate zones.

1. CISSAMPELOS L. Sp. PI. 1031. 1753.

Slender vines, often high-climbing, the leaves broad, mostly entire and
cordate, palmately veined, the staminate flowers cymose-paniculate, the pistil-
late clusters racemose, bracted. Staminate flowers with 4 sepals, the petals
united below into a cup, the 2-4 anthers sessile on the peltate top of the
stamen-column. Pistillate flowers with a rudimentary scale-like perianth of 1
sepal and 1 petal and a single carpel with a 3-cleft or 3-toothed style. Drupe
subglobose, convex; stone compressed, tubercled on the back, concave on both
sides. [Greek, ivy-grape.] Perhaps 25 species, of tropical America and trop-
ical and southern Africa. Type species: Cissampelos Pareira L.

1. Cissampelos tomentosa DC. Syst. 1: 535. 1818.

'Climbing, often 5 m. long or longer, the young branches, petioles, inflor-
escence and under leaf -surfaces densely tomentose. Leaves suborbicular, 2-10
cm. broad, cordate or truncate at the base, not peltate, the petioles 1-7 cm.
long; racemes of pistillate flowers 5-8 cm. long, the bracts orbicular, cordate
or subcordate, 5—15 mm. broad, the pedicels several at each bract, densely
tomentose, about 2 mm. long, the sepals about 1 mm. long; panicles of stami-
nate flowers 8 cm. long or less, the flowers usually very numerous, about 1 mm.
broad, on filiform short pedicels.

Old fields and coppices, Andros, near Nicol's Town : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Mexico
and Central America. VELVETY CISSAMPELOS.

LAUEACEAE. 143

Family 5. LAURACEAE Lindl.
LAUREL FAMILY.

Aromatic trees and shrubs, with alternate (very rarely opposite) mostly
thick, punctate estipulate leaves. Flowers small, perfect, polygamous,
dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, usually fragrant, yellow or greenish,
in panicles, corymbs, racemes or umbels. Calyx 4^6-parted, the segments
imbricated in 2 series in the bud. Corolla none. Stamens inserted in 3
or 4 series of 3 on the calyx, distinct, some of them commonly imperfect
or reduced to staminodia; anthers opening by valves. Ovary superior,
free from the calyx, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous ; stigma
discoid or capitate. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry. Endosperm none.
Cotyledons plano-convex, accumbent. About 40 genera and 1000 species,
widely distributed in tropical regions ; a few in the temperate zones.

Staminodia of the fourth series small or none. 1. OCOTEA

Staminodia of the fourth series large, sagittate. 2. FEKSEA.

1. OCOTEA Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 780. 1775.
[NECTANDRA Roland; Bottb. Descr. PI. Surinam. 10. 1776.]

Evergreen trees, rarely shrubs, with alternate coriaceous leaves and small,
perfect or polygamous flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. Perianth-
segments 6, nearly equal. Perfect stamens 9, in 3 series; stamens of the first
and second series eglandular, their anthers introrsely 4-celled; stamens of the
third series with extrorsely 4-celled anthers; staminodia, representing a fourth
series of stamens, are present in some species. Ovary wholly or partly
enclosed by the perianth-tube; style short. Berry oblong to globose, partly
enclosed by the enlarged perianth-tube. [Guiana name.] Probably 300 species,
mostly natives of tropical America. Type species: Ocotea guianensis Aubl.

1. Ocotea coriacea (Sw.) Britton.

Laurus coriacea Sw. Prodr. 65. 1788.
Laurus Catesbyana Michx. PI. Bor. Am. 1: 244. 1803.
Nectandra coriacea Griseb. PI. Br. W. I. 281. 1860.
Ocotea Catesbyana Sargent, Sylva 7: 11. 1895.

An evergreen tree, up to 12-m. high, the trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter,
the nearly smooth bark light gray, the twigs slender, glabrous, the wood brown.
Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, 6-15 cm. long, acute or acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, dark green and shining above, dull
beneath, glabrous or very nearly so, reticulate-veined, the petioles 5-15 mm.
long; panicles axillary, peduncled, puberulent, several-many-flowered; pedicels
4-7 mm. long; calyx white, its 6 lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, about
4 mm. long; stamens shorter than the calyx; drupe oval or subglobose, dark
blue or nearly black, 10-18 mm. long, the persistent red or yellow calyx-base
3-4 mm. long.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Cat Island, Watling's, Crooked Island and North Caicos : — Florida : West Indies.
Referred by Grisebach, Dolley, Mrs. Northrop and by Hitchcock to Nectandra son-
guinea Rottb. Catesby, 2 : pi. 28. BASTARD TORCH. BLACK TORCH. SWEET TORCH-
WOOD.

144 CASSYTHACEAE.

2. PERSEA Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 3: 222. 1805.

Leaves alternate, coriaceous, persistent, entire. Calyx 6-parted, persistent.
Stamens 12, in 4 series of 3, the inner series reduced to gland-like staminodia,
the 3 other series anther-bearing, their anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, those of the
third series extrorse and the others introrse in our species. Staminodia large,
cordate, stalked. Fruit a berry. [Ancient name of some oriental tree.J
About 50 species, natives of America. Type species : Persea gratissima Gaertn.

1. Persea pubescens (Pursh) Sargent, Silva N. A. 7: 7. 1895.
Tamala pubescens Small, Fl. SE. U. S. ed. 2, 822, 1375. 1913.
Laurus carolinensis pubescens Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 276. 1814.

A tree, with maximum height of about 14 m. the trunk up to 3.5 dm. in
diameter, the twigs densely short-pubescent, the thin brown bark fissured.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oval, subcoriaceous, 0.5-2 dm. long,
acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, bright
green and shining above, pale and pubescent beneath, the pubescent petioles 2 cm.
long or less; peduncles pubescent, shorter than the leaves; pedicels very short;
inner sepals 5-6 mm. long, twice as long as the outer; filaments pubescent;
drupe dark blue, glaucous, oval or subglobose, 8-15 mm. in diameter.

Palmetto-lands, Great Bahama at Barnett's Point : — Virginia to Florida. RED
BAT.

Family 6. CASSYTHACEAE Dumont.
LOVE-VINE FAMILY.

Vines, trailing, or parasitic by papillae on shrubs or on trees, the
leaves none, or reduced to scales, the small regular and perfect flowers
spicate, racemose, or capitate. Calyx 6-cleft, the lobes imbricated, in 2
series, the outer ones shorter than the inner. Corolla none. Perfect
stamens 9, with 2-celled anthers; staminodes 3. Pistil 1; ovary 1-ovuled,
becoming enclosed by the enlarging calyx-base ; style simple ; stigma small,
mostly capitate. Fruit berry-like, fleshy. Only the following genus.

1. CASSYTHA L. Sp. PI. 35. 1753.

Characters of the family. About 15 known species, of tropical regions.
[Synonym of Cuscuta.] Type species: Cassytha filiformis L.

1. Cassytha americana Nees. Syst. Laur. 644. 1836.

Cassytha filiformis Jacq. Sel. Amer. 115. 1763. Not L. 1753.

Slender, branched, often 5 m. long or more, sometimes matted, yellow or
yellowish green, the stems about 2 mm. thick. Leaves mere ovate or lanceolate,
acute scales 1-2 mm. long, few and distant; spikes peduncled, few-several-
flowered, 1-2 cm. long; flowers white, about 2 mm. broad, the inner sepals
ovate, larger than the outer; fruit globose, white, 5-7 mm. in diameter.

Coastal sand dunes and maritime rocks, throughout the archipelago from Abaco
and Great Bahama south to Mariguana, Inagua and the Caicos and Anguilla Isles : —
Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico and continental tropical America. WOE-VISE.

BRASSICACEAE. 145

Order 11. PAPAVERALES.

Mostly herbs, with clustered, regular and perfect flowers. Petals, with
very rare exceptions, present, separate. Sepals usually separate. Stamens
hypogynous. Ovary superior, free from the calyx, compound, composed
of two united carpels, or more.

Sepals 2 (very rarely 3 or 4) ; endosperm fleshy. Fam. 1. PAPAVERACEAE.

Sepals or calyx-segments 4-8 ; endosperm none.

Capsule 2-celled by a longitudinal partition, usually 2-

valved, rarely indehiscent ; sepals and petals 4. Fam. 2. BRASSICACEAE.

Capsule 1-celled, of 2-6 carpels.

Style short or wanting ; seeds wingless. Fam. 3. CAPPABIDACEAE.

Style elongated; seeds winged. Fam. 4. MORINGACEAE.

Family 1. PAPAVERACEAE B. Juss.
POPPY FAMILY.

Herbs, with milky or colored sap, and alternate leaves or the upper
rarely opposite. Stipules none. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 2
(rarely 3 or 4), caducous. Petals 4-6 or rarely more, imbricated, often
wrinkled, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, distinct; filaments filiform;
anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1, many-ovuled, mainly 1-celled;
style short; ovules anatropous. Fruit a capsule, generally dehiscent by a
pore, or by valves, rarely indehiscent. About 23 genera and 115 species,
widely distributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone.

1. ARGEMONE L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753.

Glaucous herbs, with yellow sap, spiny-toothed leaves and large flowers.
Sepals 2 or 3. Petals 4-6. Stamens oo. Placentae 4-6, many-ovuled. Style
very short. Stigma dilated, 3-6-radiate. Capsule prickly, oblong, dehiscent
at the apex by valves. Seeds numerous, cancellate. [Greek, an eye disease,
supposed to be relieved by the plant so called.] A genus of about 10 species,
natives of the warmer parts of America. Type species: Argemone mexicana~L.

1. Argemone mexicana L. Sp. PI. 508. 1753.

Stem 3-6 dm. high, spiny or sometimes nearly unarmed. Leaves sessile,
clasping by a narrowed base, 1-2.5 dm. long, glaucous, runcinate-pinnatifid,
spiny-toothed and more or less spiny on the veins; flowers orange or yellow,
sessile or subsessile, 2-8 cm. broad; sepals acuminate, bristly-pointed; capsule
2.5 cm. long or more; stigma sessile.

A weed of waste places near dwellings, throughout the archipelago from Great
Bahama south to Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Inagua : — Bermuda ; southern United
States ; West Indies ; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. DONKEY
THISTLE. MEXICAN POPPY.

Family 2. BRASSICACEAE Lindl.
MUSTARD FAMILY.

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery acrid sap, alternate
leaves, and racemose or corymbose flowers. Sepals 4, deciduous, or rarely
persistent, the 2 outer narrow, the inner similar, or concave, or saccate

146 BRASSICACEAE.

at the base. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate, nearly equal, generally
clawed. Stamens 6, rarely fewer, hypogynous, tetradynamous. Pistil 1,
compound, consisting of 2 united carpels, the parietal placentae united
by a dissepiment ; style generally persistent, sometimes none ; stigma dis-
coid or usually more or less 2-lobed. Fruit a silique or silicle, generally
2-celled, rarely 1-celled, in a few geenra indehiscent. Seeds attached to
both sides of the septum; endosperm none; cotyledons incumbent, accum-
bent or conduplicate. About 200 genera and 1800 species, of wide geo-
graphic distribution.

Pod a silique or silicle, dehiscent into 2 valves.

Pod a flattened silicle. 1. Lepidium.

Pod a short or long silique, not flattened.
Flowers yellow ; leaves lobed or toothed.
Pod elongated, beaked.

Pod conic-beaked, its valves 1-3-nerved. 2. Hrassica.

Pod stout-beaked, its valves 3-5-nerved. 3. Sinapis.

Pod short, beakless. 4. Radicula.

Flowers white ; leaves entire. 5. Conringia.

Pod indehiscent.

Pod suborbicular. didymous. 6. Carara.

Pod elongated, of 2 separating joints. 7. CaTtile.

1. LEPIDITJM L. Sp. PI. 643. 1753.

Erect or rarely diffuse herbs, with pinnatifid lobed or entire leaves and
racemose white or whitish flowers. Stamens often fewer than 6. Petals short,
sometimes none. Silicles oblong to orbicular, flattened contrary to the partition,
winged or wingless; valves keeled, dehiscent. Seeds solitary in each cell,'
flattened; cotyledons incumbent or rarely accumbent. [Greek, a little scale,
from the flat scale-like pods.] About 65 species, widely distributed. Type
species: Lepidium latifolium L.

1. Lepidium virginicum L. Sp. PI. 645. 1753.

Annual, erect, glabrous. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate in outline,
pinnatifid, generally with a large terminal lobe and numerous small lateral
ones, all dentate, glabrous or slightly pubescent; stem-leaves lanceolate or
oblong-linear, sessile, or the lower stalked; flowers 1-2 mm. broad, white;
petals generally present, sometimes wanting in the later flowers; pedicels slen-
der, spreading, 4-6 mm. long in fruit; pod flat, short-oval or orbicular,
minutely winged above; cotyledons accumbent.

A weed of waste grounds and cultivated soils, throughout the archipelago
from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Turk's Islands, Ambergris Cay and
Inagua : — Bermuda : native of continental North America ; widely naturalized as a
weed in the West Indies, Mexico and Central America. WILD PEPPER-GRASS.

2. BRASSICA L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753.

Erect branching herbs, with pinnatifid basal leaves, and showy yellow
flowers in elongated racemes. Siliques elongated, sessile, terete or 4-sided,
tipped with an indehiscent conic, usually 1-seeded beak. Valves convex, 1-3-
nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons condupli-
cate. [Latin name of the cabbage.] About 80 species, natives of Europe,
Asia and northern Africa. Type species : Brassica oleracea L.

BRASSICACEAE. 147

1. Brassica integrifolia (West) O. E. Sclmlz, in Urban Symb. Ant. 3: 509.
1903.

Sinapis integrifolia West Bidr. St. Croix, 296. 1793.

Glabrous or sparingly pilose below, pale green, slightly glaucous, 8 dm.
high or less. Basal and lowest cauline leaves broadly obovate, or elliptic-
obovate, coarsely dentate, obtuse, long-petioled, often 2-lobed near the base;
upper leaves oblong to linear, few-toothed or entire, mostly acute, short-
petioled or sessile; racemes loosely several-many-flowered, erect; pedicels fili-
form, 6-12 mm. long; petals light yellow, 6-9 mm. long, broadly obovate,
clawed; pods erect-spreading, 3-4 cm. long, about 2 mm. thick, the slender
beak 4-7 mm. long.

Cultivated soil, New Providence ; Great Exuma at Georgetown : — Porto Rico to
St. Jan and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; Yucatan ; native of Asia. Recorded by Dolley as
Sinapis brassicata L. WILD MUSTARD.

3. SINAPIS L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753.

Annual or biennial, usually erect, branching more or less hispid herbs,
with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and rather large, mostly yellow flowers in
terminal racemes. Siliques linear, nearly terete, constricted between the seeds,
sessile in the calyx, tipped with a flat sword-like beak which sometimes con-
tains a seed near its base, its valves 3-5-nerved. Seeds oblong or subglobose,
not winged nor margined. Cotyledons conduplicate. [Name Greek, said to
come from the Celtic for turnip.] About 5 species, natives of southern
Europe. Type species: Sinapis alia L.

1. Sinapis arvensis L. Sp. PI. 668. 1753.

Brassica Sinapistrum Boiss. Voy. Esp. 2: 39. 1839-45.

Erect, 3-6 dm. high, hispid with scattered stiff hairs, or glabrate. Leaves
oblong to elliptic, dentate, denticulate or subpinnatifid ; flowers 1-1.6 cm. broad ;
pedicels stout; pods glabrous, spreading or ascending, somewhat constricted
between the seeds, 1-1.6 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, tipped with a flattened elongated-
conic often 1-seeded beak 10-12 mm. long, the valves strongly nerved.

Waste grounds near Nassau. New Providence, Native of Europe ; naturalized
in continental North America and also in Bermuda and Jamaica. CHARLOCK.

4. RADICULA Hill, Brit. Herb. 264. 1756.

Branching herbs, with simple or pinnate, lobed dissected or rarely entire
leaves, and small yellow flowers. iSepals spreading. Stamens 1-6. Pods
short, terete or nearly so. Stipe none. Valves nerveless or 1-nerved. Style
short or slender. Stigma 2-lobed or nearly entire. Seeds turgid, minute, in 2
rows in each cell or very rarely in 1 row. Cotyledons accumbent. [Name
Latin, diminutive of radix, root.] About 50 species, of wide geographic dis-
tribution, most abundant in the north temperate zone. Type species: Sisym-
brium amphibium L.

148 BEASSICACEAE.

1. Eadicula brevipes (DC.) Britton, Torreya 6: 30. 1906.

Nasturtium palustre brevipes DC. Syst. 2: 192. 1821.
Nasturtium brevipes Griseb. Mem. Amer. Acad. II. 8: 154. 1860.

Annual, glabrous or sparingly pubescent below, branched from the base,
the branches usually prostrate or nearly so, slender, 3 dm. long or less. Leaves
pinnately divided into several or numerous, oblong, ovate or suborbicular
dentate segments, or the upper segments confluent; racemes several-many-
flowered, 6-12 cm. long; pedicels about 1 mm. long; flowers about 1.5 mm.
long; petals minute or wanting; pods linear, 7-12 mm. long, about 1.5 mm.
wide.

Sink-holes, Andros, near Fresh Creek: — Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico. The
Andros specimens show foliage only and are referred to this species with hesitation.
SHORT-STALKED YELLOW-CRESS.

5. CONKENGIA [Heist.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 418. 1763.

An erect glabrous annual herb, with elliptic or ovate entire leaves, sessile
and cordate at the base, and middle-sized yellowish white flowers in terminal
racemes. Sepals and petals narrow. Style 2-lobed or entire. Siliques elon-
gated-linear, angled, the valves firm, 1-3-nerved. Seeds in 1 row in each cell,
oblong, marginless; cotyledons incumbent. [In honor of Hermann Conring,
1606-1681, Professor at Helmstadt.] About 7 species, natives of Europe and
Asia, the following typical.

1. Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. Fl. Belg. 123. 1827.
Brassica orientalis L. Sp. PI. 666. 1753.

Stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves light green, obtuse, 5-13 cm. long; racemes
elongating in fruit; pedicels 8-16 mm. long; petals about 1.2 cm. long, nearly
twice as long as the sepals; pods 7-13 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide, 4-angled,
spreading.

Waste grounds, New Provdence, 1916. Widely distributed as a weed in tem-
perate North America ; introduced from the Old World. HARE'S-EAR.

6. CARABA Medic. Pflg. 1: 34. 1792.

[CORONOPUS Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 293. 1791. Not Mill. 1754.]
Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, and small
whitish flowers. Silicles small, didymous, laterally compressed, sessile. Sta-
mens often only 2 or 4. Valves of the capsule oblong or subglobose, obtuse at
each end, indehiscent, falling away from the septum at maturity. Seeds 1 in
ectch cell; cotyledons narrow, incumbent or conduplicate. [Greek, crow-foot,
irom the shape of the leaves.] About 6 species, of wide distribution. Type
opecies: CocMeario). Coronopus L.

1. Carara didyma (L.) Britton, in Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2, 2: 167. 1913.

Lepidium didymum L. Mant. 92. 1767.

Coronopus didymus J. E. Smith, Fl. Brit. 2: 691. 1800.

Tufted, spreading on the ground, sparingly pubescent. Stems 0.5-4 dm.
long; leaves deeply 1-2 -pinnatifid; flowers white, racemose; pedicels slender,
2-3 mm. long in fruit; pod about 2 mm. broad and slightly more than 1 mm.
high; valves obtuse at each end and readily separating into 2 ovoid nutlets.

Streets and waste grounds, New Providence. Eleuthera : — Bermuda ; southern
United States ; Antigua ; Martinique ; South America ; widely distributed in the Old
World. STAR-OF-THE-EARTH.

CAPP ARID ACE AE. 149

7. CAKILE [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754.

Annual glabrous fleshy herbs, with purplish or white flowers. Siliques
elongated, sessile, flattened or ridged, indehiscent, 2-jointed, the joints 1-celled
and usually 1-seeded. Style none; cotyledons accumbent. [Old Arabic name.]
A genus of about 3 species, natives of sea and lake shores of Europe and North
America. Type species: Bunias Cakile L.

1. Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 504. 1903.

Eaphanus lanceolatus Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 562. 1801.
Cakile aequalis L'Her. DC. Syst. 2: 430. 1821.

Erect or ascending, often much branched, 8 dm. high or less. Basal and
lower leaves broadly oblong, obtuse, 5-8 cm. long, coarsely crenate-dentate ;
upper leaves smaller, narrowly obovate to oblong, crenate-dentate or entire;
flowers pale purplish, 6-10 mm. broad; fruiting racemes often 3 dm. long;
fruiting pedicels stout, ascending, 4-6 mm. long; pod 1.5-2.5 cm. long, its
upper joint l$-4 times as long as the lower.

Maritime sands and white-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama southward through-
out the archipelago to Salt Cay (Grand Turk), Inagua, the Anguilla Isles and Water
Cay : — Bermuda ; southern United States ; the West Indies and northern South
America. SOUTHERN SEA-ROCKET. GARDENA. PORK BUSH.

Family 3. CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl.
CAPCR FAMILY.

Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees), with alternate or very rarely opposite
leaves, and regular or irregular, mostly perfect flowers. Sepals 4-8.
Petals 4 (rarely none). Receptacle elongated or short. Stamens 4-°°,
not tetradynamous, inserted on the receptacle; anthers oblong. Style
generally short; ovules oo, on parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule, or
indehiscent, or irregularly rupturing. Seeds various; endosperm none;
embryo generally coiled. About 35 genera and 450 species, mostly of warm
regions.

Herbs ; fruit a longitudinally dehiscent capsule. 1. Cleome.

Shrubs and trees ; fruit indehiscent or irregularly rupturing. 2. Capparis.

P

1. CLEOME L. Sp. PI. 671. 1753.

Herbs or low shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate, or simple. Flowers
mostly racemose. Calyx 4-divided or of 4 sepals, often persistent. Petals 4,
cruciate, nearly equal, entire, more or less clawed. Eeceptacle short, slightly
prolonged above the petal-bases. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), inserted on the recep-
tacle. Ovary stalked, with a gland at its base. Capsule elongated, many-
seeded. [Derivation uncertain.] About 75 species, mainly natives of tropical
legions, especially American and African. Type species: Cleome gynandra L.

1. Cleome gynandra L. Sp. PI. 671. 1753.

Cleome pentaphylla L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 938. 1763.

Pedicellaria pentaphylla Schrank; Roem. & Ust. Mag. Bot. 8: 11. 1790.

Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC. Prod. 1 : 238. 1824.

Annual, bright green, clammy-pubescent. Stem 5-10 dm. tall, branching;
leaf -blades palmately 3-5-foliolate; petioles longer than the leaflets; leaflets

150 CAPPARIDACEAE.

2-6 cm. long, oval to obovate, acute or short-acuminate, serrulate; racemes 1-4
dm. long; bracts suborbicular, oval or broadly obovate; sepals lanceolate, 4-5
mm. long, acuminate; petals white or pink, 5-10 mm. long; blades suborbicular,
longer than the claws; stamens 6; capsules linear, 4-6 cm. long, surpassing the
glandular pedicel in length; seeds 1-5 mm. broad, coarsely rugose and muricate.

Waste and cultivated lands, New Providence at Grant's Town : — Bermuda ;
southern United States ; West Indies and tropical continental America. Native of
the Old World tropics. SMALL SPIDER-FLO WEK.

2. CAPPARIS L. Sp. PI. 503. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with simple, mostly coriaceous leaves, sometimes stipu-
late on young or barren shoots, and large corymbose, mostly white flowers.
Sepals 4, distinct or partly united, often with a gland at the base. Petals 4,
distinct, imbricated. Stamens several or usually many, the filaments filiform,
the anthers short. Ovary stalked, 1-4-celled; ovules few or many, usually on 2
parietal placentae; style none; stigma depressed. Fruit elongated-linear, or
oblong, or short and subglobose, indehiscent, or irregularly rupturing. Seeds
without endosperm; embryo convolute; cotyledons fleshy. [From the Greek
name of the Caper-tree, Capparis spinosa L., of Europe.] About 150 species,
natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Capparis spinosa L.

Leaves densely scaly beneath. 1. G. cynophallophora.

Leaves glabrous. 2. C. flexuosa.

1. Capparis cynophallophora L. Sp. PI. 504. 1753.

Capparis jamaicensis Jacq. Enum. 23. 1760.

A shrub or a tree up to about 15 m. high, with a trunk diameter reaching
2 or 3 dm., the bark brown, furrowed, the slender, angular twigs densely scaly.
Leaves elliptic or oblong, coriaceous, 4-12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, or those
of shoots narrowly linear, sometimes 3 dm. long and only 5-10 mm. wide, acute
obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous and shining
above, densely silvery-scaly and with the lateral venation obsolete beneath, the
scaly petioles 1-3 cm. long; corymbs few-several-flowered; pedicels stout, scaly,
0.5-3 cm. long; flowers fragrant; flower-bud 4-angled; sepals distinct, valvate,
8-12 mm. long, densely scaly, reflexed, nearly as long as the white petals;
stamens numerous, purplish, 2-3 times as long as the petals, the anthers yellow ;
fruit narrowly linear, torulose, drooping, 8 cm.-4 dm. long, 6-8 mm. thick,
irregularly rupturing, scarcely fleshy, often much longer than the gynophore.

Scrub-lands and thickets, Andros, Long Island, Cat Island, Watling's, Atwood
Cay, Acklin's, Fortune, Crooked, Mariguana, Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to-
Tortola and Barbadoes ; Jamaica. BLACK WILLOW.

2. Capparis flexuosa L. ,Sp. PI. ed. 2, 722. 1762.

Capparis cynophallophora L. Syst. ed. 10, 1071. 1759.

A glabrous shrub, or a tree up to 8 m. high, with a trunk 2 dm. in diameter,
the bark brown, the branches slender, sometimes vine-like. Leaves elliptic to-
oblong, lanceolate to linear, coriaceous, 4-9 cm. long, obtuse, emarginate or
sometimes acute at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, reticulate-veined
on both sides, the rather stout petioles 2-6 mm. broad, with a small sessile,,
oblong or subglobose gland in the axil; corymbs few-flowered; pedicels stoutr
12 mm. long or less; flowers fragrant; sepals suborbicular, 5-8 mm. broad,
slightly united at the base, the outer a little smaller than the inner; petals'
white to rose, obovate, 1.5-2 cm. long; stamens numerous, about 3 times as long;.

EOS ALES. 151

as the petals, the filaments white; fruit long-linear, 6-20 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm.
thick, more or less torulose, about twice as long as the slender gynophore,
tardily opening longitudinally, its pulp scarlet.

Scrub-lands and thickets, Andros, Exuma Chain, Long and Acklin's Island : —
Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Barbadoes ; continental tropical America.
CAPEK-TREE.

Crataeva Tapia L., reported by Dolley, we have been unable to find in the
archipelago. It is native of Jamaica, Martinique and of tropical continental Amer-
ica, and is unlikely to have been found in the Bahamas, unless planted.

Family 4. MORINGACEAE Dumort.
HORSERADISH-TREE FAMILY.

Trees with alternate, 2-3-pinnate. deciduous leaves, and perfect, slightly
irregular flowers in large axillary panicles. Sepals 5, unequal, imbricated,
reflexed or spreading, slightly united at the base. Petals 5, somewhat
unequal, the lower one reflexed. Stamens 5, with slender filaments and
1-celled anthers, alternating with as many staminodia. Ovary 1-celled, with
3 parietal placentae, bearing numerous pendulous ovules; style slender;
stigma minute. Capsule elongated, angled, beaked, 3-valved. Seeds 3-
winged or wingless; endosperm none; embryo straight, the cotyledons large.
Only the following genus.

1. MORINGA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 318. 1763.

Characters of the family. [Malabar name.] Three known species, natives
of Asia and Africa, the following typical.

1. Moringa Moringa (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 1: 490. 1902.
Guilandina Moringa L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753.
Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 314. 1791.

A tree, up to 9 m. high, the bark corky, rough, the puberulent twigs slender.
Leaves 3-6 dm. long, their segments and leaflets opposite; leaflets numerous,
thin, oblong to obovate, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse, entire; flowers numerous, fra-
grant; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; sepals linear to linear-oblong, 9-13 mm. long,
reflexed; petals nearly white, a little larger than the sepals; capsule linear,
3-angled, pendulous, 2-4.5 dm. long, 1-2 cm. thick; seeds winged, 2.5-3 cm.
long.

Thickets, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, near Nassau • Grand
Turk : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to Panama. Native of the East Indies
HORSERADISH-TREE.

Order 12. ROSALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, the flowers usually petaliferous and the petals
distinct. Stamens mostly perigynous or epigynous. Sepals mainly united
or confluent with the concave receptacle. Carpels one or more, distinct or
sometimes united into a compound ovary.

Endosperm copious, fleshy ; leaves without stipules. Fam. 1. CRASSULACEAE

Endosperm little or none ; leaves with stipules.
Flowers regular.

Ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit a drupe ; leaves simple. Fam. 2. AMYGDALACEAE

Ovary several-ovuled ; fruit a legume ; leaves com-

pound. Fam. 3. MIMOSACEAEL

Flowers irregular: fruit a legume or a loment.

Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the

TT buo- Pam. 4. CABSALPINACEAB.

Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in the bud. Fam. 5. FABACEAE.

152 CEASSULACEAE.

Family 1. CRASSULACEAE DC.
ORPINE FAMILY.

Herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly fleshy or succulent, with
cymose or rarely solitary regular or symmetrical flowers. Stipules none.
Calyx persistent, free from the ovary or ovaries, 4-toothed or 4-parted in
our species. Petals or corolla-lobes equal in number to the calyx-lobes or
calyx-segments, usually persistent, rarely wanting. Stamens of the same
number or twice as many as the petals or corolla-lobes; anthers longitudi-
nally dehiscent. Receptacle with a scale at the base of each carpel. Carpels
equal in number to the sepals or calyx-lobes, distinct, or united below ; styles
subulate or filiform ; ovules numerous, arranged in 2 rows along the ventral
suture. Follicles 1-celled, dehiscent along the ventral suture. Seeds
minute; endosperm fleshy; embryo terete; cotyledons short. About 30
genera and 600 species, of wide geographic distribution.

Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. 1. Bryophyllum.

Calyx 4-parted. 2. Kalanchoe.

1. BRYOPHYLLUM Salisb. Par. Lond. pi. 3. 1805.

Upright herbs. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnately compound, the
leaflets mostly toothed. Flowers perfect, often showy, nodding, in cymes or
panicles opposite the branches. Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. Corolla nearly
campanulate, or urn-shaped, the narrow limb with 4 spreading lobes. Stamens
8, in 2 series, adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube ; filaments filiform ;
anthers mostly exserted. Carpels 4, distinct or partially united. Ovules many.
Follicles 4. Seeds numerous. [Greek, sprouting leaf.] Four known species
of South Africa, Asia and Madagascar, the following typical.

1. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 402: 52.
1871.

Cotyledon pinnata Lam. Encyc. 2: 141. 1786.
Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. Par. Lond. pi. 3. 1805.

Perennial, fleshy, glabrous. Stamens 4-15 dm. tall, branched; leaf-blades
often pinnately compound, 1-3 dm. long; leaflets oblong, oval or elliptic, obtuse,
crenate, the terminal one several times longer than the lateral ones; panicles
1-4 dm. long, conspicuous ; calyx bladder-like, finally oblong-campanulate, 3r3.5
cm. long, glabrous; corolla reddish, twice as long as the calyx or shorter, its
lobes lanceolate or narrowly ovate, acute.

Waste grounds near old dwellings, throughout the archipelago from Great
Bahama southward to Long Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico.
Probably a native of Asia. LIFE PLANT.

2. KALANCHOE Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 248. 1763.

Erect herbs, sometimes a little woody, with opposite leaves and panicled
flowers, often showy. Calyx 4-parted, shorter than the corolla. Corolla salver-
form, with a swollen tube and a spreading, 4-parted limb. Stamens usually 8,
ir 2 series on the corolla-tube, the filaments very short. Carpels 4, lanceolate,
adnate to the base of the corolla-tube; ovules many. Follicles many-seeded.
[Chinese name.] Twenty species or more, all but the following natives of
Asia and Africa. Type species: Cotyledon laciniata L.

AMYGDALACEAE. 153

1. Kalanchoe brasiliensis Camb. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. 2: 196. 1829.

Herbaceous, perennial, 3-10 dm. high, glandular-pubescent above. Leaves
ovate to obovate, short-petioled, 5-10 cm. long, faintly pinnately veined,
crenate-dentate, or the upper pairs lanceolate, much smaller and entire; inflor-
escence 1-3 dm. long, cymose-paniculate, its branches nearly erect,' the bracts
very small; flowers yellow, 12-16 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, glandular-pubes-
cent, acute; corolla-tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx, the limb spreading;
stamens borne on the corolla-tube a little above the middle, not exserted;
follicles about 6 mm. long, the brown seeds oblong.

Spontaneous after cultivation, pine-lands near Deep Creek, Andros : — Natural-
ized in Cuba and in the Virgin Islands. Native of Brazil. BRAZILIAN KAI.ANCHOE.

Family 2. AMYGDALACEAE Rchb.
PLUM FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum, the foliage, bark and seeds
often containing prussic acid, bitter. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate,
the small stipules early deciduous, the teeth and petiole often glandular.
Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Calyx inferior, deciduous, free from the
ovary, 5-lobed. Disk annular. Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Petals
5, inserted on the calyx. Stamens numerous, inserted with the petals.
Pistil 1 in our genera; ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled; style simple; stigma
mostly small and capitate. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, suspended; endosperm
none; cotyledons fleshy. About 10 genera and 120 species, widely dis-
tributed, most abundant in the north temperate zone.

Style terminal. 1. Laurocerasus.

Style basal or lateral. 2. Chrysobalanus.

1. LAUROCERASUS Roem. Syn. Mon. 3: 89. 1847.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with coriaceous or subcoriaceous leaves and
small flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes deciduous. Petals
5, white, deciduous. Stamens 15-30, the filaments slender. Ovary sessile;
ovules pendulous; style terminal. Drupe subglobose, 1-seeded, the flesh thin,
not pulpy. [Laurel-cherry.] About 20 species, of temperate and tropical
regions. Type species: Prunus Laurocerasus L.

1. Laurocerasus myrtifolia (L.) Britton, N. A. Trees, 510. 1908.

Celastrus myrtifolius L. Sp. PI. 196. 1753.

Prunus sphaerocarpa Sw. Prodr. 80. 1788. *

Prunus myrtifolia Urban, iSymb. Ant. 5 : 93. 1904.

A tree attaining a maximum height of about 12 m. with a trunk up
to 4 dm. thick, the nearly smooth bark reddish brown. Leaves subcoriaceous,
elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute, bluntish, or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, glabrous, shining above, dull beneath,
entire-margined, the petioles about 1 cm. long ; racemes mostly shorter than the
leaves, rather densely flowered; pedicels 4-12 mm. long; calyx-lobes toothed;
petals broadly obovate, much longer than the calyx; stamens about as long as
the petals; drupes globose, 9-12 mm. in diameter, orange-brown.

In coppices, Great Bahama and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispanlola ;
Jamaica. WEST INDIAN LAUREL-CHERRY.

11

154 MIMOSACEAE.

2. CKRYSOBAiANUS L. Sp. PI. 513. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with coriaceous, entire or undulate-margined leaves, and
small, white or greenish, perfect flowers in terminal or axillary cymes or
panicles. -Calyx with a campanulate or turbinate tube and a 5-lobed limb, the
lobes imbricated, nearly equal. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous, with
slender filaments. Ovary inferior, sessile, 1-celled; ovules 2, erect; style fili-
form, basal or lateral. Drupe pulpy, with a hard 5-6-ridged stone. [Greek,
golden date.] About 3 species, 2 of them American, the other African. Type
species: Chrysobalanus Icaco L.

Fruit oval or globose ; petals cuneate. 1. C. Icaco.

Fruit obovoid ; petals spatulate. 2. C. pellocarpus.

1. Chrysobalanus Icaco L. Sp. PI. 513. 1753.

An evergreen tree or shrub, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m.,
with a trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter, the thin bark brownish, the twigs
glabrous or nearly so, reddish brown. Leaves elliptic to obovate or nearly
orbicular, 4-8 cm. long, glabrous, rounded, obtuse or emarginate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, dark green and shining above, dull beneath, -the petioles
short, stout; cymes peduncled, several-many-flowered, shorter than the leaves;
calyx pubescent, its lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about 2.5 mm. long; petals
white, cuneate-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; drupes various,
globose or oval, pink, white or purple, J2-4 cm. long.

Coastal thickets and woodlands and especially on the borders of swamps.
Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Rose Island, Great Guana, Great Exuma,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Crooked Island, Inagua, Dellis' Cay (Caicos) and
Ambergris Cay (Turk's Islands) : — Florida; West Indies; Mexico to northern conti-
nental South America ; tropical Africa. PORK-FAT APPLE. Coco PLUM. Catesby, 1 :
pi. 25.

2. Chrysobalanus pellocarpus G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. PI. Esseq. 193. 1818.

Chrysobalanus Icaco pellocarpus DC. Prodr. 2: 525. 1825.

Similar to the preceding species, but not attaining as large size, usually a
shrub 2 m. high or less, sometimes a small tree. Leaves usually smaller, 6 cm.
long or less, rounded or abruptly acute at the apex; cymes shorter than the
leaves; petals spatulate; drupe mostly obovoid, or oblong-obovoid, 1.5-2 cm.
long, purple.

Borders of swamps, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Great
Exuma : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Guadeloupe ; South America. Probably a
race of C. Icaco.

• Family 3. MIMOSACEAE Rchb.
MIMOSA FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, commonly 2-3-pinnate leaves,
the stipules various, and small regular mostly perfect flowers in heads,
spikes or racemes. Calyx 3-6-toothed or 3-6-lobed, the teeth or lobes
mostly valvate in the bud. Corolla of as many distinct or united petals,
also valvate. Stamens distinct, or monadelphous. Ovary 1-celled; style
simple. Fruit a legume. Seeds without endosperm; cotyledons fleshy.
About 40 genera and 1500 species, mostly tropical.

A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10.
Stamens united below into a tube.
Pods not elastically dehiscent.

MIMOSACEAE. 155

Valves of the pod not separating from the continuous margin.
Valves of the pod thick, coiling in dehiscence in

our species. 1. Pitheoolobium.

Valves 01! the pod flat and papery. 2. AlUzzia.

Valves of the pod separating from the continuous

margins. 3. Lysiloma.

Pods elastically dehiscent from the base. 4. Anneslia.

Stamens distinct.

Seeds in one row ; ovary stipitate. 5. Acacia.

Seeds in two rows^ ovary sessile. 6. VacheUia.

B. Stamens only as many or twice as many as the corolla-
segments.
Anthers without glands.

Valves of the pod separating from the continuous margin. 7. Mimosa.
Valves of the pod not separating from the margins.

Shrubs or trees ; seeds transverse. 8. Leucaena.

Herbs ; seeds longitudinal or oblique. 9. Acuan.

Anthers tipped by glands (at least in the bud).

Herbs ; flowers capitate ; pods flat. 10. Neptunia.

Trees; flowers spicate; pods nearly terete. 11. Prosopis.

1. PITHECOLOBIUM Mart. Hort. Monac. 188. 1829.

Shrubs or trees, often spiny, with 2-pinnate leaves, and small, mostly per
feet flowers in heads or spikes. Calyx 5-6-toothed. Corolla 5-6-lobed. Sta-
mens many, long-exserted, the filaments partly united into a tube, the anthera
small. Ovary several-many-ovuled ; style slender; stigma small, capitate.
Pods flattened, mostly contorted or curved, 2-valved. Seeds mostly arillate.
[Greek, referring to the contorted pods of the typical species.] Perhaps 100
species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Type species:
Mimosa Unguis-cati L. The original spelling of the genus is Pithecellobium.

Pinnae with 1 or 2 pairs of leaflets.
Leaflets 1-6 cm. long or longer.

Leaflets chartaceous ; petioles of at least the lower leaves longer than the

petiolules. 1. 2'. Unguis-cati.

Leaflets coriaceous ; petioles shorter than the petiolules

or as long.
Petioles and petiolules stout, thick, the petiolules

often 2-3 cm. long ; leaflets large, 2.5-7 cm. long. 2. P. guadalupense.
Petioles and petiolules slender, 2-5 mm. long ; leaf-
lets 1-3 cm. long.
Leaflets strongly spinulose-mucronate ; shrub or

small tree with erect branches. 3. P. mucronatum.

Leaflets rounded, or merely mucronulate ; low

shrubs with divergent branches. 4. P. bahamense.

Leaflets 2-8 mm. long; petioles 6 mm. long or less. 5. P. Hystrix.

Pinnae with 3-6 pairs of leaflets. 6. P. discolor.

1. Pithecolobium Unguis-cati (L.) Mart. Hort. Monac. 188. 1829.

Mimosa Unguis-cati L. Sp. PI. 517. 1753.

Pithecolobium flavovirens Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 442. 1905.

A shrub up to 6 m. high, rarely a small tree 8 m. high, usually armed with
stipular spines 2 cm. long or less, the foliage glabrous. Petiole 5-20 mm. long,
bearing a round gland at the summit; pinnae 2, each with one pair of obliquely
obovate or oblong, obtuse, thin leaflets, 1-5 cm. long; heads slender-peduncled,
in terminal racemes; flowers sessile; calyx about 2 mm. long; corolla 5-6 mm.
long; stamens 10-15 mm. long, yellowish or pinkish; pod coiled or curved, red,
compressed, somewhat constricted between the seeds, 5-10 cm. long, about 7
mm. wide; seeds nearly black, shining, 4-6 mm. broad.

Scrub-lands, Watling's Island, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, Grand Turk and
Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; Yucatan ; northern South America. CAT'S-CLAW.

The characters thought to differentiate P. flavovirens specifically do not seem
constant, since specimens from other islands obtained during subsequent explora-
tion appear to connect them with those of P. Unguis-cati.

156 MIMOSACEAE.

2. Pithecolobium guadalupense Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 116. 1860.

Pithecolobium Tceyense Britton; Coker, in glhattuck, Bah. Isl. 255. Hypo-
nym. 1905.

A usually unarmed shrub or small tree, sometimes 6 m. high with a trunk
up to 1.5 dm. in diameter, the bark gray, slightly fissured, the twigs and leaves
glabrous. Petioles 2-3 cm. long, bearing a round gland at the summit; pinnae

2. stalked, each bearing a single pair (rarely 2 pairs) »f sessile leaflets, which
are obliquely obovate or nearly orbicular, firm in texture, 3-7 cm. long, rounded
or notched at the apex, or rarely short-pointed, the margins somewhat revolute;
peduncles slender, glabrous, as long as the leaves or shorter, sometimes panicled;
flowering heads 2-3 cm. in diameter; calyx about 1.5 mm. long, 5-toothed;
corolla about 3 mm. long; stamens pink, about 3 times as long as the corolla;
ovary pubescent; pod coiled or much curved, brown, 6-15 cm. long, 8-10 mm.
broad; seeds black, shining.

Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Andros
to Mariguana, Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba. BLACK-BEAD.
RAM'S-HORX.

3. Pithecolobium mucronatum Britton; Coker, in Shattuck. Bah Isl 254.

1905.

A shrub, about 2 m. high, the young twigs and peduncles sparingly pubes-
cent. Petiole 1 cm. long or less, longer than or equalling the stiff sharp
stipular spines, the gland stout-stalked; pinnae a single pair, stalked, each
bearing a single pair of leaflets, which are coriaceous, rather narrowly obovate,
1-2 cm. long, glabrous, bright green and shining above, dull beneath, the mid-
vein excurrent; peduncles much longer than the upper leaves; flowering heads
about 1.5 cm. in diameter; calyx puberulent, its lobes ovate, acute; corolla
about 6 mm. long, puberulent, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; stamens about
12 mm. long.

Coastal thickets, Long Island, near Clarence Harbor. Endemic. POINTED
CAT'S-CLAW. Catesby, 2 : pi. 97.

The records by Schoepf and by Bentham of P. circinale (L.) Benth., a
plant of Hispaniola, as Bahamian, collected by Catesby, refer to this species.

4. Pithecolobium bahamense Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 38. 1902.

A shrub, 3 m. high or less, the branches slender, glabrous. Petioles 1-10
mm. long, bearing a stout-stalked gland at the summit; stipular spines sharp,
3-7 mm. long; pinnae a single pair; petiolules as long as the petioles or
shorter; leaflets 1 pair or sometimes 2 pairs, sessile, obliquely oblong, oblance-
olate or obovate, subcoriaceous, 1-2.5 cm. long, glabrous, obtuse or mucronate
at the apex, shining above, dull beneath; peduncles 2-3 cm. long; flowering
heads 2-3 cm. in diameter; calyx about 2 mm. long, its 5 ovate teeth acute;
corolla about 4 mm. long, pink or crimson; stamens pink or crimson, 2-3 times
as long as the corolla; ovary puberulent; pod coiled or much curved, 8-12 cm.
long, about 1 cm. wide; seeds black.

Scrub-lands, pine-lands, savannas and coppices, Andros, New Providence and
Great Exuma : — Cuba. BAHAMA CAT'S-CLAW.

5. Pithecolobium Hystrix (A. Eich.) Benth. in Hook. Icon. PI. pi. 1168. 1876.

Inga hystrix A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 1: 471. 1845.

PithecoloMum calliandriflorum C. Wright ; Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 83. 1866.

An intricately branched shrub, 0.5-2 m. high, the twigs very slender, but
stiff, puberulent or glabrate, the internodes mostly short. Stipular spines
acicular, 4-12 mm. long; petioles 1-6 mm. long; pinnae a single pair; petiolules

MIMOSACEAE. 157

mostly shorter than the petioles; leaflets obliquely obovate, 2-8 mm. long, ses-
sile, subcoriaceous, rounded at the apex, rather strongly few-veined, shining
above, dull beneath; peduncles 4-20 mm. long; heads few-several-flowered;
calyx 2 mm. long, sharply 5-toothed; corolla about 5 mm. long; stamens rose,
or pink, 2-3 times as long as the corolla; pod curved into a nearly or quite
complete circle, 6-12 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide.

Coppices and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba.
BRISTLY CAT'S-CLAW.

6. Pithecolobium discolor Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 41: 4. 1914.

A shrub, or a small tree up to 7 m. high, the young twigs and leaves densely
puberulent, the old leaves glabrous or somewhat puberulent, 1-2 dm. long;
petioles stout, 1-2 cm. long; pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, the glands on the rachis be-
tween them small and orbicular; leaflets 3-6 pairs, obovate, chartaceous, 1.5-2.5
em. long, dark green above, pale beneath, reticulate-veined, obtuse or retuse;
peduncles axillary, 5-11 cm. long; flowers short-racemose; pedicels puberulent;
calyx 4-5 mm. long, puberulent ; corolla puberulent, 7-8 mm. long ; stamens
1.5-2 cm. long; pod coiled, 6-8 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide; seeds blue and
white, shining, orbicular, 4 mm. broad.

Margin of coppice, Abaco at Old Kerr's Point, perhaps introduced : — Cuba.

2. ALBIZZIA Durazz. Mag. Tosc. 34 : 11. 1772.

Unarmed trees, or some species shrubs, with bipinnate leaves and solitary
or panicled heads, umbels, or rarely spikes of small, mostly perfect flowers.
Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla funnelform, the petals united to about the middle
into a tube. Stamens numeious, united below, long-exserted ; anthers small;
pollen-grains agglomerate. Pod broadly linear, flat, thin, not pulpy within.
Seedf- suborbicular to oblong. [In honor of the Italian naturalist Albizzi.]
About 50 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Albizzia Juli'brissin
Durazzini.

1. Albizzia Lebbeck (L.) Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 87. 1844.

Mimosa Letoeclc L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753.
, Acacia Lebbeck Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1066. 1806.

A tree, up to 15 m. high, often flowering when not over 5 m., the foliage
glabrous or sparingly puberulent. Leaves large, often 4 dm. long; petioles
2-10 cm. long, bearing an oblong, sessile gland; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 4-9
pairs on each pinna, thin, nearly sessile, obliquely oblong or the terminal pair
obovate, obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, reticulate-veined; peduncles 3-10 cm. long;
umbels subglobose; pedicels pubescent, 2-5 mm. long; calyx narrowly cam-
panulate, pubescent, about 4 mm. long, its teeth short; corolla about 6 mm.
long; stamens yellowish, about 3 cm. long; pod straight, broadly linear, nar-
rowed at each end, 1.5-3 dm. long, '2-4 cm. wide, glabrous, shining; seeds
about 1.5 cm. broad.

Roadsides spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence near Nassau : —
Widely planted and established in the West Indies ; native of tropical Asia and
Africa. WOMAN'S-TONGUE TREE. SINGER-TREE. WHISTLING-BEAN.

3. LYSILOMA Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 82. 1844.

Unarmed trees or shrubs, with slender branches, bipinnate leaves, the small
flowers in heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Corolla 5-lobed.

158 MIMOSACEAE.

Stamens numerous, more than twice as many as the corolla-lobes, the filaments
united below into a tube. Ovary sessile or short-stalked; style slender or
filiform; ovules several or numerous. Pods flat, linear or oblong, the valves
separating from the continuous margins. Seeds transverse, flattened. [Greek,
referring to the separating of the pod-valves from the margins.] About 10
species of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Lysiloma bahamen-
sis Benth.

Leaflets few, obovate-oval ; stipules obovate ; pod obtuse. 1. L. SaMcu.

Leaflets many, oblong or lanceolate ; stipules ovate ; pod acute. 2. L. bahamensis.

1. Lysiloma Sabicu Benth. Kew Jour. Bot. 6 : 236. 1854.

Acacia latisiliqua paucifoliola DC. Prodr. 2: 467. 1825.

Acacia formosa A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 463. 1845. Not Kunth. 1822.

Lysiloma formosa Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 83. 1893.

Lysiloma paucifoliola Hitchc.; Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club. 12: 38. 1902.

A tree, attaining in Cuban forests a height of 60 m. or more, usually much
smaller, the gray bark somewhat scaly, the slender twigs glabrous. Stipules
obovate, rounded; leaves 1-2 dm. long, the petiole bearing a small circular
gland; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 3-7 pairs, oval or obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long,
rounded at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, glabrous, reticulate-
veined, short-petioled; heads about 1.5 cm. in diameter, solitary and long-
peduncled in the axils; flowers greenish white; calyx about 1 mm. long; corolla
about twice as long as the calyx, its lobes villous above; stamens 15-20, 2-3
times as long as the corolla; pod oblong, 7-15 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, rounded
at the apex; seeds brown, flat, 6-10 mm. long.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Guana
Cay, Great Exuma and Fortune Island : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. HORSEFLESH. SABICU.

2. Lysiloma bahamensis Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 82. 1844.

Acacia bahamensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 221. 1860.

Lysiloma latisiliqua A. Gray; Sauv. Anales Acad. Habana 5: 406. 1869.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 16 m. with a trunk up to 1
m. in diameter, the smooth, gray bark splitting into scales, the branches spread-
ing, the twigs slender, glabrous ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; leaves 8-14 *cm.
long, the petiole bearing a large gland near the lowest pair of pinnae; pinnae
'2-5 pairs, 3-8 cm. long; leaflets 10-33 pairs, oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
sessile, 8-15 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, unequally rounded at the base,
glabrous; heads 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, racemose, globose, on peduncles 2-4 cm.
long; flowers white, mostly perfect; calyx campanulate, about 1 mm. long;
corolla twice as long as the calyx, its lobes reflexed ; stamens about 20, twice as
long as the corolla; pod linear-oblong, 8-15 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, nearly
straight, pointed; seeds flat, about 12 mm. long, dark brown, shining.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama throughout the archipelago
to Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Yucatan. WILD TAMARIND.

4. ANNESLIA Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 64. 1807.

Shrubs, or small trees, with bipinnate leaves and capitate flowers, the heads
peduncled, axillary, or in terminal racemes. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed.
Corolla funnelform or campanluate, 5-lobed, the petals being united to the mid-
dle or above the middle. Stamens numerous; filaments united below, long-ex-

MIMOSACEAE. 159

serted; anthers small, glandular-hirsute or glabrous, the pollen grains agglom-
erate. Ovary many-ovuled ; style filiform. Pod linear, usually narrowed below
the middle, flat, not pulpy within, straight or nearly so, elastically dehiscent from
the base, the valves stiff with raised margins. Seeds obovate or orbicular, com-
pressed. [In honor of George Annesley, 1769-1844, English traveler and
botanist.] Over 100 species, of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type
species: Anneslia falcifolia Salisb.

Flowers red to purple : pod appressed-pubescent. 1. A. haematostoma.

Flowers white ; pod glabrous. 2. A. formosa.

1. Anneslia haematostoma (Bert.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1:

50. 1918.

Acacia haematomma Bert.; DC. Mem. Leg. 448. 1825.
Calliandra haematomma Benth. Lond. Jour. Bot/ 3 : 103. 1844.

A much-branched shrub 3 m. high or less, the twigs sparingly pilose or
glabrous. Leaves small, 1-3 cm. long; petioles short; pinnae 1 pair; leaflets
3-8 pairs, oblong to obovate, 4-8 mm. long, obtuse or mucronate, strongly few-
nerved, coriaceous; peduncles mostly pubescent, usually shorter than the
leaves, commonly clustered toward the ends of the branches; calyx striate, about
2 mm. long; corolla silky-pubescent, 5-7 mm. long; stamens red, 1-2 cm. long;
pod pubescent, 5-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Rum Cay, Conception Island,
Fortune Island, Waiting's, Caicos and Inagua : — Cuba to St. Thomas. RED ANNESLIA.

2. Anneslia formosa (Kunth) Britton & Millspaugh.

Acacia formosa Kunth, Mim. 102. 1822.

Calliandra formosa Benth. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 3: 98. 1844.

Calliandra formosa, cubensis Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 59: 4. 1919.

A branched shrub, 0.5-2.5 m. high, glabrous throughout. Leaves 7-15 cm.
long; petioles 1-3 cm. long; pinnae 2 or 3 pairs; leaflets 6-11 pairs, oblong to
oblong-obovate, inequilateral, 10-22 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, obliquely
subtruncate at the base, subchartaceous, few-veined; peduncles slender, shorter
than the leaves; calyx about 2 mm. long; corolla glabrous, about twice as long
as the calyx; stamens white, 1-1.5 cm. long; pod glabrous, 5-9 cm. long, about
1 cm. wide, attenuate at the base.

Scrub-lands, coppices and thickets, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and
the Berry Islands to South Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Cuba ; Mexico.
Recorded by Hitchcock as Calliandra gracilis Griseb. and by Dolley as Calliandra
portoricensis Benth. WHITE ANNESLIA.

5. ACACIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1049. 1806.

Shrubs or trees, with bipinnate leaves, the ultimate leaflets usually small
and numerous, or the leaves in many exotic species modified into flat simple
phyllodes. Flowers small, in heads or spikes. Calyx campanulate, usually
4-5-toothed, or of 4 or 5 distinct sepals. Petals mostly 4 or 5, or wanting.
Stamens distinct, exserted ; filaments filiform ; pollen-grains cohering in 2 's-6 's.
Pod linear, oblong or oval, flat or swollen, often constricted between the seeds.
[Greek, point, or thorn, many species being thorny.] About 450 species, chiefly
in subtropical regions. Type species: Acacia nilotica Delile.

160 MIMOSACEAE.

Foliage glabrous.

Leaflets linear-oblong ; base of trunk armed with clusters of

long spines. 1. A. acuifera.

Leaflets obovate to oblong and elliptic ; unarmed tree. 2. A. choriophylla.

Foliage pubescent ; leaflets many, linear. 3. A. macracantha.

1. Acacia acuifera Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1: 496. 1842.

A glabrous, much-branched shrub or small tree up to about 4 m. high, the
base of the trunk armed with clusters of rigid sharp spines 4-10 cm. long, the
slender twigs warty. Stipules spinescent, 2-20 mm. long; petiole 3-10 mm.
long, bearing a sessile, nearly flat gland at the end, between the single pair of
short-stalked pinnae; pinnae 5-9 cm. long, the rachis bearing small glands
between the pairs of leaflets; leaflets 8-17 pairs, oblong, coriaceous, 5-15 mm.
long, obtuse at the apex, obliquely truncate at the sessile base, shining above,
dull beneath; peduncles solitary or fascicled, slender, 2-3.5 cm. long; flowers
yellow in dense globose heads about 8 mm. in diameter; stamens about twice
as long as the corolla; pod fleshy, linear, curved, 5-7 cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick,
slightly impressed between the seeds.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Fortune Island,
Acklin's, Grand Turk, Caicos Islands, Inagua and Little Inagua. Endemic. BA-
HAMA ACACIA. ROSEWOOD. CASSIP. PORK-AND-DOUGHBOY.

2. Acacia choriophylla Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1: 495. 1842.

An unarmed tree, up to 8 or 9 m. high, the twigs and leaves glabrous.
Stipules minute, subulate; petioles rather stout, 8-15 mm. long, glandular;
leaves 1-2 dm. long; pinnae 1-3 pairs, short-stalked; leaflets 3-7 pairs, sessile,
oblong to obovate, subcoriaceous, 1.5-3 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, rounded or
slightly emarginate at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base; peduncles mostly
clustered in the axils, slender, glabrous, often numerous, 2-3.5 cm. long;
flowers yellow, in dense globose heads 6-8 mm. in diameter, the corolla puberu-
lent; stamens about twice as long as the corolla; pod stipitate, woody, oblong,
straight or somewhat curved, compressed, 4-8 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, about
8 mm. thick, short-pointed, glabrous, tardily dehiscent.

Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Andros, Mariguana and Inagua : — Cays of northern Cuba. Recorded by
Hitchcock as PithecoloMum asplenifolium Griseb. CINNECOED.

3. Acacia macracantha H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1080. 1806.

A widely branched tree, 5-15 m. high, or sometimes a shrub, the young
twigs slender, tomentose or pubescent, the tortuous branches armed with
stipular spines 6 cm. long or less, or sometimes unarmed. Leaves tomentose
or pubescent, the short petiole bearing a sessile depressed gland; pinnae 8—40
pairs, short-stalked, 2-4 cm. long; leaflets 15-40 pairs, linear, 2-5 mm. long,
obtuse, sessile, glabrous or nearly so; peduncles clustered or solitary in the
upper axils, slender, pubescent, 1-3 cm. long; flowers yellow, capitate; heads
globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter; pod linear, tomentulose, turgid-compressed,
6-10 cm. long, straight or a little curved, continuous or more or less torulose,
somewhat pulpy.

Rocky plain, Salt Cay, Turk's Islands ; in a yard, Matthew Town, Inagua : —
Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Vieques ; St. Thomas to Tortola, Martinique and Vene-
zuela. LONG-SPINED ACACIA.

6. VACHELLIA W. & A. Prodr. 272. 1834.

Spiny shrubs or small trees, with bipinnate leaves, numerous, small leaflets,
the polygamous flowers in globular heads. Calyx 5-lobed; corolla tubular-
f unnelf orm, 5-lobed. Stamens numerous, the filaments distinct. Ovary sessile ;

MIMOSACEAE. 161

style filiform. Pod woody, swollen, nearly terete, very tardily dehiscent or inde-
hiscent, pulpy within. Seeds in two rows, immersed in the pulp. [Com-
memorates C. H. Vachell, an English missionary and botanical collector in
China.] A monotypic genus.

1. Vachellia Farnesiana (L.) W. & A. Prodr. 272. 1834.

Mimosa Farnesiana L. Sp. PL 521. 1753.
Acacia Farnesiana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1083. 1806.

A shrub or small tree up to about 9 m. high, its thin brown bark scaly,
the slender branches spreading, the twigs armed with stiff paired whitish
spines 1-2.5 cm. long. Leaves glabrous or more or less- pubescent, evenly bipin-
nate, 4-8 cm. long, short-petioled ; pinnae 3-8 pairs, sessile or nearly so;
leaflets 10-25 pairs, linear-oblong, 2-6 mm. long, bluntish at the apex;
peduncles axillary, slender, mostly shorter than the leaves; heads 8-12 mm. in
diameter; flowers yellow, fragrant; calyx about half as long as the corolla;
corolla about 1.5 mm. long; stamens 2-3 times as long as the corolla; pod
straight or a little curved, 3-7.5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. thick, pointed, dark
brown; seeds shining, 6 mm. long.

Waste and schub-lands and coastal thickets, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Cat Island, Watling's, Great Exuma, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Caicos : —
Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Tobago ; Jamaica ; continental tropical Amer-
ica and Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley as Acacia tortuosa Willd., a Jam-
aican species. AROMA. CASHIA. OPOPONAX.

7. MIMOSA L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753.

Herbs, shrubs or rarely trees, mostly with 2-pinnate, often sensitive leaves,
the small regular, mostly 4-5-parted, perfect or sometimes polygamous flowers
in axillary, peduncled heads or spikes. Calyx small, its teeth short. Petals
valvate, connate below, hypogynous. Stamens as many as the petals or twice as
many, distinct; exserted; filaments mostly filiform; anthers small, eglandular.
Ovary 2-many-ovuled ; style slender or filiform; stigma terminal, small. Pod
linear or oblong, usually flat, often transversely jointed, 2-valved with the con-
tinuous margins persistent. Seeds compressed. [Greek, referring to the sensi-
tive leaves of some species.] Over 300 species, natives of tropical and warm
regions. Type species : Mimosa sensitiva L.

Low, sensitive-leaved herb. 1. M. pudica.

Shrub, the leaves not sensitive. 2. M. bahamensis.

1. Mimosa pudica L. Sp. PI. 518. 1753.

Herbaceous, or a little waody, loosely pubescent with long hairs or gla-
brate, branched, 5 dm. high or less, the stems and branches armed with rather
stout, somewhat curved prickles 2—4 mm. long. Stipules lanceolate, striate,
acuminate, 3-6 mm. long; petioles slender, with a pulvinus at the base, 2-6
cm. long, deflexed when touched; pinnae 1 pair or 2 approximate pairs, also
with a pulvinus at base, 2-6 cm.^long; leaflets 15-25 pairs, thin, linear, 6-10
mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, folding when touched, acutish at the apex, obliquely
founded at the base; heads ovoid, axillary; peduncles 1-2 cm. long; calyx
minute; petals and stamens 4; stamens pink; pods linear-oblong, 2-5-jointed,
1-1.5 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, constricted at the joints, the margins armed with
slender straight prickles, otherwise glabrous.

Andros at Mastic Point, collected only by Keith : — West Indies ; continental
tropical America ; naturalized in the East Indies. Cultivated on New Providence.
SENSITIVE PLANT.

162 MIMOSACEAE.

2. Mimosa bahamensis Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 408. 1842.

A much-branched shrub 1.5-3.5 m. high, or a small tree about 4 m. high, the
branches armed with short hooked prickles, the twigs densely brown-tomentulose.
Petioles, rachis and peduncles tomentulose or rachis glabrate; leaves 4-7 cm.
long; petioles 5-20 mm. long; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 2-6 pairs, oval or obo-
vate, 2-6 mm. long, subcoriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, rounded at the apex,
subcordate or nearly truncate at the base, the midvein prominent, the lateral
. venation obscure; heads 1 cm. broad, short-peduncled, axillary and in terminal
racemes; calyx about 0.5 mm. long; corolla about 1.5 mm. long, 4-cleft;
stamens 8, pink, 2-3 times as long as the corolla ; pod linear-oblong, compressed,
4-7 cm. long, 12-14 mm. wide, densely brown-tomentulose, 6-10-jointed, both
sutures narrowly winged, the wings lacerate or nearly entire; seeds oval-
quadrate, smooth, brown, 4-6 mm. long.

Scrub-lands and thickets, Watling's Island, Rum Cay, Fortune Island, Acklin's
Island, Caicos Islands ; Inagua. Endemic. BAHAMA MIMOSA. HAULBACK.

The plant recorded by Schoepf as Mimosa arborea has not been identified.

8. LEUCAENA Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 416. 1842.

Unarmed trees or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, the white flowers in
peduncled heads. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct,
valvate. Stamens 10, distinct, exserted, the anthers not gland-bearing, often
pilose. Ovary stipitate; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma minute. Pod
broadly linear, flat, membranous, completely 2-valved, the ovate or obovate flat
seeds transverse. [Greek, referring to the white flowers.] About 10 species,
mostly of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Leucaena glauca (L.) Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 416. 1842.
Mimosa glauca L. Sp. PI. 520. 1753.

Usually a shrub 2-3 m. high, but sometimes a small tree, in Porto Kico becom-
ing a tree 20 m. high, the young twigs puberulent. Leaves 1-2 dm. long ; petiole 3-6
cm. long, with or without a gland ; pinnae 3-10 pairs, the upper ones little shorter
than the lower ; leaflets 10-20 pairs to each pinna, oblong or lanceolate, thin, 8-15
mm. long, inequilateral, acute at the apex, obliquely narrowed at the base, light
green above, pale beneath; heads globular, axillary or terminal, mostly clustered,
1.5-3 cm. in diameter; peduncles stout, puberulent or pubescent, 2-3 cm. long;
calyx obconic, 1 mm. long, its short teeth blunt; petals linear-spatulate, pubes-
cent; stamens about 3 times as long as the petals; ovary pubescent; pods
several or numerous, linear, 10-15 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, abruptly acute
or mucronate, tapering at the base, the thin valves with raised margins.

Pastures, coppices, waste-lands and thickets, throughout the archipelago from
Abaco and Great Bahama to the Caicos and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West
Indies ; tropical America ; Old World tropics. Probably native of continental trop-
ical America. JUMBIE BEAN. JIMBAY. COW-BUSH. Catesby 2: pi. tf.

9. ACUAN Medic. Theod. 62. 1786.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves, small stipules, and green-
ish or whitish small regular flowers in axillary peduncled heads or spikes.
Flowers perfect, sessile, or the lowest sometimes staminate, neutral or apetalous.
Calyx campanulate, its teeth short. Petals valvate, distinct, or slightly united
or coherent below. Stamens 10 or 5, distinct, mainly exserted; anthers all
alike. Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo. Pod linear, straight or curved, acute,

MIMOSACEAE. 163

flat, several-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceous or membranous. About 10
species, natives of warm and tropical America, one widely distributed in trop-
ical regions of the Old World. Type species: Mimosa virgata L.

Pods 6-9 cm. long ; plant erect or ascending. 1. A. virgatum.

Pods 4-5 cm. long ; plant diffuse. 2. A. depressum.

1. Acuan virgatum (L.) Medic. Theod. 62. 1786.

Mimosa virgata L. Sp. PI. 519. 1753.
? Mimosa pemambucana L. Sp. PI. 519. 1753.
Desmanthus virgatus Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1047. 1806.
Desmanthus strictus Bertol. Giorn. Arcad. 21: 190. 1824.

Stem erect or ascending, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, branched,
0.5-2 m. high. Stipules subulate, 2.5-4 mm. long; leaves 2-8 cm. long, short-
petioled, the petiole and rachis sometimes pubescent; pinnae 1-7 pairs, the
gland between the lower pair usually oblong, conspicuous; leaflets 10-20 pairs,
linear or linear-oblong, 4-9 mm. long, thin, obtuse or apiculate at the apex,
subtruncate at the base; heads few-several-flowered; peduncles solitary in the
axils, slender, 2-5 cm. long; flowers white; stamens 10, about twice as long as
the petals; pod straight or slightly curved, 4-7.5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide, acute
or apiculate, smooth.

Thickets and scrub-lands, Great Sturrup Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Long Island, Acklin's, Fortune Island and Inagua : — Florida ; Bermuda ; West
Indies ; continental tropical America. VIEGATB MIMOSA.

2. Acuan depressum (H. & B.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 1: 158. 1891.

Desmanthus depressus H. & B.; Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1046. 1806.

Diffusely branched, seldom over 3 dm. high, glabrous or sparingly pubes-
cent. Stipules subulate, 3.5 mm. long or less; leaves short-petioled, 1.5-4 cm.
long; pinnae 1-5 pairs, the gland between the lowest pair email, mostly orbicu-
lar; leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear, 3-5 mm. long, thin, obtuse at the apex, obtuse
or subtruncate at the base ; heads few-flowered, on solitary axillary peduncles ;
stamens 10, about 6 mm. long, twice as long as the petals; pod straight or
slightly curved, 2-5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide.

Roadsides and waste places, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Providence, Long
Island, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and Grenada ;
Jamaica ; Mexico to continental tropical America. Low MIMOSA.

10. NEPTUNIA Lour. Fl. Coch. 653. 1790.

Prostrate, diffuse or floating perennial herbs, some species a little woody,
with bipinnate leaves, and axillary solitary, long-peduncled heads of more or
less imperfect and perfect flowers. Calyx campanulate, with 5 short teeth.
Petals 5, distinct, or united below the middle. Stamens mostly 10, distinct,
exserted, the anthers bearing a stalked gland. Ovary stipitate, several-many-
ovuled; style filiform with a terminal capitate stigma. Pods broadly linear or
narrowly oblong, stipitate, flat, commonly recurved, impressed between the
ovate transverse seeds, 2-valved, the valves thin-coriaceous. [Dedicated to
Neptune.] About 10 species, of America, tropical Asia and Australia. Type
species: Neptunia oleracea Lour.

164 CAESALPINIACEAE.

1. Neptunia plena (L.) Benth. in Hook. Jour. Bot. 4: 355. 1842.
Mimosa plena L. Sp. PI. 519. 1753.

Glabrous, the slender branches prostrate or ascending, 3-6 dm. long.
Stipules ovate to lanceolate, thin, oblique, 4-6 mm. long; leaves 4-10 cm. long,
Avith slender petioles; pinnae 2-4 pairs; leaflets 12-20 pairs, linear, thin,
faintly veined, 4-10 mm. long, obtuse ; peduncles 6-12 cm. long, usually bearing
1 or 2 cordate bracts at or below the middle ; heads ovoid ; flowers yellow, the
upper ones perfect, the lower staminate, or neutral with exserted staminodia;
pods 2-5 cm. long, about 8 mm. wide, acute or apiculate, thickened on the
margins.

Scrub-land opening, New Providence ; Inagua, near a fresh water pond west
of Great Salt Lake : — Cuban Cays ; Haiti ; Porto Rico ; Antigua to Grenada ; Ja-
maica ; continental tropical America. NEPTUNIA.

11. PROSOPIS L. Mant. 1: 10. 1767.

Trees, with bipinnate leaves, and small, nearly or quite sessile flowers, in
axillary spikes or rarely capitate. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5r
valvate. Stamens 10, distinct, the anthers usually bearing a deciduous gland.
Ovary many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma small and terminal. Pod linear,
subterete or somewhat flattened, coriaceous, indehiscent, the mesocarp spongy.
Seeds flattened. [Greek name of some plant.] About 15 species, natives of
tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Prosopis spidgera L.

1, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Prodr. 2: 447. 1825.
Mimosa juliflora Sw. Prodr. 85. 1788.

A tree, up to 13 m. high, but usually smaller, with widely spreading
branches, armed with stipular slender straight spines, 1-4 cm. long, the slender
twigs glabrous or nearly so. Leaves glabrous, or when young sparingly ciliate,
0.7-2 dm. long; petioles slender, 1-4 cm. long; pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, short-
stalked; leaflets 12—20 pairs, linear-oblong, sessile, 7-16 mm. long, strongly
few-veined, obtuse or mucronulate at the apex, obliquely obtuse at the base;
flowers greenish or yellowish, in dense cylindric peduncled spikes, 5-10 cm.
long, 7-8 mm. thick; calyx about 1 mm. long, its teeth short; petals about 2.5
mm. long, acute, villous within; ovary villous; pod compressed, falcate, 7-20
cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, 5-7 mm. thick when mature.

Waste places, introduced but not planted, Inagua, near Mathew Town : — Cuba ;
Hispaniola ; Tortola ; Montserrat ; Jamaica ; Bonaire ; Curagao ; Aruba ; continental
tropical America. Naturalized in the Philippine Islands. MESQDITE.

Family 4. CAESALPINIACEAE Kl. & Garcke.
SENNA FAMILY.

Trees, herbs or shrubs, with alternate, simple or compound, mostly
stipulate leaves. Flowers mostly clustered and perfect, sometimes monoe-
cious, dioecious or polygamous, nearly regular, or irregular. Calyx mostly
of 5 sepals or 5-toothed. Petals usually 5, imbricated, and the upper
(unpaired) one enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud. Stamens 10 or
fewer in our genera, the filaments distinct, or more or less united. Ovary
1-celled, 1-many-ovuled. Fruit a legume, mostly dehiscent into 2 valves.
Seeds with or without endosperm. About 90 genera and 1000 speciesr
mostly of tropical distribution.

CAESALPINIACEAE. 165

Leaves once pinnate.

Anthers dorsiflxed, longitudinally dehiscent; larger petals 3. 1. Tamarindus.
Anthers basifixed, mostly opening by terminal pores or

slits ; petals 5.

Pod not elastically dehiscent : seeds with long funicles. 2. Cassia.
Pod elastically 2-valved ; seeds with short funicles. 3. Chamaecrista.

Leaves twice pinnate.

Petiole very short, terminating in a spine. 4. Parkmsoma.

Petioles well developed.

Stigma not peltate; pod not winged.

Pod splitting through the middle of the valves. v.Haematoxylum.

Pod splitting along the sutures.

Woody vines ; pods broad, thick, mostly prickly. 6. Guilandina.
Trees or shrubs ; pods narrow, unarmed.

Calyx-lobes imbricate; shrubs and low trees.
Stamens and pistils little longer than the

corolla. 7. Caesalpinia.

Stamens and pistils much longer than the

corolla. 8. Poinciana.

Calyx-lobes not imbricated ; large introduced

tree. 9- Delonix.

Stigma peltate; pod flat, thin, winged. 10. Peltophorum.

1. TAMARINDUS L. Sp. PL 34. 1753.

An unarmed tree, with e\enly pinnate leaves, numerous and small leaflets,
the stipules caducous, and pink to yellow racemose flowers. Calyx-tube turbi-
nate, its 4 segments imbricated. Petals very unequal, the 3 upper ones large,
nearly alike, the 2 lower ones minute, scale-like. Perfect stamens 3, mona-
delphous; anthers longitudinally dehiscent; staminodia minute. Ovary stipi-
tate, few-many-ovuled, the stipe adnate to the calyx-tube; style long; stigma
terminal, subcapitate. Pod linear or linear-oblong, curved, little compressed,
indehiscent, the thin epicarp crustaceous, the mesocarp pulpy, the coriaceous
endocarp septate between the obovate-orbicular seeds. Endosperm none; coty-
ledons thick. [Latin name of the tree.] A monotypic genus.

1. Tamarindus indica L. Sp. PL 34. 1753.

A large tree, sometimes 20 m. high or higher, with a trunk up to 1.5 m.
thick, the branches widely spreading, the young twigs slender, puberulent.
Leaves 6-12 cm. long, short-petioled, glabrous or nearly so; leaflets 10-18 pairs,
thin, reticulate-veined, oblong, 12-25 mm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex,
obliquely obtuse or subtruncate at the base; racemes few-several-flowered,
mostly terminal and shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender, 6-10 mm. long;
calyx 8-10 mm. long; larger petals a little longer than the sepals; stamens a
little longer than the petals; pod 5-15 cm. long, about 2 cm. thick, the epicarp
brown, scaly, the flesh acid, the brown shining seeds about 1 cm. broad.

Spontaneous after cultivation-. Andros, New Providence and Inagua : — Prob-
ably native of tropical Africa ; widely naturalized in tropical America. TAMARIND.

2. CASSIA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PL 376. 1753.

Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, with evenly pinnate leaves, and
mainly (in all our species) yellow flowers. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, generally
longer than the tube. Corolla nearly regular ; petals 5, spreading, nearly equal,
imbricated, clawed. Stamens usually 10, sometimes 5, often unequal and some
of them imperfect; anthers all alike, or those of the lower stamens larger,
opening by '2 pores at the summit. Ovules oo. Pods various. Seeds often
rumerous. [Ancient name.] About 200 species, of wide distribution in. warm
and temperate regions. Type species: Cassia Fistula L.

166 CAESALPINIACEAE.

Pods not jointed.

Pods terete or turgid.
Pods turgid, straight.

Suture indistinct ; seeds in a single row. 1. C. SopTiera.

Suture indistinct ; seeds in a double row. 2. C. Mcapsularis.

Pods not turgid, strongly curved, narrow. 3. C. Tora.

Pods flat, or the valves lightly convex ; suture distinct.
Petiolar gland situated near the leaf base.

Gland wart-like. 4. C. occidentaUs.

Gland elongated, pointed. 5. C. ligustrina.

Petiolar gland at the first pair of leaflets.

Gland wart-like. 6. G. bahamensis.

Gland elongated. 7. G. Uflora.

Pods jointed.

Joints continuous. 8. 0. uniflora.

Joints moniliform. 9. C. villosa

1. Cassia Sophera L. Sp. 379. 1753.

A shrub, 1-2.3 m. high, nearly glabrous throughout, with slender branches.
Leaves 1-1.5 dm. long; petiole 1-3 cm. long, bearing a sessile round gland near
the base; leaflets 5-10 pairs, ciliate, at least when young, membranous, lanceo-
late to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly rounded at
the base; flowers in short racemes in the upper axils; pedicels 8-15 mm. long;
calyx about 8 mm. long; petals about twice as long as the sepals; pod linear,
straight, turgid or subterete, 5-10 cm. long, 7-9 mm. thick, pointed, glabrous;
seeds dull, brown, 4-5 mm. long.

Waste grounds, New Providence, near Nassau, Eleuthera, Cat Island : — West
Indies ; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. KASONDI SENNA.

2. Cassia bicapsularis L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753.

A shrub, up to 3.5 m. high, glabrous, or nearly so, throughout, the branches
slender, sometimes vine-like. Stipules small, early deciduous; leaves 5-9 cm.
long, slightly fleshy, bearing an oblong gland narrowed toward the base, between
the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 1-4 cm. long, short-stalked,
rounded at the apex, the upper pair obovate, narrowed at the base, the others
oblong to suborbicular, rounded at both ends; racemes axillary, few-flowered,
as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels 3-8 mm. long; sepals oblong, obtuse,
faintly veined, 8-12 mm. long; petals yellow, veiny, oblong-obovate, somewhat
longer than the sepals; pod turgid, subterete, 8-15 cm. long, about 1 cm. thick,
longitudinally dehiscent; seeds lenticular, obliquely oval, brown, shining, about
5 mm. long, horizontal.

Scrub-lands and loose rocky soil, North Caicos, Grand Turk Island : — Ber-
muda (naturalized); Cuba to Tortola and Grenada; Jamaica; continental trop-
ical America. CHRISTMAS-BUSH. WILD RAISIN.

3. Cassia Tora L. Sp. PI. 376. 1753.

Cassia oUusifolia L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, 4-6 dm. high. Stipules linear-subulate, deciduous ; leaves
petioled, the gland borne between or above the lowest pair of leaflets; leaflets
2—4 pairs, thin, obovate, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, 2-4 cm. long;
flowers 1-2.5 cm. broad, few, in short axillary racemes; calyx-lobes oblong,
obtuse; stamens 10, the anthers of the upper 3 imperfect ; pod linear, very
slender, subterete, strongly curved, 1-1.5 dm. long, about 3 mm. wide.

Waste grounds, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Central and southern United
States ; throughout tropical and subtropical America ; Old World tropics. Low
SENNA.

4. Cassia occidentalis L. Sp. PI. 377. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, much branched, 1.4-2 m. high. Stipules caducous; gland
borne near the base of the petiole ; leaflets 8-12, rounded at the base, 2-5 cm.

CAESALPINIACE AE. 167

long, 8-18 mm. wide; flowers 14-18 mm. broad, in short axillary racemes;
stamens 10, the upper 3 imperfect; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; pod linear, gla-
brous, 1-1.5 dm. long, about 6 mm. wide, nearly flat, somewhat curved, its
margins thickened.

Waste and cultivated ground, North Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Eleu
thera, Watling's, Long, Fortune, and Acklin's Islands and Inagua : — Bermuda ;
southern United States ; throughout tropical America ; Old World tropics. COFFEE
SENNA.

•

5 Cassia ligustrina L. Sp. PL 378. 1753.

Perennial, shrubby, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, branched, 5-20 dm.
high, the branches nearly terete. Stipules linear, fugacious or wanting; leaves
petioled, 1-2.5 dm. long, bearing a linear-oblong gland on the petiole; leaflets
5-8 pairs, short-petioluled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 2.5-6 cm. long; racemes few-several-
flowered, peduncled, axillary and forming a terminal corymb ; pedicels slender ;
calyx about 8 mm. long; petals yellow, fading whitish, twice as long as the
sepals; perfect stamens 10; pod linear, flat, glabrous, curved, 7-15 cm. long,
6-10 mm. wide; seeds compressed, parallel with the valves.

Waste grounds, pine and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New
Providence : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guiana. PKIVET
SENNA.

6. Cassia bahamensis Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 9. 1768.

Cassia bahamensis latifolia Benth. Trans, Linn. Soc. 27: 541. 1871.

A shrub, 1-3 m. high, the stems simple or branched, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent. Leaves 7-15 cm. long; leaflets 3-5 pairs, rather firm in texture,
oblong or elliptic to ovate-elliptic, acute or mucronate, 2.5-6 cm. long, the
petiolar gland large, sessile, wart-like, orbicular or subglobose, the linear
stipules caducous; flowers corymbose-paniculate; pedicels slender, 8-20 mm.
long; calyx 6-8 mm. long; petals obovate, 10-15 mm. long; pods linea,r, flat,
slightly curved, 7-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, the seeds transverse.

Scrub-lands, coppices, thickets and pine-lands, Berry Islands, Andros. New
Providence, Exuma Chain, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Little San Salvador, Watling's Rum Cay, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, South
Caicos : — Florida ; Cays of northern Cuba. Specimens from Fortune Island and
South Caicos have broadly ovate-elliptic leaflets (var. latifolia Benth.). BAHAMA
SENNA. STINKING PEA.

7. Cassia biflora L. Sp. PI. 378. 1753.

Cassia angustisiliqua Lam. Encycl. 1: 649. 1783.

Cassia Uflora angustisiliqua Lam.; Griseb. PI. Brit. W. Ind. 208. 1860.

A shrub or rarely a small tree up to 4 m. high, the slender twigs glabrous
or pubescent, the subulate stipules deciduous. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, bearing a
cylindric sessile gland, 3-6 mm. long, between the lowest pair of leaflets;
leaflets 4-11 pairs, oblong to obovate-oblong, 1-3 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly
pubescent, membranous or subchartaceous, obtuse, acutish, or slightly emargi-
nate and commonly mucronulate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base ;
flowers in small corymbs; pedicels very slender, 8-20 mm. long; calyx 5-7 mm.
long; petals obovate, about three times as long as the calyx; pod linear, flat,
membranous, sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 5-10 cm. long, 4-9 mm. wide,
somewhat impressed between the seeds.

Scrub and open lands, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island. Great Exuma,
Watling's, Atwood Cay, Fortune Island, Caicos and Inagua : — Jamaica : Cuba ; His-
paniola : Grenada ; Florida ; continental tropical America. BUSHY SENNA. MOS-
QUITO BUSH.

168 CAESALPINIACEAE.

8. Cassia uniflora Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 5. 1768.

Cassia sericea Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 2: 724. 1800.

Annual, appressed-villous with brownish long hairs, simple or branched,
3-10 dm. high. Stipules narrowly linear, 5-20 mm. long; leaves 6-15 cm.
long, petioled, bearing long-stalked glands between one or more of the pairs of
leaflets; leaflets 2-4 pairs, thin, nearly sessile, oblong to obovate, 2-5 cm. long,
rounded or acutish and mucronate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
glabrate above, appressed-silky beneath; peduncles axillary, 1-few-flowered, as
long as the petioles or shorter ; sepals rounded, about 6 mm. long ; petals about
twice as long as the sepals; perfect stamens 7; pod narrowly linear, 2.5-5 cm.
long, about 4 mm. wide, compressed, deeply impressed between the oblong trun-
cate seeds, the margins continuous.

Roadsides and waste places, New Providence, Long Island and Inagua : — Cuba ;
Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; Margarita ; Mexico southward to Venezuela. SILKY SENNA.

9. Cassia villosa Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 4. 1768.

Shrubby, densely stellate-pubescent all over, 6 dm. high or higher, branched,
the branches terete. Leaves petioled, 7—15 cm. long; stipules wanting, or very
early fugacious; leaflets 3-5 pairs, with a short-stalked gland between the
lowest pair, very short-petioluled, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, inequilateral ; flowers few or several,
in peduncled axillary racemes -shorter than the leaves; pedicels slender, 6-10
mm. long; calyx 7-8 mm. long; petals yellow, veiny, about twice as long as
the sepals ; perfect stamens 7 ; pod linear, 5-8 cm. long, compressed, monilif orm,
the joints 1-seeded.

Waste places, New Providence. Native of Mexico. MEXICAN SENNA.
Cassia emarginata L., a tree of tropical America, recorded by Schoepf as seen
by him on New Providence in 1784 is not otherwise known from the Bahamas.

3. CHAMAECRISTA Moench, Meth. 272. 1794.

Herbs or low shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, often sensitive to the
touch, mostly persistent strongly nerved stipules, and yellow flowers in small
axillary clusters or solitary in the axils. Calyx-lobes acuminate. Corolla some-
what irregular, three of the five petals smaller than the others. Stamens 5-10, all
usually with perfect anthers opening by terminal pores. Pods linear, flat, more
or less elastically dehiscent, the valves twisting. [Greek, low crest.] About
100 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical region. Type species :
Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench.

Herbs ; leaves membranous.

Pubescence appressed ; pod 3 mm. wide or less. 1. C. CJiamaecrista.

Pubescence spreading; pod 3.5-4 mm. wide. 2. C. riparia.

Low shrubs ; leaves coriaceous.

Glands short-stipitate ; leaflets shining.

Branches densely pubescent. 3. G. lucayana.

Branches glabrous or slightly pubescent.

Leaflets lanceolate to oblong, acute or mucronate. 4. C. caribaea.
Leaflets narrowly obovate to ob ovate-oblong, obtuse. 5. C. inaguensis.
Glands strictly sessile; leaflets dull. 6. C. lineata.

1. Chamaecrista Chamaecrista (L.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 12. 1917.
Cassia Chamaecrista L. Sp. PI. 379. 1753.

Low, slightly woody, diffusely branched, the branches slender, ascending,
spreading or prostrate, pubescent or glabrate, sometimes 2-3 dm. long. Stipules
lanceolate, acuminate, strongly few-veined, 3-6 mm. long; petioles about as long

CAESALPINIACEAE. 169

as the stipules, bearing a solitary small, slender-stalked gland; leaflets 5-16
pairs, linear, 5-12 mm. long, inequilateral, thin, pubescent or glabrate, often
ciliate, mucronate; peduncles 1-flowered, not longer than the petioles; sepals
thin, lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long; petals obovate, slightly longer than the sepals; ,
stamens 5-7; pod linear, loosely pubescent or glabrate, 1.5-3 cm. long, 3 mm.
wide or less.

Sandy and rocky soil, New Providence, South Caicos : — Cuba to St. Jan, St.
Kitts and Grenada ; Margarita ; Bonaire ; Curagao ; Jamaica.

2. Chamaecrista riparia (H.B.K.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 11. 1917.

Cassia riparia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 6: 369. 1824.

Erect, slightly woody, 2-5 dm. high, the stem, the ascending branches and
leaf-rachis villous with long, spreading, brownish hairs. Stipules lanceolate o'r
linear-lanceolate, striate-veined, 4-10 mm. long; petioles villous, mostly shorter
than the stipules, bearing a solitary, rather stout-stalked gland; leaflets 6-25
pairs, linear, 6-12 mm. long, inequilateral, aristate, glabrous or very nearly so ;
peduncles 1-flowered, shorter than the petioles ; sepals lanceolate, loosely villous,
about 5 mm. long; larger petals 7-8 mm. long; pod linear, loosely villous, 1.5-3
cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide.

Pine and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Grand Cayman.
Referred by Dolley to Cassia glandulosa L. ; by Hitchcock to Cassia nictitans L. ;
by Mrs. Northrop to Cassia mimosoides L., and by Britton (Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 3 : 443) doubtfully to Cassia aspera Muhl.

3. Chamaecrista lucayana Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 8. 1917.

Cassia lucayana Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 138. 1906.

A much-branched shrub, 1.5 m. high or less, the twigs densely pubescent,
very leafy. Petiole 6-12 mm. long, somewhat pubescent, bearing a stout flat-
topped gland below the lowest leaflets ; rachis sparingly pubescent or glabrous ;
leaflets 4-9 pairs, coriaceous, glabrous, minutely papillate, inequilateral, ovate
to ovate-oblong, sessile, obliquely cordate or subcordate at the base, obtuse to
acutish and distinctly cuspidate at the apex, 1-2 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide,
finely many-veined, the veins parallel, somewhat anastomosing; stipules lance-
olate-subulate, 3-4 mm. long; peduncles 1 or 2 in the axils, 3-4 cm. long,
pubescent; legume linear, flat, narrowed at the base, abruptly short-tipped,
nearly glabrous or with a few scattered hairs when mature, 4-5 cm. long, 5-7
mm. wide, imperfectly septate between the seeds; seeds obliquely quadrate,
compressed, dull, 4-5 mm. long, -about 2 mm. broad.

Rocky scrub-lands, Exuma Chain from a cay north of wide opening to Great
Exuma, Cat Island, Conception Island and Rum Cay. Endemic.

4. Chamaecrista caribaea (Northrop) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 8. 1917.

Cassia caribaea Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 39. pi. 6. 1902.

A branched shrub, 1 m. high or less, the young twigs sparingly appressed-
pubescent or glabrate. Petiole '2-7 mm. long, bearing a nearly cylindric gland
or glandless; leaflets 2-4 pairs, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, inequilateral,
oblong to narrowly elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, acute and mucronate at
the apex, obliquely rounded at the base, strongly veined, 1.5-2.5 cm. long;
stipules lanceolate-subulate, about 4 mm. long; flowers solitary in the axils,
rarely 2, peduncles glabrous, very slender, 2-3 cm. long; calyx about 1 cm.
long; the outer sepals pilose on the back; petals about twice as long as the
sepals, obovate; pod linear, 3-5.5 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, sparingly short-
pubescent.

^Rocky scrub and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence and Cat Island. En-
demic.

12

170 CAESALPINIACEAE.

5. Chamaecrista inaguensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 44: 8. 1917.

Cassia inaguensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 443. 1905.

A much-branched shrub, 6-12 dm. high, the twigs pubescent. Leaflets 1 or
2 pairs, glabrous, coriaceous, rigid, shining, oblong to obovate, strongly and
finely many-veined, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed but not
cuneate at the base, more or less inequilateral, 1.5-3 cm. long, 5-13 mm. wide;
petiole 2-6 mm. long, sparingly pubescent, bearing a stipitate gland near the
top; stipules lanceolate-subulate, 2-4 mm. long, pubescent, persistent; flowers
solitary in the axils, numerous, the filiform sparingly pubescent peduncles 2-3
cm. long; sepals pubescent, at least at the base, obliquely lanceolate, acuminate,
1 cm. long or less; petals golden yellow, about 1.5 cm. long; young legume
densely pubescent.

Open scrub-land, Grand Turk Island, Caicos and Inagua. Endemic.

6. Chamaecrista lineata (Sw.) Greene, Pitt. 4: 31. 1899.

Cassia lineaia Sw. Prodr. 66. 1788.

A usually much-branched shrub, 3-10 dm. high, the twigs finely pubescent
or glabrate. Leaflets 3-8 pairs, oblong, linear-oblong, oblanceolate or obovate,
coriaceous, 6-20 mm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, rounded and mucronulate at the apex,
dull, rather strongly pinnately veined, glabrous or puberulent, the petiole 3-8
mm. long, bearing a sessile gland; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, as long as
the petioles or shorter; flowers solitary in the axils, 2-3 cm. broad; petals
obovate; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 7-10 mm. long; legume linear, pubescent,
2.5-6 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide, short-beaked.

Scrub, palmetto, and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and
Great Bahama to Watling's, North Caicos, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Cuba ;
Hispaniola ; Anegada ; Jamaica. Reported by Hitchcock and by Mrs. Northrop as
Cassia polyadena DC., and also referred to that species by Bentham ; reported by
Dolley as Cassia Chamaecrista L.

4. PABKINSONIA L. Sp. PI. 375. 1753.

Spiny shrubs or small trees, with nearly sessile, bipinnate leaves, the
common petiole very short and spinulose-tipped, the 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae
elongated, with several-many, small leaflets, the showy, yellow flowers in
racemes. Calyx-tube short, the 5 narrow segments nearly equal. Petals 5,
spreading, nearly equal. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments villous at the base;
anthers all alike, versatile, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary short-
stipitate, many-ovuled; style nearly filiform; stigma small and terminal. Pod
linear, coriaceous, torulose, striate-veined, 2-valved. Seeds oblong, longitu-
dinally placed, hard; endosperm horny; cotyledons flat. [Commemorates John
Parkinson, an English botanist, herbalist to James I, who died in 1750.]
Three known species, of tropical and subtropical America and Africa, the
following typical.

1. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 375. 1753.

A shrub, or a tree up to about 9 m. high, with nearly smooth brown bark,
and slender, spreading or drooping branches, the young twigs pubescent, the
stipular spines 2 cm. long or less. Pinnae 1 or 2 pairs, appearing like sessile
pinnate leaves, 2-4 dm. long, the rachis flat, narrowly winged, bearing 10-25
pairs of short-petioluled, linear to obovate leaflets 1.5-8 mm. long, or some-
times without leaflets; racemes few-several-flowered, as long as the leaves or

CAES ALPINIACE AE. 171

shorter; pedicels very slender, 0.5-2 cm. long; calyx 6-8 mm. long; petals
nearly orbicular, about twice as long as the calyx; stamens about one-half as
long as the petals; pods drooping, linear-cylindric, 5-15 cm. long, much con-
stricted between the seeds, which are oblong-cylindric, about 1 cm. long.

Scrub-lands, Grand Turk : — southern United States ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and
Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America ; introduced into the Old World
tropics. PARKINSOXIA. HOESEBEAN.

5. HAEMATOXYLUM L. Sp. PI. 384. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with yellow wood, evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets ob-
cordate, the spinescent stipules persistent or deciduous, the showy yellow
minutely bracted flowers in loose axillary racemes. Calyx-tube very short, its
5 segments imbricated, somewhat unequal. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, some-
what unequal. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments pilose at the base; anthers all
alike. Ovary short-stipitate, 2-3-ovuled; style filiform; stigma terminal, small.
Pod flat, membranous, oblong or lanceolate, not dehiscent along the sutures,
but splitting through the middle of the valves. Seeds transverse, oblong ; endo-
sperm none; cotyledons 2-lobed. [Greek, bloodwood.] Two known species, the
following typical.

1. Haematoxylum campechianum L. Sp. PI. 384. 1753.

A glabrous tree up to about 8 m. high, or sometimes shrubby, with spread-
ing branches, the trunk ridged, the bark smooth and light gray, the twigs
slender. Stipular spines 5-15 mm. long; leaves petloled, 5-10 cm. long;
petioles very short; leaflets 2-4 pairs, chartaceous, cuneate-obovate, 1-3 cm.
long, finely many-veined, usually rather deeply emarginate, shining above;
racemes several-many-flowered, short-peduncled, 2-5 cm. long; pedicels fili-
form, spreading, 4-6 mm. long; calyx 3-4 mm. long, its segments oblong-lanceo-
late, acute, unequal; petals obtuse, 4-6 mm. long; stamens about as long as the
petals; pod oblong, delicately veined, 2-5 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, very thin,
pointed at both ends.

Coastal thickets, hillsides and borders of salines, Andros, New Providence,
Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Conception Island, Long Island, Crooked Island : — West
Indies and Central America. LOGWOOD. Catesby, 2 : pi. 66.

6. GUILANDINA L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753.

Woody vines, the stems and branches mostly armed with stout recurved
prickles. Leaves large, petioled, bipinnate, the leaflets often punctate. Flowers
rather large, yellow, racemose.- or paniculate, the narrow bracts deciduous.
Calyx-lobes 5, imbricated, longer than the tube. Petals 5, nearly alike, spread-
ing. Stamens 10, the filaments pubescent below, the anthers longitudinally de-
hiscent. Pods oval or elliptic, not much longer than wide, subcoriaceous, com-
pressed, usually prickly, splitting along the sutures. Seeds hard, globose or
ovoid, yellow, gray or black, smooth, scarcely flattened. [Commemorates Mel-
chior Guilandinus, a German traveller and botanist who died in 1590.] About
12 species, mostly West Indian. Type species: Guilandina Bonduc L.

Seeds gray ; stipules large. 1. G. Crista.
Seeds yellow ; stipules small or wanting.

Leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate. 2. G. Bonduc.

Leaflets elliptic to suborbicular, obtuse or emarginate. 3. G. ovalifolia.

172 CAESALPINIACEAE.

1, Guilandina Crista (L.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 591. 1903.

Caesalpinia Crista L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753.

Guilandina bonducella L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 545. 1762.

Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming, Asiat. Kesearches 11 : 159. 1810.

A vine, up to 6 m. long, trailing or climbing, the twigs and leaves armed
with hooked prickles, the twigs also more or less densely bristly. Stipules
usually foliaceous, thin, usually incised, persistent, sometimes 5 cm. broad;
leaves 3-8 dm. long, more or less pubescent; pinnae 4-8 pairs, short-stalked;
leaflets 4-8 pairs, oblong to ovate-oblong or elliptic, rather thin, 2.5-7 cm. long,
obtuse, retuse or short-acuminate and often mucronate at the apex, nearly
sessile, rounded or subcordate at the base; racemes axillary, pubescent, some-
times bristly, many-flowered, sometimes 3 dm. long; bracts linear-acuminate,
reflexed or spreading, 1-1.5 cm. long, deciduous; pedicels 1 cm. long or less;
calyx 7-9 mm. long; petals oblong-ovate, about 1 cm. long; pod 5-10 cm. long,
6 cm. wide or less, usually densely prickly; seeds gray, shining, obovoid-oval,
slightly compressed, 2-2.5 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide.

Coastal thickets, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama
to Mariguana, Inagua, Grand Turk and the Anguilla Isles: — Bermuda; Florida;
West Indies ; coasts of continental tropical America and of the Old World tropics.
GRAY NICKERS. BRIER.

2, Guilandina Bonduc L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 545. 1762.

Caesalpinia Bonduc Koxb. Hort. Beng. 32. Hyponym. 1814.
Guilandina major Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 591, 1331. 1903.

A trailing or climbing vine, armed with hooked prickles. Stipules none;
leaves often 6 dm. long, stout-petioled ; pinnae 3-6 pairs; leaflets 4-8 pairs,
ovate to elliptic-ovate, 4-8 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex,
rounded or obtuse at the base, subcoriaceous, somewhat shining above, glabrous
or very nearly so when old; racemes 3 dm. long or less, many-flowered; bracts
linear-lanceolate, erect, early deciduous; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx about
6 mm. long; petals 1.5 cm. long or less; pod 6-12 cm. long, about one-half
longer than wide, rather loosely prickly; seeds bright yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. long.

Coastal thickets and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, and Rum
Cay : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; East Indies. LARGE YKLJU>W NICKERS.

3, Guilandina ovalifolia (Urban) Britton, Bull. <N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 118. 1905.

Caesalpinia ovalifolia Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 273. 1900.
Caesalpinia lucida Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 275. 1900.

•Climbing, 4 m. long or longer, the young branches prickly, puberulent.
Leaves 2-3 dm. long, the rachis puberulent; leaflets 5-8 pairs, oval or elliptic,
glabrous or nearly so, shining, rounded at the apex, rounded to narrowed at the
base, their terminal mucro often 2 mm. long; racemes densely puberulent,
solitary or in pairs, 1.5-2 dm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, attenuate-
acuminate, 8 mm. long, soon spreading; pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long; sepals oblong,
obtuse, densely tomentulose, 6-7 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, soon reflexed;
petals bright yellow, about as long as the sepals, oblong to oblong-spatulate,
obtuse; pod obliquely obovate, 6-8 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, 2 cm. thick, shining,
armed with numerous rather distant yellow stiff bristles 6 mm. long or less, its
sharp stout beak about 1 cm. long; seeds globular, yellow-brown, shining, 1.6 cm.
in diameter.

Coastal thickets, Great Sturrup Cay, New Providence, and Hog Island, Rose
Island, Eleuthera. Great Guana Cay, Long Island and Acklin's Island : — Florida.
SMALL, YEKLOW NICKERS.

We are unable to distinguish a difference between the two above species of
Prof. Urban in specimens gathered, after thorough search, in the type localities he
mentions which are only separated by the narrow harbor of Nassau.

CAESALPINIACEAE. 173

7. CAESALPINIA L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753.

Unarmed or prickly shrubs or trees, with bipinnate leaves and racemose
yellow bracted flowers, the bracts commonly early deciduous. Calyx-tube
short, its 5 segments imbricated. Petals 5, broad, imbricated, more or less
unequal. Stamens 10, distinct, declined, short-exserted ; anthers all alike, longi-
tudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, glabrous or pubescent; style mostly fili-
form; stigma terminal. Pod linear to oblong, dehiscent or indehiscent, flat or
swollen. Seeds transverse; endosperm none. [Commemorates Andreas Caes-
alpini 1519-1603, famous Italian physician and botanist.] Thirty species or
more, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Caesalpinia Irasili-
ensis L.

Leaflets few pairs, obovate.

Legume indehiscent. 1. C. vesicaria.

Legume dehiscent.

Prickly throughout : leaflets scarcely reticulated. 2. C. bahamensis.

Unarmed or with a few prickles at the base ; leaflets

strongly reticulated. 3. 0. reticulata.

Leaflets matiy pairs, linear-oblong. 4. C. coriaria.

1. Caesalpinia vesicaria L. Sp. PL 381. 1753.

Caesalpinia lijuga Sw. Obs. 166. 1791.

A much-branched shrub or tree up to about 7 m. high, the twigs and leaves
glabrous, armed with few prickles 4-8 mm. long, or unarmed. Leaves 1-2.5
dm. long; .petioles 1-3 cm. long; pinnae 2 or 3 pairs, stalked; leaflets 1-3 pairs,
obliquely cuneate-obovate, subcoriaceous, 1-4 cm. long, subtruncate or emargi-
nate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, dark green and shining above,
pale and rather dull beneath; racemes simple or compound, mostly as long as
the leaves or longer; pedicels slender, jointed near the top, 6-9 mm. long; calyx
8-9 mm. long; petals a little longer than the calyx; stamens about as long as
the petals, the filaments densely villous; pod oblong, straight, coriaceous, inde-
hiscent, 4-6 cm. long, 12—20 mm. wide, about 4 mm. thick, pubescent when
young, becoming glabrous; seeds few, orbicular, shining, brown.

Coastal thickets and rocky coppices, Great Guana Cay, Long Island and Great
Ragged Island : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Yucatan. BEASILETTO.

2. Caesalpinia bahamensis Lam. Encycl. 1: 461. 1783.

Caesalpinia Crista Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 205. 1860. Not L. 1753.
Caesalpinia, Eugeliana Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 278. 1900.

A prickly shrub, 1.5-2.5 m-. high, or rarely a small tree up to 4 m. high, the
young twigs and leaves brownish tomentulose or glabrate, becoming glabrous,
the leaves unarmed, or bearing a few prickles. Leaves 8-25 cm. long; petioles
1-3 cm. long; pinnae 2-4 pairs, stalked, 15 cm. long or less; leaflets 3—6 pairs,
short-petioluled, obovate to elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, subcoriaceous, emarginate or
rounded at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, reticulate-veined, shining
above, dull beneath; racemes mostly as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels
1-2.5 cm. long, jointed above; calyx about 9 mm. long; petals yellowish green,
shorter than the calyx; stamens curved, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; pod
flat, broadly linear, 5-7 cm. long, about 1.5 cm. wide, glabrous, short-stipitate,
acuminate.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Guana
Cay : — Cuba. Recorded by Schoepf as C. brasiliensis L. BAHAMA CAESALPINIA
Catesby, 2 : pi. 51.

174 CAESALPINIACEAE.

3. Caesalpinia reticulata Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 118. 1905.

A shrub or small tree, 4 m. high or less, similar to C. bahamensis. Stem
and branches unarmed in all specimens observed; young shoots puberulent;
leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, obliquely oval or obliquely obovate, coriaceous, glabrous
when mature, strongly finely reticulate-nerved and shining above, dull and less
prominently nerved beneath, rounded, truncate or slightly emarginate at the
apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, 1.5-5 cm. long, 3 cm. wide or less, very
inequilateral; petiolules 2-3 mm. long; racemes solitary or 2 or 3 together,
2 dm. long or less; flowers yellowish white; pedicels ascending, 1-2 cm. long,
becoming very stout in fruit; calyx stipitate, the tube nearly hemispheric;
stamens long-exserted ; pod flat, smooth, 6-9 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide, its stipe
somewhat longer than or equaling the persistent calyx-tube.

Scrub-lands, Watling's, Acklin's, Crooked Island and Inagun. Endemic. Slightly
but apparently constantly distinct from C. bahamensis and of different distribu-
tion ; perhaps a race of that species. NET- VEINED CAESALPINIA.

4. Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 532. 1799.

Poinciana coriaria Jacq. Sel. Amer. 123. 1763.
Libidibia coriaria Schl. Linnaea 5 : 193. 1830.

A widely branched unarmed tree, 5-10 m. high, with slender twigs, puberu-
lent when young, soon glabrous. Leaves 1-2 dm. long; petioles and rachis
finely tomentulose; pinnae 4-10 pairs, short-stalked; leaflets numerous and
small, 12-26 pairs, 4-6 mm. long, very nearly sessile, oblong-linear, obtuse at
the apex, subcordate or truncate at base, glabrous and dull on both surfaces,
usually with one or more black dots beneath; flowers yellow, in small panicles
or racemes shorter than the leaves; pedicels glabrous, 2-4 mm. long; calyx
about 5 mm. long, its segments nearly alike; petals spatulate, about as long
as the calyx; stamens about as long as the petals; pod oblong, compressed, 3-6
cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, laterally incurved.

Spontaneous after cultivation. New Providence, near Nassau : — Santo Do-
mingo ; Jamaica ; St. Thomas to Trinidad ; Curasao ; continental tropical America.
Divi-Divi.

8. POINCIANA L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753.

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes prickly, with evenly bipinnate leaves, and
orange red or yellow, showy flowers in panicles or racemes, the bracts early de-
ciduous or none. Calyx-tube short, the 5 lobes imbricated, unequal, the lowest
one the largest. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 10, distinct, long-exserted;
anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, several-ovuled ; style slender;
stigma small, terminal. Pod linear or linear-oblong, flat, 2-valved. Seeds
transverse; endosperm none. [In honor of Poinci, a governor of the West
Indies.] A few species, of tropical and subtropical distribution, the following
typical.

1. Poinciana pulcherrima L. Sp. PI. 380. 1753.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw. Obs. 166. 1791.

A glabrous shrub or small tree up to about 5 m. high, the branches prickly.
Leaves 3 dm. long or less, unarmed, the petiole and lower part of the rachis
stout, the upper part of the rachis very slender; pinnae 3-9 pairs, short-stalked;
leaflets 5-12 pairs, thin, very short-stalked, oblong to oblong-obovate, bright
green above, pale beneath, 1-2 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, rounded or subtrun-
cate and mucronulate at the apex, obtuse at the base; racemes large, terminal,

CAESALPINIACEAE. 1? 5

and axillary; pedicels slender, 5-8 cm. long; sepals unequal, the larger about
1.5 cm. long; petals orange or yellow, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; stamens 5-6 cm. long;
pod flat, broadly linear, 12 cm. long or less, 14-18 mm. wide, somewhat oblique,
pointed at both ends, its valves subcoriaceous, glabrous, twisting after dehis-
cence; seeds compressed.

Spontaneous in waste places, and in coppices, Andros, New Providence and
Inagua : — Cuba to St. Thomas and to Trinidad ; continental tropical America ; Old
World tropics. BAEBADOES PRIDE.

9. DELONIX Kaf. El. Tell. 2: 92. 1836.

Unarmed trees, with evenly bipinnate, estipulate leaves of numerous small
leaflets, and large, showy, orange to scarlet flowers in terminal or axillary
corymbose racemes. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, the nearly equal lobes valvate.
Petals 5, long-clawed, the blade nearly orbicular. Stamens 10, declined; fila-
ments distinct; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary sessile, many-ovuled;
style slender or short; stigma truncate, ciliolate. Pod broadly linear, flat,
woody, 2-valved, nearly solid between the oblong transverse seeds. Endo-
sperm present; cotyledons thick. [Greek, referring to the long-clawed petals.]
About 3 species, natives of Africa, the following typical.

1. Delonix regia (Bojer) Eaf. El. Tell. 2: 92. 1836.

Poinciana regia Bojer; Hook. Bot. Mag. pi. 2884. 1829.

A widely branched tree, reaching a maximum height of about 12 m., with
a trunk up to 9 dm. in diameter, the thin bark gray-brown, the twigs somewhat
pubescent. Leaves 3-5 dm. long; petiole stout, reddish or yellow, 7-12 cm.
long; pinnae 10-25 pairs, short-stalked, 8-15 cm. long, the rachis pubescent;
leaflets 20-40 pairs, oblong, puberulent on both sides, 4-10 mm. long, inequi-
lateral, rounded at both ends; pedicels stout, 4-8 cm. long; calyx about 2 cm.
long; petals spreading and reflexed, 5-7 cm. long, orange to scarlet and
mottled; stamens shorter than the petals; pod 4-6 dm. long, 5-7 cm. wide,
dark brown.

Spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, near Nassau : — Widely culti-
vated and spontaneous after cultivation throughout the West Indies and in south-
ern Florida. Native of Madagascar. ROYAL, POINCIANA. FLAMBOYANT.

10. PELTOPHORUM Vogel; Walp. Rep. 1: 811. 1842.

Unarmed trees, with bipinnate leaves of numerous small leaflets, the small
stipules caducous, and yellow flowers in panicled racemes. Calyx-tube short,
its 5 segments nearly equal or the lower one somewhat larger than the others.
Petals 5, orbicular, spreading, imbricated, slightly unequal. Stamens 10, dis-
tinct, dec/ined; filaments pilose below; anthers all alike. Ovary sessile, few-
many-ovuled; style filiform; stigma peltate. Pod oblong, flat, indehiscent,
narrowed at both ends. Seeds 1-4, flat, transverse; endosperm none. [Greek,
shield-bearing; from the peltate stigma.] About 7 species, of tropical dis-
tribution. Type species: Peltoplwrum Vogelianum Walp.

1. Peltophorum adnatum Griseb. El. Br. W. I. 206. 1860.

A tree, in the Bahamas up to about 12 m. high, in the Cuban forests reach-
ing a height of 50 m., the twigs, petioles, rachis, inflorescence, calyx, and lower
leaf-surfaces densely brown-tomentose or villous. Leaves petioled, 1-3 dm.

176 FABACEAE.

long; pinnae 6-12 pairs, opposite, very nearly sessile, narrowly lanceolate, 5-10
cm. long; leaflets 12-36 pairs, opposite, coriaceous, linear-oblong, 5-10' mm.
long, revolute-margined, glabrous and shining above, obtuse at the apex, trun-
cate at the sessile base; panicles terminal, many-flowered, often 3 dm. long;
pedicels slender, 12-20 mm. long; calyx subglobose in bud, 5-6 mm. long, its
obovate segments imbricated, nearly equal; petals obovate, 7-10 mm. long;
stamens shorter than the petals; pod 4-5 cm. long, 12-15 mm. wide at the
middle.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, Great Exuma, Long Island : — Cuba. HORSE-
BUSH.

Family 5. FABACEAE Rchb.
PEA FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, with alternate mostly compound stipu-
late leaves, and irregular (papilionaceous) perfect or sometimes polygamo-
dioecious flowers, mainly in spikes, heads, racemes or panicles. Calyx 4-5-
toothed, or 4-5-cleft, sometimes 2-lipped. Petals more or less united, or
separate, perigynous or hypogynous, usually consisting of a broad upper
one (standard, banner), two lateral ones (wings), and two front ones
more or less united (forming the keel) ; the standard enclosing the wings
in the bud. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or sometimes separate,
10 in most of the genera, sometimes 9, rarely 5. Pistil simple, superior;
ovary mainly 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by the intrusion of the sutures,
or several-celled by cross-partitions; style simple; ovules 1-many, anatro-
pous or amphitropous. Fruit a legume, 1-many-seeded, dehiscent into 2
valves, or indehiscent, in one tribe a loment. Seeds mostly without endo-
sperm; cotyledons thick. About 325 genera and over 5000 species, most
abundant in temperate and warm regions.

Filaments all separate.

Petal only 1 ; pod flat, short, winged. 1. Ateleia.

Corolla papilionaceous ; pod turgid, elongated. 2. Sophora.

Filaments monadelphous or diadelphous.
Herbs, shrubs or trees.
Fruit 2-valved.

Leaves mostly trifoliolate.

Leaflets entire. 3. Crotalaria.

Leaflets serrulate. 4. Trifolium*

Leaves pinnate.

Leaves unequally pinnate.

Pods 4-angled or turgid. 5. Indigofera.

Pods flat. 6. Cracca.

Leaves equally pinnate.

Standard broad, longer than the keel-petals ;

calyx-lobes acute or acuminate. 7. Sesban.

Standard narrow, shorter than the keel-petals ;

calyx-lobes low and broad. 8. Agati.

Fruit a loment.

Stamens all united into a tube. 9. Stylosanthes.

Vexillar stamen free from the others.

Joints of the loment flat. 10. Meibomia.

Joints of the loment thick, fleshy. 11. Alysicarpus.

Fruit indehiscent.

Leaves 1-foliolate ; pod suborbicular ; vine-like shrubs. 12. Ecastophyllum.
Leaves pinnate; pod elongated, 4-winged ; tree. 13. Ichthyomethia.

Vines, our species herbaceous (Phaseolus lathyroides an erect

herb; Cajan erect and half -shrubby).
Keel of the corolla not curved nor coiled (somewhat bent

in Canavali).

Leaves equally pinnate, terminated by a bristle. 14. Abrus.

Leaves trifoliolate, rarely unifoliolate.

Style bearded along the inner side. 15. Clitoria.

Style glabrous or sparingly pubescent below
(somewhat bearded in Dolichos).

FABACEAE. 177

Standard spurred at the base. 16. Bradburya.

Standard not spurred at the base.

Pod covered with stinging hairs. 17. Hucuna.

Pod without stinging hairs, pubescent or

glabrous.
Rachis of the inflorescence thickened

at the nodes.

Calyx-lobes unequal. 18. Galactia.

Calyx 2-lipped. 19. Canavali.

Rachis of the inflorescence not thickened

at the nodes.

Erect ; half-shrubby ; seeds numerous. 20. Cajan.
Herbaceous, our species vines ; seeds

only 2 or 3. 21. Dolicholus.

Keel of the corolla coiled or curved.

Keel spirally coiled. 22. Phaseolus.

Keel not spirally coiled, incurved.

Stigma terminal. 23. Dolichos.

Stigma oblique or lateral. 24. Vigna.

1. ATELEIA Moc. & Sesse; Benth. Ann. Wien. Mus. 2: 101. 1837.

Unarmed shrubs or small trees, with unevenly pinnate leaves, and small
white or greenish flowers, in narrow, simple or branched, axillary racemes.
Stipules minute or none. Bracts minute. Calyx truncate or minutely 5-toothed.
Wings and keel-petals wanting ; standard hooded, clawed. Stamens 10, distinct ;
anthers ovate, all alike. Ovary short-stipitate, 2-ovuled ; stigma inflexed, nearly
sessile. Pod irregularly obovate-orbicular, stipitate, flat, indehiscent, the upper
suture narrowly winged. Seed flat, reniform; cotyledons fleshy; radicle in-
flexed. [Greek, defective.] Three known species of Central America and the
West Indies. Type species: Pterocarpus Ateleia DC.

1. Ateleia cubensis Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8 : 180. 1860.

Sivartsia multijuga A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 201. pi. 42. 1845.

Not Vogel. '1837.
Ateleia multijuga Hitch. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 80. 1893.

A shrub or small tree up to 5 m. high, the slender twigs glabrous, gray, the
inflorescence and young foliage densely brown-pubescent. Leaves 1-2 dm. long,
5-11-foliolate, glabrous or nearly so when old; leaflets oblong to elliptic or ob-
long-obovate, densely and finely reticulate-veined, subcoriaceous, entire, 3-6 cm.
long, 1-2 cm. wide, sessile, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the
base; racemes spike-like, shorter than the leaves, or as long; pedicels very
short; calyx broadly campanulate, truncate, 2-3 mm. long; standard about 3
mm. long; pod slender-stipitate, glabrous, 1.5-2 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, veiny,
craieate-narrowed at the base.

Thickets, coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New
Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island and Caicos Islands : — 'Cuba. STINKING-PEA ROOT.

2. SOPHOBA L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753.

Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers white, yellow or violet, in terminal racemes or
panicles. Calyx generally campanulate, its teeth short. Standard obovate or
orbicular; wings obliquely oblong; keel oblong, nearly straight. Stamens all
distinct or very nearly so; anthers versatile. Ovary short-stalked; style in-
curved. Pod stalked, coriaceous or fleshy, terete, constricted between the seeds,
mainly indehiscent. [Name Arabic, yellow.] About 25 species, natives of
warm and tropical regions. Type species: Sophora alopecuroides L.

178 FABACEAE.

1. Sophora tomentosa L. Sp. PI. 373. 1753.

A shrub 1-3 m. tall, with silky-tomentose foliage. Leaves 1-2 dm. long;
leaflets 11-17, the blades leathery, oblong, oblong-obovate or oval, inequilateral,
becoming glabrous and revolute-margined ; racemes elongating, 1-4 dm. long;
pedicels 5-10 mm. long; calyx oblong or oblong-funnelform, 5-8 mm. long, con-
stricted at the base, undulate or indistinctly 5-lobed; corolla yellow; standard
with an ovate blade fully 1 cm. broad, and over 1.5 cm. long; keel-petals 20 mm.
long; pods 5-10 cm. long, strongly constricted between the seeds, long-stalked.

Coastal thickets, coppices and white-lands, throughout the -archipelago from
Great Bahama through Andros and Eleuthera to Caicos, Grand Turk, Inagua and
Anguilla Isles: — Bermuda: Florida; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St. Vincent;
Jamaica ; Aruba ; Old World tropics. COAST SOPHORA.

3. CEOTALABIA L. Sp. PI. 714. 1753.

Herbs, sometimes slightly woody, with simple, or in many tropical species
3-7-foliolate leaves, and racemose yellow flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, slightly
2-lipped; standard orbicular or ovate, often cordate; wings oblong or obovate;
keel curved. Stamens monadelphous, their sheath deeply cleft; anthers of 2
forms, alternating with each other, the one small, versatile, the other larger;
style more or less curved; pod oblong or globose, inflated, many-seeded, the
seeds loose at maturity. [Greek, a rattle.] About 250 species, mainly of trop-
ical regions. Type species: Crotalaria lotifolia L.

Leaves simple.

Flowers blue, variegated. 1. C. verrucosa.

Flowers yellow. 2. C. retusa.

Leaves 3-foliolate.

Flowers 1 cm. wide or less ; pod about 1 cm. long. 3. C. pumila.

Flowers large, 1.5 cm. wide or more ; pod 2-3.5 cm. long.

Herbaceous annual ; pods pilose. 4. C. incana.

Somewhat woody perennial ; pods puberulent. 5. C. lotifolia.

1. Crotalaria verrucosa L. Sp. PI. 715. 1753.

Annual, 3-8 dm. high, branched, the branches zigzag, angled, finely ap-
pressed-pubescent. Leaves simple, broadly ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse,
rounded or acute and mucronulate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-7 cm.
long, glabrous or nearly so above, finely appressed-pubescent beneath, short-
petioled, the rounded stipules 3-6 mm. long; racemes several-flowered, longer
than the leaves, the peduncle and rachis angled; calyx deeply cleft, its upper
lobes ovate, the lower lanceolate; corolla blue, variegated, 1-1.5 cm. long, about
twice as long as the corolla; pod sessile, oblong, beaked, appressed-pubescent
with long hairs, 3-4 cm. long, 9-12 mm. thick.

Waste and cultivated ground, New Providence, Long Island and Crooked
Island : — St. Thomas to Virgin Gorda and Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; continental
tropical America. Native of the East Indies. PURPLE RATTLEBOX.

2. Crotalaria retusa L. Sp. PI. 715. 1753.

Annual, appressed-pubescent, usually branched, 4-10 dm. high. Stipules
minute or wanting; leaves simple, oblanceolate, spatulate or oblong, short-
petioled, 4-8 cm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, cuneate at the base,
glabrous above, appressed-pubescent beneath; racemes terminal, peduncled,
loosely several-many-flowered, 2 dm. long or less; pedicels 6-10 mm. long;
calyx 2-lipped, about 10 mm. long; petals nearly twice as long as the calyx,
yellow, the standard variegated; pod oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 1 cm.
thick, short-beaked, glabrous.

Waste and cultivated land, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Ber-
muda ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Naturalized from the Old
World. LARGE YELLOW RATTLEBOX.

FABACEAE. 179

3. Crotalaria pumila Ortega, Hort. Matr. 23. 1797.

Perennial, woody below, finely pubescent or glabrate, branched, the slender
branches decumbent or ascending, 1-9 dm. long. Stipules 1-2 mm. long,
deciduous, subulate; petioles very slender, 0.5-2 cm. long; leaflets 3, oblong,
oblanceolate or obovate, thin, 5-15 mm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex,
narrowed or cuneate at the base, glabrous above, more or less pubescent
beneath; racemes few-flowered, mostly terminal, much longer than the leaves;
pedicels slender, 2-5 mm. long; calyx 5-cleft to about the middle, the lobes
acute or acuminate; petals yellow, the standard 7-9 mm. long, twice as long as
the calyx, the keel with a short horizontal beak ; pod oblong, sessile, 10-15 mm.
long, about 5 mm. thick.

Pine and palmetto-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Great Guana Cay, Exuma and Crooked
Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispianola ; St. Kitts to Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico to
Venezuela. Low RATTLEBOX.

4. Crotalaria incana L. Sp. PI. 716. 1753.

Annual or biennial, herbaceous, usually branched, 1.3 m. high or less, the
branches, petioles and racemes densely pubescent. Stipules subulate, 5 mm.
long or less, deciduous, or wanting; petioles 2-8 cm. long; leaflets 3, obovate,
oval or obovate-orbicular, short-stalked, 1-5 cm. long, thin, obtuse and often
mucronulate at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, pubescent beneath,
glabrate above; racemes terminal, long-peduncled, several-flowered; calyx-
segments lanceolate, acuminate, 7-9 mm. long; corolla yellow or greenish-
yellow, 10-13 mm. long; pods oblong, pendent, pubescent, 2-3.5 cm. long, about
1 cm. thick.

Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Hog Island : — southern
United States; West Indies and continental tropical America north to Mexico;
Old World tropics. VELVETY RATTLEBOX.

5. Crotalaria lotifolia L. Sp. PI. 715. 1753.

Shrubby, branched, 6 dm.-2 m. high, slender and sometimes vine-like and
up to 3 m. long, the branches and petioles appressed-pubescent. Stipules
minute, deciduous; petioles slender, 2-6 cm. long; leaflets 3, oblong to elliptic,
thin, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, short-
stalked, silky-pubescent or glabrate beneath, usually glabrous above; racemes
axillary, short-peduncled, few-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter; calyx-
segments lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7 mm. long; corolla yellow, about twice as
long as the calyx, the standard reddish veined; pod narrowly oblong, beaked,
2-3 cm. long, about 6 mm. thick, finely appressed-pubescent.

Open scrub-lands, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Cuba to Anegada and
Barblfdoes ; Jamaica. Reported from tropical Africa. BUSHY RATTLEBOX.

Dolley reports Crotalaria stipularis Desv. from the Bahamas ; Mr. Brace has not
seen the species nor have our collectors returned it from the archipelago.

4. TBIFOLIUM L. Sp. PI. 764. 1753.

Herbs, with mostly 3-foliolate (occasionally 4-11-foliolate) denticulate
leaves, the flowers in dense heads or spikes. Stipules adnate to the petiole.
Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals commonly persistent, their claws adnate to
the stamen-tube. Stamens diadelphous, or the tenth one separate for only a
portion of its length. Ovary few-ovuled. Pod often included in the calyx,
membranous, indehiscent or tardily dehiscent by 1 suture, 1-6-seeded. [Latin,
referring to the 3 leaflets.] About 275 species, most abundant in the north
temperate zone. Type species: Trifolium pratense L.

Flowers white or pinkish, pedicelled. 1. T. repens.

Flowers red, sessile or very nearly so. 2. T. pratense.

180 FAB ACE AE.

1. Trifolium repens L. Sp. PI. 767. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, the branches often
rooting at the nodes, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves long-petioled; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, membranous, acute, 4-12 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, obovate,
emarginate or obcordate, broadly cuneate at the base, denticulate, 8-20 mm.
long; heads long-peduncled ; flowers 7-12 mm. long; pedicels 2-5 mm. long,
finally reflexed; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth acuminate,
somewhat shorter than the tube; pod about 4-seeded.

Wayside ditches and dooryards, New Providence, at Nassau : — Bermuda ; Cuba ;
Jamaica ; naturalized throughout temperate North America. Native of the Old
World. WHITE CLOVER.

2. Trifolium pratSnse L. Sp. PL 768. 1753.

Perennial, pubescent, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves long-petioled; stipules ovate,
strongly veined, subulate-tipped, 12-20 mm. long; leaflets short-stalked, oval,
oblong or obovate, narrowed at base, hardly cuneate, obtuse and sometimes
emarginate at the apex, often dark-spotted near the middle, finely denticulate,
1-3.5 cm. long; heads globose or ovoid, rarely slightly peduncled, about 2.5 cm.
long; flowers red (rarely wrhite), about 12 mm. long, remaining erect in fruit;
calyx sparingly hairy, its subulate teeth shorter than the corolla.

Dooryard, New Providence at Nassau : — Bermuda ; Cuba. Widely naturalized
in temperate North America. Native of the Old World. RED CLOVER.

5. INDIGOFERA L. Sp. PI. 751. 1753.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, often canescent with hairs affixed by the middle,
with odd-pinnate leaves, small stipules, and pink or purple, spicate or racemose
flowers. Calyx-teeth oblique, nearly equal, or the lower longer; standard
ovate or orbicular, sessile or clawed; wings oblong; keel erect, somewhat
gibbous, or spurred; stamens mainly monadelphous ; ovary 1-oo-ovuled; style
slender; pod linear, 4-angled or subterete, septate between the seeds. [Name
from the yield of indigo by some species.] About 275 species, natives of warm
and temperate regions. Type species: Indigofera tinctoria L.

1. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.
Indigofera Anil L. Mant. 2: 272. 1771.

A shrub, 1-2 m. high, usually much-branched, the branches slender, tough,
whitish appressed-pubescent and grooved when young. Leaves 5-12 cm. long;
stipules filiform-setaceous, very small ;. petiole 1-2.5 cm. long; leaflets 9-17,
oblong or oblong-obovate, 3 cm. long or less, obtuse or acutish and mucronate
at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, pale green, appressed-pubescent on
both sides, or glabrous above, darkening in drying; racemes narrow, several-
many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long; pedicels about 1 mm. long, about equalling the
i-ampanulate, pubescent calyx, reflexed in fruit; corolla yellowish, 3.5-4.5 mm.
long; pod falcate, appressed-pubescent when young, glabrous when old, 8-15
mm. long, 2 mm. thick, ridged on the sutures, 4-8-seeded.

Waste and cultivated lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Great Guana, Exuma, Cat Island, Watling's, Long Island, Acklin's and Inagua : —
Bermuda ; southern United States ; West Indies ; Mexico to continental tropical
South America. I. argentea of Schoepf. . WILD INDIGO.

FABACEAE. 181

6. CRACCA L. Sp. PI. 752. 1753.
[TEPHROSIA Pers. Syn. 2: 328. 1807.]

Herbs, sometimes slightly shrubby, with odd-pinnate not punctate leaves,
and purple red or white flowers in racemes or short clusters. Stipules small;
leaflets entire. Calyx-teeth usually nearly equal. Petals all clawed; standard
orbicular or broadly ovate; wings obliquely obovate or oblong; keel curved;
stamens monadelphous or diadelphous ; ovules several or many. Pod linear, flat,
2-valved, several-seeded. [Latin, vetch.] About 120 species, mainly natives
of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Graced villosa L.

Racemes short-peduncled ; leaflets blunt, mucronate. 1. G. cinerea.

Racemes long-peduncled' ; leaflets emarginate, mucronulate. 2. C. cathartica.

1. Cracca cindrea (L.) Morong, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 79. 1892.

Galega cinerea L. PI. Jam. Pug. 19. 1759.
Tephrosia cinerea Pers. Syn. 2: 328. 1807.

Eootstock thick, sometimes long, woody ; stems slender, usually branched,
ascending, erect or diffuse, 5 dm. long or less, more or less pubescent. Leaves
5-8 cm. long; petioles 1.5 cm. long or les^s; stipules subulate; leaflets 9-15,
mostly oblanceolate, sometimes narrowly oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, often mucronate, cuneate or narrowed at the base, ap-
pressed-pubescent, at least beneath; racemes few, several-flowered, peduncled,
mostly opposite the leaves ; calyx about 5 mm. long, its teeth acuminate ; petals
about twice as long as the calyx, purple or purplish, the standard about 10 mm.
broad; pod 3-6 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. wide, finely pubescent, containing 10 seeds
or fewer.

Shaded white-lands, Cave Cay, Great Exuma, Rum Cay, Long Island, Acklin's,
Grand Turk and Inagua : — West Indies ; Mexico to South America. The plant re-
ferred to by Hitchcock proved to be the following species. SLENDER GOATS-RU*:.

2 Cracca cathartica (Moc. & Sesse) Britton & Millspaugh.

Galega cathartica Moc. & Sesse, Fl. Mex. ed. 2 : 175. 1894.
Cracca Schottii Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 22: 25. 1895.
Tephrosia cathartica Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 283. 1905.

Eoot deep, elongated; stem often much branched, 8 dm. high or less, the
branches ascending or diffuse, slender, tough, 2-4 dm. long. Leaves 5-8 cm.
long; petioles slender, 2 cm. long or less; stipules linear-subulate; leaflets 5-9,
oblong-obovate, 1.5—4 cm. long, appressed-pubescent on both sides or glabrate
above, mostly retuse at the apex, cuneate-narrcwed at the base; racemes term-
inal and opposite the leaves, few-flowered, short or elongated; calyx about 4
mm. long, its teeth acuminate ; petals purple or red-purple, the standard about
8 mm. broad; pod 3-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, 5-7-seeded.

Coastal white-lands, Elbow Cay, Andros : Eleuthera : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto
Rico ; Virgin Gorda to St. Kitts ; Trinidad ; Cayman Islands ; Island of Ruatan, Carta-
gena ; Colombia. BUSHY GOATS-RUE.

7. SESBAN Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 327. 1763.

Herbs or shrubs, with evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets numerous, entire,
not stipellate, or the stipels minute. Flowers in axillary racemes, the slender
pedicels with 2 deciduous bractlets under the calyx. Calyx campanulate, nearly
equally 5-toothed. Standard broad, ovate or orbicular; wings oblong, falcate;
keel blunt. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Ovary mostly stipitate, many-

182 FABACEAE.

ovuled; style glabrous; stigma small. Pod elongated-linear, wingless, com-
pressed, partitioned between the oblong seeds. [Name Arabic.] About 15
species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Aeschynomene
Sesban L.

Leaflets apiculate, glabrous above, silky pubescent beneath. 1. S. sericea.

Leaflets mucronate, sparingly pubescent above, glabrous beneath. 2. S. occidentalis.

1. Sesban sericea (Willd.) DC. Prodr. 2: 266. 1825.

Coronilla sericea Willd. Enum. 773. 1809.

Agati sericea Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 75. 1893.

Stem slightly woody, 1-2 m. tall, silky-pubescent, at least above. Leaves
1-2.5 dm. long, the rachis pubescent; leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear-oblong, 1.5-
2.5 cm. long, obtuse and mucronate at the apex, usually densely silky pubescent
beneath, glabrous or nearly so above, sometimes nearly glabrous on both sides;
peduncles few-flowered, much shorter than the leaves; pedicels very slender,
1 cm. long or less; calyx about 4 mm. long, its teeth triangular, very acute;
standard 10-12 mm. long, yellow, black-spotted; pod 10-16 cm. long, biconvex,
3 mm. wide, short-beaked, not constricted between the seeds.

Waste places, usually roadsides, New Providence and Rum Cay : — Haiti to St.
Thomas and to Martinique ; Jamaica. SILKY SESBAN.

2. Sesban occidentalis (Willd.) Pers. Syn. 2: 316. 1807.

Coronilla occidentalis Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1147. 1803.

Shrubby, 3 m. high or less, branched, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent
above when young. Leaves 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 10-20 pairs, linear-oblong,
obtuse at both ends, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, mucronate at the apex; racemes shorter
than the leaves, few-several-flowered; pedicels slender, 8-12 mm. long; calyx
broadly campanulate, 6-7 mm. long, its triangular teeth very acute; corolla
about 2 cm. long, the standard yellow, purple-dotted; pod 1.5-2.5 dm. long,
2-3 mm. wide, biconvex, slightly constricted between the seeds when young.

Fields, Inagua, near Mathew Town : — Cuba to Porto Rico ; Trinidad ; Jamaica.
The Inagua specimen is in fruit only, and is referred to this species with some
hesitation. SMOOTH SESBAN.

8. AGATI Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 326. 1763.

Kapid-growing and short-lived small trees or shrubs, with equally pinnate
leaves of many pairs of oblong, entire leaflets, and large, variously colored
flowers in axillary racemes. Calyx large, campanulate, its lobes short and
broad. Standard ovate to oblong; wings narrow, longer than the standard;
keel petals curved, separate at base and apex. Stamens diadelphous (1 and 9) ;
anthers all alike. Ovary stipitate; style subulate, curved, the small terminal
stigma capitate; pod linear, elongated, flat, septate between the seeds. [Mala-
bar name.] A monotypic genus.

1. Agati grandiflora (L.) Desv. Journ. Bot. 1: 120. 1813.

Eobinia grandiflora L. Sp. PI. 722. 1753.
Aeschynomene grandiflora L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: 1060. 1763.
Sesban grandiflorus Poir. in Lam. Encyc. 7: 127. 1806.

A tree, up to 12 m. high, with a trunk up to 3 dm. thick, glabrous, or very
nearly so throughout, or the young foliage finely pubescent, the bark rough.

FAB ACE AE. 183

Leaves 2-3.5 dm. long, short-petioled ; leaflets 10-30 pairs, oblong, 2-4 cm.
long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, inequilaterally narrowed at the base;
racemes 2-5-flowered, shorter than the leaves; calyx 2-2.5 cm. long, its broadly
triangular lobes much shorter than the tube; corolla red to white, 6-10 cm.
long; pod 2-4 dm. long, about 8 mm. wide, beaked at the apex, narrowed at
the base into a long stout stipe.

Waste places, spontaneous after cultivation, Fortune and Acklin's Islands : —
a native of the East Indies, spontaneous after cultivation in Florida, the West
Indies and Yucatan. AGATI. FLAMINGO-BILL.

9. STYLOSANTHES Sw. Prodr. 108. 1788.

Perennial herbs, mainly with villous or viscid pubescence, 3-foliolate leaves,
and yellow terminal or axillary spicate or capitate flowers. Calyx-tube cam-
panulate, its teeth membranous, the 4 upper ones more or less united. Petals
and stamens inserted at or near the summit of the tube; standard orbicular;
wings oblong ; keel curved, beaked. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers alternately
longer and shorter. Ovary nearly sessile ; ovules 2 or 3 ; style filiform. Pod
sessile, flattened, 1-2-jointed, reticulate, dehiscent at the summit. [Greek,
column-flower, alluding to the column-like calyx-tube.] About 30 species, of
warm and temperate regions. Type species: StylosantTies procumbens Sw.

Foliage not viscid : leaflets oblong, nearly glabrous. 1. 8. hamata.

Foliage viscid; leaflets elliptic, pubescent. 2. S. viscosa.

1. Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taubert, Monogr. Stylos. '22. 1889.

Hedysarum hamatum L. Syst. ed. 10: 1170. 1759.
Stylosanthes procumbens Sw. Prodr. 108. 1788.

Somewhat pubescent, branched, the branches spreading or ascending, 0.5-5
dm. long. Stipules adnate to the petioles, with free subulate apices. Leaflets
oblong or narrowly oblong, longer than the petioles, 17 mm. long or less, nearly
glabrous, acute at both ends, strongly pinnately veined, mucronate; flowers
about 6 mm. wide, in short dense bracted spikes; loment commonly 2- jointed,
the persistent hooked style-base pubescent.

Dry and moist open rocky and sandy places, Great Bahama and Little Harbor
Cay, and throughout the islands from New Providence to the Caicos, Grand Turk
and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; the Cayman Islands ; Mexico southward to
Colombia. COMMON PENCIL-FLOWER.

2. Stylosanthes viscosa Sw. Prodr. 108. 1788.

Viscid-pubescent, usually much-branched, 1.5-3 dm. high the branches
spreading or ascending. Stipules adnate to the petioles, their tips free, subu-
late; leaflets elliptic or oblong-elliptic, pubescent and ciliate, pinnately veined,
acute and mucronate; flowers few, in short dense -bracted spikes, the bracts
villous and ciliate; loment 1-2-jointed, tipped by the hooked style-base.

Scrub-lands, New Providence : — Cuba ; Jamaica. VISCID PENCIL-FLOWER.

10. MEIBOMIA Heist. ; Fabr. Enum. PI. Hort. Helmst. 168. 1759.

Perennial herbs, sometimes woody at the base, with stipellate 3-foliolate
or in some species 1- or 5-foliolate leaves, and usually small flowers in racemes
or panicles. Calyx-tube short, its teeth more or less united into 2 lips, the
upper one 2-toothed, the lower teeth acute or attenuate. Standard oblong; ovate
or orbicular, narrowed or rarely clawed at the base; wings obliquely oblong;

184 FABACEAE.

keel nearly straight, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 and I) ;
anthers all alike. Ovules 2-oo. Loment flat, 2-several- jointed, the joints mainly
coriaceous and pubescent or muricate, indehiscent or rarely partially dehiscent,
readily separable. [Named for Dr. Brandus Meibom; died at Helmstadt, 1740.]
About 160 species, natives of warm and temperate regions. Type species:
Hedysarum canadense L.

Upper suture of the loment straight or nearly so. 1. M. supina.
Both sutures of the loment undulate.

Loment several-jointed, moniliform. 2. M. tortuosa.

Loment 2-jointed ; upper joint much larger than the lower. 3. M. mollis.

1. Meibomia supina (Sw.) Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 83. 1892.

Hedysarum supinnm Sw. Prodr. 106. 1788.
Hedysarum incanum Sw. Prodr. 107. 1788.
Desmodwm incanum DC. Prodr. 2: 332. 1825.

Stems erect or ascending, somewhat woody, 3-9 dm. high, puberulent or
short-pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, connate below, or at length
distinct, mostly shorter than the petioles; leaflets 3 or often only 1, various in
form, mostly elliptic, but also lanceolate, obovate, nearly linear, or orbicular,
sometimes several forms on the same plant, glabrous or nearly so and dark
green above, finely pubescent and pale beneath, 2-7.5 cm. long; stipels subu-
late; racemes 2-8 cm. long; bracts linear-lanceolate, pubescent, shorter than the
pedicels, deciduous; pedicels 6—12 mm. long; calyx small, about 3 mm. long, its
teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla purple or purplish, 2-3 times as long as
the calyx; loment 3-8-jointed, 3 cm. long or less, its upper suture continuous,
the lower margin deeply undulate, the oblong joints densely pubescent.

Dry or moist places in scrub, coppices, pine-lands, waste or cultivated lands,
throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Watling's,
Crooked Island and East Caicos : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical Amer-
ica ; tropical Africa. Recorded by S'choepf as Hedysarum canescens. COMMON
TICK-TREFOIL.

2. Meibomia tortuosa (Sw.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.

Hedysarum tortuosum Sw. Prodr. 107. 1788.
Desmodium tortuosum DC. Prodr. 2: 332. 1825.

Erect, branched, 1.5 m. high or less, the stem and branches finely and
rather densely pubescent, striate. Stipules lanceolate, acuminate, half -cordate
at base, 6-15 mm. long; leaflets 3, ovate to oblong or elliptic, 2-10 cm. long,
sparingly pubescent with appressed hairs, or glabrous above, mostly obtuse at
the apex and narrowed at the base, as long as the petioles or longer; stipels
subulate; racemes simple, or sparingly branched, 1.5-3 dm. long; pedicels
filiform, 1—2 cm. long; bracts narrowly lanceolate, 2-3 times as long as the
calyx, deciduous; calyx about 2 mm. long, its teeth subulate; corolla blue to
purple, about 5 mm. long; loment nearly sessile, at first much twisted, at length
flat, 3-6- jointed, both margins deeply undulate, the oval-orbicular joints 4-5
mm. long.

Waste places and roadsides, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Florida ; Texas ;
Jamaica ; Cuba to Tortola and Grenada ; continental tropical America. TWISTED

TlCK-TEEFOIL.

3. Meibomia mollis (Vahl) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 198. 1891.

Hedysarum molle Vahl, Symb. 2: 83. 1791.
Desmodium molle DC. .Prodr. 2: 332. 1825.

Stem erect, rather stout, branched, 2 m. high or less, softly pubescent.
Stipules triangular-subulate, 2-6 mm. long; leaflets 3, rarely only 1, ovate, 2-10

FABACEAE. 185

cm. long, acute or acutish at the apex, obtuse at the base, pubescent on both
sides, as long as the pubescent petioles or shorter; stipels subulate; racemes
1-2 dm. long, commonly branched; pedicels filiform, 3-8 mm. long; bracts
ovate, about 1 mm. long, deciduous; calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, its teeth linear-
lanceolate; corolla blue, little longer than the calyx; loment nearly sessile, 2-
jointed, the lower joint small, twisted, the upper one elliptic or subreniform,
6-8 mm. long, finely reticulate-veined, sparingly pubescent or glabrate.

Waste places, Andros, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island : — Cuba to Virgin Gorda
and Martinique ; Curasao ; continental tropical America. Recorded from Jamaica.
VELVETY TICK-TREFOIL/.

11. ALYSICABPUS Neck.; DC. Prodr. 2: 352. 1825.

Herbs, our species with 1-foliolate leaves and small purplish or blue flowers
in short terminal racemes, the scarious bracts deciduous. Calyx narrow,
deeply cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, chartaceous, striate, the two upper
ones partly united. Standard suborbicular, clawed; wings obliquely oblong,
adnate to the blunt incurved keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Ovary
nearly sessile, several-ovuled ; style filiform, its apex incurved; stigma terminal,
capitate. Loment nearly terete, several- jointed, the joints indehiscent. [Greek,
chain-fruit.] About 16 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type
species: Alysicarpus tupleurifolius (L.) DC.

1. Alysicarpus nummularifolius (L.) DC. Prodr. 2: 353. 1825.

Hedysarum nummulari folium L. Sp. PI. 746. 1753.
Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. Prodr. 2: 353. 1825.

Perennial, branched at the base, the branches slender, diffuse, glabrous or
nearly so, spreading or ascending, 5 cm.-6 dm. long. Stipules scarious, striate,
lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 mm. long; petioles very slender, 1 cm. long or less;
leaves glabrous, or sparingly pubescent, the lower orbicular to oval, 5-12 mm.
long, the upper oblong to lanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long; racemes 1-3 cm. long;
pedicels very short, pubescent; calyx 4-5 mm. long; corolla little longer than
the calyx; loment 1-2 cm. long, its puberulent or glabrous joints truncate,
slightly wrinkled.

Waste places, New Providence, near Nassau : — WTest Indies. Native of southern
Asia. FALSE MONEYWORT.

12. ECASTAPHYLLUM [P. Br.] Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 320. 1763.

Woody vines, or widely branching shrubs, with alternate, 1-foliolate or un-
evenly pinnate leaves, the leaflets estipellate, and small white bracted flowers
mostly in axillary clusters. Calyx subcampanulate, its 2 upper teeth broad.
Standard broadly ovate or suborbicular; wings oblong; keel blunt, incurved, its
petals connate on the back near the apex. Stamens all united into a cleft
sheath, or the upper one separate or wanting; anthers erect, their sacs dehis-
cent by terminal slits. Ovary 2-ovuled, stipitate; style nearly straight; stigma
terminal. Pod nearly orbicular to short-elliptic, nearly flat, 1-seeded, sub-
ligneous, indehiscent. [Greek, referring to the unifoliolate leaves of the fol-
lowing typical species.] Five or six species, natives of tropical and sub-
tropical America.

13

186 FAB ACE AE.

1. Ecastaphyllum Ecastaphyllum (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1:
55. 1918.

Hedysarum Ecastaphyllum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1169. 1759.

Ecastaphyllum Brownei Pers. Syn. 2: 277. 1807.

Hecastophyllum Brownei Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 202. 1860.

Dalbergia Ecastophyllum Taubert in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pfl. 3*: 335.

1894.
Dalbergia Brownei Schinz, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 6: 731. 1898.

A widely branched, spreading or vine-like shrub 2-4 m. high, rarely tree-
like and described as sometimes reaching a height of 8 m., the branches elon-
gated, the young twigs finely pubescent. Stipules lanceolate, silky-pubescent,
acuminate, about 1 cm. long; leaves 1-foliolate; petioles stout, pubescent, 5-12
mm. long; petiolule 2-3 mm. long; leaflet ovate, 6-12 cm. long, rounded or
subcordate at the base, short-acuminate at the apex, glabrous or nearly so above,
finely and densely pubescent beneath, at least when young; panicles axillary,
pubescent, usually little longer than the petioles; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; calyx
pubescent, about 5 mm. long; corolla about 1 cm. long; stamens 10, diadelphous;
pod suborbicular to broadly oval, 1.5-3 cm. long, finely pubescent.

Borders of coppices and coastal thickets, Ahaco, Great Bahama, North Bimini,
Andros, New Providence, Watling's and Crooked Island : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin
Gorda and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America ; coast of tropical
Africa. TI-TI. Catesby, 2 : pi. 2Jt.

13. ICHTHYOMETHIA P. Br. Hist. Jam. 296. 1756.

Trees, with unevenly pinnate leaves, the short-stalked leaflets large, oppo-
site, estipellate, the pink to purplish, rather large flowers in lateral panicles,
often appearing before the leaves. Calyx obliquely campanulate, 5-toothed, the
2 upper teeth connate. Standard suborbicular ; wings oblong, somewhat falcate,
adherent to the keel; keel obtuse, its petals coherent on the back. Stamens
monadelphous, but the upper one free at the base; anthers versatile. Ovary
many-ovuled; style filiform, incurved; stigma terminal, small. Pod linear,
flattened, indehiscent, with 4 broad membranous wings, several-many-seeded.
[Greek, fish-killing.] A few species of tropical and subtropical America, the
following typical.

1. Ichthyomethia Piscipula (L.) Hitchcock, Gard. & For. 4: 472. 1891.

Erythrina Piscipula L. Sp. PI. 707. 1753.
Piscidia Erythrina L. Syst. ed. 10, 1155. 1759.

A tree, usually low, rarely 20 m. high, the twigs finely puberulent. Leaves
2-3 dm. long; leaflets 5-9 (rarely 3), elliptic, oblong, or the lower pair ovate,
4-12 em. long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, rounded at the base, glabrous
above, at least when mature, finely pubescent beneath; panicles many-flowered,
as long as the leaves or shorter; ultimate pedicels short, puberulent; calyx
about 6 mm. long, its teeth triangular-ovate; corolla silky, about 1.5 cm. long;
pod 5-15 cm. long, its wings 7-12 mm. wide, lacerate, transversely veined;
seeds black.

Coastal thickets and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Lignum Vitae Cav, Andros,
Mangrove Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Acklin's and An-
guilla Isles : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. FISH-POISON.
DOGWOOD. Consists of several races differing mostly in pubescence and in form
of the leaflets.

FABACEAE. 187

14. ABRUS L. Syst. ed. 12, 2: 472. 1767.

Slender, somewhat woody vines, with evenly pinnate leaves, the numerous
small estipellate leaflets entire, the rachis terminating in a small bristle, the
small rose to white flowers clustered at the nodes of axillary or terminal
racemes. Calyx subtruncate, its teeth very short. Standard ovate, with a broad
and short claw; wings oblong, falcate; keel curved, larger than the wings.
Stamens 9, monadelphous. Ovary nearly sessile, several-many-ovuled ; style
•short, curved ; stigma terminal. Pod flat, 2-valved, partitioned between the sub-
globose, shining seeds. [Greek, graceful.] Five known species, of tropical
regions, the following typical.

1. Abrus Abrus (L.) W. F. Wight, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9: 171. 1905.

Glycine Alms L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753.

Alms precatorius L. Syst. ed. 12, 2: 472. 1767.

Stems woody below, nearly herbaceous above, climbing or twining to a
length of 2-3 m., glabrous, or the young parts sparingly pubescent. Stipules
linear, acute, 3-5 mm. long; petioles short, mostly less than 1 cm. long; leaves
5-10 cm. long, the very slender rachis sparingly pubescent; leaflets 8-15 pairs,
8-£0 mm. long, oblong or the upper ones obovate, glabrous above, sparingly
puberulent beneath, rounded and mucronulate at the apex, rounded at the base,
very short-stalked, readily detached when dry ; racemes peduncled, 3-8 cm. long ;
corolla red to purple, rarely white, 8-10 mm. long; pod oblong, beaked, 2-3.5
cm. long, about 1 cm. wide; seeds scarlet with a black base.

Scrub-lands and waste places, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island
and Great Exuma : — West Indies ; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics.
CRAB'S-EYES. BLACK-EYED SUSAN.

15. CLITOKIA L. Sp. PL 753. 1753.

Woody vines, or erect or climbing herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate or some-
times 5-9-foliolate leaves, persistent stipules, and large axillary flowers. Calyx
tubular, 5-toothed, the upper teeth more or less united; standard large, erect,
retuse, narrowed at the base, not spurred; wings oblong, curved; keel acute,
shorter than the wings; stamens more or less monadelphous; anthers all alike;
ovary stipitate; style elongated, incurved, hairy along the inner side; pod
stalked in the calyx, linear or linear-oblong, flattened, 2-valved, partly septate
between the seeds. About 30 species, natives of warm and temperate regions.
Type species: Clitoria Ternatea L.

1. Clitoria Ternatea L. Sp. PL- 753. 1753.

Perennial, herbaceous or slightly woody below, slender, twrining to a height
of 2 m. or more, or, if without support, prostrate, pubescent, at least on the
younger parts. Stipules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-8 mm. long; petioles
slender, pubescent, 1-3 cm. long; leaflets 5-9 (usually 5), ovate or oval, short-
stalked, 2-3.5 cm. long, mostly obtuse at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the
base, thin, glabrous above, somewhat pubescent beneath; peduncles 1-flowered,
1-2 cm. long; bracts ovate-orbicular, obtuse, 5-7 mm. long; calyx about 1.7 cm.
long, its lanceolate lobes acuminate ; corolla large, blue and white, the standard
3-4 cm. long; pod nearly sessile, flat, linear, beaked, pubescent, 13 cm. long or
less, about 1 cm. wide; seeds compressed, subreniform, mottled, 5-6 mm. long.

Fields and waste places, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence and
Inagua : — a native of tropical Africa ; spontaneous after cultivation throughout the
West Indies and tropical America, and in Florida. BLUE-PEA.

188 FABACEAE.

16. BRADBUBYA Kaf. Fl. Ludov. 104. 1817.

Slender vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves (rarely 5-7-foliolate), per-
sistent stipules, and large axillary flowers. Calyx campanulate, its teeth or
lobes nearly equal; standard orbicular, nearly flat, spurred on the back near its
base, clawed; wings obovate, curved; keel curved; stamens more or less dia-
delphous (9 and 1); style incurved, bearded at the apex around the stigma;
pod linear, flattened, nearly sessile, partially septate between the seeds, 2-
valved, the valves thick-edged, longitudinally finely nerved along their margins.
[In honor of John Bradbury, who travelled in America early in the last century.]
About 30 species, natives of America. Type species: Bradbury a scandens Eaf.

Pods 4.5-5.5 mm. wide, ; seeds cylindric, 7.5-8 mm. long, black or yellow with
black blotches. 1. B. floridana.

Pods 3.5—4 mm. wide ; seeds cuboid-cylindric, 3.5—4 mm. long,

red-brown or with lighter blotches. 2. B. virginiana.

1. Bradburya floridana Britton, Torreya 4: 142. 1904.

Stems glabrous or nearly so, 1 m. long or more. Stipules long-acuminate;
leaflets lanceolate to oval, glabrous, reticulate-veined on both sides, 8 cm. long
or less, obtuse and aristulate at the apex, rounded at the base, the glabrous
petioles 2-5 cm. long; peduncles pubescent, or glabrous, 3-6 cm. long; bracts
acute, pubescent, 1 cm. long or less; corolla nearly white or violet striped with
lavender or yellow, 2.5-4 cm. long; pod 8-12 cm. long, 4.5-5.5 mm. wide, long-
tipped, glabrous; seeds black or yellow with black markings.

Scrub-lands and white-lands, Abaco, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Eleuthera, Con-
ception Island. Exuma Chain, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's and Crooked
Islands : — Florida. FLORIDA BUTTERFLY-PEA.

2. Bradburya virginiana (L.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 164. 1891.

Clitoria virginiana L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753.

Centroscma virginianum Benth. Ann. Mus. Wien. 2: 120. 1838.

Centrosema virginianum angustifolium Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 193. 1860.

Perennial, glabrous or finely rough-pubescent, 6-12 dm. long. Stipules
linear, acute; leaflets ovate, oblong-lanceolate or linear, stipellate, rounded at
the base, reticulate-veined, 2.5-5 cm. long; peduncles about equalling the
petioles, 1-4-flowered; bracts ovate, acute, finely striate; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long;
corolla violet; calyx-lobes linear; pod 10-13 cm. long, 3.5-4 mm. wide, long-
acuminate, its margins much thickened.

Scrub, rocky and grassy lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and
Great Bahama to Grand Turk and Inagua : — New Jersey to Florida and Texas ;
Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil ; West Indies. A species composed of a large number
of Insignificantly differing races with leaflets varying from linear to broadly ovate ;
widely differing plants often growing close together in the same colony. SPURRED
BUTTERFLY-PEA. LADY'S SLIPPER.

17. MUCTTNA Adans. Fam. PL 2: 325. 1763.

Herbaceous or woody vines, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and large
pedicelled flowers in axillary, long-peduncled clusters. Calyx campanulate, its
two upper teeth connate. Standard folded, auricled at the base; wings in-
curved, longer than the standard; keel as long as the wings or longer, its apex
cartilaginous or acute. 'Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) ; anthers alternately
longer and shorter. Ovary sessile, villous; ovules few; style naked, filiform;
stigma terminal and small. Pod thick, coriaceous, linear or oblong, 2-valved,

FABACEAE.

usually covered by stinging hairs, at least when young. Seeds orbicular or
oblong, few, large. [Brazilian name.] About 25 species, mostly tropical,
the following typical.

1. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Prodr. 2: 405. 1825.
Dolichos pruriens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1162. 1759.

Slender, high-climbing, pubescent. Petioles as long as the leaflets or
shorter; leaflets thin, appressed-pubescent, somewha,t silvery beneath, the
terminal one rather long-stalked, ovate or rhombic-ovate, the lateral ones
short-stalked, obliquely ovate, inequilateral; racemes several-many-flowered,
elongated; calyx silvery-silky, about 1 cm. long. 4-cleft; corolla blue or purple;
standard ovate; wings and keel about twice as long as the standard, 2-3 cm.
long; pod narrowly oblong, slightly curved, about 6 cm. long and 1 cm. thick,
densely covered with brittle stinging hairs.

Thickets and scrub-lands, New Providence near Nassau : — Cuba to St. Thomas
and Tobago ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Dolley
reports Mucuna urens L., from the Bahamas but the plant -has not been returned in
any of the collections we have seen ; the record probably refers to M. pruriens.
COW-ITCH.

18. GALACTIA P. Br.; Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 322. 1763.

Perennial vines (some species erect and shrubby), mainly with pinnately
3-foliolate leaves, small and deciduous stipules, and small or large axillary
racemose flowers. Calyx 4-lobed, bracteolate, the lobes acute, often as long as
the tube. Standard orbicular or obovate. Wings narrow, obovate, adherent
to the narrow, nearly straight keel. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so (9 and
1). Ovary nearly sessile; ovules oo ; style filiform, not bearded. Pod linear,
straight or slightly curved, usually flattened, 2-valved, several-seeded. Fleshy
few-seeded pods are sometimes produced from subterranean apetalpus flowers.
[Greek, milk-yielding, the typical species described as having milky branches.]
About 70 species natives of warm and temperate regions, most abundant in
America. Type species: Glycine Gcdactia L.

Corolla about 2 cm. long ; standard parallel with the wings. 1. G. rudolphioides.
Corolla 1.5 cm. long or less ; standard erect or ascending.

Leaflet only one. 2. G. monophylla.

Leaflets three.

Leaflets large, ovate to elliptic, 4-8 cm. long. 3. G. spiciformis.

Leaflets small, oblanceolate to obovate or oval, 1-4 cm.

long.

Inflorescence longer than the leaves ; leaves glab-
rous or nearly so. 4. G. 'bahamensis.
Inflorescence not exceeding the leaves ; leaves

densely appressed-pubescent. 5. G. uniflora.

1. Galactia rudolphioides (Griseb.) Benth. & Hook.; Sauv. Anales Acad.
Habana 5: 337. 1869.

Dioclea rudolphioides Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 178. 1860.

Slender, twining or trailing, woody below, 1-3 m. long, glabrous or
sparingly appressed-pubescent. Petioles 2-5 cm. long; stipules triangular or
lanceolate, about 2 mm. long; leaflets 3, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, 2-4 cm. long, obtuse, acutish or emarginate at the apex, rounded or
narrowed at the base, glabrous on both sides, revolute-margined, the short
petiolules villous; racemes slender-peduncled, longer than the leaves; bracts
linear-subulate, 1-2 mm. long; bractlets ovate or lanceolate, acute, about 1.5

190 FAB ACE AE.

mm. long; pedicels pubescent, 2-6 mm. long; calyx about 1.3 cm. long, ap-
pressed-pubescent ; corolla red or the standard violet, nearly 2 cm. long;
standard obovate, parallel with the wings; pod 3-5 cm. long, 7-9 mm. wide,
densely villous, several-seeded.

Scrub and pine-lands and in coppices, from Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros,
New Providence. Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, and Exuma Chain to Fortune
and Crooked Islands : — Cuba. Recorded by Dolley as G. pendula Persoon. RED
MILK-PEA. Catesby, 2 : pi.. 28.

2. Galactia monophyUa Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 75. 1866.

Slender, herbaceous, appressed-pubescent with short hairs, 8 dm. long or
less, twining or trailing. Stipules narrowly lanceolate or subulate, 1-3 mm.
long; petioles slender, 5-15 mm. long; leaflet only 1, oblong to ovate, 1-3 cm.
long, thin in texture, rounded or emarginate at the apex, rounded or subcordate
at the base, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, appressed-pubescent beneath,
the petiolule about 1 mm. long; inflorescence 1-few-flowered, not longer than
the leaf; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; calyx sparingly pilose, about 6 mm. long, its
lanceolate teeth longer than the tube; corolla purplish, about 1 cm. long, the
standard obovate, erect; pod 3-5 cm. long, about 5 mm. wide, appressed-pilose.

Pine-lands, Great Bahama at Barnett's Point : — Cuba. SLENDER MILK-PEA.

3. Galactia spicifdrmis T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1: 288. 1838.

Slender, herbaceous, twining, densely pubescent or glabrate, 2 m. long or
less. Petioles 1-7 cm. long; stipules subulate, 2-4 mm. long; leaflets 3, ovate
to elliptic or elliptic-obovate, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, 4-7 cm. long, gla-
brous or nearly so above, appressed-pubescent or velvety beneath, obtuse or
acute at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base; inflorescence usually as long
as the leaves or longer, several-many-flowered, sessile or peduncled ; pedicels
1-2 mm. long; calyx pubescent, about 6 mm. long, its lanceolate teeth 2-3 times
as long as the tube; corolla purplish, pink or nearly white, about 11 mm. long,
the broadly obovate standard erect; pod 4-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, often
somewhat Curved, more or less pubescent.

Rocky and sandy scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the islands from Abaco
and Great Bahama to Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling's, and the
Exuma Chain to Great Ragged Island and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba.
Referred by Mrs. Northrop to G. cubensis H.B.K. ; recorded by Dolley as G. fiH-
formis Bth. The Teramnus uncinatus referred to by Hitchcock, proves to be this
plant. SPICIFORM MILK-PEA.

4. Galactia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 331. 1900.

Very slender, twining, somewhat woody, glabrate or reddish puberulent,
5-8 dm. long. Stipules linear-subulate, 1-2 mm. long, deciduous; petioles very
slender, 0.5-2.5 cm. long; leaflets 3, chartaceous, nearly equally short-petioluled,
oval to elliptic or obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex,
narrowed, rounded or the terminal one cuneate at the base, glabrous and
reticulate-veined on both sides, or sparingly pubescent beneath; inflorescence
mostly longer than the leases, several-flowered; pedicels 2-7 cm. long; calyx
pubescent, 6-8 mm. long, its lanceolate lobes longer than the tube; corolla about
1 cm. long, rose-purple, the nearly orbicular standard erect; pod 3-5 cm. long,
7-10 mm. wide, appressed-pubescent.

Scrub-lands and thickets, Rum Cay, Conception Island, Watling's, Crooked,
Acklin's, Fortune, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Endemic. Recorded by Hitchcock as
Galactia galactioicles (Griseb.) Hitchc. BAHAMA MILK-PEA.

5. Galactia uniflora Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 325. 1900.

Slender, twining, somewhat woody below, densely whitish pubescent, some-
times 1 m. long. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 mm. long;

FABACEAE. 191

petioles slender, pubescent, 5-17 mm. long; leaflets 3, chartaceous, 1-4 cm. long,
narrowly oblong to oblong-obovate, reticulate-veined, rounded or emarginate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, sparingly pubescent or glabrous above, densely
appressed-pubescent beneath, the terminal one with a petiolule 2-5 mm. long,
the lateral ones nearly sessile; inflorescence 1-2-flowered, shorter than the
leaves; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; calyx about 6 mm. long, its teeth longer than
the tube; corolla pink; standard obovate, 9-10 mm. long, short-clawed; pod
linear, 3-4 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, densely pubescent.

Scrub-lands, New Providence, Eleuthera, Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : —
Endemic. Recorded by Hitchcock as Galactia angustifolia Kth. and as Galactia
tenuiflora (Willd.) W. & A. ONE-FLOWERED MILK-PEA.

19. CANAVAU Adans. Earn. PI. 2: 325. 1763.

Perennial herbs, with prostrate or twining stems. Leaves pinnately 3-
foliolate; leaflets chartaceous or thick. Flowers large, in axillary peduncled
racemes. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate or 2-lobed, the lower one entire
or 3-lobed, Standard reflexed, suborbicular ; wings curved or twisted; keel-
petals incurved, broader than the wings, obtuse or with an inflexed or spiral
beak. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous to the middle. Style
glabrous, incurved. Ovules several. Pod flat or slightly swollen, oblong or
broadly linear, 2-valved. Seeds white, red or brown. [Aboriginal name in the
South Sea Islands.] About 15 species, natives of tropical regions. Type
species: Dolichos ensiformis L.

Leaflets fleshy, obtuse. 1. C. lineata.

Leaflets chartaceous, acute or acutish.

Leaflets ovate. 8-15 cm. long. 2. C. gladiata.

Leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long. 3. C. bahamensis.

1. Canavali lineata (Thunb.) DC. Prodr. 2: 404. 1825.

Dolichos lineatus Thunb. Fl. Jap. 280. 1784.
Dolichos obtusifolius Lam. Encyc. 2: 295. 1786.
Canavalia obtusifolia DC. Prodr. 2: 404. 1825.

Foliage finely strigillose. Stems prostrate or climbing, 1-5 m. long, branch-
ing; leaflets leathery, suborbicular to oval or obovate, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse
at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base; racemes surpassing the
subtending leaves ; peduncles often longer than the racemes ; pedicels spur-like ;
calyx helmet-like, 14-17 mm. long, constricted at the base; corolla pink; pods
broadly linear, 10-12 cm. long; seeds oblong, brown.

Coastal sands, rocks and thickets, throughout the islands from Abaco and
Great Bahama to Watling's, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; Florida to
Texas, Mexico and continental tropical South America ; West Indies ; Old World
tropics. BAY-BEAN. HORSE-BEAN.

2. Canavali gladiata (Savi) DC. Prodr. 2: 404. 1825.

MaloccMa gladiata Savi, Nuov. Giorn. Pisa 8: 116. 1824.

Climbing or trailing, sometimes 10 m. long or longer, glabrous, or when
young finely pubescent. Leaflets thin, ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-12 cm. long,
acute or short-acuminate at the apex, obtuse at the base; racemes several-
many-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves ; pedicels short, thick, 5 mm. long
or less; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long; corolla white to purple, longer than the calyx;
pod broadly linear, flat, 1-2.5 dm. long, about 2 cm. wide; seeds oblong.

Waste places spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, and Inagua : —
native of the East Indies, spontaneous after cultivation in tropical America. A
specimen from Nassau referred to this by Hitchcock proves to be Dolichos Labldb L.
HORSE-BEAN.

192 FABACEAE.

3. Canavali bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 119. 1905.

A long vine. Leaflets thin, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, 5-8 cm. long,
firm, glabrous, faintly veined, narrowed or obtuse at the base but not cordate,
the apex bluntly acute j racemes stout-peduncleti, slightly pubescent, longer than
the leaves, nodose, pendent, 5-8 cm. long ; pedicels curved, erect, 2-4 mm. long ;
bractlets at base of calyx orbicular, 1 mm. broad, lacerate; calyx very oblique,
6-8 mm. long, with one small acute tooth opposite the keel-petals, the much
larger upper lip with three short broad teeth ; corolla about twice as long as the
calyx, the standard purple, the wings and strongly curved keel pink; legume
linear-oblong, compressed, about 12 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, 1-1.5 cm. thick,
short-pointed, narrowed at the base, not constricted, the stout stipe 1-2 cm.
long, the valves rather membranous; seeds oval, 1.5 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, red-
brown, shining.

Climbing over coastal shrubs, and in coppices, Abaco, Andros and Eleuthera : —
Endemic. BAHAMA BAY-BEAN.

20. CAJAN Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 326. 1763.

A perennial stiff, slightly woody herb, finely puberulent or pubescent, with
pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and showy yellow flowers in stalked axillary
racemes. Calyx narrowly campanulate, its lobes acute, the 2 upper ones partly
united. Standard nearly orbicular, reflexed; wings obliquely obovate; keel
with a blunt incurved tip. Ovary many-ovuled; style thickened above; stigma
oblique. Pod linear, flattened, acute and long-tipped, its valves impressed be-
tween the seeds. [From the Malayan name.] A monotypic genus.

1. Cajan Cajan (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 53. 1900.

Cytisus Cajan L. Sp. PI. 739. 1753.
Cajanus indicus Spr. Syst. 3: '248. 1826.

Bushy, branched, 2 m. high or less. Leaves petioled; leaflets oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, acute at both ends or obtuse at the base,
velvety on both sides, dark green above, pale beneath ; racemes few-flowered, as
long as the leaves or longer; pedicels, rachis and calyx brown-pubescent;
flowers 12-16 mm. broad; pods 5-8 cm. long, 10—12 mm. wide, 4-7-seeded;
seeds whitish, somewhat flattened, about 4 mm. thick.

Waste and cultivated soils, spontaneous after cultivation, throughout the
islands from Andros and New Providence to Mariguana : — Native of the Old World
tropics ; widely spontaneous in all American tropical regions. PIGEON PEA.

21. DOLICHOLUS Medic. Vorles. Chur. Phys. Ges. 2: 354. 1787.
[EHYNCHOSIA Lour.]

Perennial twining trailing or erect herbs, with pinnately 1-3-foliolate
leaves, and yellow, mostly axillary and racemose flowers. Leaflets generally
punctate with resinous dots, not stipellate. Calyx 4-5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped ;
standard obovate or orbicular, spreading or reflexed; wdngs narrow; keel in-
curved at the apex or falcate; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Ovary nearly
sessile ; ovules 2, rarely 1 ; style filiform. Pod flat, oblong or obliquely orbicular,
2-valved, 1-2-seeded. [Greek, diminutive of Dollchos.~\ About 200 species,
natives of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Dolichos minimus L.

Leaves prominently reticulate-veined beneath ; long vine. 1. Z>. reticulatus.
Leaves not prominently reticulate-veined ; small vines.

Leaflets acuminate ; pods 3-4 cm. long ; seeds red. -. D- Swartzii.

Leaflets obtuse or acutish ; pods 1-2 cm. long ; seeds olive. 3. D. minimus.

FAB ACE AE. 193

1. Dolicholus reticulatus (Sw.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 53. 1900.

Glycine reticidata Sw. Prodr. 105. 1788.

Ehynchosia reticulata DC. Prodr. 2: 385. 1825.

A pubescent or tomentose twining or trailing vine often 5 m. long. Leaves
petioled, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, 5-10 cm.
long, reticulate-veined, acuminate, acute or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or rounded
at the base, the terminal one long-stalked, the lateral ones nearly sessile;
racemes several-many-flowered, shorter than the leaves; pedicels very short;
calyx 7-12 mm. long, deeply 4-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla
yellow, a little longer than the calyx-lobes; pod flat, lunate, 2-2.5 cm. long, 6-9
mm. wide; seeds nearly black.

Scrub-lands, Watling's Island between Graham's Harbor and Cockburn Town : —
Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Grenada ; continental tropical America. NET- VEINED
DOLICHOLUS.

Leaflets less densely reticulate-veined than in plants from some other West Indian
islands, the apex obtuse.

2. Dolicholus Swartzii Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 26: 108. 1899.

fihynchosia Gundlachii Urban, Symb. Ant. 5 : 374. 1908.
Rhynchosia caribaea Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. 104. 1860. Not Glycine caribaea
Jacq. 1786.

A pubescent, resinous-dotted, somewhat woody, trailing or twining vine
0.5-1.5 m. long, the stems slender, little branched except at the base. Stipules
narrowly lanceolate, about 4 mm. long, deciduous; petioles 1-3 cm. long;
leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate, membranous, acuminate at the apex, obtuse or sub-
truncate at the base, pubescent on both sides; the terminal one slender-stalked,
4-6 cm. long, the lateral ones short-stalked, smaller, inequilateral; racemes few-
flowered, mostly shorter than the petioles or little longer; pedicels 2-4 mm.
long ; calyx about 3 mm. long, its lobes shorter than the tube ; corolla yellow, the
standard obovate, about 8 mm. long; pod falcate, 2-4 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide,
acute, pubescent; seeds red, 5-6 mm. long.

Coppices, Great Bahama, New Providence, Cat Island. Crooked Island : — Flor-
ida ; Cuba. SWAETZ'S DOLICHOLTJS. BONANEY-BEAN.

3. Dolicholus minimus (L.) Medic. Vorles. Chur. Phys. Ges. 2: 354. 1787.

Dolichos minimus L. Sp. PI. 726. 1753.

Ehynchosia minima DC. Prodr. 2 : 385. 1825.

A slender, puberulent or pubescent, resinous-dotted, more or less branched
vine, 3-12 dm. long, trailing or twining. Stipules subulate, about 2 mm. long,
caducous; petioles very slender, 1-4 cm. long; leaflets 3, rhombic-ovate or
rhombic-orbicular, obtuse or acute at the apex, obtuse at the base, the terminal
one slender-stalked, 1-3 cm. long, the lateral ones short-stalked, smaller or as
large, inequilateral; racemes slender, several-flowered, mostly as long as the
leaves or longer ; pedicels very short ; calyx 2-3 mm. long, its lobes lanceolate-
subulate; corolla yellow; standard orbicular-obovate, retuse, 5-6 mm. long;
pods falcate, 10-17 mm. long, about 4 mm. wide, puberulent; seeds brown,
mottled.

Waste grounds and pine-lands, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat
Island, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island, North Caicos and Inagua : — South Carolina
to Florida and Texas; throughout the West Indies and tropical and warm tem-
perate continental America ; Old World tropics. SMALL DOLICHOLUS.

22. PHASEOLUS L. Sp. PI. 723. 1753.

Vines, rarely erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, and axillary
racemose flowers. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, or the 2 upper teeth more or less
united. Standard orbicular, recurved, spreading or somewhat contorted; wings

194 FABACEAE.

mainly obovate; keel spirally coiled, linear or obovoid. Stamens diadelphous
(9 and 1). Style longitudinally bearded; stigma oblique or lateral; ovary
sessile or nearly so; ovules oo. Pod various, 2-valved, several-seeded, tipped with
the persistent style. Seeds mostly with rounded ends. Rachis thickened at the
bases of the pedicels. [Ancient name of the Kidney bean.] About 170
species, of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Erect ; herbaceous ; flowers red or purple. 1. P. latTiyroides.

Climbing vine ; flowers white. 2. P. lunatus.

1. Phaseolus lathyroides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1018. 1763.

Phaseolus semierectus L. Mant. 1: 100. 1767.

Herbaceous, erect, simple or somewhat branched, silky pubescent or gla-
brate, 3-6 dm. high. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 1.5 cm. long
or less; petioles slender; leaflets various, membranous, ovate to lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, acute
or obtuse at the base; racemes elongated, several-many-flowered, 1-3 dm. long
in fruit; pedicels very short; calyx 4-5 mm. long, its upper teeth ovate, the
lower lanceolate, acuminate; corolla red or purple; standard 12-15 mm. long;
pods narrowly linear, straight or a little curved, reflexed-spreading, 7-12 cm.
long, about 3 mm. thick.

Waste places and moist soils in open places, Andros, New Providence, Acklin's,
East Caicos and Inagua : — West Indies ; continental tropical America ; Old World
tropics. WILD BUSH BEAN.

2. Phaseolus lunatus L, Sp. PI. 724. 1753.

A usually annual, herbaceous, sparingly pubescent vine up to 3 m. long or
longer, twining or trailing. Leaves 3-foliolate, petioled; leaflets ovate, ovate-
lanceolate or rhombic-ovate, thin in texture, 4-7 cm. long, acute at the apex,
obtuse or subtruncate at the base, the terminal one long-stalked, equilateral,
the others short-stalked, inequilateral; racemes peduncled, about as long as the
leaves, sometimes longer, several-many-flowerc-d ; pedicels slender, mostly less
than 1 cm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long, its teeth short, ovate; bractlets ob-
long, about one-half as long as the calyx; corolla greenish white, the standard
about 7 mm. broad; pod flat, subfalcate, 3-7 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide (larger
in cultivated races) ; seeds oblong or subquadrate, flattened.

In a coppice near Staniard Creek, Andros, spontaneous after cultivation : —
West Indies ; continental tropical America. LIMA BEAN.

23. DOLICHOS L. Sp. PI. 725. 1753.

Climbing or trailing vines, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and white to
purple flowers variously clustered or sometimes solitary, their bracts small or
caducous. Calyx campanulate, its two upper teeth united. Standard suborbic-
ular; wings obovate, curved, adnate to the incurved keel. Stamens 9 and 1,
their anthers all alike. Ovary several-many-ovuled ; style bearded or penicil-
late below the terminal stigma. Pod flat, mostly somewhat curved, beaked.
Seeds subglobose or flattened. [Greek name of some bean, referring to its
long pods.] About 30 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Dolichos
Ldblab L.

Pods serrulate on the margins ; seeds somewhat compressed ; style not penicil-

late. 1. D. La&7ab.

Pods entire on the margins ; seeds globular ; style penicillate. 2. D. insularis.

FABACEAE. 195

1. Dolichos Lablab L. Sp. PL 725. 1753.

Sparingly pubescent, climbing or trailing, 5 m. long or less. Leaves long-
petioled. Leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate, 4-10 cm. long, the terminal one
equilateral and long-stalked, the others inequilateral and short-stalked; racemes
axillary, several-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers short-pedicelled, 1.5-

2 cm. broad, white to purple; pods about 7.5 cm. long, nearly 2.5 cm. wide, the
upper edge nearly straight, the lower curved and glandular-serrulate; seeds
somewhat compressed, black with a white linear strophiole, about 1 cm. long.

Spontaneous after cultivation. New .Providence and Eleuthera. Native of the
Old World tropics. Widely planted and spontaneous in tropical America. BLACK
BEAN.

2. Dolichos insularis Britton sp. nov.

Nearly glabrous, climbing or trailing, up to 7 m. long or longer. Leaflets
ovate, thin, 4-7 cm. long, acute, obtuse or acuminate, sparingly pubescent near
the base beneath, the terminal one equilateral, rather long-stalked, the lateral
ones inequilateral, short-stalked; racemes axillary, thyrsoid, many-flowered,
stout-peduncled, longer than the leaves; pedicels pubescent, 4-6 mm. long;
bractlets obtuse, 2 mm. long; calyx unequally 5-lobed, about 7 mm. long, the
lobes rounded; corolla purplish; standard wider than long, about 1 cm. long,
nearly sessile, emarginate; wings ovate, obtuse, stalked, about 11 mm. long, keel
obliquely curved, stalked, acuminate, about 9 mm. long; ovary puberulent; style
penicillate; pods elliptic-obovate, 2-3-seeded, compressed, 5-7 cm. long, about

3 cm. wide, rather stout-beaked, the valves yellowish puberulent, entire-margined ;
seed globular, about 1 cm. in diameter, black, with a white linear strophiole.

Old field, Great Cistern, Abaco: — Cuba; Mexico. Type from Cayo Ballenato
Grande, Cuba (Shafer 1026). ISLAND BEAN.

24. VIGNA Savi, Mem. Phas. 3: 7. 1826.

Herbaceous vines, or sometimes erect herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate
stipulate leaves, the leaflets broad. Flowers clustered at the ends of long
axillary peduncles, yellowish or purplish, the rachis of the head or raceme
knotty, the bracts and bractlets early deciduous. Calyx 5-toothed, or the 2
upper teeth united. Standard nearly orbicular, auricled at the base; wings
shorter than the standard; keel about equalling the standard, slightly incurved.
Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Ovary sessile; ovules numerous; style bearded
along the inner side; stigma oblique. Pod linear, nearly terete, 2-valved. [In
honor of Domenico Vigna, a commentator on Theophrastus.] About 30 species,
natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Dolichos luteolus Jacq.

1. Vigna repens (L.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 212. 1891.

Dolichos repens L. Syst. ed. 10: 1163. 1759.

Dolichos luteolus Jacq. Hort. Vind. 1 : 39. 1770.

Vigna luteola Benth. in Mart. Fl. Bras.t 15i : 194. 1859.

Foliage usually pubescent with appressed hairs. Stems trailing or climb-
ing, branching, when pubescent the hairs reflexed ; leaflets 3, ovate to lanceolate
or linear, 2-8 cm. long, acute, more or less distinctly reticulated, short-stalked;
petioles usually longer than the leaflets; peduncles surpassing the leaves,
retrorsely pubescent at the top; pedicels 1-3 mm. long, corymbose; calyx cam-
panulate, oblique, its lobes triangular to lanceolate; corolla yellowish brown;
standard nearly reniform, notched, less than 2 cm. long; pods linear, 4-5 mm.
long, nearly terete, pubescent.

Moist roadsides. Abaco and Andros : — Bermuda ; Florida to Texas ; Mexico to
Panama and throughout South America to Argentina ; West Indies ; Old World
tropics. YELLOW VIGNA.

196 FABACEAE.

Brya, Ebenus (L.) DC. referred to by Dolley has not been returned from the
islands by any of our expeditions. It is native of Jamaica and Cuba. The record
probably applies to Peru bumeliacfolia, locally called Black Ebony.

Erythrina corallodendron L. Eecorded for the Bahamas by Catesby, by
Dolley and by Mrs. Northrop is known to us only as planted on New Providence.
Catesby, 2: pi. 49.

Erythrina velutina Willd. was observed planted at West End, Great Bahama.
Foliage of a species of Lonchocarpus was collected from a tree growing
near an old house at Deep Creek, Andros.

Order 13. GERANIALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with petals, and these separate (wanting
in most Euphorbiaceae, and in some species of Zanthoxylum in Rutaceae) ;
sepals mostly distinct; stamens few, rarely more than twice as many as
the sepals, opposite them when as many ; ovary superior, mostly compound ;
ovules pendulous, the raphe toward the axis of the ovary.

Petals present, usually as many as the sepals.
Flowers regular or very nearly so.

Tissues of the plant devoid of secreting cells or glands.
• Filaments united below or at the base.

Stamens twice as many as the sepals.
Petals unappendaged ; leaves com-
pound. Fam. 1. OXALIDACEAE.
Petals appendaged ; leaves simple. Fam. 2. ERYTHROXYLACEAE.
Stamens as many as the sepals. Fam. 3. LINACEAE.
Filaments separate.

Styles united ; leaves mostly compound. Fam. 4. ZYGOPHYLLACEAB.
Styles separate ; leaves simple. Fam. 5. MALPIGHIACEAE.

Tissues of the plant with secreting cells or

glands.

Leaves punctate. Fam. 6. RUTACEAE.

Leaves not punctate.

Carpels separate. Fam. 7. STJRIANACEAE.

Carpels united.

Filaments separate.

Trees or shrubs with bitter, oil-
bearing bark. Fam. 8. SIMAROUBACEAE.
Resiniferous trees and shrubs. Fam. 9. BURSERACEAE.
Filaments united. Fam. 10. MEMACEAE.
Flowers very irregular ; petals 3 ; stamens

mostly 8. Fam. 11. POLYGALACEAE.

Flowers often apetalous, monoecious ; carpels most-
ly 3. Fam. 12. EUPHORBIACEAE.

Family 1. OXALIDACEAE Lindl.
WOOD-SORREL FAMILY.

Leafy-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs, often with root-
stocks, or scaly bulbs, the sap sour. Leaves mostly palmately 3-foliolate,
in some tropical species pinnate, or entire and peltate; stipules commonly
present as scarious expansions of the petiole-bases; leaflets mostly obcor-
date. Flowers perfect, in umbel-like or forking cymes, or sometimes
solitary; peduncles mostly long. Sepals 5, often unequal. Petals 5, white,
pink, purple or yellow. Stamens 10-15, sometimes unequal. Ovary 5-
celled, 5-lobed; styles coherent or distinct; ovules 2-many in each cavity;
fruit a loculicidal globose or columnar capsule, rarely baccate. Embryo

OXALIDACEAE. 197

straight, in fleshy endosperm. About 15 genera and over 300 species,
chiefly of tropical distribution.

Plants acaulescent, with coated bulbs ; flowers not yellow. 1. lonoxalis.

Plants caulescent, with rootstocks ; flowers mostly yellow. 2. XanthoxaUs.

1. IONOXALIS Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 665. 1903.

Low, perennial acaulescent herbs the leaves and scapes arising from
coated scaly bulbs, the petioles long, the blades palmately 3-several-foliolate,
the violet, blue or white flowers in umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5, bearing apical
tubercles in pairs. Petals 5. Stamens 10, the filaments united at the base.
Ovary elongated; styles distinct. Capsules narrow, erect. [Greek, purple
Oxalis.] Over 100 species natives of America. Type species: Oxalis
violacca L.

1. lonoxalis intermedia (A. Kich.) Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 43. 1907.
Oxalis intermedia A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 315. 1845.

Scape 1-3 dm. high, sparingly pubescent, slender, as long as the leaves or
longer. Petioles sparingly pubescent; .leaflets 3, obdeltoid, 2-6 cm. wide, bright
green and glabrous above, paler and somewhat pubescent beneath, 2-lobed, the
lobes ovate; cymes 4-13-flowered ; pedicels glabrous, 1-2 cm. long; sepals 4-5
mm. long, bearing 1 pair of apical tubercles; petals violet, 11-14 mm. long;
shorter filaments slightly pubescent, the longer ones copiously pubescent.

Waste and cultivated lands, New Providence, at Nassau : — Cuba ; Virgin Islands ;
Guadaloupe ; Martinique. CUBAN PURPLE WOOD-SORREL.

2. XANTHOXALIS Small, Fl. SE, U. S. 666. 1903.

Caulescent, annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate, long-
petioled, 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets sessile, notched or obcordate, the yellow
flowers in peduncled cymes. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10, the filaments
united into a tube at the base. Ovary oblong to linear; styles filiform or sub-
ulate. Capsule oblong or columnar, usually narrowed to the summit, erect.
Seeds transversely ridged or tubercled. [Greek, yellow Oxalis.] About 50
species, widely distributed. Type species: Oxalis corniculata L.

1. Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 667. 1903.
Oxalis corniculata L. Sp. PI. ,435. 1753.

Pubescent or nearly glabrous, annual or perennial, deep-green, freely
branching from the base; stem 2.5-15 cm. long, the branches diffuse, mainly
procumbent and often creeping. Leaflets 8-12 mm. wide; petioles dilated at
the base into oblong rounded or truncate stipules; peduncles 1-3-flowered;
flowers 5-10 mm. wide; pedicels strigillose, more or less reflexed; capsule
oblong, 1-1.8 cm. long, appressed-pubescent; seeds compressed, transversely
ridged.

Waste and cultivated lands, New Providence at Nassau and Grant's Town : —
widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Re-
ferred by Mrs. Northrop to Oxalis corniculata repens Zucc. YELLOW PROCUMBENT
WOOD-SORREL.

198 ERYTHKOXYLACEAE.

Family 2. ERYTHROXYLACEAE A. Rich.
COCA FAMILY.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate simple stipulate en-
tire-margined, petioled leaves and small, often heterostylous, pedicelled
flowers solitary or fascicled in the axils, the pedicels bracted at the base.
Calyx persistent, mostly 5-cleft. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, ap-
pendaged by a 2-lobed ligule within. Stamens 10, in 2 series, their fila-
ments united below into a tube. Ovary 3-celled, rarely 4-celled; ovules 1,
rarely 2, in each cavity, pendulous; styles 3, rarely 4; stigmas capitellate.
Fruit a drupe, usually 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed-coat thin; endosperm
farinaceous; embryo straight. Only the following genus and the African
Aneulophus.

1. EKYTHROXYLON L. Syst. ed. 10, 1035. 1759.

Leaves alternate. Petals short-clawed. [Greek red-wood.] About 200
species of tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Erythroxylon
areolatum L.

Leaves 0.5-2.5 cm. long, pale beneath. 1. E. rotundifolium.

Leaves 3 cm. long, or longer.

Leaves conspicuously areolate beneath.

Flowering pedicels as long as the petioles, or shorter ;

leaves 5-13 cm. long. 2. E. areolatum.

Flowering pedicels, or some of them, much longer than

the petioles ; leaves 3-4 cm. long. 3. E. reticulatum.

Leaves not areolate beneath, or only very faintly areolate,

obovate, 3-7 cm. long. 4. E. confusum.

1. Erythroxylon rotundifolium Lunan, Hort. Jam. 2: 116. 1814.

Erythroxylon obovatum Macf. Fl. Jam. 1: 143. 1837.

Erythroxylon suave O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 197. 1907.

Erythroxylon suave aneurum O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 199. 1907.

A shrub or a small tree up to 7 m. high, with slender flexible branches, the
bark smooth. Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate or elliptic, firm in texture,
0.5-3 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate, dark green above, pale beneath, incon-
spicuously reticulate-veined, the petioles 2.5-5 mm. long; stipules ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 1—1.5 mm. long; flowers 1-4 in the axils;
pedicels mostly as long as the petioles or longer; calyx cleft to about the
middle, about 1 mm. long, its lobes triangular-ovate, acute; petals white, ob-
long, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, obtuse, the ligule about one-third as long as the blade,
its lobes irregularly toothed; drupes oblong, red, obtuse, 4-6 mm. long.

Rocky plains, pine-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco
and Great Bahama to Andros, North Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Cuba to
Porto Rico ; Jamaica. Consists of several races differing in size, shaoe and thick-
ness of the leaves. Referred by Hitchcock, Coker, Dolley, and by Mrs. Northrop
to E. brevipes DC. ; formerly referred by O. E. Schulz to E. spinescens A. Rich.
ROUND-LEAVED ERYTHROXYIXDN. RAT-WOOD.

2. Erythroxylon areolatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1035. 1759.

A shrub or a small tree up to 6 m. high. Leaves oblong to obovate, rather
thin, 5-13 cm. long, 3-5.5 cm. wide, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed
at the base, dark dull-green above, pale beneath and areolate by two lines
parallel with the prominent midvein, the petioles 4-6 mm. long; stipules tri-
angular, acute, about 2 mm. long ; pedicels fascicled, as long as the petioles or
shorter; flowers appearing with the leaves of the season, or before them, fra-

LINACEAE. 199

grant; calyx cleft to about the middle, nearly 2 mm. long, its triangular-ovate
lobes acute; petals white or yellowish white, oblong, obtuse, 2-3 mm. long, the
ligule about one-fourth as long as the blade ; drupes red, oblong, 6-9 mm. long.

Coppices, thickets and scrub-lands, Andros, Mangrove Cay, Eleuthera, Cat
Island, Watling's and Long Islands : — Cuba to Porto Rico ; Jamaica ; Colombia.
THIN-LEAVED ERYTHBOXYLON.

3. Erythroxylon reticulatum Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 43, pi. 8. 1902.

A tall shrub, with slender, reddish brown branches. Leaves oblong-oblance-
olate to obovate, rather firm in texture, 3-4 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the
apex with the midvein slightly excurrent, cuneate-narrowed at the base, finely
and distinctly reticulate-veined, dark-green above, pale and prominently areo-
late beneath, the petioles 2-3 mm. long; stipules triangular, acuminate, 2 mm.
long; flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils; pedicels slender, 5-8 mm.
long, thickened above; calyx about 2 mm. long, its ovate-lanceolate lobes acute;
petals oblong, white, 3-3.5 mm. long, the ligule-lobes contorted; young drupes
oblong, purplish black, pointed, 5 mm. long.

White-lands and coppices, Andros at Deep Creek and near Conch Sound : —
Endemic. BAHAMA ERYTHROXYLOX.

4. Erythroxylon confusum Britton.

1 Erythroxylon afflne A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 106. 1845. Not

St. Hil. 1829.
Erythroxylon obovatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 113. 1859. Nat Macf. 1837.

A tree, 4-8 m. high, with a trunk-diameter of 1 dm. or more, the pale bark
fissured. Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, rather firm in texture, 3-7 cm.
long, 3 cm. wide or less, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, dull-green above, pale-green beneath, not areolate, or but
faintly so, not prominently reticulate-veined, the petioles 4-9 mm. long;
stipules lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long; pedicels fascicled in the axils, or some of
them solitary, shorter than the petioles; calyx about 2 mm. long, cleft to about
the middle, the ovate-lanceolate lobes acute; petals oblong, obtuse, about 3 mm.
long, the ligule about one-third as long as the blade, its lobes acute; drupes
oblong, red, somewhat longer than the pedicels.

Rocky coppices, scrub-lands and palmetto-lands, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New
Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba ; Jamaica. OBOVATE-LEAVED ERYTHROXYLON.

Family 3. LINACEAE Dumort.
FLAX FAMILY.

Herbs or shrubs, with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers.
Stipules mostly small or none. Sepals 5, rarely 4, imbricated, persistent.
Petals of the same number and alternate with the sepals, imbricated, gen-
erally contorted. Stamens of the same number, alternate with the petals;
filaments monadelphous at the base; anthers versatile, 2-celled. Ovary
2-5-celled, or by false septa 4-10-celled. Ovules anatropous. Styles 2-5.
Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, oily; endosperm little
or none ; embryo straight ; cotyledons flat. About 14 genera and about 160
species of wide distribution.

1. CATHAETOLINUM Echb. Handb. 307. 1837.

Annual or perennial, branched herbs. Leaves alternate or occasionally
opposite, without stipules but sometimes with stipular glands, entire or serru-

200 LINACEAE.

late, sometimes ciliate or glandular-margined. Sepals 5, all, or only the inner
ones, with gland-tipped teeth. Petals 5, yellow or white, unappendaged but
sometimes pubescent within. Stamens 5 ; filaments united at the base, the free
portions dilated at the base, without staminodia, or with a short staminodium in
each sinus. Gynoecium 5-carpellary, or rarely 2-carpellary; styles filiform,
distinct or united; stigmas distinct, capitate. Capsule 5-celled, or rarely
2-celled and with firm septa, or completely or incompletely 10-eelled by false
septa, the carpels not ribbed on the back. Seeds flattened, often lunate.
[Greek, referring to the medicinal qualities of some of the species.] About
70 species of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Linum catharti-
cum L.

Staminodia wanting. 1. C- Curtissii.

Staminodia present.

Androecium pubescent or ciliate.

Stem and leaves pubescent ; annual. 2. C. corallicola.

Stem and leaves glabrous.

Staminodia lanceolate ; capsules ovoid ; perennial. 3. C. 'bahamense.

Staminodia deltoid ; capsules spheroidal ; annual. 4. G. Bracei.

Androecium glabrous ; leaves ciliate ; perennial. 5. C. Ugnosum.

1. Cathartolinum Curtissii Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 72. 1907.

Linum Curtissii Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 424. 1905.

Annual; glabrous; stems solitary, 5 dm. high or less, simple or corymbosely
branched above. Leaves thickish, erect or ascending, the lower opposite or
alternate, oblanceolate or spatulate, 1.5 cm. long or less, the upper all alternate,
linear, acute or acuminate; bracts entire; outer sepals ovate, acute or acumi-
nate, 2.5-3 mm. long, usually with a few glandular teeth; inner sepals ovate,
rather broader than the outer, copiously glandular-toothed ; petals yellow ; stami-
nodia none; capsules subglobose, about 2.5 mm. thick.

Borders of brackish marshes and in palmetto-lands, New Providence : — Florida.
CURTISS' FLAX.

2. Cathartolinum coraUicola Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 74. 1907.

Annual; stem sparingly branched above, minutely hirsute, 2-4 dm. high.
Leaves oblong to linear, 6—12 mm. long, alternate or the lower opposite, distant,
rather thin, acute or acuminate, finely pubescent, glandular-ciliate ; bracts
lanceolate to subulate, closely glandular-ciliate; outer sepals oblong-ovate, 5
mm. long, glandular-toothed, pubescent, the inner similar, slightly broader and
shorter; filaments pubescent below the middle; staminodia deltoid, ciliate;
petals yellow; styles distinct; capsules ovoid, about 2 mm. long, much shorter
than the sepals.

Rocky pine-barrens, Andros, at Mastic Point. Endemic. ROCK FLAX.

3. Cathartolinum bahamense (Northrop) Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 75. 1907.

Linum bahamense Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 42. 1902.

Perennial, glabrous and glaucous; stems ridged, corymbosely branched
above, 6 dm. high or less, the branches ascending. Leaves approximate, erect
or ascending, linear to linear-lanceolate, thick, 5-12 mm. long, acute, pale green
on both sides; bracts lanceolate to subulate, glandular-toothed; outer sepals
ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long, acute or acuminate, glandular-toothed, the inner similar,
acuminate, slightly shorter; petals yellow; filaments pubescent below the
middle; staminodia lanceolate, ciliate; styles distinct; capsules ovoid, about
2 mm. long.

White-lands, pine-lands and borders of marshes, Abaco, Andros, New Provi-
dence and Eleuthera. Endemic. Recorded by Dolley as Linum virginicum L. BA-
HAMA FLAX.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 201

4. Cathartolinum Bracei Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 75. 1907.

Annual, pale green or glaucescent, glabrous; stem corymbosely branched
above, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, somewhat striate, the very slender branches ascending.
Leaves few and distant, ascending, rather thin, spatulate to linear-oblong, 6-14
mm. long, acute, entire, ciliate, only the lower opposite; bracts lanceolate,
glandular-toothed; outer sepals oval to ovate-oblong, acute, 3.5-4 mm. long,
glandular-toothed, the inner similar, slightly shorter; petals yellow; filaments
pubescent below the middle; staminodia deltoid, glabrous; styles distinct;
capsule depressed, about 2 mm. long.

White-lands and moist situations, Abaco and Great Bahama. Endemic.
BRACE'S FLAX.

5. Cathartolinum lignosum Small, N. A. Fl. 25: 75. 1907.

Apparently perennial; stem woody, branched, with long, prominently
striate branches, 3 dm. high. Leaves numerous, but not crowded, linear or nearly
so, 4-11 mm. long, sessile, acuminate, glandular-clliate ; outer sepals ovate,
3-3.5 mm. long, glandular-toothed, acuminate, the inner broader than the outer;
petals yellow; filaments and staminodia glabrous; styles distinct.

Scrub-lands under low bushes in partial openings, Great Bahama at Eight
Mile Rocks. Endemic. WOODY FLAX.

A species of Linum,, perhaps L. Lewisii Pursh, was collected by Mr. Brace in
foliage only on New Providence in 1916.

Family 4. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindl.
CALTROP FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs, or some tropical species trees, the branches often jointed
to the nodes. Leaves mostly opposite, stipulate, pinnate, or 2-3-foliolate,
the leaflets entire. Stipules persistent. Flowers perfect, axillary, pe-
duncled. Sepals usually 5, distin'ct, or united by their bases. Petals the
same number as the sepals, or none. Stamens as many as the petals, or
2-3 times as many, inserted on the base of the receptacle, the alternate ones
sometimes longer; anthers versatile, longitudinally dehiscent; filaments
usually with a small scale at the base or near the middle. Ovary 4-12-
celled; style terminal; stigma usually simple; ovules 1-numerous in each
cavity, pendulous or ascending. Fruits various, dry or quite fleshy.
About 20 genera and 160 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical
regions.

Trees or shrubs ; flowers blue or purple. 1. Guaiaoum.
Herbs ; flowers yellow.

Carpels spinose. 2. Tribulus.

Carpels tuberculate. 3. Kallstroemia.

1. GUAIACUM L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with hard resinous wood, the branches stout,
the nodes often swollen. Leaves opposite, petioled, abruptly pinnate, the
leaflets 2-several pairs, entire, inequilateral, reticulate-veined, the stipules
minute. Flowers clustered, peduncled, the peduncles subtended by minute
deciduous bracts. Sepals 4 or 5, somewhat united at the base. Petals 4 or 5,
blue or purple. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments filiform; anthers cordate or sagit-
tate. Ovary stalked, '2-5-lobed, 2-5-celled; style subulate; ovules 8-10 in each
cavity, anatropous. Fruit coriaceous, with 2-5 wing-like angles. Seeds ovoid

14

202 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.

or ellipsoid; embryo nearly straight. [From the aboriginal name.] About 8
species, natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Guaiacum
offlcinale L.

Petals tomentulose; fruit broadly obcordate ; leaflets mostly 4. 1. G. offlcinale.

Petals glabrous ; fruit broadly obovoid ; leaflets mostly 6-10. 2. G. sanctum.

1. Guaiacum officinale L. Sp. PI. 381. 1753.

A tree up to 10 m. high, the bark smooth and gray, the branches flexuous.
Leaves 3-9 cm. long; leaflets 4 or 6, mostly 4, oval to obovate, glabrous, 1-5
cm. long, rounded at the apex, sessile or nearly so, coriaceous at maturity;
stipules 1 mm. long, pubescent, caducous; flowers few or many, terminal, the
slender peduncles pubescent; sepals ovate to orbicular, 5-7 mm. long, tomentu-
lose on both sides; petals blue, narrowly obovate, about 12 mm. long, tomentu-
lose at the apex, rounded or mucronate; fruit usually 2-carpellary, broadly
obcordate, yellowish, 17-20 mm. long; seeds ellipsoid, the aril cream-colored.

Coppices and scrub-lands, South Caicos : — Cuba to St. Thomas and to Trinidad ;
Jamaica ; Panama to northern South America. LIGNUM VITAE.

2. Guaiacum sanctum L. Sp. PI. 382. 1753.

A tree, sometimes 10 m. high, the bark pale, the branches spreading or
pendulous. Leaves 4-10 cm. long; leaflets 4-10, oblong to obovate or oblanceo-
late, 2-3.5 cm. long, sessile, glabrous, coriaceous at maturity, usually apiculate
or mucronate; stipules about 3 mm. long, pubescent, usually caducous; flowers
solitary or several, on pubescent peduncles shorter than the leaves; sepals
obovate or oblong-obovate, 5-7 mm. long, pubescent; petals blue or purple,
broadly obovate, 7-11 mm. long, glabrous, rounded at the apex; fruit broadly
obovoid, yellow to orange, 14-17 mm. long; seeds ellipsoid, the aril scarlet.

Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the islands from Abaco and Great Ba-
hama to Watling's, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and North Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba
to Porto Rico ; Yucatan. LIGNUM VITAE.

2. THIBULUS L. Sp. PL 386. 1753.

Herbs, with evenly pinnate leaves and peduncled axillary yellow flowers.
Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, the alternate ones
somewhat longer. Ovary sessile, 5-lobed, 5-celled, hairy, the hairs erect; style
short; stigma 5-ridged; ovules 3-10 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit 5-angled,
spiny, splitting into 5, 3-5-seeded segments. [Greek, three-pronged, Caltrop,
from the resemblance of the fruit to that implement.] About 12 species, of
warm and tropical regions. Type species : Tribulus terrestris L.

1. Tribulus cistoides L. Sp. PI. 387. 1753.

Tribulus terrestris cistoides Oliver, Fl. Trop. Afr. 1: 284. 1868.

Perennial; roots thick, woody; stems diffuse, procumbent, 3-10 dm. long,
pubescent, becoming glabrate. Leaves 1-5 cm. long; leaflets 6-8 pairs,
obliquely oblong or elliptic, acutish or obtuse and mucronulate, 4—15 mm. long,
silky -pubescent beneath; stipules subulate, 5-8 mm. long; peduncles about as
long as the leaves or longer; sepals lanceolate, half as long as the petals;
petals yellow, about 2 cm. long; carpels tubercled, each with 2 stout divergent
spines and several scattered smaller ones.

Sandy waste places, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Georgia and
Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda ; Guadeloupe and Martinique ; Jamaica ; Panama
north to the islands off the California coast. LARGE YELLOW CALTROP. BUTTERCUP.

MALPIGHIACEAE. 203

3. KALLSTROEMIA Scop. Int. 212. 1777.

Mostly annual pubescent herbs, with opposite stipulate, evenly pinnate
leaves, and solitary axillary peduncled yellow flowers. Sepals usually 5. Petals
the same number, obovate or oblanceolate, deciduous. Stamens twice as many
as the petals. Ovary sessile, 10-12-eelled; ovule 1 in each cavity, pendulous;
style long, or short, 10-12-grooved, persistent; stigma mostly 10-12-ridged.
Fruit 10-12-lobed, not spiny, often tubercled, splitting into 10-12 1-seeded
segments. [In honor of Kallstroem.] About 20 species, widely distributed in
warm and tropical regions. Type species: Trilulus maximus L.

1. Kallstroemia maxima (L.) T. & G. PI. K A. 1: 213. 1838.
Tribulus maximus L. Sp. PI. 386. 1753.

Branches slender, prostrate, 1.5-4.5 dm. long. Leaves short-petioled;
stipules subulate; leaflets 3-5 pairs, oval or oblong, inequilateral, rounded or
subcordate at the base, 8-20 mm. long; peduncles slender, 1.2-5 cm. long in
fruit; flowers 2.5 cm. broad, or less; sepals linear-lanceolate, very pubescent,
persistent, shorter than the petals; fruit ovoid-conic, about 6 mm. in diameter,
about as long as the stout persistent style, the segments tubercled.

A weed in waste and cultivated soils, New Providence and Fortune Island : —
Georgia and Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to Colombia. GREATER CALTROP.

Family 5. MALPIGHIACEAE Vent.
MALPIGHIA FAMILY.

Shrubs, trees or woody vines, mostly with opposite leaves, and perfect
clustered, or sometimes solitary, nearly regular flowers. Calyx of 5, usu-
ally glandular sepals. Corolla of 5, usually clawed petals. Stamens 5 or
10; filaments united below, or distinct. Ovary sessile, mostly 3-carpellary ;
styles distinct or united; stigmas minute. Fruit various. About 60 gen-
era, including over 700 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions.

Fruit nut-like, winged, laterally attached to the pyramidal receptacle.
Mature carpels winged all around, the wings lobed, the

body crestless. 1. Triopteris.

Mature carpels winged dorsally, the wings entire, the body

crested. 2. Stigmaphyllon.

Fruit fleshy, wingless, basally attached to the flat or hollow

receptacle.
Styles distinct.

Inflorescence congested ; stigmas thick. 3. Malpighia.

Inflorescence elongated ; stigmas subulate. 4. Byrsonima.

Styles united. 5. Bunchosia.

1. TKIOPTERIS L. Sp. PI. 428. 1753.

Vines, glabrous or nearly so, twining or reclining, with opposite coriaceous,
mostly shining, short-petioled leaves, and small clustered flowers. Eeceptacle
pyramidal. Calyx 8-glandular, the broad sepals persistent. Petals 5, the
blades usually undulate. Stamens 10, all antherif erous j filaments subulate;
anthers very short. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 3, distinct, nearly equal. Samaras
3 together, each 3 -winged, Y-shaped, the two upper wings longer than the
lower one. [Greek, three wings.] About 4 species, natives of the West
Indies. Type species: Triopteris jamaicensis L.

204 MALPIGHIACEAE.

1. Triopteris jamaicensis L. Sp. PI. 428. 1753.

Banisteria microphylla Jacq. Obs. Bot. 3: 7. pi. 56. 1768.
Triopteris rigida Sw. Prodr. 75. 1788.

Triopteris lucida H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 167. pi. 451. 1822.
Triopteris havanensis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 168. 1822.
Triopteris parvifolia A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 13 : 266. 1840.

A slender vine, sometimes 10 m. long. Leaves various, linear to cuneate or
obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long, striate-veined, emarginate or mucronate at the apex,
mostly obtuse at the base; flowers racemose or paniculate; sepals ovate, 2-2.5
mm. long; petals violet, the larger ones 4-5 mm. long, the suborbicular or
ovate-orbicular blades undulate; samaras 12-26 mm. long, the upper wings
oblong, the lower one ovate.

Scrub-lands and pine-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Cat Island, Cave Cay, Watling's Island, Rum Cay, Acklin's Island, Fortune Island,
Crooked Island : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; ( ?) Jamaica. Apparently recorded by Schoepf
as Banisteria angulosa L. TRIOPTERIS.

2. STIGMAPHYLLON A. Juss. in A. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. 3: 48. 1833.

Woody vines, with opposite, coriaceous or membranous, petioled leaves, and
bright yellow flowers, in axillary peduncled umbel-like corymbs. Eeceptacle
pyramidal. Calyx 8-glandular; sepals persistent. Petals 5, their blades erose
or fimbriate. Stamens 10, only 6 of them antherif erous ; filaments unequal,
united at the base or up to the middle; anthers short. Ovary 3-lobed; styles 3,
distinct, unequal, sometimes foliaceous above. Samaras 2 or 3 together or
solitary, with a flat dorsal wing. [Greek, leafy stigma.] About 50 species,
natives of tropical America. Type species: Banisteria auriculata Cav.

1. Stigmaphyllon Sagraeanum A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 13: 290. 1840.

Stigmaphyllon reticulatum A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 13 : 290. 1840.
Stigmaphyllon Faustinum C. Wright; Sauv. Anales Acad. Habana 5: 244.
1868.

A rather stout vine up to 12 m. long, usually shorter. Leaves various,
oblong to linear, ovate, or obovate, coriaceous, 2-10 cm. long, usually mucro-
nate, glabrous or nearly so when old, strongly reticulate-veined beneath, rounded
or cordate at the base, short-petioled ; peduncles and pedicels sparingly pubes-
cent or glabrous; pedicels jointed at the base; sepals ovate, about 4 mm. long;
larger petals 10-12.5 mm. long; samaras 1.5-2.2 cm. long, the ventral edge of
the wing auricled at the base, the body one-third to one-half as long as the wing.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Andros, Long Island : — Cuba. SACRA'S STIGMA-

PHYLLOK.

3. MALPIGHIA L. Sp. PI. 425. 1753.

Shrubs or small trees, with opposite leaves usually bearing stinging hairs
beneath, the white pink or red flowers in axillary peduncled corymbs. Calyx
6-10-glandular, persistent. Petals 5, the blades undulate or fimbriate. Stamens
10, all antherif erous ; filaments united to the middle or below; anthers short,
often didymous. Ovary glabrous, 3-lobed; styles distinct; stigmas small.
Fruit a fleshy drupe, usually depressed-globose. [In honor of Marcello
Malpighi, 1628-1693, Italian botanist.] Over 30 species, of tropical and sub-
tropical America. Type species: Malpighia glabra, L.

MALPIGHIACEAE. 205

1. Malpighia polytricha A. Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 13 : 336. 1840.

A shrub, up to 3 m. high, usually much branched. Leaves oblong, oval or
obovate, subcoriaceous, 1.5-3 cm. long, rounded, truncate or retuse and usually
mucronulate at the apex, cuneate to subcordate at base, sinuate-dentate or
entire, reticulate-veined, glabrous above when mature, mostly pubescent with
stinging hairs beneath and on the margins, short-petioled ; cymes sessile or
nearly so, several-flowered; calyx 10-glandular ; sepals oblcng to ovate, about
3 mm. long; corolla pink to scarlet, the larger petals 8-10 mm. long; styles
unequal, hooked at the apex; drupe red, subglobose or globose-ovoid, 7-10 mm.
in diameter.

Scrub-lands, coppices and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco
and Andres to Caicos and Inagua. Endemic. Consists of many races, the leaf-
forms various and the stinging hairs abundant, few or none. Recorded by Dolley
and Hitchcock as M. setosa Spreng. ; also as such by Mrs. Northrop ; and by Hitch-
cock as M. punicifolia L. BAHAMA MALPIGHIA. TOUCH-ME-NOT. WILD-CHERRY.

4. BYBSONIMA Eich.; A. Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 18: 481. 1811.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite petioled or sessile leaves, the flowers in
terminal panicles or racemes. Calyx 10-glandular, or glandless, of 5 broad
persistent sepals. Petals 5, the blades suborbicular to reniform. Stamens 10,
all antherif erous ; filaments short, slightly united at the base. Ovary 3-lobed;
styles 3, slender; stigmas subulate. Drupes ovoid to globose. [Greek, tanning.]
About 100 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Mal-
pighia spicata Cav.

1. Byrsonima cuneata (Turcz.) P. Wilson, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 394. 1917.

Malpighia lucida Sw. Prodr. 74. 1788. Not Miller. 1768.

Byrsonima lucida DC. Prodr. 1: 580. 1824.

Malphighia cuneata Turcz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc. 311: 390. 1858.

Usually a shrub, 2.5 m. high or less, sometimes a small tree up to 8 m. high,
the twigs slender, mostly short. Leaves spatulate to obovate, rather thin in
texture, flat, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, glabrous, rounded or abruptly acute at the apex,
narrowed or cuneate at the base, reticulate-veined and shining above, dull
beneath, the petioles 2-5 mm. long; pedicels sparingly pubescent or glabrous;
sepals ovate or oblong, about 3 mm. long; petals white to red, the larger 5-7
mm. long; drupes globose, brown, 9-12 mm. in diameter.

Coastal coppices, borders of swamps and in wet places in pine-lands, Abaco,
Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Ele'uthera, Cat Island, Crooked Island,
Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Anegada and Bar-
badoes. LOCUST-BERRY. GUANA-BERRY. CANDLE-BERRY.

5. BUNCHOSIA Eich.; A. Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 18: 481. 1811.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite, usually coriaceous, petioled or nearly sessile
leaves, and yellow or wrhite flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 8-10-glandular,
the 5 sepals persistent. Petals 5, their broad blades undulate or toothed.
Stamens 10, all antherif erous ; filaments partly united, glabrous; anthers short.
Ovary 2-3-lobed; styles united; stigma 3-lobed or capitate. Drupe ovoid,
globose or reniform. [Said to be derived from an Arabic name for coffee.]
Thirty species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species:
Malpighia odorata Jacq.

206 KUTACEAE.

1. Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) DC. Prodr. 1: 581. 1824.

Malpighia glandulosa Cav. Diss. 8: 411. pi. 239. /. 2. 1789.

A shrub, or sometimes a tree up to 8 m. high. Leaves oblong to oblanceo-
late or elliptic-obovate, glabrous, 3-11 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex,
narrowed or acute at the base, bright-green, somewhat paler beneath than above,
the petioles 5-12 m. long; panicles often many, as long as the leaves or shorter;
pedicels finely pubescent when young, becoming glabrous; sepals oblong or
ovate-oblong, about 3 mm. long; petals yellow, the larger 6-7.5 mm. long, with
suborbicular, erose or denticulate blades; ovary and style glabrous; drupes
ovoid, red or orange, 2-lobed, 9-15 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Great Exuma, Watling's
Island : — Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; St. Thomas to Martinique ; Yucatan. BUNCHOSIA.

Family 6. RUTACEAE Juss.
RUE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with heavy-scented and glandular-punc-
tate foliage, mainly compound estipulate leaves, and perfect or polygamo-
dioecious flowers. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous
or perigynous. Stamens of the same number, or twice as many, distinct,
inserted on the receptacle ; anthers 2-celled, mostly versatile. Disk annular.
Pistils 1-5, distinct, or 1 and composed of 2-5 carpels, inserted on the
receptacle. Fruit various, a capsule, berry or samara. Seeds oblong or
reniform; endosperm generally fleshy, sometimes none. About 110 genera
and 950 species, most abundant in South Africa and Australia.

Fruit dry, capsular or samaroid ; stamens 3-5.

Fruit dehiscent, not winged ; flowers whitish or greenish. 1. Zanthoxylum.

Fruit indehiscent, winged ; flowers red or pinkish. 2. Spathelia.

Fruit pulpy, drupaceous; stamens 8 or 10. 3. Amyris.

1. ZANTHOXYLUM [Catesby] L, Sp. PI. 270. 1753.

Trees or shrubs with alternate pinnate leaves, the twigs and petioles
commonly prickly. Flowers axillary or terminal, eymose, whitish or greenish,
mostly small. Sepals 4 or 5, or none. Petals imbricated. Staminate flowers
with 4 or 5 hypogynous stamens. Pistillate flowers with 1-5 distinct pistils,
rarely with some stamens. Carpels 2-ovuled. Pods 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seeds
oblong, black and shining. [Greek, yellow-wood.] About 150 species, of tem-
perate and tropical regions. Type species: Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis L.

Petiole and rachis winged ; inflorescence lateral or axillary, short-

spicate. 1. z. Fagara.

Petiole and rachis wingless : inflorescence mostly terminal, panicu-
late or corymbose-paniculate.
Sepals, petals and stamens 3 ; leaflets obovate.

Ovary 3-carpellary. 2. Z. coriaceum.

Ovary 1-carpellary. 3. Z. cubense.

Sepals, petals and stamens 5, rarely 4 ; leaflets lanceolate to
ovate. 4. Z. flavum.

1. Zanthoxylum Fagara (L.) Sarg. Gard. & For. 3: 186. 1890.

Schinus Fagara L. Sp. PI. 389. 1753.

Fagara Pterota L. Syst. ed. 10, 897. 1759.

Fagara lentiscifolia H. & B.; Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol., 165. 1809.

Zanthoxylum Pterota H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6: 3. 1823.

Fagara Fagara Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 675. 1903.

EUTACEAE. 207

Usually a shrub, sometimes a small tree up to 10 m. in height, intricately
branched, the branches armed with hooked prickles, or occasionally unarmed,
the young twigs puberulent. Leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, odd-pinnate; leaflets
5-13* obovate to elliptic or suborbicular, 7-25 mm. long, rounded or emarginate
at the apex, mostly cuneate or narrowed at the base, crenulate, bright-green and
shining above, the petiole and rachis grooved and winged; inflorescence lateral,
axillary, short-spicate ; sepals 4, not more than 0.5 mm. long ; petals 4, yellowish-
green, 2-3 mm. long ; staminate flowers with 4 stamens, longer than the petals ;
pistillate flowers with a sessile ovary and slender styles; follicles globose, 3-4
mm. in diameter; seeds black, shining.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Elbow Cay, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, North Cat
Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera to Watling's, Great Guana Cay, Great
Exuma, Long Island, Acklln's and North Caicos : — Florida ; Texas ; Mexico ; Central
and South America ; West Indies. WILD LIME. SATIN-WOOD.

2. Zanthoxylum coriaceum A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 326. 1845.

Fagara coriacea Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 21 : 591. 1896.

A prickly aromatic shrub or small tree up to 7 m. high, the old wood
bearing many corky conic cushions. Leaves 2 dm. long or less, glabrous,
mostly evenly pinnate; leaflets 4-13, obovate or oblong-obovate, 2-6.5 cm. long,
obtuse, emarginate or bluntly acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the
base, dark-green and shining above, pale-green and often prickly beneath ; cymes
terminal, rarely axillary ; flowers yellowish-white ; sepals, petals and stamens 3 ;
ovary 3-carpellary; petals of the pistillate flowers about 4 mm. long, a little
larger than those of the staminate; follicles subglobose to ellipsoid, 5-6 mm.
long, apiculate, brown, rough ; seeds 1 in each follicle, subglobose, black, shining,
3-4 mm. long.

Coppices or sometimes in the white-lands, throughout the archipelago from
Abaco and Great Bahama to North Bimini, Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ;
Grand Cayman and Hispaniola. Referred by Dolley and Hitchcock to Zanthoxylum
emarginatum Sw. HERCULES' CLUB. DOCTOR'S CLUB.

3. Zanthoxylum cubense P. Wilson, Torreya 9: 32. 1909.

Zanthoxylum juglandifolium A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 332. 1845. Not
Willd. 1806.

A prickly glabrous shrub or tree up to 13 m. high. Leaves odd-pinnate;
leaflets 3-9, obovate, 5-8 cm. long, obtuse, short-acuminate, or emarginate at
the apex, narrowed at the base, shining above, rather dull beneath ; inflorescence
terminal, paniculate ; sepals, petals and stamens 3 ; petals about 1.6 mm. long,
4-5 times as long as the calyx; ovary 1-carpellary; follicles solitary, sessile,
globose, apiculate, about 4 mm. in diameter.

Coppices and pine-lands, near Deep Creek, Andros : — Cuba. CUBAN YEILLOW-
WOOD.

4. Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl, Eclog. 3: 48. 1807.

Xanthoxylon cribrosum Spreng. Syst. 1 : 946. 1825.
Fagara flava Krug. & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 21 : 571. 1896.

An unarmed tree, reaching a maximum height of about 12 m. with a trunk
about 5 dm. in diameter, usually smaller, sometimes shrubby, the light grey
bark nearly smooth, the twigs finely stellate-pubescent when young, soon gla-
brous. Leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, odd-pinnate, finely stellate-canescent when
young; leaflets 3-11, mostly 5 or 7, subcoriaceous, ovate or lanceolate to elliptic,
very nearly sessile, obtuse or acutish at the apex, mostly rounded at the base,
crenate or nearly entire, pellucid-punctate; panicles terminal, many-flowered,
5-15 cm. long; pedicels and rachis stellate-canescent; calyx about 1.5 mm.
broad; petals 2.5-4 mm. long; staminate flowers with 5, rarely 4 stamens about

208 KUTACEAE.

as long as the petals; pistillate flowers with a glandular-punctate ovary and
short styles; follicles obovoid, 5-9 mm. long; seeds black, shining, 4-5 mm. long1.

White-lands and low coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Grand Turk and Ambergris Cay, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Ber-
muda ; Florida ; Cuban Cays ; Jamaica, Santo Domingo to St. Lucia. Referred by
Dolley to Zanthoxylum fraxineum Willd. YELLOW-WOOD. SATIN-WOOD.

The occurrence of Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis L. in the Bahamas as
recorded by Dolley is extremely doubtful; both Z. coriaceum and Caesalpinia
bahamensis are locally known through the archipelago as ' ' Hercules ' Club. ' '

2. SPATHELIA L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 386. 1762.

Trees, with slender unbranched trunks, the leaf-scars long-persistent, the
pinnate leaves tufted at the summit, the polygamous flowers in large terminal
erect panicles. Leaflets pellucid-punctate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricated.
Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary 3-celled, 3-angled; stigma 3-
lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit dry, 3-celled, 3-winged, each cavity con-
taining one seed. Endosperm fleshy; radicle straight. [Greek, staff -like.]
About 5 species, natives of the West Indies. The trees die after once flowering
and fruiting. Type species : Spathelia simplex L.

1. Spathelia vernicosa Planch, in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 5: 581. 1846.

Trunk 3-5 m. high, 5-8 cm. in diameter. Leaves several, 1.5-4.5 dm. long,
the rachis narrowly wing-margined; leaflets 25-35, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 1-5
cm. long, subsessile, obtuse at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base,
glabrous, dark-green above, paler beneath, shining on both sides, coarsely
crenulate with gland-tipped teeth; panicle 9 dm. long or less; pedicels 3-8 mm.
long; flowers red; sepals oblong, 4-5 mm. long; petals oblong-obovate, 5-6 mm.
long; filaments with wing-like appendages at the base; fruit 10-13 mm. long,
7-10 mm. wide, the triangular body narrowly winged; seeds angled.

Rocky scrub-lands, Cat Island : — Cuba. Low SPATHELIA.

3. AMYEIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 996, 1000. 1759.

Shrubs or trees, with compound (sometimes unifoliolate), petioled leaves,
and small white perfect flowers in terminal and axillary corymbiform panicles,
the pedicels 2-bracteolate. Calyx urn-shaped, 4-5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Sta-
mens twice as many as the petals, borne on the disk ; filaments filiform ; anthers
longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2, pendulous; style short or
none; stigma capitate or flat. Fruit a small drupe. Seed-coat membranous;
cotyledons thick, fleshy. [Greek, much balsam.] About 15 species, natives of
tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Amyris balsamifera L.

1. Amyris elemifera L. Syst. ed. 10, 1000. 1759.
Amyris maritima Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760.

A shrub or tree, sometimes 17 m. high, glabrous or the young twigs and
inflorescence hispidulous. Leaves opposite, or mostly so; leaflets 3 or 5, cori-
aceous, lanceolate to ovate or rhombic-ovate, 2-7 cm. long, acute, acuminate or
rounded at the apex, cuneate, rounded or subtruncate at the base, crenulate or
entire, short-stalked; panicles several-many-flowered; calyx-lobes ovate; petals

SIMAROUBACEAE. 209

obovate or oval, 2-3.5 mm. long; ovary glabrous; stigma sessile; drupe globose
to ellipsoid, black, 5-8 mm. long, glaucous.

Coastal thickets and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and
Great Bahama to Caicos and Inagua : — Florida : West Indies and Central America.
Referred by Dolley to Amyris sylvatica Jacq. TORCHWOOD. WHITE TORCH.
Catesby, 2: pi. 33.

Amyris l)ijuga of Schoepf is listed by him as a name only and not identified ;
his record of A. sylvatica has not been substantiated.

The Glycosmis pentaphylla recorded by D'olley, is Amyris elemifera L.
according to the specimen collected by Brace.

Family 7. SURIANACEAE Lindl.

BAY CEDAR FAMILY.
The family consists only of the following genus.

1. SUHIANA L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753.

A branching shrub or small tree, with simple alternate entire leaves, the
perfect flowers in terminal clusters or solitary. Calyx of 5 persistent sepals.
Corolla of 5 imbricated petals. Stamens 10; filaments nearly distinct, those
opposite the petals shorter than the others. Disk adnate to the base of the
calyx, or obsolete. Carpels 5, distinct; ovules 2, collateral, ascending; styles
5, lateral, filiform; stigmas capitate. Fruits achene-like. Embryo thick, horse-
shoe-shaped. [Named for Joseph Donat Surian, of Marseilles.] A monotypic
genus.

1. Suriana maritima L. Sp. PI. 284. 1753.

Usually a shrub 2 m. high or less, sometimes a small tree up to 8 m. high,
the twigs densely leafy, and densely pubescent. Leaves linear-spatulate, 1—4
cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rather fleshy, sessile, densely pubescent, obtuse;
flowers few, in short clus'ters; sepals lanceolate to ovate, 6-10 mm. long, acumi-
nate; petals obovate, yellow, 7-9 mm. long, erose near the apex; fruiting car-
pels 4-5 mm. long, finely pubescent.

Maritime sands and rocks, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Sand Cay (Grand Turk), Inagua, the Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal: —
Bermuda; Florida; the West Indies; shores of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean
Sea ; Old World tropical coasts. BAY CEDAR. TASSEL PLANT.

Family 8. SIMAROUBACEAE DC.
QUASSIA FAMILY.

Trees and shrubs, the bark usually bitter and containing oil-sacs, with
pinnate (rarely simple), mostly alternate leaves and small, dioecious or
polygamous, panicled racemose, or sometimes solitary, axillary flowers.
Calyx of 3-7 sepals. Corolla of as many petals, or wanting. Stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals, rarely more numerous. Carpels 2-5,
distinct or united; styles distinct, united or none; ovules mostly 1 or 2 in
each cavity. Fruit various, usually 1-seeded. About 30 genera, compris-
ing some 150 species, mostly tropical, a few in the temperate zones.

210 SIMAEOUBACEAE.

Fruit drupaceous or baccate ; petals usually present.

Leaves 5-9-foliolate ; carpels 2-ovuled. 3. Picramnia.

Leaves 9-21-foliolate ; carpels 1-ovuled. 2. Simarouba.

Fruit saruaroid ; leaves 19-51-foliolate ; petals none. 3. Alvaradoa.

1. PICRAMNIA Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 217. 1797.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, unequally pinnate leaves, and small dioe-
cious flowers in narrow panicles. Sepals 3-5, slightly united at the base.
Petals 3-5, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 3-5, in the pistillate flowers repre-
sented by small staminodia; filaments slender, unappendaged ; anthers broad.
Ovary 2-3-celled, sessile; stigmas 2 or 3, spreading; ovules 2 in each cavity,
pendulous. Fruit baccate, globose to oblong or obovoid, the pulp juicy.
[Greek, bitter shrub.] Some thirty species, of tropical and subtropical
America. Type species: Picramnia Antidesma Sw.

1. Picramnia pentandra Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 220. 1797.

A shrub, or a small tree up to 10 m. high, the young twigs and leaves
finely appressed-pubescent. Leaflets 5-9, chartaceous, oblong to ovate or
lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acute, acuminate, or obtuse at the apex, narrowed
at the base, shining above, becoming glabrous on both sides, the petiolules
short; panicles slender, loosely branched, 7-15 cm. long; sepals 5, ovate, acute,
about 2 mm. long; petals linear-lanceolate, about as long as the sepals; stamens
5; berries globose to oblong or obovoid, red or scarlet, 9-15 mm. long.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Atwood Cay, Acklin's. Long Island, Mariguana
and North Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba to Trinidad. BITTEH BUSH. SNAKE-BOOT.

2. SEMAROUBA Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 859. 1775.

Shrubs or trees, usually with bitter bark, the leaves alternate, pinnate, the
leaflets entire, the small, terminal or axillary panicled flowers monoecious or
dioecious. Sepals 4-6, partly united. Petals 4-6, much longer than the calyx.
Stamens 8-12, often represented by dilated staminodia in the pistillate flowers;
filaments subulate, appendaged at the base; anthers narrow. Ovary sessile,
usually 5-celled; carpels distinct. Fruit drupaceous. [Guiana name.] About
5 species of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Simarouba amara
Aubl.

1. Simarouba glauca DC. Ann. Mus. Paris 17: 424. 1811.

Quassia Simaruba W. Wright, Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin. 2: 73. 1790. NotL.

f. 1781.

Simaruba amara Hayne, Arzneipfl. 9. pi. 15. 1825. Not Aubl. 1775.
Simaruba officinalis Macf. Fl. Jam. 1: 198. 1837. Not DC. 1811.
Simarouba medicinalis Endl. Medic. Pfl. 528. 1842.
Simaruba officinalis forma glabra Krug & Urban, in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 15 :

305. 1893.

A tree, up to 16 m. high, or shrubby, the rather stout nearly terete twigs
glabrous, the bark red-brown. Leaves 2-4 dm. long, unequally pinnate ; leaflets
7-21, oblong or oblong-obovate, 5-11 cm. long, rounded, retuse or abruptly
pointed at the apex, cuneate at the base, glabrous, or with short spreading
hairs beneath, bright green above, pale and more or less glaucous beneath, the
petiolules very short; panicle 1-4 dm. long, widely branched, the staminate
flowers more numerous than the pistillate; flowers short-pedicelled ; sepals ovate

BURSERACEAE. 211

to triangular-ovate, ciliolate; petals oblong to ovate, 4-6 mm. long; drupe oval,
14-20 mm. long, scarlet to dark-purple.

Coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ;
Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; Mexico to Panama. PARADISE-TREE.

3. ALVARADOA Liebm. Kjob. Vidensk. Meddel. 1853: 100. 1854.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate, unequally pinnate leaves clustered
near the ends of the slender branches, the leaflets small and numerous, the
small dioecious flowers in narrow, spreading or drooping racemes. Sepals 5,
short, slightly united at the base. Petals none. Stamens 5, exserted; filaments
filiform, pubescent; anthers short. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 in each
cavity; styles 2 or 3, recurved; stigmas very small. Fruit a 2-3-winged
samara. [Commemorates Petro de Alvarado, a Mexican explorer.] Five or
six species, of Florida, the West Indies, Central and South America, the fol-
lowing typical.

1. Alvaradoa amorphoides Liebm. Kjob. Vidensk. Meddel. 1853: 100. 1854.

A shrub or small tree up to 10 m. high, the twigs puberulent. Leaves 1-2
dm. long, the rachis very slender and flexible; leaflets 19-51, thin, 0.5-2.5 cm.
long, the lower orbicular to obovate, the upper ovate to oblong, all rounded or
retuse at the apex, dark-green and glabrous above, finely appressed-pubescent
beneath, the petiolules short; sepals ovate to ovate-orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long,
obtuse or acutish; samaras lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1—1.5 cm. long, nar-
rowed to the

Scrub-lands, coppices and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma
and Cat Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Mexico. ALVARADOA.

Family 9. BURSERACEAE Kunth.
GUMBO-LIMBO FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, mostly resiniferous or aromatic, with alternate, mostly
pinnate, deciduous leaves, and small regular perfect or polygamo-dioe-
cious flowers, usually panicled. Sepals 3-5, somewhat united below. Petals
as many as the sepals and alternating with them. Stamens twice as many
as the petals; filaments distinct, short; anthers 2-celled. Ovary superior,
mostly 3-5-celled; ovules normally 2 in each cavity, pendulous; style
usually very short; stigma broad. Fruit drupaceous. Seed-coat mem-
branous; endosperm none. About 20 genera and over 300 species, mostly
of tropical distribution.

1. ELAPHRIUM Jacq. Enum. 3. 1760.
[TEREBINTHUS P. Br. Hist. Jam. 345. 1756. Not Miller 1754.]

Leaves various, compound or simple. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers
polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4-5-lobed, .the lobes spreading. Petals 4 or 5, ovate
to oblong, much larger than the calyx-lobes, imbricated in the bud, inserted at
the base of the disk. Stamens 8 or 10, distinct, inserted with the petals. Disk
an entire ring. Ovary sessile, 3-celled. Fruit a globose or 3-angled drupe, the

212 MELIACEAE.

epicarp splitting into 2 or 3 coriaceous valves, the bony stone enclosed in fleshy
pulp. [Greek, light, the wood is light in weight.] About 80 species, of trop-
ical and subtropical America. Type species: Elaphrium tomentosum Jacq.

Leaflets narrow, oblong to oblanceolate ; angles of seed 4, keeled. 1. E. inaguense.
Leaflets broad, oval to obovate, acute ; angels of seed 1-3, acute. 2. 17. 8imarul>a.

1. Elaphrium inaguense (Britton) Rose, N". A Fl. 25: 245. 1911.

Bursera inaguensis Britton, Bull. N". Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 443. 1905.
Terebinthus inaguensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35 : 342. 1908.

A shrub or small tree, 3.3 m. high or less, the twigs gray, the foliage
glabrous. Petiole slender, terete, 2-5 cm. long; leaflets 3-7, thin but firm, light
green on both sides, not strongly veined, oblong to oblanceolate or obovate,
acute or obtuse at the mucronate apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 6 cm.
long or less, 1-2 cm. wide, the upper surface faintly shining, the under side
dull; lateral leaflets sessile or with petiolules 1-2 mm. long, the terminal one
with a petiolule 3-8 mm. long; panicles several, axillary, as long as the leaves
or shorter, the slender peduncles 1-6 cm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; calyx-
lobes broadly triangular, acute; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2.5 mm. long;
fruit 6-8 mm. long, only one cavity seed-bearing; seed 4-6 mm. long, acute,
short-stipitate.

Scrublands, Eleuthera, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Am-
bergris Cay, Inagua and Little Inagua : — northern Cuban Cays. Referred by Hitch-
cock to Bursera angustata C. Wright. BAHAMA ELAPHRIUM.

2. Elaphrium Simaruba (L.) Rose, N. A. Fl. 25: 246. 1911.

Pistacia Simarula L. Sp. PI. 1026. 1753.
Bursera gummifera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 471. 1762.
Bursera gummifera glabrata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 173. 1859.
Bursera gummifera pubescens Engler, in DC. Mon. Phan. 4: 40. 1883.
Bursera Simarula Sarg. Gard. & For. 3: '260. 1890.

Terebinthus Simarula W. F. Wight; Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10:
122. 1906.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 20 m. with a trunk up to 1 m.
in diameter, usually much smaller, the branches spreading, the thick red-brown,
smooth and shining bark peeling off in thin layers. Leaves glabrous or some-
times pubescent, petioled, 1-2 dm. long; leaflets 3-7, ovate to obovate. firm in
texture, 3-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate; racemes glabrous or pubescent, 5-10
crn. long; pedicels 4-8 mm. long; calyx-lobes about 1 mm. long; petals green-
ish, 2-2.5 mm. long, ovate to oblong-lanceolate; drupes oblong, 3-angled, 5-10
mm. long, splitting into 3 valves ; seed white.

Coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Turk's
Islands, Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico and tropical
continental America. GUMBO-LIMBO, WTEST INDIAN BIRCH, GUM-ELEMI. Catesby, 1 :
pi. 30.

Hedwigia lalsamifera Sw., reported by Dolley, has not been found in the
Bahamas by any of our collectors; the record is probably erroneous.

Family 10. MELIACEAE Vent.
MAHOGANY FAMILY.

Shrubs, trees, or sometimes shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, without
stipules, pinnately compound, sometimes thrice pinnate. Inflorescence

MELIACEAE. 213

paniculate. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, regular. Calyx of
3-5, distinct or partly united valvate sepals. Corolla of 3-5 distinct or some-
what united petals which are sometimes adnate to the stamen-tube.
Stamens 8-10, or rarely fewer or more, inserted at the base of the disk;
filaments united into a tube; anthers sessile or stalked. Carpels 3-5,
united ; ovary 3-5-celled, free ; styles united. Ovules 2-many in each cavity,
anatropous. Fruit a berry, capsule or drupe. Seeds sometimes winged;
endosperm wanting or fleshy; embryo with leafy cotyledons. About 50
genera, including some 700 species, mostly tropical.

Leaflets membranous, serrate to incised ; fruit a drupe ; seeds wing-
less. 1. Helia.
Leaflets chartaceous, entire ; fruit a woody capsule ; seeds winged. 2. Swietenia.

i

1. MELIA L. Sp. PI. 384. 1753.

Trees, with alternate, pinnate or pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets
stalked and serrate, the showy white to purple flowers numerous, in large
axillary panicles. Calyx 5-6-parted, the lobes imbricated. Petals as many as
the calyx-lobes, narrowly spatulate, spreading. Stamen-tube nearly cylindric,
dilated and cleft above, bearing 10 or 12 erect anthers. Disk annular. Ovary
3-6-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; style slender; stigma 2-6-lobed or capitate.
Fruit a small drupe, its stone 1-5-celled, with 1 seed in each cell. [A Greek
name of the Ash.] About 25 Asiatic species, the following typical.

1. Melia Azedarach L. Sp. PL 384. 1753.
Melia sempervirens Sw. Prodr. 67. 1788.

A tree, sometimes 20 m. high, with a trunk up to 2 m. in diameter, usually
much smaller, the bark furrowed, the branches spreading. Leaves bipinnate,
petioled, glabrous, or nearly so, 2-4 dm. long, deciduous; leaflets numerous,
ovate to elliptic, thin, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
3-7 cm. long, sharply serrate and sometimes lobed; panicles peduncled 2-3 dm.
long; pedicels slender, 4-10 mm. long; sepals acute, about 2 mm. long; petals
purplish, oblong, obtuse, about 10 mm. long; drupes yellow, globose, smooth,
1.5-2 cm. in diameter.

Waste and scrub-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, Eleuthera, Cat Island
and Inagua : — southeastern United States ; Bermuda ; West Indies ; Mexico and trop-
ical America generally ; native of southeastern Asia. PRIDE-OF-INDIA.

2. SWIETENIA Jacq. Enuxn. 4, 20. 1760.

Large evergreen trees, with, hard reddish brown wood, and pinnate leaves
with opposite acuminate leaflets, the small flowers in terminal and axillary
panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, its lobes imbricated. Petals 5, spreading. Filaments
united into an urn-shaped, 10-toothecl tube; anthers 10. Disk annular. Ovary
ovoid, 5-celled; stigma discoid, 5-rayed; ovules many, pendulous on the axis.
Capsule large, woody, 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved. Seeds many, imbricated in
2 series. [Named for Gerard von Swieten, 1700-1772.] Three known species,
two of tropical and subtropical America, one African, the following typical.

1. Swietenia Mahagoni Jacq. Enum. 20. 1760.

A large tree, sometimes 25 m. high with a trunk 4 m. in diameter, buttressed
at the base, the reddish bark scaly, the branches spreading, the angular twigs

214 POLYGALACEAE.

smooth. Leaves evenly pinnate, 1-2 dm. long, the slender petiole enlarged at the
base; leaflets 4-8, coriaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, inequilateral, 3-8 cm.
long, dark-green, glabrous and shining above, paler green and glabrous or
sparingly pubescent beneath; panicles axillary, 6-15 cm. long; calyx-lobes
rounded; petals white, spreading, about 4 mm. long; stamen-tube glabrous;
ovary ovoid; style erect; stigma 5-rayed; capsule ovoid, woody, 6-12 cm. long,
splitting from the base into 5 thick valves, the 5-winged axis persistent; seeds
about 18 mm. long, the wing obtuse.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Lignum Vitae Cay, Andros, New
Providence, Great Guana Cay, Exuma, Long Island, Eleuthera to Watling's, Acklin's,
Crooked Island, Mariguana, the Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico
to Peru. MAHOGANY. MADEIRA. Catesby, 2 : pi. 81.

Cedrela odorata L., recorded by Dolley from the Bahamas, is unknown by
us from any island or cay in the archipelago. It may have been planted.

Family 11. POLYGALACEAE Rchb.
MILKWORT FAMILY.

Herbs, rarely shrubs or small trees in tropical regions. Stipules none.
Pedicels generally 2-bracted at the base. Flowers perfect, irregular.
Sepals 5, the two lateral inner ones (wings) large, colored, the others
smaller. Petals 3 (or 5), hypogynous, more or less united into a tube,
the lower one often crested. Stamens generally 8, united in 1 or 2 sets.
Ovary 2-celled; style simple; stigma curved, dilated or lobed; ovules 1 in
each cavity, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular. Seeds generally ca-
runcled; embryo straight. About 10 genera and 1000 species, widely dis-
tributed.

Wings much larger than the other sepals and petaloid ; lateral petals partially
adnate to the androecium ; the Bahama species herbs. 1. Polygala.

Wings somewhat larger than the other sepals, not petaloid ; lateral

petals coherent to the androecium at the base ; shrubs or trees. 2. Badiera.

1. POLYGALA L. Sp. PI. 701. 1753.

Herbs or shrubs. Flowers racemose, spicate or capitate, rarely solitary and
axillary, sometimes also cleistogamous and subterranean. Sepals very unequal,
the two lateral ones (wings) large and petaloid. Petals 3, united in/to a tube
which is split on the back, and more or less adnate to the stamens. Stamens 8
or 6, monadelphous below, or diadelphous ; capsule membranous, compressed,
dehiscent along the margin. Seeds 1 in each cavity, generally hairy. [Greek,
much milk.] A genus of about 450 species, of wide distribution. Type species:
Polygala vulgaris L. The following descriptions were contributed by Dr. J. K.
Small.

The two lower sepals wholly or partly united.

Sepals with marginal stipitate glands. 1. P. bahamensis.

Sepals glandless. 2. P. Krugil.

Sepals distinct.

Racemes sessile or nearly so, permanently short ; sepals with

marginal glands ; bracts persistent. 3. P. spathulata.

Racemes long-peduncled, elongate or elongating ; sepals with-
out marginal glands ; bracts deciduous..
Racemes slender, interrupted in anthesis ; stems slender,

wiry ; capsules suborbicular ; seeds oblong-ovoid. 4. P. Wightiana.

Racemes stout, not interrupted ; stems stout, fleshy ; cap-
sules oblong-obovoid ; seeds broadly clavate. 5. P. Wilsoni.

POLYGALACEAE. 215

1. Polygala bahamensis Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 47: 64. 1916.

Plant annual with slender roots. Stems erect, 1-4 dm. tall, branched above,
and sometimes branched from near the base, the branches glabrous or nearly
so; leaves glabrous at maturity, the blades various, those of the lower leaves
narrowly obovate to oblong-obovate, those of the upper leaves oblong to linear,
1.5-3.5 cm. long, longer than the lower ones, obtuse or acute, all short-petioled,
the midrib prominent beneath; racemes loosely flowered; sepals about 1.5-2
mm. long, the upper one ovate, ciliate, and with gland-tipped hairs; wings 3-4
mm. long, the blades orbicular-flabellate, several-veined, short-clawed, greenish
and purple-tinged; keel about 3 mm. long or rarely larger; petals 2.5-3 mm.
long, the blades orbicular-obovate ; capsules oval or oval-orbicular, 3-3.5 mm.
long, glabrous; seed-body with spreading or reflexed-spreading hairs.

Pine-land, borders of marshes, and roadsides, Great Bahama, New Providence,
Andros. Endemic. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to P. brizoides St. Hil., and by
Small (Fl. Miami 102) to P. corallicola Small, of Florida. Perhaps not distinct
from the next following species.

2. Polygala Krugii Chodat, Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve 3P: 63. 1893

Plant annual with slender root. Stems erect, 3-6 dm. tall, sparingly
branched, especially above, the branches glabrous; leaves glabrous, the blades
various, those of the lower leaves oblong-obovate to narrowly oblong, those of
the upper ones narrowly oblong, oblong-elliptic to almost linear, or rarely
somewhat broadened upward, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, longer than the lower ones, all
obtuse or acutish, short-petioled, the midrib and lateral veins prominent beneath
when dry; racemes very loosely flowered; sepals about 1.5 mm. long, the upper
one ovate, ciliate especially near the apex and glandless; wings 3.5-4 mm.
long, the blades depressed-orbicular, rounded, few-veined, purple-tinged, short-
clawed; keel 4.5-5 inm. long; petals about 3 mm. long, the blades flabellate;
capsules oval or nearly so, about 3.5 mm. long, glabrous; seed-body about 1.5
mm. long, with spreading hairs.

Scrub-lands, pine-lands, and savannas, Great Bahama, New Providence, Andros.
Endemic. KKUG'S POLYGALA.

3. Polygala spathulata Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 13. 1866.

Plant perennial or sometimes annual, deep-green, glabrous. Stems slender,
usually several or many from a woody base, spreading, 0.3-2.8 dm. long; leaves
numerous, whorled in 4's, the blades cuneate to obovate or somewhat spatulate,
sometimes nearly as wide as long, 7-9 mm. long or rarely longer, abruptly
pointed, entire or obscurely toothed, obscurely punctate, glabrous, sessile or
nearly so; racemes few-flowered, rather slender, permanently short, the bracts
persistent, ovate, about 0.5 mm. long; pedicels about as long as the bracts,
deciduous; flowers spreading; sepals bright-green, the upper one ovate or oval-
ovate, the lower ones ovate, glandular-ciliate, all about 1 mm. long; wings fully
2.5 mm. long, the blade obovate1 or oblong-obovate, acute or acutish, whitish
with green veins, short-clawed; corolla about 2 mm. long, the petals broad,
united to above the middle, often erose; capsules oblong, fully 2 mm. long,
nearly as long as the wings or shorter; seeds narrowly oblong-ovoid, less than
2 mm. long, with spreading or reflexed hairs, the aril-lobes much more than $ as
long as the seed-body.

Rocks, pine-lands, palm-lands, and borders of coppices, Great Bahama, New Provi-
dence, Andros, Great Exuma : — Cuba. SPATULATE-LEAVED POLYGALA.

4. Polygala Wightiana Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 47: 87. 1916.

Plant annual, not fleshy, slender, glabrous, dark-green. Stems solitary or
several together arising from a slender root, simple above or sparingly branched,
the branches very slender; leaves few, whorled at the principal nodes, occa-

216 POLYGALACEAE.

sionally opposite or alternate, the blades oblanceolate to spathulate, acute, or
those of the upper leaves linear or nearly so, 1-1.5 cm. long, longer than those
of the lower leaves, acute; racemes slender, spike-like, elongate in age, acute
at the apex, the bracts caducous, and the pedicels deciduous at maturity;
pedicels about 0.5 mm. long; flowers spreading or ascending; sepals pale-green
and scarious-margined, the upper one broadly ovate, the lower ones narrowly
ovate, all 1 mm. long or less; wings about 1.5 mm. long, the blade oval, short-
clawed, the center greenish, the margins whitish; corolla about 1.5 mm. long,
the petals very broad, united at the base, obtuse; capsules suborbicular, 1.5-2
mm. long, as long as the wings or slightly longer; seeds oblong-ovoid, about 1.5
mm. long, covered with short spreading hairs, the caruncle less than 1 the
length of the body.

Swampy grounds, marly shores, and limestone rocks, New Providence, Andros,
Acklin's Island, Crooked Island and Mariguana. Endemic. WIGHT'S POLYGALA.

5. Polygala Wilsoni Small, sp. nov.

Plant annual, fleshy, stout, glabrous, bright-green. Stems usually several
or many together arising from the top of the stout root, simple or occasionally
branched, usually near the base or near the inflorescence; leaves numerous,
whorled on the lower part of the stem, alternate above, the blades of the lower
leaves cuneate or obovate, obtuse, mucronate or apiculate, those of the upper
leaves spatulate, oblong or linear, mostly 1-2 cm. long, longer than those of
the lower leaves, minutely spine-tipped; racemes stout, greatly elongate in age,
acute at the apex, the bracts fugacious and the mature pedicels deciduous
from the rachis ; pedicels about 1 mm. long ; flowers not drooping ; sepals bright
green, the upper one ovate, the lower ones lanceolate, all less than 2 mm. long;
wings about 3 mm. long, the blade oval or obovate, short-clawed, the center
greenish-yellow, the margins white; corolla about 2.5 mm. long, the petals very
broad, united to near the apex, rounded; capsules oblong-ovoid, 4-5 mm. long,
much surpassing the wings; seeds broadly clavate, about 3 mm. long, covered
with spreading hairs, the caruncle less than one half the length of the body.

Type collected on the Anguilla Isles, Salt Key Bank, Bahamas, May, 1909,
Wilson 8030. Related to Polygala praetervisa Chodat ; differing in the very fleshy
foliage, the relatively larger parts throughput, the narrower upper sepal, and the
capsule, which is long-exserted beyond the wings. WILSON'S POLYGALA.

2. BADIERA DC. Prodr. 1: 334. 1824.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, with alternate entire subcoriaceous leaves, and
small or minute greenish or white flowers in short axillary racemes. Sepals dis-
tinct, nealy equal, the two inner (wings) somewhat larger than the others, but
not petal-like. Petals 3, the upper ones about twice as long as the wings,
adnate to the stamen-tube at the base. Stamens 8, the filaments united into a
tube. Ovary 2-celled, often pubescent. Capsule 2-celled, but one of the cells
often abortive, coriaceous, margined, compressed. Seeds pubescent or nearly
glabrous. [Dedicated to Badier, an early French botanical collector.] About
10 species, of the West Indies. Type species: Polygala diversifolia L.

1. Badiera oblongata Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 314. 1907.
Polygala ollongata Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 47: 13. 1916.

A shrub, 1.5 m. high, or less, with long slender appressed-puberulent
branches. Leaves coriaceous, dull, 1.7-3 cm. long, 0.8-1.8 cm. wide, oblong or
obovate-oblong, somewhat revolute-margined in drying, the midvein rather
prominent, the lateral veins few and inconspicuous, sparingly pubescent with

POLYGALACEAE.

217

short appressed hairs on both sides when young, becoming glabrous or nearly
so when old, rather bright-green above, pale-green beneath, acute at the base,
obtuse or emarginate at the apex, the pubescent petioles about 2 mm. long;
flowers clustered in the axils, puberulent, on pedicels 2 mm. long or less; ex-
terior sepals about 0.7 mm. long, suborbicular, green; corolla white, about 2.5
mm. long; carina unguiculate, obtuse; capsule nearly triangular, shallowly
emarginate, about 8 mm. long and wide, subacute at the base.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence ; Cat Island ; Acklin's Island ;
Crooked Island ; Watling's Island ; North Caicos ; Providenciales : — Cuba. Re-
corded by Dolley as Badiera dominyensis Jacq. OBLOKG-LEAVED BADIEEA.

Family 12. EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. Hil.
SPURGE FAMILY.

Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs or trees, with acrid often milky
sap. Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate. Flowers sometimes much
reduced and subtended by an involucre which resembles a calyx (Euphor-
biae), the number of parts in the floral whorls often differing in the stam-
inate and pistillate flowers. Ovary usually 3-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each
cavity, pendulous; styles mostly 3, simple, divided, or many-cleft. Fruit
mostly a 3-lobed capsule, separating-, often elastically, into 3, 2-valved
carpels from a persistent axis. Seeds anatropous; embryo in fleshy or
oily endosperm, the broad cotyledons almost filling- the seed-coats. About
250 genera and over 4000 species, of wide distribution.

A. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity ; plants not milky.

1. Powers petaliferous. 1. Savia.

2. Flowers apetalous.

a. Fruit capsular or baccate : styles slender.

* Staminate flowers with a rudimentary ovary ;

spiny shrub or tree. 2. Securinega.

** Staminate flowers without a rudimentary ovary.
Trees, shrubs or woody vines.

Leaves normal ; branches not flattened into

phyllodia.
Flowers in leafy -bracted panicles ; fruit

indehiscent, baccate. 3. Cicca.

Flowers axillary : fruit dehiscent. 4. Margaritaria.

Leaves obsolete ; branches flattened into phyl-
lodia. 5. Xi/lophylla.
Annual or perennial herbs. 6. Phyllanthus.

b. Fruit drupaceous ; styles dilated. 7. Drypetes.

B. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity.

1. Flowers not in an involucre, or involucre closed. ( See Pera. )

a. Filaments inflexed at the top. 8. Croton.

b. Filaments straight.

* Flowers in forked cymes.

Petals coherent ; tree or shrub with cordate

leaves. 9. Curcas.

Petals distinct : shrubs or herbs. 10. Adenoropitim.

** Flowers not in forked cymes.

f Lobes of the Staminate calyx valvate.

Staminate flowers with petals. 11. Argythamnia.

Flowers of both kinds apetalous.

Stamens few or many, distinct or united.
Flowers not in a closed involucre.
Anther-sacs globose to oblong.

Shrubs or trees ; anther-sacs

oblong.

Pubescence of simple hairs. 12. Adelia.
Pubescence stellate. 13. Lasiocroton.

Herbs ; anther-sacs globose. 14. Hercurialis.

Anther-sacs elongated, often flex-

uous. 15. Acalypha.

Flowers in a globose closed involucre

when young. 16. Pera.

15

218 EUPHOBBIACEAE.

Stamens very numerous, the filaments re-
peatedly forked. 17. Ricinus.
ft Lobes of the staminate calyx imbricated, or

calyx wanting.

Flowers in branched racemes. 18. Manihot.

Flowers spicate or in simple racemes.
Bracts small ; shrubs or trees.

Calyx of the staminate flowers cleft

or lobed.

Filaments distinct. 19. Bonania.

Filaments connate.

Anthers 2 ; ovary 6— 9-celled. 20. Hippomane.
Anthers 3 ; ovary 3-celled. 21. Grimmeodendron.

Calyx of the staminate flowers none

or rudimentary. 22. Gymnanthes..

Bracts large, membranous, at first enclos-
ing the inflorescence ; large tree. 23. Hura.
2. Flowers in a calciform or cyathiform involucre.

Involucre calciform, the glands internal. 24. Pedilanthus.

Involucre regular, the glands external.

Glands of the involucre inframarginal ; shrubs or

trees. 25. Adenorima.

Glands of the involucre marginal.

Plants leafless or leaves small and rudimentary.

Plants fleshy, cactus-like ; bractlets foliaceous. 26. Euphorbia.
Plants woody, jointed ; bractlets not folia-
ceous. 27. Arthrothamnus.
Plants normally leafy ; herbs, rarely shrubs or

trees.
Inflorescence terminal.

Stem topped by an umbel ; stipules none. 28. Tithymalus.
Stem not topped by an umbel ; stipules

gland-like. 29. Poinsettia.

Inflorescence axillary or axillary and terminal.
Leaves equilateral, tefnate or verticillate ;

shrubs or trees. 30. Aklema.

Leaves inequilateral, opposite ; mostly

herbs. 31. Chamaesyce.

1. SAVIA Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 771. 1806.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves, the inflorescence racemose
or short-cymose. Flowers petaliferous, dioecious or monoecious. Male flowers:
sepals 5, subequal, imbricated; petals small; stamens 5, alternate with the
petals; filaments separate above their insertion; anthers erect; rudimentary
ovary slightly 3-fid. Calyx of the female flowers as in the male. Capsule 3-
celled, the cocci 2-valved; seeds exarillate; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons plane.
[Commemorates Gattano Savi, professor at Pisa, died 1844.] About 6 West
Indian species. Type species: Croton sessiliflorum Sw.

1. Savia bahamensis Britton, Torreya 4: 104. 1904.

A shrub or tree up to 5 m. high with ascending branches. Leaves oblong-
obovate, thick, obtuse and rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, 7 cm.
long or less, 1.5-3 cm. wide, dark green, shining and strongly reticulated above,
pale green and inconspicuously reticulated beneath; petioles stout, about 4 mm.
long, about as long as the dense clusters of male flowers; fruit glabrous,
depressed-globose, slightly and obtusely 3-lobed, about 8 mm. in diameter.

In thickets, from Abaco southward to Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica. Re-
corded by Mrs. Northrop as 8. erythroxyloides Griseb., of Cuba, which it resembles.
MAIDEN-BUSH.

2. SECURINEOA Comm.; Gmel. Syst. 1008. 1791.

Shrubs, the leaves alternate, entire, often small, the flowers clustered or
solitary in the axils, monoecious or dioecious, apetalous. Male flowers:

EUPHOBBIACEAE. 219

sepals 5, imbricate; lobes of the disk, or glands, 5, alternate with the stamens;
stamens 5 or rarely fewer, filaments free, opposite the sepals; anthers erect,
their cells distinct, longitudinally dehiscent; rudimentary ovary more or less
evident, slightly or markedly 2-3-fid. Female calyx like the male, the disk sub-
entire; ovary 3-celled; styles distinct, recurved, 2-fid; ovules 2 in each cell.
[Greek, referring to the hard wood of the typical species.] About 8 species of
tropical and subtropical distribution. Type species: Securinega durissima
Gmel.

1. Securinega Acidoton (L.) Fawcett, Journ. Bot. 57: 68. 1919.

Adelia Acidoton L. Syst. ed. 10, 1298. 1759.

Securinega Acidothamnus Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: 451. 1866.

Flueggia Acidothamnus Griseb. Nachr. Gesell. Wiss. Goett. 1865: 164.
1865.

An intricately much-branched shrub 3 m. high or less. Branches strongly
flexuous, delicately and sharply spinous; stipules ovate-lanceolate, minute,
caducous; leaves petiolate, broadly obovate, obtusely rotund, rigid, densely and
prominently reticulate-veiny, pale beneath, 6-8 mm. long, 2-6 mm. broad;
male flowers glomerate-fasciculate; female flowers solitary; styles connate
below, bifid, the branches broadly 2-3-lobed; fruit at first fleshy, obtusely
trigonal; seeds smooth, pallid.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andres, New Providence, Cat Island, Great Exuma
and Long Island : — Cuba to St. Jan and St. Croix ; Jamaica. SECURINEGA.

3. CICCA L. Mant. 1: 17, 124. 1767.

A tree with distichous entire leaves and small monoecious flowers in leafy-
bracted lateral panicles. Calyx 4-parted, the segments unequal, imbricated.
Petals none. Male flowers with 4 distinct stamens, the anthers extrorse. Fe-
male flowers with a several-delled ovary, the styles '2-cleft; ovules 2 in each cell.
Fruit baccate, indehiscent. Seeds angular, pendulous. [Greek, wonderful
tree.] A monotypic genus.

1. Cicca disticha L. Mant. 1: 124. 1767.

Phyllanthus distichus Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 15: 413. 1866.

A tree, up to 12 m. high. Leaves ovate, pointed, 5-7.5 cm. long. Flowers
panicled, the panicles many-flowered, lateral, arranged along aphyllous
branches, the male and female mixed in the same fascicles ; filaments alternating
with exterior glands; ovary 4 (3) -celled; fruit depressed-globose, angled, the
angles as many as there are seeds; seeds smooth.

Adventitious after cultivation at Fresh ' Creek, Andros : — Spontaneous after
cultivation in Florida and the West Indies; native of southern Asia. OTAHEITE
GOOSEBERRY. GOOSEBERRY-TREE.

4. MAEGARITARIA L. f. Suppl. 66, 428. 1781.

Trees, shrubs or woody vines, with glabrous alternate entire leaves, and
small dioecious flowers, solitary or few together in the axils. Calyx usually
4-parted. Disk urceolate. Staminate flowers usually with 4 distinct stamens.
Pistillate flowers with a 3-5-celled ovary and 3-5 distinct styles; ovules 2 in
each cavity. Fruit capsular, 3-5-lobed. [Greek, pearl-like.] Four known
species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Margaritaria
nobilis L. f.

220 EUPHOEBIACEAE.

1. Margaritaria bahamensis (Urban) Britton & Millspaugh.
Phyllanthus ~bahamensis Urban, .Symb. Ant. 3: 289. 1902.

A small tree about 7 m. high. Leaves obovate-ellipticj oblong or lance-
olate, 2.5-8 cm. long, 8-25 mm. broad, obtuse or acute, shining above, pallid
beneath; flowers produced from between the stipules on short, few-leaved
branchlets; outer sepals ovate, inner orbicular, margin membranous; disk
beyond the stamens plane, the margin free and undulate-crenate; anthers
orbicular-ovate; styles 3, spreading, each 2-lobed; fruit solitary, short-
peduncled, depressed-globose, 3-lobed, about 8 mm. broad.

Coppices, scrub-lands and pine-lands, Abaco, Andros, New Providence and Eleu-
thera. Endemic. Reported by Coker as Phyllanthus wrens Muell. Arg. BAHAMA
MARGARITARIA.

5. XYLOPHYLLA L. Mant. 2: 147, 221. 1771.

Aphyllous tree-like shrubs, with flat leaf-like coriaceous branches (pbyl-
lodia). Male and female flowers mingled in glomerate or fasciculate clusters
in the serratures of the phyllodia; calyx 5-6-parted; staminal column entire or
divided, surrounded by as many glands as stamens; anthers transversely de-
hiscent; ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity; styles 3, depressed, laciniate or 2-cleft.
Fruit capsular. Seedlings, and sometimes shoots from stumps, bear small
normal leaves. [Greek, woody-leaf.] About 10 species of the West Indies
and Brazil, the following typical.

1. Xylophylla Epiphyllanthus (L.) Britton; Small, Fl. Florida Keys 76. 1913.

Xylophylla latifolia L. loc. cit. 1771.
Phyllanthus falcatus Sw. Fl. Ind Occ. 1115. 1800.

A shrub, .75-2 m. high. Phyllodia subcompressed, scattered or distichous,
lanceolate to rhomboid, serrate above, 5-13 cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. broad;
sepals red ; staminal column entire or trifid, anthers subsessile, spreading, the
cells distinct, ovoid-globose; styles slender, recurved above, 2-4-fid; capsule
sessile, subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter.

Rocky places near the coast, Andros and the Biminis southward to Grand Turk
Island : — West Indies. Referred by Dolley to Phyllanthus angustifoUus Sw. of Ja-
maica. ABRAHAM-BUSH. HARDHEAD. SCIPIO-BUSH. SWORD-BUSH. Races differ
widely in size and shape of the phyllodia. Catesby, 2 : pi. 26.

6. PHYLLANTHUS L. Sp. PI. 981. 1753.

Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, often so arranged as to
appear like the leaflets of a compound leaf. Flowers monoecious, apetalous,
a staminate and a pistillate one often together in the axils. Calyx mostly 5—6-
parted, the lobes or sepals imbricated. Stamens usually 3. Ovules 2 in each
cavity; styles 3, each usually '2-cleft. [Greek, leaf -flower.] Over 50 species,
of wide distribution. Type species: Phyllanthus Niruri L.

Stem and branches straight.

Seeds longer than broad, evenly ridged. 1. P. Niruri.

Seeds as broad as long, unevenly papillate-lined. 2. P. pruinosus.

Stem and branches zigzag. 3. P. pentaphyllus.

1. Phyllanthus Niruri L. Sp. PI. 981. 1753.

Annual ; herbaceous. Leaves distichous, 1.5-2 mm. long, subsessile, obovate-
oblong, rounded at the apex or mucronate, glabrous, pale beneath; stipules
setaceous, persistent; pedicels axillary, from 1-6 times exceeded by the leaf;

EUPHOKBIACEAE. 221

calyx-segments 5, ovate; anthers sessile on the top of the column, globose,
contiguous; styles short, included; capsule depressed-globose, 2 mm. broad;
seeds evenly striated on the back.

Sandy nlaces and cultivated grounds from Andros to Turks Islands : — Bermuda ;
Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. GALE-
OF-WIND.

2. Phyllanthus pruinosus Poepp.; A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 216. 1850.

PhyllantMs saxicola Smal^ Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 428. 1905.

Annual or perennial, glabrous; stem 0.5-4 dm. tall, simple or irregularly
branched. Leaves relatively numerous, erect or nearly so, leathery, oblong,
oblong-obovate or cuneate, 4-12 mm. long, obtuse, entire, bright-green, short-
petioled; flowers very short-pedicelled ; calyx of the female flowers less than
3 mm. wide at maturity its lobes obovate; disk rather angular; capsule
spheroidal, barely 2 mm. wide; seeds less than 1 mm. long and nearly as wide,
unevenly papillate-lined.

From Great Bahama southward to Acklin's Island : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba.
Recorded as P. radicans in Field Mus. Bot. 2 : 151. ROCK PHYLLANTHUS.

3. Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C. Wright; Griseb. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Goett. 1865:

167. 1865.

Annual ; stems terete, wiry, slender, nearly prostrate, divaricately branched,
zig-zag. Leaves obovate, 8-12 mm. long, the base acute, the apex rounded or
obtuse, the margin entire and slightly revolute ; petiole about 1 mm. long ;
male flowers glomerate, the clusters about 8-12-florous, short-pedicelled; sepals
ovate, obtuse, white ; anthers 2 ; female flowers solitary, pedicellate, the pedicels
bisetaceous at the base; sepals not white-margined; styles very short, 2-lobed,
recurved; capsule small, depressed, about as long as the fruiting pedicel; seed
minutely striate, the faint lines more scaly than papillate.

Low sandy meadows, Eleuthera and Mariguana : — Florida ; Cuba. TUFTED
PHYLLAXTHUS.

7. DRYPETES Vahl, Eclog. 3: 49. 1807.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous; stipules deciduous; flowers
axillary, fasciculate,, dioecious. Calyx 4-6-partite, its lobes imbricated. Petals
none. Stamens 4-6(8-2), distinct; anthers ovoid, introrse. Ovary 2-1-celled
its cells 2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, usually monospermous by abortion.
[Greek, a drupe.] About 10 species, of Florida, the West Indies and Brazil.
Type species: Dry petes glauca Vahl.

Sepals 4, ovary 2-celled ; fruit 6-1-1 mm. in diameter. 1. D. lateriflora.
Sepals 8, ovary 1-celled ; fruit about 2 cm. in diameter.

Leaves ovate, mostly blunt. 2. D. diversifolia.

Leaves lanceolate, aristo-mucronate. 3. D. mucronata.

1. Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 357. 1892.
Schaefferia lateriflora Sw. Prodr. 38. 1788.

Shrub, or sometimes a tree 9.5 m. high. Leaves petiolate, oblong or
elliptic, 5—11.5 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at base and apex, entire,
shining, delicately reticulate-veined beneath; flowers in dense axillary clusters;
pedicels shorter than the petioles; calyx campanulate; sepals oblong to ovate,
obtuse, pubescent without; stamens 4; drupe subglobose, 6-11 mm. in dia-
meter, dark brown, tomentulose.

Coppices, Great Harbor Cay, Andros, New Providence, Hog Island, and Cay
north of Wide Opening : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. GUIANA PLUM.

222 EUPHOEBIACEAE.

2. Drypetes diversifolia Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 353. 1892.

Drypetes Tceyensis Krug & Urban, loc. cit. 354. 1892.

Tree up to 6 m. high; branches terete, grayish, secreting drops of resin
in the axils. Leaves of two forms: the lower long-petioled, margin spinose-
dentate and spinous-acuminate, base rounded; the upper longer-petioled,
margin entire, obtuse or subacuminate, the base rounded or obtuse and slightly
protracted down the petiole; all ovate, 7-9 cm. long, 3.2-3.8 cm. broad.
Inflorescence few-flowered, the pistillate flowers sometimes solitary; calyx
yellowish; sepals oblong or oval,, sometimes slightly rhomboid, obtuse, pubes-
cent without; stamens 8; stigmas slightly oblique; drupe broadly oblong or
ovoid, 1.9-2.5 cm. long, tomentulose.

Coppices, Great Bahama, through the larger Berry Islands to Andros and Cay
Sal Bank ; New Providence ; Little San Salvador to Watling's Island ; Great Exuma
through the Crooked Island Group to Inagua : — Florida Keys. WHITEWOOD.

3. Drypetes mucronata C. Wright; Griseb. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Goett. 1865: 165.

1865.

Shrub 4-5 m. high; branches terete, lenticillate. Leaves petioled, bicol-
orate, 3.8-7 cm. long, 2.5-3.2 cm. wide, both surfaces strongly reticulate-
veined, the base obtuse or slightly decurrent on the petiole, rarely slightly
inequilateral, the apex mucro-spinescent ; female flowers subsolitary; male
glomerate or fasciculate; calyx of both sexes about 2 mm. long, pubescent
within; stamens longer than the calyx; filaments and anthers pubescent; ovary
reddish-hairy; fruit globose, about 2 cm. long, obscurely golden-tomentose.

Rocky coppices of Great Bahama and Andros : — Cuba. SHARP-LEAVED DRYPETES.

8. CROTON L. Sp. PI. 1004. 1753.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, strong-scented, often stellate-pubescent. Leaves
mostly alternate, sometimes with two glands at the base of the blade. Flowers
spicate or racemose. Staminate flowers uppermost: calyx 4-6-parted (usually
5-parted) ; petals usually present but small or rudimentary, alternating with
glands; stamens 5 or more. Pistillate flowers: calyx 5-10-parted; petals
usually wanting; ovary mostly 3-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity; styles once,
twice or many times cleft. Fruit capsular. Seeds carunculate. [Greek name
of the Castor-oil plant.] Over 600 species, widely distributed. Type species:
Croton Tiglium L.

A. Leaves entire or dentate ; shrubs.
Leaves discolor.

Leaves narrowly linear, not over 2 cm. long. 1. G. rosmarinoides.

Leaves linear to oblong, 3.5-12 cm. long. 2. C. linearis.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate.

Leaves stellate beneath. 3. C. flocculosus.

Leaves silvery lepidote. 4. C. Eluteria.
Leaves unicolor.

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous. 5. C. lucidus.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, stipitate-glandular. 6. C. bahamensis.

B. Leaves deeply lobed ; herbaceous. 7. C. lobatus.

1. Croton rosmarinoides Millsp.

Croton rosmarinifolius Griseb. Nadir. Ges. Wiss. Goett. 1865: 174. 1865.
Not Salisb. 1796.

A densely branching shrub 1.25-2 m. high. Leaves subsessile, sublinear,
rigid, 8-12 mm. long, obtuse, the margin entire and strongly incurved, densely
lepidote beneath ; stipules obsolete ; inflorescence terminal on very short branch-

EUPHOKBIACEAE. 223

lets. Female flowers: sepals spathulate-lanceolate, obtuse; ovary densely lepi-
dote; styles 4-fid to the middle. Male flowers: petals obovate; stamens 6;
filaments villous below. Capsule ellipsoid-globose,) densely lepidote; seeds
smooth and shining.

Scrub-lands, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Long Island and Atwood Cay : — Cuba.
ROSEMARY CROTON.

2. Croton linearis Jacq. Enum. 32. 1760.

Croton Cascarilla L. iSp. PI. ed. 2: 1424. 1763.*

Croton Cascarilla linearis Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 532. 1805.

Croton Cascarilla Benn. Jour. Linn. Soc. 4: 30. As to specimen and descr.

1860.
Croton Fergusonii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 695. 1903.

A shrub 1-2 m. high, with yellowish, densely stellate twigs. Leaves short-
petiolate, narrowly linear (on young shoots often oblong) 3.8-7 cm. long, 2-6
mm. wide, obtuse, dark and smooth above, silvery or golden with stellate
tomentum beneath, narrowing to the biglandular base. Inflorescence racemose,
the male 4-8 mm. or more long, the female shorter. Male flowers: sepals 5-6,
triangular; petals spatulate, obtuse, ciliate, longer than the sepals; stamens
about 15. Female flowers: sepals narrow, acuminate; petals obsolete or rudi-
mentary. Capsule subglobose, yellowish-floccose ; seeds broadly oblong, dark
greenish brown, minutely and very shallowly puncticulate, 3 mm. long, 2.8 mm.
broad.

Coastal rocks and plains throughout the archipelago to Caicos and Turks
Islands : — 'Florida ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola. Referred to in Field Mus. Bot. 2 :
152 and by Coker as C. discolor Willd. LINEAR-LEAVED CROTON. BAY WORMWOOD.
GEANNY-BUSH.

3. Croton flocculosus Geisl. Crot. Monog. 14. 1807.

A low shrub with yellowish-tomentose branchlets. Leaves long-petioled,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.8-10 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, stellate-scabrous
above, stellate-downy beneath, entire, acuminate, the base obtuse, biglandular;
glands globose-scutelliform, sessile; inflorescence terminal, racemose, 3.5 cm.
long; seeds ovoid-lenticular, dark grayish green, scattered shallow-poculate,
2 mm. long, 1 mm. broad.

Waste places near Nassau, New Providence : — Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe ; Mar-
tinique; Barbados. Referred by Dolley to C. flavens L-., which it resembles. ROCK
BALSAM.

4. Croton Eluteria (L.) Sw. Prodr. 100. 1788.

Clutia Eluteria L. Sp. PI. 1042 (ante). 1753.

Clutia Cascarilla L. loc. cit. (post). 1753.

Croton Cascarilla Benn. loc. cit. 30, as to references.* 1860.

A silvery-shining shrub or small tree, 2-4 m. high, with a rich spicy odor;
branchlets rusty-lepidote. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire or repand, blunt-
pointed, long-petioled, 3.2-7.6 cm. long, 12-16 mm. broad near the rounded
base, dark and glabrous above, minutely silvery-lepidoie beneath, minutely
pellucid-punctate; stipules early deciduous. Inflorescence in terminal racemes
3.7-5 cm. long. Female flowers: petals white, villous on the margin; styles
bipartite, the branches 2-fid. Male flowers: stamens 10-12. Seeds oval-oblong,
biconvex, opaque, blotched, 8 mm. long, 6 mm. broad.

Coppices, becoming scarce, Great Harbor Cay of the Berry Group southward to
Mariguana. Endemic. CASCAEILLA BARK. SWEE.TWOOD BARK. ELEUTHERA BARK.
Catesby, 2 : pi. 46.

* For a detailed consideration of Croton Cascarilla see Field Mus. Bot. 2 : 306-8.

EUPHOEBIACEAE.

5. Croton lucidus L. Syst. ed. 10, 1275. 1759.

Croton Hjalmarsonii Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 40. 1859.

Croton lucidus pubigerus Griseb. loc. cit. 1859.

A broad shrub 1.5-2 m. high; branchlets glabrous or glabrescent. Leaves
elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, glabrous or pubes-
cent, minutely pellucid-punctate, entire, narrowing to a roundish base and apex;
petiole about one-fourth the length of the blade; stipules ephemeral. Inflores-
cence in terminal racemes. Male flowers: sepals ovate, imbricative, much
smaller than those of the female, ciliate on the margin; female flowers: calyx-
lobes oblong, blunt, margin reduplicate, somewhat persistent at the base;
styles 4-partite, the branches bifid to near the base. Seeds ovoid-oblong, shin-
ing, flattish on the ventrum, the dorsum convex.

Rocky thickets and openings, throughout the archipelago from Great Sturrup
Cay south to Grand Turk Island : — Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica and the Caymans.
Croton glabellum of Schoepf. FIREKBUSH.

An examination of the type, and many specimens, indicates that C. Hjalmarsonii
is but a race of this species which develops many interspersing races, differing in
the size of the leaves and in pubescence, both in Jamaica and in the Bahamas.

6. Croton bahamensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 308. 1909.

A shrub 1-2 m. high with a peppery odor; branchlets white stellate-
tomentose. Leaves lanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, 7-17 mm. broad, acuminate,
mucronate, base slightly oblique and rounded, with 2 patellate glands, green
above and equidistantly stellate-pubescent, densely stellate-pubescent beneath,
the margin subentire or crenate-dentate with stipitate glands in the sinuses;
stipules fimbriate and stipitate-glandular. Inflorescence in dense terminal
racemes. Female flowers: calyx-segments oblong, stellate-pilose; styles 4-fid
to the base and villous with moniliform hairs. Male flowers: calyx non-
glandulif erous ; petals white, cymbiform, the apex minutely fimbriate; stamens
35-50. Capsule globose, deeply sulcate, glabrous below but long-pilose in the
sulci and at the apex; seeds brownish black, the rugae rib-like.

Open pastures and in thickets bordering openings, Eleuthera and Long Island
to Mariguana. Endemic. Referred to in Field Mus. Bot. 2 : 153, and by Hitchcock
as C. humilis L. ; by Grisebach and by Dolley as C. humilis origanifolius. BAHAMA
CKOTOX. PEPPER-BUSH.

7. Croton lobatus L. Sp. PI. 1005. 1753.

A low herb, 3-6 dm. high, the branches and branchlets pilose, the longer
hairs simple. Leaves membranous, 3-5-lobed, glabrous, papillate, the segments
elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; petioles nearly as long as the
blades. Female flowers: calyx-lobes spathulate-lanceolate, glandulif erous and
with a few long acicular hairs ; styles free or nearly so, 3-8-fid at the apex.
Male flowers: sepals glabrous; petals lanceolate. Capsule globose-ellipsoid, the
cocci with a number of scattered acicular hairs; seeds ochre-color, quadrangular-
cylindric, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, the dorsum apiculate at the caruncle, all the
facets marked by dn'oomple'te and more or less transverse ridges.

Adventitious in waste places, New Providence, near Nassau : — West Indies ; con-
tinental tropical America. LOBED CROTOX.

Schoepf 's record of Croton argenteum L., as Bahamian, is, presumably, erro-
neous.

9. CUECAS Adans. Fam. PL 2: 356. 1763.

Glabrous or nearly glabrous trees or shrubs with petioled, lobed or entire
leaves, and monoecious flowers in compound or simple cymes. Calyx 5-lobed or
5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous, the petals united to or above the middle.
Stamens about 10, in 2 series. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity.
Fruit a capsule, splitting into 2 or 3 valves. [Malabar name.] Perhaps 10
species, natives of tropical regions, the following typical.

EUPHORBIACEAE. 225

1. Curcas Curcas (L.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Jatropha Curcas L. Sp. PI. 1006. 1753.

Curcas indica A. Kich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 208. 1850.

A small tree or sometimes shrubby, 2-5 m. high. Leaves subcordate,
roundish, angular or obsoletely 3-5-lobed, glabrous or glabrate, the petiole
about as long as the blade; stipules deciduous; inflorescence in contracted
cymes; calyx 5-partite; corolla yellow, 5-partite, villo,us within, twice as long
as the calyx; stamens 10-15; styles bifid, cohering below; capsule oval,
slightly fleshy, 3—4 cm. long; seeds oblong, nearly '2 cm. long.

Waste grounds, New Providence : — Bermuda ; West Indies ; continental tropical
America ; Old World tropics.

10. ADENOEOPIUM Pohl, PI. Bras. 1: 12. 1827.

Monoecious or rarely dioecious perennial herbs, or shrubs, with entire
lobed or divided leaves, the flowers in cymes. Staminate flowers on the upper
parts 6f the cymes, with a corolla-like 5-lobed calyx, 5 distinct petals, the
stamens usually several or numerous. Pistillate flowers in the lower forks of
the cymes; capsule ovoid or subglobose, easily separating into 2-valved carpels.
[Greek, glandular bush.] Eighty species or more of tropical and subtropical
distribution. Type species: Adenoropium ellipticum Pohl.

1. Adenoropium gossypifolium (L.) Pohl, PI. Bras. 1: 16. 1827.
Jatropha gossypifolia L. Sp. PI. 1006. 1753.

Herbaceous; stem 6-10 dm. high, branched. Leaves ciliate or glandu-
liferous on the margin,, 3-5-partite or 3-5-lobed, pubescent, glabrescent beneath
or glabrous, the segments ovate, pointed, denticulate or entire; petiolar and
stipular glands branched; inflorescence in contracted cymes; calyx 5-parted;
corolla twice as long as the calyx; petals obovate, deep purple, spreading;
stamens 8-12; stigmas 2-branched; capsule truncate at both ends, 3-sulcate,
about 1 cm. in diameter.

Waste grounds, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical
America.

11. ARGYTHAMNIA iSw. Prodr. 39. 1788.

Low shrubs containing purple pigment. Leaves simple, entire or dentate,
stipulate. Inflorescence in few-flowered, axillary subsessile racemes; flowers
short-pedicellate, the 1-3 inferior pistillate. Flowers monoecious. Calyx 4-5-
parted, valvate. Petals of staminate flowers 4 or 5 ; stamens 4 or 5 cohering at
the very base and surrounding a central rudiment, anthers subglobose, introrse ;
discal glands 4 or 5. Styles cut into 3—8 branches. Capsule 3-coccous. [Greek,
silvery bush.] Some 35 species, all American. Type species: Argythamnia
candicans Sw.

Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate or obovate.

Leaves entire, subsessile, yellow-sericeous ; styles 3-4-fid. 1. A. sericea.

Leaves denticulate, petiolate, silvery-sericeous ; styles 2-fid. 2. A. argentea.

Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate. 3. A. lucayana.

1. Argythamnia sericea Griseb. PI. Br. W. I. 44. 1859.

A low leafy shrub entirely covered with silky down. Leaves obovate,
mucronate, entire, subsessile, sericeous, 1.5-3 cm. long, 10-17 mm. broad, the

226 EUPHORBIACEAE.

principal veins 3 or 4 on each side, straight! sh, prominulous, parallel to the
cuneate leaf -base; stipules lanceolate, setaceous, persistent, 1 cm. long; inflo-
rescence in contracted scorpioid racemes. Male flowers 3 or 4, one above the
other, 2-3-bracteolate, short-pedicellate,, 2 mm. long; calyx 5-parted, the seg-
ments lanceolate; petals reddish, lanceolate, cut at the obtuse apex; glands of
the disk alternate with the petals; stamens 5, as long as and opposite the
petals, the filaments slightly cohering at the base. Female flowers subsolitary,
inferior, short-pedicellate; calyx as in the male; petals none; styles 3-4-fid
with linear, unequal branches. Capsule depressed, carpels subglobose; seeds
punctate-scabrous, 1 mm. in diameter.

Open white-lands and dunes, Fortune Island and Inagua. Endemic. SILKY
ARGYTHAMNIA.

2. Argythamnia argentea Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 154. 1906.

Argithamnia lanceolata Pax & K Hoffm. Pflanzenreich 147: 79. 1912.

A small shrub, branching from the base ; branches canescent, densely leafy.
Leaves lanceolate, attenuate at both ends, short-petioled, 1.5-3.5 X «6-l cm.,
margin sparingly and slightly dentate above, silvery-sericeous; stipulesSbroad,
cuspidate. Inflorescence in axillary racemes. Male flowers 3 ; sepals 4, ovate-
lanceolate; petals 4, thick; sepals similar, shorter; bract 1, scaphoid. Female
flowers 3 ; sepals elongate-lanceolate ; petals minute, ligulate, alternate with the
glands of the disk; styles 3, bifurcate nearly to the base, the apex bilobed;
ovary canescent. Capsule and seeds unknown.

Scrub-lands, Inagua, Castle Island, Grand Turk and South Caicos : — Hispaniola.
SILVEHY ARGYTHAMNIA.

3. Argythamnia lucayana Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 154. 1906.

A small branching ascending or prostrate shrub, the branches minutely
sericeous, sparsely leaved, 3-5 dm. long. Leaves sessile, elliptic- or obovate-
lanceolate, bluish green, 2.5-3.5 X 1-1.5 em., the apex acute or short-acuminate,
the margin entire or very minutely and remotely glandular-denticulate, sparsely
and minutely strigose-pilose when young, glabrous when mature; racemes 6-10
mm. long, 4-6-flowered. Male flowers: sepals deltoid-lanceolate equaling the
spatulate, pilose petals; stamens 4, glabrous. Female flowers: lobes lance-
olate, acuminate; petals minute, narrowly -lanceolate, obtuse, paleaceous, many
times shorter than the sepals; ovary villous; styles villous, 2-3-dichotomous,
the terminal divisions short. Seeds globose, dark brown, apiculate, 1.5 mm.
diam., anastomose -reticulate, the surface coated with a hydnum-like porous
integument.

Rocky and sandy coppices, Berry Islands and Andros to Eleuthera, Long Island,
Caicos and Inagua. Bahama specimens previously referred to A. candicans Sw., to
which the species is related, belong here. Endemic. BAHAMA ARGYTHAMNIA.

12. ADELIA L. Syst. ed. 10, 1298. 1759.
[BERNARDIA P. Br. Hist. Jam. 361. Hyponym. 1756.]

Shrubs with serrate stipulate leaves pubescent with simple hairs and dioe-
cious flowers. Male flowers in axillary amentaceous spikes, each flower sessile
in the axil of a bract; calyx 3-5-parted; stamens 15-20, distinct, the interior
central and mixed with some glands; anthers cruciate-globose, 4-celled, 2 cells
anterior. Female flowers few or solitary, subterminal, 3-bracteate; calyx 5-6-
parted, biseriate; styles 3, short, lacerate-crenate. [Greek, referring to the
inconspicuous flowers.] A few species of tropical America, the following
typical.

EUPHOKBIACEAE. 227

1. Adelia Bernardia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1298. 1759.

Bernardia carpinifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 45. 1859.
Bernardia dichotoma Miill. Arg. Linnaea 34: 172. 1865.
Bernardia Bernardia Millsp. Fiell Mus. Bot. 2: 58. 1900.

A tomentose shrub .75-3 m. high. Leaves petioled, ovate-oblong, 4-8 cm.
long, rounded at the biglandular base, tapering from the middle to a bluntish
point, obtusely serrate, tomentose beneath, primary veins distant, prominulous
beneath; stipules setaceous, 2 mm. long. Male spikes sessile, 6-12 mm. long,
tomentose; bracts oval, acute; calyx-lobes 3-5, ovate, acute, nearly equalling the
stamens; central disk minute; anthers yellow. Capsule densely appressed-
pubescent; seed ovate, acute, 5 X 4 mm., nearly smooth, brown with darker
brown markings, the dorsum strongly keeled, ventral surface flattened, a small
rounded prominence on each side of the hilum above and a minute dark raised
point at the extremity of the keel.

Coppices and thickets, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Rum Cay, For-
tune and Acklin's Islands : — Cuba to Porto Rico ; Jamaica. Referred by Hitchcock
to Bernardia mexicana (H. & A.) Muell-Arg. ADELIA.

13. LASIOCBOTON Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 46. 1859.

Shrubs or trees, with broad stellate-tomentose leaves. Inflorescence monoe-
cious, in axillary spikes, the female flowers few and inferior. Male calyx
4-partite; stamens 7-14, inserted upon a minute disk; anthers oblong, adnate,
the cells curved, introrse. Ovary globose, markedly 3-carpellate. Seeds globose,
ecarunculate. [Greek, velvety Croton.] A few West Indian species. Type
species: Lasiocroton macrophyllus Griseb.

1. Lasiocroton bahamensis Pax & K. Hoffm. Pflanzenreich, 63: 61. 1914.
Lasiocroton micranthtus Pax & K. Hoffm. loc. cit. 1914.

A high leafy tomentose shrub, or a tree up to about 8 m. high. Leaves
long-petioled, roundish or ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5 X 2.3-10 X 7 cm., trun-
cate to cordate at the base, bluntish, entire or repand on the thiekish subrevolute
margin, pale green above, golden-tomentose beneath; secondary veins trans-
verse, strongly reticulate; petioles articulated at the estipulate base. Inflores-
cence densely many-spicate near and at the ends of the branchlets; spikes
short-pedunculate; bracts including a glomerate of 3-5 male flowers. Male
flowers densely tomentose; calyx valvate; sepals 3-angular; stamens distinct,
included; filaments purple, as long as the anthers. Female flowers sparse,
scattered near the base of the spike, densely pubescent; calyx-lobes 5, unequal,
reflexed, ovate, blunt; disk large, flat, 5-crenate; styles 2-3, thick, entire,
spreading. Capsule tomentose}" seeds smooth, ashen; raphe distinct, delicate.

Rocky plains, Andros, Eleuthera, Great Ragged Island : — Cuba. Referred by
Mrs. Northrop to L. macrophyllus (Sw.) Griseb., of Jamaica. WILD OAK. LIGHT-
WOOD. BITTERS.

14. MERCUHIALIS L. Sp. PI. 1035. 1753.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, the leaves opposite, often dentate.
Inflorescence mostly dioecious, the male in more or less elongate spikes or
racemes. Flowers apetalous. Male flowers: calyx membranous, sepals 3,"
valvate; stamens 8-20; filaments distinct; anthers subglobose, opening length-
wise. Female flowers: sepals 3; ovary 2-celled; styles 2, distinct or nearly so;
stigmas entire. Capsule generally 2-carpelled; seeds solitary in each carpel;
testa smooth or tuberculate. [The herb of Mercury.] About 7 species, natives
of the Old World, the following typical.

228 EUPHOBBIACEAE.

1. Mercurialis annua L. Sp. PL 1035. 1753.

A weak glabrous annual 2-6 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate to lanceolate,
3-6 X 1-5-2.5 cm., narrowed at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex,
crenate or serrate with rounded teeth ; petioles somewhat less than half the
length of tjie blade; male flowers in interrupted spikes longer than the leaves;
female flowers clustered in the axils. Capsule 2-carpelled, 4-5 mm. broad,
hispid; seeds ovoid, '2.5 X 2 mm., grayish green, densely shallow-pitted.

Adventitious in waste grounds near Nassau, New Providence : — Bermuda ; Dela-
ware to Texas. Native of Europe. HERB MERCURY.

15. ACALYPHA L. Sp. PI. 1003. 1753.

Herbs or shrubs. Stems mostly erect. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flow-
ers in spikes or spike-like racemes ; staminate cluster often peduncled, each flower
in the axil of a minute bractlet, with a 4-parted calyx and 8-16 stamens united
at their bases. Pistillate flowers subtended by a foliaceous bract, which often
equals or overtop® the staminate, the calyx 3-5-parted; petals wanting in both
kinds of flowers; capsule usually of 3, 2-valved carpels, each 1-seeded. [Greek,
nettle.] About 250' species, mostly tropical and subtropical. Type species:
Acalypha virginica L.

Inflorescence densely cylindric. 1. A. alopecuroidea.
Inflorescence loosely spicate.

Female bracts cleft to about the middle.

Plants perennial, prostrate. 2. A. chamaedrifolia.

Plants annual, erect. 3. A. ostryaefolia.

Female bracts cleft to the base. 4. A. setosa.

1. Acalypha alopecuroidea Jacq. Ic. Bar. 3: 19. 1793.

Herbaceous, annual, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves broadly ovate, 5-7 X 3-4.5 cm.,
appressed-pubescent, membranous, flaccid, truncate or slightly cordate at the
base, 5-nerved, cuspidate-acuminate, serrate, the petiole as long as the blade or
longer; spikes terminal, closely flowered, 5 cm. long; female bracts 1-flowered,
membranous, ovate-triangular, 7-9 mm. long, 3-5-lacerate to the base; calyx-
lobes ovate, acute; ovary hirsute above; styles elongated, delicate, attenuate,
entire or shortly bifid ; carpels slightly keeled ; seeds ovoid, apiculate, 1 X -8
mm., reddish-brown; testa densely and minutely pitted-cellular; caruncle waxen,
longitudinal, linear.

Adventitious in waste places, Abaco and New Providence : — Cuba ; Porto Rico ;
Jamaica ; Mexico ; Central America ; Caribbean coast of South America. Referred
by Dolley to Acalypha polystachya Jacq. SPICATE ACALYPHA.

2. Acalypha chamaedrifolia (Lam.) Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. 152: 879. 1866.

Croton chamaedrifolius Lam. Encycl. 2: 215. 1786.
Acalypha reptans Sw. Prodr. 99. 1788.

A prostrate herbaceous or suffrutescent perennial, pubescent or glabrate,
with branches 1-3 dm. long. Leaves ovate, .8 X .5-3.5 X 1-5 cm., base blunt or
rounded, apex acute, margin crenate-dentate;' petioles about one-third the
length of the blades; inflorescence in cylindric terminal subsessile androgynous
, racemes, male above and few-flowered female below, sometimes with similar
superaxillary racemes or female clusters, the flowers sessile; bracts roundish,
dentate or crenate, the teeth ovate, seeds ovate-globose, apiculate, brown,
3X1 mm.; testa very minutely pitted-cellular; caruncle longitudinal, waxen,
wrinkled.

Red-lands and rocky coppices, Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola to Tortola
and Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. PROSTRATE ACALYPHA.

EUPHOEBIACEAE. 229

3. Acalypha ostryaefolia Eidd. Syn. Fl. W. States 33. 1835.

Acalypha caroliniana Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 645. 1824. Not Walt. 1788.
Acalypha persimilis Mueli. Arg. Linnaea 34: 25. 1865.

An erect, rather stout annual, dark green, minutely pubescent, 2-8 dm.
tall. Leaves thin or membranous, ovate, 5-10 cm. long, base obtuse or cordate,
apex short-acuminate, margin closely and sharply serrate; petiole often as long
as the blade; inflorescence spiciform, the male and female separate; male
bracts minute, the female conspicuous, lobed; capsule strongly depressed,
short, thick, 2-6-laciniate above; seeds reddish-brown, ovoid-globose, apiculate,
the testa warty -wrinkled ; caruncle flat, papyraceous, fusiform.

Waste grounds near Nassau, New Providence : — New Jersey to Kansas ; South-
eastern United States to Mexico ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. HORNBEAM ACALYPHA.

4. Acalypha setosa A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 204. 1850.

An erect annual 3-6 dm. tall, the younger parts hirtulo-pubescent. Leaves
ovate, thin, 3-5-nerved, 4-7 X 2.5-5 cm., base obtuse or slightly cordate, apex
short-acuminate, margin finely-serrate; inflorescence monoecious, in cylindric
spikes, the male axillary, lax-flowered, the female terminal, dense-flowered,
3-5 cm. long; female bracts 2-flowered, ovate, 5—6 mm. long, 7-13-partite, the
divisions laciniate, papillo-scabrous ; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, ciliate; styles
short, thick, 2-6-laciniate above; seeds reddish-brown, ovoid-globose, apiculate,
1.4 X 1 mm- ; testa densely papillo-punctate ; caruncle a single straight mem-
branous line.

Waste grounds near Nassau, New Providence : — Cuba ; Hispanlola ; Porto Rico ;
Mexico to Costa Rica. SETOSE ACALYPHA.

16. PERA Mutis, Vet. Akad. Stockh. 5: 299. 1784.

Glabrous or pubescent trees, the leaves alternate, short-petioled, entire,
coriaceous, penninerved. Inflorescence dioecious or rarely monoecious, pisiform,
in the axils of the leaves and at old nodes, short-pedicelled or subsessile, 2-3-
bracteate. Flowers sessile in small involucres, very small, apetalous; involucres
globose, gaping or valvate in anthesis ; disk none. Male flowers : calyx minute,
valvate, 2-3-fid, or rudimentary or wanting; stamens 2-6; filaments connate
at or near the base; anthers dorsally fixed at or near the base, the cells longi-
tudinally contiguous and dehiscent. Female flowers: calyx none or reduced to
scales; ovary 3-celled; styles short; stigmas thick, peltate, disciform, or 3-
lobed; ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule globose or pyriform; pericarp
firm, dehiscent into 3, 2-cleft valves; seeds ovoid or obovate, compressed; testa
crustaceous, black and shining; endosperm thick, fleshy; cotyledons plane,
broad. [Greek, a pouch.] About 25 species, of tropical America. Type
species: Pera arborea Mutis.

1. Pera bumeliaefolia Griseb. Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Goett. 1865: 180. 1865.

^ A small tree up to 12 m. high, or shrubby, with slender branches, the
petioles and involucres densely ferrugineons-lepidote. Leaves olive-green,
7-9 X 2-3 cm., elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, narrowed to the petiole,
shining above, dull and sparsely lepidote-punctate beneath; petioles about 1.5
cm. long, slender; male calyx globose-ellipsoid, 4-5-lacerate-dentate (as many
toothed as there are anthers) ; capsule olivifonn, the pericarp transversely
sharp-wrinkled when dry; seeds flattened-pyrifnrr/i, gaping open at the apex,
black and shining, minutely shallow-punctate, 5 X 3.5 mm.

Coppices of Andros and New Providence : — Cuba. PERA. BLACK EBONY.

230 EUPHORBIACEAE.

17. BICINUS L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753.

A tall stout monoecious herb, glabrous and glaucous, with alternate large
peltate palmately lobed leaves, and numerous small apetalous greenish flowers
in terminal racemes, the pistillate above the staminate. Staminate flowers with
a 3-5-parted calyx, the segments valvate, and numerous crowded stamens;
filaments repeatedly branched. Pistillate flowers with a caducous calyx. Cap-
sule subglobose, or oval, separating into 3, 2-valved carpels. Endosperm fleshy
and oily. [Latin name of the plant.] A monotypic genus.

1. Eicinus communis L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753.

Stem erect, 1-5 m. tall, more or less branched, becoming tree-like in warm
regions. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, 1-6 dm. broad, 6-11-palmately
lobed and peltate, the lobes toothed, acute or acuminate; capsule 12-16 mm. in
diameter, usually spiny; seeds shining, smooth, black, variegated with white,
or mottled with gray and brown markings.

Adventitious in waste places on New Providence and Cat Islands : — Bermuda ;
North Carolina to Florida, Texas and Mexico ; West Indies ; continental tropical
America. Native of the Old World tropics. CASTOR-OIL PLANT.

18. MANIHOT Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 356. 1763.

Monoecious herbs or shrubs of vigorous growth, generally with glaucous
glabrous leaves. Leaves alternate, the blades entire or palmately 3-7-lobed,
the segments membranous or leathery, entire or lobed. Flowers apetalous, in
branched racemes, the staminate with a calyx of 5 partially united sepals;
stamens 10, in 2 series; filaments slender, those of the inner series attached to
the lobes of the disk; anthers opening lengthwise. Pistillate flowers with a
calyx similar to that of the staminate but the tube often shorter; ovary 3-
celled; styles 3, slightly united at the base; ovules solitary in each cell. Cap-'
sule 3-celled; seeds solitary in each carpel. [Name Brazilian.] About 80
species of South America, the following typical.

1. Manihot Manihot (L.) Cockerell, Bull. Torr. Club 19: 95. 1892.
Jatropha Manihot L. Sp. PI. 1007. 1753.

Herbaceous; stems 0.8-1.5 m. high, more or less branched. Leaves 3-7-
parted, the segments linear to elliptic or slightly broadest above the middle,
acute or acuminate, entire; petiole about as long as the blade or longer;
bracts shorter than the pedicels; calyx campanulate, 6-8 mm. long, its lobes
ovate, obtuse, about as long as the tube; calyx of the pistillate flowers with
a shorter tube than that of the staminate.

Reappearing after cultivation, Andros and Eleuthera : — Widely cultivated and
more or less persistent in tropical and subtropical regions. Native of South Amer-
ica. CASSAVA.

19. BONANIA A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba 11: 201. 1850.

Low glabrous shrubs with alternate coriaceous leaves and axillary spicate
monoecious flowers. Leaves short-petioled, small, entire or glandular-dentate
or serrate. Disk none. Male flowers 3 from each bract, subsessile;
calyx membranous, the margin truncate or broadly and slightly 2-3-lobed.
Stamens '2 (rarely 3) ; filaments free, short; anthers small, the cells dis-

EUPHOEBIACEAE. 231

tinct, ovoid, parallel-contiguous; rudimentary ovary none. Female flowers
solitary at the base of the spike, sessile or pedicelled; calyx 3-fid; ovary
3-celled; styles 3, distinct or slightly connate at the base, slender, recurved-
spreading, entire; ovule 1 in each cell. Capsule globose; cocci 2-valved;
seeds globose, estrophiolate. [Commemorates Sebastian Bonani.] About 6
species of Cuba and the Bahamas. Type species: Bonania cubana A. Eich.

1. Bonania cubana A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 201, pi. 68. 1850.
Excoecaria cubana Muell. Arg. Ldnnaea 32: 122. 1863.

A much branched shrub about 2 m. high with shining leathery glabrous
leaves. Leaves 12-18 X 6-11 mm., ovate, obtuse, sometimes slightly emargi-
nate, distinctly nerved, glandular-crenate ; petioles short; stipules ovate; male
spikes 12-16 mm. long, slender; bracts 1-3-flowered; calyx sessile, about 1 mm.
long, urceolate, its lobes short, entire; anthers subincluded; capsule flattened-
globose, smooth, slightly 3-sulcate; seed globular, grayish, 3 mm. in diameter,
smooth, flecked with a few minute, scarcely perceptible, yellowish markings.

Thickets, coppices and rocky plains, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat
Island, Great Exuma and Long Island : — Cuba. BONANIA.

20. HIPPOMANE L. Sp. PI. 1191. 1753.

Trees with glabrous leaves and acrid poisonous milky juice. Leaves
alternate, coriaceous, with rather long petioles. Flowers in terminal monoe-
cious amentaceous spikes, the rachis stout, the male above the female in
clusters of 8-15, subtended by 2-glandular bracts; calyx membranous, 2-3-
lobed; stamens 2-3, exserted; filaments more or less united; anthers erect,
extrorse. Female flowers: calyx ovoid, 3-parted> closely surrounding the ovary
and furnished with several glands; ovary 6-8-celled, sessile; styles 6-8, re-
curved, stigmatic on the inner surface; ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous,
anatropous. Drupe slightly 6-8-ridged, variegated, the pulp milky, the endo-
carp bony, 6-8-celled; seeds elongated, flattened. [Greek, horse-poison.] A
monotypic genus.

1. Hippomane Mancinella L. Sp. PI. 1191. 1753.

An evergreen tree 4-20 m. high. Leaves shining, glabrous, thickish, ovate
or oval, 4-10 cm. long, blunt or somewhat narrowed at the base, acute or
short-acuminate, undulate or slightly shallow-serrate; principal veins at nearly
right angles to the midrib; veinlets delicately reticulate; petioles slender,
somewhat shorter, or at times longer, than the blades; stipules 4-8 mm. long;
bracts broader than long, crenulate; male calyx with 3 unequal acute lobes;
female calyx of ovate or orbicular sepals; drupe spheroidal when fresh, 2.5-3.5
cm. in diameter, yellowish; nut depressed, often bearing numerous grouped
thorn-like projections.

Rocky coppices and white-lands, Abaco, Andros, Great Guana Cay, Atwood Cay
Fortune Island, Inagua, Providenciales and Anguilla Islands : — Florida ; West Indies ;
Mexico and continental tropical America. MANCHIONEBL. Catesby, 2 : pi. 95.

21. GRIMMEODENDRON Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 397. 1908.

Glabrous trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, crenate-serrate.
Inflorescence in terminal monoecious spikes; flowers apetalous; disk none.
Male flowers: calyx 3-lobed or 3-fid, membranous, the lobes valvate; stamens 3;

232 EUPHOEBIACEAE.

filaments coalescent near the apex of the column; anthers exserted beyond the
calyx, their sacs ovoid, longitudinally contiguous and dehiscent; rudimentary
ovary absent. Female flowers: calyx 3-fid; ovary 3-celled; styles coalescent
below, patent above, thick, undivided at the apex. Capsule spherical or de-
pressed, sessile, 3-sulcate. Seeds ovate-globose. [Greek, Grimm's tree.] Two
known species, the following typical, the other endemic in Jamaica.

1. Grimmeodendron eglandulosum (A. Eich.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 398.
1908.

Stillingia eglandulosa A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 202. 1850.
Excaecaria Sagraei Muell. Arg. Linnaea 32: 121. 1863.
Excaecaria eglandulosa Muell. Arg.; DC. Prodr. 15: 1209. 1866.

A shrub or a tree up to 8 m. high. Leaves shining, oblong to oblong-lance-
olate, 3-8 X 1-2.5 cm., base obtuse or narrowed to the mostly 2-glandular
petiole, apex bluntly pointed, margin subserrulate with hooked-spinous teeth;
male flowers 2 or 3 ; capsule 5-7 X 8-9 mm. ; seeds ovoid-globose, 4 X 3.2 mm.,
cinnamon-brown, marked with dark brown blotches and points.

Low coppices, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma and Watling's Island : —
Cuba. POISON BUSH.

22. GYMNANTHES Sw. Prodr. 95. 1788.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with glabrous leaves and milky juice, the leaves
alternate. Flowers monoecious or rarely dioecious, the male in slender axillary
bracteolate racemes, the female solitary, long-peduncled, arising from the axils
with the male; perianth rudimentary or lacking. Stamens 2 or 3; filaments
distinct or united at the base, subtended by the rudimentary perianth of 3,
scale-like parts. Styles 3, recurved. Capsule 3-carpelled; seeds pendulous, the
testa membrano-crustaceous. [Greek, naked flower.] About 12 species, of
tropical America. Type species: Gymnanthes elliptica Sw.

1. Gymnanthes lucida Sw. Prodr. 96. 1788.

Excoecaria lucida Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 2: 1122. 1800.

An evergreen shrub or tree often 10 m. high. Leaves petioled, glabrous,
coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate-spatulate, 5-11 cm. long, narrowed at the base,
shining above, the margin undulate and generally obscurely toothed near the
apex; racemes shorter than the leaves, continuous; bracts reniform; stamens
2 or 3, subtended by bractlets; female flowers solitary on curved peduncles
somewhat shorter than the racemes; ovary stipitate; capsule depressed, about
1 cm. broad ; carpels rounded ; seeds ovoid, 5 X 4 mm., gray, striped longi-
tudinally with fine golden-brown lines of irregular width and form.

Coppices, from Allen's Cay throughout the archipelago to Inagua and Atwood
Cay : — Florida and the West Indies. CRAB-WOOD.

23. HUEA L. Sp. PI. 1008. 1753.

Large glabrous trees with milky juice, and large many-carpelled, flattened-
globose fruits, the broad cordate leaves shining, biglandular above the base of
the blade. Inflorescence monoecious., in terminal, oval or oblong, long-peduncled
spikes; male flowers densely imbricated above, the female at the base or in the
inferior axils. Calyx cupuliform, irregularly toothed; staminate column cen-
tral, bearing below its verticillate projections an indefinite number of sessile

EUPHORBIACEAE. 233

extrorse anthers. Style simple, infundibuliform at the apex; stigma many-
lobed, with hanging subulate branches. Capsule deeply sulcate into many
cocci; seeds rounded, compressed. [Aboriginal name.] Two or three species
of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Hura crgpitans L. Sp. PI. 1008. 1753.

A high, umbrageous tree, the trunk and branches often prickly. Leaves
variable in shape, roundish, about 5—7 cm. in diameter, cordate at the base,
abruptly acuminate, serrate or subentire, the blade often shorter than the
petiole; stipules linear-lanceolate, pubes'eemt; anthers usually 1-3-seriate;
stigma large, violet-red; capsule concave at both ends, splitting noisily when
ripe and dry, 7-8 cm. broad, 3-4 cm. high.

Planted in Nassau, New Providence, and perhaps spontaneous after cultivation : —
West Indies and Mexico to tropic America. SANDBOX-TREE.

24. PEDILANTHTJS Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 19: 390. 1812.

Shrubs with fleshy branches and milky juice, alternate leaves with the
midrib thickened beneath (rarely leafless)., glandular stipules (if present), op-
posite floral leaves, and cymose terminal or axillary involucres. Involucres
oblique, shoe-shaped, the tube more or less fissured superiorly and notched
inferiorly at the bilabiate apex or throat, with 2 lateral and 1 median accessory
lobes more or less closing the fissure, the tube bearing an appendix on the
superior side of its posterior extremity. Appendix gibbous and interiorly
glandular, its lip notched or 2-3-lobed and extending anteriorly above the
posterior end of the fissure of the tube. Flowers pedicellate, the male numerous,
ecalyculate, sometimes with linear bracteoles at the base; female single with the
long style finally protruding and generally declinate from the throat of the
tube; stigmas 3, connate, often separate at the apex and frequently 2-lobed.
Seeds ecarunculate. [Greek, slipper-flower.] About 30 species. Type species:
Euphorbia tithymaloides L.

Leafy; appendix 4-glandular. 1. P . tithymaloides.

Leafless ; appendix 2-glandular. 2. P. bahamensis.

1. Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 19: 390. 1812.

Euphorbia tithymaloides L. Sp. PI. 453. 1753.

Branched, 1.2-1.8 m. high; leaves glabrous, subsessile, cuneate at the base,
ovate or oblong, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, apex acute often recurved, margin subundu-
late, the mid-vein prominently undulate-carinate beneath. Cymes terminal,
dense; floral leaves ovate, long-acuminate, slightly longer than the peduncles,
early deciduous; involucres purple, 1.1-1.3 cm. long; tube thin, smooth;
appendix 4-glandular the lobe linear short; male pedicels hairy, the female
glabrous; style shortly bifid; capsule 7.5 mm. long, 9 mm. broad, truncate at
base and apex; cocci keeled; seeds ovate, 5 mm. long.

Waste places and in coppices, Andros and Cat Island : — Florida ; West Indies ;
Mexico ; Central and Caribbean South America. SLIPPER-PLANT. FIDDLE-FLOWER.

2. Pedilanthus bahamensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 359. 1913.

Glabrous, 1-1.5 m. high, leafless, irregularly branched, the branches gray,
roughened with transverse ridges. Inflorescence terminal; bracts cucullate, one
third to one quarter the length of the peduncles; involucres about 9 mm. long,

16

234 EUPHOBBIACEAE.

puberulent, madder-lake in color ; inferior cleft of the tube shallow, the superior
fissure open half the length of the tube ; main lobes blunt, finely erose-lacerate,
the two lateral lobes minute, free only at the apex, the fifth lobe flabellif orm,
free half its length; anthers glabrous; female pedicel puberulent; style very
slightly trifid; appendix narrow, about one half the length of the tube, sarcous,
usually sigmoidj the lobe blunt, slightly notched, strongly gibbous at the base;
glands 2, stipitate; capsule flattened-globose ; seeds trigonal, olivaceous, the
dorsal angle quite prominent, apiculate and with a minute raised pimple at the
apex, 3 X 2.5 mm.

Stony floor of scrub-lands, Deep Creek, Andros, Atwood Cay, Acklin's Island,
Inagua, South Caicos and Grand Turk to Salt Cay. Endemic. BAHAMA FIDDLE-
FLOWER. MONKEY-FIDDLE.

25. ADENORIMA Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 112. 1838.

Trees with thick branches and profuse thick milky juice. Leaves clustered
at the ends of the branches, entire. Cymes corymbose, terminal and super-
axillary. Involucres large; glands 4, on the outer wall of the involucre below
its lip. Styles more or less connate below, bifid into long branches, the apices
rarely thickened. Capsule 3-coccus; seeds smooth, ecarunculate. [Greek,
gland-pit.] Fifteen species, or more, of the West Indies and Mexico. Type
species : Euphorbia punicea Sw.

1. Adenorima gymnonota (Urban) Millsp.

Euphorbia gymnonota Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 396. 1908.
Euphorbiodendron gymnonotum Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot. 2: 305. 1909.

A tree, 6-6.5 m. high, the branches fleshy, dichotomous. Leaves alternate,
linear-oblanceolate, 4-8 X -8-1..4 cm., entire, membranous, narrowed to the
sessile base, the apex rounded-mucronate or acute-mucronate ; inflorescence 5-7-
flowered, terminal ; bracts crimson, ovate ; involucre urceolate, the margin entire
or sparingly crenate-dentate ; glands 4, ovate to ovate-oblong, vertically placed
at or just above the middle of the tube, exappendiculate, fleshy, concave; style
short, 3-fid; capsule 3-angled, smooth; seed globose, gray, 4 mm. in diameter,
the outer gray coat broken through in places revealing the inner dark, irregular
markings.

Margins of thickets, Watling's Island, Crooked, Fortune and Acklin's Islands ;
Little and Great Inagua ; South Caicos ; Ambergris Cay. Endemic. Referred to in
various Bahama publications as Euphorbia punicea Sw. BAHAMA ADEXORIMA.

26. EUPHORBIA Linn. Sp. PI. 450. 1753. ,

Cactus-like shrubs with thick fleshy, generally angular stems, and few
reduced true leaves or none. Leaves and stipules generally represented by spines
but often by small or minute caducous bracts. Cymes lateral or terminal, sub-
sessile, often few-flowered or even single-flowered; involucres subtended by
dilated bractlets; glands of the involucre entire, exappendiculate. Capsules
thick, often ligneous; seeds ecarunculate. [Commemorates Euphorbus, King
Juba's physician.] About 30 species, of the Old World. Type species:
Euphorbia antiquorum L.

1. Euphorbia lactea Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 127. 1812.

A tall, dark-green, many-branched, spinous milky-juiced shrub, 2-5 m.
high, the branches 3-angled, the faces 3-8 cm. broad, plano-convex, the angles

EUPHORBIACEAE. 235

repand-dentate, compressed on the margin; spines short, thick, divergent, 4-6
mm. long.

Widely established in many places, often forming dense thickets, New Provi-
dence, Cat Island, Watling's, Long Island and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ;
Mexico. Naturalized from India and the Moluccas. Referred by Hitchcock and
Mrs. Northrop to Euphorbia antiquorum L. MOTTLED SPURGE.

27. ARTHROTHAMNTJS Kl. & Gke. Monats. Akad. Berlin 1859: 251. 1859.

Leafless, shrubby plants with jointed branches. Involucres not subtended
by dilated bractlets. Leaves reduced to opposite sessile scales glandular on
both surfaces; stipules none. Involucres minute, terminal, campanulate, dioe-
cious, minutely bibracteate at the base. Glands transverse, thick, orbicular or
semiorbicular, spreading, plane, entire. Bracteoles plumose. Styles 3, bifid,
revolute. Seeds ovate-tetragonal, scrobiculate. [Greek, jointed bush.] About
10 species, of tropical America and southern Africa. Type species: Euphorbia
Tirucalli L.

1. Arthrothamnus cassythoides (Boiss.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 306. 1909.
Euphorbia cassythoides Boiss. Cent. Euph. 20. 1860.

Plant 1-2 m. high, the branches white-barked, verticillate below, dichotomous
above; branches with internodes 8-15 cm. long and 6-7-angled, the nodes
gummy. Cymes terminal, dichotomous; involucres produced between small
thick triangular bracelets; tube short-campanulate, glabrous within; lobes
triangular-ovate, 4-5-dentate, hairy; glands fleshy; styles short, hairy, bilobate
at the apex; capsule ovoid; cocci subcarinate; seeds white, each facet 2-3-
foveolate.

Sandy soil near Deep and Fresh Creeks, Andros : — Cuba. LEAFLESS CUBAN
SPURGE.

28. TITHYMALUS [Tourn.] Adans. Tarn. 2: 355. 1763.

Annual or perennial milky herbs or shrubby plants with simple or branched
stems topped by several-rayed cyme-like umbels. Leaves below the umbel
scattered or alternate, estipulate, often broadened upward; bracts of the umbel
quite different from the stem-leaves, entire or toothed. Involucres sessile or
peduncled, the lobes often toothed; glands 4, transversely oblong and appearing
reniform by the cornuate extremities or appendages. Capsule smooth or
tuberculate; cocci rounded or more or less carinate. Seeds variously pitted,
often carunculate. [Greek, referring to the milky juice.] About 250 species,
of wide geographic distribution.,. Type species: Euphorbia dendroides L.

1. Tithymalus trichotomus (H.B.K.) Kl. & Gke. Monats. Akad. Berlin 1860:
81. 1860.

Euphorbia trichotoma H.B.K Nov. Gen. 2: 60. 1817.

Perennial, glabrous. Stem commonly branched and more or less woody at
the base, the branches erect or ascending, 1-4 dm. tall, widely forking above.
Leaves numerous, rather approximate, small, thickish, cuneate to oblong, obtuse
or acutish, 5-12 mm. long, minutely erose when mature; inflorescence trich-
otomous; involucres campanulate, sessile or nearly so, 2 mm. long; glands
reniform, 1 mm. long, yellow; capsule tricoccous, the cocci rounded; seeds
white, globose, 2 mm. in diameter, smooth; caruncle thin, circular.

Coastal sands. Allen's Cay, Great Bahama and Andros : — Florida ; Cuba ; the
Cayman Islands. FORKING SPURGE.

236 EUPHOEBIACEAE.

29. POINSETTIA K. Graham, Edin. N. Phil. Jour. 20: 412. 1836.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, the inflorescence clustered at the tips of the branches,
often subtended by highly colored leaves, the leaves alternate below, opposite
above, the blades similar throughout or very various in form. Involucral lobes
fimbriate; glands sarcous, concave, saucer-, cup- or goblet-shaped, solitary or
rarely 3 or 4, marginal, exappendiculate. Capsule exserted, its cocci rounded;
seed narrowed upwrard, generally tuberculate, ecarunculate or with a mere in-
dication of a caruncular body. [In honor of Joel Eoberts Poinsette of South
Carolina.] About 12 species, mostly American. Type species: Euphorbia
pulcherrima Willd.

1. Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Kl. & Gke. Monats. Akad. Berlin 1859: 253.
1859.

Euphorbia heterophylla L. Sp. PI. 453. 1753.

Euphorbia havanensis Willd.; Boiss. in DC. Prodr. 15: 73, as synonym.

1862.
Euphorbia graminifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 210. 1803.

Annual or perennial, bright green, pubescent or nearly glabrous, mostly
erect, 3-10 dm. tall, woody below; branches ascending or the lower often
spreading, leafy at the ends. Leaves various even on the same stem, from
linear through all shapes to orbicular, entire, dentate, sinuate or even panduri-
form; involucre-lobes ovate or oblong, laciniate; gland 1, sessile, exappendicu-
late; seeds ovoid-oblong, pointed, grayish, 2.8 X 2 mm., minutely and irregularly
tuberculate in more or less transverse lines.

Good soil of grassy places and cultivated fields, Abaco and Great Bahama south-
ward to Grand Turk : — Bermuda ; Illinois to Montana and southward through the
American tropics ; West Indies. JACOB'S LADDER. GOVERNOR GRANT'S LIVERY.

30. AKLEMA Eaf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 114. 1838.

Shrubby or rarely herbaceous, the branches jointed. Leaves equilateral,
entire, penninerved, cuneate at the base, ternate or verticillate (sometimes
opposite), long-petioled ; stipules glanduliform. Cymes axillary and terminal,
corymbose or paniculate (rarely reduced to a single involucre), the terminal
involucres generally hermaphrodite, often many-flowered; glands of the invo-
lucre appendiculate ; bracteoles between the male flowers numerous, plumose.
Capsule depressed, deeply trisulcate; seeds irregularly serobiculate, ecaruncu-
late. [Greek, not explained.] A few species of tropical America. Type
species: Euphorbia nudiflora Jacq.

1. Aklema petiolare (Sims) Millsp. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 43. 1915.

Euphorbia petiolaris Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 883. 1805.

Alectoroctonum petiolare Kl. & Gke. Monats. Akad. Berlin 1859: 248.
1859.

Shrubby or tree-like and 7 m. high., the branches glabrous, swollen at the
nodes. Leaves ternate, ovate or orbicular, 1-1.5 cm. long, truncate or almost
peltate at the base, obtuse or slightly emarginate, entire; the petiole slender,
twice or more the lengith of the blade; inflorescence subtrifloral, shorter than
the leaves; involucres long-pedicelled (6-10 mm.), hemispheric, smooth; lobes
ovate, short-fimbriate ; glands transverse, ovate, stipitate; styles divaricate,
bifid, not thickened at the apex; capsule smooth; cocci obtusely carinate;

EUPHORBIACEAE.

237

seeds ovoid-globose, 3 X 2.4 mm., pointed, white, foveolate with numerous
large shallow irregular pits.

In a sisal field on South Caicos Island : — Hispaniola ; Mona : Porto Rico :
Culebra ; Vieques ; St. Thomas ; St. Jan ; St. Martin ; Anegada ; Tortola ; Martinique
and Tobago. BROAD-LEAVED SPURGE.

31. CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 260. 1821,

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, the stems often diffuse at the base;
the branches prostrate or ascending, forking. Leaves opposite, inequilateral,
more or less oblique at the base, entire or toothed; stipules minute, entire or
lacerate. Inflorescence solitary or capitulate^ axillary and terminal; involucre
toothed, glandular on the margin; glands 4, naked or appendaged (the 5th
gland represented by a sulcus in the margin of the involucral tube). Capsule
more or less globose, 3-coccous, the cocci sharply angled or rounded; seeds
minute, ovoid or elongated-ovoid, more or less quadrangular, the facets smooth
or transversely ridged. [Greek, ground fig.] About 225 species, widely dis-
tributed. Type species: Chamaesyce maritima S. F. Gray.

Suffrutescent ; leaves thick, mostly entire.
Leaves ovate to elliptic or oblong.

Inflorescence terminal-axillary ; plants glabrous.
Inflorescence throughout the upper axils.
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves entire.

Stipules deltoid, acicular-bristled.
Stipules not bristled.
Leaves dentate.

Stipules broad, fimbriate-ciliate.
Stipules narrow, entire, aristate.
Leaves densely tomentose.
Leaves canescent, entire.
Leaves linear or narrowly oblong.

Leaves 2-4 cm. long, involucres peduncled.
Leaves 8-12 mm. long, involucres sessile.
Herbaceous ; leaves thin, mostly serrate.
Leaves glabrous.

Inflorescence clustered ; leaves oblong, acute, sharply

serrate.

Leaves broadly falcate ; seeds red.
Leaves narrowly falcate ; seeds black.
Inflorescence solitary ; leaves ovate, blunt, dentate or

entire.

Capsule glabrous.
Capsule hairy on the angles.
Leaves hairy.

Inflorescence clustered.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, sharp-serrate, acute.
Leaves ovate, crenate-dentate, obtuse.
Inflorescence solitary ; leaves orbicular to elliptic, en-
tire or apically denticulate.

1. C. buxifolia.

2. C. Wilsoni.

3. C. lecheoides.

4. C. msulae-salis.

5. C. exwnensis.

6. C. cayensis.
1. C. Bracei.

8. C. articulata.

9. C. vaginulata.

10. C. hypericifolia.

11. C. Irasiliensis.

12. C. Blodgettii.

13. C. prostrata.

14. C.hirta.

15. C. Berteriana.

16. C.Brittonii.

1. Ohamaesyce buxifolia (Lam.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 711. 1903.
Euphorbia buxifolia Lam. Encyc. 2: 421. 1788.

Low, generally erect, glabrous, shrubby, fleshy, 2-5 dm. high; branches
usually many. Leaves glabrous, thick, wrinkling in drying, ovate or broadly
oblong, 8-12 mm. long, obliquely subcordate at the base, acutish, margin entire,
involute; petioles about 1 mm.; involucres campanulate, about 1.5 mm., as long
as the peduncles or shorter; glands transversely oblong; appendages a mere
whitish bordering line; capsule broad, glabrous; seeds white, ovoid-quadrang-
ular, somewhat apiculate, 1.2 X 1 mm., the angles very blunt ; facets very
shallowly broad-pitted by indistinct and irregularly anastomosing transverse
ridges.

Maritime sands throughout the archipelago : — Bermuda ; Florida ; coasts of the
Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. COAST SPURGE.

238 EUPHORBIACEAE.

2. Chamaesyce Wilsonii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 301. 1909.

Prostrate, spreading, matted, purplish-cinereous; branches densely num-
erous, wiry, divaricate. Leaves small, fleshy, ovate, 2-4 X 1.5-2.5 mm., ob-
liquely auriculate-cordate at the base, obtuse, the margin entire; petioles very
short; stipules deltoid, stiff -ciliate ; involucres solitary in the upper fork-
ings, cylindric-campanulate, short-pedicellate, the tube glabrous without,
densely crisped-pilose within; lobes aristate; glands 4, orbicular, convex, the
fifth represented by a large, triangular lobe; appendages rudimentary; styles
short; stigmas bilobed; capsule ovoid; cocci slightly carinate; seeds white,
ovoid-quadrangular, 1 X -7 mm-j angles comparatively sharp, facets indistinctly
marked by low irregular transverse ridges.

White-lands of Castle Island and Grand Turk. Endemic. WILSON'S SPURGE.

3. Chamaesyce lecheoides Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 301. 1909.

Euphorbia lecheoides Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: -163. 1906.

Erect, shrubby, slender, profusely branching, grayish farinose, perennial,
2-3 dm. high; branches diffuse, dichotomous, the inferior internodes about 1
cm. long-, the upper branchlets virgate, wiry. Leaves short-petioled, deltoid-
ovate, triangular-ovate or elliptic, 2.5-5 X 1-2.5 mm., abruptly attenuate at the
apex, the margin thickened and revolute; stipules broadly ovate, stiff -
ciliate; involucres solitary, turbinate, short-pedicellate, the tube glabrous
without, barbellate at the throat within; lobes triangular, acute, ciliate;
glands dark, flattened, orbicular, the face pock-marked; appendages minute,
fleshy, or obsolete; stigmas bifurcate to the middle; filaments barbellate;
capsule glabrous; seeds reddish-brown, ovoid-quadrangular (the ventral angle
indistinct), apiculate, .8 X -5 mm., the facets indistinctly transversely rugose.

Scrub-lands of the southwest extremity of Watling's Island, Mariguana, Inagua,
South Caicos and Grand Turk to Salt Cay. Endemic. PIN-WEED SPURGE.

4. Chamaesyce insulae-salis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 395. 1914.

Perennial, erect, 7-10 cm. high, from a densely nodular rootstock;
branches densely tufted, wiry, glabrous, the internodes 1.5-2 cm. long. Inflo-
rescence solitary, terminal and terminal-axillary; leaves opposite, sarcous,
glabrous, 2-4 X 1.5-3 mm., marked only by the thickish midrib, subcordate,
acute, entire or in the lowermost indistinctly denticulate, petioles about 1 mm.
often with a tuft of ciliae between the base and the stipule; stipules of many
forms from deltoid and entire through lanceolate, bifid, and lance-aristate to
a mere tuft of ciliae; involucres campanulate, sessile or nearly so, the outer
surface smooth, the inner densely woolly; lobes triangular-aristate, densely
woolly on the inner recurved surface; glands transversely oval; appendages
greenish white, entire or nearly s>o, about the width of the glands; styles bifid
to half their length; capsule glabrous, strongly tricoccous; seed ovoid-quad-
rangular, 1 X -7 mm., white, acute, the angles sharp (except the ventral),
facets smooth or with a few irregular indistinct ridges.

Sands of Salt Cay (Cay Sal Bank). Endemic. CAY SAL SPURGE.

5. Chamaesyce exumensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 301. 1909.

Perennial, 3 dm.-1.5 m. high, purplish- or greenish-cinereous; stem erect
or reclinate-prostrate ; branches strict, denuded below, the nodes somewhat
swollen; branchlets subtenuous, divaricate. Leaves thick, ovate, .8-1.1 X .6-.8
mm., short-petioled, obliquely cordate, obtuse or acutish, entire or slightly and
remotely dentate near the apex; stipules aristate; involucres terminal and in
the upper forkings, turbinate, short-pedicellate, glabrous without, densely
barbellate within; lobes triangular, setaceous at the apex; glands 4 (the fifth
represented by a larger involucral lobe), ovate, plane; appendages white,

EUPHORBIACEAE. 239

entire; stamens 5; filaments cristate-barbellate at the base; styles short,
deeply bifid; capsule ovoid; cocci acutely carinate; seeds ovoid-quadrangular,
the ventral angle obtuse, pinkish gray, 1.1 X -8 mm-> facets slightly and indis-
tinctly anastomose and transversely ridged.

Coastal sands, white-lands and sand-pockets in coastal rocks, Eleuthera, the
Exumas, southward to Fortune Island. Endemic. Referred by Mueller to Eu-
phorbia Balbisii Boiss ; by Coker to Euphorbia cayensis Millsp. ; and in Field Mus.
Bot. 2 : 161 to Euphorbia flexuosa Kth. EXUMA SPURGE.

6. Chamaesyce cayensis Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot. 2: 301. 1909.

Euphorbia cayensis Millsp. Torreya 4: 172. 1904.

Low, densely white-canescent ; stems stout, ligneous, multinodal, branch-
ing below, 2-3 dm. high, spreading above. Leaves thick, oval, 4-6 X3~4 mm.,
obliquely cordate at the base, entire, canescent alike on both surfaces;
petioles 1-1.5 mm.; involucres campanulate, short-peduncled, 1.5 mm., canes-
cent, bearded in the throat; glands green, transversely oblong, thick, tumid, .7
mm. broad (fifth gland represented by a large, deltoid tooth on the involucral
margin); appendages lineal, hardly distinguishable; capsule canescent; cocci
bluntly keeled; seeds pinkish ashen, ovoid-quadrangular, the ventral angle
slight, 1 X -8 mm., facets distinctly transversely anastomose-ridged.

Coastal white-lands, Man-o'-War Cay (Abaco), the Berry Islands and Joulter's
Cays, Anguilla and Water Cays (Cay Sal Bank). Endemic. BAHAMA SPURGE.

7. Chamaesyce Bracei Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 302. 1909.

Euphorbia Bracei Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2 : 159. 1906.

Nearly prostrate, branching from the -base; branches ligneous, canescent.
Leaves thickish, oblong to ovate, 5-8 X 3~5 mmv» Vei7 short-canescent and
dotted with amber-like resin globules on both surfaces, the base narrowing to
the petiole, the apex obtuse, the margin entire, revolute; petiole one-fifth the
length of the blade; stipules triangular, 2-toothed or more, the teeth tipped
with a stalked dark globular gland; involucres upper-axillary, cup-shaped,
the pedicels equalling the tube, eanescent without, eiliate within, the inner
wall 'with 5 alate columns from the base to the glands; lobes triangular, acute;
glands 4 (the fifth represented by a broader, longer involucral tooth), minute,
transversely-ovate; appendages very narrow, crenate, or wanting; stigmas
bifurcate to the base; capsule acicular-hairy ; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, .9 X -7
mm., very slightly anastomosely transverse-ridged.

White-lands of Abaco and Man-o'-War Cay. Endemic. BRACE'S SPURGE.

8. Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britton, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 574.

1916.

Euphorbia articulata Aub-l. PI. Guian. 1: 480. 1775.
Euphorbia linearis Eetz. Obs. 3: 32. 1783.

Shrubby, glabrous, 3-6 m. high, the branches divaricate. Leaves glabrous
or slightly canescent, ligulate to oblong-linear or narrowly oblong, 2-6 cm. X
4-6 mm., rounded or narrowed at the oblique base, acute or blunt, mucronulate,
entire, glaucous beneath; petioles short; stipules interpetiolar, broadly deltoid,
eiliate ; involucres single, terminal-axillary ; peduncles more or less winged ;
tube thick, glabrous without, minutely appressed-silky within; involucral lobes
wanting, the margin of the tube thickened ; glands 4, cup-shaped, with a nipple-
like projection at the inner edge (resembling the tip of an elephant's pro-
boscis); bracteoles very numerous, ligulate below, brush-like above; stigma
3-furcate above the middle; capsule glabrous, strongly 3-coccous; seed pink-
ashen, ovoid-quadrangular, 1.5 X 1 mm., facets transversely anastomose-rugose.

Low scrub-lands near Jacksonville, East Caicos : — Porto Rico to Anegada and
St. Vincent. BUSHY SPURGE.

240 EUPHOKBIACEAE.

9. Chamaesyce vaginulata (Gris-eb.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 302. 1909.

Euphorbia vaginulata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 52. 1859.

A low, densely branched shrub, 2 dm. to 2 m. high, the branchlets closely
ringed with the old persistent stipular sheaths, giving the whole shrub an
ashen hue. Leaves small, 3—15 X 1 mm., fleshy, linear (in some specimens
globular), glabrous, entire, obtuse, very short-petioled, springing from a
broad scaphoid sheath-like stipule with a ciliate margin; involucres solitary,
terminal on the branchlets, turbinate, short-pedicelled ; tube thick-walled,
glabrous without and within; lobes triangular, ciliate; glands 4, large, orbicu-
lar, sarcous, dark purple, the fifth represented by a larger involucral lobe;
bracteoles ligulate, glabrous; capsule glabrous, strongly 3-coccous, the cocci
mottled with fine dark confluent punctae; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, bluish
white, 1.2 X -8 nim., blunt-pointed, smooth, the testa minutely punctate.

Rocky white-lands of Watling's Island, Castle Island, the Inaguas and through-
out the Caicos and Turk's Islands. Endemic. SHEATHED SPURGE.

10. Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 302. 1909.
Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Sp. PI. 454. 1753.

Annual, erect or ascending, 2-8 dm. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
often falcate, 1.5-3 cm. X 5~1° mm., obliquely truncate at the base, blunt,
more or less sharp-serrate on the upper third, short-petioled, glabrous or some-
what hairy; stipules ovate, acute, thin, dentate and ciliate on the margin;
inflorescence densely cymose in the axils of the upper and terminal leaves, the
floral bracts- linear and often white-margined; involucres turbinate, thin,
glabrous without, hirtellous at the throat within; lobes lanceolate-triangular,
lacerate into 3-5 teeth; glands small, roundish, stalked, the fifth gland repre-
sented by a deep sinus flanked by a larger, more triangular lobe; appendages
white, orbicular or ovate; styles short, deeply bifid; capsule glabrous, strongly
3-coccous, the cocci carinate ; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, red, .8 X -6 mm., the
angles prominent, the facets marked with many transverse broken ridges.

Open grassy places throughout the archipelago : — Bermuda ; Gulf of Mexico
region of the United States ; Mexico ; Central and South America ; West Indies.
Referred by Mrs. Northrop to Euphorbia nutans Lag. HYPERICUM-LEAVED SPURGE.

11. Chamaesyce brasilie"nsis (Lam.) Small, Fl. BE. U. S. 712. 1903.
Euphorbia brasiliensis Lam. Encyc. 2: 423. 1788.

Annual, erect or ascending, similar in habit to the last, but with more
filiform branchlets, smaller and more falcate leaves, fewer-flowered cymes,
and black seeds. Stipules broadly deltoid, bifurcate into lacerate lobes ;
involucres glabrous without and within, very short-pedicelled ; lobes triangular,
mostly entire; glands minute, long-stalked, the fifth represented by a very
shallow sinus flanked by two larger involucral lobes ; capsule glabrous, strongly
3-coccous; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, black, 1.'2 X -9 mm., the strong, but
rounded, angles white-edged, dorsal facets marked by 3 complete transverse
ridges, ventral 2-ridged.

Open places and grassy coverts, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Florida to
Arizona ; Bermuda ; Central America to Brazil ; West Indies. BRAZILIAN SPURGE.

12. Chamaesyce Blodge*ttii (Engelm.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 712. 1903.

Euphorbia Blodgettii Engelm.; Hitch. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 126. 1893.

Annual, glabrous, prostrate or ascending, branching at the base, the
branches 1-4 dm. long, forking. Leaves oblong or nearly so, 3-8 mm. long,
minutely serrate toward the apex, oblique at the base, obtuse, petiolate;
stipules broadly triangular, acute, ciliate-margined ; involucres solitary in the

EUPHORBIACEAE. 241

upper axils, campanulate, less than 1 mm. long, short-pedunculate, glabrous
without, ciliate at the throat within; lobes triangular; glands 4, slightly
stalked, orbicular to ovate, the fifth represented by a sinus with a rounded
fundus and flanked by two larger, nearly quadrilateral lobes; appendages
nearly as broad as the glands, entire or 2-3-crenate; capsule bluntly tricoccous,
glabrous ; seeds ovoid-quadrangular, pinkish or brownish, 1 X -8 mm., angles
prominent, facets slightly transversely ridged.

On rocks, in sand and in pot-holes, from the southern coast of Great Bahama to
Ambergris Cay : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Caymans. Referred by Mrs.
Northrop and by Dolley to Euphorbia serpens Kth., and by Dolley again to Eu-
phorbia maculata L. BLODGETT'S SPUKGE.

13. Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small, PI. SE. U. S. 713. 1903.
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 139. 1789.

Annual, prostrate, more or less, pubescent, or • glabrate ; stems branched
at the base ; branches slender, .5—15 dm. long, forking. Leaves thin, oblong or
ovate, strongly oblique at the base, 4-7 mm. long, obtuse, more or less serrulate
toward the apex, minutely pubescent on both sides, petiolate; stipules thin,
papyraceous, broadly deltoid, ciliate at the acute apex; involucres glabrous,
axillary, minute; lobes elongate-triangular, ciliate on the margin; glands 4,
transversely oval, the fifth replaced by a small extra glabrous tooth on the
involucral margin; appendages about the width of the glands, finely many-
crenate; capsule strongly tricoccous, glabrous except on the keels of the cocci
which bear a fringe of long hairs; seeds pink, elongated-ovoid-quadrangular,
pointed, 1 X -5 mm-> strongly and sharply sculptured by numerous, strictly
transverse, ridges which include the angles.

Grassy places on New Providence and Grand Turk Island : — Bermuda ; North
Carolina to Missouri and southward to Brasil and Peru ; West Indies. PROSTRATE
SPURGE.

14. Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 303. 1909.

Euphorbia hirta L. Sp. PI. 454 (ante). 1753.
Euphorbia pilulifera L. loc. cit. (post). 1753.

Annual, prostrate or ascending, pubescent with amber-colored, multi-
cellular hairs; stems branching from the base, 1-4 dm. long, forking or simple.
Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, more or less falcate, 1-3 cm. long; some-
times blotched with deep-red, strongly oblique at the base, acute, sharply
serrate above the middle, petiolate; stipules long cylindro-aristate, hairy;
involucres densely capitulate in peduncled clusters, turbinate; lobes large,
triangular, densely long-ciliate ; glands 4, stipitate, the fifth replaced by a
shallow, rounded sulcus in the involucral margin; appendages none; capsule
strongly 3-coccous, with short crisped multicellular hairs; seeds salmon-pink,
elongated-ovoid-quadrangular, ..8 X •*>' mm., the angles sharp, facets strongly
marked with numerous, mostly incomplete, transverse ridges.

Rocks, path-sides and cultivated grounds, Andros and New Providence to
Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Mexico ; West Indies ; Central America ; American
and Old World tropics. HAIRY SPURGE,.

15. Ohamaesyce Berteriana (Balbis) Millsp, Field Mus. Bot. 2: 303. 1909.
Euphorbia Berteriana Balbis; Spreng. Syst. 3: 794. 1826.

A low, prostrate or ascending, densely pubescent annual, with a clustered
terminal inflorescence. Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, 1-1.5 X «4r-.6 mm.,
strongly inequilateral and oblique at the base, obtusely or crenately denticu-
late; stipules cylindro-aristate with a broadened base, glabrous; inflorescence
corymbose at the apices of the smaller branchlets; involucres minute, oblong-
turbinate, glabrous below, long-ciliate-hairy at the throat without and within;

242 BUXACEAE.

lobes triangular, eiliate; glands 4; minute, orbicular, stipitate, with or without
narrow white, entire or bi-crenate, appendages; styles thick, bifurcate to
the middle, the branches somewhat swollen at the tips; capsule crisped-hairy ;
oocci distinct; seed white or pinkish, elongated-ovoid-quadrangular, angles
sharp and prominent, facets with a few prominent broad, mostly incomplete,
transverse ridges.

Red-lands of Great Exuma, Long Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana and Castle
Island : — Hispaniola to Martinique. BERTEKO'S SPURGE.

16. Chamaesyce Brittonii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 303. 1909.
Euphorbia Brittonii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 159. 1906.

A low, slender, erect herb branching from the base, 5-7 cm. high; branches
wiry, ascending. Leaves thick, short-petioled, rotund or oblong-elliptic, 4 X 3
mm., slightly oblique-cordate, entire or subdentate, revolute, midrib prominent
beneath, under surface glaucous, pilose; stipules triangular, more or less
equally fimbriate; involucres solitary in the axils, campanulate, pedicellate,
glabrous without, densely tomentose at the throat within; glands ovate, green-
ish; appendages large, orbicular, white; stamens pilose; stigmas bifurcate
above; capsule smooth; seeds roseate-cinereous, ovoid-quadrangular, the ventral
angle flattened, facets slightly transverse-rugose.

White-lands near Nassau, New Providence. Endemic. BRITTON'S SPURGE.
[Sapium laurifolium Griseb., reported by Dolley as Bahamian, has not been seen
on the islands by any of our investigators ; his record is presumably erroneous.]

Order 14. SAPINDALES.

Mostly trees or shrubs. Petals usually present and separate. Sepals
mostly distinct. Stamens rarely more than twice as many as the sepals,
when as many or fewer, opposite them. Ovary superior, compound.
Ovules pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or
erect or ascending.

Petals wanting. Fam. 1. BUXACEAE.

Petals present.

Ovary mostly 1-celled ; plants with resin-bearing tissues. Fam. 2. ANACARDIACEAE.
Ovary 2-several-celled.

Leaves simple, pinnately veined.

Ovule 1 in each ovary-cavity. Fam. 3. ILICACEAE.

Ovules 2 or more in each ovary-cavity.

Flowers with a disk and petals. Fam. 4. CELASTRACEAE.

Disk obsolete ; corolla wanting. Fam. 5. DODONAEACEAE.

Leaves compound ; fruit various. Fam. 6. SAPINDACEAE.

Family 1. BUXACEAE Dumort.
Box FAMILY.

Monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple
mostly evergreen leaves, the sap not milky. Flowers regular, bracted.
Petals none. Staminate flowers with 4-7 distinct stamens, the anthers
2-celled; sometimes with a rudimentary pistil. Pistillate flowers with a
2-4-celled (mostly 3-celled) ovary, with 2 or 1 anatropous ovules in each
cavity; styles as many as the ovary-cavities, simple. Fruit a capsule or
drupe, its carpels 1-2-seeded. Embryo straight; endosperm fleshy, or
almost wanting. About 6 genera and 40 species of both the Old World
and the New.

ANACARDTACEAE. 243

1. TRICERA Sw.; Schreb. Gen. 630. 1791.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees, with opposite entire coriaceous short-
petioled leaves, and small monoecious flowers in small, axillary or terminal,
sessile or short-stalked clusters, the bracts small, herbaceous or coriaceous.
Terminal flowers of the clusters usually pistillate, the lower staminate. Pistil-
late flowers usually with 6 imbricated sepals, the ovary 3-celled, the 3 styles
separate, or connate below; ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity, pendulous. Stami-
nate flowers with 4 sepals, 4 stamens with oblong anthers and a rudimentary
ovary. Capsule 2-3-horned. [Greek, three-horned.] About 23 species, natives
of the West Indies. Type species: Crantsia laevigata Sw.

1. Tricera bahamensis (Baker) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 139. 1906.
Buxus bahamensis Baker, in Hook. Ic. PI. 19: pi. 1806. 1889.

A much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, rarely a small tree about 3 m. high,
glabrous throughout, the angulate twigs rather densely leafy. Leaves oblong
to elliptic, rigid, 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 times as long as wide, sharply acute at the
apex, narrowed at the base, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral venation
very obscure, the petioles 1-3 mm. long; inflorescence axillary, nearly sessile,
much shorter than the leaves; bracts ovate, acute, 1-2 mm. long; pistillate
flowers 1 or few; staminate flowers usually several, pedicelled, about 2 mm.
long; stamens longer than the sepals; capsule 6-7 mm. long; style distinct.

Scrub-lands, pine-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Exuma Chain,
Cat Island to Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Cuban Cays and Jamaica. BAHAMA
TRICERA.

Family 2. ANACARDIACEAE Lindl.

SUMAC FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with acrid resinous or milky sap, alternate or rarely
opposite leaves, and polygamo-dioecious or perfect, mainly regular flowers.
Calyx 3-7-cleft. Petals of the same number, imbricated in the bud, or
rarely none. Disk generally annular. Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals, rarely fewer, or more, inserted at the base of the disk; fila-
ments mostly separate; anthers commonly versatile. Ovary in the stami-
nate flowers 1-celled. Ovary in the pistillate flowers 1- or sometimes 4-5-
celled ; styles 1-3 ; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit generally a small drupe.
Seed-coat bony or crustaceous; endosperm little or none; cotyledons fleshy.
About 60 genera and 500 species, most abundant in warm or tropical
regions, a few extending into the temperate zones.

Leaves pinnate or trifoliate ; drupes small.

Stone of the subglobose drupe hard, ribbed ; our species a vine. 1. Toxicodendron.

Stone of the oblong drupe parchment-like ; tree. 2. Metopium.

Leaves simple ; drupes large. 8. Mangifera.

1. TOXICODENDRON [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.

Shrubs, small trees, or vines climbing by aerial rootlets, with 3-foliolate
or pinnate leaves poisonous to the touch, and axillary panicles of small,
greenish or white polygamous flowers. Calyx 5-cleft; petals and stamens 5;
ovary 1-ovuled; style terminal. Drupes small, glabrous, or 'Sparingly pubes-
cent when young, the stone striate. [Greek, poison-tree.] About 20 species,
natives of North America and Asia. Type species: ETius Toxicodendron L.

244 ANACARDIACEAE.

1. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 153. 1891.

Ehus radicans L. Sp. PI. 266. 1753.

ETius Blodgettii Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club 21: 486. 1894.

Toxicodendron Blodgettii Greene, Leaflets 1: 126. 1905.

A woody vine, climbing by numerous aerial rootlets, or bushy and erect,
the stem sometimes 7-10 cm. in diameter. Leaves petioled; leaflets ovate or
rhombic, 2.5-15 cm. long, entire or sparingly dentate or sinuate, acute or short-
acuminate, the lateral sessile or short-stalked, inequilateral, the terminal one
stalked; flowers green, 3 mm. broad, in loose axillary panicles 2-8 cm. long;
drupes subglobose, 3-5 mm. in diameter, grayish-white.

Moist depressions in pine- and scrub-lands, and in savannas, Andros, Abaco,
Great Bahama, North Cat Cay and New Providence : — continental North America,
south to Mexico. Recorded by Dolley as Rhus Toxicodendron L. POISON IVY.

2. METOPIUM P. Br.; Engler, in DC. Mon. Phan. 4: 367. 1883.

Poisonous trees, with alternate petioled pinnate leaves, the several leaflets
entire, subcoriaceous, the small greenish dioecious flowers in axillary panicles.
Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, imbricated, longer than the sepals. Disk
annular. Stamens 5, the filaments short, subulate, the anthers longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovary 1 -celled; style short; stigma 3-lobed; ovule one, Drupe
oblong, glabrous, pointed, containing a parchment-like stone. [Greek, fore-
head, significance not explained.] Three species, natives of the West Indian
region. Type species: Ehus Metopium L.

1. Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urban; Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 612.
1896.

Amyris toxifera L. Syst. ed. 10, 1000. 1759.

A poisonous tree, up to 14 m. high with a trunk sometimes 2 dm. in diam-
eter, the thin bark reddish-brown without, orange within, splitting into large
scales, the branches widely spreading. Leaves 3 dm. long or less, glabrous;
leaflets 3-7, ovate to suborbicular or obovate, chartaceous, 2.5-10 cm. long,
acute, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed to cordate at the base,
bright green and shining above, dull beneath, the petiolules 1-3 cm. long;
panicles many-flowered, as long >as the leaves or longer; pedicels rather stout,
2-4 mm. long; sepals obtuse, much shorter than the ovate obtuse yellowish-
green petals; drupes oblong, orange-yellow,, 1-1.5 cm. long, in spreading or
drooping panicles.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco
and Great Bahama to Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba ;
Haiti : Porto Rico. Referred by Hitchcock and by Dolley to Rhus Metopium L. ; by
Mrs. Northrop to Metopium Metopium (L.) Small. POISON-TREE. Catesby, 1 : pi. l(0.

3. MANGIFEBA L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753.

Trees, mostly large, with alternate petioled entire coriaceous leaves, and
small polygamous flowers in terminal panicles. Calyx 4-5-parted, deciduous,
the lobes imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, narrow, imbricated. Stamens lf-5,
unequal, all polleniferous or some sterile, the filaments sometimes connate
below. Ovary sessile, superior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style lateral, curved; stigma
simple. Drupe ovoid, oblique, large, fleshy, the stone fibrous. Seed flattened,
its testa thin, the cotyledons plano-convex, usually lobed, the radicle ascending.
[Latin, mango-bearing.] About 14 species, natives of tropical Asia, the fol-
lowing typical.

ILICACEAE. 245

1. Mangifera indica L. Sp. PI. 200. 1753.

A large tree, sometimes 20 m. high or more, with a trunk up to 2.5 m. in
diameter, the branches spreading, the stout twigs glabrous. Leaves coriaceous,
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long, acute, acuminate or sometimes
blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous, dark green above, the
petioles about 2.5 cm. long; panicles large, terminal, pubescent, the flowers
very numerous, green, about 4 mm. wide; fruit pendulous, usually 8-12 em.
long, smooth, greenish or yellowish, the flesh soft and juicy.

Wood-lands, New Providence. Naturalized. Native of tropical Asia. Widely
naturalized in the West Indies and tropical continental America. MANGO.

COMOCLADIA INTEGRIFOLIA L., recorded by Dolley, has not been found by us on
any of the cays or islands of the archipelago ; it is only known to inhabit Jamaica
and Hispaniola.

ANACAKDIUM OCCIDENTALE L. and SPONDIAS LtiTEA L., recorded as Bahamian by
Dolley, have not been found by us in a wild state within the archipelago.

Family 3. ILICACEAE Lowe.
HOLLY FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, with watery sap, and alternate petioled simple leaves.
Flowers axillary, small, white, mainly polygamo-dioecious, regular. Stip-
ules minute and deciduous, or none. Calyx 3-6-parted, generally per-
sistent. Petals 4-6 (rarely more), separate, or slightly united at the base,
hypogynous, deciduous, imbricated. Stamens hypogynous, as many as
the petals, or sometimes more; anthers oblong, cordate. Disk none. Ovary
1, superior, 3-several-celled ; stigma discoid or capitate; style short or
none; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, enclos-
ing several nutlets. Seed pendulous; endosperm fleshy; embryo straight.
Three genera and about 300 species, of temperate and tropical regions.

1. ILEX L. Sp. PI. 125. 1753.

Leaves minutely stipulate. Flowers cymose or solitary, perfect or polyg-
amous. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft or toothed. Petals 4-9, somewhat united at the
base, oblong, obtuse. Stamens of the same number, adnate to the base of the
corolla. Berry-like drupe globose, with 4-8 bony or crustaceous nutlets. [An-
cient name of the Holly Oak.] About 280 species, mostly natives of America.
Type species: Ilex Aquifolium L.

Leaves dark green above, pale beneath. 1. /. Cassine.
Leaves dark green above and beneath.

Leaves obovate, obtuse or emarginate. 2. I. repanda.

Leaves ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. 3. /. Krugiana.

1. Ilex Cassine L. Sp. PI. 125. 1753.

A shrub, or small tree. Twigs pubescent; leaves >oblanceolate or oblong-
obovate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.25-2.5 cm. wide, acute at the base, glabrous and dark
green above, pale and usually pubescent beneath; petioles 6-8 mm. long;
staminate cymes several- or many-flowered,- peduncles and pedicels pubescent;
fertile cymes commonly 3-flowered; calyx-lobes ciliate; drupes red, globose,
4-6 mm. in diameter.

Palmetto-lands, and coppices, Great Bahama, at Barnett's Point ; Andros, near
Staniard Creek : — Virginia to Florida and Louisiana ; Cuba. DAHOON HOLLY.

246 CELASTRACEAE.

2. Ilex repanda Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 172. 1860.

A shrub or small tree up to 8 m. tall, the leaves and twigs glabrous.
Leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate, 4-7 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, rounded, obtuse
or emarginate at the apex, acute at the base, dark-green and shining above, dull
beneath, sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the petioles 3-5 mm. long; cymes
several-flowered; pedicels 3-5 mm. long, glabrous; calyx obtusely 4-lobed;
drupes subglobose or obovoid, about 5 mm. in diameter.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and
Eleuthera : — Cuba. Recorded by Dolley as Ilex montana Griseb. CUBAN HOLLY.

3. Ilex Krugiana Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 15: 317. 1892.

A tree, attaining a height of 15 m. and a trunk-diameter of 3 dm., usually
smaller, and sometimes shrubby, the slender twigs gray, becoming nearly white,
the bark thin, smooth, nearly white. Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, char-
taceous, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
entire, revolute-margined, glabrous, shining above, dull beneath, the slender
petioles 1-2 cm. long; flowers few or several in axillary clusters; peduncles
about 1 cm. long; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; corolla
about 2.5 mm. broad, its lobes ovate; drupes purplish, usually containing 4
nutlets, about 4 mm. in diameter.

Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New
Providence : — Florida ; Hispaniola. Recorded by Dolley as Ilex Macoucoua Pers.
KRUG'S HOLLY.

Schoepf records a New Providence plant as Ilex cuneata, giving the name only
without description or reference, therefore not identified.

Family 4. CELASTRACEAE L.

STAFF-TREE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, some species climbing. Leaves simple. Stipules, when
present, small and caducous. Flowers regular, generally perfect, small.
Pedicels commonly jointed. Calyx 4-5-lobed or -parted, persistent, the
lobes imbricated. Petals 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens inserted on the disk.
Disk flat or lobed. Ovary sessile, mostly 3-5-celled; style short, thick;
stigma entire or 3— 5-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit
drupaceous or capsular. Seeds with or without an aril; embryo large;
cotyledons f oliaceous. About 45 genera, and 375 species, widely distributed.

Fruit a dehiscent capsule ; seeds arillate. 1. Maytenus.

Fruit indehiscent ; seeds not arillate.
Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled.

Sepals connate near the base. 2. Rhacoma.

Sepals distinct or nearly so.

Leaves opposite ; ovule pendulous. 3. Gyminda.

Leaves alternate ; ovule erect. 4. Schacfferia.

Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. 5. Elaeodendrum.

1. MAYTENUS Molina, Sagg. Chile 177. 1782.

Unarmed, evergreen shrubs or trees, with alternate petioled coriaceous
serrate leaves, and small polygamous axillary flowers, solitary or in clusters.
Calyx 5-lobed. Stamens 5, the filaments subulate. Disk orbicular, undulate.
Ovary immersed in the disk, 2-4-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, erect;
style slender or none; stigma 2-4-lobed. Fruit a small coriaceous capsule,
1-8-celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved. Seeds erect, the testa crustaceous; the aril
fleshy; cotyledons f oliaceous. [From the Chilean name.] Type species:
Maytenus Boaria Molina.

Leaves suborbicular to broadly elliptic, cordate at base. 1! M. hicayana.

Leaves obovate to oblong-spathulate, narrowed or cuneate at base. 2. M . Kuxifolia.

CELAS'TKACEAE. 247

1. Maytenus lucayana Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 140. 1906.

A white-barked shrub, the twigs angular. Leaves orbicular-ovate, 1.5-3 cm.
long, 1.5-2.7 cm. wide, coriaceous, rounded at the apex, cordate at the base,
shining above, dull beneath, bright-green, the midvein slender and impressed in
both surfaces, the few lateral veins more slender and similarly impressed, the
stout petiole only 1-1.5 mm. long; pedicels solitary or few together at defoliated
axils, about 2 mm. long; petals not seen; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, nearly 1 mm.
long; young fruit ovoid, pointed, tipped by a style 0.5 mm. long; stigmas 2.

Rocky margins of ponds, Great Bahama at West End. Endemic. BAHAMA
MAYTENUS.

2. Maytenus buxifolia (A. Kich.) Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 53. 1866.

Monteverdia luxifolia A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10: 142, pi. 36. 1845.

A shrub or a tree up to 10 m. high, the trunk up to 2.5 dm. in diameter, the
twigs gray, glabrous, becoming nearly terete. Leaves oblong to obovate or
oblong-spatulate,, 1-4 cm. long, 4-20 mm. wide, coriaceous, obtuse or subtruncate
at the apex, obtuse, narrowed, or cuneate at the base, short-petioled, faintly
shining above, dull beneath, the midvein impressed on both sides, the lateral
venation obsolete; flowers few in the clusters; pedicels 1-4 mm. long; calyx-
lobes semiorbicular, 0.5 mm. long; petals greenish yellow, nearly 2 mm. long,
ovate, obtuse; fruit globose-obovoid, red or orange, 5-9 mm. long.

Thickets and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Caicos and Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. BOX-LEAVED MAYTBNDS.

2. RHACOMA L. Syst. ed. 10, 896. 1759.

Shrubs or low trees, with coriaceous small evergreen leaves, and small
perfect greenish axillary flowers. Calyx 4-5-lobed. Disk depressed, 4-5-
lobed. Petals 4 or 5, inserted under the disk. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 4-
celled; stigmas 4; ovules 1 in each cavity of the ovary, erect. Drupe with a
somewhat fleshy, thin exocarp and a bony stone. [Name used by Pliny for
some Old World plant.] About 12 species, of warm and tropical America.
Type species: Ehacoma Crossopetalum L.

Leaves entire or crenulate.

Inflorescence nearly sessile ; leaves entire. 1. R. coriacea.

Inflorescence slender-peduncled ; leaves crenulate at least

toward the apex. 2. R. Crossopetalum.

Leaves spinulose-serrulate.

Leaves long spinulose-toothed ; fruit nearly sessile. 3. R. aquifolia.

Leaves short spinulose-toothed r fruit slender-pedicelled. 4. R. ilicifolia.

1. Rhacoma coriacea (Northrop) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 71. 1904.
Crossopetalum coriaceum Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 48. 1902.

A low shrub, 6 dm. high or less, the quadrangular twigs densely leafy,
glabrous. Leaves opposite, coriaceous, glabrous, obovate or oblong-obovate,
1-3 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, rounded or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the
base, entire, dull green on both sides; inflorescence 1-5-flowered, sessile or
nearly so; calyx-lobes 4, half -orbicular ; petals 4, ovate to orbicular, reddish,
1 mm. long; disk 4-lobed; stamens 4; drupe obovoid, red, about 4 nun. long.

Low coppices, sand-dunes and savannas, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Great Guana. Endemic. BAHAMA RHACOMA.

248 CELASTRACEAE.

2. Rhacoma Crossopetalum L. Syst. ed. 10, 896. 1759.

Myginda Ehacoma Sw. Prodr. 39. 1788.

Myginda pollens J. E. Smith in Bees Cycl. 25: no. 4. 1813.
Crossopetalum pallens Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 116. 1891.
Crossopetalum Rhacoma Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 70. 1893.
Ehacoma pollens Maza, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 19: 239. 1900.

A shrub or tree up to 8 m. high, with smooth grey bark and angular twigs.
Leaves opposite or whorled, linear to oblong or obovate, short-petioled, 1-4 cm.
long, somewhat crenate, glabrous, acutish or blunt at the apex, narrowed at the
base, paler green beneath than- above; flowers clustered in the axils, the clusters
slender-peduncled ; calyx urceolate, with 4 obtuse lobes; petals 4; disk 4-lobed;
stamens 4, inserted between the lobes of the disk; ovary 4-celled; drupe about
6 mm. long, slightly oblique, red.

Coppices, thickets and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and
Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Bermuda ;
West Indies ; Colombia. Species composed of a large number of races, the leaf-form
from linear-spathulate to suborbicular. POISON CHERRY. WILD CHERRY.

3. Ehacoma aquifolia (Griseb.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 77. 1904.

Myginda aquifolia Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 55. 1866.

Crossopetalum aquifolium Hitchc. Kep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 70. 1893.

A shrub, 3 dm. high or less, branched at the base, the branches prostrate
or nearly so, 1-3 dm. long, the young twigs densely pilose. Leaves coriaceous,
sessile or very short-petioled, opposite, ovate in outline, 1-3 cm. long, spinulose-
dentate with long rigid teeth, densely puberulent on both sides or becoming
glabrous above, strongly pinnately veined; inflorescence glomerate, few-flowered,
nearly sessile in the axils; sepals semiorbicular ; petals greenish, about 1 mm.
long; fruit obliquely obovoid, red, 4-7 mm. long.

Mangrove swamps and pine-lands, Andros and Eleuthera : — Cuba. SPINY-LEAVED
RHACOMA.

4. Ehacoma ilicifolia (Poir.) Trelease in A. Gray, Syn. PI. I1: 399. 1897.

Myginda Hid folia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 4: 396. 1796.
Crossopetalum ilicifolium Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 116. 1891.
Crossopetalum floridanum Gardner; Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 736. 1903.

A low, nearly glabrous shrub, 3 dm. high or less, branched from the base,
the branches ascending or nearly prostrate, 2-4 dm. long, the young twigs
puberulent. Leaves subcoriaceous, mostly opposite, very short-petioled, ovate
to elliptic, 1-2.5 cm. long, acute at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base,
pinnately veined, sharply dentate with spinulose-tipped teeth; cymes axillary,
short-peduncled, few-several-flowered; sepals half -orbicular ; petals red, ovate
to suborbicular, 1-1.5 mm. long; fruit obovoid, oblique, 3.5-5 mm. long.

Coppices and pine-lands, Great Bahama : — Florida ; Hispaniola. HOLLY-LEAVED
RHACOMA.

3. GYMIKBA Sargent, Gard. & For. 4: 4. 1891.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite, short-petioled leaves, and small greenish
dioecious flowers in axillary cymose clusters. Calyx deeply 4-lobed. Petals 4,
longer than the calyx. Staminate flowers with 4 stamens about as long as the
petals, and a minute abortive ovary. Pistillate flowers with a 2-celled ovary,
each cavity with a single pendulous ovule; style none; stigma peltate. Fruit
a small drupe. Seeds usually solitary, with copious endosperm. [Anagram of
Myginda.'} Two known species, the following typical one, the other Costa
Bican.

CELASTRACEAE. 249

1. Gyminda latifolia (Sw.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 80. 1904.

Myginda latifolia Sw. Prodr. 39. 178£.

Gyminda Grisebachii Sargent, Gard. & For. 4: 4. 1891.

A shrub, or a tree with maximum height of about 9 m., the thin bark
reddish brown, the trunk seldom over 1.5 dm. in diameter, the young twigs
4-angled, glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, subcoriaceous, glabrous,
2-6 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the
petioles very short; peduncles slender, 6-15 mm. long; petals about 2 mm. long;
drupe ellipsoid, obtuse, 4-8 mm. long.

Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Andros, Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Thomas
and to St. Vincent ; Jamaica ; Mexico. GYMINDA. FALSE BOXWOOD. WALLA-BE.KRY.

4. SCHAEFFERIA Jacq. Enum. 10, 33. 1760.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate or fascicled, entire, chartaceous or sub-
coriaceous leaves (in one species reduced to small scales), and small, mostly
dioecious, white or greenish flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, the
peduncles short. Calyx 4-parted, the lobes rounded, imbricated. Petals 4,
obtuse. Stamens 4. Disc inconspicuous. Ovary sessile, ovoid, 2-celled; ovules
1 in each cavity, erect; style short; stigma 2-parted, large. Fruit coriaceous,
indehiscent. Seeds erect, exarillate, with little endosperm and flat cotyledons.
[Commemorates J. C. Schaeffer, a German naturalist.] Five known species, of
tropical and subtropical America, the following typical.

1. Schaefferia frutescens Jacq. Enum. 33. 1760.

A tree, up to 14 m. high, with a maximum trunk diameter of about 3 dm.,
usually much smaller, commonly a shrub, the thin bark gray, the slender twigs
glabrous. Leaves obovate, spatulate or oblong, chartaceous, glabrous, veiny,
2.5-6 cm. long, acute, obtuse or rarely emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, the petioles 3-8 mm. long; flowers greenish, about 3 mm. wide; peduncles
slender, mostly somewhat longer than the petioles; fruit globose or oval,
orange-red, grooved, apiculate, 5-6 mm. long.

Scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera to Mari-
guana and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Grenada ; Jamaica.
COMMON SCHAEFFEKIA.

5. ELAEODENDRUM Jacq. f.; Murray, Syst. 241. 1784.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate coriaceous leaves, the
very small stipules caducous, and small, often dioecious, greenish or white
flowers in small axillary clu'sters. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading.
Stamens 5, inserted under the disk; filaments short; anthers globose. Ovary
adnate to the disk, 2-5^celled; style short; stigma 2-5-lobed, ovules 2 in each
ovary-cavity. Fruit a rather large drupe. [Greek, olive-wood; the fruit re-
sembles an olive in form.] About 35 species, natives of tropical regions. Type
species: Elaeodendron orientale Jacq.

1. Elaeodendrum attenuatum A. Eich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 2: 343. 1845.

Cassine attenuata Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 114. 1801.

Elaeodendron xylocarpum ~baliamense Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 88. 1904.

A tree, with maximum height of about 16 m., usually much smaller and
often shrubby, the bark gray, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Leaves pale green,
17

250 SAPINDACEAE.

obovate to elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, remotely low-dentate or entire, rounded or
obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, revolute-margined, the stout petioles
2-10 mm. long; flowers greenish yellow; sepals about 1 mm. long; petals about
2 mm. long, those of staminate flowers a little longer than those of pistillate;
drupe ovoid or subglobose, yellow, pointed :or rounded, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the
stone very hard.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, New Providence, Watling's Island, Crooked
Island, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Cuba. Referred by Mrs. Nor-
throp to E. xylocarpum DC. OLIVE-WOOD.

Family 5. DODONAEACEAE H.B.K.
DODONAEA FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, commonly sticky with a resinous excretion. Leaves
alternate, without stipules. Flowers clustered, polygamous or polygamo-
dioecious. Sepals 3-5, nearly equal. Corolla and disk wanting. Andro-
ecium of 5-8 regularly inserted stamens; filaments distinct; anthers 4-
angled. Gynoecium of 3 or 4 united carpels, wholly superior. Ovary
3-4-celled; styles united. Ovules 2 in each cavity, half-anatropous, often
superposed, the upper one ascending and the lower one pendulous. Cap-
sule membranous or leathery, reticulated, 2-6-angled, the angles obtuse, or
winged, opening septicidally by 2-6 valves. Seed subglobose or flattened,
without an aril; endosperm none; embryo spiral. Only the following
genus.

1. DODONAEA Jacq. Enum. 19. 1760.

Characters of the family, as given above. [In honor of Eembert Dodoens,
1518-1585, Dutch herbalist.] About 50 species, of tropical and subtropical
regions. Type species: Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

1. Dodonaea Ehrenb6rgii Schl. Linnaea 18 : 36. 1844.

Dodonaea viscosa obovata Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 73. 1893.

A nearly glabrous shrub or small tree sometimes 5 m. high, the foliage
slightly viscid, the twigs slender. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, 1.5-6 cm.
long, obtuse, rounded or emarginate at the apex, cuneate-narrowed at the base,
the petioles 1 cm. long or less ; panicles terminal, rather densely many-flowered,
puberulent, not longer than the leaves; pedicels short; flowers yellowish green,
about 5 mm. broad; anthers oblong; capsule-wings finely veined, obtuse, 5-8
mm. wide, papery, shining.

White-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco to Grand
Turk, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Mona ; Anegada ; Desirade.
DOGWOOD.

Family 6. SAPINDACEAE.

SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with watery sap, rarely vines. Leaves alternate (op-
posite in one Chilian genus), mostly pinnate or palmate, without stipules.
Flowers polygamo-dioecious, regular or slightly irregular. Sepals or
calyx-lobes 4 or 5, mostly imbricated. Petals 3-5. Disk fleshy. Stamens
5-iO (rarely fewer or more), generally inserted on the disk. Ovary 1, 2-4-
lobed or entire, 2-4-celled ; ovules 1 or more in each cavity. Fruit various.

SAPINDACEAE. 251

Seeds globose or compressed; embryo mainly convolute; endosperm none.
About 125 genera, including over 1,000 species, widely distributed in
tropical and warm regions.

Vines ; mostly climbing by tendrils.

Fruit 3-winged. 1. Serjania.

Fruit bladdery. 2. Cardiospermum.

Shrubs and trees.

Fruit samaroid. . 3. Thyana.

Fruit drupaceous.

Inflorescence spicate-paniculate or racemose-paniculate.

Leaves 1— 3-foliolate ; flowers irregular. 4. AllopTiylus.

Leaves evenly pinnate ; flowers regular. 5. Melicocca.

Inflorescence corymbose-paniculate.

Ovary 2-celled ; leaves evenly pinnate. 6. Exothea.

Ovary 3-celled ; leaves trifoliolate. 7. Hypelate.

1. SERJANIA Plum.; Schum. Skr. Natur. Selsk. Kjoeb. 32: 125. 1794.

Woody vines, with alternate petioled, mostly biternately compound leaves,
and small polygamous white or yellowish flowers, in axillary racemes or
panicles, which often bear tendrils. Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 4, with small
scales between. Disk undulate or sometimes glanduliferous. Stamens 8, the
filaments sometimes united at the base. Ovary 3-celled; styles partly united;
stigmas 3, small ; ovules 1 in each cavity. Fruit of 3 samaras attached by their
backs, each bearing a seed near the apex. [Commemorates Paul Sergeant.]
About 175 species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species : Serjania
sinuata (L.) .Schum.

Leaflets strongly reticulate-veined, few-toothed or entire ; seed not

enclosed in the wing. 1. 8. subdentata.

Leaflets not strongly reticulate-veined, dentate ; seed encloses in

the wing. 2. 8. diversifolia.

1. Serjania subdentata Juss.; Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 102. 1804.

Climbing on trees or shrubs, sometimes 7 m. long, usually shorter; young
twigs sulcate, glabrous, or sparingly pubescent. Leaflets elliptic to oblong-
lanceolate or ovate, coriaceous, 3-8 cm. long, mostly acute or acuminate at the
apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply dentate with few. or several
teeth, shining above; panicles commonly longer than the leaves, puberulent;
pedicels 2-5 mm. long; petals obovate, about 4 mm. long; fruit 1.2-2 cm. long,
the seeds not enclosed in the ends of the samara-wings.

Rocky coppices, scrub-lands and thickets, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Provi-
dence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Great Guana Cay and Great Exuma : — Cuba.
Referred by Hitchcock to 8. panicplata H.B.K. FOWL-FOOT.

2. Serjania diversifdlia (Jacq.) Eadlk. Mon. Serj. 136. 1875.

Paullinia diversifolia Jacq. Enum. 36. 1760.

Slender, often high-climbing on trees, sometimes 10 m. long, the young
twigs puberulent. Leaflets ovate to obovate, 3-8 cm. long, coriaceous, acute or
obtuse, few-toothed near the apex or entire, shining above, dull beneath ; panicles
puberulent, commonly longer than the subtending leaves; pedicels 5-8 mm.
long; petals oblong-obovate, about 5 mm. long; fruit rather broadly ovate, 1.5-2
cm. long, the seeds enclosed in the upper part of the samara-wings.

Thickets and scrub-lands, Green Turtle Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Cat Island, Watling's and Long Island : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. Referred by
Hitchcock to 8. lucida Schum. and recorded by Schoepf as Paullinia Seriana L.
FOWL-FOOT.

252 SAPINDACEAE.

2. CARDIOSPEEJMUM L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753.

Vines, with alternate bipinnate or decompound leaves, and small axillary
tendril-bearing corymbs of slightly irregular polygamo-dioecious flowers. Ten-
drils 2 to each corymb, opposite. Pedicels jointed. Sepals 4, the 2 exterior
smaller. Petals 4, appendaged at the base, 2 larger and 2 smaller. Disk 1-sided,
undulate. Stamens 8; filaments unequal. Ovary 3-celled; style short, 3-cleft;
ovules 1 in each cavity. Capsule inflated, 3-lobed or 3-angled. Seeds globose
with a large hilum; cotyledons conduplicate. [Greek, heart-seed.] About 15
species, of warm and temperate regions. Type species: Cardiospermum Hali-
cacabum L.

Capsules longer than broad, 3-3.5 cm. long. 1. C. Halicacabum.

Capsules broader than long, about 1 cm. broad. 2. O. microcarpum.

1. Cardiospermum Halicacabum L. Sp. PI. 366. 1753.

Annual or biennial, slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 0.6-5 m. long.
Leaves petioled, 5-10 cm. long; segments stalked, ovate or oblong, acute or
acuminate, sharply serrate ; peduncles commonly longer than the leaves ; flowers
white, 6-8 mm. broad ; petals obovate ; filaments pubescent ; capsule about 3 cm.
long, globose-pyriform,, pubescent, seeds globose, nearly black, about 5 mm.
thick, the large white hilum cordate.

Scrub-lands and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Eleuthera : — New
Jersey to Missouri, Florida, and Texas ; West Indies ; Mexico to tropical South
America. BALLOON-VINE.

2. Cardiospermum microcarpum H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 5: 104. 1821.

Climbing to a length of 1.5-3 m., branched, finely pubescent, slender, the
stem grooved. Leaves thin, biternately compound, slender-petioled, 7-15 cm.
long and about as broad as long, the ultimate segments ovate to lanceolate in
outline, coarsely lobed, cleft or incised; peduncles slender, about as long as
the leaves; corymbs several-flowered; flowers white, about 4 mm. broad, the
upper petals 3 times as long as the sepals; capsule subglobose, 3-lobed, pubes-
cent, veiny, depressed at the top, about 1 cm. thick; seeds similar to those of
the preceding species but smaller.

Waste-lands, Abaco and New Providence : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ;
continental tropical America. SMALL BALLOON-VINE.

3. THYANA Hamilt. Prodr. 36. 1825.

[THOUINIA Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 3: 70. 1804. Not L. f. 1781.]
Shrubs or trees, with alternate 3-foliolate or 1-foliolate leaves and small,
mostly white, regular clustered polygamous or dioecious flowers. Calyx 4-5-
parted. Petals 4 or 5 or wanting. Disc annular, lobed. Stamens 8-10, dis-
tinct, the filaments pilose. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity;
style slender, 3-cleft or entire. Fruit samaroid, the samaras usually 3, coria-
ceous, at length separating from the axis. Seeds exarillate. [From the Greek
name of an odoriferous tree.] About 15 species, natives of tropical America.
Type species: Thy ana simplici folia (Poit.) Hamilt.

1. Thyana discolor (Griseb.) Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 72. 1893.
Thouinia discolor Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 127. 1859.

A shrub, up to 2.5 m. high, or a small tree, sometimes 5 m. high, the rather
slender twigs and the inflorescence whitish-tomentose. Petioles 2.5 cm. long or

SAPINDACEAE. 253

less, tomentose; leaflets 3, nearly sessile, thin, narrowly elliptic to obovate,
entire, obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, 2-8 cm.
long, glabrous and green above, white-tomentose beneath, or becoming green
when old, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins few and slender;
racemes many-flowered, peduneled, 2-6 cm. long; pedicels filiform, 4-5 mm.
long, single or fascicled; calyx and petals about 1 mm. long; samaras glabrous,
shining, veiny, obtuse, 8-10 mm. long.

Rocky coppices and scrub-lands, on the larger islands throughout the archi-
pelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to Mariguana, Inagua and North Caicos.
Endemic. QUICKSILVER-BUSH. NAKED-WOOD. HAKD-BAEK.

4. ALLOPHYLUS L. Sp. PI. 348. 1753.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate estipulate 1-3-foliolate leaves, the
leaflets broad, usually punctate or lineate, the small subglobose, somewhat
irregular, polygamous or dioecious flowers in axillary, simple or compound
racemes. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, imbricated, hooded, the outer smaller than the
inner. Petals 4, small, or sometimes wanting. Disk unilateral, lobed or
4-glandular. Stamens short. Ovary excentric, compressed, 2-celled or rarely
3-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style stout, 2-3-lobed, or styles 2 or 3. Fruit
small, dry, leathery or fleshy. Seed with a short fleshy aril; cotyledons 2-plicate.
[Greek, exotic.] Eighty species or more, mostly of tropical America. Type
species: Allophylus zeylanicus L.

1. Allophylus Cominia (L.) Sw. Prodr. 62. 1788.
Khus Cominia L. Syst. ed. 10, 964. 1759.

A shrub or small tree or sometimes up to about 15 m. high, the twigs,
petioles, lower leaf-surfaces and inflorescence brownish-tomentose. Petioles
rather slender, 2-7 cm. long; leaflets 3, short-stalked, elliptic to ovate-elliptic,
low-serrate 4-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded
at the oblique base, the lateral ones inequilateral; racemes very slender, long-
peduncled, densely many-flowered, simple or few-branched, 5—8 cm. long, the
flowers fascicled; pedicels 1-1.5 mm. long; flowers greenish yellow, about 1 mm.
long; fruits subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter, red or orange.

Coppices, Abaco and New Providence : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. ALLO-
PHYLUS.

5. MELICOCCA L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 495. 1762.

Trees, with alternate estipulate equally pinnate leaves, and small polyg-
amous or dioecious, regular flowers in compound or simple racemes at the ends
of the branches. Calyx 4-5-loteed, the lobes nearly orbicular, thin, imbricated.
Petals 4 or 5, obovate or orbicular. Disk flattened, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 8;
filaments filiform, distinct, glabrous; anthers small. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules
1 or 2 in each cavity; style short; stigma 2-3-lobed. Fruit a somewhat fleshy
drupe. Seed erect, the testa coriaceous, the aril large, pulpy; cotyledons thick.
[Greek, honey -berry.] Two known species, the following typical, the other
South American.

1. Melicocca bijuga L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 495. 1762.

A large tree, sometimes becoming 25 m. high, with a trunk up to 1.7 m.
in diameter, the branches spreading, the slender twigs, the leaves and the
inflorescence glabrous. Leaves petioled; rachis winged or wingless; leaflets 2

254 SAPINDACEAE.

pairs, opposite, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, thin, 4-10 cm. long, mostly acute or
acuminate at the apex, obliquely narrowed at the base, sessile, pinnately veined ;
racemes narrow, many-flowered, 6-10 cm. long, often numerous in terminal
panicles; pedicels spreading, 4-6 mm. long; flowers very fragrant; calyx-
segments about 2 mm. long; petals obovate, obtuse, greenish white, ciliate, 3-4
mm. long; drupe green, edible, pleasantly acid, subglobose, 2-4 cm. in diameter.

New Providence, apparently spontaneous after cultivation : — West Indies ; Cen-
tral America and northern South America. GENIP.

6. EXOTHEA Macf. Fl. Jam. 1: 232. 1837.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled evenly pinnate leaves, and small
white somewhat irregular, dioecious or polygamous, panicl^d flowers. Sepals 5,
partly united, imbricated. Petals 5, short-clawed, unappendaged. Stamens 7
or 8, those of staminate flowers about as long as the petals, those of pistillate
flowers shorter. Ovary 2-celled, sessile; ovules 2 or 3 in each cavity; style very
short, simple, the stigmas glabrous. Fruit a small, globose berry-like drupe,
the exocarp slightly fleshy. Seed exarillate. [Greek, to expel, the genus having
been taken from Melicocc.a.] The genus is probably monotypic. Type species:
Exothea oblongifolia Macf.

1. Exothea paniculata (Juss.) Eadlk.; Durand Index Gen. Phan. 81. 1S88.

Melicocca paniculata Juss. Mem. Mus. Paris 3: 187. 1817.
Hypelate paniculata Camb. Mem. Mus. Paris 18: 32. 1829.
Exothea ollongifolia Macf. Fl. Jam. 1: 232. 1837.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 20 m., with a trunk up to 5
dm. thick, the thin, reddish brown bark scaly. Leaves short-petioled ; leaflets

2, 4, or 6 (rarely 1 or 3), oblong to elliptic-obovate, 5-13 cm. long, glabrous or
nearly so, entire, dark green and shining above, pale green beneath, acute,
obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed to the nearly sessile base; panicles
terminal and axillary, pubescent; sepals ovate, about 3 mm. long; petals oblong-
ovate, about as long as the sepals; ovary pubescent; drupes 10-13 mm. in
diameter, purple, the juicy pulp orange.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Goat Cay, Andros, Eleuthera,
Cat Island and Watling's Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Porto
Rico. BUTTER BOUGH.

7. HYPELATE P. Br.; Sw. Prodr. 61. 1788.

A tree or shrub, with alternate 3-foliolate petioled leaves, and small,
white or greenish white, panicled, monoecious or polygamo-dioecious flowers.
Sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, unappendaged, sessile. Stamens 8-10 in the
staminate flowers, wanting or imperfect in the pistillate; filaments glabrous.
Pistillate flowers with a 3-celled, sessile ovary, the style short, the stigmas
capitate; ovules 2 in each cavity, superimposed. Fruit a small drupe, with
thin flesh. [Greek name for Ruscus, the Butcher 's Broom.] A monotypic genus.

1. Hypelate trifoliata Sw. Prodr. 61. 1788.

A tree, sometimes 13 m. high with a trunk up to 5 dm. in diameter, usually
smaller, sometimes shrubby, the thin gray bark smooth or nearly so. Petioles
1-5 cm. long; leaflets obovate or spatulate, firm in texture, 2-5 cm. long, entire,
glabrous, shining above, rather dull beneath, finely veined, the apex obtuse,

RHAMNACEAE. 255

emarginate or acutish; sepals ovate, ciliate; petals suborbicular, about 2 mm.
long, ciliate, about as long as the sepals; drupes ovoid, black, 5-7 mm. long.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's Island, Great Exuma, Long Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Fortune
Island and Inagua : — Florida; Cuba to Porto Rico; St. Martin and Anguilla ; Ja-
maica. WHITE IEONWOOD. EBOXY.

Order 15. RHAMNALES.

Shrubs, vines, or small trees, with nearly always alternate leaves.
Flowers small, regular. Sepals mostly more or less united. Petals dis-
tinct or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or calyx-lobes and alter-
nate with them, opposite the petals when these are present. Ovary com-
pound, superior; ovules erect.

Shrubs, small trees, or vines : petals 4 or 5, or none ; fruit a drupe or capsule.

Fam. 1. RHAMNACEAE.
Vines, climbing by tendrils, rarely shrubs ; petals caducous ;

fruit a berry. Fam. 2. VITACEAE.

Family 1. RHAMNACEAE Dumort.
BUCKTHORN FAMILY.

Erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees, often thorny. Leaves simple,
stipulate, mainly alternate, often 3-5-nerved. Stipules small, deciduous.
Inflorescence commonly of cymes or panicles. Flowers small, regular,
perfect or polygamous. Calyx-limb 4-5-toothed or 4-5-lobed. Petals 4-5,
inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens 4-5, inserted with the petals
and opposite them; anthers short, versatile. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile,
free from or immersed in the disk, 2-5- (often 3-) celled; ovules 1 or 2 in
each cavity, anatropous. Fruit often 3-celled. Seeds solitary in the
cavities, erect; endosperm fleshy, rarely none; embryo large; cotyledons
flat. About 50 genera and 600 species, of temperate and warm regions.

Fruit drupaceous.

Petals none ; plants unarmed.

Endosperm ruminated ; pit of the drupe thick-walled. 1. Reynosia.

Endosperm none ; pit of the drupe thin-walled. 2. Krugiodendron.

Petals 5 ; young twigs spiny. » 3. Sarcomphalus.

Fruit dry, separating into nutlets.

Trees and shrubs ; fruit seated in the calyx. 4. Colubrina*

Woody vines ; nutlets winged. 5. Gouania.

1. REYNOSIA Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 33. 1866.

Shrubs or small trees, with entire short-petioled opposite leaves, and
small perfect yellowish green flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx-lobes valvate,
spreading. Disk fleshy. Petals none. Stamens 5; filaments subulate. Ovary
2-3-celled; styles short and thick; stigma 2-3-lobed; ovules 1 in each cavity,
erect. Fruit a drupe with thin flesh and a hard stone. [Dedicated to Alvaro
Keynoso, a Cuban chemist and agriculturist, who died in 18'88>.] About 9 species,
of the West Indies and Florida. Type species: Reynosia retusa Griseb.

Leaves obovate to elliptic; petioles 1.5-3 mm.; drupe subglo-

bose or ovoid. 1. R. septentrionalis.

Leaves oblong to lanceolate ; petioles 5—7 mm. ; drupe ellipsoid. 2. R. Northropiana.

256 EHAMNACEAE.

1. Reynosia septentrionalis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 356. 1899.

Eeynosia latifolia iChapm. Fl. S. U. S., ed. '2, 612. 1883. Not Griseb. 1866.

Usually a shrub, sometimes a tree up to 9 m. high, with a trunk diameter
of 2 dm., the bark reddish-brown, splitting into thin plates, the wood dense and
heavy. Leaves opposite, elliptic to oval or obovate, 2-4 cm. long, coriaceous,
glabrous, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, finely
reticulate-veined, revolute-margined, the petioles short; flowers yellowish green,
about 5 mm. wide in small axillary umbels; pedicels 4-5 mm. long; calyx-lobes
ovate, acute; drupe ovoid, dark purple, 1—1.5 cm. long, tipped with the base of
the style, the thin pulp edible, the stone hard.

Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Great Sturrup Cay,
the Biminis and Eleuthera, to Grand Turk, Inagua and Cay Sal : — Florida. Recorded
by Hitchcock as Rhamnidium revolutum C. Wright. COMMON REYNOSIA.

2. Reynosia Northropiana Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 315. 1902.

A shrub, 1-2 m. high, the slender young twigs puberulent, soon becoming
glabrous. Stipules triangular, connate, lanceolate, 1-2 mm. long; leaves oppo-
site, subcoriaceous, oblong, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, 1-2.5
cm. wide, rounded or emarginate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
obsoletely crenate or entire, dark green above, pale green beneath, finely reticu-
late-veined on both sides, the petioles 3-7 mm. long: cymes short-peduncled ;
few-several-flowered; calyx about 2.5 mm. long, its 5 lobes triangular-ovate,
acute; petals half -orbicular, emarginate, nearly 1 mm. long; drupe ellipsoid,
obtuse, 6-8 mm. long.

Thickets and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island and
Great Exuma. Endemic. BAHAMA REYNOSIA.

2. KRUGIODENDRON Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 313. 1902.

An unarmed evergreen tree or shrub, with entire short-petioled leaves, and
small perfect flowers subumbellate in the axils. Calyx mostly 5-parted, the
lobes much longer than the tube. Petals wanting. Stamens as many as the
calyx -lobes; filaments subulate; anthers obtuse. Disc annular, crenate. Ovary
short-conic; style short; stigmas 2, small; ovules 2. Drupe small, ovoid, the pit
thin-walled. Testa of the seed adherent to the endocarp; cotyledons semi-
globose, fleshy; endosperm none. [Greek, Krug's tree, in honor of Leopold
Krug, a student of the West Indian flora.] A monotypic genus.

1. Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 314. 1902.
Ehamnus ferreus Vahl in West, St. Croix 276. 1793.
Ceanothus ferreus DO. Prodr. 2: 30. 1825.
Scutia ferrea Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10: 363. 1827.
Condalia ferrea Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. lO'O. 1859.
Bhamnidium ferreum Sargent, G'ard. & Flor. 4: 16. 18'91.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 10 mv with a trunk diameter
up to 5 dm., usually much smaller, often shrubby, the bark ridged, the branches
spreading, the young twigs tomentulose. Leaves mostly opposite, ovate to oval,
rather thin, 2—5 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, rounded or nar-
rowed at the base, bright green above, dull beneath, nearly glabrous when
mature, the petioles 3-6 mm. long; flowers yellow-green, about 4 mm. wide, in
axillary clusters much shorter than the leaves; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate;
stamens a little shorter than the calyx; drupes globose or ovoid, black, 5—8 mm.
long, the stone bony.

Coastal scrub-lands and thickets, Lignum Vitae and Great Harbor Cays, South
Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Watling's, Great Guana Cay, Great
Exuma, Long Island, Fortune, Crooked, Acklin's and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to
Porto Rico, Anegada and St. Vincent ; Jamaica ; Bonaire.

BHAMNACEAE. 257

3. SARCOMPHALUS P. Br.; Baf. Sylva Tell. 29. 1838.

Shrubs or trees, often spinescent, with flat glabrous coriaceous entire
petioled leaves, and small perfect bractless flowers in terminal panicles.
Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals 5, with a slender claw and a hooded
limb. Disk undulate. Stamens 5, distinct, not longer than the petals; anthers
extrorse. Ovary immersed in the disk, ovoid, superior ; styles 2 ; stigma obtuse.
Fruit a small, nearly dry, ovoid or oblong drupe, the bony pit 2-celled, 2-seeded.
[Greek, fleshy navel.] About 8 species, natives of the West Indies. Type
species: Sarcomphalus retusus Baf.

1. Sarcomphalus Taylori Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 445. 1905.

A glabrous, densely branched shrub, 2 m. high or less, or a tree up to 6 m.
high, some of the branches long and prostrate, the bark gray, the twigs green,
angled, unarmed, or occasionally with a spine 1-2 cm. long in the upper axils.
Leaves alternate, obovate, bright green on both sides, but a little paler beneath
than above, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less, emarginate or rounded at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved just above the base, the veins elevated on
the upper surface, and impressed on the lower; petioles about 2 mm. long;
flowers in small clusters at the ends of the branches, green, glabrous, 3 mm.
broad, on pedicels 2 mm. long; calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate,
acute, 1 mm. long; petals clawed, hooded, about as long as the calyx-lobes and
the stamens; ovary oblong, tipped with two slightly divergent styles; fruit
oblong, about 8 mm. long.

Low rocky coppices and rocky scrub-lands, Allen's Cay, Rose Island, Eleuthera,
Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Conception, Waiting's, Ship Channel Cay, Cay north
of Wide Opening, Great Exuma, Fortune Island, East Caicos, South Caicos, Grand
Turk, Little Inagua and Inagua : — Mona. TAYLOR'S SARCOMPHALUS.

4. COLUBRIKA Bich. ; Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10 : 368. 1827.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, petioled leaves, and small perfect yellow
or greenish flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx-tube hemispheric, the 5 lobes
spreading. Disk angled or lobed. Petals 5, hooded. Stamens 5, the short
filaments slender. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3-celled. ovules 1 in each
cavity; styles 3, united below; stigmas blunt. Drupe small, 3-lobed or 3-grooved,
splitting into 3 nutlets, its flesh thin. Seeds smooth and shining, the endo-
sperm thin. [Latin, coluber, a serpent.] About 15 species, 1 of them
Asiatic, the others of tropical America. Type species: Colubrina ferruginosa
Brongn.

Leaves thin, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate acute, glabrous, or nearly so. 1. C. reclinata.
Leaves thick.

Leaves oblong or elliptic, velutinous on both sides. 2. O. ciibensis.

Leaves ovate to elliptic, pointed, smooth above, ferruginous

beneath. 3. C. colubrina.

1. Colubrina reclinata (L'Her.) Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10: 369. 1827.
Ceonothus reclinatus L'Her. Sert. Angl. 6. 1788.

A tree, sometimes 20 m. high with a trunk diameter up to 1.5 m., usually
much smaller, with orange-brown furrowed bark which exfoliates in thin layers,
the young twigs finely pubescent. Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, rather
thin, 4-8 cm. long, acute or bluntish at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the
2-glandular base, the slender petioles 5-15 mm. long; flower-clusters pubescent,

258 BHAMNACEAE.

as long as the petioles or shorter ; calyx-lobes acute j petals hooded, shorter than
the calyx-lobes; style slender; fruit globose, orange-red, 8-10 mm. in diameter.

Rocky scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Cat Island, Long Island and Grand Turk : — (Florida ; Cuba to Anegada and
to Martinique ; Jamaica. SMOOTH SNAKE-BARK. Catesby, 1 : pi. 10.

2. Colubrina cubensis (Jacq.) Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10: 369. 1827.

Rhamnus cubensis Jacq. Enum. 16. 1760.
Ceanothus cubensis Lam. Tabl. Encyc. 2: 90. 1797.

A shrub or a small tree up to 5 m. high, the twigs, leaves, and inflorescence
densely velvety-pubescent. Leaves oblong or elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, 1-5 cm.
wide, rather thick, rounded or acute at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the
base, strongly pinnately veined, the petioles 5-15 mm. long; flower-clusters
peduncled, longer than the petioles; pedicels 4-9 mm. long; calyx densely
pubescent, its lobes triangular-ovate, acute, about 2 mm. long; petals yellow,
about as long as the calyx-lobes ; fruit globose, about 7 mm. in .diameter.

Scrub-lands, Andros, near Nicoll's Town : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola. CUBAN
SNAKE-BARK.

3. Colubrina colubrina (Jacq.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 69. 1900.

Rhamnus colubrinus Jacq. Enum. 16. 1760.

Colubrina ferruginosa Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. I. 10: 369. 1827.

?Celastrus ovata Hill, Veg. Syst. 13 : 62, pi. 12. 1768.

A shrub or tree, 8 m. high or less, or in Jamaica sometimes forming a tree
up to 15 m. high, the twigs and young leaves brownish tomentulose. Leaves
ovate to elliptic, subcoriaceous, 5-10 cm. long, obtusish, acute or short-acumi-
nate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, the pubescent petioles
5-20 mm. long, the upper surface glabrous when mature, the under surface
permanently tomentulose; flower-clusters pubescent, mostly shorter than the
petioles; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals spatulate, yellow, shorter than the
calyx-lobes, notched; fruit obovoid-globose, 8-9 mm. in diameter, nearly black.

Rocky coppices, scrub-lands and pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, Green
Cay, New Providence, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Great
Ragged Island, Acklin's, Mariguana, Inagua, Anguilla Isles, Cay Sal and Grand
Turk : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda, St. Croix and Saba ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ;
Cayman Islands. COMMON SNAKE-BARK. BITTERS.

5. GOUANIA Jacq. Stirp. Sel. Am. '263. 1763.

Woody vines, climbing by tendrils, with alternate petioled broad leaves,
and small polygamous flowers in panicled spikes or narrow racemes. Calyx
obconic, with 5 spreading lobes. Disk 5-angled or 5-horned. Petals 5, hooded.
Stamens 5, short. Ovary immersed in the disk, 3-celled; ovules 1 in each
cavity; styles 3, united at the base; stigmas very small. Fruit dry, 3-winged,
separating into 3 nutlets. Seeds shining. [Commemorates Antoine Gouan,
1733-1821, professor in Montpellier.] Type species: Gouania tomentosa Jacq.

1. Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 378. 1910.

Banisteria lupuloides L. Sp. PI. 427. 1753.
Gouania domingensis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1663. 1763.
Gouania gldbra Jacq. Stirp.. Sel. Am. 264. 1763.

A woody vine, sometimes 7 m. long, climbing by coiled tendrils, the
branches glabrous below, loosely pubescent above. Leaves ovate to elliptic,
thin, 3-9 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, serrate with blunt teeth,

VITACEAE. 259

acute or short-acuminate at the apex, subcordate or rounded at the base, the
veins slender, the petioles 5-15 mm. long; racemes slender, pubescent, 5-15 cm.
long; pedicels clustered, pubescent, 1-3 mm. long; calyx pubescent, about 1.5
mm. long ; corolla yellowish, 2-3 mm. wide, the petals ovate, acute ; fruit reticu-
late-veined, 3-winged, 8-10 mm. broad including the wings which are broader
than the body, rarely wingless.

Coppices, Andros, New Providence: — Florida; Cuba to Tortola and Grenada;
Jamaica ; continental tropical America. CHEW-STICK.

Family 2. VITACEAE Lindl.

GRAPE FAMILY.

Climbing vines or erect shrubs, with copious watery sap, nodose joints,
alternate petioled leaves, and small regular greenish perfect or polygamo-
dioecious flowers, in panicles, racemes or cymes. Calyx entire or 4-5-
toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or coherent, valvate, caducous. Filaments
subulate, inserted at the base of the disk or between its lobes; disk some-
times obsolete or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1, generally immersed
in the disk, 2-6-celled; ovules 1-2 in each cavity, ascending, anatropous.
Fruit a 1-6-celled berry (commonly 2-celled). Seeds erect; testa bony;
raphe generally distinct; endosperm cartilaginous; embryo short. About
10 genera and over 500 species, widely distributed.

Hypogynous disk of the flower annular or cup-shaped; leaves simple or 3-foliolate.

Petals cohering into a caducous cap. 1. Vitis.

Petals distinct, spreading. 2. Cissus.

Hypogynous disk wanting or obsolete ; leaves digitately 5-7-

foliolate in our species. 3. Parthenocissus.

1. VITIS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 202. 1753.

Woody vines, rarely shrubby, mostly with tendrils. Leaves simple, usually
palmately lobed or dentate. Stipules mainly small, caducous. Flowers mostly
dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, rarely perfect. Petals hypogynous or
perigynous, coherent in a cap and deciduous without expanding. Disk annular
or cup-shaped. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled; style very short, conic; ovules
2 in each cavity. Berry globose or ovoid, few-seeded, pulpy, • edible in most
species. [The ancient Latin name.] About 40 species, natives of warm and
temperate regions. Type species: Vitis vinifera L.

1. Vitis Munsoniana Simpson; Planch, in DC. Monogr. 5: 615. 1887.
Muscadinia Munsoniana Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 757. 1903.

A vine up to 6 m. long or more, the young twigs glabrous, the bark smooth,
the pith continuous through the modes. Leaves suborbicular or reniform, thin,
but rather firm in texture, 4-8 cm. broad, coarsely dentate, cordate at the base,
glabrous above, pubescent in the axils of the veins beneath, the petioles as
long as the blades ior shorter; tendrils simple, very slender when young;
panicles 2-8 cm. long; berries globose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter, nearly black,
acid, the skin thin, the seeds 3-5 mm. long.

Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi-
dence : — Georgia ; Florida. Reported by Dolley as V. caribaea DC. ; recorded by
Hitchcock, Coker and Mrs. Northrop as V. rotundifolia Michx. WILD GRAPE.

260 VITACEAE.

2. CISSUS L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753.

Mostly climbing vines with fleshy foliage. Leaves 3-foliolate or simple,
when compound the leaflets commonly separating in drying. Flowers mostly
perfect. Petals usually 4, spreading. Disk cup-shaped, adnate to the base
of the ovary, mostly 4-lobed. Disk cup-like, 4-lobed. Stamens 4. [Greek,
ivy.] A large genus, mostly tropical. Type species: Cissus vitiginea L.

Leaves simple. 1. C. sicyoides.

Leaves trifoliolate.

Fruit tubercled ; leaflets 3-6 cm. long. 2. C. tuberculata.

Fruit smooth ; leaflets 1—3 cm. long.

Leaflets ovate to obovate, deeply and sharply serrate, very

fleshy. 3. C. trifoliata.

Leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, sparingly toothed,

slightly fleshy. 4. C. intermedia.

1. Cissus sicyoides L. Syst. ed. 10, 897. 1759

A vine, climbing to a height of 6 m. or more, the foliage pubescent or
nearly glabrous. Leaves simple, petioled, ovate or ovate-oblong, 2—8 cm. long,
acute or acuminate at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, serrate, the
teeth acute or bristle-tipped, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; tendrils slender, often
as long as the leaves; cymes peduncled; berries subglobose, black, 8-10 mm.
in diameter; seeds 4-5 mm. long.

Rocky coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Ber-
muda ; Florida ; the West Indies and continental tropical America. COMMON Cissus.

2. Cissus tuberculata Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 1 : 14. pi. 32. 1797.

A somewhat woody, rather fleshy vine, up to 6 m. long or longer, glabrous
or nearly so, the stems usually tuberculate. Leaves long-petioled, 3-foliolate;
leaflets ovate to elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, obtuse or acute at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, low-serrate or nearly entire, the
lateral ones oblique ; cymes compound, slightly and sparingly pubescent ; pedicels
10 mm. long or less; petals red or pink, reflexed, ovate, acute; berry obovoid,
tubercled or at length smooth, black, 6-8 mm. in diameter.

Rocky open places and coppices, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and
ithera : — Cuba. Reported
WARTY Cissus. Catesby, 2 :

Eleuthera ^ — Cuba^ Reported by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker as C. microcarpa Vahl.

3. Cissus trifoliata L. Syst, ed. 10, 897. 1759.

Sicyos trifoliata L, Sp. PI. 1013. 1753.
Cissus acida L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 170. 1762.

A very fleshy vine up to 5 m. long, glabrous throughout. Leaves 3-foli-
olate; leaflets ovate to obovate or suborbicular, 1-3 cm. long, sharply toothed
above the middle, narrowed or cuneate at the base ; flowers in compound cymes ;
berries globose to ovoid, dark purple, apiculate, 5-7 mm. in diameter, the fruit-
ing pedicels recurved; seeds obovoid.

Rocky plains and scrub-lands, Long Island, Acklin's, East Caicos and Little
Inagua : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St. Croix ; recorded south to
Martinique and from northern South America. THICK-LEAVED Cissus.

4. Cissus intermedia A. Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 1: 311. 1845.

A slender, slightly fleshy vine, sometimes 2 m. long or longer, the branches
and leaves glabrous, the stems and branches sometimes warty or tuberculate.
Leaves slender-petioled, trifoliolate; leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate,.
1.5-3 cm. long, mostly acute, sparingly serrate, the terminal one equilateral,

TILIACEAE. 261

mostly cuneate-narrowed at the base, the lateral ones oblique ; cymes compound,
glabrous; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; petals red, reflexed, ovate-lanceolate, acute;
berry subglobose, black, about 7 mm. in diameter, smooth.

Rocky places, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Grand Turk : — Cuba. Re-
corded by Mrs. Northrop as Cissus sp. BULL-VINE.

3. PAETHENOCISSUS Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 52: 447. 1887.

Woody vines, the tendrils often tipped with adhering expansions (disks),
or sometimes merely coiling, our species with digitately compound leaves.
Flowers perfect, or polygamo-monoecious, in compound cymes or panicles.
Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity;
style short, thick. Berry 1-4-seeded, the flesh thin, not edible. About 10
species, natives of Eastern North America and Asia, the following typical.

1. Parthenocissus quincLuefolia (L.) Planch, in DC. Mon. Phan. 52: 448. 1887.

Hedera quinquefolia L. Sp. PI. 202. 1753.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 160. 1803.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia latifolia Rehder, Trees and Shrubs 1: 184.
1905.

Tendrils usually numerous, and provided with terminal adhering ex-
pansions, the vine sometimes supported also by aerial roots; leaflets oval, ellip-
tic, or oblong-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, narrowed at the base, coarsely toothed,
at least above the middle, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; panicles ample,
erect or spreading in fruit; berries blue, 6—10 mm. in diameter, usually 2-3-
seeded; peduncles and pedicels red.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great
Exuma : — Quebec to Manitoba ; Florida and Mexico ; Bermuda ; Cuba. Consists of
several races. VIRGINIA CREEPER.

Order 16. MALVALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with simple, mostly alternate leaves. Flowers
regular, usually perfect. Sepals separate, or more or less united, valvate.
Petals separate, very rarely wanting. Stamens usually numerous. Ovary
superior, compound, the placentae united in its axis. Disk inconspicuous
or none.

Stamens twice as many as the sepals, or more.

Stamens in several sets ; anthers 2-celled ; embryo straight. Fam. 1. TILIACEAE.
Stamens monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled ; embryo curved.
Style branches as many or twice as many as the

carpels or ovary-cavities. Fam. 2. MALVACEAE.

Style entire, or merely lobed. Fam. 3. BOMBACACEAEI.

Stamens as many as the sepals. Fam. 4. STERCULIACEAE.

Family 1. TILIACEAE Juss.
LINDEN FAMILY.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate (rarely opposite) simple leaves,
mostly small and deciduous stipules, and solitary cymose or paniculate,
usuallv perfect flowers. Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, valvate, deciduous.
Petals of the same number, or fewer, or none, mostly imbricated in the bud.
Stamens oo, mostly 5-10-adelphous. Ovary 1, sessile, 2-10-celled; ovules

262 TILIACEAE.

anatropous; styles united. Fruit 1-10-celled, drupaceous or baccate.
Cotyledons ovate or orbicular; endosperm fleshy, rarely wanting. About
35 genera and 275 species, widely distributed, the Bahama species herbs
or low shrubs.

Fruit a loculicidal capsule without prickles. 1. CorcJiorus.

Fruit indehiscent, prickly, separating into its carpels at maturity. 2. Triumfetta.

1. CORCHORUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 529. 1753.

Herbs or low shrubs, with alternate serrate leaves, and yellow, solitary or
clustered flowers, axillary or opposite the leaves. Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4.
Stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous; filaments filiform,
simple; anthers introrse. Ovary superior, 2-o-celled; ovules numerous in each
cavity; stigma dilated, undulate. Capsule linear or oblong, many-seeded.
[Greek, for some bitter plant.] About 40 species of tropical and subtropical
distribution. Type species: CorcTiorus olitorius L.

Capsule glabrous or pubescent.

Capsule 5-celled, with 5 short points ; basal serratures of leaves

long-bristled. 1. C. oUtorius.

Capsule 2-celled, with 2 bifid teeth ; basal serratures of leaf not

bristled. 2. C. siliquosus.

Capsule densely woolly. 3. C. hirsutus.

1. Corchorus olitorius L. Sp. PI. 529. 1753.

Herbaceous, glabrous, 1.5-3 m. high. Stipules setaceous, 1-2 cm. long;
leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate at
the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, serrate all around, the basal teeth recurved,
tipped by a filiform appendage 1-2 cm. long; flowers mostly solitary at the
nodes, short-peduneled ; sepals 5-6 mm. long, subulate- tipped ; petals a little
longer than the sepals; capsule linear, 4-5 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, 5-celled,
tipped by 5 short teeth, its cells septate.

Waste and cultivated land, naturalized, New Providence, near Nassau : — Natu-
ralized from tropical regions of the Old World ; also in Jamaica and Trinidad.
INDIAN CORCHORUS. GRANIGRAIN.

2. Corchorus siliciuosus L. Sp. PI. 529. 1753.

Shrubby, branched, 3-10 dm. high, glabrous, or the young branches and
leaves puberulent or pubescent, the branches often with a line of hairs. Leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long, serrate,, acute or acuminate at the apex,
mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, the short petioles slender; flowers solitary
or 2 together, short-peduncled, the pedicels about as long as the peduncles;
sepals linear, acute, about 6 mm. long; petals obovate, about 5 mm. long;
capsule linear, glabrous, or when young somewhat pubescent, 5-8 cm. long,
about 3 mm. thick, 2-celled, tipped by '2 short bifid teeth.

Waste and cultivated land, coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Andros, Great
Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Crooked Island, Acklin's, Fortune Islands and
North Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and Trinidad ; Texas to Colombia and
Guiana ; Jamaica. SMOOTH CORCHORUS.

3. Corchorus hirsutus L. Sp. PI. 530. 1753.

A shrub, 2 m. high or less, usually erect, but on rocks sometimes nearly
prostrate, the young twigs, the leaves and the inflorescence densely pale scurfy-
tomentulose. Leaves short-petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate,
2-6 cm. long, mostly obtuse; flowers in small umbels opposite the leaves, the
peduncle about as long as the pedicels; sepals tomentulose, 5-6 mm. long;

MALVACEAE. 263

petals obovate, bright yellow, about as long as the sepals; capsule oblong,
densely tomentose, obtuse, 4-celled, as long as the curved pedicels or longer,
about 6 mm. thick.

A common shrub in pastures, coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archi-
pelago from Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to Grand Turk and Inagua : — West
Indies ; Mexico to tropical South America. Recorded by Dolley as Cenchrus hirsute.
WOOLLY CORCHORUS. MALLET. JACK SWITCH.

3. TRIUMFETTA L. Sp. PI. 444. 1753.

Herbs or low shrubs, with alternate broad petioled leaves, and yellow
clustered flowers, axillary or opposite the leaves. Sepals 5. Petals 5, pitted
at the base, or wanting in some species. Stamens numerous, borne on an
elongated receptacle, the filaments filiform, the anthers introrse. Ovary borne
in the cup-shaped top of the receptacle, 2-5-celled; stigma 2-5-lobed; ovules 2
in each cavity. Capsule subglobose, eehinate. [In honor of G. B. Triumfetti,
an Italian botanist.] About 70 species, of tropical and warm regions. Type
species: Triumfetta Lappula L.

1. Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. Enum. 22. 1760.

Triumfetta althaeoides Lam. Encycl. 3: 420. 1791.

Annual, stellate-tomentulose. Stems 1-1.5 m. tall, branched; leaves ovate,
rhombic or suborbicular in outline, 3—6 cm. long, serrate, angulate or often
3-lobed, rounded or truncate at the base; petioles as long as the blades or
shorter; panicles narrow, elongated; sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, ap-
pendaged below the apex; petals cuneate-spatulate, slightly pubescent at the
base; stamens often 15; fruit 1-5 mm. in diameter, 2-celled, copiously prickly,
the prickles about as long as the diameter of the body, hooked at the apex.

A weed in waste and cultivated land, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleu-
thera and Watling's Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical
America. A species represented by many races, differing in leaf-form and in minor
intermixed characters. BURR BUSH.

Family 2. MALVACEAE Neck.
MALLOW FAMILY.

Herbs or shrubs (sometimes trees in tropical regions), with alternate
leaves. Stipules small, deciduous. Flowers regular, usually perfect, often
large. Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united, usually valvate;
calyx often bracted at the base. Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute.
Stamens oo, hypogynous, forming a central column around the pistil,
united with the bases of the petals; anthers 1-celled. Ovary several-
celled ; styles united below, distinct above, and generally projecting beyond
the stamen-column, mostly as many as the cavities of the ovary. Fruit
capsular (rarely a berry), several-celled, the carpels falling away entire or
else loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reniform, globose or obovoid; embryo
curved; cotyledons large, plicate or conduplicate. About 45 genera and
900 species, widely distributed.

Fruit of several or many radiately arranged carpels which mostly separate from each

other at maturity.
Carpels as many as the stigmas.
Carpels 2-several-seeded.

Involucre present. 1. Phymosia.

264 MALVACEAE.

Involucre none.

Carpels leathery or chartaceous. 2. Abutilon.

Carpels membranous, bladdery. 3. Gayoides

Carpels only 1-seeded.

Flowers with an involucre. 4. Malvastrum.

Flowers without an involucre.

Carpels separating at maturity. 5. Sida.

Carpels permanently united. 6. Bastardla.

Carpels half as many as the stigmas.
Carpels dry, achene-like.

Carpels with a dorsal spine. 7. Pavonia.

Carpels not spined. 8. Malache.

Carpels fleshy, the fruit drupe-like. 9. Malvaviscus.

Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or rarely indehiscent.
Styles distinct.

Herbs and shrubs ; capsule without false partitions.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. 10. Hibiscus.

Calyx spathaceous. 11. Abelmoschus.

Tree ; capsule with false partitions. 12. Pariti.

Styles united.

Bractlets of the involucre entire, small ; fruit indehiscent. 1'3. Thespesia.

Bractlets of the involucre lacinate, large ; capsule loculicid-

ally dehiscent. 14. Gossypium.

1. PHYMOSIA Desv. in Hamilt. Prodr. 49. 1825.

Herbs or shrubs. Bractlets 3, distinct, or united at the base. Stamen-
column anther-bearing at the summit. Cavities of the ovary 5-oo, 2-3-ovuled.
Style-branches the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the apex;
carpels 2-valved, not septate between the seeds, separating from the axis at
maturity. Seeds reniform. [Greek, swollen, referring to the somewhat inflated
carpels of the following typical species.] About 40 species, natives of America
and South Africa.

1. Phymosia abutiloides (L.) Desv. in Hamilt., Prodr. 50. 1825.

Malva abutiloides L. 'Sp. PI. ed. 2, 971. 1763.
Sphaeralcea abutiloides G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 465. 1831.
Alutilon Eggersii E. Baker, Jour. Bot. 31: 75. 1893.

An erect, sparingly branched shrub up to about 3 m. high, densely stellate-
tomentose. Leaves nearly orbicular in outline, the lower often 2 dm. broad,
sharply 5— 7-lobed, the lobes serrate, acute or acuminate, the stout petioles
shorter than the blades; upper leaves much smaller; flowers corymbose in the
upper axils, or forming a terminal panicle ; involucel-bractlets linear, deciduous,
shorter than the calyx; calyx 5-toothed, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute;
petals pink or rose, white-veined, red-streaked at base, 1-1.5 cm. long; carpels
about 20, stellate-tomentose on the back, at length glabrous, reniform, obtuse,
1 cm. long; seeds black.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera.
Endemic. BAHAMA PHYMOSIA. Catesby, 1 : pi. 77.

2. ABUTILON [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. Ed. 4. 1754.

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes trees in tropical countries, mostly soft-pubes-
cent, with cordate angular or lobed leaves and axillary flowers. Involucels
none. Calyx 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5-oo, 3-9-ovuled. Style-branches
the same number as the ovary-cavities, stigmatic at the apex; carpels 2-valved,
often rostrate, falling away from the axis at maturity. Seeds reniform, the
upper ascending, the lower pendulous or horizontal. [Name given by the cele-
brated Arabian physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), died 1037.] About 100 species,
natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Sida AbutUon L.

MALVACEAE. 265 .

Carpels 15-30, thin, merely acute. 1. A. hirtum.

Carpels 5—10, chartaceous to coriaceous, subulate-beaked.
Carpels attenuate-beaked, flowers 2—2.5 cm. broad.

Leaves not strongly reticulate-veined beneath ; carpels 1

cm. long. 2. A. permolle.

Leaves distinctly reticulate-veined beneath ; carpels 1.5

cm. long. 3. A. abutiloides.

Carpels abruptly minutely beaked.

Carpels puberulent. 4. A. trisulcatum.

Carpels villous. 5. A. pauciflorum.

1. Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 53. 1827.

Sida hirta Lam. Encycl. 1: 7. 1783.

Abutilon indicum hirtum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 78. 1859.

Perennial, velvety-caneseent and villous-viscid, branched, 1-5 dm. high.
Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, 15 cm. long or less, cordate at the base, irreg-
ularly crenate, the petioles as long as the blades or shorter; peduncles mostly
shorter than the petioles, sometimes as long; calyx somewhat enlarged in fruit,
its ovate lobes acute or acuminate; petals yellow, commonly with a purple base,
1.5-2 cm. long; carpels 15-30, very thin, a little longer than the calyx, 8-10
mm. long, mucronulate.

Waste lands, Harbor Island ; New Providence ( ?) : — Florida ; Cuba to St.
Thomas and Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley as
Abutilon indicum G. Don. HAIRY ABUTILON.

2. Abutilon permolle (Willd.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1: 53. 1827.

Sida permollis Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 723. 1809.

Perennial, velvety, 0.6-1.5 m. high, branched, the branches slender. Leaves
ovate, 2.5-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rather deeply cordate at the
base, crenulate, white-tomentulose beneath, the petioles as long as the blades or
shorter; calyx scarcely enlarged in fruit, its ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate lobes longer than the tube; petals yellow, obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, carpels
7-10, slender-beaked, longer than the calyx, nearly 1 cm. long.

Waste places and scrub-lands, Little Harbor Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Little San Salvador, the Exumas to Long Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island,
Inagua, East Caicos and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica. VELVETY
ABUTILON.

3. Abutilon abutiloldes (Jacq.) Garcke, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 485. 1893.

Sida abutiloides Jacq. Obs. 1: 17. 1764.

Abutilon lignosum G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 501. 1831.

A shrub, up to 1.5 m. high, the twigs densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves
broadly ovate, 2-8 cm. long, serrate nearly all around, stellate-tomentulose on
both sides, reticulate-veined beneath, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base,
the petioles somewhat shorter than the blades; peduncles longer than the
petioles; calyx little enlarged in fruit, its broadly ovate acuminate tomentu-
lose lobes sharply acuminate; petals bright yellow, about 1 cm. long; carpels
7-10, slender-beaked, about- 1.5 cm. long.

Waste places, Harbor Island, Long Island : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; Mex-
ico. BUSHY ABUTILON.

4. Abutilon trisulcatum (Jacq.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Sida trisulcata Jacq. Enum. 26. 1760.

Abutilon triquetrum Presl, Eeliq. Haenk. 2: 115. 1835.

A shrub, 1—1.6 m. high, with slender ascending densely tomentulose
branches. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, 4-12 cm. long, crenate or crenulate,
finely velvety on both sides, the upper ones much smaller than the lower;

18

266 MALVACEAE.

flowers solitary and slender-peduncled in the axils of leaf-like bracts, or sub-
paniculate; calyx 4-5 mm. long, its lobes triangular-ovate, acuminate; petals
yellow, reddish blotched at the base, 5-7 mm. long; carpels about 5, stellate-
puberulent, short-tipped, about 8 mm. long.

Scrub-lands, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba ; Mexico.

5. Abutilon paucifl.6r.um St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. 1: 206. 1825.

A densely stellate-tomentose shrub, 6 dm. high, or higher. Leaves orbicu-
lar-ovate, 5-7 cm. long, obtuse, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, deeply
cordate at the base, crenate, the petiole as long as the blade or shorter;
peduncles axillary, about as long as the petioles; calyx 10-12 mm. long; its
lobes ovate, acute or acuminate; petals somewhat longer than the calyx; carpels
8-10, densely villous, 2-cuspidate.

Waste grounds, Long Island, at Clarence Town: — Florida; Jamaica; Cuba;
Mexico to Paraguay. WOOLLY ABDTILON.

3. GAYOIDES Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 764. 1903. /

A slender perennial finely velvety and often also villous herb, with
petioled ovate cordate leaves and solitary axillary filiform-peduncled, whitish
flowers. Involucels none. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, distinct. Carpels
numerous, 1-celled, membranous and inflated in fruit, the apex rounded; styles
slender; stigmas terminal; ovules 2-6 in each carpel. Seeds glabrous. [Simi-
lar to the genus Gaya.] A monotypic genus.

1. Gayoides crispum (L.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 764. 1903.

\ j "• j

Sida crispa L. Sp. PI. 685. 1753.
Abutilon crispum Medic. Malv. 29. 1787.

Usually much branched, the branches diffuse or ascending, 3-10 dm. long.
Leaves thin, broadly ovate, 2-7 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex,
deeply cordate at the base, crenate or crenulate, the petioles equalling the
blades, or shorter, sometimes very short; peduncles as long as the leaves, or
shorter, jointed below the flower; calyx velvety and often villous, its lobes ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 4-6 mm. long; petals pale yellow or whitish, obovate,
about twice as long as the calyx ; fruiting head of carpels 12-20 mm. thick, the
inflated carpels somewhat pubescent.

Waste and cultivated lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Caicos, Grand Turk, Ambergris Cay, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles and
Water Cay : — Southern United States ; West Indies, east to St. Thomas, south to
Grenada ; Mexico to tropical America ; Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley as
Abutilon filiforme Jacq. Low ABUTILON.

4. MALVASTRUM A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. II. 4: 21. 1849.

Herbs, with, entire cordate or divided leaves, and solitary or racemose,
short-pedicelled perfect flowers. Calyx 5-cleft. Bractlets of the involucels
small, 1-3 or none. Cavities of the ovary 5-oo, 1-ovuled. Style-branches of
the same number, stigmatic at the summit only, forming capitate stigmas;
carpels indehiscent or imperfectly 2-valved, falling away from the axis at
maturity, their apices pointed or beaked. Seed ascending. [Greek, star-mal-
low.] About 75 species, natives of America and S. Africa. Type species:
Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh) A. Gray.

Carpels with a short filiform awn ; flowers mostly solitary. 1. H. coromandelianum.
Carpels not awned ; flowers mostly capitate. 2. M. corchorifolium.

MALVACEAE. 267

1. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke, Bonplandia 5: 297. 1857.

Malva coromandeliana L. Sp. PI. 687. 1753.

Malvastrum tricuspidatum A. Gray, PI. Wright. 1: 16. 1852.

Malvastrum americanum Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Surv. 38. 1859.

Perennial, strigose-pubescent, branched, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves ovate to
oblong-ovate, slender-petioled, 2-8 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate, the hairs
of the upper surfaces mostly simple; flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on
peduncles shorter than the petioles; involucels of 3 small braetlets; calyx-lobes
triangular, acute, longer than its tube ; petals pale yellow, somewhat longer than
the calyx, obliquely truncate; carpels 8-12, hirsute on top, with an awn near
the inflexed apex and 2 beaks on the back.

Waste grounds and cultivated soils, Great Bahama, North Bimini, Eleuthera,
Watling's : — Bermuda ; Florida to Texas : the West Indies ; continental tropical
America ; tropical and subtropical Asia. FALSE MALLOW.

2. Malvastrum corchorifdlium (Desr.) Britton; iSmall, Fl. Miami 119. 1913.

Malva corchorifolia Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 755. 1791.
Malvastrum Eugelii S. Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 17: 367. 1882.

Similar to the preceding species, about as pubescent and the leaves much
alike in both, the hairs of the upper surfaces mostly forked. Flowers mostly
in terminal heads 1-2 cm. long, or some of them solitary in the axils; calyx-
lobes triangular-ovate, acuminate; petals orange or yellow, longer than the
calyx; carpels about 10 or fewer, hispidulous, beakless, or sometimes with a
blunt protuberance.

Waste and cultivated lands, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Fortune Island, Acklin's, Grand Turk, Inagua and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba ;
Virgin Gorda ; Jamaica. RTJGEL'S FALSE MALLOW.

5. SIDA L. Sp. PI. 683. 1753.

Herbs, with serrate crenate or lobed leaves, and perfect flowers. Braetlets
of the involucels none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Cavities of the ovary 5— oo,
1-ovuled; style-branches of the same number, stigmatic at the summit. Carpels
indehiscent, or at length 2-valved at the apex. Seed pendulous. [Greek, used
by Theophrastus.] About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America,
Asia, Africa and Australasia. Type species : Sida alnifolia L.

Flowers capitate, congested at the apices of the branches, their peduncles adnate to

the long-ciliate bracts. 1. 8. ciliaris.

Flowers solitary or variously clustered, not adnate to the floral

bracts.
Calyx angular.

Leaves narrowed or rounded at the base.

Leaves short-petioled. 2. 8. carpinifolia.

Leaves long-petioled. 3. 8. spinosa.

Leaves distinctly cordate at the base.

Plants prostrate, creeping, leaves sub-orbicular. 4. 8. hederaefolia.

Plants erect or diffuse, leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers glomerate, very short-pedicelled ; plants

with stinging hairs. 5. 8. urens.

Flowers solitary or few together, slender-pedicelled.

Leaves acuminate, plants erect. 6. 8. glutinosa.

Leaves obtuse or merely acutish, plants diffuse. 7. 8. procumbena.
Calyx-tube terete. 8. 8. acuminata.

1. Sida ciliaris L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145. 1759.

Perennial, strigose-pubescent, diffusely branched at the base from a deep
woody root, the slender branches prostrate or ascending, 1-3 dm. long. Leaves

268 MALVACEAE.

oblong or elliptic, 0.7-^3.5 cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, mostly
obtuse at the base, serrate, mostly above the middle, slender-petioled, usually
glabrous above and stellate pubescent beneath; flowers clustered at the ends of
the branches, their short peduncles adnate to the petioles of the foliaceous
bracts; stipules linear or linear-spatulate, long-ciliate, about as long as the
petioles; calyx hirsute, its triangular acute lobes about as long as the nearly
terete tube ; petals red, yellow or purplish, blotched at the base, 6-12 mm. long ;
carpels 5-8, wrinkled or tubercled, 2-beaked.

Rocky soils and cultivated grounds, Great Sturrup Cay to New Providence,
Eleuthera, Atwood's, Fortune Island, East Caicos, and Inagua : — 'Florida ; West
Indies ; tropical continental America. FRIXGED SIDA.

2. Sida carpinifolia L. f. Suppl. 307. 1781.

Sida acuta carpinifolia K. Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 123: 326. 1891.
Sida antillensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 418. 1908.

Puberulent or glabrous. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, branching; leaves
lanceolate, oblong-ovate or ovate, 2—10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, irregu-
larly serrate, obtuse or subcordate at the base, the petioles 3-7 mm. long;
stipules conspicuous, narrowly linear to lanceolate, surpassing the petioles;
peduncles mostly shorter than the pedicels, 1-7 mm. long; calyx 5-10-ribbed,
its lobes triangular, slightly acuminate, about as long as the tube; petals
yellow to white, 6-12 mm. long, carpels reticulate-wrinkled, 2-beaked.

Fields and waste places, Abaco, Great Sturrup Cay, Andros, New Providence,
E'leuthera to Watling's, Great Exuma, Long Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : —
Bermuda ; North Carolina to Florida and Texas : West Indies and tropical conti-
nental America. Referred by Hitchcock to Sida glomcrata Cav. WIRE-WEED.

3. Sida spindsa L. Sp. PI. 683. 1753.

Sida angustifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 4. 1783.

Sida spinosa angustifolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 74. 1859.

Annual, finely pubescent, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
2-5 cm. long, petioled, truncate or cordate at the base, crenate-dentate; flowers
axillary, short-peduncled, yellow; peduncles shorter than the petioles; calyx-
teeth triangular, acute; carpels 5, dehiscent at the apex into 2 beaks; stipules
linear ; petioles of the larger leaves with a small spine-like tubercle at the base.

Waste and cultivated lands. Great Bahama, Great Sturrup Cay, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Great Exuma, Long Island, Fortune Island, East
Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas ;
West Indies ; tropical continental America. FALSE MALLOW.

4. Sida hederaef olia Cav. Diss. 1 : 8. 1785.

Loosely stellate-pubescent or glabrate; stems branched at the base, the
slender, trailing branches 3-5 dm. long. Leaves nearly orbicular, slender-
petioled, 1-3 cm. broad, cordate, crenate-dentate, the petioles often longer than
the blades ; peduncles solitary in the axils, filiform, sometimes longer than the
leaves; calyx about 4 mm. long, angled, its broadly ovate acute teeth about as
long as the tube; petals yellow, somewhat longer than the calyx; carpels 2-
aristate.

Waste places and roadsides, Great Bahama at Eight Mile Rocks : — Cuba to
Porto Rico. IVY-LEAVED SIDA.

5. Sida urens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145. 1759.

Harshly hirsute, erect, ascending, weak, branched or sometimes simple, 3-15
dm. high. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate
at the apex, cordate at the base, slender-petioled, serrate, loosely stellate-
pubescent; flowers subsessile in axillary and terminal, usually dense clusters,

MALVACEAE. 269

or some of them axillary, solitary and short-pedicelled ; calyx hirsute, 5-cleft,
angular, 6-7 mm. long, its triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate teeth about as
long as the tube; petals yellow, reddish at base; carpels 5, glabrous, 2-
denticulate.

Waste and cultivated land. New Providence at Nassau : — Cuba to Porto Rico
and Trinidad; continental tropical America; Old World tropics. STICKY SIDA.

6. Sida glutinosa Comm.; Cav. Diss. 1: 16. 1785.

Sida nervosa DC. Prodr. 1: 465. 1824.

Erect, 5-10 dm. high, branched, the stem and branches densely tomentulose,
somewhat glutinous, sometimes also with long spreading hairs. Leaves ovate
to lanceolate, 8 cm. long or less, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base,
crenulate, the lowrer long-petioled, the upper usually much smaller than the
lower and shorter-petioled ; flowers 1-several in the axils or in terminal
panicles ; pedicels filiform, mostly much longer than the calyx, pubescent ; calyx
angled, 3-4 mm. long, its 5, broadly ovate, sharply acute teeth shorter than the
tube; petals yellow, about twice as long as the calyx; carpels 5, pubescent
above, 2-aristate.

Waste and cultivated land, New Providence at Nassau : — Cuba to Porto Rico,
St. Jan and Trinidad; continental tropical America; Old World tropics. STICKY
SIDA.

7. Sida procumbens Sw. Prodr. 101. 1788.

Sida supina L'Her. Stirp. Nov. 1092. 1789.

Branched at the base, the branches slender, prostrate or nearly so, 1-6 dm.
long, densely puberulent, glabrate or pilose. Leaves ovate or ovate-orbicular,
1-2.5 cm. long, slender-petioled, crenate, obtuse at the apex, cordate at the base,
densely puberulent on both sides; peduncles axillary, solitary, about as long
as the leaves or shorter, or longer, filiform, sometimes pilose ; calyx about 4 mm.
long, puberulent or pilose, its 5 ovate acuminate lobes somewhat shorter than
the angled tube; petals pale yellow or white, 4-6 mm. long; carpels mostly 5,
reticulate, 2-beaked, about 2 mm. long.

Fields, pastures and waste places, New Providence, Eleuthera, Long Island,
Fortune Island, South Caicos, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; \Vest Indies ;
continental tropical America. CREEPING SIDA.

8. Sida acuminata DC. Prodr. 1: 462. 1824.

Sida acuminata Bracei E. Baker, Journ. Bot. 30: 295. 1892.

Densely stellate-pubescent, usually branched, somewhat woody, erect, 5-8
dm. high, branched or sometimes simple. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
rather short-petioled, 2-7 cm., long, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex,
rounded, or subcordate at the base, low crenate-serrate ; flowers few or solitary
in the axils, and often in small terminal clusters, nearly sessile or filiform-
peduncled, the peduncles sometimes 2-3 cm. long; calyx 5-6 mm. long, terete,
its 5, broadly ovate, acute teeth somewhat shorter than the tube; petals yellow,
4-5 mm. long; carpels 5-8, stellate-pubescent, scarcely beaked.

Roadsides and waste places, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Rum Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's and
Mariguana, East Caicos : — Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Antigua ; Central America.
Races differ in the number and size of the flowers. VELVETY SIDA.

6. BASTABDIA H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 5: 254. 1821.

Velvety-pubescent or tomentose shrubs or perennial herbs, with petioled
cordate leaves, and small yellow peduncled flowers, solitary or few in the
axils. Involucel none. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamen-column

270 MALVACEAE.

divided into several or many filaments at the apex. Ovary 5-celled; ovules 1
in each cavity, pendulous; style-branches 5; stigmas capitate. Capsule de-
pressed-globose, 5-grooved, 3-5-valved. [Commemorates the French botanist
T. Bastard.] Six known species, of tropical America. Type species: Bas-
tardia parvifolia H.B.K.

1. Bastardia viscdsa (iL.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 256. 1822.
Sida viscosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145. 1759.

Finely velvety-pubescent and viscid, sometimes also pilose, erect, branched,
3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 1—6 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex,
cordate at the base, irregularly denticulate, the slender petioles as long as the
blades or shorter; pedicels nearly filiform, longer than the petioles, often
longer than the leaves, rarely not longer than the calyx ; calyx about 4 mm. long,
its 5, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate teeth about as long as the tube ; petals yellow,
4-5 mm. long; capsule about as long as the calyx, its carpel-valves beakless.

Waste lands, Eleuthera and Long Island : — West Indies ; Mexico to Colombia
and Peru. Hitchcock's plant referred to this species is Sida glutinosa Comm. VISCID
BASTARDIA.

7. PAVONIA Cav. Diss. 3: 132. 1787.

Shrubs or shrubby herbs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, angled or lobed.
Flowers perfect, commonly solitary on axillary peduncles. Involucel of 5-15
bractlets. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5. Carpels 5, 1-celled; styles 10; stigmas
capitate; ovules solitary. Mature carpels separating from axis, 1-3-spined
on the back, more or less deeply 2-valved. Seeds solitary, ascending. [In
honor of Joseph Pavon, Spanish botanist and explorer.] Sixty species or more,
mostly of tropical distribution, the following typical.

1. Pavonia spinifex (L.) Cav. Diss. 3: 133. 1787.
Hibiscus spinifex L. Syst. ed. 10, 1149. 1759.

A branching shrub, 1-3 m. tall, hirsute and strigillose. Leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, acute or somewhat acuminate, doubly crenate-
dentate, truncate or subcordate at the base, the petioles densely pubescent;
peduncles axillary, much longer than the petioles; bractlets of the involucel 5,
linear to lanceolate, acute, nearly 1 cm. long; calyx about as long as the
bractlets, its lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; petals yellow, 2.5 cm. long,
cuneate; carpels 5-6 mm. high, with 1 medial and 2 lateral retrorsely barbed
awns.

Waste lands. New Providence and Long Island : — Bermuda ; South Carolina to
Florida ; the West Indies and tropical continental America. PAVONIA.

8. MALACHE B. Vogel; Trew, PI. Sel. 50. 1772.

Tall shrubs or small trees, with alternate broad, lobed or nearly entire
leaves, and large peduncled flowers solitary in the axils. Involucre of several
bractlets. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 5, broad. Carpels mostly 5, 1-celled; styles
10. Ovules solitary. Carpels 2-valved, knobbed on the back, not spined,
coriaceous, tardily dehiscent. [Greek, mallow.] Three known species, the fol-
lowing, and one in Jamaica. Type species: M.olaclie scabra B. Vogel.

Stamen-column not longer than the corolla. 1. M. scabra.

Stamen-column twice as long as the corolla. 2. M. bahamensis.

MALVACEAE. 271

1. Malache scabra B. Vogel; Trew, PI. Sel. 50. 1772.

Pavonia spicata Cav. Diss. 3: 136. 1787.

Pavonia racemosa Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 2: 1215. 1800.

An erect, usually little-branched shrub, 1-5 m. high, the branches and
inflorescence densely roughish-pubescent. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, firm
in texture, 5-15 cm. long, palmately veined, repand-dentate or entire, acuminate
at the apex, subcorda'te or rounded at the base, the petioles 3-6 cm. long;
racemes loosely several-flowered; pedicels ascending, 2-5 cm. long; involucel-
bractlets oblong-lanceolate, a.bout 1 cm. long; calyx as long as or a little
longer than the bractlets, its lobes ovate, acute; petals yellowish, about twice
as long as the calyx, finely pubescent, longer than the stamen-column; carpels
somewhat shorter than the calyx, with 2 short blunt beaks on the upper margins
and a short terminal crest.

Borders of mangrove swamps, Andros at Conch Sound : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto
Rico and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; coasts of tropical continental America. SWAMP BUSH.

2. Malache bahamensis (Hitchc.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Pavonia bahamensis Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 63. 1893.
Malvaviscus Cokeri Britton; Coker in Shattuck, Bahama Islands, 259. 1905.

A shrub, or small tree, up to 4 m. high, with round glabrous branchlets.
Leaves ovate or nearly orbicular, acuminate, cordate, thin, 7-nerved, entire or
slightly repand, the upper surface glabrous but papillose, the under side gla-
brous except for tufts of hairs in the axils of the principal veins, and a few
scattered ones on the veins, the blades 4-7 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, the petioles
slender, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; peduncles slender, puberulent, 2 or 3 times as long
as the petioles; involucrel-bractlets narrowly linear, acuminate, glabrous, 1 cm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide, about as long as the calyx; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate,
acuminate, about one-half as long as the tube, woolly within; petals about 2 cm.
long; stamen-column 3 cm. long or more; carpels with 2 compressed rounded
terminal lobes and a central crest.

Rocky coastal thickets, Watling's Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Ack-
lin's Island and Pine Cay (Caicos). Endemic. BAHAMA SWAMP-BUSH.

9. MALVAVISCUS Dill.; Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 399. 1763.

Shrubs or small trees, with broad usually dentate or lobed, petioled leaves,
and red flowers. Involucel of several narrow bractlets. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals
erect-connivent. Stamen-column truncate or 5-toothed, bearing numerous
stamens. Ovary 5-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style-branches 10, stigmatic
at the capitate summit. Fruit baccate, the indehiscent carpels finally separat-
ing. [Latin-Greek, similar to Malva.] About 10 species of tropical America.
Type species: Hibiscus Malvaviscus L.

1. Malvaviscus Sagraeanus A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 10 : 46. 1845.
Malvaviscus arboreus Sagraeanus Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 83. 1859.

A branching shrub, 2-4 m. high, the twigs finely pubescent or glabrate,
slender. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, irregularly crenate, sometimes 3-
lobed, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base,
glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs, the slender pubescent petioles shorter
than the blades; involucel-bractlets linear-spatulate, 8-10 mm. long, about as
long as the calyx, glabrous or pubescent; corolla red to scarlet, about 2 cm.
long; fruit depressed-globose, about 1 cm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands of Abaco and Great Bahama : — Cuba. SACRA'S MALVAVISCUS.

272 MALVACEAE.

10. HIBISCUS L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753.

Herbs, shrubs, or in tropical regions even small trees, with dentate or lobed
leaves, and showy, mostly campanulate flowers. Bractlets numerous, narrow.
Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Column of stamens anther-bearing below along
much of its length. Ovary 5-celled, the cavities 3-several-ovuled ; style-branches
5, stigmatic at the capitate summit. Capsule 5-valved. Seeds reniform. [An
ancient name, used by Dioscorides for the Marsh Mallow.] About 180 species,
widely distributed. Type species: Hibiscus Trionum L.

1. Hibiscus bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 120. 1905.

A shrub, the leaves, calyx, peduncles and twigs densely and finely stellate-
pubescent. Leaves ovate in outline, palmately veined, 10 cm. long or less, firm
in texture, cordate to truncate at the base, 3-lobed or 5-lobed with the middle
lobe much the longest and acuminate, the lateral lobes acute or obtuse, irregu-
larly dentate; upper leaves varying to lanceolate, and merely dentate; petioles
as long as the blades or shorter ; peduncles stout, solitary in the axils, longer
than the subtending petioles, jointed near the middle; bractlets linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, very unequal, the longer about 1.5 cm. long; calyx 2-2.5 cm.
long, densely stellate-pubescent, its oblong lobes strongly veined, acuminate;
petals brownish, 3.5 cm. long, densely pubescent without, oblanceolate, obtusish;
capsule oval, 2.5 cm. long, 2 cm. thick, densely silky.

Rocky scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Concep-
tion Island, Eum Cay, Acklin's. Endemic. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as H. crypto-
carpus Rich. Erroneously called wild cotton. BAHAMA HIBISCUS.

11. ABELMOSCHTTS Medic. Malv. 45. 1787.

Tall herbs, with broad, lobed leaves, and large axillary and terminal
flowers. Bractlets several or numerous, narrow. Calyx spathaceousj splitting
along one side, deciduous. Stamen-column bearing numerous anthers. Ovary
5-celled, its cavities several-ovuled ; style-branches 5, stigmatic at the summit.
Capsule elongated, 5-valved. [Name said to be Arabic.] A few species,
natives of the Old World. Type species: AbelmoscJius moschatus Medic.

1. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Meth. 617. 1794.
Hibiscus esculentus L. Sp. PI. 696. 1753.

Annual, erect, little-branched, 1-2 m. tall, sparingly hirsute. Leaves long-
petioled, nearly orbicular in outline, 1-3 dm. broad, deeply 5-7 -lobed, the lobes
lanceolate to obovate, irregularly serrate, acute or obtuse; peduncles stout,
1-3 cm. long; bractlets linear, bristly-hirsute, about 1.5 cm. long; calyx about
2 cm. long; petals broad, yellowish, purple-blotched at the base, 3-4 cm. long;
capsule angled, 2 dm. long or less, long-tipped.

Waste-lands, spontaneous after cultivation ; Cat Island and Fortune Island : —
spontaneous in most tropical and subtropical regions ; native of the Old World trop-
ics. OKRA.

12. PABITI Adans. Fam. PI. 2, 401. 1763.

Trees, with broad cordate petioled leaves, large deciduous stipules, and
large, terminal or axillary flowers, solitary or few together, the petals yellow or
changing to red. Involucre 8-10-toothed. Calyx 5-toothed. Style pubescent

MALVACEAE. 273

above, 5-cleft, the stigmas broad. Capsule loculicidally 5-celled, many-seeded,
the cells vertically partitioned by a dissepiment which splits at dehiscence into
two membranes. [Name said to be Malabaric.] A few species of tropical
regions, the following typical.

1. Pariti tiliaceum (L.) St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 256. 1827.
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. Sp. PI. 694. 1753.

A tree, sometimes 18 m. high, the young foliage velvety-tomentose. Leaves
long-petioled, the blades 7—20 cm. broad, nearly orbicular, cordate at base,
abruptly acuminate at apex, shallowly dentate or subentire, the venation promi-
nent beneath; involucre 10-cleft, about 12 mm. long; petals yellow, obovate,
5-6 cm. long; calyx about 2 cm. long; capsule ovoid, tomentose, 15-18 mm.
long; seeds glabrous or minutely downy.

Coastal thickets, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Pine Cay (Caicos) :
— Bermuda ; Florida ; throughout the West Indies and tropical continental America ;
Old World tropics. MAHOE. Catesby, 2 : pi. 90.

13. THESPESIA Soland.; Correa, Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 290. 1807.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire or merely angulately lobed,
commonly ample, usually cordate, petioled. Flowers perfect, showy. Involucel
of 3-5 narrow deciduous bractlets. Calyx truncate or nearly so. Petals 5.
Ovary sessile, 5-celled; styles 5, united or rarely distinct; stigmas decurrent
on the styles. Ovules few in each cavity. Capsule firm, woody -leathery, 5-
celled, indehiscent. Seeds glabrous or pubescent. [Greek, marvellous.] About
8 tropical species, the following typical.

1. Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland.; Correa, Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 290. 1807.
Hibiscus populneus L. Sp. PL 694. 1753.

A tree, sometimes 7 m.. high, with a trunk up to 2 dm. in diameter, usually
smaller, often a shrub, the stout twigs scurfy when young. Leaves firm in
texture, slightly fleshy, ovate-orbicular, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate at the apex,
cordate at the base, undulate-margined; petioles nearly as long as the blades;
peduncles shorter than the petioles; calyx subhemispheric, nearly truncate;
petals 4-7 cm. long, yellow with a purple base, changing to purple; fruit de-
pressed-globose, leathery^ 3-4.5 cm. in diameter, 1.5-2 cm. high; seeds pubes-
cent.

Borders of marshes, and in sandy scrub-lands, New Providence and Grand Turk :
— Florida : the West Indies and tropical continental America ; Old World tropics.
SEA-SIDE MAHOE. COEK-TBEE. SPANISH COBK.

14. GOSSYPIUM L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753.

Herbs, shrubs or small trees, with alternate petioled, usually lobed leaves,
and large, mostly solitary, peduncled, yellow or white to purple flowers sub-
tended by 3 broad, often cordate, incised bracts. Calyx truncate or 5-lobed.
S'tamen-column usually naked below. Ovary 5-celled; ovules numerous in each
cavity; style club-shaped, 5-grooved; stigmas 5. Capsule coriaceous, loculi-
cidally 5-valved. Seeds usually densely covered with long white hairs (cotton) ;
endosperm thin or none; cotyledons plicate. [Latin for cotton, perhaps of
Arabic origin.] About 40 species, of tropical distribution. Type species:
Gossypium arboreum L.

274 BOMBACACEAE.

Cotton readily separable from the seed. 1. O. barbadense.

Cotton adherent to the seed. 2. G. punctatum.

1. Gossypium "barbadense L. Sp. PI. 693. 1753.

Perennial, shrubby, flowering as an annual, glabrous or nearly so, 1-2.5 m.
high. Leaves suborbicular in outline, 7.5-20 cm. broad, rather deeply 3-5-
cleft, the lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lobes acuminate, the basal sinus narrow;
petals 6-10 cm. long, yellow, or with orange or red bases, fading pink • capsules
3-5 cm. long; cotton readily separated from the seed.

Scrub-lands and waste lands, apparently spontaneous after cultivation only,
Abaco, New Providence, Cat Island, Great Gaillot Cay, Fortune Island and Inagua : —
North Carolina to Florida ; widely spontaneous after cultivation in tropical and sub-
tropical regions. COTTON.

2. Gossypium punctatum Sch. & Thon. Besk. Guin. PI. 309. 1827.

A shrub, or small tree, up to 4 m. high, the young twigs pubescent or
glabrate. Leaves ovate-orbicular or suborbicular in outline, cordate or nearly
truncate at the base, usually 3-lobed, rarely 5-lobed, or some of them entire, the
lobes short, ovate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, at least when young, nearly
glabrous above; petals 3-6 cm. long, white or yellowish, sometimes crimson-
blotched at the base, fading pink or purplish; capsules 2-2.5 cm. long; cotton
firmly attached to the seed.

Rum Cay, at Port Nelson : — Southern Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ;
Grenada. Recorded from other West Indian islands. Cultivated in tropical regions
of the New World and the Old. WILD COTTON.

Family 3. BOMBACACEAE Schumann.
BOMBAX FAMILY.

Trees, mostly with palmately compound leaves and large and showy
perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-toothed. Petals 5. Stamens
commonly very numerous, with long filaments and short anthers. Ovary
2-5-celled; style simple; stigmas as many as the ovary-cavities. Fruit
various, dry or fleshy. Seeds usually woolly. About 20 genera and 150
species, of tropical distribution.

1. CEIBA A dans. Fam. PI. 2: 399. 1763.

Large deciduous trees, with alternate petioled palmately compound leaves,
and large clustered axillary flowrers, the trunk buttressed at the base, the
branches and young trunks spiny. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals tomentose without,
glabrous within. Column 5-divided, each division bearing 2 or 3 unilocular
anthers at the top. Capsule 5-celled, loculicidally dehiscent, many-deeded.
Seeds long-woolly. [Aboriginal name.] About 12 species, the following
typical.

1. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 244. 1791.

Bombax pentandrum L. Sp. PI. 511. 1753.
Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. Prodr. 1: 479. 1824.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of 60 m. or more, the trunk above the
often immense buttress sometimes 3 m. in diameter. Petioles slender, glabrous,
5-15 cm. long ; leaflets 5-7, stalked, or nearly sessile, glabrous, entire or serrate,

STEECULIACEAE. 275

oblong to oblanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, mostly acute or acuminate at the apex
and narrowed at the base; flowers in many axillary clusters, often appearing
before the leaves; pedicels 4-6 cm. long; calyx obconic, about 1.5 cm. long;
petals about 3 cm. long, about as long as the stamens; stigma capitate;
capsule oblong, woody, 8-12 cm. long.

Waste-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, near Nassau ;
planted for shade and for ornament : — Cuba to St. Jan and Barbadoes ; northern
South America ; Old World tropics. SILK-COTTON TREE.

Family 4. STERCULIACEAE H.B.K.

CHOCOLATE FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with alternate, often stellate-pubescent leaves,
the flowers regular, mostly perfect, in a few genera polygamous or uni-
sexual, clustered or rarely solitary, usually axillary. Calyx deeply 5-cleft,
usually persistent, the lobes or sepals valvate. Petals 5, hypogynous, or
wanting. Stamens 5 or more; filaments more or less united below into a
cup or tube; anthers mostly 2-celled, extrorse; staminodia present in some
genera. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled, or sometimes monocarpellary ; styles
usually as many as the ovary-cavities, distinct or more or less united.
Fruit mostly capsular or follicular, rarely indehiscent. Seeds various, the
cotyledons commonly foliaceous. About 45 genera and over 600 species,
mostly tropical.

Petals with flat blades.

Gynoecium of 5 united carpels.

Fruit of 5 dehiscent follicles. 1. Helicteres.

Capsule pyramidal or fruit 5-coccous.

Fruit a 5-angled capsule. 2. Moluchia.

Fruit 5-coccous. 3. Melochia.

Gynoecium of a single carpel. 4. Waltheria.

Petals with hooded blades ; capsule 5-celled, mui;icate. 5. Ayenia.

1. HELICTERES L. Sp. PI. 963. 1753.

Pubescent shrubs or trees, the pubescence stellate or of branched hairs,
with broad leaves and axillary or terminal, clustered or solitary flowers, the
bractlets small, or distant from the calyx. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed,
somewhat 2-lipped. Petals 5, clawed. Stamen-column slender, elongated, bear-
ing 5 or 10 sessile or short-stalked anthers; anther-sacs divergent or confluent.
Ovary borne within the ring of stamens, 5-celled; 5-lobed, the cells many-ovuled ;
style 5, or united into 1; stigma small, capitate. Carpels distinct at maturity,
twisted cr straight, follicular, dehiscent along the ventral suture, many-seeded.
Seeds warty or smooth; endosperm little; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, re-
ferring to the coiled carpels of some species.] Thirty species or more, of
tropical distribution. Type species: Helicteres Isora L.

Capsule glabrous ; carpels straight. 1. H. semitrilolia,.

Capsule lanate ; carpels twisted into a spiral. 2. H. jamaicensis.

1. Helicteres semitrilo'ba Bertero; DC. Prodr. 1: 476. 1824.

A branched shrub 1-3 m. high, rarely a small tree up to 5 m. high, the
young twigs, petioles, lower leaf -surfaces,- pedicels, calyx and ovary densely
stellate-tomentulose. Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, subcoriaceous, 3-8 cm.
long, undulate-dentate or somewhat 3-lobed, obtuse or acute at the apex,
cordate or truncate at the base, becoming glabrous above, the petiole as long
as the blade or shorter ; flowers usually numerous in terminal compound corymbs ;

276 STEKCULIACEAE.

pedicels short; bractlets linear; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, 2-lipped, 5-6 mm.
long; petals white, fading reddish, 8-9 mm. long; column slender, glabrous,
3-5 cm. long; anther-sacs oblong; fruit linear, straight or a little curved, 1.5-4
cm. long, separating into 5, glabrous, pointed follicles.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's, Great Exuma, Crooked Island, Acklin's, Fortune Island, North Caicos and
Inagua : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. STRAIGHT-FRUITED HELICTERES. WILD SALVE.

2. Helicteres jamaicensis Jacq. Enum. 30. 1760.

Helicteres spiralis Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 50, pi. 11. 1902.

A shrub, 1.5-3 m. high, or a small tree sometimes 6-7 m. tall, the foliage
densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong,
5-17 cm. long, mostly acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or sometimes
rounded at the more or less oblique base, crenulate nearly all around, the stout
petioles 0.5-2.5 cm. long, the upper surface darker green than the lower;
peduncles stout, 2-3 cm. long, 1-f ew-flowered ; pedicels short; calyx 1.5-2 cm.
long, 5-toothed, somewhat 2-lipped, densely tomentose; petals white, inequi-
lateral, somewhat longer than the calyx; column 6-10 cm. long, declined;
stamens 10; staminodia 5; ovary tomentose; carpels; about 10, spirally
twisted, densely tomentose, forming a cone-like, oblong fruit 2.5—5 cm. long.

Coppices, thickets and white-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, Mangrove
Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Mariguana, Atwood Cay, Great Guana
Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's,
Fortune Island, Watling's Island and the Inaguas : — Cuba to Tortola, St. Martin
and St. Croix ; Jamaica. Recorded by Schoepf as H. Isora L. COW-BUSH. SALZ-
BUSH. BLIND-EYE BUSH.

2. MOLUCHIA Medic. Malv. 10. 1787.

Herbs, shrubs or small trees, with alternate toothed leaves, and small,
terminal or axillary, mostly clustered, perfect flowers, the petals flat, marces-
cent. Involucels none. Calyx 5-cleft, usually campanulate. Petals 5, nar-
row. Stamens 5, the filaments somewhat united below, opposite the petals;
staminodia none, or minute. Ovary 5-celled, each cavity 2-ovuled; styles 5,
distinct, at least above; stigmas clavate. Capsule pyramidal, loculicidally 5-
valved, 5-seeded, the seeds obovoid, ascending. Endosperm fleshy; embryo
straight; cotyledons flat. [Name altered from Melochia.] About 6 species,
of (tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Moluchia fruticosa Medic.

Foliage stellate-tomentose or stellate-puberulent ; capsules with

rounded angles. 1. M. tomentosa.

Foliage nearly glabrous ; capsules with sharply acute angles. 2. M. pyramldata.

1. Moluchia tomentosa (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 69. 1918.
Melochia tomentosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1140. 1759.

A branched shrub., 2 m. high or less, rarely a small tree up to 4 m. high,
the slender twigs, the leaves, inflorescence, calyx and capsule densely stellate-
pubescent or tomentose. Leaves chartaceous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1-6
cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base,
crenate or serrate, the petioles shorter than the blades; peduncles at the axils
of upper leaves or terminal, few-several-flowered ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; petals
blue, violet or purple, obovate, 10-12 mm. long; capsule-body 6-8 mm. long,
subulate-beaked, its angles rounded, knobbed.

White-lands, scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Andros, Mangrove Cay, New Provi-
dence, Eleuthera, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Watling's, Atwood Cay, Rum Cay,

STERCULIACEAE. 277

Great Guana Cay, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's, East Caicos, Grand
Turk, Ambergris Cay, and Inagua : — Texas ; West Indies ; North Mexico to continental
tropical America. The species is represented by many races of various leaf-forms
and sizes, finding their smallest development in the plants of Grand Turk, Ambergris
Cay and Inagua ; these are the subject of Grisebach's MelocJiia crenata, not M.
crenata Vahl. VELVETY MOLUCHIA.

2. Moluchia pyramidata (L.) Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 69. 1918.
MelocTiia pyramidata L. Sp. PI. 674. 1753.

Subherbaceous, nearly glabrous, the young foliage somewhat pubescent;
stems slender, branched, ascending, decumbent or nearly erect, 2—6 dm. long,
the young branches with a line of pubescence. Leaves membranous, lanceolate,
ovate, or the lower nearly orbicular, 2-6 dm. long, sharply serrate, acute or
acuminate at the apex, mostly rounded or subtruncate at the base, the slender
petioles much shorter than the blades; peduncles pubescent, 1-few-flowered,
about as long as the petioles, terminal or opposite the leaves; calyx -lobes lance-
olate, 3-4 mm. long; petals pink, red or lavender, about 6 mm. long, obovate;
capsule inflated, membranous, 6-7 mm. long, sharply 5-angled, short-beaked,
each angle cuspidate at the base.

Waste places and roadsides, New Providence : — Texas ; West Indies east to
Tortola, south to Grenada ; Curasao ; Mexico ; continental tropical America, and Old
World tropics. SMOOTH MOLUCHIA.

3. MELOCHIA [Dill.] L. Sp. PI. 674. 1753.

Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, with petioled, serrate leaves and
small, sometimes involucellate, perfect flowers in axillary or terminal glomerules
or panicles. Sepals or calyx-segments little enlarged in tfruit. Petals convo-
lute, marcescent. Stamens opposite the petals; filaments more or less united
below; staminodia none, or rarely present and minute. Ovary 5-celled; ovules
2 in each cavity; styles distinct, or united near the base. Fruit a small 5-
coccous capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds with fleshy endosperm. [Arabic
name.] About 50 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type
species: MelocJiia corchorifolia L.

1. Melochia nodiflora Sw. Prodr. 97. 1788.

Mougeotia nodiflora H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 5: 330. 1823.

A shrub, 2 m. high or less, with slender ascending branches, the young
twigs sparingly pubescent. Leaves thin, ovate, 3-10 cm. long, serrate, glabrous
or nearly so, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded, truncate, or subcordate
at the base, the slender pubescent petioles 1-^3 cm. long; flowers nearly sessile,
in dense axillary subglobose clusters; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, 2-3 mm. long; petals rose, a little longer than the calyx; filaments united;
styles distinct ; ovary 5-celled ; young fruit deeply 5-lobed, at length separat-
ing into 5 pubescent carpels about 3 mm. long.

Waste places, New Providence : — West Indies ; tropical continental America.
MELOCHIA.

4. WALTHEEIA L. Sp. PI. 673. 1753.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with stellate or simple pubescence. Leaves
toothed; stipules narrow. Flowers small, perfect, usually in axillary clusters
or small cymes. Involucel of 3 deciduous bracts. Sepals 5, united at the base
into a turbinate 10-nerved tube. Petals 5, spatulate, convolute, withering-
persistent. Stamens 5 ; filaments united below, not accompanied by staminodia ;

278 STERCULIACEAE.

anthers "with parallel sacs. Ovary 1-celled, sessile; style simple, not central;
stigma club-shaped or brush-like. Ovules 2 in a cavity. Follicles 1-celled, 2-
valved lengthwise. Seed solitary, ascending. Endosperm fleshy. Embryo
straight, axile. [In honor of A. F. Walther, Professor in Leipzig.] About
35 American species, mostly tropical. Type species: Walfheria americana L.

Pubescence densely tomentose. 1. W. americana.

Finely stellate-pubescent. 2. W. bahamensis.

1. Waltheria americana L. Sp. PI. 673. 1753.

Foliage tomentose. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, stiff; leaves ovate to oblong, 1-5
cm. long, serrate, rounded or cordate at the base, stout-petioled ; flowers in
dense sessile or peduncled axillary clusters ; sepals subulate, about 5 mm.
long, villous-hirsute, similar to the bractlets; petals yellow, slightly longer than
the sepals; follicles 2.5-3 mm. long, pubescent at the top.

Rocky scrub-lands, fields and cultivated soil, Abaco and Great Bahama to South
Bimini, Andros, the Crooked Island group and to North and East Caicos : — Florida ;
Bermuda ; the West Indies and tropical continental America ; Old World tropics ;
Oceanica. COMMON WALTHERIA.

2. Waltheria bahamensis Britton, Torreya 3: 105. 1903.

Branched from the base, stellate-puberulent, the branches 6 dm. long or less.
Leaves oblong to ovate-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, sharply dentate, strongly veined,
dark-green above, pale green beneath, stellate-pubescent on both surfaces,
obtuse at both ends, or the base subcordate, the slender petioles half as long as
the blades or less; flower-clusters sessile or nearly so in the axils, dense, less
than 1 cm. broad; bractlets sharply toothed; petals thin, spatulate, 3-5 mm.
long, obtuse or slightly notched; filaments united into a tube.

Sandy and rocky fields, scrub-lands and1 pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama,
Great Harbor Cay, Little Harbor Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat
Island, Rum Cay and Great Guana Cay. Endemic. BAHAMA WALTHERIA.

5. AYENIA Loefl. Iter. 257. 1758.

Shrubs, some species subherbaceous, with serrate petioled leaves, and
axillary, mostly clustered, pedicelled flowers. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, con-
cave or hooded, long-clawed, the tip inflexed, adnate to the stamen-cup. Fila-
ments united into a short cup, the anthers solitary in its sinuses, its truncate
or rounded lobes alternate with the petals ; anthers 3-celled. Ovary 5-celled, its
cavities 2-ovuled; style short; stigma capitate or somewhat 5-lobed. Capsule
subglobose, muricate, splitting into 5 carpels, each 2-valved. Seeds rugose;
endosperm none; cotyledones spirally convolute. [In honor of the French
botanist Ayen.] About 10 species, natives of tropical America. Type species:
Ayenia sidaeformis Loefl.

1. Ayenia puslUa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1247. 1759.

A low shrub or suffrutescent perennial herb, usually much-branched at the
base, the slender branches ascending, erect or prostrate, 1-4 dm. long, puberu-
lent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, oval or suborbicular, 0.8-3 cm. long, puberulent
or glabrate, sharply serrate, acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded or cordate
at the base, the petioles 1-5 mm. long; pedicels longer than the petioles, some-
times 10 mm. long; calyx about 2 mm. long, its lobes lanceolate; claw of the
petal much longer than the hooded limb; lobes of the stamen-cup longer than
the anthers; capsule depressed-globose, densely muricate, 4-6 mm. in diameter.

TAMARICACEAE. 279

In red soil pockets and red-lands, New Providence, Cat Island, Great Exuma,
Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's, Crooked Island, Mari-

fuana and Ambergris Cay : — the Florida Keys and Texas to California ; West In-
ies, south to Guadelope ; continental tropical America. COMMON AYENIA.

Order 17. HYPEEICALES.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, the flowers mostly complete, perfect and
regular (irregular in Violaceae). Sepals distinct, or more or less united,
imbricated or convolute. Petals present and distinct or wanting. Stamens
usually numerous. Ovary compound, superior; placentae mostly parietal.

Styles none ; trees or shrubs with small imbricated leaves. Fam. 1. TAMARICACEAE.
Styles present, separate or united.
Styles separate or partly united.

Stigmas not brush-like ; endosperm little or none.
Herbs or low shrubs, rarely trees ; flowers per-
fect ; stamens distinct. Fam. 2. HYPEBICACEAE.
Trees or shrubs ; stamens mostly united.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous ; placentae

axile. Fam. 3. CLUSIACEAE.

Flowers perfect ; placentae parietal. Fam. 4. CANELLACEAE.

Stigmas brush-like ; endosperm copious. Fam. 5. TURNERACEAE.

Styles completely united ; endosperm fleshy. Fam. 6. FLACOURTIACEAE.

Family 1. TAMARICACEAE Lindl.
TAMARISK FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules, relatively small or
scale-like, entire, often imbricated. Flowers mainly perfect, regular,
usually in spikes or racemes. Calyx of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, imbricated
sepals. Corolla of 5, or rarely 4 or 6, distinct imbricated petals. Disk
10-lobed or obsolete. Stamens 5 to many; filaments distinct, free; anthers
opening lengthwise. Ovary 1-celled, superior, with 3-5 basal placentae.
Stigmas 3-5, distinct. Ovules 2-many on each placenta. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds erect, terminating in a coma. Four genera and about 100 species,
natives of the Old World.

1. TAMAEIX L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753.

Shrubs or trees, with irregularly and widely branching stems, the wood
firm. Leaves small, scale-like, clasping or sheathing. Flowers in dense spikes,
racemes or panicles. Sepals 4 or 5, rarely 6, distinct. Petals white or pink,
inserted under the lobed disk, distinct. Stamens 5-10; filaments not adnate
to the corolla. Stigmas 2-5, short. Seeds numerous. Endosperm wanting.
[Latin name.] About 60 species, of the Old World, the following typical.

1. Tamarix gallica L. Sp. PI. 270. 1753.

A shrub or a small tree, with slender spreading branches, the branchlets
very numerous, approximate or clustered, completely clothed with the imbri-
cated, scale-like, acute leaves which are 1 mm. long or less; spikes numerous, in
panicles; sepals triangular, about 0.5 mm. long; petals white or pinkish;
capsule pyramidal, about 1 mm. long.

Waste places, spontaneous after cultivation, South Caicos and Grand Turk
Island : — Naturalized from southern Europe in various localities from New York to
New Mexico and southward, and in Bermuda and the West Indies. TAMARISK.

280 CLUSIACEAE.

Family 2. HYPERICACEAE Lindl.
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.

Herbs or shrubs, sometimes small trees in tropical regions, with oppo-
site, or rarely verticillate, simple entire or rarely glandular-ciliate or
dentate leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-paniculate flowers.
Foliage pellucid-punctate or black-dotted. Flowers regular and perfect.
Sepals 5 or 4, imbricated. Petals of the same number, hypogynous, gen-
erally oblique or contorted. Stamens oo , hypogynous, often in sets of 3 or
5; anthers versatile or innate, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
1-7-celled, composed of 1-7 carpels; styles as many as the carpels; ovules

00, in 2 rows in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit mainly capsular with sep-
ticidal dehiscence; seeds mainly straight; endosperm none. About 10
genera and more than 300 species, mainly of temperate and warm regions.

1. ASCYRUM L. Sp. PI. 787. 1753.

Leafy glabrous low shrubs, with small narrow entire black-punctate
leaves, the flowers bright yellow. Sepals 4, in 2 pairs, the exterior ones broad
and round, the interior smaller and narrower. Petals 4, oblique or slightly
contorted, deciduous. Stamens oo, distinct, or united in clusters. Ovary 1-
celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae; styles 2-4. Capsule 1-celled, 2^-valved,
dehiscent at the placentae. [Greek, not rough.] About 6 species, natives of
eastern North America, Central America and the West Indies. Type species:
Ascyrum hypericoides L.

1. Ascyrum linifolium Spach, Hist. Veg. Phan. 5 : 459. 1836.

An erect shrub, 3-6 dm. high, much branched, the twigs very slender,
densely leafy. Leaves linear to linear-oblong or linear-spatulate, nearly sessile,
obtuse, 1-2 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide; flowers solitary at the ends of the twigs,
very short-peduncled ; outer sepals oblong, acute, 6-8 mm. long, the inner
petal-like; petals widely spreading nearly in one plane, as long as or somewhat
longer than the outer sepals; capsule linear-oblong, beaked, about as long as
the outer sepals.

Pine-lands and palmetto-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New Provi-
dence: — Florida to Texas. ST. ANDREW'S CROSS.

Family 3. CLUSIACEAE Lindl.
CLUSIA FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, sometimes epiphytic, with resinous sap, opposite
coriaceous estipulate entire leaves, the small or large, regular, polyg-
amous, dioecious or rarely perfect flowers usually clustered, sometimes
bracteolate. Sepals 2-6, rarely more, strongly imbricated. Petals usually
as many as the sepals, sometimes more, hypogynous. Staminate flowers
with numerous hypogynous stamens, the filaments united or distinct, with
or without a rudimentary ovary. Pistillate flowers with a 2-several-celled
ovary, and as many sessile or sub-sessile stigmas as there are ovary-cavities;
staminodes or some perfect stamens usually present. Fruit baccate,
drupaceous or capsular, usually fleshy. Seeds often arillate; endosperm
none. About 25 genera and over 250 species, mostly tropical.

CANELLACEAE. 281

i

1. CLUSIA L. Sp. PI. 509. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with resinous sap, often epiphytic or half-
climbing on other trees and sometimes strangling them, the leaves opposite,
entire, the usually polygamous, large flowers solitary or cymose. Sepals 4-16,
imbricated. Petals 4-9, also imbricated. Stamens many in the staminate
flowers, fewer in the pistillate ones; anthers linear. Pistillate flowers with
several or many staminodes; ovary 4-12-celled; stigmas sessile, radiating;
ovules many in each cavity. Capsule leathery or fleshy, at length dehiscent.
Seeds arillate, the embryo small, the cotyledons plano-convex. [Commemorates
Charles de TEcluse, a French botanist of the sixteenth century.] About 80
species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Clusia major L.

1. Clusia rdsea Jacq. Enum. 34. 1760.

A tree attaining a maximum height of about 16 m., the stout twigs
glabrous. Leaves obovate, glabrous, thick, coriaceous, rigid, 10-15 cm. long,
7-12 cm. wide above the middle, closely pinnately many-veined, rounded at the
apex, cuneate at the base, the stout petioles about 1 cm. long; flowers solitary
or sometimes 2 together, short-peduneled ; sepals 6, rounded, 1-1.5 cm. broad;
petals white or rose, broadly obovate or nearly orbicular, 3—1 cm. long, broadly
cuneate at the base; stigmas 7-9; fruit globose, nearly white, 5-8 cm. in
diameter, fleshy.

Coastal coppices, Andros, New Providence, Inagua and East Caicos : — Florida ;
Cuba to Tortola, and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. Catesby,
2: pi. 99. PITCH APPLE.

Clusia flava Jacq., a tree similar to C. rosea, with cuneate-obovate leaves find
yellow flowers, is recorded by Schoepf, as seen by him on New Providence in 1784.

Family 4. CANELLACEAE Mart.
CANELLA FAMILY.

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnately veined, coriaceous or
subcoriaceous, entire estipulate petioled leaves, and corymbose regular
perfect flowers. Sepals 3, distinct, imbricated. Petals 4^12, or wanting.
Stamens many, the filaments united into a tube, the anthers extrorse.
Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentae; ovules 2-several,
nearly anatropous; style stout; stigma 2-£-lobed. Fruit baccate. Seeds
with a smooth crusteaceous testa; embryo subcylindric, in copious fleshy
endosperm. Five genera and seven known species, of tropical America
and Africa.

1. CANELLA P. Br. Hist. Jam. 275. 1756.

An evergreen tree, glabrous throughout, with coriaceous leaves and term-
inal bracteolate corymbs of purple, red or violet flowers, the bark and leaves
pleasantly aromatic. Petals 5. Stamens 10-20, the filament-tube not ap-
pendaged by scales, the anthers contiguous, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary
with 2 or 3 parietal placentae each bearing 2 ovules; style short; stigma 2-3-
lobed. Berry globose, its gelatinous pulp enclosing few, obovoid to orbicular
seeds. [Latin, cinnamon.] A monotypic genus.

19

282 TUBNEBACEAE.

1. Canella Winterana (L.) Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 1: 373. 1788.

Laurus Winterana L. Sp. PI. 371. 1753.
Winterana Canella L. <Syst. Ed. 10, 1045. 1759.
Canella alba Murray, Syst. Veg. 443. 1784,

A tree up to 10 m. high, usually much smaller, sometimes shrubby, the
trunk up to 2.5 dm. thick, the bark grey. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate,
3-10 cm. long, dark green and somewhat shining above, rather dull beneath,
rounded or obtuse at the apex, not prominently veined, the slender petioles
about 1 cm. long; corymbs few-several-flowered; pedicels slender; sepals
reniform-orbicular, thick, about 3 mm. long, ciliolate; petals obovate, obtuse,
nearly twice as long as the sepals; stamen-tube 3-4 mm. long; anthers yellow;
berry crimson or nearly black, about 1 cm. in diameter ; seeds black.

White-lands, scrub-lands and thickets, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Rum Cay, Atwood Cay, Long Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island and
Little Inagua : — Florida and the West Indies. CANELLA. WILD CINNAMON. WHITE-
WOOD BARK. CINNAMON BARK. C'atesby, 2 : pi. 50.

Family 5. TURNERACEAE H.B.K.
TURNERA FAMILY.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly serrate and often
2-glandular at the base, the flowers regular, mostly perfect. Calyx-lobes or
sepals 5, imbricated. Petals 5, thin, convolute, fugacious. Stamens 5,
distinct, opposite the sepals; filaments compressed or subulate; anthers
oblong. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; styles 3,
filiform, simple or 2-cleft; stigmas usually flabellate and many-cleft; ovules
many, anatropous. Fruit a 1-celled capsule, partly or completely 3-valved.
Seeds foveolate, with fleshy endosperm and a membranous aril. Four
genera and about 80 species, of tropical and subtropical distribution.

1. TURNERA L. Sp. PI. 271. 1753.

Herbs or low shrubs, with toothed leaves and solitary axillary yellow
flowers, the peduncles often adnate to the petioles. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals
obovate to spatulate, borne on the calyx-throat. Stamens borne below the
petals, sometimes hypogynous. Ovary sessile; styles filiform; stigmas several-
many-cleft. Capsule 3-valved to the base, mostly many-seeded, the seeds borne
near the middle of the valves, oblong or cylindric, curved, the aril narrow. [In
honor of William Turner, herbalist, the "Father of English Botany," died
1568.] About 75 species, nearly all of tropical and subtropical America. Type
species: Turnera ulmifolia L.

Calyx 5-fid or 5-partite ; styles penicellate, multifid ; capsule 3-

valved above ; leaves larere. • 1. T. ulmifolia.

Calyx 5-dentate ; styles 6-fid at summit ; capsule 3-valved to the

base ; leaves small. 2. T. diffusa.

1. Turnera ulmifdlia L. Sp. PI. 271. 1753.

Shrubby, erect, branched, 3-9 dm. high, more or less pubescent. Leaves
lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short-petioled, 2-8 cm. long, serrate, acute
or acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the 2-glandular base; peduncles
short; bractlets as long as or longer than the calyx; calyx deeply 5-lobed, its

FLACOURTIACEAE. 283

i

segments lanceolate, acute or acuminate; petals obovate, 1-3 cm. long; capsules
6-10 mm. long, much shorter than the bractlets, 3-valved above.

Rocky plains and white-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, the Caicos
Islands, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; the West Indies ; Mexico to
tropical South America. Consists of numerous races, differing in leaf-form, pubes-
cence and size of flowers. BUTTERCUPS. YELLOW ALDER. LARGE-LEAVED TURNERA.

2. Turnera diffusa Willd. ; Schultes, Syst. 6 : 679. 1820.
Triads microphylla Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 297. 1860.

A pubescent, much-branched shrub, 2 dm. to 1.3 m. high, the branches
slender, spreading. Leaves small, 5-20 mm. long, spatulate or oblanceolate,
firm in texture, coarsely few-toothed, nearly sessile, deeply impressed-veined
and glabrous above, pubescent beneath, mostly obtuse at the apex, attenuate
to the base, the margin revolute; peduncles very short; calyx 5-toothed; petals
spatulate, 3-8 mm. long, much longer than the calyx-teeth; stamens very short;
capsule subglobose, about 1.5 mm. in diameter, 3-valved to the base.

Rocky plains and white-lands, Whale Cay, Joulter's Cay, New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Cat Island, Rum Cay, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, Crooked Island, Ack-
lin's and Inagua : — Cuba to Virgin Gorda and St. Croix. SMALL-LEAVED TURNERA.

Family 6. FLACOURTIACEAE Lindl.
FLACOURTIA FAMILY. >

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple, usually dentate leaves, the
stipules minute or wanting, the small regular flowers usually clustered,
perfect, dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-7-lobed or of 3-7 distinct
sepals. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes or sepals, or rarely more, or
wanting. Stamens few or numerous, in some genera alternating with
staminodia; filaments distinct or connate; anthers 2-celled. Ovary su-
perior, 1-celled ; ovules few or numerous, on parietal placentae. Fruit cap-
sular or baccate. About 70 genera, including over 500 species, of tropical
regions.

Petals present. 1. Banara.
Petals none.

Stamens hypogynous ; leaves not punctate. 2. Myroxylon.
Stamens perigynous ; leaves mostly punctate.

Style none : stamens numerous. 3. Zuelania.

Style present ; stamens 6-15. 4. Casearia.

1. BANARA Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 547. 1775.

Shrubs or trees with alternate petioled, somewhat inequilateral, usually
glandular-dentate and punctate leaves, small stipules, and small perfect
flowers in racemes, corymbs or panicles. Calyx persistent, 3-5-lobed, the lobes
valvate. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes and similar to them, persistent,
imbricated. Stamens many, with filiform filaments; staminodia none. Ovary
superior, 1-celled or by intrusion of the placentae nearly several-celled; ovules
many; style slender; stigma capitate. Fruit a fleshy or leathery, indehiscent,
many-seeded berry. Seeds striate, the endosperm fleshy. [Guiana name.]
About 15 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Banara guian-
ensis Aubl.

284 FLACOUBTIACEAE.

1. Banara reticulata Griseb. Cat. PL Cub. 8. 1866.

A glabrous shrub, 1-3 m. high or a small tree up to about 8 m. high, the
slender twigs terete. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, coriaceous, 2.5-7 cm.
long, somewhat inequilateral, low-serrate with blunt teeth, rounded, obtuse or
some of them acute at the apex, mostly rounded or subcordate at the base,
densely and strongly reticulate-veined, shining above, the petioles 4-8 mm.
long; corymbs several-many-flowered, 3-6 cm. broad; pedicels 5-10 mm. long,
thickened in fruit; calyx about 5 mm. long, its segments broadly ovate, rounded,
puberulent and ciliolate; petals yellowish, about as long as the calyx; fruit
ovoid, red, about 8 mm. long, tipped by the style.

Rocky pine-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera and Great Exuma : — Cuba.
BANARA. Catesby, 2: pi. 42.

2. MYROXYLON Forst. Char. Gen. 126. 1776.

Shrubs or trees, usually spiny, with usually toothed, sometimes spinulose-
dentate leaves and small, dioecious or polygamous flowers, fascicled or short-
racemose in the axils. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated. Petals wanting. Stamens
several or numerous, borne on a glandular disk, the anthers versatile. Ovary
with 2-6 parietal placentae; ovules few or several; style simple or cleft, some-
times very short ; stigmas dilated, rarely lobed. Fruit a small, 2-several-seeded
berry, the seeds obovoid. [Greek, balsam wood.] About 30 species, tropical
and subtropical in distribution. Type species: Myroxylon suaveolens Forst.

Leaves shining above ; fruit globose. 1. M . ilicifoUum.

Leaves dull above ; fruit obovoid-oblong. 2. M . ~bahamense.

1, Myroxylon ilicifolium (Northrop) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 141.

1906.

Xylosma ilicifolia Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 51. 1902.

A shrub, 3 m. high or less, much branched, the twigs slender, the stem and
branches usually armed with slender, often branched spines. Leaves oval to
obovate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, short-petioled, '2-3 cm. long, entire or with
1-3 spinulose-tipped teeth, the apex acute and spinulose, the base narrowed,
the upper surface strongly shining, the lateral venation obscure; fascicles few-
flowered; pedicels of staminate flowers slender, 2-4 mm. long; sepals yellow or
greenish, eiliate, about 1 mm. long; pedicels of pistillate flowers 1-2 mm. long;
berry bluish-black, globose, about 5 mm. in diameter.

(

Coppices, and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island.
Endemic. HOLLY-LEAVED MYROXYLON. Recorded by Dolley as Xylosma nitidum A.
Gray and as X. buxifolium; and by Hitchcock as M. T)uxifoUum pauciflorum.

2. Myroxylon bahamense Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1906.

An intricately branched shrub or small tree 4 m. high or less, the trunk
and larger limbs densely armed with branched spines 5 cm. long or less. Wood
yellowish-white, very hard and dense; twigs armed with subulate spines 1.5 cm.
long or less; leaves ovate or oblong to oblanceolate, coriaceous, 6-30 mm. long,
scarcely shining above, dull and paler green beneath than above, entire or with
1 to 4 blunt teeth, the apex acute, the base rounded, or narrowed, the petiole
about 1 mm. long; fruit obovoid-oblong, obtuse, 6 mm. long, 3 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence. Endemic.
BAHAMA MYROXYLON.

FLACOURTIACEAE. 285

3. ZUELANIA A. Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 88. 1845.

Trees or shrubs with alternate petioled serrate punctate leaves, and
small fascicled flowers, the pedicels jointed, bracted at the base. Calyx 4-5-
lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals wanting. Stamens 20-40, alternating with
staminodia. Ovary superior; ovules numerous, on parietal placentae; stigma
almost sessile, peltate. Fruit a large globose fleshy, berry-like capsule, at
length dehiscent Seeds numerous, arillate, with fleshy endosperm. [Commem-
orates Jose Maria Valenzuela, a Cuban botanical collector.] One or two West
Indian species, the following typical.

1. Zuelania Guidonia (Sw.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Laelia Guidonia Sw. Prodr. 83. 1788.

Zuelania laetioides A. Rich. Ess. Fl. Cub. 88. 1845.

Casearia laetioides Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 55. 1902.

A tree, up to about 30 m. high, usually much smaller, the stout twigs
densely pubescent when young. Leaves thin, deciduous, oblong to oblong-lance-
olate or elliptic, 7-20 cm. long, low-crenate or nearly entire, strongly pinnately
veined, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded and mostly some-
what oblique at the base, glabrous or nearly so above, pubescent beneath, the
petioles 1 cm. long or less; fascicles many-flowered; pedicels pubescent, 6—10
mm. long; sepals pubescent, suborbicular, about 7 mm. long; staminodia about
one-half as long as the stamens; fruit subglobose, 3—5 cm. in diameter.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — Cuba ; Jamaica.
ZUELANIA.

4. CASEARIA Jacq. Enum. 4, 21. 1760.

Shrubs or trees, sometimes spinescent, with alternate, mostly toothed and
punctate or lineate leaves, small stipules, and small regular green or yellowish
flowers in bracted, lateral fascicles or umbels, the pedicels jointed at or above
the base. Calyx -lobes 4-6, imbricated. Petals wanting. Stamens 6-15; fila-
ments distinct or united below, alternating with staminodia. Ovary superior;
ovules many, borne on parietal placentae; style short, undivided or 3-cleft;
stigma capitate. Capsule dry or fleshy, 3-4-valved, several-many-seeded.
Seeds with a fleshy aril, the testa coriaceous; endosperm fleshy. [Commemo-
rates John Casearius, a Dutch missionary of the seventeenth century.] Over
75 species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Casearia
nitida (L.) Jacq.

Leaves ovate, glabrous, shining ; flowers in stalked glabrous cymes. 1. C. bahamensis.
Leaves obovate to elliptic, pubescent at least when young ; cymes

sessile or very nearly so, densely puberulent. 2. C. spinescens.

1. Casearia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 322. 1902.

A glabrous shrub or small tree sometimes 4-5 m. high, much-branched,
the twigs slender and terete. Leaves ovate to elliptic, subcoriaceous, 1.5-7 cm.
long, obtuse, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base,
crenulate, shining above, and finely reticulate-veined, the petioles 6-12 mm.
long; cymes axillary, peduncled, several-flowered; pedicels slender, 5-1U mm.
long; calyx about 5 mm. long, densely short-pilose within; stamens shorter than
the calyx; staminodia 1-1.5 mm. long, short-pilose; fruit subglobose, yellow,
5-6 mm. in diameter, 1-5-seeded.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba.
Recorded by Dolley as Casearia serrulata Sw. SMOOTH CASEARIA.

286 PASSIFLOEACEAE.

2. Casearia spinescens (Sw.) Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 10. 1866.
Samyda spinescens Sw. Prodr. 68. 1788.

A shrub, 3 m. high or less, or a small tree about 4 m. high, unarmed, or
with short spinescent spurs, the branches sometimes elongated and vine-like,
the young twigs appressed-pubescent. Leaves obovate to oval or elliptic,
membranous, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, narrowed at the base,
low-crenate, pubescent on both sides when young, becoming glabrate, the
petioles 2-8 mm. long ; cymes several-flowered, pubescent, sessile in the axils or
on leafless twigs; pedicels stout; calyx pubescent, 5-6 mm. long, green, about
as long as the pedicel, its rounded segments ovate or elliptic, obtuse; stami-
nodia ovate, broad, a little shorter than the stamens; fruit oblong, 1.5-2 cm.
long.

Coppices, New Providence, at Waterloo ; Andros. near Crow Hill : — Cuba ; His-
paniola ; Tobago ; Trinidad ; Guiana. Recorded in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5 : 316, as
C. alba A. Rich., following Grisebach. SPINY CASEARIA.

Order 18. PASSIFLORALES.

Herbs, tendril-bearing vines, shrubby plants, or succulent trees with a
milky sap. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed. Flowers perfect, or when
dioecious, the staminate and pistillate very different. Calyx of 5 more or
less united sepals. Corolla of 5 distinct or partially united petals, some-
times accompanied by a fringed crown. Stamens 5 or 10 in 2 unequal
rows. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae. Stigmas
entire, notched or forked. Fruit a berry or capsule.

Corolla accompanied by a crown (corona) ; flowers perfect, all alike.

Fam. 1. PASSIFLORACEAE.

Corolla not accompanied by a crown ; flowers mainly dioe-
cious, the staminate and pistillate different. Fam. 2. CARICACEAE.

Family 1. PASSIFLORACEAE Dumort.
PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.

Vines, climbing by tendrils, or rarely erect herbs, with petioled usually
palmately-lobed leaves, and perfect regular flowers. Calyx-tube persistent.
Petals usually 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, distinct, or in some
species united. Stamens 5. Throat of' the calyx crowned with a double
or triple fringe. Filaments subulate or filiform, monadelphous, or sepa-
rate. Ovary free from the calyx, 1-celled ; placentae 3-5, parietal ; styles .
1-5. Fruit a berry or capsule, usually many-seeded. About 18 genera
and 350 species, of warm and tropical regions, most abundant in South
America.

1. PASSIFLORA L. Sp. PI. 955. 1753.

Climbing tendril-bearing vines, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves,
and large axillary flowers, on jointed, often bracted peduncles. Calyx-tube
cup-shaped or campanulate, 4-5-lobed, the lobes narrow, 'imbricated in the
bud, its throat crowned with a fringe called the corona. Petals 4 or 5 (rarely
none), inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary oblong, stalked. Filaments
monadelphous in a tube around the stalk of the ovary, separate above; an-

PASSIFLORACEAE. 287

thers narrow, versatile. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds pulpy-arilled, flat,
ovate; endosperm fleshy. [Flower of the Cross, or Passion, as emblematic of
the crucifixion.] About 300 species, mostly of tropical America, a few in
Asia and Australia. Type species: Passiflora incarnata L.

Calyx subtended by an involucre of 3 pectinate or incised bracts.
Bracts pectinate into filiform segments.

Plant villous-pubescent ; leaves flaccid. 1. P. foetida.

Plant glabrous or somewhat glandular ; leaves firm in

texture. 2. P. bahamensis.

Bracts linear-lanceolate, irregularly incised-pectinate. 3. P. pectinata.

Calyx not subtended by an involucre.

Petals none. 4. P. pallida.

Petals 5.

Leaves softly pubescent or glabrate.

Leaves oblong, entire. 5. P. multiflora.

Leaves broader than long, 2-lobed, cordate. 6. P. rubra.

Leaves glabrous.

Leaves 2-lobed, wider than long. 7. P. biflora.

Leaves ovate-oblong, narrower than long. 8. P. cupraea.

1. Passiflora foetida L. Sp. PI. 959. 1753.

Herbaceous, villous and glandular-viscid, trailing or climbing, sometimes
2.5 m. long. Leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular in out-
line, 3-lobed or 3-angled, flaccid, irregularly low-dentate, 3-12 cm. long, cor-
date or subcordate at the base, acute at the apex, the stipules 5—10 mm. long,
pinnatisect; peduncles 1-3 in the axils, mostly longer than the petioles,, not
jointed; involucre of 3 finely pinnatisect bracts 2-4 cm. long, the ultimate
segments nearly filiform, gland-tipped; calyx 5-parted, 1.5-2.5 cm. long;
petals white or pinkish, about as long as the calyx; crown pink, of three series
of segments; berry ovoid, 2-4 cm. long, nearly dry when mature.

Roadsides, New Providence : — West Indies and tropical continental America,
north to Texas. VISCID PASSION-FLOWER.

2. Passiflora fcahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 315. 1907.

Stems slender, purple, usually trailing, sometimes climbing on low shrubs,
0.5^1.5 m. long. Tendrils wiry, mostly as long as the leaves or longer; peti-
oles 1-3 cm. long, bearing scattered stalked glands, rarely glandless; stipules
small, glandular-fimbriate ; leaf -blades firm in texture, panduriform, 7 cm.
long, or less, 3-lobed, cordate at the base, shining above, dull beneath, the
basal lobes rounded or somewhat angled, one fourth to one half as long as
the acute middle one, the margin with stalked glandular hairs all around;
peduncles glabrous, longer than the petioles ; involucre-segments bipinnatisect,
2-3 cm. long, with very numerous stalked glands; calyx-segments ovate-
lanceolate, acute; petals ovate-oblong, about 2 cm. long; crown purple, its
outer segments about three fourths as long as the petals; berry globose, about
2 cm. in diameter, bright red and shining when ripe, its stalk above the per-
sistent involucre 6-81 mm. long; seeds oblong, rough, 4 mm. long.

Pine-lands, coppices, white-lands and sandy soil, Andros ; New Providence ; Cat
Island. Endemic. Referred by Grisebach and by Dolley to the Jamaican P. ciliata
Ait., and by Mrs. Northrop to P. pectinata Griseb. BAHAMA PASSION-FLOWER.

3. Passiflora pectinata Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 294. 1860.

Glabrous, high-climbing or trailing. Leaves ovate, rather firm in texture,
3-8 cm. long, crenate, 5-7-nerved, somewhat contracted near the middle, cor-
date at the base, acute or blunt at the apex, with minute glands at the ends
of the veins, the petioles 2.5 cm. long or less, eglandular; tendrils slender, as
long as the leaves, or longer; flowers solitary in the upper axils, about 6 cm.
broad, on peduncles longer than the petioles; involucre of 3 linear pectinate

288 PASSIFLORACEAE.

or pinnatifid bracts about 2.5 cm. long; crown about one half as long as the
oblong white sepals; fruit ellipsoid, red, slightly fleshy, about 2.5 cm. long;
seeds rough.

Littoral sands and savannas, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Conception
Island, Watling's Island, Cave Cay, Great Guana Cay, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's
Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Green Cay, South Caicos, Grand Turk, Little
Ambergris Cay, and the Inaguas : — Bermuda ; Hispaniola. The plant recorded by
Hitchcock as P. ciliaia riparia Wr. proves to be the above species. PECTINATE
PASSION-FLOWER. WILD APRICOT.

4. Passiflora pallida L. Sp. PI. 955. 1753.

Passiflora minima L. Sp. PI. 959. 1753.
Passiflora suberosa L. Sp. PI. 958. 1753.
Passiflora angustifolia Sw. Prodr. 97. 1788.

A slender vine, with nearly glabrous or pubescent foliage. Leaves ovate
to linear, 6—15 cm. long, ciliate, 5-nerved at the broadly cuneate or cordate
base, entire, toothed, or 3-lobed to above the middle, the lobes ovate or tri-
angular, acute or acuminate, the middle one much the larger; petioles 5-15
mm. long, each with 2 glands at or above the middle; peduncles surpassing
the petioles, commonly in pairs; calyx greenish, 2—2.5 cm. broad; sepals
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate; 8>-12 mm. long; corolla wanting; crown-fila-
ments purple at the base, shorter than the sepals; berries subglobose or oval,
10-12 mm. in diameter.

Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and the Berry
Islands to East Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ;
continental tropical America.

The species consists of a large number of races, glabrous or pubescent, the leaves
varying from linear-lanceolate to nearly orbicular, and the fruit from globose to
ellipsoid. Referred to by Hitchcock as P. villosa Macf. JUNIPER-BERRY. SMALL
PASSION-FLOWER. Catesby, 2 : pi. 51.

5. Passiflora multiflora L. Sp. PI. 956. 1753.

A somewhat woody, slender vine, climbing to a length of 6 m. or more,
the stems and leaves finely pubescent or sometimes glabrous. Leaves oblong
or ovate-oblong, 5—12 cm. long, entire, pinnately veined and triplinerved,
reticulate-veined beneath, obtuse or acute and mucronulate at the apex, ob-
tuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, the short petiole 2-glandular at the
top; peduncles 2-6 together in the axils, slender, jointed near the middle, 5-15
mm. long; involucre none; sepals oblong-lanceolate, greenish-yellow, about 6
mm. long; petals linear, white, shorter than the sepals; carpophore none;
berry globose,, 6-10 mm. in diameter.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros ; New Providence ; Eleuthera : — Florida ; Cuba
to Tortolo. OBLONG-LEAVED PASSION-FLOWER.

6. Passiflora rubra L. Sp. PI. 956. 1753.

A softly pubescent, slightly woody vine, sometimes 2 m. long or more.
Leaves thin, eglandular, broader than long, 7-12 cm. broad, 5-nerved, deeply
cordate at the base, broadly 2-lobed or subtruncate, the lobes ovate, acute or
acutish, the midvein excurrent, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; peduncles solitary
or 2 in the axils, slender or filiform, longer than the petioles, jointed below
the flower; flowers 3-5 cm. broad, greenish-white, the 5 sepals somewhat
longer than the 5 petals; crown of 3 series of subulate processes, about as
long as the petals; berry oval or subglobose, pubescent, 6-ribbed, 2-4 cm. in
diameter, longer than the carpophore.

Open fields and scrub-lands, Abaco ; New Providence : — Cuba to Porto Rico and
Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. BROAD-LEAVED PASSION-FLOWER.

CAEICACEAE. 289

7. Passiflora biflora Lam. Encycl. 3: 36. 1789.

Passiflora lunata Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 612. 1801.

Glabrous, somewhat woody, 1 m. long or longer. Leaves chartaceous,
2-lobed, mostly broader than long, 5-8 cm. broad, ocellate beneath, strongly
3-nerved, reticulate-veined on both surfaces, subcordate or obtuse at the base,
shining above, dull beneath, the lobes obtuse or rounded, the slender gland-
less petioles 1-4 cm. long; flowers white, about 2 cm. broad, solitary or in
pairs in the axils, the peduncles as long as the petioles or longer; flower-
tube cfimpanulate ; crown white or yellowish, its outer segments spreading,
nearly as long as the petals, dilated aftove; berry subglobose, about 2 cm. in
diameter, fleshy.

Pine-lands, Abaco, New Providence : — Jamaica ; tropical continental America.
TWO-LOBED PASSION-FLOWER. Apparently recorded by Shoepf as P. Vespertilio L>.

8. Passiflora cupraea L. Sp. PI. 955. 1753.

A somewhat woody, glabrous vine, 1-2 m. long. Leaves ovate to elliptic,
rather thin, short-petioled, 3-5 cm. long, 3-nerved, dark green, rounded and
mucronulate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, reticulate-veined
on both sides, with a few distant flat circular glands beneath; peduncles
longer than the petioles, jointed at about the middle; calyx white to red or
purple, 2-3 cm. long; petals narrowly oblong, shorter than the calyx; crown-
segments few, linear; carpophore 2-3 cm. long; berry globose, 10-20 mm. in
diameter, dark purple.

Scrub-lands, coppices, and coastal thickets, Abaco and the Berry Islands to
South Bimini, Andros, Inagua, North Caicos, the Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal : — Cuba.
DEVIL'S PUMPKIN. WILD WATERMELON. SMOOTH PASSION-FLOWER. Catesfoy, 2 : pi. 93.

Family 2. CARICACEAE Dumort.
PAPAW FAMILY.

Trees, with milky sap, ample broad palmately 7-9-lobed leaves and
unisexual, or rarely perfect flowers. Calyx short. Staminate flowers with
a salver-shaped corolla, its tube slender; the lobes 5, valvate or convolute;
stamens 10, inserted in the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers
adnate to the filaments, 2-celled. Pistillate flowers with 5 distinct petals
and no staminodia; ovary compound, 1-celled, or sometimes imperfectly
5-celled, free, sessile; stigmas 5, sessile; ovules numerous, in two or many
series on the 5 placentae. Fruit a large fleshy berry. Seeds numerous,
flattened, with a roughened testa; endosperm fleshy; embryo axile. There
are two genera, the following composed of about 25 species of tropical and
subtropical distribution, and Jacaratia of tropical Africa and America,
which differs from Carica by having the stamens partly united.

1. CARICA L. Sp. PI. 1036. 1753.

Characters of the family. [Named from the fancied resemblance of the
fruit to that of the Fig.] Type species: Carica Papaya L.

1. Carica Papaya L. Sp. PI. 1036. 1753.

A small tree, with a simple wand-like stem, 3-6 m. tall, leafy at the top.
Laves large, thick, suborbicular in outline, 2-6 dm. broad, mostly palmately

290 LOASACEAE.

7-lobed, pale or glaucous beneath, each lobe pinnately lobed, the segments
obtuse or acute, or the larger ones acuminate; petioles stout; staminate flow-
ers in slender panicles 1-several dm. long; calyx of the staminate flowers
1-1.5 mm. long, that of the pistillate flowers 5-10 mm. long, the lobes longer
than the tube; corolla yellow, that of the staminate flowers 2.5-3 cm. long,
its tube slender, dilated near the top, its lobes lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
barely as long as the tube; corolla of the pistillate flowers longer, the petals
distinct, lanceolate, twisted; berries oblong to subglobose, 0.6—3 dm. long,
yellow or orange, with a milky juice. ^

Scrub-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, Eleuthera, on the margin of the
salt pond about half way between the Glass Window and Gregory Town, Andros
and Inagua : — naturalized in many places in the West Indian Islands, and in Florida,
its native home unknown, but, doubtless, in tropical America. PAPAW.

Order 19. LOASALES.

Herbs, often armed with hooked stinging or viscid hairs, with estipulate
leaves, and regular perfect white yellow or reddish flowers. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, inserted
on the throat of the calyx. Stamens oo , inserted with the petals ; filaments
filiform, commonly arranged in clusters opposite the petals; anthers in-
trorse. Ovary 1-celled (rarely 2-3-celled), with 2-3 parietal placentae;
ovules anatropous. Capsule usually 1-celled, crowned with the calyx-limb.
Seeds mostly numerous; endosperm scanty.

Family 1. LOASACEAE Rchb.
LOASA FAMILY.

Characters of the order. About 20 genera and 250 species, all but 1
natives of America.

1. MENTZEUA L. Sp. PI. 516. 1753.

Erect or straggling herbs, with entire, lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and
terminal, cymose or solitary flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric, linear or club-
shaped, the limb usually 5-lobed. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, spreading,
deciduous. Stames 20-100. Ovary 1-celled; styles 3, more or less united;
stigmas small, obtuse. Capsule dehiscent at the summit, few-many-seeded.
Seeds mostly prismatic, rough or striate. [In honor of 0. Mentzel, a German
botanist, died 1701.] About 35 species, natives of America. Type species:
Mentzelia aspera L.

1. Mentzelia floridana Nutt. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1 : 533. 1840.

Ascending or diffusely branched, 3-6 dm. high, the slender stem and
branches rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate or triangular-ovate, scabrous-pubes-
cent, rather firm in texture, short-petioled, 2-9 cm. long, acute or acuminate
at the apex, subtruncate or broadly cuneate at the base, dentate, sometimes
3-lobed; flowers sessile and solitary in the upper axils; sepals lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long; petals yellow, about 3 times as long as the
sepals; ovary obconicj densely hispid; capsule hispid, 1-1.5 cm. long.

Sandy waste grounds, Eleuthera, near Governor's Harbor : — Florida. FLORIDA
MENTZELIA.

CACTACEAE. 291

Order 20. OPUNTIALES.

Fleshy plants, with continuous or jointed stems, mostly leafless, or with
small leaves, generally abundantly spiny, the spines developed from
cushions of hairs or bristles (areolae). Flowers mostly solitary and sessile,
perfect, regular, showy. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb many-
lobed. Petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, mostly distinct. Sta-
mens numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Filaments filiform;
anthers small. Ovary 1-celled; ovules numerous, anatropous, borne on
several parietal placentae. Style terminal, elongated; stigmas numerous.
Fruit a berry, mostly fleshy, sometimes dry. Seeds smooth, or tubercled,
the testa usually crustaceous or bony; endosperm little, or copious. Only
one family.

Family 1. CACTACEAE Lindl.
CACTUS FAMILY.

Characters of the order. About 100 genera and not less than 1000
species, natives of America.

Areoles with spines but without glochides ; corolla not rotate.
Plants tall or long, erect or climbing.

Plants tall, mostly erect, with ribbed, columnar branches.
Flowers short-campanulate, the style exserted ; fruit

smooth. 1. Cephalocerus.

Flowers elongated-campanulate, the style included ;

fruit tubercled when young. 2. Harrisia.

Plants climbing or trailing, with aerial roots ; flowers noc-
turnal, large, widely campanulate.

Joints sharply trigonous ; corolla-tube not woolly. 3. Hylocereus.

Joints terete, ribbed or 4-8-angled ; corolla-tube woolly. 4. Selcnicercus.
Plants globose or ovoid, not more than twice as high as thick.
Plants ribbed, surmounted by a woolly cephalium which

bears the flowers. 5. Cactus.

Plants with no cephalium, tubercled, the areoles bearing

spines and flowers. 6. Coryphantha.

Areoles with or without spines, but with glochides ; corolla rotate. 7. Opuntia.

1. CEPHALOCEREUS Pfeiffer, Allg. Gartenz. 6: 142. 1838.
[PiLOCEREUs Lemaire, Cact. Gen. Nov. & Spec. 6. 1839.]

Large, simple or branched, erect, columnar cacti, the joints leafless,
elongated, ribbed and grooved, the upper areoles often densely lanate or long-
bristly. Flowers solitary at upper areoles, nocturnal, fleshy, rather small, the
tube short-funnelform or campanulate, the segments not very widely ex-
panding; ovary subglobose, naked or bearing a few scales, spineless; style
usually short-exserted. Fruit a globose or depressed-globose, smooth berry;
seeds small and numerous, black or brown. [Greek, head-Cerews.] Forty
species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Cactus
senilis Haw.

Flowering areoles with wool as long as the spines or longer ;

plant pale-pruinose. 1. c. Millspatighii.

Flowering areoles without wool or the wool much shorter than

the spines ; plant dull green, not pruinose. 2. C. bahamensis.

292 CACTACEAE.

1. Cephalocereus Millspaughii Britton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 417. 1909.

Stem branched, 2-6 m. high, 20 cm. thick at the base, the branches nearly
erect, 8—12 cm. thick, pale grayish green, pruinose, 8--13-ribbed, the ribs
acutish, about as wide as high or a little wider; areoles 1-2 cm. apart; spines
about 20, acicular, widely radiating, 1-2 cm. long, or at the flower-bearing
(upper) areoles 3-7 cm. long, the old ones gray brown, the young ones yellow
or yellow-brown, with darker bases; upper areoles on one side of the" plant
with large tufts of whitish wool often as long as the spines or longer; flow-
ers 6 em. long.

Rocky hillsides, coppices and thickets, Cave Cay, Cat Island, Conception Island,
Watling's, Acklin's, Mariguana, Long Island, Caicos Islands, Cotton, Salt and
Ambergris Cays, and Little Inagua : — Cuban Cays. Recorded by Dolley and by
Hitchcock as Cereus Swartzii Griseb. ; by Coker as Pilocerus lanuginosus. MILLS-
PAUGH'S DILDO. WILD FIG. OLD MAN CACTUS.

2. Cephalocereus foahamensis Britton, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 415. 1909.

Plant 3-4 m. high, often 20 cm. thick at the base, the branches divergent-
ascending, 7-9 cm. thick, dull green, not pruinose, 10- or 11-ribbed, the ribs
blunt or acutish, rather higher than wide; areoles 1-1.5 cm. apart; spines 15-
20, acicular, radiately spreading and ascending, gray-brown to yellow-brown
when old, 1—1.5 cm. long, the young ones yellowish with darker bases, the
uppermost 2.5-3 cm. long; wool very short (shorter than the spines), or none;
flower 5-6 cm. long, brownish outside, the petals creamy-white.

Rocky hillsides, Frozen Cay, Andros, Eleuthera, and Crooked Island. Endemic.
Recorded by Mrs. Northop as Cereus Swartzii Griseb. BAHAMA DILDO.

2. HABRISIA Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 561. 1908.

Night-flowering cacti, mostly with upright branched cylindric stems, the
branches fluted, with from 8^-10 rounded ribs, separated by shallow grooves
and bearing leafless areoles at frequent intervals, each areole with acicular
spines. Flowers borne singly, at areoles near the ends of the branches, funnel-
form, large, with a cylindric scaly but spineless tube as long as the limb or
longer; buds globose, ovoid, or obovoid, densely scaled, the scales subtending
long or short woolly hairs; sepals pink or greenish, linear-lanceolate; petals
white; stamens shorter than the petals; style somewhat longer than the sta-
mens; fruit globose to ovoid-globose, green to yellow, tubereled or becoming
smooth, spineless, with mostly deciduous scales; corolla withering-persistent;
seeds very numerous, small. [In honor of William Harris, Superintendent of
Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica, distinguished for his contribu-
tions to the knowledge of the flora of that island.] About 8 species, natives
of Florida and tropical America. Type species: Cereus gracilis Mill.

1. Harrisia Brookii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35 : 564. 1908.

Plant 5 m. high, much branched, light green; branches 3-4 cm. thick,
10-ribbed, the ribs sometimes prominent, with deep depressions between them.
Areoles about 2 cm. apart; spines 6—12, the longer ones 2-2.5 cm. long; bud
ovoid, prominently long-pointed, its scales with few curled white hairs 7-10
mm. long; fruit yellowish, subglobose or ellipsoid, about 8 cm. in diameter,
rounded at both ends, or narrowed above, the tubercles very low, with tips only
1.5 mm. high, the linear scales persistent.

Scrub-lands, Long Island at Clarence Town. Endemic. Recorded by Dolley
as Cereus repandus Haw, and also as Cereus pellucidus (presumably). Named in
honor of Herbert M. Brook, for many years Registrar of the Bahamas, who greatly
facilitated our explorations. At the place of publication Clarence Town was inad-
vertently printed George Town. BROOK'S DILDO.

CACTACEAE. 293

3. HTTLOCEREUS (Berger) Britton & Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 428.

1909.

Climbing or trailing cacti, with 3-winged or 3 -angled, mostly stout stems
and branches emitting aerial roots, but bearing no leaves, the areoles borne
on the wings or angles and armed with few or several short spines. Flowers
nocturnal, very large, regular, the ovary and tube bearing large, ovate to
linear-lanceolate scales, usually without spines or hairs, the perianth-segments
numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, widely spreading, the outer green,
the inner mostly bright white. (Stamens very many. Fruit a scaly berry, not
spiny nor bristly. [Greek, forest-cereus.] About 20 species, natives of tropi-
cal America. Type species: Cereus triangularis L.

1. Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose; Britton, Fl. Berm. 256. 1918.

Cereus undatus Haw. Phil. Mag. 7: 110. 1830.

Cereus tricostatus G'osselin, Bull. <Soc. Bot. France 54: 664. 1907.

Stems stout, fleshy, glabrous, sometimes 7 m. long, often climbing on
trees, the branches 3-12 dm. long, green, 3-wingefl, the wings flat, 1-2.5 cm.
broad, coarsely crenate, their margins with a narrow horny border; spines
2-5 at each areole, brownish, 3-4 mm. long; flowers about 3 dm. long, the
tube about 3 cm. thick, rather shorter than the limb, bearing several linear-
lanceolate scales 3-8 cm. long; ovary 2.5-5 cm. long, bearing several ovate
acute scales 2.5 cm. long or less; style stout, about as long as the stamens;
berry oblong, red, pulpy, about 8 cm. long, covered with ovate scales.

On trees and walls, spontaneous or persistent after cultivation. New Provi-
dence : — Bermuda ; Florida : the West Indies ; continental tropical America ; native
of Mexico. Has been confused with Cereus triangularis L., of Jamaica. NIGHT-
BLOOMING CEREUS.

4. SELENICEKEUS (Berger) Britton & Kose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:

429. 1909.

Climbing or trailing, vine-like cacti, the joints several-ribbed, fluted or
angled, giving off aerial roots, the large funnel-form flowers nocturnal; the
stem-areoles bearing conic or acicular spines, but no leaves. Ovary and flower-
tube bearing small scales, usually with long hairs and bristles or spines in
their axils. Perianth segments numerous, narrow, spreading or recurved, the
inner white. Stamens numerous. Fruit a globose or ovoid berry, usually
large, bearing clusters of deciduous spines. [Greek, moon-cereus.] About
14 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Cactus grandiflorus L.

Stems fluted ; spines about 2 mm. long, shorter than the wool. 1. S. Boeckmani.
Stems 4-6-angled, or ribbed ; spines 6-8 mm. long, much longer
than the wool. 2. S. grandiflorus.

1. Selenicereus Boeckmanni (Otto) Britton & Kose, Contr. Nat. Herb. 12: 429.
1909.

Cereus Boeckmanni Otto; Salm-Dyck, Cact. Hort. Dyck. 1849: 217. 1850.

Stems light green, 1-2 cm. thick, several-ribbed or angled. Spines 3-6 at
the areoles, subconic, about 2 mm. long, brownish or yellowish; flowers about
3 dm. long; outer perianth-segments and scales of the flower-tube linear,
brown or brownish; inner perianth-segments oblanceolate, about 10 cm. long

294 CACTACEAE.

and 3 cm. wide; wool of the areoles of ovary and flower-tube brown, silky;
style greenish; ovary strongly tubercled; fruit globose, 5-6 cm. in diameter.

On walls, persistent or spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence : — Cuba ;
Hispaniola ; east coast of Mexico. QUEEN-OF-THE-NIGHT.

2. Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britton & Eose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12:
430. 1909.

Cactus grandiflorus L. Sp. PI. 467. 1753.

Cereus grandiflorus Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 11. 1768.

Stems light green, but often becoming deep purple, up to 3 cm. in diameter ;
ribs 4-8, rather prominent but less so on the older branches; areoles small,
white; spines acicular, 1 cm. long or less, yellowish; deflexed bristles or hairs
from the lower part of the areoles several, white, often longer than the spines;
flowers 2 dm. long; outer perianth-segments and scales of the tube linear,
greenish or brownish, sometimes nearly rose-colored; inner perianth-segments
acute, rather broad; style cream-colored, stout; areoles of ovary and flower-
tube bearing short wool and long silky whitish hairs and white bristles; ovary
tubercled; fruit ovoid, about 8 cm. long.

Thickets, Cave Cay, persistent after cultivation : — Cuba ; Jamaica. QUEEN-OF-
THE-NIGHT. Often cultivated.

5. CACTUS L. Sp. PI. 466. 1753.

Subglobose ovoid or short-cylindric, ribbed leafless cacti, the spine-
bearing areoles borne on the ribs, the flowering areoles confluent into a term-
inal, densely woolly and bristly cephalium. Flowers with a cylindric tube,
sometimes enlarged at the base, the limb several-many-lobed, the lobes imbri-
cated. Stamens several or numerous, the filaments capillary, the anthers
oblong. Ovary smooth; style filiform; stigma-rays few or many; ovules many.
Fruit an obovoid or subclavate, fleshy and juicy berry, at length protruded
from the cephalium, ci owned by the withering perianth. Seeds many, small,
black, without endosperm. About 20 species, natives of tropical America.
Type species: Cactus Melocactus L.

1. Cactus intortus Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 2. 1768.

Plant depressed-globose when young, when old ovoid, 3-4 dm. high and
often 3 dm. in diameter, rather light dull green, 15-20-ribbed, the ribs 2-4 cm.
high, crenate, the areoles bearing 7-13, stout subulate spines 1.5-4 cm. long;
cephalium at first nearly flat, at length cylindric, about 10 cm. in diameter,
sometimes 3 dm. high, densely white-woolly and brown-bristly; flowers pink
or rose, 1-1.6 cm. long; inner perianth-segmerts acute or cuspidate; fruit red
or rose, narrowly obovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long.

Rocky soil. Long Island, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, East and South Caicos,
Turks Islands, Eastern Cay, Cotton Cay. Ambergris Cay, Little Inagua and Inagua : —
Mona to Virgin Gorda and Antigua. Recorded by Dolley as Melocactus communis
DC. TUEK'S-CAP.

6. COEYPHANTHA Lemaire, Cact. 32. 1868.
[MAMMILLARIA Haw. Syn. PI. Succ. 177. 1812. Not Stackh. 1809.]

tStems globose or ovoid, tubercled. Tubercles conic or cylindric, woolly and
with clusters of spines at the apex. Leaves none. Flowers borne in areolae
at the bases of the tubercles. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, which

CACTACEAE. 295

is often hidden between the tubercles. Petals in several rows. Ovary smooth,
ovoid; style filiform. iBerry emerged, crowned by the withering corolla.
[Greek name of some prickly plant.] About 300 described species, natives of
warm and tropical America. Type species: Mammillaria sulcolanata Lemaire.

1. Coryphantha nivosa (Link.) Britton, Arlnals Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 45. 1915.
Mammillaria nivosa Link; Pfeiff. Enum. 11. 1837.

Plants globose or globose-oblong, solitary or tufted, becoming 10-12 cm.
in diameter, and sometimes 1.5 dm. long. Tubercles many, dull green, oblong-
conic, 1-1.5 cm. high, obtuse; areoles bearing several yellow or yellowish brown^
acicular spines 2 cm. long or less, and when young, tufts of bright white wool;
flowers cream-color, about 1 cm. broad; perianth-segments acute or acuminate;
berry obovoid or oblong-obovoid, obtuse, 1—1.5 cm. long, red. WOOLLY NIPPLE-
CACTUS.

Rocky places, South Caicos and Inagua : — Mona ; Culebra to Tortola and Antigua.
Recorded by Dolley as Echinocactus sp.

7. OPUNTIA [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. Abr. ed. 4. 1754.

Succulent plants, with jointed branching stems, the joints flat, or cylindric,
and small, mostly subulate, deciduous leaves, the areolae usually spine-bearing.
Flowers usually lateral. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, its lobes
spreading. Petals numerous, slightly united at the base. Stamens very
numerous. Ovary cylindric, exserted; style cylindric, longer than the stamens;
stigma 2-7-rayed. Berry globose to obovoid, often spiny. [Named from a
town in Greece where some species grew.] About 250 species, natives of
America. Type species: Cactus Opuntia L.

Plants with erect continuous stems branching into flat joints at the summit.
Plants abundantly spiny.

Branches erect or ascending; areoles not pitted. 1. O.Nashii.

Branches widely spreading ; areoles pitted, spineless ex-
cept at and near the edges of the joints. 2. O, Millspaughii.
Plants nearly or quite spineless. 3. O. bahamana.
Plants bushy-branching from the base.

Joints much longer than wide, the spines pale yellow. 4. 0. lucayana.

Joints little or somewhat longer than wide ; spines dark

yellow or yellow-brown. 5. O. Dillenii.

Affinity uncertain. 6. O. DarraMana.

1. Opuntia Nashii Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 446. 1905.

Tree-like, dull green. Main axis round, 1-4 m. high, 5-12 cm. in diameter,
spiny; branches flat or becoming round below, the principal ones continuous,
1 m. long or more, 6 cm. wide or less, crenate, blunt; lateral branches opposite
or alternate, oblong to linear-oblong, often 3 dm. long, and 8 cm. wide, only
about 6 mm. thick, blunt, crenate; areoles. 1-3 cm. apart, slightly elevated;
spines mostly 5 at each areole (2-5), divergent, slender, straight, light gray,
pungent, the longer 3-5 cm. long; glochides very small, brownish; ovary 3 cm.
long, 1.5 cm. thick, somewhat clavate, tubercled, the tubercles bearing areoles
and spines similar to those of the joints, but the spines somewhat shorter;
flowers 1.5 cm. broad when expanded, red; petals broadly oval to obovate,
blunt, about 8 mm. long, much longer than the stamens.

Scrub-lands and rocky plains, Andros, Ship Channel Cay, Atwood Cay, Fortune
Island, Crooked Island. North and South Caicos, Grand Turk, Eastern Cay, Turk's
Islands and Inagua. Endemic. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop and by Hitchcock as
Opuntia, spinosissima ; and by Coker and presumably by Dolley as O. triacantha.
NASH'S PRICKLY-PEAR.

296 CACTACEAE.

2. Opuntia Millspaughii Britton, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 50: 513. 1P08.

Trunk terete, 7 cm. thick at base, 5 cm. thick at top, 6 dm. high or less,
branching at the summit, the branches divaricate-ascending, narrowly oblong,
much compressed, 40 cm. long or less, 5 to 10 cm. wide, 1 to 1.5 cm. thick,
light green. Branchlets obliquely lanceolate, obtuse, as wide as the branches,
but shorter, 1 cm. thick or less, floriferous at and near the apex; areoles of the
older branches pitted, about 1 cm. apart, those of very young shoots slightly
elevated, the glochides very short, .yellow-brown; spines of the trunk 15 cm.
long or less, very numerous and densely clothing the trunk, very slender, gray,
mostly strongly reflexed, pungent, those of the branches and branchlets re-
stricted to the areoles on their edges, shorter than those of the trunk, but
similar, those of the fruit yellow-gray, 2 cm. long or less ; flowers cupulate,
crimson-lake, 1 cm. wide; sepals fleshy, ovate, acute, 4 mm. long and wide;
petals erect-ascending, obovate, mucronulate, about 4 mm. wide; stamens half
as long as the corolla; style about as long as the corolla; stigma oblong, yel-
lowish crimson; fruit compressed-obovoid, 2 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick, bearing
one or two spines at most of the areoles.

On nearly flat and smooth limestone rocks, Eleuthera, at Rock Sound ; Long
Island, on Thatch Cay ; Great Ragged Island : — Cuban Cays. MILLSPAUGH'S PRICKLY -
PEAE.

3. Opuntia bahamana Britton & Kose, Oactaceae 1 : 203, /. 254, 255. . 1919.

Branched from a short trunk, bushy, about 1.5 m. high. Joints oblong to
lanceolate, flat and thin, 1-5 dm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, dull green, obtuse,
scarcely undulate; areoles 1.5-3 cm-, apart, scarcely elevated, about 2 mm. in
diameter, spineless, or bearing 1-4 acicular yellow spines 2 cm. long or less;
glochides few and short; corolla about 6 cm. broad; petals obovate, rose-tinted
below, yellowish-rose above; sepals dark rose, whitish-margined.

Rocky places, Cat Island at The Bight. Endemic. Tentatively referred to O.
lanceolata Haw., in Smith. Misc. Coll. 50 : 525. BAHAMA PRICKLY-PEAR.

4. Opuntia lucayana Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 141. 1906.

Stems ascending, often forming dense clumps. Joints various, linear-
oblong to obovate, often 10 dm. long, 6-15 cm. wide, olive-green, slightly
lustrous, more or less crenate, about 1.5 cm. thick, knobbed at the areoles;
areoles distant, nearly 1 cm. broad, white-velvety; glochides numerous, yellow,
6 mm. long or less, mostly borne at the upper margins of the areoles; spines
3-8 at each areole, light-yellow, flattened on the upper side, subulate, straight,
often somewhat twisted, the longer ones 12 cm. long or less; flowers yellow,
7-8 cm. broad; stamens about half as long as the petals; ovary narrowly pyri-
form, 4-5 cm. long, its upper areoles bearing 1-3 subulate pale-yellow spines
2.5 cm. long or less, which are sometimes persistent on the fruit; berry pyri-
form, 5-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, Grand Turk Island. Endemic. TURK'S ISLANDS PRICKLY-PEAR.

The reference to Opuntia Tuna at the place of original publication of this species
is erroneous ; as now understood, O. Tuna grows naturally only in Jamaica. O.
lucayana may be a hybrid between O. Dillenii and O. Nashii.

5. Opuntia Dillenii (Ker-Gawl.) Haw. Suppl. PI. Succ. 79. 1819.

Cactus Dillenii Ker-Gawl. Bot. Beg. 3: pi. 255. 1818.

Bushy-branched, 0.5-1.8 m. high, often forming masses 2 m. in diameter.
Joints green, glabrous, mostly obovate and 1-2.5 dm. long, about 8 mm. thick,
crenate, the areoles 2-6 cm. apart, somewhat elevated, bearing 1-4, stout yellow
spines 1-4 cm. long, or spineless, the numerous glochides yellowish to brownish,
6 mm. long or less; flowers solitary at the areoles, often abundant, bright

MELASTOMACEAE. 297

yellow, about 7.5 cm. broad; ovary obovoid, with glochide-bearing areoles;
petals obovate; stamens much shorter than the petals; fruit pyriform, red
or purple, edible, 5-8 cm. long.

Maritime and coastal rocks, Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk and
Inagua : — 'Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; eastern coast of Mexico. Recorded by
Hitchcock, Coker, Mrs. Northrop and Dolley, as O. Tuna (L.) Mill, and by S'choepf
as Cactus Tuna L. COMMON PRICKLY-PEAR.

6. Opuntia Darrahiana Weber, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 10: 388. 1904.

Forming tufts 2-2.5 dm. high and 4 dm. in diameter, much-branched.
Joints green, 7-8 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide; areoles 1-2 cm. apart; glochides
none; spines about 6, the longer 4-4.5 cm. long, the shorter not more than
1 cm. long, all white or grayish-white, brownish at the tip, straight, acicular,
rigid.

Obtained by Darrah from Turk's Islands according to Weber ; known to us only
from the description ; neither the flowers nor the fruit are described. DARRAH'S
PRICKLY-PEAR.

Order 21. MYRTALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, unarmed, sometimes aquatic or amphibious.
Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers regular or irregular, complete, and
often showy, or reduced to a stamen and pistil adnate to the hypanthium.
Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary or adnate to it. Stamens few or
many. Anthers opening by slits, valves or pores. Stigma terminating the
style, or sessile. Fruit capsular or baccate, or resembling an achene.

Style present, simple or compound ; stigma terminal.

Anthers opening by pores. Fam. 1. MELASTOMACEAE.

Anthers opening by longitudinal valves.

Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. LYTHRACEAE.

Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so.

Cotyledons spirally convolute in the embryo. Fam. 3. TERMINALIACEAE.
Cotyledons not spirally convolute.

Sepals imbricated, or united and the calyx

falling away as a cap. Fam. 4. MYRTACEAE.

Sepals valvate.

Leaves stipulate ; sepals leathery. Fam. 5. RHIZOPHORACEAE.

Leaves not stipulate ; sepals mem-
branous or herbaceous. Fam. 6. ONAGRACEAE.
Style wanting ; stigmas sessile. Fam. 7. HALORAGIDACEAE.

Family 1. MELASTOMACEAE R. Br.
MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY.

Herbs, or many shrubs or trees in tropical regions, with opposite 3-9-
nerved leaves, and regular perfect often showy but rarely odorous flowers.
Stipules none. Calyx-tube usually 4-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Petals
as many as the lobes of the calyx and inserted on its throat, imbricated.
Stamens twice as many, or equal in number to the petals, often inclined or
declined, the alternate ones sometimes shorter. Ovary 2-several-celled
(often 4-celled) ; style terminal, simple; ovules oo, anatropous. Fruit
included in the calyx-tube, capsular or baccate. Seeds mainly small, with
no endosperm. About 150 genera and 2500 species, widely distributed in
tropical regions, most abundant in South America.

20

298 LYTHRACEAE.

1. TETHAZYGIA L. C. Rich.; DC. Prodr. 3: 172. 1828.

Trees or shrubs, the foliage often scurfy, with petioled, entire or toothed
leaves, and rather small flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. Calyx con-
stricted above the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed or subtruncate. Petals 4 or 5,
obovate. Stamens 8 or 10, nearly equal; filaments subulate; anthers linear,
opening by a pore. Ovary 4-5-celled; style curved, filiform; stigma minute.
Fruit a 4-5-celled fleshy berry. [Greek, referring to the 4-parted flowers of
the type species.] About 16 species of the West Indian region. Type species:
Tetrazygia tetrandra (>Sw.) DC.

%
1. Tetrazygia Tricolor (Mill.) Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 7: 724. 1891.

Melastoma bicolor Mill. Diet. ed. 8, No. 6. 1768.

A shrub or small tree up to 6 m. high, with scaly bark, the young twigs
scurfy. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 0.&-2 dm. long, strongly 3-
ribbed and with many widely spreading lateral veins, entire, acuminate at
the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, green above, whitish-scurfy beneath, the
slender scurfy petioles 2-4 em. long; panicles peduncled, 1-2 dm. long, sev-
eral-many-flowered; pedicels slender, 5-10 mm. long; calyx-limb subtruncate;
petals 4, white, 7-8 mm. long; berry subglobose, purple or black, 8-10 mm.
in diameter.

Scrub-lands, pine-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi-
dence and Eleuthera : — Florida : Cuba. Reported by Grisebach and by Dolley as
T. angustiflora Griseb. and by Schoepf as Melastoma discolor L. TETRAZYGIA.

Family 2. LYTHRACEAE Lindl.
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.

Herbs, shmbs, or often trees in tropical regions, mostly with opposite
leaves and perfect flowers. Stipules usually none. Calyx persistent, free
from the ovary, the limb toothed. Petals as many as the primary calyx-
teeth, inserted on the calyx, or none. Stamens inserted on the calyx.
Anthers versatile. Ovary 2-6-celled or sometimes 1-celled; style 1; ovules
oo , rarely few, anatropous. Capsule 1-several-celled. Seeds without endo-
sperm; cotyledons flat, often auricled at the base. About 21 genera and
400 species, of wide distribution.

Fruit globose ; flowers regular.

Herbs with axillary inflorescence. 1. Ammannia.

Shrubs or small trees with terminal inflorescence. . 2. Lawsonia.

Fruit elongated ; flowers irregular. 3. Parsonsia.

1. AMMANNIA [Houst.] L. Sp. PI. 119.. 1753.

Annual glabrous or glabrate herbs, mostly with 4-angled stems, opposite
sessile narrow leaves, and small axillary flowers. Calyx campanulate, globose
or ovoid, 4-angled, 4-toothed, often with small accessory teeth in the sinuses.
Petals 4, deciduous or none. Stamens 4-8, inserted on the calyx-tube. Ovary
nearly globular, 2-4-celled. Capsule bursting irregularly. [Named for Johann
Ammann, 1699-1741, a German botanist.] About 20 species, of wide distri-
bution. Type species: Ammannia latifolia L.

LYTHRACEAE. 299

1. Ammannia latifolia L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753.

Erect, 2-11 dm. high, the branches nearly erect, or ascending. Leaves
linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 2-7 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide, acute or blunt
at the apex, sessile, clasping the stem by an auricled base; flowers minute,
green, sessile and solitary or few together in the axils; calyx about 2 mm.
long; petals none; style short; capsule about 4 mm. in diameter^ enclosed
by the calyx.

Borders of fresh-water holes and marshes, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Long Island, Acklin's, Crooked Island, North
Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; the West Indies ; Mexico and continental tropical
America. AMMANNIA.

2. LAWSONIA L. Sp. PL 349. 1753.

A glabrous shrub, the terete branches sometimes spinescent, the small
leaves opposite and entire, the numerous small white flowers corymbose.
Calyx turbinate, 4-angled, the 4 lobes spreading. Petals 4, sessile. Stamens
8, borne near the base of the calyx-tube; filaments subulate; anthers oblong.
Ovary subglobose, 4-celled; ovules numerous; style filiform; stigma capitate.
Capsule subglobose, 4-celled, irregularly rupturing, many-seeded. Seeds 4-
angled, cuneate, truncate; cotyledons orbicular. [Commemorates Isaac Law-
son, English physician and botanist, died 1747.] A monotypic genus.

1. Lawsonia inermis L. Sp. PI. 349. 1753.

Lawsonia alia Lam. Encycl. 3: 106. 1789.

A shrub 5 m. high or less, with slender gray branches, unarmed or spiny.
Leaves thin, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 1-4.5 em. long, acute, obtuse or
abruptly acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, the short
petioles slender; corymbs several-many-flowered, forming a terminal panicle;
pedicels slender, scarcely longer than the flowers; calyx-lobes ovate, acute,
2-3 mm. long; petals somewhat longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens longer
than the petals or equalling them; capsules about 6 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, Inagua near Matthew Town : —
spontaneous in many localities throughout the West Indies, Mexico, and tropical
continental America. Native of the Orient. HENNA PLANT.

3. PARSONSIA P. Br.; Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 234. 1763.
[CUPHEA P. Br.; Adans. loc. cit. Hyponym. 1763.]

Herbs (some shrubs in tropical regions), with opposite or verticillate
leaves. Flowers axillary, irregular and unsymmetrical. Calyx-tube elongated,
12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base, oblique at the mouth, with 6 pri-
mary teeth and usually as many accessory ones. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens
6-11, inserted on the throat of the calyx, unequal; filaments short. Ovary
with a curved gland at its base, unequally 2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-
lobed. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, laterally dehiscent. Seeds flattened. [In
honor of James Parsons, M. D., a Scotch botanist.] About 180 species, na-
tives of America. Type species: Lythrum Parsonsia L.

300 TERMINALIACEAE.

1. Parsonsia Parsonsia (L.) Britton; Northrop, Mem. Ton. Club 12: 53. 1902.

Lythrum Parsonsia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1045. 1759.
Cuphea Parsonsia B. Br., Steud. Norn. 1: 245. 1821.
Parsonsia radicans Hitchc. Kep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 87. 1893.

Annual; herbaceous; stem little-branched, the branches prostrate or
ascending, 1-3 dm. long, rough-pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, 1-2 cm.
long, very short-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the
base, scabrous or nearly smooth; flowers solitary in upper axils, short-
peduncled; calyx about 4 mm. long, gibbous at the base, its teeth very small;
petals pale purple, about 2 mm. long; stamens 6, included; filaments glab-
rous; capsule about 5 mm. long, few-seeded.

Dry coral rocks and sink-holes, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Cuba to
Porto Rico and Martinique ; Jamaica ; Mexico. PUBPLB PARSONSIA.

Family 3. TERMINALIACEAE J. St. Hil.
WHITE MANGROVE FAMILY.

Trees, shrubs, or vines, with petioled, usually simple and entire, estipu-
late leaves, and regular, perfect or rarely polygamo-dioecious flowers,
mostly spicate, racemose or capitate. Tube of the calyx adnate to the
ovary, the limb 4-8-cleft. Petals usually small or none. Stamens various;
filaments filiform; anthers didymous or 2-celled, the sacs dehiscent longi-
tudinally or by valves. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 1— several; style usually
straight; stigma simple. Fruit various, mostly indehiscent, coriaceous or
baccate. About 15 genera and some 275 species, mostly tropical.

Fruit terete.

Petals wanting. 1. Bucida.

Petals 5 ; calyx persistent. 2. Laguncularia.

Fruit an ellipsoid, flattened drupe ; petals none. 3. Terminalia.

Fruit a cone-like mass of scale-like drupes ; petals none. 4. Conocarpus.

1. BUCIDA L. Syst. ed. 10, 1025. 1759.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes spinescent, with coriaceous entire alternate
leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, and small spicate or capitate flow-
ers, some perfect, some staminate. Calyx broadly campanulate, slightly 5-
toothed, persistent. Corolla none. Stamens 10, in 2 series; filaments slender,
exserted. Fruit a small, slightly fleshy drupe, crowned by the at length de-
ciduous calyx. [Latin; slender horn-like galls develop from the fruit after
it is bitten by a mite.] Two species, natives of the West Indian region. Type
species: Bucida Buceras L.

Flowers spicate ; tree ; drupe 8 mm. long. 1. B. Buceras.

Flowers capitate ; spinescent shrub or tree ; drupe 3-4 mm. long. 2. B. spinosa.

1. Bucida Buceras L. Syst. ed. 10, 1025. 1759.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 25 m., the trunk up to 1
m. in diameter or more, the young twigs and leaves pubescent, becoming
glabrous. Leaves clustered at the ends of twigs, spatulate to elliptic, 3-9
cm. long, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-
petioled; spikes peduncled, slender, pubescent, 3-10 cm. long; calyx-lobes tri-

TEKMINALIACEAE. 301

angular, acute; stamens exserted; drupe ovoid-conic, about 8 mm. long, tomen-
tulose, slightly curved, the persistent calyx at length deciduous.

Thickets and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, North and South Caicos and
Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; Panama. Referred to by Hitchcock as Buceras
angustifolia (DC.) Hitchcock. Erroneously called OAK. BLACK OLIVE.

2. Bucida spinosa (Northrop) Jennings, Ann. Cam. Mus. 11: 201. 1917.
Terminalia spinosa Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 54. 1902.

A shrub or flat-topped tree, 4-8 m. high, with spreading branches, the
trunk 1.5-2 dm. in diameter, the twigs divaricate, spiny. Leaves fascicled,
subsessile, oblanceolate to spatulate, 1-2.5 cm. long, 4—6 mm. wide, firm in
texture, glabrous, entire, obtuse or retuse at the apex, narrowed at the base;
spines slender, 3-7 mm. long, mostly in 3 's at the ends of the twigs; flowers
few, greenish, in axillary short peduncled spikes; calyx campanulate, about
3 mm. long, subtruncate, villous within; stamens 8 or 9, about 3 mm. long;
drupe ovoid, 3-4 mm. long, the calyx rather early deciduous.

Coastal and savanna coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama and Andros : —
Cuba. SPINY BLACK OLIVE. BRIER-TREE. PRICKLY-TREE.

2. LAGUNCULARIA Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 209. 1805.

A halophytic tree or shrub, with opposite entire leaves, the petioles 2-
glandular, and small greenish flowers in clustered spikes. Flowers polyga-
mous or perfect. Calyx-tube terete, 5-lobed. Petals 5, minute. Stamens 10,
short, the filaments subulate, the anthers cordate. Ovary with a scalloped
epigynous disk; style short, glabrous; stigma somewhat 2-lobed; ovules 2 in
each cavity. Drupes coriaceous, ribbed or angled. Seed solitary, germinat-
ing within the drupe. [Latin, from the fancied resemblance of the drupe to
a flask.] A monotypic genus.

1. Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 209. 1805.
Conocarpus racemosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 930. 1759.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 20 m. with a trunk up to
8 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller, and often shrubby, the reddish brown,
glabrous twigs thickened at the nodes. Leaves oblong, oval or obovate, 2—7
cm. long, emarginate or rounded at the apex, rounded, narrowed or subcordate
at the base, the stout petioles 0.5-2 cm. long; spikes 3-6 cm. long, few-
several-flowered; calyx tomentulose, its lobes rounded; petals 5, orbicular, not
longer than the calyx; drupes oblong to obovoid, reddish, 1.5-2 cm. long,
constricted below the persistent calyx-lobes.

Borders of mangrove mud and in sea-shallows, Great Bahama, Great Sturrup
Cay, Little Harbor Cay, Andros, New Providence, Ship Channel Cay, Great Guana
Cay, Great Exuma, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island, Grand Turk, and the
Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; West Indies ; tropic continental American coasts. WHITE
MANGROVE. BASTARD BUTTONWOOD. GREEN TURTLE BODGH.

3. TERMINALIA L. Mant. 1: 21, 128. 1767.

Trees or shrubs, with broad alternate entire leaves, usually clusteed at
the ends of the banches, and small spicate flowers. Calyx-tube terete, rib-
less, the lobes deciduous. Corolla none. -Stamens 10 to 20, exserted, the fila-
ments slender, the anthers cordate. Fruit a drupe. [Latin, referring to the
clustered leaves at the ends of the branches.] About 100 species, mostly of
the Old World tropics. Type species: Terminalia Catappa L.

302 MYETACEAE.

1. Terminalia Catappa !L. Mant. 1: 128. 1767.

Buceras Catappa Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 85. 1893.

A tree, up to 24 m. high, with a trunk diameter of 1.5 m., usually much
smaller, the spreading branches whorled, the twigs stout, glabrous. Leaves
clustered at the ends of the twigs, obovate or broadly oblanceolate, 1-3 dm.
long, short-petioled, glabrous, rounded, or short-pointed at the apex, cuneate
at the base, dark green and shining above, pale green beneath; spikes slender,
many-flowered, 5-15 cm. long; calyx 8-10 mm. long, pubescent, its ovate
lobes about as long as the tube or longer; drupe ellipsoid, compressed, gla-
brous, 2-edged, pointed, 4-7 cm. long; seed 3-4 cm. long.

In coppices, spontaneous after cultivation ; planted and sometimes spontaneous
near towns on all the larger islands : — spontaneous after cultivation in Florida, in
many of the West Indian islands and most inhabited parts of continental tropical
America. Native of the Old World tropics. INDIAN ALMOND. ALMOND-TREE.

4. CONOCARPUS L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753.

A shrub or tree of the seacoast, with alternate entire leathery leaves,
the petioles 2-glandular, the small greenish perfect flowers in racemose or pan-
icled heads. Calyx-tube flattened, not prolonged beyond the ovary; sepals
5, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens mostly 5, with slender elongated fila-
ments and cordate anthers. Style pubescent. Ovules 2. Drupes scale-like,
densely aggregated,. Seeds flat; cotyledons convolute. [Greek, referring to
the cone-like heads of fruit.] A monotypic American genus.

1. Conocarpus erecta L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753.

A glabrate or silky-pubescent shrub or tree, sometimes 20 m. tall, some-
times less than 1 m. high, with angled or winged twigs. Leaves 2-5 cm. long,
elliptic to oval, acute or acuminate at both ends, entire, short-petioled;
racemes 3-5 cm. long, peduncled; heads 5-8 mm. in diameter at flowering
time; hypanthium funnel-like, greenish, a little over 1 mm. long; sepals tri-
angular-ovate, about as long as the limb of the hypanthium, pubescent;
stamens and style conspicuously exserted; heads of fruit 9^-14 man. long;
drupes scale-like, 2 -winged, 4-7 mm. long.

Coastal mud, savannas and salina-borders, throughout the archipelago to Cay
Sal : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America. A species
of many races, several of which have received varietal distinction from herbarium
specimens ; the distinctive characters are, however, not maintained in the field.
BUTTONWOOD. Catesby, 2 : pi. S3.

Family 4. MYRTACEAE R. Br.
MYRTLE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with simple, usually opposite and entire, pellucid-
punctate, estipulate leaves, the regular and perfect, often bracteolate
flowers mostly panicled. Calyx-tube (hypanthium) adnate to the ovary,
the limb usually 4-5-cleft. Petals usually 4 or 5, imbricated, rarely want-
ing. Disc mostly annular and fleshy. Stamens usually numerous, some-
times only as many as the petals; filaments filiform, distinct, or united at
the base ; anthers small, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 2-several-celled, or rarely
1-celled, style simple; stigma terminal, small; ovules usually 2-several in
each cavity. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, often crowned by the calyx-
limb, or in some genera capsular. Seeds various; endosperm usually
wanting. About 60 genera, including over 1700 species, mostly tropical in
distribution.

MYRTACEAE. 303

Calyx of several, persistent, valvate sepals ; petals present.
Calyx of regularly separating sepals.

Inflorescence centripetal, flowers in racemiform, umbelli-

form, or contracted clusters. 1. Eugenia.

Inflorescence centrifugal ; flowers in cymes.

Embryo spiral. 2. Pimento..

Embryo annular. 3. Anamomis.

Calyx of irregularly separating sepals. 4. Psidium.

Calyx lid-like, deciduous ; petals none. 5. Calyptranthes.

1. EUGENIA L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753.

Shrubs or trees, with usually glabrous foliage. Leaves opposite, com-
monly leathery, pinnately-veined, the flowers axillary, solitary or in umbel-
like, raceme-like or congested clusters. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5,
white. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform, distinct and in several series,
or aggregated into 4 groups and slightly united. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled.
Ovules several in each cavity. Berries crowned by the calyx-lobes. Seeds
often 1-4. Embryo with thick cotyledons and a short radicle. [Named in
honor of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663-1736), a patron of botany and hor-
ticulture.] About 600 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Eugenia
uniflora L.

Pedicels short, shorter than the flowers or as long, at least shorter than the fruits.
Leaves ovate to lanceolate ; fruit subglobose. 1. E. axillaris.

Leaves obovate to oblanceolate ; fruit longer than broad. 2. E. buxifolia.

Pedicels as long as or longer than the flowers, mostly longer than

the fruits.

Leaves long-acuminate, shining above. 3. E. confusa.

Leaves bluntly acuminate, dull above.

Pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long or less ; fruit less than 1 cm. in

diameter. 4. E. rhombea.

Pedicels 2-5 cm. long ; fruit 2 cm. in diameter, edible. 5. E. uniflora.

Flowers unknown ; leaves small, linear. 6. E. androsiana.

1. Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 970. 1800.

Myrtus axillaris Sw. Prodr. 79. 178*8.

Eugenia axillaris microcarpa Krug. & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 641. 1895.

A shrub or tree, reaching a height of 8 m., with a maximum trunk diame-
ter of about 3 dm., the bark shallowly fissured, the branchlets terete. Leaves
elliptic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate or nearly elliptic, unpleasantly odorous, 3-5
cm. long, revolute-margined, paler beneath than above and black-dotted, the
petioles 2-5 mm. long, margined; racemes short, cluster-like, axillary; pedi-
cels short, pubescent; calyx-lobes 4, rounded; corolla 3^-4 mm. broad; petals
4, surpassing the calyx-lobes, glandular-punctate; fruit depressed-globose,
10-12 mm. in diameter, black, smooth, glandular-punctate, sweet.

Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama to
Caicos, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and
Guadeloupe; Jamaica. Referred by Dolley, by Mrs. Northrop, and by Hitchcock to
E. monticola Griseb. WHITE STOPPER. WATTLE.

2. Eugenia buxifolia (Sw.) Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 960. 1800.

Myrtus buxifolia Sw. Prodr. 78. 1788.

A small tree, becoming about 6 m. high, with a trunk up to 3 dm. in
diameter, usually smaller, often shrubby, the bark reddish-brown, scaly, the
slender twigs sparingly pubescent or glabrous. Leaves obovate, oblanceolate
or nearly oblong, glabrous, 2-4 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, short-petioled, dark green above, pale green beneath;

304 MYETACEAE.

racemes axillary or lateral, few-flowered; pedicels pubescent, very short; calyx
4-lobed, the lobes obtuse; petals oblong, 2-3 mm. long; fruits oval to sub-
globose, black, 5-7 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Caicos Islands, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba to St.
Thomas and St. Croix ; Jamaica. Referred by Dolley to E. lateriflora Griseb. SPAN-
ISH STOPPER. BLACK WATTLE.

3. Eugenia confusa DC. Prodr. 3: 279. 1828.

Eugenia filiformis Macf. Fl. Jam. 2: 116. 1850.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 18 m., with a trunk up
to 5 dm. in diameter, usually much smaller, the bark scaly, the slender twigs
glabrous. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous, 3-6 em. long, long-
acuminate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, dark green and shin-
ing above, dull green beneath, pinnately many-veined, the slender petioles
5—10 mm. long; flowers umbellate or solitary in the axils, on filiform pedicels
2-3 times as long as the petioles; .calyx-lobes broadly ovate, 1.5—2 mm. long;
petals ovate, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit subglobose, orange
to scarlet, 5-6 mm. in diameter.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Lignum Vitae Cay, Andros, New
Providence, Great Guana Cay, Eleutbera, Watling's and Crooked Islands : — Florida ;
Cuba ; Porto Rico to Dominica ; Jamaica. The record of E. pseudopsidium by
Schoepf may apply to this species. IRONWOOD.

4. Eugenia rhombea (Berg) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 19: 644. 1895.

Eugenia foetida rliom'bea Berg, Linnaea 27: 212. 1856.

A small tree, sometimes 8 m. high with a trunk up to 3 dm. in diameter,
the twigs slender, the smooth bark gray, the foliage glabrous. Leaves ovate
to elliptic or rhombic-ovate, rather thin, inconspicuously veined, 3-6 cm. long,
bluntly acuminate or acute at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, short-
petioled; flowers in sessile axillary umbel-like clusters, often appearing on
twigs from which the leaves have fallen, the slender glabrous pedicels 8-15
mm. long; calyx-tube shorter than the 4 rounded lobes; petals ovate, about
5 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit depressed-globose,
orange, red or nearly black, 0.8-1.5 cm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, Cave Cay, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's, Inagua and
the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Cuba to Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. RED STOPPER.

5. Eugenia unifldra L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753.

A shrub or small tree up to 5 m. high, with slender branches. Leaves
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, bluntly
acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, dotted, thin in texture,
2.5-6 cm. long; pedicels solitary or few together, very slender, glabrous,
about 2.5 cm. long, bracted at the base and 2-bracteolate near the summit;
calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtusish; petals about twice as long as the calyx-
lobes; fruit subglobose, longitudinally furrowed, S'-IO' mm. in diameter, bright
red, spicy, edible.

Apparently only spontaneous after cultivation, though recorded as indigenous
by Dolley, and admitted into the Bahamas by Grisebach. New Providence : — Ber-
muda ; Cuba to Trinidad and South America ; Jamaica ; Cayman Islands ; introduced
into the Old World tropics. Native of South America. SURINAM CHERRY.

6. Eugenia androsiana Urban, Kepert. 13: 467. 1915.

A glabrous shrub, about 1 m. high, diffusely branched, the twigs very
slender. Leaves linear or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, acute

MYKTACEAE. 305

or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, finely punctate, the margins
slightly revolute, the petioles 0.5—0.8 mm. long.

Near Lisbon Creek, Mangrove Cay, Andros. Endemic. When flowers of this
shrub are obtained, they may show it to belong to one of the other genera of
Myrtaceae.

Eugenia ligustrina Willd., West Indian, recorded as Bahamian by Grise-
bach and by Dolley, was not found during our exploration of the archipelago;
the specimen cited by Grisebach as collected in the Bahamas by Swainson was
not found in the Kew Herbarium when search was made for it there in 1911.
We regard the records as probably erroneous.

'2. PIMENTA Lindl. Coll. under pi. 19. 1821.

A tree, with nearly smooth bark, oblong or elliptic, petioled aromatic
pinnately veined leaves, and small white 4-parted flowers, borne in compound
cymes in the upper axils. Calyx-tube campanulate, its lobes spreading, per-
sistent. Petals spreading, .Stamens numerous, in several series. Stigma pel-
tate; ovary 2-celled; ovules mostly solitary in each cavity. Fruit berry -like,
aromatic. Seeds few, subglobose; embryo spiral. [Greek, rich in oil.] A
monotypic genus of the West Indies and Central America.

1. Pimenta Pimenta (L.) Cockerell, Bull. Torr. Club 19: 95. 1892.

Myrtus Pimenta L. Sp. PI. 472. 1753.

Pimenta officinalis Lindl. Coll. under pi. 19. 1821.

Pimenta vulgaris Lindl. in Loudon Encycl, 418. 1829.

Becoming 13 m. high or more, glabrous, except the puberulent inflores-
cence. Leaves coriaceous, 7-15 cm. long, mostly obtuse at the apex, narrowed
at the base, with petioles about 1 cm. long, the veins rather prominent be-
neath; cymes stalked, many-flowered; flowers about 6 mm. broad; calyx-lobes
blunt; ovary puberulent; berries subglobose, about 6 mm. in diameter, usually
2-seeded,

Thickets and coppices, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, at
Grant's Town and near Lake Cunningham. Native of Jamaica and Cuba ; spon-
taneous after cultivation in Bermuda and in Central America. Erroneously called
CINNAMON. ALLSPICE.

3. ANAMOMIS Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 240. 1860.

Evergreen aromatic trees or shrubs, with opposite coriaceous leaves and
axillary peduncledv flowers, in cymes or solitary, when in cymes the central
flower sessile or stalked. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens many,
with filiform filaments and short anthers. Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled, about
as long as the calyx-tube; ovules several in each cavity; style slender or fili-
form. Berry oval or subglobose, 1-several-seeded, crowned by the calyx-lobes.
[Greek, like Amomis.] About 8 species, natives of the West Indies and Flor-
ida. Type species: Anamomis fragrans (Sw.) Griseb.

Leaves shining above, not revolute-margined ; flowers mostly solitary ; calyx glabrous
Petals orbicular ; leaves mostly 2 cm. wide or less, acute,

acutish or rounded at the base. 1. A. longipes.

Petals oblong-orbicular ; leaves mostly over 2 cm. wide,

obtuse and rounded or subcordate at the base. 2. A. bahamensis.

Leaves dull above, revolute-margined (at least when old) ; flow-
ers several (rarely solitary) ; calyx pubescent. 3. A. lucayana.

306 MYRTACEAE.

1. Anamomis longipes (Berg) Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 132. 1913.

Eugenia longipes Berg, Linnaea 27: 150. 1856.

A glabrous shrub or small tree up to 4 m. high, the branches slender,
erect-ascending, or diffuse. Leaves flat, ovate, oval or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3.5
cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, shining above, acute or obtuse at the apex, acute or
rounded at the base, reticulate-veined, the petioles 1-2 cm. long; peduncles
usually 1-flowered, as long as the leaves or longer, when several-flowered the
terminal flower of the cyme long-stalked; calyx-lobes about 2 mm. long;
petals orbicular, white or pink, 5-6 mm. long; berry 6-10 mm. in diameter,
red, several-seeded.

Coppices, pine-lands, palmetto-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama,
Andros, New Providence : — Florida. LONG-STALKED STOPPER.

2. Anamomis foahamensis (Kiearsk.) Britton; Small, Fl. Florida Keys 104.

1913.

Eugenia lahamensis Kiearsk. Bot. Tidsk. 17: 226. 1890.

A glabrous shrub, usually straggling or diffusely branched and 1 m. high
or less, rarely a small tree. Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 3-6 cm. long,
shining above, dull beneath, rounded or obtuse at the apex, subcordate or
rounded at the base, the petioles 2-8 mm. long; leaves of shoots sometimes
linear-oblong, 2-3 cm. long,, 4-8 mm. wide; peduncles slender, compressed, as
long as the leaves or somewhat longer; cymes 3-flowered or flowers solitary;
calyx-lobes rounded, about 3 mm. long; petals oblong-orbicular, 5-7 mm.
long; berries 8-10 mm. in diameter.

Coastal rocky plains, scrub-lands, coppices and white-lands, throughout the
archipelago from Abaco, the Berry Islands and Andros to South Caicos, Dellis Cay
and Inagua. Recorded from Big Pine Key, Florida, apparently erroneously. En-
demic. Individual specimens are separable only with difficulty from the preceding
species, but typical specimens are widely different. BAHAMA STOPPER. WILD GUAVA.

3. Anamomis lucayana Britton, sp. nov.

A shrub or a small tree up to 6.5 meters high, the bark grayish-white, the
young twigs appressed-pubescent to glabrate. Leaves oblong to elliptic, pale
green, but darker above than beneath, dull, revolute-margined, obtuse or
emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base, 3-5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide,
the midvein impressed above, prominent beneath, the lateral veins few and
obscure, the stout petioles 2-4 mm. long; peduncles slender, as long as the
leaves or longer, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; cymes 3-7-flowered, the
lateral pedicels slender, 1 cm. long or less, each central flower sessile; hy-
panthium obconic, glabrate or pubescent, 1.5-2 mm. high; sepals suborbicu-
lar, pubescent and ciliate, or nearly glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. wide ; petals broadly
obovate, 4-5 mm. long; stamens about as long as the petals, the style a little
longer; fruit red, subglobose, 7-9 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great
Guana, Great Exuma, Long Island, Crooked Island, Acklin's, North Caicos and the
Inaguas : — Cuban Cays. Type, Nash & Taylor, 1^26, Inagua. Referred by Coker as
Eugenia punctata Vahl, and by Mrs. Northrop as Myrtus punctata Griseb. The
Bahamian record of Eugenia fragrans by Urban (Symb. Ant. 4: 452), probably refers
to this species. PALE STOPPER. NAKED-WOOD.

4. PSIDIUM L. Sp. PI. 470. 1753.

Trees or shrubs with pinnately veined leaves and large, axillary or lat-
eral, solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx-tube somewhat prolonged beyond
the ovary, its 4 or 5 lobes often united in the bud, irregularly parting at

MYKTACEAE. 307

anthesis. Petals 4 or 5, spreading1. Stamens numerous, with filiform fila-
ments in several series. Ovary 4-5-celled; ovules several or many in each
cavity. Berries crowned by the calyx-lobes. Seeds several or many. Embryo
curved, with small cotyledons and a long radicle. [Greek, referring to the
edible fruit.] A large genus, of which about 100 species have been described,
the following typical.

1. Psidium Guajava L. Sp. PL 470. 1753.

Psidium Guava Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 241. 1860.

A shrub, or a small tree, sometimes 5 m. tall, with pubescent 4-angled
branchlets. Leaves firm-leathery, oblong or nearly so, 4-8 cm. long, mostly
obtuse, pubescent beneath, with prominent rib-like nerves, short-petioled ;
calyx-lobes 1-1.5 cm. long, united in the bud; petals 1.5-2 cm. long; berries
globular or pyriform, 3-6 cm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, roadsides and waste places, spontaneous after cultivation ; planted
and spontaneous near' towns on all the larger islands : — spontaneous after cultiva-
tion in Florida and in Bermuda ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. GUAVA.

5. CAIiYPTRANTHES Sw. Prodr. 79. 1788.
[CHYTRACULIA P. Br. Hist. Jam. 239. Hyponym. 1756.]

Evergreen shrubs or trees, with opposite coriaceous or subcoriaceous
leaves, and small panicled cymose or rarely solitary flowers. Calyx closed at
anthesis, circumscissile, the top falling away like a cap or calyptra. Petals
none. Stamens numerous, in several series; filaments filiform; anthers longi-
tudinally dishiscent. Ovary 2-3-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity. Fruit a
1-few-seeded berry, crowned by the basal part of the calyx. [Greek, referring
to the cap-like lid of the calyx.] About 75 species, of tropical and subtropical
America. Type species: Calyptraiithes Chytraculia (L.) Sw.

Inflorescence glabrous ; leaves short-petioled. 1. C. Zuzygium.

Inflorescence tomentulose ; leaves distinctly petioled. 2. C. pallens.

1. Calyptranth.es Zuzygium (L.) Sw. Prodr. 79. 1788.

Myrtus Zuzygium L. Syst. ed. 10, 1056. 1759.

Chytraculia Suzygium Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 1: 238. 1891.

A tree, up to about 12 m. high, glabrous throughout, the twigs terete,
slender. Leaves elliptic, or elliptic-obovate, 4-7 cm. long, abruptly blunt-
tipped or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, delicately veined, somewhat
shining above, dull beneath, the petioles 3 mm. long or less; panicles mostly
somewhat longer than the leaves; flowers several or many; pedicels 4-7 mm.
long; calyx ovoid, about 4 mm. long, its lid mammillate; berries subglobose,
8-10 mm. in diameter.

Coppices, New Providence at Waterloo ; Andros, near Lisbon Creek : — Florida ;
Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. MYRTLE-OF-THE-RIVER.

2. Calyptranthes pallens (Poir.) Griseb. Kar. 67. 1857.

Eugenia, pallens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 122. 1813.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk some-
times 1.5 dm. in diameter, usually smaller and sometimes shrubby, the bark
thin and light gray, the young twigs pubescent, soon becoming glabrous.
Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, nar-

308 EHIZOPHOEACEAE.

rowed at the base, shining above, the petioles 5-12 mm. long; panicles as long
as the leaves or longer, pubescent, many-flowered, the flowers sessile or nearly
so, about 3 mm. broad; fruit subglobose or oval, 5-7 mm. in diameter.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, Great Exuma, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's, Acklin's, Crooked Island and Mariguana : — 'Florida ; Cuba to St. Croix and
Guadeloupe; Jamaica; Cayman Islands. SPICE-WOOD. WHITE STOPPER.

Family 5. RHIZOPHORACEAE Lindl.
MANGROVE FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, with terete branches and usually glabrous foliage.
Leaves usually opposite, leathery, with stipules. Flowers perfect, solitary
in the axils or in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx with 3 or 4
valvate sepals. Petals as many as the sepals, 2-cleft or lacerate. Stamens
twice or four times as many as the petals, or rarely of the same number,
inserted at the base of a disk; filaments short or elongated; anthers 2-
celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary inferior, or partly inferior, usually
3-5-celled or rarely 1-celled; styles united; stigmas sometimes lobed.
Ovules 2 or rarely 4 or more in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit leathery,
crowned with the calyx, indehiscent or tardily septicidal. The family con-
sists of about 15 genera, containing some 50 species, natives of tropical
and subtropical regions.

1. RHIZOPHORA L. Sp. PI. 443. 1753.

Evergreen trees, with an astringent bark, and stout pithy twigs. Leaves
opposite, entire; stipules elongated, interpetiolar, caducous. Flowers cream-
colored or yellow, 2 or several on forking peduncles. Calyx-tube short, adnate
to the base of the ovary, the 4 lobes leathery. Petals 4, emarginate, leathery.
Stamens 4-12, alternate with the petals; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, half-
inferior, produced into a fleshy cone. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 2 in each
cavity. Fruit pendulous, 1-celled, leathery. Seed solitary, germinating in the
persistent fruit, the elongating radicle sometimes reaching the ground before
the fruit falls. Endosperm wanting. [Greek, root-bearing.] Three known
species, the following typical, the others natives of the Old World tropics.

1. Rhizophora Mangle L. Sp. PI. 443. 1753.

A shrub or tree, reaching a height of 10 m. or more, forming impenetrable
thickets by the greatly elongating radicles of the embryo and the numerous
roots. Leaves 5-15 cm. long, leathery, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, obtuse, with
a stout midrib; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. in length; peduncles 1-4 cm. long, 2-3-
flowered; pedicels stout, 5—10 mm. long; bractlets scale-like; calyx-tube fleshy,
turbinate or campanulate the lobes 3-5 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, about
1 cm. long, involute, keeled within, very firm, recurved at maturity; petals
pale yellow, linear or nearly so, cleft at the tip, involute above the middle,
cobwebby along the edges; anthers clustered around the style; fruit 2-3 cm.
long, curved, the radicle protruding as a narrowly clavate pendent body.

Maritime shores and salinas, throughout the archipelago : — Bermuda ; Florida ; \
West Indies ; Mexico to Brazil ; west coast of Africa ; Pacific islands. MANGROVE.
Catesby, 2 : pi. 63.

ONAGRACEAE. 309

Family 6. ONAGRACEAE Dumort.
EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, no stipules
or mere glands in their places, and generally perfect flowers. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, the limb 2-6-lobed (usually 4-lobed). Petals 2-9
(usually 4), convolute in the bud, rarely none. Stamens usually as many
or twice as many as the petals. Ovary 1-6-celled (usually 4-celled) ; styles
united; stigma capitate, discoid or 4-lobed; ovules generally anatropous.
Fruit a capsule or small nut. Endosperm very little or none. Forty
genera and about 350 species of wide geographic distribution, most abund-
ant in America.

Stamens 4.

Leaves opposite. 1. Isnardia.

Leaves alternate. 2. Ludwigia,

Stamens 8-l'2 in 2 series. 3. Jussiaea.

1. ISNARDIA L. Sp. PI. 120. 1753.

Succulent herbs. Stems creeping or floating; leaves opposite, relatively
few, petioled. Flowers axillary, sessile, not yellow. Calyx-segments 4, shorter
than the tube or slightly longer. Filaments very short. Ovary very short;
styles often almost wanting. Capsule obovoid or turbinate, straight. [In
honor of Antoine Dante Isnard, a French botanist, and a member of the
Academy of Sciences, died 1724.] About 4 species in North America, Mexico
and the West Indies. Type species: Isnardia palustris L.

l.Hsnardia repens (Sw.) DC. Prodr. 3: 60. 1828.

Ludwigia repens Sw. Prodr. 33. 1788.

Ludwigia natans Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 581. 1821.

Isnardia natans Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 825. 1903.

Stems 6 dm. long or less, branched or simple. Leaves elliptic, oval, or
obovate, 2-6 cm. long, acute or blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base into
rather slender petioles; flowers solitary, sessile or short-peduncled ; bractlets
linear, acute, shorter than the fruiting calyx; calyx-lobes 4 or 5, sharply tri-
angular, acute, longer than the petals; capsule 6-8 mm. long, bluntly
tetragonal, narrowed at the base, 3 times as long as the calyx-lobes.

Sink-holes and fresh-water swamps, Great Bahama and New Providence : —
North Carolina to Florida, Mexico and California ; Bermuda ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ;
Jamaica. LARGER MARSH PURSLANE.

2. LUDWIGIA L. Sp. PI. 118. 1753.

Perennial or annual herbs, with alternate usually entire leaves, and axil-
lary or terminal flowers. Stems erect or ascending, sometimes angled, or
winged. Calyx-lobes generally persistent. Petals usually 4. Stamens usually
4. Ovary 4-5-celled. Capsule terete, ribbed or winged, septicidally dehiscent,
or opening by an apical pore. [Named in honor of C. G. Ludwig, 1709-1773,
Professor of Botany at Leipsic.] About 25 species, natives of warm and tem-
perate regions, most abundant in North America. Type species: Ludwigia
alternifolia L.

310 HALOBAGIDACEAE.

1. Ludwigia microcarpa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 88. 1803.

Perennial; glabrous; stems erect or diffuse, simple or branched, 1-4 dm.
long. Leaves obovate or spatulate, entire, pinnately few-veined, 0.5-3 cm. long,
obtuse or apiculate at the apex, narrowed into short petioles; flowers solitary
and sessile in the axils; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, about 1 mm. long; petals
none; capsule obpyramidal, about 2 mm. long.

Fresh-water marshes, Great Bahama : — North Carolina to Florida and Missis-
sippi ; Cuba ; Jamaica. SMALL-FRUITED LUDWIGIA.

3. JTJSSIAEA L. Sp. PI. 388. 1753.

Perennial herbs, some species woody, with alternate, mostly entire leaves
and solitary axillary flowers, the petals usually yellow. Calyx-tube cylindric
or prismatic, not prolonged beyond the ovary, the limb 4-6-parted; its lobes
persistent. Petals 4—6, mostly longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 8-12,
in 2 series. Ovary 4-6-celled. Capsule narrowly cylindrie, prismatic or
clavate, ribbed, the pericarp deteriorating. Seeds numerous and minute. [In
honor of Bernard de Jussieu, 1699-1777, eminent French botanist and phy-
sician.] About 50 species, of tropical distribution, mostly American. Type
species: Jussiaea repens L.

1. Jussiaea suffruticosa L. Sp. PI. 388. 1753.

Jussiaea angustifolia Lam. Encycl. 3: 331. 1789.
Jussieua palustris Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 173. 1818.

Erect, 6-10 dm. high, somewhat branched, more or less pubescent, at least
above. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire, short-petioled, 2.5-10 cm.
long, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base ; peduncles mostly not longer than
the petioles; calyx -lobes 4, rarely 5, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, 6—12 mm. long; petals obovate, bright yellow, 2-3 times as long
as the calyx-lobes; capsule 3-6 cm. long, subcylindric, tapering to the base.

Fresh-water marshes and sink-holes, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Cat Island, Great Exuma, Acklin's Island and Crooked Island : — North Carolina to
Florida and Texas ; West Indies and continental tropical America ; Old World trop-
ics. BUSHY JUSSIAEA.

Family 7. HALORAGIDACEAE Kl. & Garcke.
WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.

Perennial or rarely annual herbs, mainly aquatic, with alternate or
verticillate leaves, the submerged ones often pectinate-pinnatifid. Flowers
perfect, or monoecious, or dioecious, axillary, in interrupted, spikes, solitary
or clustered. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb entire or 2-4-lobed.
Petals small, 2-4, or none. Stamens 1-8. Ovary ovoid-oblong, or short-
cylindric, 2-8-ribbed or winged, 1-4-celled ; styles 1-4 ; stigmas papillose or
plumose. Fruit a nutlet, or drupe, compressed, angular, ribbed or winged;
indehiscent, of 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Endosperm fleshy; cotyledons
minute. Eight genera and about 100 species, of wide distribution.

1. PROSERPINACA L. Sp. PI. 88. 1753.

Aquatic herbs. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, dentate or pectinate-pin-
natifid. Flowers perfect, axillary. Tube of the calyx adnate to the triquetrous
ovary, the limb 3-4-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3 or 4. Styles 3 or 4,

AMMIACEAE. 311

cylindric or conic-subulate, stigmatic above the middle. Fruit bony, 3-4-celled,
with 1 seed in each cavity. [Middle Latin, forward-creeping.] Four known
species of North and Central America and the West Indies. Type species:
Proserpinaca palustris L.

1. Proserpinaca platycarpa Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 432. 1905.

Perennial, glabrous, 1-3.5 dm. long, densely leafy. Leaves oblong or
elliptic, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, sharply serrate; flowers solitary and sessile in the
axils; calyx wing-angled, its deltoid teeth about 1 mm. long; fruit 4-5 mm.
wide, constricted above the middle, its 3 angles dilated.

Fresh-water swamps and sink-holes, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera
and Cat Island. — iFlorida. Recorded by Schoepf as P. palustris L. SOUTHERN
MERMAID- WEED.

Order 22. AMMIALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, almost always with petaliferous flowers. Calyx-
segments and petals usually 5. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary inferior, adnate
to the calyx, compound; ovules 1 in each cavity.

Family 1. AMMIACEAE Presl.
CARROT FAMILY.

Herbs, with alternate compound or sometimes simple leaves, the petioles
often dilated at the base. Stipules none, or rarely present and minute.
Flowers small, generally in compound or simple umbels, rarely in heads or
capitate clusters, often polygamous. Umbels and umbellets commonly
involucrate or involucellate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its margin
truncate or 5-toothed, the teeth seldom conspicuous. Petals 5, inserted on
the margin of the calyx, usually with an inflexed tip, often emarginate or
2-lobed, those of the outer flowers sometimes larger than those of the inner.
Stamens 5, inserted on the epigynous disk; filaments filiform; anthers
versatile. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; styles 2, filiform, persistent, often borne
on a conic or depressed stylopodium; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous,
anatropous. Fruit dry, composed of 2 carpels (mericarps), which gen-
erally separate from each other at maturity along the plane of their con-
tiguous faces. (the commissure). Fruit either flattened laterally (at right
angles to the commissure )_, or dorsally (parallel to the commissure), or
nearly terete (not flattened). Carpels after parting from each other sup-
ported on the summit of a slender axis (the carpophore), each with 5
primary ribs in their pericarps (rarely ribless), and in some genera with 4
additional secondary ones, the ribs or some of them often winged. Pericarp
membranous or corky-thickened, usually containing oil-tubes between the
ribs, or under the ribs and on the commissural sides, sometimes irregularly
scattered, sometimes none. Seeds 1 in each carpel, usually adnate to the
pericarp; seed-coat thin; endosperm cartilaginous; embryo small, placed
near the hilum ; cotyledons ovate, oblong or linear. About 170 genera and
1600 ^ species, of wide distribution. The mature fruit is necessary for the
certain determination of most of the genera and many of the species.

312 AMMIACEAE.

Leaf-blades orbicular or ovate, merely toothed ; flowers white.

Involucre none. 1. Hydrocotyle.

Involucre conspicuous. 2. Centella.

Leaf-blades pinnatifld into filiform segments.

Fruit margined, flat ; flowers yellow. . 3. Anethum.

Fruit not margined.

Flowers yellow. 4. Foeniculum.

Flowers white. 5. Helosciadium.

1. HYDROCOTYLE L. Sp. PL 234. 1753.

Perennial herbs, prostrate and commonly rooting at the joints, with
palmately lobed or veined, often peltate leaves, the bases of the petioles with
2 scale-like stipules, and small white flowers in umbels opposite the leaves.
Bracts of the involucre few, or none. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals entire.
Disk flat. Fruit laterally compressed, orbicular or broader than high. Carpels
with 5 primary ribs, the lateral ones usually curved; no large oil-tubes but
an oil-bearing layer of tissue beneath the epidermis. [Greek, water-cup.]
About 75 species of wide distribution. Type species: Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.

Plant glabrous. 1. H. verticillata.

Leaves and inflorescence villous-pubescent. 2. H. hirsuta.

1. Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. Diss. Hydrocot. 5. 1798.

Glabrous ; leaves orbicular, peltate ; inflorescence proliferous, 2-5 cm. long ;
verticils 2-6-flowered ; pedicels usually less than 1 mm. long; fruit about 2 mm.
long, 3-4 mm. broad, rounded or truncate at each end; intermediate ribs not
corky-thickened, the dorsal one acute.

Wet palmetto-lands, Great Bahama at Barnett's Point ; Andros at Couch Sound :
— Bermuda ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Guadeloupe ; southern
Africa ; Massachusetts to Florida and Arizona. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as H.
pygmaea Wright. Determination of the Bahama plant is from leaf-specimens only.
WHORLED MAUSH PENNYWORT.

2. Hydrocotyle hirsuta Sw. Prodr. 54. 1788.

Hydrocotyle spicata Lam. Encycl. 3: 153. 1789.

Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes, very slender, glabrous or nearly so,
0.5-3 dm. long. Petioles villous, 1-8 cm. long; leaf -blades suborbicular or
reniform, 1-3 cm. broad, crenate, rather deeply cordate, villous on both sides,
densely so beneath; spikes peduncled, interrupted, usually longer than the
leaves, sometimes 8 cm. long, the peduncles and rachis villous; fruits sessile,
glabrous, emarginate at top and bottom, about 1.5 mm. broad.

Grassy places, New Providence near Nassau : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ;
Curasao. HAIRY MARSH PENNYWORT.

Hydrocotyle umbellata, L. recorded for the Bahamas by Dolley has not been
found by us anywhere in the islands ; Mr. Brace thinks that the reference really
applied to Centella asiatica.

2. CENTELLA L. Sp. PL ed. 2, 1393. 1763.

Perennial herbs (some African species shrubby), ours with prostrate stems
rooting and sending up tufts of petioled leaves at the nodes, together with
l-<3 long-rayed umbellets of small white flowers, the true umbel sessile. Petiole-
bases sheathing. Bracts of the involucels 2-4, mostly prominent. Calyx-teeth
none. Disk flat, or slightly concave. Styles filiform. Fruit somewhat flat-
tened laterally, rather prominently ribbed, the ribs mostly anastomosing; oil-
tubes none. [Latin, diminutive of centrum, a prickle.] About 20 species, of

AMMIACEAE. 313

wide distribution, abundant in South Africa. Type species: Centella villosa L.

1. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. II1: 287. 1879.

Hydrocotyle asiatica L. Sp. PI. 234. 1753.
Hydrocotyle repanda Pers. Syn. 1 : 302. 1805.
Centella repanda Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 859. 1903.

Stem 2-15 cm. long. Petioles 0.5-3 dm. long, sometimes pubescent; blades
ovate, rather thick, rounded at the apex, broadly cordate at the base, not
peltate, 2-4 cm. long, repand-dentate ; pedicels much shorter than the leaves,
1-5 cm. long; umbellets capitate, 2-4-flowered, subtended by 2 ovate bracts;
flowers nearly sessile; fruit 4-5 mm. broad, about 3 mm. high, prominently
ribbed and reticulated.

Moist ground, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma,
Eleuthera, Fortune Island and North Caicos : — Bermuda; Maryland to Florida and
Texas ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe ; Martinique ; continental tropical
America; Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley presumably as Hydrocotyle um-
bcilata L. OVATE-LEAVED MABSH PENNYWOBT.

3. ANETHUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753.

Erect, mostly annual, glabrous herbs, with decompound leaves and small
yellow flowers in many-rayed compound umbels. Involucre and involucels
none, or of very few bracts. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals suborbicular.
Stylopodium small, conic. Fruit elliptic or ovate, flat, margined; carpel-ribs
slender; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. [Greek, like anise.] A few
European and Asiatic species, the following typical.

1. Anethum graveolens L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753.

Stem terete, simple or branched, slender, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves tripin-
nately dissected into nearly filiform segments, the petiole somewhat sheathing;
umbel 12 cm. wide or les's; involucre and involucels none; rays slender, 4-7 em.
long; umbellets several-many-flowered; petals bright yellow; fruit ovate-
elliptic, about 6 mm. long, distinctly margined.

Waste and cultivated grounds, escaped from cultivation, Andros, Harbor Island,
Eleuthera, Long Island and Dellis' Cay : — escaped in Guadeloupe, Martinique and
other West Indian Islands and in Florida. Native of Europe. DILLWEED.

4. FOENICULUM Adans, Fam. PI. 2: 101. 1763.

Erect glabrous herbs, with pinnately decompound leaves, the segments
linear or capillary, and compound umbels of yellow flowers. Involucre and
involucels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium large, conic. Fruit linear-
oblong, glabrous, terete, or nearly so. Carpels half-terete, dorsally flattened,
prominently ribbed; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. Seed-face flat, or
slightly concave. [Latin, diminutive of foenum, hay, from its odor.] About
4 species, of the Old World. Type species: Anethum Foeniculum L.

1. Foeniculum Foeniculum (L.) Karst. Dfcutsch. Fl. 837. 1882.

Anethum Foeniculum L. Sp. PI. 263. 1753.
Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 1: 105. 1788.

Perennial, 6-12 dm. high. Leaves dissected into capillary segments;
petioles broad, clasping; umbels large, 9-25-rayed, the rays rather stout,
somewhat glaucous, 2—8 cm. long in fruit; pedicels 2-8 mm. long; fruit about
6 mm. long.

21

314 AMMIACEAE.

Waste places, New Providence at Grant's Town : — Bermuda ; New Jersey and
Pennsylvania to Florida, Texas and California ; locally in the West Indies and in
continental tropical America. Native of the Old World. FENNEL.

5. HELOSCIADIUM Koch, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 121: 125. 1824.

Low herbs, with decompound or dissected leaves, and compound umbels of
small white flowers mostly opposite the leaves. Involucre and involucels want-
ing in the following species. Calyx-teeth very small or obsolete. Petals entire.
Stylopodium depressed. Style short. Fruit ovate or oblong, laterally com-
pressed. Carpels with 5 filiform ribs, the oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, '2
on the commissural side. [Greek, marsh-parasol, some of the species inhabiting
marshes.] Six species or more, natives of the Old World. Type species:
Helosciadium nodiflorum (L.) Koch.

1. Helosciadium Ammi (L.) Britton, Fl. Bermuda 279. 1918.

Sison Ammi L. Sp. PI. 252. 1753.

Apium Ammi Urban in Mart. Fl. Bras. II1: 341. 1879.

Slender, glabrous, much-branched, 0.7-6 dm. high. Leaves ternately pin-
natisected, the ultimate segments narrow, often incised; umbels 1-4 cm. broad,
opposite the leaves, sessile, the umbellets filiform-stalked; fruit ovate, glabrous,
about 2 mm. long, the ribs equal and prominent.

Waste grounds, New Providence, at Grant's Town : — Bermuda ; southern
United States ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guadeloupe ; Martinique ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ;
Mexico to Paraguay ; Australia. FINE-LEAVED MARSH PARSLEY.

Series 2. Gamopetalae.

Petals partly or wholly united, rarely separate or wanting.

The coherence of the petals is sometimes slight or they are quite
separate, as in some Primulaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Asclepiadaceae,
Oleaceae and Cucurbitaceae. From this condition the coherence
varies through all stages to the tubular or funnelform corollas of
some Convolvulaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Carduaceae.

$ Ovary superior.

Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes and

opposite them, or twice as many, or more.

Herbs, shrubs or trees ; ovary 1-ceiled. Order 1. PRIMULALES.

Shrubs or trees ; ovary several-celled. Order 2. EBENALES.

Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its lobes or
fewer, and alternate with them (in Forestiera of
the Oleaceae there is no corolla).
Corolla not scarious, nerved.

Ovaries 2, distinct (except in some Loganiaceae,
and in Gentianaceae in which the ovary is
compound with 2 cavities or rarely more, or
with 1 cavity and 2 placentae) ; flowers regu-
lar ; stamens mostly adnate to only the lower

part of the corolla; leaves mostly opposite. Orders. GEXTIANALES.

Ovary 1, compound (2-divided in Dichondra; in
Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae mostly deeply
4-lobed around the style) : flowers regular or
irregular ; stamens mostly adnate to the middle
of the corolla-tube or beyond ; leaves opposite

or alternate. Order 4. POLEMONIALES.

Corolla scarious, nerveless. Order 5. PLANTAGIXALES.

JJ Ovary inferior.

Anthers distinct. Order 6. RUBIALES.

Anthers united (except in Ambrosiaceae). Order 7. CAMPANULALES.

MYRSINACEAE. 315

Order 1. PRIMULALES.

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Corolla usually present, gamopetalous. Calyx
mostly free from the ovary. Stamens borne on the corolla, as many as its
lobes, or twice as many, or more.

Style 1.

Shrubs or trees, the fruit drupaceous or baccate.

Staminodes none ; fruit 1-seeded. Fam. 1. MYRSINACEAE.

Corolla bearing staminodes at the sinuses ;

fruit several-many-seeded. Fam. 2. THEOPHBASTACEAE.

Herbs ; fruit capsular. Fam. 3. PRIMULACEAE.

Styles 5 ; herbs ; fruit an achene or utricle. Fam. 4. PLUMBAGINACEAE.

Family 1. MYRSINACEAE Lindl.
MYRSINE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous, the leaves mostly alternate, punctate
in lines, estipulate, the small regular flowers variously clustered. Calyx
inferior, persistent, 4-6-parted. Corolla mostly rotate or salverf orm, rarely
tubular or of separate petals. Stamens as many as the corolla-segments
and opposite them; filaments usually short, distinct or sometimes united;
anthers longitudinally dehiscent; staminodes none. Ovary superior, 1-
celled; style short or long; stigma various; ovules few, usually immersed
in the central placenta. Fruit small, baccate, 1-seeded, sometimes nearly
dry. Seed subglobose, the testa thin, the endosperm fleshy or horny. About
20 genera and over 450 species, mostly tropical in distribution.

Inflorescence paniculate. 1. Icacorea.

Inflorescence short, umbellate, lateral. 2. Rapanea.

1. ICACOREA Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: Suppl. 1. 1775.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate, mostly entire leaves and perfect or
polygamo-dioecious white or pink flowers in cymes or panicles. Calyx cam-
panulate, 4-5-parted. Corolla nearly rotate, usually 5-parted, the segments
spreading or reflexed.' Stamens usually 5; filaments short or slender, borne
at the top of the short corolla-tube; anthers acute or acuminate. Ovary
globose; stigma discoid or truncate; ovules several or few. Berry little fleshy.
[Guiana name.] Over 200 species, of tropical and subtropical regions. Type
species: Icacorea guianensis Aubl.

Style filiform, much longer than the ovary. 1. /. paniculata.

Style subulate, not longer than the ovary. 2. /. guadalupensis.

1. Icacorea paniculata (Nutt.) Sudw. Gard. & For. 6: 324. 1893.

Cyrilla paniculata Nutt. Am. Jour. Sci. 5: 290. 1822.
Ardisia Pickeringia Torr. & Gray; DC. Prodr. 8: 124. 1844.

A shrub or small tree, attaining a maximum height of about 7.5 m. with
a trunk up to 1.5 dm. in diameter, the bark white, scaly, the twigs rather stout,
puberulent or glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, short-petioled, oblanceo-
late, obovate or elliptic, 6-16 cm. long, yellowish or dark green above, pale
green beneath, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins slender, the apex
obtuse or acute, the base narrowed; panicles terminal, densely many -flowered,

316 THEOPHRASTACEAE.

5-12 cm. long; pedicels short, slender; calyx 2 mm. long, its 5 segments ovate,
acute, unsymmetrical, ciliate; corolla rotate, its 5 oblong or obovate segments
reflexed, 3-4 mm. long, white, with purplish lines and dots; anthers orange;
fruit globose, black, shining, 7-9 mm. in diameter, tipped by the filiform style.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, New Providence and Eleu-
thera : — 'Florida ; Cuba ; Mexico. MARLBERRY. DOG-BERRY.

2. Icacorea guadalupensis (Duchass.) Britton; Wilson, Bull. N. Y. Bot Gard
8: 401. 1917.

Ardisia guadalupensis Duchass; Griseb. Kar. 89. 1857.

A glabrous shrub 1-3 m. high, or a tree up to 15 m. high, the stout twigs
light grey. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-obovate, coriaceous, 10-15 cm. long,
obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, paler green
beneath than above, delicately veined, the stout petioles 7-12 mm. long;
panicles terminal, densely many-flowered, 10-15 cm. long; pedicels 2-4 mm.
long, rather stout; calyx about 2 mm. long, its 5 segments oblong, obtuse,
punctate; corolla white, rotate, its 5 segments ovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse,
symmetrical, more or less punctate or lineolate; fruit subglobose or depressed-
globose, black when mature, 6-8 mm. in diameter, tipped by the short style.

Coppices, North Caicos : — Porto Rico to Virgin Gorda and Santa Lucia. GUADE-
LOUPE MARLBERRY.

2. RAPANEA Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 121. 1775.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate coriaceous leaves, and small bracted
polygamo-dioecious flowers in lateral or axillary fascicles. Calyx mostly 4-5-
cleft, persistent. 'Corolla 4-5 -parted, or rarely of 4 or 5 separate petals, the
segments spreading or recurved. Stamens borne on the bases of the corolla-
segments; filaments short; anthers obtuse. Ovary globose or ovoid; style
short or slender; stigma various; ovules few or many. Fruit a globose, nearly
dry, small 1-seeded berry. [Guiana name.] Over 80 species, mostly of trop-
ical regions, the following typical.

1. Rapanea guian&isis Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 121. 1775.

A shrub or small tree up to 6 m. high, the trunk sometimes 1.5 dm. in
diameter, the foliage glabrous, the bark smooth and gray. Leaves mostly
clustered near the ends of the rather slender twigs, short-petioled, obovate or
oblong, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, bright green
and somewhat shining above, dull green beneath, the midvein prominent, the
lateral veins faint; flowers green, about 4 mm. broad, nearly sessile on the
twigs below the leaves; sepals ovate, about 1.5 mm. long; corolla-lobes oblong,
glandular-ciliate, 2—3 times as long as the sepals, somewhat unequal; fruit
globose, black when mature, about 4 mm. in diameter.

Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Cat Island, Crooked Island and Mariguana : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico
and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; northern South America. Recorded by Dolley as
Hyrsine laeta DC. MYRSINE.

Family 2. THEOPHRASTACEAE D. Don.
THEOPHRASTA FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs, with evergreen coriaceous estipulate leaves, and regu-
lar, perfect or polygamo-dioecious flowers in axillary or terminal clusters or
solitary. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-parted, the segments obtuse, imbricated.

THEOPHRASTACEAE. 317

Corolla gamopetalous, rotate-campanulate or cylindric-campanulate, mostly
5-lobed, the lobes imbricated. Stamens 5, rarely 4, borne near the base of
the corolla-tube; filaments subulate or flattened; anthers mostly extrorse.
Staminodia 5. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or slender; stigma
capitate or discoid; ovules numerous. Fruit coriaceous or fleshy, inde-
hiscent, few-several-seeded. Five genera and about 50 species, of tropical
distribution.

1. JACQUINIA L.; Jacq. Enum. 2, 15. 1760.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees, with opposite or verticillate coriaceous
leaves, and small perfect white or yellow, racemed, corymbed or panicled
flowers. Sepals 5, imbricated. Corolla salverform or short-campanulate, 5-
lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, spreading at anthesis. Staminodia 5,
borne on the corolla-tube. Stamens 5, borne on the base of the corolla-tube.
Ovary 5-carpellary ; style short; ovules usually many. Fruit ovoid or globose,
coriaceous. Seeds compressed, with cartilaginous endosperm. [Commemorates
Nicolas Joseph von Jacquin, 1727-1817, distinguished Austrian botanist.]
About 25 species of tropical America. Type species: Jacquinia ruscifolia Jacq.

Flowers single in the upper axils and in small terminal clusters. 1. J. Berterii.

Flowers in terminal racemes. 2. J. keyensis.

1. Jacquinia Berterii Spreng. Syst. 1 : 668. 1825.

Jacquinia Berterii retusa Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 378. 1899.

A much-branched shrub, 1-3 m. high, or tree up to about 7 m. high, the
bark whitish, the young twigs scurfy-lepidote. Leaves various in form, oblong
to obovate or oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, 2-4 cm. long, rounded, retuse or
acute at the apex, cuneate at the bas'e, usually inconspicuously veined, the
petioles 1-2 mm. long; inflorescence terminal or in the uppermost axils, 1-6-
flowered, much shorter than the leaves; pedicels 5-8 mm. long, thickened
upwardly in fruit; sepals nearly orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, glabrous; corolla
about 3 mm. long, its lobes reflexed; staminodia much shorter than the corolla-
lobes, somewhat longer than the stamens; fruit ovoid to subglobose, orange or
yellow, 6-8 mm. in diameter.

Coppices, Cat Island, Watling's, Long Island, Acklin's and Stubb's Cay, Caicos
Islands : — Cuba to Anegada and Guadeloupe. BEETER'S JACQUINIA.

2. Jacquinia keyensis Mez in Urban, Symb. Ant. 2: 444. 1901.

A tree, up to 6 m. high, with a trunk sometimes 2.5 dm. in diameter, the
nearly smooth bark light gray, the young twigs finely pubescent, somewhat
angled, densely leafy. Leaves oblong-obovate to spatulate, 3-7 cm. long,
obtuse or retuse and apiculate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous,
shining above, dull beneath, the petioles short; racemes 6 cm. long or less;
pedicels stout, about 1 cm. long; sepals ovate-orbicular, obtuse; flowers very
fragrant; corolla salverform, about 1 cm. broad, its lobes longer than the
tube; stamens shorter than the staminodia; berry subglobose, orange-red, 8-10
mm. in diameter, hard.

Coastal rocks, coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco
and Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Inagua and the Anguilla Isles: — Florida; Cays
of northern Cuba ; Jamaica. Referred by Herrick, by Dolley and by Hitchcock to
Jacquinia armillaris Jacq. JOE-WOOD. JOE-BUSH. I'EONWOOD. Catesby 1 : pi. 98.

318 PRIMULACEAE.

Family 3. PRIMULACEAE Vent.
PRIMROSE FAMILY.

Herbs, with perfect regular flowers. Calyx free from the ovary (adnate
to its lower part in Samolus), usually 5-parted, persistent or rarely
deciduous. Corolla gamopetalous in our species, usually 5-cleft, deciduous.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite them, hypogynous or
rarely perigynous, inserted on the corolla; filaments distinct or connate at
the base; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk
obsolete, or none. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Samolus), 1-celled;
placenta central, free; ovules anatropous, or amphitropous ; style 1; stigma
simple, mostly capitate, entire. Capsule 1-celled, 2-6-valved, rarely cir-
cumscissile or indehiscent. Seeds few or several, the testa adherent to the
fleshy or horny copious endosperm; embryo small, straight; cotyledons
obtuse. About 28 genera and 400 species of wide distribution.

1. SAMOLUS L. Sp. PI. 171. 1753.

Perennial glabrous herbs, with alternate entire leaves, or the basal ones
rosulate. Flowers small, white, in terminal racemes or panicles in our species.
Calyx persistent, its tube adnate to the ovary below, its limb 5-cleft. Corolla
perigynous, subcampanulate,, 5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5,
inserted on the tube of the corolla, opposite its lobes, alternating with as many
staminodia (these wanting in 8. ebracteatus) , filaments short; anthers cordate.
Ovary partly inferior; ovules amphitropous. Capsule 5-valved from the sum-
mit. Seeds minute. [Name Celtic.] About 10 species, of wide distribution.
Type species: Samolus Valerandi L.

Stems leafly to the inflorescence. 1 . 8. floribundus.

Stems scapose, leafy below. 2. 8. ebracteatus.

1. Samolus floribundus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 224. 1818.

Samolus Valerandi americanus A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 274. 1856.

Erect or ascending, 1.5-6 dm. high. Leaves 2-8 cm. long, obovate, obtuse;
flowers less than 2 mm. broad, in elongated panicled racemes; pedicels filiform,
spreading, 8-25 mm. long, bracteolate near the middle; calyx-lobes acute,
shorter than the corolla; corolla-lobes longer than the tube; staminodia 5;
capsule 2-3 mm. in diameter.

Moist soil, New Providence : — throughout temperate North America to Florida,
Texas, California and Mexico ; Cuba. WATER PIMPERNEL.

2. Samolus ebracteatus H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 223. 1818.

Samodia ebracteata Baudo, Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 20: 350. 1843.

Erect, 4 dm. high or less. Leaves 4-12 cm. long, spatulate or obovate,
obtuse or the upper acute; flowers white, 6-7 mm. broad, in long-stalked simple
or sometimes branched racemes; pedicels ascending, very slender, 15-25 mm.
long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, about one-half as long as the corolla; corolla-
lobes shorter than the tube; staminodia none; capsule 3-4 mm. in diameter.

Moist ground, Andros, at Red Bays : — Florida to Texas and New Mexico ; Cuba.
LARGER WATER PIMPERNEL.

PLUMBAGINACEAE. 31 9

Family 4. PLUMBAGINACEAE Lindl.
PLUMBAGO FAMILY.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, with basal or alternate leaves, and perfect
and regular clustered flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, 4-5-toothed,
plaited at the sinuses, the tube 5-15-ribbed. Corolla of 4 or 5 hypogynous
clawed segments connate at the base, or united into a tube. Stamens 4 or
5, opposite the corolla-segments, hypogynous; anthers 2-celled, attached
by their backs to the filaments, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk
none. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule solitary, anatropous, pendulous;
styles 5. Fruit a utricle or achene, enclosed by the calyx, rarely a dehiscent
capsule. Seed solitary; testa membranous; endosperm mealy, or none;
embryo straight; cotyledons entire. About 10 genera and 350 species, of
wide distribution, many in saline situations.

Calyx glandular ; claws of the petals united into a tube. 1. Plumbago.

Calyx not glandular ; claws of the petals distinct or nearly so. 2. Limonium.

1. PLUMBAGO L. Sp. PI. 151. 1753.

Perennial herbs, shrubs or vines, with alternate, often clasping leaves, the
purple blue red or white flowers in bracted spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed,
glandular, with 4 or 5 erect lobes. Petals 4 or 5, their claws united into a
tube, their blades entire, spreading, the corolla thin, salverform. Stamens
5, distinct, the filaments dilated at the base, the anthers linear. Styles fili-
form, stigmatic on the inner side, partly united. Fruit capsular. [Latin,
leadwort.] About a dozen species, natives of southern Europe and West-
central Asia and tropical America. Type species: Plumbago europaea L.

1. Plumbago scandens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 215. 1762.

A perennial woody herb, the branches often elongated and vine-like,
glabrous, sometimes 1 m. long. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mem-
branous, glabrous, 3-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at
the base, the petioles 1 cm. long or less; spikes slender, peduncled, several-
many-flowered, 5—12 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, about
5 mm. long; calyx about 1 cm. long, beset with long-stalked glands; corolla
white, its filiform tube about 2 cm. long, its obovate mucronate spreading
lobes 5—7 mm. long.

Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence, Harbor Island, Cat Island and
Grand Turk : — Florida to Arizona ; West Indies and continental tropical America.
WHITE PLUMBAGO. DOCTOR-BUSH.

2. LIMONIUM Adans. Fam. PL 2: 283. 1763.

Herbs, mostly with flat basal leaves, and numerous small flowers cymose-
paniculate on bracted scapes, in 1-3 -flowered bracteolate clusters, forming one-
sided spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, the limb scarious, 5-toothed, the
tube usually 10-ribbed. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens adnate to the bases of the
petals. Styles 5, separate in our species, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit
a utricle. [Ancient name of the wild beet.] About 120 species widely dis-
tributed. Type species: Statice Limonium L.

320 SAPOTACEAE.

1. Limonium bahamense (Griseb.) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 142.
1906.

Statice lahamensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 389. 1861.

Perennial by a deep root; scapes several or many, erect, slender, much
branched, 2-4 dm. high, glabrous but scaly, fleshy, terete. Leaves linear or
narrowly spathulate, 5 cm. long or longer, mostly wanting at flowering time;
scales of the scape triangular-acuminate, scarious-margined, 2-4 mm. long;
spikes 1.5-4 cm. long, the flower-clusters densely aggregated; lower bractlet
ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the scarious-margined upper one; flowers
purple, about 5 mm. long.

Salinas, South Caicos and Grand Turk Island. Endemic. BAHAMA SEA LAVEN-
DER. HEATHER.

Order 2. EBENALES.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, the flowers mostly regular.
Calyx free from the ovary (inferior) or more or less adnate to it. Corolla
gamopetalous or sometimes polypetalous. Stamens borne on the tube or
base of the corolla, as many as its lobes, and opposite them, or more
numerous.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Fam. 1. SAPOTACEAE.

Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, or more. Fam. 2. EBENACEAE.

Family 1. SAPOTACEAE Reichenb.
SAPODILLA FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, the sap often milky, the leaves mostly alternate, entire,
estipulate, often finely veined, the perfect or rarely polygamous flowers
clustered. Sepals 4-12, imbricated. Corolla lobed, often appendaged be-
tween the lobes. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, often alternating
with broad staminodia; filaments distinct. Ovary sessile, 4-12-celled;
styles united; ovules solitary in each cavity, anatropous. Fruit a berry,
often large. Seeds shining, smooth; embryo straight. About 35 genera,
comprising over 400 species, mostly of tropical distribution.

Calyx 4-5-parted.

Flowers without staminodia or corolla-appendages. 1. Chrysophyllum.

Flowers with staminodia.

Corolla without appendages.

Seeds with abundant endosperm. 2. Sideroxylon.

Seeds without endosperm. 3. Lucuma.

Corolla with appendages.

Ovary smooth ; endosperm copious. 4. Dipholis.

Ovary hairy ; endosperm little or none. 5. Bumelia.

Calyx 6-12-parted.

Seeds only 1 or 2. 6. Mimusops.

Seeds 4 or 5. 7. Sapota.

1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM L. Sp. PI. 192. 1753.

Unarmed evergreen trees, with alternate coriaceous leaves, and small,
mostly 5-parted flowers, in axillary or lateral fascicles, the sap milky. Sepals
nearly alike. Corolla-lobes unappendaged. Stamens included; staminodia
none. Ovary pubescent; style short. Fruit a large or small, drupe-like berry.
Seeds with a hard, often shining testa and fleshy endosperm. [Greek, refer-

SAPOTACEAE. 321

ring to the lustrous pubescence on the under side of the leaves of some species.]
Sixty species or more, mostly of tropical America. Type species: Chryso-
phyllum Cainito L.

1. Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. Syst. ed. 10, 937. 1759.
Chrysophyllum monopyrenum Sw. Prodr. 49. 1788.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk up to 3
dm. in diameter, the bark fissured, the young twigs brownish-pubescent. Leaves
oblong to ovate, 3-10 cm. long, acutish or short-acuminate at the apex, rounded
or narrowed at the base, green, glabrous and shining above, densely reddish
or brownish-pubescent beneath, the petioles 8-12 mm. long; fascicles few-
flowered; pedicels 5-10 mm. long; sepals silky, about 1.5 mm. long; corolla
white, 4-6 mm. wide; filaments very short; berry oval, 1-2 cm. long, purple,
usually 1-seeded.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, and North Caicos : — Florida ;
Cuba to Porto Rico ; Jamaica. C. Cainito of Schoepf. SATINLEAF. SAFFKON-TBEE.

2. SIDEKOXYLON L. Sp. PI. 192. 1753.

Unarmed, hard-wooded, evergreen trees or shrubs, with alternate cori-
aceous, slender-petioled leaves, and small, 5-parted, greenish-yellow or white
flowers in dense axillary or lateral fascicles. Sepals mostly obtuse, imbricated.
Corolla nearly rotate, its lobes obtuse, not appendaged. Stamens borne near
the middle or top of the corolla-tube, included, opposite the lobes; filaments
slender; anthers extrorse; staminodia entire or toothed, alternating with the
filaments. Ovary 5-celled or sometimes 2-3-celled; ovules ascending; style
short or slender. Berry ovoid or subglobose, usually 1-seeded. Seed with a
crustaceous testa and cartilaginous endosperm. [Greek, referring to the hard
wood.] About 75 species, natives of warm and tropical regions. Type species:
Sideroxylon inerme L.

1. Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. Enum. 15. 1760.

Sideroxylon mastichodendron Jacq. Coll. 2: 253. 1788.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 25 m., with a trunk up to
1.5 m. in diameter, the bark splitting into scale-like plates, the twigs rather
slender, glabrous. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate or oval, 5-15 cm. long,
sparingly pubescent when young,, becoming glabrous, mostly rounded at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, lustrous, the slender petioles 2-7 cm.
long; fascicles several-many-flowered, shorter than the petioles; pedicels
4-10 mm. long; sepals nearly orbicular, obtuse, glabrous, about 2 mm. long;
corolla greenish-yellow, about 7 mm. broad, its lobes oblong, obtuse; stami-
nodia lanceolate, acuminate, 1 mm. long; berry drupe-like, yellow, oval, 2-2.5
cm. long, glabrous, acid.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Berry Islands, South Cat Cay Andros New

Providence, Exuma Chain, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's and Crooked • Florida •

Cuba to St. Thomas and to Barbadoes ; Jamaica. Catesby, 2 : pi. 75. MASTIC-BULLY.

3. LUCUMA Molina, Sagg. Chile 186. 1782.

Trees, or some species shrubs, the leaves mostly coriaceous, the small
flowers in axillary or lateral glomerules, or solitary. Calyx-segments usually
4 or 5, strongly imbricated. Corolla urn-shaped, the tube short, the 4, 5 or 6

322 SAPOTACEAE.

lobes imbricated. Stamens 4, 5 or 6, borne on the corolla-tube opposite its
lobes, the filaments short or slender. Staminodes linear or scale-like, borne at
the sinuses of the corolla. Ovary 2-6-celled, mostly villous; style subulate or
conic.. Fruit a berry, the pericarp fleshy or' thin. Seeds 1-5. [Peruvian
name.] Fifty species or more, mostly of tropical America, a few Austral-
asian. Type species: Lucuma l)ifera Molina.

1. Lucuma Serpentaria H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 242. 1819.
Lucuma pauciflora A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8 : 168. 1844.

A tree, up to about 10 m. high, the bark gray, the rather stout twigs
puberulent when young. Leaves oblong-obovate, coriaceous, 5-13 cm. long,
glabrous, somewhat shining above, rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base,
reticulate-veined, the puberulent petioles 3-15 mm. long; peduncles solitary or
2 together in the axils, stout, puberulent, about as long as the petioles or a
little longer; calyx-segments round-ovate, puberulent, 6-8 mm. long; corolla
about twice as long as the calyx, 6-lobed, the lobes rounded, as long as the
tube; ovary 6-celled, tomentose; berry globose, 2-3 cm. in diameter, 3-6-seeded;
seeds 1.5-2 cm. long.

Coppices, Andros and New Providence : — Cuba. Referred by Coker to L. multi-
flora A. DC. EGG-FRUIT.

4. DIPHOLIS A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 188. 1844.

Evergreen unarmed shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, and small,
mostly 5-parted, greenish, often fragrant flowers in axillary or lateral fascicles.
Sepals ovate to nearly orbicular, imbricated. Corolla rotate or funnelform, its
lobes with 2 appendages at each sinus. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube,
opposite the lobes, exserted, the filaments filiform, the anthers extrorse ; stami-
nodia 5, often petaloid, alternating with the stamens. Ovary glabrous, 5-
celled; ovules ascending; style slender. Fruit an ovoid, subglobose or oblong
berry, usually 1-seeded. Seed with a coriaceous testa, and fleshy endosperm.
[Greek, referring to the appendages of the corolla.] About 10 species, natives
of the West Indian region, the following typical.

1. Dipholis salicifolia (L.) A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 188. 1844.
AcJiras salicifolia L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: 470. 1762.

A slender tree, reaching a maximum height of about 16 m., with a trunk
up to 5 dm. in diameter, the bark scaly ,the slender young twigs appressed-
pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong to elliptic-oblanceolate, slender-
petioled, 6-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
somewhat silky-pubescent when young, soon glabrous, dark green and shining
above, dull green beneath; flower-clusters mostly shorter than the petioles;
pedicels 2-3 mm. long; sepals silky-pubescent, 1.5 mm. long, ovate or oblong,
obtuse; corolla about 4 mm. broad, its lobes oval, obtuse, about as long as the
tube, the appendages about one-half as long; staminodia ovate, irregularly
toothed; berry ovoid or subglobose, black, 6-8 mm. in diameter.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great
Exuma, Eleuthera to Mariguana and Caicos Islands : — Florida ; Cuba to St. Jan and
Guadeloupe ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico. BUSTIC. WILD CASSADA. CASSADA-WOOD.

SAPOTACEAE. 323

5. BTJMELIA Sw. Prodr. 49. 1788.

Shrubs or trees, the branches often spinescent, the wood very hard.
Leaves sometimes clustered at the nodes. Flowers small, pedicelled, green or
white, fascicled in the axils. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the sepals unequal. Corolla
5-lobed, with a pair of lobe-like appendages at each sinus, its tube short.
Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla-tube; anthers sagittate.
Staminodia 5, petaloid. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform. Berry small, the peri-
carp fleshy, enclosing a single erect Seed. Seed shining, the hilum at the base.
[Greek, ox (large) ash.] About 35 species, natives of America. Type species:
Bumelia retusa Sw.

Leaves narrow, linear to spathulate, 2^-10 mm. wide, wider

only on shoots ; fruit oblong-cylindric. 1. B. angustifolia.

Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, 1-4 cm. wide, fruit globose

to ovoid.

Pedicels little if at all longer than the petioles : leaves obo-
vate or oblanceolate, or on shoots suborbicular. 2. B. loranthifolia.
Pedicels much longer than the petioles ; leaves spathulate

to oblanceolate. 3. B. bahamensis.

1. Bumelia angustifolia Nutt. Sylv. 3: 38, t. 93. 1849.

Bumelia Eggersii Pierre in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 146. 1904.

A glabrous shrub or small tree, reaching a maximum height of about 8 m.
Leaves linear to spatulate, or those of shoots obovate, 2-4 cm. long, mostly
obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; fascicles few-many-
flowered; pedicels 3-6 mm. long; sepals ovate, about 2 mm. long, obtuse, the
inner wider than the outer; corolla-lobes orbicular, erose-denticulate, the lance-
olate appendages acuminate; staminodia ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm. long,
erose; fruit oblong to oblong-cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, purple-black.

Palmetto-lands, coastal thickets, borders of salinas, Great Bahama, Cat Cay,
Andros, New Providence, and Rose Island : — Florida ; Cuban Cays. Recorded by
Mrs. Northrop and by Coker as B. microphylla Griseb. NARROW-LEAVED BDMELIA.

2. Bumelia loranthifolia (Pierre) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 447.

1905.

Bumelia retusa loranthifolia Pierre in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 145. 1904.

A shrub, 1-3 m. high, or sometimes straggling, or a tree up to 8 m. high,
the young twigs densely brown-tomentulose., Leaves obovate or oblanceolate,
coriaceous, 1-5 cm. long, glabrous and shining above, brown-tomentulose be-
neath when young, becoming glabrous, rounded or somewhat retuse at the apex,
cuneate at the base, the petioles 2-5 mm. long; pedicels as long as the petioles
or a little longer; sepals suborbicular, 2-3 mm. long, the outer ones tomentu-
lose; corolla about twice as long as the sepals, its lobes about as long as the
tube; staminodia lanceolate; fruit globose, oblong or ovoid, 6-9 mm. in diam-
eter, black.

Coppices, pine-lands, white-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago
from Abaco and Great Bahama to Inagua, Mariguana, Cotton Cay and the Anguilla
Isles. Endemic. Referred by Hitchcock and by Dolley to B. retusa Sw. ; recorded
by Mrs. Northrop as B. cubensis Griseb. WILD SAFFRON. MILK-BERRY.

3. Bumelia bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 447. 1905.

A shrub with slender puberulous twigs, related to B. loranthifolia. Leaves
spatulate-oblanceolate, coriaceous, revolute-margined, 8 cm. long or less, 1.5-
2.5 cm. wide, rounded at the apex, narrowly cuneate at the base, dull green and
glabrous above, densely brown-tomentulose beneath, rather strongly pinnately
veined, the veins ascending at a narrow angle; petioles stout, 5 mm. long or

324 SAPOTACEAE.

less; flowers about 6 in each axillary cluster; pedicels brown-furfuraceous,
stout, 8-10 mm. long, three times as long as the calyx.

Coastal thickets and scrub-lands, New Providence, Rose Island and Long
Island. Endemic. Perhaps a long-leaved, long-pedicelled race of the preceding
species. BAHAMA BUMELJA.

6. MIMUSOPS L. Sp. PI. 349. 1753.

Evergreen milky trees, with coriaceous leaves, and lateral, axillary or
terminal flowers. Sepals 6-12, in 2 .series; Corolla 18-24-lobed, its tube short.
Stamens 6-12, borne on the corolla-tube, the filaments short, the anthers lance-
olate; staminodia 6-12, petal-like, toothed or lacerate. Ovary hirsute, 6-12-
celled. Berry sub-globose, the epicarp usually crustaceous. Seeds 1 or 2,
oblique, compressed. [Greek, aspect of an ape.] About 40 species, mostly
tropical in distribution. Type species: Mimusops Mengi L.

1. Mimusops emarginata (L.) Britton, Torreya 11: 129. 1911.

Sloanea emarginata L. Sp. PI. 512. 1753.

Achras Zapotilla parvifolia Nut-tall, Sylv. 3: '28. 1849.

Mimusops parvifolia Eadlk. Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Muench. 12: 344. 1882.

Achras bahamensis Baker, in Hook, Ic. 18: pi. 1795. 1888.

Mimusops floridana Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 12: 524. 1890.

Mimusops bahamensis Pierre, Not. S'apot. 37. 1891.

Manilkara parvifolia Dubard, Ann. Mus. Col. Marseille III. 3: 16. 1916.

A tree, up to 10 m. high, the trunk sometimes 3 dm. in diameter, the twigs
stout, the young foliage finely pubescent. Leaves clustered at the ends of the
twigs, oblong, 3-10 cm. long, emarginate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at
the base, glabrous or nearly so when old, the petioles 1-2 cm. long ; flowers
several or many in the clusters, on tomentose nodding pedicels 1-3 cm. long;
sepals tomentose, lanceolate; corolla 1.5-2 cm. broad, light yellow, its linear
lobes often toothed at the apex; appendages similar to the corolla-lobes, about
one-half their length; staminodia triangular; berry depressed-globose, nearly
3 cm. in diameter, scaly.

Scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great Bahama to East
Caicos, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba.

Recorded by Grisebach, by Dolley and by Mrs. Northrop as Mimusops dissecta
R. Br. ; recorded by Hitchcock, by Small and by Coker as Mimusops Sieberi DC.
WILD DILLY. Catesby, 2 : pi. 87.

7. SAPOTA [Plum.] Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 7. 1759.

An unarmed evergreen tree, with alternate coriaceous, oblong to elliptic
leaves, and rather large, peduncled, mostly 6-parted, whitish flowers solitary in
the axils, the sap milky. Calyx-lobes in 2 series. Corolla urceolate, scarcely
longer than the calyx; anthers sagittate; staminodia little shorter than the
corolla-lobes. Ovary 10-12-celled; ovules ascending; style slender, exserted;
stigma small. Fruit a large, rough-skinned berry. Seeds black, shining, the
endosperm fleshy. [Aboriginal West Indian name.] A monotypic genus.

1. Sapota Achras Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. no. 1. 1768.

Achras Zapota L. Syst. ed. 10, 988. 1759. Not A. Zapota L. Sp. PI.
1190. 1753.

A tree up to about 15 m. high, the bark dark brown, the twigs rather stout,
the petioles, peduncles and calyx brownish pubescent. Leaves mainly clustered

EBENACEAE. 325

at the ends of the twigs, 5-12 cm. long, the lateral veins nearly transverse,
delicate, close together, the apex obtuse, the base mostly narrowed, the slender
petioles 5-20 mm. long; peduncles about as long as the petioles; sepals 8-10
mm. long; corolla-lobes about half as long as the tube; staminodia longer than
the stamens ; fruit globose or ovoid, 3-8 cm. in diameter, rough, brown, the flesh
sweet, brownish, milky; seeds usually several, flattened, about 2 cm. long, with
a white scar on the inner edge.

Scrub-lands, spontaneous after cultivation, in various localities in the Bahamas :
— Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico and northern South America. SAPODILLA.

Family 2. EBENACEAE Vent.
EBONY FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs with very hard wood, entire estipulate leaves, and
dioecious polygamous, or rarely perfect, regular flowers, solitary or cympse
in the axils. Calyx inferior, 3-7-lobed, commonly accrescent and persist-
ent. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous, 3-7-lobed, the lobes usually con-
volute in the bud. Stamens 2-3 times as many as the lobes of the corolla
in the sterile flowers, and inserted oh its tube, usually some imperfect ones
in the pistillate flowers; anthers introrse, erect. Disk none. Ovary
superior, several-celled; in the staminate flowers rudimentary or none;
ovules 1-3 in each cavity, suspended; styles 2-8, distinct, or united below;
stigmas terminal, sometimes 2-parted. Fruit a berry. Seeds oblong, the
testa bony; endosperm copious, cartilaginous; embryo small; cotyledons
large, foliaceous. About 6 genera and 275 species, mostly tropical.

1. MABA Forst. Char. Gen. PI. 121. 1776.

Hard-wooded trees or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and dioecious
(rarely monoecious) axillary, mostly 3-parted flowers, usually solitary, or the
staminate ones in small clusters. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate,
accrescent and persistent in fruit. Corolla campanulate or tubular. Staminate
flowers with few or several stamens, the filaments separate or connate, the
anthers oblong or linear, the ovary rudimentary. Pistillate flowers with a
3-celled or 6-celled ovary, and 3 styles or a 3-cleft style, sometimes with
staminodia. Fruit baccate, somewhat fleshy or dry. Seeds 1-6, the endosperm
commonly ruminated. [Tonga Islands name.], Sixty species or more, natives
of tropical regions. Type species: Maba elliptica Forst.

1. Maba crassinervis (Krug & Urban) Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 329. 1912.
Maba caribaea crassinervis Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 327. 1893.

A shrub 1-3 m.- high, or a small tree up to about 7 m. high, the branches
slender, gray, stiff, the young twigs pubescent. Leaves obovate to elliptic,
coriaceous, 3-7 cm. long, rounded, subtruncate or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or
narrowed at the base, glabrous, dark green and shining above, pale, strongly
and densely reticulate-veined and pubescent beneath, the stout pubescent
petioles 2-7 mm. long; staminate flowers 3 together on short axillary peduncles;
calyx 3-4-toothed, densely pubescent, about 4 mm. long; corolla glabrous
within, densely pubescent without; stamens 9; pistillate flowers solitary;
fruit solitary and short-peduncled in the axils, globose, yellowish, 1.5-2.3 cm.
in diameter, the persistent calyx 1-2 cm. wide; seeds about 1 cm. long, ovoid,
oblique.

326 OLEACEAE.

Coppices and rocky scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Great Guana Cay
Great Exuma, Eleuthera, Watling's, Atwood Cay, Great Ragged Island, Fortune!
Acklin's and Crooked Islands : — Cuba ; Hispaniola. Recorded by Coker as Macreightia
caribaea A. DC., and referred by Hitchcock to Diosvyros halesioides Griseb
FEATHER-BED. BOA-WOOD.

Order 3. GENTIANALES.

Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate.
Flowers regular. Corolla gamopetalous, rarely polypetalous, nerved, want-
ing in Forestiera of the Oleaeeae. Stamens mostly borne on the lower part
of the corolla when this is present, as many as its lobes or fewer and alter-
nate with them. Ovaries 2, distinct, or 1 with 2 cavities (rarely more), or
2 placentae.

a. Stamens (usually 2), fewer than the corolla-lobes,

or corolla none. Fam. 1. OLEACEAE.

b. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.
Stigmas distinct ; juice not milky ; ovary 1, compound.

Ovary 2-celled; leaves stipulate, or their bases con-
nected by a stipular line. Fam. 2. LOGANIACEAE.
Ovary 1-celled ; leaves not stipulate.

Leaves opposite, rarely verticillate ; corolla-lobes

convolute or imbricated in the' bud. Fam. 3. GENTIANACEAE.

Leaves tufted or alternate ; corolla-lobes indupli-
cate-valvate in the bud ; Bahama species

aquatic. Fam. 4. MENYANTHACEAE.

Stigmas united ; juice milky ; ovaries usually 2.

Styles united ; stamens distinct ; pollen of simple

grains. Fam. 5. APOCYNACEAE,.

Styles distinct ; stamens mostly monadelphous ; pol-
len-grains united into waxy masses. Fam. 6. ASCLEPIADACEAB.

Family 1. OLEACEAE Lindl.
OLIVE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs (a few genera almost herbaceous) with opposite or
rarely alternate, simple or pinnate, estipulate leaves and regular 2-4-parted
flowers in panicles, cymes or fascicles. Calyx inferior, usually small, some-
times none. Corolla various, or none. Stamens 2-4; filaments separate;
anthers ovate, oblong or linear, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary superior, 2-celled ; ovules few in each cavity, anatropous or amphit-
ropous; style usually short or none. Fruit a capsule, samara, berry or
drupe. Endosperm fleshy, horny or wanting; embryo straight, rather
large; radicle usually short. About 21 genera and 525 species, of wide
distribution in temperate and tropical regions.

Corolla none ; fruit a drupe. 1. Forestiera.
Corolla large, conspicuous.

Corolla salverform ; fruit fleshy, didymous. 2. Jasminum.

Petals distinct ; fruit drupaceous. , 3. Mayepea.

1. FORESTIERA Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 664. ' 1812.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite deciduous simple leaves, and very small,
clustered, incomplete and commonly imperfect flowers axillary or on twigs of
the previous season. Calyx-tube short, the limb deeply 4-6-lobed. Corolla none
(rarely of 1 or 2 small petals). Stamens 2 or 4. Ovary 2-celled; stigmas
thick, sometimes 2-lobed; ovules 2 in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe commonly

OLEACEAE. 327

1-seeded. Endosperm fleshy. [Commemorates Charles Le Forestier, a French
physician.] About 10 American species. Type species: Forestiera acuminata
(Michx.) Poir.

1. Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 339. 1893.

Myrica segregata Jacq. Coll. 2: 273. 1788.
Adelia porulosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 224. 1803.
Adelia segregata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 410. 1891.
Foresteria cassinoides Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 2: 665. 1812.
Forestiera segregata stenocarpa Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 340.
1893.

A shrub, or a small tree up to 7 m. high and a trunk diameter of 1.5 dm.,
the branches slender. Leaves rather firm in texture, oblong to lanceolate or
obovate, 1.5-6 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base,
shining above, pale and reticulate-veined beneath, punctate when dry, short-
petioled; flowers very small, yellowish green; drupes oblong tq oval, 6-10 mm.
long, short-pedicelled, purplish, the stone longitudinally ribbed.

Scrub-lands, throughout the islands from Abaco and Great Bahama to Mariguana
and Grand Turk: — Bermuda; Florida; Cuba to St. Croix ; Tortola ; Jamaica.
FLORIDA PRIVET. INK-BUSH.

2. JASMINUM L. Sp. PI. 7. 1753.

Shrubs or woody vines, with mostly opposite, simple or compound leaves,
and large, clustered or solitary flowers. Calyx lobed or parted. Corolla salver-
form, its tube cylindric, its limb lobed or parted, the lobes imbricated. Stamens

2, included; filaments short; Anthers laterally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled; style
very slender; stigma capitate or 2-lobed; ovules mostly 2 in each cavity. Fruit
didymous, fleshy. Seeds without endosperm. [Ancient name, of Arabic
origin.] About 100 species, natives of the Old World. Type species: Jasmi-
num officinale L.

1. Jasminum Sambac (L.) Soland.; Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 8. 1789.
Nyctanthes Sambac L. Sp. PI. 6. 1753.

A shrub, 1-2 m. high, the young shoots sparingly pubescent. Leaves
ovate to elliptic, membranous, deciduous, 3-7 cm. long, acute, obtuse or short-
acuminate at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, glabrous and finely
reticulate-veined on both sides, the pubescent petioles 3-6 mm. long; cymes
peduncled, terminal, few-several-flowered, pubescent; pedicels 6-12 mm. long;
calyx-segments numerous, linear, about 1 cm. long; corolla white, fragrant, its
tube somewhat longer than the calyx, its limb about 2 cm. wide, the lobes
obtuse.

Presumably spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, collected by Cooper
in 1859 : — Escaped from cultivation in various West Indian Islands and in South
America. Native of the East Indies. ARABIAN JASMINE.

3. MAYEPEA Aubl. PL Guian. 1: 81. 1775.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite entire leaves, the rather large, mostly white
bracteolate flowers usually panicled. Calyx small, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Petals
4, distinct or very nearly so, narrow. Stamens 2, rarely 4, borne at the bases
of the petals; filaments short; anthers ovate to linear. Ovary 2-celled; ovules

328 LOGANIACEAE.

2 in each cavity; style short; stigma oblong to globose. Fruit a small oblong
drupe, with thin flesh and hard endocarp. [Guiana name.] About 50 species,
natives of tropical regions. Type species: Mayepea guianensis Aubl.

1. Mayepea bumelioides (Griseb.) Krug & Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 15: 344. 1893.
Linociera bumelioides Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 169. 1866.

A tree, up to 10 m. high, the branches erect or ascending, the bark pale,
the twigs slender, pale gray, glabrous. Leaves elliptic to oblong or obovate-
oblong, subcoriaceous, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, coarsely reticulate-veined,
glabrous, bright green and shining above, pale green beneath, the petioles 1-2
cm. long; panicles axillary and terminal, as long as the leaves or shorter,
several-many-flowered, puberulent; bractlets ovate, acute, 1-1.5 mm. long;
pedicels about as long as the bractlets; calyx 1.5-2 mm. long, its teeth ovate,
acute; petals linear, white, 6-8 mm. long; filaments about 2 mm. long;
anthers ovate-oblong.

Coppices nesw Nicholl's Town and Crow Hill, Andros : — Cuba. BLACK EBONY.

An opposite-leaved shrub, found in foliage only near Staniard Creek, Andros
(Small and Carter 8898), may be of this genus.

Family 2. LOGANIACEAE Dumort.
LOGANIA FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs, vines or some tropical genera trees, with opposite or
verticillate simple stipulate leaves, or the leaf-bases connected by a stipular
line or membrane, and regular perfect 4-5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior,
the tube campanulate, sometimes short or none, the segments imbricated,
at least in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, funnelform, campanulate, or
rarely rotate. Stamens inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla;
anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent; pollen-grains simple.
Disk usually none. Ovary superior, 2-celled (rarely 3-5-celled) ; ovules
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a 2-valved capsule in our species.
Embryo small, usually straight ; endosperm copious ; radicle terete or conic.
About 30 genera and 400 species, widely distributed in warm and tropical
regions.

Corolla-lobes valvate.

Corolla funnelform or salverform, styles united. 1. Spigelia.

Corolla urn-shaped, styles soon distinct. 2. Cynoctonum.

Corolla-lobes imbricated. 3. Polypremum.

1. SPIGELIA L. Sp. PL 149. 1753.

Herbs, with opposite membranous entire, pinnately veined leaves, small
stipules, or the leaf -bases connected by a stipular line, and red yellow nearly
white or purple flowers, in scorpioid cymes or unilateral spikes, or terminal and
in the forks of the branches. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, the tube
finely 15-nerved. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla-tube; anthers 2-lobed at
the base. Ovules numerous, on peltate placentae; style filiform, jointed near
the middle; stigma obtuse. Capsule didymous, 2-celled, somewhat flattened
contrary to the dissepiment, circumscissile, the 2 carpels becoming 2-valved.
Seeds peltate, not winged. [Named for Adrian von der Spigel, 1558-1625,
physician.] About 35 species, all American. Type species: Spigelia Anthel-
mia L.

LOGANIACEAE. 329

1. Spigelia Anthelmia L. Sp. PI. 149. 1753.

Annual, simple or branched, 5 dm. high or less. Leaves lanceolate, 3-10
cm. long, acute or acuminate, pale beneath, finely ciliolate; inflorescence sub-
tended by a whorl or pair of lanceolate or ovate bracts larger than the leaves;
flowers small, in slender unilateral spikes 5-12 cm. long; calyx-lobes narrowly
lanceolate, about 2 mm. long; corolla purplish white, 5-9 mm. long; capsules
5-6 mm. broad, tubercled.

Moist soils, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma, Eleuthera, Cat
Island, Watling's, Acklin's, Crooked and Fortune Islands and Mariguana : — Florida ;
West Indies ; continental tropical America. SPIGELIA. PINK.

2. CYNOCTONUM J. F. Gmel. Syst. 443. 1791.

Herbs, our species annual, with opposite entire leaves, and minute stipules,
or the leaf -bases connected by a stipular line. Flowers small, whitish, in one-
sided spikes forming cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, included; filaments short; anthers cordate. Ovules numerous, on
peltate placentae; style short, 2-divided below, united above by the common
stigma, the divisions becoming separate. Capsule '2-lobed at the summit;
carpels divaricate, dehiscent along the inner side. Seeds numerous, small,
tuberculate. [Greek, dog-killing.] About 5 species, of wrarm and tropical
regions. Type species: Cynoctonum sessilifolium Gmel.

1. Cynoctonum Mitreola (L.) Britton, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 258. 1894.

OphiorrMza Mitreola L. Sp. PI. 150. 1753.
Mitreola petiolata T. & G. Fl. N. A. 2: 45. 1841.

Stem glabrous, erect, terete, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate to ovate,
petioled, 2.5-8 cm. long, 6-25 mm. wide, acute at both ends, glabrous; cymes
terminal and often also in the upper axils, slender-peduncled ; flowers about
2 mm. broad, numerous, sessile or nearly so; capsule deeply 2-lobed, compressed,
the lobes at length widely diverging, acute.

Savannas, brackish marshes, palmetto-lands and borders of mangrove swamps,
Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : — Virginia to Florida, Texas and
Mexico ; Cuba to Porto Rico and to Trinidad ; Jamaica. The Andros plant recorded
by Mrs. Northrop as Cynootonum. sessilifolia (T. & G.) Britton, proves to be better
referable to this species. MITREWOKT.

3. POLYPREMTTM L. Sp. PI. 111. 1753.

A glabrous diffusely branched annual herb, with opposite linear-subulate
leaves, their bases connected by -a stipular membrane, and small white flowers
in terminal bracted cymes. Calyx deeply 4-parted (rarely 5-parted), the seg-
ments subulate. Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the
calyx, 4-lobed (rarely 5-lobed). Stamens 4 (rarely 5), inserted on the corolla,
included; filaments short; anthers ovoid-globose. Ovules numerous, on oblong
placentae; style short; stigma capitate or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule slightly
compressed, didymous, loculicidally 2-valved, the carpels at length septicidal.
Seeds minute, smooth. [Greek, many-stemmed.] A monotypic genus.

1. Polypremum procumfoens L. Sp. PI. 111. 1753.

Stems tufted, somewhat rigid, 4-angled, 5-30 cm. long. Leaves 1-4 cm.
long, 1-2 mm. wide, acute, sessile, minutely rough-toothed on the margins, often
22

330 GENTIANACEAE.

with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flowers solitary, sessile in the forks
of the cymes and along their branches, leaf y-bracted ; corolla 2 mm. long or
less; capsule crustaceous, didymous, about 2 mm. in diameter, slightly 2-lobed,
the lobes obtuse.

Scrub-lands, Inagua at Matthew Town : — New Jersey to Kentucky, Florida,
Mexico and Colombia ; Cuba ; Jamaica. POLYPREMUM.

Family 3. GENTIANACEAE Dumort.
GENTIAN FAMILY.

Bitter mostly glabrous herbs, with opposite (rarely verticillate) estipu-
late entire leaves, reduced to scales in Leiphaimos, and regular perfect
flowers in clusters, or solitary at the ends of the stem or branches. Calyx
inferior, persistent, 4-12-lobed, toothed or -divided (of 2 sepals in Obolaria),
the lobes imbricated or not meeting in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, often
marcescent, 4-12-lobed or -parted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the
corolla, alternate with them, inserted on the tube or throat; anthers 2-
celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk none, or inconspicuous. Ovary
superior in our genera, 1-celled or partly 2-celled; ovules numerous, anat-
ropous or amphitropous; stigma entire, or 2-lobed, or 2-cleft. Capsule
mostly dehiscent by 2 valves. 'Endosperm fleshy, copious; embryo small,
terete or conic, About 70 genera and 700 species, widely distributed.

Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud ; leaves broad or narrow.
Stigmas roundish, much shorter than the style.

Corolla-tube surpassing the calyx. 1. Centaurium.

Corolla-tube much shorter than the calyx. 2. Eustoma.

Stigmas linear or nearly so, about as long as the style. 3. Sabbatia.

Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud ; leaves reduced to scales. 4. Leiphaimos.

1. CENTAUEIUM Hill, Brit. Herbal 62. 1756.

Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with sessile or amplexicaul leaves, and
pink white or yellow flowers in cymes or spikes. Calyx tubular, 5-4-lobed or
-divided, the lobes or segments narrow, keeled. Corolla salverform, 5-4-lobed,
the lobes spreading, contorted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5 or 4, inserted
on the corolla tube; filaments short -filiform; anthers becoming spirally twisted.
Ovary 1-celled, the placentae sometimes intruded; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed.
Capsule 2-valved. Seed-coat reticulated. [Latin, 100 gold pieces, referring to
supposed medicinal value.] About 25 species, both in the Old World and the
New. Type species: Gentiana Centaurium L.

1. Centaurium Brittdnii -Millsp. & Greenm. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 308. 1909.

Annual, glabrous, much-branched, 5-18 cm. high, the branches very slender,
quadrangular. Basal and lower leaves obtuse or oblong-spatulate ; upper leaves
sessile, oblong-lanceolate to linear, acute, 1.8 cm. long or less; peduncles nearly
filiform, much longer than the upper leaves ; flowers white with a yellowish eye,
3-5-parted (mostly 4-parted) ; calyx 5-6 mm. long, its segments narrowly
linear, acute ; corolla 6-10 mm. long, its lobes oblong, about one-half as long as
the tube; capsule linear-elliptic, 6-8 mm. long.

Dry sandy roadsides and sandy edge of marshes, Eleuthera, Watling's and
Great Exuma : — Anegada. BRITTON'S CENTAUEY.

GENTIANACEAE. 331

2. EUSTOMA Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 34. 1806.

Glabrous, often glaucous, annual herbs, with opposite, sessile or clasping,
entire leaves. Flowers large, blue, purple or white, long-peduncled. Calyx
deeply 5-6-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, keeled. Corolla deeply 5-6-
lobed, the lobes oblong or obovate, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5-6, inserted
on the throat of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile.
Ovary 1-celled; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds small, numerous,
foveolate. [Greek, open-mouth, referring to the corolla.] Four or five species,
natives of the southern United States, Mexico and the West Indies. Type
species: Eustoma silenifolium Salisb.

1. Eustoma exaltatum (L.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 422. 1861.
Gentiana exaltata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 331. 1762.

Erect, slightly fleshy, 1-9 dm. high, large plants often much-branched and
many-flowered, small plants simple and 1-flowered. Leaves oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, somewhat clasping, sessile, 1.5-9 cm. long, the lower obtuse, the
upper acute; calyx-lobes nearly filiform-acuminate, 1-2' cm. long; corolla blue
or nearly white, sometimes light blue above and dark blue below within, 2-4 cm.
broad, its lobes obovate, irregularly dentate; style about twice as long as the
stigma-lobes; capsule oblong, obtuse, 2-2.5 cm. long.

Brackish borders of marshes and savannas, North Bimini, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Great Exuma, Long Island, Cat Island and Acklin's : — Florida to Texas,
Mexico and south to northern South America ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. MAKSH
GENTIAN.

3. SABBATIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 503. 1763.

Annual or biennial erect glabrous herbs, with opposite or sometimes verti-
cillate, sessile or rarely petioled or clasping leaves, and terminal pink rose or
white flowers. Calyx 4-12-parted or -divided, the tube campanulate, sometimes
very short, the lobes or segments usually narrow. Corolla rotate, deeply 4-12-
parted. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the short tube of the corolla; filaments fili-
form short; anthers curved, revolute or coiled in anthesis. Ovary 1-celled, the
placentae intruded; style 2-cleft or 2-parted, its lobes filiform, stigmatic along
their inner sides. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds small, reticulated.
[In honor of L. Sabbati, an Italian botanist.] About 18 species, natives of
eastern North America, Mexico and the West Indies. Type species: Gentiana
dodecandra L.

Corolla 2-3 cm. wide, rose-pink ; stigmas oblong-linear. 1. S. campanulata.

Corolla less than 2 cm. wide, pure white ; stigmas spatulate. 2. 8. simulata.

1. Sabfoatia campanulata (L.) Torrey, Fl. U. S. 1: 217. 1824.

Chironia campanulata L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.
SaHatia gracilis Salisb. Parad. Lond. pi. 32. 1806.

Stem 3-6 dm. high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long,
sessile, acute or the lowest much shorter, obtuse, oblong or oblanceolate, the
uppermost almost filiform ; flowers pink with a yellow eye, about 2.5 cm. broad,
mostly 5-parted; calyx-lobes filiform-linear, equalling the oblong-obovate
corolla-segments, or somewhat shorter; stigmas oblong-linear; capsule obovoid,
about 5 mm. high.

Brackish marshes, Abaco and Great Bahama : — Eastern Massachusetts to
Florida and Louisiana : — Cuba. SLENDER MARSH PINK.

332 MENYANTHACEAE.

2. Sabbatia simulata Britton,., Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 448. 1905.

Similar to S. campanulata but more slender than that species and with
smaller white flowers. Plant 4 dm. high or less, the upper leaves narrowly
linear, 1-3 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide, the lo\ver spatulate, acute, 4 cm. long
or less, 2-5 mm. wide, the basal ones spatulate to orbicular; calyx-lobes nar-
rowly linear, less than 1 mm. wide, nearly as long as the corolla or shorter;
corolla 1-2 cm. broad, its segments oval, obtuse; capsule ovoid, about 6 mm.
long, tipped by the short style; stigmas narrowly spatulate.

Savannas, palmetto-lands and edges of brackish pools, Abaco, Andros, New
Providence, Eleuthera and Cat Island. Endemic. Referred by Mrs. Northrop and
by Coker to S. campanulata (L.) Torr., and listed by Dolley as S. gracilis Salisb.
WHITE MARSH PINK.

4. LEIPHAIMOS Schl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 387. 1831.

Small saprophytic pale simple-stemmed herbs, without chlorophyll, the
stems white or yellowish, bearing opposite sessile scales or the lower scales
alternate, the flowers terminal, cymose or solitary. Calyx bracteolate at the
base, 4-5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, 4-5-lobed, small. Stamens
4 or 5, included; filaments mostly short; anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled, with
2 parietal placentae; style one; stigma capitate or dilated. Capsule oblong or
linear, septicidally dehiscent at the middle. [Greek, pallid.] About 20 species,
mostly of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Leiphaimos parasitica Schl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 387. 1831.
Voyria mexicana Griseb. Gen. et Spec. Gent. 208. 1838.

Stem somewhat fleshy, whitish, 1-4 dm. high, erect, slender, simple or
little-branched, bearing few opposite scales 3—5 mm. long. Calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, obtuse; corolla whitish or yellowish, 6-8 mm. long, its triangular acute
lobes about one-fourth as long as the tube; capsule 5-6 mm. long.

Floor of coppices in leaf mold, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Watling's, Crooked Island and North Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ;
Mexico. LEIPHAIMOS.

Family 4. MENYANTHACEAE G. Don.

BUCKBEAN FAMILY.

i

Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with basal or alternate leaves, and
clustered regular perfect flowers. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-parted, per-
sistent. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-valvate, at least
in the bud. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla, and alternate with its lobes;
anther-sacs longitudinaly dehiscent; pollen-grains 3-angled. Ovary 1-
celled, the 2 placentae sometimes intruded. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent.
Five genera and about 35 species, widely distributed.

1. NYMPHOIDES Hill, Brit. Herbal 77. 1756.
[LIMNANTHEMUM S. G. Gmel. Nov. Act. Acad. Petrop. 141: 527. 1769.]

Aquatic herbs, with slender rootstocks. Leaves petioled, ovate or orbicular,
entire or repand, or the primary ones different; flowers yellow, or white, umbel-
late at the summit of filiform stems at the bases of the petioles, or axillary.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly rotate, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes induplicate-

APOCYNACEAE. 333

valvate in the bud, sometimes fimbriate on the margins. Stamens 5, inserted
on the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate, versatile. Ovary 1-celled; style
short or none; stigma 2-lamellate. Capsule indehiscent or irregularly bursting.
[Greek, resembling Nymphaea.] About 20 species, widely distributed. Type
species: Nymphoides flava Hill.

1. Nymphoides aureum Britton.

Limnanthemum aureum Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 142. 1906.

Bootstock 1 cm. thick, 3-4 cm. long. Stolons rather slender, purple-dotted,
2-3 dm. long, or longer, bearing a petioled floating leaf and an umbel of
slender-pedicelled flowers at its summit but no tufts of tubers; leaves sub-
peltate, floating, ovate-orbicular, 8 cm. long or less, entire, or irregularly repand,
thick, dull-green above, purple and densely dotted beneath, the basal sinus
narrow, acute, or the obtuse lobes somewhat overlapping ; petioles stout, 2-4 cm.
long, inserted on the leaf -blade 1-3 mm. from the sinus; umbel several-flowered;
pedicels slender, 3-5 cm. long in fruit; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acutish, 5-6
mm. long; corolla-segments about 8 mm. long, golden-yellow, their margins
fimbriate; capsule oblong-ovoid, as long as the sepals; style subulate, per-
sistent, 2-3 mm. long; seeds compressed-globose, wingless, smooth, 1 mm. broad
and about one half as thick as wide.

Ponds on Great Exuma, near Georgetown and on Andros near Nicholl's Town.
Endemic. BAHAMA FLOATING HEART.

Family 5. APOCYNACEAE Lindl.
DOGBANE FAMILY.

Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical genera trees, mostly
with an acrid milky juice, with simple estipulate leaves, and perfect regu-
lar 5-parted flowers. Calyx inferior, persistent, the lobes imbricated in
the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, its lobes convolute in the bud and often
twisted. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, alternate with them,
inserted on the tube or throat; anthers 2-celled; pollen-grains simple.
Ovary superior, or its base adherent to the calyx, of 2 distinct carpels, or
1-celled, with 2 parietal placentae, or 2-celled ; ovules anatropous or amphit-
ropous; style simple, or 2-divided; stigma simple. Fruit usually of 2
follicles or drupes. Seeds often appendaged; endosperm fleshy; embryo
straight; radicle terete, usually shorter than the cotyledons. About 130
genera and 1100 species, very widely distributed, mostly in tropical regions.

Fruit follicular.

Trees, shrubs, or shrubby herbs.
Woody trees or shrubs.

Seeds with a wing. 1. Plumiera.

Seeds with a coma. 2. Neobracea.

Herbaceous plant, shrubby at the base. 3. Catharanthus.

Vines ; seeds with a coma.

Corolla-tube subcylindric. 4. Echites.

Corolla-tube narrowly campanulate above the short, cylin-

dric base.

Calyx-lobes short. 5. Rhabdadenia.

Calyx-lobes long, linear-acuminate. 6. Urechites.

Fruit fleshy.

Trees or shrubs.

Leaves alternate ; corolla large, funnelform. 7. Cerbera.

Leaves opposite or whorled ; corolla small, salverform. 8. Rauwolfla,

Shrub ; leaves alternate ; corolla salverform. 9. Vallesia.

334 APOCYNACEAE.

1. PLUMIERA L. Sp. PI. 209. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with very stout branches, copious milky sap, alternate
petioled feather-veined leaves, and large bracted flowers in terminal, peduncled
cymes. Calyx small, fleshy, 5-cleft, eglandular. Corolla salverform, the tube
subcylindric, the 5 lobes sinistrorse. Stamens borne near the base of the
corolla-tube, included; anthers obtuse, their sacs unappendaged. Carpels 2,
distinct; ovules many in each carpel; style very short; stigma oblong, not
annulate, obtusely 2-lobed at the apex. Follicles 2, coriaceous, usually linear
and divaricate, many-seeded. Seeds flat, winged, the endosperm fleshy. [Com-
memorates Charles Plumier, a distinguished French botanist, born 1646.] About
45 species, of tropical America, Type species: Plumiera rubra L.

Leaves glabrous or very nearly so.
Leaves obtuse or emarginate.

Corolla-tube as long as the lobes ; leaves oblong to oblong-

obovate. 1. P. obtusa.

Corolla-tube shorter than the lobes ; leaves obovate. 2. P. inaguensis.

Leaves acute or mucronate.

Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate ; color of flowers

unknown. 3. P. bahamensis.

Leaves broadly elliptic to obovate ; flowers red or purple. 4. P. rubra.
Leaves densely pubescent beneath. 5. p. sericifolia.

1. Plumiera obtusa L. Sp. PI. 210. 1753.

A tree, 4-6 m. high, often flowering when not more than 1.5 m. high, the
stout twigs, the leaves and the inflorescence glabrous. Leaves oblong to oblong-
oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, 7-20 cm. long, rounded or emarginate at the
apex, mostly narrowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, the lateral reins nearly
straight and rather widely spreading., the slender petioles 2-6 cm. long; panicles
few-several-flowered; peduncle as long as the leaves or shorter; pedicels
short; calyx about 3 mm. long; corolla white with a yellow eye, the lobes
obovate or oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, 1.5-2 cm. long, about as long
as the tube; follicles 7-12 cm. long, about 1 cm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros, Watling's, Provi-
denciales, Caicos and Grand Turk: — Cuba; Hispaniola ; Mona ; recorded from
Jamaica. Hitchcock's Governor's Harbor specimen referred to P. emarginata is this
species. Recorded by Schoepf as P. alba L. BLUNT-LEIAVED PLUMIERA. FRANGI-
PANNI. Catesby, 2 : pi. 93.

2. Plumiera inaguensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 448. 1905.

A glabrous tree, 5 m. high or less. Leaves obovate, rather thin, the blade
6-10 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, emarginate or rounded at the apex, narrowed or
cuneate at the base, dark green and shining above, bright green and dull
beneath, the numerous veins diverging from the midrib at an angle of about
80°, the midrib impressed on the upper surface, elevated beneath; petioles stout,
1-2 cm. long; peduncle stout, 4-10 cm. long; cyme compound, 8 cm. broad or
less, densely many-flowered; pedicels1 slender, 8-12 mm. long; calyx short-
campanulate, slightly 5-lobed, the lobes broad, rounded; corolla white, its tube
slender, about 1 cm. long, its 5 lobes narrowly obovate, rounded or slightly
emarginate, somewhat longer than the tube ; stamens about one-third the length
of the corolla-tube; follicles linear, terete, 9 cm. long, 8 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, Fortune Island and the Inaguas. Endemic. INAGUA PLDMIERA.

3. Pulmiera 'bahame'nsis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 387. 1900.

A small tree, about 3 m. high, the twigs about 1 cm. thick. Leaves lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 8-16 cm. long, 1-3.5 cm. wide, chartaceous,
acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, the midvein impressed

APOCYNACEAE. 335

above, prominent beneath, the lateral veins numerous, straight ascending; fol-
licles (Brace no. 4275 from Acklin's island, the type locality) about 10 cm.
long and 12 mm. in diameter; corolla (Brace, Fortune Island) about 2 cm.
broad, the slender tube about as long as the lobes.

Rocky scrub-lands, Acklin's and Fortune Islands. Endemic. BAHAMA PLUMIERA.

4. Plumiera rubra L. Sp. .PI. 209. 1753.

A tree, 5-8 m. high, the young twigs, peduncles and pedicels pubescent.
Leaves elliptic-oblong to elliptic-obovate, 1.5—4 dm. long, acute or short-acumi-
nate at the apex, narrowed at the base, glabrous on both sides, the lateral veins
rather distant and widely spreading, the petioles 3-6 cm. long ; panicles several-
many-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves; pedicels stout, thickened above,
1.5-3 cm. long; calyx about 3 mm. long; corolla purple or red, 5-7 cm. broad,
the tube rather shorter than the limb, the lobes broadly elliptic, obtuse ; follicles
1.5-2.5 cm. long, about 2.5 cm. in diameter.

Open scrub-lands, Mangrove Cay: — Porto Rico to Trinidad; Jamaica. JESSA-
MINE. SPANISH JASMINE. RED PLUMIERA. RED FRANGIPANNI.

5. Plumiera sericifolia C. Wright; Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 171. 1866.

A small tree, sometimes 5 m. high, the stout twigs pubescent when young.
Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, coriaceous, 7-15 cm. long, emarginate or
rounded at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, dark green and glabrous
or nearly so above, pale and densely pubescent beneath, the stout pubescent
petioles 1-4 cm. long; peduncles stout, pubescent, 1-2.5 dm. long; cymes
several-many-flowered; pedicels about 1 cm. long or less; calyx-teeth very short,
broad; corolla white, the sparingly pubescent tube about 1.5 cm. long, the nar-
rowly obovate or oblong, obtuse lobes 1.5-2 cm. long; follicles glabrous, 2 dm.
long or less.

Scrub-lands, Inagua : — Cuba. HAIRY PLUMIERA.

2. NEOBBACEA Britton.

[BRACEA Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 448. 1905. 'Not King. 1898.]
A shrub, with thick oblanceolate or oblong petioled leaves. Flowers
solitary or two together in the upper axils, white or reddish, peduncled. Calyx
deeply 5-cleft, its lobes narrowly lanceolate, acute. Corolla nearly salverform,
the short tube slightly and gradually dilated above, about as long as the 5
obliquely ovate lobes. Stamens 5, borne near the base of the corolla-tube;
filaments short; anthers sagittate, hairy on the back. Follicles long-linear,
slightly torulose. Seeds comose. [In honor of L. J. K. Brace, a diligent
collector of the Bahamian flora.-] A monotypic genus.

1. Neobracea bahamensis Britton.

Bracea 'bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard, 3: 448. 1905.

About 1 m. high, with grayish brown branches leafy only near the ends, the
young twigs pubescent. Leaves firm in texture, revolute-margined, oblong-
oblanceolate, obtuse or slightly emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
4-10 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, bright green above, densely and finely tomentose
with the veins prominently reticulated beneath; petioles 4-7 mm. long; flowers
appearing with the leaves; peduncles tomentose, about 1 cm. long; calyx-lobes
tomentose, 3 mm. long; corolla white with a reddish throat, pubescent outside,
smooth within, about 2 cm. broad; follicles 15 cm. long or less, 2 mm. thick,
pubescent, striate> pendent.

336 APOCYNACEAE.

Coastal thickets, pine-lands and borders of brackish swamps, Great Bahama,
Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Great Exuma, Fortune Island and Crooked
Island. Endemic. BAHAMA NEOBBACEA.

3. CATHABANTHUS G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 95. 1838.

Herbs or low shrubs, with opposite leaves, and large axillary flowers, soli-
tary or 2 together. Calyx eglandular, 5-cleft, the lobes narrow. Corolla salver-
form, its cylindric tube slightly enlarged above, its 5 broad lobes sinistrorse.
Stamens included; anthers not appendaged. Disk of 2 large glands. Carpels
2, distinct ; style very slender j stigma thick, pilose ; ovules many in each carpel.
Follicles narrowly cylindric, many-seeded. Seeds small, unappendaged.
[Greek, pure flower.] Three known species, the following typical one native
of tropical America, widely distributed through cultivation, one East Indian,
the other of Madagascar.

1. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 95. 1838.

Vinca rosea L. Syst. ed. 10, 944. 1759.
Ammocallis rosea Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 936. 1903.

Somewhat wroody, usually branched, pubescent, 8 dm. high or less. Leaves
oblong to oblong-oblaiiceolate, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex,
mucronulate, narrowed at the base into short petioles; peduncles very short,
pubescent; calyx-lobes linear-subulate, 3-4 mm long, pubescent; corolla white
or pink, the finely pubescent tube 2.5-3 cm. long, the oblique lobes somewhat
shorter than the tube; follicles cylindric, pubescent, 2-3 cm. long.

Waste grounds, naturalized, Great Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Cat Island, Acklin's, Long Island, Grand Turk, Salt Cay and Inagua : — Florida ;
West Indies ; continental tropical America, Old World tropics. Erroneously called
TULIP and SWEET WILLIAM. RED PERIWINKLE. OLD MAID.

4. ECHITES Jacq. Enum. 2, 13. 1760.

Twining, somewhat woody vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and rather
large flowers in cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, glandular. Corolla salverform, the
cylindrie tube somewhat swollen, the lobes spreading. Stamens included, the
anthers appendaged at the base. Fruit of 2 spreading follicles, many-seeded.
[Greek, an adder, referring to the twining stem.] About 40 species, of tropical
and subtropical America. Type species: Tabernaemontana Echites L.

1. Echites Echites (L.) Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 147. 1913.

Tabernaemontcyria Echites L. Syst. ed. 10, 945. 1759.
Echites umbellata Jacq. Enum. 13. 1760.

A glabrous, somewhat woody vine, 1-2 m. long, the stems sometimes warty
below. Leaves rather thick, ovate or broadly elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, short-
petioled, pinnately veined; cymes axillary, few-flowered, peduncled; pedicels
stout, 1-2.5 cm. long; calyx 1.5-2.5 mm. long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute;
corolla greenish white, its tube 4-6 cm. long, cylindric below, swollen at about
the middle, narrowed above, its lobes obliquely obovate, 1-2.5 cm. long;
anthers acuminate; follicles spreading, 1-2 dm. long, subcylindric.

Scrub-lands and sandy places, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and
Great Bahama to East Caicos, Grand Turk, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Water Cay : —
Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Jamaica. DEVIL'S POTATO-ROOT. WILD POTATO. RUB-
BER-VINE. DANISH. Catesby, 1 : pi. 58.

APOCYNACEAE. 337

5. RHABDADENIA Muell. Arg. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 61: 173. 1860.

Woody vines, rarely erect shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, and large
flowers in small racemes or solitary. Calyx 5-cleft., 'Corolla tubular-campanu-
late, with a short cylindric base and a spreading 5-lobed limb, the lobes broad,
dextrorse. Stamens short, included, borne near the top of the corolla-tube;
anthers oblong, connivent around the stigma, the sacs with short obtuse ap-
pendages at the base. Carpels 23 distinct; style slender; stigma thick, its base
dilated into a reflexed membrane; ovules many in each carpel. Follicles linear,
parallel or little divergent, many-seeded. Seeds linear, comose. [Greek, wand-
gland, probably referring to the fruit.] About 10 species, of Florida, the West
Indies and S'outh America. Type species: Rhabdadenia Pohlii Muell. Arg.

Corolla white ; leaves slender-petioled. 1. R. paludosa.

Corolla yellow ; leaves very short-petioled. 2. R. Sagraei.

1. Rhabdadenia paludosa (Vahl) Miers. Apoc. S. Am. 119. 1878.

Echites paludosa Vahl, Eclog. 2: 19. 1798.

A glabrous, somewhat woody vine, often 6 m. long or longer. Leaves
oblong or elliptic, slightly fleshy^ 3-9 cm. long, obtuse or acutish and mucronate
at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, faintly pinnately veined, the slender
petioles 8-15 mm. long ; cymes long-peduncled, 1-f ew-flow«red ; pedicels slender ;
calyx-segments narrowly oblong, 6-9 mm. long, apiculate, one-third to one-half
as long as the narrowly cylindric part of the corolla-tube; corolla white, 5-6
cm. long, the limb about 4 cm. wide; follicles linear, 10-16 cm. long, about 4
mm. thick.

Mangrove swamps, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and Crooked Island :
— Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; western tropical continental America.
Referred by Schoepf and Mrs. Northrop to Echites biflora Jacq. and by Coker and
by Small to Rhabdadenia Mflora (Jacq.) Muell. Arg. MANGROVE SWAMP VINE.

2. Rhabdadenia Sagraei (A. DC.) Muell. Arg. Linnaea 30: 435. 1860.

Echites Sagraei A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 8: 450. 1844.

A slender, slightly woody vine, usually less than 1 m. long, pubescent above.
Leaves oblong, 1-3 cm. long, subcoriaceous, faintly pinnately veined, obtuse and
mucronulate at the apex, obtuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, the margins
somewhat revolute, the petioles 1-2 mm long; cymes few-several-flowered;
pedicels very slender; calyx-segments ovate, acute, 1.5-3 mm. long, one-fourth
to one-third as long as the linear cylindric part of the corolla; corolla bright
yellow, 2-3 cm. long, the limb about 2 cm. wide; follicles linear, 7-11 cm. long,
1.5-2 mm. thick.

Scrub-lands, coppices and pine-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama to Andros and
Mariguana and North Caicos : — Cuba. LICE-ROOT.

Echites jamaicensis Griseb., recorded from the Bahamas by Grisebach as col-
lected by Swainson, is otherwise unknown to us from the archipelago. It may have
been mistaken for the preceding species.

6. URECHITES Muell. Arg. Linnaea 30: 440. 1860.

Somewhat woody, twining vines, with opposite petioled leaves, and large
mostly yellow, cymose flowers. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow; calyx-tube 5-glandular
within. Corolla cylindric below, expanded into a narrowly eampanulate throat,
the limb 5-lobed, somewhat spreading. Anthers appendaged at the base, partly
adherent to the stigma. Fruit of 2 long, linear follicles. Seeds narrow,

338 APOCYNACEAE.

comose. [Greek, taileti-Echites.] A few species, of tropical America. Type
species: Urechites Karwinskii Muell. Arg.

1. Urechites lutea (L.) Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 316. 1907.

Vinca lutea L. Cent. PI. 2: 12. 1756.
Echites suberecta Jacq. Enum. 13. 1760.
Echites Cateslaei G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 74. 1838.
Echites Andrewsii Chapm. PI. So. U. S. 359. 1860.
Urechites Andrewsii Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 936. 1903.
Echites neriandra Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 415. 1861.

Pubescent or glabrous, slender, often 3 m. long or more. Leaves oblong
to obovate or suborbicular, herbaceous, 2-8 cm. long dark green above, pale
green beneath, mostly obtuse at the apex and narrowed at the base, the slender
petioles about 1 cm. long; cymes few-several-flowered; pedicels slender; calyx-
lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; corolla yellow, 3-4 cm.
long; anthers mostly tipped by filiform appendages; follicles linear, 10-15 cm.
long, 4-5 mm. thick.

Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Andros, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and St.
Kitts ; Jamaica. Species composed of several races, the foliage and inflorescence
either glabrous or pubescent, the flowers differing much in size and the pods much
in length. WILD UNCTION. CATESBY'S VINE. Catesby 2 : pi. 53.

7. CEBBERA L. Sp. PL 208. 1753.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with alternate, 1-nerved and pinnately veined
leaves, and large yellow flowers in terminal., peduncled cymes. Calyx 5-parted,
many-glandular within at the base. Corolla funnelform, the tube cylindric
below, bearing pilose scales at the top within, abruptly expanded into a cam-
panulate throat, the 5 broad rounded lobes sinistrorse. Stamens borne with
the scales at the top of the tube; anther-sacs unappendaged. Disk wanting.
Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled; style filiform; stigma discoid, its small tip 2-lobed;
ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Fruit a compressed drupe, broader than
high, the flesh thin, the bony endocarp 2-celled. Seeds with a thick testa and
no endosperm. [Named for Cerberus, the three-headed dog of mythology.]
About 7 species, natives of tropical America. Type species: Cerbera Ahouai L.

1. Cerbera Thevetia L. Sp. PL 209. 1753.

Thevetia nereifolia Juss.; Steud. Nom. ed. 2, 2: 680. 1841.
Thevetia Thevetia Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 83. 1900.

A shrub or small tree up to about 10 m. high, glabrous throughout, the
twigs rather stout, densely leafy. Leaves linear, 7-15 cm. long, 5-10 mm.
wide, narrowed at both ends, very nearly sessile, bright green and shining
above, rather dull beneath, the midvein prominent., the lateral venation obscure ;
calyx-segments about 7 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; corolla yellow,
about 7 cm. long, funnelform with the tube shorter than the limb; drupe
triangular-compressed, 3-4 cm. broad, about 2 cm. high, and 1—1.5 cm. thick,
nearly truncate., the flesh thin.

Thickets, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence near Nassau : — Florida ;
Cuba to Porto Rico and Grenada ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. LUCKY-
NUT. CATHARTIC-BARK. FRENCH TRUMPET-FLOWER. LUCK-SEED.

APOCYNACEAE. 339

8. RAUWOLFIA L. Sp. PI. 208. 1753.

Shrubs or trees with whorled or opposite leaves, and small flowers in
peduncled cymes. Calyx eglandular, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla salverform,
the tube subcylindric, the 5 lobes sinistrorse. Stamens included; anthers ob-
tuse, their sacs not appendaged. Disc annular or cup-shaped. Carpels 2, dis-
tinct or connate; style filiform; stigma thick, annular or with a reflexed mem-
brane at the base; ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit of 2 drupes, usually connate,
the fruit thus usually emarginate and 2-grooved. Seeds ovoid with fleshy
endosperm. [Commemorates Leonh. Rauwolf. a German botanist.] Forty
species or more, natives of tropical regions and of South America. Type
species: Rauwolfia tetraphylla L.

1. Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. Sp. PI. 208. 1753.
Rauwolfia nitida Jacq. Enum. 14. 1760.

A glabrous shrub or tree, up to '20 m. high, the twigs slender. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, verticillate in 4's or some of them oppo-
site, acuminate or acute at the apex, tapering at the base, shining above, rather
dull beneath, the lateral veins numerous, widely spreading, the petioles 6-12 mm.
long; peduncles shorter than the leaves; cymes many -flowered ; pedicels very
short ; calyx 5-lobed, 2 mm. long, its lobes ovate ; corolla white, its tube cylindric,
2-3 times as long as the calyx, its lobes about one-half as long as the tube;
fruit 1-1.5 cm. broad, 8-10 mm. high, red, its lobes ovoid, rounded.

Coastal thickets and scrub-lands, New Providence, at Delaport : — Cuba to
Tortola and St. Croix ; Jamaica ; recorded from St. Bart's. SMOOTH RAUWOLFIA.

9. VALLESIA B. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 26. 1799.

Branching shrubs or small trees, with alternate, short-petioled leaves, the
small flowers in long-peduncled cymes opposite the leaves. Calyx 5-lobed, the
lobes short. Corolla salverform, the tube swollen above, constricted at the
mouth, the 5 equilateral lobes' shorter than the tube, sinistrorsely convolute.
Anthers unappendaged, free from the stigma, cordate; filaments borne on the
corolla-throat. Stigma clavate. Fruit a 1-2-seeded drupe. Seeds naked.
[Commemorates Francisco Valles, physician to Philip II. of Spain.] Two
known species, the following typical.

1. Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 207. 1821.

Rauwolfia glabra Cav. Ic. 3: 50. 1794.
Vallesia dichotoma B. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 26. 1799.

A glabrous shrub or small tree, 6 m. high or less, the slender branches
sometimes elongated and vine-like. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, some-
what fleshy, shining above, dull beneath, 3—6 cm. long, short-petioled, mostly
acute at both ends; cymes few-several-flowered, often forked; pedicels slender;
calyx about 1 mm. long, its lobes ovate, acute; corolla white, about 6 mm. long,
its narrow lobes one-third to one-half as long as the tube ; fruit oblong, rounded
at apex, narrowed at the base, about 10 mm. long and 4 mm. thick.

Scrub-lands and white-lands New Providence, Rose Island, Eleuthera, Cat
Island, Conception Island, Great Exuma, Long Island and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ;
Cuba ; Jamaica ; tropical Mexico to Bolivia. VALLESIA.

340 ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Family 6. ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl.
MILKWEED FAMILY.

Perennial herbs, vines or shrubs, mostly with milky juice, with esti-
pulate leaves, and cymose or umbellate, perfect regular flowers. Calyx
inferior, its tube very short, or none, its segments imbricated or separate in
the bud. Corolla campanulate, urceolate, rotate or funnelform, 5-lobed
or 5-cleft, the segments commonly reflexed. A 5-lobed or 5-parted crown
(corona) between the corolla and the stamens and adnate to one or the
other. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla; filaments short, stout, mostly
monadelphous, or distinct ; anthers attached by their bases to the filaments,
introrsely 2-celled, connivent around the stigma, or more or less united with
each other ; anther-sacs tipped with an inflexed or erect scarious membrane,
or unappendaged at the top, sometimes appendaged at the base; pollen
coherent into waxy or granular masses, one or rarely two such masses in
each sac, connected with the stigma in pairs or fours, by 5 glandular cor-
puscles alternate with the anthers. Disk none. Ovary of 2 carpels; styles
2, short, connected at the summit by the peltate discoid stigma; ovules
numerous in each carpel, mostly anatropous, pendulous. Fruit of 2 follicles.
Seeds compressed, usually appendaged by a long coma; endosperm carti-
laginous; embryo nearly as long as the seed; cotyledons flat. About 220
genera and 2,000 species of wide distribution.

Pollinia granular ; vines. 1. Cryptostegia.

Pollinia waxy.

Erect herbs, shrubs or trees.

Corona-segments with an internal horn. 2. Asclepias.

Corona-segments spurred on the back. 3. Calotropis.

Vines.

Corona simple. 4. Metastelma.

Corona double. 5. Philibertella,.

1. CRYPTOSTEGIA K. Br. Bot. Keg. pi. 435. 1820.

Glabrous, high-climbing vines, with, broad opposite leaves and large
flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments lanceolate. Corolla
funnelform, the tube short, the throat campanulate, the limb 5-lobed, the lobes
dextrorsely twisted ; corona-scales 5, subulate, entire or 2-lobed. Stamens borne
at the base of the corolla- tube ; filaments filiform, short; anthers connivent
around the convex stigma, acute; pollen granular, the grains cohering in small
•masses. Follicles thick, woody, divergent, ribbed and 3-winged. Seeds comose.
[Greek, hidden integument.] Two known species, the following typical, the
other native of Madagascar.

1. Cryptostegia grandiflora E. Br. Bot. Eeg. pi. 435. 1820.

A stout vine, 2 m. long or longer, the twigs glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
elliptic, subcoriaceous, 5-9 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex,
obtuse or somewhat narrowed at the base, glabrous on both sides, the rather
stout petioles 1-2 cm. long; inflorescence puberulent; cymes few-several-flow-
ered; sepals broadly lanceolate, acuminate, puberulent, about 1.5 cm. long;
corolla pink-purple without, white within, 5-6 cm. long, its lobes ovate; follicles
widely divergent, glabrous, pointed, 10-12 cm. long.

Scrub-lands, escaped from cultivation, New Providence and Inagua : — Escaped
from cultivation in Cuba and in Florida. Native home unknown, probably East In-
dian. RUBBER-VINE.

ASCLEPIADACEAE. 341

2. ASCLEPIAS L. Sp. PI. 214. 1753.

Perennial herbs, with entire leaves, and middle-sized or small flowers in
umbels. Calyx 5-parted or 5-divided, usually small, the segments or sepals
acute, often glandular within. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments mostly
valvate, reflexed in anthesis. Corona-column generally present. Corona of 5
concave hoods, each bearing within a slender or subulate incurved horn. Fila-
ments connate into a tube; anthers tipped with an inflexed membrane, winged,
the wings broadened below the middle; pollen-masses solitary in each sac,
pendulous on their caudicles. Stigma nearly flat. 5-angled or 5-lobed. Follicles
acuminate. Seeds comose in all but one species. [Dedicated to JEsculapius.J
About 95 species, mostly natives of the New World. Type species: Asclepias
syriaca L.

1. Asclepias curassavica L. Sp. PI. 215. 1753.

Asclepias curassavica ooncolor Krug & Urban; Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 389.
1899.

Glabrous, or finely pubescent above, 8 dm. high or less. Leaves opposite,
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, thin, 5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, the
petioles 5-15 mm. long; umbels usually several, few-several-flowered; pedicels
1-2 cm. long; corolla-lobes red-purple, 6-8 mm. long, ovate to oblong; column
distinct; hoods erect, ovate, about 4 mm. high, obtuse, flattened, shorter than
the flat, curved horn; fruiting pedicels erect; follicles fusiform, glabrous or
minutely pubescent, 3-10 cm. long; seeds 6 mm. long, the coma 3-4 mm. long.

Waste grounds and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and
Eleuthera, throughout the archipelago to Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Flor-
ida and Louisiana ; West Indies and continental tropical America ; Old World trop-
ics. Recorded by Herrick and by Dolley as A. paupercula. WILD IPECAC. -Hippo.

3. CALOTROPIS K. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2: 78. 1811.

Shrubs or trees, with broad, nearly sessile, opposite leaves, and rather
large flowers in terminal or axillary umbel-like cymes. Calyx 5-parted, bearing
several-many glands at the base within. Corolla subrotate, 5-cleft, with broad
lobes; corona-scales 5, fleshy, adnate to the stamen-tube, lobed or toothed,
short-spurred. Stamens borne at the base of the corolla; filaments connate,
forming a short tube; anthers tipped by an inflexed membrane; pollinia soli-
tary in each sac, pendulous. Follicles thick, pointed. Seeds comose. [Greek,
beautiful keel.] Three species, natives of the Old "World tropics, the following
typical.

1. Calotropis procera (Ait.) K. Br. in Ait. f. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 2: 78. 1811.
Asclepias procera Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 305. 1789.

Arboreous, 1-5 m. high, branched, with the aspect of a gigantic herb.
Leaves obovate-oblong to broadly elliptic or nearly orbicular, mostly cuspidate
at the apex, cordate at the base, white-felted when young, glabrous when old;
the stout petiole 1 cm. long or less; cymes 5-8 cm. broad, several-many-flow-
ered, on stout peduncles 4-8 cm. long; pedicels 1-3 cm. long; calyx-segments
ovate, about 4 mm. long; corolla white, tinged with red, 2-2.5 cm. broad;
follicles swollen, 3-8 cm. long.

Fields and waste places, spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Long Island, Fortune Island, East Caicos,
Dellis' Cay, Salt Cay and Grand Turk : — West Indies and continental tropical Amer-
ica ; Old World tropics. GIANT MILK-WEED. ST. THOMAS BUSH. WILD DOWN.
WILD COTTON.

342 ASCLEPIADACEAE.

4. METASTELMA E. Br. Mem. Wern. Soc. 1 : 52. 1809.
Slender perennial vines, with small opposite leaves, and small white or
greenish flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, usually with a gland in each
sinus. Corolla subrotate or campanulate, rather deeply 5-lobed. Corona simple,
5-parted, its segments narrow. Pollinia waxy. Gynostegium sessile or stipitate.
Stigma flat. Follicles small, slender, smooth. [Greek, referring to the parted
corona.] Fifty species or more, natives of tropical and subtropical America.
Type species: Cynanchum parviflorum Sw.

Gynostegium long-stipitate. 1. M.Northroniae

Gynostegium sessile or subsessile.

Corona longer than the gynostegium. 2. M. hamatum

Corona as long as the gynostegium or shorter.

Corolla-lobes papillose-pubescent or villous within.
Corolla-lobes papillose-pubescent within.

Leaves ovate to oblong or lanceolate. 3. M. bahamense

Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate. 4. M. inaquense

Corolla-lobes villous within.

Leaves linear to linear-oblong.

Leaves elongated-linear, 1.5 mm. wide.

Leaves linear to linear-oblong, 2-3 mm. wide. 5. M. Unearifolium.
Leaves obovate to spatulate. 6. M. barbatum.

Corolla-lobes glabrous ; cymes long-peduncled ; corolla- 7. M . Eggersii.
lobes acute ; leaves linear. 8. M. palustre.

1. Metastelma Northropiae Schltr. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 468. 1908.

A slender glabrous vine, 1-2 m. long. Leaves ovate to oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. long, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base,
the slender petiole 3-8 mm. long; cymes few-flowered, on peduncles about as
long as the petioles; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse or acutish; corolla about 5 mm.
long, 5-lobed, glabrous without, pubescent within, its lobes oblong, obtuse;
gynostegium long-stipitate; corona-segments linear, acute; follicles linear,
glabrous, 5-6 cm. long.

White-lands, coppices and scrub-lands. Andros and Great Bahama to Cat
Island and Little San Salvador ; Florida ; Cuba. Referred by Mrs. Northrop to M.
bahamense Griseb., which it much resembles, except in its long-stipitate gynos-
tegium. NORTHKOP'S METASTELMA.

2. Metastelma hamatum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 173. 1866.

A slender glabrous vine. Leaves ovate to oblong or linear, acute at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 1-2 cm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, the
petiole 2-6 mm. long; cymes few-flowered, short-peduncled ; calyx-lobes ovate,
obtuse or acutish; corolla deeply 5-lobed, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
acutish, puberulent within; corona-segments linear-lanceolate, about twice as
long as the sessile gynostegium.

White-lands and rocky soil, Cat Cay, Little Inagua, Castle Island, Caicos Is-
lands, Grand Turk: — Cuba.

3. Metastelma bahame'nse Griseb. 'Cat. PI. Cub. 174. 1866.

Metastelma cubense Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 417. 1861. Not Dene. 1844.

Epicion 'bahamense Small, Fl. Miami 149, 200. 1912.

A slender glabrous vine, sometimes 3 m. long. Leaves oblong, ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or mucronate at the apex, mostly
rounded at the base, the petiole 3-7 mm. long; cymes few^several-flowered,
short-peduncled; calyx -lobes oblong to ovate, acutish or obtuse; corolla deeply
5-cleft, 3-5 mm. long, its lobes oblong, papillose-puberulent on the inner side;
corona-segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, about as long as the short-
stipitate gynostegium; follicles linear, 4-7 cm. long.

Scrub-lands and white-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and the
Berry Islands to Mariguana and the Anguilla Isles. — Florida ; Cuba.

Prof. Coker's doubtful record of M. brachystephanum Griseb. probably refers to
this species ; his specimen is imperfect. Referred by Hitchcock to M . Schlechtendahlii
Dene. BAHAMA METASTELMA.

ASCLEP1ADACEAE. 343

4. Metastelma inaguense Vail, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 142. 1906.

A glabrous vine. Stems slender, terete; leaves 2-4 cm. long, obovate,
oblong-obovate or linear-obovate to linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, rounded and
apiculate at the apex, tapering to a short petiole (or when linear-lanceolate
acute at each end); cymes short-peduncled; calyx-segments ovate, obtuse,
glabrous; corolla deeply 5-parted, the segments 3-3.5 mm. long, oblong or
linear-oblong, obtuse, glabrous outside, papillose-puberulent except in the center
and towards the base within; corona-segments subulate, acute.

Scrub-lands, sand-dunes and white-lands. Conception Island, Watling's Is-
land and Inagua. Endemic. INAGUA METASTELMA.

5. Metastelma linearifolium A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11 : 96. 1850.

A very slender glabrous vine, 3-10 dm. long. Leaves narrowly linear, 2-4
cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, acute, the petioles 1-2 mm. long; cymes umbel-like,
several-flowered, short-peduncled, the flowers short-pedicelled ; calyx-segments
ovate, obtuse; corolla white, campanulate, about 3 mm. long, deeply 5-lobed,
the lobes oblong, obtuse, white-villous on the inner side; corona-segments about
half as long as the nearly sessile gynostegium; follicles about 5 cm. long.

Pine-lands, Great Bahama, at Eight Mile Rocks: — €uba. NARROW-LEAVED
METASTELMA.

6. Metastelma barbatum Northrop, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 12: 58. 1902.

A slender glabrous vine, 1 m. long or less* Leaves linear, linear -lanceolate,
or linear-oblong, 1-3.5 cm. long, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex,
obtuse at the base, the petioles 2-4 mm. long; cymes few-several-flowered,
short-peduncled; pedicels 1-3 mm. long; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla
greenish-white, deeply 5-cleft, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, densely vil-
lous within; corona-segments ligulate, about as long as the gynostegium;
follicles slender, 3— i cm. long.

Borders of brackish marshes and savannas, coppices and pine-lands, Great Ba-
hama, Andros and New Providence. Endemic.

7. Metastelma Eggersii tSchltr. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 1 : 258. 1899.

A rather stout vine, sometimes 2 m. long, the branches glabrous or densely
puberulent, often flexuous, somewhat woody. Leaves oblong-spatulate to obo-
vate, 0.7-1.5 cm. long, obtuse or retuse at the apex, narrowed at the base,
glabrous, subcoriaceous, usually fascicled, the midvein distinct, the lateral
venation obscure, the petioles very short; flowers mostly solitary in the axils,
yellowish-green or whitish, the glabrous or puberulent pedicels about as long
as the calyx; calyx- lobes oblong, obtuse; corolla-lobes oblong, obtuse, villous
within, 3-4 mm. long; corona-segments lanceolate; follicles 3—4 cm. long.

White-lands and scrub-lands,. Whale Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Mariguana,
Atwood Cay, Great Ragged Island, Fortune Island, Castle Island, Crooked Island,
Caicos Islands, Grand Turk and In/agua. Endemic. Referred to by Dolley as Oxy-
petalum sp. EGGERS' METASTELMA.

8. Metastelma palustre (Pursh) Schltr. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 258. 1899.

Ceropegia palustris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1: 184. 1814.
Lyonia maritima Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 316. 1817.
Seutera maritima Dene, in DC. Prodr. 8 : 590. 1844.
Vincetoxicum palustre A. Gray, Syn. Fl. 21: 102. 1878.
Lyonia palustris Small, Fl. Miami 149, 200. 1912.

A slender glabrous vine, 5-10 dm. long. Leaves narrowly linear, acute,
short-petioled, 2-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide; peduncles slender, mostly shorter
than the leaves; cymes several-flowered; calyx 2-2.5 mm. long, its lobes lance-
olate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla purplish or greenish-white, about 8

34:4 ASCLEPIADACEAE.

mm. broad, its lobes ovate, acuminate; crown-lobes 1.5-2 mm. long, retuse;
anther-wings 1 mm. long; follicles 4.5-7 cm. long, slender, about 5 mm. thick.

Borders of salinas and salt marshes, Frozen Cay, Andres, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's, Long Island, Fortune Island, Mariguana, Green
Cay and Inagua : — North Carolina to Florida and Texas ; Cuba. MARSH METASTELMA.

5. PHILIBERTELLA Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 305. 1897.

Twining vines, with opposite leaves and cymose axillary flowers, their
buds 5-angled. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla subrotate or widely campanu-
late, 5-lobed. Corona double, the exterior one annular, adnate to the base of
the corolla, the interior one of 5 scales. Stamens borne on the base of the
corolla, the filaments united into a short tube, the anthers with a terminal
inflexed membrane. Pollinia solitary in each cell, oblong, waxy. Follicles
elongated, smooth. [Commemorates J. C. Philibert.] About 30 species of
tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Philibertella clausa (Jacq.)
Vail.

1. Philibertella clausa (Jacq.) Vail, Bull. Torr. Club 24: 306. 1897.

Asclepias clausa Jacq. Enum. 17. 1760.

Sarcostemma Brownei Meyer; Spreng. Syst. 1: 854. 1825.

PhiUbertia clausa Sebum, in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzf. 42: 229. 18-95.

A somewhat fleshy, herbaceous vine often 3 m. long or longer. Leaves ob-
long to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, short-petioled, 3-8 cm. long, glabrous,
acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base; peduncles
glabrous, longer than the leaves; umbels several-flowered; pedicels slender,
puberulent, 7-12 mm. long; calyx puberulent, 4 mm. long, its lobes oblong-
lanceolate; corolla white, 10-12 mm. broad, its lobes oblong or ovate; follicles
glabrous, 5—8 cm. long.

Wet places, Great Bahama and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ;
Jamaica ; Grenada. MILK VINE.

Marsdenia floribunda (Brongn.) Schltr. (Stephanotis -floribunda Brongn.) re-
corded by Dolley as cultivated in gardens is not known to us as having become spon-
taneous at any place in the islands.

Fruiting specimens of an undetermined asclepiadaceous vine, with lanceolate
leaves and a fusiform follicle, were collected by Small & Carter, in pine-lands near
Lisbon Creek, Mangrove Cay, Andros, perhaps a species of Astephanus.

Order 4. POLEMONIALES.

Mostly herbs; rarely shrubs, or trees. Corolla almost always gamo-
petalous, regular or irregular. Stamens adnate to the corolla-tube usually
to the middle or beyond, as many as the corolla-lobes, or fewer and alter-
nate with them. Ovary 1, superior, compound (in Boraginaceae and
Lamiaceae deeply 4-lobed around the style).

a. Corolla regular.

1. Ovary not 4-lobed, the carpels not separating as distinct nutlets at maturity.

Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled.

Leaves and flowers mostly large ; plants not parasitic.

Ovary 2-4-celled. Fam. 1. CONVOLVULACEAE.

Ovary 2-divided. Fam. 2. DICHONDRACEAE.

Leaves none ; flowers very small ; slender para-
sitic vines. Fam. 3. CDSCUTACEAE.
Ovary 1 -celled; style 1, 2-lobed, or 2-parted. Fam. 4. HYDROPHYLLACEAE.

2. Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style, or not lobed ;

carpels mostly separating as distinct nutlets.

Ovary not lobed ; styles terminal. Fam. 5. EHRETIACEAE.

Style arising from between the ovary-lobes. Fam. 6. BORAGINACEAE.

CONVOLVULACEAE. 345

b. Corolla irregular, more or less 2rlipped (regular in SOLANACEAE, and nearly or
quite so in Verbena and Callicarpa of the VERBENACEAE).

1. Carpels 1-2-seeded.
Ovary not lobed, 2-4-celled, the style apical ; carpels

separating into 1-seeded nutlets or fruit drupaceous. Fam. 7. VERBENACEAE.
Ovary 4-lobed around the style, the lobes ripening

into 1-seeded nutlets. Fam. 8. LAMIACEAE.

2. Carpels several-many-seeded (2-seeded in some Acanthaceae).

$ Fruit a berry, or more commonly a capsule which is 1-2-celled, 2-valved, circum-

scissile, or irregularly bursting, not elastically dehiscent.
Placentae axile.

Flowers regular ; fertile stamens 5 (4 in Petunia) ;

fruit a berry or capsule. Fam. 9. SOLANACEAE.

Flowers more or less irregular ; fertile stamens
2 or 4 (5 in Verbascum) ; fruit a capsule.

Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-5-celled. Fam. 10. SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Ovary 1-celled ; marsh or aquatic herbs with

flowers on scapes. Fam. 11. LENTIBULARIACEAE.

Placentae parietal.

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines ; capsule 2-celled. Fam. 12. BIGNONIACEAE.
Herbs, annual or perennial.

Ovary 2-celled or falsely 4-celled ; flowers axil-
lary. Fam. 13. PEDALIACEAE>.
Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in terminal racemes. Fam. 14. MARTYNIACEAE.

tt Capsule completely 2-celled, elastically loculicidally dehiscent ; opposite-leaved
herbs ; placentae axile. Fam. 15. ACANTHACEAE.

3. Ovary 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cavity ; trees or shrubs with alternate leaves.

Fam. 16. MYOPORACEAE.

Family 1. CONVOLVULACEAE Vent.
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY.

Herbs or vines, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate
estipulate leaves, and regular perfect axillary cymose or solitary flowers.
Calyx inferior, 5-parted or 5-divided, usually persistent, the segments or
sepals imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 5-angled, 5-lobed or
entire. Stamens 5, inserted low down on the tube of the corolla and
alternate with its lobes, all anther-bearing, the filaments filiform, or
dilated at the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Disk annular or none. Ovary superior, sessile, 2-3-celled, with 2 ovules
in each cavity, or falsely 4r-6-celled with a single ovule in each cavity,
usually entire; styles 1-3, terminal, ovules anatropous. Fruit mostly a
2-4-valved capsule. Seeds erect, the testa villous, pubescent or glabrous;
embryo plaited or crumpled; cotyledons foliaceous; endosperm fleshy or
cartilaginous, usually scanty. About 45 genera and probably 1,000 species,
of wide distribution.

Pericarp dehiscent.

Styles separate nearly or quite to the base. 1. Evolvulus.

Styles united up to the stigma or stigmas.

Stigmas oval to oblong, flattened. 2. Jacquemontia.

Stigmas globose.

Stamens and style exserted.

Corolla-limb very broad, the tube cylindric. 3. Calonyction.

Corolla funnelform or salverform.

Ovary 4-celled ; herbaceous vines. 4. Quamoclit.

Ovary 2-celled ; vines woody at the base. 5. Exogonium.

Stamens and style included. 6. Ipomoea.

Pericarp indehiscent ; sepals spreading in fruit. 7. Turblna.

1. EVOLVULUS L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 391. 1762.

Mostly silky-pubescent or pilose herbs, with small leaves, and axillary small
flowers. Sepals nearly equal. Corolla funnelform, campanulate or rotate, the
23

346 CONVOLVULACEAE.

limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-lobed. Filaments filiform; anthers ovate or oblong.
Ovary entire, 2-celled; styles separate to the base, or near it, each division
deeply 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Capsule 2-4-valved, 1-4-seeded. Seeds
glabrous. [Latin, unrolling.] About 85 species, of warm and tropical re-
gions. Type species: Evolvulus nummularius L.

Erect low shrubs with small linear or scale-like leaves.

Leaves scale-like ; calyx-lobes ovate. 1. E. squamosus.

Leaves linear. 6—15 mm. long ; calyx-lobes lanceolate. 2. E. bahamensis.

Prostrate, creeping or erect herbs.

Leaves ovate, 3-6 mm. long ; plant silvery-pubescent. 3. E. Bracei.

Leaves linear, or oblong to orbicular ; plants glabrous or

pubescent.
Leaves suborbicular to orbicular-obovate, rounded or

notched at the apex. 4. E. nummularius.

Leaves linear to oblong, acute or mucronate.

Peduncles 1 -flowered, very short, much shorter than

the leaves. 5. E. sericeus.

Peduncles filiform, elongated, 1-several-flowered,

mostly as long as the leaves or longer.
Leaves oblong-obovate,mucronulate ; sepals about

one-third as long as corolla. 6. E. glaber.

Leaves linear to oblong, acute or obtusish ;
sepals at least one-half as long as corolla.
Plant pilose-pubescent ; leaves oblong to ob-
long-lanceolate, bluntish. 7. E. alsinoides.
Plant sparingly pubescent or glabrate ; leaves

linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute. 8. E. linifolius.

1. Evolvulus squamosus Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 449. 1905.

An intricately branched erect shrub, 3 dm. high or less, the slender terete
twigs densely appressed-pubescent. Leaves scattered, reduced to mere lanceo-
late-acuminate scales, 2 mm. long or less, appressed-pubescent ; flowers solitary
in the upper axils, on appressed-pubescent peduncles, which are about as long
as the calyx; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, appressed-pubescent, one-half as long as
the white corolla, or less; corolla about 6 mm. broad, slightly 5-lobed, the
broad lobes a little emarginate; stamens a little shorter than the corolla, their
filaments filiform, their anthers oval, short; ovary densely pubescent, oblong;
styles 2, 2-cleft to about the middle.

Rocky coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Cay north of Wide Opening, Great Guana Cay and Great Exuma : — Anegada. Re-
corded as E. arbuscula Poir. by Mrs. Northrop and by Dolley. BROOM-BUSH.

2. Evolvulus bahamensis House, Bull. Torr. Club 35 : 89. 1908.

Shrubby, erect, intricately branched, appressed-pubescent, 4-10 dm. high,
the branches wiry. Leaves linear, 6-15 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, ascending
or appressed; flowers axillary, solitary, on peduncles about 5 mm. long; calyx-
lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla
white, 1.2-2 cm. broad, its limb nearly entire; stamens nearly as long as the
corolla.

Rocky plains and scrub-lands, Eleuthera, Conception Island, Watling's, Mariguana,
North Caicos, Ambergris Cay, Great Ragged Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island,
Acklin's and Inagua. Endemic. Referred to E. arbuscula Poir. in Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 3 : 450, 1905 ; also by Hitchcock, by Coker and by Grisebach. BAHAMA
E VOLVULUS.

3. Evolvulus Bracei House, Bull. Torr. Club 35 : 90. 1908.

Perennial by woody roots; stems several, 5-20 cm. long, simple or branched,
prostrate or ascending, appressed-pubescent with long white hairs when young.
Leaves close together, ovate or elliptic-ovate, 3-6 mm. long, acute or short-
acuminate at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, nearly sessile, loosely
long-pubescent above, densely so beneath; flowers solitary and short-peduncled
in the upper axils; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, about 2.5 mm. long;

CONVOLVULACEAE. 347

corolla white or pale blue, about 7 mm. broad; capsule globose, about 2.5 mm.
in diameter; seeds brown.

Red soil in open places, Mangrove Cay, Andros, Crooked Island, Mariguana and
North Caicos : — Cuba. BIUCE'S EVOLVULTJS.

4. Evolvulus nummularius L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 391. 1762.

Diffuse, herbaceous, the stems 5-20 cm. long, branched, the branches
rooting at the nodes, pilose or glabrate. Leaves orbicular or broadly oval,
4-20 mm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base,
short-petioled, pilose or glabrate; peduncles 1-flowered, much shorter than the
leaves; sepals oblong or oblong-obovate, obtuse, about 2 mm. long; corolla
pale blue or white, 5-8 mm. in diameter; capsule globose, 2 mm. in diameter.

Shaded moist places and red-lands, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's, Mariguana, Great Exuma, Crooked Island and North Caicos : — Cuba to St.
Jan and Grenada; Mexico to Colombia. MONEYWORT EVOLVULUS.

5. Evolvulus sericeus Sw. Prodr. 55. 1788.

Herbaceous, erect or ascending, usually branched from near the base,
slender, silky-pubescent, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves linear, lanceolate or narrowly
oblanceolate, nearly sessile, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide or less, acute or
acuminate; peduncles 1-flowered, much shorter than the leaves, often shorter
than the calyx; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 3-4
mm. long; corolla white or pale blue, 6-10 mm. broad; capsule subglobose,
about as long as the calyx.

Pine-lands and palmetto-lands, Great Bahama and New Providence : — south-
eastern United States ; Jamaica ; Cuba to Anegada and St. Vincent. SILKY EVOLVULUS.

6. Evolvulus glaber Spreng. Syst. 1: 862. 1825.

Evolvulus mucronatus Sw.; Wikstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1827: 61.

1827.

Finely silky-pubescent when young, becoming glabrate, branched, the
branches very slender, prostrate or ascending, 4 dm. long or less. Leaves
oblong to obovate, 1-3 cm. long, mucronate, short-petioled; peduncles nearly
filiform, as long as the leaves or longer; pedicels longer than the flowers;
sepals oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, 3-4.5 mm. long; corolla rotate, white,
7-10 mm. broad; capsule subglobose, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter.

Margins of salinas and salt ponds, Long Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's, Mari-
guana, Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; West Indies and northern
South America. SMOOTH EVOLVULUS.

7. Evolvulus alsinoides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 392. 1762.

Villous; stems usually several from a deep root, slender, simple or branched,
prostrate or ascending, 1-4 dm. long. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 0.8-
2.5 cm. long, more or less pubescent with long hairs, blunt or acutish at the
apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, the petioles 1-2 mm. long; peduncles
filiform, 1-5-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves; pedicels filiform; sepals
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about 2 mm. long; corolla pale blue
or white, 6-8 mm. broad; capsule somewhat longer than the calyx.

Waste and cultivated ground, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cave Cay,
Great Exuma, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana, Inagua
and Anguilla Isles : — Florida to Texas ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Aruba ; Curasao ; Mexico
and South America ; Old World tropics. CHICKWEED EVOLVULUS.

8. Evolvulus linifolius L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 392. 1762.

Pubescent or glabrate; stems several or many from a rather slender root,
simple or few-branched, diffuse or nearly erect, 4 dm. long or less. Leaves
lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 1-2 cm. long, acute or mucronate,

348 CONVOLVULACEAE.

nearly sessile; peduncles filiform, 1-3-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves;
sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2-3 mm. long; corolla white or pale blue,
5-6 mm. broad; capsule longer than the calyx.

Bahamas (according to Grisebach) : — Jamaica; continental tropical America;
Old World tropics. NARROW-LEAVED EVOLVULUS.

2. JACQUEMONTIA Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Gen. 6: 476. 1833.

Trailing or climbing vines, mostly herbaceous, the leaves usually entire,
the mostly small, violet blue or white flowers cymose or subcapitate. Sepals
nearly equal or the outer ones larger than the inner. Corolla campanulate or
rotate-campanulate, the limb 5-angled. Stamens shorter than the corolla;
filaments filiform, or their bases dilated; anthers oblong. Ovary 2-celled;
ovules mostly 4; united styles filiform; stigmas 2. Capsule small, 2-celled.
[Commemorates Victor Jacquemont, a French botanical traveller, died 18'28.]
Thirty species or more, mostly of tropical and subtropical America. Type
species: Convolvulus coeruleus Schum.

Corolla only 3-4 mm. broad ; cymes sessile or nearly so. 1. J. verticillata.

Corolla 1-5 cm. broad.

Corolla white ; leaves not cordate ; cymes short-peduncled.

Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate. 2. J. jamaicensis.

Leaves ovate-oval to suborbicular, thick and fleshy. 3. J. cayensis.

Corolla usually blue ; leaves cordate or subcordate ; cymes

long-peduncled. 4. J. pentantha.

L Jacquemontia verticillata (L.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 339. 1902.

Ipomoea verticillata L. Syst. ed. 10, 924. 1759.
Convolvulus micrantnus K. & S. Syst. 4: 276. 1819.
Jacquemontia micrantha G. Don. Gen. Syst. 4: 283. 1838.

Stems very slender, appressed-pubescent at least above, 2 m. long or less.
Leaves oblong to lanceolate, membranous, repand or entire-margined, 1.5-4 cm.
long, mucronate at the apex-, cordate or subcordate at the base, more or less
pubescent, short-petioled ; cymes sessile or very short-peduncled, several-flow-
ered ; pedicels about as long as the sepals ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2.5-3
mm. long;! corolla 3-4 mm. broad, purple or pink, its limb 5-cleft; capsule
globose, about 2 mm. in diameter; seeds brownish, rugulose.

Waste and cultivated ground, Andros and New Providence : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ;
Jamaica. SMALL-FLOWERED JACQUEMOXTIA.

2. Jacquemontia jamaicensis (Jacq.) Hallier f. ; Solereder, Syst. Anat. 641.
1899.

Convolvulus jamaicensis Jacq. Obs. 3: 6. 1768.

Finely pubescent or glabrate; stems slender, 1-2 m. long. Leaves lanceo-
late to oblong, entire, rather firm in texture, short-petioled, 1.5-4 cm. long,
obtuse, mucronulate or acute at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base,
sparingly pubescent or glabrate; cymes 1-several-flowered, short-peduncled;
sepals broad, ovate, acute, about 2 mm. long; corolla white or purplish, 1-1.5
cm. broad, the limb 5-cleft, the narrow segments acute; capsule subglobose,
about 4 mm. long; seeds rough.

. Pine-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and
the Berry Islands to Mariguana, the Inaguas, and the Anguilla Isles : — Florida ;
Cuba to St. Thomas and St. Croix ; Jamaica. Recorded from Bermuda. The species
evidently consists of a large number of races differing greatly in leaf-form and in
pubescence ; none of the Bahamian plants collected are exactly identical with the
typical race from Jamaica. COMMON JACQUEMOXTIA.

CON VOL VUL ACE AE. 319

3. Jacquemontia cayensis Britton, sp. nov.

Stem rather stout, somewhat woody, branched, trailing or ascending, 0.5-
2.5 m. long, finely pubescent or glabrate. Leaves fleshy, oblong to broadly
ovate, entire, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, retuse or acute at the apex, narrowed or
rounded at the base, short-petioled, sparingly pubescent or glabrous; peduncles
shorter than the leaves; cymes few-flowered; sepals ovate, apiculate, about 2
mm. long; corolla white or yellowish, 5-cleft, 8-12 mm. broad; capsule ovoid-
globose, about 5 mm. long.

Coastal rocks, white-lands and sands, Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk,
Inagua and Cay Sal: — Cuba; Anegada. Type from Castle Island (Wilson 7791).
Referred in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 121 to J. reclinata House, of Florida, which
proves to be distinct. FLESHY JACQUEMONTIA.

4. Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 283. 1838.

Convolvulus pentanfhos Jacq. Coll. 4: 210. 1790.

Jacquemontia violacea Choisy, Mem. Soe. Phys. Geneve 8 : 61. 1838.

Slender, glabrate or densely pubescent, 0.5-2 m. long, sometimes much
branched. Leaves ovate, 2-4 cm. long, slender-petioled, entire or slightly re-
pand, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base; peduncles slender,
mostly as long as the leaves or longer; cymes dense, several-flowered; pedicels
usually shorter than the calyx; sepals ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
5-7, mm. long, the outer broader than the inner; corolla blue, rarely white, 2-3
cm. broad; capsule subglobose, about as long as the sepals or a little shorter.

Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America. BLUE
JACQUEMONTIA.

3. CALONYCTTON Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 441. 1833.

Long twining vines, with large, entire or 3-lobed leaves and large white
nocturnal flowers. Sepals herbaceous or subcoriaceous, the outer appendaged
or unappendaged. Corolla long-salverform with a nearly cylindric tube.
Stamens and style exserted. Styles united; stigmas globose. Fruit a dehis-
cent oval or oblong capsule. [Greek, night-beauty.] A few species, of tropical
regions. Type species: Colony ction speciosum Choisy.

Outer sepals with infraterminal tail-like appendages ; stems more

or less aculeate. . 1. C. aculeatum.

Outer sepals without appendages ; stems not aculeate. 2. C. Tuba.

1. Calonyction aculeatum (L.) House, Bull. Torr. Club 31: 590. 1904.

Convolvulus aculeatus L. Sp. PI. 155. 1753.
Ipomoea ~bona-nox L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 228. 1762.

Glabrous, trailing or high-climbing, sometimes 20 m. long or longer, the
sap milky. Leaves orbicular-ovate, membranous, 5-15 cm. long, entire, repand
or sometimes 3-lobed, long-petioled, acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at
the base; peduncles 1-several-flowered, stout, shorter than the leaves; sepals
about 1 cm. long, appressed, the outer subulate-appendaged ; corolla-tube
slender, 10-12 cm. long, the limb 8-10 cm. wide, each lobe with a broad green
median band terminating in a cusp; capsule ovoid, pointed, about 2 cm. long;
seeds glabrous or nearly so.

New Providence and Acklin's Island : — Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico ; Guade-
loupe ; Martinque ; Jamaica ; Trinidad ; Curagao ; Mexico to Panama. MOON-VINE.

350 CONVOLVULACEAE.

2. Calonyction Tuba (Schlecht.) Oolla, Nov. Sp. Galon. 15. 1840.

Convolvulus Tuba Schlecht. Linnaea 6 : 735. 1831.

Calonyction grandiflorum Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 442. 1833.
Ipomoea tuba G. Don. Gen. Syst. 4: 271. 1838.

Calonyction album House, Bull. Torr. Glub 31: 591. 1904. Not Ipomoea
alba L. 1753.

Glabrous, fleshy, usually climbing, sometimes 10 m. long. Leaves ovate-
orbicular, slender-petioled, 6-10 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate at the apex,
deeply cordate at the base; peduncles stout, 1-2-flowered, shorter than the
leaves; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, appressed, about 2 cm. long; corolla white,
its tube stout, cylindric, 5-6 cm. long, the limb 5-6 cm. broad, with 5 narrow
greenish bands; capsule sub globose, 2-2.5 cm. in diameter; seeds densely
puberulent, villous on the angles and at the hilum.

Sandy shores, Abaco, Frozen Cay, South Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, Ship
Channel Cay, Eleuthera, Conception, Watling's, Kurd Cay, Long Island., Mariguana,
Inagua, Gibb's Cay, Anguilla Isles, Water Cay and Cay Sal : — Florida ; Cuba to
St. Jan and Martinique ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America and Old World
tropics. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Ipomoea grandiflora Lam. COAST MOON-VINE.

4. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Moench, Meth. 453. 1794.

Twining herbaceous vines, with petioled leaves, and peduncled axillary
flowers. Sepals 5, herbaceous, equal, acuminate, mucronate or appendaged.
Corolla salverform (scarlet in the following species), the tube longer than the
spreading limb. Stamens and united styles exserted; stigma capitate; ovary
2-celled or falsely 4-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule usually 4-celled and 4-seeded.
[Greek, dwarf kidney-bean.] About 10 species, of warm and tropical regions.
Type species: Ipomoea coccinea L.

Leaves pinnately parted into very narrow segments. 1. Q. Quamoclit.

Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire or angulate-lobed. 2. Q. coccinea.

1. Quamoclit Quamoclit (L.) Britton, in Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. 3: 22. 1898.

Ipomoea Quamoclit L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.

Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy, in DC. Prodr. 9: 336. 1845.

Annual, glabrous. Leaves ovate in outline, 5-18 cm. long, pinnately parted
into segments less than 2 mm. wide; peduncles 1-6-flowered ; pedicels thick-
ening in fruit; sepals obtuse, usually mucronulate, 4-6 mm. long; corolla 2.5-4
cm. long, the tube expanded a.bove, the limb nearly flat, the lobes ovate, acutish;'
ovary 4-celled; capsule ovoid, 4-valved, about 1 cm. high, twice as long as the
sepals.

Waste and cultivated ground, Abaco near Marsh Harbor : — Virginia to Florida,
Kansas and Texas ; West Indies ; Mexico to continental tropical America ; Old World
tropics. CYPRESS VINE.

2. Quamoclit coccinea (L.) Moench, Meth. 453. 1794.

Ipomoea coccinea L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753.

Annual. Leaves ovate to orbicular, long-acuminate, 5-15 cm. long, entire
or angulate-lobed], slender-petioled; peduncles few^several-flowered ; sepals
obtuse, about 4 mm. long, subulate-appendaged ; corolla 2-4 cm. long, the limb
obscurely 5-lobed; ovary 4-celled; capsule globose, 4-valved, 6-8 mm. in
diameter.

Waste grounds, New Providence, near Nassau : — Pennsylvania to Arizona, Texas
and Florida; West Indies; Mexico and continental tropical America. SMALL RED
MORNING-GLORY.

CONVOLVULACEAE. 351

5. EXOGONTTJM Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 6: 443. 1833.

Vines, woody at the base, with alternate leaves and showy, cymose or soli-
tary, axillary flowers. Sepals 5, obtuse, somewhat unequal. Corolla salverform
or funnelform. Ovary 2-celled; styles united; stigmas globose. Stamens more
or less exserted. Fruit a capsule. [Greek, referring to the exserted stamens
and styles.] Some 25 species or more, of tropical and subtropical America.
Type species: Ipomoea bracteata Cav.

1. Exogonium microdactylum (Griseb.) House, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 102. 1908.

Ipomoea microdactyla Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 2;04. 1866.

Exogoniiwn microdactylum integrifolium House, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 103.
1908.

Glabrous, slightly succulent, the stem sometimes spinulose toward the base,
1-3.3 m. long, arising from a large tuber-like root. Leaves various, slender-
petioled, 3-10 cm. long, ovate to lanceolate, entire or palmately several-lobed ;
cymes few-flowered, short-peduncled ; pedicels as long as the peduncle or
shorter; sepals orbicular-ovate, about 6 mm. long; corolla scarlet to carmine,
its slender tube 2.5-4 cm. long, its limb about 2.5 cm. wide, the lobes ovate;
capsule subglobose, pointed, 10-12 mm. thick; seeds brown-hairy.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Mariguana and Caicos : — Florida ; Cuba. Recorded by Grisebach and by
Dolley as Ipomoea arenaria Steud. SALVERFORM MORNING-GLORY. Catesby 2 : pi. 87.

6. IPOMOEA L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.

Twining trailing or rarely erect herbs, with large showy axillary flowers.
Corolla funnelform or campanulate, the limb entire, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the
tube plaited. Stamens included. Ovary entire,, 2-4-celled, 4— 6-ovuled; styles
united, included; stigmas 1 or 2, capitate or globose. Capsule usually septi-
fragally 2-4-valved, 2— 4-seeded. [Greek, worm-like.] About 400 species, of
wide distribution. Type species: Ipomoea Pes-tigrinus L.

Sepals herbaceous, elongated.

Sepals long-hirsute. 1. /. hederacea.

Sepals not long-hirsute.

Leaves silky-pubescent beneath. 2. I. villosa.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so. 3. /. cathartica.

Sepals short, coriaceous or membranous.

Stems prostrate or creeping, not twining ; fleshy littoral species.

Flowers purple ; leaves suborbicular, notched. 4. /. Pes-caprae.

Flowers creamy-white ; leaves various, oblong to lanceo-
late and entire or p innately lobed. 5. /. stolonifera.
Stems twining, at least their tips.

Seeds with a coma, or covered with long hairs. 6. I. Carolina.

Seeds glabrous or pubescent, without a coma.
Roots not fleshy and edible.

Leaves 5-7-parted, the segments toothed or pinnatifld. 7. /. dissecta.
Leaves entire, sagittate or 3-lobed.

Leaves sagittate. 8. I. sagittata.

Leaves cordate, entire or 3-lobed.

Corolla 2 cm. long or less. 9. I. triloba.

Corolla 5-7 cm. long. 10. /. tiliacea.

Roots fleshy, edible ; leaves various. 11. /. Batatas.

1. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. Icon. Bar. 1: 4, pi. 36. 1786.

Stem 6-15 dm. long, slender, retrorsely hairy. Leaves ovate-orbicular in
outline, long-petioled, deeply 3-lobed, 5-13 cm. long, the lobes ovate, acuminate;
peduncles 1-3-flowered, much shorter than the petioles; flowers opening in early
morning, soon closing; sepals lanceolate with long linear often recurved tips,
densely hirsute below, sparingly so above, 1.5—2.5 cm. long; corolla funnelform,

352 CONVOLVULACEAE.

the tube usually nearly white, the limb light blue or purple ; capsule depressed-
globose, 3-valved, about as long as the lanceolate portion of the sepals.

Roadsides, New Providence at Nassau : — continental tropical America. Natural-
ized in the eastern United States. IVY-LEAVED MORNING-GLORY.

2. Ipomoea villosa E. & P. Fl. Per. 2: 12. 1799.

Pubescent, twining. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, the blades 7-15 cm.
long, pubescent on both sides, entire or 3-lobed, long-acuminate at the apex,
deeply cordate at the base; peduncles 1-4-floweredj axillary, as long as the
petioles or shorter; bracts linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, pubescent, about 2.5 cm. long; corolla purple, about 7.5 cm. long.

Sea-beach, Andros, along road to Little Creek : — Bermuda ; Trinidad ; northern
South America ; Old World tropics. Included in this flora with doubt, the specimen
showing foliage only. VILLOUS MORNING-GLORY.

3. Ipomoea cathartica Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 633. 1816.

Pharbitis cathartica Ghoisy, in DC. Prodr. 9 : 342. 1845.

Perennial, minutely strigillose or glabrate. Stems more or less twining,
branching. Leaves broadly ovate, 5-9 cm. long, entire or 3-lobed, acuminate,
cordate; peduncles shorter than the subtending petioles; sepals glabrate,
linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-2! cm. long, acuminate; corolla pink-
purple or crimson, the limb 6-8 cm. broad, undulate; capsules spheroidal, about
1 cm. broad; seeds glabrous, about 3 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Biminis, Andros, New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Long Island, Crooked Island and Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda ; Florida ; through-
out the West Indies and continental tropical America. The record of /. purpurea
Lam., by Dolley, for the Bahamas, probably refers to this species, which was entered
in Mrs. Northrop's List, in part, as /. jamaicensis Don. Referred by Mrs. Northrop
to I. commutata R. & S., and also so referred by Hitchcock. PURPLE MORNING-GLORY.
GLORY-MORNING.

4. Ipomoea Pes-caprae (L.) Both, Nov. Sp. 109. 1821.

Convolvulus Pes-caprae L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.
Convolvulus brasiliensis L. Sp. PI. 159. 1753.

Perennial, glabrous, succulent. Stems prostrate, creeping, sometimes 20 m.
long or more, branching; leaves suborbicular, 6-10 cm. broad, usually notched
at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base; petioles as long as the blades or
shorter; peduncles stout, 1-several-flowered ; pedicels more slender than the
peduncles; sepals glabrous, oval or suborbicular, about 1 cm. long, obtuse;
corolla purple, 4-5 cm. long, its tube broadly funnelform, its limb undulately-
lobed, 5-8 cm. broad; capsules broadly ovoid or globose-ovoid, 1.5 cm. high;
seeds pubescent.

Sea-beaches and coastal rocks, throughout the archipelago from At>aco and
Great Bahama to Watling's Island, Inagua, Anguilla Isles and Elbow Cay : — Ber-
muda-; Georgia and Florida; coasts of the West Indies; continental tropical America
and Old World tropics. BAY HOPS. BAY WINDERS.

5. Ipomoea stolonifera (Cyrill.) Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 6: 20. 1804.

Convolvulus littoralis L. Syst. ed. 10, 924. 1759. Not Ipomoea littoralis

Blume. 1826.
Ipomoea littoralis Boiss. Fl. Orient. 4: 112. 1879.

Stem slender, buried in sand, sending up branches which rise 0.5-2 dm.
above the surface, glabrous and fleshy. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, or
broader, long-petioled, fleshy, glabrous, 3-7 cm. long, entire or variously lobed,
narrowed at the base or the later ones rounded or cordate; flowers few or
solitary; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; sepals oval or oblong, 10—15
mm. long, mucronate; corolla white, funnelform-campanulate, 4-5 cm. long;
capsules globose, 1-1.5 cm. long; seeds smooth.

CONVOLVULACEAE. 353

Creeping in littoral sands, North Bimini, Eleuthera, Great Guana Cay, Watling's
Island, Mariguana, Delectable Cay : — South Carolina to Florida, Texas, Mexico and
South America; Cuba to Culebra and Martinique; Jamaica (according to Grisebach).
Old World tropics. BEACH MORNING-GLORY.

6. Ipomoea Carolina L. Sp. PI. 160. 1753. Not Pursh. 1814.

Ipomoea heptaphylla Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8 : 527. 1862.

Glabrous, slightly fleshy, climbing, sometimes 8 m. long. Petioles slender,
3-6 cm. long; leaves pedately 4-7-divided, the segments oblanceolate, entire,
3-6 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, slender-stalked;
peduncles somewhat shorter than the petioles; cymes several-flowered; pedicels
short and stout; sepals ovate, obtuse, about 1 cm. long; corolla tubular-cam-
panulate, 3.5-4.5 cm. long; capsule ovoid, 8—10 mm. long; seeds woolly.

Pine-lands and thickets, Andros, New Providence : — Cuba. Catesby, Hist. Carol.,
2 : pi. 91. A specimen from Andros (Brace 4950), with foliage only, is referred to this
species with doubt. PEDATE-LEAVED MORNING-GLORY.

7. Ipomoea dissecta (Jacq.) Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 145. 1814.

Convolvulus dissectus Jacq. Obs. 2: 4. 1767.
Ipomoea sinuata Ortega, Hort. Matr. Dec. 84. 1798.
Operculina dissecta House, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 500. 1906.

Perennial, villous-hirsute, or glabrate. Stems twining, branching; leaves
suborbicular, 3-10 cm. in diameter, 5-7-parted, the segments oval to oblong or
lanceolate, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid; petioles as long as the blades or
longer, villous-hirsute; sepals glabrate, oblong to oblong-oval, 1-2.5 cm. long;
obtuse; corolla wThite with purple throat, its tube funnelform, 2-3 cm. long, its
limb 3-5 cm. broad; capsules about 1.5 cm. long; seed's smooth and glabrous.

Climbing on walls or bushes, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island
and Parrot Cay, Caicos Islands : — Bermuda ; Florida to Texas ; West Indies and con-
tinental tropical America. NOYAU VINE.

8. Ipomoea sagittata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1 : 466. 1791.

Perennial, glabrous. Stems twining, up to 2 m. long, or longer, branching,
relatively slender. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, sagittate or hastate-sagittate, the
lobes linear or lanceolate, the lateral about one half as long as the terminal
one; petioles about as long as the basal lobes; peduncles usually 1-flowered;
sepals glabrous, oblong to suborbicular, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse or cuspidate;
corolla purple, 5-6 cm. long, the tube funnelform, the limb 6-7 cm. broad;
capsules ovoid, 1-1.5 cm. long; seeds villous.

Palmetto lands and wet sands, Great Bahama, New Providence : — Bermuda ;
North Carolina to Florida, Texas and Mexico ; Cuba. ARROW-LEAVED MORNING-GLORY.

9. Ipomoea triloba L. Sp. PI. 161. 1753.

Somewhat pubescent or glabrate; stem herbaceous, slender, 5-10 dm. long,
usually trailing. Leaves usually very deeply 3-5-lobed, sometimes entire, ovate,
2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, the petioles
slender; peduncles mostly longer than the petioles, 1-f ew-flowered ; pedicels
1-2 cm. long, thickening in fruit; sepals oblong, acute or mucronate, pilose, 5-6
mm. long; corolla red or purple, funnelform-campanulate, about 1.5 cm. broad;
capsule subglobose, pilose, '2-celled, about 7 mm. in diameter; seeds glabrous.

Waste and cultivated grounds, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and
Great Bahama to Andros, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; conti-
nental tropical America ; tropical Asia. CREEPING MORNING-GLORY.

354 CONVOLVULACEAE.

10. Ipomoea tiliacea (Willd.) <Choisy, in DC. Prodr. 9: 375. 1845.

Convolvulus tiliaceu$ Willd. Enum. 1: 203. 1809.
Convolvulus fastigiatus Koxb. Hort. Beng. 13. 1814.
Ipomoea cymosa G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 99. 1818.
Ipomoea fastigiata Sweet, Hort. Brit. 288. 1826.

Ipomoea gracilis House, Ann. N. Y. Acad. S'ci. 18 : 248. 1908. Not B. Br.
1810..

Glabrous or sparingly pubescent, twining, up to 2 m. long or longer, the
root sometimes tuberiferous. Leaves ovate, 5-8 cm. long, membranous, acute
at the apex, cordate at the base, the slender petioles sometimes half as long
as the blades; peduncles as long as the petioles or longer; cymes few-several-
flowered; pedicels short; sepals oblong, mucronate or aristulate, about 8 mm.
long; corolla purple, pink or rarely white, usually with a dark eye, funnelform-
campanulate, 5-6 cm. long; capsule 2-celled, subglobose, 8-10 mm. in diameter;
seeds glabrous.

Swampy scrub-lands, Great Bahama and Andros : — Florida ; the West Indies ;
continental tropical America. DARK-EYED MORNING-GLORY.

11. Ipomoea Batatas (L.) Lam. Encycl. 6: 14. 1804.

Convolvulus Batatas L. ,Sp. PI. 154. 1753.

,Bootstocks large, fleshy, a well-known vegetable. Stems glabrous or
nearly so, trailing, 1 m. long or longer. Leaves various, ovate to suborbicular,
entire, dentate or lobed, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, 5-15 cm.
long; peduncles as long as the petioles or shorter, few-flowered; sepals oblong,
acute, cuspidate, somewhat unequal, 7-10 mm. long; corolla pale purple or
nearly white, about 5 cm. long; ovary and capsule 2-celled; seeds glabrous.

Thickets and cultivated soils, spontaneous after cultivation, Abaco, Andros,
New Providence and Eleuthera : — spontaneous after cultivation, Florida to Arkansas
and Texas ; West Indies ; continental tropical America, and Old World tropics.
Native habitat unknown. Catesby, 2 : pi. 60. SWEET POTATO.

7. TUBBINA Baf. Fl. Tell. 4: 81. 1838.

Vines with cordate leaves, and axillary peduncled clusters of large or
middle-sized flowers. Sepals ovate to lanceolate. Corolla campanulate or
funnelform. Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled; stigmas 2. Fruit dry, woody, inde-
hiscent, subglobose or ovoid, 1-celled, mostly 1-seededi, the seeds smooth.
[Latin, from the supposed top-shaped fruit.] About 20 species, natives of
tropical regions, the following typical.

1. Turbina corymbdsa (L.) Eaf. Fl. Tell. 4: 81. 1838.

Convolvulus eorymbosus L. Syst. ed. 10, 923. 1759.
Convolvulus domingensis Desv. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 554. 1791.
Convolvulus sidaefolius H.B.K. Nov. Gen, 3: 99. 1818.
Ipomoea sidaefolia Choisy, Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 6: 459. 1833.
Ipomoea antillana Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 84. 1900.

High-climbing or trailing, glabrous. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, entire,
4—10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base; peduncles
axillary, as long as the leaves or longer, corymbosely or paniculately several-
many-flowered, the pedicels slender; sepals oblong, persistent, the 3 inner ones
8-12 mm. long, nearly twice as long as the two outer; corolla white, 2.5-3 cm.
long; capsule ovoid, acute, about half as long as the longer sepals, 1-seeded.

Coppices, walls and thickets, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Watling's
Island : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba to Guadeloupe ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico to
northern South America. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Ipomoea fastigiata Sweet.
CHRISTMAS-VINE. CHRISTMAS-FLOWER.

DICHONDRACEAE. 355

Family 2. DICHONDRACEAE Dumont.
DICHONDRA FAMILY.

Prostrate or creeping slender herbs, with nearly orbicular, cordate or
reniform, petioled entire leaves, and small solitary axillary peduncled flow-
ers. Sepals nearly equal. Corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-lobed.
Stamens shorter than the corolla ; filaments filiform. Ovary villous, deeply
2-parted, each lobe 2-celled; styles 2, simple, arising from the bases of the
ovary-lobes; stigmas capitate. Fruit of two pubescent, 2-valved or inde-
hiscent, 1-2-seeded capsules. Only the following genus.

1. DICHONDRA Forst. Char. Gen. 39. 1776.

Characters of the family. [Greek, two-grained, referring to the capsules.]
About 5 species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Dichondra
rep ens Forst.

1. Dichondra carolinensis Michx. M. Bor. Am. 1: 136. 1803.

Somewhat pubescent, or glabrous; stems almost filiform, rooting at the
nodes, 1.5-6 dm. long. Leaves orbicular to reniform, deeply cordate, 6-30 mm.
in diameter, palmately veined, the petiole often much longer than the blade;
flowers 2-4 mm. broad; peduncles filiform; sepals obtuse, spatulate or obovate,
villous; corolla yellow to white, shorter than the sepals, its lobes ovate to
oblong; capsule 3 mm. high or less.

Waste places and cultivated soils, Great Bahama, New Providence, .Eleuthera,
Great Exuma and Crooked Island : — Bermuda ; Virginia to Florida and Texas. Referred
by previous authors to Dichondra repens Forst. CAROLINA DICHONDRA. SHEEP-GRASS.

Family 3. CUSCUTACEAE Dumort.
DODDER FAMILY.

White, red or yellow slender parasites, dextrorsely twining, the leaves
reduced to minute alternate scales. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed or 5-parted
(rarely 4-lobed or 4-parted), or of 5 distinct sepals. Corolla 5-lobed
(rarely 4-lobed), the tube bearing as many fimbriate or crenulate scales as
there are lobes and alternate with them, or these sometimes obsolete.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted in the throat or sinuses
above the scales; anthers short, ovate or oval, obtuse, 2-celled, the sacs
longitudinally dehiscent. Ova'ry, 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity; styles 2,
terminal, separate, or rarely united below ; stigmas linear or capitate. Cap-
sule globose or ovoid, circumscissile, irregularly bursting or indehiscent,
1-4-seeded. Seeds glabrous ; embryo linear, terete, curved or spiral, its apex
bearing 1-4 minute alternate scales ; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons none.

1. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 124. 1753.

Characters of the family. The filiform twining stems are parasitic on
herbs and shrubs by numerous minute suckers. The seeds germinate in the
soil and the plantlet attaches itself to its host, its root and lower portion soon
perishing. The subsequent nutrition of the parasite is apparently wholly
through its suckers. Indications of a small amount of green coloring matter,

356 HYDROPHYLLACEAE.

possibly chlorophyll, have been .observed in some species. [Name from ths
Arabic.] About 100 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Cuscuta
europaea L.

Capsule circumscissile ; corolla-lobes obtuse ; plant orange. 1. O. americana.

Capsule indehiscent ; corolla-lobes acute; plant yellow. 2. C. pentagona.

1. Cuscuta americana L. Sp. PI. 124. 1753.

Plant orange, the stems slender, the inflorescence glandular. Flowers
short-pedicelled in dense or rather loose 'dusters ; calyx-lobes 5, ovate-orbicular,
obtuse; corolla about 2 mm. long, its 5 lobes obtuse, shorter than the tube, the
broad scales fringed all around; capsules subglobose, about 3 mm. in diameter,
circumscissile near the base.

Parasitic on various plants, Frozen Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island,
Cave Cay, Great Exuma, Acklin's, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Anguilla Isles : —
West Indies and tropical continental America. Reported by Dolley as C. obtusiflora.
LOVE-VINE.

2. Cuscuta pentagona E-ngelm. Am. Journ. Sci. 43: 340. 1842.

Cuscuta arvensis Beyr.; Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 77. As synonym. 1834.

Plant pale yellow; stems filiform, the flowers nearly sessile in small
clusters. Calyx broad, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse; corolla nearly campanulate,
5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, as long as the tube, their tips reflexed,
the scales large, ovate, densely fringed all around with short irregular processes ;
stamens not exserted; style shorter than the ovary; stigmas capitate; capsule
depressed-globose, indehiscent.

Parasitic on various weeds, Great Bahama, Andros, Eleuthera and Cat Island : —
New York and Canada to Florida and Texas ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. Referred
by Mrs. Northrop to C. americana Lt. FIELD DODDER.

Family 4. HYDROPHYLLACEAE Lindl.
WATER-LEAF FAMILY.

Herbs, mostly hirsute, pubescent or scabrous, with alternate or basal,
rerely opposite leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers, in scorpioid
cymes, spikes or racemes, or rarely solitary. Calyx inferior, deeply cleft
or divided. Corolla gamopetalous. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla,
and alternate with its lobes; filaments filiform; anthers mostly versatile,
2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or none. Ovary
superior, 2-celled, or 1-celled with 2 placenta; styles 2, separate, or partly
united; stigmas small, terminal; ovules anatropous or amphitropous.
Capsule 1-2-celled, mostly loculicidally 2-valved. Seeds usually pitted,
rugose or reticulated; endosperm fleshy or cartilaginous; embryo small;
cotyledons half -terete or plano-convex. About 17 genera and 175 species,
mostly natives of western North America.

1. MARILAUNIDIUM Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 434. 1891.

Branching pubescent herbs, with alternate entire leaves, the flowers
solitary in the axils. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnelform or salverform. 5-
lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly included, borne on the
corolla-tube. Ovary 1-eelled, or incompletely 2-celled; ovules numerous. Fruit
a 2-valved capsule. [In honor of Dr. Anton Kerner, Knight of Marilaun.]
About 20 species, natives of America, the following typical.

EHKETIACEAE. 357

1. Marilaunidium jamaicense (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 434. 1891.
Nama jamaicense L. Syst. ed. 10. 950. 1759.

Annual, much branched, the branches prostrate, 0.7—4 dm. long. Leaves
thin, spatulate or obovate, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse or apiculate, narrowed to a
sessile, somewhat decurrent base; peduncles 6 mm. long or less; calyx-segments
hirsute, linear, 6-8 mm. long; corolla white or purplish, about as long as the
calyx, its lobes broad ; capsule oblong, a little longer than the calyx.

Waste grounds, Great Bahama, Little Harbor Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Watling's, Great Ragged Island, Crooked Island, South Caicos and Grand Turk : —
Bermuda ; Florida ; Texas ; Cuba to St. Thomas and Martinique ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ;
Curagao ; Mexico to Venezuela. JAMAICA WEED.

Family 5. EHRETIACEAE Schrad.
EHRETIA FAMILY.

Shrubs, trees or rarely herbs, with alternate, estipulate, simple and
mostly entire leaves, and perfect regular flowers in heads, spikes or cymes.
Calyx 2-5-lobed, persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly 5-lobed, the
lobes spreading. Stamens mostly 5, borne on the base of the corolla-tube,
the anthers introrse. Ovary superior, 1-4-celled; styles 2, distinct or
rarely united, or 4, united in pairs; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the
ovary. Fruit a drupe. Seeds 1-4. About 20 genera, including some 350
species, of tropical and warm-temperate regions.

Styles twice bifid.

Calyx wholly adnate to the large drupe ; corolla large, orange to

red ; trees. 1. Sebesten.

Calyx rupturing at the top or regularly dentate, not wholly adnate

to the drupe; shrubs or small trees. 2. Varronia.

Styles bifid or connate.

Corolla salverform. 3. Bourreria.

Corolla rotate. 4. Rochefortia.

1. SEBESTEN Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 177. 1763.

Trees or shrubs with alternate broad petioled, entire or few-toothed leaves,
and large showy flowers in terminal cymes or rarely solitary. Calyx tubular,
3-5-toothed. Corolla salverform^ the tube nearly cylindrie, the limb speading,
5-15-lobed. Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, as many as the corolla-lobes;
anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-4-celled; styles usually 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas
capitate. Drupe ovoid, adnate to the accrescent calyx and enclosed by it, the
stone bony. Seeds without endosperm. [Name Arabic, originally applied to a
different tree.] About 12 species, of tropical and subtropical America, the
following typical.

1. Sebesten Sebestena (L.) Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 158. 1913.
Cordia Selestena L. Sp. PI. 190. 1753.

A tree, reaching a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk up
to 1.5 dm. in diameter, the scaly bark dark brown, the young twigs brown-
hairy. Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, thick, 8-20 cm. long, repand-dentate or
entire, dark green and scabrous above, paler green beneath, acuminate, acute
or obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base, the petioles 3-5 cm.
long; cymes compound, several-many-flowered; pedicels 5-15 mm. long; calyx
strigose, cylindric, 1-1.8 cm. long, its lobes short; corolla orange, its tube twice

358 EHEETIACEAE.

as long as the calyx, its limb 2.5-4 cm. broad; drupe round, 5-lobed, white,
pointed, 2—4 cm. long, the flesh thin.

Scrub-lands, Abaco, North Bimini, Gun Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera,
Long Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Inagua, Grand Turk, Cay Sal and
Water Cay : — Florida ; Cuba to Tortola and to Trinidad ; Mexico. Catesby, 2 : pi. 9L
GBIGEB TREE. ANACONDA. SPANISH CORDIA.

2. VARRONIA P. Browne, Hist. Jam. 172. 1756.

Shrubs, or small trees, with scabrous or pubescent leaves, the small, usually
white flowers variously clustered, mostly sessile in heads, spikes or glomerules.
Calyx 4-5-toothed. Corolla salverform or funnelform, the limb 4-5-lobed.
Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, mostly included. Ovary 4-celled. Styles
2-cleft; stigmas small, capitate. Fruit a small, slightly fleshy drupe, often
little longer than the calyx-tube and sometimes enclosed by it, contain-
ing 4 nutlets or fewer. [In honor of Marcus Varro, a distinguished Roman,
born 116 B.C., died 27 B.C.] Seventy species or more, of tropical and sub-
tropical America. Type species: Lantana corymbosa L.

Flowers in globose heads.

Calxy-teeth filiform ; leaves coarsely serrate. 1. V. globosa.

Calyx-teeth triangular with linear tips ; leaves entire or with

a few teeth. 2. V. bahamensis.

Flowers in spikes.

Leaves linear-oblong to oblanceolate ; filaments pilose at the

base. 3. V. Brittonii.

Leaves spatulate-obovate ; filaments glabrous. 4. V. lucayana.

1. Varronia globosa Jacq. Enum. 14. 1760.

Cordia glolosa H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 76. 1818.

A usually much-branched shrub, 1-3 m. high, the slender twigs hispid.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, 1.5-6 cm. long, rather coarsely
serrate, short-petioled, rough and papillose-hispid above, pubescent and strongly
veined beneath, acute or bluntish at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base;
flowers in dense globular peduncled heads, the peduncles mostly shorter than
the leaves; calyx hispid, 5-cleft, 6-8 mm. long, its teeth nearly filiform; corolla
white, about 6 mm. long; drupe red, about 4 mm. long.

Scrub-lands. Andros, New Providence, Long Island, and Watling's : — Florida ;
Cuba to Porto Bico and Trinidad ; Jamaica ; Cayman Islands ; Curasao ; Mexico to
northern South America. CAPITATE VARRONIA.

2. Varronia "bahamensis (Urban) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 310. 1909.

Cordia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 392. 1900.

A usually much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, rarely a small tree 3-4 m.
high, the branches slender, the young shoots appressed-setulose. Leaves various,
linear-oblong to elliptic or obovate-elliptic, '2-10 cm. long, 0.5-5 cm. wide, acute,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, entire or few-
toothed, subcoriaceous, setulose-scabrous above, pilose beneath, at least on the
veins, the petioles 4-20 mm. long; peduncles as long as the leaves or shorter;
flowers capitate; heads several-many-flowered; calyx loosely pubescent, 4-5-
lobed, the lobes triangular with slender tips '2-3 mm. long; corolla white, sub-
cylindric, 4-5-lobed, 3-4 mm. long, its lobes ovate, obtuse; drupe ovoid, obtuse,
red to black, about 4 mm. long.

Scrub-lands, coppices and savannas, throughout the archipelago from Abaco
and Great Bahama to Andros, Mariguana, North Caicos and Inagua : — Cuban Cays ;
Anegada. Recorded by Grisebach, by Mrs. Northrop, and by Dolley as Cordia Lima
R. & S., and by Hitchcock as Cordia globosa H.B.K., and Cordia sp. The species is
composed of several races with leaves varying from linear and quite entire to
broadly ovate or obovate and slightly toothed. ROUGH VARRONIA. COCOBEY.

EHBETIACEAE. 359

3. Varronia Brittonii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 311. 1909.

Cordia Brittonii Macbride, Contr. Gray Herb. II. 49: 16. 1917.

A usually much-branched shrub, 2.5 m. high or less, the young twigs
puberulent. Leaves linear-oblong or oblanceolate, viscid in drying, sparingly
crenulate or entire, rounded or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the base,
puberulent and resinous-dotted on both sides, 1.5-3 cm. long, the petioles only
1-1.5 mm. long; spikes slender, peduncled, densely several-many-flowered,
2-3 em. long; calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, campanulate, its 5 teeth ovate-deltoid;
corolla white, about 4 mm. long, its 5 lobes irregularly dentate; filaments short,
pilose, borne above the middle of the corolla-tube; drupe 2-2.5 mm. long.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island and
Long Island : — Cuba. Recorded by Coker as Cordia cylindrostachya R. & S., and re-
ferred by Mrs, Northrop to C. angustifolia R. & S. BRITTON'S VARRONIA.

4. Varronia lucayana Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 311. 1909.

A much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, with terete branches, the young
twigs densely puberulent. Leaves spatulate or narrowly obovate, thin, 2 cm.
long or less, crenate, repand or subentire, rounded or truncate at the apex,
cuneate or narrowed at the base, puberulent and resinous-dotted on both sides,
the petioles 1-2 mm. long; flowers few, in terminal spikes 1-1:5 cm. long, the
peduncles 5-20 mm. long; calyx campanulate, its 5 teeth ovate-triangular;
corolla white, about 5 mm. long, its 5 unequal lobes irregularly crenate; fila-
ments glabrous, borne near the top of the corolla-tobe ; drupe 2.5-3 mm. long.

Rocky plains, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, South Caicos, and Inagua. Endemic.
BAHAMA VARRONIA.

3. BOTJRREUIA P. Browne; Jacq. Enum. 2, 14. 1760.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate petioled entire leaves, and white
flowers in terminal corymb-like cymes. Calyx campanulate, 2-5-lobed, the
lobes valvate. Corolla salverforni, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, borne on the
corolla-tube, the filaments filiform. Ovary sessile, 2-celled or incompletely
4-celled; styles 2-eleft or connate; stigmas flattened. Fruit a drupe, with thin
flesh, inclosing 4 bony nutlets ridged on the back. [Commemorates J. A.
Beurer, a Nuremberg apothecary.] About 25 species of tropical America. Type
species: Bourreria succulenta Jacq.

1. Bourreria ovata Mi'ers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. IV. 3: 203. 1869.

A shrub or small tree up to 10 m. high or perhaps higher, with a trunk
sometimes 1.5 dm. in diameter, the bark reddish-brown, the twigs and leaves
glabrous or very slightly pubescent, or shoots from stumps sometimes with
pubescent foliage. Petioles rather stout, 4 cm. long or less; leaves oblanceolate,
oval or nearly orbicular, 4—12 cm. long, sub coriaceous, rounded or emarginate
at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base; cymes commonly many -flowered,
5-10 cm. broad; pedicels short; calyx 5-6 mm. long, irregularly 5-lobed;
corolla about 10 mm. long, its lobes nearly orbicular; styles connate; filaments
glabrous; drupe ,orange-red, 10-15 mm. in diameter, subglobose.

Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and the Berry
Islands to Grand Turk, Inagua, the Anguilla Isles and Cay Sal : — Florida ; Cuba.

The species is composed of a number of races with the leaves varying from
oblanceolate to suborbicular ; the leaves are usually quite glabrous but those on
shoots from cut stumps are pubescent. The species is distinct from B. tomentosa
(Lam.) Griseb. to which it has been referred by Grisebach and by Dolley ; it was
referred to B. havanensis Miers, by Hitchcock and by Mrs. Northrop, and recorded by
Schoepf as Ehretia tinifolia and E. Beureria. Catesby, 2 : pi. 79. Closely related to
B. succulenta Jacq. STRONG-BACK.

360 BORAGINACEAE.

4. EOCHEFORTIA Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788.

Shrubs or small trees, mostly armed with short spines, the leaves entire,
petioled, often fascicled, the small flowers cymose or glomerate. Calyx 4-5-
parted, the lobes imbricated. Corolla subrotate, the tube very short, the 4 or 5
lobes broad, imbricated. Stamens 4 or 5, borne on the corolla- tube, exserted;
filaments filiform; anthers ovate. Disc thick. Ovary 2-celled or falsely
4-celled; styles 2, terminal, filiform; stigmas dilated. Drupe fleshy, globose,
containing 4 hard nutlets. [Commemorates Cesar de Rochefort, a French
naturalist of the seventeenth century.] About 8 species, natives of the West
Indies and northern South America. Type species: Bochefortia cuneata Sw.

1. Rochefortia foahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 317. 1907.

A shrub or small tree up to 4 m. high, with a trunk 6 dm. thick, the bark
scaly, the branches spreading,, the twigs gray-green, flexuous, sometimes with
spines 4-6 mm. long at the nodes. Young foliage sparingly puberulent, soon
glabrous; leaves coriaceous, obovate to orbicular, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or
emarginate at the apex, obtuse to cuneate at the base, the midvein prominent,
the few lateral veins inconspicuous, the upper surface dark-green and dull or
faintly shining, the under surface somewhat lighter green, the petioles 2-10
mm. long, green or yellowish; cymes axillary, 2-4-flowered, their peduncles
pubescent, 5 mm. long or less; calyx sparingly pubescent, obconic, about 4 mm.
long, its 5 lobes nearly orbicular, ciliate ; corolla greenish- white, 6 mm. long,
cleft to about the middle, its lobes oblong, obtuse; filaments about as long as
the anthers; ovary ovoid, about 3 mm. long, the two styles erect or a little
incurved.

Scrub-lands and rocky coppices, Watling's, Crooked, Acklin's and Fortune
Islands. Endemic. BAHAMA ROCHEFORTIA.

Cordia gerascanthoides Kunth, referred to by Dolley as Bahamian, has not been
found by us in the archipelago. The record is, presumably, erroneous.

Cordia alba (Jacq.) R. & S. is doubtfully recorded as Bahamian by Urban (Symb.
Ant. 4 : 516) from his examination of a barren specimen, which proves to be Sebesten
Sebestena.

Family 6. BORAGINACEAE Lindl.
BORAGE FAMILY.

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite or verticillate,
estipulate, mostly entire and hispid, pubescent, scabrous or setose. Flow-
ers perfect, usually regular, in one-sided scorpioid spikes, racemes, cymes,
or sometimes scattered. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed, 5-cleft, or 5-parted,
usually persistent. Corolla gamopetalous, mostly regular and 5-lobed,
rarely irregular. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them, inserted on the tube or throat ; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Disk commonly inconspicuous. Ovary superior, of 2, 2-ovuled
carpels, entire, or the carpels commonly deeply 2-lobed, making it appear
as of 4, 1-ovuled carpels; style simple, entire or 2-cleft; ovules anatropous
or amphitropous. Fruit mostly of 4, 1-seeded nutlets, or of 2, 2-seeded
carpels. Endosperm fleshy, copious, or none; cotyledons mostly flat or
plano-convex; radicle short. About 85 genera and 1,500 species, of wide
distribution.

Fruit drupaceous.

Fruit hollowed at base ; coastal canescent shrub. 1. Mallotonia.

Fruit not hollowed at base ; Bahama species vines. 2. Tourncfortia.

Fruit separating into nutlets. 3. Heliotropium.

BORAGINACEAE. 361

1. MALLOTONIA [Griseb.] Britton, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 47. 1915.

Silvery-silky shrubs of the seacoast, with alternate leaves and small white
flowers in dense, 1-sided cymes, the fruits almost capitate. Calyx mostly 5-
parted; corolla salverform, the 5-lobed limb shorter than the nearly cylindric
tube, the lobes broad, valvate. Stamens short, included. Style simple. Drupe
dry and bony, ovoid-conic, hollowed at the base, 2-pyrenous, the dissepiments
solid. [Latin, related to Mallota.] One species, or perhaps 2, of tropical and
subtropical distribution, the following typical.

1. Mallotonia gnaphalodes (L.) Britton, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 47. 1915.

Heliotropium gnaphalodes L. Syst. ed. 10, 913. 1759.
Tournefortia gnaphalodes R. Br.; R. & S. Syst. 4: 538. 1819.

A somewhat fleshy shrub, 3-12 dm. tall, with silky-tomentose foliage, much
branched and often forming large clumps, the twigs densely leafy. Leaves
numerous, linear-spatulate, 4-10 cm. long, obtuse; cymes with 2Ht recurved
branches; calyx campanulate, its lobes 2-3 mm. long, oblong; corolla surpassing
the calyx; fruit ovoid, 5 mm. high, black, with 2 nutlets.

Coastal rocks and sands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Caicos and Turk's Islands, Inagua, the Angullla Isles, Cay Sal and
Water Cay : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; coast of tropical Mexico. BAY
LAVENDER.

2. TOURNEFORTIA L. Sp. PI. 140. 1753.

Trees, shrubs or vines, with alternate entire leaves, and small secund
flowers in terminal, often forked cymes, the cyme-branches usually elongated.
Calyx persistent, 5-parted. Corolla mostly salverform, the tube cylindric,
swollen above, the lobes spreading. Stamens 5, borne on the corolla-tube, in-
cluded; filaments short; anthers ovate to lanceolate. Ovary 4-celled; style
terminal, 2-lobed at the apex. Drupe small, the exocarp fleshy or corky, con-
taining 4 nutlets or fewer. [Commemorates Joseph Pitton de Tournefort,
1656-1708, renowned French botanist.] Over 100 species, of tropical and
subtropical regions. Type species: Tournefortia hirsutissima L.

Leaves glabrous or somewhat pubescent. 1. T. volubilis.

Leaves densely white-pubescent beneath. 2. T. poliochros.

1. Tournefortia volubilis L. Sp. PI. 140. 1753.

A slender woody vine, sometimes 3.5 m. long, the branches and leaves
pubescent, puberulent or glabrate. Leaves ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late, '2—7 cm. long, thin, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at
the base, the slender petioles 5-15 mm. long; inflorescence slender-peduncled,
of several very slender, secund spikes 2-4 cm. long; calyx about 1 mm. long,
its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla greenish-white, twice as long as the
calyx, its lobes linear-subulate, shorter than the tube ; anthers ovate, included ;
fruit depressed, 2-3 mm. broad, of 2-4 rounded nutlets.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence and Eleu-
thera to Caicos, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; Texas ; Cuba ;
St. Jan to Grenada ; Jamaica. The Bahama plant is usually less pubescent than that
of Jamaica. SLENDER GREEN-LEAVED TOURNEFORTIA. SOLDIER-BUSH.

- 24

362 BORAGINACEAE.

2. Tournefortia poliochros Spreng. Syst. 1: 644. 1825.

A canescent slender woody vine 2 m. long or less, or sometimes shrubby.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate, 3-7.5 cm. long,, thin, acuminate or acute at the
apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, rather dark green and densely appressed-
pubescent above, densely white-pubescent beneath, the petioles 5-15 mm. long;
inflorescence rather short-peduncled, of few or several slender secund spikes
3-7 cm. long; calyx 1-1.5 mm. long, pubescent, its lobes lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, pubescent, its lobes lance-
olate, acute or acuminate; anthers included; fruit depressed, 3-4 mm. broad,
of 4 rounded nutlets or fewer.

Scrub-lands, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island, Great Ragged Island •

Cuba; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. Referred to T. tomentosa Mill, in Bull N Y Bot
Gard. 5 : 317. WHITE-LEAVED TOURNEFORTIA.

3. HELIOTROPIUM [Tourn.] L, Sp. PI. 130. 1753.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and small blue or
white flowers, in scorpioid spikes, or scattered. Calyx-lobes or segments lance-
olate, ovate, or linear. Corolla salverform or funelform, naked in the throat, its
tube cylindic, its lobes imbricated, plicate or induplicate in the bud. Stamens
included; filaments short, or none. 8tigma conic or annular. Fruit 2-4-lobed,
separating into 4, 1-seeded nutlets, or into 2, 2-seeded carpels. [Greek, sun-
turning, i. e.} turning to or with the sun.] About 125 species, widely dis-
tributed. Type species: Heliotropium europaeum L.

Nutlets conic, strongly ribbed, united in pairs ; flowers pale blue. 1. H.indicum.
Nutlets subglobose or ovoid, smooth or rugose ; flowers white or

nearly white.

Nutlets united in pairs. 2. H. parviflorum.

The four nutlets separating.

Plants glabrous, fleshy. 3. H. curassavicum.

Plants pubescent.

Annual ; flowers spicate.

Leaves obtuse. 4. H. inundatum.

Leaves acute or short-acuminate. 5. H. Eggersli.

Perennials.

Flowers short-spicate ; low shrub. 6. H. ternatum.

Flowers solitary in the axils ; depressed peren-
nials.
Plants densely covered with appressed white

hairs.
Leaves imbricated.

Leaves oblong or elliptic. 7. H. nanum.

Leaves lanceolate. 8. H. inacjuense.

Leaves scattered, linear. 9. H. diffusum.

Plant loosely strigose. 10. H. Nashii.

1. Heliotropium indicum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753.

Annual, hirsute or hispid; stem 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate or oval, ob-
tuse, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5—15 cm. long, repand or undulate-
margined, petioled; flowers blue, 4-6 mm. broad, sessile in terminal dense
bractless, usually solitary, scorpioid spikes; calyx-segments acute, shorter than
the strigose corolla- tube ; style very short, deciduous; fruit deeply 2-lobed,
glabrous, about 2.5 mm. long.

Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence, near Nassau : — Florida, the West
Indies and continental tropical America. Naturalized from the Old World tropics.
INDIAN HELIOTROPE.

2. Heliotropium parviflorum L. Mant. 2: 201. 1771.

Annual, or sometimes of longer duration, loosely pubescent, branched, 2-8
dm. high, or vine-like and 1 m. long. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, 7

BOBAGINACEAE. 363

cm. long or less, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
the petioles 5-15 mm. long; spikes solitary or 2 together, slender, 5-15 cm.
long; calyx-lobes acute; corolla white, bearded in the throat, about 2 mm.
broad, its tube about as long as the calyx; fruit didymous, depressed, 3-4 mm.
broad; finely pubescent.

Waste grounds, street sides, coppices, and scrub-lands, Great Sturrup, Little
Harbor Cay, North Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's, Great Guana, Great Exuma, Long Island, Great Ragged Island, Fortune
Island, East Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical
America. HORSE-BUSH. SORE-BUSH. SCORPION-TAIL.

3. Heliotropium curassavicum L. Sp. PI. 130. 1753.

Annual, fleshy, more or less glaucous, diffuse, the branches 1.5-4.5 dm.
long. Leaves linear, or linear-oblong, entire, inconspicuously veined, 2-5 cm.
long, 3-G mm. wide, obtuse, narrowed into petioles, or the upper sessile;
scorpioid spikes dense, bractless, mostly in pairs; flowers about 4 mm. broad;
calyx-segments acute; corolla white with a yellow eye or changing to blue;
stigma umbrella-shaped; anthers acuminate; fruit globose.

Salinas, sea-beaches, margins of salt-ponds, Gun Cay, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Little San Salvador, Cat Island, Watling's, Great Exuma, Long Island,
Fortune Island, Acklin's, Grand Turk, Inagua, and Cay Sal : — 'Bermuda ; Florida to
Texas; coasts of the West Indies and continental tropical America. SEASIDE
HELIOTROPE. POND-WEED.

4. Heliotropium inundatum Sw. Prodr. 40. 1788.

Annual, often branched from the base, 1—6 dm. tall, the stems and leavea
gray-strigose. Leaves oblong to oval or oblong-spatulate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse
at the apex, narrowed at the base, short-petioled ; spikes 1 or few, slender, at
length 3-6 cm. long; calyx 2-3 mm. long, its lobes linear-lanceolate; corolla
white, about as long as the calyx, its lobes lanceolate; nutlets subglobose, about
1 mm., in diameter.

Dry soil, Acklin's Island, Inagua : — Louisiana to California, Panama and Para-
guay ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica : Trinidad. Recorded from Guade-
loupe. SLENDER HELIOTROPE. Erroneously called WILD THYME.

5. Heliotropium Eggersii Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 481. 1908.

Annual, branched from the base, procumbent, 2 dm. long or less, the
pubescence appressed or spreading. Leaves oblong-elliptic, 5-10 mm. long,
densely sericeous, acute or short-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base,
the slender petioles 1-3 mm. long; spikes solitary or rarely in pairs, 4 cm. long
or less, many-flowered, pilose; sepals unequal, four of them linear and 1 mm.
long, the fifth oblong and 1.5 mm. long; corolla 1.5 mm. long, its lobes sub-
orbicular, much shorter than the tube; nutlets about 1.3 mm. in diameter,
strigose, twice as wide as long.

Fortune Island. Endemic. EGGERS' HELIOTROPE..

6. Heliotropium ternatum Vahl, Symb. 3: 21. 1794.

Tournefortia humilis L. Sp. PI. 141. 1753. Not H. humile Lam. 1791.

A strigose-pubescent, bushy -branched shrub 6 dm. high or less, the branches
slender, ascending. Leaves lanceolate or linear, sessile, subverticillate in 3's,
or opposite, or alternate, 1-3 cm. long, 1.5-8 mm. wide, acutish, revolute-
margined, rough-strigose on both sides; flowers white, in short terminal spikes;
calyx about 3 mm. long, its lobes ovate, acute; corolla-tube somewhat longer
than the calyx, the limb 3-4 mm. wide; nutlets subglobose.

Scrub-lands, Great Ragged Island : — Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Martinique ; con-
tinental tropical America. BUSHY HELIOTROPE.

364 VERBENACEAE.

7. Heliotropium nanum Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 61. 1902.

Shrubby, usually much branched, densely strigose-canescent, 8-15 cm.
high, the branches nearly erect or ascending, slender. Leaves oblong or elliptic,
sessile, appressed, about 2 mm. long, acute; flowers solitary at the axils,
scattered, a little shorter than the leaves; calyx -lobes lanceolate, acute;
corolla white, somewhat longer than the calyx, its lobes short, ovate-oblong;
stamens borne at about the middle of the corolla-tube; style short; stigma
annular; fruit depressed-globose, 4-lobed, separating into 4 pubescent nutlets.

Savannas, white-lands and sand dunes, Little Harbor Cay, Andros, New Provi-
dence. Endemic. Low ASHY HELIOTROPE.

8. Heliotropium inaguense Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 122. 1905.

A low shrub, 5-20 cm. high, intricately much-branched, very densely
appressed-strigose all over with nearly white hairs. Leaves opposite, ascending
or appressed, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, about 1 mm.
wide, sessile, acutish, somewhat revolute-margined, mostly longer than the
internodes; flowers few, solitary and very nearly sessile in the upper axils;
sepals similar to the upper leaves ; corolla white, its tube 2 mm. long, its 5 ovate
acute lobes about 1 mm.. long, spreading; stamens nearly sessile on the corolla-
tube below the middle; style very short, stout; stigma 4-lobed.

White-lands, scrub-lands and sand dunes, Exuma Chain, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Concention Island, Little San Salvador, Long Island, Fortune Island, Great Ragged
Island, Caicos, Turk's Islands and Inagua. Endemic. IXAGUA HELIOTROPE. WHITE
PDSSLEY.

9. Heliotropium diffusum Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 122. 1905.

Perennial by a slender deep root. Stem slender, 4 cm. high or less, the
branches diffusely spreading, very slender, longer than the stem, 8 cm. long or
less, appressed-strigose; leaves linear, 3-4 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, sessile,
acute, appressed-strigose; flowers white, minute, enclosed in the tufts of upper
leaves; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, about 2 mm. long, very
hairy; ovary deeply 4-lobed; fruit 4-lobed, depressed, about 1 mm. wide, and
about one half as high as wide, the very short style capped by a broad abruptly-
tipped stigma.

Moist scrub-lands, Rum Cay, Acklin's, Mariguana, South Caicos, Grand Turk,
Sand Cay, Little Inagua. Endemic. DIFFUSE Low HELIOTROPE.

10. Heliotropium Nashii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 309. 1909.

Heliotropium brevicaule Urban, Repert. 13: 474. 1915.

Diffusely branched, perennial, the branches very slender, prostrate or
nearly so, the young twigs appressed-pubescent. Leaves sessile, ovate, about
2 mm. long and 1 mm. wide, acute, appressed-pubescent on both sides, the
margins flat; flowers solitary and sessile in the upper axils; calyx a little more
than 1 mm. long, its lobes ovate-lanceolate, acutish; corolla white, 1.5-2 mm.
broad, its lobes ovate, acute; fruit about 1 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, Inagua, near Matthew Town. Endemic. Referred by Hitchcock to
H. microphyllum Sw. NASH'S HELIOTROPE.

Family 7. VERBENACEAE J. St.Hil.
VERVAIN FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs or some tropical genera trees, with opposite verticil-
late or rarely alternate leaves, and perfect irregular, or sometimes regu-
lar flowers, in spikes, racemes, cymes or panicles. Calyx inferior, mostly

VERBENACEAE. 365

persistent, usually 4-5-lobed or 4-5-cleft. Corolla regular, or 2-lipped,
the tube usually cylindric and the limb 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous,
rarely only 2, or as many as the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla and
alternate with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary superior, 2^-celled (rarely S-10-celled), composed of 2 carpels,
each carpel with 2 anatropous or amphitropous ovules, thus in 4-celled
ovaries 1 ovule in each cavity; style terminal; stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit dry,
separating at maturity into 2-A nutlets, or a drupe containing the 2-4
nutlets. Endosperm little or none, or rarely fleshy; embryo straight.
About 75 genera and 1,300 species, of wide geographic distribution.

A. Inflorescence centripetal, in spikes, heads or racemes.
Inflorescence spicate or capitate.

Spikes terminal.

Flowers partly buried in the rachis ; stamens 2. 1. Valerianoidcs.

Flowers not buried in the rachis ; stamens 4.

Calyx elongated, cylindric in fruit. 2. Bouchea.

Calyx globular or ovoid in fruit. 3. Priva.

Spikes axillary and terminal.
Rachis slender.

Flowers scattered along the axis ; fruit dry, horned. 4. Ghinia.
Flowers densely or loosely capitate or spicate.

Fruit dry. 5. Lippia.

Fruit fleshy. 6. Lantana.

Rachis thick ; flowers capitellate. 7. Nashia.

Inflorescence racemose ; racemes peduncled.

Drupe 2-pyrenous, 4-spermous ; stigma 2-lobed. 8. CitTiarexylum.

Drupe 4-pyrenous, 8-spermous ; stigma 4-lobed. 9. Duranta.

B. Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose.
Pyrenae separate.

Cymes short-peduncled ; drupes 4-pyrenous. 10. Calhcarpa.

Cymes long-peduncled.

Drupe 1-pyrenous, 4-locularis. 11. Petit^a.

Drupe 2-pyrenous, 2-locularis. 12. Pseudocarpidium.

Pyrenae cohering in pairs.

Cymes axillary, short-peduncled; spiny shrub. 13. Volkameria.

Cymes terminal ; unarmed herbs or shrubs. 14. Clerodendrum.

C. Inflorescence in pedunculate thyrsoid corymbs ; fruit cap-

sular. 15. Avicennia.

1. VALERIANOIDES [Boerh.] Medic. Phil. Bot. 1 : 177. 1789.

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate,
toothed. Flowers spicate, solitary and sessile in the axils of bracts, or im-
bedded in excavations of the thick rachis. 'Calyx membranous or herbaceous,
its lobes 5, usually unchanged at maturity. Corolla-tube sometimes slightly
dilated above, the limb spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 2, included; anthers with
unappendaged connectives; staminodia 2, small. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules soli-
tary in each cavity. Fruit included in the calyx, separating into 2 nutlets.
[Signifies similarity to Valeridna, but this is obscure.] 'More than 40 species,
of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Verbena jamaicensis L.

Shrub ; leaves apically serrate, punctate ; spikes short, 6-15 cm. 1. V. fruticosa.
Herb ; leaves serrate throughout, not punctate ; spikes long, 12-

45 cm. 2. V. jamaicensis.

1. Valerianoides fruticosa Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 178. 1906.

StachytarpTieta fruticosa B. L. Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. 51: 531. 1916.

A glabrous shrub, 2 m. high or less, the branches slender, the twigs 4-
sided. Leaves lanceolate to oblong, ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, punctate,
4-8 cm. long, serrate above the middle, acute at the apex, narrowed at the
base into petioles 5-10 mm. long; spikes 5-15 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick; bracts

366 VEE'BENACEAE.

ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acuminate, 5-7 mm. long; calyx compressed,
2-cleft; corolla purple; fruit obpyriform, about 6 mm. long.

Rocky plains and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Rose Island, Cay north of Wide
Opening, Eleuthera, Rum Cay, North Caicos, Grand Turk, Cotton Cay and Inagua.
Endemic. BAHAMA VERVAIN.

2. Valerianoides jamaicensis (L.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 509. 1891.

Verbena jamaicensis L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753.

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Vahl, Enum. 1: 206. 1805.

Abeno, jamaicensis Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 117. 1893.

Annual, often purplish, with sparingly pubescent or glabrate foliage.
Leaves alternate or opposite, oblong, ovate or oval, 2-8 cm. long, coarsely
serrate, narrowed at the base, the petioles margined, as long as the blades or
shorter; spikes stiff, 1.5-5 dm. long; bracts imbricated, lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, 5-8 mm. long; flowers in depressions of the
rachis; calyx-lobes triangular or triangular-ovate; corolla blue, somewhat
irregular, 8-11 mm. long, its tube slightly curved, the limb 8 mm. broad;
nutlets 3 mm. long, buried in the rachis.

Waste places, coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Great
Bahama and the Berry Islands to Andros, East Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : —
Bermuda : Florida : West Indies, and continental tropical America ; Old World
tropics. JAMAICA VERVAIN. BLUE-FLOWER.

2. BOUCHEA Cham. Linnaea 7: 252. 1832.

Herbs or low shrubs, with opposite petioled toothed leaves, and small
flowers in terminal bracted spikes or narrow racemes. Calyx tubular, 5-
toothed, 5-ribbed, cylindric in fruit. Corolla-tube cylindric, slender, the limb
obliquely spreading, 5-cleft, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous,
borne on the corolla-tube at or above* the middle; filaments short; anthers
ovate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity, erect; style filiform, sub-
clavate above. Fruit linear or oblong, dry, enclosed in the calyx, separating
into 2 linear nutlets. [Commemorates P. C. Bouche and C. D. Bouche, German
gardeners.] About 15 species of tropical and warm temperate regions.
Type species: Verbena Pseudogervao St. Hil.

1. Bouchea prismatica (IL.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 502. 1891.

Verbena prismatica L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753.

Bouchea Ehrenbergii Cham. Linnaea 7: 253. 1832.

Annual, erect, simple or few-branched, finely pubescent, 2-5 dm. high, the
branches ascending. Leaves ovate, slender-petioled, 2-6 cm. long, serrate all
around, acute at the apex, obtuse or subtruncate at the base; racemes narrow,
elongated, often 2 dm. long or longer; pedicels very short, about 1 mm. long,
erect; calyx narrowly cylindric, appressed to the axis of the raceme, about 10
mm. long, its teeth linear-subulate, about one-third as long as the tube; corolla
violet or purplish, about 10 mm. long; fruit a little longer than the calyx.

A weed in waste places, New Providence and Cat Island : — Cuba to St. Thomas
and Antigua ; Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Curagao ; Mexico to Venezuela. NARROW-FRUITED
VERVAIN.

3. PRTVA Adans. Fam. PL 2: 505. 1763.

Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite, membranous, toothed, the
flowers in slender peduncled racemes. Calyx-tube 5-ribbed; lobes 5. Corolla

VERBENACEAE. 367

salverform, its tube straight or incurved, slightly dilated above, its limb
spreading, oblique, slightly 2-lipped, with 5 short lobes. Stamens 4, didy-
namous, included; anthers with parallel or slightly divergent sacs. Ovary 2-
celled, each cavity with more or less well developed septa. Ovules 2, or by
abortion 1, at base of each cavity. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, separating into
2 nutlets. [Name unexplained.] About 10 species, of tropical distribution,
the following typical.

1. Priva lappulacea (L.) Pers. Syn. 2: 139. 1806.

Verlena lappulacea L. Sp. PL 19. 1753.

Priva echinata Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. 7: 69. 1806.

More or less pubescent. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, branching; leaves ovate, '2-10
cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate, truncate or cordate at the base, the
petioles much shorter than the blades; racemes loosely flowered, 5-15 cm.
long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; calyx cylindric-prismatic, 2-3 mm. long, accres-
cent, pubescent; corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, salverform, with short
rounded lobes; fruit ovoid-pyramidal, 5-7 mm. long; nutlets included in the
calyx, spiny-tuberculate on the back, 3-4 mm. long.

Waste places, coppices and cultivated ground, Abaco, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Watling's, Parrot Cay and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to
Brazil. Erroneously referred by Dolley to Teucrium inflatum Sw. BUR VERVAIN.
CAT'S-TONGTJE.

4. GHINIA Schreb. Gen. 19. 1789.
[TAMON£A Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 659, pi. 268. 1775.

Not Aubl. 1: 441, pi. 175. 1775.]

Herbs or low shrubs, with slender stiff branches, opposite, nearly sessile,
dentate or incised leaves, and small bracted flowers in terminal and axillary
slender spikes. 'Calyx tubular, subtruncate, 5-ribbed, the ribs excurrent as
short teeth. Corolla with a cylindric tube slightly enlarged above, and an
oblique, spreading, 5-cleft limb. Stamens 4, didynamous, borne on the corolla-
tube, included ; anther-sacs parallel, the connective with a gland-like appendage.
Ovary nearly completely 4-celled; ovule 1 in each cavity; style short; stigma
oblong. Fruit small, hard, mostly 4-horned, 4-celled. Seeds usually 4, without
endosperm, [Guiana name.] Four or five species, of tropical America. Type
species: Tamonea spicata Aubl.

1. Ghinia curassavica (L.) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 174. 1906.

Verbena curassavica L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753.

Tamonea curassavica Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 139. 1806.

Tamonea scalra Cham. & Schl. Linnaea 5 : 99. 1830.

Erect, simple or branched, roughish, 2.5-6 dm. high, slender. Leaves
ovate, short-petioled, membranous, sparingly puberulent, 2-4 cm. long, serrate,
acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base; racemes long-peduncled, very
slender, the flowers distant; pedicels shorter than the calyx; calyx oblong,
about 4 mm. long, distended by the ripening fruit and becoming obconic, its
teeth linear, about 1 mm. long; corolla 5-6 mm. long; fruit 4-5 mm. long, its
spines 1-2 mm. long.

A weed in waste places, New Providence : — Cuba ; Mexico. SPINY-FRUITED
VERVAIN.

5. LIPPIA L. Sp. PI. 633. 1753.

Perennial herbs, or shrubs, with opposite, or rarely alternate leaves, and
small bracted flowers, in spikes or heads. Calyx small, ovoid, campanulate or

368 VEEBENACEAE.

compressed and 2-winged, 2-4-toothed or 2-4-cleft. Corolla-tube cylindric, the
limb oblique, somewhat 2-lipped, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous; anthers
ovate, not appendaged, the sacs nearly parallel. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in
each cavity; style short; stigma oblique or recurved. Fruit dry, with a mem-
branous exocarp, at length separating into 4 nutlets. [Named in honor of
Auguste Lippi, 1678-1703, a French naturalist.] About 100 species, most
abundant in tropical America. Type species: Lippia americana L.

Shrubs, erect or ascending.

Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate. 1. L. stoechadifolia.

Leaves ovate or oblong, crenate. 2. L. geminata.
Prostrate or ascending herbs.

Leaves inconspicuously veined. 3. L. nodiflora.

Leaves usually prominently veined. 4. L. reptans.

1. Lippia stoechadifolia (L.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 265. 1818.

Verbena stoechadifolia L. Sp. PI. 19. 1753.

Phyla stoechadifolia Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 36: 162. 1909.

Shrubby, loosely appressed-strigose, ascending or suberect, usually little
branched, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
rather firm in texture, 2.5-6 cm. long, strongly pinnately veined, sharply and
evenly serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed into short petioles; peduncles axil-
lary or lateral, mostly longer than the leaves; heads at first subglobose, at
length oblong-cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, obtuse; bracts suborbicular, mucronate;
calyx 2-toothed, compressed; corolla about 4 mm. long, longer than the bracts,
its tube twice as long as the calyx.

Borders of fresh-water pockets and ponds, New Providence, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's, Great Exuma, Long Island and Fortune Island : — Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Guade-
loupe ; Jamaica ; Mexico. MARSH LIPPIA.

2. Lippia geminata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 266. 1818.

Lippia geminata microphylla Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 495. 1861.

An aromatic, densely puberulent shrub 1 m. high or less, usually much
branched, the branches slender. Leaves ovate or oblong, 1.5-7 cm. long, acute
or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, crenate or creiralate, puberulent,
rugose above, the petioles 3-8 mm. long; peduncles axiilary mostly much
shorter than the leaves; heads sub globose, or short-oblong, 8-12 mm. long;
bracts ovate, puberulent, acute, about 3 mm. long, nearly as long as the
corolla; calyx 2-toothed; corolla purple, violet or white, its tube about 3 times
as long as the calyx.

Turk's Islands (according to Grisebach), not found there by us :— Cuba ; Jamaica ;
Porto Rico ; Antigua to Trinidad ; continental tropical America. Often planted for
its fragrant foliage. BUSHY LIPPIA.

3. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 15. 1803.

Verbena nodiflora L. Sp. PI. 20. 1753.
Phyla nodiflora Greene, Pittonia 4: 46. 1899.

Minutely and rather densely puberulent, herbaceous, creeping, or the
branches ascending, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves thickish, spatulate, oblanceolate,
or obovate, 1-6 cm. long, 0.6-2.5 cm. wide, inconspicuously veined, mostly
obtuse, narrowed into a cuneate entire base, sharply serrate above the middle;
heads at length cylindric and 1-2.5 cm. long; corolla purple to white, little
longer than the bracts.

Palmetto lands and moist waste places, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, New
Providence, Mariguana, Acklin's, Fortune Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ;
North Carolina to Texas ; West Indies : Mexico to northern South America ; warm-
temperate and tropical parts of the Old World. Referred by Mrs. Northrop and by
Coker to L. canesccns H.B.K. CAPE-WEED. CREEPING LIPPIA.

VERBENACEAE. 369

4. Lippia reptans H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 263. 1818.

Similar to L. nodiflora, densely appressed-strigilose, herbaceous, the stems
prostrate or ascending, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves obovate, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or
acutish at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely and sharply dentate above the
base, usually rather prominently veined, the petioles 5-10 mm. long; peduncles
mostly longer than the leaves; heads ovoid, becoming subcylindric and 2 cm,
long or less; corolla white.

Margins of brackish marshes, savannas and pools, Eleuthera and Inagua : — Cuba
to St. Croix and to Barbadoes ; Jamaica ; Mexico to Brazil. This species is, ap-
parently, not certainly distinct from the preceding. LARGER CREEPING LIPPIA.

6. LANTANA L. Sp. PI. 626. 1753.

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with pubescent foliage, the stems sometimes
armed with prickles. Leaves opposite, toothed. Flowers in dense peduncled
heads or spikes. Calyx membranous, with a truncate or sinuate border.
Corolla-tube slender, often curved, sometimes slightly dilated above, the limb
more or less 2-lipped, the lobes 4 or 5. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments
adnate to about the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled; stigma
oblique; ovules solitary in each cavity. Fruit small, drupe-like. Nutlets 2-
celled or separating into 2 one-seeded nutlets. [Named from fancied simi-
larity to Viburnum Lantana.^ About 60 species, natives of tropical and
warm regions. Type species: Lantana Camara L.

Flowers yellow or orange or changing to orange or red, not in-

volucrate.
Leaves ovate, truncate or subtruncate at the base ; straggling

shrub. 1. L. ovatifolia.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; erect shrubs.
Corolla orange, changing to red ; bracts half as long as

the corolla-tube. 2. L. Camara.

Corolla yellow, changing to orange ; bracts one-third as

long as the corolla-tube. 3. L. bahamensis.

Flowers white to lilac, often with a yellow eye or throat, in-

volucrate.
Leaves 2-4 cm. long.

Leaves ovate to elliptic or obovate, not more than twice

as long as wide. 4. L. involucrata.

Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 2.5 to 3 times as long as

wide. 5. L. demutata.

Leaves 10 mm. long or less. 6. L. balsamifera.

1. Lantana ovatifolia Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 123. 1905.

iStems woody, little branched, diffusely spreading, 7 dm. long or less,
bluntly 4-angled, very rough-pubescent with stiff appressed hairs. Leaves
ovate, thick, short-petioled, 5 cm. long or less, very scabrous on the upper sur-
face, rough-pubescent with stiff hairs beneath, especially on the 4 to 6 prin-
cipal veins on each side of the prominent mid-vein, acute at the apex, abruptly
cuneate-narrowed at the obtuse or subtruncate base, the margin low-crenate
nearly all around; petioles rather stout, rough, 3-5 mm. long; peduncles
axillary, slender, about 4 cm. long, smooth or nearly so when old; corolla-tube
orange-red, the limb yellow, about 6 mm. broad; fruit subglobose, about 4
mm. in diameter, black, shining.

Pine-lands, coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama and Andros : — Florida.
Andros plants were referred by Mrs. Northrop to L. crocea Jacq. OVATE-LEAVED
LANTANA.

2. Lantana Camara L. Sp. PI. 627. 1753.

A branching shrub 1-1.5 m. tall, rigid-pubescent, nearly or quite unarmed.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 4-12 cm. long, obtuse, acute, or short-acuminate,

370 VEBBENACEAE.

finely crenate-serrate, rounded or narrowed at the base; bracts oblong to lance-
olate, 4-7 mm. long; calyx very thin, 3 mm. long; corolla orange-yellow or
orange, changing to red, the tube about 1 cm. long, puberulent, slightly
curved, barely enlarged above the middle; limb 6-8 mm. wide; drupes black,
about 3 mm. in diameter.

Waste grounds, Eleuthera, Watling's, Long Island and Inagua : — Bermuda ;
Georgia to Florida and Texas ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Re-
ferred to by Coker as L. crocea as to his Eleuthera plant. LANTANA. RED SAGE-BUSH.'

3. Lantana bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3 : 450. 1905.

Shrub 1 m. high or less, with slender striate branches, which are smooth
or sometimes bear minute prickles less than 0.5 mm. long, the twigs minutely
pubescent; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, varying from acute to blunt at the
apex, more or less narrowed at the base, and somewhat decurrent on the petiole,
minutely short-pubescent on both sides, or becoming glabrous above, closely
crenate, the primary veins rather conspicuous on the under side; blades 5 cm.
long or less, 1.5-2 cm. wide; petioles very slender, 2 cm. long or less; peduncles
terminal and axillary, shorter than the leaves; bracts lanceolate, acutish, very
pubescent, about 4 mm. long; flowers 8-15 in the heads; calyx 2 mm. long,
pubescent, the 2 short lips about equal; corolla yellow, changing to orange,, its
tube pubescent, enlarged above, about 8 mm. long, its limb about 4 mm. wide,
irregularly lobed; fruit globose, black, shining, about 3 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's, Rum Cay, Great Exuma, Long Island, Acklin's and North and East Caicos : —
Cuban Cays. The New Providence plants were referred by Mrs. Northrop to L.
Camara, and by Hitchcock, Grisebach and Dolley to the Jamaican L. crocea. Erro-
neously called GOLDEN-ROD. BAHAMA LANTANA.

4. Lantana involucrata L. Cent. PI. 2: 22. 1756.

Lantana odorata L. Syst. ed. 12, 418. 1767.

A pubescent, much branched shrub, 6-15 dm. high, the branches stiff,
nearly terete. Leaves elliptic or ovate, petioled, 1-4 cm. long, crenulate, obtuse
at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, scabrous above, pubescent be-
neath; peduncles 1-5 cm. long, slender; heads several-flowered, involucrate by
several ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracts 3-6 mm. long; corolla lilac or nearly
white, its tube 6—8 mm. long; drupes about 4 mm. in diameter; drupes blue,
about 3 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, thickets and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Allen's
Cay and Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Little Ambergris Cay, Inagua, the Anguilla
Isles and Cay Sal : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Guadeloupe ; Ja-
maica. WILD SAGE. BIG SAGE.

5. Lantana demutata Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 175. 1906.

A widely branched shrub, 1-2 dm. high, the young twigs densely puberu-
lent, the older ones glabrous. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, short-petioled,
1-2 cm. long, crenate, puberulent on both sides, rugose and scabrous above;
peduncles slender, puberulent, 2-4 cm. long; heads 5-8-flowered, involucrate
by ovate or oblong obtuse bracts about 4.5 mm. long; flowers white; corolla-
tube about 3 mm. long; drupes blue, pubescent, 2-3 mm. long.

Scrub-lands, Harbor Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma and Long
Island. Endemic. BAHAMA SAGE-BUSH.

6. Lantana balsamifera Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4 : 123. 1905.

A shrub, 1.6 m. high or less, forming large masses, with a balsamic odor,
the slender bluntly angular branches ascending, puberulent; the internodes
short. Leaves elliptic to ovate elliptic or nearly orbicular, 5-10 mm. long, 5
mm. wide or less, puberulent, acute or obtuse, firm, crenulate, rugose-reticulated
above, paler and rather strongly veined beneath, the petioles 1-1.5 mm. long;

VEKBENACEAE. 371

peduncles slender, thickened a,bove, 8-15 mm. long in fruit; heads about 6 mm.
broad, several-flowered; bracts lanceolate, puberulent, obtusish, 2.5-3 mm.
long; calyx 2-toothed, pubescent, 1 mm. long, its teeth blunt; corolla purple,
its slightly gibbous tube about 3 mm. long, its spreading limb with 5 unequal
obtuse lobes; stamens borne near the top of the corolla-tube, the anthers as
long as the filaments or longer.

Scrub-lands, Little Inagua, at Moujean Harbor. Endemic. INAGUA SAGE-BUSH.

A small-leaved shrub, growing in sand alongside typical L. involucrata on Whale
Cay, Berry Islands, appearing very distinct from it, and a similar specimen from
Eleuthera, first referred by us to this species, may represent another race or species ;
these specimens are barren.

7. NASHIA Millsp. Field Mus. Hot. 2: 176. 1906.

Pubescent aromatic shrubs, with rather stout branches, opposite or fascicled
leaves and small capitate bracteolate, white or greenish flowers. Calyx short,
annular, subtruncate. Corolla tubular-campanulate, its limb nearly equally
4-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, nearly equal in length. Ovary 2-celled.
Fruit drupaceous, small, the bony nutlets coherent. [Dedicated to George
Valentine Nash.] Two or three species of the Bahamas and Cuba, the follow-
ing typical.

1. Nashia inaguensis Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 177. 1906.
Lippia inaguensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 353. 1912.

A much-branched shrub 2 m. high or less, the bark gray, the branches
widely spreading, the young twigs densely short-pubescent, elliptic to obovate
or spatulate, 5-10 mm. long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, rugose
and sparingly pubescent above, tomentose beneath, the margin entire, revolute,
the petioles about 1 mm. long; heads axillary, sessile, few-flowered; bracts
ciliate, apiculate, longer than the flowers; corolla white, about 2 mm, long;
drupes pyriform, about 4 mm. long; nutlets smooth.

Scrub-lands, Inagua, near Matthew Town. Endemic. MOUJEAN TEA.

8. CITHAREXYLUM L. Sp. PI. 625. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves and small flowers in terminal or
axillary spikes or racemes, the pedicels subtended by minute bracts. Calyx
narrowly campanulate, minutely 5-lobed, persistent. Corolla salverform, its
limb slightly oblique, 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, adnate to the corolla-tube, the
fifth one mostly sterile or rudimentary; filaments filiform. Ovary sessile,
incompletely 4-celled; ovules solitary, anatropous; stigma 2-lobed. Drupes
berry-like, the fleshy pulp enclosing a bony stone which separates into 2, 2-
seeded nutlets. [Greek, fiddle-wood; French, bois fidele.] About 20 species,
of tropical America. Type species: Citharexylum spinosum L.

Flowers subsessile ; nutlets 2-celled. l. C. fruticosum.

Flowers with pedicels longer than the bracts ; nutlets 1-celled. 2. C. caudatum.

1. Citharexylum fruticosum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1115. 1759.

Citharexylum cinereum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 872. 1763.
Citharexylum villosum Jacq. Icon. Ear. 1: 12. 1786.
Citharexylum subserratum Sw. Prodr. 91. 1788.

Citharexylum bahamense Millsp. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 450. 1905.
A ^tree, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m., with a trunk up to
2 dm. in diameter, the nearly smooth bark light brown, the twigs slender and

372 VEBBENACEAE.

angled, the foliage glabrous or pubescent. Leaves oblong to obovate, various,
5-15 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, acute, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, nar-
rowed at the base, reticulate-veined, shining above, dull beneath, the petioles
2.5 cm. long or less; spikes slender, 5-12 cm. long; pedicels 1 mm. long or less;
calyx narrowly campanulate, about 3 mm. long; corolla white, its tube some-
what longer than the calyx, its spreading limb about 6 mm. wide; drupe sub-
globose, 6-10 mm. in diameter, reddish brown to black; nutlets 2-eelled.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco and Andros to Mariguana, East Caicos and
Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Referred by Mrs.
Northrop to C. Berterii Spreng,, by Coker to C. quadrangulare Jacq. The species
consists of a large number of races, the leaves varying from glabrous to pubescent
and from narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate to obovate, occasionally dentate. SPICATE
FIDDLEWOOD. LONG TOM.

2. Citharexylum caudatum L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 872. 1763.

Citharexylum Berterii Spreng. Syst. 2: 763. 1825.
Citharexylum lucidum Cham. Linnaea 5: 97. 1830.

A shrub, or a tree up to 20 m. high, the nearly terete, slender twigs
glabrous. Leaves oblong, rather thin, 7-15 cm. long, mostly obtuse at the
apex, narrowed at the base, shining above, dull beneath, the petioles 1-2 cm.
long; racemes narrow, elongated, 4-8 dm. long; pedicels 1.5-3 mm. long;
calyx campanulate, about 3 mm. long^ nearly truncate; corolla white, its tube
about twice as long as the calyx, its limb spreading, 4-5 mm. wide; drupe
globose-oblong, black, shining,, 2-3 times as long as the calyx; nutlets 1-celled.

Coastal coppices, Andros, at Conch Sound : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ;
Mexico. RACEMOSE FIDDLEWOOD.

9. DURANTA L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753.

Shrubs or small trees, the branches sometimes armed. Leaves opposite or
whorled, entire or toothed. Flowers small, in elongated or short, terminal or
axillary racemes. Calyx-tube campanulate or tubular, truncate or minutely
5-lobed. Corolla funnelform or salverform, its tube cylindric, straight or
incurved, its limb spreading, oblique or of 5 equal lobes. Stamens 4, didy-
namous, included; anthers with unappendaged connectives, the sacs distinct.
Ovary partially or imperfectly 8-celled. Stigma oblique, sometimes unequally
4-lobed. Ovules solitary or 2 in each cavity. Drupe included in the calyx, of
4 nutlets. Seeds without endosperm. [In honor of Castor Durante, a physi-
cian of Rome.] About 8 species, of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Duranta repens L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753.

Duranta Ellisia Jacq. Enum. 26. 1760.
Duranta Plumieri Jacq. Select. Am. 186. 1763.

A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 6 m., with glabrate or finely
pubescent foliage and unarmed or spiny, slender, often drooping or trailing
branches. Leaves numerous, ovate-elliptic, oval or obovate, 1.5-5 cm. long,
obtuse or apiculate, entire or serrate above the middle, short-petioled ; racemes
5-15 cm. long, recurving; pedicels 1-5 mm. long; calyx 3-4 mm. long, angled,
its lobes acute, shorter than the tube; corolla lilac, the tube surpassing the
calyx, the limb 7-9 mm. broad; fruit yellow, globular, 7-11 mm. in diameter,
enclosed by the accrescent yellowish calyx which is produced into a curved
beak.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, Acklin's and Mariguana : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies
and Mexico to northern South America. PIGEON-BEERY.

VEEBENACEAE. 373

10. CALLICAEPA L. Sp. PI. 111. 1753.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves, and small blue purple or white
flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short, campanulate, 4-toothed (rarely 5-
toothed), or truncate. Corolla-tube short, expanded above, the limb 4-cleft
(rarely 5-cleft), the lobes equal. Stamens 4, equal, exserted; anther-sacs
parallel. Ovary incompletely 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity, laterally at-
tached, amphitropous ; style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Fruit a
berry-like drupe, much longer than the calyx, containing 1-4 nutlets. [Greek,
handsome fruit.] About 35 species of Asia, Africa and America. Type
species: Callicarpa americana L.

1. Callicarpa Hitchcockii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 312. 1909.

A shrub, 2-3 m. high, with weak elongated vine-like branches, the slender
twigs densely brown-scurfy. Leaves oblanceolate or linear-oblanceolate, sub-
coriaceous, 2->3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, revolute-margined, rugose, glabrous
and dark-green above, densely brown-scurfy beneath, obtuse at the apex,
narrowed at the base, entire, the petioles about 4 mm. long; cymes few-several-
flowered, much shorter than the leaves; calyx glabrous, obscurely toothed;
corolla white; fruit subglobose, bluish, resinous-dotted, about 5 mm. in
diameter.

Scrub-lands, pine-lands and savannas, Andros, New Providence and Cat Island : —
Cuban Cays. Referred by Hitchcock, and in Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2 : 180, to C. fulva
A. Rich. BOAR-HOG BUSH.

11. PETITIA Jacq. Enum. 1, 12. 1760.

Trees or shrubs, with large opposite entire petioled tomentulose leaves,
and small axillary cymose-paniculate flowers. Calyx campanulate, 4-toothed
or subtruncate. Corolla short-salverform, the limb spreading, 4-eleft, the lobes
imbricated. Stamens 4, borne near the top of the corolla-tube, equal; fila-
ments very short; anthers ovate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2 in each cavity;
style 2-cleft at the apex. Fruit a small drupe, the endocarp 2-4-celled.
[Commemorates Francois Petit, 1664-1741, a French physician.] Two or
three species of the West Indies and Mexico, the following typical.

1. Petitia domingensis Jacq. Enum. 12. 1760.

Petitia Poeppigii Schauer, in DC. Prodr. 11 : 639. 1847.

A tree, up to '22 m. high, usually much smaller or sometimes a shrub, the
slender twigs, the petioles and the inflorescence densely brownish-tomentulose.
Leaves elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, rather thin, acute or
acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, dark green, dull and
glabrous or nearly so above, rusty-tomentulose beneath, the slender petioles
7 cm. long or less; panicles many-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter;
calyx about 1.5 mm. long; corolla whitish, its tube about twice as long as the
calyx, its limb 4-5 mm. broad; flowers fragrant; drupes nearly black, globose
to obovoid, 4-5 mm. in diameter.

Pine-barrens, coppices and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New
Providence, Eleuthera, and Cat Island: — Cuba; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico- Jamaica:
Cayman Islands. Recorded from St. Croix. PETITIA. BASTARD STOPPER.

12. PSEUDOCABPIDIUM Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 181. 1906.
Shrubs or trees, with opposite petioled simple subcoriaceous, spinulose-
dentate or entire leaves, and small axillary panicled flowers. Calyx campanu-

374 VEEBENACEAE.

late, equally 5-dentate. Corolla tubular-furmelform or salverform, the limb
2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted. Ovary at length 4-celled; style simple;
stigma 2-cleft. Fruit dry or slightly fleshy, 3-4-lobed. [Greek, false carpid.]
Six known species, of Cuba and the Bahamas. Type species: Vitex ilicifolia
A. Eich.

1. Pseudocarpidium Wrightii Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 182. 1906.

A shrub or small tree up to 5 m. high, the young twigs and the inflores-
cence puberulent, the bark light gray or nearly white. Leaves elliptic to
obovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, spinulose-dentate, glabrous, shining 'and reticulate-veined
above, puberulent at least on the veins beneath, the petioles 3-5 mm. long;
panicles peduncled, several-many-flowered, mostly exceeding the leaves; calyx
2-3 mm. long, its teeth ovate, acute; corolla violet, about 4 times as long as
the calyx; fruit depressed, about 8 mm. broad, its lobes rounded.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros and Mangrove Cay : — Cuba. Recorded by
Mrs. Northrop as Vitex ilicifolia A. Rich., which it resembles. WRIGHT'S PSEDDO-
CARPIDIUM.

13. VOLKAMERIA L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753.

A vine-like, spiny shrub, with opposite petioled entire leaves, and white
flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla salverform,
with a slender tube, the limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, exserted, somewhat unequal.
Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a subglobose drupe, the 2 nutlets each
2-celled. [In honor of J. C. Volkamer, a Nuremberg botanist, who died in
1720.] Only the following species, native of tropical America.

1. Volkameria aculeata L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753.

Clerodendron aculecutum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 500. 1861.
Ovieda aculeata Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 118. 1893.

Climbing to a length of 3 m. or more, or nearly erect, the slender branches
densely puberulent, armed with stout oposite spreading spines 8 mm. long
or less. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, oblong to elliptic-obovate, obtuse or
acute at. the apex, narrowed to the base, 2-5 cm. long; cymes stalked, few-
several-flowered; pedicels slender, puberulent, 6-14 mm. long; calyx about 3
mm. long, puberulent, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; tube of the corolla
about*18 mm. long, its limb about 12 mm. broad; stamens purple; drupe 4-
grooved, 6-8 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, New Providence and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Cuba to Virgin Gorda and
Martinique ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America. PRICKLY MYRTLE.

14. CLERODENDRUM [Burm.] L. Sp. PI. 637. 1753.

Shrubs, vines or perennial herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and flowers
in terminal or axillary cymes or panicles. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla
salverform or funnelform, the tube mostly longer than the 5-lobed limb.
Stamens 4, borne on the corolla-tube, exserted, somewhat unequal. Stigma 2-
lobed; ovary 4-celled. Fruit a drupe, enclosing 4, 1-seeded nutlets. [Greek,
tree of fortune.] Probably 100 or more species, mostly natives of tropical
regions. Type species: Clerodendrum infortunatum L.

LAMIACEAE. 375

1. Clerodendrura fragrans Vent. Jard, Malm. pi. 70. 1804.

Ovieda fragrans Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 118. 1893.

Half -shrubby, finely pubescent, 6-15 dm. nigh, the stout branches angled.
Leaves very broadly ovate, 1-2 dm. long, acute at the apex, cordate or nearly
truncate at the base, coarsely dentate, long-petioled ; flowers white, fragrant,
double in all American specimens examined, in dense terminal cymes, the
corolla about 2.5 cm. broad; calyx 5-cleft, its lanceolate lobes acuminate;
corolla-lobes rounded.

Roadside, New Providence : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies and continental
tropical America. Naturalized from the tropics of Asia. ODOROUS CLERODENDRON.
WILD JESSAMINE.

.15. AVICENNIA L. Sp. PI. 110. 1753.

Evergreen trees, sometimes shrubby, with nodose twigs, opposite entire
leathery leaves without stipules, and peduncled clusters of white bracted
flowers. Calyx cup-shaped, silky, with 5 persistent lobes. Corolla campanu-
late, its short tube nearly cylindric, its limb spreading, 4-lobed. Stamens 4,
adnate to the corolla-tube, the anthers introrse. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; ovules
4, on a central placenta; style short, 2 lobed. Fruit capsular, oblique, apicu-
late. Seeds without endosperm,, usually germinating in the capsule. [In
honor of Avicenna (980-1036) of Bokhara, a distinguished oriental physician.]
Three known species of tropical and subtropical seacoasts. Type species:
Avicennia officinalis L.

1. Avicennia nitida Jacq. Enum. 25. 1760.

A tree, up to about 16 m. high, with shallowly fissured dark scaly bark,
orange-red within, the young twigs finely pubescent. Leaves pubescent when
young, soon becoming glabrous above, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm.
long, obtuse or apiculate at the apex, finely canescent beneath, narrowed at the
base into short petioles; panicles 2-5 cm. long; corolla 10-14 mm. broad, its
lobes rounded; capsule oblong or elliptic, 2-5 cm. long, light green, slightly
pubescent.

In mangrove mud and shallows of the sea, throughout the archipelago from
Abaco and Great Bahama to Grand Turk, Inagua and Cay Sal : — Bermuda ; Florida
to Texas ; West Indies and continental tropical America. Catesby, 1 : pi. 85. BLACK
MANGROVE. GREEN TURTLE BOUGH.

Family 8. LAMIACEAE Lindl.
MINT FAMILY.

Aromatic punctate herbs, or shmbs (a few tropical species trees),
mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; stipules none.
Flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose,
usually bracj;eolate. Calyx inferior, persistent, 5-toothed or 5-lobed
(rarely 4-toothed), mostly nerved. Corolla with a short or long tube,
the limb 4-5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, regular in a few genera; upper lip
2-lobed, or sometimes entire; lower lip mostly 3-lobed. Stamens borne
on the corolla-tube, typically 4 and didynamous, sometimes 2, rarely equal ;
filaments separate, alternate with the corolla-lobes; anthers 2-celled, introrse,
or confluently 1-celled, or sometimes of a single sac. Disk usually present,
fleshy. Ovary 4-lobed, or 4-parted, superior, each lobe or division with 1
mostly anatropous ovule; style arising from the centre of the lobed or

376 LAMIACEAE.

parted ovary, 2-lobed at the summit. Fruit of 4, 1-seeded nutlets. Seed
erect (transverse in Scutellaria) ; endosperm scanty, or none; embryo
mostly straight; radicle short, inferior. About 160 genera and 3,200
species, of wide distribution.

Ovary of 4 united carpels, 4-lobed ; style not basal. 1. Melosmon.

Ovary of 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpels ; style basal.

Calyx with a crest on the upper side. 2. Scutellaria.

Calyx without a crest.

Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, the lips different, the upper one

concave.
Anther -bearing stamens 4.

Calyx-lobes 5. 3. Leonurus.

Calyx-lobes 8-10. 4. Leonotis.

Anther-bearing stamens 2. 5. Salvia.

Corolla nearly regular, or if 2-lipped, the upper lip not con-
cave.

Filaments converging under the upper lip of the corolla. 6. Micromeria.
Lower pair of filaments appressed to the lower lip of the

corolla.

Lobes of the calyx nearly equal. 7. Hyptte.

Upper lobe of the calyx broad, decurrent. 8. Ocimum.

1. MELOSMON Eaf. Fl. Tell. 3: 85. 1837.

Herbs with incised or pinnatifid leaves, the white or blue pedicelled
flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts. Calyx with a short, 10-ribbed
tube and 5 long nearly equal lobes. Corolla irregular, the upper lip small,
the lower lip 3-lobed, its middle lobe much longer than the lateral ones.
Stamens 4, exserted. Ovary 4-lobed, of 4 partly united carpels; style not
basal. Nutlets laterally attached, roughened or smooth. [Greek, of uncertain
application.] A few species, natives of temperate and tropical America.
Type species: Melosmon bicolor Eaf.

1. Melosmon cubense (Jaeq.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1019, 1337. 1903.
Teucrium cubense Jacq. Enum. 25. 1760.

Annual (?); sparingly pubescent or glabrate; stems often branched near
the base, slender, 2-5 dm. high, the branches ascending. Leaves ovate to
spatulate in outline, 1-3 cm. long, incised, the lobes mostly entire; bracts simi-
lar to the leaves; pedicels 2-5 mm. long; calyx 4-5.5 mm. long, its linear-
lanceolate pubescent acuminate lobes several times longer than the tube;
corolla bluish-white, 11-14 mm. long; nutlets about 2 mm. long, irregularly
roughened.

Waste places and cultivated soils, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera to
Long Island, Inagua : — Alabama, Texas and Mexico ; Cuba. WEST INDIAN GERMANDER.

2. SCUTELLARIA L. Sp. PI. 598. 1753.

Bitter herbs, some species shrubby. Flowers blue to violet, in bracted,
mostly secund, spike-like racemes, or solitary or 2-3 together in the axils.
Calyx campanulate, gibbous, 2-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a
crest or protuberance upon its back and often deciduous in fruit. Corolla
recurved-ascending, dilated above into the throat, glabrous within, the limb
2-lipped; upper lip arched, entire or emarginate; lower lip spreading or de-
flexed, its lateral lobes small and somewhat connected with the upper, its
middle lobe broad. Stamens 4, didynamous., all anther-bearing, ascending
under the upper lip, the upper pair somewhat the shorter, their anthers 2-

LAMIACEAE. 377

celled, ciliate; anthers of the lower pair of stamens 1-celled, also ciliate.
Nutlets papillose or tuberculate. [Latin, a dish, from the appendage to the
fruiting calyx.] About 100 species of wide distribution. Type species:
Scutellaria peregrina L.

1. Scutellaria havanensis Jacq. Enum. 25. 1760.

Scutellaria cubensis A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 158. 1850.
Scutellaria longiflora Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 437. 1905.

Perennial; stems very slender, often branched near the base, erect or
ascending, 3 dm. high or less, pubescent or puberulent. Leaves ovate or ovate-
orbicular, short-petioled, 3-9 mm. long, puberulent on both sides, few-toothed
or entire; flowrers solitary in the axils on ascending peduncles 3-7 mm. long;
flowering calyx about 1.5 mm. long; corolla dark blue, about 1.5 cm. long, the
middle lobe of the upper lip emarginate, the lower lip 3-lobed; fruiting calyx
about 3 mm. long.

Rocky places, red-lands and pine-lands, Great Bahama, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico. SKULLCAP.

Scutellaria purpurascens Sw. mentioned by Hitchcock as occurring on Eleuthera
was not found in his collections ; the record is probably based on the above species.

3. LEONURUS L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753.

Tall herbs, with palmately cleft, parted or dentate leaves, and small white
or pink flowers verticillate in dense axillary clusters. Calyx tubular-campanu-
late, 5-nerved, nearly regular and equally 5-toothed, the teeth rigid, subulate or
aristate. Corolla-limb 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire; lower lip spreading
or deflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad, obcordate or emarginate. Anthers
2-celled, the sacs mostly parallel. Nutlets 3-sided, smooth. [Greek, lion's-
tail.] About 10 species, of Europe and Asia. Type species : Leonurus Cardiaca L.

1. Leonurus sibiricus L. Sp. PI. 584. 1753.

Biennial, puberulent or glabrate; stem 6-18 dm. high. Leaves long-
petioled, 3-parted into ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cleft and incised
segments, the lobes lanceolate or linear, acute, the uppermost linear or lanceo-
late; clusters dense, usually all axillary; calyx campanulate, 6 mm. long, gla-
brous or minutely puberulent ; corolla purple or red, densely puberulent without,
8-12 mm. long, its tube naked within; anther-sacs divergent.

Waste places, New Providence and Harbor Island : — Bermuda ; Delaware and
Maryland ; West Indies ; continental tropical America. Naturalized from the Old
World tropics. LION'S TAIL. PIPE^SHANK.

4. LEONOTIS E. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 3: 409. 1811.

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants, the leaves opposite,
broad, toothed, petioled, the flowers in dense whorls, short-pedicelled. Calyx-
tube 10-nerved; oblique at the mouth, its lobes 8-10, unequal, bristle-tipped.
Corolla yellow, orange or scarlet., 2-lipped, the tube dilated above, curved;
upper lip erect, rather long; lower lip with 3 lobes, the middle lobe scarcely
longer than the lateral. Stamens 4; filaments all anther-bearing; anthers 2-
celled; sacs diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, smooth. [Greek, lion's-ear.] About
12 species, natives of Africa. Type species: Leonotis Leonitis (L.) E. Br.

25

378 LAMIACEAE.

1. Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) B. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, 3: 409. 1811.
Phlomis nepetaefolia L. Sp. PI. 586. 1753.

Annual, softly pubescent. Stems 3-20 dm. tall, rather stout, simple or
branched ; leaves ovate to ovate-deltoid, 4-12 cm. long, coarsely crenate, cuneate
or subcordate at the base; flower-clusters dense, 4-6 cm. in diameter; pedicels
1-2 mm. long; calyx puberulent, becoming at least 2 cm. long, its tube reticu-
lated above the middle, its lobes 8, awn-tipped; corolla scarlet or orange-yellow,
2-2.5 cm. long, villous-hirsute, its tube curved, the upper lip as long as the tube,
the lower lip much shorter than the upper, with 3 narrow lobes; nutlets 3 mm.
long, sharply angled.

Waste places, New Providence, Eleuthera, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, Grand
Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana ; West Indies ;
Texas to Brazil ; Old World tropics. LION'S-EAR.

5. SALVIA L. Sp. PI. 23. 1753.

Herbs, or some species shrubs, with clustered flowers, the clusters mostly
spiked, racemed, or pandcled. Calyx mostly naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; upper
lip entire or 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed. Corolla strongly 2-
lipped; upper lip entire, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft
or 3-lobed. Anther-bearing stamens 2 (the posterior pair wanting or rudi-
mentary) ; connective of the anthers transverse, linear or filiform, bearing a
perfect anther-sac on its upper end, its lower end dilated, capitate or sometimes
bearing a small or rudimentary one. Nutlets smooth, usually developing
mucilage and spiral tubes when wetted. [Latin, salvus, safe, from its healing
virtues.] About 500 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Salvia offi-
cinalis L.

Corolla blue to white, 4-10 mm. long.

Leaves cuneate-narrowed at base. 1. 8. occidentalis.

Leaves rounded or cordate at base. 2. 8. serotina.

Corolla red or scarlet, 2-2.5 cm. long. 3. 8. coccinea.

1. Salvia occidentalis Sw. Prodr. 14. 1788.

Annual ; stems ascending, decumbent or prostrate, branched, densely pubes-
cent at least above, 0.5-2 m. long. Leaves ovate, 2-5 cm. long, serrate, short-
petioled, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate at the base;
panicles narrow, 0.5-3 dm. long, the clusters few-flowered, the lower ones dis-
tant, the upper close together; calyx about 3 mm. long densely glandular-
pubescent, ribbed, the upper lip obtuse, the lobes of tix 'ower lip acute;
corolla blue, about 5 mm. long, its tube a little shorter than the calyx; nutlets
about 2 mm. long.

Waste places and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera and Great Exuma :
— Florida ; West Indies and continental tropical America ; recorded from Bermuda.
WEST INDIAN SAGE.

2. Salvia serotina L. Mant. 1: 25. 1767.

Salvia micrantha Vahl, Enum. 1: 235. 1805.

Perennial, finely pubescent; stems 1.5-7 dm. tall, much branched. Leaves
ovate or orbicular-ovate, 1-4 cm. long, obtuse, crenate-serrate, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, slender-petioled ; panicles 2-10 cm. long; calyx longer
than the pedicels, glandular-hirsute, becoming 5-8 mm. long; lips about £ as
long as the long-campanulate tube; corolla 6-10 mm. long, white or blue, its
tube included; style glabrous; nutlets fully 2 mm. long.

LAMIACEAE. 379

Waste places and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama to Andros, The Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West
Indies ; continental tropical America. Consists of many races differing in pubescence,
the corolla blue to white. Apparently referred to S. tenella Sw. by Hitchcock.
Erroneously called CATNEP. Listed by Dolley as Nepeta Cataria L. SMALL WHITE
SAGE.

3. Salvia coccinea Juss. in Murray, C'omm. Gott. 1: 86. 1778.

Annual, softly pubescent; stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, simple or sparingly
branched. Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, 3-6 cm. long, obtuse or acutish,
crenate-serrate, truncate to subcordate at the base; panicles 5-20 cm. long;
pedicels 2-6 mm. long, slender; calyx minutely pubescent, 10-12 mm. long, its
tube many-ribbed, the upper lip reniform, abruptly pointed, the lower lobes
ovate-apiculate ; corolla deep scarlet, 2-2.5 cm. long, puberulent, the tube con-
tracted above the base, then gradually enlarged, the lower lip 7-8 mm. broad,
merely notched at the apex; nutlets 2.5 mm. long, slightly variegated.

Waste places, Watling's Island, at Cockburn Town : — Bermuda ; South Carolina
to Florida, Texas and Mexico ; West Indies and continental tropical America. SCAR-
LET SAGE. COUNTRY BELLE.

6. MICROMERIA Benth. Bot. Eeg. 15: under pi. 1282. 1829.

Shrubs or perennial herbs, with entire or dentate leaves and small axillary
clustered or solitary flowers. Calyx tubular, its tube mostly 13-ribbed, its 5
lobes nearly equal. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, often very small; lower
lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe commonly emarginate. Stamens 4, converging
under the upper corolla-lip; anthers 2-celled, the sacs divergent. Ovary 4-
carpellary; style basal. Nutlets smooth, basally attached. [Greek, referring
to the small flowers.] Sixty species or more, natives of temperate and tropical
regions. Type species: Sab^atia corymbosa Moench.

1. Micromeria Brownei (Sw.) Benth. Lab. 372. 1834.

Thymus Brownei Sw. Prodr. 89. 1788.

Satureia Brownei Briquet, in E. & P. Nat. Pflanzf. 43a: 300. 1896.

Perennial, glabrous or nearly so; stems branched near the base, very
slender, the branches prostrate and creeping, 1—4 dm. long. Leaves broadly
ovate or orbicular, 5-12 mm. broad, crenulate, obtuse or acute at the apex,
truncate or subcordate at the base, the petioles 1-6 mm. long; flowers mostly
solitary in the axils; pedicels filiform, 3-12 mm. long, as long as the upper
leaves or longer; calyx narrowly turbinate, 4-5 mm. long, its triangular-ovate,
ciliolate lobes about one-half as long as the tube; corolla white, 7-8 mm. long,
its upper lip ovate, sometimes emarginate.

Moist soils at fresh-water holes', Abaco and Great Bahama southward to Crooked
Island : — Florida ; Jamaica. Recorded by Dolley as Nepeta coerulea L. WEST INDIAN
THYME.

7. HYPTIS Jacq. Coll. 1: 101. 1786.
[MESOSPHAERUM P. Br. Hist. Jam. 257. Hyponym. 1756.]

Herbs, mostly erect and branched, the leaves usually dentate, the flowers
variously clustered. Calyx tubular, ovoid or campanulate, equally 5-lobed, the
lobes acute or aristate. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect or spreading, the
lower saccate and drooping. Stamens 4, declined, all antheriferous, the fila-
ments distinct, the anthers 2-celled. Ovary 4-carpellary ; style basal. Nutlets

380 LAMIACEAE.

smooth or rough. [Greek, bent backward.] About 300 species, mostly of
tropical America. Type species: Hyptis verticillata Jacq.

Flowers in secund spiked cymes; calyx 3-4 mm. long. 1. H.pectinata.

Flowers in axillary clusters ; calyx 8-10 mm. long. 2. H. suaveolens.

1. Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 7: 474. 1806.

Nepeta pectinata L. Syst. Ed. 10, 1097. 1759.

Perennial, densely puberulent ; stems erect, 3-20 dm. high. Leaves ovate,
2-8 cm. long, serrate, acute at the apex, mostly obtuse or subcordate at the
base, the petioles 4.5 cm. long or less; flowers in secund spiked cymules, the
inflorescence elongated; calyx 3-4 mm. long, puberulent, its subulate lobes
nearly as long as the tube; corolla whitish, little longer than the calyx, the
upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; nutlets granular, about 1 mm. long.

Waste places, Andros, Cat Island, and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies and con-
tinental tropical America. PECTINATE HYPTIS.

2. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Ann. Mus. Paris 7: 472. 1806.

Ballota suaveolens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1100. 1759.

Annual? Stem stout, often much branched, loosely pilose, 3—8 dm. high.
Leaves ovate or ovate-orbicular, slender-petioled, 4 cm. long or less, acute or
obtuse at the apex, obtuse or subcordate at the base, low-serrate, sparingly
pubescent on both sides; flowers 2-5 together, nearly sessile, in short-peduncled,
axillary clusters, or the clusters crowded in a terminal panicle and subtended
by small leaves ; calyx campanulate, strongly ribbed, at length 8-10 mm. long, its
subulate teeth shorter than the tube; corolla 5-6 mm. long, bluish.

Waste and cultivated soils, New Providence, Eleuthera and Great Exuma : — West
Indies; continental tropical America^ East Indies. PILOSE HYPTIS. WILD BASIL.

8. OCIMITM L. Sp. PL 597. 1753.

Herbs or low shrubs, with erect or ascending branched stems, usually
dentate petioled leaves and clustered flowers. Calyx deflexed in fruit, its
tube campanulate or ovoid, 5-lobed, the lobes unequal, the lower ones somewhat
united. Corolla white or nearly white, its tube usually shorter than the calyx,
its lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, the lower pair appressed to the
lower lip of the corolla; filaments naked or appendaged. Ovary 4-carpellary ;
style basal. Nutlets smooth or rugose. [Greek, odorous.] About 40 species
widely distributed in warm and tropical regions. Type species: Otimum
'basilicum L.

1. Ocimum micranthum Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 630. 1809.

Annual, pubescent; stem erect, branched, 2-5 dm. high. Leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, 1-5 cm. long, serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed or subtruncate
at the base, the petioles 5-20 mm. long; panicles 2-10 cm. long; flowers
several in the clusters; pedicels 4—7 mm. long; calyx puberulent, 6-7 mm.
long in fruit, the upper lip concave, the lower of 4 narrow subulate-tipped
lobes; corolla about 4 mm. long, its tube dilated above, its upper lip with 2
rounded lobes, the lower lip with 2 ovate lateral lobes and a notched middle
one; nutlets about 1 mm. long.

Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Eleuthera : — Florida ; West
Indies ; Jamaica ; Mexico to continental tropical America. WILD BASIL. POTMARGIN.

Marrubiwrn, vulgare L., listed by Dolley, has not been found by our collectors on
the islands.

SOL AN ACE AE. 381

Family 9. SOLANACEAE Pers.
POTATO FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs, vines, or some tropical species trees, with alternate or
rarely opposite estipulate leaves, and perfect regular, or nearly regular,
cymose flowers. Calyx inferior, mostly 5-lobed. Corolla gamopetalous,
mostly 5-lobed, the lobes induplicate-valvate or plicate in the bud.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them,
inserted on the tube, all perfect in the following genera; anthers various,
2-celled, apically or longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 2-celled
(rarely 3— 5-celled) ; ovules numerous on the axile placentae, anatropous or
amphitropous; style slender, simple; stigma terminal; fruit a berry or
capsule. Seeds numerous ; endosperm fleshy ; cotyledons semiterete. About
75 genera and 1,750 species, most abundant in tropical regions.

Fruit a berry.

Corolla plicate.

Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx. 1. Physalis.

Berry not enclosed in the calyx. 2. Solatium.

Corolla not plicate, or scarcely plicate.

Corolla rotate. 3. Capsicum.

Corolla salverform to funnelform.

Stamens unequal ; filaments adnate to the mouth of the

corolla-tube. 4. Lycium.

Stamens equal or nearly so ; filaments adnate to about the

middle of the corolla-tube. 5. Oestrum.

Fruit a capsule.

Calyx tubular, at length circumscissile. 6. Datura.

Calyx ovoid or campanulate, 5-cleft. 7. Nicotiana.

1. PHYSALIS L. Sp. PL 182. 1753.

Herbs, sometimes a little woody below, with entire or sinuately toothed
leaves. Peduncles slender, in our species solitary in the axils. Calyx campanu-
late, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged and bladdery-inflated, membranous, 5-angled,
or prominently 10 -ribbed and reticulate, wholly enclosing the pulpy berry.
Corolla often with a brownish or purplish center, open-campanulate, or rarely
campanulate-rotate, plicate. Stamens inserted near the base of the corolla;
anthers oblong, opening by longitudinal slits. Style slender, somewhat bent;
stigma minutely 2-cleft. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, flattened. [Greek,
bladder, referring to the inflated calyx.] The number of recognized species
is about 50, widely distributed. Type species: Physalis Alkekengi L.

Fruiting calyx 5-angled ; leaves narrowed at the base. 1. P. anyulata.

Fruiting calyx 5-winged ; leaves cordate, rounded or obtuse at the
base.

Glabrous, or nearly so. 2. P. turbinata.

Densely pubescent. 3. P. pubescens.

1. Physalis angulata L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753.

Physalis Liiikiana Dunal, in DC. Prodr. 131: 448. 1852.

Erect, 4-9 dm. high, glabrous; stem angled; leaves ovate, usually with
cuneate base and long-acuminate teeth, 5-6.5 cm. long, on slender petioles,
thin, the veins not prominent; peduncles slender, 2-3 cm. long, erect, in fruit
often reflexed but seldom exceeding the fruiting calyx; calyx-teeth, triangular
to lanceolate, generally shorter than the tube; corolla 5-10 cm. in diameter;
anthers purplish tinged; fruiting calyx about 3 cm. long, ovoid, not promi-
nently angled, at last nearly filled by the yellow berry.

Waste places, Andros and New Providence : — Bermuda ; southern United States ;
West Indies and continental tropical America. CUT-LEAVED GROUND-CHERRY. POPPERS.

382 SOLANACEAE.

2. Physalis turbinata Medik. in Act. Acad. Theod. Palat. 4: 188, t. 5, fig. 2.

1780.

Annual, glabrous, or minutely puberulent when young. Stems rather
stout, acutely angled and divaricately branched; leaves broadly ovate, obtuse
or cordate and slightly oblique at the base, thin and dark green, repand-dentate,
short-acuminate; peduncles short, in fruit about 1.5 cm. long, calyx-lobes
lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 8-10 mm. wide, yellow with a purplish eye;
fruiting calyx 3-3.5 cm. long, long-attenuate, almost pyramidal, deeply retuse
at the base.

Waste and cultivated grounds, Acklin's Island and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda ;
southern United States ; West Indies and continental tropical America. SMOOTH
GROUND-CHERRY.

3. Physalis pubescens 1L. Sp. PI. 183. 1753.

Physalis larladensis Jacq. Misc. 2: 359. 1781.

Annual, pubescent and viscid. Stems tall and erect, or widely spreading,
acutely 3-4-angled; leaves 3-6 cm. long, heart-shaped, acute, or usually
abruptly acuminate, sharply repand-dentate, pubescent with short hairs; pe-
duncles short, at maturity sometimes 2 cm. long; calyx generally densely
viscid-hirsute, its lobes lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 5—10 mm. in diameter,
yellow, with a purplish eye; anthers purplish; fruiting calyx 2.5-3 cm.
long, attenuate, reticulate, retuse at the base.

Waste grounds, Andros and New Providence : — West Indies : continental tropical
and temperate America. tP. curassavica of Schoepf. HAIRY GROUND-CHERRY.

2. SOLANUM L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753.

Herbs or shrubs, often stellate-pubescent, sometimes climbing. Flowers
cymose, umbelliform, paniculate, or racemose. Calyx campanulate or rotate,
mostly 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, the limb plaited, 5-angled or 5-
lobed, the tube very short. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla;
filaments short; anthers linear or oblong, acute or acuminate, connate or con-
nivent into a cone, each sac dehiscent by a terminal pore, or sometimes by a
short introse terminal slit, or sometimes also longitudinally. Ovary usually
2-celled; stigma small. Berry mostly globose, the calyx either persistent at
its base or enclosing it. [Name, according to Wittstein, from solamen,
quieting.] About 900 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type species:
Solanum nig rum L.

Pubescence not stellate.

Plants copiously armed with long slender prickles. 1. 8. aculeatissimum.

Plants unarmed. 2. 8. nigrum.

Pubescence densely stellate.

Leaves large, lanceolate to obovate.

Inflorescence racemose. 3. 8. bahamense.

Inflorescence corymbose.

Inflorescence terminal ; plants unarmed.

Corolla-lobes ovate. 4. 8. v erb as ci folium.

Corolla-lobes lanceolate. 5. 8. Blodgettii.

Inflorescence subaxillary ; plants usually with some

prickles. 6. 8. torvum.

Leaves minute, not over 3 mm. long. 7. 8. didymacanthum.

1. Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. Coll. 1: 100. 1786.

Perennial, slightly woody, usually much branched, 6-12 dm. high, some-
what pilose, or becoming glabrous, the branches, petioles, leaf-blades and
peduncles armed with straight yellow prickles'. Leaves thin, broadly ovate in
outline, 7-15 cm. long, pinnately lobed or repand; cymes few-flowered, lateral;

SOL AN ACE AE. 383

calyx armed with stout prickles, about one-third as long as the corolla, its
lobes ovate, acute; corolla white, about 12 mm. broad; anthers ovate-lanceo-
late; berry globose, scarlet, glabrous, 1-2 cm. in diameter.

Waste and cultivated ground, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleu-
thera and Cat Island ; recorded from Green Turtle Cay : — southern United States ;
Bermuda ; West Indies and continental tropical America. COCKROACH BERRY.

2. Solanum nigrum L. Sp. PI. 186. 1753.

Solanum nodiflorum Dunal, Hist. Sol. 151. 1813.. Not Jacq. 179-3.
Solanum americanum Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 5. ]768.
Solanum purpuratum Bitter, Kepert. 12: 85. 1913.

Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent with simple hairs, 3-8 dm. high.
Leaves ovate, petioled, more or less inequilateral, 2-8 cm. long, thin, acute,
acuminate or acutish at the apex; peduncles lateral, umbellately 3-10-flowered;
pedicels 6-14 mm. long; flowers 8-10 mm. broad; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse,
much shorter than the corolla, persistent at the base of the berry; filaments
somewhat pubescent; anthers obtuse; berries glabrous, globose, 8-10 mm. in
diameter, black, on nodding peduncles.

Waste and cultivated grounds, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama
to Watling's, East Caicos, Grand Turk and Inagua : — all temperate and tropical
regions of both hemispheres. Consists of many races differing in length of pedicels
and size of flowers, the leaves varying from entire to coarsely toothed. Recorded by
Hitchcock as Solanum nigrum oleraceum; by Small as Solanum gracile Link. BLACK
NIGHTSHADE. INK-BERRY. GOOMA-BUSH.

3. Solanum bahamense L. Sp. PI. 188. 1753.

Solanum tahamense lanceolatum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 440. 1861.
Solanum subarmatum Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. '240. 1809.

A prickly or unarmed shrub, 2 m. high or less, the twigs, leaves and
inflorescence stellate puberulent, the prickles slender. Leaves oblong to lanceo-
late, 4-12 cm. long, slender-petioled, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed or
obtuse and often oblique at the base, the margin entire or somewhat undulate,
the veins rather distant; peduncles lateral, longer than the petioles; inflores-
cence racemiform, .sometimes forked, few-several-flowered; pedicels slender,
thickened upward, 6-12 mm. long, nodding in fruit; calyx 1.5 mm. long, its
lobes ovate; corolla blue, rarely white, 10-15 mm. broad; berry red, globose,
6-8 mm. in diameter.

White-lands and scrub-lands throughout the archipelago from Abaco and Great
Bahama through the Biminis and Andros to Grand Turk Islands, Ambergris Cay and
Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica. Consists of many races, unarmed
or very prickly, with the leaves entire or toothed, and the flowers and fruits varying
considerably in size. Recorded by Dolley and by Hitchcock as Solanum ignaeum L.
BAHAMA SOLANUM. CANKER-BERRY..

4. Solanum verbascifolium L. Sp. PI. 184. 1753.

A stellate-tomentulose unarmed shrub, 1-3 m. high, rarely forming a
small tree up to 10 m. high, with a trunk up to 1.5 dm. in diameter. Leaves
ovate to elliptic, rarely obovate, 1-3 dm. long, entire or very slightly repand,
acute, acuminate or obtuse at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, the
stout petioles 7 cm. long or less; cymes terminal, several-many-flowered, long-
peduncled; pedicels stout, 6-12 mm. long; calyx 5-7 mm. long, densely stel-
late, its lobes triangular-ovate ; corolla white, 10-15 mm. wide, its lobes ovate-
oblong; berry subglobose, 1-2 cm. in diameter, yellow.

Waste places, scrub-lands, coppices and old fields, throughout the archipelago
from Great Bahama, Abaco and Andros to Mariguana and Dellis' Cay (Caicos) • —
Florida ; West Indies : Mexico and Central America ; Old World tropics. MULLEIN-
LEAVED SOLANUM. WILD TOBACCO. SALVE-BUSH

384 SOLANACEAE.

5. Solanum Blodgettii Chapm. Fl. So. U. S. 349. 1860.

An unarmed shrub, 0.5-1.5 m. high, the branches spreading, the young
twigs, leaves and inflorescence stellate-tomentulose. Leaves oblong, 5-15 cm.
long, entire or undulate, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly obtuse at the
base, the petioles 1-3 cm. long; peduncles longer than the leaves; panicles
dense, short, several-many-flowered; pedicels 3-7 mm. long; calyx about 3
mm. long, its teeth minute, deltoid; corolla white or blue, its lobes linear or
linear-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, pubescent without; anthers linear, apically
dehiscent; ovary glabrous; berries red, 4-6 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands, North Cat Cay, Biminis : — Florida. BLODGETT'S SOLAXDM.

6. Solanum torvum Sw. Prodr. 47. 1788.

A stellate-tomentulose shrub, 1-4 m. high, the rather stout branches
sparingly armed with short flattened, nearly straight prickles, or unarmed.
Leaves broadly ovate in outline, 5-20 cm. long, stout-petioled, angular-lobed or
sinuate-margined, acute or obtuse at the apex, truncate or subcordate at the
base, sometimes with a few prickles on the petiole and on the midvein be-
neath, the upper surface scabrous; cymes lateral, short-peduncled, several-
flowered; flowering pedicels slender, glandular, 5-8 mm. long, thickening in
fruit; calyx glandular, about 4 mm. long, 5-cleft, its lobes ovate, acute;
corolla white, 5-cleft, 10-15 mm. broad; berry globose, 10-14 mm. in diameter,
yellow.

Waste and cultivated grounds near Nassau, New Providence : — Bermuda (accord-
ing to Grisebach) ; West Indies and continental tropical America. BUSHY WHITE
SOLANUM.

7. Solanum didymacanthum Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 183. 1906.

Branches stellate-pilose, prickly; leaves minute, entire, stellate-pilose on
both surfaces. Plants shrubby, branched, 1-2 m. high; prickles needle-like,
in pairs at the nodes, 2-3 times as long as the leaves, slightly recurved,
divaricately horizontal, reddish brown, thickened at the base, somewhat less
than 12 mm. long; leaves fasciculate, petiolate, oblong or obovate, entire,
about 3 mm. long, the base acute, the apex acute or obtuse; inflorescence
terminal, solitary, single-flowered; peduncles, calyx and corolla stellate-pilose,
unarmed; calyx 5-dentate; corolla white, 5-partite, the lobes liguliform, about
8 mm. long, somewhat shorter than the corolla; ovary globose; style filiform,
longer than the stamens; berry sessile, globose, compressed at the base and
apex, yellow, translucent, not exceeding the persistent calyx.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Cat Island near Port Howe, Great Exuma on Haynes
Boa<i. Endemic. CAT'S-PAW.

3. CAPSICUM L. Sp. PI. 188. 1753.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with forking stems. Leaves flat,
entire or repand. Flowers solitary in the axils, or in small cymes. Calyx
scarcely accrescent, somewhat 5-lobed. Corolla usually white, nearly rotate,
its lobes 5, imbricated. Stamens 5, adnate to the base of the corolla; anthers
bluish, the sacs opening lengthwise. Ovary 2-3-celled; stigma club-shaped or
dilated. Berries red, yellow or green, often nodding, pungent. Seeds flattened.
[Latin, capsa, a box, referring to the shape of the fruit in forms of the
typical species.] About 30 species, natives of America. Type species: Cap-
sicum, annuum L.

SOLANACEAE. 385

1. Capsicum baccatum L. Mant. 1: 47. 1767.

Shrubby, more or less pubescent. Stems 1-3 m. tall, sometimes vine-like,
widely branching; leaves ovate, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long;
acute or acuminate, entire, abruptly narrowed or truncate at the base;
petioles one half as long as the blades or shorter; pedicels narrowly club-
shaped, 1-2 cm. long; calyx 2.5-3 mm. long, its lobes as long as the tube or
somewhat shorter; berries globose to ellipsoid, 5-10 mm. long, red, obtuse.

Scrub-lands, Little Harbor Cay, New Providence and Eleuthera to Mai-iguana,
Dellis' Cay (Caicos), Inagua and the Anguilla Isles: — southern United States; West
Indies ; continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. C. frutescens of Hitch-
cock, from Inagua, and of Dolley, is this species. BIRD PEPPER.

4. LYCIUM L. Sp. PI. 191. 1753.

Shrubs, or woody vines, often spiny, with small alternate entire leaves,
commonly with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, and white greenish or
purple, solitary or clustered flowers. Calyx campanulate, 3-5-lobed or -toothed,
not enlarged in fruit, presistent. Corolla-tube short or slender, the limb 5-
lobed (rarely 4-lobed), the lobes obtuse. Stamens 5 (rarely 4) ; filaments fili-
form, sometimes dilated at the base; anther-sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary 2-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Berry globose,
ovoid, or oblong. [Named from the country Lycia.] About 75 species,
widely distributed. Type species: Lycium afrum L.

1. Lycium spathulifolium Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 451. 1905.

A glabrous shrub, 1.3 m. high or less, with long slender drooping
branches, some of the twigs tipped by spines . 2-4 mm. long, the bark gray.
Leaves 2-4 together at the nodal cushions, or solitary, spatulate, fleshy, entire,
6-15 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, obtuse, long-attenuate from above the middle
to the base; flowers few, solitary; peduncle filiform, 5 mm. long, gradually
thickened above; calyx campanulate, 2-2.5 mm. long, somewhat scurfy, its
teeth broadly ovate, obtuse, whitish-lanate ; corolla funnelform, white, its tube
4-5 mm. long, its 4 oblong obtusish lobes two thirds as long as the tube.

Coppices at upper savannah, Inagua ; rocky plains, East Caicos and Ambergris
Cay. Endemic. INAGUA LYCIUM.

5. OESTRUM L. Sp. PI. 191. 1753.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate entire petioled leaves, the mostly yellow
or white flowers in cymes or panicled. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Corolla
salverform or funnelform, the tube long, slender, the 5 lobes spreading.
Stamens borne on the corolla-tube, included; filaments filiform, often pilose
below, sometimes with a tooth-like appendage; anthers small, their sacs
parallel. Ovary 2-celled, usually short-stipitate ; ovules few; siyle filiform;
stigma dilated, entire or 2-lobed. Fruit a small berry. Seeds oblong, smooth.
[Greek, hammer, referring to the filaments.] Perhaps 15Q species, natives of
tropical America. Type species: Oestrum nocturnum L.

1. Oestrum bahamense Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 123. 1905.

A shrub 3 m. high or less, glabrous throughout, the bark light gray.
Leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic, pale green on both sides, but slightly darker
green above than beneath, 5-10 cm. long, 5 cm. wide or less, firm in texture,
acute at both ends, or the apex obtusish, faintly 7-9-veined on each side of the

386 SOLANACEAE.

mid-vein; petioles slender, 1-1.5 cm. long; cymes axillary, few-several-flowered,
their peduncles much shorter than the petioles; pedicels 1.5-3 mm. long;
calyx oblong-campanulate in flower, 4 mm. long, its teeth triangular-lanceo-
late, 1.5 mm. long; corolla-tube greenish yellow, 9-13 mm. long, narrowly ob-
conic, its lobes lanceolate, acuminate, purplish, 4-5 mm. long, white-lanose
within; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla just below the lobes, the
free part of the filament scarcely longer than the anther; berry blue-black,
shining, obovoid, about 12 mm. long, 5-6 mm. thick; fruiting calyx broadly
obconic, loosely enclosing the narrowed base of the berry.

Coppices, savannas and scrub-lands, Great Bahama and Abaco to Andros, Cat
Island and Long Island : — Cuban Cays. Referred by Grisebach, Dolley, Mrs. Northrop
and Hitchcock to Oestrum pallidum Lam. ; recorded by Coker as Solarium Jiavanense
Jacq. and by Schoepf as Cestrum vespertinum. BAHAMA CESTBUM.

CESTRUM DIDKNUM L., recorded by Dolley, has been cultivated on New Provi-
dence.

6. DATURA L. Sp. PL 179. 1753.

Tall narcotic herbs, some tropical species shrubs or trees, with alternate
petioled leaves, and large solitary erect, short-peduncled, white purple or violet
flowers. Calyx elongated-tubular or prismatic, its apex 5-cleft or spathe-like,
in the following species circumscissile near the base which is persistent and
subtends the prickly capsule. Corolla funnelform, the limb plaited, 5-lobed,
the lobes broad, acuminate. Stamens included or little exserted; filaments
filiform, very long, inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Ovary
2-celled, or falsely 4-celled; style filiform; stigma slightly 2-lobed. Capsule
4-valved from the top, or bursting irregularly. [The Hindoo name, dhatura.]
About 12 species, of wide distribution. Type species: Datura Stramonium L.

Spines of the capsule subulate.

Capsules erect. 3. D. Stramonium.

Capsules nodding. 2. D, Metel.

Spines of the capsule short, deltoid. 3. D. fastuosa.

1. Datura Stramdnium L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.

Datura Tatula L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 256. 1762.

Annual, glabrous or. the young parts sparingly pubescent; stem stout,
3-15 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly narrowed at
the base, 0.7-2 dm. long, irregularly sinuate-lobed, the lobes acute; flowers
white, about 1 dm. high; calyx prismatic, less than one-half the length of the
corolla; capsule ovoid, erect, densely prickly, about 5 cm. high.

Waste places, Great Bahama, Lignum Vitae Cay, Eleuthera and Acklin's Island : — •
Bermuda ; temperate and tropical America ; West Indies ; Old World. THORN-APPLE.
WASHWOMAN'S BUSH.

2. Datura Metel L. Sp. PI. 179. 1753.

Annual, finely glandular-pubescent, 1-3 m. high. Leaves broadly ovate,
acute, inequilateral, rounded or subcordate at the base, 1-2.5 dm. long; flow-
ers white, 1.5-1.8 dm. high; calyx about one-half as long as the corolla;
capsule globose or o'void-globose, nodding, obtuse, prickly and pubescent, 2.5-4
cm. in diameter.

Waste grounds, Andros and Inagua : — southern United States ; West Indies ;
Mexico and tropical America ; Old World tropics. PRICKLY-BUR.

3. Datura fastudsa L. Syst. ed. 10, 932. 1759.

Annual, nearly glabrous; stem erect, branched, 1-2 m. high. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, 5-17 cm. long, acute or acuminate, undulate or

SCKOPHULAKIACEAE. 387

repand-dentate, the slender petioles 3-7 cm. long; calyx about 6 cm. long, its
ovate lobes acute or short-acuminate; corolla violet without, white within,
14-18 cm. long; capsule ovoid, erect, 4-6 cm. long, its stout prickles corrugated
at the base.

Waste places at Port Howe. Cat Island : — southern United States : West Indies ;
continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. GARDEN DATURA. BELL-FLOWER.

7. NICOTIANA [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753.

Viscid-pubescent narcotic herbs or shrubs, with large alternate entire or
slightly undulate leaves, and white yellow greenish or purplish flowers, in
terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular-campanulate or ovoid, 5-cleft.
Corolla-tube usually longer than the limb, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading.
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla; filaments filiform; anther-
sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 4-celled) ; style slender;
stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, or sometimes 4-valved at the summit.
Seeds numerous, small. [Named for John Nicot, French ambassador to
Portugal, who sent some species to Catherine de Medici, about 1560.] About
50 species, mostly natives of America, the following typical.

1. Nicotiana Tabacum L. Sp. PI. 180. 1753.

Annual, 1-2 m. high, little branched or simple-stemmed. Leaves oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 dm. long, sessile, acute or acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, the lower ones decurrent on the stem; calyx about 12
mm. long, its lobes ovate; corolla funnelform, about 5 cm. long, pink, its
lobes triangular-subulate; capsule longer than the calyx.

Spontaneous in waste places. Great Bahama : — widely cultivated and spontaneous
after cultivation in warm and tropical regions. Native of South America. TOBACCO.

Family 10. SCROPHULAEIACEAE Lindl.
FIGWORT FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with estipulate leaves, and perfect, mostly com-
plete and irregular flowers (corolla wanting in one species of Synthyris] .
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided, or sometimes
split on the lower side, or on both sides, the lobes or segments valvate,
imbricate or distinct in the bud. Corolla gamopetalous, the limb 2-lipped,
or nearly regular. Stamens 2, 4 or 5, didynamous, or nearly equal, inserted
on the corolla and alternate wjth its lobes; anthers 2-celled; the sacs equal,
or unequal, or sometimes confluent into one. Disk present or obsolete.
Pistil 1, entire or 2-lobed; ovary superior, 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled;
ovules anatropous or amphitropous, on axile placentae; style slender,
simple; stigma entire, 2-lobed or 2-larnellate. Fruit mostly capsular and
septicidally or loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds mostly numerous ; endosperm
fleshy; embryo small, straight or slightly curved; cotyledons little broader
than the radicle. About 165 genera and 2,700 species, widely distributed.

Upper lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud, or wanting.

Corolla-tube with a sac on the lower side ; vines. 1. Maurandya.

Corolla-tube without a sac.

Flowers cymose ; our species a shrub. 2. Russellia.

Flowers solitary, racemose or spicate ; herbaceous plants.
Anther-bearing stamens 4 (rarely 5) ; corolla 2-lipped
or nearly regular.

388 SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Sepals equal or nearly so. 3. Stemodia.

Sepals very unequal.

Corolla nearly regular. 4. Bramia.

Corolla manifestly 2-lipped. 5. Mecardonia.

Anther-bearing stamens 2 ; corolla of only 1 lip ; minute

herbs. 6. Hemianthus.

Lower lip or lobes of the corolla external in the bud (except in

Cupraria and Scoparia).
Sepals distinct or nearly so.

Corolla-lobes 5 ; leaves alternate. 7. Capraria.

Corolla-lobes 4 ; leaves opposite. 8. Scoparia.

Sepals more or less united below into a tube.

Corolla campanulate to funnelform ; capsule not enclosed

in the calyx.

Stamens equal or nearly so. 9. Afzelia.

Stamens manifestly didynamous. 10. Agalinis.

Corolla salverform ; capsule nearly enclosed by the calyx. 11. Buchnera.

1. MAURANDYA Ort. Hort. Matr. Dec. 21. 1797.

Annual or perennial vines, the leaves alternate, or opposite below, flat,
hastate, angulate or coarsely toothed. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Sepals
partially united. Corolla showy, pink, purple or violet, irregular, its tube
scarcely gibbous at the base, with 2 often pubescent lines or plaits in the
throat. Stamens 4, included; filaments thickened at the apex; anther-sacs
often confluent. Styles with 2 dilated lobes at the apex. Ovules numerous.
Capsule short, opening by transverse or irregular chinks. Seeds sometimes
winged, wrinkled or tuberculate. [In honor of Maurandy, a botanist of
Cartagena.] About 6 species, natives of warm and tropical America. Type
species: Usteria scandens Cav.

1. Maurandya antirrhinaeflora H. & B.; Willd. Hort. Berol. pi. 83. 1807.
Antirrhinum antirrhiniflora Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 113. 1893.

Very slender, climbing or trailing, sometimes to a length of 3 m. or more,
glabrous throughout. Leaves triangular-hastate, acute, 1-2.5 cm. long, slen-
der-petioled ; peduncles very slender, mostly longer than the petioles; sepals
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly as long as the corolla-tube; corolla purple,
1.5 em. long, its limb much shorter than its tube; capsule depressed-globose,
about 1 cm. in diameter.

Roadsides, walls and thickets, New Providence : — southwestern United States
and Mexico; naturalized in Florida, Bermuda and in Jamaica. ROVING SAILOR.

2. BUSSELLIA Jaeq. Enum. 6, 25. 1760.

Shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, sometimes reduced to
mere scales, and cymose or panicled, mostly showy flowers. Calyx-lobes ovate.
Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnelform, the tube long, the lobes short, some-
what unequal. Stamens 4, with divergent anther-sacs; no staminodes. Cap-
sule ovoid to globose. [In honor of Alexander Russell, English physician
and traveller, who died in 1768.] About 15 species, natives of tropical
America. Type species: Eussellia sarmentosa Jacq.

1. Russellia ecLuisetiformis Schl. & Cham. Linnaea 6: 377. 1831.
Eussellia juncea Zuec. Flora 15 : Beibl. 99. 1832.

A glabrous, much-branched shrub, 4-12 dm. high, with spreading or arch-
ing striate branches, the twigs very slender. Leaves of the stem and branches,
or most of them, reduced to acute scales about 2 mm. long, those of sterile

SCEOPHULAEIACEAE. 389

twigs spatulate, 1.5 cm. long or less; calyx about 4 mm. long; corolla bright
red, about 2.5 cm. long, its lobes ovate, 4-6 mm. long; capsule ovoid.

Roadsides, New Providence, St. George's Cay, Cat Island. Native of Mexico.
Naturalized in Florida, Bermuda, Jamaica and from Porto Rico to Tortola ; Barbadoes.
RUSSELLIA. FOUNTAIN-PLANT.

3. STEMODIA L. Syst. ed. 10, 1118. 1759.

Herbs or low shrubs, mostly glandular-pubescent and odorous, with oppo-
site or verticillate leaves, the flowers solitary in the axils or in terminal, often
leafy -bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated,
nearly distinct and equal. Corolla with a nearly cylindric tube and a 2-
lipped limb, the upper lip notched or entire, erect, external in the bud, the
lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments filiform; anther-
sacs distinct, stipitate. Ovules many; style usually 2-lobed. Capsule 2-
valved, the valves 2-cleft. Seeds striate or reticulated, small. [Greek, double
stamens.] About 30 species, of tropical and subtropical regions, the follow-
ing typical.

1. Stemodia maritima L. Syst. ed. 10, 1118. 1759.

Perennial (?), pubescent or puberulent and somewhat viscid, usually
much branched, 6 dm. high or less, the branches decumbent or ascending, leafy.
Leaves opposite, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long, serrate, sessile,
acutish at the apex, cordate at the base; flowers nearly sessile in the axils,
solitary, shorter than the leaves; calyx about 2 mm. long; corolla purplish,
longer than the calyx, its upper lip nearly entire.

Moist ground and marshes, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Watling's Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, Great Exuma : — Cuba
to Porto Rico : Jamaica ; Curagao ; South America. Recorded by Hitchcock from Cat
Island as 8. durantifolia (L.) Sw. COAST STEMODIA.

4. BRAMIA Lam. Encycl. 1: 439. 1785.

Diffuse or prostrate herbs, with opposite, mostly entire, obtuse, palmately
veined leaves, 4and small pednncled flowers, mostly solitary in the axils. Calyx
subtended by 2 bracts, 5-parted, the upper segment the broadest. Corolla
nearly regular, the tube cylindric, the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens
4, didynamous, included. Style slender; stigma capitate, or 2-lobed. Seeds
numerous. [From Brami, a Malabar name.] About 20 species of warm and
tropical regions. Type species: Bramia indica Lam.

1. Bramia Monnieri (L.) Drake, PI. Polyn. Franc. 142. 1892.

LysimacMa Monnieri L. Cent. PI. 2: 9. 1756.

Gratiola Monnieri L. Syst. ed. 10, 851. 1759.

Herpestis Monnieria H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 2: 3>6& 1818.

Monniera Brownei Pers. Syn. 2: 166. 1806.

Monniera Monniera Britten, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 292. 1894.

Bacopa Monniera Wettst. in E. & P. Nat. Pflanz. 43b: 77. 1891.

Perennial, glabrous, fleshy; stem creeping, rooting at the nodes, 1.5-5 dm.
long. Leaves spatulate or cuneate-obcordate, sessile, rounded at the apex,
entire, or sparingly denticulate, 6-20 mm. long; peduncles mainly in alternate
axils, 2-bracteolate at the summit, in fruit longer than the leaves; flowers
pale blue, about 1 cm. long; upper calyx-segment ovate, acute; corolla ob-

390 SCEOPHULAEIACEAE.

scurely 2-lipped; stamens nearly equal; capsule ovoid, acute, shorter than the
calyx.

Wet places, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera to Wat-
ling's Island and Long Island : — Bermuda ; southeastern United States ; West Indies ;
continental tropical America and Old World tropics. MONNIER'S HEDGE-HYSSOP.

5. MECABDONIA Euiz & Pavon, Syst. 164. 1798.

Perennial, erect or diffuse, low herbs, with opposite serrate pinnately
veined leaves, and solitary axillary slender-peduncled flowers. Sepals 5,
unequal, the upper one the largest. 'Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate.
Stamens 4, borne on the throat of the corolla. Disc wanting. Stigma 2-
lobed. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. Seeds numerous. [Commemorates Meca y
Cardona, a founder of the Botanical Garden of Barcelona.] About 4 species
of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Mecardonia ovata Euiz &
Pavon.

1. Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1065, 1338. 1903.
Erinus procumbens Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 6. 1768.

Glabrous, usually branched from the base, the branches decumbent or sub-
erect, 1.5-4 dm. long. Leaves ovate or oval, 1-2 cm. long, serrate, short-
petioled, darkening in drying; peduncles slender, as long as the leaves or
longer, sometimes 3 times as long; upper sepal at length 8-10 mm. long;
corolla white or pink, about 10 mm. long; capsule oblong, 6-10 mm. long.

Sandy coppices and clearings, Great Bahama: — Florida; Cuba to St. Croix ;
Antigua ; Grenada to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; continental tropical America.

6. HEMIANTHUS Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 1: 119. 1817.
Diminutive prostrate herbs, often rooting at the nodes, with opposite
entire 3 -nerved leaves, and minute solitary, nearly sessile or peduncled
flowers. Calyx deeply cleft, 4-lobed. Corolla (in our species) 1-lipped, the lip
3-lobed, its middle lobe somewhat longer than the lateral ones. Stamens 2,
borne on the throat of the corolla; filaments short, with a basal appendage;
staminodes none. Style 2-cleft afoove the middle. Capsule globose, 2-valved,
membranous. Seeds several or many, few-ribbed and transversely striate.
[Greek, referring to the deficient corolla.] A few species of the West Indies
and the eastern United iStates. Type species : Hemianthus micranihemoid.es Nutt.

1. Hemianthus callitrichoides Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 522. 1862.
Hemianthus multiflorus C. Wright; Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 185. 1866.

Glabrous; matted; stems filiform, 2-4 cm. long. Leaves elliptic, membran-
ous, sessile, about 3 mm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex; peduncles fili-
form, 1-3 mm. long; calyx about 1 mm. long; lobes of the corolla-lip oblong.

Creeping on wet soil and mud, Andros, Cat Island, Acklin's Island : — Cuba.
WATER- STARWORT HEMIANTHUS.

7. CAPRARIA L. Sp. PI. 628. 1753.

Perennial herbs or shrubby plants. Leaves alternate, longer than broad,
toothed. Flowers on axillary pedicels. Calyx of 5 narrow, almost equal

SCKOPHULAEIACEAE. 391

sepals. Corolla white, campanulate, with 5 flat lobes. Stamens usually 4;
anther-sacs 2, divergent, confluent. Stigmas dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule
short, '2-grooved, loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds reticulated. [Latin, from
capra, a nanny-goat.] About 4 species, of tropical and subtropical America,
the following typical.

1. Capraria biflora L. Sp. PI. 628. 1753.

Capraria biflora pilosa Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 427. 1861.

Stems 3-9 dm. tall, branching, sometimes pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate,
cuneate or oblong, 1-4 cm. long, acute, sharply serrate above the middle;
pedicels solitary or 2 together, shorter than the leaves; sepals linear-lanceolate
to linear-subulate, 4-6 mm. long; corolla about 1 cm. long, the tube campanu-
late, the lobes lanceolate, about as long as the tube; capsules oval or oval-
ovoid, about as long as the sepals.

Roadsides, waste grounds and costal dunes, Abaco and Andros to Grand Turk,
Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida, Texas, south through continental
tropical America ; West Indies. GOAT-WEED. STOW-WEED.

8. SCOPARIA L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753.

Herbs or low shrubs, mostly branched, with opposite or verticillate, punc-
tate leaves, and small bractless pedicelled flowers solitary or in pairs in the
axils. Calyx 4-5-parted, the segments nearly distinct, imbricated. Corolla
nearly rotate, 4-cleft, densely bearded in the throat, its lobes nearly equal,
obtuse. Stamens 4, nearly equal; filaments filiform; anther-sacs distinct, par-
allel or divergent. Style clavate above; stigma truncate or notched; ovules
many. Capsules septicidally dehiscent, its valves entire, membranous. Seeds
many, angular. [Latin, a broom.] About 6 species, of tropical and sub-
tropical America, the following typical one also widely distributed in warm
and tropical parts of the Old World.

1. Scoparia dulcis L. Sp. PI. 116. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, often much branched, 3-10 dm. high, the branches
slender. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, opposite or verticillate in 3's or
4's, serrate or the upper ones entire, short-petioled, acute at the apex, nar-
rowed or cuneate at the base, the lower 2-3 cm. long, the upper smaller;
pedicels filiform, as long as the upper leaves or shorter, often borne in most
of the axils; sepals oblong or oblong-obovate, acute, sometimes ciliolate, about
3.5 mm. long; corolla white, 3-4 mm. wide; capsule ovoid-globose, a little
longer than the sepals.

Waste places, New Providence, Great Bxuma : — southern United States ; West
Indies ; tropical and subtropical continental America ; Old World tropics. SCOPARIA.

9. AFZELIA Gmel. Syst. 2: 927. 1791.

Erect branched herbs, mostly with opposite leaves, at least the lower 1-2-
pinnately parted or dissected, and yellow flowers solitary in the axils, or in
terminal bracted spikes or racemes. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-parted.
Corolla slightly irregular, campanulate or rotate, the tube short, the limb 5-
lobed, the lower lobe exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, slightly unequal; fila-
ments short, villous, at least near the base; anthers 2-celled, the sacs parallel,
distinct. Capsule acute and more or less compressed at the summit. Seeds

392 SCEOPHULAEIACEAE.

numerous, reticulated. [Named for Adam Afzelius, 1750-1812, botanical pro-
fessor at Upsala.] About 10 species, of the southern United States and
Mexico, the following typical one reaching the Bahamas.

1. Afzelia cassioides (Walt.) Gmel. Syst. 2: 927. 1791.
Anonymos cassioides Walt. Fl. Car. 171. 1788.

Puberulent, much branched, 0.5-1.2 m. high, the very slender branches
ascending. Leaves approximate, sessile or nearly so, 1-2.5 cm. long, dissected
into filiform segments; flowers in long narrow racemes terminating the
branches and usually also in the upper axils; pedicels filiform, 3-7 mm. long;
calyx-tube 1 mm. long, the lobes filiform, 1-2 mm. long; corolla glabrous, about
8 mm. broad; capsule 5-6 mm. long, its acute tip flattened.

Pine-lands of Great Bahama : — southeastern United States. AFZELIA.

10. AGALINIS Raf. N. Fl. 2: 61. 1837.

Erect herbs, mainly with opposite and sessile narrow leaves. Flowers
showy, usualy large, purple, pink or white, in loose bracted racemes. Calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Corolla somewhat irregular, campanulate,
or funnelform, the tube broad, the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lower
lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments pubes-
cent; anthers 2-celled, their sacs obtuse or mucronate at the base; style fili-
form. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded. Seeds mostly angled.
Type species: Agalinis palustris Eaf.

Pedicels short, not longer than the calyx. 1. A. Harperi.

Pedicels as long as the calyx or longer, at least in fruit. 2. A. spiciflora.

1. Agalinis Harperi Pennell; Small, Fl. Miami 167, 200. 1913.

Annual, glabrous or nearly so, little-branched, 8 dm. high or less. Leaves
narrowly linear, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, spreading; bracts similar to the leaves, the
lower often as long as the fowers; racemes 8-20-flowered, the flowers mostly
opposite; pedicels shorter than the calyx, 2-3 mm. long; calyx-lobes triangular-
lanceolate, about 1 mm. long; corolla 15-18 mm. long, pubescent without,
pinkish purple, with 2 yellow lines within, the lobes rounded or truncate,
ciliate; stamens woolly; capsule subglobose, 4-5 mm. long.

Borders of marshes and in scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros and Eleu-
thera : — Florida. Reported by Mrs. Northrop and also by Dolley as Gerardia pur-
purea L. ; recorded as Gerardia domingensis Spreng. in Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4 : 125.

2. Agalinis spicifldra (Engelm.) Pennell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 71:

277. 1920.

Gerardia spiciflora Engelm. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 227. 1845.

Annual, fleshy, glabrous, branched or simple., 2-6 dm. high, erect or
usually so Leaves linear, 1-4 cm. long, spreading; bracts similar to the upper
leaves, but much smaller, often not longer than the pedicels; racemes distantly
4-1 2 -flowered; pedicels 4-12 mm. long, ascending, longer than the calyx,
thickened upward; calyx-lobes triangular, about 1 mm. long; corolla 15-20
mm. long, pink, puberulent without, its lobes rounded or emarginate, ciliate;
stamens woolly; capsule globose or ovoid-globose, 4.5-6 mm. long.

Marshy places, Abaco. Great Bahama, Andros. New Providence and Eleuthera : —
southern United States : Cuba. Reported by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker as Gerardia
maritima Raf., and as Gerardia purpurea L. bv Dolley. MARSH AGALINIS.

LENTIBULARIACEAE. 393

11. BUCHNERA L. Sp. PL 630. 1753.

Erect, perennial or biennial, strict hispid or scabrous herbs, blackening in
drying, the lower leaves opposite, the upper sometimes alternate. Flowers
rather large, white, blue, or purple, in terminal bracted spikes, the lower com-
monly distant. Calyx tubular, or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla sal-
verform, its tube cylindric, somewhat curved, its limb nearly equally o-cleft,
spreading, the lateral lobes exterior in the bud. Stamens 4, didynamous;
anther-sacs confluent into 1. Style slender, thickened or club-shaped above;
stigma small, entire or emaiginate. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds
numerous, reticulated. [Named for J. G. Buchner.] About 30 species, of
warm and temperate regions. Type species: Buchnera americana L.

1. Buchnera elongata Sw. Frodr. 92. 1788.

Stems rough-hispidulous, 2-5 dm. high, simple or branched above, slender.
Leaves scabrous, sparingly toothed or entire, the basal ones obovate or oblong,
short-petioled, 1-3 cm. long, those of the stem oblong to linear, 1.5-8 cm. long;
spikes slender, distantly-flowered; calyx 5—6 mm. long, hispidulous, its upper
lobes triangular, acute; corolla blue or white, 9-12 mm. long, its tube some-
what pubescent; capsules ovoid, 5-7 mm. long.

Pine-lands and savannas, Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ;
Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; continental tropical America. BUCHNERA.

VERBASCUM PULVERTJLENTUM Mill, is recorded from Green Turtle Cay, Abaco, by
Herrick. The specimen cannot be found among his plants nor has any species of the
genus been seen by our collectors in the archipelago.

LINARIA VULGARIS Mill, is reported by Dolley to be naturalized in the Bahamas.
While this may be possible neither Mr. Brace, nor any of our other collectors, has
seen the plant on the islands. It may have been cultivated.

Family 11. LENTIBULARIACEAE Lindl.*
BLADDERWORT FAMILY.

Aquatic plants, or terrestrial on moist ground, with the leaves basal
and tufted, or borne on branching stems. Scapes erect. Flowers perfect,
irregular. Calyx inferior, 2-5-parted. Corolla 2-lipped, spurred or sac-
cate at the base. Stamens 2 ; anther-sacs confluent into 1. Ovary superior,
ovoid or globose, 1-celled, with a free-central placenta; ovules numerous;
style short or none ; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit a capsule, irregularly burst-
ing, or dehiscent by valves. Seeds reticulate, or variously sculptured or
appendaged; endosperm none. About 16 genera and 300 species, widely
distributed.

Scape with scales, or bracts, or both, 1-many-flowered ; calyx

2-parted ; corolla with a prominent palate, closing the throat.

Pedicels several times as long as the bracts at their bases ;

bractlets none.

Bracts attached by the base ; lower corolla-lip faintly lobed. 1. Utricularia.
Bracts peltate ; lower corolla-lip divergently 3-lobed. 2. Setiscapella.

Pedicels barely if at all exceeding the bracts ; a pair of lateral

bractlets as well as a bract at the base of each pedicel. 3. Stomoisia.

Scape naked, 1-flowered ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla with a subulate

palate within the tube, or none, the throat open. 4. Pinguicula.

* Contributed by Dr. John H. Barnhart.
26 *

394 LENTIBULABIACEAE.

1. UTRICULABIA L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753.

Aquatic herbs, the submersed steins with finely divided leaves bearing
minute bladders. Flowers racemose or solitary at the summits of the scapes,
each pedicel with a single bract at its base. Calyx 2-parted, the lobes herb-
aceous. Corolla strongly 2-lipped, the lower lip with a prominent 2-lobed
palate. [Latin, utriculus, a little bag.] About 75 species, of wide distribu-
tion. Type species: Utricularia vulgaris L.

Stems free-floating ; scapes many-flowered ; pedicels recurved in fruit. 1. U. foliosa.
Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water ; scapes 1-4-flowered ;

pedicels straight, ascending in fruit. 2. U. pumila.

1. Utricularia foliosa L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753.

Stems elongate, up to 25 dm. or more long, free-floating except for a
single point of attachment. Leaves 3-10 cm. long, forked at the base, each
fork pinnately dissected into numerous capillary segments,, often copiously
bladder-bearing 5 scapes solitary, 1-3 dm. high, 10-20-flowered; pedicels re-
curved in fruit; corolla yellow, 15-20 mm. broad; spur slenderly conic, shorter
than the lower lip; capsules few-seeded.

Fresh water of a palmetto swamp at Barnett's Point, Great Bahama : — Florida
to Louisiana ; Cuba ; Haiti ; Jamaica. LEAFY BLADDERWORT.

2. Utricularia pumila Walt. Fl. Car. 64. 1788.

Stems short, creeping on the bottom in shallow water, radiating from the
base of the scape. Leaves less than 1 cm. long, dichotomously divided into
few capillary segments, bladder-bearing; scapes solitary or 2 together, 5—12
cm. high, 1-4-flowered; pedicels erect-ascending in fruit; corolla yellow, 12-15
num. broad; spur slenderly conic or subulate, equalling or usually exceeding the
lower lip; capsules many-seeded.

In shallow water, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Great Exuma : —
eastern United States. Specimens from Andros, without flowers, were doubtfully
determined by Morong as U. foliosa L. and as U. grib&a L. ; the former is certainly,
the latter probably, referable to this species. TWO-FLOWERED BLADDERWORT.

2. SETISCAPELLA Barnh. in Small, Fl. Miami 170. 1913.

Terrestrial herbs, with short root-like branches from the base of the scape,
the delicate and evanescent leaves and minute bladders rarely seen. Flowers
in zig-zag racemes or solitary at the summits of the wiry scapes, each pedicel
with a single peltate bract at its base. Calyx 2-parted, the lobes scarious,
ribbed. Corolla 2 -lipped, the lower lip divergently 3-lobed, with a prominent
2-lobed palate. [Latin, seta, bristle, and scapus, scape.] About 12 species,
in Asia, Africa and America, the following typical.

1. SetiscapeUa subulata (L.) Barnh. in Small, Fl. Miami 170. 1913.
Utricularia subulata L. Sp. PI. 18. 1753.

Stems and leaves usually evanescent before flowering-time. Scapes 3-20
cm. high, filiform, bronze-colored, 1-12 -flowered; pedicels ascending; corolla
yellow, 4-6 mm. broad; spur appressed to the lower lip and nearly or quite
equalling it in length.

In mud, near Deep Creek, Andros : — eastern United States ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ;
northern and eastern South America. ZIG-ZAG BLADDERWORT.

BIGNONIACEAE. 395

3. STOMOISIA Eaf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 108. 1838.

Terrestrial herbs, with, short root-like branches from the base of the scape,
the delicate and evanescent leaves and minute bladders rarely seen. Flowers
racemose, often subscapose, or solitary at the summits of the slender scapes,
each pedicel with a bract and a pair of bractlets at its base. Calyx 2 -parted,
the lobes thin and veiny. Corolla strongly 2 -lipped, the upper lip with a dis-
tinct claw, the lower consisting chiefly of the helmet-shaped, laterally com-
pressed palate. [Greek, hairy mouth.] About 50 species, of wide distribu-
tion, the following typical.

1. Stomoisia cornuta (Michx.) Eaf. Fl.' Tellur. 4: 108. 1838.
Utricularia cornuta Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 12. 1803.

Stem and leaves inconspicuous, rarely seen. Scapes stiffly erect, 1-4 dm.
high, 2-5-flowered, the flowers approximate; pedicels usually shorter than the
bracts; corolla yellow, the lower lip 12-15 mm. long; spur subulate, pendent,
about 12 mm. long.

In a large sink-hole, near Deep Creek, Andros : — eastern North America ; Cuba.
HORNED BLADDERWORT.

4. PINGUICULA L. Sp. PI. 17. 1753.

Terrestrial herbs, with fibrous roots, and the entire leaves in a basal
rosette. Flowers solitary at the summits of the naked scapes. Calyx 5-lobed,
more or less 2-lipped. Corolla more or less 2-lipped, the spreading limb
sometimes almost equally 5-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. [Latin, pinguis, fat,
the leaves of some species being greasy to the touch.] About 30 species, of
wide distribution. Type species: Pinguicula vulgaris L.

1. Pinguicula pumila Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 11. 1803.

Leaves elliptie-obovate, 1-3 cm. long, rounded at the apex, narrowed at
the base but scarcely petioled, faintly veined. Scapes very slender, erect,
0.5-2 dm. high; calyx-lobes 2-3 mm. long, oblong, obtuse; corolla pale violet
or white, somewhat 2-lipped but the 5 lobes subequal, 1-2 cm. broad; spur
subulate, about 3 mm. long, longer than the sac-like base of the corolla;
capsule subglobose, a little longer than the calyx-lobes.

Savannas, Andros : — southeastern United States. Low BUTTERWORT.

Family 12. BIGNONIACEAE Pers.

TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY.

Trees, shrubs or woody vines, a few species herbaceous, with oppo-
site (rarely alternate) leaves, and mostly large and showy, clustered,
more or less irregular flowers. Calyx inferior, gamosepalous. Corolla
gamopetalous, 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, at least in the bud. Anther-
bearing stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate
with its lobes; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent. Disk
annular or cup-like. Ovary mostly 2-celled; plancentse parietal, or on
the partition-wall of the ovary; ovules numerous, horizontal, anatropous;
style slender; stigma terminal, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds flat,

396 B1GNONIACEAE.

transverse, winged in many genera; endosperm none; cotyledons broad and
flat, emarginate or 2-lobed; radicle short, straight. About 60 genera and
over 500 species of wide distribution in tropical regions, a few in the
temperate zones.

Fruit a capsule. .

Capsule elongated, terete.
Corolla funnelform.

Leaves simple or digitate. 1. Tabebula.

Leaves pinnate. 2. Tecoma.

Corolla short-campanulate. 3. Macro cat alp a.

Capsule short, flat, woody. 4. Jacaranda.

Fruit indehiscent. 5. Crescentia.

1. TABEBUIA Gomez, Obs. 2: 7, pi. 2. 1803.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite petioled, digitately 1-7-foliolate or simple
leaves, the large showy flowers in terminal cymes or panicles. Calyx tubular,
variously toothed or cleft. Corolla funnelform or funnelform-campanulate, the
limb spreading, slightly 2-lipped or nearly regular, the 5 lobes rounded.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included; filaments slender, curved; anthers oblong or
linear, glabrous. Ovary sessile; ovules many, in 2-several series. Capsule
linear or linear-oblong, nearly terete, loculicidally dehiscent, its valves mem-
branous or coriaceous, convex. Seeds numerous, winged. [Brazilian name.]
Seventy-five species or more, natives of tropical America. Type species:
Bignonia Tabebuya Veil.

Leaflets mostly 3, green on both sides ; lateral leaflets sessile or

nearly so. 1. T. lepidota.

Leaflets mostly 5, white-lepidote beneath ; all the leaflets peti-

oled. 2. T. bahamensis.

1. Tabebuia lepidota (H.B.K.) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 42: 377. 1915.

Bignonia lepidota H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 139. 1818.
Tecoma lepidota DC. Prodr. 9: '220. 1845.

A shrub, 1-3 m. high, or in Cuba sometimes a tree up to about 6 m. high,
the young twigs more or less lepidote. Leaves mostly 3-foliolate, rarely 1-2-
foliolate, or those of shoots 5-foliolate; petioles 1-2.5 cm. long; leaflets oblance-
olate to oblong-obovate, about 5 cm. long or less, coriaceous, rounded or retuse
at the apex, narrowed at the base, the terminal one stalked, the lateral ones
sessile, all somewhat lepidote, at least beneath; flowers usually few, pink, 5-7
cm. long; calyx lepidote, oblique; capsule 6-12 cm. long.

Scrub-lands, Andros : — 'Cuba. The specimens are incomplete and are referred to
this species with hesitation.

2. Tabebuia bahamensis (Northrop) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 42: 379. 1915.

Tecoma bahamensis Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 65. 1902.
Bignonia pentaphylla L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 870. 1763. Not Tabebuia penta-
phylla (Juss.) Hemsl. 1882.

A shrub or small tree up to 10 m. high, the young twigs lepidote. Leaves
3-5-foliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets oblong to elliptic, stalked, 2-7 cm. long,
entire, rounded or retuse at the apex, mostly obtuse at the base, densely
white-lepidote beneath, sparingly lepidote or elepidote above; panicles several-
flowered; pedicels rather stout, brown-lepidote, 12 mm. long or less; calyx
narrowly campanulate, brown-lepidote, irregularly 2-lipped, 1-1.5 cm. long;
corolla pink, 4-6 cm. long, its lobes rounded, slightly undulate; capsule 8-12
cm. long, about 7 mm. thick.

Scrub-lands, pine-lands and coppices, Great Bahama, Abaco, South Bimini and
Andros to Crooked Island, North Caicos and Inagua : — Cuba, BEEF-BUSH. GUNWOOD.
ABOVE-ALL. WHITE CEDAR. Referred by Grisebach and by Dolley to Tecoma Leu-
coxylon Mart. Catesby, 1 : pi. 37.

BIGNONIACEAE. 397

2. TECOMA Juss. Gen. 139. 1789.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite, pinnate or rarely simple leaves, and large
flowers racemose or panicled at the ends of the branches. Calyx tubular-
campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel form-campanulate, the limb slightly
2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary
sessile or nearly sessile; ovules mostly in one series on the placentae. Capsule
linear, loculicidally dehiscent, many-seeded, the seeds winged. [From the
Aztec name Tecomaxochitl.] About 10 species,, natives of tropical and warm-
temperate America, the following typical.

1. Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 3: 144. 1818.

Bignonia stans L. iSp. PI. ed. 2, 871. 1763.
Stenolobium stans Seem. Journ. Bot. 1: 88. 1863.

A shrub, or small tree up to about 8 m. high, glabrous throughout. Leaves
1-3 dm. long, petioled; leaflets 5-13, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic,
short-stalked, serrate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly narrowed at the
base; racemes several-many -flowered ; pedicels slender, 1 cm. long or less;
calyx 3-5 mm. long, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; corolla bright yellow,
3.5—5 cm. long, the cylindric part of its tube about twice as long as the calyx,
its lobes broad; capsule 1-2 dm. long, 5—6 mm. in diameter, beaked.

Waste places, scrub-lands and borders of coppices, New Providence, Cat Island,
Wat'ling's Island, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; continental tropical America
and the West Indies. TRUMPET-FLOWER. YELLOW ELDER.

3. MACROCATALPA Britton, Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 19: 8. 1918.
[CATALPA, sect. Macrocatalpa Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 191. 1866.]

Trees, with opposite or verticillate, simple, ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
slender-petioled entire leaves, and medium-sized flowers panicled at the ends
of the branches. Calyx closed in bud, 2-cleft at anthesis. Corolla mem-
branous, obliquely campanulate, the short tube much expanded above, the
limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse, undulate. Stamens 2, in-
cluded, the filaments slender, the anthers glabrous ; staminodia 3, small. Ovary
sessile; style filiform; stigma 2-lamellate; ovules in several series. Capsule
linear, very long, subterete. Seeds compressed, linear, long-pilose. [Greek,
great Catalpa.] Two or three species, natives of the West Indies, the follow-
ing typical.

1. Macrocatalpa punctata (Griseb.) Britton, Journ. N. Y. Bot Gard 19: 8.
1918.

(l)Echites macrocarpa A. Rich, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 94. 1850.
Catalpa punctata Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 192. 1866.

A tree, sometimes 10 m. high, the branches spreading, the young shoots
puberulent. Leaves opposite or some of them verticillate in 3's, oblong to
elliptic, subcoriaceous, 5-7 cm. long, obtuse, rounded, or acutish at the apex,
mostly rounded at the base, finely reticulate-veined beneath and lepidote-
puncticulate when young, dull and glabrous above, the petioles 1-3 cm. long,
puberulent when young; panicles few-several-flowered, slender-peduncled ;
pedicels very slender, 8-20 mm. long; calyx-lobes lepidote, obtuse, about 7 mm.
long; corolla light yellow with orange and brown bands in the throat, 1.2-2 cm.
long; capsule 3-4 dm. long.

Coppices, Andros : — Cuba. CUBAN CATALPA.

398 BIGNONIACEAE.

[MACROCATALPA LONG^SSIMA (Jacq.) Britton (Catalpa longissima Jacq.)
is reported by Hitchcock from Cat Island^ and a speciment of the species so
labeled is in his collections. We judge, however, that there is an error in this
report and in the labeling of the specimen, as Prof. Hitchcock admits the
possibility of error and does not remember the exact locality where the speci-
men may have been collected, nor could we find the tree in passing over his
exact route with the native who accompanied him. The Jamaica specimen
in his collection is a counterpart of the one labeled Oat Island. Prof. Roth-
rock, who was with him, returns no specimen from Cat Island though his col-
lections contain a counterpart of Prof. Hitchcock's from Jamaica.]

4. JACARANDA Juss. Gen. 138. 1789.

Trees, with opposite, mostly bipinnate leaves, and showy panicled blue
or violet flowers. Calyx campanulate or tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla
obliquely funnelf orm, the tube cylindric below, expanded above, the limb some-
what 2-lipped, with 5 spreading rounded lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included; anthers glabrous; staminodium about as long as the stamens, clavate,
usually villous. Ovary 2-celled, sessile; ovules borne in 1 or 2 series. Capsule
oblong to suborbicular, compressed, loculicidally dehiscent, its flat valves cori-
aceous or ligneous. Seeds flat, winged. [Brazilian name.] About 20 species,
natives of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Jacaranda coerulea (L.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 446. 1861.

Bignonia coerulea L. Sp. PI. 625. 1753.

Jacaranda caroliniana Pers. Syn. 2: 174. 1806.

Jacaranda bahamensis E. Br. Bot. Mag. under pi. 2327. 1822.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 12 m., the foliage glabrous.
Leaves. evenly bipinnate, petioled, often 3 dm. long; pinnae 4-13 pairs, stalked;
leaflets 17-35, obliquely oblong, sessile, 1-2.5 cm. long, acutish at the apex,
narrowed at the base; panicle many-flowered, 1-2 dm. long, puberulent;
pedicels short; calyx puberulent, 5-6 mm. long, its teeth triangular, acute;
corolla puberulent, about 4 cm. long; capsule oval, glabrous, 4-6 cm. long,
emarginate.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great
Guana Cay, and Great Exuma : — Cuba ; recorded from Martinique. BOXWOOD. CANCER-
TREE. WHAT O'CLOCK. Catesby, 1 : pi. 42.

5. CRESCENTIA L. Sp. PL 626. 1753.

Trees, with glabrous simple alternate or fascicled leaves, and largez
solitary or clustered, lateral or axillary flowers. Calyx leathery, closed in bud,
2-parted or 5-cleft at anthesis. 'Corolla with a subcampanulate swollen tube
and an oblique lacerate or 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, didynamous, included or
a little exserted; anthers glabrous. Ovary 1-celled, sessile; ovules many, on
2 parietal placentae. Fruit globose or ovoid, large, indehiscent, the shell
hard. Seeds numerous, wingless, compressed, borne on spongy placentae.
[Commemorates Petrus de Crescentius, a celebrated Italian, born in 1230.]
About 5 species, natives of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Crescentia Cujfcte L. Sp. PL 626. 1753.

A tree, attaining a maximum height of about 10 m., the trunk up to 2
dm. in diameter, with long spreading branches. Leaves spatulate to oblance-

MABTYNIACEAE. 399

olate, fascicled, 5-15 cm. long, obtuse, acute or short-acuminate at the apex,
narrowed to the nearly sessile base; flowers stout-peduncled ; calyx 2-2.5 cm.
long, its lobes broad, rounded or obtuse; corolla yellowish-purple, 5-6 cm.
long, its lobes lacerate, much shorter than the tube; fruit subglobose to oval,
1.5-3 dm. in diameter, its rind hard.

Jumbie Hole, Acklin's Island: — Florida; West Indies; continental tropical
America. Often planted for its valuable fruit. CALABASH.

Family 13. PEDALIACEAE Lindl.
PEDALIUM FAMILY.

Mostly herbs, often mucilaginous, the leaves opposite or the upper
alternate, and axillary, solitary or sometimes fascicled, perfect irregular
flowers. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla with a subcylindric tube and
a usually short, obscurely 2-lipped, 5-lobed limb. Stamens mostly 4 and
didynamous, included; anthers dorsifixed, the sacs parallel, or in some
genera distinct. Disk fleshy. Ovary sessile, 2-4-celled; ovules several or
many, anatropous; style filiform. Fruit various. Seeds without endo-
sperm. About 14 genera, including some 45 species, natives of the Old
World.

1. SESAMUM L. Sp. PL 634. 1753.

Herbs, usually erect, the lower leaves opposite, the upper alternate, or all
sometimes alternate, the violet to white, short-peduncled flowers solitary in the
axils. Calyx 5-parted. Tube of the corolla oblique at the base, somewhat
gibbous, the limb 5-lobed, slightly 2-lipped, the lobes spreading. Stamens 4,
didynamous, borne near the base of the corolla; anthers sagittate. Ovary 2-
celled; ovules many in each cavity, superimposed in a single series. Fruit
an oblong, 4-sided loculicidal capsule. [Arabic name.] About 12 species,
natives of tropical Africa and Asia, the following typical.

1. Sesamum orientale L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.
Sesamum indicum L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.

Erect, simple or branched, more or less pubescent, 0.7-2 m. high. Leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, mostly
narrowed at the base, papillate beneath, the petioles 1-5 cm. long; peduncles
about 4 mm. long; sepals linear-lanceolate,, about 1 cm. long; corolla pale rose,
2-3 cm. long; capsule linear-oblong, short-beaked, 4-grooved, 2-3 cm. long.

Spontaneous after cultivation, Eleuthera and Cat Island : — Florida ; West Indies
and continental tropical America. Native of the East Indies. SESAMEI. BENNY-SEED.

Family 14. MARTYNIACEAE Link.
UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY.

Herbs, with opposite leaves, or the upper alternate, and perfect irreg-
ular flowers. Calyx inferior, 4—5-cleft or 4r-5-parted, or sometimes split to
the base on the lower side. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, the tube oblique,
the limb slightly 2-lipped, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal, the 2 upper ones
exterior in the bud. Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2, or the
posterior pair sterile; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.

400 ACANTHACEAE.

Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas expanded into broad surfaces, or
2-4-celled by the intrusion of the placentae or by false partitions; ovules
anatropous; style slender; stigma 2-lobed or 2-lamellate. Seeds com-
pressed; endosperm none; embryo large; cotyledons fleshy, flat; radicle
short, straight. Three genera and about 12 species, mainly tropical.

1. MARTYNIA L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753.

Coarse glandular-pubescent and viscid strong-scented herbs, with long-
petioled leaves, and large flowers in short terminal racemes. Calyx 1-2-
bracteolate at the base, campanulate, inflated, deciduous. Corolla funnelform-
campanulate. Anthers gland-tipped, their sacs divergent. Ovary 1-celled, the
2 parietal placentae intruded and expanded in the center of the cavity into
broad surfaces bearing the ovules in 1 or 2 rows. Fruit an incurved beaked
loculicidally 2-valved capsule, the exocarp somewhat fleshy, the endocarp
fibrous, woody, crested below or also above, 4-celled by the extension of the
placentae. Seeds numerous, tuberculate. [Named for John Martyn, 1693-
1768, profesor of botany at Cambridge, England.] About 8 species, natives
of America. Type species: Marty nia annua L.

1. Martynia annua L. Sp. PI. 618. 1753.

Martynia diandra Glox. Obs. Bot. 14. 1785.

Viscid-pubescent, branched, 5-8 dm. high, the stem and branches rather
stout. Leaves thin, flaccid, opposite, long-petioled, ovate-orbicular, 8-15 cm.
long, sinuate-dentate, palmately veined, acute at the apex, cordate at the base;
racemes short-peduncled, several-flowered; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, slender,
thickening and recurved in fruit; calyx very deeply 5-cleft, about 1.5 cm. long,
its segments acute ; stamens 2 ; corolla pink, or nearly white, 3-5 cm. long,
its rounded lobes purple-blotched; capsule obliquely o\cid, compressed, 2-2.5
cm. long, viscid, tipped with a hooked beak about 3 mm. long.

Waste places, Nassau, New Providence : — Cuba to Porto Rico, St. Thomas and
Antigua ; Martinique and Bequia ; continental tropical America. SMALL-FKUITED
MARTYNIA.

Family 15. ACANTHACEAE J. St. Hil.
ACANTHUS FAMILY.

Herbs, or some tropical genera shrubs or small trees, with opposite
simple estipulate leaves, and irregular, or nearly regular, perfect flowers.
Calyx inferior, persistent, 4-5-parted or 4-5-cleft, the sepals or segments
imbricated. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly regularly 5-lobed, or 2-lipped.
Anther-bearing stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 only; anther-sacs longitu-
dinally dehiscent. Disk annular, or cup-like. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 2-10
in each cavity, anatropous or amphitropous ; style filiform, simple; stigmas
1 or 2. Capsule dry, 2-celled, loculicidally elastically 2-valved. Seeds not
winged, borne on curved projections (retinacula) from the placenta?, the
testa close, mostly roughened, often developing spiral threads and mucilage
when wetted. About 175 genera and 2,000 species, natives of temperate
and tropical regions.

Herbs or shrubs.

Stamens 4, didynamous.

Caulescent herbs or shrubs.

Flowers in densely bracted terminal spikes. 1. Blechum.

Flowers solitary or cymose. 2. Ruellia.

Acaulescent herbs with spicate flowers. 3. Oerardia.

ACANTHACEAE. 401

Fertile stamens only 2.

Shrubs with opposite spines ; staminodia 2. 4. Anthacanthus.

Unarmed herbs or shrubs ; staminodia none.

Seeds 6-12. 5. Androyraphis.

Seeds 2-4.

Capsule oblong. 6. Justicia.

Capsule ovate or orbicular. 7. Diapedium.

Twining vines ; flowers solitary, axillary, subtended by 2 large

bracts ; stamens 4. 8. Thunbergia.

1. BLECHUM P. Br.; Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 269. 1807.

Perennial herbs, with repand-dentate or entire, petioled leaves, and small
flowers in dense terminal spikes, the large foliaceous bracts imbricated. Calyx
5-parted, the slightly unequal segments linear-subulate. Corolla with a slender
tube little expanded above and a spreading, nearly equally 5-lobed limb, the
lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, borne at or above the middle of the
corolla-tube; anthers oblong, their sacs parallel. Ovules few or several in
each ovary-cavity; style with a subulate apex. Capsule ovate or suborbicular
with a short, narrowed base. Seeds orbicular. [Name Greek, originally ap-
plied to some different plant.] About 4 species, natives of tropical America.
Type species: Euellia Blechum L.

1. Blechum Brownei Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 270. 1807.

Annual, puberulent, erect or ascending, 2-7 dm. high, branched, the
branches slender. Leaves ovate, thin, petioled, 2-7 cm. long, acute at the
apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base; spikes dense, 4-sided, 3-6 cm. long;
bracts ovate, pinnately veined, 1-1.5 cm. long, loosely strigose and ciliate,
acutish at the apex, rounded at the base; corolla whitish, a little longer than
the subtending bract; capsule oblong, puberulent, about 6 mm. long.

Waste places in good soil, Abaco, Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera : —
West Indies and continental tropical America ; Philippine Islands. BLECHUM.

2. EUELLIA L. Sp. PI. 634. 1753.

Perennial herbs, or shrubs, mostly pubescent, with entire or rarely dentate
leaves and large flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils, or cymose in
terminal panicles. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, the segments narrow. Corolla
funnelform or salverform, the tube usually narrow, slightly enlarged above,
the limb spreading, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, didynamous. Anther-
sacs not mucronate at the base. Apex of the style recurved; stigma simple, or
of 2 unequal lobes. Capsule oblong or club-shaped. Seeds compressed, ovate
or orbicular, attached by their edges to the retinacula. [Named for I. De la
Ruelle, 1474-1537, an early French herbalist.] About 200 species, mainly of
tropical America. Type species: Euellia tuberosa L.

1. Euellia tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 635. 1753.

Eoots narrowly fusiform, clustered; stem erect or ascending, branched or
simple, 2-6 dm. high, finely pubescent. Leaves ovate or oblong, 10 cm. long
or less, undulate, finely pubescent, narrowed into margined petioles; cymes
several-flowered, peduncled ; bracts narrow, small ; calyx hispid-pubescent, its
linear lobes 12-20 mm. long; corolla purple, 4—6 cm. long, its tube rather
abruptly expanded above; capsules puberulent, about 1.5 cm. long.

Shaded grounds, New Providence, Eleuthera and Cat Island : — southern United
States ; West Indies and continental tropical America. TUBEROUS RUELLIA.

402 ACANTHACEAE.

3. GERARDIA [Plum.] L. Sp. PL 610. 1753.
[STENANDRIUM Nees, in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 444. 1836.]

Low and small pubescent perennial herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, the
leaves in a basal tuft, the pink or purple flowers spicate on bracted scapes.
Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, nearly equal. Corolla with a slender tube, enlarged into
a slightly curved throat, the oblique 5-lobed limb spreading, the lobes unequal
and imbricated. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, the anthers 1-celled. Ovules
2 in each cavity of the ovary; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule fusiform or narrowly
oblong. Seeds flattened, rough or pubescent. [Commemorates John Gerardi,
1545-1607, famous English herbalist.] About 25 species, of tropical and sub-
tropical America. Type species: Gerardia tuberosa L.

Bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, the lower 3—7 mm. long ; leaves

entire. 1. G. droseroides.

Bracts lanceolate, the lower 1 cm. long ; leaves repand-dentate or

undulate. 2. G. tracteosa.

1. Gerardia droseroides (Nees) Blake, Ehodora 20: 68. 1918.

Stenandrium droseroides Nees, in DC. Prodr. 11 : 284. 1847.

Pubescent all over with soft hairs. Basal leaves forming small tufts,
membranous, oblong, entire, 3—4.5 cm. long, rounded or obtuse at the apex, the
petioles as long as the blades or shorter; scapes slender, 8-15 cm. high; spikes
slender, several-many-flowered; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-7 mm.
long, acuminate; calyx-lobes linear, 2-3 mm. long; corolla white, its tube 3-4
mm. long, about as long as the lips; filaments very short; capsule oblong,
acute, glabrous, 4-5 mm. long; seeds suborbicular.

Pine-lands, Abaco and New Providence : — Cuba. SUNDEW GERARDIA.

2. Gerardia bracteosa Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov.

Pubescent all over with long soft hairs. Basal leaves in large tufts, 7 cm.
long or less, firm in texture, the flat petioles of the larger ones as long as the
blades or longer, the blades oblong to tfblong-obovate, 2-3.5 cm. long, 8-18 mm.
wide, undulate or nearly entire, obtuse or acutish at the apex, narrowed at the
base ; scapes rather stout, 10-20 cm. high, naked toward the base, but floriferous
for nearly two-thirds their length; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute
or acuminate, 8-12. mm. long; calyx-lobes linear, acute about 6 mm. long;
corolla pink, about 17 mm. long, the tube somewhat shorter than the larger
lobes of the limb; anthers nearly sessile; capsule oblong, about 8 mm. long;
seeds suborbicular.

Fields and coppices, Mariguana (P. Wilson 7^72, type; 7W).

Apparently the same as Egger's 3969, from Acklin's Island, referred by Lindau
to Stenandrium rupestre (Sw.) Nees = Gerardia tuberosa L. BRACTED GERARDIA.

4. ANTHACANTHUS Nees; DC. Prodr. 11: 460. 1847.

Slender, much-branched shrubs armed with opposite axillary, curved or
straight spines, the leaves small, entire, often fascicled in the axils, the solitary
or fascicled flowers axillary, slender-peduncled. Calyx 5-cleft. Tube of the
small corolla cylindric, somewhat enlarged above, the limb spreading, unequally
5-lobed. Stamens 2; filaments short; anthers oblong, 2-celled; staminodia 2,
clavate or filiform. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary.
Capsule oblong, stipitate. Seeds 4 or fewer, compressed, tubercled. [Greek,
spiny flower.] About 6 species, natives of the West Indies. Type species:
Justicia spinosa Jacq.

ACANTHACEAE. 403

1. Anthacanthus spinosus (Jacq.) Nees, in DC. Prodr. 11: 460. 1847.
Justicia spinosa Jacq. Enum. 11. 1760.

A shrub, erect or diffuse, 2 m. high or less, the long slender branches
pubescent or glabrous, the stiff subulate spines more or less recurved, 4-12 mm.
long. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous or nearly so, ovate to oblong, elliptic or
oblanceolate, 3—20 mm. long, obtuse, acute or emarginate at the apex, narrowed
or obtuse at the base, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral venation ob-
scure, the petioles very short; flowers few or solitary at the axils; peduncles
6-10 mm. long ; calyx 3-4 mm. long, its lobes lanceolate, acute ; corolla purple
or violet, puberulent or glabrous, its tube about 8 mm. long, its oblong lobes
about as long as the tube; style filiform, about 10 mm. long; capsule about
2 cm. long; seeds wrinkled, 2-3 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands and thickets, throughout the archipelago from Great Bahama and
Andros to Eleuthera, Watling's Island, Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Jamaica ; Cuba
to Virgin Gorda, and Martinique. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop, by Coker, and by
Lindau as A. acicularis (Sw.) Nees, which is known to us only from Jamaica. Races
differ in pubescence, in size and shape of leaves, and in length of spines. PKICKLY BUSH.

5. ANBROQRAPHIS Wall. PI. Asiat. Ear. 3: 77, 116. 1832.

Herbs, erect or diffuse, the small flowers in panicles or cymes, with small
bracts and bractlets. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a short tube, somewhat
expanded above and a 2-lipped limb. Stamens 2; filaments sometimes bearded
above; anthers 2-celled. Capsule linear to oblong, scarcely stipitate. Seeds
6-12, flattened. [Greek, bearded-stamens.] About 15 species, natives of the
East Indies. Type species: Andrographis paniculata (Burm.) Nees.

1. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.) Nees; Wall. PI. Asiat, Ear. 3: 116. 1832.

Justicia paniculata Burm. Fl. Ind. 9. 1768.

Annual, erect, glabrous below, glandular above, 3-6 dm. high, simple or
branched, the stem 4-sided. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, mem-
branous, 4-10 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into
short petioles; racemes commonly numerous, slender, often branched, or pan-
iculate; flowers secund, distant, purple; pedicels slender, 4-8 mm. long; calyx
about 3 mm. long, its segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate; corolla 3-4 times
as long as the calyx; capsule about 1.5 cm. long.

Waste grounds on New Providence : — Cuba ; Dominica to Barbadoes ; Jamaica ;
Panama ; naturalized from the East Indies. ANDROGRAPHIS.

6. JUSTICIA [Houst.] L. Sp. PI. 15. 1753.

Herbs, or shrubs, with entire leaves, the flowers variously clustered.
Calyx deeply cleft, its segments narrow, nearly equal. 'Corolla-tube mostly
shorter than the 2-lipped limb, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens

2, borne in the throat of the corolla; anthers 2-celled; staminodes none; lower
anther-sac minutely appendaged. Style filiform; ovules 2 in each ovary-
cavity. Capsule oblong. [In honor of James Justice, a Scotch gardener.]
Over 100 species, of tropical distribution. Type species: Justicia Adhatoda L.

1. Justicia carthaginensis Jacq. Enum. 11. 1760.

Herbaceous, erect, branched, 0.5-1.5 m. high, the branches and leaves gla-
brous or very sparingly pubescent. Leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, membranous,
5-12 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, some-

404 ACANTHACEAE.

what decurrent on the petioles; flowers violet to purple, in dense terminal
bracted spikes 3-7 cm. long; bracts oblong, pubescent or ciliate, 12 mm. long
or less, the lower pointed, the upper truncate and cuneate; bractlets narrower
than the bracts; calyx-segments lanceolate, about 1 cm. long; corolla- tube
about 1.5 cm. long, the upper lip about as long as the tube, the lower some-
what longer; capsule 1.5-2 cm. long, acute, pubescent.

Waste places, New Providence and Long Island : — Hispaniola ; St. Thomas to
Barbadoes and Grenada ; continental tropical America. JUSTICIA.

7. DIAPEDIUM Konig; Konig & Sims, Ann. Bot. 2: 189. 1805.
[DICLIPTERA Juss. Ann. Mus. Paris 9: 267. 1807.]

Herbs, with entire petioled leaves, and blue, red, or violet flowers sub-
tended by involucres of 2-4 bracts, the inflorescence mostly cymose or spicate,
the involucres subtending 1 flower or several. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes linear
or subulate. Corolla-tube slender, slightly enlarged above; upper lip erect,
concave, interior in the bud; lower lip spreading, entire or 3-toothed. Stamens
'2; anther-sacs parallel, sometimes unequal, separated by a narrow connective.
Style filiform; ovules 2 in each cavity of the ovary. Capsule flattened, ovate
or suborbicular, 2-4-seeded. Placentae separating elastically from the walls
of the capsule. Seeds compressed, nearly orbicular. About 60 species, of
warm and tropical regions. Type species: Justicia chinensis L.

1. Diapedium assurgens (L.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 485. 1891.

Justicia assurgens L. Syst. ed. 10, 850. 1759.

Dicliptera assurgens Juss. Ann.' Mus. Paris 9: 269. 1807. .^

Erect, often much branched, glabrous or somewhat puberulent, 3-15 dm.
high. Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long or the upper smaller,
acute or obtuse at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base, the petioles
slender; flowers in small bracted clusters, in slender interrupted, simple or
branched spikes 5-15 cm. long; bracts lanceolate or spatulate, 8—15 mm. long;
calyx about 4 mm. long, its linear-lanceolate lobes as long as the tube or
longer; corolla scarlet or red, 2-2.5 cm. long, its tube curved, its lips lance-
olate; capsule 5-6 mm. long.

Waste grounds, scrub-lands and thickets, throughout the archipelago from Abaco
and Great Bahama to the Anguilla Isles and Crooked Island : — Florida; West Indies ;
continental tropical America. DIAPEDIUM. Erroneously called HONEYSUCKLE.

8. THUNBERGIA Ketz. Phys. iSallsk. Handl. 1: 163. 1776.

Herbs or herbaceous1 vines, with opposite, mostly hastate or cordate leaves,
and large 2-bracted flowers solitary in the axils or in terminal racemes. Bracts
f oliaceous, large. Calyx short, annular. Corolla with an oblique, more or less
flattened tube enlarged above, and a spreading 5-lobed limb, the lobes rounded,
contorted, nearly equal. Stamens 4, didynamous, borne near the base of the
corolla-tube, the filaments thickened below, the anthers with an apiculate con-
nective. Disk fleshy. Ovary fleshy ; style dilated at the apex ; ovules 2 in
each cavity. Capsule coriaceous, globose, abruptly beaked, loculicidally dehis-
cent. [Commemorates Karl P. Thunberg, 1743-1828, eminent Swedish travel-
ler and botanist.] About 40 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type
species: Thuribergia capensis Betz.

Petioles not wing-margined. 1. T. fragrans.

Petioles wing-margined. 2. T. alata.

MYOPOEACEAE. 405

1. Thunbergia fragrans Boxb. PI. Corora. 1: 47. 1795.

Thunlergia volubilis Pers. Syn. 2: 179. 1806.

A slender, finely pubescent vine, often 2 m. long, usually climbing. Leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, remotely few-toothed toward the
base or entire, acuminate at the apex, subtruncate, hastate or cordate at the
base, the slender petioles 1-4 cm. long; peduncles rather stout, 2-7 cm. long;
bracts lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, acuminate, 1.5-2 cm. long;
calyx deeply cleft, much shorter than the bracts; corolla white, 2.5-3 cm. long,
its lobes crenate, nearly as long as the tube; capsule depressed-globose, pubes-
cent, about 8 mm. in diameter, tipped by a stout subulate beak 1—1.5 cm. long.

Spontaneous after cultivation, New Providence near Nassau : — Cuba to Porto
Rico, Tortola and Trinidad ; Jamaica. Naturalized from Asia. WHITE THUNBERGIA.

2. Thunbergia alata Bojer; Sims, Bot. Mag. pi. 2591. 1825.

A pubescent vine, usually not more than 1 m. long, trailing or climbing.
Leaves ovate or triangular-ovate, 4-8 cm. long, remotely few-toothed or entire,
acute at the apex, cordate or hastate at the base, the wing-margined petioles
as long as the blades or shorter; peduncles slender, mostly longer than the
petioles; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pubescent, about 1.5 cm.
long; calyx cleft to about the middle; corolla yellow or white, usually with a
purple eye, 2.5-4 cm. long; capsule depressed-globose, pubescent, 8-10 mm. in
diameter, its stout beak about 1 cm. long.

Waste places near Nassau, New Providence : — Cuba to Tortola and Trinidad ;
Jamaica ; Mexico to continental tropical America. Naturalized from eastern Africa.
WINGED THUNBERGIA.

Family 16. MYOPORACEAE Lindl.
MYOPORUM FAMILY.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate or opposite, entire estipulate leaves,
and perfect, more or less irregular flowers, solitary or clustered in the
axils. Calyx inferior, 5-parted. Corolla gamopetalous, its limb 2-lipped
or oblique. Stamens 4, mostly didynamous, borne on the corolla-tube, the
filaments filiform. Ovary usually 2-celled; style terminal; stigma terminal
and small; ovules 1 in each ovary-cavity. Fruit a drupe. Five genera and
80 species or more, most Australian, only the following American.

1. BONTIA L. Sp. PI. 638. 1753.

A tree or shrub, with alternate narrow fleshy entire pointed leaves, and
rather small, purplish peduncled flowers, solitary or clustered in the axils.
Calyx 5-parted, the segments imbricated. Tube of the corolla straight, cylin-
dric, the limb deeply 2-lipped, the posterior lip concave, 2-cleft, the anterior
lip recurved, 3-clef t, its middle lobe densely bearded. Stamens 4, didynamous ;
filaments thickened and villous near the base. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 4 in
each cavity, superimposed in pairs; style very slender. Drupe ovoid, the exo-
carp fleshy, the endocarp bony, '2-celled. Seeds small, ovoid, with little endo-
sperm. [Commemorates Peter Bontius, a Dutch naturalist and traveller of the
seventeenth century.] A monotypic West Indian genus.

1. Bontia daphnoides L. Sp. PI. 638. 1753.

A shrub or small tree, sometimes 9 m. high, nearly glabrous throughout,
with terete, rather slender twigs. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, falling

406 PL ANT AGIN ACE AE.

away from the twigs in drying, 10 cm. long or less, acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, the slender midvein prominent, the lateral venation ob-
scure, the petioles 1-2 cm. long; peduncles slender, 1-3 cm. long; calyx-seg-
ments broadly ovate, subulate-tipped, about 3 mm. long, ciliolate ; corolla about
2 cm. long, yellow, purple-blotched, or the lip purple within; drupe pointed,
yellow, 1-1.5 cm. long.

Scrub-lands and palmetto-lands, Great Bahama, South Caicos, Grand Turk : —
Cayman Islands ; Cuba to Tortola and Barbadoes ; Curagao ; Aruba ; Guiana. BONTIA.
Erroneously called OLIVE.

Order 5. PL ANT AGIN ALES.

Only the following family:

Family 1. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl.

PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Herbs, with basal, or, in the caulescent species, opposite or alternate
leaves, and small perfect polygamous or monoecious flowers, bracteolate
in spikes or heads, or rarely solitary. Calyx 4-parted, inferior, persistent,
the segments imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, scarious or membranous,
mostly marcescent, 4-lobed. Stamens 4 or 2 (only 1 in an Andean genus),
inserted on the tube or throat of the corolla; filaments filiform, exserted or
included; anthers versatile, 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally dehiscent.
Ovary sessile, superior, 1-2-celled, or falsely 3-4-celled. Style filiform,
simple, mostly longitudinally stigmatic. Ovules 1-several in each cavity of
the ovary, peltate, amphitropous. Fruit a pyxis, circumscissile at or below
the middle, or an indehiscent nutlet. Seeds 1-several in each cavity of the
fruit; endosperm fleshy; cotyledons narrow; radicle short, mostly straight.
Three genera and over 225 species, of wide distribution.

1. PLANTAGO L. Sp. PI. 112. 1753.

•

Leafy-stemmed, short-stemmed or acaulescent herbs, with opposite, alter-
nate or basal leaves, bearing axillary or terminal spikes or heads of small
greenish or purplish flowers (flowers solitary in a few exotic species). Calyx-
segments equal, or two of them larger. Corolla salverform, the tube cylindric,
or constricted at the throat, the limb spreading in anthesis, erect, spreading or
reflexed in fruit, 4-lobed or 4-parted. Stamens 4 or 2. Ovary 2-celled, or
falsely 3-4-celled; ovules 1-several in each cavity. Fruit a membranous pyxis,
mostly 2-celled. Seeds various, sometimes hollowed out on the inner side.
[The Latin name.] Over 200 species, of wide geographic distribution. Type
species: Plantago major L. The following are acaulescent weeds.

Leaves ovate; seeds many. 1. P. major.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; seeds 2. 2. P. lanceolata.

1. Plantago major L. Sp. PI. 112. 1753i

Perennial, glabrous or pubescent; rootstock short, thick, erect. Leaves
long-petioled, mostly ovate, entire, or coarsely dentate, 2.5-25 cm. long, 3-11-
ribbed; scapes 0.5-9 dm. high; spike linear-cylindric, usually dense, com-
monly blunt, 5-25 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous ;
sepals broadly ovate to obovate, scarious margined, one-half to two-thirds as
long as the obtuse or subacute, 5-16-seeded pyxis; stamens 4.

Roadsides and waste places, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence :
— 'Bermuda ; United States ; West Indies ; Central and South America. Naturalized
from the Old World. GKEATER PLANTAIN.

EUBTACEAE. 407

2. Plantago lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 113. 1753.

Perennial or biennial, pubescent; rootstock short, erect, with tufts of
brown hairs at the bases of the leaves. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
shorter than the scapes, entire, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed into
petioles, 3-5-ribbed, 5—30 cm. long; scapes slender, channeled, sometimes 7.5
dm. tall; spikes dense, at first ovoid, becoming cylindric, blunt and 1-10 cm.
long in fruit, 8-12 mm. thick; flowers perfect, proterogynous ; sepals ovate,
with a narrow green midrib and broad scarious margins, the two lower ones
commonly united; corolla glabrous; filaments white; pyxis -oblong, very obtuse,
2-seeded, slightly longer than the calyx, circumscissile at about the middle.

Roadsides, New Providence : — Bermuda ; North America ; Cuba ; Jamaica. Nat-
uralized from the Old World. RIBWORT.

Order 6. RUBIALES.

Corolla gamopetalous. Anthers separate, the stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes and alternate with them (one fewer in Linnaea of the Capri-
foliaceae) or twice as many. Ovary compound, inferior, adnate to the
calyx-tube. Ovules 1 or more in each cavity of the ovary. Leaves opposite
or verticillate.

Leaves stipulate, usually blackening in drying. Fam. 1. RUBIACEAE.

Leaves usually estipulate, not blackening in drying. Fam. 2. CAPRIFOLIACBAE.

Family 1. RUBIACEAE B. Juss.
MADDER FAMILY.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple, opposite or sometimes verticil-
late, mostly stipulate leaves, and perfect, often dimorphous or trimor-
phous, regular and nearly symmetrical flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, its limb various. Corolla funnelform, club-shaped, campanulate,
or rotate, 4-5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and
alternate with them, inserted on its tube or throat. Ovary 1-10-celled;
style simple or lobed; ovules l-°° in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, berry,
or drupe. Seeds various; seed-coat membranous or crustaceous; endo-
sperm fleshy or horny (rarely wanting in a few genera) ; cotyledons ovate,
cordate, or foliaceous. A large family of some 340 genera and about 6,000
species, of wide distribution.

^.. Cavities of the ovary with several or many ovules ; seeds several or many.
Fruit dry, capsular.

Herbs. 1. Oldenlandia.

Shrubs or trees.

Seeds wingless ; leaves linear, grooved. 2. Rachicallis.

Seeds winged ; leaves broad. 3. Exostema.

Fruit pulpy, baccate.
Fruit 2-celled.

Flowers in cymes. 4. Casasia.

Flowers solitary.

Corolla-lobes 5, convolute. 5. Randia.

Corolla-lobes 4, valvate. 6. Catesbaea.

Fruit 5-celled. 7. Hamelia.

B. Cavities of the ovary with a single ovule ; seeds solitary.
Ovule pendulous.

Filaments wholly or partly adnate to the corolla-tube.

Calyx-limb deciduous, though often tardily so. 8. Ouettarda.

Calyx-limb persistent, crowning the fruit. 9. Stenostomum.

Filaments not adnate to the corolla-tube.

Inflorescence terminal, or sometimes also axillary. 10. Erithalis.

Inflorescence axillary.

408 EUBIACEAE.

Stamens exserted, filaments distinct. 11. Phialanthus

Stamens included, filaments monadelphous at base
Calyx-tube ovoid, limb 5-dentate; corolla-lobes

valvate. 12. Chiococca.

Calyx-tube oblong, limb 4-partite ; corolla-lobes

imbricated. 13. Scolosanthus.

Ovule not pendulous.

Corolla-lobes imbricated. 14. Strumpfla.

Corolla-lobes valvate.

Ovule or seed with a basal attachment. 15. Psycliotria

Ovule or seed with a lateral attachment.

Shrubs or trees ; fruit a syncarp. 16. Morinda.

Herbs or low shrubs ; fruit not syncarpous.

Stipules relatively small or inconspicuous, more

or less cleft.
Fruit drupaceous, carpels neither dehiscent

nor separating. 17. Ernodea.

Fruit not drupaceous, carpels dehiscent or

separating.
Fruit septlcidal, both carpels ventrally

dehiscent. 18. Borreria.

Fruit separating into carpels, one dehis-
cent the other indehiscent. 19. Spermacoce.
Stipules foliaceous, usually resembling the

leaves. 20. Galium.

1. OLDENLANDIA L. Sp. PI. 119. 1753.

Herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white or pink flowers. Calyx-tube
obovoid or subglobose, the limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla rotate or salverf orm,
4— 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla; anthers
oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules numerous in each cavity; style slender, 2-lobed.
Capsule small, ovoid, top-shaped or hemispheric, wholly adnate to the calyx-
tube, loculicidally dehiscent at the summit. Seeds angular, not peltate; endo-
sperm fleshy; embryo club-shaped. [Named for H. B. Oldenland, a Danish
botanist.] About 175 species, mostly of tropical distribution. Type species:
Oldenlandia corymbosa L.

1. Oldenlandia callitrichioides Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. II. 8: 506. 1862.

Stems filiform, creeping, glabrous, 2-10 cm. long, rooting at the nodes.
Leaves ovate-orbicular, very thin, petioled, the blades 1-4 mm. long, glabrous
or with a few long hairs, obtuse or acutish at the apex, contracted into slender
petioles of about the same length; stipules minute or obsolete; peduncles soli-
tary in the axils, filiform, 2-3 times as long as the leaves; calyx 4-5-toothed,
the teeth ovate to lanceolate,, bearing a few long hairs, much shorter than
the tube; corolla white, funnelform, 1.5-2 mm. long, the 4 or 5 lobes shorter
than the tube; capsule turbinate, about 2 mm. long.

Moist ground, Rum Cay : — Cuba ; Guadeloupe. Recorded from St. Croix. SMALL
OLDENLANDIA.

2. RACHICALLIS DC. Prodr. 4: 433. 1830.

A low, white-wooly, densely and intricately branched shrub, with small
opposite fleshy linear imbricated leaves, persistent connate stipules, and
small opposite sessile solitary flowers half-inclosed by the stipular sheaths.
Calyx-tube very short, its 4 lanceolate teeth with smaller accessary ones
between them. Corolla salverform, with 4 oblong imbricated lobes. Stamens
4; filaments short. Ovary 2-celled, half -superior ; styles thick, slightly 2-lobed;
ovules numerous in each cavity. Fruit capsular; seeds angled. [Greek,
beauty of rocky shores.] A monotypic genus.

EUBIACEAE. 409

1. Rachicallis americana (Jacq.) Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 92. 1893.

Hedyotis americana Jacq. Enum. 12. 1760.
Hedyotis rupestris Sw. Prodr. 29. 1788.
Eachicallis rupestris DC. Prodr. 4: 434. 1830.

Eigid, erect, or prostrate, the short stout twigs densely woolly, bearing
the leaves in tufts at the ends. Leaves bright green, 4-9 mm. long, about 1
mm. wide, thick, grooved on the back, glabrous, sharply mucronate; stipules
broadly ovate, mucronate, densely pubescent and ciliate; corolla 5-6 mm. long,
villous-pubescent, its obtuse lobes about one third as long as the tube. Plant
fragrant when dry.

Maritime rocks and coastal coppices, throughout the archipelago : — Cuba ; His-
paniola ; Jamaica ; the Caymans ; Cozumd. Reported! from Bermuda, perhaps erro-
neously. HOG-BUSH. SANDFLY-BUSH. SALTWATER-BUSH. SEA-WEED. WILD THYME.

3. EXOSTEMA Eich.; H. & B. PI. Aeq., 1: 131. 1808.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite petioled leaves, deciduous stipules, and
solitary or panicled flowers. Calyx-tube cylindric to turbinate, with 5 linear
lobes. Corolla salverform, the slender tube elongated, the limb with 5 long
imbricated lobes. Stamens 5, borne near the base of the corolla; filaments
filiform, long; anthers narrowly linear, basifixed, exserted. Ovary 2-celled;
style filiform, exserted; ovules numerous in each cavity. Fruit a '2-valved
capsule, many-seeded; seeds broadly winged. [Greek, exserted stamens.]
Thirty species or more, natives of tropical America. Type species: Exostema
parviflorum A. Eich. ; .,

1. Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) E. & S. Syst. 5: 18. 1819.
Cinchona, caribaea Jacq. Enum. 16. 1760.

A glabrous shrub or small tree up to 8 m. high, with a trunk sometimes
1 dm. in diameter, the bark bitter. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, rather
thin, 3-8 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acuminate or acute at the apex, narrowed at
the base, the midvein prominent, the few lateral veins obscure, the slender
petioles about one-fourth as long as the blades; stipules broadly ovate, acumi-
nate, about 1.5 mm. long; flowers solitary in the axils; peduncles slender,
about as long as the calyx; calyx clavate-cylindric, 4—5 mm. long, its teeth
short; corolla white or pinkish, its tube 2-3 cm. long, slightly longer than
the lobes; anthers long-exserted; capsule oblong, smooth, woody, 10-15 mm.
long.

Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco,
Great Bahama and Andros to Qaicos Islands : — Florida ; Cuba to Anegada, St. Martin
and Grenada ; Jamaica ; Central America and northern South America. PRINCEWOOD.

4. CASASIA A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 9. 1850.

Shrubs or trees, with terete branches. Leaves opposite, leathery; stipules
deciduous. Flowers perfect, in short-peduncled cymes. Calyx turbinate or
campanulate, truncate or with 5 or 6 obtuse sepals, persistent. Corolla white
or yellow, salverform or nearly rotate, pubescent in the throat, its lobes 5 or 6,
spreading, contorted. Stamens 5 or 6, adnate to the mouth of the corolla-
tube; anthers sessile. Disk cup-like. Ovary 1-2-celled; styles stout. Ovules
numerous in each cavity. Fruit a thick pulpy berry. Seeds numerous, angled,
flattened, the testa somewhat fibrous. [In honor of Luis de las Casas, Cap-
tain General of Cuba.] About 8 species, natives of Florida and the West
Indies. Type species: Casasia calopJiylla A. Eich.

27

410 EUBIACEAE.

1. Casasia clusiaefolia (Jacq.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 505. 1908.

Gardenia clusiaefolia Jacq. Coll. 5: 37. 1796.
Genipa clusiaefolia Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 317. 1861.

A branching shrub, 1-3 m. tall, the foliage glabrous, turning black in
drying. Leaves clustered, leathery, obovate to cuneate, 5-15 cm. long, rounded
or retuse at the apex, lustrous, often mucronate, entire, short-petioled ; calyx-
tube 8-10 mm. long, turbinate, the lobes subulate, shorter than the tube ;
corolla fleshy, glabrous, its tube 1.5-2 cm. long, its lobes lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, shorter than the tube; berries ovoid to obovoid, 5-7 cm. long.

Coastal rocks, Berry Islands, the Biminis, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera to
Watling's, Caicos, Inagua and the islands of the Cay Sal Bank : — Florida ; Bermuda ;
Cuba. SEVEN-YEAR APPLE. Catesby, 1 : pi. 59.

5. RANDIA L. Sp. PI. 1192. 1753.

Evergreen, often spiny shrubs or trees, with oposite leaves and perfect
solitary, usually axillary flowers. Calyx-lobes 4. Corolla funnelform, salver-
form or eampanulate, its lobes 5, convolute. Stamens 5, adnate to the throat
of the corolla; filaments short or nearly wanting. Disk annular or cushion-
like. Ovary 2-celled or very rarely 3-4-celled; ovules several or many in each
cavity; styles usually united, stout, terminating in a club-shaped, spindle-
shaped or rarely cleft stigma. Berry usually 2-celled. Seeds free or in a
pulp; testa thin, the endosperm horny. [In honor of Isaac Band, English
apothecary.] About 100 species, natives of tropical regions. Type species:
Randia mitis L.

1. Randia mitis L. Sp. PI. 1192. 1753.

Eandia aculeata L. Sp. PI. 1192. 1753.

A virgate branching shrub, 1-3 m. tall, or a small tree up to 7 m. high,
usually spiny, the foliage glabrous or nearly so. Leaves often clustered, spatu-
late, obovate, elliptic, oval or suborbicular, 1-5 cm. long, narrowed into short
petioles; flowers axillary, short-stalked; calyx-lobes triangular or ovate;
corolla white, 6—8 mm. long, its lobes oblong, shorter than the tube; berries
subglobose or oval, white, 8-12 mm. long.

Scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama
and Andros to Turk's Islands and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies and
Mexico. Races differ in size and shape of leaves and in size of fruit. Box BRIAR.

6. CATESBAEA L. Sp. PI. 109. 1753.

Spinescent shrubs or small trees, with terete twigs and small glabrous,
often fascicled leaves, the small stipules deciduous. Flowers white, solitary
and short-peduncled in the axils. Oalyx subcampanulate, with 4 narrow per-
sistent lobes. Corolla funnelform or eampanulate, its 4 lobes valvate. Stamens
4, borne near the base of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed. Ovules
several or many. Fruit a white berry. Seeds with fleshy endosperm. [In
honor of Mark Catesby, 1679-1749, traveller and naturalist.] About 8 species,
natives of Florida and the West Indies. Type species: Catesbaea spinosa L.

Flowers very large, drooping. 1. C. spinosa.
Flowers very small, nearly concealed among the leaves.

Leaves 3-10 mm. long, suborbicular to oblanceolate. 2. C. parviflora.

Leaves 8-13 mm. long, linear to obovate-spatulate. 3. C. foUosa.

KUBIACEAE. 411

1. Catesbaea spinosa L. Sp. PI. 109. 1753.

A glabrous shrub, 2-3 cm. high, or a small tree up to 5 m. high, with very
spiny slender branches, the spines opposite, axillary, 1.5-3.5 cm. long. Leaves
ovate-elliptic, thin, 0.6—3 cm. long, acute or aeutish at both ends, mostly
shorter than the spines, short-petioled ; peduncles mostly shorter than the
leaves, about as long as the calyx; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla 10-15 cm.
long, yellow, nodding, the very slender tube tapering into the throat above the
middle, the short lobes ovate, acute; berry globose to ovoid, 1.5-5 cm. long.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera and Long Island :
— Cuba. Catesby, 2 : pi. 100. LARGE-FLOWERED CATESBYA. PRICKLY- APPLE. SPANISH
GUAVA.

2. Catesbaea parvifldra Sw. Prodr. 30. 1788.

Catesbaea campanulata Sagra; DC. Prodr. 4: 401. 1830.

Catesbaea parviflora septentrionalis Krug & Urban; Urban, Symb. Ant.

1: 429. 1899.
Catesbaea fasciculata Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 66. 1902.

A much-branched shrub, 2 m. high or less, the branches long and slender,
usually copiously armed with slender spines 5—20 mm. long, rather densely
leafy. Leaves coriaceous, obovate to suborbicular or oblanceolate, 3-10 mm.
long, rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles; flowers
sessile or nearly so in the axils; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla about 6 mm.
long, its 4 lobes obtuse; berry globose, white, about 2 mm. in diameter.

White-lands, savannas and coppices, Abaco, Berry Islands, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Eleuthera, Little San Salvador, Exuma Chain to Great Ragged Island, Green
Cay : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica. SMALL-FLOWERED CATESBYA.

3. Catesbaea foliosa Millsp. Field. Mus. Bot. 2: 312. 1900.

A stout-branched, spreading shrub, 1-2 m. high, with <or without spines,
the bark loose and grayish-white; branchlets densely and minutely resinous,
setose. Leaves thick, 8-13 mm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, linear-spatulate to
obovate, dark green, subsessile, the apex obtuse, rarely mucronulate, the
margin revolute, the upper surface appearing as if varnished; flowers pedicel-
late; calyx-teeth subulate, obtuse, about 1 mm. long, minutely setulose; berry
white, globose, 2-$ mm. in diameter; seeds reddish, ovate, umbonate in the
center on both sides.

White-lands and scrub-lands, Conception Island, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay,
Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Grand
Turk, Ambergris Cay and Inagua. Referred to in Field Col. Mus. Bot. 2 : 167 as
C. campanulata, and possibly a large-leaved race of the preceding species though ap-
pearing distinct. LEAFY CATESBYA.

7. HAMELIA Jacq. Enum. 2, 16. 1760.

Shrubs, or small trees, with opposite or verticillate, petioled leaves, nar-
row deciduous stipules, and red or yellow flowers secund on the branches of
terminal compound cymes. Calyx-tube ovoid to turbinate, its 5 short lobes
persistent. Corolla tubular, or narrowly campanulate, constricted at the base,
the limb 5-lobed, the lobes short, imbricated. Stamens 5, borne near the base
of the corolla; filament short; anthers basifixed, linear, scarcely exserted, or
included, the connective appendaged. Ovary 5-celled; style filiform; stigma
narrowly fusiform; ovules numerous in each cavity. Berry small, ovoid, 5-
lobed, 5-celled. Seeds very small, angled. [In honor of H. L. du Hamel de
Monceau, 1700-1782, French botanist.] About 25 species of tropical and sub-
tropical America. Type species: Hamelia erecta Jacq.

EUBIACEAE.

1. Hamelia erecta Jacq. Enum. 16. 1760.
Hamelia patens Jacq. Enum. 16. 1760.

A shrub, or small tree up to about 4 m. high, with slender branches, the
twigs, leaves and inflorescence puberulent. Leaves opposite, or verticillate in
3's to 5's, thin, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate
at the apex, mostly narrowed at the base, the slender petioles one-fourth to
one-half as long as the blades; stipules lance-subulate, 2-3 mm. long; cymes
3-5-rayed; flowers numerous, very short-pedicelled ; corolla crimson to scarlet,
tubular, 12-20 mm. long, its lobes very short; berries dark red or purple, 5-6
mm. long, a little produced beyond the calyx.

Coppices, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America.
SCARLET HAMELIA.

8. GUETTARDA L. Sp. PI. 991. 1753.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves and deciduous stipules, the axillary
cymose, or sometimes solitary flowers, perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Calyx
with an ovoid or globose tube, the limb tubular, rarely persistent, mostly trun-
cate or irregularly toothed. Corolla salverform, the tube elongated, sometimes
curved, the limb with 4-9 obtuse imbricated lobes. Stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes, borne on the corolla-tube; filaments very short or none; anthers
linear. Ovary 4-9-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous; style filiform;
stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Fruit drupaceous. [In honor of Jean Etienne
Guettard, 1715-1786, French botanist.] Sixty1 species or more, mostly of
tropical America. Type species: Guettarda speciosa L.

Leaves coriaceous.

Leaves scabrous above ; fruit 4-6 mm. in diameter. 1. G. scabra.

Leaves smooth above ; fruit 9-12 mm. in diameter. 2. G. Krugii.

Leaves chartaceous or membranous.

Leaves strongly reticulate-veined, and densely pale-pubescent

beneath ; corolla 1-3 cm. long.
Inflorescence several-many-flowered.

Leaves 9-12 cm. long, acute at apex ; corolla 2 cm, lon<". 3. G. Nashii.
Leaves 5 cm. long or less, rounded at apex ; corolla 1 cm.

long. 4. G. Taylori.

Flowers solitary in the upper axils ; corolla 3 cm. long. 5. G. inaguensis.

Leaves not reticulate-veined, finely pubescent or glabrate be-
neath ; corolla about 6 mm. long. 6. G. elliptica.

1. Guettarda scabra (L.) Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 2: 218. 1819.
Matthiola scabra L. Sp. PL 1192. 1753.

A shrub or tree up to 10 m. high, the young twigs villous-tomentose.
Leaves elliptic to ovate or obovate, coriaceous, 3-15 cm. long, obtuse or short-
pointed and mucronate at the apex, subcordate or obtuse at the base, usually
very rough (rarely becoming smooth) above, densely reticulate-veined and
finely pubescent beneath, the stout pubescent petioles 0.5-2 cm. long; stipules
triangular-lanceolate, acute, '2-3 mm. long; peduncles few-flowered, 2-10 cm.
long; calyx finely pubescent, about 3 mm. long; corolla 1.5-2 cm. long,
appressed -pubescent, white, its oblong lobes much shorter than the tube; fruit
globose, red, finely pubescent, 4-6 mm. in diameter, the calyx-limb at length
wholly deciduous. Flowers fragrant.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros. New Providence, Eleu-
thera, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana, Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba
to Virgin Gorda and Martinique ; Jamaica : continental tropical America. G. speciosa
of Schoepf. ? ROUGH VELVET-SEED. VELVET-BERRY.

EUBIACEAE. 413

2. Guettarda Krugii Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 431. 1899.

A shrub, 1-4 m. high, in Porto Rico sometimes becoming a tree up to 10
m. high, the twigs stout, the young ones densely tomentulose, the older gray
and glabrous. Stipules ovate, obtuse or acutish, brownish villous, deciduous;
leaves ovate to suborbicular or elliptie-obovate, coriaceous, or those of shoots
subchartaceous, obtuse, rounded or acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at
the base, smooth and glabrous above, densely pubescent, strongly and densely
reticulate-veined beneath, 3-11 cm. long, the stout, villous and tomentose
petioles 6-15 mm. long, or those of shoots larger and longer-petioled ; cymes
I— few-flowered in the upper axils; peduncles 1 cm. long or less; calyx brown-
ish villous, 5—6 mm. long, its limb irregularly subtruncate; corolla white, ap-
pressed-villous, about 1.5 cm. long, its lobes about one-fourth as long as the
tube; fruit globose, densely tomentulose, 9-12 mm. in diameter.

Scrub-lands and rocky coppices, Abaco, Eleuthera, Exuma Chain, Cat Island and
Watling's to Grand Turk, Ambergris Cay and Inagua : — Porto Rico. Recorded by
Hitchcock as G. calyptrata A. Rich. Some of our specimens are barren and are re-
ferred to this species with hesitation. KRUG'S VELVET- SEED. FROGWOOD.

3. Guettarda Nashii Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov.

A large shrub or small tree, with slender branches, the young twigs,
petioles and peduncles densely tomentulose. Stipules oblong-lanceolate, acute,
appressed-villous, deciduous, 10-12 mm. long; leaves elliptic to elliptic-obovate,
or rhombic-elliptic, chartaceous, 9-12 cm. long, sharply acute at the apex,
rounded or truncate at the base, pubescent on the veins but otherwise glabrous
above, densely reticulate-veined and pilose-tomentulose beneath, the rather
slender, tomentulose petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; peduncles axillary, rather slender,
tomentulose, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; cymes 8-12-flowered, their branches 1-2 cm.
long; flowers sessile; calyx tomentulose, obliquely truncate, 6-7 mm. long;
bracts linear, longer than the calyx; corolla white, appressed-pubescent with
long hairs, 2 cm. long, the oblong obtuse lobes about one-fourth as long as
the tube.

Scrub-lands, Matthew Town, Inagua (Nash & Taylor, 1369). NASH'S VELVET-SEED.

4. Guettarda Taylori Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov.

A small tree, up to 4 m. high, with slender branches, the young twigs
densely tomentulose. Stipules broadly ovate-elliptic, obtuse, densely tomentu-
lose and appressed-villous, 8-10 mm. long; leaves elliptic, ovate- elliptic or
obovate, membranous, 3-5 cm. long, obtuse and rounded at the apex, rounded
or subcordate at the base; pubescent on the veins, but otherwise glabroui
above, densely tomentulose, appressed-villous on the veins, and reticulate-
veined beneath, the slender villous petioles 8-12 mm. long; peduncles slender,
axillary, tomentulose, about twice as long as the petioles; cymes compact, 5-8-
flowered; flowers sessile; bracts linear, longer than the calyx; calyx tomentu-
lose, 5 mm. long, pointed in bud; corolla white, appressed-strigose, 1 cm. long,
its lobes more than one-half as long as the tube.

Matthew Town, Inagua (Nash & Taylor, 918). TAYLOR'S VELVET-SEED.

5. Guettarda inaguensis Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov.

A small tree, up to 4 m. high, with slender stiff straight glabrous
branches, the young twigs tomentose. Leaves membranous, broadly elliptic,
3-5 cm. long, obtuse or rounded at the apex, cordate to truncate at the base,
sparingly pubescent with long scattered hairs above, densely tomentulose,
finely reticulate-veined and appressed-villous on the midvein beneath, the
rather stout, villous petioles 5-10 mm. long; stipules ovate, obtuse, tomentu-
lose and villous, about 8 mm. long, deciduous; flowers solitary, sessile in the
axils: calyx narrowly campanulate, 2-lobed, 5-6 mm. long, densely pubescent;

EUBIACEAE.

corolla nearly 3 cm. long, densely pubescent, its very slender tube 5-6 times
as long as the oblong lobes; fruit subglobose, densely puberulent, 10-11 mm.
in diameter.

Matthew Town, Inagua (Nash & Taylor, 919). INAGUA VELVET-SEED.

6. Guettarda elliptica Sw. Prodr. 59. 1788.

A shrub or a tree up to 8 m. high, with slender branches, the young twigs
loosely pubescent. Leaves chartaceous, elliptic to ovate-elliptic or elliptic-
lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, obtuse, acutish or apiculate at the apex, narrowed,
obtuse, or (on young shoots) rarely subcOrdate at the base, sparingly pubes-
cent or glabrate above, finely appressed-silky beneath, the petioles 3-8 mm.
long, or those of shoot-leaves longer; stipules lanceolate, 4-10 mm. long;
peduncles slender, pubescent, shorter than the leaves, few-several-flowered;
bracts lanceolate or oblong, shorter than the calyx; calyx about 2 mm. long,
puberulent, nearly truncate; corolla white or yellowish-white, above 6 mm.
long, silky-pubescent, its 4 oblong lobes about one-fourth as long as the tube;
fruit globose, red, turning black, 6-8 mm. in diameter, the calyx-limb at length
deciduous.

Coppices and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Bahama
and Andros to the Caicos Islands and Inagua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispani-
ola ; Mona ; St. Thomas. COMMON VELVET-SEED.

9. STENOSTOMUM Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 69. 1805.

Mostly glabrous shrubs or trees, often resinous, with opposite leaves and
small, sessile or short-pedicelled flowers secund on the branches of axillary
peduncled cymes. Calyx-tube mostly ovoid, its 4-5-toothed or nearly truncate
limb persistent. Corolla salverform or funnelform, its 4 or 5 lobes imbricated.
Stamens 4 or 5, borne on the throat of the corolla; filaments short or filiform;
anthers linear. Ovary 2-6-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style slender;
stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit a small, 2-6-celled drupe. [Greek, narrow
mouth.] About 15 species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Steno-
atomum lucidum (Sw.) Gaertn. f.

Leaves thin, manifestly petioled. 1. 8. lucidum.
Leaves thick, sessile or nearly so.

Leaves elliptic to obovate-oblong, 3 cm. long or less. 2. 8. myrtifolium.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4—9 cm. long. 3. 8. densiflorum.

1. Stenostomum lucidum (Sw.) Gaertn. f. Fr. & Sem. 3: 69. 1805.

Laugeria lucida Sw. Prodr. 48. 1788.

Antirrhoea lucida Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 100. 1873.

A smooth-barked tree, 5-13 m. high, or often a shrub, with slender spread-
ing glabrous gray branches. Leaves elliptic to oblong, chartaceous, glabrous,
4-10 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at the apex, obtuse or narrowed at the base,
bright green, shining, pinnately veined, the petioles 4-10 mm. long; stipules
narrowly lanceolate, puberulent, about 8 mm. long; inflorescence glabrous,
shorter than or equalling the leaves, the branches of the cyme few, very slen-
der; flowers sessile; calyx turbinate, 5-toothed, about 2.5 mm. long, the teeth
rounded; corolla white, 4—5 mm. long, with 5 rounded lobes; drupe oblong,
red to black, 5-7 mm. long, crowned by the calyx-limb.

Coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence and Cat Island to Great
Ragged Island, Inagua and Mariguana : — Cuba to St. Thomas and St. Croix ; Jamaica ;
recorded south to Trinidad. SHINING STENOSTOMUM.

KUBIACEAE. 415

2. Stenostomum myrtifolium Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 334. 1861.

Antirrhoea myrtifolia Urban, Symb. Ant. 1: 440. 1899.

A much-branched, resinous rigid shrub, 6-13 dm. high, the young twigs
pubescent. Leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, coriaceous, viscid,
oblong to elliptic or elliptic-obovate, 3 cm. long or less, 8-17 mm. wide,
obtuse or short-pointed at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, finely
reticulate-veined, glabrous or nearly so, the stout puberulent petioles about
2 mm. long; stipules deltoid-ovate; peduncles 2— 3-flowered, pubescent, much
shorter than the leaves; flowers sessile; calyx about 2 mm. long, the limb 5-
toothed; corolla white, 6-8 mm. long, its 5 oblong obtuse lobes much shorter
than the tube; drupe globose-ellipsoid, black, 4 mm. long.

White-lands, pine-lands, coppices, and scrub-lands, Berry Islands, North Bimini,
Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera to North Caicos and Inagua : — Cuban Cays.
MYRTLE STENOSTOMUM.

3. Stenostomum densiflorum Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 132. 1866.

Laugeria densiftora Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 93. 1893.
Guettarda densiflora Maza, Ann. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 23: 290. 1894.

A shrub, usually 1-3 mm. high, or sometimes a small tree up to 5 m.
high, the bark smooth, the slender, glabrous branches ascending. Leaves
coriaceous, viscid-resinous at least when young, oblong to elliptic-lanceolate,
acute at both ends, dark green and shining above, dull and paler beneath, the
petioles very short, the short-ovate stipules connate, eiliate, persistent; pe-
duncles several-flowered, as long as the leaves or shorter, the cyme usually
2-forked; flowers sessile; calyx about 1 mm. long; corolla about 4 mm. long,
its oblong lobes shorter than the tube; drupe globose or globose-ellipsoid,
pink to blue-black, 3-4 mm. long.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Andros, New Providence : — Cuba. VISCID

STEXOSI MUM.

10. ERITHALIS P. Br.; L. Syst. ed. 10, 930. 1759.

Glabrous shrubs or small trees, with broad, dark green, opposite petioled
leaves, connate stipules, and small flowers in corymbose panicles. Calyx-tube
globose to ovoid, the short limb truncate or 4-5-toothed. Corolla nearly rotate
or salverform, its 5-10 narrow lobes valvate, recurved or spreading. Stamens
5—10, borne at the base of the corolla; filaments filiform; anthers basifixed,
narrow. Ovary 5-10-celled; ovules solitary in each cavity, pendulous; style
stout. Fruit a small drupe, containing 5-10 nutlets. [Greek, very green.]
About 6 species, of the West Indies, Florida and Central America. Type
species: Erithalis fruticosa L.

1. Erithalis fruticosa L. loc. cit. 1759.

Erifhalis odorifera Jacq. Select. Am. 72. 1763.

A shrub, 6 dm. to 4 m. high, or a tree up to 8 m. high, with terete
branches. Leaves elliptic to oblong, obovate or suborbicular, subcoriaceous,
dark green, shining, 4-15 cm. long, rounded or short-pointed at the apex,
mostly narrowed at the base, the petioles 4-16 mm. long; stipules connate,
mucronate, the sheath persistent, 1-2 mm. long; panicles peduncled, several-
many-flowered; calyx 1-2 mm. long, the limb repand-denticulate ; corolla 4-10
mm. long, deeply 5-parted, its lobes linear-oblong; anthers as long as the
filaments or longer; drupe globose or depressed-globose, 5-10-furrowed, 2-5

416 BUBIACEAE.

mm. in diameter, black when mature. Consists of many races, differing in
size of the plant, leaves, fruit and flowers, arfd length of the calyx-limb.

Scrub-lands, coppices and coastal thickets, throughout the archipelago : — Flor-
ida ; West Indies ; Central America. In Bulletin N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3 : 452, E. odorlfera
was referred to as distinct from E. fruticosa^ but the differences observed do not
now appear to be sufficient to maintain the two as species. Referred to E. rotundata
Griseb. by Mrs. Northrop. BLACK TOECH.

11. PHIALANTHUS Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 335. 1861.

Resiniferous shrubs or small trees, with terete branches, coriaceous oppo-
site short-petioled, oblong to lanceolate leaves, and small axillary clustered,
sessile or short-pedicelled flowers, the stipules connate. Calyx turbinate, with
4 or 5 persistent lobes. Corolla funnelform, its 4 or 5 lobes obtuse, valvate.
Stamens 4 or 5, borne on the base of the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled; style
filiform; stigma obtuse; ovules 1 in each cavity, pendulous. Fruit drupaceous.
[Greek, urn-flower.] Four known West Indian species. Type species: Phia-
lanthus myrtilloides Griseb.

1. Phialanthus myrtilloides Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 335. 1861.

A shrub, or rarely a small tree, 1-3 m. high. Leaves oblong to oblong-
spatulate, 1.5-5 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. wide, obtuse or bluntly acute at the apex,
narrowed at the base, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral venation
almost wholly obscure; fascicles of flowers mostly opposite, very short-
peduncled; calyx-tube narrowly turbinate, 1.5-2 mm. long, the 4 persistent
thin, oblong to spatulate, obtuse lobes 2-2.5 mm. long.

Coppices, pine-land's, and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Ex-
uma, Crooked and Fortune Islands, the Inaguas and Caicos Islands : — Cuba. MYRTLE
PHIALANTHUS. CANDLEWOOD.

12, CHIOCOCCA P. Br.; L. Syst. ed. 10, 917. 1759.

Woody vines, or shrubs, with broad opposite subcoriaceous or chartaceous
leaves, broad stipules, and small, yellow or white flowers in axillary, simple or
compound racemes. Calyx-tube ovoid to turbinate, the limb 5-toothed, per-
sistent. 'Corolla funnelform or narrowly campanulate, with 5 valvate re-
flexed or spreading lobes. Stamens 5, borne toward the base of the corolla-
tube; filaments mostly pubescent, connate at the base; anthers linear, basi-
fixed, not exserted. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled; style filiform; ovules
solitary in each cavity, pendulous. Drupe flattened, leathery, white. Seed-
coat membranous; endosperm fleshy. [Greek, snowb^erry.] About 10 species,
natives of Florida, Bermuda and tropical America. Type species: Chiococca
racemosa L.

Leaves bright green, mostly 4-8 cm. long ; corolla bright yellow ;

fruit 6-8 mm. broad. 1. C. alba.

Leaves dark green, mostly 2-4 cm. long ; corolla white or purple to

pale yellow ; fruit about 5 mm. broad. 2. C. pinetorum.

1. Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 94. 1893.

Lonicera alba L. 8p. PI. 175. 1753.

Chiococca racemosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 917. 1759.

Chiococca parvifolia Wullschl.; Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 337. 1861.

A glabrous shrub, 1-3 m. high, with slender spreading branches, or a
vine 5 m. long or more. Leaves elliptic, oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,

KUBIACEAE. 417

2-8 cm. long, acute, acuminate or bluntish at the apex, narrowed at the base,
the midvein prominent, the lateral veins few and obscure, the slender petioles
4-12 mm. long; racemes several-many-flowered, as long as the leaves, or
longer, or shorter; corolla 5-lobed nearly to the middle, yellow, 6-9 mm. long;
drupes bright white, orbicular, 5-8 mm. broad.

Coppices, scrub-lands and pine-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco,
Great Bahama and Andros to Mariguana, North Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ; West
Indies ; continental tropical America. Consists of many races differing in size of
corolla, shape of leaves and with calyx-teeth deltoid to deltoid-lanceolate, the anther
tips either included or somewhat exserted beyond the corolla-tube. WEST INDIAN
SNOWBERRY. SNAKEROOT.

2. Chiococca pinetorum Britton; Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 171. 1906.

A vine, creeping or low-climbing, sometimes 1.5 m. long, usually shorter.
Branches short; leaves ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, small, '2-4.5 cm. long,
varying from acute to obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base, coriaceous,
dark green and shining above, paler and dull beneath, the midvein impressed
on the under side, the lateral veins few and obscure, the petiole slender, 2-3
mm. long; racemes few-flowered, shorter than the leaves or about equalling
them; pedicels about as long as the calyx, or sometimes a little longer; calyx
campanulate 2 mm. long; corolla funnelform-campanulate, about 5 mm. long,
white or purple changing to yellow; berry white, somewhat compressed, 4—6
mm. in diameter.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence. Cat
Island and Watling's : — Florida. PINELAND SNOWBERRY.

13. SCOLOSANTHUS Vahl, Eclog. 1: 11. 1796.

Shrubs, often spiny, with opposite petioled coriaceous leaves, and small
or minute, axillary, solitary or clustered, peduncled flowers. Calyx-tube short,
the limb 4-cleft, the lobes narrow. Corolla small, funnelform, its 4 short
spreading lobes imbricated. Stamens 4, included, the filaments filiform, the
anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled; style slender, pilose;- stigma notched or 2-
cleft; ovules solitary in each ovary-cavity, pendulous. Fruit a small drupe.
[Greek, curved flower, of no obvious application.] About 7 species, natives of
the West Indies. Type species: Scolosanthus versicolor Vahl.

1. Scolosanthus bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 452. 1905.

An intricately branched, somewhat resinous shrub, 8 dm. high or less,
with gray-brown bark, the young twigs greenish, densely papillose, 4-angled,
armed with slender scattered pungent solitary spines 1 cm. long or less.
Leaves opposite or fascicled, 2-5 mm. long, thick, papillose, ovate to elliptic,
revolute-margined, obtuse, very short-petioled, dark green above, paler beneath ;
flowers not seen; fruits solitary, oblong to globose, white, soft, 2-4 mm. long.

Coppices and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence and Cat Island. Endemic.
BAHAMA SCOLOSANTHUS.

14. STRUMPFIA Jacq. Enum. 8, 28. 1760.

A low, much-branched shrub, with linear, revolute-margined, coriaceous,
very short-petioled leaves verticillate in 3's, and crowded near the ends of the
short- jointed branches, the small white flowers in short axillary racemes, the
small stipules persistent. Calyx ovoid, the limb 5-cleft, the lobes persistent.
Corolla deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate, imbricated, the tube very short.
Stamens 5, borne at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, slightly

418 EUBIACEAE.

united at the base; anthers narrowly oblong, connate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules
1 in each cavity, erect, anatropous; style pubescent; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a
small fleshy drupe, containing 1 or 2 stones. Seed oblong; endosperm fleshy;
embryo minute. [Named for Karl Strumpf, professor in Halle.] A mono-
typic West Indian genus.

1. Stnunpfia maritima Jacq. Enum. 28. 1760.

A shrub 2 m. high or less, the rather stout twigs densely pubescent or
puberulent, scarred by the persistent stipule-bases. Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long,
apiculate, pubescent when young, the margins revolute so as to meet and covrer
the under surface; peduncles pubescent, 2-10 mm. long; calyx about 1 mm.
long; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute; corolla pubescent, 3-4 mm. long,
its short tube campanulate, its lobes much longer than the tube; drupes
white or red, 3-6 mm. in diameter.

Coastal rocks and rocky plains, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great
Bahama and Andros to Grand Turk and Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies and Cozu-
mel. STRDMPFIA.

15. PSYCHOTBIA L. Syst. ed. 10, 929. 1759.

Shrubs or trees, rarely perennial herbs, with opposite or rarely verticillate
leaves, the stipules persistent or deciduous, the small flowers in terminal
corymbs or panicles, rarely in axillary fascicles. Calyx short, the limb 4—5-
toothed. Corolla funnelform or subcampanulate, the limb 4-5-lobed, the lobes
valvate. Stamens 5,, borne on the corolla-tube, the filaments mostly short, the
anthers linear or oblong. Ovary 2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity, erect, anat-
ropous; style short or elongated; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a globose to oblong
drupe containing 2 pyrenae, smooth, angled or ribbed. Seed convex; endo-
sperm fleshy or cartilaginous. [Greek, to give life, from supposed medicinal
properties.] A very large genus, containing 500 species or more, natives of
tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Psychotria asiatica L., of
Jamaica.

Fruit subdidymous, broader than long ; pyrenae angled. 1. P. pubescens.

Fruit ellipsoid; pyrenae furrowed.

Panicles sessile. 2. P. undata

Panicles stalked. 3. P. Ugustnfoha.

1. Psychotria pubescens Sw. Prodr. 44. 1788.

Myrstiphyllum pubescens Hitche. Kep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 95. 1893.

A shrub, 3 m. high or less, rarely a small tree 5 m. high, the branches
slender, sometimes constricted at the nodes, the twigs, leaves and inflorescence
finely pubescent or puberulent, rarely glabrous. Leaves membranous, elliptic
to oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the
base, prominently pinnately veined, the slender petioles 8-18 mm. long, the
subulate geminate stipules united by their broad bases; panicles peduncled,
usually many-flowered; pedicels very short; calyx about 1 mm. long, its teeth
ovate; corolla yellow, whitish or pinkish, 4-5 mm. long, usually puberulent
outside, pubescent in the throat, its oblong lobes shorter than the tube; drupe
subglobose, black, 3-4 mm. in diameter, the pyrenae angled.

Pine-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and New Providence : —
Cuba to St. Thomas ; St. Kitts ; Jamaica. HAIRY WILD COFFEE.

EUBIACEAE. 419

2. Psychotria undata Jacq. Hort. Schoen. 3: 5. 1798.

Psychotria lanceolata Nutt. Am. Journ. Sci. I. 5 : 290. 1822.
Myrstiphyllum undatum Hitchc. Eep. Ma. Bot. Gard. 4: 95. 1893.

A shrub, 0.5-3 m. high, the twigs, leaves and inflorescence usually gla-
brous, sometimes pubescent. Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, chartaceous,
3-12 cm. long,, strongly pinnately veined, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at
the base, bright green above, pale-green beneath, the slender petioles 15 mm.
long or less, the stipules connate-sheathing, deciduous; panicle sessile, several-
many-flowered; flowers sessile or very nearly so; calyx about 1 mm. long, its
limb nearly truncate; corolla white, about 4 mm. long, its lobes shorter than
the tube; drupe red, ellipsoid, blunt, 5-7 mm. long; pyrenae grooved.

Pine-lands, scrub-lands and coppices, throughout the archipelago from Abaco,
Great Bahama, the Biminis and Andros to Watling's and Long Island : — Florida and
the West Indies ; Central America. fP. asiatica of Schoepf. WILD COFFEE.

3. Psychotria ligustrifolia (Northrop) Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 172. 1906.

Myrstiphyllum ligustri folium Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 68. 1902.
Psychotria lahamensis Millsp.; Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 451.
1905.

A nearly glabrous shrub, rarely more than 2.5 m. high. Leaves thin,
lanceolate to oblanceolate, broadest at or above the middle, narrowed to the
apex and to the petiole, slightly pilose beneath, especially along the mid-rib;
stipules large, orbicular, dimidiate-sheathing, apieulate; inflorescence panicu-
late, peduncled, 4-chotomous, exceeded by the leaves; calyx with 5 short deltoid
teeth; corolla-tube glabrous without, bearded in a ring at the insertions of
the filaments within, its lobes 5, elliptic, acute, strongly deflexed, nearly as
long as the tube; fruit ellipsoid, red, about 5 mm. long; pyrenae plano-
convex, grooved.

Pine-lands and scrub-lands, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great Ba-
hama, the Biminis and Andros to Mariguana, North Caicos and Inagua : — Florida ;
Bermuda ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico. SMOOTH WILD COFFEE.

16. MORINDA L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753.

Shrubs, vines or trees, with opposite or verticillate leaves, and mostly per-
fect, white or red flowers in dense terminal or axillary capitate clusters. Calyx
truncate or obscurely toothed. Corolla funnelform or salverform, its 4—7 lobes
valvate. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, the short filaments adnate to
the throat of the corolla. Ovary mostly 2-celled; styles connate; stigmas
slender; ovules 1 in each cavity, ascending. Fruit a fleshy syncarp. [Latin,
Indian Mulberry.] Forty species or more, of tropical distribution, the follow-
ing typical.

1. Morinda Royoc L. Sp. PI. 176. 1753.

A shrub, 3 m. high or less, with slender straggling branches, or a vine up
to 7 m. long, glabrous or very nearly so throughout. Leaves oblong to oblong-
oblanceolate, thin, but somewhat fleshy, 5-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, darkening in drying, the petioles
5-10 mm. long, the broad persistent stipules subulate-tipped; flowers white
or pinkish, in axillary, short-peduncled heads ; corolla 6-8 mm. long, its oblong
lobes shorter than the tube; syncarp subglobose, 8-25 mm. in diameter, yellow.

Coastal rocky plains, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros and Eleuthera : — Florida ;
Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ; Bonaire ; Curagao ; Aruba ; South Mexico to Colombia ;
recorded from Bermuda. Called RHUBARB. WILD MULBERRY.

EUBIACEAE.

17. ERNODEA* Sw. Prodr. 29. 1788.

Glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, low shrubs, the branches erect, decum-
bent or trailing, with opposite, linear to lanceolate, nearly sessile leaves, the
stipules connate into a sheath; flowers small, solitary and sessile in the axils.
Calyx-tube short, the limb 4-6-parted, the lobes triangular to linear or subulate,
persistent. Corolla white to pink, the tube nearly cylindric, the 4-6 lobes nar-
row, revolute, valvate. Ovary 2-celled; style slender; stigma subcapitate;
ovules 1 in each ovary-cavity. Drupe fleshy, grooved, containing 2 cartilag-
inous, 1-seeded pyrenes. [Greek, a shoot or off -shoot.] Only the following
species are known. Type species: Ernodea littoralis Sw.

Calyx-lobes nearly as long as the fruit or longer.

Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, oblanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, 5-10 mm. wide.
Corolla white to pink ; leaves relatively broad ; plant

mostly of coasts. 1. E. littoralis.

Corolla red to scarlet ; leaves relatively narrow ; plant

mostly of pine-lands. 2. E. angusta.

Leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 mm. wide. 3. E. Cokeri.

Calyx-lobes much shorter than the fruit.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. wide. 4. E. Millspaughii.

Leaves narrowly linear to linear-oblanceolate, 1-3 mm. wide.

Leaves bristle-tipped ; calyx-lobes half as long as the fruit. 5. E. Taylori,
Leaves merely mucronate ; calyx-lobes one-third as long

as the fruit. 6. E. Nashii.

1. Ernodea littoralis Sw. Prodr. 29. 1788.

A glabrous or glandular-puberulent shrub, 1-16 dm. high, erect, or nearly
or quite prostrate, the branches 4-angled, usually densely leafy. Leaves 3-5-
nerved, shining, somewhat fleshy, oblong, elliptic, linear-oblong or oblanceolate,
2-3.5 cm. long, 4—10 mm. wide; entire or glandular-serrulate; stipules 1.5—2
mm. long; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, longer than the tube; corolla white
or pink, its tube 1—1.5 cm. long; fruit subglobose, yellow, 4-6 mm. in diameter,
about as long as or somewhat shorter than the calyx-lobes.

Coastal rocks and sands within the influence of ocean spray, throughout the
archipelago from Great Bahama, Abaco and Andros to Mariguana and Inagua : —
Florida ; Cuba to Porto Rico and Anegada ; St. Croix ; Guadeloupe ; Jamaica. Races
differ in habit, pubescence, size and width of leaves. COMMON ERNODEA.

2. Ernodea angusta Small, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 438. 1905.

Similar to prostrate races of E. littoralis, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves
linear, coriaceous, 2—4 cm. long, 1.5-6 mm. wide; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate,
acute, about one-half as long as the corolla-tube; corolla mostly pink or red to
scarlet, its tube 8-10 mm. long; fruit oval, 5-6 mm. long.

Coastal pine-lands of Garden Cay, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : —
Florida. PINELAND ERNODEA.

3. Ernodea Cokeri Britton; Coker in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands 264.

1905.

Stems very slender, trailing, branched, finely pubescent, 3-9 dm. long.
Leaves narrowly linear, 2-3 cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, acute, rough-pubescent,
1 -nerved, narrowed at the base into short petioles; stipules about 2 mm. long;
fruit globose-obovoid, about 4 mm. long; calyx-lobes subulate, 6-7 mm. long;
fruit oval, about 5 mm. long.

Trailing on sand dunes and in scrub-lands of Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros.
Endemic. COKER'S ERNODEA.

* For a study of the species and races see Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
35: 203-8. 1908.

EUBIACEAE. 421

4. Ernodea Millspaughii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 207. 1908.

A shrub, 6-12 dm. high, the twigs and leaves glabrous. Leaves oblong-
oblanceolate, sharply pointed, 2-3 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, the short broad
stipules cuspidate; flowering calyx obovoid, about 3 mm. long, the triangular
lobes only one-fifth to one-fourth as long as the ovary; corolla white, 1 cm.
long, its lobes about one-half as long as the tube; fruit nearly oval, 5 mm.
long, the calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long.

Coastal sands of Long Island, Great Ragged Island, and Grand Turk. Endemic.
MILLSPAUGH'S ERNODEA.

5. Ernodea Taylori Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 208. 1908.

Spreading, with long slender branches, glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear,
stiff, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, revolute-margined, spinulose-tipped,
the stipules triangular-subulate ; flowers not seen ; fruit golden-yellow, oval, 5
mm. long, the calyx-lobes narrowly linear, 2 mm. long.

On white-lands at Tenados, Inagua. Endemic. TAYLOR'S ERNODEA.

6. Ernodea Nashii Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 35: '208. 1908.

Prostrate, glabrous throughout, the branches 6 dm. long, or more, the
branchlets erect or ascending, 0.5-2 dm. high, the twigs very densely clothed
with leaves. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, leathery in texture, 2—2.5 cm. long,
2-3 mm. wide, mucronulate; flowering calyx 4.5 mm. long, its lobes acute, 1.5
mm. long; corolla 1.5 cm. long, its lobes white within, brown without, about
one-third as long as the tube; fruit ovoid-oval, 5 mm. long, the persistent
acute calyx-lobes 1.5 mm. long.

White-lands at Moujean Harbor, Little Inagua and! at the west end of that
island. Endemic. NASH'S ERNODEA.

18. BOKREBIA G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 79. 1818.

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubby plants, with opposite entire leaves,
the stipules sheathing, the flowers perfect, solitary in the axils, or in axillary
or terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid or turbinate, its lobes persistent,
sometimes accompanied by small teeth. Corolla white, pink or blue, funnel-
form or salverform, the lobes 4, valvate, spreading. Stamens 4, adnate to the
corolla-tube, sometimes up to its throat. Disk obsolete or cushion-like. Ovary
2-celled; styles wholly or partially united; ovules solitary in each cavity,
amphitropous. Fruit leathery or crustaceous, the 2 carpels opening along
their inner faces. [In honor of W. Borrer, British lichenologist.] About 90
species, natives of tropical and warm regions. Type species: Borreria suave-
olens Meyer.

Annual herbs.

Calyx-teeth ovate, much shorter than the tube. ] . B. laevis.

Calyx-teeth subulate, nearly as long as the tube. 2. B. ocimoides.

Shrubs or woody perennial herbs.

Stems more or less pubescent : leaves ciliate.

Stem-pubescence short, stiff. 3. B. thj/mifolia.

Stem-pubescence loose, floccose. 4. B.inaguensts.

Stems glabrous ; leaves not ciliate or but slightly ciliate.
Leaves linear-oblong, 1.5-3 mm. wide; corolla 4.5-5 mm.

long. 5. B. saaticola.

Leaves linear, 0.8-1.2 mm. wide ; corolla 2.5-4 mm. long.

Calyx-lobes long-ciliate ; corolla 4 mm. long. 6. B. Wilsonii.

Calyx-lobes glabrous ; corolla 2.5 mm. long or less.
Leaves firm in texture, 1-1.5 cm. long; internodes

of branches short ; calyx-lobes mostly 2 or 3. 7. B. bahamensis.

Leaves thin in texture, 1-3 cm. long ; internodes of

branches elongated ; calyx-lobes 4. 8. B. savannarum.

422 EUBIACEAE.

1. Borreria laevis (Lam.) Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 349. 1861.

Spermacoce laevis Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 273. 1791.

Slightly pubescent, branched, the branches spreading or ascending, 1.5-3
dm. long, somewhat angled. Leaves oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. long,
acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, pin-
nately veined; stipular sheath subtruncate, bearing several bristles 4—6 mm.
long; flowers white, about 3 mm. wide, capitate-clustered in the axils; calyx-
lobes 4, ovate, minute; fruit obovoid, about 2 mm. long; seeds oblong, striate.

Sink-holes, pine-lands and meadows, Great Bahama and New Providence to Wat-
ling's and Inagua : — Bermuda ; West Indies and continental tropical America. BUTTON-
WEED.

2. Borreria ocimoides (Burm. f.) DC. Prodr. 4: 544. 1830.

Spermacoce ocimoides Burm. f. Fl. Ind. 34. 1768.

Borreria parviflora G. F. W. Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 83. 1818.

Annual, 6 dm. high or less, slender, erect or sometimes diffusely "branched,
glabrous, the stem and branches 4-angled. Leaves linear to oblong-elliptic, or
the lower spatulate, 0.5—2.5 cm. long, 1-8 mm. wide, acute, short-petioled ;
stipular sheath with setaceous teeth 2-3 mm. long; glomerules several-many-
flowered, 6-8 mm. in diameter; calyx- teeth 4, subulate, about 0.7 mm. long;
corolla white, a little shorter than the calyx-teeth, its lobes ovate; fruit
ellipsoid to obovoid, pubescent, nearly 1 mm. long.

South Caicos, Mariguana : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America ;
East Indies. SLENDER BOBBBBIA.

3. Borreria thymifolia Griseb. Fl. Br.W. I. 350. 1861.

Perennial, suff rutescent ; stems bushy -branched, forming clumps up to 1
m. broad, 3.5 dm. high or less, the internodes short, the 4-angled branches
loosely rather stiff-pubescent. Leaves linear, channeled, stiff, ciliate, 2-6 mm.
long, sessile, the- apex spinulose-apiculate ; smaller leaves are commonly
fascicled in the axils of the larger ones; stipular sheath ciliate; flowers few
together in small terminal heads subtended by the upper leaves; calyx-lobes
2 or 3, oblong-lanceolate, sparingly ciliate, acute; corolla white, about 3 mm.
long, its lobes deltoid-ovate.

Sandy and rocky soil, Turk's Islands. Endemic.

4. Borreria inaguensis Britton, sp. nov.

Intricately branched from a stout woody root, forming clumps 4 dm.
in diameter or more, about 2 dm. high, the branches very slender, 4-angled,
loosely soft-pubescent, the internodes mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves
linear, rather stiff, channeled, ciliolate, l.>5-3 mm. long, spinulose-tipped,
often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; flowers few or solitary at the
ends of the branches subtended by the upper leaves; calyx-lobes 4, linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, 1 mm. long, with minute accessary teeth; corolla white,
nearly 2 mm. long, its lobes ovate-elliptic, obtuse.

Scrub-lands, Moujean Harbor, Little Inagua (Nash & Taylor,

5. Borreria saxicola Britton, sp. nov.

Shrubby, loosely branched, 3-4 dm. high, the twigs slender, glabrous,
4-sided, the internodes mostly longer than the leaves. Leaves linear-oblong,
glabrous, rather firm in texture, 10-18 mm. long, 1.5—3 mm. wide, acute or
acuminate at the apex, slightly narrowed toward the base, usually with smaller
ones fascicled in the axils; stipular sheath sparingly puberulent, the stipules
short, acute; flowers capitate at the ends of the twigs, subtended by the upper
leaves; calyx-teeth 3 or 4, triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, 1.5-2
mm. long; corolla 4.5-5 mm. long, its lobes ovate, obtuse.

Loose rocky soil, South Caicos (type, Millspaugh, 92^2). Endemic.

EUBIACEAE. 423

6. Borreria Wilsonii Britton, sp. nov.

Perennial with a tap-root 1.5-2 dm. long, bushy-branched, about 1.5 dm.
high and as broad as high, the slender quadrangular twigs glabrous or very
nearly so, the internodes about as long as the leaves or somewhat longer.
Leaves linear, glabrous, 4r-7 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, apiculate, shining,
straight or somewhat curved with smaller ones fascicled in their axils; stipular
sheath with a few subulate teeth; flowers few together at the ends of the
twigs; calyx-lobes 4, lanceolate, acuminate, long-ciliate, 1.5 mm. long; corolla
4 mm. long, its lobes ovate, obtuse.

Castle Island (Wilson, 7787). Endemic.

7. Borreria bahamensis Britton, sp. nov.

A low much-branched glabrous shrub, 1.5-3.5 dm. high, the internodes
mostly less than 2 cm. long. Leaves linear, rather stiff, 8-15 mm. long,
mucronate, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, usually with smaller ones fascicled in the axils;
stipular sheath few-toothed; flowers capitate at the ends of the branches,
subtended by the upper leaves, the heads about 5 mm. in diameter; calyx-
lobes 2 or 3, rarely 4; corolla white, 2-2.5 mm. long, its lobes ovate, acute.

Sandy and rocky soil, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Fortune Island, Rum Cay, Am-
bergris Cay and Inagua. Type from Crooked Island (Brace, #40). Recorded by
Hitchcock as B. thymocephala Griseb., and listed by Coker as Bourreria thymifolia.
Endemic.

8. Borreria savannarum Britton, sp. nov.

A much branched glabrous shrub 3-10 dm. high, with very slender,
elongated, 4-angled branches, the internodes mostly longer than the leaves.
Leaves linear-filiform, 1-3 cm. long, about 0.5 mm. wide, thin in texture,
apiculate, darkening in drying, often with smaller ones fascicled in their axils ;
stipular sheath with several subulate teeth; flowers capitate at the ends of the
branches, the heads 3-4 mm. in diameter, subtended by the uppermost leaves;
calyx with 4 linear lobes about as long as the tube; corolla white, 2.5 mm.
long, its lobes ovate, obtuse.

Savannas, Inagua (type Nash & Taylor, 1320) ; also on Acklin's Island and For-
tune Island. Endemic.

19. SPERMACOCE L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753.

Herbs, with 4-sided stems, opposite stipulate leaves, and small white
flowers, in dense axillary and terminal clusters. Calyx-tube obovoid, or ob-
conic, its limb 4-toothed. Corolla funnelform, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted
on the tube of the corolla. Ovary '2-celled; ovules 1 in each cavity; style
slender; stigma capitate, or slightly 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, didymous,
of 2 carpels, one dehiscent, the other usually indehiscent. Seeds oblong,
convex on the back; endosperm horny; embryo central; cotyledons foliaeeous.
[Greek, seed-point, from the sharp calyx-teeth surmounting the carpels.] Two
or three species, natives of America. Type species: Spermacoce tenuior L.

Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves 2-6 mm. wide. 1. 8. tenuior.

Pubescent with long hairs ; leaves 8-20 mm. wide. 2. 8. tetraquetra.

1. Spermacoce tenuior L. Sp. PI. 102. 1753.

Glabrous or nearly so. Stems simple and erect or more or less diffusely
branched from the base, the branches 1-3 dm. long; leaves linear, oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends, narrowed
into short petioles; calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate-subulate; corolla white,

424 KUBIAG'EAE.

twice or thrice as long as the calyx-lobes, its lobes broad, rounded, the fruit
about 2 mm. long.

Waste grounds and sink-holes, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great
Bahama and Andros to Watling's, Crooked, Inagua and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda ;
southern United States; West Indies and continental tropical America.

2. Spermacoce tetraquetra A. Eich. in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 11: 29. 1850.

Stouter and larger than S. tenuior, sometimes 6 dm. high, densely pubes-
cent nearly all over with long, whitish hairs. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, rather strongly veined, acute at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the
base, 2-8 ^ cm. long, 2 cm. wide or less; calyx -lobes, lanceolate, acuminate;
corolla white, about twice as long as the calyx -lobes; fruit about 2 mm. long.

Waste grounds, Andros, New Providence, Inagua : — Bermuda (naturalized) :
Cuba.

20. GALIUM L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.

Herbs, with 4-angled slender stems and branches, apparently verticillate
leaves, and small flowers, mostly in axillary or terminal cymes or panicles.
Flowers perfect, or in some species dioecious. Calyx-tube ovoid or globose,
the limb minutely toothed, or none. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed (rarely 3-lobed).
Stamens 4, rarely 3; filaments short; anthers exserted. Ovary 2-celled; ovules
one in each cavity. Styles 2, short; stigmas capitate. Fruit didymous, sepa-
rating into 2 indehiscent carpels, or sometimes only 1 of the carpels maturing.
Endosperm horny; embryo curved; cotyledons foliaceous. [Greek, milk, from
the use of G. verum for curdling.] About 250 species, of wide distribution.
The leaves are really opposite, the intervening members of the verticils being
stipules. Type species: Galium Mollugo L.

1. Galium bermudense L. Sp. PI. 105. 1753.

Galium hispidulum Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 79. 1803.
Eelbunium bermudense Britten, Journ. Bot. 47: 42. 1909.

Perennial, much branched, hirsute, hispid or nearly glabrous, 3-6 dm.
high. Leaves in 4's, 1-nerved, oval, mucronate, rather thick, 6-20 mm. long,
3-8 mm. wide, the margins more or less revolute in drying; flowers few,
terminating the branchlets, white; pedicels 6-8 mm. long, rather stout, becom-
ing deflexed in fruit; fruit fleshy, minutely pubescent, about 4 mm. broad.

Pine-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence and
Eleuthera : — Bermuda : southeastern United States. Plants glabrous or very pubes-
cent. Reported by Dolley as Galium hypocarpium.

Order 7. C AMP ANUL ALES.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, the corolla gamopetalous, or petals sometimes
separate in Cucurbitaeeae. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes (fewer
in the Cucurbitaeeae); anthers united (except in Ambrosiaceae). Ovary
inferior.

Flowers not in involucrate heads ; juice mostly milky.
Endosperm none ; flowers regular, monoecious or

dioecious ; our species vines. Fam. 1. CUCURBITACEAE.

Endosperm present, fleshy ; flowers perfect, irregular.

Stigma not indusiate. Fam. 2. LOBELIACEAE.

Stigma indusiate. Fam. 3. GOODENIACEAE.

Flowers in involucrate heads.

OUCURBITACEAE. 425

Flowers all expanded into rays (ligulate) ; juice milky. Fam. 4. CICHORIACEAE.
Flowers all tubular, or the outer expanded into rays ;

juice very rarely inilky.

Stamens distinct, or nearly so. Fam. 5. AMBROSIACEAE.

Stamens united by their anthers into a tube

around the style. Fam. 6. CAEDUACEAE.

Family 1. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. .
GOURD FAMILY.

Herbaceous vines, usually with tendrils. Leaves alternate, petioled,
generally palmately lobed or dissected. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb usually 5-lobed, the lobes imbri-
cated. Petals usually 5, inserted on the limb of the calyx, separate, or
united into a gamopetalous corolla. Stamens mostly 3 (sometimes 1), 2 of
them with 2-celled anthers, the other with a 1-celled anther; filaments short,
often somewhat monadelphous. Ovary 1-3-celled; style terminal, simple,
or lobed ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a pepo, indehiscent, or rarely dehiscent
at the summit, or bursting irregularly; or sometimes dry and membranous.
Seeds usually flat; endosperm none. About 90 genera and 700 species,
mainly of tropical regions.

Ovules horizontal.

Anther-sacs flexuous. 1. Momordica.

Anther-sacs straight or curved, not flexuous.

Stamens 3 ; an annular disk at the base of the style. 2. Melothria.

Stamens 2 ; disk none, or obscure. 3. Anguria.

Ovules ascending. 4. Cayaponia.

1. MOMORDICA L. Sp. PI. 1009. 1753.

Herbaceous, climbing or prostrate vines, with simple or forked tendrils,
and dioecious or monoecious mostly yellow flowers, the staminate solitary or
clustered, the pistillate solitary. Staminate flowers with a 5-lobed calyx, a nearly
rotate, 5-parted or 5-lobed corolla, and usually 3 stamens with short distinct
filaments. Pistillate flowers with calyx and corolla like those of the staminate,
a 1-celled ovary with 3-placentae, the numerous ovules horizontal, the style
slender, the stigmas 3. Fruit ovoid to cylindric, 3-valved or indehiscent.
[Latin, of uncertain application.] About 25 species, natives of the Old World
tropics. Type species: Momordica Balsamina L.

1. Momordica Charantia L. Sp. PI. 1009. 1753.

Stem slender, more or less pubescent., 1-2 m. long, with simple filiform
tendrils opposite the leaves. Leaves thin, reniform or suborbicular in outline,
4-12 cm. broad, deeply pedately 5-7-lobed, glabrate or pubescent, the lobes
dentate, acute or obtuse, the slender petioles 3-6 cm. long; peduncles with an
ovate entire cordate bract at or below the middle; sepals oval or ovate, 3—4.5
mm. long; corolla-segments obtuse or emarginate, 1.5-2 cm. long, yellow;
fruit ovoid or oblong, bright yellow, tubercled, 2-12 cm. long; seeds flat,
12-16 mm. long.

Waste grounds, New Providence at Nassau : — southern United States ; West
Indies and continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. Recorded by Dolley as
Momordica Balsamina L. WILD BALSAM-APPLE.

2. MELOTKRIA L. Sp. PI. 35. 1753.

Slender vines, with simple or rarely bifid tendrils, thin leaves, and small,
white or yellow, monoecious flowers, the staminate clustered, the pistillate often

28

426 CUCUBBITACEAE.

solitary. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla campanulate, deeply 5-parted.
Stamens 3 in the staminate flowers, the anthers distinct or slightly united, the
pistil wanting or rudimentary. Fertile flowers with 1 pistil; ovary ovoid,
constricted below the corolla; placentae 3; ovules numerous; style short;
stigmas 3, linear. Fruit small, berry-like, pulpy. [From the Greek for some
vine, probably Bryonia cretica.] About 64 species, natives of warm and
tropical regions. Type species: Melothria pendula L.

1. Melothria guadalupensis (Spreng.) Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. 3: 580. 1881.

Bryonia guadalupensis Spreng. Syst. 3: 15. 1826.
Melothria pervaga Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 289. 1860.

A slender glabrous vine, sometimes 2 m. long, climbing by filiform
tendrils. Leaves various, ovate, or ovate -lanceolate in outline, 3-7 cm. long,
scabrous, repand or 3-5-lobed with the middle lobe often longer than the
lateral ones, acute or acuminate at the apex, deeply cordate at the base;
petioles slender, 1-4 cm. long; staminate racemes few-flowered, peduncled;
peduncle of the pistillate flower 2-4 cm. long; calyx-teeth subulate, minute;
corolla short-villous, about 4 mm. broad, its lobes obtuse; pepo ovoid, 1-1.5
cm. long, red or purple.

Pine-lands and cultivated grounds, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera : — West
Indies and continental tropical America. GUADALOUPE CKEEPING-CUCUMBER.

3. ANGUEIA Jacq. Enum. 9, 31. 1760.

Climbing vines, with slender simple tendrils, the leaves various, the
polygamous flowers mostly small, clustered at the end of a long peduncle, the
calyx and corolla of staminate and pistillate flowers similar. Calyx with an
elongated, more or less swollen tube and a 5-cleft or 5-toothed limb. Corolla
5-parted, rotate. Staminate flowers with 2 included stamens, the filaments
short, the anther-sacs narrow. Pistillate flowers with '2 rudimentary stamens,
an ovoid ovary, a slender 2-cleft style, the stigmas 2-cleft. Fruit many-
seeded, ovoid or oblong. [Greek, similar to water melons.] Species 40 or
50, all American. Type species: Anguria pedata Jacq.

1. Anguria pedata Jacq. Enum. 31. 1760.

Anguria Keithii Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 69. 1902.

A glabrous monoecious vine, trailing or climbing, 3 m. long or longer, the
root elongated, the stem grooved, somewhat woody below. Leaves deeply 5-7-
divided, reniform-orbicular in outline, usually divided into 3 short-stalked
segments, the 2 lateral ones again 2-3-divided, the segments lanceolate or
oblong, acute or obtuse, few-toothed or entire ; peduncles slender, about as
long as the leaves; staminate racemes several-flowered; pedicels 5-16 mm.
long; calyx ovoid, 5-7 mm. long, its tube ovate or lanceolate, acute, one-third
to one-half as long as the tube; petals orange, 1-1.5 em. long; pistillate
flowers solitary or in pairs; fruit ovoid, short-beaked, about 3 cm. long.

Coppices, Conch Sound, Lisbon Creek and Mangrove Cay, Andros, Eleuthera : —
Cuba to Porto Rico ; recorded from Panama. Referred to by Dolley as Cucumis
Anguria L.

4. CAYAPONIA Manso, Enum. Subst. Bras. 31. 1836.

Climbing herbaceous vines, with entire toothed lobed or palmately
divided leaves, simple or divided tendrils, and rather large, monoecious or

LOBELIACEAE. 427

dioecious, mostly panicled or racemose flowers. Calyx campanulate, its limb
5-cleft. Corolla 5-parted, rotate or subcampanulate. Staminate flowers with 3
distinct stamens, the anther-sacs flexuous, the rudimentary ovary 3-lobed.
Pistillate flowers often with 3 rudimentary stamens; ovary 3-celled; ovules
1 or 2 in each cavity; style 3-cleft, the 3 stigmas dilated. Fruit rather small,
slightly fleshy, mostly 3-seeded. [Brazilian name.] About 60 species of trop-
ical and subtropical America, one in tropical Africa. Type species : Cayaponia
diffusa Manso?

Calyx 3—4 mm. long, its teeth triangular ; corolla/-lobes 3—5 mm. long. 1. C. racemosa.
Calyx 6-9 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate ; corolla-lobes 12-15 mm. long. 2. G. americana,

1. Cayaponia racemosa (Sw.) Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. 3: 768. 1881. '

Bryonia racemosa Sw. Prodr. 116. 1788.

Trianospermum racemosum Griseb. Oat. PL Cub. 112. 1866.

A somewhat woody, often high-climbing vine, up to 7 m. long, the stem
and branches glabrous. Leaves ovate-orbicular in outline, 6-13 cm. long,
variously lobed, or the upper entire or nearly so, acute or acuminate at the
apex, cordate or subreniform at the base, scabrous above, puberulent or his-
pidulous beneath, the rather slender petioles 2-7 cm. long; flowers racemose
or racemose-paniculate, distant; pedicels 3-6 mm. long; calyx campanulate,
3-4 mm. long,, its teeth triangular-ovate, very small; corolla about 1 cm.
broad; pepo oblong, red, 1-2 cm. long.

Coppices and clearings, Abaco, New Providence: — Cuba to Tortola ; Tobago;
Trinidad and continental tropical America. RACEMOSE CAYAPONIA.

2. Cayaponia americana (Lam.) Cogn. in DC. Mon. Phan. 3: 785. 1881.

Bryonia americana Lam. Eneycl. 1 : 498. 1785.

A long vine, glabrous, similar to C. racemosa, the leaves various, 3—5-
lobed or nearly entire, the petioles 2-7 cm. long. Flowers few, clustered in
short racemes or panicles, or sometimes solitary; pedicels 2-6 mm. long; calyx
campanulate-cylindric, 6-9 mm. long, its teeth lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long;
corolla 2-3 cm. broad; pepo oblong to ellipsoid, 14-18 mm. long.

Coppice, Conch Sound, Andros : — Cuba to Tortola and St. Vincent. Recorded by
Mrs. Northrop as Trianosperma racemosum. PANICLED CAYAPONIA.

Family 2. LOBELIACEAE Dumort,
LOBELIA FAMILY.

Herbs, or in tropical regions rarely shrubs or trees, often with milky
sap which contains a narcotic-acid poison, with alternate estipulate
simple entire, toothed or pinnately parted leaves, and solitary spicate
racemose or paniculate flowers. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb
5-lobed or 5-parted, the lobes equal or unequal. Corolla gamopetalous, ir-
regular, often bilabiate, its tube open on one side nearly or quite to the
base, its limb 5-lobed; stamens 5, inserted with the corolla; filaments some-
times cohering into a tube; anthers united. Ovary 2-5-celled; style single;
stigma fringed; ovules numerous, sessile, horizontal, anatropous. Fruit
a 1-5-celled capsule, or a berry. Seeds numerous, with a smooth or fur-
rowed testa. Endosperm fleshy. About 20 genera and 600 species, of wide
geographic distribution

428 GOODENIACEAE.

->

1. LOBELIA L. Sp. PI. 929. 1753.

Herbs (some tropical species shrubs ), with alternate or basal leaves, and
racemose spicate or paniculate, often leafy-bracted, red yellow blue or white
flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate, hemispheric or ovoid, adnate to the ovary.
Corolla-tube straight, oblique, or incurved, divided to the base on one side,
2-lipped in our species, the lobe on each side of the cleft erect or recurved,
turned away from the other 3 which are somewhat united. Stamens free
from the corolla-tube, monadelphous, at least above, 2 or all the 5 anthers with
a tuft of hairs at the tips, 3 of them usually larger than the other 2, all united
into a tube or ring around the style. Ovary 2-celled, the 2 placentae many-
ovuled; stigma 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved. [Named
after Matthias de L'Obel, 1538-1616, a Flemish botanist.] About 250 species
of wide geographic distribution. Type species: Lobelia Dortmanna L.

1. Lobelia lucayana Britton & Millspaugh, sp. nov.

Annual, slender, pilose with strap-shaped hairs. Stems simple, scapiform,
erect, 3-12 cm. high; basal leaves rosulate, small, 1-2 cm. long, ovate or
orbicular, obtuse, attenuate to the petiole, crenate-dentate, the teeth mucronu-
late; cauline leaves infrequent, spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile or short-
petioled; racemes few-flowered, 2—7 cm. long; flowers long-pedicelled, the
pedicels slender, much longer than the bracts; corolla blue, about 4 mm. long,
bilabiate, the tube elongate-cylindric, deeply fissured; inferior lip 3-lobed, the
lobes equal; superior lip 2-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, divergent; mature cap-
sule 3 mm. long; seeds orbicular, biconvex, about 2.5 mm. in diameter, dark
and shining.

Type from North Caicos, in the vicinity of Kew, Wilson 7713 in herb. N. Y.
Botanical Garden ; shady places in rich soil, Watling's Island at the southeast end.
Habitally like L. Feayana A. Gray, of southern Florida, but in our species the seeds
are lenticular, dark brown and polished, while in L. Feayana they are oblong and
tuberculate. BAHAMA LOBELIA.

•Family 3. GOODENIACEAE Dumort.
GOODENTA FAMILY.

Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with watery sap. Leaves alternate or
sometimes opposite, without stipules, entire, toothed or rarely pinnatifid.
Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, an entire border, or sometimes obsolete.
Corolla 5-lobed, split on one side. Stamens 5, distinct, the anthers opening
lengthwise. Ovary mostly inferior, 1-2-celled; styles usually united.
Stigma surrounded with an indusium. Ovules 1 or 2, or more in each
cavity, mostly erect or ascending. Fruit dupaceous, berry-like or capsular.
Seeds usually one in each cavity; embryo straight in the axis of the fleshy
endosperm. About 12 genera and over 200 species, mostly Australian.

1. SCAEVOLA L. Mant. 2: 145. 1771.

Fleshy stout herbs or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite, mostly
entire leaves, the flowers irregular, axillary, in dichotomous cymes or rarely
solitary. Calyx 5-lobed, or a mere border. Corolla white or blue, its lobes
winged, its tube split to the base on one side, villous within. Stamens epi-
gynous. Ovary inferior or nearly so, 2-celled or rarely 1-celled; stigma sur-

CICHORIACEAE. 429

rounded by a ciliate indusium. Ovules 1 in each cavity, or 2 in 1-celled
ovaries, erect. Berry with a fleshy exocarp and a bony or woody endocarp.
[Latin, referring to the irregular flowers.] About 60 species, mostly Austra-
lian, the following typical.

1. Scaevola Plumierii (L.) Vahl, Symb. 2: 36. 1791.

Lobelia Plumierii L. Sp. PL 929. 1753.
Scaevola Lobelia Murr. Syst. ed. 13, 178. 1774.

Perennial, nearly glabrous, more or less shrubby, 6-15 dm. high, much
branched and straggling. Leaves alternate, obovate, 4-6 cm. long, entire,
shining, narrowed into very short winged petioles, or nearly sessile, with a
tuft of silky hairs in each axil; peduncles shorter than the leaves; calyx-lobes
much broader than high, rounded; corolla glabrous without, about 2.5 cm. long,
the tube shorter than the lobes, the lobes nearly linear, with broad crisped
wings; stamens nearly as long as the corolla- tube, hanging through the cleft;
berry oval, black, juicy, 2-seeded, 10-14 mm. long.

Coastal rocks and sands, throughout the archipelago : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West
Indies and Caribbean Mexico; tropical Africa. INKBDRRY. B'LACK SOAP. Catesby,
1 : pi. 79.

Family 4. CICHORIACEAE Reichenb.
CHICORY FAMILY.

Herbs (two Pacific Island genera trees), almost always with milky,
acrid or bitter juice, alternate or basal leaves, and yellow, rarely pink,
blue, purple, or white flowers in involucrate heads (anthodia). Bracts of
the involucre in 1 to several series. Receptacle of the head .flat or flattish,
naked, scaly (paleaceous), smooth, pitted, or honeycombed. Flowers all
alike (heads homogamous), perfect. Calyx-tube completely adnate to the
ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, or simple or plumose bristles, or both,
or wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or long tube, and a strap-
shaped (ligulate) usually 5-toothed limb (ray). Anthers connate into a
tube around the style, the sacs sagittate or auricled at the base, not tailed,
usually appendaged at the summit, the simple pollen-grains usually 12-
sided. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style very slender, 2-cleft, or
2-lobed, the lobes minutely papillose. Fruit an achene. Seed erect; endo-
sperm none; radicle narrower than the cotyledons. About 70 genera and
1,500 species, of wide geographic distribution.

Achenes truncate. 1. Sonchus.

Achenes narrowed or beaked at the summit. 2. Lactuca.

1. SONCHUS L. Sp. PI. 793. 1753.

Annual or perennial succulent herbs, with alternate, mostly auriculate-
clasping, entire dentate lobed or pinnatifid, prickly-margined leaves, and large
or middle-sized, peduncled, corymbose or paniculate heads of yellow flowers.
Involucre ovoid or campanulate, usually becoming thickened and more or less
conic at the base when old, its bracts herbaceous or membranous, imbricated
in several series, the outer -successively smaller. Receptacle flat, naked. Rays
truncate and 5-toothed at the apex. Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-
branches slender. Achenes oval, oblong, or linear, more or less flattened, 10-

430 AMBEOSIACEAE.

20-ribbed, somewhat narrowed at the base, truncate. Pappus of very copious
soft white simple capillary bristles, usually falling away connected, sometimes
with 1 or 2 stouter ones which fall separately. [The Greek name of the Sow-
thistle.] About 45 species, of the Old World. Type species: Sonchus
oleraceus L.

1. Sonchus oleraceus L. Sp. PI. 794. 1753.

Annual, with fibrous roots; stem leafy below, nearly simple, 3-30 dm.
high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, 10-25 cm. long, the
terminal segment commonly large and triangular, the margins denticulate with
mucronate or scarcely spiny teeth; upper leaves pinnatifid, clasping by an
auricled or sagittate base; uppermost leaves often lanceolate and entire;
heads several or numerous, pale yellow, 18-30 mm. broad.

Waste places and cultivated fields, Abaco, Great Bahama, the Biminis, New
Providence and Eleuthera to Acklin's Island and Grand Turk : — Bermuda ; the
United States to continental tropical America ; West Indies. Naturalized from
Europe. SOW-THISTLE.

2. LACTUCA L. Sp. PI. 795. 1753.

Tall leafy herbs, with small panicle d heads of yellow, white or blue
flowers, and alternate leaves. Involucre cylindric, its bracts imbricated in
several series, the outer shorter, or of 1 or 2 series of principal nearly equal
inner bracts, and several rows of short outer ones. Eeceptacle flat, naked.
Eays tuncate and 5-toothed at the summit. Anthers sagittate at the base.
Style-branches mostly slender. Achenes oval, oblong or linear, flat, 3-5-ribbed
on each face, narrowed above or contracted into a narrow beak, which is some-
what expanded at the summit into a small disk bearing the copious soft
capillary, white or brown pappus-bristles. [The ancient Latin name, from lac,
milk, referring to the milky juice.] About 95 species, natives of the northern
hemisphere. Type species: Lactuca sativa L.

1. Lactuca intybacea Jacq. Ic. Ear. 1: 16. pi. 162. 1786.

Annual, glabrous; stem terete, simple and leafy below, paniculately
branched and nearly leafless above, 3-10 dm. high. Leaves thin, 0.5-2 dm.
long, runcinate or irregularly lobed and toothed, the lower oblanceolate or
obovate, petioled, the upper lanceolate, acuminate, sessile and clasping; heads
solitary or in small clusters on the branches, distant, short-peduncled ; invo-
lucre narrowly cylindric, 10-12 mm. long, its outer bracts ovate or lanceolate,
broadly scarious-margined, much shorter than the linear acute inner ones;
rays yellow or white; achenes linear, muricate, 3 mm. long; pappus white,
plumose.

Waste places and cultivated ground, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Conception Island,
Great Exuma, Long Island, Acklin's Island. Grand Turk, Inagua and Anguilla Isles :
— Florida ; Cuba to Tortola1 and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ; Margarita ; Curagao ; Bonaire ;
Mexico to Venezuela. WILD LETTUCE.

Family 5. AMBROSIACEAE Reichenb.
RAGWEED FAMILY.

Herbs, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious, many of them weeds, rarely
shrubby, with alternate leaves, or the lower opposite, and small heads of
greenish or white flowers subtended by an involucre of few, separate or

AMBROSIACEAE. 431

united bracts, the pistillate heads sometimes larger and nut-like or bur-like.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same, or in separate heads. Re-
ceptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers with no corolla, or this reduced to a
short tube or ring; calyx adnate to the 1-celled ovary, its limb none, or a
mere border; style 2-cleft. Staminate flowers with a funnelform tubular
or obconic 4-5-lobed corolla; stamens mostly 5, separate, or their anthers
merely connivent, not truly syngenesious, with short inflexed appendages;
ovary rudimentary; summit of the style often hairy or penicillate. Eight
genera and about 60 species, mostly natives of America.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in different heads.

Bracts of Staminate involucres distinct. 1. Xanthium.

Bracts of Staminate involucres united. 2. Ambrosia.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same heads. 3. Iva.

1. XANTHIUM L. Sp. PI. 987. 1753.

Monoecious annual branching coarse rough or spiny herbs, with alternate
lobed or dentate leaves, and rather small heads of greenish discoid flowers, the
Staminate ones capitate-clustered at the end® of the branches, the pistillate
axillary. Staminate heads with a short involucre of 1 to 3 series of distinct
bracts; receptacle cylindric, chaffy; corollas tubular, 5-toothed; anthers not
coherent, mucronate at the apex; filaments monadelphous ; style slender, un-
divided. Pistillate heads of an ovoid or oblong, closed involucre, covered with
hooked bristles, 1-2-beaked, 2-celled, each cavity containing one obovoid or
oblong achene; corolla none; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted.
[Greek, yellow, from its yielding a yellow hair-dye.] About '25 species, of
wide geographic distribution. Type species: Xanthium strumarium Linn.

L. Xanthium chinense Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8, no. 4. 1768.
Xanthium longirostre Wallr. Beitr. Bot. I2: 237. 1844.

Hispidulous, 1 m. high or less. Leaves broadly ovate-reniform in outline,
slender-petioled, 8-15 cm. long and about as wide as long, acute or acuminate
at the apex, rather thin, coarsely irregularly toothed and usually 3-5-lobed,
scabrous on both sides, the base triangular-cuneate ; staminate heads numer-
ous, about 5 mm. in diameter; fruit oblong, its body 2 cm. long or less, 5.5-8
mm. thick, hispidulous and glandular or sometimes glabrous; bristles rather
slender, 3-4.5 mm. long, hispidulous toward the base; beaks stout, 4-6 mm.
long, somewhat incurved.

Waste places in New Providence : — Bermuda ; Cuba to Tortola and Martinique ;
Jamaica ; United States and Central America. Reported by Dolley and by Hitchcock
as X. strumarium L. WEST INDIAN COCKLEBUR.

2. AMBROSIA L. Sp. PL 987. 1753.

Monoecious (rarely dioecious) branching herbs, with alternate or opposite,
mostly lobed or divided leaves, and small heads of green flowers, the staminate
spicate or racemose, the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper axils.
Involucre of the pistillate heads globose, ovoid or top-shaped, closed, 1-flow-
ered, usually armed with 4-8 tubercles or spines; corolla none; stamens none;
style-branches filiform; achenes ovoid or obovoid; pappus none. Involucre of
the staminate heads mostly hemispheric or saucer-shaped, 5— 12-lobed, open,
many -flowered ; receptacle nearly flat, naked, or with filiform chaff; corolla

432 AMBKOSIACEAE.

funnelform, 5-tootlied; anthers scarcely coherent, mucronate-tipped; style un-
divided, penieillate at the summit. [The ancient classical name.] About 15
species, mostly natives of America. Type species: Ambrosia maritima L.

Annual ; erect ; pubescent or puberuLent. 1. A. paniculata.

Perennial ; repent ; hirsute or hispid. 2. A. hispida.

1. Ambrosia paniculata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 183. 1803.

Annual, pubescent or puberulent, paniculately branched., 3-12 dm. high.
Leaves thin, 1-2-pinnatifid, petioled, 5-8 cm. long, the upper alternate, the
lower mostly opposite, pale or canescent beneath, the lobes oblong or lanceo-
late, obtuse or acute; racemes of sterile heads numerous, 2—12 cm. long, the
involucres hemispheric, about 3 mm. broad, crenate; fertile heads few, obovoid
or subglobose, 2-3 mm. long, short-beaked, pubescent.

Waste places at Nassau, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Jamaica ;
continental tropical America. Referred by Dolley and by Hitchcock to A. artemisiae-
folia L. SOUTHERN RAGWEED.

2. Ambrosia hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 743. 1814.

Ambrosia crithmifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 525. 1836.

Perennial, hirsute or hispid; stems branched at the base, the branches
diffusely spreading or ascending, 2-8 dm. long, leafy. Leaves opposite, 2-3-
pinnately divided, rather firm in texture, 4-12 cm. long, short -petioled ; racemes
of sterile heads elongated, mostly solitary, the involucres spiny-pubescent;
fertile heads clustered., 2.5-3 mm. long, short-beaked, usually tubercled.

Sea-beaches, throughout the archipelago: — Florida; Cuba; Hispaniola; Porto
Rico ; Virgin Gorda to Barbadoes ; Mexico. S'WEET-BAY. BAY GERANIUM. BAY TANSY.

3. IVA L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.

Puberulent or scabrous herbs or shrubs, with thick opposite leaves, or the
upper alternate, and small nodding, axillary and solitary, spicate racemose or
paniculate heads of greenish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or cup-shaped, its
bracts few, rounded. Eeceptacle chaffy, the linear or spatulate chaff envelop-
ing the flowers. Marginal flowers 1-6, pistillate, fertile, their corollas short,
tubular or none. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile., their corollas funnelform, 5-
lobed, their styles undivided, dilated at the apex. Anthers entire at the base,
yellow, scarcely coherent with each other, tipped with mucronate appendages.
Achenes compressed, obovoid, glabrous. Pappus none. [Named after Ajuga
Iva, from its similar odor.] About 12 species, natives of America. Type
species: Iva annua L.

Involucres about 5 mm. broad ; plant glabrous ; leaves mostly

alternate. 1. /. irtibricata.

Involucres 3-4 mm. broad ; plant pubescent ; leaves opposite. 2. I. cheiranthifolia.

1. Iva imbricata Walt. Fl. Car. 232, 1788.

Perennial by woody roots, glabrous or nearly so throughout, fleshy; stem
3-6 dm. high, simple, or sparingly branched. Leaves all but the lowest alter-
nate, sessile, oblong-spatulate, or lanceolate, obtusish, mucronulate, entire, or
rarely serrate, obscurely 3-nerved, the larger 3-5 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide;
heads short peduncled or nearly sessile, the upper ones longer than their sub-
tending leaves; involucre broadly campanulate, about 5 mm. broad, its bracts
6-9, somewhat imbricated in 2 series; fertile flowers 2-4, their corollas tubular,
the staminate ones much more numerous.

Sea-strands, Great Bahama, Great Harbor Cay, Andros, New Providence and
Inagua : — Virginia to Florida and Louisiana ; Cays of northern Cuba. BEACH IVA.

CAKDUACEAE.

433

2. Iva cheiranthifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 4: 276. 1820.

A much-branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, the slender twigs, the leaves and the
involucres densely and finely pubescent. Leaves opposite, narrowly oblong to
oblong-lanceolate or the lower obovate, 3-9 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the
apex, narrowed at the base, 3-nerved, the petioles 3-15 mm. long, the upper ones
much smaller; peduncles shorter than the involucres; heads nodding, numerous;
involucre 3-4 mm. broad, its bracts 3-5; nearly orbicular; fertile flowers 3-5;
staminate flowers 5-8.

Waste places and scrub-lands. Great Bahama, the Berry Islands, the Biminis,
Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera to Long Island: — Cuba. BUSH IVA.

Family 6. CARDUACEAE Neck.
THISTLE FAMILY.

Herbs, rarely shrubs (some tropical forms trees), with watery or res-
inous (rarely milky) sap, and opposite alternate or basal estipulate
leaves. Flowers perfect, pistillate, or neutral, or sometimes monoecious
or dioecious, borne on a common receptacle, forming heads, subtended
by an involucre of few to many bracts arranged in one or more series.
Receptacle naked, or with chaffy scales subtending the flowers, smooth,
or variously pitted or honeycombed. Calyx-tube completely adnate to
the ovary, the limb (pappus) of bristles, awns, teeth, scales, or crown-
like, or cup-like, or wanting. Corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft,
the lobes valvate, or that of the marginal flowers of the head expanded
into a ligule (ray) ; when the ray-flowers are absent the head is said to be
discoid ; when present, radiate ; the tubular flowers form the disk. Stamens
usually 5, borne on the corolla and alternate with its lobes, their anthers
united into a tube (syngenesious), often appendaged at the apex, some-
times sagittate or tailed at the base; pollen-grains globose, often rough or
prickly. Ovary 1-celled; ovule 1, anatropous; style of fertile flowers 2-
clef t ; stigmas marginal ; style of sterile flowers commonly undivided. Fruit
an achene. Seed erect; endosperm none; embryo straight; hypocotyl in-
ferior. About 800 genera and not less than 10,000 species, of wide geo-
graphic distribution.

Perfect flowers with regular corollas.

Stigmatic lines at the base of the stigma or below

the middle.

Stigmas filiform or subulate, hispidulous.
Stigmas more or less clavate, papillose-puberu-

lent.
Stigmatic lines extending to the tip of the stigma

or to the appendages.

Anthers without elongated appendages at the tip.
Anther-sacs tailed at the base.
Anther-sacs not tailed at the base.
Receptacle naked.

Bracts of the involucre well imbricated.
Stigmas of the perfect flowers with

terminal appendages.
Stigmas of the perfect flowers with
truncate, hairy or papillose tips.
Bracts of the involucre little if at all
imbricated except when the broad
outer overlap the inner.
Receptacle chaffy ; bracts of the involucre

herbaceous, sometimes foliaceous.
Anthers with elongated, cartilaginous, mostly

connate appendages.
Perfect flowers, or all, with bilabiate corollas.

Tribe I. VBENONIEAE.
Tribe II. EUPATORIEAB.

Tribe IV. INULEAE.

Tribe III. ASTERBAE.
Tribe VI. HELENIEAE.

Tribe VII. SENECIONEAB.
Tribe V. HELIANTHEAEI.

Tribe VIII. CYNAREAE.
Tribe IX. MUTISIEAE.

434

CAKDUACEAE.

Tribe I. VERNONIEAE.
Pappus of 2 series ; bracts of involucre usually not appendaged.

1. Vernonia.

Tribe II. EUPATOBIEAE.

Pappus of scales. 2. Ageratum.
Pappus of capillary bristles.

Involucre of more than 4 bracts, 5-many-flowered. 3. Eupatorium.

Involucre of 4 (rarely more) bracts, 4-flowered. 4. MiTcania.

Tribe III. ASTEREAE.

Ray-florets present ; plants not dioecious.
Ray-florets ligular.

Ligules yellow ; pappus copious, ray-achenes flattened. 5. Chrysopsis.
Ligules white or colored (not yellow).
Involucral bracts in 3-5 series.

Ligules long and narrow ; bracts mainly herba-
ceous. 6. Aster.
Ligules short and broad ; bracts not herbaceous. 7. Gundlachia.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 series.

Ligules longer than the diameter of the disk. 8. Erigeron.
Ligules shorter than the diameter of the disk. 9. Leptilon.
Ray-florets tubular ; pappus 2-serial. 10. EschenbacTiia.

Ray-florets wanting ; plants dioecious. 11. Baccharis.

Tribe IV. INULEAE.

Bracts broad ; plants leafy throughout.
Bracts narrow ; plants leafy only at the base.

12. Pluchea.

13. Sachsia.

Tribe V. HELIANTHEAE.

Disk-florets perfect but not fruit-producing.
Achenes not flattened.

Fruit unarmed ; achenes quadrangular. 14. Tetranthus.

Fruit armed with hooked prickles. 15. Acanthospermum.

Achenes markedly flattened. 16. Parthenium.

Disk-florets fruit-producing.

Ray-florets persistent on the achenes. 17. Crassina.

Ray-florets not persistent on the achenes or wanting.

Pappus a mere crown or cap, or of few teeth, awns or

bristles.
Achenes not compressed.

Chaff of the receptacle mere awns or bristles. 18. "Fer&esina.

Chaff of the receptacle concave or clasping.

Pappus of slender caducous awns. 19. Melanthera.

Pappus wanting.

Achenes sharp-edged, 4-6-angled. 20. Isocarpha.

Achenes of the disk neither sharp-edged,

margined nor winged.

Achenes acutely 4-angled. 21. Borrichia.

Achenes indistinctly 4-angled. 22. Wedelia.

Achenes of the disk broadly white-winged. 23. Ximenesia.
Achenes markedly flattened parallel with the invo-

lucral bracts.

Involucre single. 24. Synedrella.

Involucre double.

Pappus of 2 short cornuate awns. 25. Salmca.

Pappus of 2-4 long barbed awns. 26. fiidens.

Pappus of numerous plumose ci'liate scales. 27. Tridax.

Tribe VI. HELENIEAE.
glands ; bracts of the involucre

Plant-tissues without oil

united below.
Plant-tissues with oil glands ; bracts separate. '
Involucral bracts 2-seriate ; pappus a crown.
Involucral bracts 1-seriate.

Pappus of copious capillary bristles.
Pappus of a few sharp awns.

28. Flaveria.

29. Neothymopsis.

30. Porophyllum.

31. Pectis.

Tribe VII. SEOVECIONEAE.

Bracts of the involucre markedly overlapping. 32. Neurolaena.
Bracts of the involucre slightly if at all overlapping.

Achenes elongated, sharply 5-ribbed. 33. Emilia.

Achenes short, pilose-striate. 34. Erechthites.

CARDUACEAE. 435

Tribe VIII. CYNABEAB.
Bracts of the involucre spined at the apex ; leaves prickly. 35. Cirsium.

Tribe IX. MUTISIEAE.

Heads homogamous ; achenes conic, pubescent ; leafy shrubs. 36. Anastraphia.
Heads heterogamous ; achenes 5-ribbed, rostrate ; herbs. 37. Chaptalia.

1. VEKNONIA Schreb. Gen. PI. 2: 541. 1791.

Erect branching perennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with
alternate (rarely opposite), entire or toothed, sessile or petioled leaves, and
discoid cymose-paniculate heads of purple, pink, or white tubular flowers. In-
volucre hemispheric, campanulate or oblong-cylindric, its bracts imbricated in
several or many series. Eeceptacle flat, naked,. Corolla regular, 5-cleft.
Anthers sagittate at the base, not caudate. Style -branches subulate, his-
pidulous their whole 'length. Achenes 8-10-ribbed, truncate. Pappus in 2
series, the inner of numerous roughened capillary bristles, the outer of much
shorter small scales or stout bristles. [Named after William Vernon, English
botanist.] Over 500 species, of wide distribution in warm-temperate regions,
most abundant in South America. Type species: Vernonia novel) or acensis (L.)
Willd.

Shrubs or perennial herbs.

Head® scorpioid, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves;

canescent or toraentulose shrubs.
Leaves broadest at or near the middle, not conspicuously

attenuate at the base. 1. V. arbuscula.

Leaves broadest above the middle, attenuate at the base.

Leaves broadly obcordate. 2. V. obcordata.

Leaves spatulate to elliptic. 3. V. bahamensis.

Heads cymose, long-peduncled ; plant nearly glabrous ; leaves

elongated-linear ; herbaceous perennial. 4. V. insularis.

Annual herb ; heads in terminal cymes. 5. V. cinerea.

1. Vernonia arbuscula Less. Linnaea 6: 664. 1831.

Vernonia arctata Gleason, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 185. 1906.

A shrub, up to 8 dm. high, usually lower, more or less branched, the main
branches nearly erect, the twigs tomentose, rather densely leafy. Leaves ellip-
tic to oblong-obovate, 1-2 cm. long, acute or mucronate at the apex, narrowed
or obtuse at the base, tomentose beneath, glabrate above, the petioles 3-7 mm.
long; heads crowded at the ends of the twigs, several or numerous, sessile or
short-peduncled ; involucre campanulate, 4-5 mm. long, its bracts lanceolate,
tomentose; aehenes 2.5 mm. long, pubescent; pappus nearly white.

Pine-lands of New Providence and Andros. Endemic. Recorded as V. ~baha-
mensis by Coker and by Mrs. Northrop. The plant was erroneously attributed to
Mauritius by Lessing. (See Ekman, West Indian Vernoniae 58). Low BUSHY
VERNONIA.

2. Vernonia obcordata Gleason, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 187. 1906.

A much-branched shrub 6-9 dm. high, the branches crooked, the young
twigs angled, tomentose. Leaves crowded near the ends of the twigs, broadly
obcordate, 1.5 cm. long or less, about as wide as long, grey-tomentose, espe-
cially beneath, narrowed into petioles about 5 mm. long; heads few, sessile
among the leaves, 8-13-flowered; involucre campanulate, 4—5 mm. long, its
bracts ovate-lanceolate, tomentose, acute; achenes hirsute, about 2 mm. long;
pappus yellow.

Rocky scrub-lands at Moujean Harbor, Little Inagua. Endemic. INAGDA
VERNONIA.

436 CABDUACEAE.

3. Vernonia bahamensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 352. 1861.

A shrub, 0.5—2 m. high, dichotomously branched, the twigs and leaves
pale-tomentulose. Young twigs angled; leaves spatulate to elliptic, 1.5-5 cm.
long, entire, obtuse, mucronate or retuse at the apex, narrowed into slender
petioles 5-10 mm. long; heads few, sessile on the twigs among the upper
leaves, 7-13 -flowered; involucre campanulate, 3-4 mm. long, its bracts ovate-
lanceolate, acute, tomentose, imbricated in few series; achenes hirsute, 2-2.5
mm. long ; pappus nearly white, 4-5 mm. long.

Scrub-lands, rocky plains and white-Lands, Crooked Island,* Fortune Island,
Acklin's Island, Castle Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Cotton Cay and Salt Cay,
Turk's Islands and Inagua. Endemic. BAHAMA VERNONIA.

4. Vernonia insularis Gleason, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 184. 1906.

Perennial by a horizontal rootstock; stem erect, glabrous, or puberulent
above, 1 m. high or less, simple or little-branched. Leaves narrowly linear-
oblong, 6-10 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, entire, glabrous or very nearly so,
acutish or obtuse and mucronate at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base;
heads 4-25, cymose, the peduncles 4 cm. long or less; involucre about 5 mm.
high, its bracts glabrous, acuminate, the outer lanceolate, the inner oblong;
achenes 2 mm. long, striate; pappus tawny, 6 mm. long, the outer bristles
minute.

Pine-lands of Great Bahama and Abaco. Endemic. LONG-LEAVED VERNONIA.

5. Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. Linnaea 4: 291. 1829.

Conyza cinerea L, Sp. PI. 862. 1753.

Annual, simple or little-brar.ched, erect, 3-10 dm. high, appressed-pubes-
eent, leafy nearly to the base. Leaves flaccid, ovate to lanceolate, repand or
entire, acute or obtuse, the lower petioled, 4-7 cm. long, the upper much
smaller and sessile; heads numerous, slender-peduncled, in terminal compound
leafless cymes; involucre about 3.5 mm. high, its bracts narrowly lanceolate,
sharply acuminate, pubescent, the outermost minute; flowers purple; achenes
pubescent; pappus white.

"Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and North Caicos : — Florida,
West Indies and continental tropical America ; Old World tropics. HERBACEOUS
VERNONIA.

2. AGEBATTJM L. Sp. PI. 839. 1753.

Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs, with mostly toothed leaves, the
small heads in terminal corymbs or cymes, the flowers all tubular. Involucre
campanulate or subhemispheric, its narrow bracts nearly equal, imbricated in
2 or 3 series, sometimes with 1-$ smaller outer ones. Eeceptacle flat to conic.
Corolla 5-toothed, white, blue, violet or purple. Anthers linear to oblong.
Achenes 5-angled. Pappus of awned or awnless scales, distinct or connate.
[Greek name of some similar plant.] About 25 species, mostly of tropical
distribution. Type species: Ageratum conyzoides L.

1. Ageratum latifolium Cav. Icon. 4: 33. pi 357. 1797.
Ageratum muticum Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 356. 1861.

Loosely villous or pubescent, erect or ascending, annual, simple or branched,
1-6 dm. high. Leaves ovate, membranous, 2-5 cm. long, crenate-dentate,

* Hitchcock's reference to the species on Cat Island is, apparently, an error,
his label reads " Crooked Island."

CARDUACEAE. 437

acute or obtuse at the apex, mostly rounded or obtuse at the base, the slender
petioles 5-15 mm. long; heads several in the corymb; peduncles 5-10 mm. long;
involucre about 4 mm. high, its bracts oblong-lanceolate, acute; flowers violet
or white; pappus scales lanceolate, ciliolate, awnless or some of them bristle-
tipped, about one-third as long as the achene.

Waste places and cultivated fields, Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to
Acklin's Island, Caicos and Turk's Islands and Imagua : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispanionla ;
continental tropical America. Specimens from New Providence and Harbour Island,
referred by Dr. B. L. Robinson (Proc. Am. Acad. 49 : 463) to Ageratum conyzoides
inaequipaleaceum Hieron., do not appear to be specifically distinct from A. latifolium.

Recorded by Schoepf, Dolley, Hitchcock and Mrs. Northrop as A. conyzoides L.,
which it closely resembles. WILD AGERATOM. GOAT-BUSH.

3. EUPATORIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 836. 1753.

Erect herbs or shrubs, with opposite or verticillate, or sometimes alter-
nate, often punctate leaves, andj in most species, cymose-eorymbose discoid
heads of white, blue or purple flowers. Involucre oblong, ovoid, campanulate,
or hemispheric, the bracts imbricated in 2-several series. Eeceptacle naked.
Corolla regular, its tube slender, its limb 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Anthers obtuse
and entire at the base, appendiculate at the apex. Style-branches elongated,
flattened, or thickened above, stigmatic at the base. Achenes 5-angled, trun-
cate. Pappus of numerous capillary, usually scabrous bristles arranged in 1
row. [Named for Mithridates Eupator. i. e., of a noble father.] Over 500
species, mostly of warm or tropical regions. Type species : Eupatorium canna-
~binum L.

Leaves dissected into filiform segments.

Heads not secund ; plants copiously pubescent. 1. E. capillifnlium.

Heads secund ; plants essentially glabrous. 2. E. leptophyllum.

Leaves entire or dentate.

Scales of the campanulate involucre in 1-3-series.

Plants glabrous. 3. E. havanense.

Plants finely pubescent. 4. E. villosum.

Scales of the cylindric involucre imbricated in several series.
Scales without densely pubescent tips ; leaves entire,

serrate, or crenulate.

Leaves acute or acuminate, serrate. 5. E. odoratnm.

Leaves rounded or obtuse, entire or crenulate.

Involucre 2-2.5 mm. thick ; scales narrow, 3-

striate. 6. E. bahamense.

Involucre 3—4 mm. thick ; scales broad, 5-striate. 7. E. luca-yanum.
Scales with densely pubescent tips ; leaves coarsely

crenate. 8. E. corymbosum.

1. Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small, Mem. Torr. Club 5: 311. 1894.

Artemisia capillifolia Lam. Encyc. 1: 267. 1783.
Eupatorium foeniculaceum Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1750. 1804.

Erect, paniculately much branched, with the aspect of an Artemisia, the
stem finely pubescent, 1-3 m. high. Leaves crowded, dissected into filiform
segments, alternate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; heads very numerous,
about 3 mm. high, short-peduncled, racemose-paniculate, 3-6-flowered; bracts
of the involucre in about 2 series, linear, cuspidate, narrowly scarious-margined,
glabrous; flowers greenish white.

Moist places, in coppices and scrub-lands, Great Bahama, Abaco. North Cat Cay,
Andros, New Providence. Great Guana Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island
and Fortune Island : — Bermuda ; southern United States : Cuba. DOG-FENNEL.

2. Eupatorium leptophyllum DC. Prodr. 5: 176. 1836.

Erect, usually much branched above, 4-15 dm. high, similar to the preced-
ing species, but glabrous. Leaves numerous, mostly alternate, dissected into

438 CARDUACEAE.

filiform segments; heads numerous, 3.5—4.5 mm. high, short-peduncled, in
terminal secund racemes 2-10 cm. long; bracts of the involucre in about
2 series, linear, cuspidate or aristate; flowers nearly white.

Border of marsh at Adelaide, New Providence : — South Carolina ; Florida ; Cuba.
SMOOTH DOG-FENNEL.

3. Eupatorium havanense H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 4: 128. 1820.

Eupatorium ageratifolium DC. Prodr. 5 : 173. 1836.

Shrubby, branched, glabrous or nearly so, the branches spreading. Leaves
opposite, ovate to ovate-lanceolate or deltoid-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or ob-
tuse, coarsely dentate; or crenate-dentate, obtuse to subcordate at the base,
petioled; heads commonly numerous; involucre 10-30-flowered, 4-5 mm. high;
its bracts linear to linear-spatulate ; flowers white; achenes 2-3 mm. long.

Coppices, pine-lands and scrub-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros. New
Providence, Eleuthera : — Cuba ; Texas and Mexico. CAT-TONGUE. HAVANA THOROUGH-
WORT.

4. Eupatorium villosum Sw. Prodr. 111. 1788.

A branching shrub, 2 m. high or less, the leaves and branches tomentulose.
Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate, 1.5—7 cm. long, obtuse, reparid-dentate or
entire; heads small, usually numerous; involucre about 3 mm. high, 8-15-
flowered, its bracts oblong or linear-oblong,, obtuse; flowers white or purplish;
achenes 1.5-2 mm. long.

Scrub-lands, coppices and pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama and Andros to
Crooked Island and Atwood Cay : — Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica and the Cayman Islands.
VELVETY THOROUGHWOBT. JACKMADA.

5. Eupatorium odoratum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1205. 1759.

Eupatorium conyzoides Vahl, Symb. 3: 96. 1794.

Shrubby, much branched, more or less pubescent, erect, or in thickets half-
climbing, 1—3 m. high. Leaves thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long,
3 -nerved, dentate, often with large acute teeth, acuminate at the apex, usually
cuneate at the base, the slender petioles 1-4 cm. long; heads in terminal
corymbs 5-10 cm. broad, cyiindric, 8-12 mm. long; involucre-bracts imbricated
in about 4 series, striate-nerved, glabrous or nearly so, shining, all obtuse, or
the inner acute or acutish; flowers 10-20, white to blue; achenes rough-angled.

Rocky plains and scrub-lands from Andros, New Providence and Eleuthera
southward to Cay Sal islets and the Caicos group : — southern United States ; West
Indies and continental tropical America. Recorded from Bermuda. BUSHY TROPICAL
THOROUGHWORT. TONKA-BEAN. BITTER-BUSH. Erroneously called VANILLA.

6. Eupatorium foahamense Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 70. 1902.

Shrubby, branched, 1-1.6 m. high, the twigs puberulent. Leaves ovate to
lanceolate, rather firm in texture, punctate, glabrous or sparingly puberulent,
2-7 cm. long, obtuse at the apex, cuneate to subtruncate at the base, entire or
sparingly crenate, 3-nerved, the petioles '2 cm. long or less; corymbs dense,
2-5 cm. broad, the heads sessile or short-peduncled; involucre cyiindric, 8-10
mm. high, 2r-2.5 mm. thick, its scales imbricated in 4 or 5 series, oblong to
lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved; flowers pale blue or lavender; achenes 3-4 mm.
long, 3-5-angled, tapering to the base.

Sand-dunes, coppices and scrub-lands, Little Harbor Cay of the Berry Islands,
Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera and Great Guana Cay of the Exuma Chain.
Endemic. Recorded by Dolley and by Eaton and Setchell as E. integrifolium Bert.
BAHAMA THOROUGHWORT.

CARDUACEAE. 439

7. Eupatorium lucayanum Britton, sp. nov.

A much-branched shrub, 4-6 dm. high, the young branches finely puberulent.
Leaves ovate, short-petioled, 4 cm. long or less, obtuse or rounded at the apex,
obtuse or subtruncate at the base, entire-margined, puberulent, at least on
the veins beneath, copiously punctate, somewhat fleshy, 3-nerved, the puberu-
lent petioles 3-7 mm. long; corymbs dense, 3-6 cm. broad, the heads sessile on
their branches; involucre oblong-cylindric,, 7-9 mm. high, 3-4 mm. thick, its
scales in 5 or 6 series, suborbicular to oblong, obtuse, puberulent, strongly
5-striate; flowers lilac or pale purple; achenes narrowly obpyramidal, about
4 mm. long.

Rocky soil and coastal rocks, Abaco, Frozen Cay, Berry Islands, Acklin's Island,
Crooked Island, Mariguana and East Calcos. Type from M'airiguana (Wilson, 7425).
Recorded by Dolley and by Hitchcock as Eupatorium repandum Willd.

8. Eupatorium corymbosum Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 799. 1775.

Eupatorium atriplici folium Lam. Encycl. 2: 407. 1788.
Eupatorium repandum Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1767. 1804.

A shrub about 6 dm. high, the young shoots, petioles and branches of the
inflorescence densely puberulent. Leaves firm in texture, slightly fleshy, 4.5
cm. long or less, the blades reniform-cordate to suborbicular, rounded at the
apex, mostly about as wide as long, coarsely crenate, glabrous or nearly so
above, puberulent and pitted beneath with the midvein rather prominent, the
lateral veins few; corymbs several, dense, 3-4 cm. broad, the heads sessile on
the short branches; involucre cylindric with a somewhat narrowed base, 6-7
mm. high, 1.5-2 mm. thick; scales in four series, oblong to linear-oblong,
strongly striate -nerved, obtuse, their tips pubescent; flowers light purple;
achenes obpyramidal, 3-3.5 mm. long; pappus brownish.

Sand-dunes, Clarence Town and Water Cay, Long Island : — Porto Rico to Tor-
tola ; Virgin Gorda ; St. Croix ; Martinique ; northern South America.

4. MIKANIA Willd. Sp. PL 3: 1742. 1804.

Herbaceous twining vines, or some tropical species shrubs, with opposite,
petioled leaves, and discoid, mostly cymose-paniculate heads of white or pink
flowers. Heads 4-flowered. Involucre oblong, of 4 slightly unequal narrow
bracts. Eeceptacle small, naked. Corolla regular, its tube slender, the limb
campanulate, 5-cleft. Anthers entire and obtuse at the base. Style-branches
elongated, acutish. Achenes truncate, 5-angled. Pappus of numerous capil-
lary roughish bristles in 1 or 2 .series. [In honor of J. G. Mikan, 1743-1814,
professor at Prague.] About 150 species, natives of America. Type species:
Mikania hastata (L.) Willd.

1. Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1743. 1804.

Eupatorium scandens L. Sp. PI. 836. 1753.
Mikania batatifolia DC. Prodr. 5: 197. 1836.
Mikania orinocensis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 4: 134. 1820.
Willouglibya scandens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 372. 1891.
Willuglaeya heterophylla Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1170, 1338. 1903.

A vine, glabrous or nearly so, 1.5-4.5 m. long. Leaves ovate or hastate,
deeply cordate, acuminate, repand or obtusely dentate, 5-10 cm. long, 2-5 cm.
wide; petioles slender, shorter than the blades; heads in compound clusters

440 CAEDUACEAE.

borne at the ends of the branches ; involucre about 6 mm. long, its bracts lance-
olate, acuminate or apiculate; flowers white or pink; achenes resinous.

Marshes, Great Bahama, And'ros, and New Providence : — eastern continental
North America ; West Indies ; continental America south to Argentina. CLIMBING
HEMPWEBD.

5. CHBYSOPSIS Nutt.; Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 333. 1824.

Perennial herbs, with alternate sessile entire leaves, or the basal ones
dentate, and large many-flowered heads of both tubular and raaiate yellow
flowers (rays wanting in some western .species),, loosely corymbose, or solitary
at the ends of the branches. Involucre campanulate to hemispheric, its bracts
narrow, imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Eeceptacle usually
flat, foveolate. Bay-flowers pistillate. Disk-flowers mostly all perfect. Pappus
double in both the disk- and ray-flowers, the inner of numerous rough capillary
bristles, the outer of smaller or minute scales or bristles. Achenes flattened,
oblong-linear or obovate. Style-branches narrow, somewhat flattened, their
appendages linear or subulate. [Greek, golden aspect.] About 20 species, of
North America and Mexico. Type species: Inula gossypina Michx.

1. Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Ell. loc. cit. 334. 1824.
Inula graminifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 122. 1803.

Slender, corymbosely branched above. Leaves 3— 5-nerved, shining, the
basal ones 7-3'0 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, the upper much smaller, and the
uppermost subulate and erect; heads several or numerous, about 1 cm. broad,
solitary at the ends of the branches ; involucre campanulate, its bracts glabrate ;
achenes linear-fusiform.

Pine-lands of Great Bahama : — southeastern United States. GRASS-LEAVED
GOLDEN ASTER.

6. ASTER L. Sp. PI. 872. 1753.

Perennial or rarely annual, mostly branching herbs, with alternate leaves,
and corymbose or paniculate (rarely racemose or solitary) heads of both
tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate,
its bracts various, imbricated in several series, the exterior usually smaller
and shorter. Eeceptacle flat or convex, generally foveolate. Eay-flowers white,
pink, purple, blue, or violet, pistillate. Disk-flowers tubular, perfect, their
corollas 5-lobed, usually yellow and changing to red, brown, or purple. Anthers
obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches flattened, their appendages
subulate, lanceolate or ovate, acute. Pappus-bristles slender, numerous, sca-
brous or denticulate, usually in 1 series, sometimes in 2 series. Achenes
mostly flattened and nerved. [Greek, star.] A genus of not less than 250
species, most abundant in North America. Type species: Aster Amellus L.

Rootstocka tuberous.

Inflorescence sub-racemose or narrowly thyrsold ; leaves oblong. 1. A. lucayanus.
Inflorescence corymbose ; leaves, except lower, reduced to ap-

pressed scales. 2. A. adnatus.

Rootstocks not tuberous ; roots of thick fibres.
Leaves all linear, fleshy.

Involucral bracts abruptly acute. 3. A. Bracei.

Involucral bracts gradually acuminate. 4. A. exilis.

Leaves not fleshy ; the basal ones oblong to oblong-lanceolate. 5. A. bahamensis.

CABDUACBAE. 441

1. Aster lucayanus Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4 : 143. 1906.

Bootstock short, tuber-like; steins erect, 5-7 dm. high. Leaves reticulate-
veined, entire, sessile (basal ones not seen), the lower oblanceolate, obtuse, those
above the middle of the stem lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3.5
cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, those of the inflorescence similar, smaller; heads
racemose or racemose-campanulate, about 2 cm. broad; peduncles slender,
sericeous; involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts loose, narrowly oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, sericeous, the inner 5-7 mm. long; rays purple, 2 mm.
wide; achenes sericeous, 3 mm,, long, half as long as the whitish pappus.

Pine-lands of Great Bahama. Endemic. PINE-LAND-

2. Aster adnatus Nutt. Jour. Acad. Sci. Phila. 7: 82. 1834.

Bootstock tuberous; stem 2-8 dm. high, hispidulous, branched. Leaves
various, the basal ones obovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, those of the stem numerous,
oblong to lanceolate, 3-12 mm. long, scabrous, sessile, those of the branches
reduced to very small scales; heads few, terminating the branches; involucre
4—6 mm. high, its linear bracts with slightly spreading green tips; rays
numerous, violet, 7-10 mm. long; achenes glabrous.

Pine-lands of Great Bahama : — southeastern United States. SCALE-LEAVED ASTEK.

3. Aster Bracei Britton; Small, Fl. Miami 190. 1913. '

Annual? Fleshy, glabrous, roots several coarse fibres; stem rather
slender, often zigzag, branched above, the branches divaricately ascending;
leaves all narrowly linear, thick, entire, acute, somewhat narrowed toward the
clasping base, the lower ones and those of shoots 10 cm. long or less, 3-4 mm.
wide, the upper much shorter, those of the branches few, linear-subulate, very
small; heads mostly solitary at the ends of the slender branches; involucre
campanulate-cylindric, 3-4.5 mm. high; bracts in 3 or 4 series, light green,
linear to linear-lanceolate, abruptly acute or short-acuminate; rays pinkish,
4-5 mm. long; achenes 1-1.5 mm. long, rough on the angles.

Brackish marshes and savannas, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andres, New Provi-
dence : — Florida ; Cuba. Recorded as A. tenuifolius by Coker. BRACE'S ASTER.

4. Aster exilis Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga, 2: 344. 1824.

Annual, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, erect, 3-12 dm. high, usually much
branched, the branches slender. Stem-leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-10
cm. long, entire, acute, sessile or nearly so, 2-5 mm. wide, those of the branches
subulate, 2-10 mm. long, the basal ones oblong-lanceolate, petioled; heads
usually many, loosely panicled; involucre 5-6 mm. high, its linear-subulate,
appressed bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series; rays several, 2-4 mm. long,
purplish or white, longer than the pappus; achenes pubescent.

Wet grounds, Andros : — southeastern United States ; Cuba. SLIM ASTER.

5. Aster foahamensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Club 41: 14. 1914.

Stout, fibrous-rooted, slightly fleshy, glabrous, 3-20 dm. high. Lower
leaves and those of sterile shoots with sheathing petioles 4-7 cm. long, the
blades oblong to linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 4-8 cm.
long, 5-20 mm. wide, sparingly crenate-dentate or entire, narrowed into the
petiole, the midvein prominent, the lateral veins obscure; upper stem-leaves
linear, entire, 6 cm. long or less, those of the branches nearly subulate, 3-12
mm. long; heads numerous, paniculate; involucre nearly cylindric, 6-8 mm.
high, its bracts linear, acuminate, about 0.7 mm. wide, green with scarious
margins, or the inner merely green-tipped ; rays purple, 4-5 mm. long ; achenes
columnar, 2.5 mm. long, the angles roughened; pappus brownish, twice as long
as the achene.

Moist grounds a'nd marshes, Great Bahama, Andros, Eleuthera and Cat Island : —
Cuba. BAHAMA ASTER.

29

442 CARDUACEAE.

7. GUNDLACHIA A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 16: 100. 1880.

Somewhat viscid, leafy shrubs, with alternate entire, linear to oblance-
olate leaves, and numerous small heads of both discoid and radiate white
flowers in terminal thyrses or compound corymbs. Kay-flowers few, pistillate;
disk-flowers somewhat more numerous, perfect. Involucre obconic, its bracts
coriaceous, imbricated in 4 or 5 series, the outer much shorter than the inner.
Achenes nearly terete, 5-nerved. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles.
[In honor of John Gundlach, 1810-1896, traveller and naturalist.] A few
species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Gundlachia domingensis
(Spreng.) A. Gray.

1. Gundlachia corymbosa (Urban) Britton; Boldingh, PI. Ned. West-Ind 391.
1913.

Gundlachia domingensis corymbosa Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 406. 1903.

Nearly glabrous, viscid above, bushy-branched, 6-l'2 dm. high. Leaves
oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, 5-20 mm. wide, fleshy, obtuse
and rounded at the apex, or emarginate or mucronulate, narrowed at the base,
short-petioled, the midvein rather prominent, the lateral veins few and obscure ;
corymbs dense, convex, 3-10 cm. broad; heads short-peduncled ; involucre about
5 mm. high, its bracts acute or acutish, the outer ovate, the inner linear-
lanceolate; rays spreading, 4-5 mm. long.

Sand-dunes, scrub-lands, pine-lands and borders of saline marshes, Andros, Eleu-
thera to Acklin's, Grand Turk and Inagua : — Porto Rico ; Anegada ; Saba ; Barbuda ;
Desirade : Montserrat ; Curagao ; Aruba. HORSE-BUSH. BROOM-BUSH. SOLDIER'S-BUSH.

8. ERIGERON L. Sp. PI. 863. 1753.

Branching or scapose herbs, with alternate or basal leaves, and corymbose,
paniculate or solitary, peduncled heads, of both tubular and radiate (rarely all
tubular) flowers. Involucre hemispheric or campanulate, its bracts narrow,
nearly equal, imbricated in but 1 or '2 series in most species. Receptacle nearly
flat, usually naked. Bay-flowers usually numerous, white, violet or purple,
pistillate. Disk-flowers yellow, tubular, perfect, their corollas mostly 5-lobed.
Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style-branches more or less flattened,
their appendages short, mostly rounded or obtuse. Achenes flattened, usually
2-nerved. Pappus-bristles fragile, slender, scabrous or denticulate, in 1 series,
or often an additional outer shorter series. [Greek, early-old, alluding to the
early hoary pappus.] A genus of some 130 species, of wide distribution.
Type species: Erigeron acre L.

1. Erigeron quercifolium Lam. Tabl. Encyc. 3: 258. 1823.

Perennial, pubescent; stems 1-7 dm. high, commonly branched above,
erect, slender. Basal and lower leaves spatulate, oblanceolate or oblong, 4-l'2
cm. long, sinuate-pinnatifid, narrowed into margined petioles, the upper ob-
lanceolate to lanceolate, distant, smaller, mostly sessile; heads rather few;
involucre about 3 mm. high, its bracts linear, acute or acuminate; rays many,
white or purplish, 3-4 mm. long.

Moist grounds, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera : —
Florida. Referred to E. tennis T. & G. by Dolley. SOUTHERN FLEABANE.

CARDUACEAE. 443

9. LEPTILON Raf. Am. Month. Mag. 2: 268. 1818.

Annual or 'biennial herbs, with small racemose, thyrsoid or panicled heads
of white flowers, the rays small, usually shorter than the diameter of the disk
or none. Involucre mostly campanulate, its narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series.
Receptacle naked. Ray-flowers pistillate; disk-flowers perfect, their corollas
usually 4-lobed or 4-toothed, the anthers obtuse at the base; style-branches
somewhat flattened, their appendages short. Achenes flattened. Pappus of
numerous simple fragile bristles in 1 series. [Greek, referring to - the small
heads.] About 20 species, natives of America and Asia. Type species:
Erigeron divaricatum Michx.

Bracts of the involucre very pubescent ; plant hirsute. 1. L. linifolium.

Plant glabrous or nearly so throughout. 2. L. pusillum.

1. Leptilon linifolium (Willd.) Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1231, 1340. 1903.

Erigeron linifolius Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1955. 1804.

Hirsute; stem slender, branched or simple, 7 dm. high or less. Leaves
linear or linear-spatulate, 1.5-10 cm. long, the upper entire, sessile, the lower
mostly incised-serrate, and petioled; heads paniculate or subracemose, several
or numerous; involucre about 5 mm. high, its bracts linear, acuminate, pilose;
achenes glabrous; pappus tawny, about 3 times as long as the achene.

Waste grounds, New Providence at Nassau : — Bermuda ; southeastern United
States; Cuba; Old World tropics and subtropics. HAIRY HORSEWEED.

2. Leptilon pusillum (Nutt.) Britton, Torreya 14: 198. 1914.

Erigeron pusillus Nutt. Gen. 2: 148. 1818.

Stem glabrate, 7-30 dm. high, the larger plants paniculately much
branched. Leaves usually ciliate, the basal and lower spatulate, petioled,
mostly entire, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, those of the stem linear and
mainly entire; heads few or numerous, about 4 mm. broad; involucre, 2-3 mm.
high, its bracts linear, acute, glabrate, often purplish-tipped; rays numerous,
white, shorter than the pappus and mostly shorter than their tubes.

Pine-lands, cultivated grounds, sandy soil and scrub-lands, Great Bahama,
Ahaco and Andros to Watling's Island, North Caicos and Inagua : — Bermuda : conti-
nental eastern North America ; West Indies. Formerly included in Erigeron cana-
densis L., and thus recorded by previous authors. SMOOTH HORSE WEED.

10. ESCHENBACHIA Moench, Meth. 573. 1794.

Herbs, with alternate leaves, and mostly corymbose or panicled heads of
tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate, several-many-flowered, its narrow
bracts imbricated in 2-several .series, the outermost usually much smaller than
the others. Receptacle convex or flat, mostly naked. Marginal flowers pistil-
late with narrow or filiform, 2-3-toothed corollas; disk-flowers tubular, perfect,
5-toothed. Anthers obtuse at the base. Achenes flattened, their sides nerve-
less or 1-nerved. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of bristles. [Commemorates J. F.
Eschenbach, German botanist.] Perhaps 50 species, of tropical and warm-
temperate regions. Type species: Erigeron aegyptiacum L.

444 CARDUACEAE.

1. Eschenfoachia lyrata (H.B.K.) Britton & Millspaugh.
Conyza lyrata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 4: 70. 1820.

Perennial, erect, branched, viscid-pubescent, 4-9 dm. high, the branches
ascending. Basal and lower leaves obovate, coarsely dentate, 4-8 cm. long,
obtuse, narrowed into margined petioles; upper leaves much smaller than the
lower, oblong to obovate, dentate or lyrate, sessile or nearly so; heads few or
solitary at the ends of the branches, slender-peduncled; involucre campanulate,
about 8 mm. high, its bracts linear, acuminate.

Waste grounds, Long Island, at Clarence Town ; Great Exuma, near George-
town : — Cuba ; Mexico to Colombia. STICKY- WEED.

11. BACCHARIS L. Sp. PI. 860. 1753.

Dioecious shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small, paniculate or corymbose
heads of tubular flowers. Involucre campanulate or oblong, its many bracts
imbricated in several series, the outer shorter. Eeceptacle flat, naked, com-
monly foveolate. Corolla of the pistillate flowers slender, that of the staminate
tubular, 5-lobed. Anthers obtuse and entire at the base. Style -branches nar-
row or subulate, those of the fertile flowers smooth, exserted, those of the
sterile flowers rudimentary, tipped with an ovate pubescent appendage.
Achenes more or less compressed, ribbed. Pappus of the fertile flowers
copious, capillary, that of the sterile flowers short. [Named for Bacchus;
originally applied to some different shrubs.] About 300 species, all American,
most abundant in South America. Type species: Baccharis ivifolia L.

Leaves linear to narrowly oblanceolate, the lower often dentate. 1. B. angustifolia.
Leaves obovate to elliptic or oblanceolate.

At least the lower leaves dentate. 2. B. halimifolia.

• Leaves all entire. 3. B. dioica.

1. Baccharis angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 125. 1803.

A branching shrub, 2.5 m. high or less, the foliage resinous. Leaves mostly
linear, sessile, 1-8 cm. long, entire, or the lower denticulate; heads numerous,
glomerate in peduncled clusters, or solitary; involucre of the staminate heads
campanulate, about 2.5 mm. high, -that of the pistillate ones oblong, 4-5 mm.
high, its bracts ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or acutish; achenes about 1 mm.
long; pappus white, twice as long as the involucre.

Borders of marshes, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — south-
eastern United States. NARROW-LEAVED GROUNDSEL-BUSH.

2. Baccharis halimifolia L. Sp. PI. 860. 1753.

A branching glabrous shrub, 1-3 dm. high, the branchlets angled, some-
times minutely scurfy. Leaves thick, those of the stem and larger branches
2-7 cm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, those of the branchlets oblanceolate, short-petioled
or sessile, entire, or few-toothed toward the apex; heads in terminal peduncled
clusters of 1-5, those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young, the bracts
of the involucre oblong-ovate, obtuse, glutinous, appressed, the inner ones of
the pistillate heads lanceolate, acute or acutish; pappus bright white, 6-8 mm.
long, much exceeding the involucre.

Borders of marshes, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — Coast of the
eastern and southeastern United States. The Andros specimen (Brace 5203) may rep-
resent the variety angustior DC., abundant in Cuba. GROUXDSEL-BUSH.

CARDUACEAE. 445

3. Baccharis dioica Vahl, Symb. 3: 98. 1794.
Baccharis Vahlii DC. Prodr. 5: 411. 1836.

Glabrous, branched, 2 m. high, or less, shrubby, somewhat glutinous, the
twigs striate, densely leafy, sometimes granular. Leaves obovate or cuneate-
obovate, 2—4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, obtuse or subtruncate and mucronulate
at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, the midvein rather promi-
nent, the lateral venation obscure; heads clustered at the ends of the twigs:
involucre 4-7 mm. high, its bracts oblong, imbricated in 4 or 5 series; pappus
of the pistillate heads about as long as the corollas; achenes 10-ribbed,
glabrous.

Scrub-lands and coppices, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat Island, In-agua : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; St. Croix ; Montserrat ;
Jamaica. VAHL'S GROUNDSEL-BUSH. BROOM-BUSH.

12. PLUCHEA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 31. 1817.

Pubescent or glabrous herbs, or some tropical species shrubby, with
alternate dentate leaves, and small heads of tubular flowers in terminal
corymbose cymes. Involucre ovoid, campanulate, or nearly hemispheric, its
bracts appressed, herbaceous, imbricated in several series. Keceptacle flat,
naked. Outer flowers of the head pistillate, their corollas filiform, 3-cleft or
dentate at the apex. Central flowers perfect, but mainly sterile, their corollas
5-cleft. Anthers sagittate at the base, the auricles caudate. Style of the
perfect flowers 2-cleft or undivided. Achenes 4-5-angled. Pappus a single
series of capillary scabrous bristles. [Named for the Abbe" N. A. Pluche, of
Paris.] About 35 species, widely distributed in warm and temperate regions.
Type species: Conyza marilandica Michx.

Plants shrubby. 1. P. odorata.
Plants herbaceous.

Perennial ; leaves sessile. 2. P. foetida.

Annual ; leaves petioled. 3. P. purpurascens.

1. Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 4: 3. 1826.

CoKiyza odorata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1213. 1759.

A densely and finely pubescent shrub, up to 3 m. high. Leaves oblong,
entire, or undulate-serrate with small blunt teeth, 8—20 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm.
wide, rather dark green, loosely pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous above,
finely and densely pubescent and pale beneath, acute or acuminate at the apex,
narrowed at the base, the petioles 1-4 cm. long; corymbs mostly large;
peduncles and involucre densely pubescent; involucre about 5 mm. high, its
bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate; flowers creamy pink or whitish.

Rocky scrub-lands, coppices and clearings throughout the archipelago from
Great Bahama and Andros to Grand Turk and Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West
Indies ; Mexico to northern Smith America. BUSHY FLEABANE. WILD TOBACCO.
SOUR-BUSH. COUGH-BUSH.

2. Pluchea fofctida (L.) B.S.P. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 28. 1888.

Baccharis foetida L. Sp. PI. 861. 1753.
Pluchea lifrons DC. Prod. 5: 451. 1836.

Perennial; stem simple or sparingly branched at the summit, puberulent
and slightly viscid, 4-9 dm. high. Leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
sharply denticulate, sessile, pubescent or puberulent, 5-10 cm. long, 1-4 cm.

446 CARDUACEAE.

wide, reticulate-veiny; clusters of heads compact, leafy-bracted ; involucre 5-6
mm. high, its bracts lanceolate, acute, viscid-puberulent.

Marshy places, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera : — southeast-
ern United States to Texas and North Mexico ; Cuba. PERENNIAL MAKSH FLEABANE.

3. Pluchea purpurascens (Sw.) DC. Prodr. 5: 452. 1836.
Conyza purpurascens Sw. Prodr. 112. 1788.

Herbaceous, annual; stems rather stout, finely pubescent at least above,
simple or branched, 3-12 dm. high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sparingly
finely pubescent or glabrate, dentate or crenate-dentate, acute or acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, 5-12 cm. long, the petioles 3 cm.
long or less, the upper ones smaller, nearly sessile; heads usually numerous;
involucre 4-5 mm. high, its bracts ovate to lanceolate, acute, pubescent;
flowers pink.

Brackish swamps and .borders of coppices., Great Bahama and Andros to For-
tune Island and Inaguai : — southeastern United States ; Bermuda ; West Indies, south
to Guadeloupe ; Mexico and Central America. Reported by Mrs. Northrop as P. cam-
phorata DC. to which it is closely related. ANNUAL MARSH FLEABANE.

13. SACHSIA Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 150. 1866.

Perennial scapose herbs, with tufted basal serrate leaves and loosely
corymbose or panicled small heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the rays
white. Involucre campanulate, 'its bracts imbricated in several series, acute,
rigid, the outer successively smaller. Eeceptacle naked, flat or convex. Kay-
flowers fertile, with filiform 2^3-toothed corollas; disk-flowers tubular, regu-
lar, fertile, or the inner sterile. Achenes compressed, 4-5-angled; pappus a
single series of capillary barbed! bristles. [In honor of F. G. J. von Sachs,
German plant physiologist.] Four known species of Cuba, Florida and the
Bahamas. Type species: SacTisia polycephala Griseb.

1. Sachsia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 408. 1903.

Scape slender, erect, villous at the base, rough-glandular above, bearing
2-5 very small and distant leaves. Basal leaves several, spatulate to oblong-
obovate, firm in texture, 7 em. long or less, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at
the base into short petioles, repand-dentate, minutely glandular and sparingly
pubescent beneath; inflorescence loosely corymbose-paniculate; peduncles slen-
der, mostly longer than the heads; involucre about 7 mm. high, its bracts in
about 6 series, the. outer ovate to lanceolate, densely glandular, the inner nar-
rowly linear; outer flowers in several series, their filiform corollas 3-toothed;
achenes linear, striate, about 2 mm. long; short-pilose; pappus yellowish-white,
about 4 mm. long.

Pine-lands and savannas of Great Bahama, Andros and; New Providence : —
Florida. BAHAMA SACHSIA.

14. TETRANTHUS Sw. Prodr. 116. 1788.

Small prostrate herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and very small discoid
heads solitary and peduneled in the axils, usually 4-flowered, with 2 flowers
fertile and 2 sterile. (Bracts of the involucre 4, sometimes with 4 minute ex-
terior ones. Eeceptacle naked. Corolla tubular with a somewhat campanulate
5-lobed limb. Anthers obtuse. Achenes oblong, angled or striate; pappus
short, crown-like. [Greek, four-flowered.] Four known species, natives of
the West Indies. Type species: Tetranthus littoralis Sw.

CARDUACEAE. 447

1. Tetranthus bahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 318. 1907.

Steins smooth, slender, creeping, 3-6 cm. long. Leaves ovate, about 4 mm.
long and 3 mm. wide, obtuse at the apex, rounded or subcordate at the base,
glabrous on both sides, the veins very obscure, the petioles about 3 mm. long,
sparingly pilose; heads solitary, 4-flowered, on sparingly pilose peduncles,
about 1 cm. long; involucre bracts 4, obovate, about 1.5 mm. long, and 1 mm.
wide, 3-nerved, sparingly pilose without and slightly ciliate; corolla about 1
mm. long, glabrous, the lobes slightly shorter than the tube; anthers large,
apiculate; style glabrous, 0.5 mm. long, its branches glandular-pilose; achenes
bluntly quadrangular, glabrous, 0.5 mm. long.

In crevices of rocks under shrubs, Great Ragged Island, Acklin's Island, Mari-
guana. Endemic. BAHAMA TETKANTHUS.

15. ACANTHOSPERMUM Schrank, PI. Ear. Hort. Monac. pi. 53. 1819.

Annual rather coarse herbs, with pubescent foliage and erect or creeping
stems, opposite broad, often leathery, toothed leaves, and radiate but incon-
spicuous heads, axillary to leaf-like bracts. Involucre double, an outer one
of flat herbaceous bracts, and an inner one of several smaller bracts which
become bur-like and fall away enclosing an achene at maturity. Receptacle
concave or convex. Ray-flowers few, in 1 series, the rays very small, yellowish,
concave or hooded. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile. Anthers entire at the base.
Achenes broadest above the middle, slightly curved. Pappus wanting. [Greek,
thorn-seed, from the prickly, bur-like fruits.] About 3 species, natives of
tropical America. Type species: Acanthospermum brasilium Schrank.

1. Acanthospermum humile (Sw.) DC. Prodr. 5: 522. 1836.
Melampodium humile Sw. Prodr. 114. 1788.

Villous-pubescent, branched, erect, 3-9 dm. high. Leaves ovate, 2-4 cm.
long, very coarsely dentate, obtuse or acute at the apex, obtuse or subtruncate
at the base, the broadly margined petioles 1-2 cm. long, often coarsely
toothed; heads sessile or nearly so; pistillate flowers 3-7; inner bracts of the
involucre bearing short hooked prickles and 21 rigid subulate beaks 2-3 mm.
long.

A weed in cultivated and waste grounds near Nassau, New Providence : — south-
eastern United States; Cuba; Hispaniola ; Culebrita ; St. Martin; Tobago; Jamaica.
SPINY-BUR.

16. PARTHENIUM L. 6p. PI. 988. 1753.

Erect, mostly pubescent -or canescent herbs, or shrubs, with alternate
leaves, and small corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate
white or yellow flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispheric, its
bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, obtuse, appressed, nearly equal. Receptacle
convex or conic, chaffy, the chaff membranous, surrounding the disk-flowers.
Ray-flowers about 5, pistillate, fertile, their ligules sliort, broad, 2-toothed or
obcordate. Disk-flowers perfect, sterile, their corollas 5-toothed, the style
undivided. Anthers entire at the base. Achenes compressed, keeled on the
inner face, margined, bearing the persistent rays on the summit. Pappus of
2-3 scales or awns. [Greek, virgin.] About 10 American species. Type
species: Parthenium Hysterophorus L.

448 CABDUACEAE.

1. Parthenium Hysterdphonis L. Sp. PI. 988. 1753.

Annual, strigose-pubescent or somewhat villous, usually much branched,
3-7 dm. high. Leaves ovate to oblong in outline, 1-2-pinnately parted into
linear or lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid segments, thin, and flaccid ; heads
numerous, 5—6 mm. broad; involucre saucer-shaped, its bracts concave, the
outer ones rhombic, the inner broader; ray-flowers few; rays reniform, white,
about 1 mm. wide; achenes obovate, about 1 mm. long.

Waste places and pine-lands, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera to Watling's
Island, Long Island and Inagua : — Bermuda ; United States to continental tropical
America ; West Indies. SANTA MARIA,

17. CBASSINA Scepin, Aeido Veg. 42. 1758.
[ZINNIA L. Syst. ed. 10, 1221. 1759.]

Annual or perennial herbs, some species shrubby, with opposite entire, or
sparingly serrate, mostly narrow and sessile leaves, and large or middle-sized-
heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Bay-flowers pistillate, yellow or
variegated, persistent on the achene. Disk-flowers perfect, fertile; corolla
cylindraceous, its lobes villous. Involucre campanulate to nearly cylindric, its
bracts obtuse, dry, firm, appressed, imbricated in 3 series or more, the outer
gradually shorter. Beceptacle conic or cylindric, chaffy, the chaff subtending
and enwrapping the disk-flowers. Style-branches elongated, not appendaged.
Achenes of the ray-flowers somewhat 3-angled, those of the disk flattened.
Pappus of few awns or teeth. [In honor of Paul Crassus, an Italian botanist
of the 16th century.] About 12 species, natives of western America. Type
species: Chrysogonum peruvianum L.

1. Crassina multiflora (L.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. 331. 1891.
Zinnia multiflora L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1269. 1763.

Annual, erect, simple or branched, 1-6 dm. high, the branches nearly erect,
sparingly hispid. Leaves lanceolate, rough-hispid, thin, entire, 2-7 cm. long,
acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the nearly sessile base; peduncles
thickened upward, 1-6 cm. long; involucre campanulate, about 1.5 cm. high, its
bracts oblong, dark-margined above; rays obovate, 1-2 cm. long; receptacle-
scales obtuse, entire; disk-achenes 1-awned.

Bahamas, collected by Swainson : — Cuba to Porto Rico and Guadeloupe ; Mexico
to Brazil and Peru. ZINNIA.

18. VERBESINA L. Sp. PI. 901. 1753.

Erect or diffuse, branching, pubescent or hirsute herbs, with opposite leaves,
and small peduncled terminal and axillary heads of tubular and radiate
whitish flowers. Involucre hemispheric or broadly campanulate, its bracts
imbricated in about 2 series, nearly equal, or the outer longer. Beceptacle flat
or convex, chaffy, the chaff awn-like, subtending the achenes. Bay-flowers
pistillate, fertile. Disk-flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas tubular,
4-toothed or rarely 5-toothed. Anthers entire or minutely 2-toothed at the
base. Achenes thick, those of the rays 3-sided, those of the disk compressed.
Pappus none, or of a few short teeth. [Name changed from Verbena.]
About 4 species, the following typical.

CARDUACEAE. 449

1. Verfoesina alba L. Sp. PI. 902. 1753.

Eclipta erecta L. Mant. 2: 286. 1771.
Eclipta alba Hassk. PI. Jav. Eav. 528. 1848.

Annual, appressed-pubescent, erect or diffuse, 1.5-9 dm. high. Leaves
lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, denticu-
late or entire, narrowed to a sessile base, or the lower petioled, 2-12 cm. long,
4-20 mm. wide; heads commonly numerous, 6-12 mm. broad, nearly sessile, or
slender-peduncled ; rays short, nearly white; anthers brown.

Wet or moist soil, New Providence, Great Exuma and Long Island : — Bermuda ;
the United States from New York, Illinois and Nebraska, southward to temperate
South America ; West Indies ; all warm temperate and tropical regions. ECLJPTA.

19. MELANTHERA Bohr, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. 2: 213. 1792.

Perennial herbs, often quite woody, with opposite petioled dentate, some-
times hastate leaves, and peduncled heads of small white yellowish or violet
tubular flowers. Involucre low-hemispheric, its few ovate to lanceolate, nearly
equal bracts imbricated in '2 or 3 series. Keceptacle convex or low-conic, scaly.
Corollas subcylindric, with an expanded throat, 5-toothed. Anthers sometimes
black, truncate or subsagittate at the base. Style-branches long. Achenes
4-angled; pappus of distinct caducous awns. [Greek, black anther.] About 10
species, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species: Bidens nivea L.

1. Melanthera deltoidea Michx. M. Bor. Am. 2: 107. 1803. .,', '

Melanthera brevifolia O. E. Schulz, in -Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 123. 1911.
Melanthera crenata O. E. Schulz, loc. cit. 1911.

Sparingly appressed-pubescent, scabrate, branched, 5-8 dm. high, the
branches ascending. Leaves ovate or hastate-ovate, scabrate, 2-7 cm. long,
serrate, incised or crenate, acute, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, narrowed
or subtruncate at the base, the petioles 0.5-3 cm. long; heads slender-peduncled,
solitary or few together, 6-8 mm. in diameter; bracts of the involucre ovate or
oblong-ovate, 3-4.5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish; corolla white, 5-6 mm. long.

Waste and cultivated grounds, throughout the archipelago from Abaco, Great
Bahama and Andros to Watling's, Fortune Island and the Cay Sal bank : — Florida ;
Cuba ; Jamaica. Referred by Schcepf to Bidens nivea L., by Mrs. Northrop to Amellus
aspera (Jacq.) Kuntze. Recorded by Hitchcock as Eleutheranthera ruderalis. Con-
sists of several races differing in leaf-form and serration. MELANTHEEA.

2. Melanthera hastata (Walt.) Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 107. 1803.

Athanasia hastata Walt. PI. Car. 201. 1788.

Similar to M. deltoidea, but with acute or acuminate involucre-bracts, the
fruiting heads about 10 mm. in diameter, the leaves often more deeply incised
or lobed.

Water Cay, Cay Sal Bank : — southeastern United States ; Cuba ; Mexico to
Panama. HASTATE MELANTHEEA.

20. ISOCARPHA E. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 12: 110. 1817.

Branched slender herbs, with alternate or opposite, entire or toothed
leaves, and many-flowered, small heads of tubular white, perfect and fertile
flowers, solitary or clustered at the end of the branches. Involucre-bracts im-
bricated in 2-4 series, slightly unequal. Eeceptacle oblong or conic, chaffy,

450 CAEDUACEAE.

the chaff enveloping the flowers. Corollas regular, the limb 5-lobed. Anthers
truncate, entire. Achenes glabrous, truncate, angled; pappus none. [Greek,
equal chaff.] About 5 species, of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Isocarpha oppositifolia (L.) E. Br.; DC. Prodr. 5: 107. 1836.

Calea oppositifolia L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1179. 1763.
Isocarpha angustata Griseb. M. Br. W. I. 376. 1861.

Perennial, usually pubescent, stem rather stiff, divaricately branched, 3-6
dm. high. Leaves opposite, sessile or nearly so, linear to lanceolate, 3-nerved,
entire, acutish or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base; heads solitary or
few together at the ends! of slender naked peduncle-like branches; involucre
4-5 mm. high, its bracts oblong, strongly striate, acute and mucronate.

White-lands and rocky places, Andros, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, Long
Island, Great Ragged Island and Atwood Cay: — Cuba; Jamaica; Tobago; Trinidad;
Curagao ; Margarita ; Texas through Mexico to Venezuela. BOSTON CATNEP.

21. BORRICHIA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 130/1763.

Fleshy, more or less canescent, branching shrubs of the seacoast, with
opposite, entire or denticulate, cuneate oblong spatulate or obovate, 1-3 -nerved
leaves, and terminal large long-peduncled heads of both tubular and radiate
yellow flowers. Involucre hemispheric, its bracts slightly unequal, imbricated
in 2 or 3 series, the inner ones coriaceous. Eeceptacle convex, chaffy, the chaff
rigid, concave, subtending or enwrapping the disk-flowers. Eay-flowers pistil-
late, fertile. Bisk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 5 -toothed, the style-
bra*nches elongated, hispid. Achenes of the ray-flowers 3-sided, those of the disk-
flowers 4-sided. Pappus a short dentate crown. [Named for Olaf Borrick, a
Danish botanist.] About 5 species, natives of America. Type species: Buph-
thalmum frutescens L.

1. Borrichia arborescens (L.) DO. Prodr. 5: 489. 1836.

Buphthalmum arborescens L. Syst. ed. 10, 1227. 1759.

Borrichia argentea DC. Prodr. 5 : 489. 1836.

Borrichia glabrata Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1263, 1340. 1903.

A branching shrub, 1.3 m. high or less, densely white silky-canescent, or
green and glabrous. Leaves fleshy, oblanceolate to spatulate, entire, 6 cm.
long or less, 6-15 mm. wide, acute or obtuse and cuspidate at the apex, nar-
rowed to the base, sessile, obscurely veined; heads mostly solitary, rarely 2
together; peduncle '2-5 cm. long; involucre 1-1.5 cm. high, its bracts obtuse,
or acute, appressed; rays few, 6—9 mm. long.

Coastal rocks and sands and margins of brackish ponds throughout the archi-
pelago : — Florida; Bermuda; Jamaica; Cuba to Anegada and Guadeloupe; Yucatan.
Foliage either white-canescent or green and glabrous, sometimes on the same plant.
BAY MARIGOLD. SEA OX-BYE. SEA-BUSH. Catesby, 1 : pi. 93.

22. WEDKLIA Jacq. Enum. 8, 28. 1760.

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite, toothed or entire leaves, and peduncled
heads of both radiate and discoid yellow flowers. Involucre ovoid to hemi-
spheric, its bracts in about 2 series, the outer somewhat foliaceous. Eeceptacle
flat or convex, its scales enveloping the disk-flowers. Eay-flowers pistillate.
Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas tubular with a cylindric to campanulate
limb. Achenes oblong to obovate, smooth, pilose or tubercled, truncate or conic

CARDUACEAE. 451

at the top; pappus cup-like, toothed or divided, or obsolete. [Commemorates
George Wolfgang Wedel, 1645-1721, Professor at Jena.] About 50 species, of
warm-temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Wedelia fruticosa Jacq.

Herbaceous, prostrate with erect branches, nearly glabrous, some-
what fleshy. 1. TF. trilobata.
Erect, shrubby, strigose-hairy. 2. TF. bahamensis.

1. Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 99. 1893.

Silphium trilolatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1233. 1759.
Wedelia carnosa L. C. Kich. in Pers. Syn. 2: 490. 1807.
Stemmodontia trilobata Small, PI. SE. IT. S. 1262, 1340. 1903.

Herbaceous, prostrate or with ascending branches, sparingly strigose-
pubescent, often rooting at the nodes, 3-10 dm. long. Leaves somewhat fleshy,
elliptic to obovate, 2-12 cm. long, obtuse or acute at the apex, dentate, often
several-lobed, narrowed or cuneate at the base, triplinerved and pinnately
veined, sessile or nearly so; peduncles solitary in the upper axils, 2-14 cm.
long; involucre 7-12 mm. long, its bracts oblong-obovate, foliaceous; rays
about 10, bright yellow, 10-15 mm. long; achenes 5 mm. long, tuberculate.

Moist places along the coast, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies ; Hon-
duras to Colombia. TRAILING WEDELIA.

2, Wedelia bahame"nsis (Britten) O. E. Schulz, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 106.

1911.

Stemmodontia lahamensis Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot, Gard 4: 126. 1905.

Perennial, erect, densely strigose-pubescent all over, pale green, 6-10 dm.
tall, the branches striate. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, 5-12 cm. long, 1.5-i3 cm.
wide, acute to long-acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, rather firm
in texture, sparingly low-serrate or entire, 3-nerved above the base, the short
stoutish petioles mostly not over 1 cm. long; heads solitary or 2 or 3 together,
on erect peduncles 2 or 3 cm. long; outer bracts of the involucre oblong to
ovate-oblong, apiculate or acutish, about 9 mm. long, faintly many-nerved, a
little longer than the inner; rays bright yellow, oblong, 1 cm. long or less,
emarginate, about 3 times as long as wide; achenes linear, appressed-pubes-
cent, at least 3.5 mm. long.

Coastal thickets, coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, New Providence and Eleu-
thera to Caicos and Grand Turk. Endemic. Recorded by Grisebach, Dolley and
Hitchcock as W. buphthalmoides Griseb. BAHAMA WEDELIA. RONG-BUSH. Erro-
neously called MARIGOLD. Catesby, 1 : pi. 92.

23. XIMENESIA Cav. Icon. 2: 60. 1793.

Pubescent caulescent herbs, with alternate or sometimes opposite, simple,
toothed or somewhat laciniate leaves, and solitary or few, radiate showy
peduncled heads. Involucre rather flat, of narrow spreading bracts. Eecep-
tacle convex, chaffy. Kay-flowers pistillate, fertile, numerous, the rays yellow.
Disk-flowers numerous, perfect, fertile. Anthers somewhat sagittate at the
base. Style-branches with slender pubescent appendages. Achenes flat,
winged. Pappus of short and straight awns. [In honor of Joseph Ximenes,
a Spanish botanist.] About 4 species, natives of America, the following typical.

452 CARDUACEAE.

1. Ximenesia encelioides Cav. Icon. 2: 60. 1793.

Ver'besina encelioides Benth. & Hook.; A. Gray, Bot. Cal. 1: 350. 1876.

Annual; stem densely puberulent, much branched, 3-6 dm. high. Leaves
deltoid-ovate or deltoid-lanceolate, thin, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate, acute or
blunt at the apex, coarsely dentate, or even laciniate, green and minutely
pubescent above, pale and densely canescent beneath, all alternate, or the lowest
opposite, narrowed at the base into naked or wing-margined petioles, which
are often provided with dilated appendages at the base; heads several or
numerous, 2.5-5 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, about 12 mm. high, its
bracts lanceolate, canescent; rays 12—15, bright golden yellow, 3-toothed;
achenes of the disk-flowers obovate, winged, pubescent, their pappus of 2 subu-
late awns, those of the ray-flowers rugose, thickened, often wingless.

Waste grounds, Eleuthera, Fortune Island, Great Ragged Island : — southwestern
United States and Mexico; introduced into Key West (Florida), Cuba and Porto
Rico. GOLDEN CROWNBEARD.

24. SYNEDBELLA Gaertn. Fr. et Sem. 2: 456. 1791.

Annual pubescent herbs, with opposite dentate petioled leaves, and small,
solitary or glomerate, axillary or terminal heads of radiate and discoid flowrers.
Involucre oblong, of few bracts, the outer 1 or 2 foliaceous, the inner pale-
aceous. Receptacle small, the scarious narrow chaff subtending the disk-
flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate, with a filiform tube and a short 2-3-toothed
limb; disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Ray-achenes com-
pressed, 2-winged, the wings produced into awns, those of the disk-flowers
narrower, 2-3-aristate. [Greek, referring to the clustered flower-heads.] Two
known species, natives of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. Fr. & Sem. 2: 456. 1791.

Ver'besina nodiflora L. Cent. PI. 1: 28. 1755.

Ucacou nodiflorum Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 100. 1893.

Stem appressed-pubescent above, glabrate below, rather widely branched,
3-8 dm. high. Leaves thin, ovate to elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, triplinerved, low-
serrate, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base into short margined petioles,
loosely appressed-pubescent above, rather densely appressed-pubescent beneath;
heads few or several, together in nearly sessile, axillary or terminal clusters ;
involucre about 8 mm. high, its 1 or 2 outer bracts pubescent, oblong-lanceo-
late, the inner narrower, glabrous; achenes 4-5 mm. long, those of the ray-
flowers with ascending marginal bristles and 2 short awns, those of the disk-
flowers with 2 subulate awns.

Waste places, Abaco, New Providence and Crooked Island : — Florida ; West In-
dies and continental tropical America. NODEIWEED.

25. SALMEA DC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 140. 1813.

Shrubs or woody vines, the branches terete or nearly so, the leaves oppo-
site and petioled. Heads small, corymbose, discoid. Involucre campanulate
or turbinate, its bracts appressed, imbricated in few series. Receptacle conic,
its scales enveloping the flowers. Flowers white, all perfect and fertile;
corollas with a narrowly campanulate or funnelform limb. Achenes laterally
compressed, mostly margined or narrowly winged. Pappus of 2 awns. [In
honor of Count Salm-Salm, patron of Palermo.] About 7 species, of Mexico
and the West Indies. Type species: Salmea Eupatoria DC.

CABDUACEAE. 453

1. Salmea petrofoioides Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 375. 1861.

A much-branched shrub, 2 m. high or less, the twigs slender, erect-ascend-
ing, glabrous. Leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate, '2-5 cm. long, 8-25 mm.
wide, rounded or apiculate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, fleshy,
the midvein prominent, the lateral veins obscure, the petioles 1.5-3 mm. long;
heads numerous; in terminal compound, nearly flat-topped corymbs; involucre
glutinous, narrowly campanulate, about 4 mm. high, its bracts in 2 series,
oblong to oval, obtuse, the outer much smaller than the inner; receptacle
acute; achenes oblong, glabrous except at the apex.

Coastal rocks, white-lands, sand-dunes and coppices, throughout the archipelago
from Abaco, Great Bahama and the Biminis to Cat Island, Long Island and Grand
Caicos : — Cuban Cays ; Cayman Islands, BUSHY SALMEA. SHANKS. Catesby, 1 : pi. 72.

26. BIDENS L. Sp. PL 831. 1753.

Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite serrate lobed divided or dis-
sected leaves, or the uppermost alternate, and mostly large heads of both
tubular and radiate flowers, or the rays none, or rudimentary. Involucre cam-
panulate or hemispheric, its bracts in 2 series, distinct or slightly united at the
base; the outer often foliaceous and much larger than the inner. Eeceptacle
flat or nearly so, chaffy, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers. Bays, when
present, neutral, mostly entire, yellow in our species. Disk-flowers perfect,
fertile, their corollas tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers entire, or minutely sagit-
tate at the base. Style-branches with short or subulate tips. Achenes flat,
quadrangular or nearly terete, cuneate, oblong, or linear. Pappus of 2-6 teeth
or subulate awns, upwardly or downwardly barbed or hispid. [Latin, two-
toothed, referring to the achenes.] About 75 species of wide geographic dis-
tribution. Type Species: Bidens tripartitus L.

Achenes 4-awned ; rays yellow, small ; leaves pinnatisect. 1. B. cynapiifolia.

Achenes 2-awned ; rays white or none ; leaves 3-5 pinnately di-
vided. 2. B. pilosa.

1. Bidens cynapiifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. 4: 235. 1820.

Annual ; stem quadrangular, erect, branched, 0.2-2 m. high. Leaves thin,
petioled, 1-3-pinnately dissected intot ovate or oblong, toothed or lobed seg-
ments; heads usually numerous, long-peduncled, 4-8 mm. broad; involucre
narrow, its outer bracts linear, ascending, nearly as long as the broader erect
inner ones; rays 3-4, yellow, short, sometimes none; achenes curved, linear,
4-angled, narrowed upward, 7-17 mm. long, the outer ones commonly shorter
than the inner; pappus of 4-6 downwardly barbed, slightly spreading awns,
much shorter than the achene.

Waste and cultivated grounds, New Providence and Eleuthera : — West Indies ;
continental tropical America. Recorded by Dolley amd by Hitchcock as B. Upinnata
L., which it resembles. BEGGAR-TICKS.

2. Bidens pilosa L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.

Coreopsis leucantha L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1282. 1763.
Bidens leucantha Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1719. 1804.

Annual, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 3-10 dm. high, more or less
branched. Leaves petioled, 3-divided, their segments ovate to lanceolate, 2-8
cm. long, serrate, acute or acuminate, the uppermost sometimes undivided;
involucre campanulate, about 8 mm. high, its outer bracts linear-oblong, usually

454 CARDUACEAE.

shorter than the inner; rays, when present, white, 1-2 cm. long, 2-3-lobed;
achenes fusiform, unequal, the inner longer than the involucre; pappus of 2-4
yellow, downwardly barbed awns.

Waste and cultivated ground. New Providence, Great Bahama, Andros, South
Cat Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Fortune Island and East Caicos : — southern United
States ; West Indies and Bermuda ; continental tropical America. WHITE BEGGAR-
TICKS. SHEPHEHD'S-NEEDLE.

27. TBIDAX L. Sp. PI. 900. 1753.

Perennial herbs, with opposite, dentate or incised leaves and long-pe-
duncled heads of tubular and radiate flowers, the disk-flowers perfect and
fertile, the ray-flowers pistillate, the rays often 3-lobed. Involucre ovoid to
hemispheric, its nearly equal bracts in few series, or the outer smaller than
the inner. Receptacle flat or convex, the chaff subtending the disk-flowers.
Anthers auricled at the base or sagittate. Style-branches of the disk-flowers
subulate-appendaged. Achenes silky-villous. Pappus of many aristate
plumose scales. [Greek, referring to the 3-lobed rays.] About a dozen
species, natives of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Tridax procumbens L. Sp. PI. 900. 1753.

Hirsute, branched from the base, the branches spreading or ascending,
slender, 2-5 dm. long. Leaves ovate to ovate -lanceolate, short-petioled, 2-6
cm. long, incised-dentate, acute or acuminate at the apex, mostly cuneate at
the base ; .peduncles solitary, terminal, 1-3 dm. long ; involucre subcampanu-
late, about 6 mm. high, its bracts hispid, the inner elliptic, the outer lanceo-
late; rays nearly white; achenes about 2 mm. long.

Waste places. Lignum Vitae Cay, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island and
Fortune Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; Grenada ; continental tropical America. Recorded
by Hitchcock as Amellus aspera (Jacq.) Kuntze. TIIIDAX.

28. FLAVERIA Juss.; J. F. Gmel. Syst. 2: 1269. 1791.

Glabrous or minutely puberulent, light green, annual or perennial herbs,
with opposite sessile leaves, and small, 1-several-flowered, usually sessile, oblong,
densely cymose-capitate heads of tubular, or both tubular and radiate, yellow
or yellowish flowers. Involucre of 2-5 narrow, nearly equal, appressed bracts,
sometimes with 1 or 2 additional small exterior ones. Eeceptacle small, naked.
Ray-flower commonly one, pistillate, fertile, sometimes wanting. Disk-flowers
1-15, perfect, fertile, their corollas 5-toothed. Anthers entire at the base.
Style-branches of the disk-flowers truncate. Achenes oblong or linear-oblong,
8-10-ribbed. Pappus none. [Latin, flavus, yellow, from its dyeing properties.]
Type species : Flaveria chilensis 3. F. Gmel.

1. Flaveria linearis Lag. Gen. et Sp. Nov. 33. 1816.

Perennial, glabrous or nearly so, somewhat woody, usually branched,
erect or decumbent, 3-9 dm. long. Leaves linear, entire, 3—7 cm. long, 1-6 mm.
wide; heads commonly numerous, in terminal corymbose cymes, short-pe-
duncled; involucre narrow, about 4 mm. high, its principal bracts about 5,
lanceolate or oblong, acute; ray-flower usually only one, its ligule 3-4 mm.
long.

Coastal coppices and scrub-lands, Joulter's Cays, Andros, New Providence,
Water Cay on Ca<y Sal bank : — Florida ; Cuba ; Alacran Shoals ; Yucatan. The Cay
Sal bank plant is of a broad-leaved race. NARROW-LEAVED FLAVERIA.

CARDUACEAE. 455

29. NEOTHYMOPSIS Britton & Millspaugh.

[THYMOPSIS Benth. in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 2: 407. 1873.
Not Jaub. & Spach, 1843.]

Low diffuse, annual or perennial, hirsute or puberulent herbs, with oppo-
site small broad leaves, and few-flowered, small heads of tubular flowers, the
outer pistillate the inner perfect. Bracts of the involucre few, nearly equal,
hirsute or ciliolate. Receptacle naked, flat. 'Corolla of pistillate flowers
slender, 2-3-toothed, shorter than the style, minutely 2-4-toothed; corolla of
perfect flowers with a campanulate, 4-toothed limb. Anthers obtuse at the
base, entire. Achenes oblong, nearly terete, striate. Pappus a fringed
crown of several scales, [Greek, new — Thymopsis.] Only the two following
species are known. Type species: Tetranthus thymoides Griseb.

Plants hirsute-hispid throughout ; flowers 10 in a head ; awned. 1. N. Wrightii.

Plants slightly pubescent ; flowers 5 in a head ; perennial. 2. N. Brittonii.

1. Neothymopsis thymoides (Griseb.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Tetranthus thymoides Grkeb. Cat. PI. Cub. 286. 1866.

Thymopsis Wrightii Benth. loc. cit. 1873.

Thymopsis thymoides Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 254. 1907.

Annual; stems very slender, little branched, 1-3 dm. long, short-hirsute.
Leaves ovate, 10 mm. long or less, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed into
petioles, hirsute-hispid; heads nearly sessile in the axils, about 10-flowered;
involucre of 5 or 6 oblong, obtuse, hirsute bracts about 3 mm. long.

Moist places, Acklln's Island and Mariguana : — Cuba.

2. Neothymopsis Brittonii (Greenm.) Britton & Millspaugh.

Thymopsis Brittonii Greenm. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 453. 1905.

Perennial; stems several, erect or ascending, slender, 4—10 cm. long,
puberulent. Leaves rhombic-ovate to somewhat spatulate, 4-8 mm. long, one-
half as broad, obtuse, entire, revolute-margined, narrowed below to a short
petiole, sparingly puberulent to glabrous, dark green above, paler and glandu-
lar-punctate beneath; heads terminating the stem and branches, sessile, about
3 mm. high, 5-flowered; involucre of 5 (4) oblong obtuse, navicular, or some-
what obtusely carinate-concave, ciliolate green bracts.

Moist places, New Providence and Great Exuma. Endemic.

30. POROPHYLLUM Vaill; Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 122. 1763.

Herbs, or some species shrubby, glanduliferous, glabrous and often glau-
cous. Leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, toothed or entire. Heads
corymbose or solitary, long-stalked. Involucre narrowly campanulate or cylin-
dric, its bracts 5-9. Receptacle small, not chaffy. Ray-flowers none. Disk-
flowers perfect and fertile; corollas with a slender tube and narrowly cam-
panulate limb. Achenes linear, many-striate, glabrous or pubescent. Pappus
of copious capillary roughish bristles in 1 or 2 series. [Greek, porose-leaved.]
About 25 species, of warm-temperate and tropical America, the following
typical.

456 CARDUACEAE.

1. Porophyllum Porophyllum (L.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 32: 168. 1898.

Cacalia Porophyllum L. Sp. PI. 834. 1753.

Porophyllum ruderale Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 379. 1861. Not Cass., 1826.

Annual; stem erect, often much branched, pale, slightly glaucous, 1 m.
high or less. Leaves thin, slender-petioled, oblong to ovate, obtuse or acute,
low-crenate or entire, 2-7 cm. long, bearing marginal glands or sometimes
glandless; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, many-flowered; involucre
about 2 cm. high, its 5 bracts linear, acute, bearing narrowly linear glands;
corolla about 10 mm. long; achenes linear, about 8 mm. long, dark brown,
hispidulous.

Waste places and pot-holes in good soil, Abaco, Andros, New ProvidJence, Harbor
Island, Eleuthera, Oat Island and. Great Exuma : — West Indies and continental trop-
ical America. POROPHYLLUM.

31. PECTIS L. Syst. ed. 10, 1221. 1759.

Annual or perennial, diffuse prostrate or erect, mostly glabrous herbs,
gland-dotted and strong-scented, with opposite narrow, sometimes brstly-ciliate
leaves, and small, usually cymose heads of both tubular and radiate yellow
flowers. Involucre cylindric, oblong or campanulate, its bracts in 1 series,
narrow, keeled, distinct. Receptacle small, naked. R-ay-flowers pistillate,
the rays small, entire or 3-lobed. Disk-flowers perfect, their corollas with
expanded, somewhat irregularly 5-cleft limbs. Anthers entire at the base.
Style-branches of the disk-flowers very short, obtuse. Achenes linear, slightly
angled, striate. Pappus of scales, slender bristles or awns, sometimes with a
few outer smaller additional ones. [Latin, pecten, comb, referring to the
pappus.] About 75 species, natives of the warmer parts of America. Type
species: Pectis linifolia L.

Pappus of scales. 1. P. leptocephala.

Pappus of 2-4 subulate awns. 2. P. linifolia.

1. Pectis leptocephala (Cass.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 5: 280. 1907.

Chthonia leptocephala Cass. Diet. iSci. Nat. 27: 206. 1823.
Pectis Lessingii Fernald, Proc. Am. Acad. 33: 67. 1897.

Glabrous or nearly so; stems slender, diffusely branched, 1-4 dm. high.
Leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 cm. long, less than 1 mm. wide, acute, bearing a
few bristles below the middle; heads filiform-peduncled, mostly solitary;
involucre narrow, 4-5 mm. high, its bracts linear; achenes narrow, about 3
mm. long; pappus of subulate-lanceolate scales.

Limestone soil, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; Cays of northern Cuba ;
Hispaniola. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop, by Dolley and by Hitchcock as P. linifolia
L. NARROW-LEAVED PECTIS. Wrongly called PENNYROYAL.

2. Pectis linifolia L. Syst. ed. 10, 1221. 1759.

Pectis punctata Jacq. Enum. 28. 1760.

Annual; stems glabrous, very slender, usually much-branched, 2-9 dm.
high. Leaves linear, 2-8 cm. long, usually not more than 3 mm. wide, nar-
rowed at both ends, sparingly glanduliferous, commonly bearing 1-3 bristles
at the base; heads on filiform peduncles 7-35 mm. long, 5-9-flowered; in-
volucre about 6 mm. long, its 4 or 5 linear glabrous bracts obtuse with revo-
lute margins; flowers purplish to orange: achenes linear, 4-6 mm. long, gla-

CARDUACEAE. 457

brous or sparingly pubescent; pappus of 2-4 subulate, spreading or reflexed
awns about 2 mm. long.

Sandy and rocky soils, Acklin's, Mariguana, South Caicos, Ambergris Cay, Grand
Turk, Sand Cay, Inagua and Little Inagua : — West Indies, east to Anegada, south to
Grenada ; Aruba ; Curagao ; continental tropical America. AWN-FRUITED PECTIS.

32. NEUROLAENA E. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 12: 120. 1817.

Tall shrubby perennials, with large alternate leaves, and numerous small
corymbose-paniculate heads of tubular yellow flowers, all perfect and fertile.
Involucre campanulate, its obtuse nerved bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series.
Keceptacle nearly flat, with membranous 1-nerved scales which are early
deciduous. Corolla-tube slender, the limb somewhat expanded. Anthers sagit-
tate. Achenes narrowed at the base. Pappus of many capillary persistent,
somewhat unequal bristles. [Greek, referring to the nerved bracts.] Two
known species of tropical America, the following typical.

1. Neurolaena lobata (L.) E. Br.; DC. Prodr. 6: 292. 1837.
Conyza lolata L. Sp. PI. 862. 1753.

Stems somewhat woody, erect, usually much branched, 1.5-3 m. high,
appressed-pubescent and scabrous. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
pubescent and scabrous, dentate, denticulate or variously lobed, acuminate at
the apex, narowed at the base, the lower up to 3 dm. long and petioled, the
upper much smaller, sessile or nearly so; corymbs terminal, often 8 cm. broad
or more; peduncles rather slender, bracted, pubescent; involucre 6-8 mm.
high, its bracts oblong, pubescent, 3-nerved, the outer shorter than the inner;
achenes pubescent; pappus brownish-white.

Thickets at Red Bays, Andros : — Cuba to St. Thomas and to Trinidad ; Jamaica ;
continental tropical America.

33. EMILIA Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 68. 1817.

Herbs, with alternate and basal, often clasping leaves, and long-peduncled,
solitary or loosely corymbose heads of pink, purple or orange, tubular, perfect
and fertile flowers. Involucre nearly cylindric, its bracts in a single equal
series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla-limb cylindric. Achenes nearly terete
or 5-angled. Pappus of numerous soft white capillary bristles. [Name unex-
plained.] About 5 species, natives of the Old World tropics. Type species:
Emilia flammea Cass.

1. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Prodr. 6: 302. 1837.
Cacalia sonchifolia L. Sp. PL 835. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent below, usually branched, 2-7
dm. high. Basal and lower leaves petioled, sometimes 12 cm. long, obovate to
oblanceolate, repand-dentate to lyrate-pinnatifid, obtuse or acute at the apex;
upper leaves lanceolate, sessile, sagittate-clasping, dentate, lobed or entire;
heads loosely corymbose, many-flowered; peduncles very slender or filiform;
involucre 10-12 mm. high, its bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, at length re-
flexed; flowers rose, red or purple.

Waste places in good so;l, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Long
Island and North Caicos : — Florida ; Bermuda ; West Indies and continental trop-
ical America. Naturalized from the East Indies. PURPLE EMILIA.

30

458 CAEDUACEAE.

34. ERECHTITES Eaf. Fl. Ludov. 65. 1817.

Erect, usually branching herbs, with alternate leaves, and (in our species)
rather large, discoid, many-flowered heads of whitish flowers, corymbose-panicu-
late at the ends of the stem and branches. Involucre cylindric, swollen at the
base, its principal bracts in 1 series, linear, with or without much smaller
outer ones. Eeceptacle concave, naked. Marginal flowers in 2-several series,
pistillate, fertile, their corollas filiform, the limb 2-4-toothed. Central flowers
perfect, fertile; corolla narrowly tubular, the limb 4— 5-toothed, the style-
branches elongated, truncate or obtuse at the summit. Anthers obtuse and
entire at the base. Achenes linear-oblong, angled or striate. Pappus of
copious capillary soft smooth white bristles. [Ancient name of some ground-
sel.] About 12 species, natives of America and Australasia. Type species:
Erechtites praealta E&f.

1, Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Eaf.; DC. Prodr. 6: 294. 1837.
Senecio Tiler acifolius L. Sp. PI. 866. 1753.

Annual, glabrous, or somewhat hirsute; stem striate, succulent, usually
branched, 3-25 dm. high. Leaves thin, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, dentate
and often deeply incised, 5-20 cm. long, the upper sessile or auriculate- clasp-
ing, mostly acuminate, the lower usually narrowed into petioles; heads 12-20
mm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, the involucre conspicuously swollen at the
base before flowering,, its bracts numerous, striate, green, with narrow scarious
margins; pappus bright white.

Cultivated fields and coppices, Andros : — West Indies and temperate and trop-
ical continental America. FIRE-WEED.

35. CIRSITIM [Tourn.] Mill. Gard. Diet. abr. ed. 4. 1754.

Erect, branched or simple, prickly herbs, some species acaulescent, with
alternate or basal, sinuate-dentate lobed or pinnatifid, usually very spiny
leaves, sometimes decurrent, and large many-flowered, solitary or clustered,
discoid heads of purple, yellow or white, tubular, perfect and fertile, or rarely
dioecious flowers. Involucre ovoid or globose, its bracts prickle-tipped or un-
armed, imbricated in many series. Eeceptacle flat or convex, bristly. Corolla-
tube slender, the limb deeply 5-cleft. Filaments pilose, or rarely glabrous.
Anthers sagittate at the base. Style-branches short or elongated, obtuse.
Achenes obovate or oblong, compressed or obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, smooth
or ribbed. Pappus of several series of slender, plumose, bristles, connate at
the base. [Greek, the thistle was used as a remedy for swollen veins.]
Over 200 species, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere. Type species:
Carduus heterophyllus L.

1. Cirsium Smallii Britton.

Carduus pinetorum Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 1308, 1341. 1903.

Cirsium pinetorum Small, Fl. Miami 199, 200. 1913. Not Greenm., 1905.

Stem simple or little-branched, sparingly floccose, rather slender, 9 dm.
high or less. Leaves more or less floccose, runcinate-pinnatifid or entire, the
teeth and margins armed with yellowish acicular spine-like bristles 1.5 cm.
long or less; basal and lower leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, 1-2.5 dm.

CAKDUACEAE. 459

long, the upper smaller, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, or half-clasping the
stem; heads few; involucre about 3.5 cm. high, the outermost bracts spinulose-
tipped, the inner acuminate; flowers pink; pappus white, long-plumose;
achenes about 5 mm. long.

Pine-lands, Abaco and Great Bahama : — Florida. TINE-LAND THISTLE.

36. ANASTRAPHIA D. Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc. 16: 295. 1830.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, and terminal discoid heads of
tubular, perfect and fertile flowers. Involucre campanulate or turbinate, its
bracts imbricated in several or many series, appressed or recurved, the outer
gradually shorter than the inner. Eeceptacle flat or nearly so, naked. Corolla-
limb scarcely expanded, 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Anthers sagittate at the
base, the auricles elongated. Style-branches short. Achenes linear, villous or
pubescent. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of filiform bristles. [Greek, turned back-
ward.] About 20 species, natives of the West Indies. Type species: Anast-
raphia ilicifolia D. Don.

Bracts of the involucre recurved. 1. A.Northropiana.

Bracts of the involucre strictly erect. 2. A.

L Anastraphia Northropiana Greenm. Trans. Acad. St. Louis 7: 435. 1897.

An irregularly branched shrub, 1-2 m. high, or, on the coast of southern
Cuba becoming a tree up to 10 m. high, with a trunk 2 dm. in diameter, the
bark rough, the slender twigs densely white-tomentose. Leaves oblong to
elliptic or obovate, 1-4 cm. long, coriaceous, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or
obtuse at the base, serrate with few spinulose-tipped teeth, or entire, glabrous
above, densely white-tomentose beneath, short-petioled ; involucre campanulate,
12-15 mm. high, its bracts pubescent, the inner linear, acute, reflexed, the
outer gradually smaller; flowers 8-10, orange, about 3 cm. long; achenes
villous, 3 mm. long; pappus tawny, 12-16 mm. long.

Low coppices and pine-lands, .Andros, New Providence and Cat Island : — Cuba.
NORTHROP'S ANASTRAPHIA. CANDLEWOOD.

2. Anastraphia bahamensis Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 415. 1903.

Anastraphia cuneifolia Greenm. Bull. .1ST. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 126. 1905.

Shrub 1—2 m. high, much-branched; stem and branches covered with a
light gray bark. Leaves obovate-cuneate, l-r2 cm. long, 0.5-1.2 cm. broad,
revolute-margined, sparingly spinulose-dentate in the terminal portion, entire
and narrowed below the middle into the petiole, slightly puberulent above in
the early stages but soon glabrate and rather conspicuously reticulate-veined,
densely and permanently white-tomentose beneath; petioles 3-5 mm. long,
tomentose; heads few, about 2 cm. long, sessile, mostly terminating the ulti-
mate branchlets, 5-flowered; involucre narrowly campanulate, 8.5-10 mm. long;
bracts of the involucre 5-6-seriate, triangular-ovate to lance-linear, acute, ex-
ternaly arachnoid-tomentulose, brownish, slightly spreading at maturity;
mature achenes 3.5-4 mm. long, pubescent; pappus about 13 mm. in length,
persistent, tawny.

Low coppices and scrub-lands, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Great Exuma,.
Crooked, Fortune and Acklin's Islands, Mariguana, Dellis Cay, Caicos Islands and
Inagua : — Cuba. Reported by Hitchcock and by Mrs. Northrop as A. paucifloscula
C. Wright, an unpublished name. BAHAMA ANASTRAPHIA. CARRAJO-BDSH.

460 CAEDUACEAE.

37. CHAPTALIA Vent. Jard. Gels. pi. 61. 1800.

Perennial scapose herbs, with floccose-tomentose foliage. Leaves basal,
persistently pubescent beneath. Heads heterogamous, radiate, solitary and
terminal. Involucre many-flowered, its bracts narrow, in few series, the inner
successively larger. Kay-flowers pistillate, fertile, rose-purple. Disk-flowers
perfect, wholly or partially neutral, their corollas white or purplish, more or
less 2-lipped, the outer with 3 lobes to the lower lip, the inner with 2 lobes.
Achenes 5-nerved, columnar or fusiform. Pappus of numerous soft hair-like
bristles. [In honor of J. A. C. Chaptal, 1756-1831, French chemist and
statesman.] About 25 species, natives of warm-temperate and tropical
America. Type species: Chaptalia tomentosa Vent.

1. Chaptalia dentata (L.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 26: 104. 1823.

Tussilago dentata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1213. 1763.

Tussilago alUcans Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1348. 1806.

Chaptalia albicans Northrop, Mem. Torr. Club 12: 73. 1902.

Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 2-20 cm. long, repand-dentate
or entire, obtuse or acute at the apex, long-attenuate at the base, loosely
floccose or becoming glabrous and bright green above, densely white-felted or
grayish-felted beneath, the petioles very short or sometimes as long as the
blades; scape slender, more or less floccose, 1-3 dm. tall; head not nodding;
involucre 13-22 mm. high, its linear bracts floccose, acuminate, the outer
much shorter than the inner; flowers white (?); achenes glabrous or pubes-
cent, the body 5-6 mm. long, the filiform beak longer; pappus straw-color,
8-10 mm. long.

Grassy places, pine-lands and coppices. Great Bahama, Abaco, Andres, New
Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Jamaica. Recorded as C.
nutans Hemsl. by Hitchcock. Low CHAPTALIA.

[Artemisia vulgaris L. is reported by Herrick as growing on Green Turtle Cay,
Abaco; we have not succeeded in finding the species within the archipelago; this
European species would probably not long endure the Bahama climate.]

Class 2. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Ovules (macrosporanges) naked, not enclosed in an ovary, this
represented by a scale or apparently wanting. Pollen-grains (mi-
crospores) dividing at maturity into two or more cells, one of
which gives rise to the pollen-tube (male prothallium), which di-
rectly fertilizes an archegone of the nutritive endosperm (female
prothallium) in the ovule.

The Gymnosperms are an ancient group, first known in Silurian
time. They became most numerous in the Triassic age. They are
now represented by not more than 450 species of trees and shrubs.

There are three orders, Finales, Cycadales and Gnetales, the two
first represented in the Bahama Flora.

Leaves scale-like, linear or needle-like. Order 1. PINALES.

Leaves large, pinnate, in a terminal crown. Order 2. CYCADALES.

Order 1. PINALES.

Trees, or rarely shrubs, growing from both terminal and lateral buds,
thus freely branching, the trunks mostly excurrent. Leaves scale-like,
linear or needle-like, sometimes fascicled. Flowers mostly monoecious.
Fruit a cone, with woody or fleshy scales, or drupaceous.

PINACEAE. 461

Family 1. PINACEAE Lindl.
PINE FAMILY. CONIFERS.

Resinous trees or shrubs, mostly with evergreen narrow entire or scale-
like leaves, the wood uniform in texture, without tracheae, the tracheids
marked by large depressed disks, the pollen-sacs and ovules borne in
separate spikes (aments). Perianth none. Stamens several together, sub-
tended by a scale; filaments more or less united; pollen-sacs (anthers)
2-several-celled, variously dehiscent; pollen-grains often provided with
two lateral inflated sacs. Ovules with two integuments, orthotropous or
amphitropous, borne solitary or several together on the surface of a scale,
which is subtended by a bract in most genera. Fruit a cone with numerous,
several or few, woody, papery or fleshy scales; sometimes berry-like.
Seeds wingless or winged. Endosperm fleshy or starchy, copious. Embryo
straight, slender. Cotyledons 2 or several. About 25 genera and 250
species of wide distribution, most abundant in temperate regions.

Fruit a large cone with many woody scales ; leaves linear, in sheaths. 1. Pinus.
Fruit a berry-like cone of few fleshy scales ; leaves acicular or scale-like. 2. Juniperus.

1. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1000. 1753.

Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves, the primary ones linear or scale-
like, deciduous, the secondary ones forming the ordinary foliage, narrowly
linear, arising from the axils of the former in fascicles of 2-5 (rarely solitary
in some western species), subtended by the bud-scales, some of which are united
to form a sheath. Staminate aments (flowers) borne at the bases of shoots of
the season, the clusters of stamens spirally arranged, each in the axil of a
minute scale; filaments very short; anthers 2-celled, the sacs longitudinally
dehiscent. Ovule-bearing aments (flowers) solitary or clustered, borne on the
twigs of the preceding season, composed of numerous imbricated minute bracts,
each with an ovule-bearing scale in its axil, ripening into a large cone, which
matures the following autumn, its scales elongating and becoming woody.
Seeds 2 on the base of each scale, "winged above, the testa crustaceous. [Name
Celtic.] About 100 species, of the northern hemisphere. Type species: Pinus
sylvestris L.

1. Pinus caribaea Morelet, Eev. Hort. Cote d'Or. 1851.

Pinus lahamensis Griseb. Fl. Br. W. I. 503. 1861.

A tree, with a maximum height of about 30 m., the trunk up to 1.5 m. in
diameter, the thick bark splitting into irregular plates, the stout twigs glabrous.
Leaves in fascicles of 2 or 3, dark green, shining, 17-30 cm. long, the sheaths
1-1.5 cm. long; staminate aments 2-4 cm. long; ovule-bearing aments mainly
terminal; cones narrowly conic when closed, 9—14 cm. long, their scales thin,
nearly flat, rounded at the apex and thickened into a low knob which bears a
small spine; seeds 5—8 mm. long, the thin wing 2-2.5 cm. long.

Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, North Caicos and Pine Cay,
Caicos Islands : — southeastern United States ; Cuba. CARIBBEAN PINE-TREE.

462 CYCADACEAE.

2. JUNIPERUS L. Sp. PI. 1038. 1753.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with opposite or verticillate, subulate or scale-
like, sessile leaves, commonly of 2 kinds, and dioecious or sometimes monoecious,
small globose axillary or terminal aments. Leaf-buds naked. Staminate
aments oblong or ovoid; anthers 2-6-celled, each sac 2-valved. Ovule-bearing
aments of a few opposite somewhat fleshy scales, or these rarely verticillate in
3 's, each bearing a single erect ovule or rarely 2. Cones globose, berry-like by
the coalescence of the fleshy scales, containing 1-6 wingless bony seeds.
[Name Celtic.] About 40 species, natives of the northern hemisphere. Type
species: Juniperus communis L.

1. Juniperus lucayana Britton, N. A. Trees, 121. 1908.

Juniperus australis Pilger, in Urban, Symb. Ant. 7: 479. 1913.

A tree, seldom over 12 m. high, with a trunk up to 6 dm. in diameter, the
thin bark separating in low strips, the branches ascending or the lower
drooping, the twigs slender. Leaves of young plants, and often those of the
lower parts of twigs, acicular, pungent, 5-10 mm. long; leaves of mature plants
scale-like, appressed, 4-ranked, 1-1.5 mm. long; fruit blue, oblong-globose and
somewhat laterally flattened, 5-6.5 mm. long.

Great Bahama, Abaco, Cat Cay, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Cuba ;
Jamaica. Recorded by Grisebach, by Mrs. Northrop, by Coker and by Dolley as
J. barbadensis D., by Schoepf as J. 'bcrmudiana L., and by Dolley as J. virginiana L.
WEST INDIAN RED CEDAR.

Order 2. CYCADALES.

Palm-like or fern-like, dioecious, woody plants with erect trunks, some-
times short and wholly buried in the ground, growing only from the summit
and thus unbranched, although sometimes forming lateral adventitious buds,
the large pinnate leaves in a terminal crown. Flowers in terminal cones,
or on modified leaves. Scales of the staminate cones bearing several
anther-sacs. Ovule-bearing scales or leaves with two or more naked ovules.
Seeds drupe-like or nut-like. Only the following family.

Family 1. CYCADACEAE Lindl.

CYCAD FAMILY.

Nine genera and about 90 species, of tropical and subtropical distri-
bution.

1. ZAMIA L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1659. 1753.

Woody, dioecious plants, the trunk or caudex wholly or partly buried in the
ground, the palm-like leaves tufted at its summit, pinnately compound, cori-
aceous, the segments entire or toothed, parallel-veined, the petioles unarmed in
the following species, prickly in some 'others, the inflorescence strobilar, pe-
duncled, densely many-flowered, the cones from oblong-cylindric to subglobose,
the female thicker than the male. Scales of the cones peltate, nearly flat, more
or less hexagonal, closely set together, vertically superimposed. Scales of the
male cone at length deciduous, bearing several sessile pollen-sacs, those of the

CYCADACEAE. 463

female cone persistent, bearing 2 sessile, ovoid ovules. Seeds more or less
angled, the testa fleshy. [Said to be Latin for a fir-cone.] About 25 species,
natives of tropical and subtropical America. Type species, Zamia pumila L.

Leaflets 3-15 mm. wide.

Leaflets 7-15 mm. wide, close together. 1. Z. pumila.

Leaflets 3-7 mm. wide.

Leaflets distant, 3-6 mm. -wide ; scales of male cone wider

than high. 2. Z. anyustifolia.

Leaflets closer together, 6-7 mm. wide ; scales of male

cone scarcely wider than high. 3. Z. tennis.

Leaflets about 2.5 cm. wide. 4. Z. lucayana.

1. Zamia pumila L. Sp. PI. ed. 2, 1659. 1763.

Caudex stout, 2 dm. long or longer, the upper part usually exposed, but
sometimes completely buried. Basal scales ovate, acute or acuminate, villous,
2-3 cm. long; petiole silky-villous below, glabrous above; leaves 3-10 dm. long;
leaflets 20-50, coriaceous, shining, 5-15 cm. long, 7-15 mm. wide, entire, or few-
toothed at the obtuse apex, the pairs separated 0.5-2 cm.; peduncles stout,
villous-pubescent, 5-10 cm. long; male cone oblong, 5-8 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm.
thick, its scales tomentose, broader than high or the lower nearly equally broad
and long; ripe female cone ellipsoid, 7-11 cm. long, 5-8> cm. thick, short-tipped,
its hexagonal scales tomentose, broader than high ; seeds angled, 2-2.5 cm. long.

Thickets and woodlands among rocks, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : —
Florida ; Cuba. BAY-BUSH.

2. Zamia angustifdlia Jacq. Coll. 3: 263. 1789.

Caudex slender, 2 dm. long or longer, completely buried in sand. Basal
scales broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, densely villous 3-5 cm.
long; leaves 2-10 dm. long; leaflets 5-20 pairs, narrowly linear, entire or with
a few callous teeth at the obtuse apex, 5-20 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, nearly par-
allel-margined or slightly tapering to both ends, shining, the pairs distant,
those of larger leaves about 2 cm', apart ; peduncles villous, those of male cones
5-8' cm. long, those of female cones stouter; male cone o'blong-cylindrie, 5-7
em. long, about 2 cm. thick, pointed, its scales oblong, or rotund, hexagonal,
tomentose, 6-7 mm. wide, 3-5 mm. high; ripe pistillate cone 8-9 cm. long,
about 5 cm. thick, stout-tipped, its scales 2-2.5 cm. wide, about 1.5 cm. high;
seeds 2 cm. long, red.

In white calcareous sand, Eleuthera : — Cuba. NARROW-LEAVED BAY-RUSH.

3. Zamia tennis Willd. Sp. PI. 4 : 846. 1806.

Caudex unknown definitely. Leaves 6 dm. long or longer; leaflets 40 or
fewer, narrowly linear, 7-17 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide at or below the middle,
tapering to the obtuse, callously 1-several-toothed apex, the pairs separated by
1.5 cm. or less; peduncles pubescent; male cone cylindric, its scales described
as subquadrate-hexagonal, tomentose, little broader than high.

Bahamas, according to Willdenow and subsequent authors. A leaf from a New
Providence plant, communicated by Hon. H. A. Brook, is tentatively referred to this
species. A specimen from near Nuevitas, Cuba (Shafer 793), is also referred to it
with hesitation. A leaf of the type specimen is figured by Miquel (Linneae 19 : pi. 6).
The species may not be distinct from Z. angustifolia.

4. Zamia lucayana Britton, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 311. 1907.

Caudex stout, subfusiform, about 3 dm. long, 1 dm. thick, two thirds buried
in the ground. Leaves glabrous, about 1 m. long; petiole obtusely angled, 3-4
dm. long ; rachis somewhat angled ; leaflets about 14 on each side of the rachis,
spreading nearly at right angles, 17-21 cm. long, 2-2.7 cm. wide, 4-5 cm. apart,
linear-oblong, obtuse, or irregularly rounded or subtruncate, and finely sparingly

464 POLYPODIACEAE.

toothed at the apex, falcately narrowed at the base, the margins thickened and
slightly revolute, the 40-50 nerves closely parallel; fruiting peduncle about 4
cm. long, 1.2 cm. thick below, 2 cm. thick at the top, densely pubescent; fruit-
ing cone oblong, puberulent, 7 cm. long, 4 cm. in diameter, its acute conic
tip 8 mm. high, its scales oblong, hexagonal, about 1.5 cm. wide and 8 mm.
high.

Sandy coastal thicket, Clarence Town, Long Island. Endemic. BAHAMA BAY-RUSH.

Phylum 2. PTERIDOPHYTA.

FERNS AND FERN- ALLIES.

Plants containing woody and vascular tissues, producing spores
asexually, which, on germination, develop small flat mostly green
prothallia (gametophyte). On these are 'borne the reproductive
organs, • the female known as archegones, the male as antherids.
From the fertilization of the egg in the archegone by spermato-
zoids produced in the antherid, the asexual phase* (sporophyte) of
the plant is developed; this phase is represented by an ordinary
fern, lycopod, or horsetail. 'Comprising about 6000 living species,
of which more than three fourths are confined to tropical regions.

Spores produced in sporanges borne on the leaves, or panicled or in special con^

ceptacles.
Spores aH alike ; Bahama species all terrestrial or

epiphytic plants. Order 1. FILICALES.

Spores of two sizes ; small floating plants. Order 2. SALVINIALES.

Spores produced in sporanges borne in the axils of scale-
like leaves. Order 3. LYCOPODIALES.

Order 1. FILICALES.

Spores all of one kind and size, produced in sporanges, which are borne
usually in clusters (sori) on the back of a leaf or on greatly modified
pinnae.

Sporanges borne in sori on the back or the margin of a leaf, opening transversely.

Pam. 1. POLYPODIACEAEi.

Sporanges in spikes or panicles, opening vertically. Fam. 2. SCHIZAEACEAE.

Family 1. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br.

FERN FAMILY.

Ferns of various habit, the rootstocks horizontal and often elongated,
or short and erect, the leaves entire, pinnate, pinnatifid or decompound,
coiled in vernation, mostly with petioles (stipes). Sporanges borne in
clusters (sori) on the lower side or margins of the leaves or their segments,
stalked, provided with a vertical ring, opening transversely. Sori with or
without a membranous covering (indusium). Pro thallium green. About
150 genera and 4,500 species of wide distribution.

POLYPODIACEAE.

465

A. Sori confluent, without indusia, covering the under side of

leaf -segments ; large pinnate marsh ferns.

B. Sori separated, or forming marginal rows on the under side

of leaves or of leaf-segments.

1. Sori marginal or submarginal.

a. Sori without indusia.

Leaves grass-like : venation regularly areolate, with-
out included veinlets

Leaves narrow ; venation irregularly areolate, with
numerous included veinlets.

b. Sori with indusia.

Indusia formed of the inrolled margins of leaf-
segments.

Sori forming a continuous marginal band.
Indusia double.
Indusia simple.

Sori borne on leaf-lobes at the ends of veins.
Indusia cup-like at the truncate ends of leaf -segments.

2. Sori dorsal.

1. Sori linear or oblong, more than twice as long

as wide.

Sori parallel to the midvein of leaf-segments.
Sori oblique to the midvein.

2. Sori orbicular or nearly so.

a. Sori without indusia.

Sori nearly confluent ; leaves much divided,

powderv beneath.

Sori distinctly separated ; leaves not powdery.
Veins free.
Veins anastomosing.
Leaves pinnatifld.
Leaves entire.

Small-leaved, climbing ferns.
Large-leaved, tufted ferns.

b. Sori with indusia (indusia vestigial or wanting

in species of Dryopteris).
Sori borne on the backs of veins.

Veins copiously anastomosing, the areoles ir-
regular.
Veins free or, if anastomosing, the areoles

regular.

Sori borne at the ends of veins ; indusia large,
reniform or orbicular.

1. Acrostichum.

2. Vittaria.

3. Paltonium.

A. Pteris.

5. Pycnodoria.

6. Adiantum.

7. Sphenomeris.

8. Blechnum.

9. Asplenium.

10. Pit yro gramma.

11. Polypodium.

12. PTilebodium.

13. Phymatodes.

14. Campyloneuron.

15. Tectaria.

16. Dryopteris.

17. Nephrolepis.

1. ACKOSTICHUM L. Sp. PI, 1067. 1753.

Swamp-inhabiting, large ferns, with pinnate leaves growing in crowns.
Sporanges spread over the whole surface of the leaf -blades, or of the upper
segments.' Veins forming copious areolae without free veinlets. [Greek, signi-
fying a summit row.] A few species, natives of warm temperate and tropical
America. Type species: Acrostichum aureum L.

Petiole usually armed with spurs ; venation of the pinnae very

oblique to the midrib. 1. A. aureum.

Petiole unarmed ; venation not very oblique. 2. A. excelsum.

1. Acrostichum aureum L. Sp. PL 1067. 1753.

Rootstocks stout, erect, often forming large colonies. Leaves 1-3 m. high;
petioles tufted, erect, channelled, often armed with horny spurs; blades leathery
in texture, longer than the petioles; pinnae 10 pairs or more, the venation
very oblique; sporanges usually borne only on the upper pinnae; segregate of
corpuscles covering sporanges not sausage-shaped.

Wet saline soil, North Cat Cay, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence, Ack-
lin's Island, Caicos, Inagua : — Florida ; West Indies. GIANT FERN. LEATHER FERN.

2. Acrostichum excelsum Maxon, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 18: 224. 1905.

Acrostichum lomarioides Jenman, Bull. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, 5: 154. 1898.
Not Bory, 1853.

466 POLYPODIACEAE.

Eootstocks erect, solitary, or in masses. Petioles tufted, unarmed, erect,
woody, 1-6.5 dm. long, flattish, channeled; blades leathery, 1-3 m. long, 3-4.5
dm. wide; pinnae 10 pairs or more, close or distant, the venation somewhat
oblique to the midvein; sporanges confined to the upper half or third of the
leaf -blade, or all segments spore-bearing, or all without spores; segregate of
corpuscles covering sporanges sausage-shaped.

About fresh-water pools and in sink-holes, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ;
Bermuda ; West Indies and continental tropical America. GIANT FERN.

Young plants collected by Percy Wilson on Cat Island (7186), show that one or
the other of these AcrosticJiums grows on that island.

2. VITT^RIA J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Turin, 5: 413. 1793.

Usually epiphytic ferns with narrowly linear, grass-like, entire leaves, the
linear sori continuous in a groove along each margin, without indusia. Lateral
veins obscure, forming a row of areoles on each side of the midvein. [Latin,
ribbon-like.] About 40 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
regions. Type species: Pteris lineata L.

1. Vittaria lineata (L.) Sw. in Journ. Bot. Schrad. 18002: 72. 1801.

Pteris lineata L. Sp. PI. 1073. 1853.

Leaves usually numerous, drooping, smooth, shining, tufted on trees, 1-9
dm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, the rootstock short, branched, scaly.

On palmettos, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies and continental
tropical America. GRASS-FERN. SHOESTRING-FERN.

3. PALTONIUM Presl, Epim. 156. 1849.

Epiphytic ferns, with short-creeping rootstocks and narrow entire leaves,
the venation reticulated. Sori linear, submarginal, continuous or interrupted,
without indusia. [Greek, like a javelin.] Two known species, the following
typical one, the other of southern China.

1. Paltonium lanceolatum (L.) Presl, Epim. 156, 1849.

Pteris lanceolata L. Sp. PI. 1073. 1753.

Taenitis lanceolata Kaulf. Enum. 130. 1824.

Cheilogramma lanceolata Maxon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 630. 1901.

Eootstock short. Leaves tufted, narrowly linear-oblong, glabrous, sub-
coriaceous, 1.5-4 dm. long, 0.8-3 cm. wide, tapering to both ends, entire, the
midvein prominent, the lateral venation obscure. Sporanges in a continuous or
interrupted marginal row above the middle of the leaf, often only near the apex.

On trees in coppices, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; Ja-
maica ; Cuba to St. Thomas ; St. Eustatius ; Guadaloupe to Barbadoes ; Central Amer-
ica. NARROW-LEAVED BRAKE.

4. PTERIS L. Sp. PI. 1073. 1753.

Large, mostly coarse ferns, growing in open sunny places, with variously
divided leaves, and marginal linear continuous sori which occupy a slender or
filiform receptacle, connecting the tips of free veins. Indusium double, the
outer one conspicuous, membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf,
the inner one delicate and obscure. Stipes continuous with the rootstock.
[Greek name for ferns, from the fancied resemblance of their leaves to the
wings of birds.] A few species of wide distribution. Type species: Pteris
aquilina L.

POLYPODIACEAE. 467

1. Pteris caudata L. Sp. PI. 1075. 1753.

Pteridium caudatum Maxon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23: 631. 1901.

Pteris aquilina caudata Hook. Sp. Fil. 2: 196. 1858.

Leaves erect, 1-2 m. tall; blades triangular in outline, 2-4-pinnate;
divisions pinnatifid, the ultimate segments narrow, with recurved margins, re-
mote from one another, scarcely deeurrent on the rachis except near the apex,
the larger with 1-12 similar but shorter segments.

Pine-lands, scrub-lands and coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Cat Island, Crooked Island, North Caicos : — Florida; Bermuda; Jamaica;
Cuba: Hispaniola ; Porto Rico; Montserrat ; continental tropical America. SOUTH-
ERN BEACKEN.

5. PYCNODOBIA Presl. Epim. 101. 1849.

Mostly large ferns, the petioles not jointed with the rootstock§, the leaves
variously divided. Sori marginal, continuous or nearly so, on a filiform or
narrow receptacle connecting the tips of the free veins; indusium simple,
membranous, formed by the reflexed margin of the leaf. Sporanges pedicelled,
provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. [Greek, thick-skinned.]
Many species, of warm and tropical regions. Type species: Pteris opaca
J. Smith.

1. Pycnodoria longifolia (L.) Britton, FL Berm. 418. 1918.

Pteris longifolia L. Sp. PI. 1074. 1753.

Leaves somewhat spreading; petioles 1.5-3 dm. long, clothed below with
pale brown scales; blades simply pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 dm. long;
pinnae linear, 4-8 mm. wide, entire, sessile; veins close, usually once branched;
indusium yellowish brown.

In sink-holes. Great Bahama, Andros. New Providence : — Florida : Bermuda ;
Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; St. Thomas ; St. Croix ; St. Kitts ; Guade-
loupe ; Dominica ; Martinique.

In a monstrous form from Nicholl's Town, Andros, the pinnae are deeply cut
into linear lobes 4 cm. long or less. LONG-LEAVED BRAKE.

6. ADIANTUM [Tourn,] L. Sp. PI. 3*794. 1753.

Graceful ferns of rocky hillsides, woods, and ravines, with much divided
leaves and short marginal sori borne on the under side of the reflexed and
altered portion of the pinnule, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and
branches of the leaves slender or filiform, often polished and shining. [Name
ancient.] A genus of over 175 species, mostly of tropical America. Type
species: Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.

Leaf-segments stalked, cuneate at base. 1. A. tenerum.

Leaf -segments sessile, truncate at base. 2. A. melanoleucum.

1. Adiantum te"nerum Sw. Prodr. 135. 1788.

Kootstock short, thick. Stipes smooth, nearly black, shining, 1-3 dm. long.
Blades 2— 4-pinnate, 2-4 dm. long, glabrous; pinnules many, filiform-stalked,
subrhombic, membranous, cuneate at the base, dentate or incised above, deli-
cately many-veined, jointed with the stalk, 8^25 mm. long; sori few or several,
roundish or oblong.

In caves, sink-holes and on steps, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera : —
Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Thomas and St. Croix ; St. Kitts to Tobago ; conti-
nental tropical America. The fern recorded by Coker as Adiantum Capillus-Veneris
L., is, apparently, this species. SLENDER MAIDEN-HAIR FERN.

468 POLYPODIACEAE.

2. Adiantum melanoleucum Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 443. 19JO.

Rootstock short. Stipes slender, smooth, nearly black, shining, 1-3 dm.
long. Blades mostly 2-pinnate. sometimes only once pinnate, 1-4 dm. long,
glabrous; pinnules usually many, sessile, obliquely oblong, thin, 8-25 mm. long,
irregularly toothed or lacerate on the upper and outer margins, the lower
margin entire or nearly so; uppermost segments commonly confluent; sori few,
oblong or semilinear.

In sink-holes, New Providence, Eleuthera : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola :
Porto Rico. DARK MAIDEN -HAIR FERN.

7. SPHENOMERIS Maxon, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3: 144. 1913.

Slender mostly small ferns, with creeping rootstocks covered by hair-like
scales, the leaves 3-4-pinnately divided into narrow cuneate segments, the veins
free. Sori borne solitary on the terminal margins of the segments, the indu-
sium cup-like, attached at the base and sides. [Greek, referring to the wedge-
shaped leaf-segments.] A few species of tropical and subtropical regions, the
following typical.

1. Sphenomeris clavata (L.) Maxon, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3: 144. 1913.

Adiantum clavatum L. Sp. PL 1096. 1753.

Davallia clavata J. E. Smith, Mem. Acad. Turin 5: 415. 1790.

Odontosoria clavata J. Smith, Hist. Fil. 264. 1875.

Rootstock short, 2-7 cm. long. Leaves often many, glabrous, nearly erect,
close together, 1.5-6 dm. long, the smooth straw-colored stipe usually shorter
than the much divided blade; leaf -divisions alternate; ultimate-segments 8-15
mm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide at the truncate apex.

In sink-holes, most abundant in pine-lands, rarely on cliffs, Abaco, Great Bahama,
Andros, New Providence, Rose Island, Great Guana Cay, Cat Island, Eleuthera : —
Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba. PINE-LAND FERN.

8. BLECHNUM L. Sp. PL 1077. 1753.

Terrestrial ferns with stout rootstocks and clustered pinnate leaves, the
veinlets of the fertile pinnae joined transversely near the base. Sori linear,
contiguous, parallel with the midvein of leaf -segments and close to it, the in-
dusium membranous. [Greek, tasteless.] Forty species or more, mostly trop-
ical in distribution. Type species: Blechnum orientale L.

1. Blechnum serrulatum L. C. Rich. Act. Soc. Nat. Paris 1: 114. 1792.

Leaves erect, tufted, 3-9 dm. high, rather stiff, the plants often forming
large colonies. Blades subcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, once pinnate, glabrous;
petiole stout, shorter than the blade; pinnae numerous, oblong, linear or oblong-
lanceolate, sessile, mostly close together, obtuse or acute, 3-8 cm. long, the upper
ones fertile, all incised-serrulate ; veins numerous, delicate, free beyond the sori;
sori approximate to the strong midvein, conspicuous; fertile segments narrower
than the sterile.

Borders of swamps and lagoons, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies ;
continental tropical America. MARSH FERN.

POLYPODIACEAE. 469

9. ASPLENIUM L. Sp. PI. 1078. 1753.

Large or small ferns with entire lobed pinnate, 2-3-pinnate, or pinnatifid
leaves, and linear or oblong sori oblique to the midribs or rachises. Leaves
mostly uniform. Veins free. Indusia straight or curved, opening toward the
midribs. [Ancient Greek name; some species were supposed to be remedies
for diseases of the spleen.] A genus of some 400 species, of very wide
geographical distribution. Type species: Asplenium Trichomanes L.

1. Asplenium dentatum L. Sp. PI. 1080. 1753.

Petioles tufted, 5-15 cm. long, naked, weak, blackish below. Fertile leaf-
blades 5-12 cm. long, with 6—8 pairs of stalked oblong or rhombic pinnae, the
lower side truncate with a curve, the outer edge irregularly crenate; sterile
leaves similar but with shorter petioles; rachis naked; sori copious.

In a cave, New Providence : in a deep sink-hole, Cat Island : — Florida ; Bermuda ;
Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Guadelope ; Barbados ; Mexico and Central America.
TOOTHED SPLEENWORT.

Schoepf records observing Asplenium rhizophyllum L., and A. marinum L., on
New Providence in 1784 ; we do not know what ferns he had in mind.

10. PITYROGRAMMA Link, Handb. 3: 19. 1833.

Terrestrial ferns, with tufted, mostly bipinnate leaves, usually white-
powdery or yellow-powdery on the under side, the sori dorsal, linear along the
veins, nearly confluent. Indusia wanting. [Greek, bran-fern, with reference
to the powdery under leaf -surfaces.] Ten species, or more, natives of tropical
and subtropical regions. Type species: Acrostichum chrysophyllum Sw.

1. Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link, Handb. 3: 19. 1833.

Acrostichum calomelanos L. Sp. PI. 1072. 1753.
Gymnogramme calomelanos Kaulf. Enum. Fil. 76. 1824.
Neurogramme calomelanos Diels in E. & P. Nat. Pfl. I4: 264. 1899.

Eootstock short, rather stout, erect or nearly so. Leaves tufted, erect or
arching, ovate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, 2-pinnate, 2-81 dm. long, the dark
brown shining petiole usually shorter than the blade; rachis dark brown,
shining; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, usually white-pulverulent beneath;
pinnules lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dentate or entire, chartaceous, decur-
rent, the upper commonly confluent.

Sink-hole, Smith Hill Coppice, Andros : — West Indies ; continental tropical
America. SILVER-FERN.

11. POLYPODIUM [Tourn.] L. Sp. PI. 1082. 1753.

Pinnate or simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks.
S"ori hemispheric, dorsal, in one or more rows on either side of the midribs.
Indusium none. Veins free or variously anastomosing. [Greek, in allusion to
the knob-like prominences on the rootstocks of some species.] About 350 species,
of wide distribution, mostly tropical. Type species: Polypodmm vulgare L.

Rootstocks slender, wide-creeping, the leaves distant ; sori

deeply impressed. 1. P. polypodioides.

Rootstocks thicker, short-creeping, the leaves approximate ;

sori superficial. 2. P. squamatum.

470 POLYPODIACEAE.

1. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt, Can. Nat. 11: 158. 1866.

Acrostichum polypodioides L. Sp. PI. 1068. 1753.
Polypodium incanum Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1645. 1806.

Eootstock widely creeping, woody, covered with small brown scales. Stipes
densely appressed-scaly, 2.5-10 cm. long; blades oblong-lanceolate in outline,
acute, coriaceous, evergreen, 3—15 cm. long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, cut very nearly or
quite to the rachis into entire, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse segments, glabrous
or nearly so on the upper surface, the lower densely covered with gray unap-
pendaged peltate scales with darker centres, as are also the rachises; veins
indistinct, usually once forked, connected or free.

On trees, especially in coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New Providence,
Crooked Island : — southeastern United States ; Jamaica ; Cuba to St. Jan and Trini-
dad ; continental tropical America. GRAY POLYPODY.

2. Polypodium squamatum L. Sp. PI. 1806. 1753.

Rootstock stout, creeping, covered with linear, ciliate scales. Stipes
scaly, 5—25 cm. long; blades oblong-lanceolate in outline, 2-4 dm. long, 4-10
cm. wide, coriaceous, evergreen, cut nearly or quite to the rachis into entire
linear, acute or obtusish segments; rachis and under surface of the leaf-
segments densely covered with appressed scales with linear, ciliate appendages;
veins hidden.

On trees, Conch Sound, Andros : — Jamaica ; Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico. SCALY
POLYPODY.

13. PHLEBODIUM [K. Br.] J. Smith in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 58. 1841.

Large, mostly epiphytic ferns, with stout creeping chaffy rootstocks, and
deeply pinnatifid, rather thick, drooping or spreading leaves, the veins anas-
tomosing. Sori dorsal, orbicular, without indusia, mostly in 1 row or more,
parallel with the midvein of the leaf -segments, usually borne at the end of a
pair of free veinlets. [Greek, referring to the veins.] Perhaps 10 species, trop-
ical and subtropical, the following typical.

1. Phlebodium aureum (L.) J. Smith in Hook. Journ. Bot. 4: 59. 1841.
Polypodium aureum L. Sp. PI. 1087. 1753.

Eootstock short and stout, creeping, densely clothed with linear-lanceolate
membranous acuminate scales. Stipe stout, glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. long. Blade
once-pinnate, glabrous, pale and glaucescent, 1,5 m. long or less, submem-
branous, the lanceolate segments more or less united near the rachis, acuminate,
acute or obtusish, 0.7-2 dm. long, reticulate- veined ; sori large, mostly in 1 or 2
rows on each side of the midveini.

On trees, especially palmettos, Great Bahama, Whale Cay, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Crooked Island : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental
tropical America. Recorded by Dolley as Pteris aurea. SERPENT-FERN.

13. PHYMATODES Presl, Tent. Pter. 195. 1836.

Slender creeping or climbing ferns with elongated rootstocks or stems and
simple, short-petioled leaves. Sori dorsal, circular, in 1 or 2 rows on each side
of the midvein; indusium wanting. Veins delicate, usually inconspicuous,
copiously anastomosing, their ends sometimes enlarged. [Greek, a swelling.]
Perhaps 50 species of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Poly-
podium phymatodes L.

POLYPODIACEAE. 471

1. Phymatodes exiguum (Hew.) Underw. Torreya 3: 18. 1903.

Polypodium exiguum Hew. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 2: 458. 1838.
Polypodium Swartzii Baker, in Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil. ed 2, 357. 1874.

Eootstocks creeping on trees or shrubs, slender, clothed with brown linear-
lanceolate scales, simple or branched, sometimes 8 dm. long. Leaves thin,
various, linear, oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 5-15 mm.
wide, acute or obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into petioles 4—12 mm.
long, entire or slightly undulate; sori mostly in 2 rows, one row on each side
of the midvein.

On tree-trunks in coppices, Andros, New Providence : — Florida ; Jamaica ; Cuba
to St. Jan ; St. Croix ; Montserrat. CLIMBING POLYPODY.

14. CAMPYLONEUBUM Presl, Tent. Pter. 189. 1836.

Tufted ferns, with large narrow entire leaves. Sori dorsal, mostly in 1 or
2 rows on each side of the primary veins; indusium none. Primary venation
regularly pinnate, the veins connected by nearly parallel veinlets forming regu-
lar areoles. [Greek, crooked-nerved.] Twenty species or more, natives of
tropical and subtropical regions, the following typical.

1. Campyloneumm Phyllitidis (L.) Presl, Tent. Pter. 190. 1836.
Polypodium Phyllitidis L. Sp. PI. 1083. 1753.

Eootstock short, stout. Leaves several or many, short-petioled, broadly
linear, narrowed to both ends or rarely obtuse at the apex, 3-10 dm. long, 2—10
cm. wide, rather firm in texture, smooth and shining; sori small, often very
numerous.

On trees and in sink-holes in coppices, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andros, New
Providence, Crooked Island1 : — Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical America.
STRAP-FERN.

15. TECTARIA €av. Anales Hist. Nat. 1: 115. 1799.

Usually terrestrial ferns, with creeping or horizontal rootstocks, and thin
broad lobed, coarsely toothed or pinnate leaves. Sori orbicular, dorsal, borne
on the backs of veins. Indusia orbicular to reniform. Veins copiously anasto-
mosing, forming many areolae. [Latin, referring to the indusia.] Over 40
species, natives of tropical and subtropical regions. Type species: Polypodium
trifoliatum L.

Fully developed leaves not much longer than broad.

Basal lobes and usually all lobes of the fully developed leaf

long-acuminate ; leaves rather firm in texture. 1. T. heracleifolia.

At least the basal lobes obtuse, merely acute or rarely acumi-
nate ; leaves thin in texture. 2. T. minima'.
Fully developed leaf 2-3 times as long as broad, the lobes all

rounded. 3. T. Amesiana.

1. Tectaria heracleifolia (Willd.) Underw. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 200. 1906.
Aspidium her aclei folium Willd. Sp. PI. 5: 217. 1810.

Rootstock stout, brown-scaly. Leaves 2-10 dm. high; petioles brown,
shining, as long as the blades or shorter; blades various in form, rather firm in
texture, the finely developed ones broadly triangular, little longer than wide, at
least the lower lobes or segments long-acuminate; less developed leaves ovate,
the apex long-acuminate; sori usually many, in 2 more or less complete rows
parallel with the lateral veins, 2-2.5 mm. in diameter.

Coppices, New Providence: — Florida; Texas; West Indies; continental tropical
America. HALBERD-FERN.

472 POLYPODIACEAE.

2. Tectaria minima Underw. Bull. Torr. Club 33: 199. 1906.

Eootstock slender, short, brown-scaly. Leaves 0.8-4 dm. long; petioles
green, or brownish, slender, commonly much longer than the blades, often very
slender; blades various, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, but the fully developed
ones not much longer than broad, lobed, pinnatifid or sometimes trifoliolate,
the basal lobes obtuse, acute or rarely acuminate; sori usually few, scattered,
or in 1 or 2 more or less complete rows parallel with the lateral veins, 1-1.5
mm. in diameter.

In sink-holes, wells and caves, Abaco, Andres, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat
Island : — Florida ; Cuba. SMALL HALBERD-FERN.

Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Tectaria trifoliata (L.) Cav. and by Dolley as
Aspidium trifoliatum Sw.

3. Tectaria Amesiana A. A. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 479. 1906.

Eootstock short, stout. Leaves 4 dm. long or less; petioles rather slender,
about as long as the blades or shorter; blades narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late in outline, rather thin, pinnate-pinnatifid, the segments and lobes obtuse or
rounded, the lower 1 to 3 pairs of pinnae short-stalked; sori scattered or in
1 or 2 more or less rows parallel with the venation, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter.

Eleuthera, at Gregory Town (Goker 872) ; referred to this species with hesita-
tion. Known otherwise only from one station in Florida. AMES' HALBERD-FERN.

16. DRYOPTERIS Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 20, 550. 1763.

Ferns with simple to 2—3 pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and round sori usually
borne on the backs of the veins, the fertile and sterile leaves usually similar.
Indusium flattish, roundish-renif orm, superior, fixed by its sinus, or the indusium
minute and vestigial or altogether wanting. Stipe continuous, not jointed with
the rootstock. Veins free or anastomosing. [Greek, signifying oak-fern, in
allusion to the forest habitat of most species.] Species several hundred, of
wide distribution. Type species: Polypodium Filix-mas L.

Leaves mostly erect; veins free.

Pinnae elongated, linear-lanceolate. 1. D. augescens.

Pinnae lanceolate. 2. D. normalis.

Leaves reclining, often rooting at the tip.

Stipe and rachis laxly puberulent, many of the hairs simple ;

veins with several branches, the basal ones joined. 3. D. reptans.

Stipe and rachis closely stellate-puberulous, nearly or quite de-
void of long simple hairs ; veins mostly forked, usually free. 4. D. cordata.

1. Dryopteris augescens (Link) C. Chr. Danske Vidensk, Selsk. Skr. VII. 102:

182. 1913.
Aspidium augescens Link, Fil. Sp. 103. 1841.

Eootstock horizontal, rather stout, scaly. Leaves once pinnate, mostly
erect, sometimes 1 m. long or longer, lanceolate in outline, the petiole usually
shorter than the blade, puberulent and scaly at the base, otherwise smooth ;
pinnae many, close together, linear -lanceolate, sessile, often 1.5 dm. long, 1-2
cm. wide, deeply pinnatifid, slender-tipped, more or less pubescent at least
beneath, the segments ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire, the lower ones somewhat
larger than the others; veins free.

Pine-lands, coppices, caves and sink-holes, Great Bahama, Andros, New Provi-
dence, Eleuthera: — Florida: Cuba; Central America. Reported by Mrs. Northrop as
Dryopteris patens (Sw.) Kuntze.

2. Dryopteris normalis C. Chr. Arkiv. Bot. 9: 31. 1910.

Eootstock horizontal, slender, scaly. Leaves erect or ascending, once pin-
nate, 3-15 dm. long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, the petiole usually

POLYPODIACEAE. 473

shorter than the blade, puberulent and usually bearing some scales toward the
base, otherwise smooth; pinnae usually many, rather close together, sessile,
mostly less than 1 dm. long, 1-2 em. wide, lanceolate, long-tipped, deeply pin-
natifid, pubescent beneath, the segments ovate, obtuse or acute, entire, the lower
pair somewhat larger than the others; veins free.

Pine-lands, coppices, sink-holes and marshes, Abaco, Andros, New Providence,
Lignum Vitae Cay, Rose Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Acklin's Island, Watling's
Island, Great Guana Cay, Great Exuma, North Caicos : — Florida ; West Indies.
Referred to D. patens by Dolley, by Mrs. Northrop and by Coker.

Dolley records a fern under the name Aspidium incisum Griseb. ; this name ap-
plies to a West Indian Dryopteris not known to inhabit the Bahamas. The record
may apply to one of the preceding species.

3. Dryopteris reptans (Gmel.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. 288. 1905.

Polypodium reptans Gmel. Syst. 2: 1309. 1791.

Goniopteris reptans Presl, Tent. Pter. 182. 1836.

Phegopteris reptans D. C. Eaton, Bull. Torr. Club 10: 101. 1883.

Bootstock short, ascending or erect. Leaves usually several, reclining or
arching, 2.5-9 dm. long, -once pinnate, often rooting at the apex and sometimes
along the rachis, the slender petioles mostly shorter than the blades; pinnae
several or many, oblong to lanceolate, about 4 cm. long or less, pubescent, obtuse
or acute at the apex, subtruncate at the base, crenate, sessile or very nearly so ;
veins slender; sori commonly few, borne about midway between the midvein
and the margin; indusia vestigial or none.

In caves, and sink-holes in coppices', Abaco, Andros. New Providence, Eleuthera,
Cat Island: — Florida: West Indies. Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Dryopteris
asplenioides Baker. WALKING WOOD-KEEN.

4. Dryopteris cordata (Fee) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 18. 1903.

Phegopteris cordata Fee, Gen. Fil. 241. 1850-52.
Aspidium reptans cordata Mett. Asp. 99. 1858.

Similar to D. reptans, but usually smaller, and with entire or merely undu-
late pinnae, and having the veins usually free.

In sink-holes in pine-lands, Andros : — Cuba ; Porto Rico ; recorded from Jamaica.
Recorded by Mrs. Northrop as Goniopteris reptans cordata\

Dolley records a fern as Aspidium adiantifolium Sw., but there is no such pub-
lished species. Schoepf's record of Polypodium pubescens L. was probably based on
some species of Dryopteris.

17. NEPHBQLEPIS Schott, Gen. Fil. pi. 3. 1834.

Leaves spreading or pendent, pinnate, elongated; pinnae numerous, ap-
proximate, jointed at the base, with whitish dots on the upper surface. Sori
round, arising from the apex of the upper branch of a vein, usually near the
margin. Veins free. [Greek, referring to the shape of the indusium.] About
12 species, natives of tropical and warm-temperate regions. Type species:
Polypodium exaltatum L.

Indusia reniform ; leaves 7-20 cm. broad. 1. N. exaltata.

Indusia orbicular ; leaves 20-40 cm. broad. 2. N. Userrata.

1. Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil. under pi 3. 1834.
Polypodium exaltatum L. Syst. ed. 10, 1326. 1759.

Petioles 7-15 cm. long; leaf -blades 1 m. long or less. Pinnae sessile, lan-
ceolate, sometimes crenulate, 2.5-8 cm. long, the upper side auricled at the
base, the lower rounded, the rachis nearly naked; sori almost marginal, cov-
ered with firm distinctly reniform indusia.

In a cave, East Caicos : — Bermuda ; Florida ; West Indies ; continental tropical
America ; Old World tropics. SWORD-FERN. BOSTON FERN.

31

474 SCHIZAEACEAE.

2. Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott, Gen. Til. under pi. 3. 1834.

Polypodium biserratum Sw. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18002: 32. 1801.

Similar to the preceding species, the petioles 10-20 cm. long, the leaf-
blades up to 1.2 m. long. Pinnae lanceolate, sessile, acute or acuminate, serru-
late, crenulate or entire, 10-20 cm. long., 10—18 mm. wide, the base subtruncate
or auricled on the upper side, rounded on the lower; sori close to the margin,
the indusia nearly orbicular.

In a cave, East Caicos, with the preceding species : — Florida ; West Indies ;
Central America. SWORD FERN.

Family 2. SCHIZAEACEAE Reichenb.

Ferns of various habit, with simple or pinnate leaves. Sporanges
borne in spikes or panicles, on modified leaves or leaf-segments, ovoid,
sessile, provided with an apical ring, opening vertically by a longitudinal
slit. Several genera and about 100 species, mainly tropical.

1. ANEMIA Sw. Syn. Fil. 6, 155. 1806.

Small to medium-sized ferns, mostly with horizontal or creeping rootstocks,
the leaves distichous or tufted, pinnatifid or decompound, often dimorphous
(the sterile ones quite different from those bearing sporanges). Venation
mostly free. Sporanges borne in a single row on the margins of the ultimate
segments of fertile pinnae, with or without an indusium. [Greek, wind.]
Thirty species or more, of tropical and subtropical America. Type species:
Anemia Phyllitidis L.

Leaves wholly fertile or wholly sterile.

Segments of sterile leaf obovate, cuneate. 1. A. Wrightii.

Segments of sterile leaf rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oblong. 2. A. cicutaria.
Only the basal segments of the leaf fertile. 3. A. adiantifolia.

1. Anemia Wrightii Baker in Hook. & Baker, Syn. Fil. 435. 1868.

Ornithopteris Wrightii Millsp. Field Gol. Mus. Bot. 3: 14. 1903.

Eootstock creeping, finely hairy. Leaves membraneous, dimorphous. Sterile
leaves 5-12 cm. long, with slender straw-colored stipes 3-7 cm. long, the blade
ovate or rhombic-ovate in outline, 2-4 cm. wide, sparingly pilose; pinnae 3 or
4 pairs, ascending, rather distant; ultimate leaf -segments obovate, cuneate,
dentate or incised at the apex, or entire. Fertile leaves about twice as long as
the sterile ones, their stipes much longer than the panicles of sporanges.

In a sink-hole, coppice near Fresh Creek, Andros : — Cuba. A little-collected
plant, perhaps not specifically distinct from the following species. WRIGHT'S ANEMIA.

2. Anemia cicutaria Kunze; Spreng. Syst. 4: 31. 1834.

Anemia bipinnata Moore, Index Fil. cxvi. 1857.

Ornithopteris cicutaria Underw. Mem. Torr. Club 12: 15. 1902.

Bootstoek short, densely brown-hairy. Leaves membranous, dimorphous.
Sterile leaves 1.5 dm. long or less, the slender, straw-colored stipes about as
long as the blades or shorter; blades deltoid-ovate in outline, 2-3-pinnate, with
3-7 pairs of pinnae, the ultimate segments rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oblong,
dentate or incised above. Fertile leaves much longer than the sterile ones,
their stipes longer than the panicles of sporanges.

In sink-holes, Abaco, Andros, New Providence : — Cuba ; Yucatan. PARSLEY ANEMIA.

MAESILEACEAE. 475

3. Anemia adiantifolia (L.) Sw. Syn. Fil. 157. 1806.

Osmunda adiantifolia L. Sp. PI. 1065. 1753.

Ornithopteris adiantifolia Bernh. Neues JPourn. Bot. Schrad. I2: 50. 1806.

Bootstock creeping, densely hairy. Leaves distichous, close together, sub-
coriaceous, 1.5-8.5 dm. long, 2-4-pinnate, ovate to subpentagonal in outline, the
straw-colored stipe usually as long as the blade or longer; pinnae several or
numerous, the lower the longer, the ultimate segments commonly close together,
deltoid to oblong or ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire or few-toothed, 4-15 mm.
long. Fertile leaf like the sterile, but the 2 lower pinnae transformed into
panicles of sporanges, which are slender-stalked and erect.

In sink-holes and in pine-lands, Abaco, Great Bahama, Andres, New Providence,
Bleuthera, Cat Island : — Florida ; West Indies ; Central America ; northern South
America. MAIDEN-HAIR ANEMIA.

Order 2. SALVINIALES.

Aquatic or uliginous herbs with entire or 2-lobed, filiform, or 4-foliolate
leaves. Spores of two kinds and sizes (microspores and macrospores) con-
tained in sporocarps.

Family 1. MARSILEACEAE R. Br.

Perennial herbaceous plants rooting in mud, with slender creeping
rootstocks and 2- or 4-foliolate or filiform leaves. Asexual propagation con-
sisting of sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rootstock near
the leaf-stalk or are consolidated with it, containing both macrospores
and microspores. The macrospores germinate into prothallia which bear
archegonia, while the microspores grow into prothallia bearing antheridia.
Three genera and some 45 species of wide distribution.

1. MARSILEA Sp. PI. 1099. 1753.

Marsh or aquatic plants, the leaves commonly floating on tue surface of
shallow water, slender-petioled, 4-foliolate. Peduncles shorter than the petioles,
arising from their bases or more or less adnate to them. Sporocarps ovoid or
bean-shaped, composed of two vertical valves with several" transverse compart-
ments (sori) in each valve. [Name in honor of Giovanni Marsigli, an Italian
botanist, who died about 1804.] About 40 species, widely distributed. Type
species: Marsilea quadrifolia L.

Leaflets obliquely linear-oblanceolate. 1. M . Nashii.

Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate. ... 2. M. vestita.

I. Marsilea Nashii Underwood, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 137. 1906.

Plants forming compact dense mats in sandy soil. Stems short, slender,
smooth or with a few appressed slender hairs, forming nodes at intervals of
3-10 mm.; leaves rising in clusters from short lateral branches; petioles fili-
form, 5-8 cm. long; leaf -divisions narrow, cutlass-shaped, 10-12 mm. long, 2
mm. wide, sparsely covered with white appressed hairs; sporocarps abundant,
solitary on short peduncles, compressed-oval, averaging 7X4X2 mm., the
raphe ending in a short, straight tooth with a second similar basal tooth 1 mm.
beyond, the surfaces covered with appressed hairs, becoming smoother with
age; sporangia about 12 pairs, elongate-oval, 4 mm. long by 1 mm. thick, the
gelatinous stalk 2.4 cm. long; macrospores about 8-10 in each sporangium,
oval; microspores numerous, globose.

Smith's Thatch Pond, Inagua. Endemic. NASH'S PEPPEKWORT.

476 SELAGINELLACEAE.

2. Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Ic. Fil. pi. 159. 1831.

Eootstock slender. Petioles slender, 5-13 cm. high; leaflets entire or
toothed; sporocarps 4—8 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short
and blunt lower tooth and an acute and sometimes curved upper one, densely
covered with soft spreading narrow hair-like scales; sori 6-11 in each valve.

Wet sandy soil, Acklin's Island and South Caicos : — southern and western United
States. The Bahama specimens are sterile and are referred to this species with
doubt. HAIRY PEPPEIRWORT.

Order 3. LYCOPODIALES.

Spores produced in sporanges, which are borne in the axils of scale-
like or elongated leaves.

Spores all alike. Fam. 1. PSILOTACEAE,.

Spores of two kinds. Fam. 2. SELAGINELLACEAE.

Family 1. PSILOTACEAE Pritzel.

PSILOTUM FAMILY.

Perennial slender terrestrial or epiphytic plants. Sporanges sessile
in the axils of the leaves, 2-3-celled, opening by valves at the apex.
Spores uniform. Only the following genus, and the monotypic Tmesipteris
of Australasia.

1. PSILOTUM Sw. in Schrad. Journ. Bot. 18002: 109. 1801.

Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic, the stem dichotomously forked. Leaves
alternate, reduced to scales. Sporanges 3-celled, .opening by 3 valves at the
apex. Spores mealy, oval or elongated-reniform. [Greek, referring to the
nearly naked stems and branches.] A few species of tropical and subtropical
distribution, the following typical.

1. Psilotum nudum CL.) Griseb. Veg. Kar. 130. 1857.

Lycopodium nudum L. Sp. PI. 1100. 1753.

Psilotum triquetrum Sw. in Schrad Journ. Bot. 18002: 109. 1801.

iStems erect, 2-3 dm. tall, or, when in caves or on trees, often pendent,
3-angled at the base, copiously forked, above, the ultimate divisions with 3
wing-like angles; leaves remote, awl -like, less than 2 mm. long; sporanges in
interrupted spikes.

On tree-trunks and in sink-holes, Abaco, New Providence, Andros, Cat Island,
Great Exuma : — Florida ; Bermuda ; West Indies ; continental tropical America and
Old World tropics. PSILOTUM.

Family 2. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw.

Terrestrial, annual or perennial, moss-like plants with branching stems
and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform, or 4-ranked and
of two types spreading in two planes. Sporanges 1-celled, solitary in the
axils of leaves which are so arranged as to form more or less quadrangular
spikes, some containing 4 macrospores (macrosporanges), others contain-
ing numerous microspores (microsporanges), which develop into small
prothallia, those from the macrospores bearing archegones, those from the
microspores antherids. The family consists of the following genus :

BKYOPHYTA. 477

1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Prod. Aetheog. 101. 1805.

Characters of family. [Name diminutive of Selago, ancient name of a
Lycopodium.] About 600 species, widely distributed, most abundant in trop-
ical regions.

1. Selaginella Eatoni Hieron.; Small, Ferns Trop. Florida 67. 1918.

Pale green, matted, the slender branches prostrate, 1-4 cm. long, creeping.
Leaves in two planes, those of the lower plane ovate to elliptic, spreading, 1.5
mm. long or less, abruptly acute or obtuse, sparingly setaceous-serrulate or
entire; those of the upper plane somewhat smaller, lanceolate, acuminate,
those subtending sporanges near the ends of the branches lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate-aristate ; macrospores tubercled, about 0.2 mm. in
diameter.

Moist shaded rocky situations, Abaco, Andros : — Florida. EATON'S SELAGINELLA.

Phylum 3. BRYOPHYTA.

MOSSES AND LIVERWORTS.

Small plants, producing minute usually spherical bodies, called
spores, in capsules, from which arise a protonema on which are
borne the plants bearing archegonia and antheridia, from which the
fruit is formed, which in turn bears spores.

There are two classes which differ from each other as follows :

Stems erect or prostrate, having leaves more or less equally developed on all sides ;
calyptra at the apex of the capsule. Class 1. Musci.

Stems usually prostrate, with the leaves, when present, un-
equally developed on the upper and lower surfaces ; calyptra
at the base of the capsule. ' Class" 2. HEPATICAE.

Class 1. MUSCI.

MOSSES.
CONTRIBUTED BY ELIZABETH G. BRITTON.

Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, showing two
distinctly marked but closely connected and continuous phases of
growth, or alternate generations, usually having stem, leaves and
rhizoids but not true roots; stems arising from a more or less
ephemeral protonema, which originates from the spore, forming
either a filamentous or thallose growth. Sexual organs borne either
apically or laterally on the stem, usually in special buds ; antheridia
and archegonia on the same plant or on separate plants ; antheridium
containing ciliate sperms ; archegonium a single egg, after the fer-
tilization of which the embryo develops into the fruit, rupturing the
walls of the archegonium in its growth; the upper part of the
archegonium is carried up by the elongation of the pedicel, forming
the calyptra, which in many mosses covers and protects the capsule
while it is developing. Capsule usually with a central axis forming

478 BKYOPHYTA.

the columella, around which the spore-sac is developed, usually sep-
arated from the walls by air-spaces and chlorophyl-bearing tissue.
Capsule splitting regularly by a lid or slits, or breaking irregularly ;
when regular, frequently developing teeth around the mouth, form-
ing the peristome, which serves in the protecting and scattering of
the spores.

Order 1. BRYALES.

Protonema usually filamentous; calyptra apical; pedicel more or less
elongated, apical or lateral; capsule generally with a well-developed lid;
peristome present or absent, neck usually with stomata.

A. Acrocarpous Mosses: — Main stems erect, simple or branching; capsules terminal on

the stems.

1. Plants pale green, almost white, leaves often iridescent ; vein wider than the

blade of leaf, blade often lacking. Fam. 1. LEUCOBRYACEAE.

2. Plants bright or dark green ; vein narrower than the

blade of leaf.

a. Leaves two-ranked, with the blades duplicated

on one side at base. Fam. 2. FTSSIDENTACEAE.

b. Leaves not two-ranked, blades not duplicated at base, more or less equilateral.

* Species only known from sterile specimens in the Bahamas.
Propagating by gemmae or brood-bodies.

Brood-bodies borne in clusters at the summit of longer apical leaves.
Galymperes Richardi in Fam. 3. CALYMPERACEAE.
Brood-bodies borne on filaments in the axils of the upper leaves.

Hyophila and Barbula in Fam. 4. TORTULACEAE.
Not propagating by gemmae or brood-bodies.

Costa thickened and spinose above, ending below the coarsely toothed.

apex. Syrrhopodon Gaudichaudii in Fam. 3. CALYMPERACEAE.

Costa thick but not spinose, ending below the minutely toothed apex.

Desmatodon Garberl in Fam. 4. TORTULACEAE.

Costa not thickened nor spinose, ending in the mucronate apex.

Trichostomum in Fam. 4. TORTDLACEAE.
** Species usually fruiting.

t Peristome and annulus none.
. Leaves papillose above with minute papillae.

Hymenostomum flavescens in Fam. 4. TORTULACEAE.
Leaves not papillose.

Macromitrium mucronifolium in Fam. 5. ORTHOTRICHACEAE.
ft Peristome and usually the annulus present.
$ Peristome single, annulus double.
Teeth erect, not twisted.

Gyroweisia Barbula in Fam. 4. TORTULACEAE.
Teeth inclined, twisted 1-2 times.

Tortula ayraria in Fam. 4. TORTULACEAE.
$$ Peristome double.

Capsule erect, the lid beaked ; teeth erect, not twisted, deeply
inserted ; annulus none.

Schlotheimia in Fam. 5. ORTHOTRICHACEAE.
Capsule nodding, lid not beaked ; annulus double.

1. Teeth oblique, with apical appendages and united to a

disc. Fam. 6. FUXARTACEAE.

2. Teeth erect, without appendages and not united at apex.

Fam. 7. BRYACEAE.

B. Pleurocarpous Mosses : — Main stems procumbent ; capsules terminal or lateral on the

branches.

1. Fruit unknown in the Bahamas :

Propagating by brood-bodies, borne in clusters in the axils of the leaves.
Leaves minutely papillose, with small papillae terminal on each cell.
Margins revolute, entire, the vein ending below the apex.

Leucodontopsis in Fam. 8, LEUCODONTACEAE.
Margins flat, serrulate, the vein ending at apex.

Pireella in Fam. 9. NECKERACEAE.

Propagating by brittle terminal buds and slender branchlets ; leaves papillose,
with several central papillae on each cell.

Papillaria in Fam. 10. METEORIACEAE.

2. Fruit on elongated, erect pedicels ; peristome double.

a. Capsules erect and symmetric.

Stereophyllum in Fam. 11. ETC TODONTACEAE.

LEUCOBRYACEAE. 479

b. Capsules horizontal or curved.

* Leaves minutely papillose, on the back.
Papillae single and central on each cell.

Haplocladium in Fam. 12. LE.SKEACEAE.
Papillae single and terminal at the end of each cell.

Mittenothamnium in Fam. 13. HYPNACEAE..
Papillae several in a row in the middle of each cell.

Taxithelium in Fam. 13. HYPNACEAE.
** Leaves not papillose, the cells smooth.

t Leaves uniform and regular ; alar cells enlarged.
Vein lacking or short and double.

Peristome teeth without deep lamellae on the inner surface.

Isopterygium in Fam. 13. HYPNACEAE.
Peristome teeth with deep lamellae, especially at base.

Sematophyllum in Fam. 14. SEMATOPHYLLACEAE.
Vein single, ending in the middle of the leaf.

Amblystegium in Fam. 13. HYPNACEAE.

ft Leaves of two kinds, the lateral shorter and broader ; alar cells not
enlarged. Vesicularia in Fam. 13. HYPNACEAE.

Family 1. LEUCOBRYACEAE C. Muell.

WHITE Moss FAMILY.

Plants perennial, growing in dense pale green cushions; stems medium
to large, branching; sometimes fragile and breaking off (thus propagating
asexually) ; leaves crowded, vein broad, filling most of the leaf, the green
cells of the leaf small, in a single central band between several layers of
larger hyaline cells; blade very narrow, sometimes lacking. Pedicels erect,
terminal; capsule erect or horizontal, regular or irregular; peristome single,
teeth 8 or 16; lid beaked; calyptra cucullate. Nine genera and 229 species
are known. (Named in reference to their pale green color.)

Leaves four times longer than wide, incurved, apex concave and

lanceolate. 1. Leucobryum.

Leaves ten times longer than wide, recurved, apex flat, oblong-

apiculate. 2. Octoblepharum.

1. LEUCOBRYUM Hampe, Flora 20: 282. 1837.

Characters of the family. A genus of 121 species, widely distributed in
temperate and tropical regions. [Greek, in reference to the pale color of the
plants.] Type species: Leucobryum glaucum (L.) Schimp.

1. Leucobryum albidum (Brid.) Lindb. Oefv. Sv. Vet. Akad. Forh. 20: 403.
1863.

Dicranum albidum Brid. Muse. Rec. 21: 167. 1798.

Leucobryum glaucum alUdum Cardot, Rev. Bryol. 38: 80. 1911.

Plants in dense, pale green cushions, seldom more than 3 cm. high; stems
crowded with branches; leaves numerous at the ends of the branches, incurved
and concave when dry, spreading when moist from the base to a narrower con-
cave point, 2-4 mm. long, ending in a sharp apex, the basal blades short, form-
ing a narrow, colorless border of 3-5 rows of cells; the vein composed of 2-4
layers of large hexagonal clear cells with a central band of small green quad-
• randular cells. [Capsule terminal, on a slender pedicel, curved and furrowed
when dry; lid beaked; teeth split to the middle; calyptra cucullate.]

Only found once, sterile, growing on rotten wood and logs in coppices, Conch
Sound, Andros, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana : — Cuba ; Hispaniola ; Mexico
and Guatemala. WHITE Moss.

480 FISSIDENTACEAE.

2. OCTOBLEPHARUM Hedw. Descr. 3: 15. 1791.

Plants growing in loose or compact pale-green tufts, with dense branching
stems. Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, usually concave with a
broader base and a narrow tapering apex, composed mostly of the broad thick
costa which contains a central row of small green triangular cells, and several
layers of hyaline cells above and below; the blade of the leaf is reduced to a
few narrow hyaline cells on the basal margins or lacking. Pedicel short;
capsule erect, symmetric, smooth; peristome single, of 8 or 16 lanceolate teeth;
lid beaked; ealyptra cucullate. [Greek, in reference to the 8 teeth.] Eighteen
species have been described, mostly from tropical regions, the following typical.

1. Octoblepharum albidum (L.) Hedw. Descr. 3: 15. 1791.
Bryum albidum L. Sp. PI. 1118. 1753.

Plants in loose, pale yellowish-green cushions; stems brittle; leaves irides-
cent, often broken and recurved when dry, up to 6 mm. long by 0.5 mm. wide;
tip flat, longer than the base, ending abruptly in a cuspidate apex. Autoicous.
Seta erect, 5-7 mm. long; capsule straight, smooth, 1-1.5 mm. long, narrowing
to the mouth; teeth 8, entire or perforate; lid beaked; spores rough.

On rotten wood and stumps or on palmetto, common in coppices of New Provi-
dence [type locality], Andros, Cat Island, Eleuthera and Crooked Island: — Florida
and the West Indies. Widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres.
RAINBOW-MOSS.

Family 2. FISSIDENTACEAE Bruch & Schimp.
FISSIDENS FAMILY.

Small plants, usually growing in moist shady places, on earth or stones.
Stems erect or decumbent, simple or sparingly branched; leaves few,
always two-ranked and conduplicate, clasping at base, with a single vein
and with an apical and dorsal prolongation of the blade especially in the
upper leaves, except in Sorapilla. Pedicel terminal at apex of stems or on
lateral buds; capsule ovoid or cylindric, straight or curved; ealyptra
cucullate ; lid conic, often beaked, peristome red, single, of 16 entire or bifid
teeth, often thickened at joints and either papillose or spiral at apex. A
large family of 4 genera, containing some 570 species, abundant in tem-
perate and tropical regions.

1. FTSSIDENS Hedw. Fund. 2: 91. 1782.

Plants scattered or crowded into dense cushions. Stems becoming de-
cumbent when old, with apical or rarely lateral branches; leaves with duplicate
basal blades present, the apical and dorsal blades sometimes lafcking or reduced
in size in the lower leaves or in the bracts of the inflorescence; pedicels always
exserted, often bent or curved; capsules erect, inclined or rarely curved; walls
often thickened with collenchyma cells around the mouth, also the base of the
lid ; annulus small, often fugacious or lacking ; peristome deeply inserted ; teeth '
bifid, usually bright red and forking, with long slender apical divisions, gen-
erally quite different from the basal segments of the teeth and often suddenly
bent at a sharp angle. [Latin, in reference to the split teeth.] A large genus

CALYMPEKACEAE. 481

of about 125 species, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.
Type species: Hypnum ~bryoides L.

Leaves entire, bordered all around, cells smooth. 1. F. monandrus.
Leaves serrate, bordered only at base of duplicate blade of upper-
most leaves ; cells papillose. • 2. F, Garbcri.
Leaves not bordered, margins serrate, cells mamillose. 3. F. radicans.

1. Fissidens monandrus Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 598. 1869.

Plants small, pale-green, erect or decumbent; seldom more than 2-5 mm.
high; leaves 4-7 pairs, palmately spreading, and increasing in size upward to
2 mm. long by 0.33 mm. wide, overlapping and narrow at base; margins
bordered all around; costa percurrent; cells smooth, somewhat oblique and
hexagonal, those of the lower blades larger at base. Autoicous. Pedicel erect,
bent at base, 3 to 4 mm. high; capsule straight, seldom more than 1 mm. long;
peristome red, paler and spiral at apex; lid beaked; calyptra small; spores
smooth.

Only known from one collection from a sink-hole, Farringdon Road, New Provi-
dence : — Florida ; Cuba and the West Indies to South America. DIMINUTIVE FISSIDENS.

2. Fissidens Garberi Lesq. & James, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 14: 137. 1879.

Plants minute. Stem® simple, seldom more than 2-3 mm. high, erect or
decumbent; leaves 4-8 pairs, most numerous on the sterile plants, usually all
unbordered, except the two uppermost leaves of the fruiting plants which are
longer and narrower than the others; vein ending in the acute apex; margins
minutely serrate, with acute or truncate teeth; cells dense, with 2-4 small
papillae, basal cells larger, papillose only on the outer surface; perichaetial
leaves bordered only at the base by an obscure border of 1—3 rows of cells.
Dioicious. Pedicel terminal, erect, short, l-2> mm.; capsule small, 0.6 to 1
mm. straight; lid beaked; teeth spirally thickened at apex; spores smooth.

On rotten wood and rocks in sink-holes, coppices on Farrlngd>on Road, New
Providence : — Florida ; Louisiana ; West Indies and South America. GARBER'S FISSI-
DENS.

3. Fissidens radicans Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat, (II.) 14: 345. 1840.

Plants in dense, bright-green cushions. Stems decumbent and recurved
when dry, rarely erect or simple, branching repeatedly, rarely more than 1 cm.
high; leaves circinate, often brittle and broken off, 5-10 or rarely 20 pairs,
up to 1.5 mm. long by 0.33 mm. wide; vein ending below the acute apex; cells
swollen, mamillose on both surfaces above, and only on the outer below.
Autoicous; antheridial buds sometimes numerous on the fruiting plants. Pedi-
cel slender, erect, 3-4 mm. long; capsule up to 1 mm.; lid beaked; calyptra
small, apical; teeth papillose and spiral at apex; spores smooth.

On rotten wood in coppices, New Providence and Abaco : — Florida and the West
Indies to continental tropical America. RADICANT FISSIDENS.

Family 3. CALYMPERACEAE C. Muell.
CALYMPERES FAMILY.

Plants usually growing in dense dark green cushions on trees in shade,
seldom fruiting but often propagating by brood-bodies, growing in clusters
from the tips of specially modified leaves. Stems mostly erect and sparingly
branched. Leaves often crowded at the ends of the branches, erect or
spreading, broad and clasping at base, lanceolate or contracted into a
spathulate apex; margins entire or serrate, often with a band of elongated

482 CALYMPEEACEAE.

submarginal cells, basal cells large, clear, smooth, rectangular; upper cells
small, round, often papillose. Pedicel terminal, erect usually exserted;
calyptra campanulate or cucullate; lid long-beaked; peristome single of 16
short teeth or lacking. A family of mostly tropical mosses, containing 2
genera and about 313 species.

Leaves with a sub-marginal border of long narrow cells on the

hyaline base. 1. Calymperes.

Leaves with a thickened or hyaline margin at base, which is often

coarsely serrate or double above. 2. Syrrhopodon.

1. CALYMPERES Sw.; Schwaegr. Suppl. I2: 333. 1816.

Plants in dense mats; stems crowded, simple or branching; leaves curled
and twisted when dry, base hyaline, often white and broader than the point,
the upper leaves often contracted into a narrow apex, bearing brood-bodies,
which serve to propagate the plants when sterile. Dioicous. Galyptra large,
covering the capsule, spirally, ribbed and often rough at apex; lid beaked;
peristome and annulus lacking. [Named in reference to the large calyptra.]
About 200 species of tropical distribution. Type species: Calymperes loncho-
phyllum Schwaegr.

1. Calymperes Richard! C. Muell. Syn. I, 524. 1849.

Plants crowded in dark green mats, showing the white hyaline base of the
leaves when dry; leaves up to 3.5 mm. long, ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a
blunt point; vein stout, ending below the apex, papillose on both surfaces
above; submarginal border of 2-3 rows of cells, extending to apex, not distinct
in the hyaline base; margins serrulate above. Dioicous. [Seta short, slightly
exserted; calyptra spirally ribbed 2 mm. long, persistent and clasping at base,
split above; capsule ovoid, cylindric; peristome and annulus none; lid conic-
beaked.]

Only known sterile. On stumps in coppice, New Providence, Andros, Abaco
and Berry Islands, Great Harbor Cay -.—Florida ; West Indies to tropical South
America. RICHARD'S CALYMPEKES.

2. SYRRHOPODON Schwaegr. Suppl. 22: 110. 1824.

Plants growing in dense mats, frequently sterile and propagating by
brood-bodies. Stems crowded, simple or branching; leaves curled and twisted
when dry, crowded at the tips of the branches, with the upper part of the blade
dense and often papillose, the lower part lax and translucent with large ree-
tanguar cells, the margins of thickened or of a double layer of cells, often
coarsely toothed; capsule erect, on a short terminal pedicel; peristome usually
present, single; teeth usually entire and papillose; lid beaked; calyptra cucul-
late, rough or smooth at apex. [Greek, in reference to the united teeth of the
peristome.] About 215 described species, tropical and subtropical. Type
species: Syrrhopodon Gardneri Hook.

1. Syrrhopodon Gaudichaudii Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 2: 376. pi. 16. 1834.

Plants pale yellowish-green, with the white bases of the leaves very con-
spicuous. Stems simple or with short crowded branches ; leaves curled and
twisted at apex, about 2 mm. long; base with 5-6 rows of large rectangular
hyaline cells on each side of the vein and the margins bordered by narrower

TOETULACEAE. 483

cells; upper part of leaf with small green, obscure and papillose cells, extend-
ing a short distance down each side of the hyaline base; margins above with a
narrow pale border of 2-3 rows of elongated smooth clear cells, mostly entire
except at the spinosely toothed apex; costa also spinose on back toward the
apex. Dioicous. [Seta slender, about 5 mm. long; capsule narrow, about 2
mm. long with a slender beaked lid; calyptra cucullate, its tip rough; teeth
narrow.]

Only a few small sterile plants found at Nicholl's Town, Andros : — Cuba ; Ja-
maica ; Porto Rico and Guadeloupe to Brazil. GAUDICHAUD'S SYRKHOPODON.

Family 4. TORTULACEAE Lindb.
TORTULA FAMILY.

Plants scattered or crowded into tufts, sometimes minute and ephem-
eral, with indehiscent capsules. Stems simple or branched; leaves usu-
ally crowded, sometimes forming rosettes at the apex of the stems, generally
twisted when dry, lanceolate or oblong and hyaline at base often with a
broader and denser apex; vein single, stout usually percurrent or some-
times excurrent into an awn; margins frequently recurved, entire, crenu-
late, or rarely serrulate ; cells longer and smooth at base, smaller and denser
or papillose at apex. Heteroicous. Pedicel terminal, more or less exserted
and erect; capsule erect or inclined; peristome rarely double or lacking,
usually single, of 16 narrow, often bifid teeth, sometimes long and twisted
with a more or less exserted basal membrane; lid conic or beaked; calyptra
cucullate; spores small. A large family of 46 genera and about 400
species widely distributed in all parts of the world. Sometimes called

POTTIACEAE.

A. Fruit on elongated erect pedicels ; capsules erect.
Peristome single; annulus double.

Teeth oblique, twisted once or twice. 1. Tortula.

Teeth erect, not twisted. 2. Oyroweisia.

Peristome and annulus none. 3. Hymenostomum.

B. Fruit unknown in the Bahamas. Propagating by brood-

bodies, borne in the axils of the upper leaves, or the
brood-bodies unknown.
Upper cells of leaves mamillose on upper surface only.

Costa stout, ending below the denticulate apex. 4. HyopMla.

Costa tapering to the acuminate apex. 5. Desmatodon.

Upper cells of leaves papillose on both surfaces.

Margins flat or revolute at base, denticulate at apex. 6. Barbula.

Margins inrolled, entire. 7. Trichostomum.

1. TORTULA Hedw. Fund. Muse. 2: 92. 1782.

Plants of various sizes, sometimes large and stout; usually growing on the
ground or on rocks, scattered or in cushions. Stems usually simple, rarely
branched; with the leaves often crowded in a rosette at the top of the stem,
usually spreading when dry, or twisted, mostly broader above the middle; mar-
gins usually entire; vein single, sometimes excurrent into an awn; basal cells
long, clear and smooth, the upper small and dense, generally papillose. Pedicel
erect, elongate; capsule erect, cylindric; lid usually long-beaked; calyptra
cucullate; peristome single, usually twisted, arising from a basal membrane;
teeth 16 or 32, slender, papillose; spores small. [Latin, with reference to the
twisted peristome.] A large genus of 186 species widely distributed in all
parts of the world. Type species: Bryum murale L.

484 TOETULACEAE.

1. Tortilla agraria Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1763. 1806.

Barbula agraria Hedw. Muse. Frond. 3: 17. pi. 6. 1792.

Plants almost stemless, forming a rosette of basal leaves, not much curled
or twisted when dry. Leaves widest above the middle; base oblong, with long,
clear, smooth cells; upper cells square, mamillose on the inner surface, smooth
on the outer; apex acute; vein stout, ending in a mucronate tip; margins flat,
entire or denticulate. Dioicous. Pedicel erect; capsule cylindric, ribbed when
dry; annulus double; lid long-beaked, red at base; peristome red, papillose,
twisted; teeth 16, long and slender, bifid or trifid with a short basal membrane;
calyptra cucullate; spores smooth, small, maturing in spring.

One of the most common and widely distributed species, on limestone rocks, New
Providence, Abaco, Great Exuma, Great Bahama, Cat Cay, Andros and Berry Islands,
Watling's and Acklin's Islands, Crooked Island and Fortune Island : — Florida and
the West Indies ; Mexico and South America. COMMON TORTULA.

2. GYROWEISIA Schimp. Syn. (2d ed.) 38. 1876.

Plants small, usually growing in depressions of limestone rocks or on old
walls in dark green patches, discolored and matted together by fresh-water
algae, stems short or acaulescent; leaves dark green, inrolled and twisted when
dry, spreading in a rosette when moist, oblong-lingulate, tip acute or obtuse,
the vein ending below the apex; margins flat, crenulate or obscurely toothed at
apex; lower cells very thin and longer than the rounded and swollen cells of
the apical blade. Dioicous. Pedicel short, erect, terminal; capsule narrow,
cylindric; peristome simple, of 16 bifid, jointed and papillose teeth; lid beaked;
calyptra cucullate. [Greek, in reference to the large annulus.] A small genus
of 14 species, mostly in hilly regions. Type species: Gymnostomum tenue
Schrad.

1. Gyroweisia Bartmla (Schwaegr.) Paris, Index Bryol. ed. 2: 2: 299. 1904.
Gymnostomum Barbula Schwaegr. Supp. 22: 77. pi. 175. 1826.

Plants small, in dark green obscure mats, often sterile and acaulescent;
leaves few, recurved, forming a rosette, linear-oblong, about 2 mm. long by
0.25 mm. wide, usually obtuse and cucullate, sometimes acute; margins crenu-
late-toothed, often more coarsely and irregularly so at apex; vein ending below
the apex; upper cells rounded and swollen, basal cells longer, very thin and
clear on the margins; pedicel short, 4-8 mm., rarely 1 cm.; capsule dark when
old, erect, up to 2 mm. long, narrowly cylindric, mouth small; annulus double;
calyptra, lid, annulus and peristome often falling off all together; peristome
slightly twisted; teeth 16, brittle, bifid, with 5-6 basal joints, densely papillose
when mature ; spores brown, small ; ripe in spring ; calyptra cucullate.

On rocks and old walls, New Providence and Abaco : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba ;
Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Brazil. BLACK-FRUITED GYROWEISIA.

3. HYMENOSTOMUM R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 12: 572. 1818.

Plants terrestrial, gregarious. Stems short and simple. Leaves crowded,
much curled and twisted when dry, linear-lanceolate; margins entire, inrolled;
vein stout, ending in the mucronate apex; cells small and papillose in the upper
part of blade, lower ones oblong and smooth. Pedicel erect, mostly exserted;
capsule cylindric, straight or bent; lid large, beak short; calyptra cucullate;
peristome and annulus absent; mouth closed by a membrane until the spores

TORTULACEAE. 485

are ripe. [The name refers to this character.] A small genus of 45 species
widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Gymnc-
stomum microstomum Hedw.

1. Hymenostomum flavescens E. G. Britton, sp. nov.

Plants usually light yellowish-green. Stems short, 3-5 mm. high; leaves
1.5-2 mm. long; apex lanceolate, incurved and cucullate, base broader and
hyaline ; margins inrolled, entire ; vein stout, rough above, ending in the mucro-
nate point; lower cells clear and smooth, up to 67 /a long; upper cells only 8 ft
long, densely papillose on both surfaces, with 3—4 small papillae. Dioicous.
Pedicel slender, 10-15 mm. long, erect; capsule ovoid-cylindric, 1-1.25 mm.
long with the beaked lid; calyptra cucullate, twisted; peristome and annulus
none, the mouth bordered by 5-6 rows of smaller, denser, quadrate cells; walls
thin; spores brown, papillose, ripe in winter.

New Providence, Eleuthera, Andros, Great Bahama, Abaco and Acklin's Island.
Type from Finder's Point, Great Bahama, Britton and Millspaugh 2515. Feb., 1905.
BAHAMA HYMENOSTOMUM.

4. HYOPHILA Brid. Bryol. Univ. 1: 760. 1826.

Plants dark green, frequently sterile and propagating by brood-bodies
borne at the apex of the stems. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, not
very crowded; apex obtuse or acute, entire or with a few obscure teeth; vein
ending in or below the apex, rarely excurrent; basal cells clear, rectangular,
upper cells smaller and papillose, rarely smooth. Dioicous. Pedicel exserted,
slender ; capsule erect, narrow, cylindric ; mouth small ; annulus usually present ;
peristome none; lid beaked; calyptra cucullate. [Greek, referring to their
moisture-loving habit.] A genus of about 80 species, occurring in tropical
regions, widely distributed. Type species: HyopMla gymnostomoides Brid.

1. Hyophila Tortula (Schwaegr.) Hampe, Bot. Zeit. 4: 267. 1846.

Gymnostomum Tortula Schwaegr. Supp. 22: 78. pi. 175. 1826.
Tortula Donnellii Austin, Bot. Gaz. 3: 31. 1878.
Barbula Donnellii Lesq. & James, Man. 128. 1884.

Plants often growing on rocks in scattered, low cushions, usually sterile;
stems short and simple; leaves inrolled and twisted when dry, up to 2 mm. long
by 0.5 mm. broad, lanceolate; vein stout, brown, ending in the cuspidate apex,
smooth or slightly rough on the back ; basal cells smooth, oblong, upper cells in
transverse rows, hexagonal, mamillose on the inner surface, smooth on the back;
margins sometimes denticulate at apex. Dioicous. Only known sterile, in the
Bahamas, propagating by brood-bodies borne on filaments from the axils of the
upper leaves. [Pedicel 8-10 mm. long, erect; capsule 2 mm. long, cylindric;
mouth bordered by smaller, darker cells; annulus compound, falling with the
beaked lid; peristome none; calyptra cucullate and slightly twisted; spores
smooth, small.]

New Providence and Abaco : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico ; Guatemala and
South America. HYOPHILA.

5. DESMATODON Brid. Mant. Muse. 86. 1819.

Plants usually in cushions on limestone rocks or in crevices of walls.
Stems erect, usually short and simple or forking. Leaves crowded, incurved
and twisted when dry, spreading when moist, oblong-lanceolate; apex acute or

486 TOKTULACEAE.

obtuse; margins entire or serrulate, flat or recurved, sometimes bordered; costa
ending below the apex, percurrent or excurrent into a slender awn, papillose on
both surfaces; upper cells smooth or papillose; lower cells longer and smooth.
Monoicous or dioicous. Pedicel erect; capsules erect or nodding, ovoid or
cylindric; annulus present; peristome single, of 16 short, erect or slightly
twisted, papillose, teeth united at base, with a short exserted basal membrane;
lid short, conic-beaked; cells oblong; calyptra cucullate; spores rough or
smooth. [Latin, in reference to the basal union of the teeth.] A small genus
of about 12 species, varying in habit and distribution. Type species : Discranum
latifolium Hedw.

1. Desmatodon Garberi Lesq. & James, Man. 112. 1884.

Plants in dense round cushions, usually fruiting abundantly. Stems simple,
up to 1 cm. high with the leaves much twisted when dry and spreading when
moist, more crowded at apex of stems, only about 1 mm. long; margins in-
curved, entire, crenulate or slightly toothed at apex; vein stout, smooth, ending
below the point or percurrent into the cuspidate apex; upper cells irregular,
rounded, and projecting on the inner surface, smooth on the back, lower cells
larger, clear, oblong and smooth. Dioicous. [Thus far only found sterile asso-
ciated with Tortula agraria; but the type specimens from Key West, show an
erect pedicel, about 5 mm. long; the calyptra cucullate; the capsule, with the
beaked lid, about 2 mm. long, brick-red, cylindric, the narrow annulus falling
in fragments with the lid ; peristome short, deeply inserted ; the teeth papillose,
fragile and broken, irregularly split and jointed, with no visible basal mem-
brane; spores smooth, pale, ripe in winter.]

On limestone rocks in coppice, New Providence: — Key West, Florida; Yucatan.
GABBER'S DESMATODON.

6. BARBULA Hedw. Fund. Muse. 2: 92. 1782.

Plants usually a dirty green or brown color, often growing in muddy places.
Stems slender and sparingly branched. Leaves crowded, usually small and
narrowly lanceolate, keeled; margins recurved, seldom flat; vein stout, per-
current, rarely excurrent; cells of the upper part of the leaf dense, papillose
on both surfaces; basal cells larger, rectangular and nearly or quite smooth.
Dioicous : if sterile often propagating by brood-bodies. Pedicel erect, terminal ;
lid conic or beaked; calyptra cucullate; capsule usually erect, cylindric; annu-
lus sometimes present; peristome rarely lacking, usually inserted below the
rim of the capsule, of 32 slender, twisted, papillose teeth, united by a short
basal membrane; ^spores small. [Latin, diminutive of barba, beard, referring
to the peristome.] A large genus of 234 species, widely distributed in tem-
perate and subtropical regions. Type species: Bryum unguiculatum Hudson.

1. Barbula Criigeri Sender; C. Muell. Syn. Muse. 1: 618. 1849.

Plants small, in dark brown patches on damp rocks. Stems slender, seldom
more than 2 cm. high; leaves curled and twisted when dry, spreading when
moist, about 1 mm. long; base oblong, with thin rectangular cells; apex keeled;
upper cells minute, dense and papillose; vein stout at base, rough on the back
and ending abruptly in the cuspidate apex; margins flat or revolute, entire or
rarely denticulate at apex. It has only been found sterile in the Bahamas, but
propagates by club-shaped brood-bodies borne in clusters, in the axils of the

ORTHOTKICHACEAE. 487

leaves. [Dioicous. Pedicels erect, about 1 cm. long, twisted when dry; cap-
sules up to 1 mm., erect, cylindric; lid beaked; calyptra cucullate, rough at
apex; peristome red, twisted; teeth slender, bifid and papillose, with a short
basal membrane; annulus none; spores smooth, small, ripening in summer.]

On wet rocks in quarry at Nassau : — Florida ; Louisiana ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto
Rico to Trinidad and South America. CRUGEB'S BAEBULA.

7. TEICHOSTOMTJM Hedw. Fund. 2: 90. 1782.

Plants medium-sized, usually crowded. Stems erect, simple or branched.
Leaves curled and twisted when dry, larger at base than above, with a narrow
sharp apex; margins flat or inrolled, entire; vein single, usually percurrent;
basal cells oblong and clear; upper cells denser, small and papillose on both
surfaces. Pedicel erect, elongate; capsule erect, cylindric; peristome single;
teeth 16, either entire or divided to base, usually papillose; lid conic-beaked;
calyptra cucullate. [Greek, in reference to» the narrow teeth.] Widely dis-
tributed in various temperate and tropical regions. Type species: Weisia
cylindrica Bruch.

1. Trichostomum rivale (Mitt.) Jaeg. Adumb. 1: 245. 1871-72.
Tortula rivalis Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 147. 1869.

Plants in dense bright green or yellowish cushions. Stems up to 5-10 mm.
high, usually simple; leaves crowded, curled and twisted when dry, 2-3 mm.
long, base erect, clasping, the tips narrower and spreading when moist; vein
smooth, excurrent into the mucronate apex; margins entire, incurved above the
middle; basal cells lax with longer cells on the margins, extending up the blade
to the papillose cells of the tip; upper cells densely papillose on both sur-
faces. Only found sterile in the Bahamas. Dioicous. [Pedicel yellow, erect,
15-20 mm. long; capsule 2-3 mm. long, erect, cylindric; calyptra cucullate;
lid conic-beaked; peristome single, of 16 slender, erect or slightly twisted,
papillose, bifid teeth, often disappearing and leaving only a ragged membrane;
spores rough, brown, maturing in spring.] Very closely related to Tricho-
stomum jamaicense Mitt.

On rocks and in pine-barrens, Marsh Harbor, Abaco : — Cuba ; Jamaica and Porto
Rico. ROCK TRICHOSTOMUM.

Some poor sterile specimens of a Trichostomum were collected in New Provi-
dence, by L. J. K. Brace, in June, 1918, Number 9509. The leaves are less papillose
than in T. rivale and the plants may represent another species, T. involutum Sull.

Family 5. ORTHOTRICHACEAE Brach & Sehimper.
ORTHOTBICHUM FAMILY.

Plants growing in dense dark green mats. Stems erect or creeping,
often branching and interlacing; branches short, erect, densely leafy.
Leaves curled and twisted when dry, crowded, lanceolate or oblong; costa
single, percurrent or excurrent into a mucronate tip; cells dense, small,
obscure, smooth or papillose, basal often longer and smooth. Pedicel
short, terminal; calyptra large, campanulate, plicate and lacerate at base,
smooth, hairy, or rough at apex; lid usually beaked; capsule smooth or
ribbed; peristome single or double, seldom lacking. Twelve genera and 824
species, widely distributed.

Calyptra plicate, smooth ; peristome lacking. 1. Macromitrium.

Calyptra not plicate, rough at apex ; peristome double. 2. Schlotheimia.

488 OKTHOTEICHACEAE.

1. MACEOMITRIUM Brid. Mant. Muse. 132. 1819.

Plants in dense dark mats, usually on trees. Stems creeping with erect
branches; leaves crowded and usually twisted when dry; vein single, percur-
rent or excurrent, rarely ending below the apex; margins entire or rarely
toothed at apex, not bordered, except occasionally at base; cells small and
dense in the upper part of the leaf smooth or papillose, larger and clearer
below. Pedicel exserted or rarely immersed, terminal; capsule erect, ovoid,
urn-shaped or cylindric; lid beaked; calyptra campanulate and lacerate at
base, smooth or hairy. [Greek, in reference to the large calyptra.] A large
genus of 385 species, common in tropical regions of both hemispheres. Type
species: Schlotheimia acicularis Brid.

1. Macromitrium mucronifolium (Hook, et Grev.) Schwaegr. Supp. 22: 61.
pi. 170. 1826.

Orthotrichum mucronifolium Hook, et Grev.; Brewst. Edinb. Jour. 1: 116.
pi. 4. 1824.

Plants in dense dark green mats. Stems creeping and matted together by
a brown felt of rhizoids, the branches erect, short, seldom more than 2-3 mm.
high; leaves spirally twisted when dry, spreading when moist, crowded and
numerous, carinate, oblong; apex blunt or sometimes notched; vein ending in
a short cuspidate tip; upper cells dense., small, opaque, with thickened swollen
walls; base bordered by 3-4 rows of longer and clearer cells. Pedicels erect,
about 5 mm. long; capsule about 1 mm., ovoid and tapering at base, with a
long neck, slightly ribbed when old; calyptra covering the capsule, ribbed but
not hairy ; lid beaked ; peristome and annulus none ; spores nearly smooth.

On trees in coppices, Andros and Abaco : — Florida and the West Indies to trop-
ical South America. MUCRONATB MACROMITRIUM.

2. SCHLOTHEIMIA Brid. Sp. Muse. 2: 16. 1812.

Plants in dense dark mats, usually on trees. Stems creeping, with numer-
ous crowded and usually short simple branches. Leaves crowded, erect or
spreading, often spirally twisted when dry; vein single, stout, percurrent or
excurrent; margins usually entire and not bordered; upper cells much thick-
ened, usually oblique, smooth or rarely papillose, the lower rectangular, less
thickened and vertical, smooth. Pedicel exserted or immersed, terminal on the
branches; capsule ovoid or cylindric; peristome double, the inner shorter than
the outer, often rudimentary; lid beaked; calyptra not ribbed, usually lobed at
base, sometimes hairy. [Named for Ernest Schlotheim.] A genus of about
120 species, mostly tropical or subtropical. Type species: Hypnum torquatum
Hedw.

1. Schlotheimia Sullivantii C. Muell. Syn. Muse. 1 : 756. 1849.

Plants in dense wide dark green or brown mats. Stems creeping and
densely hairy with brown radicles; branches short, erect, crowded; leaves
also densely crowded, 1-1.5 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate; apex blunt; vein end-
ing in a short abrupt tip ; upper part of the leaf undulate, the cells thickened
and hexagonal, those of the lower part clearer, oblong, not bordered. Pedicel
erect, about 5 mm. high; capsule 2-& mm. long, cylindric, smooth or ribbed
when dry; peristome double, deeply inserted, rim of 7-8 rows of cells, annulus
none; the outer teeth recurved and papillose, longer than the inner ones; lid

FUNAEIACEAE. 489

beaked; calyptra glossy, yellow or brown, deeply lobed at base, rough at apex;
spores large and rough.

On trees and decaying wood in coppice, New Providence : — Florida and Louisiana.
SDLLIVANT'S SCHLOTHEIMIA.

Family 6. FUNARIACEAE C. Muell.
FUNARIA FAMILY.

Plants usually annual, seldom biennial, sometimes ephemeral and
minute or rudimentary. Stems short, erect and seldom branched. Leaves
small and narrow, or large and broad; margins entire or toothed; vein pres-
ent or rarely absent. Pedicel short and immersed, or long and exserted;
capsule erect or inclined, symmetric or asymmetric, ovoid or pyriform;
annulus large and conspicuous, or undeveloped; calyptra cucullate, often
inflated and oblique, rarely lobed or papillose; peristome absent, rudi-
mentary or double, its teeth straight or oblique. A family of wide distri-
bution, including about 12 genera with some 244 species.

1. FUNAKIA Schreb.; L. Gen. Plant, ed. 8, 2: 760. 1791.

Plants usually scattered, rarely crowded. Stems short, simple. Leaves
crowded at the summit, usually broadest above the base, entire or serrate; vein
ending below the apex, percurrent or excurrent. Pedicel exserted, elongated;
capsule erect or nodding, often pear-shaped; lid flat or apiculate; calyptra
much inflated at base, beaked; peristome single; double or rarely lacking.
[Latin, in reference to the twisted pedicels.] A large genus of about 100
widely distributed species. Type species: Mnium hygrometricum L.

Mouth of the capsule oblique ; leaves serrate. 1. F. hygrometrica.

Mouth of the capsule small ; leaves nearly entire. 2. F. flavicans.

1. Funaria hygrometrica (L.) Sibth. FL Oxon. 288. 1794.

Mnium hygrometricum L. Sp. PI. 1110. 1753.

Plants bright yellowish-green turning brown. Stems short, simple; leaves
few, erect, appressed around the base of the pedicel, broad and concave, acute
or acuminate; the vein ending in the apex, the margins with swollen teeth;
cells clear, smooth, oblong below, shorter and hexagonal above. Pedicel pale,
twisted, variable in length; capsule horizontal or nodding, ribbed when dry,
its mouth oblique; lid bordered with a red rim; annulus large, double, falling
with the lid; peristome double, oblique, the teeth with apical appendages at-
tached to a central disc; calyptra large, inflated at base; spores rough, ripen-
ing early in spring.

On charred earth, Eight Mile Rock, Great Bahama. A cosmopolita'n species.
COED-MOSS.

2. Funaria flavicans Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 303. 1803.

A smaller plant than the preceding, differing in the fewer leaves, which are
entire, the vein ending in a short subulate tip ; [the pedicel shorter, the capsule
more symmetric, its mouth not oblique; spores a little larger].

Only known from sterile specimens collected in a coppice, Soldier's Road, New
Providence : — Bermuda ; southern United States. PALE-GREEN FUNARIA.

32

490 BRYACEAE.

Family 7. BRYACEAE C. Muell.
BRYUM FAMILY.

Plants usually growing in cushions, rarely scattered. Stems erect,
simple or branching near the apex, often slender. Leaves scattered, 01
crowded at the summit, variable in shape, from oval to lanceolate, often
acuminate and subulate; vein single; margins entire or toothed; cells
smooth, generally hexagonal, sometimes longer and narrower on the border
and rectangular at the base. Pedicel terminal, erect ; capsule erect or nod-
ding, generally symmetric with a well-developed neck; calyptra cucullate;
lid flat, not beaked; peristome usually double, rarely single or lacking. A
widely distributed family composed of 16 genera with over 950 species most
abundant in temperate, alpine and arctic regions. [Greek, meaning a moss.]

1. BRYUM L. Sp. PI. 1115. 1753.

Plants usually growing in dense compact cushions, more or less matted
with radicles. Stems erect, simple or branching by apical innovations. Leaves
more or less crowded at apex, erect, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, concave;
apex acute, obtuse or with the costa percurrent into an awn; margins often
bordered, more or less recurved, entire or serrate at apex; cells mostly hex-
agonal or rectangular at base. Inflorescence variable, heteroicous, pedicel
exserted, erect or bent at apex; capsule nodding or rarely horizontal, usually
ovoid or pyriform, with a distinct neck; annulus often large and compound,
falling with the blunt lid; peristome double, its teeth usually with a zigzag
median line; endostome equalling the teeth, sometimes imperfect or with keeled
segments and 2—3 cilia, arising from a basal membrane. A large genus of
about 625 species widely distributed from the arctic regions to the tropics in
both hemispheres. [Name Greek, a moss.] Type species: Bryum argenteum L.

Capsule cylindric, neck tapering. 1. B. capillare.

Capsule pyriform, neck swollen. 2. B. coronatum.

1. Bryum capillare L. Sp. PI. 1586. 1753.

Plants growing in rather dense, dark green cushions. Stems short, spar-
ingly branched; leaves crowded in a rosette at the apex, curled and twisted
when dry, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, the margins bordered by 1 or 2 rows
of narrow cells, entire or slightly toothed near apex; vein ending in the top or
excurrent ; upper cells hexagonal, basal oblong, smooth. Pedicel long, red, bent
at base, paler and twisted above; capsule elongated, nodding; neck distinct;
lid small, apiculate; annulus large; peristome brown; teeth paler and papil-
lose above; endostome with, a basal membrane and appendiculate cilia; spores
ripe in spring.

On base of palms in sand, a widely distributed and variable species, Great
Bahama and Lignum Vitae Cay : — 'Florida ; West Indies ; South America ; also in
Europe and Africa. HAIR-LIKE BRYUM.

2. Bryum coronatum Schwaegr. Suppl. I2: 103. pi. 71. 1816.

Plants gregarious in bright green patches. Stems erect, simple or branch-
ing, usually about 1 cm. high ; leaves not crowded, spreading when moist, about
2 mm. long, lanceolate or elliptic, with the vein excurrent into a smooth, subu-
late tip; margins bordered by 1 or 2 rows of narrow elongated cells, some-

LEUCODONTACEAE. 491

times obscurely toothed near the apex; base forming a long-decurrent wing to
the next lower leaf; basal cells oblong; upper cells hexagonal. Dioicous. Pedi-
cel erect or bent, about 15 mm. long; capsule nodding, about 2 mm. long, dark
red when mature, with a conspicuous swollen neck (like an acorn-cup or a
crown, hence the specific name) ; lid falling with the large annulus more or less
attached; peristome double; teeth brown; endostome pale, its segments split
along the keel, with 2-3 slender appendiculate cilia; spores small, green, ripe
in winter.

In coppice, on dead wood and stones, New Providence, Abaco and Andros : —
Florida ; West Indies ; South America ; also in Asia and Africa. COBONATB BRYUM.

A doubtful species of Bryutn, was collected by L.. J. K. Brace at the quarry,
Nassau, New Providence, in February, 1918 (no. 9984) ; the specimens are sterile
and do not seem to agree with anything heretofore found.

Family 8. LEUCODONTACEAE Broth.
LEUCODON FAMILY.

Plants in dense mats or cushions, usually on trees. Stems creeping and
rooting, leafless or with rudimentary leaves at the apex of new stems;
branches pendent, simple or branching, usually with unequal and irregular
branchlets, seldom regularly pinnate or dendroid and circinate. Leaves
crowded, often imbricate when dry, spreading when moist, usually ovate,
acuminate, entire, or serrate at apex; vein single or double, sometimes
lacking-; cells smooth or rarely obscurely papillose or projecting at the
ends; base with several rows of alar cells, generally transversely elongated
or rounded and thickened. Dioicous or autoicous. Pedicels from lateral
buds with clasping bracts, short or elongate; capsule ovoid, sometimes
ribbed; calyptra cucullate, smooth or hairy; lid conic or beaked; annulus
usually present; peristome double, the outer of 16 short pale papillose,
bifid or perforate teeth; the endostome of a more or less developed mem-
brane with or without keeled segments and cilia. A small family of 9
genera and 69 species, widely distributed in temperate and subtropical
regions.

1. LEUCODONTOPSIS Een. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 32: 177. 1893.

Plants slender and creeping on twigs or branches. Primary stems usually
closely attached to the bark, with short irregular spreading branches. Leaves
crowded, small, erect-appressed on the branches, spreading, longer and more
sharply pointed on the tips of the stems; lanceolate, acuminate, carinate and
plicate; margins revolute, entire or obscurely toothed at apex; vein single,
ending above the middle; upper cells long and narrow, with papillose project-
ing cells; alar cells round or quadrate and thickened, in several rows. Dioicous.
[Named in reference to its resemblance to Leucodon.~\ A small genus of only
three species, in all of which the fruit is unknown. Type species: Leucodontopsis
plicata Een. & Card.

1. Leucodontopsis floridana (Aust.) E. G. Britton, Bryologist 15: 26. 1916.

NecTcera (Pttotrichella?) floridana Aust. Bot. Gaz. 4: 152. 1879.
Leucodontopsis plicata Een. & Card. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 32: 177. 1893.
Pilotrichella floridana Een. & Card. Eev. Bryol. 19: 11. 1893.

Stems leafless except at the apical portions, there bearing small, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, ecostate, flat-bordered leaves; branches seldom more

492 NECKERACEAE.

than 3 cm. long, simple or branched, when young more slender and flagellate,
with smaller, less crowded leaves, when older with erect-appressed, crowded
plicate leaves, up to 1.5 mm. long by 0.33 mm. broad at base; vein usually
single, seldom double with a short accessory basal branch; alar cells fewer on
one side, up to 8-10 rows, seldom reaching the vein; margins entire, revolute
almost to the serrulate apex; cells spindle-shaped, with minute, terminal papil-
lae on both surfaces. Flowers and fruit unknown; propagating by small
septate brood-bodies borne in axillary clusters.

On trees in coppices, New Providence and Andros : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ;
Costa Rica and Panama. FLORIDA LEUCODONTOPSIS.

Family 9. NECKERACEAE Schimper.
NECKERA FAMILY.

Plants usually growing on trees with creeping stems and pendent
branches, either simple or pinnately decompound, sometimes quite den-
droid; branches usually densely leafy, with crowded or imbricate leaves,
sometimes in 2-4 ranks. Leaves symmetric or inequilateral, various, cos-
tate or ecostate, entire or serrate, smooth or papillose; the perichaetial
usually quite different from the others, often surrounding: and covering the
capsule. Usually dioicous. Pedicel often short and straight, immersed,
rarely curved or exserted; capsule ovoid or cylindric; smooth or ribbed;
lid conic, beaked; calyptra smooth or hairy; peristome usually double, the
inner more or less rudimentary; annulus present or absent. A large
family, of 50 genera and several hundred species, of wide temperate and
subtropical distribution.

1. PIREELLA 'Cardot, Eev. Bryol. 40: 17. 1913.

[PiREA Cardot, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 32: 175. 1893. Not Durand, 1888.]

Stems creeping, slender and radiculose ; branches erect, 2-4 cm. long, simple
or pinnately branched, blunt, or rarely slender and flagellate; leaves crowded,
appressed, erect or spreading; stem -leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate, entire,
ecostate; branch-leaves lanceolate, acuminate, entire or serrate at apex; vein
thin, wider at base, ending below the apex; cells more or less thickened and
porose, linear at base ; alar cells quadrate, shorter and broader with thick walls.
Perichaetial leaves, erect, ovate or lanceolate-acuminate, or subulate. Dioicous,
often sterile and propagating by brood-bodies. Pedicel exserted, erect, some-
what rough above, seldom short or immersed; capsule mostly exserted, calyptra
cucullate, hairy; lid small, beaked; mouth small; peristome double, its teeth
lanceolate, more or less bifid, smooth, pale or red; endostome hyaline, mem-
branous, adherent to the teeth; spores smooth. [Diminutive of Pirea.~] A small
genus of 10 species, confined to tropical and subtropical regions of North and
South America. Type species: Pireella cavifolia Cardot & Herzog.

1. Pireella cymbifdlia (Sull.) Cardot, Eev. Bryol. 40: 17. 1913.

Pilotrichum cymbifolium Sull. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 681. 1856.

Plants usually growing on trees. Stems slender, creeping and rooting, the
terminal growths slender with small acuminate leaves only about 0.5 mm. long,
with a short vein and faintly serrate margins, the alar cells few and rectangu-

METEOEIACEAE. 493

lar; branches stouter, usually simple, about 2 cm. long, or pinnately branched,
up to 4 cm. long, with short branchlets; leaves crowded, imbricated in 5 ranks,
concave and keeled, up to 1.5 mm. long by 0.5 mm. wide; vein narrow, ending
in the flat acuminate tip; margins minutely toothed almost to the base; alar
cells smaller, dense, rectangular; upper cells linear with projecting or ob-
scurely papillose end walls; perichaetial leaves minute, erect, appressed, ecos-
tate and narrowly acuminate. Dioicous, the antheridial plants unknown, as
well as the fruit; usually propagating by septate brood-bodies, borne in clus-
ters at the bases of the leaves.

Small depauperate unforanched plants have been found in coppices of New Provi-
dence and Abaco : — Florida ; Louisiana ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Virgin Islands
to South America. PIREELLA.

Family 10. METEORIACEAE Fleischer.
METEORIUM FAMILY.

Plants mostly of moist mountain regions, and of tropical and subtrop-
ical distribution, usually epiphytic and characterized by their creeping
stems and long pendent, simple or rarely branched habit, sometimes very
glossy, with distichous leaves ; base usually regular and broad, often auricu-
late ; costa single, ending below the apex ; cells smooth or papillose. Usually
dioicous. Pedicel immersed or exserted; calyptra small, often hairy; lid
generally beaked; peristome double, the inner sometimes perfect with cilia
but more often imperfect with a short basal membrane; annulus lacking.
A family of mostly tropical mosses with about 10 genera and 327 species.

1. PAPILLAEIA C. Muell. Angstr. Oefv. K. Sv. Vet.-Ak.

Foerh. S34: 34. 1876.
[NECKERA Section PAPILLARIA C. Muell. Syn. Muse. 2: 134. 1851.]

Plants growing on rocks or trees, usually in dense pale green or dark mats.
Stems slender, often pendent or creeping, branching irregularly. Leaves broad
and often auricled at base, tapering to an acuminate or subulate tip ; vein single,
rarely percurrent or lacking; margins entire or serrulate; basal and median
cells sometimes smooth, others usually papillose with several small papillae in
the median line of the narrow cells; perichaetial leaves usually longer and
narrower, erect. Dioicous. Pedicel exserted or immersed, straight and
smooth; capsule immersed or exserted, small and ovoid; calyptra small, cam-
panulate, hairy; lid conic-beaked; annulus absent; peristome double; teeth
lanceolate and papillose; endostome hyaline and papillose from a short basal
membrane, with or without cilia; spores papillose. About 70 species are
known, mostly from, tropical regions of both hemispheres. [Named in refer-
ence to the papillose leaves.] Type species: Neckera capittaris 0. Muell.

1. Papillaria nigrescens (Sw.) Jaeger, Adumb. 1: 169. 1875-76.
Hypnum nigrescens Sw. Prodr. 141. 1788.

Plants in dark brown mats. Young branches green; stems often 15-20
cm. long, branching pinnately; branches short and irregular, usually simple,
and only 1-2 cm. long, but sometimes 4-5 cm. ending in clusters of slender
brittle branchlets, which propagate this species. Leaves crowded, erect-

494 ENTODONTACEAE.

appressed when dry, spreading when moist, small, up to 1.5 mm. long by 1 mm.,
broad at the auricled base; vein ending in the middle of the leaf; apex acumi-
nate; margins entire, with projecting papillae; cells spindle-shaped with thick
walls and 3-4 small papillae; basal cells longer and narrower, smooth and
radiating toward the margins. Dioicous. [Perichaetial leaves pale, erect,
lanceolate-subulate, plicate but not papillose; seta exserted up to 1 cm. long;
capsule ovoid, about 2 mm. long; calyptra pale and hairy; lid beaked; mouth
small with a dark rim ; peristome pale, papillose ; teeth lanceolate with a median
line, inner membrane short with pale slender segments, more or less adherent
to the teeth; spores brown, mature in summer.] Only known from sterile
specimens in the Bahamas.

On twigs and trunks of trees in coppice, New Providence : — Florida ; Louisiana ;
West Indies and southern California to Panama and South America. BLACKISH
PAPILLA EI A.

Family 11. ENTODONTACEAE Brotherus.
ENTODON FAMILY.

Plants growing in glossy flat mats, either on rocks or trees. Stems
creeping, usually with simple branches. Leaves spreading or flattened,
usually crowded; vein single or double, rarely lacking; cells mostly longer
than broad; often with the ends thickened and projecting on the back of
the leaf, with the alar transversely elongated. Autoicous or dioicous.
Pedicel erect, exserted; capsule cylindric, mostly erect and symmetric; lid
usually short-beaked; calyptra cucullate, smooth; peristome double, often
deeply inserted; teeth longer or shorter than the inner keeled segments,
variously thickened; cilia usually lacking; annulus present or absent. A
large family, of about 20 genera, widely distributed in temperate and trop-
ical regions.

1. STEREOPHYLLUM Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. Suppl. 1: 117. 1859.

Plants growing in thin flat mats, on rocks or trees. Stems creeping and
rooting, with simple irregular branches. Leaves crowded, somewhat flattened
and glossy; apex acute or obtuse; vein stout or lacking; margins flat, entire
or rarely toothed at apex; base unequal, one side composed entirely of quadrate
alar cells; upper cells short or long, often with the thickened end-walls forming
minute papillae. Autoicous or rarely dioicous; pedicel elongated; capsule
erect to inclined, and unequally ovoid; lid conic-beaked; annulus lacking; peri-
stome double, the outer papillose with thickened joints above, the inner nar-
rower from a short basal membrane, without cilia. A genus of 61 species,
widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.
[Greek, in reference to the thick leaves.] Type species: Pterygophyllum
indicum Belang.

1. Stereophyllum radiculosum (Hook.) Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 542. 1869.

HooTceria radiculosa Hook. Musci. Exot. pi. 51. 1818-1820.

Somalia Wrightii Sull. in A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 665. 1856.

Plants in flat bright green mats. Stems matted together by numerous
radicles; branches and branchlets with flattened glossy leaves, imbricate and
secund when dry, spreading when moist, up to 1.75 mm. long by 0.75 mm.
broad, concave with flat serrate margins ; vein stout, tapering and ending above

ENTODONTACEAE. 495

the middle of the leaf; apex acute; upper cells rhomboidal; alar cells rectan-
gular and oblique, only reaching the vein and more numerous on one side of
the base; basal radiating and longer, all minutely and distinctly papillose on
the back; perichaetial leaves smaller, erect, clasping, more suddenly acuminate.
Autoicous; pedicel up to 1 cm. long; calyptra small, entire; capsule horizontal,
slightly unequal, 1.5-2 mm. long, its walls with swollen cells; lid large and
pale, conic, short-beaked; annulus none, mouth with a dark rim; peristome
double, the teeth yellow, paler and papillose at apex, inner with white, perforate
keeled segments and shorter slender cilia; spores small and smooth, ripe in
winter.

On logs and rotten wood, in coppices, New Providence, Abaco, Great Bahama
and Lignum Vitae Cay : — Florida ; New Mexico ; Texas ; Cuba ; South America.

Family 12. LESKEACEAE Reichb.
LESKEA FAMILY.

Plants small or large. Stems creeping and branching, either irregularly
or pinnately; branches short, usually slender and crowded with small
leaves; vein single; cells papillose on one or both surfaces; branch-leaves
smaller than the stem-leaves; rudimentary leaves present. Pedicel erect
or inclined; calyptra cucullate; annulus often present; capsule erect or
horizontal, usually symmetric, its lid conic or beaked ; peristome double, the
inner sometimes shorter and imperfect. About 23 genera, containing some
333 species, widely distributed.

1. HAPLOCLADIUM C. Muell. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 3: 11. 1896.

Branches slender, simple, not pinnately divided; leaves papillose only on
the back, those at base of pedicel erect, longer and paler. [Greek, referring to
the simple branches.] A genus of 43 species, natives of America and eastern
Asia. Type species: Haplocladium macropilum C. Muell.

1. Haplocladium microphyllum (Sw.) Broth, in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. 229: 1007.
1907.

Hypnum microphyllum ^Sw. Prodr. 142. 1788.

Plants dark green or yellow. Stems creeping and rooting, sometimes quite
slender and branching irregularly; branches short and simple, erect; leaves
crowded, spreading or secund/ ovate, acuminate, small, up to 0.5 mm. long,
those of the branches smaller and less acuminate than those of the stem; vein
excurrent into a long tip; margins minutely toothed; cells small, square or
oblong, papillose only on the back; leaves at base of pedicel longer and paler,
erect. Pedicel 2-2.5 cm. long, slender, erect; capsule 1 mm. long, horizontal
and curved; annulus falling with the conic lid; peristome double, the inner
with keeled segments and 3 cilia; spores smooth, maturing in summer.

On rocks in coppices, New Providence and Great Exuma : — Florida ; Bermuda ;
Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Mexico and South America. SMALL-LEAVED HAPLO-
CLADIUM.

496 HYPNACEAE.

Family 13. HYPNACEAE Hampe.
HYPNUM FAMILY.

Plants growing in loose or dense tufts, seldom floating. Stems usually
decumbent and rooting, sometimes erect; branches regularly pinnate or
irregular. Leaves straight or curved, erect, spreading or secund, usually
symmetric; vein either lacking, single or double; cells mostly much longer
than wide, smooth or papillose, those of the basal angles often different in
shape and size. Pedicel more or less elongated and exserted; capsule
mostly horizontal, often curved and unsymmetric; peristome double; its
segments keeled ; cilia usually present ; spores small. A large family, widely
distributed in all parts of the globe, composed of about 37 genera with
over 960 species.

Cells of leaves smooth.

Vein single, ending in the middle of the leaf. 1. Amblystegium.

Veins lacking or short and double.

Leaves uniform and regular ; alar cells enlarged. 2,. Isopterygium.

Leaves of two kinds, the lateral ones broader and

shorter ; alar cells not enlarged. 3. Vesicularia.

Cells of leaves papillose.

Papillae single at the ends of the cells. 4. Mittenothamnium.

Papillae several- along the middle of the cells. 5. Taxithelium.

1. AJVLBLYSTEGrlUM Bruch & Schimp. Bryol. Eu. 55-56 : 1. 1853.

Plants usually growing in moist situations. Stems irregularly branched;
branches slender; leaves symmetric; spreading; vein single; cells smooth, not
much longer than wide. Pedicel erect, smooth ; capsule usually curved ; calyptra
cucullate; lid conic; annulus present; peristome double. [Greek, referring to
the blunt lid.] A genus of 47 species, widely distributed in America and
Europe. Type species: Hypnum riparium L.

1. Amblystegium Sipho (Beauv.) E. G. Britton.

Hypnum Sipho Beauv., Prodr. Aetheog. 70. 1805.

Amblystegium riparium floridanum Een. & Card. Bot. Gaz. 14: 98. 1889.

Plants in thin mats on damp ground in shade. Stems creeping, very slen-
der, more or less branched; leaves distant, shrivelled and twisted when dry,
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, up to 1 mm. long by 0.4 mm. broad, the mar-
gins entire, the vein ending in the middle of the leaf; base narrow; alar cells
oblong or square; upper cells 4 times longer than wide; perichaetial leaves
erect; pale and faintly veined; with more slender points. Autoicous; pedicel
about 1 cm. high, red at base, paler above; capsule short, only about 1 mm.
long, horizontal and curved; lid conic; peristome double, yellow; teeth paler
at apex, inner segments split along the keel; spores small, smooth, ripe in
spring.

In sink-hole, Eleuthera : — southern United States. AMBLYSTEGIUM.

2. ISOPTERYGIUM Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 21. 1869.

Plants usually rather small. Stems decumbent and irregularly branched;
leaves somewhat flattened, small and crowded, usually symmetric; vein short
and double or none; pedicel erect; capsule erect or horizontal; lid conic or

HYPNACEAE. 497

apiculate; calyptra cucullate; peristome double. [Greek, referring to the sym-
metric leaves.] A genus of 168 species, mostly American, in temperate and
tropical regions. Type species: Isopterygium planissimum Mitt.

1. Isopterygium micans (Sw.) Cardot, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4: 10. 1896.
Hypnum micans Sw. Adnot. Bot. 175. 1829.

Plants growing in dense, glossy, yellowish-green mats. Stems slender,
decumbent; branches simple or divided; leaves crowded, spreading, small, 0.85
mm. long by 0.25 mm. wide, ovate, acuminate, faintly serrate; veins short,
double, obscure; cells 10 to 15 times longer than wide, a few at basal angles
distinctly shorter and broader. Pedicel erect, slender, up to 1 cm. long; cap-
sule horizontal, curved, contracted below the mouth when dry, about 1 mm.
long; lid conic, slightly apiculate; cilia more or less developed; spores small.

On roots of palms and rotten wood in coppices, New Providence, Great Bahama
and Abaco : — United States; Bermuda; Cuba; Jamaica. GLOSSY ISOPTERYGIUM.

3. VESICULARIA C. Muell. Flora 82: 467. 1896.
[HOMALIA Section VESICULAEIA C. Muell. Syn. 2: 233. 1851.]

Plants growing in moist shady places, forming thin mats on the ground.
Stems creeping; branches irregularly pinnate, usually short; leaves not
crowded, shrunken and twisted when dry, usually flattened and of two kinds,
the lateral ones larger and unequal, or falcate, the upper and lower ones more
regular and much narrower, often longer and more acuminate ; veins two, short
or none; margins often bordered, entire or serrate; cells large and hexagonal,
smooth, the alar not enlarged. Autoicous. Pedicels exserted and slender; cap-
sules horizontal or nodding, ovoid and contracted below the mouth when dry;
annulus present; peristome double; lid flat and beaked; calyptra cucullate;
spores small. About ninety species have been described, many with very ob-
scure and minute differences. [Named in reference to the large leaf -cells.]
Type species : Hookeria Meyeniana Hampe.

1. Vesicularia vesicularis (Schwaegr.) Broth. Pflf. 232-233: 1004. 1908.
Hypnum vesiculare Schwaegr. Supp. 22: 167, pi. 199. 1827.

Plants pale or yellowish green. Stems slender and rooting with short ir-
regular branches; stem-leaves with long recurved tips up to 1 mm. long, about
three times longer than broad; branch-leaves of two kinds, the lateral unsym-
metric, shorter and less acuminate, up to 0.85 mm. and only about twice longer
than broad with the cells about twice as long as wide ; the upper and lower ones
longer and narrower, with cells about five times longer than broad; leaves all
ecostate or faintly bicostate, the margins bordered by one row of narrow cells,
either entire or minutely toothed at apex; perichaetial leaves suddenly con-
tracted to a slender recurved, entire or serrulate tip. Autoicous. Pedicel
slender, 1.5-2 cm. long; capsule nodding, 1-1.5 mm., ovoid, with a distinct
neck ; walls of swollen inflated cells ; lid conic-beaked ; annulus large ; peristome
with a red base, teeth yellow, pale and papillose at apex, lamellate on the in-
side; endostome brown, the keeled segments split and papillose; spores small,
ripe in winter.

On branches and roots of trees in coppices and in sink-holes, New Providence,
Eleuthera and Andros : — Florida ; West Indies and South America. VESICULARIA.

498 HYPNACEAE.

4. MITTENOTHAMNIUM Hennings, Hedwigia 41: 225. 1902.

[MICROTHAMNIUM Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 21. 1869.
Not Naegeli, 1849.]

Stems slender, creeping and rooting, usually branched more or less regu-
larly, the branches erect often regularly pinnate; leaves of two kinds, the stem-
leaves differing from the branch-leaves in being smaller, more broadly lanceo-
late and sharply pointed; vein single or double; margins flat, serrate or serru-
late; cells rhombic or linear, smooth or papillose at the ends; alar cells not
enlarged. Monoicous, seldom dioicous. Pedicel erect, exserted; capsule erect
or inclined, ovoid or cylindric; mouth wide, annulus usually present; lid
beaked; calyptra cucullate, smooth or hairy; peristome double, its segments
split along the keel, with 1-3 cilia; spores small. A genus of about 106 species,
growing on rocks and trees, mostly in tropical regions. [Named in honor of
William Mitten, 1819-1906, eminent British bryologist.] Type species:
Hypnum thelistegum C. Muell.

1. Mittenothamnium diminutivum (Hpe.) E. G. Britton, Bryol. 17: 9. 1914.

Hypnum diminutivum Hampe, Linnaea 20': 86. 1847.

Plants growing in flat mats. Stems slender, branching irregularly, the
branches short, seldom more than 5 mm. long; leaves spreading when dry,
minute, up to 0.75 mm. long by 0.33 mm. broad, ovate, acuminate, minutely
serrulate; veins 2, short; alar cells not enlarged; upper cells linear, 8 times
longer than wide, sharply papillose on the back; perichaetial leaves pale, long-
pointed with lax smooth cells. Autoicous. Pedicel up to 15 mm. long, slender
and red;' capsule nodding, usually 1 mm. long; lid blunt; annulus narrow;
peristome double; teeth red at base, finely striate; keeled segments perforate
and papillose, paler at apex ; cilia 2 ; spores minute, ripe in summer.

On stems and rotten or charred wood in coppices, New Providence, Great Ba-
hama and Abaco : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to South America. DIMINUTIVE

MlTTEN'S-MOSS.

5. TAXITHELIUM Spruce, Cat. 14. 1867.

Plants in thin pale mats. Stems flattened, with appressed leaves; simple
or branching, more or less regularly and distantly pinnate, with short branches ;
leaves crowded, concave, with a narrow, somewhat auriculate base; veins short
and double or absent ; margins entire or serrulate ; cells long and narrow, either
with several small papillae or with conspicuous branching projecting ones; alar
cells smooth, shorter and broader, the basal often elliptic. Autoicous or
dioicous. Pedicel smooth, elongate; capsule horizontal, or nodding, slightly
curved; lid blunt; calyptra cucullate; peristome double, the teeth paler at
apex and lamellate on the inner surface; endostome narrow; cilia single.
[Named in reference to the numerous papillae on the leaves.] A genus of 99
species, widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres. Type
species: Hypnum planum Brid.

1. Taxithelium planum (Brid.) Spruce, Cat. 14. 1867.

Hypnum planum Brid. Spec. Muse. 2: 97. 1812.

Plants in yellowish-green thin mats in shade. Stems creeping and rooting,
with short branches, seldom more than 1 cm. long; leaves glossy and flattened,
concave and acuminate, about 0.6 mm. long by 0.4 mm. wide; base narrower

SEMATOPHYLLACEAE. 499

and clasping with smooth enlarged, yellow cells at angles; cells long and nar-
row with numerous small papillae; margins minutely and sharply toothed
nearly to the base; veins short or none. Autoicous; perichaetial leaves -nar-
rower and more acuminate, with smooth lax cells; pedicel up to 15 mm. long,
slender; capsule about 1.5 mm. long, horizontal, strongly contracted below the
mouth when dry; lid blunt; neck distinct; peristome pale yellow, its teeth stri-
ate at base, pale and papillose at apex, deeply lamellate at base within; keeled
segments slender, pointed; cilia 1 or 2, seldom perfect; spores small, smooth,
yellow, ripe in winter.

On the ground in coppice, New Providence : — Florida ; West Indies ; Mexico to
South America. FLAT TAXITHELIUM.

Family 14. SEMATOPHYLLACEAE Brotherus.
SEMATOPHYLLUM FAMILY.

Plants usually forming- dense tufts. Stems creeping; branches erect,
irregular and unequal, sometimes pinnate; leaves small, crowded, often
secund; veins short, double or lacking; cells usually much longer than wide,
smooth or papillose, those of the basal angles often larger, inflated or
square. Pedicel erect; capsule usually horizontal, without an annulus;
calyptra cucullate; lid usually with a long slender beak; peristome double.
Twelve genera and 448 species widely distributed in tropical regions.

1. SEMATOPHYTrLUM Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 8 : 5. 1864.

Stems rarely pinnate with the branches usually short and crowded. Leaves
secund or spreading, faintly bicostate or ecostate, with the cells all smooth, the
alar cells enlarged, often vesicular; margins entire or minutely serrulate;
pedicels long or short; capsule with the lid long-beaked, often equaling the
urn; teeth deeply lamellate inside, sometimes with minute projections on the
outside, either with a zigzag median line or a deep central groove; endostome
with the keeled segments more or less perforate and the cilia one or two, usu-
ally shorter, often papillose. A large genus of 314 species, mostly from trop-
ical America. [Greek, in reference to the pointed leaves.] Type species:
Hypnum substrumulosum Hampe.

Leaves recurved when dry ; perichaetial leaves longer, entire or subserrulate ; peri-

stome-teeth not deeply grooved, with a zigzag median line.

Leaf-cells rhomboid, 3-5 times longer than wide. 1. 8. subpinnatum.

Leaf-cells linear, &-10 times longer than wide. 2. S.admistum.

Leaves spreading when dry ; perichaetial leaves shorter and

serrate ; peristome-teeth deeply grooved on the median line. 3. 8. sericifoliwm.

1. Sematophyllum subpinnatum (Brid.) E. G. Britton, Bryol. 21: '28. 1918.
Leskea subpinnata Brid. Sp. Muse. 2: 54. 1812.

Plants growing in bright or yellowish green cushions, usually on wood.
Stems creeping and rooting, irregularly pinnate, with ascending, more or less
circinate, simple branches; leaves crowded, recurved or secund when dry,
spreading when moist, with recurved tips and revolute margins, seldom reach-
ing 1 mm. in length by 0.4 mm. wide, concave, with flat or revolute, entire mar-
gins; apex acute or short-acuminate; veins short and double, obscure or none;
basal angles with 3-4 rows of square cells and a few larger inflated alar cells;
upper cells rhomboid, about 3—5 times longer than wide; perichaetial leaves

500 SEMATOPHYLLACEAE.

longer, up to 1.32 mm., erect and clasping, more acuminate, entire or finely
subserrulate, ecostate with larger basal cells. Autoicous. Pedicel short, only
5 mm.; .capsule 1-1.5 mm., erect or slightly inclined; neck distinct; lid with a
long beak equalling the urn; peristome short and teeth yellow, with deep basal
lamellae on the inside, dark basal segments, paler and papillose points; median
line not deeply grooved; endostome with narrow pale papillose keeled segments,
which are not perforate, and the cilia often absent; spores smooth, ripe in
winter. ..< .^

On rotten wood and twigs in coppice, New Providence : — Florida ; Mississippi ;
Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico to Trinidad ; Mexico to Brazil. S-UBPINNATE
SEMATOPHYLLUM.

2. Sematophyllum admistum (Sull.) Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 485. 1869.

Hypnum admistum Sull. Proc. Am. Acad. 5: 289. 1861.

Plants small, yellowish-green, glossy. Stems short, creeping; branches
erect; leaves crowded, recurved at apex of stems and all more or less secund
when dry, spreading when moist, up to 1 mm. long by 0.3 mm. wide, concave
and acuminate with flat or slightly revolute, entire or sub-serrulate margins;
veins 2, short or none ; cells eight times longer than wide, those of the basal
angles square with 2-3 alar cells enlarged and hyaline; perichaetial leaves
longer, up to 1.33 mm., more acuminate, entire, or subserrulate at apex. Autoi-
cous; pedicel bent at base, up to 7 mm. long; capsule 1-1.5 mm. long, hori-
zontal or curved, ovoid and contracted below the mouth when dry; calyptra
cucullate; lid pale, long-beaked; peristome double, its teeth with short projec-
tions on the outer surface and deep ones on the inner, paler and papillose at
apex; median line zigzag, not deeply grooved; endostome pale, with 1-2 cilia;
spores smooth, ripe in summer.

Common, in dense cushions on rotten wood in coppices, also on palmetto, New
Providence, Abaco, Andros, Great Bahama and Watling's Island : — Florida ; Cuba ;
Jamaica; Porto Rico; Virgin Islands to Brazil. SHINING SEMATOPHYLLUM.

3. SematophyUum sericifolium Mitt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 12: 483. 1869.

Plants in thin glossy patches on rotten wood. Stems short and slender;
branches erect; leaves crowded, not secund, spreading when moist, up to 1 mm.
long and only 0.2 mm. wide at base, sharply pointed and mucronate, with in-
rolled entire margins, and large curved inflated alar cells; ecostate; the cells
linear, about 10 times longer than wide; perichaetial leaves shorter, up to 0.85
mm. long, clearly serrate and sometimes suddenly subulate and coarsely toothed
at the shoulder. Autoicous; pedicel short, only 5-8 mm. long, slender, curved;
capsule erect or slightly inclined, ovoid ; lid with a long slender beak ; calyptra
covering only the beak; walls of collenchyma cells; mouth bordered by red
cells; peristome double, the teeth with a deep outer median groove, yellow and
striate, paler and papillose at apex, within with deep lamellae extending almost
to the apex; endostome papillose with 2 slender cilia; spores rough, small, ripe
in spring.

A few plants were collected at NichoU's Town, Andros, by J. I. and A. R. Nor-
throp in 1890 : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Hispaniola ; Porto Rico ; Virgin Islands to Grenada.
GLOSSY SEMATOPHYLLUM.

Class 2. HEPATICAE.

LIVERWORTS.

'CONTRIBUTED BY PROFESSOR ALEXANDER W. EVANS.

Terrestrial, epiphytic, or rarely aquatic plants, showing a dis-
tinct alternation of generations, the gametophyte existing as an in-

HEPATICAE. 501

dependent individual, the very different sporophyte partially or
wholly parasitic on the gametophyte. Gametophyte dorsiventral,
consisting of a thallus or more or less differentiated into stem and
leaves, attached to the substratum 'by means of rhizoids (true roots
none), growing by means of an apical cell. Sexual organs borne on
the upper surface of the gametophyte or terminal on more or less
differentiated branches. Fertilized egg developing directly into the
sporophyte, the wall of the venter of the archegonium usually de-
veloping into a protective cover, or calyptra, which is not ruptured
until the sporophyte is nearly mature. Sporophyte consisting of a
capsule only or differentiated into a capsule (sporenbearing organ),
a stalk or a growing region, and a foot (absorbing organ). Capsule
consisting of a wall of sterile cells and a spore-sac, the latter some-
times with a median sterile portion (columella), dehiscing irregu-
larly or by means of a lid or of longitudinal splits ; spore-sac con-
taining spores only or spores and elaters, the latter consisting of
sterile cells, often elongated and usually developing spiral bands of
thickening on their walls.

Gametophyte a thallus or leafy shoot. Chloroplasts minute, many In each cell.
Capsule short, spherical to oval, without a columella, borne on a translucent
stalk.

Gametophyte a thick and fleshy thallus, usually pale and differentiated into dis-
tinct tissues, rarely deep green and succulent ; green tissue usually with air-
spaces. Capsule splitting irregularly or by

means of a lid. Order 1. MARCHAXTIALES.

Gametophyte a delicate thallus or a leafy shoot ;
tissue differentiation slight ; air-spaces not pres-
ent. Capsule splitting into four longitudinal

valves. Order 2. JUNGERMANNIALES.

Gametophyte a thick and fleshy thallus, dark green
and succulent, tissue differentiation slight. Chloro-
plasts large, usually borne singly. Capsule long,
cylindrical, with a basal growing region, splitting
into two longitudinal valves. Order 3. ANTHOCEROTALES.

Order 1. MAEiCHANTIALES.

Gametophyte a prostrate, strap-shaped, dorsiventral thallus, growing
apically, branching dichotomously or from the ventral surface of the
median portion, and showing a distinct differentiation into tissues, the green
tissue usually with air-spaces. Ventral scales more or less distinct. Rhi-
zoids of two kinds, the one with smooth walls, the other with interior peg-
like papillae. Antheridia in deep depressions on the upper surface of the
thallus, sometimes scattered, sometimes grouped together in more or less
definite, sessile or stalked receptacles. Archegonia similar in position but,
when borne on stalked receptacles (carpocephala), becoming displaced to
the lower surface through intercalary growth. Sporophyte a capsule only
or differentiated into capsule, stalk, and foot; elaters (or other sterile
cells) usually present in the capsule.

Sporophyte consisting of a capsule only. Fam. 1. RICCIACEAE.

Sporophyte differentiated into capsule, stalk and foot. Fam. 2. MARCHANTIACEAE.

502 E1CCIACEAE.

Family 1. RICCIACEAE Dumort.*
RICCIA FAMILY.

Gametophyte terrieolous or aquatic, annual or perennial, once to sev-
eral times dichotomous, often forming rosettes, half -rosettes, or flabellif orm
expansions. Stomata wanting or rudimentary in Riccia, well developed
in Oxymitra, moderately well developed in Eicciocarpus. Ventral scales
usually obvious. Antheridia and archegonia arising singly from the dorsal
surface just back of the growing apex, soon becoming deeply immersed in
the thallus.

Sporophyte a capsule, without foot or seta, enclosed by the calyptra, in
which the spores come to lie at maturity through the disappearance of the
capsule wall. Inner cells all producing spores or (Oxymitra) an incon-
spicuous few of them remaining sterile ; spores separating at or before ma-
turity, the separate spores large, subspheric or more commonly more or
less tetrahedral, with a rounded outer face and plane inner faces, the sur-
faces marked with free or most frequently mesh-forming ridges, or simply
with spines, the angles of the areolae often with papilliform elevations, the
inner (plane) faces usually less strongly marked than the outer.

1. RICCIA [Micheli] L. Sp. PL 1138. 1753.
[EICCIELLA A. Br. Flora 4: 756. 1821.]

Gametophyte terrieolous or rarely aquatic, usually several times dicho-
tomously branched. Assimilatory layer consisting of vertical or subvertical
columns of cells bounding very narrow air-canals, or consisting of larger poly-
hedral or subclavate chambers bounded by unistratose lamellae. Stomata
represented by very inconspicuous pores bounded by unmodified or only very
slightly modified epidermal cells. Latero-ventral scales hyaline-albescent,
brownish, violet, or dark purple, rarely surpassing the margins of the thallus,
sometimes apparently wanting. Antheridia and archegonia scattered, the an-
theridia irregularly intermingled with the archegonia in the monoecious species,
with occasional tendencies to segregation, both destitute of a special involucre.
Sporophyte-wall unistratose throughout, soon disintegrated. Spores separating
at or before maturity. Accessory sterile cells wanting. [Commemorates P. F.
Eicci, a Florentine senator and patron of science.] A genus of 130 or more
species, of temperate and tropical distribution. Type species: Riccia crystal-
Una L.

Thallus margins and sides green or occasionally tinged with red-purple ; dorsal sur-
face vesicular-areolate, becoming spongiose or lacunose-alveolate ; spores distinctly
angled and wing-margined. 1. R. crystallina.

Thallus margins and sides dark violet or blackish ; dorsal sur-
face rather obscurely and finely reticulate, remaining firm and
intact ; spores obscurely angled, destitute of wing margins. 2. R. violacea.

1. Riccia crystallina L. Sp. PI. 1138. 1753.

Thalli small to moderately large, 2-6 times dichotomous, forming rosettes
5-20 mm. (rarely 30 mm.) in diameter, or soon irregularly gregarious, usually
a light crystalline green, occasionally dark green or now and then tinged with

* Contributed by Dr. MARSHALL A. HOWE.

MAKCHANTIACEAE. 503

red-purple or brownish, red, concolorous below, the dorsal surface vesicular-
areolate, soon becoming spongiose or lacunose-alveolate ; main segments 1-2.5
mm. wide; margins obtuse or subacute, naked; scales wanting or rudimentary;
transverse sections mostly 2—4 times as broad as high; dorsal epidermis soon
indeterminate, the cells of the primary stratum subspheric, ellipsoidal or papilli-
form, irregularly collapsing or subpersistent, they or their successors finally
40-1 10 n in maximum diameter; air-chambers elongate-polyhedral, separated
by unistratose lamellae; monoecious (rarely dioecious?); antheridial ostioles
elevated 75-250 A*; spores at first yellowish brown, soon darkening and often
nearly opaque, 60-110 /* in maximum diameter, distinctly angular, with a mar-
gin mostly 3-10^ wide, the outer face marked with somewhat imperfectly
formed areolae usually 10-30/u wide or those in the middle sometimes larger
(30— 45/i) and enclosing a free-ending spur or an isolated tubercle, the inner
faces with tubercles, short, free irregular ridges, or sometimes with imperfect
areolae, the older spores commonly tuberculate-papillate in profile.

On wet grounds and in sink-holes, Great Bahama and Exuma Chain : — Vermont
to Alberta, Lower California and Trinidad ; Europe. CRYSTALLINE RICCIA.

2. Biccia violacea M. A. Howe, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 2: 51. 1915.

Thallus small, 1.5-4 mm. long, simple or 1-3 times dichotomous, irregularly
gregarious, rather obscurely and- finely reticulate and dark green above, dark
violet or blackish at margins and on sides; main segments 0.6-1.15 mm. wide;
margins obtuse or rounded, commonly erect-connivent or inflexed on drying,
bearing especially toward the apex and often low on the sides numerous or
occasional violet or sometimes hyaline conic or subcylindric acute or obtuse
papillae 20-110/x, long and 25— 45/x broad at base; scales very short or rudi-
mentary, dark violet, rarely overlapping, commonly divided into a series of
small irregular often tooth-like laciniae, each consisting of only a few cells;
transverse sections 1.5—2 times as broad as high; dioecious (?); antheridial
ostioles elevated 20-150 p, often violet; spores soon fuscous and very opaque,
80-105/i in maximum diameter, obscurely angled or flattened-sphaeroid, desti-
tute of wing margins, finely, irregularly, indistinctly, and almost uniformly
areolate over whole surface, the areolae 7-11 n wide, soon very obscure and the
spores appearing minutely and densely verruculose.

On moist ground, Eleuthera : — Mona Island ; Porto Rico ; Cuba ; and northern
Mexico. VIOLET RICCIA.

Family 2. MARCHANTIACEAE Corda.
MARCHANTIA FAMILY.

Thallus (except in Dumortiera) with a distinct dorsal layer of air-
chambers, communicating- with the outside air by means of epidermal pores.
Ventral scales in two (or more) longitudinal rows. Antheridia and arche-
gonia borne on more or less definite receptacles; antheridial receptacles
discoid, sessile or stalked; carpocephala discoid, invariably stalked, the
stalk sometimes with one or two rhizoid-furrows. Sporophyte differen-
tiated into a capsule, stalk and foot, the capsule forced through the calyptra
at maturity by the elongating stalk and dehiscing irregularly or by means
of a more or less distinct lid; elaters present in the capsule. Gemmae
discoid, present in two genera. About 25 genera and 200 species, widely
distributed, especially in warm regions.

1. MARCHANTIA [Marchant f.] L. Sp. PI. 1137. 1753.

Thallus branching dichotomously. Air-chambers with distinct boundaries,
forming a single layer; green cells in short, simple or branched filaments rising

504 JUNGEEMANNIACEAE.

from the floors of the chambers, the filaments mostly three or four cells long;
epidermal pores bounded by several superimposed layers, each usually composed
of four cells. Ventral scales variable, some divided into a basal portion and an
appendage. Inflorescence dioecious. Antheridial receptacle terminal on a
thallus-branch, flat or slightly convex, more or less lobed, borne on a somewhat
elongated stalk with two rhizoid-furrows. Carpocephalum arising from the ex-
tremity of a thallus-branch, composed of a flat or convex central portion from
which four to ten rays spread out, often unsymmetrically, the rays terete or
flat; stalk with two or four rhizoid-furrows; archegonia (and sporophytes)
in radiating groups between the lobes, each group enclosed by a membranous
involucre consisting of two folds with fringed margins; pseudoperianth (around
each sporophyte) tubular, membranous, with an open, irregularly cleft mouth.
Capsule without a lid, splitting into from four to eight irregular teeth; cells
of wall with ring-like thickenings. Gemmae discoid, several cells thick in the
middle and with the growing points, borne in circular, cup-like conceptacles. [In
honor of Nicholas Marchant, director, of the ducal garden at Blois, died 1678.]
About fifty species, mostly tropical. Type species: Marchantia polymorpha L.

1. Marchantia domingensis Lehm. & Lindenb. Pug. 6: 22. 1834.

Thallus pale to dark green, mostly 2-3 cm. long and 4-6 mm. wide, flat or
slightly furrowed, sinuate along the margin. Ventral scales more or less pig-
mented, in two longitudinal rows on each side of the middle, those of the inner
row with broadly lanceolate to ovate, toothed appendages; antheridial recep-
tacle deeply lobed, the lobes mostly four to six, palmately spreading; carpo-
cephalum deeply rayed, the rays mostly seven, not cylindrical ; spores spherical
about 28 n in diameter, with low irregular ridges; elaters bispiral; gemmae-
conceptacles closely short-ciliate.

Along a drain, Fort Charlotte, New Providence : — southern United States ; West
Indies : Mexico ; Central America and Venezuela. Previously listed from the Ba-
hamas as M. chenopoda L, SANTO DOMINGO MARCHANTIA.

Order 2. JUNGERMANNIALES.

Gametophyte a prostrate, strap-shaped, dorsiventral thallus or more or
less clearly differentiated into stem and leaves, showing slight tissue differ-
entiation, destitute of air-spaces. Rhizoids all with smooth walls. An-
theridia in deep depressions or superficial and usually protected by scales
or leaves, sometimes scattered, sometimes grouped together in more or less
definite receptacles or androecia. Archegonia superficial but usually more
or less protected by scales or leaves. Sporophyte differentiated into cap-
sule, stalk, and foot, the capsule splitting irregularly at maturity or more
commonly into four equal valves; elaters always present.

Family 1. JUNGEEMANNIACEAE Dumort.

JUNGERMANNIA FAMILY.

Plant body usually prostrate or ascending, dorsiventral, differentiated
into stem and leaves; branches lateral or ventral; leaves normally in three

JUNGEEMANNIACEAE.

505

longitudinal ranks, two dorsal or lateral and one ventral, those of the
ventral rank (the underleaves) smaller than the others and sometimes
absent altogether. Antheridia borne singly or in some groups in the axils
of more or less specialized leaves, the perigonial bracts. Archegonia borne
singly or in groups at the tips of branches, surrounded by specialized
leaves, the perichaetial bracts and bracteoles. Perianth present in many
genera, consisting of a cylindrical or prismatic tube open at the apex. Cap-
sule spherical to cylindrical. About 150 genera and some 4,000 species,
widely distributed, most abundant in tropical regions.

A. Leaves undivided but often toothed.

B. Leaves bilobed and complicate, the ventral lobe, or lobule,

smaller than the dorsal and usually specialized as an
inflated water-sac.

1. Underleaves none.

Plants large, perianth with a broad truncate mouth.
Plants minute, perianth abruptly contracted to a
small tubular mouth.

2. Underleaves present, one for every lateral leaf.

3. Underleaves present, one for every two lateral leaves.

a. Lobule inflated but not helmet-shaped, attached to

the dorsal lobe by a long keel.
* Underleaves bifid.

t Plants pale green to yellowish green.

Divisions of underleaves not subulate.
Perianth inflated, more or less distinctly

five-keeled.

Lobule with a hyaline papilla at the
proximal base of the apical
tooth.
Plants large ; well-developed leaves

0.6 mm. or more in length.
Plants medium-sized ; well-devel-
oped leaves mostly 0.3—0.5 mm.
in length.
Plants small ; well-developed leaves

0.3 or less in length.
Lobule with a hyaline papilla at the

distal base of the apical tooth.

Perianth compressed, at least when young-

Lobule with a hyaline papilla at the

proximal base of the apical tooth.

Lobule with a hyaline papilla at the

distal base of the apical tooth.
Divisions of underleaves subulate and spread-
ing.

ft Plants more or less pigmented with brown.
** Underleaves undivided.

Plants pale green to yellowish green.
Subfloral innovations none.
Subfloral innovations present.
Plants more or less pigmented with brown.
Subfloral innovations none.
Subfloral innovations present.
Leaves densely squarrose.

Perianth with five to ten keels.
Perianth with three keels.
Leaves not squarrose ; perianth with five

keels.

6. Lobule usually inflated and helmet-shaped, usually
attached to the lobe by a very short keel.

1. Plagiochila.

2. Radula.

4. Leptocolea.

3. Diplasiolejeunea.

10. Taxilejeunea.

5. Lejeunea.

6. Microlejeunea.
9. Euosmolejeunea.

7. Rectolejeunea.

8. Cheilolejeunea,

12. Leptolejeunea.

11. Ceratolejeunea.

15. Caudalejeunea.
18. Leucolejeunea.

14. Lopholejeunea.

13. Brachiolejeunea.

16. Mastigolejeunea.

17. Archilejeunea.
19. Frullania.

1. PLAGIOCHILA Dumort. Recueil d'Obs. 14. 1835.

Stems ascending from a prostrate rhizome, simple or with lateral branches.
Leaves succubous, undivided, decurrent dorsally and ventrally, the margin
varying from entire to ciliate or spinose. Underleaves usually minute and short-
lived. Inflorescence dioecious. Antheridia from one to ten in the axils of

33

506 JUNGEEMANN1ACEAE.

bracts saccate at the base, the bracts imbricated and usually arranged in elon-
gated androecia, often proliferating at the apex. Perichaetial bracts similar
to the leaves but often broader and more toothed. Perianth laterally com-
pressed, the mouth broad, truncate, and variously dentate to ciliate. [Greek,
oblique lip.] Some 800 species or more, mostly tropical. Type species: P.
asplenioides (L.) Dumort.

1. Plagiochila ludoviciana Sulliv. Muse. Alleg. 223. 1845.

Loosely tufted, yellowish to brownish green. Stems sparingly and irregu-
larly branched. Leaves obliquely spreading, imbricated, about 2.5 mm. long
and 1.2 mm. wide, ovate, long-decurrent dorsally and reflexed at the ventral
base, irregularly toothed in the apical region and along the ventral margin;
underleaves minute or larger and narrowly lanceolate.

On bark, Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence : — Louisiana to Florida ; Cuba ;
Virgin Islands. LOUISIANA PLAGIOCHILA.

2. RADTJLA Dumort. Comm. Bot. 112. 1822.

Stems prostrate or growing from a prostrate rhizome, with numerous lat-
eral branches arising just behind normal leaves; rhizoids always borne on the
ventral lobes of the leaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger
than the ventral, incubous, usually entire and often rounded at the apex; ven-
tral lobes attached to the dorsal by a more or less elongated keel, the free
margin usually appressed to the dorsal lobe. Underleaves none. Antheridia
borne singly or in groups of two or three in the axils of saccate bracts, the
latter forming more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne on more or
less elongated branches, sometimes with subfloral innovations; bracts similar
to the leaves. Perianth usually dorsiventrally compressed, rarely subterete or
plicate, truncate and bilabiate but otherwise entire at the broad mouth. Gem-
mae, when present, discoid, multicellular. [Latin, a scraper or spatula.] About
400 species, largely tropical. Type species: E. complanata (L.) Dumort.

1. Badula australis Aust. Bot, Bull. (Bot. Gaz.) 1: 32. 1875.

Plants dark green, loosely tufted to scattered. Stems irregularly pinnate.
Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe spreading at about a right angle, obovate-
oblong, about 1 mm. long and 0.6 mm. wide; lobule rhomboid, rounded at the
apex, the upper margin parallel with the keel; inflorescence dioecious; androe-
cium mostly median, the bracts in about six pairs; perianth elongated.

On bark, Andros and New Providence : — Georgia andl Florida. SOUTHERN RADULA.

3. DIPLASIOLEJEtJNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 121. 1894.

Stems prostrate, copiously branched, the branching as in Eadula. Leaves
loosely imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe ovate to orbicular, at-
tached by a very short base, convex and widely spreading, entire; lobule in-
flated, attached to the dorsal lobe by a long arched keel, usually with two dis-
tinct teeth in the apical region; leaf-cells with more or less thickened walls,
scattered ocelli usually present. Underleaves doubled, one for every lateral
leaf, deeply bifid with divaricate lobes. Antheridia borne in pairs in the axils

JUNGEKMANNJACEAE. 507

of saccate bracts, the latter usually in short androecia. Female inflorescence
borne on a branch variable in length, with a single subfloral innovation. Peri-
anth sharply five-keeled, abruptly narrowed into a short beak. Gemmae dis-
coid, borne on the surface of the leaves. [Greek, doubled Lejeunea.] About
20 species, tropical. Type species: D. pellucida (Meissn.) Schiffn.

1. Diplasiolejeunea Rudolphiana Steph. Hedwigia 35: 79. 1896.

Plants yellowish green, in compact depressed tufts. Leaves imbricated,
the dorsal lobe widely spreading, somewhat convex, broadly ovate, about 1.3
mm. long, entire or nearly so; lobule about 0.7 mm. long, more or less inflated,
the apical tooth long and slender, usually subparallel with the axis; leaf-cells
with small trigones; underleaves distant to subimbricated, broadly cuneate,
bifid about one half with obliquely spreading, blunt divisions and a rounded
sinus; inflorescence autoecious; female inflorescence borne on a branch variable
in length, the innovation usually simple and sterile; bracts bifid to the middle
or beyond, the dorsal lobe rounded at the apex, the ventral obtuse to - acute;
bracteole ovate, shortly bifid, with acute to obtuse divisions; perianth obovate
in outline, rounded at the apex; gemmiparous leaves usually two, borne ter-
minally on branches with limited growth.

On bark, New Providence: — Florida; West Indies; Dutch Guiana; Brazil. RU-
DOLPH'S DIPLASIOLEJEUNEA.

4. LEPTOCOLEA [Spruce] Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 261. 1911.

Stems prostrate, minute and delicate, irregularly branched, the branches
as in Radula. Leaves more or less imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal
lobes larger than the ventral, broadly to narrowly ovate, attached by a very
short base, widely spreading, usually rounded at the apex; lobule inflated, at-
tached to the dorsal lobe by a long arched keel, usually with two teeth in the
apical region; leaf -cells often with trigones and surface-tubercles, ocelli and
hyaline marginal cells sometimes present. Underleaves none. Antheridia borne
singly or in pairs in the axils of the male bracts, the latter usually saccate and
forming more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia borne singly on more or
less elongated branches, with one or two subfloral innovations, the bracts usu-
ally with plane lobules. Perianth compressed, with sharp lateral keels and
sometimes with a more or less distinct two-angled ventral keel, beak short.
Gemmae discoid, borne on the surface of the leaves. [Greek, delicate sheath.]
About 30 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. micrandroecia (Spruce)
Evans.

1. Leptocolea Jooriana (Aust.) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 270. 1911.

Lejeunea Jooriana Aust. Bull. Torr. Club 6: 20. 1875.
Cololejeunea Jooriana Evans, Mem. Torr. Club 8 : 173. 1902.

Yellowish green or whitish, loosely tufted or scattered. Leaves imbri-
cated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, plane, ovate, about 0.5 mm. long, grad-
ually narrowed to the apex, usually from one to ten hyaline cells with free ex-
tremities; lobule about half as long as the lobe, with two teeth in the apical
region; leaf -cells with slightly thickened walls and indistinct trigones; inflores-
cence paroecious or synoecious; perianth ovate to obovate in outline, truncate
to very slightly retuse at the apex with a very short beak.

On bark, New Providence and Crooked Island : — North Carolina to Florida and
Louisiana ; Porto Rico. JOOR'S LEPTOCOLEA.

508 § JUNGEKMANNIACEAE.

5. LEJEUNEA Libert, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. (Brux.) 6: 372. 1820.

Stems prostrate, small, irregularly branched, the branches as in Radula;
rhizoids springing from the bases of the underleaves. Leaves complicate-
bilobed, the dorsal lobes larger than the ventral, incubous, attached by a long
line, ovate to obovate, rounded to obtuse at the apex, entire or slightly crenulate ;
lobule when well developed inflated, acute, bearing a hyaline papilla at the base
of the apical tooth on the side next to the stem; leaf -cells thin-walled but
sometimes with small trigones. Underleaves ovate to orbicular, bifid, the divi-
sion mostly entire or crenulate. Antheridia borne or in pairs in the axils of
saccate bracts, the latter in more or less elongated androecia. Archegonia
borne singly on branches variable in length with one or two subfloral innova-
tions, the bracts with plane lobules, bractole bifid. Perianth inflated, five-
keeled, abruptly narrowed to a distinct tubular beak. [Commemorates A. L. S.
Lejeune, Belgian botanist.] Nearly 200 species, mostly tropical. Type species:
L. cavifolia (Ehrh.) Lindb.

Lobule about 0.2 mm. long ; keels of perianth smooth or nearly so. 1. L. flava.
Lobule about 0.1 mm. long ; keels of perianth distinctly crenulate. 2. L. glaucescens.

1. Lejeunea flava (Sw.) Nees, Naturges. Eur. Leberm. 3: 277. 1838.

Jugermannia flava Sw. Prodr. 144. 1788.

Plants pale to yellowish green, scattered or growing in depressed mats.
Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, ovate, about 0.5 mm. long,
rounded to obtuse at the apex ; lobule inflated, ovate, more or less involute, apex
tipped with a single blunt cell; leaf-cells thin-walled but usually with distinct
trigones, averaging about 23 /* in the middle of the lobe; underleaves usually
subimbricated, orbicular, plane, bifid about one half with the segments usually
sharp-pointed and the sinus narrow; inflorescence autoecious; female inflores-
cence borne on a more or less elongated branch with one or two subfloral inno-
vations; bracts a little larger than the leaves; bracteole free, ovate; perianth
obovoid, the keels rounded in the upper part, smooth.

On bark, Waterloo and Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence : — North Carolina
to Florida and Texas ; Ireland ; Australia ; widely distributed in tropical regions
throughout the world. YELLOW LEJEUNEA.

2. Lejeunea glaucescens Gottsche, in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 378. 1845.

Plants pale to bright green, scattered or growing in thin, depressed mats.
Leaves subimbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, ovate, about 0.7 mm.
long, -usually broad and rounded at the apex ; lobule inflated, triangular-ovoid,
involute, apex tipped with a single blunt cell; leaf-cells thin-walled and usually
without trigones, averaging about 33 X 25 ^ in the middle of the lobe; under-
leaves distant, orbicular, plane, bifid about one third with rounded or obtuse
lobes and a narrow sinus; inflorescence autoecious; female inflorescence borne
on a more or less elongated branch with a single subfloral innovation; bracts
shorter than the leaves, the lobule pointed; bracteole slightly connate, ovate to
obovate ; perianth obovoid, the keels rounded above, minutely crenulate.

On bark, Great Bahama and Cat Island : — Florida ; tropical America ; range not
definitely known. The Bahamian specimens are not very well developed but seem to
be referable to this species. GRAYISH LEJEUNEA.

JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 509

6. MICROLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Jack & Steph. Bot. Centrb.
60: 107. 1894.

A somewhat artificial genus differing from Lejeunea in its smaller size and
relatively larger lobules, the latter often equaling the dorsal lobes in length.
Structure of the lobes, lobules, underleaves and floral organs very similar in
the two genera. [Greek, minute Lejeunea.] About 70 species, mostly tropical.

Lobule about half as long as the dorsal lobe ; leaf-cells averag-
ing about 20 /A. 1. M . laetevirens.

Lobule nearly as long as the dorsal lobe; leaf-cells averaging

about 12 /*. 2. M. bullata.

1. Microlejeunea laetevirens (Nees & Mont.) Evans, Bryol. 11: 68. 1908.

Lejeunea laetevirens Nees & Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 9 : 281. 1845.

Plants pale green, scattered or growing in depressed mats. Leaves distant
to snbimbricated, the dorsal lobe obliquely spreading, ovate, about 0.25 mm.
long, rounded to obtuse at the apex; lobule inflated, about half as long as the
lobe, ovate, involute, apex tipped with a single, almost straight, blunt cell;
leaf cells averaging about 20/i in the middle of the lobe, thin-walled through-
out or with minute trigoues; underleaves distant, ovate, bifid about one half
with acute or acuminate divisions and a narrow sinus, often unidentate on one
or both sides; inflorescence dioecious; female inflorescence borne on a short
branch, with one or two subfloral innovations; bracts a little larger than the
leaves, the lobule rounded to acuminate; bracteole free, ovate; perianth pyri-
form, the keels smooth.

On bark, Abaco, Berry Islands, Andros, New Providence, and Cat Island : — Vir-
ginia ; Florida to Louisiana ; widely distributed in tropical America. YELLOWISH
GREEN MICROLEJEUNEA.

2. Microlejeunea bullata (Tayl.) Evans, Mem. Torr. Club 8: 164. 1902.

Lejeunea lullata Tayl. Lond. Journ. Bot. 5: 398. 1846.

Plants pale or bright green, scattered or forming loose depressed mats.
Leaves distant, the dorsal lobe erect or slightly spreading, ovate, about 0.15
long, rounded at the apex, entire or nearly so; lobule strongly inflated, almost
as long as the lobe, ovate, usually involute, the apex tipped with a single,
almost straight, blunt cell; leaf cells averaging about 12/4, usually thin-walled
throughout; underleaves distant, ovate to orbicular, bifid more than one half
with suberect, subulate lobes and a broad sinus, margin entire; inflorescence
dioecious; female inflorescence borne on an elongated branch with a single sub-
floral innovation; bracts about twice as long as the leaves, the lobe rounded to
acute, the lobule narrower, usually acute; bractole slightly connate, oblong,
bifid less than one half with sharp divisions; perianth pyriform, the keels
smooth.

On bark, New Providence and Crooked Island : — southern United States ; trop-
ical America. INFLATED MICROLEJEUNEA.

7. RECTOLEJEUNEA Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 8. 1906.

Differs primarily from Lejeunea in its flattened perianth with sharp lat-
eral keels. Dorsal lobes, lobules and underleaves similar, but the lobes com-
monly broader; ocelli sometimes present among the leaf -cells; vegetative repro-
duction by means of specialized caducous leaves. [Greek, fragile Lejeunea.]
About 40 species, largely of tropical America. . Type species: E. flagelliformis
Evans.

510

JUNGEKMANNIACEAE.

Leaves with basal ocelli ; caducous leaves borne on short spread-
ing branches with crowded persistent underleaves and limited

Leaves without basal ocelli ; caducous leaves borne on ordinary

branches.
Dioecious ; bracteoles present along the whole length of the

androecia. 2. R. Brittoniae.

Autoecious ; bracteoles restricted to the base of the androecia. 3. R. phyllobola.

1. Rectolejeimea Berteroana (Gottsche) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 12. 1906.

Lejeunea Berteroana Gottsche; Steph. Hedwigia 27: 282. 1888.

Pale green, scattered or in depressed tufts. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal
lobe widely spreading, plane or nearly so, obliquely ovate, about 0.5 mm. long,
rounded at the apex; lobule inflated, ovoid-cylindrical, involute, apex tipped
with uniformly thickened walls, averaging about 10 /A; basal ocelli much larger,
usually occurring in groups of two to six; underleaves normally contiguous,
orbicular, plane, bifid about half way with acute lobes and sinus; inflorescence
dioecious; female inflorescence borne on a short branch with a single subfloral
innovation; bracts with plane lobules, otherwise much like the leaves; perianth
unknown; caducous leaves borne on short spreading branches with crowded
persistent underleaves and limited growth.

On bark, Soldier's Road and Grantstown, New Providence : — Florida ; West In-
dies. BERTERO'S RECTOLEJE.UXEA.

2. Rectolejeunea Brittoniae Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 209. 1911.

Yellowish green, growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal
lobe widely spreading, plane or nearly so, broadly ovate to orbicular, about 0.5
mm. long, rounded at the apex, margin vaguely crenulate; lobule inflated,
triangular-ovoid, involute, apex tipped with a straight, slightly projecting cell;
leaf cells with indistinct trigones, averaging about 25 /j, in the middle of the
lobe; underleaves scarcely overlapping, orbicular, bifid about one half with
sharp or blunt lobes; inflorescence dioecious; male inflorescence variable in
length, the bracteoles present throughout and similar to the underleaves ; female
inflorescence usually on an elongated branch, with one or two subfloral inno-
vations; bracts and bracteoles a little larger than the leaves; perianth oblong
to obovate; caducous leaves borne on prastrate branches.

On bark, Great Bahama and New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Hispaniola.
MRS. BRITTON'S RECTOLEJEUNEA.

3. Rectolejeunea phyllobola (Nees & Mont.) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 15.

Lejeunea phyllobola Nees & Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cub, 9: 281. 1845.

Pale green, growing in depressed mats. Leaves loosely imbricated, the
dorsal lobe widely spreading, ovate-orbicular, about 0.5 mm. long, rounded at
the apex, entire or nearly so; lobule inflated, ovate, involute, apex usually
tipped with a single rounded cell; leaf cells thin-walled but with distinct tri-
gones, averaging about 20/i; underleaves distant, broadly ovate to orbicular,
bifid to about the middle with narrow and usually sharp divisions; inflorescence
autoecious; male inflorescence with the bracteoles restricted to the basal por-
tion; female inflorescence usually borne on a short branch with a single sub-
floral innovation; bracts, bracteoles and perianths much as in the preceding
species; caducous leaves borne on prostrate branches.

On bark, Great Bahama, New Providence, Cat and Watling's Islands : — Florida ;
Bermuda ; West Indies. LEAF-SHEDDING RECTOLEJEUNEA.

8. CHKELOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 124. 1894.

Stems prostrate, small or medium-sized, irregularly branched, the branches
as in Badula; rhizoids springing from the bases of the underleaves. Leaves

JUNGEKMANNIACEAE. 511

complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes plane or slightly convex, widely spreading,
ovate to orbicular, rounded at the apex, entire; lobule strongly inflated and
more or less contracted in the outer part, with a single apical tooth bearing
a hyaline papilla at its distal base; leaf -cells usually with distinct trigones.
Underleaves suborbicular, bifid, the divisions mostly acute and the margins
entire. Antheridia usually borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the
latter usually in short androecia. Archegonia borne singly on branches
variable in length, with or without subfloral innovations, the bracts with plane
and usually acute lobules; bracteoles bifid. Perianth compressed with sharp
lateral keels, often becoming two-lipped with age. Vegetative reproduction
by means of caducous leaves. [Greek, lipped-Lejeunea.] About 60 species,
mostly tropical. Type species: C. aneogyna (-Spruce) Evans.

1. Cheilolejeunea decidua (Spruce) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 33: 6. 1906.

Lejeunea decidua Spruce, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 15 : 257. 1884.

Pale or brownish green, growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated,
the dorsal lobe ovate, about 0.7 mm. long; lobule triangular ovate in outline,
apex tipped with a long, pointed, slightly curved cell; leaf -cells usually with
trigones but sometimes thin-walled throughout, averaging about 20 M; under-
leaves distant, plane, orbicular, bifid to the middle or less with triangular,
erect, sharp divisions and a broad sinus. Inflorescence dioecious. Female in-
florescence borne on a short branch, with or without a subfloral innovation;
perianth broadly obovate; caducous leaves borne on prostrate branches.

On logs, near Nicholl's Town, Andros : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Brazil. DE-
CIDUOUS-LEAVED CHEILOLEJEUNEA.

9. EUOSMOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 124. 1894.

Yellowish green and firm. Stems prostrate, often elongated, irregularly
branched, the branches as in Eadula; rhizoids springing from the base of the
underleaves. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes much larger than the
ventral, incubous, attached by a long line, broadly ovate, convex, rounded at
the apex, entire or nearly so; lobule strongly inflated, acute, bearing a hyaline
papilla in the sinus, at the base of the apical tooth; leaf -cells with conspicuous
trigones; ocelli none. Underleaves varying from medium-sized to large, some-
times imbricated, orbicular and often cordate at the base, usually bifid with an
acute to limulate sinus, rarely undivided. Antheridia usually in pairs in the
axils of saccate bracts, the lat'ter in more or less elongated androecia, often
proliferating. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated branch,
with one or two subfloral innovations; bracts similar to the leaves but with
plane lobules and sometimes with pointed lobes; bracteole bifid, free. Perianth
often roughened by projecting cells, sharply 5-keeled, the keels rounded above,
beak distinct. Gemmae none. [Greek, fragrant Lejeunea.} About 35 species,
largely tropical. Type species: E. trifaria (Eeinw. Bl. & Nees) Schiffn.

Dioecious, perianths rarely present.

Underleaves small and distant, narrowed toward base. 1. E. duriuscula.

Underleaves large and usually overlapping, rounded to cor-
date at base. 2. E. clausa.
Autoecious, perianths usually present ; underleaves large and

usually overlapping, rounded to cordate at base. 3. E. trifaria.

512

JTJNGEEMANNIACEAE.

1. Euosmolejeunea duriuscula (Nees) Evans, Mem. Torr. Club 8: 135. 1902.

Lejeunea duriuscula Nees, in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 364. 1845.

Yellowish green, growing in loose depressed mats. Leaves loosely imbri-
cated, the dorsal lobe ovate, about 0.4 mm. long; leaf-cells with distinct tri-
gones, averaging about 20/t; underleaves distinct, ovate to orbicular, narrowed
towrard base, bifid about one half with acute lobes and sinus; inflorescence
dioecious; androecium usually intercalary on a more or less elongated branch;
female inflorescence borne on a similar branch with one or two subfloral inno-
vations.

On bark, rarely on rocks, Abaco, Andros and New Providence : — South Carolina ;
Florida ; widely distributed in tropical America. HARSH EUOSMOLEJEUNEA.

2. Euosmolejeunea clausa (Nees & Mont.) Evans, Bryol. 11: 69. 1908.

Lejeunea clausa Nees & Mont.; Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 14: 337. 1840.

In loose depressed mats. Leaves loosely imbricated, the lobe broadly ovate,
about 0.5 mm. long; leaf -cells with large trigones; underleaves contiguous or
imbricated, bifid about one third with obtuse or acute divisions and an obtuse
or acute sinus; inflorescence dioecious; androecium borne on a short branch,
sometimes proliferating; female inflorescence borne on a short branch, with
one subfloral innovation.

On logs, Soldier's Road, New Providence : — South Carolina ; Florida and Ala-
bama ; Bermuda ; widely distributed in tropical America. CLOSED EUOSMOLEJEUNEA,

3. Euosmolejeunea trifaria (Keinw. Bl. & Nees) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf.

I3: 124. 1894.

Jungermannia trifaria Eeinw. Bl. & Nees, Nova Acta 12: 226. 1824.
Closely related to the preceding species but characterized by its slightly
larger size, more robust trigones and autoecious inflorescence.

On logs, Soldier's Road and Waterloo, New Providence. Widely distributed in
tropical regions throughout the world ; originally described from Javan material.
THREEFOLD EUOSMOLEJEUNEA.

10. TAXILEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 125. 1894.

Plants prostrate or sometimes pendulous, bright green to whitish green,
medium-sized to greatly elongated, irregularly branched, the branches as in
Radula. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe often involute about the
axis, usually acute or apiculate, with the margin more or less crenulate; leaf-
cells large, thin-walled but with distinct and often large trigones. Underleaves
medium-sized to large, often closely imbricated, bifid, usually crenulate. An-
theridia usually borne in pairs in the axils of small saccate bracts, the an-
droecia occupying short branches. Archegonia borne singly on branches of
variable length, with subfloral innovations, the latter often repeatedly
floriferous; bracts smaller than the leaves. Perianth sometimes terete but
usually five-kelled in the upper part, the keels smooth or winged. [Greek,
swift Lejeunea.} About 100 species, mostly tropical. Type species: T. chim-
~borazensis (Spruce) Steph.

1. Taxilejeunea obtusangula (Spruce) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 215. 1911.

Lejeunea obtusangula Spruce, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin, 15: 221. 1884.

Pale green, scattered or forming loose depressed mats. Leaves imbricated,
the dorsal lobe obliquely spreading, convex, orbicular-ovate to ovate, about 0.6

JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 513

mm. long, apex obtuse or apiculate, margin crenulate; lobule inflated, ovate,
involute, the apex tipped with a single, straight, slightly projecting cell; leaf-
cells with distinct trigones, averaging about 32 X 18^ in the middle of the
lobe; underleaves not overlapping, orbicular, plane, bifid one half or less, with
erect, usually sharp divisions; inflorescence autoecious; female inflorescence
borne on a short or more or less elongated branch, with one or two subfloral
innovations, the latter not florif erous ; perianth obovoid, bluntly five-keeled in
the apical region, beak lacking.

On rocks, New Providence : — Florida ; Porto Rico ; Virgin Islands ; Brazil. OB-
TUSELY ANGLED TAXILEJEUNEA,

11. CERATOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 125. 1894.

Plants prostrate, medium-sized, more or less pigmented with olive-brown
and glossy, irregularly branched, the branches as in Eadula. Leaves compli-
cate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe convex, often toothed, the apex blunt or acute;
lobule normally as in Lejeunea with a hyaline papilla at the proximal base of
the apical tooth, sometimes enlarged and bladder-like; leaf -cells with more or
less thickened walls and often with apparent trigones; ocelli sometimes pres-
ent. Underleaves medium-sized to large, orbicular to reniform, usually bifid.
Antheridia borne singly or in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the latter in
short androecia, often proliferating. Female inflorescence borne on a branch
very variable in length, with one or two snbfloral innovations; bracts often
smaller and more dentate than the leaves; bracteole more or less connate.
Perianth with a distinct beak and usually with four conspicuous horns. [Greek,
horned Lejeunea.] About 100 species, mostly tropical. Type species: C. plu-
mula (Spruce) Steph.

Leaves more or less dentate ; autoecious. 1. C. cubensis.

Leaves entire or nearly so ; dioecious. 2. C. integrifolia.

1. Ceratolejeunea cubensis (Mont.) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. I3: 125. 1894.

Lejeunea cubensis Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cub. 9: 481. 1845.

Olive green or brown, growing in depressed mats. Leaves imbricated, the
dorsal lobe ovate, about 0.4 mm. long, acute and usually irregularly toothed in
the apical portion; lobule always small and of the normal Lejeunea type, some-
times poorly developed; leaf -cells apparently uniformly thickened, averaging
about 15 /t; ocelli usually forming a basal pair; underleaves small, orbicular,
plane, bifid about one half with acute divisions; inflorescence autoecious;
perianth with short, spreading to suberect horns.

On logs, Near Nicholl's Town, Andres : — Florida ; widely distributed in tropical
America. CUBAN CERATOLEJEUNEA.

2. Ceratolejeunea integrifolia Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 38: 213. 1911.

Belated to the preceding species but readily distinguished by its entire
leaves and dioecious inflorescence. Bracts and bracteoles of the female in-
florescence sometimes very sparingly toothed.

On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico. ENTIRE-LEAVED CERA-
TOLEJEUNEA.

514 JUNGERMANNIACEAE.

12. LEPTOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] (Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 126. 1894.

Plants prostrate, small, irregularly but often copiously branched, the
branches as in Eadula. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe usually plane,
obtuse to acute; lobule as in Lejeunea, with a hyaline papilla at the proximal
base of the apical tooth; leaf-cells thin-walled but sometimes with distinct
trigones; ocelli usually present. Underleaves distant and minute, with widely
spreading, subulate divisions. Antheridia usually in pairs, in the axils of
saccate bracts, the androecia variable in length. Female inflorescence borne
on a very short branch, simple or with a single subfloral innovation. Perianth
sharply five-keeled in the upper part, the keels projecting upward as entire
horns. Vegetative reproduction by means of caducous branches with special-
ized basal leaves. [Greek, delicate \Lejeunea.~] A genus of about 50 tropical
species. Type species: L. elliptica (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Schiffn.

1. Leptolejeunea elliptica (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf.
I3: 126. 1804.

Jungermannia elliptica Lehm. & Lindenb. Pug. 5: 13. 1832.

Pale green, becoming blackish or brownish with age, growing in thin
patches. Leaves distant, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, oblong-ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, about 0.35 mm. long, rounded to subacute, entire; lobule in-
flated, ovate, the apex tipped with a single, almost straight cell ; leaf -cells with
small but distinct trigones, averaging about 23 /A; ocelli two to five, in an inter-
rupted median row; divisions of underleaves formed of two or three cells in a
single row; inflorescence autoecious or dioecious; female branch without an
innovation; bracts scarcely complicate, usually bilobed; bracteole connate on
both sides, linear, shortly bifid ; perianth obconical, terete below, the horns acute
or truncate.

On bark, Soldier's Road, New Providence: — Florida; widely distributed in the
tropical regions of America, Asia, and the Pacific Islands ; usually growing on living
leaves. ELLIPTIC LEPTOLEJEUNEA.

13. BRACHIOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 128. 1894.

Plants prostrate or pendulous, medium sized to large, irregularly branched,
some of the branches usually as in Frullania, the others as in Eadula, color
often dark brown or nearly black. Leaves imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the
dorsal lobe squarrose (at least when moist), ovate, rounded to apiculate or
acute, entire; lobule inflated along the keel, appressed to the dorsal lobe along
the crenulate or dentate margin, hyaline papilla at the proximal base of the
apical tooth, displaced from the margin; leaf-cells with distinct trigones.
Underleaves undivided, orbicular to reniform, entire. Antheridia in paroe-
cious species borne singly in the axils of scarcely modified bracts, in autoecious
species borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia in the latter
case long and often proliferating; bracteoles everywhere present. Female in-
florescence borne on a more or less elongated branch, with one or commonly
two subfloral innovations; bracts scarcely complicate but often winged along
the keel, unequally bilobed; bracteole rounded to shortly bilobed. Perianth

JUNGEKMANNIACEAE. 515

obovoid, sometimes compressed, with from four to ten rounded keels without
wings or teeth. [Greek, armed Lejeunea.] About 65 species, mostly tropical.
Type species: B. laxifolia (Tayl.) Schiffn.

Autoecious ; perianth ten-keeled. 1. B. bahamensis.

Dioecious ; perianth five- to seven-keeled. 2. B. corticalis.

1. Brachiolejeunea bahamensis Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 383. 1908.

Dull green, varying to brown or almost black, scattered or growing in
depressed mats. Dorsal lobe of leaves convolute about the stem when dry,
squarrose when moist, about 0.9 mm. long; lobule usually with five or six
teeth, each usually three or four cells long; leaf-cells averaging about 25 X 18 ^t;
underleaves broadly orbicular, rounded at base; inflorescence autoecious; male
bracts in from three to ten pairs, the androecium often proliferating; female
inflorescence usually with two innovations; bracts winged, the lobule obtuse,
acute, or apiculate. Perianth with ten rounded keels, scarcely compressed.

On bark, Abaco, New Providence, Watling's and Crooked Islands : — Florida ;
Cuba ; Porto Rico. BAHAMIAN BRACHIOLEJE.UNEA.

2. Brachiolejeunea corticalis (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Schiffn.; Evans, Mem. Torr.

Club 8: 131. 1902.

Jungermannia corticalis Lehm. & Lindenb. Pug. 4: 50. 1832.

Very similar in appearance to B. "bahamensis. Lobule usually with only
four teeth, each only one or two cells long; underleaves cuneate at base; in-
florescence dioecious; lobule of female bracts rounded; perianth with five to
eight keels.

On bark, Great Bahama and Cat Island : — Florida ; tropical America. BARK
BRACHIOLEJEUNEA.

14. LOPHOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 129. 1894.

Plants prostrate, usually dark brown or almost black, rarely olive green,
often glossy, medium-sized, irregularly branched, the branches as in Eadula.
Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe not squarrose when moist, often
revolute at the rounded or bluntly pointed apex, entire except in the vicinity
of the female inflorescence; lobule inflated along the keel, the margin not invo-
lute, the apical tooth usually represented by a blunt, slightly projecting cell,
with the hyaline papilla near its proximal base; leaf -cells with distinct tri-
gones or apparently uniformly thickened. Underleaves plane, orbicular to reni-
form, undivided. Antheridia borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the
androecia more or less elongated, with the bracteoles everywhere present.
Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated branch, without sub-
floral innovations; bracts more or less strongly toothed, the lobule much smaller
than the lobe and sometimes reduced to a minute basal tooth; bracteole usually
undivided but sometimes toothed. Perianth strongly compressed with two sharp
ventral keels, the keels with toothed or laciniate wings. [Greek, crested
Lejeunea.'] About 70 species, mostly tropical. Type species: L. Sagraeana
(Mont.) Schiffn.

516 JUNGEKMANNIACEAE.

1. Lopholejeunea Sagraeana (Mont.) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf. 1s: 129.

1894.

Phragmicoma Sagraeana Mont, in Sagra Hist. Cub. 9: 464. 1845.

Brownish or blackish green, more or less glossy, growing in depressed
mats. Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe widely spreading, oblong-ovate, about
0.75 m. long,, rounded; apical tooth of lobule often indistinct; leaf -cells appar-
ently uniformly thickened except for minute pits, averaging about 20 ft; under-
leaves subimbricated, reniform; inflorescence normally autoecious; perichaetial
bracts larger than the leaves, the dorsal one suborbicular, coarsely toothed, the
lobule in the -form of a minute basal tooth; bracteole entire or nearly so; peri-
anth oval to obovate in outline, the beak short and the wings deeply and closely
laciniate.

On bark, Andros and New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in tropical
America ; also reported from Africa and the East Indies. SAGRA'S LOPHOLEJEUNEA.

15. CAUDALEJEUNEA [Steph.] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 129. 1894.

Plants prostrate or ascending, medium-sized to large, green, not glossy.
Leaves more or less imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe not squar-
rose, oblong-ovate, rounded to acute, usually entire; lobule inflated, the margin
involute, mostly bidentate, the apical or outer tooth with the hyaline papilla
near its proximal base; leaf-cells thin-walled but with distinct trigones. Under-
leaves orbicular, more or less retuse, entire. Antheridia in pairs in the axils
of saccate bracts, the androecia more or less elongated, terminal; bracteoles
everywhere present. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated
branch without subfloral innovations; bracts unequally bilobed, the lobe entire
or toothed, the lobule narrow and scarcely projecting, entire; bracteole
shortly bifid, entire or toothed. Perianth obovate, compressed and with a single
sharp ventral keel, the lateral keels sometimes with entire or dentate wings.
[Latin, tailed Lejeunea.] About 15 species, mostly tropical. Type species:
C. Lehmanniana (Gottsche) Evans.

1. Caudalejeunea Lehmanniana (Gottsche) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 34: 544.
1907.

Lejeunea Lehmanniana Gottseh, in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 325. 1845.

Very variable, bright or pale green, scattered or growing in loose tufts.
Dorsal lobe of leaves about 1 mm. long, the apex usually rounded and entire
but sometimes acute and irregularly angular-dentate; apical tooth of lobule
acute and outwardly curved, often three or four cells long; leaf -cells averaging
about 28 X 21 /A; perichaetial bracts about as large as the leaves, the lobe
ovate-lanceolate, more or less sharp-pointed even when entire.

On twigs, Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed
in the American tropics. LEHMANN'S CAUDALEJEUNEA.

16. MASTIGOLEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 129. 1894.

Plants medium-sized, with prostrate or ascending secondary stems arising
from a prostrate caudex; branches as in Eadula, sometimes microphyllous or
flagelliform, often abundantly produced by the secondary stems; color green

JUNGEKMANNIACEAE. 517

to almost black, not glossy. Leaves complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobe squar-
rose when moist, ligulate to ovate, entire or nearly so, the apex rounded to
subacute, not reflexed; lobule normally inflated along the keel, the margin
plane or involute, the apex represented by a more or less distinct tooth with a
hyaline papilla at its proximal base; lobule often poorly developed, leaf -cells
with distinct trigones. Underleaves more or less convex and often revolute
along the sides, orbicular to obovate, undivided but sometimes retuse, entire.
Antheridia borne singly in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia long,
sometimes proliferating; bracteoles everywhere present. Female inflorescence
borne on an elongated branch, usually with but one subfloral innovation; bracts
unequally complicate-bilobed, without wings; bracteole similar to the under-
leaves. Perianth with sharp lateral keels and a single sharp ventral keel,
usually wingless. [Greek, whip-bearing Lejeunea.] About 50 species, mostly
tropical. Type species: M. auriculata (Wils. & Hook.) Schiffn.

1. Mastigolejeunea auriculata (Wils. & Hook.) Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat. Pflf.
I3: 129. 1894.

Jungermannia auriculata Wils. & Hook.; Drummond, Muse. Amer. St.
Merid. 170. 1841.

Glaucous green, varying to purplish black, growing in depressed tufts.
Dorsal lobes of leaves appressed when dry, squarrose when moist, about 1 mm.
long, rounded to subacute; leaf cells averaging about 21 X 12 /u; underleaves
broadly orbicular, truncate to retuse, usually euneate at the base; inflorescence
autoecious or dioecious; perianth oval, the keels not winged.

On bark and rocks, Andros and New Providence : — Florida to Louisiana ; widely
distributed in tropical America. EARED MASTIGOLEJEUNEA.

17. ABCHILEJEUNEA [Spruce] Schiffn. in E. & P. Nat.
Pflf. I3: 130. 18-94.

Plants medium-sized to large, usually reddish or brownish, consisting of a
prostrate caudex and secondary, often branched, stems, free from the sub-
stratum, the branches as in Eadula. Leaves imbricated, complicate-bilobed,
the dorsal lobes not squarrose when moist, suborbicular to ligulate, rounded and
entire; lobule inflated along the keel, the margin more or less appressed to the
lobe, entire except for the sharp apical tooth, with a hyaline papilla near the
proximal base; lobules often imperfectly developed on the secondary stems;
leaf-cells with distinct trigones. Underleaves orbicular to reniform, undivided,
entire. Antheridia borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia
long but often proliferating; bracteoles everywhere present. Female inflores-
cence borne on a secondary stem or one of its branches, with one or (more
rarely) two subfloral innovations, the innovations often floriferous, thus giving
rise to cymose clusters; bracts unequally complicate-bilobed but not winged,
the lobes entire, narrower and often more sharply pointed than the leaves;
bracteole sometimes bidentate or retuse. Perianth oblong to obovate, more or
less compressed, dorsal surface with one and ventral surface with two keels,
the keels with narrow and interrupted wings. [Greek, chief Lejeunea.] About
70 species, mostly tropical. Type species: A. porelloides (Spruce) Schiffn.

518 JUNGEKMANNIACEAE.

1. Archilejeunea viridissima (Lindenb.) Evans, Bull. Torr. Club 35: 169. 1908.
Lejeunea viridissima Lindenb. in G L. & Syn. Hep. 320. 1845.

Yellowish or brownish green, becoming darker with age, neither glossy nor
glaucous, growing in depressed mats; secondary stems simple or sparingly
branched, often with poorly developed lobules. Leaves with broadly ovate dor-
sal lobes, about 0.75 mm. long; lobule (when well-developed) bearing two
teeth, the outer or apical often variously curved and longer than the inner
tooth; leaf -cells averaging about 24 X 18/t; underleaves distant to loosely im-
bricated, broadly orbicular-ovate, cuneate, rounded to subretuse; inflorescence
autoecious. Female inflorescence usually with a single subfloral innovation, the
bracts very deeply bilobed; perianth oblong-obovate, the wings usually distinct
but narrow, sinuate or subcrenulate.

On bark, Eight Mile Rocks, Great Bahama : — Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Venezuela.
GREENEST ARCHILEJE.UNEA.

18. LEUCOLEJEUNEA Evans, Torreya 7: 225. 1908.

Plants medium-sized to large, pale green or glaucous, neither glossy nor
pigmented, prostrate, copiously branched, the branches as in Eadula. Leaves
imbricated, complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes not squarrose when moist,
ovate-oblong to suborbicular, convex and often revolute along the lower margin
and in the region of the rounded apex, entire or nearly so; lobule inflated
throughout, the margin more or less involute, entire except for the single blunt
to acuminate apical tooth with the hyaline papilla at the distal base; leaf-
cells with small trigones. Underleaves orbicular to reniform, undivided. An-
theridia borne in pairs in the axils of saccate bracts, the androecia short, not
proliferating; bracteoles restricted to the base. Female inflorescence borne on
a branch variable in length, innovating on one or both sides; bracts with plane
lobules, otherwise similar to the leaves. Perianth five-keeled, scarcely com-
pressed, the keels smooth or obscurely crenulate or denticulate, rarely with
indistinct wings. [Greek, white Lejeunea.'] A small genus, consisting of about
6 species, of tropical and temperate regions. Type species: L. clypeata
(Schwein.) Evans.

Dorsal lobes slightly convex or plane, not revolute ; apex of

lobule easily seen. 1. L. uncilo'ba.

Dorsal lobes strongly convex and revolute ; apex of lobule not

easily seen except by dissection. 2. L. xanthocarpa.

1. Leucolejeunea unciloba (Lindenb.) Evans, Torreya 7: 228. 1908.

Lejeunea uncilola Lindenb. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 331. 1845.

Pale green and glaucous, growing in depressed mats. Leaves closely im-
bricated, the dorsal lobe plane or slightly convex, ovate-oblong, about 1.2 mm.
long; lobule inflated toward base, the margin plane except at the base, the
apical tooth acuminate and sometimes hamately curved, usually three to six
cells long, easily visible without dissection; leaf-cells averaging about 18 /t in
diameter; underleaves broadly orbicular to reniform; inflorescence autoecious.

On bark, Soldier's Road, New Providence : — Rhode Island south to Florida and
west to Texas ; widely distributed in tropical America. HOOK-LOBED LEUCOLEJEUNEA.

2. Leucolejeunea xanthocarpa (Lehm.& Lindenb.) Evans, Torreya 7: 229. 1908.

Jungermannia xanthocarpa Lehm. & Lindenb. Pug. 5: 8. 1832.
Strongly resembling L. uncilo'ba in size and general appearance and agree-
ing with it in inflorescence. Distinguished by its strongly convex leaf lobes

JUNGEKMANNIACEAE. 519

with revolute apex and lower margin; lobule sometimes blunt at the apex and
sometimes with a more or less elongated acuminate tooth, reaching a maximum
length of four cells, not visible without dissection; leaf -cells averaging
about 20 fi.

On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in the American trop-
ics ; Africa ; Java. YELLOW-FRUITED LEUCOLEJEUNEA.

19. FRULLANIA Eaddi, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Modena 18: 20. 1818.

Dark green or more or less pigmented with yellow, brown or red. Stems
prostrate, ascending or pendent, more or less copiously branched, the branches
all arising at .the bases of leaves without lobules, rhizoids springing from the
bases of the underleaves. Leaves deeply complicate-bilobed, the dorsal lobes
much larger than the ventral, incubous, widely spreading, ovate to orbicular,
usually entire, lobule normally inflated, helmet-shaped; leaf -cells with distinct
trigones ; ocelli present in certain species. Underleaves smaller than the leaves,
usually bifid. Antheridia mostly in pairs, in the axils of inflated bracts with
explanate lobules, the bracts imbricated and forming short or more or less elon-
gated androecia. Female inflorescence borne on a more or less elongated
branch, without innovations; bracts larger than the leaves, with explanate
lobules and often more or less connate with the bifid bracteole. Perianth nor-
mally 3 -keeled, with one keel ventral, but often with supplementary folds, ab-
ruptly contracted into a short tubular beak. [Commemorates L. Frullani, a
Florentine minister of state.] A very large genus, 800 or more described spe-
cies, mostly tropical. Type species: F. dilatata (L.) Dumort.

Leaves not squarrose.

Perianth with two lateral keels and a two-angled ventral keel ; lobule inflated in

upper part only.

Paroecious. 1. F. arietina.

Autoecious. 2. F. riojaneirensis.

Perianth distinctly three-keeled ; lobule inflated throughout. 5. F. obcordata.
Leaves more or less squarrose when moist.

Perianth with two lateral keels and a two-angled ventral

keel, surface smooth. 3. F. gibbosa.

Perianth distinctly three-keeled, the surface roughened by

scattered tubercles or scales. 4. F. squarrosa.

1. Frullania arietina Tayl. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 413. 1845.

Bright green, yellowish green or brownish green, scattered or in loose tufts.
Leaves imbricated, the dorsal lobe plane or nearly so, orbicular-ovate, about 1.2
mm. long; lobule inflated in the upper part only, the lower forming a subrhom-
boidal expansion; leaf -cells with conspicuous trigones, averaging about 30 /*;
underleaves orbicular, shortly bifid, entire or nearly so ; inflorescence paroecious,
the saccate male bracts in two or three pairs below the female inflorescence ; the
latter borne on a short branch; bracts in one to three pairs, the innermost with
ovate, acute, sparingly toothed lobes and similar but narrower lobules ; bracteoles
highly connate, bifid with narrow, sharp divisions; perianth oblong with two
distinct lateral keels and a broad two-angled ventral keel.

On twigs, Grantstown, New Providence : — Florida ; widely distributed in trop-
ical America. RAM'S HEAD FKULLANIA.

520

JUNGEEMANNIACEAE.

2. Frullania riojaneirensis (Eaddi) Spruce, -Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 15: 23.

1884.

Frullanoides riojaneirensis Eaddi, Mem. Soc. Ital. Modena 19: 37. 1823.

Closely related to F. arietina but distinguished by its autoecious inflores-
cence. Androecia occupying short branches in the vicinity of the female in-
florescence, not proliferating, the bracts mostly in two or three pairs; female
branch short, the leaves and bracts forming a gradual series.

On twigs, New Providence: — Florida; widely distributed in tropical America.
Rio JANEIRO FRULLANIA.

3. Fmllania gibbosa Nees in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 411. 1845.

Greenish yellow to dark brown, growing in closely appressed. tufts or mats.
Leaves densely imbricated, the dorsal lobe convex when dry, concave and squar-
rose when moist, broadly orbicular, about 0.9 mm. long; lobule sometimes in-
flated throughout but normally in the upper part only ; leaf -cells with conspicu-
ous trigones, averaging about 33/*; underleaves densely crowded, orbicular to
renif orm, shortly and sharply bidentate at the apex with a lunulate sinus, auricu-
late at the base; inflorescence monoecious (autoecious or paroecious) ; female
branch very short, the bracts in two or three pairs, the innermost with ovate,
rounded or obtuse, entire lobes and subequal, strongly convolute, obtuse to
acute lobules; bracteole highly connate, bifid with sharp divisions; perianth ob-
long, with two distinct lateral keels and a broad two-angled ventral keel.

On bark, Abaco and New Providence : — Alabama ; widely distributed in the
American tropics. The Bahamian specimens are not typical and may represent an
undescribed species. GIBBOUS FRULLANIA.

4. Fmllania sctuarrosa (Eeinw. Bl. & Nees) Dumort. Eecueil d'Obs. 13. 1835.

Jungermannia squarrosa Eeinw. Bl. & Nees, Nova Acta 12: 215. 1824.

Dark green or pigmented with brown, scattered or growing in depressed
mats. Leaves imbricated, the lobe rolled around the stem when dry, strongly
squarrose when moist, ovate, rounded at the apex, and entire ; lobule about as
broad as long; underleaves bifid, usually with entire margins; inflorescence
dioecious; female inflorescence borne on a short and simple branch, bracts in
about three pairs; perianth oblong, without supplementary keels, surface more
or less roughened by scattered tubercles or scales, especially along the keels.

On bark, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, New Providence, Eleuthera and An-
guilla Isles : — Connecticut to Ohio and south to Florida and Louisiana ; Bermuda ;
widely distributed in tropical regions throughout the world. SPREADING FRULLANIA.

5. Frullania obcordata Lehm. & Lindenb. in G. L. & N. Syn. Hep. 447. 1845.

Yellowish green to reddish brown, growing scattered or in closely ap-
pressed mats. Leaves closely imbricated, the dorsal lobe convex, ovate, about
0.7 mm. long; lobule short-clavate, inflated throughout, spreading at a wide
angle; leaf -cells with more or less distinct trigones, averaging about IS/*;
underleaves subimbricated, orbicular, bifid about one half with obtuse or sub-
acute divisions and sinus; inflorescence autoecious; androecia occupying short
branches in the vicinity of the female inflorescence, the bracts in one or two
pairs; female branch long, the bracts in three or four pairs, the innermost with
ovate, obtuse or apiculate, entire lobes and smaller subacute lobules; bracteole
free or slightly connate, bifid about one third; perianth obcuneate, the beak in
a slight depression, lateral keels and the single ventral keel distinct.

On bark, New Providence : — Florida to Louisiana ; tropical America. OBCORDATE
FRULLANIA.

ANTHOCEEOTACEAE. 521

Order 3. ANTHOCEROTALES.

Gametophyte a prostrate dorsiventral thallus, varying from* strap-
shaped to circular, with very little cell-differentiation, destitute of air-
spaces but sometimes developing intercellular spaces with mucilage; green
cells with one or a few large flat chloroplasts, often with a single pyrenoid.
Antheridia borne singly or in groups just below the upper surface of the
thallus. Archegonia in irregular dorsal groups, imbedded, the tip of the
neck alone projecting. Sporophyte differentiated into a broad foot and an
elongated cylindrical capsule, the latter growing indefinitely by means of
a basal embryonic region, splitting at maturity into two valves. Spores
surrounding a central sterile structure, the columella, and interspersed
with irregular, often multicellular elaters, with or without bands of thick-
ening. Four or five genera and about 150 species, widely distributed. •

Family 1. ANTHOCEROTACEAE Lindb.

ANTHOCEROS FAMILY.
Characters of the order.

1. ANTHOCEROS [Micheli] L. Sp. PI. 1139. 1753.

Thallus suborbicular, variously lobed and often with plate-like outgrowths,
sometimes irregularly dissected, several cells thick and destitute of a distinct
midrib; green cells with a single chloroplast. Inflorescence usually (if not
always) monoecious. Capsule erect, much longer than the basal sheath, with
green cells in the wall and stomata in the epidermis. Spores variously rough-
ened; elaters without spiral bands of thickening, composed of one to several
cells and sometimes branched. [Greek, flowering horn.] About 50 species,
largely tropical. Type species: A. punctatus L.

1. Anthoceros laevis L. Sp. PL 1139. 1753.

Thallus nearly plane on the upper surface, dark green and somewhat lus-
trous, destitute of intercellular spaces. Capsule mostly 1-3 cm. long, the base
surrounded by a cylindrical sheath often flaring at the mouth; spores yellow,
the surface granular-papillose ; .elaters yellowish, very variable in size and form,
often branched.

Along the Adelaide Road, New Providence, Brace. Widely distributed in North
America, Europe and Asia. The Bahamian specimens are sterile and their deter-
mination is therefore doubtful. YELLOW-SPOKED ANTHOCEROS.

Phylum 4. THALLOPHYTA.

This phyllum includes many thousand species of simple organi-
zation, grouped in many genera and families. The plants compos-
ing it have scarcely any woody tissue, and are propagated either by
spores or by vegetative division. Most of them are small, but there
are some large and conspicuous types in all the classes.

34

522

VEKRUCARIACEAE.

Terrestrial, saxicolous, or corticicolous plants, compased of
filaments without chlorophyll and of cells containing
chlorophyll.
Aquatic I plants, or microscopic terrestrial or corticicolous

organisms with chlorophyll.
Terrestrial or corticicolous plants, or microscopic aquatics,

wholly without chlorophyll.
Vegetative stage mycelial.
Vegetative stage plasmoidal.

CLASS 1. LICHENES.

Class 1. LICHENES.
Class 2. ALGAE.

Class 3. FUNGI.

Class 4. MYXOMYCETES.

CONTRIBUTED BY LINCOLN W. EIDDLE.

Fruit a perithecium, more or less flask-shaped, opening by a

pore at maturity.
Fruit an apothecium, open at maturity.

Apothecia disk-shapedi, circular ; asci deliquescing before

the spores mature.

Asci persisting until after the discharge of the spores.
Apothecia typically linear, elliptical, or angular ;

rarely circular, and then without an exciple.
Apothecia circular, disk-shaped or cup-shaped.

Order 1. PYRENULALES.

Order 2. CALICIALES.

Order 3. GRAPHIDALES.
Order 4. LECIDEALES.

Order 1. PYRENULALES.

Perithecia with an apical ostiole.
Thallus crustose.

Perithecia solitary.

Gonidia : Pleurococcus.
Gonidia : Trentepohlia.
Perithecia imbedded in a stroma.
Thallus squamulose or foliose.
Perithecia with a lateral ostiole.
Perithecia solitary.
Perithecia imbedded in a stroma.

Fam. 1.
Fam. 2.
Fam. 3.
Fam. 4.

Fam. 5.
Fam. 6.

Family 1. VERRUCARIACEAE.

VEREUCAEIACEAE.
PYRENULACEAE.
TBYPETHELIACEAE.
DERMATOCARPACEAH.

PARATHEiLIACEAE.
ASTROTHELIACEAE.

1. VERRUCARIA Pers.

Perithecia falling out and leaving pits in the rock.

Perithecia pruinose ; ostiole papillate. 1. V. mamillaris.

Perithecia nudate above ; ostiole plane. 2. V. rupestris.

Perithecia not leaving pits in the rock.

Thallus nale, tinged with green or brown, perithecia super-
ficial. 3. V.muralis.

Thallus dark olive-brown, perithecia immersed. 4. V. nigrescens.

1. Verrucaria mamillaris Kiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epilithicus crustaceus uniformis effusus aut subdeterminatus haud
linea nigra limitatus, cretaceo-albus vel sordide albidus, crassiusculus, con-
tinuus laevigatus inaequalis. Gonidia pleurococcoidea. Perithecia nigra hemi-
sphaerica aut deplanata aut partim subconica, apica mamilliformia aut rarius
obtusa, basi deficientia, ad 0.8 mm. lata, dispersa solitaria, primum tota im-
mersa dein %-% emergentia tenuiter thallino-pruinata, demum elabentia
foveolamque relinquentia. Gonidia hymenialia nulla. Paraphyses simplices
deliquescentes. Asci clavati 8-spori. Sporae in ascis biseriales incolores ellip-
soideae simplices membrana laevigata, 16-21 X 9-1 O/A.

On limestone, vicinity of Cockburn Town, Watling's Island (Britton and Mills-
paugh, March 13, 1917, 6130, type) ; without station, New Providence (Brace, 9502,
9508).

This species, belonging to the section Euverrucaria, differs from Verrucaria
rupestris in the thicker thallus and the larger, mamillate, pruinose perithecia.

2. Verrucaria rupestris Schrad. Spicil. PI. Germ. 109. 1794.

On limestone, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island : — cos-
mopolitan.

PYRENULACEAE. 523

3. Verrucaria muralis Ach. Meth. Lich. 115. 1803.

On limestone, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

4. Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. in Usteri, Ann. Bot. 14: 36. 1795.

On limestone, New Providence : — North America and Europe.

Family 2. PYRENULACEAE.

Spores plurilocular (two to many-celled).
Spores colorless.

Spores with cylindrical cells.

Paraphyses simple and persistent. 1. Porina.

Paraphyses branched or deliquescent. 2. Arthopyrenia.

Spores with lens-shaped or rounded cells. 3. Pseudopyrenula.

Spores brown.

Paraphyses simple and persistent. 4. Pyrenula.

Paraphyses branched or deliquescent. 5. Microthelia.

Spores muriform-multilocular.
Spores colorless.

Paraphyses simple and persistent. 6. ClatTiroporina.

Paraphyses branched or deliquescent. 7. Polyblastiopsis.

Spores brown. 8. Anthracothecium.

1. PORINA Ach.

Perithecial wall entirely black.

Thallus chalky-white ; perithecia 0.6-0.8 mm. in diameter. 1. P. Wilsonii.
Thallus greenish or purplish ; perithecia 1.0-1.5 mm. in di-
ameter. 2. P. macrocarpa.
Perithecial wall black at the tip only, or not at all.
Thallus subfoliose, on rocks.

Thallus with loosely adherent, convex lobes. 3. P. firmula.

Thallus closely adnate, flat and merely crenate. 4. P. subfirmula.

Thallus crustose, on bark.

Ostiole brown or reddish. 5. P. nucula.

Ostiole blackening.

Spores 7-15 # wide. 6. P. mastoidea.

Spores 4-6 //, wide.

Thallus marked with frequent black lines. 7. P. variegata.

Thallus without such lines, 8. P. Tetracerae.

1. Porina Wilsonii Kiddie, sp. nov.

Thallus epilithicus crustaceus uniformis effusus baud limitatus, cretaceo-
albus opacus tartareus, crassiusculus continuus laevigatus, spermagoniis copiose
nigropunctatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Perithecia globosa Integra nigra,
0.6-0.8 mm. lata, primum tota immersa maculis nigrescentibus indicata dein
semiemergentia, alte convexa, strato tenue thallode fere ad instar pruinae
velata, demum apicibus denudatis, ostiolis minutis umbonatis, nunquam elabentia.
Paraphyses persistentes tenues simplices. Asci cylindrices 8-spori. Sporae in
ascis uniseriales, incolores fusiformes 4-loculares loculis cylindrieis, 13-15 X 4-5 /u.
Spermagonia minuta nigra apicibus emergentibus denudatis. Spermatia recta
bacillaria, 3-5 X 1^.

On limestone, Caleta Cocodrilos, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton, Wilson, and Le6n,
March 8, 1916, 15288, type).

Bahamas : on limestone, New Providence (Brace, 963%) ; Governor's Harbor,
E'leuthera (Britton and Millspaugh, 5535). A lichen occurring near the Columbus
Monument* Watling's Island, and showing spermagonia only, agrees with this species,
but the determination can not be considered certain.

This species, which I take pleasure in naming in honor of Mr. Percy Wilson,
may be distinguished from other species of the section Sagedia, to which it belongs,
by the chalky-white, tartareous thallus, and the delicately pruinose perithecia. It
bears a strong external resemblance to Verrucaria mamillaris, but can, of course,
be at once distinguished by the spores.

2. Porina macrocarpa Kiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epilithicus crustaceus uniformis effusus linea nigra limitatus,
glaucus virescens aut purpurascens opacus, crassitudine mediocris aut tenuis,

524 PYRENULACEAE.

continuus laevigatus, olim spermagoniis nigropunctatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea.
Perithecia 1.0-1.5 mm. lata, solitaria aut confluentia dimidiata, primum im-
mersa leviter convexa dein emergentia elevata conico-hemisphaerica, basi innata,
nigra sat tenue thallino suffusa aut denudata, apice obtuso aut crasso papil-
late, demum elabentia foveolamque relinquentia, amphithecio carbonaceo basi
deficient!. Paraphyses persistentes tenues simplices. Asci cylindrices 8-spori.
Sporae in aseis uniseriales, incolores ellipsoideae, 4-loculares loculis subcylin-
dricis angulis sat rotundatis, 13-16 X 5-7^. Spermagonia mediocria nigra
apice emergente denudato. Spermatia filiformia arcuata, 18-22 X I/A.

On limestone, Key View Hill, Vivijagua, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton, Britton
and Wilson, February 28-29, 1916, 15090, type).

Bahamas : on limestone, Cockburn Town, Watling's Island (Britton and Mills-
paugh, 6131).

Known also from two other stations in the Isle of Pines and from one station
in Porto Rico.

The affinities of this snecies seem on the whole to be with the genus Porina,
section Sagedia, although it has peculiarities which make its systematic position
somewhat uncertain. While the perithecia are for the most part solitary, they
occur occasionally completely confluent, except for the papillate tips. Even in these
cases, however, there is never any indication of a stroma. The cells of the quadri-
locular spores are somewhat more rounded than is typical for Porina. There is no
other species with which this is liable to be confused.

3. Porina firmula Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 401. 1885.

On limestone, Andros, at Mastic Point, and Watling's Island, near Cockburn
Town : — Cuba ; Isle of Pines.

4. Porina subfirmula Riddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epilithicus determinatus subfoliosus effiguratus, irregulariter ro-
tundatus, margine integro aut crenato baud lobato, planus, arete adnatus, cras-
sus (crassitudine 0.15-0.2 mm.), atro-olivaceus, continuus laevigatus vel sat
inaequalis nitidulus; snperne corticatus cortice tenue (crassitudine 12-14 /a)
pseudo-parenchymatica, inferne ecorticatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Perithecia
subglobosa circ. 0.3 mm. lata, tota immersa aut apicibus leviter emergentibus
et sat denudatis, amphithecio superne nigro inferne decolore. Paraphyses per-
sistentes simplices. Asci 8-spori. Sporae incolores fusiformes, haud bene
evolutae, 6-8-loculares, loculis cylindricis, circ. 25 X 4/i.

On limestone, Sierra de las Casas, Isle of Pines, Cuba (Britton and Wilson,
March 22, 1916, 157Jfl, type).

Bahamas: on limestone, New Providence (Brace, 9.)87).

This species belongs to the section Seycstria, and is evidently related to but
quite distinct from the preceding species. Both species are decidedly Endocarpon-
like in appearance.

5. Porina nucula Ach. Syn. Lich. 112. 1814.

On bark of Exothea, New Providence, at Clifton : — widely distributed in trop-
ical regions of both hemispheres.

6. Porina mastoidea (Ach.) Mass. Ric. Lich. Crost. 191. 1852.

Pyrenula mastoidea Ach. Syn. Lich. 122. 1814.
Porina africana Muell. Arg. Linnaea 43: 41. 1880.

On bark, Great Bahama : — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemi-
spheres.

The material represents a form with verrucose thallus and verruca^, and the
latter are somewhat constricted ; but the species is so variable that it is . scarcely
worth while to give this form a name.

7. Porina Tetracerae (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 401. 1885.

Verrucaria Tetracerae Ach. Meth. Lich. 121. 1803.

On bark, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — widely distributed in trop-
ical regions of both hemispheres.

8. Porina variegata Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 75. 1837.

On bark, Abaco, at Old Kerr's Point : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico.

PYEENULACEAE. 525

2. ARTHOPYRENIA Mass.

Spores two-celled.

Asci cylindrical, spores uniseriate.

Spores 15-30 x7-13«. 1. A. gemmata.

Spores 12-15 x 5-7 w. 2. A.biformis.

Asci clavate, spores 2- to 3-seriate.
Perithecia spreading at 'the base.

Perithecia peltate, flattened, and thalline-suffused. 3. A. planorMs.
At least the center of the perithecium elevated and

nudate.

Spore-cells equal in size. 4. A. Cinchonae.

Spore-cells unequal. 5. A. fallax.

Perithecia not spreading at the base. 6. A. consanguinea.

Spores four-celled.

Perithecia more or less covered by the thallus.

Thallus thin, the perithecia merely suffused. 3. A. planorMs.

Thallus thick, the perithecia imbedded with the tips

emergent. 7. A. tumida.

Perithecia superficial and nudate. 8. A. contendens.

1. Arthopyrenia gemmata (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat.

Geneve 16: 428. 1862.

Lichen gemmatus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 17. 1798.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in temperate regions of both
hemispheres.

2. Arthopyrenia biformis (Borr.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 306. 1883.

Verrucaria 'biformis Borr. in Engl. Bot. Suppl. pi. 2617. 1829.

On bark, New Providence, on the Farringdon Road : — widely distributed in the
temperate regions of both hemispheres.

3. Arthopyrenia planorbis (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 288. 1883.

Verrucaria planorbis Ach. Syn. Lich. 92. 1814.

Arthopyrenia indusiata Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 288. 1883.

Arthopyrenia fallacior Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 404. 1885.

On bark, Great Bahama, and New Providence: — Cuba; Anegada ; Costa Rica.

4. Arthopyrenia Cinchonae (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 287. 1883.

Verrucaria Cinchonae Ach. Syn. Lich. 90. 1814.
Didymella Cinchonae Wainio, Lich. Bres. 2: 233. 1890.
Arthopyrenia planior Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 404. 1885.

On bark, Great Bahama, New Providence, Little San Salvador, Great Exuma,
Watling's Island : — widely distributed in tropical America.

5. Arthopyrenia fallax (Nyl.) Arnold, Flora 68: 159. 1885.

Verrucaria epidermidis var. fallax Nyl. Bot. Notis. (1852) 178.

On bark. Great Bahama, at Barnett's Point, and New Providence, near Seven
Hills : — widely distributed in the temperate regions of both hemispheres.

6. Arthopyrenia consanguinea Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 404. 1885.

On bark, Eleuthera Point : — Florida : Cuba.

Very closely related to forms of Arthopyrenia epidermidis (Fr.) Mudd.

7. Arthopyrenia tumida Muell. Arg. Flora 67: 669. 1884.

On bark, New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice : — Isle of Pines, Cuba ; and Brazil

8. Arthopyrenia contendens (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 317. 1883.

Verrucaria contendens Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 492. 1863.

On bark of Jacquinia keyensis, The Bight, Cat Island : — Colombia ; Brazil.

526 PYEENULACEAE.

3. PSEUDOPYRKNTTLA Muell. Arg.

1. Pseudopyrenula diremta (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 66: 249. 1883.
Verrucaria diremta Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 492. 1863.
On bark, New Providence : — 'Cuba ; Venezuela ; Colombia ; Brazil.

4. PYRKNTJLA Ach.
Perithecia dimidiate.

Perithecia spreading at the base and entirely nudate. 1. P. mamillana.

Perithecia not spreading, immersed when young, then emergent. 2. P. leucoplaca.
Perithecia subglobose.

Thallus orangejbrown. 3. P. cerina.

Thallus more or less olivaceous.

Perithecia immersed in the thallus. 4. P. punctella.

Perithecia emergent to superficial. 5. P. Glaziovii.

1. Pyrenula mamillana (Ach.) Trev. Conspect. Verr. 13. 1860.

Verrucaria mamillana Ach. Meth. Lich. 120. 1803.
Verrucaria Santensis Tuck, apud Nyl. Expos. Pyren. 45. 1858.
Verrucaria Kunthii Fee, Essai Crypt. 88, pi. 34, f. 4. 1824.
Pyrenula Kunthii Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 80. 1837.
Pyrenula deplanata Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 411. 1885.

On bark, Great Bahama and New Providence : — widely distributed in tropical
and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

Pyrenula mamillana is an exceedingly variable species. P. Kunthii is the form
with the larger perithecia and spores, that is the more luxuriant form ; while P.
deplanata is the less luxuriant form with the smaller perithecia and spores. But
intergradations of all sizes are to be found commonly.

2. Pyrenula leucoplaca (Wallr.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 361. 1855.

Verrucaria leucoplaca Wallr. in Bluff and Fing. Fl. Germ. 3: 29*9. 1831.

On bark of Casasia clusiaefolia, Little San Salvador : — widely distributed in the
temperate regions of both hemispheres.

3. Pyrenula cerina (Eschw.) Muell. Arg. Flora 67: 667. 1884.

Verrucaria cerina Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 133. 1833.
Pyrenula aurantiaca Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 82, pi. 37, f. 1. 1837.

On bark, New Providence and Crooked Island : — widely distributed in tropical
America.

4. Pyrenula punctella (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 400. 1882.

Verrucaria punctella Nyl. Expos. Pyren. 46. 1858.

On bark of Drypetes, Cay north of wide opening, Exuma Chain: — South Caro-
lina ; Colombia ; Java. Probably generally distributed but confused with the well-
known Pyrenula nitida (Weig.) Ach., from which it differs in the more completely
immersed perithecia and the larger spores.

5. Pyrenula Glaziovii Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve SO3: 32.

1888.
On bark, New Providence, along Soldier's Road : — Brazil.

5. MICROTHELIA Koerb.
1. Microthelia quadriloculata Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epiphloeodes crustaceus uniformis effusus, albidus opacus, tenuis
rimulosus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Perithecia integra globosa, minuta ad 0.4
mm. lata, superficialia basi thallino-tecta, superne nuda nitida, apice convexo
aut minute umbilicato. Paraphyses persistentes distinctes ramoso-connexae.
Asci oblongi 8-spori. Sporae in ascis 2-3-seriales fuscae oblongae aut fusi-
formes, 4-loculares loculis cylindricis, 18-20 X

PYEENULACEAE. 527

Cat Island (Britton and

On bark of Jacquinia keyensis, vicinity of The Bight,
Millspaugh, March 1-6, 1907, 5840, type).

The white epiphloeodal thallus and the shining globose perithecia will serve to
distinguish this from the few species of Microthelia having four-celled spores, such
as M. thelena var. subtriseptata Wainio.

6. CLATHROPORINA Muell. Arg.

1. Clathroporina nuculastrum Muell. Arg. Flora 67: 618. 1884.

On twigs, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — Florida ; Madagascar.

7. POLYBLASTIOPSIS Zahlbr.

1. Polyblastiopsis lactea (Mass.) Zahlbr. in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflan-
zenfam. I1*: 65. 1903.

Blastodesmia lactea Mass, apud Koerb. Parerg. Lich. 336. 1865.

On bark, New Providence and The Bight, Cat Island : — North America ; Europe.

8. ANTHRACOTHECIUM Mass.

Thallus from orange to yellow, 1. A. ochraceo-flavum.

Thallus from white to olivaceous.

Spores with two to four series of cells.

Spores with two series of cells. 2. A. sufoglobosum.

Spores with four series of cells. 3. A. oorticatum.

Spores with six to eight series of cells.

Perithecia immersed except when old. 4. A. libricolum.

Perithecium soon emergent and superficial. 5. A. americanum.

1. Anthracothecium ochraceo-flavum (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Linnaea 43: 44. 1880.

Verrucaria ochraceo-flavum Nyl. Expos. Pyren. 50. 1858.
Verrucaria ochraceo-flavens Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 491. 1863.

On bark of various species, Great Bahama, New Providence, Cave Cay, Exuma
Chain, Cat Island: — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres.

2. Anthracothecium subglobosum Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epiphloeodes crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, sordide
aut virescenti-albidus, in crassitudine mediocris vel tenuis, rimosus rugulosus.
Gonidia chroolepoidea. Perithecia dispersa solitaria, primum immersa, verrucis
thallinis convexis, apice plus minusve nudato minute umbilicato, dein circa ^
ad y3 emergentia, globosa, 0.7-1.0 mm. diam., nigra integra. Paraphyses sim-
plices crassiusculae. Asci cylindrices 8-spori. Sporae in ascis uniseriales,
fumosae aut fusco-atrae, globosae circa 12 /i diam.,, aut subglobosae circa
12 X 10 fJL, primum biloculares mox loculis altero ambobusve divisis rotundatis.

On bark, New Providence (Brace, February 11, 1919, lOOty, type).

The specific name refers not to the perithecia but to the peculiar spores. The
species is related to A. sinapispermum (Fee) Muell. Arg., but the latter species has
minute perithecia, 0.15-0.2 mm, in diameter, and oblong spores, 7-8 x 4-5 w.

3. Anthracothecium corticatum Muell. Arg. Bull. Soc. Eoy. Bot. Belg. SO1:

96. 1891.
On bark, New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice : — Costa Rica, Venezuela.

4. Anthracothecium libricolum (Fee) Muell. Arg. Linnaea 43: 43. 1880.

Pyrenula libricola Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 82, pi. 41, f. 31. 1837.

On bark of various species, Great Bahama, New Providence, Great Exuma, Long
Island : — widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

This species is a common and variable one. All stages may be found from that
in which the perithecia are completely buried in the thallus and scarcely discernible
externally, to that in which the perithecia become half emergent, when they are con-
spicuous and appear relatively large. Superficially the two extremes look very
different.

528 TRYPETHELIACEAE.

5. Anthracothecium americanum (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 68: 339. 1885.
Verrucaria analepta var. americana Ach. Lich. Univ. 275. 1810.

On dead wood, Abaco, at Old Kerr's Point, and on bark of Drypetes diversifolia,
Thatch Cay, Long Island : — Jamaica.

Family 3. TRYPETHELIACEAE.

Spores plurilocular (two to many-celled).
Spores colorless.

Spores with cylindrical cells. 1. Tomasellia.

Spores with lens-shaped cells. 2. Trypethelium.

Spores brown. 3. Melanotheca.

Spores muriform-multilocular, brown, 4. Bottaria.

1. TOMASELLIA Mass.

Thallus epiphloeodal, relatively well-developed. 1. T. exumana.

Thallus hypophloeodal.

Spores over 30xl2#. 2. T. macrospora.

Spores under 25x10/4.

Stroma with many ostioles indicated externally by

whitened spots. 3. T. leucostoma.

Stroma with few ostioles, concolorous with the black

stroma. 4. T. cubana.

1. Tomasellia exumana Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epiphloeodes crustaceus uniformis effusus glaucus, crassiusculus,
undulatus laevigatus subnitidus rimulosus, linea nigra limitatus. Gonidia
chroolepoidea. Stromata 0.6-1.0 mm. lata, nigra nuda convexa vel hemispherica
haud gibbosa, ambitu obtuse angulosa aut irregularia pauciostiolata, ostiolis
superficie aequalibus aut gibbosula inconspicuis. Perithecia crassa integra
globosa. Paraphyses persistentes ramoso-connexae. Sporae in ascis biseriales,
incolores ovoideae biloculares, loculo superiore multo majore, 14—16 X 6-7/4.

On bark near Georgetown, Great Exuma (Britton and Millspaugh, February 22-
28, 1905, 8135, type).

The well-developed thallus and the strongly convex stromata are the best char-
acters for distinguishing this species.

2. Tomasellia macrospora Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus hypophloeodes quasi halonem albidum formans aut evanescens et
cum cortice maculam testaceam constituens. Stromata 1.0-1.3 mm. lata, soli-
taria aut partim confluentia, deplanata vel leviter convexa peltata ambitu ro-
tundata, nigra thallino-pruinata aut denudata, ostiolis connatis papillata. Peri-
thecia integra globosa. Paraphyses persistentes ramoso-connexae. Sporae
incolores oblongae, 4-loculares, loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 30-38 X 12-14 /A.

On bark of Zanthoxylum flavum, Great Exuma (Britton and Millspaugli, Feb-
ruary 22-28, 1905, 3002, type).

Externally similar to TomaselUa cubana, but differing in the decidedly larger
spores, these measuring in the latter species only 15-25 x 5-9 u,.

3. Tomasellia leucostoma Muell. Arg. Flora 68: 257. 1885.

On bark, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera, Exuma, Dong Island : —
tropical America.

The material listed under this and the following species shows considerable
variation and some of the specimens may be specifically distinct, but it has seemed
best to adopt a conservative treatment.

4. Tomasellia cubana Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 397. 1885.

On bark, New Providence, Little San Salvador, Exuma, Cat Island, Conception
Island : — Cuba.

TRYPETHELIACEAE. 529

2. TRYPETHELIUM Spreng.

Spores four-celled.

Spores over 35 u in length. 1. T. ochrothelium.

Spores under 30 u, in length.
Stroma dark brown to black.

Stroma little developed, the individual peri-

thecia evident. 2. T. tropicum.

Stroma well-developed, merely the tips of the

perithecia showing. 3. T. mastoideum.

Stroma some other color.
Thallus rusty-orange.

Stroma flat and covered by the thallus. 4. T. aeneum.
Stroma elevated, conical. 5. T. ferrugineum.

Thallus some other color.

Stroma irregularly linear-elongated, peri-
thecia often showing a serial arrange-
ment. 6. T. catervarium.
Stroma rounded, oval, or oblong.

Stroma elevated, the black tips of the

perithecia conspicuous. 7. T. ochroleucum.

Stroma depressed, the tips of the peri-
thecia inconspicuous. 8. T. pallescens.

Spores six to many-celled. 9. T. eluteriae and varieties.

Stroma yellow within.

Thallus smooth, stroma neither yellow nor pow-

dery externally.
Stroma varying in color from ashy to fulvous

or chestnut-brown, strongly convex. 9a. forma tj/pica. '

Stroma dark-brown or blackening, flattened. 9&. var. truncatum.
Thallus smooth or powdery, stroma yellow or

powdery or both.
Thallus smooth, stroma lemon-yellow and

powdery. 9c. var. citrinum.

Both thallus and stroma covered with a sul-
phury or aeruginous powder. 9d. var. subsulphureum.
Stroma becoming brown or black within. 9e. var. nigricans.

1. Trypethelium ochrothelium Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 494. 1863.

On bark, The Bight, Cat Island : — Isle of Pines, Cuba ; Colombia.

2. Trypethelium tropicum (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 393. 1885.

Verrucaria tropica Ach. Lich. "Univ. 278. 1810.
Pyrenula tropica Tuck. Genera Lich. 273. 1872.

On bark of various species, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Long Island : —
widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

3. Trypethelium mastoideum Ach. Lich. Univ. 307. 1810.

Sathelium mastoideum Ach. Meth. Lich. 111. 1803.

Trypethelium scoria Nyl. Expos. Pyren. 74 . 1858. Not Fee Essai Crypt.
69. 1824.

On bark. New Providence and Bleuthera : — widely distributed in tropical and
subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

4. Trypethelium aeneum (Eschw.) Zahlbr. in Engler and Prantl. Nat. Pflan-

zenfam. I1*: 70. 1903.

Verrucaria aenea Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 133. 1833.
Trypethelium Kunzei Fee, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 : 23 : 446, pi. 15, f. 3. 1831.
Trypethelium heterochroum Tuck. Genera Lich. 260. 1872.

On bark, Andros, near Nicholl's Town ; Crooked Island, at Landrail Point ; Ack-
lin's Island, at Boathouse Cove : — Florida ; Cuba ; Costa Rica ; Brazil.

5. Trypethelium ferrugineum Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 392. 1885.

On bark, Andros, at Deep Creek : — Cuba.

530 TEYPETHELIACEAE.

6. Trypethelium catervarium (Fee) Tuck. Genera Lich. 260. 1872.

Verrucaria catervaria Fee, Essai Crypt. 90, pi. 22, f. 1. 1824.

On bark, New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice : — Alabama ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ;
Costa Rica ; Colombia ; Australia.

7. Trypethelium ochroleucum (Eschw.) Nyl. Flora 52: 126. 1869.

Verrucaria ochroleuca Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 135. 1833.

On bark, Andros, near Deep Creek : — widely distributed in tropical America,
and recorded also from tropical Asia.

8. Trypethelium pallescens Fee, Ann. Sci. Nat. I: 23: 440. 1831.

Trypethelium ochroleucum var. pallescens Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 392.

1885.
On bark, Eleuthera and Great Exuma : — widely distributed in tropical America.

9. Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng. Anleit. zur Kennt. Gewachse 1: 351. 1804.

Trypethelium Sprengelii Ach. Lich. Univ. 306. 1810.

9a. forma typica.

On bark of various species, Great Bahama, New Providence, Eleuthera (type-
locality!), Great Exuma, Cat Island, Long Island: — widely distributed in tropical
regions of both hemispheres.

9b. Trypethelium eluteriae var. truncatum Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 393.

1885.
Watling's Island : — Cuba.

9c. Trypethelium eluteriae var. citrinum (Eschw.) Muell. Arg. 1. c. 1885.
Astrothelium varium var. citrinum Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1 : 162. 1833.
New Providence, at Waterloo Coppice : — Cuba ; Brazil ; Australia.

9d. Trypethelium eluteriae var. subsulphureum (Wainio) Eiddle.

Pseudopyrenula eluteriae subsp. sul)sulphurea Wainio, Lich. Bres. 2: 205.

1890.
New Providence, at Lake Cunningham : — Cuba ; Brazil.

9e. Trypethelium eluteriae var. nigricans (Fee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys.

Hist. Nat. Geneve 303: 21. 1888.

Trypethelium Sprengelii F6e, Ann. Sci. Nat. I: 23: 430. 1831.
New Providence and Cat Island : — tropical America.

3. MELANOTHECA Fee.

1. Melanotheca cruenta (Mont.) Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 397. 1885.
Trypethelium cruentum Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II: 8: 357. 1837.

On bark, Great Bahama and New Providence : — widely distributed in tropical
regions of both hemispheres.

4. BOTTARIA Mass.

1. Bottaria cruentata Muell. Arg. Bot. Jahrb. 6: 395. 1885.

Trypethelium cruentatum Nyl. Flora 59 : 365. Hyponym. 1876.

On bark, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, New Providence, Cat Island, Crooked
Island : — Florida ; Cuba.

Externally identical with the preceding species, but differing in the muriform
spores, the cells of which in the specimens examined are subspherical, not cubical as
given in the key in Engler and Prantl : Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien I1* : 69.

DEKMATOCAKPACEAE. 531

Family 4. DERMATOCARPACEAE.

Spores one-celled. 1. Dermatocarpon.

Spores muriform-multilocular. 2. Endocarpon.

1. DERMATOCARPON Esehw.

Thallus mostly over 10 mm. in diameter, attached by a single

central point. 1. D. MouUnsii.

Thallus mostly under 5 mm. in diameter, attached by greater

part of under surface.

Thallus reddish, margins free. 2. D. lachneum.

Thallus brown, margins adnate. 3. D. hepaticum.

1. Dermatocarpon Moulinsii (Mont.) Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflan-

zenfam. I1*: 60. 1903.

Endocarpon Moulinsii Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II: 20: 358. 1843.

On rocks, New Providence and Cat Island, at Orange Creek : — France ; Texas ;
India.

2. Dermatocarpon lachneum (Ach.) A. L. Sm. British Lich. 2: 270. 1911.

Lichen lachneus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 140. 1798.
Endocarpon rufescens Ach. Lich. Univ. 304. 1810.

On sand, Great Sturrup Cay, Berry Islands : — widely distributed in North
America and Europe.

3. Dermatocarpon hepaticum (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 255. 1860.

Endocarpon hepaticum Ach. Lich. Univ. 298. 1810.

On the ground, Abaco, at Old Kerr's Point, and Acklin's Island, at Spring
Point : — cosmopolitan.

2. ENDOCARPON Hedw.

1. Endocarpon pallidulum (Nyl.) Hue, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris III:
4: 106. 1892.

Verrucaria pallidula Nyl. Flora 57: 73. 1874.

On limestone (mixed with Scytonema), New Providence: — Cuba; Peru; Japan.

Family 5. PARATHELIACEAE.

Spores brown, plurilocular. 1. Parathelium.

Spores colorless, muriform-multilocular. 2. Campylothelium.

1. PARATHELIUM Nyl.

Spores 34-40 x 11-16 u- 1. P.indutum.

Spores 18-22 x 8-9 #. 2. P. microcarpum.

1. Parathelium indutum Nyl. Bot. Zeit. 20: 279. 1862.

On bark, Conception Island, Berry Islands, Stocking Island, Great Exuma, Cat
Island, Long Island : — Cuba ; St. Thomas ; Porto Rico ; Colombia.

2. Parathelium microcarpum Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, cum cortice maculam
nitidam ochraceo-fulvam constituens, continuus laevigatus. Gonidia chroole-
poidea. Perithecia pyriformia, minuta ad 0.5 mm. longa, 0.3 mm. lata, Integra
nigra semi-innata parte emersa nudata, ostiolis lateralibus collis breviusculis.
Paraphyses sparse ramosae. Asci 8-spori. Sporae fuscae ellipsoideae, ad apices

532 ASTEOTHELIACEAE.

acutae, 3-septatae, ad septa modice constrictae, loculis lentiformibus, 18-22
X 8-9 /*.

On bark in coppice, West End, Great Bahama (Brace, April 16-May 8, 1905,
3615, type).

Parathelium microcarpum has smaller spores than any other species of the genus,
with the exception of P. decumbens Muell. Arg. (Hedwigia 32: 134. 1893) which
differs from the present species in the whitish thallus and the larger perithecia.

'2. CAMPYLOTHELIUM Muell. Arg.
1. Campylothelium decolorans Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epiphloeodes crustaceus uniformis effusus stramineo-albus subni-
tidus, tenuis vel tenuissimus, continuus laevigatus inaequalis. Gonidia chroole-
poidea. Perithecia circa 1.0 mm. lata, tota thallino-corticata parum promi-
nentia, quasi maculam fuscescentem formantia, superne nigra, inferne decol-
orata, ostiolis lateralibus collis nullis. Paraphyses persistentes satis ramosae.
Asci 2-6-spori. Sporae incolores oblongae medio leviter constricto irregulariter
murali-divisae, 6-8-loculares, loculi 3-4-locellati, loculis cubicis aut irregu-
laribus, 37-43 X 16-18^.

On bark of Drypetes, Cay North of Wide Opening, Exuma Chain (Britton and
MillspauQli, February 18, 1905, 2795, type).

This species differs from other species of the genus in the pale color of the
lower part of the perithecial wall.

Family 6. ASTROTHELIACEAE.

Spores colorless, plurilocular. 1. Lithothelium.

Spores brown, muriform-multilocular. 2. Parmentaria.

1. LITHOTHELIUM Muell. Arg.
1. Lithothelium bahame"nse Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epilithicus crustaceus uniformis effusus linea nigra limitatus,
glaucus aut cinereus opacus, crassiusculus crebre contextus, continuus laevi-
gatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Stromata minuta, 0.4-0.6 mm. lata, in foveolis
saxi innata, dein semi-emergentia, demum elabentia foveolamque relinquentia,
tota nigra parte emersa nudata, paucicarpica, ambitu oblonga aut satis dif-
formia, ostiolis minutis irregulariter umbonatis. Perithecia minutissima,
integra nigra. Paraphyses persistentes simplices filiformes. Asci cylindrices,
8-spori. Sporae in ascis 1-2-seriales, incolores, fusiformes, 8-loculares, loculis
cylindricis, 18-22 X 5-6^.

On limestone, vicinity of Cockburn Town, Watl ing's Island (Britton and Mills-
paugh, March 13, 1907, 6127, type; 6129).

Lithothelium bahamense differs from the only other known species of the genus,
L. cubanum Muell. Arg. (Bot. Jahrb. 6: 386. 1885), in the color of the thallus and
the eight-celled spores.

2. PABMENTABIA Fee.

1. Parmentaria astroidea Fee, Essai Crypt. 70, pi, 20, f. 1. 1824.

On bark, New Providence, at Clifton Coppice, and Crooked Island, at Vauxhall : —
widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.

Order 2. CALICIALES.
Family 1. CALICIACEAE.

1. CALICIUM Pers.
1. Calicium hyperellum Ach. Meth. Lich. 93. 1803.

Lichen hyperellus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 85. 179S.

On palmetto, The Bight, Cat Island : — widely distributed in North America
and Europe.

AKTHONIACEAE. 533

Order 3. GRAPHIDALES.

Apothecia without an exciple. Fam. 1. ARTHONIACEAE.
Apothecia with an exciple.
Thallus without a cortex.

Apothecia solitary. Fam. 2. GRAPHIDACEAE.

Apothecia typically imbedded in a stroma. Fam. 3. CHIODECTONACEAE.

Thallus with an upper cortex. Fam. 4. DIRINACEAE.

Family 1. ARTHONIACEAE.

Spores two to many-celled. 1. Arthonia.

Spores muriform-multilocular. 2. Arthothelium.

1. ARTHONIA Ach.

Spores four- to six-celled.

Apothecia some shade of red. 1. A. gregaria.

Apothecia brown or black.

Apothecia orbicular or difform.

Apothecia about 0.3 mm. in diameter.

Spores with cells of equal size. 2. A. chiodectella.

Spores with end-cell enlarged. 3. A. cinereopruinosa.

Apothecia over 0.6 mm. in diameter.

Spores with cells of equal size. 4. A. polymorpha.

Spores with one or both end-cells enlarged. 5. A. complanata.

Apothecia linear, more or less branched. 6. A. interducta.

Spores eight- to sixteen-celled.
Spores 22-32 x 7-11 #.

Apothecia fulvous, 0.1 mm. wide. 7. A, fissurinea.

Apothecia chestnut, 0.3-0.5 mm. wide. 8. A. septiscpta.

Spores 50-75 x 14-23 #,.

Apothecia orbicular. 9. A. platygraphidea.

Apothecia linear and branched. 10. A. atrata.

1. Arthonia gregaria (Weig.) Koerb. Syst. Lien. Germ. 291. 1855.

Sphaeria gregaria Weig. Obs. Bot. 43, pi. 2, f. 10. 1772.
Arthonia cinnabarina Wallr. Crypt. Germ. 1: 320. 1831.
On bark, Stocking Island, Exuma Chain : — cosmopolitan.

2. Arthonia chiodectella Nyl. Flora 52: 125. 1860.

On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; Louisiana ; Texas.

3. Arthonia cinereopruinosa Schaer. Enum. Lich. 243. 1850.

On bark, New Providence : — North America ; Europe.

4. Arthonia polymorpha Ach. Syn. Lich. 7. 1814.

On bark, Great Bahama, New Providence, Great Exuma : — widely distributed in
tropical regions of both hemispheres.

5. Arthonia complanata Fee, Essai Crypt. 54. 1824.

On bark, Great Bahama, at Finder's Point : — widely distributed in tropical and
subtropical America and in New ..Zealand.

6. Arthonia interducta Nyl. Act. Soc. Sd. Fenn. 7: 496. 1863.

On bark, Stocking Island, and Cay north of Wide Opening, Exuma Chain : —
Florida ; Anegada Island ; Nicaragua ; Brazil ; Hawaiian Islands.

7. Arthonia fissurinea Nyl. Flora 68 : 447. 1885.

On bark, Great Bahama, near Rolletown : — Florida.

8. Arthonia septisepta Nyl. Flora 69: 104. Hyponym. 1886. Nyl. apud Willey,

Synops. Arth. 11. 1890.

On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba.

This species is very closely related to the common Arthonia conferta (F6e) Nyl.,
differing only in having the apothecia spuriously margined and the spores eight-
celled instead of six-celled.

534

GEAPHIDACEAE.

9. Arthonia platygraphidea Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 483. 1863.

On bark, New Providence, on Soldier's Road, and Cat Island, vicinity of The
Bight :— Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Mexico ; Brazil.

10. Arthonia atrata (Fe"e) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve

298: 59. 1887.

Graphis atrata Fe*e, Essai Crypt. 35. 1824.

Not Arthonia atrata Tuck. Genera Lich. 222. 1872.

On bark, New Providence : — tropical America.

2. ARTHOTHELIUM Mass.

1. Arthothelium macrothecum (Fee) Mass. Eic. Lich. Crost. 55. 1852.
Arthonia macrotheca Fee, Suppl. Essai Orypt. 42, pi. 40, f. 18. 1837.

On bark, Abaco, at Marsh Harbor, and New Providence, at Soldiers' Home : —
widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres.

Family 2. GRAPHIDACEAE.

Spores four- to many-celled.
Spores colorless.

Spores with cylindrical cells. 1. Opegrapha.

Spores with lens-shaped cells. 2. Graphis.

Sipores brown. 3. PhaeograpMs.

Spores muriform-multilocular.

Spores colorless. 4. Graphina.

Spores brown. 5. Phaeographina.

1. OPEGRAPHA Humb.

Growing on bark.

Spores four-celled. 1. O. atra.

Spores six-celled.

Spores 2-4 w wide. 2. O. vulgata.

Spores 7-9 u wide. 3. O.varia.

Growing on rocks.
Spores four-celled.

Thallus white. 4. O. calcarea.

Thallus gray, greenish or brownish. 5. 0. saxicola.

Spores six- to eight-celled.

Thallus some shade of brown.

Thallus thin and continuous. 6. O. isabellina.

Thallus of medium thickness, rimulose-areolate. 7. O. bahamensis.

Thallus slate-gray. 8. O. columbina.

1. Opegrapha atra Pers. in Usteri, Ann. Bot. 7: 30. 1794.

On bark, New Providence, at Soldiers' Home : — widely distributed.

2. Opegrapha vulgata Ach. Meth. Lich. 20. 1803.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in temperate regions.

3. Opegrapha varia Pers. in Usteri, Ann. Bot. 7: 30. 1794.

On bark, New Providence: — cosmopolitan.

4. Opegrapha calcarea Turn, in Smith, Eng. Bot. pi. 1690. 1807.

Opegrapha Chevallieri Leight. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II: 13: 90. 1854.
On limestone, Conception Island : — Europe ; California ; Cuba.

5. Opegrapha saxicola Ach. Syn. Lkh. 71. 1814.

On limestone, New Providence : — Europe ; California ; Cuba.

GRAPHIDACEAE. 535

6. Opegrapha isafoellina Riddle, sp. nov.

Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, isabellinus minute
albo-maculatus, tennis continuus laevigatus. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Apothecia
dispersa ant rarius aggregata superficialia elevata, simplicia recta ant rarius
flexuosa, oblonga ant linearia, 0.8-2.0 mm. longa, 0.1-^0.2 mm. lata, tota nigra,
labiis hand sulcatis conniventibus disco rimaeformi; amphithecio nigricante
integro basi complete. Paraphyses ramosae. Asci clavati, 8-spori. Sporae
incolores, fusiformes, 6-8-loculares loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 20—24 X 4-5 /i.

On limestone, New Providence (Brace, May 20, 1918, 9437, type). In the Tucker-
man Herbarium there is an unnamed specimen of this species from Cuba, sent to
Tuckerman by Ravenel.

Scarcely anything is known of the rock-inhabiting Opegraphas of the tropics. I
have been unable to find any described in the writings of Nylander, Mueller-Argau,
or Wainio. The three new species here described appear to be distinct from the
European species.

7. Opegrapha bahamensis Riddle, sp. nov.

Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, testaceus, sat cras-
siusculus laevigatus aut rugulosus, rimulosus partim areolatus, sorediis nullis;
hypothallo nullo. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Apothecia dispersa aut rarius aggre-
gata, primum subinnata mox superficialia elevataque, simplicia recta, pro
maxima parte brevia oblonga, 0.4-0.7 mm. longa, rarius subelongata, ad 1.5
mm. longa, 0.1-0.2 mm. lata, tota nigra., labiis haud sulcatis conniventibus aut
rarius hiantibus, disco rimaeformi aut rarius paullum aperto; amphithecio
fusco-nigricante integro basi completo. Paraphyses sparse ramosae. Asci
clavati, 8-spori. Sporae incolores fusiformes, 6-loculares loculi cylindricis
aequalibus, 18-20 X 3-4 n.

On limestone, New Providence (Brace, June 5, 1918, 9^54a, type).

Opegrapha bahamensis resembles O. Chevallieri var. incarnata Riddle (Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 43 : 150. 1916), but differs in the six-celled spores. From O. zonata
Koerb., it differs in the absence of soredia and hypothallus. The key-characters will
serve to distinguish it from O. isabellina.

8. Opegrapha columbina Riddle, sp. nov.

Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, columbina aut
plumbeus aut partim nigrescens, tenuissimus farinulentus. Gonidia chroole-
poidea. Apothecia dispersa aut conglomerato-approximata, superficialia ele-
vata, simplicia recta oblonga, 0.5-1.5 mm. longa, circa 0.2 mm. lata, tota nigra,
labiis haud sulcatis conniventibus disco rimaeformi; amphithecio nigricante
integro basi completo crasso. Paraphyses ramosae. Asci clavati, 8-spori.
Sporae incolores fusiformes, 8-loculares loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 24-28
X 5-7 /A.

On limestone, vicinity of Governor's Harbor, Eleuthera Island (Britton and
Millspaugh, February 19-20, 1907, 5583, type).

This species is most closely related to Opegrapha ophites Tuck, (apud Riddle in
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 150r 1916), but differs in the short, straight, oblong
apothecia. From O. lithyrga Ach. it may be distinguished by the color of the thallus
and the wider spores.

2. GRAPHIS Adans.

Apothecia externally black.

Apothecia 0.4-1.0 mm. in length. 1. G. Pavoniana.

Apothecia mostly 2—5 mm. in length. 2. G-. scripta.

Apothecia not externally black.

Apothecia white, contrasting with the dark thallus or bark. 3. G. Afzelii.
Apothecia concolorous with the glaucous thallus.

Lips entire or nearly so. 4. G. vestita.

Lips deeply sulcate. 5. G. cinerea.

1. Graphis Pavoniana Fee, Essai Crypt. 40. 18-24.
On bark, New Providence : — Texas ; Bermuda.

536 GKAPHIDACEAE.

2. Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 265. 1810.

Lichen scriptus L. Sp. Plant. 1140. 1753.

On bark, New Providence and Stocking Island, Great Exuma : — cosmopolitan.

3. Graphis Afzelii Ach. Syn. Lich. 85. 1814.

On bark, Great Bahama and New Providence : — a common species in tropical
regions.

4. Graphis vestita Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 288. 1825.

On twigs, New Providence, along road between Clifton and Fort Mt. Pleasant : —
tropical America.

5. Graphis cinerea Fe"e, Essai Crypt. 37, pi. 10, f. 3. 1824.

On bark, New Providence : — Jamaica ; Colombia ; Brazil.

3. PHAEOGRAPHIS Muell. Arg.

Disk of apothecia dark red. 1. P. cinnabarina.
Disk of apothecia brownish-black, sometimes pruinose.

Amphithecium black at both sides and base. 2. P. dendritica. .

Amphithecium black at the sides only. 3. P. inusta.

1. Phaeographis cinnabarina (Fee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat.

Geneve 298: 27. 1887.

Graphis cinnabarina Fee, Essai Crypt. 44, pi. 13, f. 4. 1824.
On bark, New Providence: — Cuba; Colombia; Brazil ; Peru.

2. Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 382. 1882.

Opegrapha dendritica Ach. Meth. Lich. 31. 1803.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in temperate regions.

3. Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 383. 1882.

Graphis inusta Ach. Syn. Lich. 85. 1814.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in Europe, North and South
America, and New Zealand.

4. GBAPHINA Muell. Arg.

Thallus olivaceous, apothecia simple. 1. G. nitidescens.

Thallus malachite-green, apothecia branched. 2; G. virginea.

1. Graphina nitidescens (Nyl.) Kiddie, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 115.

1918.

Fissurina nitidescens Nyl. Lich. Japon. 108. 1890.
On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico.

2. Graphina virginea (Eschw.) Muell. Arg. Flora 63: 41. 1880.

Leiogramma virginea Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 98. 1833.
On bark, New Providence : — a common lichen in trooical America.

5. PHAEOGRAPHINA Muell. Arg.

1. Phaeographina caesiopruindsa (Fee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist.

Nat. Geneve 298: 49. 1887.

Arthonia caesiopruinosa Fee, Suppl. Essai Crypt. 36, pi. 40, /. 4. 1837.
Graphis scalpturata var. plurifera Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. V: 7: 332. 1867.

On bark, New Providence and Acklin's Island, at Spring Point : — widely dis-
tributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres.

CHIODECTONACEAE.

537

P. caesiopruinosa differs from P. scalpturata (Ach.) Muell. Arg. in the character
of the spores which in the former species are four to eight in each ascus and are
40-85 x 14-22 u in size; while in the latter species, they are constantly solitary in the
ascus, and 90-140 x 22-35 « in size, For a discussion of the confusion of this species
with P. quassiaecola (Fee) Muell. Arg. and the distinctions between the two species,
reference may be made to the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (44: 324. 1917).

Family 3. CHIODECTONACEAE.

Spores with cylindrical cells.

Spores colorless.

Spores brown.
Spores with lens-shaped cells.

Spores colorless.

Spores brown.

1. CHIODECTON Ach.

Either thallus or apothecia more or less brilliant red.
Thallus red at least in part.
Thallus not at all red, but apothecia blood-red.
Neither thallus nor apothecia at all red.
Apothecia linear, more or less branched.
Apothecia punctiform, difform, or oblong.

Stroma distinctly convex, apothecia seriate.
Stroma flat or absent, apothecia scattered.
Growing on bark ; spores 6- to 8-celled.
Growing on rocks ; spores 4-celled.

1. Chiodecton.

2. Solerophyton.

3. aiyphis.

4. Sarcographa.

1. C. sanguineum.

2. C. cruentatum.

3. C. elongatum.

1. C. qucussiaecolum.

5. C. crassum.

6. C.Bracei.

1. Chiodecton sanguineum (Sw.) Wainio, Lich. Bres. 2: 143. 1890.

Byssus sanguinea Sw. Prodr. 148. 1788.

Hypochnus rubrocinctus Ehrenb. in Nees, Hor. Phys. Berol. 84. 1820.

Chiodecton rubrocinctum Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 486. 1863.

On Juniperus stumps, Andros, at Nicholl's Town : — widely distributed in trop-
ical regions of both hemispheres.

2. Chiodecton cruentatum Kiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epiphloeodes crustaceus uniformis effusus hand limitatus, albus vel
albidus opacus, crassiusctilus verrucosus verrucis convexis hemisphericis aut
subglobosis, 0.3-0.5 mm. diam., conglomeratis. Gonidia chroolepoidea. Stroma
nulla. Apothecia dispersa, orbicularia oblonga aut pro maxima parte dif-
formia, 0.4-0.7 mm. lata, innata, disco piano claro cruento, margine spurie
thallino cincta; hymenio incolore, 60/u altit.; hypothecio incolore. Asci clavati,
8-spori. Sporae incolores, fusiformes, 6-loculares, loculis cylindricis aequalibus.
13-16 X 4 p.

On bark of Eugenia confusa, Barnett's Point, Great Bahama (Britton and Hills-
paugh, February 5-13, 1905, 263Jf, type).

The compact thallus and the absence of a stroma indicate that this species be-
longs to the section Enterographan The absence of a stroma as well as the lack of
any trace of red coloration in the thallus serve to distinguish it from the preceding
species. There does not seem to be any other species with which it could possibly
be confused.

3. Chiodecton elongatum Wainio, Lieh. Bres. 2: 138>. 1890.

On bark, New Providence : — Brazil.

The apothecia vary from immersed in and even with the thallus to conditions in
which there is a definite convex stroma ; the spores may be ten-celled.

4. Chiodecton quassiaecolum (Pee) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat.
Geneve 298: 69. 1887.

Enterographa quassiaecola Fee, Essai Crypt. 57, pi. 33, f. 2. 1824.

On bark of Erithalis fruticosa, Stocking Island, Great Exuma : — Martinique ;
New Caledonia ; Oceanica,

35

538 CHIODECTONACEAE.

5. Chiodecton crassum (DC.) Zahlbr. in Engler and Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.

I1*: 104. 1905.
Opegrapha crassa I>C. Fl. Franc. 2: 312. 1805.

On bark, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — Europe ; northern Africa ;
Japan. Not previously recorded from North America.

6. Chiodecton Bracei Kiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epilithicus crustaceus uniformis subdeterminatus maculas 3-15
mm. diam. formans baud linea nigra limitatus, argillaceus aut albus, in cras-
situdine mediocris, crebre contextus continuus laevigatus undulatus. Gonidia
chroolepoidea. Stroma nulla. Apothecia dispersa aut rarius aggregata thallo
immersa punctiformes aut difformia aut partim elongata, 0.1-0.5 mm. longa,
simplicia, disco sicco nigro madefacto badio, nudo piano superficiem thallo
subaequante, margine tenuissime spurie thallino aut margine evanescente; epi-
thecio fuscescentej hymenio et hypothecio incolore. Paraphyses crassiusculae
ramoso-connexae. Asci .clavati 8-spori. Sporae incolores fusiformes 4-loculares
loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 14-20 X 4 /A.

On limestone, New Providence (Brace, June 16, 1918, 9513, type). Also, Wat-
ling's Island, vicinity of Cockburn Town (Britton and Millspauyh, 6128a).

Chiodecton Bracei belongs to the section Enterographa. It differs from C. rufes-
cens Wainio (Journ. Bot. 34: 2'62. 1896) in having simple apothecia which are more
often punctate or difform than elongated. I take pleasure in naming this species in
honor of Mr. Brace, whose collections have greatly extended our knowledge of the
lichens of the Bahamas.

2. SCLEROPHYTON Eschw.
1. Sclerophyton elegans Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 103. 1833.

Stigmatidium elegans Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. II: 3: 274. 1869.

On bark, New Providence, along Soldier's Road : — Florida ; Bermuda ; Cuba ;
Guadeloupe ; Brazil.

Easily confused with species of Arthonia, as the stroma is by no means obvious.

3. GLYPHIS Ach.
1. Glyphis cicatricosa Ach. Syn. Lich. 107. 1814.

GlypMs Achariana Tuck. Amer. Journ. Sci. 25 : 429. 1858.

On bark of various species, and at various localities, Great Bahama, New Provi-
dence, Watling's Island : — one of the commonest of tropical lichens.

4. SARCOGRAPHA Fee.

1. Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve
298: 63. 1887.

Graphis tricosa Ach. Lich. Univ. 674. 1810.

On bark, New Providence, and Long Island : — widelv distributed in tropical re-
gions of both hemispheres.

Family 4. DIRINACEAE.

1. DIRINA Fr.

Growing on rocks. 1. D. repanda.

Growing on bark (of Jacquinia keyensis). 2. D. ceratoniae.

1. Dirina repanda (Fr.) Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 21: 343. 1856.
Parmelia repanda Fries, Lich. Europ. 177. 1831.

On limestone, New Providence, near Queen's Staircase, Nassau ; Great Exuma,
along Haynes Road ; Long Cay, on Cunningham Hill : — southern Europe and northern
Africa, Hawaii, India. The occurrence in the Bahamas of this species, not previously
known from North America, was recorded in the Bryologist (21 : 50. 1918).

COLLEMACEAE.

539

2. Dirina ceratoniae (Ach.) DeNot. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2: 188. 1846.
Lecanora ceratoniae Ach. Lich. Univ. 361. 1810.

On bark of Jacquinia keyensis (apparently confined to this, so far as it occurs
in the Bahamas). New Providence, road south of Fox Hill, Eleuthera Island, at
Miller's Point; Little San Salvador; Stocking Island, Great Exuma ; Watling's
Island, on island in lake : — southern Europe and northern Africa.

Order 4. LECIDEALES.

A. Spores with uniformly thickened wall, colorless

Leptotrema and there brown and muriform.

1. Thallus gelatinous when moist.

Gonidia : Gloeocapsa.
Gonidia : Nostoc.

2. Thallus not gelatinous when moist.

a. Thallus appearing as a mat of Trentepohlia
filaments, the hyphae to be seen only under
the microscope,
ft. Thallus not as above.

* Thallus crustose or squamulose.
t Thallus crustose.

Thalline exciple absent or soon dis-
appearing.

Margin of apothecia pilose.
Margin of apothecia naked.
Gonidia : Trentepohlia.

Apothecia with a black

exciple.

Exciple not black.
Gonidia : Cystococcuz.
Thalline exciple present.

Apothecia immersed in the thal-
• lus or in thalline verrucae.

Apothecia superficial and discoid.
ft Thallus squamulose, or developing
erect fruticose podetia and the
original squamules disappearing.
Apothecia sessile on the souamules.
Apothecia on the tips of erect po-
detia.

** Thallus foliose or fruticose.
Thallus foliose.

Gonidia : Blue-green.
Gonidia : Green.

Thallus fruticose, growing on trees.
(Species of Cladonia might be sought
here, but never grow on trees.)

B. Spores with irregularly thickened wall (i. e., polar-

bilocular) or uniformly thickened, but then
always brown ; never muriform.
Spores colorless.
Spores brown.

Thallus crustose.
Thallus foliose.

in all Bahama genera except

Fam. 1. PYRENOPSIDACEAB.
Fam. 2. COLLEMACEAE.

. 3. COENOGONIACEAEu

Fam. 4. PILOCARPACEAE.

Fam. 5. LECANACTIPACEAB.
Fam. 6. GYALECTACEAE.
Fam. 7. LECIDEACEAE.

Fam. 8. THELOTREMACEAE.
Fam. 9. LECANORACEAE.

Fam. 10. PHYLLOPSORACEAE.
Fam. 11. CLADONIACEAE.

Fam. 12. PANNARIACEAE.
Fam. 13. PARMELIACEAE.
Fam. 14. USNEACEAE.

Fam. 15. CALOPLACACEAE.

Fam. 16. BUELLIACEAE.
Fam. 17. PHYSCIACEAE.

Family 1. PYRENOPSIDACEAE.

1. PSOROTTCHIA Mass.

1. Psorotichia Boergesenii Wainio, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A: 67: 118. 1915.
On limestone, New Providence : — St. Thomas.

Family 2. COLLEMACEAE.

Spores simple.

Spores plurilocular or muriform-multilocular.

Thallus without a cortex.

Thallus corticate, at least above.

1. Physma.

2. CoUema.

3. Leptogium.

540 COLLEMACEAE.

1. PHYSMA Mass.
1. Physma umbella (Tuck.) Riddle.

Omphalaria umbella Tuck, apud Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 105. 1858.

On a rock, New Providence, at sink-hole, on Farringdon Road : — Alabama.

2. COLLEMA Hill.

Surface of thallus granulose. 1. C. rupestre.
Thallus not granulose.

Thallus radiately nlicate, with rounded lobes. 2. C. nigrescens.

Thallus merely uneven, with narrow lobes. 3. C. laciniatum.

1. Collema rupestre (Sw.) Kabenh. Deutsch. Krypt. Flora 2: 50. 1845.

Lichen rupestris Sw. Meth. Muscor. 37. 1781.

Lichen flaccidus Ach. Nov. Act. Acad. Sci. Stockholm 5: 14, pi. 1, f. 4.

1795.
Collema flaccidum Ach. Lich. Univ. 647. 1810.

On Annona glabra, Cat Island, at Port Howe : — widely distributed in temperate
regions of both hemispheres.

2. Collema nigrescens (Huds.) Ach. Syn. Lich. 321. 1814.

Lichen nigrescens Huds. Fl. Angl. 450. 1762.

On trees, Great Bahama, at Barnett's Point, and New Providence, at Waterloo
Coppice : — cosmopolitan..

The material is without isidia, and would represent what Wainio (Lich. Bres.
1: 235. 1890) calls Collema vespertilio (Lightf.) Wainio, but the original plants
upon which these names were based are doubtful.

3. Collema laciniatum Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1 : 115. 1858.

At base of tree, Watling's Island, near Cockburn Town : — Alabama ; Kansas.
The type came from calcareous rocks, and as the present material is sterile, the de-
termination must be considered uncertain, although the thalline characters agree
with the material in the Tuckerman Herbarium.

3. LEPTOGIUM S. F. Gray.

/

Thallus dark green to black. 1. L. chloromelum.
Thallus bluish lead-color.

Thalline margin of apothecia a plaited corona. 2. L. bullatum.

Thalline margin of apothecia thickly lobulate. 3. L. phyllocarpum.

1. Leptogium chloromelum (Sw.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 128. 1858.

Lichen chloromelos Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3 : 1892. 1806.

On trees, New Providence, Watling's Island, and Salt Key Bank, Anguilla
Islands : — throughout North America, and recorded as cosmopolitan.

This is the most " Collema-ttke " of all the species of Leptogium, and is very
variable. Some of the specimens cited are near the variety stellans Tuck. Syn. N. A.
Lich. 1 : 163. 1882.

2. Leptogium bullatum (Ach.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 129. 1858.

Lichen bullatus Ach. Lich. Suec. Prodr. 137. 1798.

On trees, Great Bahama, at Golden Grove, and New Providence, along Soldier's
Road : — widely distributed in tropical America, and recorded from tropical Asia and
New Zealand.

3. Leptogium phyllocarpum (Pers.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 130. 1858.

Collema phyllocarpum Pers. in Gaudich. Voy. Uran. 204. 1826.
Leptogium bullatum var. phyllocarpum Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 165.

1882.

On trees, New Providence, at Grantstown and along Soldier's Road : — widely dis-
tributed in tropical regions of both hemispheres.

GYALECTACEAE. 541

Family 3. COENOGONIACEAE.

1. COENOGONITJM Ehrenb.

1. Coenogonium interplexum Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 16: 92. 1862.

On trees, Abaco, vicinity of Cherokee 'Sound, and Andros, at Louisa Coppice,
near Nicholl's Town : — Costa Rica ; Colombia ; Venezuela.

Family 4. PILOCARPACEAE.

1. PILOCARPON Wainio.
1. Pilocarpon tricholoma (Mont.) Wainio, Lich. Bres. 2: 89. 1890.

Biatora tricholoma Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill: 16: 53. 1851.
Lecidea leucoblephara Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 19: 337. 1863.

On leaves of Eugenia, Crooked Island, at Stopper Hill : — widely distributed in
tropical America.

Family 5. LECANACTIDACEAE.

1. LECANACTIS Eschw.

1. Lecanactis denticulata Wainio, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A: 67: 141. 1915.
Opegrapha acicularis Eiddle, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1: 110. 1918.

On bark of Coccolobis laurifolia, Great Harbor Cay, Berry Islands, and on
Eugenia buxifolia, Watling's Island : — Florida ; Cuba ; St. Thomas ; St. Croix ; Porto
Rico.

It has only recently been possible for me to see a copy of Wainip's paper. His
description of L. denticulata differs from that of O. acicula/ris only in stating that
the base of the amphithecium is black, while I found it to be colorless in the mate-
rial that I examined ; but the denticulate margin of the apothecia is so peculiar and
so characteristic that I am convinced that the plants are the same. Furthermore,
the acicular spores are identical, and Wainio has proposed a new section Bacidiactis
to receive this species.

Family 6. GYALECTACEAE.

Spores one-celled. 1. lonaspis.

Spores two-celled. 2. Microphiale.

1. IONASPIS Th. Fr.
1. lonaspis tropica Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus erustaceus effusus tenuissimus cum saxo conferruminatus, fusces-
cens, minutissime farinosus, circa apothecia rimuloso-areolatus. Gonidia pauca
chroolepoidea. Apothecia caespitosa minuta, in areolis thallinis immersa, disco
primum punctiforme dein aperto ad 0.3 mm. lato, concavo aut piano, castaneo
aut f uscescente, margine pallidiore integro tenue parum prominente persistente ;
epithecio fulvo, excipulo et hypothecio pallido. Asci clavati 8-spori. Sporae
incolores simplices ellipsoideae membrano tenue, 10-12 X 6— 7/u.

On limestone, New Providence (Brace, November 20, 1918, 9697, type).
This species has the general appearance of lonaspis suaveolens (Ach.) Arnold,
but differs in the brown thallus and disk of the apothecium.

2. MICROPHIALE Stizenb.

1. Microphiale lutea (Dicks.) Steiner, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien
106: 227. 1897.

Lichen luteus Dicks. PI. Crypt. Brit. 1: 11. 1785.
Gyalecta lutea Tuck. Gen. Lich. 136. 1872.
On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed.

LECIDEACEAE.
Family 7. LECIDEACEAE.

Spores simple. i
Spores four- to many-celled.

Spores thick-walled, with more or less lens-shaped cells. 2. BomltiiUosnora
Spores thin-walled, with cylindrical cells.

Spores four-celled, fusiform. 3 Bllimbia

Spores many-celled, acicular. 4* Bacidia. '

1. LECIDEA Ach.

Growing on rocks. 1. L.immersa.
Growing on bark.

Hypothecium pale. 2. L. vernalis v. minor.

Hypothecium blackish-brown. 3. L. furfurosa.

1. Lecidea imme'rsa (Web.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 34. 1803.

Lichen immersus Web. Spicil. Fl. Goett. 188. 1778.
Lecidea calcivora Mass. Eic. Lich. Crost. 78. 1852.
Biatora calcivora Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 2: 29. 1888.

On calcareous rocks, New Providence, along Soldier's Road := — southern United
States; Europe.

2. Lecidea vernalis (L.) Ach. var. minor Nyl. apud Norrl. in Not. Saellsk.

Faun. Fl. Fenn. 13: 335. 1873.

On bark, New Providence : — North America ; Europe.

3. Lecidea furfurosa Tuck, apud Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 19: 341. 1863.

Biatora furfurosa Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 2: 19. 1888.
On bark, New Providence, at Grantstown : — 'Florida ; Cuba.

2. BOMBYLIOSPORA DeNot.

1. Bombyliospora domingensis (Pers.) Zahlbr. apud Wawra and Beck; Jtinera
Princip. Coburg. 2: 154. 1888.

Patellaria domingensis Pers. Annal. Wetter. 2: 12. 1810.
Heterothecium domingense Flot., Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 2: 57. 1888.

On bark, New Providence, coppice near Clifton : — widely distributed in tropical
regions of both hemispheres.

3. BILIMBIA DeNot.

Growing on rocks ; apothecia blackening. 1. B. trachona.
Growing on bark or old wood.

Thallus and apothecia golden-yellow. 2. B. aurata.

Thallus gray or greenish ; apothecia pallid. 3. B. molybditis.

1. Bilimbia trachdna (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 386. 1871.

Verrucaria trachona Ach. Meth. Lich. Suppl. 16. 1803.
Lecidea phaeomela Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 19: 34. 1863.

On limestone, New Providence : — locally distributed in North America and
Europe.

The original description of this species says, " crusta pulverulenta." Mr. L. J.
K. Brace has sent in a series of collections from New Providence showing that the
thallus varies from areolate-rimose, in well-developed specimens, to a dispersed and
granulate condition, and in some cases disappearing. The name Lecidea phaeomela
was applied by Nylander to the last named condition. The color of the thallus varies
from the typical sordid-green to fuscescent. The very youngest apothecia are bay-
brown, but they blacken quickly.

THELOTBEMACEAE. 543

2. Bilimbia aurata Eiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, e flavo intense aures-
cens, tenuis leprosus laxe contextus. Gonidia cystococcoidea. Apothecia minu-
tissima, 0.1-0.15 mm. lata, sat elevata rotundata regularia ceraeea, disco
aurantiaco, primum piano margine tenuissime pallidiore subleproso, mox eon-
vexo margine excluso; epithecio lutescente, hymenio et hypothecio incolore.
Asci clavati, 8-spori. Sporae incolores fusiformes apicibus rotundatis aut
altero apice subacuto, 4-loculares, loculis cylindricis aequalibus, 10-12 X 3/x.

On bark, Farringdon Road, New Providence (Elizabeth G. Britton, August, 1904,
221, type). The following sterile specimens appear to belong here also: — on dead
Suriana, Andros, at Barton Creek (Brace, 5297) ; on dead wood, Crooked Island, at
Gun Bluff (Brace, 4693). Also, Palm Beach, Florida (R. Thaxter).

The sterile specimens are similar to the Lepraria flava of the older authors,
although brighter and more golden. But the fertile specimen has abundant apothecia,
which certainly belong to the thallus in question. The species is a very distinct one.

3. Bilimbia molybditis (Tuck.) Eiddle.

Biatora molybditis Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 2: 34. 1888.
On bark, New Providence : — Florida.

4. BACIDIA DeNot.

Apothecia pallid to flesh-color. 1. B. medialis.
Apothecia reddish-brown to black.

Apothecia persistently brown. 2. B. fuscorubella.

Apothecia soon becoming black. 3. B. atrogrisea.

1. Bacidia medialis (Tuck.) Eiddle.

Lecidea medialis Tuck, apud Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 19: 346. 1863.
Biatora medialis Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 2: 132. 1888.

On bark, New Providence : — Florida ; Texas ; Cuba ; Nicaragua ; Brazil.

2. Bacidia fuscombella (Hoffm.) Arnold, Flora 54: 55. 1871.

Verrucaria fuscorubella Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 175. 1795.
Biatora fuscorulella Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 2: 43. 1888.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.

3. Bacidia atrogrisea (Delise) Arnold, Flora 41: 505. 1858.

Biatora atrogrisea Delise apud Hepp, Fl. Eur. 26. 1853.
Lecidea luteola f. endoleuca Nyl. Bot. Notis. (1853) 98.
Bacidia endoleuca Kickx, Fl. Crypt. Fland. 1: 261. 1867.

On bark, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — widely distributed in North
America and Europe.

Family 8." THELOTREMACEAE.

Paraphyses branched and anastomosing. 1. Q-yrostomum.
Paraphyses simple and free.

Spores plurilocular, colorless. 2. Ocellularia.
Spores muriform-multilocular.

Spores colorless. 3. Thelotrema.

Spores brown. 4. Leptotrema.

1. GYROSTOMTJM Fr.

1. Gyrostomum scyphuliferum (Ach.) Fr. Syst. Orb. Veg. 268. 1825.
Lecidea scypliulifera Ach. Synops. Lich. 27. 1814.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemi-
spheres.

544 THELOTKEMACEAE.

2. OCELLULAEJA Spreng.

Spores four- to six-celled. 1. O. micropora.

Spores eight- to sixteen-celled. 2. O. subtilis.

1. Ocellularia micropora (Mont.) Muell. Arg. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 23: 129.

1891.

Thelotrema microporum Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill: 10: 130. 1848.

On bark, Andros, at Louisa Coppice near Nicholl's Town : — Florida ; Cuba ;
Brazil ; Tahiti ; Japan.

2. Ocellularia subtilis (Tuck.) Kiddle.

Thelotrema subtile Tuck. Am. Journ. Sci. 25: 426. 1858.*
Thelotrema bicinctulum Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 15: 46. 1861.
On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed.

3. THELOTBEMA Ach.

Apothecia in raised, convex verrucae. 1. T. lepadinum.

Apothecia sunken in the thallus. 2. T. paralbidum.

1. Thelotrema lepadinum Ach. Meth. Lich. 132. 1803.

Lichen lepadinus Ach. Lich. Suec'. Prodr. 30. 1798.

On dead wood, New Providence, near Soldiers' Home : — cosmopolitan.

2. Thelotrema paralbidum Kiddle, sp. nov.

Thallus epiphloeodes crustaceus uniformis effusus haud limitatus, sordide
albidus, in crassitudine mediocris, rimoso-areolatus areolis subquadrangularibus
0.6-1.0 mm. latis inaequalibus vel leviter convexis. Gonidia chroolepoidea.
Apothecia approximata aut partim dispersa, areolis thallinis immersa haud ver-
rucas formantia, suborbicularia 0.5-0.8 mm. lata, disco aperto piano albissimo
farinoso, superficiem thalli subaequante aut paullum submerso, margine duplice
crenato aut sublacerato parum prominente; intus hyalino. Paraphyses sim-
plices. Asci clavati, S'-spori. Sporae incolores ovideae murali-divisae, 8—10-
loculares, loculis cubicis 2-3-locellatis, 22-25 X 9-11 fi.

On bark, Maidenhead Coppice, New Providence (Elizabeth G. Britton, February,
1905, 3234, type).

Thelotrema paralbidum is externally similar to Ocellularia albida (Nyl.) Riddle,
.(Thelotrema albidum Nyl. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 7: 451. 1863), but differs in spore-
characters. It is, perhaps, most closely related to T. velatum Muell. Arg. (Bull. Soc.
Roy. bot. Belg. 321 : 26. 1894), but differs in the thicker, areolate thallus, the white
disk, and the shorter spores.

4. LEPTOTREMA Mont. & v. d. Bosch.

Apothecia in convex verrucae.

Spores 1-2 in each ascus. 1. L. monosporum.

Spores 8 in each ascus.

Verrucae 0.8-1.0 mm. diameter ; spores 20-30 # in length. 2. L. bahianum.
Verrucae 0.3-0.5 mm. diameter ; spores 35-50 /* in length. 3. L. simplex.
Apothecia sunken in the thallus.

Spores 1-4 in each ascus. 4. L. bisporum.

Spores 8 in each ascus.

Spores with 4-6 series of cells.

Spores 10-14 x 6-8 # 5. L. glaucescens.

Spores 17-27x10-18/4. 6. L.Wightii.

Spores with 6-10 series of cells. 7. L. compunctum.

1. Leptotrema monosporum (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 312:
35. 1892.

Thelotrema monosporum Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 15: 46. 1861.
On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in the warmer regions.

LECANOEACEAE. 545

2. Leptotrema bahianum (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat.

Geneve 298: 12. 1887:

Thelotrema lepadinum var. 'bahianum Ach. Meth. Lich. 132. 1803.

On bark, New Providence, along Soldier's Road : — Cuba ; Costa Rica ; Colombia ;
Brazil.

3. Leptotrema simplex (Tuck.) Kiddle.

Thelotrema simplex Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. 6 : 271. 1864.

On bark, Andros, along road to Conch Sound, and along road to Morgan's Bluff,
and New Providence : — Cuba.

4. Leptotrema bisporum (Nyl.) Eiddle.

Thelotrema bisporum Nyl. apud Hue, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris
III: 3: 96. 1891.

On bark, Great Bahama, near Eight Mile Rocks : — Guadeloupe.

The specimens agree exactly with the external characters of the type preserved
in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. But Nylander says that the spores
are 1 to 2 in the ascus and 80-115 x 34-36 //, in size; while the present material
shows spores 2 to 4 in the ascus and only 38-50 x 14-18 # in size. It is to be ex-
pected, however, that with a larger number of spores in the ascus the size should
be smaller. A similar condition is found in species of Pertusaria, for example, Pertu-
saria leioplaca (Ach.) Schaer.

5. Leptotrema glaucescens (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 499. 1882.

Thelotrema glaucescens Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV: 19: 499. 1882.

On bark, Andros, along road to Conch Sound : — southern United States ; Cuba ;
Porto Rico.

6. Leptotrema Wightii (Taylor) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 499. 1882.

Endocarpon Wightii Taylor in Hook. Journ. Bot. 6: 155. 1847.
Thelotrema Eavenelii Tuck, in part, (fide Muell. Arg. in herb.)

On bark, Abaco, at Old Kerr's Point : — widely distributed in the warmer regions
of both hemispheres.

7. Leptotrema comptinctum (Sin.) Muell. Arg. Flora 70: 400. 1887.

Lichen compunctus J. E. Smith apud Ach. Meth. Lich. 143. 1803.

On bark, New Providence: — Cuba; Costa Rica; Colombia; Brazil. Mueller
(1. c.) misspelt the name as " compacto," but corrected the error in a list of errata
published in Hedwigia 34 : 36. 1895.

Family 9. LECANOEACEAE.

Spores simple.

Paraphyses simple and free. 1. Lecanora.

Paraphyses branched and anastomosine. 2. OchrolecMa.

Spores plurilocular. 3. Haematomma.

1. LECANORA Ach.

Growing on rocks. 1. L. badia.
Growing on bark or old wood.

Disk of apothecia distinctly brown. 2* L. subfusca.
Disk of apothecia not brown.

Disk typically yellowish-green. 3. L. varia.

Disk typically flesh-color. 4. L. cinereocarnea.

1. Lecanora badia (Pers.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 407. 1810.

Lichen Radius Pers. in Usteri, Ann. Bot. 7: 27. 1794.

On limestone, Eleuthera Island, at Eleuthera Point : — widely distributed in
Europe ; local in North America : mountains of Brazil, Peru, and Chili.

CLADONIACEAE.

2. Lecanora subfusca (L.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 393. 1810.

Lichen subfuscus L. Fl. Suec. ed. 2. 409. 1755.
On bark, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

3. Lecanora varia (Ehrh.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 377. 1810.

Lichen varius Ehrh. apud Hoffm. PI. Lich. 1: 102, pi. 23, f. 4. 1790.
On bark and old wood, Great Bahama and New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

4. Lecanora cinereocarnea (Eschw.) Wainio, Lich. Bres. 1: 80. 1890.

Parmelia varia var. cinereocarnea Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 187. 1833.
Lecanora chlaroterodes Nyl. Flora 59: 508. 1876.

Lecanora chlaronella Nyl. apud Crombie, Journ. Linn. Soc. 16: 215. 1877.
Lecanora subfusca var. cinereocarnea Tuck, in Wright Lich. Cub. no. 118.

On bark of trees and shrubs, from Berry Islands to Acklin's : — widely distributed
in tropical regions of both hemispheres.

2. OCHROLEbHIA Mass.
1. Ochrolechia paUescens (L.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 149. 1855.

Lichen paUescens L. Sp. Plant. 1142. 1753.

Lecanora paUescens Schaer., Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1 : 196. 1888.

On bark of Maba crassinervis, Watling's Island, near Cockburn Town : — cosmo-
politan.

3. HAEMATOMMA Mass.

1. Haematomma puniceum (Ach.) Wainio, Lich. Bres. 1: 72. 1890.
Lecanora punioea Ach. Syn. Lich. 174. 1814.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in tropical regions of both hemi-
spheres.

Family 10. PHYLLOPSORACEAE.

1. PHYLLOPSOBA Muell. Arg.

1. Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Muell. Arg. Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2: appendix
1: 45. 1894.

Lecidea parvifolia Pers. in Gaudich. Voy. Uran. 192. 1826.
Biatora parvifolia Tuck. Genera Lich. 157. 1872.

On tree-trunks, Andros, and New Providence, in Waterloo Coppice : — widely dis-
tributed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Family 11. CLADONIACEAE.

1. CLADONIA Hill.

Apothecia some shade of red. 1. C. areolata.

Apothecia some shade of brown.

Podetia with dilated axils or cup-shaped.

Axils or cups perforate. 2. C. Dilleniana.

Axils or cups closed.

Podetia entirely corticate and without soredia.

Cups proliferating from the center. 3. C. verticillata.

Cups proliferating from the margins, or not at all. 4. C. gracilis.
Podetia at least partially decorticate and more or less

sorediate.

Podetia powdery-sorediate. 5. C.flmlriata.

Podetia warty or scurfy or granular-sorediate.

Cups well-developed. 6. <7. pyxidata.

Cups reduced. 7. C.pityrea.

Podetia with closed axils, not at all cup-shaped, much branched.

Podetia fine and somewhat uniform in size throughout. 8. C. pycnoclada.
Podetia with main part stout and branching progressively

finer. 9. C. rangiferina.

PANNAEIACEAE. 547

1. Cladonia areolata Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 226. 1858.

On decaying log, Eleuthera Island, between Harbor Island and Lower Bogue : —
Guadeloupe.

This is a peculiar and distinct species, with a subcrustose thallus.

2. Cladonia Dilleniana Floerke, Clad. Comm. 138. 1828.

On ground and over rocks, Andros, vicinity of Lisbon Creek, Deep Creek, Scrub
Creek : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Australasia ; Madagascar.

3. Cladonia verticillata Hoffm. Deutsch. PI. 2: 122. 1795.

Cladonia gracilis var. verticillata Fr.; Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 242. 1882.
On the ground, Abaco, along California Road : — cosmopolitan.

4. Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. var. dilacerata Floerke, Clad. Comm. 37. 1828.

Cladonia gracilisv&r. hybrida Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 243, in part. 1882.

Over rocks, Great Bahama, vicinity of Eight Mile Rocks : — widely distributed in
Europe and North America.

5. Cladonia fimforiata (L.) Fr. var. simplex (Weis.) Flot. Linnaea 18: 18.

1843.

Lichen fimbriatus var. simplex Weis, PI. Crypt. Gott. 84. 1770.

Cladonia fimbriata var. tubaeformis Fr. ; Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 241.

1882.

On the ground, Crooked Island, along road to Stopper Hill : — cosmopolitan.

6. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. var. chlorophaea Floerke, Clad. Comm. 70.

1828.

Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr.; Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 240, in part. 1882.
On the ground, Great Bahama and New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

7. Cladonia pityrea (Floerke) Fr. Nov. Sched. Grit. 21. 1826.

Capitularia pityrea Floerke, Berl. Magaz. 2: 135. 1808.

Cladonia fimbriata var. adspersa Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 242. 1882.

On dead wood, and on the ground, Andros, near Nlcholl's Town, and Crooked
Island, at Vauxhall : — cosmopolitan.

8. Cladonia pycnoclada (Pers.) Nyl. Journ. Linn. Soc. 9: 244. 1866.

Cenomyce pycnoclada Pers. in Gaudich. Voy. Uran. 212. 1826.

On the ground and over rocks, Abaco, at Marsh Harbor, and Mangrove Cay,
Andros, at Pineland, Lisbon Creek : — widely distributed in the southern hemisphere.

9. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Web. in Wiggers, Prim. PI. Hols. 90. 1780.

Lichen rangiferinus L. Sp. Plant. 1153. 1753.
Over rocks, Great Bahama : — cosmopolitan.

Family 12. PANNARIACEAE.

Upper cortex composed of vertical hyphae ; gonidia Nostoc. 1. Pannaria.

Upper cortex composed of longitudinal hyphae ; gonidia Scytonema. 2. Coccocarpia.

1. PANNARIA Delise.

1. Pannaria rubiginosa (Thunb.) Delise, Diction. Class. 13: 20. 1828.
Lichen rubiginosus Thunb. Prodr. Flor. Capens. 176. 1794.

On trees, New Providence, along Soldier's Road : — common in tropical regions
and locally distributed in temperate regions of both hemispheres.

548

PAEMELIACEAE.

2. COCCOCAEPIA Pers.

1. Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 320. 1882.
Parmelia pellita Ach. Lich. Univ. 468. 1810.

Thallus without isidia.

Hypothallus copious and extending beyond the lobes.
Hypothallus medium or scanty.

Lobes about 0.4—1.0 mm. wide, repeatedly pinnatifid-

incised.

Lobes 2-10 mm. wide, cuneate, subentire.
Rhizoids blue-black ; apothecia blackening.
Rhizoids partly white ; apothecia persistently pale

brown.
Thallus more or less isidiose.

a. var. pannosa.

b. var. genuina.

c. var. parmelioides.

d. var. smaragdlna.

e. var. tenuior.

la. Coccocarpia pellita var. pannosa Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 320. 1882.

On trees, New Providence, at Lake Cunningham, and Crooked Island, at Vaux-
hall : — Cuba ; Australia.

lb. Coccocarpia pellita var. genuina Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 321. 1882.

On trees, Watling's Island, near Cockburn Town : — Cuba ; Porto Rico ; Brazil.
This represents the Acharian type and is well illustrated in Swartz Lich. Amer. pi. 6.

lc. Coccocarpia pellita var. parmelioides (Hook.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 320.

1882.

Lecidea parmelioides Hook, in Kunth Syn. Plant. Orb. 162. 1822.
Coccocarpia molybdea Pers. in Gaudich. Voy. Uran. 206. 1826.
Pannaria molyldea Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 124. 1882.

On trees, Great Bahama, Abaco, New Providence : — widely distributed in the
warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Id. Coccocarpia pellita var. smaragdina (Pers.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 320.

1882.

Coccocarpia smaragdina Pers. in Gaudich. Voy. Uran. 206. 1826.

On trees, New Providence, at Lake Cunningham : — widely distributed in the
warmer regions of both hemispheres.

le. Coccocarpia pellita var. tenuior (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 322. 1882.
Coccocarpia molybdea var. tenuior Nyl. apud Krplh. Flora 59: 76. 1876.
On trees, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — Porto Rico ; Mauritius.

Family 13. PARMELIACEAE.

1. PAKMELIA Ach.

Margins ciliate:
Margins naked.
Medulla yellow.
Medulla white.

Thallus greenish-straw-color.
Thallus gray or whitish.

Medulla turning red when tested with caus-
tic potash.

Margins entirely without soredia.
Margins more or less sorediate.
Medulla not red with caustic potash.

1. P. urceolata.

2. P. sulphurata.

3. P. flava.

4. P. latlssima.

4a. P. latissimavar.cristifera.

5. P. perlata.

1. Parmelia urceolata Eschw. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 1: 207. 1833.

On trees, New Providence, along Soldier's Road : — tropical South America and
Africa.

USNEACEAE. 549

2. Parmelia sulphurata Nees & Flot. Linnaea 9: 501. 1834.

On trees, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — widely distributed in tro^
ical regions of both hemispheres.

3. Parmelia flava Krempelh. in Warming, Symbol. Flor. Bras, in Vidensk.

Meddel. 9. 1873.

On tree, Andros, along road to Conch Sound : — Brazil.

4. Parmelia latissima Tee, Siippl. Essai Crypt. 119, pi. 38, /. 1. 1837.

On trees, Abaco, New Providence, Watling's Island, Crooked Island : — widely
distributed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.

4a. Parmelia latissima var. cristifera (Taylor) Hue, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris IV: 1: 204. 1899.

Parmelia cristifera Taylor in Hook. Journ. Bot. 6: 165. 1847.

On trees, New Providence, at Maidenhead Coppice : — distributed as in the typi-
cal form.

5. Parmelia perlata (L.) Ach. Meth. Lich. 216. 1803.

Lichen perlatus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 712. 1767.
On trees, Great Bahama, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

Family 14. USNEACEAE.

Medulla of loosely interwoven hyphae ; spores two-celled. 1. Ramalina.

Medulla with a tough central strand of compacted hyphae ;

spores simple. 2. Usnea.

1. RAJVEALINA Ach.

Thallus more or less sorediate. 1. R. peruviana.
Thallus without soredia.

Thallus elongated and pendulous. 2. R. usneoides.
Thallus short and erect.

Branches flattened; spores ellipsoid. 3. R. complanata.

Branches more or less cylindrical ; spores fusiform. 4. R. Montagnei.

1. Ramalina peruviana Ach. Lich. Univ. 599. 1810.

On trees, Crooked Island, road to Stopper Hill : — Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Curagao
Island ; Peru.

2. Ramalina usneoides (Ach.) Fr. Lich. Europ. 468. 1831.

Parmelia usneoides Ach. Meth. Lich. 270. 1803.

On Hbrancb.es of trees, Abaco .and Watling's Island : — widely distributed in trop-
ical regions of both hemispheres.

3. Ramalina complanata (Sw.) Ach. Lich. Univ. 599. 1810.

Lichen complanatus S\v. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1911. 1806.

Eamalina denticulata (Eschw.) Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. II: 4: 129.
1870.

On trees, Abaco, New Providence, Eleuthera and Long Island : — widely dis-
tributed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.

4. Ramalina Montagnei DeNot. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2: 218. 1846.

Eamalina rigida var. Montagnei Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 23. 1882.

On twigs and branches, Great Bahama, New Providence, Cat, Watling's, and
Acklin Islands : — southern United States ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico.

CALOPLACACEAE.

2. USNEA Adans.

1. Usnea florida (L.) Web. var. strigosa Ach. Meth. Lich. 310. 1803.
On trees, Crooked Island, at Stopper Island : — cosmopolitan.

Family 15. CALOPLACACEAE.

Thalline exciple never present. 1. Blastenia.

Thalline exciple present, or sometimes disappearing in old apothecia. 2. Caloplaca.

1. BLASTENIA Mass.

Disk of apothecia orange or rusty. 1. B. ferruginea.

Disk of apothecia dark brown to black. 2. B. floridana.

1. Blastenia ferruginea (Huds.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 184. 1855.

Lichen ferrugineus Huds. Fl. Aug. 444. 1762.
On bark, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

2. Blastenia floridana (Tuck.) Zahlbr. in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.

I1* : £27. 1907.

Lecanora floridana Tuck. Proc. Am. Acad. 5 : 402. 1862.
Placodium floridanum Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 179. 1882.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in tropical America.

2. CALOPLACA Th. Fr.

Thallus conspicuously white-powdery. 1. C. galactophylla.

Thallus not at all white-powdery.

Thallus on bark, copiously isidiose. 2a. C. aurantiaca var. isidiosella.

Thallus on rocks, without isidia.

Apothecia superficial on convex, thick, thai-
line areoles. 26. C. aurantiaca, var. erythrella.
Apothecia immersed in flat, thin, thalline

areoles. 2c. C. aurantiaca var. diffracta.

1. Caloplaca galactophylla (Tuck.) Eiddle.

Placodium galactophyllum Tuck. Proc. Amer. Acad. 12: 171. 1877.
On limestone, New Providence : — Kansas.

2. Caloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 116. 1860.

Lichen aurantiacus Lightf. Fl. Scot. 2: 810. 1777.

2a. Caloplaca aurantiaca var. isidiosella (Crombie) Eiddle.

Lecanora aurantiaca var. isidiosella Crombie, Journ. Linn. Soe. 15: 437.

1877.

Lepraria Bassiae Ach. Meth. Lich. 5. 1803.
Placodium aurantiacum subsp. Bassiae Wainio, Journ. Bot. 34: 67. 1896.

On bark, New Providence : — Jamaica ; St. Thomas ; St. Vincent ; Guadeloupe ;
India.

2b. Caloplaca aurantiaca var. erythrella (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. 178. 1871.
Lichen erythrellus Ach. Lich. Prodr. Suec. 43. 1798.
On limestone, Eleuthera Island: — probably cosmopolitan.

BUELLIACEAE. 551

2c. Caloplaca aurantiaca var. diffracta (Mass.) Eiddle.

Callopisma aurantiacum var. diffractum Mass. Monog. Lich. Blast. 73.
1853.

On limestone, New Providence, and Watling's Island, near Cockburn Town : —
Italy.

The Bahama material agrees exactly with the specimen in Massalongo Lich.
Exsic. Ital. no. 2^3.

Family 16. BUELLIACEAE.

1. BTJELLIA DeNot.

Thallus areolate, even, medulla white.
Thallus yellow with caustic potash.

Apothecia black and nudate. 1. B. parasema.

Apothecia with an aeruginous bloom. la. B.parasemavar. aeruginascens.

Thallus red with caustic potash. 2. B.conspirans.

Thallus verrucose, the verrucae with a dark red

medulla. 3. B. sanguinariella.

1. Buellia parasema (Ach.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. 228. 1855.

Lecidea parasema Ach. Meth. Lich. 35. 1803.
Buellia disciformis Auct.

On bark, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

la. Buellia parasema var. aeruginascens (Nyl.) Muell. Arg. Flora 68: 530.

1885.

Lecidea disciformis var. aeruginascens Nyl. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. II: 2:
52. 1868.

On bark, Ship Channel Cay and Stocking Island, Exuma Chain : — widely dis-
tributed in tropical America.

2. Buellia conspirans (Nyl.) Wainio, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A: 67: 88. 1915.

Lecidea conspirans Nyl. Flora 51: 345. 1868.

Lecidea sub disciformis Leight. Lich. Fl. Brit. 308. 1871.

Buellia sub disciformis Wainio, Lich. Bres. 1: 167. 1890.

On bark, common in many of the islands from New Providence to Long Island : —
widely distributed in the warmer regions.

3. Buellia sanguinariella (Nyl.) Wainio, Lich. Bres. 1: 168. 1890.

Lecidea sanguinariella Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. V: 7: 328. 1867.

On bark, Crooked Island, at Vauxhall and Jingo Hill: — Cuba; Colombia.

Family 17. PHYSCIACEAE.

Hypothecium brownish-black. 1. Pyxine.

Hypothecium colorless. 2. Pliyscia.

1. PYXINE Fr.

Apothecia lecanorine at least when young.

Apothecia persistently lecanorine. 1. P. picta.

Apothecia soon becoming lecideine. 2. P. Meissneri.

Apothecia lecideine from the first.

Medulla white. 3. P. Cocoes.

Medulla sulphury. Ba. P. Cocoes var. endoxantha.

1. Pyxine picta (Sw.) Tuck. Proc. Amer. Acad. 4: 398. 1860.

Lichen pictus Sw. Prodr. 146. 1788.
Physcia picta Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 430. 1858.

On trees and shrubs, Great Bahama, New Providence, Cat Island, Watling's
Island : — widely distributed in warmer regions of both hemispheres.

552 PHYSCIACEAE.

2. Pyxine Meissneri Tuck. Proc. Amer. Acad. 4: 400. 1860.

On bark, New Providence : — tropical America and Africa, and East Indies.

3. Pyxine Cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. Mem. Soc. Sci. Cherb. 5: 108. 1857.

.Lichen Cocoes Sw. Prodr. 146. 1788.

Circinaria dissecta Fee, Essai Crypt. 127, pi. 30, f. 2. 1824.

Pyxine dissecta Wainio, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. A: 67: 70. 1915.

On bark, New Providence and Watling's Island : — widely distributed in the
warmer regions of both hemispheres.

Wainio (I. c.) gives reasons for dropping the name "Cocoes" and adopts Fee's
name in its place. His reasons do not seem very convincing, and as the name
" Cocoes " has been in use so long and is so well recognized, it has seemed best to
retain it.

3a. Pyxine Cocoes var. endoxantha Muell. Arg. Flora 65: 318. 1882.

Eleuthera, Cat Islam

2. PHYSCIA Ach.

On bark, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island : — distribution similar to that
of the species.

Thallus gray-brown.

Thallus closely adnate ; center areolate. 1. P. adglutinata.

Thallus merely appressed ; center subcontinuous. 2. P. obscura.
Thallus whitish or glaucous.

Rhizoids black and hispid-branched. 3. P. hypoleuca.

Rhizoids white or brown, and simple.
Lobes flat.

Lobes 0.4-0.8 mm. broad. 4. P. alba.

Lobes 1.2-3.0 mm. broad.

Thallus without soredia. 5. P. dilatata.

Thallus sorediate. 6. P. crispa.

Lobes convex.

Thallus without soredia.

Lobes discrete and radiate. 7. P. stellaris.

Lobes more or less imbricate and ir-
regular. 8. P. integrata.
Thallus sorediate. 8a. P. integrata var. sorediosa.

1. Physcia adglutinata (Flke.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 428. 1858.

Lecanora adglutinata Floerke, Deutsch. Lich. 4: 7. 1815.

On bark, New Providence : — widely distributed in temperate regions.

2. Physcia obscura (Ehrh.) Nyl. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 21: 309. 1856.

Lichen obscurus Ehrh. Crypt, no. 177.
On bark, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

3. Physcia hypoleuca (Ach.) Tuck. Syn. N. A. Lich. 1: 68. 1882.

Parmelia speciosa var. hypoleuca Ach. Syn. Lich. 211. 1814.
On twigs, New Providence, on Soldier's Road : — widely distributed.

4. Physcia alba (Fee) Muell. Arg. Eev. Mycol. 9: 136. 1887.

Parmelia alia Fee, Essai Crypt. 125, pi. 30, f. 4. 1824.

On bark, Lignum Vitae Cay, Berry Islands and New Providence : — widely dis-
tributed in tropical America.

5. Physcia dilatata Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 423. 1858.

On dead wood, and on living shrubs, New Providence, at the Race Course and
Cat Island, vicinity of Port Howe : — Mexico ; Colombia ; Abyssinia.

This species is probably more widely distributed than the stations cited would
indicate, but does not seem to have been recognized. According to original speci-
mens in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris, P. dilatata has exactly the lobing
and texture of the common Physcia crispa, but without the soredia of that species.
From P. integrata, it differs in flatter lobes and in being membranaceous rather than
cartilaginous.

ALGAE. 553

6. Physcia crispa (Pers.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 423. 1858.

Parmelia crispa Pers. in Gaudieh. Voy. Uran. 196. 1826.

Common on trees, from Great Bahama to Cat Island : — widely distributed in the
warmer regions of both hemispheres.

7. Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1: 424. 1858.

Lichen stellaris L. Sp. Plant. 1144. 1753.

On trees, Berry Islands, New Providence, Cat, and Watling's Islands : — cosmo-
politan.

8. Physcia integrata Nyl. Syn. Lich. 1 : 424. 1858.

On trees, Harbor Island, Eleuthera, Cat Island, at Port Howe, and Watling's
Island, near Cockburn Town : — tropical America.

8a. Physcia integrata var. soredidsa Wainio, Lich. Bres. 1: 142. 1890.
On Cocolobis, Lignum Vitae Cay, Berry Islands : — with the species.

Class 2. ALGAE.

CONTRIBUTED BY MARSHALL A. HOWE.

SUB-CLASS RHODOPHYCEAE.

Family 1. BANGIACEAE.

1. BANGIA Lyngb. ; Hornem. Fl. Dan. 92T : 8. 1818 ; Lyngb. Hydroph.
Dan. 82. 1819.

f DIADENUS Pal. de Beauv.; Desv. Jour, de Bot. 1: 124. 1808.

1. Bangia lutea J. Ag. Alg. Med. et Adriat. 14. 1842.

Bangia pallida Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 250. 1843.

Bangia bidentata Kiitz. Phyc. Germ. 195. 1845.

Bangia pallescens Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 260. 1849.

In its short broad cells, the Bahamian plant resembles Kiitzing's fig. c
(Tab. Phyc. 3: pi. 28 IV) of his Bangia bidentata. It appears to be more
rosaceous and less luteous than old specimens from the Mediterranean, but
otherwise not essentially different.

On rocks between the tide-lines, Silver Cay (New Providence) : — reported from
Guadeloupe ; Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Type from Italy.

2. ERYTHROTEICHIA Aresch.; Summ. Veg. Scand. 132. 1846.

1. Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillw.) J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 3: 15. 1883.
Conferva carnea Dillw. Brit. Conferv. pi. 84. 1807.
Conferva ceramicola Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. 144. pi. 48D. 1819.
Erythrotrichia ceramicola Aresch.; Phyc. Scand. Mar. 210. 18'50.

On Sargassum, etc., probably common, Berry Islands : — widely distributed in
temperate and tropical seas. Type from Wales.

3. GONIOTBICHUM Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 89. 1843; Phyc.
Gen. 244. 1843.

1. Goniotrichum Alsidii (Zanard.) M. A. Howe, Mem. Torrey Club 15 : 75. 1914.

Bangia Alsidii Zanard. Bibl. Ital. 96: 136. 1839; Syn. Alg. Mar. Adriat.
115. pi. 6. f. 7. 1841.

Bangia elegans Chauv. Mem. Soc. Linn. Norm. 6: 13 (nomen nudum). 1838.

Goniotrichum elegans Zanard. Not. Cell. Mar. 69. 1847.

On Spermothamnion speluncarutn and Wrangelia penicillata, Mariguana : — widely
distributed in temperate and tropical seas. Type from Trieste.

36

554 NEMALIONACEAE.

4. ASTEROCYTIS Gobi, Trud. St. Peterb. Obsht. Yest. 10:

85. 1879. [Not seen.]
1. Asterocytis ramosa (Thwaites) Gobi, loc. cit.

Filaments 0.5-1 mm. long, mostly 13-28 fj. in diameter, sparingly dichot-
omous; vegetative cells (protoplasts) 5-10 /* long, 1-2 times as long as broad,
chromatophore vaguely stellate or indeterminate; cysts (akinetes ?) subglobose,
ovoid, or ellipsoid, uniseriate or rarely in a double series, 13-19 ^ in longest
diameter (including walls), their walls 2-5 /* thick. The monospores or akinetes
of the Bahamian specimens resemble in form those shown by Wille in his /. 10
(Nyt. Mag. Naturvidensk. 38: pi. 1. 1900).

On the older parts of Polysiphonia hapalacantha, Great Exuma : — apparently of
wide distribution ; American Virgin Islands. Type from England.

Family 2. NEMALIONACEAE.

1. LIAGORA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Phil. 3: 185. 1812.

Branching dominantly dichotomous (dichotomy sometimes obscured by proliferations,

especially in Nos. 1 and 3) ; dioicous.

Assimilatory filaments cylindric, 13-21 w in diameter in distal parts, projecting
beyond the calcification and forming a more or less conspicuous rufous or ful-
vous superficial nap ; antheridia in isolated compact, conic-
ovoid, subglobose, or hemispheric tufts 40-65 #, broad. 1. L. farinosa.
Assimilatory filaments more or less moniliate, 3-13 u in diam-
eter in distal parts, a superficial nap wanting or incon-
spicuous ; antheridia in rather loose flabellate or funnel-
shaped clusters 10— 20 u wide, commonly forming an ap-
parently confluent and continuous peripheral stratum.
Surface of thallus in dried state smooth and compact or
minutely pitted ; cystocarp with a rather inconspicuous
and poorly defined involucre. 2. L. valida.
Surface of thallus in dried state alveolate, farinaceous, or
pulverulent ; cystocarp with a sharply defined basal in-
volucre of long ascending or partly encircling filaments. 3. L. ceranoides.
Branching dominantly monopodial.*
Monoicous.

Calcification axial, the distal ends of the assimilatory fila-
ments free; antheridia in compact tufts 25-40 w broad,
on penultimate or antepenultimate segments ; cystocarp
with an involucre of ascending filaments. 4. L. pinnata.

Calcification chiefly and primarily extra-peripheral ; an-
theridia in small tufts, mostly 13-20 « broad, on ulti-
mate and penultimate segments ; involucre of cystocarp
represented by a few pendent or appressed-decurrent
rhizoidal filaments or wanting. 5. L. pedicellata.

Dioicous ; calcification usually light, chiefly axial ; plant very
flaccid and mucous ; assimilatory filaments usually beauti-
fully moniliform ; cystocarp with an inconspicuous involucre
of ascending filaments. 6. L. mucosa.

1. Liagora farinosa Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 240. 1816.

Liagora elongata Zanard. Flora 34: 35. 1851.

Liagora Cheyneana Harv. Trans. Boy. Irish Acad. 22: 552. 1855.

Liagora lurida Dickie, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 195. 1874.

Liagora crassa Dickie, loc. cit.

[Liagora cayohuesonica Melvill, Jour. Bot. 13: 262. 1875.

Liagora farionicolor Melvill, loc. cit. 263.

Liagora corymbosa J. Ag. p. p. max., Anal. Alg. Cont. 3: 104. 1896.

Extremely variable in size and in habit of branching, but constant in the
large compact capitate tufts of antheridia, dioicously disposed, in the protrusion

* Occasional conditions of L. farinosa may be sought here. L. decussata Mont.,
not yet reported from the Bahamas, has its branches commonly denudate at base
and thus apparently stipitate or articulate, which is not true of the other West
Indian members of the monopodial group. It differs also in being more compactly
calcified, less mucous, and less adherent to paper when dried.

NEMALIONACEAE. 555

of the stout cylindric assimilatory filaments beyond the axial calcification and
in the characters of the cystocarp. Monosporangium-bearing discs, looking like
epi-endophytes, but probably arising from gemmae of the Liagora, occur, espe-
cially on antheridial plants.

On rocks and stones from low-water mark down to a depth of at least two
meters, New Providence, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, South Cat Cay, Berry Islands,
Exuma Chain, Mariguana, and Little Inagua : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ;
St. Croix ; Barbados ; of wide distribution in tropical and subtropical seas. Type
from the Red Sea, near Suez.

2. Liagora valida Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 138. pi. 31A. 1853.

Liagora annulata J. Ag. (in part, at least) Sp. Alg. 3: 518. 1876.
Liagora tenuis J. Ag. p. p. max., Anal. Alg. Cont. 3: 101. 1896.
Liagora rosacea Zeh, Notizbl. Konigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 271. 1912.

Extremely variable in size and habit, in the amount of calcification, in
presence or absence of annulations, in the compactness of the cortex, in the sub-
parallel or subumbellate disposition of the distal branches of the assimilatory
filaments, and in the form and size of the peripheral cells, yet specific segrega-
tions seem to the writer to be impracticable. Plants growing on surf -beaten
rocks between the tide-lines form rigid brittle closely adherent cushions sug-
gesting fruticulose Lithothamnieae or species of the lichen genus Cladonia;
those growing below the low-water line or in less agitated water are longer,
laxer, less heavily calcified, and more flexible. In intermediate positions, forms
of intermediate habit occur. Certain conditions of the species appear to be
close to Liagora fragilis (Forsk. ?) Zanard. and L. rugosa Zanard., from the
Red Sea, with which they may need further comparisons.

On rocks from near the high-water mark, in exposed positions, down to a depth
of at least one meter (low-tide), New Providence, Great Bahama, Berry Islands,
North Cat Cay, South Cat Cay, Gun Cay, Andros, Orange Cay, Exuma Chain, Eleu-
thera, Watling's Island, Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ;
Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; St. Croix ; and Barbados. Type from Sand Key, near Key
West, Florida.

3. Liagora ceranoides Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 239. 1816.

Liagora pulverulenta Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 396. 1822.

Liagora leprosa J. Ag. 6fv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 4: 8. 1847.

Liagora opposita J. Ag. Anal. Alg. Cont. 3 : 101. 1896.

Liagora Pilgeriana Zeh, Notizbl. Konigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 272. 1912.

This species, also, as here conceived, shows great variation in size and habit,
in the amount of calcification, and in the presence or absence of lateral pro-
liferations, yet is fairly constant in the alveolate or farinaceous-pulverulent
character of the surface of the dried plant, in the small subglobose or ovoid
ultimate or penultimate cells of the assimilatory filaments, in the compact,
many-filamented, srnall-spored cystocarp, and in the highly developed cysto-
carpie involucre of numerous long ascending or partly encircling filaments.
Monosporangium-bearing discs, apparently arising from gemmae, are of fre-
quent occurrence on both antheridial and cystocarpic plants.

On rocks, stones, and shells and on other algae from low-water mark down to a
depth of two meters or more (taken at a depth of twenty meters by Borgesen in the
American Virgin Islands), Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, Gun Cay, Berry Islands,
Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Little Inagua and Castle Islands : — Bermuda ; ^Florida ;
Jamaica ; Porto Rico : American Virgin Islands ; Barbados ; Mexico ; Brazil ; of wide
distribution in tropical and subtropical seas. Type from St. Thomas, American
Virgin Islands.

4. Liagora pinnata Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 138. pi. 31B. 1853.

Liagora paniculata J. Ag. Anal. Cont. 3: 106. 1896.

On rocks, etc., from low-water mark down to a depth of at least two meters,
Great Bahama, Berry Islands, and Exuma Chain : — Florida ; Jamaica ; and St. Croix.
Type from Sand Key, near Key West, Florida.

556 NEMALIONACEAE.

5. Liagora pedicellata M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Thallus usually very soft and flaccid, 4-16 cm. long or high, irregularly
monopodial, the main divisions paniculate or pyramido-paniculate, each branch
surrounded in the living state by a soft mucous sheath about as thick as the
whole diameter of the enclosed branch, this sheath showing a flocculent precipi-
tate of microscopic calcareous granules arranged mostly in the walls of irregular
alveolae, making surface in dried state minutely alveolate or farinaceous-
alveolate; branches for the most part progressively shorter, varying from rather
sparse to crowded, tapering slightly to obtuse or subacute apex, 1.2-2 mm. broad
towards apex, including more or less calcified mucous sheath, 0.45—0.8 mm.
without sheath; central axis in basal .parts 1.5—2.5 mm. in diameter, more or
less calcified and often denudate, in ultimate branches mostly 150-175 /JL in
diameter, usually readily visible after decalcification, commonly reduced to about
four filaments towards apex, the cells subeylindric-ellipsoid or dolioform, 104-
340 fj. X 36— 104 /A, descending rhizoids &-13 /A in diameter few in younger parts;
fascicles of assimilatory filaments mostly 300-600 p long, 4-7 times divided,
usually subtrichotomous at one or two of the proximal articulations, otherwise
dichotomous, intermingled in older parts with simple or subsimple filaments
8—11 cells long, all filaments submoniliate in distal parts, the distal or subdistal
cells mostly obovoid, 15-26 /u long, 12-16 (20) p broad; apical hairs numerous,
slender, long and flexuous, often cylindric-capitate, soon gelatinizing, leaving
inconspicuous vestigia; monoico\is; antheridia in small inconspicuous tufts
mostly 13-20 /u, broad, on ultimate and penultimate segments; carpogonial branch
straight, 20-25 /A broad, of 4-6 cells (including the usually long pedicel cell)
situated terminally or subterminally on the third or fourth segment of the
fascicle ; cystocarp compact, subhemispheric, 90t-215 /u, broad, peripheral, ter-
minating a rather stout and rigid submonopodial axis or pedicel 300-450 ^
(4—8 cells) long, involucre wanting or represented by a few short appressed-
decurrent or pendent rhizoidal filaments; carpospores obovoid, ellipsoid, or pyri-
form, 23-39 /* X 15-21 yw.

On more or less exposed rocks, near the low -water mark (also found washed
ashore), Cockburn Harbor, South Caicos (Howe 555Jt — type), Malcolm Road, South
Caicos, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Rose Island, Whale Cay, Great Bahama : — Florida
(Boot Key).

Liagora pedicellata is allied to L. pinnata Harv., in general habit, but differs
constantly in being more flaccid and mucous, in the more external or sheathing
(usually lighter) calcification, in the smaller simpler more terminal tufts of anther-
idia, in the straighter, more terminal carpogonial branches, in the more peripheral,
more obviously pedicelled, more compact and homogeneous, large-spored cystocarps,
which are destitufe of a proper ascending involucre. In L. pedicellata; the calcifica-
tion is mostly in the external mucous sheath, extending irregularly down among the
peripheral filaments in the older parts ; the distal ends of the filaments are covered
by it with the possible exception of the tips of the hairs in the apical region. In
L. pinnata the calcification is in among the filaments, the distal ends of most of the
filaments, with or without hairs, remaining -free or protruding beyond the calcifica-
tion. The essentially terminal rather than lateral carpogonial branches might be
regarded by some as sufficient ground for placing the plant in the genus Trichogloea
rather than in Liagora, but in habit and other characters the plant is essentially a
Liagora, bearing, in fact, so close a resemblance to L. mucosa that a microscopic
examination is commonly necessary for their separation.

6. Liagora mucosa M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Thallus very soft and mucous, lightly and irregularly calcified, 5-20 cm.
long or high, irregularly monopodial, the main divisions paniculate or pyramido-
paniculate, the calcification beginning near the central axis and often extending
into the extra-peripheral mucus as mostly isolated flocculent granules, the sur-
face in dry state pulverulent, farinaceous, or sometimes minutely alveolate;
branches for the most part progressively shorter, varying from rather sparse to
moderately crowded, tapering slightly to obtuse or subacute apex, 0.32-0.6 mm.
broad towards apex (not including hairs) ; central axis in basal parts 0.7—1.25
mm. in diameter, lightly calcified, often {lenudate, in ultimate branches mostly

CHAETANGIACEAE. 557

45-125 fj. in diameter, readily visible, commonly reduced to three or four rather
easily separable filaments towards apex, the cells subcylindric or fusiform,
mostly 52— 300 /* X 11—75 «., descending rhizoids 3-8/4 in diameter few in
younger parts; fascicles of assimilatory filaments mostly 150-300 /A long, 3 or
4 times dichotomous, intermingled in older parts with simple or subsimple fila-
ments 8-15 cells long, all beautifully moniliate or submoniliate in distal parts
at least, the distal or subdistal cells subglobose or bitruncate-subglobose to
ellipsoid or obovoid, 13-24 /A long, 13-19 n broad; apical hairs very numerous,
becoming 300-800 /u, long, cylindric-capitate, gelatinizing and leaving incon-
spicuous vestigia; dioicous; antheridia forming rather compact subglobose or
subhemispheric tufts 25—50 /tt broad, crowning ultimate and penultimate seg-
ments; carpogonial branch slightly curVfed, 15-28 ,u broad, of four cells (often
with conspicuous intercellular spaces), situated latero-terminally on the second
or third (rarely first or fourth) segment of the fascicle; cystocarp compact,
subhemispheric or subglobose, 10O-200 AI broad, with a few rather inconspicuous
ascending involucral filaments; carpospores obovoid to pyriform-clavate, 25-
32 ^ X 14-18 ft,.

On more or less exposed rocks, at or near the low-water mark (also found
washed ashore), Little Inagua (Howe 5717 — type), Rose Island, Whale Cay, Great
Stirrup Cay, Great Bahama: — Florida (Key West, Mrs. G. A. Hall, Mrs. F. A. Cur-
tiss) ; Barbados (Vickers, Alg. Barb. TO&- — a coarse form). Liagora mucosa resembles
L. pedicellate, so much in general habit that a microscopic examination is commonly
necessary for their distinction, yet it differs constantly in being dioicous, in the larger
tufts of antheridia, in the less distal and more lateral insertion of the more curved
carpogonial branch, and in the presence of a proper, even though rather inconspicu-
ous, ascending involucre for the cystocarp. It differs less constantly in the shorter,
more moniliform assimilatory filaments and in the more axial, less extra-peripheral
calcification.

From Liagora pinnata Harv., the species differs in being dioicous, in being less
calcified, in its greater mucosity, in its shorter, more moniliform assimilative fila-
ments, etc.

From Liagora megagyna Borg., recently described from St. Croix, L. mucosa dif-
fers in being much more flaccid and mucous, in being less calcified, in the long and
numerous apical hairs, in the fascicles of the more moniliate assimilatory filaments
being about one half as long, in the absence of rhizoidal trichomes on the assimilatory
filaments (except for the decurrent rhizoid springing from the basal segment), in the
more curved, usually less stout, and more proximally situated carpogonial branches, etc.

Family 3. CHAETANGIACEAE.

1. GKALAXAURA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Phil. 3: 185. 1812.
DICHOTOMARIA Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. 2: 143. 1816.
BRACHYCLADIA Sender, Linnaea 26: 514. 1853.
ZANARDINIA J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 3: 533. 1876.

Thallus terete, villous, hirtous. or pubescent throughout with numerous, crowded
mostly free assimilatory filaments. Only tetrasporangia known for reproductive
organs ; so-called species of this group probably only non-sexual phases of other
species of very different habit.

Long and short assimilatory filaments in obvious alternat-
ing transverse zones. 1. G. siibverticillata.
Long and short assimilatory filaments intermingled, not ob-
viously zonate.

Thallus coarse, reddish, central axes mostly 1—2 mm. in

diameter ; intervals between dichotomies mostly 1-3

cm. ; assimilatory filaments often branched, their basal

cells commonly amyliferous. 2. G. comans.

Thallus more slender, fuscous or reddish, axes mostly

0.6-1 mm. in diameter.

Thallus rather divaricately dichotomous, usually fus-
cous ; intervals between dichotomies mostly less
than 1 cm. ; long assimilatory filaments mostly
0.6-1.5 mm. long. 3. G. lapidescens.

Thallus rather fastigiately dichotomous, usually red-
dish ; intervals between dichotomies commonly
more than 1 cm. ; long assimilatory filaments
mostly 0.15-0.7 mm. long. 4. G. flagelliformis.

558 CHAETANGIACEAE.

Thallus with a compact cortex, free assimilatory filaments

wholly or mostly wanting.
Thallus terete or nearly so, at least when living.

Thallus continuous or only occasionally and irregularly

articulate ; only sexual reproduction known.
Thallus slightly or not all annulate, the surface com-
monly more or less roughened in lower parts by
free assimilatory filaments. 5. G. squalida.

Thallus distinctly annulate or transversely rugose,

glabrous or nearly so. 6. Q, rugosa.

Thallus regularly articulate, the surface glabrous and

often polished.

Main segments terete, 1-2 mm. broad ; superficial
cells 7— 27 u broad, mostly with intercellular spaces,
rather easily separating on decalcification ; only
sexual reproduction known. 7. G. oWongata,

Main segments often somewhat flattened, 1.5-4 mm.
broad ; superficial cells 24— 40 «, broad, mostly with-
out intercellular spaces, closely coherent after de-
calcification ; sexual and tetrasporic plants differ-
ing in structure of cortex. 8. G. obtusata*.
Thallus distinctly flattened when living, commonly canalic-
ulate on drying ; sexual and tetrasporic plants differing
in structure of cortex. 9. G. marginata.

1. Galaxaura subverticillata Kjellm. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 331: 48. pi. 3.

f. 18-14; pi. 20. f. 17. 1900.

On rocks at low-water mark or in shallow water, probably the tetrasporic phase
of G. rugosa, New Providence, Berry Islands, Gun Cay, North Cat Cay, Salt Cay
Bank, Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto
Rico ; and American Virgin Islands. Type from St. Croix.

2. Galaxaura comans Kjellm. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. S31: 44. pi 2. f. 10-18;

pi. 20. f. 13. 1900.

From low-water mark down to 8 meters (fide Borgesen), perhaps the tetrasporic
phase of G. o'blongata, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, and Exuma Chain : — Cuba ;
Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; American Virgin Islands ; and Guadeloupe. Type from Guade-
loupe.

3. Galaxaura lapidescens (Ell. & Sol.) Lam-our. Hist. Polyp. 264. 1816.

Corallina lapidescens Ell. & Sol. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 112. pi. 21. f. g. 1786.
Perhaps the tetrasporic phase of G. cylindrica (not yet reported from the
Bahamas — similar to G. o'blongata, but more slender).

On rocks from low-water mark down to 12 meters (fide Borgesen), Eleuthera : —
Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; and American Virgin Islands'. Type locality unknown.

4. Galaxaura flagelliformis Kjellm. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 331: 47. pi. 3. f.

8-11; pi. 20. f. 16. 1900.
Probably the tetrasporic phase of G. squalida.

On exposed rocks at low-water mark or in shallow water, New Providence, Berry
Islands, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Islands : —
Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; Porto Rico ; and American Virgin Islands. Type from
Key West, Florida.

5. Galaxaura squalida Kjellm. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 331: 55. pi. 6. f. 1-12;

pi. 20. f. 9. 1900.

From low-water mark on exposed rocks down to at least 20 m., New Providence,
Rose Island, Great Bahama, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Castle
Island, and Great Ragged Island1 : — Bermuda ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; Amer-
ican Virgin Islands; and Panama (Colon). Type from St. Croix.

6. Galaxaura rugosa (Ell. & Sol.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 263. 1816.

Corallina rugosa Ell. & Sol. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 115. pi. 22. f. 3. 1786.

On rocks near low-water mark, Great Bahama : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ;
American Virgin Islands ; and Barbados. Type from Jamaica.

GELIDIACEAE. 559

7. Galaxaura oblongata (Ell. & Sol.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 262. 1816.

Corallina ollongata Ell. & Sol. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 114. pi. 82. f. 1. 1786.
Dichotomaria fragilis Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. 2: 145. 1816.
Galaxaura fragilis Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 116. 1842.

From low-water mark down to 50 meters, South Bimini and Caicos Islands : —
Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; American Virgin Islands ; Barbados ; and Panama
(Colon). Type from "West Indian Islands."

8. Galaxaura obtusata (Ell. & Sol.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 262. 1816.

Corallina obtusata Ell. & Sol. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 113. pi. 22. f. 2. 1786.
Galaxaura Decaisnei 3. Ag: Sp. Alg. 31: 526. 1876.

Galaxaura moniliformis Kjellm. K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 31: 83. pi. 17. f.
15-30; pi. 20. f. 54. 1900.

Mostly in 7-18 meters of water, type attributed to the Bahamas : — Bermuda ;
Florida; Cuba; Jamaica; Porto Rico; Barbados; and Brazil.

9. G-alaxaura marginata (Ell. & Sol.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 264. 1816.

Corallina marginata Ell. & Sol. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 115. pi. 22. f. 6. 1786.

Zanardinia marginata J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 31: 534. 1876.

BracJiycladia marginata Schmitz, Flora 47 : 438. 1889.

Galaxaura occidentalis Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 109. /. 118-123. 1916.

Low-littoral under shelving rocks or in shallow water, Berry Islands and Great
Bahama : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; American Virgin Islands ;
Barbados; and Panama (Colon). Type from the Bahamas.

Family 4. GELIDIACEAE.

1. WRANGELIA Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 136. 1828.

Principal filaments corticated. 1. W. penicillata.

Filaments uncorticated or with loose irregular rhizoidal corti-

cations at nodes only.
Plants 1-3 cm. high, purple-red ; the conic-acute terminal

cells of the ultimate ramuli mostly solitary. 2. W. Argus.

Plants 4—10 cm. long or high, usually rose-pink ; the conic-
acuminate or acicular terminal cells of the ultimate ramuli
mostly geminate. 3. W. bicuspidata.

1. Wrangelia penicillata (Ag.) Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 138. 1828.

Griffitsia penicillata Ag. Syst. Alg. 143. 1824.

Variable in size, color, and habit of branching ; often blackening with age or on
drying. On rocks and on other algae from between the tide-lines in sprayed or surf-
beaten locations down to a depth of 30 meters (fide Borgesen), New Providence,
Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, Berry Islands, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mari-
guana, and Caicos Islands : — of wide distribution in the West Indies and in the
warmer seas. Type from Italy.

2. Wrangelia Argus (Mont.) Mont. Syll. 444. 1856.

Griffithsia Argus Mont, in Webb. & Berth. Phyt. Canar. PI. Cell. 176. pi. 8.

f. 4. 1840.
Wrangelia plebeja J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 707. 1852.

Forming low compact cushions on rocks and algae near the low-water mark,
Great Bahama, South Bimini, and the Caicos Islands : — Mexico ; Florida ; Porto
Rico ; American Virgin Islands ; Barbados ; and Canary Islands. Type from the
Canary Islands.

3. Wrangelia bicuspidata Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 118. /. 127-130. 1916.

On roots of Rhizophora and on various algae and Gorgoniaceae, from low-water
mark down to 30-40 meters (fide Bo'rgesen), often abundant, Rose Island, Berry
Islands, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Caicos Islands,
and Great Ragged Island : — American Virgin Islands. Type from American Virgin
Islands.

560 GELIDIACEAE.

2. GRALLATORIA M. A. Howe, gen. nov.

Thallus filiform, monosiphonous, the primary filaments dorso-ventrally or-
ganized, repent, uncorticated, the ramuli ("short branches") lateral and dorsal
in origin, in threes or falsely fives and semi-verticillate, or in opposite pairs;
opposite lateral ramuli commonly each forking in its basal cell, the two mem-
bers simple or subsimple, few-celled, one of each pair ascending, the other de-
flexed and terminating in stelliform or avipedate haptera, giving the primary
filaments the appearance of walking on stilts; dorsal ramuli comparatively
stout, erect, repeatedly ramified, the branching somewhat secundly subdichot-
omous or occasionally subtrichotomous. Chromatophore in the younger cells an
irregular subspiral band, in the older apparently consisting of numerous minute,
more or less confluent granules. Sporangia on ramelli of the dorsal ramuli,
usually tetrahedrally divided (tripartite). Other parts unknown.

1. Grallatoria rSptans M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Repent primary filaments simple or sparingly dichotomous, sinuous, 38-66 ^
in diameter, their cells 1.5-2 times as long as broad, often bulging slightly above
the septum, their walls 5-13 p thick; opposite lateral ramuli from nearly every
segment of the primary filament, the ascending prong simple, 200^-400 /* (4-8
cells) long, tapering, about 20 /* in diameter near base, about 8/1, at apex, the
deflexed stilt-like prong simple or once furcate, mostly 150-450 /j. (4—6 cells)
long, slightly tapering, 20-26^ in diameter; dorsal erect ramuli 1-4 mm. high,
springing usually from every second segment of the primary filament, their main
axes 34-46 ^ in diameter near base, the basal cell 1.5-2 times as long as broad,
the succeeding cells mostly 3-6 times as long as broad, the penicillate, or dimidio-
subfastigiate terminal divisions subsecund along the inner (anterior) faces of
the divisions; tetrasporangia obovoid or pyriform, solitary, or in twos or rarely
threes, 52-64 X 40-50 /* (including wall, which is 6— 8 /u, thick), tripartite or
sometimes irregularly divided, mostly on one-celled pedicels; ovoid, globose or
pyriform densely granular cysts 60-150 /JL in diameter occasional, especially
near the distal ends of the deflexed gralliform filaments; color of plants
vinaceous-purple to dark vinaceous-brown (near the color of Wrangelia Argus).

Forming a soft purple or reddish-brown lubricous velutinous coating in crevices
of surf-beaten rocks near the low-water mark, covering small shells, crustaceous or
prostrate algae, etc. In size and habit, the plant bears some superficial resemblance
to species of Acrochaetium or to Rhodochorton RothU, but its affinities are apparently
with Wrangelia, from which, however, it amply differs in the characters indicated.

Great Ragged Island (Howe 5784 — type — and 5766).

3. GELIDIUM Lamour. Essai, 40. 1813.
1. Gelidium rigidum (Vahl) Grev. Alg. Brit. Ivii. 1830.

Fucus rigidus Vahl, Nat. Selsk. Skr. 52: 46. 1802.
Ahnfeltia (?) pinnatula Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 169. 1853.
Echinocaulon rigidum Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 18: 14. pi. 40. f. a-d. 1868.
Gelidiopsis rigida Web.-v. Bosse, Eec. Trav. Bot. Neer. 1 : 104. 1904.

Not uncommon in tide-pools and in shallow water, North Cat Cay, South Cat Cay,
Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Great Ragged Island, and Salt Cay
Bank : — Bermuda ; Florida ; and the West Indies in general. Type from St. Croix.

KHODOPHYLLIDACEAE. 561

Family 5. GIGARTINACEAE.
1. KALLYMENIA J. Ag. Alg. Med. et Adriat. 98. 1842.

1. KaUymenia Limminghii Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV. 14 : 173. 1860. [As
Callymenia Limminghii.]

Plants suborbicular or reniform, 5-8 mm. broad, dark red, short-stipitate,
sterile. Possibly a young or dwarf condition of K. reniformis (Turn.) J. Ag.,
but probably distinct.

Low-littoral, on a rock shelf in a cavern, Malcolm Road, Caicos Islands : — Guade-
loupe. Type from Guadeloupe.

Family 6. RHODOPHYLLIDACEAE.

1. CATENELLA Grev. Alg. Brit. Ixiii. 1830.

1. Catenella Opuntia (Good. & Woodw.) Grev. loc. cit.

Fucus Opuntia Good. & Woodw. Trans. Linn. Soe. 3: 219. 1797.
Catenella pinnata Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 201. pi. 29B. 1853.
Catenella Opuntia pinnata J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 31: 588. 1876.

On roots and trunks of Rhizophora, etc., littoral, Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
Bimini, Conception Island, Watling's Island, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda ;
Florida ; Jamaica ; and the West Indies in general. Type from Wales.

2. AGABDHIELLA Schmitz, Flora 72: 441. 1889.
1. Agardhiella tenera (J. Ag.) Schmitz, loc. cit.

Gigartina tenera J. Ag. Linnaea 15: 18. 1841.

Sphaerococcus tener Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 777. 1849.

Ehaldonia tenera J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 354. 1852.

Solieria chordalis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 121. pi. 23 A. 1853. Not J. Ag.
1842.

Rhabdonia Baileyi Harv.; Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 16: 26. pi. 74. f. c, d. 1866.

Sphaerococcus tennis Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 18: 27. pi. 75. f. d, e. 1868. [Ac-
cording to type in herb. Kiitz.]

In shallow water. The type of Sphaerococcus tennis Kiitz. is said to have come
from " archipelago Bahamensi." The species is otherwise unknown from the Bahamas
and is apparently uncommon there, at least in winter and spring when most of the
collections of algae have been made, though it doubtless occurs : — Massachusetts to
Florida and the West Indies ; California ; Peru. Type locality indefinite (southern
shores of North America and the West Indian islands).

3. MERISTOTHECA J. Ag. Bidr. Act. Univ. Lund. 8": 36. 1872.

1. Meristotheca Duchassaingii J. Ag. loc. cit. 37.

On rocks, near low-water mark, Gun Cay : — Bermuda and North Carolina to
Barbados. Type from Guadeloupe.

4. EUCHEUMA J. Ag. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 4: 16. 1847.
1. Eucheuma isiforme (Ag.) J. Ag. loc. cit.

Sphaerococcus isiformis Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 271. 1822.

Gigartina isiformis Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 18 : 3. pi. 7. f. c, d. 1868.

Near low-water mark, especially under shelving rocks and among Rhisophora
roots, Exuma Chain : — Bermuda ; Florida ; and the West Indies in general. Type
from the West Indies.

562 SPHAEROCOCCACEAE.

5. WURDEMANNIA Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 245. 1853.

1. Wurdemannia setacea Harv. loc. cit. 246.

On rocks among other algae and on sea-rods, sea-fans, etc., from low-water mark
down to at least 20 meters, common, Joulter's Cay, Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
South Cat Cay, Exuma Chain, Atwood Cay, and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda ; Florida ;
and Cuba. Type from Key West, Florida.

Family 7. SPHAEROCOCCACEAE.

1. GRACILARIA Grev. p. p. Alg. Brit, liv, 121. 1830.

CERAMIANTEMUM Donati, Auszug Natur-Geschichte Adriat. Meers 26. 1753.
CERAMION Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 13. 1763.
?PLOCARIA Nees, Hor. Phys. Berol. 42. 1820.

Thallus plane or distinctly compressed, di-polychotomous or more or less pinnate.
Memhranaceous when dry ; main axes or segments mostly 0.3-1 mm. thick.
Thallus dichotomo-palmatifid, marginal branches or- pro-
liferations usually wanting or few. 1. G. lacinulata.
Thallus with main divisions subdichotomous, these pin-

nately decompound or repeatedly diehotomo-pinnatisect. 2. G. cervicornis.
Hard and corneous when dry, cartilaginous when living, mostly
2-7 mm. thick, prostrate or repent, often concrescent or
anastomosing, branches irregular, mostly distichous and
deflexed, often short and verrucaeform, sometimes sub-
terete, digitiform or hapteroid. 3. G. crassissima.
Thallus terete or nearly so, corneous when dry.

Thallus rather closely and somewhat divaricately subdichot-
omous, the ultimate divisions short, often incurved, cervi-
corn 4. G. damaecorms.

Thallus rather distantly and somewhat fastigiately subdichot-
omous, the ultimate divisions not cervicorn. o. G. cornea.

1. G-racilaria lacinulata (Vahl) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

' Fucus lacinulatus Vahl, Nat. Selsk. Skr. 52: 39. 1802.
Fucus multipartitus Clem. Ensayo 311. 1807.
Chondrus agathoicus Lamour. Essai 39. pi. 9. f. 3, 4, 5. 1813.
Fucus aeruginosus Turn. Hist'. Fuc. 3: 29. pi. 147. 1811.
CTiondrus aeruginosus Lamour. Essai 40. 1813.
Sphaerococcus polycarpus Grev. Scot. Crypt. Fl. 6: pi. 352. 1828.
Gracilaria multipartita Harv. Phyc. Brit. pi. 15. 1846.
Sphaerococcus lacinulatus Kutz. Tab. Phyc. 18: 30. pi. 87. f. a-d. 1868.

In shallow water, Berry Islands : — Massachusetts to Bermuda ; Florida ; Mexico ;
and throughout the West Indies ; Europe. Type from St. Croix.,

? Gracilaria cervicornis (Turn.) J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 604. 1852.

Fucus cervicornis Turn. Hist. Fuc. 2: 132. pi. 121. 1809.
SpTiaerococcus domingensis (Sond.) Kutz. Tab. Phyc. 19: 8. pi. 82. f. a, 6.
1869.

In shallow water, New Providence and Caicos Islands : — Florida to Brazil. Type
from Jamaica.

3. Gracilaria crassissima Crouan; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 34: 78. 1901.

? Gracilaria horizontalis Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad. 53: 111. 1918.

Forming prostrate, crust-like, intertangled masses in shallow water, Berry Islands,
North Cat Cay, South Cat Cay, and Mariguana : — Bermuda (?); Porto Rico; and
Guadeloupe. Type from Guadeloupe.

EHODYMENIACEAE. 563

4. G-racilaria damaecornis J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 597. 1852.

In tide-pools and in shallow water, North Cat Cay and Caicos Islands : — Ber-
muda ; Florida ; and the West Indies generally. Type probably from St. Croix.

5. Gracilaria cornea J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 598. 1852.

In shallow water, Caicos Islands : — Florida ; Porto Rico. Type from Pernam-
buco (?).

2. HYPNEA Lamour. Essai, 43. 1813.
HYPNOPHYCUS Ktttz. Linnaea 17: 102. 1843.

1. Hypnea musciformis (Wulf.) Lamour. loc. cit.

Fucus musciformis Wulf. in Jacq. Collect. 3: 154. pi. 14. f. 3. 1789.
Hypnophycus musciformis Kiitz. loc. cit.

Common in shallow water, extremely variable, Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
Bimini, Gun Cay, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Caicos
Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Massachusetts to Bermuda and Florida and
throughout the West Indies ; widely distributed in temperate and tropical seas. Type
from Trieste.

Family 8. RHODYMENIACEAE.

1. CORDYLECLADIA J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 702. 1852.
1. Cordylecladia irregularis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 156. 1853.

Chylocladia rigens J. Ag. p. p. Sp. Alg. 2: 362. 18'52. Not Sphaerococcus

rigens Ag. Sp. Alg. 1 : 332. 1822.
Cordylecladia rigens Collins & Hervey p. p.; C., H., & S., Phyc. Bor.-Am.

2186. 1917.

In tide-pools and on rocks in shallow water, more or less steel-blue and irides-
cent when living, Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island,
Atwood Cay, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; Ja-
maica ; and Porto Rico. Type from Key West, Florida.

2. CHRYSYMENIA J. Ag. Alg. Mecl. et Adriat. 105. 1842.
1. Chrysymenia uvaria (L.) J. Ag. loc. cit. 106.

Fucus uvarius ["ovarius"'] L. p. p., Syst. Nat. 2: 714. 1767 [ed. 12].
Fucus botryoides Wulf. in Jacq. Collect. 3: 146. pi. 13. f. 1. 1789.

In deep water or under shelving rocks in shallow water, South Caicos : — Ber-
muda; North Carolina; Florida; Porto Rico; American Virgin Islands; Barbados;
Brazil ; Canary Islands ; Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.

3. CHAMPIA Desv. Jour, de Bot. Desv. 1: 245. 1808.

MERTENSIA Thunb.; Both, Neues Jour. Bot. Schrad. 21: 11. 1806.

Not Mertensia Koth, Cat. Bot. 1 : 34. 1797.

Mature segments mostly 0.3-0.9 mm. broad. C. parvula.

Mature segments mostly 1-2 mm. broad. G. salicornioides.

1. Champia parvula (Ag.) Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 76. 1853.
Chondria parvula Ag. Syst. 207. 1824.

On other algae, TJialassia, etc., from low-water mark down to 20 fathoms (fide
Borgesen), Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, Great Ragged Island, and Caicos Islands:
— Massachusetts to Bermuda ; Florida ; and the West Indies generally ; Europe Type
from Cadiz, Spain.

BONNEMAISONIACEAE.

2. Champia salicornioides Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 76. pi. 19B. 1853.

On other algae, stones, etc., from low-water mark down to 15 fathoms (fide
Borgesen), Great Bahama and Caicos Islands: — Florida; American Virgin Islands,
etc. Type from Key West, Florida.

\
Family 9. DELESSERIACEAE.

1. HYPOGLOSSUM Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 106. 1843.
1. Hypoglossum tenuifdlium (Harv.) J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 33: 186. 1898.
Delesseria tenuifolia Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 97. pi. 22B. 1853.

Under shelving rocks near low-water mark and in deep water. North Cat Cay,
Exuma Chain, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — 'Florida and American
Virgin Islands. Type from Key West, Florida.

2. CALOGLOSSA (Harv.) J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 31: 498. 1876.
DELESSERIA, sect. CALOGLOSSA Harv. JSTer. Bor.-Am. 2: 98. 1853.
1. Caloglossa Leprieurii (Mont.) J. Ag. loc. cit. 499.

Delesseria Leprieurii Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 13: 196. pi. 5. f. 1. 1840.
Hypoglossum Leprieurii Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 875. 1849.

On roots of Rhizophora, littoral, probably common, Bimini and Berry Islands : —
West Point, N. Y., and Connecticut to northern South America. Type from French
Guiana.

3. TAENIOMA J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 1256. 1863.
1. Taenioma perpusillum (J. Ag.) J. Ag. loc. cit. 1257.

Polysiphonia perpusilla J. Ag. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fb'rh. 4: 16. 1847.

On or with other algae, in shallow water, West Caicos : — Bermuda ; Porto Rico ;
and Mexico. Type from St. Augustin on the Pacific Coast of Mexico.

Family 10. BONNEMAISONIACEAE.

1. ASPARAGOPSIS Mont, in Webb & Berth. Phytog. Canar. 4:
xiv, xv. 1841.

LICTORIA J. Ag. Linnaea 15: 23. 1841.

1. Asparagopsis taxiformis (Del.) Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acacl. 53: 117.
1917.

Fucus taxiformis Del. Descr. Egypte. Hist. Nat. 2: 295. pi. 57. f. 2. 1812.

Cliondria taxiformis Ag. Sp. Alg. 1 : 368. 1822.

Dasya Delilei Mont, in Webb & Berth. Phytog. Canar. 4: 166. pi. 8. f. 6.

1841.

Asparagopsis Delilei Mont. loc. cit. xiv.
Lictoria taxiformis J. Ag. Linnaea 15: 23. 1841.

In shallow water on reefs down to at least 12 fathoms (fide Borgesen), Green
Turtle Cay : — Bermuda ; Jamaica ; American Virgin Islands ; Barbados ; Canary
Islands ; and Mediterranean Sea. Type from near Alexandria, Egypt.

EHODOMELACEAE. 565

Family 11. RHODOMELACEAE.

1. LAURENCIA Lamour. Essai 42. 1813.

OSMUNDEA Stackh. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 2: 56, 79. 1809.
Not OSMUNDA L. Sp. PI. 1063. 1753.

Branching chiefly monopodial.

Walls of medullary cells of main axes with numerous refringent often lenticular
or reniform thickenings,* visible through the cortex; fronds or peripheral
branches mostly narrowly virgate, with numerous small

ultimate ramuli 0.2-0.45 mm. in maximum width. 1. L. microcladia.

Walls of medullary cells of main axes without thickenings ;

ultimate ramuli mostly more than 0.45 mm. broad.
Surface cells of main axes mostly 40-130 /x long in sur-
face view.
Surface smooth or nearly so.

Plants rather soft and flaccid, usually pink, yellow-
ish pink, or green with pink tips ; ultimate
ramuli obovoid to subclavate-cylindric.
Plants erect, paniculate-decompound, with well-
defined leading axes. 2. L. obtusa.
Plants decumbent or intertangled, without well-
defined leading axes, firmer than No. 2 and
with more cylindric ultimate ramuli. 3. L. intricata.
Plants rather rigid, purple or greenish purple ; ulti-
mate ramuli mostly peg-shaped or verrucaeform. 4. L. Poitei.
Surface cells, in apical parts at least, with mammilli-
form, conic-mammillate or aculeate papillae. 5. L. gemmifera.
Surface cells of main axes mostly 20-40 # long in surface
view ; plants rigid, green or dark greenish purple, cor-
neous when dry. 6. L. papillosa.
Branching chiefly dichotomous, subdichotomous, or corymbose.
Main segments of thallus 0.75-1.2 mm. in diameter ; plants

mostly 4-12 cm. high ; branches free. 7. L. Corallopsis.

Main segments of thallus 0.22-0.45 mm. in diameter ; plants
mostly 1-2 cm. high ; branches more or less concrescent or
coherent. 8. L. nana.

1. Laurencia microcladia Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 15: 22. pi. 60. f. b, c. 1865.

Laurencia glomerata Suhr; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 753. 1852. Not L. glomerata

Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 857. 1849.
Laurencia obtusa gelatinosa Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad. 53: 119.

1917. Not L. obtusa gelatinosa J. Ag.

Distinguished from all conditions of L. obtusa by its virgate habit, its
small ultimate ramuli, and its numerous refringent thickenings of the walls
of the medullary cells.

On rocks and on other algae, low littoral down to 1 m. or more, New Providence,
Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Wa.tling's Island, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island :
— Bermuda ; and northern South America. Type from the West Indies.

2. Laurencia obtusa (Huds.) Lamour. Essai 42. 1813:

Fucus obtusus Huds. Fl. Angl. 586. 1778.

Laurencia multiflora Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 15: 21. pi. 58. f. a, b. 1865.

Very common on rocks and on other algae, at low-water mark and in shallow
water, New Providence, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay,
Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, C'aicos Islands,
Great Ragged Island, and Orange Cay : — Bermuda ; Florida ; and the West Indies
generally ; widely distributed in the warmer seas. Type from southern England.
Specimens from Nassau have been reported under name of Laurencia paniculata by
F. S.» Collins, Mem. Torrey Club 12: 14. 1902.

* The thickenings often lose their refringent character in fluid-preserved material.

566 EHODOMELACEAE.

3. Laurencia intricata Lamour. Essai 43. pi. 3. f. 8, 9. 1813. Not L. intricate*

Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 15: 22. pi. 61. /. a, ~b, c. 1865.

Laurencia Chauvini Bory, p. p. max. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 9: 239. 1826.
• Laurencia implicata J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 745. 1852.
Perhaps only a variety of L. obtusa.

In shallow water, Rose Island, Great Bahama, Bimini, Abaco, Exuma Chain, Cat
Island, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; and Amer-
ican Virgin Islands. Type from Antilles.

4. Laurencia Poitei (Lamour.) M. A. Howe; Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad.

53: 118. 1917.

Fucus Poitei Lamour. Diss. 63. pi. 31. f. 2, 3. 1805. ,
Laurencia tuberculosa J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 760. 1852.
Laurencia mexicana Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 15: 25. pi. 70. f. c, d. 1865.

On rocks, etc., in shallow water, New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
Abaco, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Ber-
muda ; North Carolina ; Florida ; the West Indies generally ; Vera Cruz ; and north-
ern South America. Type from Santo Domingo.

5. Laurencia gemmifera Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 73. pi. 18B. 1853.

Laurencia CMuvini Bory, p. p. min. Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 9: 239. 1826.

Sometimes simulating L. Poitei and L. papillosa, but apparently quite
distinct, differing from both in the papillate epidermal cells (at least in apical
parts) and differing from L. papillosa, and, in a less degree, from L. Poitei in
the larger epidermal cells.

In shallow water, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Bimini, Exuma Chain, Cat
Island, Watling's^Island, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ;
Cuba ; American Virgin Islands. Type from Key West, Florida.

6. Laurencia papillosa (Forsk.) Grev. Alg. Brit. lii. 1830.

Fucus papillosus Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 190. 1775.
Chondria papillosa Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 344. 1822;

On rocks between the tide-lines and in shallow water, New Providence, Berry
Islands, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos
Islands, Great Ragged Island, and Orange Cay : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; Santo
Domingo; Porto Rico; American Virgin Islands; Barbados; and northern South
America ; widely distributed in the warmer seas. Type from the Red Sea.

7. Laurencia Corallopsis (Mont.) M. A. Howe', in Britton, Fl. Bermuda 519.

1918.

Sphaerococcus Corallopsis Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Bot. PI. Cell. 49.

1842; in Sagra, Ic. PI. Fl. Cuba, pi. 3. f. 1. 1863.
Laurencia cervicornis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 73. pi. 18C. 1853.

On rocks in shallow water ; reduced abortive forms of what is apparently this
species occur also between the tide-lines, New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Ba-
hama, and Mariguana : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; American Virgin Islands ; and
Barbados. Type form near Havana, Cuba.

8. Laurencia nana M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Densely cespitose and intricate, rose-red to garnet-brown, mostly 1 to 2
cm. high, fragile, often innovating from broken ends, dichotomous or subdichot-
omous, the branches more or less concrescent or coherent; main segments 0.15-
0.45 mm. in diameter; ultimate branches cylindric or subcylindric, mostly 0.1-
0.35 mm. broad at truncate apex; surface of cortex smooth or lightly crenulate-
mammillate, showing numerous or occasional rhizoidal haptera, epidermal cells
orbicular-hexagonal and mostly 25-45 /j. broad in surface view, firm- walled;
tetrasporie branches similar to the sterile or slightly enlarged.

On corals, corallines, and sea-fans, near low-water mark, Mariguana (Howe 5393
— type), Shroud's Cay (Exuma Chain), and Great Ragged Island.

EHODOMELACEAE. 567

2. CHONDRIA Ag. p. p. Syn. Scand. xviii. 1817.
CARPOCAULON Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 436. 1843.
CHONDRIOPSIS J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 794. 1863.

Apices of ultimate ramuli acute, with growing points readily visible.
Plants erect, mostly 5-40 cm. high, without rhizoids except at base.
Primary branches more slender than the stout well-defined
main axes ; plants large, mostly 15—40 cm. high, yellow-
ish brown when dried. 1. C. Uttoralis.
Primary branches rather similar to the often poorly de-
nned main axes.

Plants blackish purple on drying, rather coarse, branch-
ing irregular. 2. C. atropurpurea.
Plants yellowish red or dusky red on drying, more deli-
cate, branching sparsely virgate. 3. C. tenuissima.
Plants low-cespitose, 2—3 cm. high or subrepent, with numer-
ous multicellular rhizoidal haptera. 4. C. polyrhiza.
Apices of ultimate ramuli obtuse or truncate, with growing point

immersed and hidden in an apical pit.

The five pericentral siphons with conspicuous saucer-shaped,
dome-shaped, or cup-shaped thickenings of their anterior
end-walls, forming regular transverse crenate lines
bounding the even-ended bundles of siphons and visible
through the cortex.

Plants cespitose, the cushions 1—3 cm. high ; main axes
mostly 0.22-0.35 mm. in diameter ; apical tufts of fila-
ments inconspicuous. 5. C. curvilineata.
Plants solitary or merely gregarious, mostly 3-8 cm. high ;
main axes 0.4-0.75 mm. in diameter ; apical tufts of trl-
choblasts conspicuous, often 0.75 mm. or more in length,
becoming yellowish brown or fuscous on drying. 6. C. Collinsiana.
Pericentral siphons without conspicuous thickenings of the
anterior end-walls (or such thickenings of only irregu-
lar and occasional occurrence). 4
Plants pink, purple, or yellowish red ; main axes mostly
0.5—1.5 mm. in diameter ; ultimate ramuli mostly 0.35—
0.75 mm. in greatest diameter. 7. C. dasyphylla.
Plants usually yellowish brown ; main axes mostly 0.22-
0.32 mm. in diameter; ultimate ramuli mostly 0.1-0.2
mm. in greatest diameter. 8. C. leptacremon.

1. Chondria littoralis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 23. 1853.

Chondriopsis littoralis J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 795. 1863.
Carpocaulon littorale Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 32: 399. 1898.

Rather common on moderately exposed shores, near the low-water mark, New
Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mari-
guana, and Caicos Islands : — Florida and the West Indies generally. Type from Key
West, Florida.

2. Chondria atropurpurea Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 22. pi. 18E. 1853.

Chondriopsis atropurpurea J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 801. 1863.
Carpocaulon atropurpureum'Kuntze, loc. cit.

In shallow water, especially in creeks and lagoons, commonly straw-colored when
living, Great Bahama, Great Exuma, Watling's Island, and Great Bagged Island : —
Bermuda ; South Carolina ; Florida ; and the West Indies generally. Type from
Charleston, South Carolina.

3. ? Chondria tenuissmia (Good. & Woodw.) Ag. Syn. Alg. Scand. xviii. 1817.

Fucus tenuissimus Good. & Woodw. Trans. Linn. Soc. 3: 215. pi. 19. 1797.

Carpocaulon tenuissimum Kuntze, loc. cit.

Laurencia Baileyana Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 11 : 63. 1849.

Two specimens that we refer provisionally to C. tenuissima differ consid-
erably from each other and from the English type of the species, in habit,
texture, form and size of the cortical cells, etc.

In shallow water, Bimini and Great Bahama : — Massachusetts to Florida and
Cuba ; Europe. Type from southern England.

568 EHODOMELACEAE.

4. Chondria polyrhiza Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad. 53: 121. pi. 2. f. 12.

1917.

In shallow water down to 18 meters (fide Collins), Atwood Cay (with C. curvi-
lineata) : — Bermuda and American Virgin Islands. Type from Bermuda.

5. Chondria curvilineata Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad. 53: 120. pi 2. f.

10, 11. 1917.

On corals and among other algae, near low-water mark, more or less iridescent
when living, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda. Type
from Bermuda.

6. Chondria Collinsiana M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Fronds erect, solitary or gregarious, mostly 3—8 cm. high, texture rather
soft, color (dried) stramineous to yellowish rose; branching rather sparsely
virgate or paniculate-virgate, with well-defined main axes mostly 0.4-0.75 mm.
in diameter; pericentral siphons in all parts with conspicuous saucer-shaped,
dome-shaped, or cup-shaped thickenings of their anterior end-walls, forming
crescentric or crenate lines in regular transverse series, visible through cortex,
the longitudinal walls also occasionally showing somewhat similar or more
lenticular thickenings; surface cells mostly 65-160 /* X 26— 40 /* in surface view,
2^5 times as long as wide; ultimate ramuli fusiform-obovoid to cylindric-clavate
or cylindric, mostly 0.75—4.5 mm. long, and 0.28^0.45 mm. in greatest diameter,
patent or subdivaricate, straight or slightly recurved, solitary and rather widely
spaced (0.5^-2.5 mm. apart), moderately attenuate or constricted at base, the
apex obtuse or subtruncats, crowned with conspicuous tufts of trichoblasts
("leaves") often 0.75 mm. or more in length and becoming yellowish brown or
fuscous on drying; the growing point immersed and concealed in an apical pit
(sect. Coelochondria} ; tetrasporangia confined to apical part of ramulus or
sometimes occupying the whole of it.

Chondria Collinsiana differs from C. curvilineata as indicated in above key and
also in its yellowish or rose rather than purple-red or brownish red color.

On Penicillus, Rhipocephalus, Halimeda, Thalassia, etc., in shallow water, Mari-
guana (Howe 5386 — type), New Providence, Berry Islands, Watling's Island, and
Great Bahama.

7. Chondria dasyphylla (Woodw.) Ag. Syn. Alg. Scand. xviii. 1817.

Fucus dasyphyllus Woodw. Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 239. pi 23. f. 1. 1794.
Chondria sedifolia Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 19. pi 18G. 1853.
Chondriopsis dasyphylla J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 809. 1863.
Carpocaulon dasyphyllum Kuntze, loc. cit.

In shallow water, New Providence, Berry Islands, and Great Bahama : — Massa-
chusetts to Bermuda ; Florida ; and Barbados ; southern Europe and the Mediterra-
nean. Type from eastern England.

8. Chondria leptacremon (Melv.) De-Toni, Syll. Alg. 4: 848. 1903.

Chondriopsis leptacremon Melv. Jour. Bot. 26: 333. pi 284. f. 2a, £b. 1888.

In shallow water in Rhizophora associations, Exuma Chain and Watling's
Island : — Florida. Type from Key West, Florida.

3. ACANTHOPHORA Lamour. Essai 44. 1813.

Spines not occurring on the main axes ; main branches narrowly

virgate. 1. A- spicifera.

Spines of occasional occurrence on the main axes ; branching

very irregular. 2. A. muscoides.

EHODOMELACEAE. 569

1. Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Borg. Bot. Tidsskr. 30: 201. /. 18, 19. 1910.

Fucus spiciferus Vahl, Nat. Selsk. Skr. 52: 44. 1802.
Fucus acanthophorus Lamour. Diss. 61. pi. 30; pi. 31. f. 1. 1805.
Acanthophora Thierii Lamour. Essai 44. 1813.
Chondria acanthophora Ag. Spec. Alg. 1: 363. 1822.

Acanthophora Antillarum Mont. Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 15: 27. pi. 75. f. d-g.
1865.

In shallow water, especially in sheltered bays, New Providence, Rose Island,
Bimini, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : —
Bermuda ; Florida ; to Barbados and Brazil. Type from St. Croix.

2. Acanthophora muscoides (L.) Bory, Voy. Coquille, Bot. Crypt. 156. 1828.

Fucus muscoides L. Sp. PI. 1161. 1753.

Acanthophora militaris Lamour. Essai, 44. pi. 4. f. 4, 5. 1813.
Chondria muscoides Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 361. 1822.

Acanthophora Delilei Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 18. 1853. Not A. Delilei
Lamour. Essai, 44. 1813.

In shallow water, Great Bahama : — Florida to Brazil and Ascension Island.
Type from Ascension Island.

4. DIGENEA Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 388. 1822.
1. Digenea simplex (Wulf.) Ag. loe. cit. 389.

Conferva simplex Wulf. Crypt. Aquat. 17. 1803.
Fucus Lycopodium Turn. Hist. Fuc. 4: 6. pi. 199. 1819.
Digenea Wulfeni Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 433. 1843.

In tide-pools and in shallow water, New Providence, Great Bahama, Bimini,
Exuma Chain, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda and Florida to
South America ; widely distributed in the warmer seas. Type from Trieste.

5. POLYSIPHONIA Grev. Fl. Edinb. 308. 1824.

? POLYOSTEA Donati, Auszug Natur-Ges. Adriat. Meers 22. 1753.
HUTCHINSIA Ag. Syn. Alg. Scand. xxvi. 1817. Not HUTCHINSIA E. Br. 1812.
VERTEBRATA S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PL 1: 338. 1821.
GRAMMITA Bonnem. Jour. Phys. 94: 186. 1822. [Not seen.]
GRATELOUPELLA Bory, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 3: 340. 18'23; 7: 480. 1825.
DICARPELLA Bory, loc. cit. 3 : 340. 1823 ; 5 : 464. 1824.
CARRADORIA Mart. Fl. Bras. Acot. 15. 1833.
GRAMMITELLA Crouan, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 10 : 372. 1848.

Pericentral cells four.

Uncorticated or with few and inconspicuous cortical cells in older parts.
Trichoblasts ("hairs," "leaves") apparently wanting;
plants blackish purple, usually not adhering well to

paper on drying. 1. P. subtilissima.

Trichoblasts manifest, few or numerous.
Branching obviously monopodial.

Lateral branchlets arising in the axils of tricho-
blasts.

Main axes mostly 50-90 a in diameter ; plants
soft and mucous, reddish purple, branches
fastigiate. 2. P. havanensts.

Main axes mostly 100-300 u. in diameter;
plants firmer, brownish purple ; branches
not fastigiate, very irregular, or the ulti-
mate ramuli sometimes short and alternate-
distichous or pseudo-distichous. 3. P. Binneyi.
Lateral branchlets arising without apparent ref-
erences to the trichoblasts ; segments often
shorter than broad, outer cell walls in adult
parts commonly 12-40 w thick. 4. P.ferulacea.

37

570 EHODOMELACEAE.

Main branching subdichptomous, commonly fastigiate.
Plants 0.5—2.5 cm. high, growing chiefly on leaves

of Cymodocea, Thalassia, etc. 5. P. Gorgoniae.

Plants 4-12 cm. high, yellowish or straw-colored
when living, vinaceous-tawny to chocolate-col-
ored when dry, commonly bearing frequent
short subspinescent paten,t ramuli, clothed with

numerous trichoblasts. 6. P. hapalacantHa.

Main axes or branches strongly corticated, the main branches
virgately clothed with numerous much more slender

taper-pointed or subspinescent ramuli. 7. P. ramentacea.

Pericentral cells 8-10, trichoblast few and inconspicuous. 8. P. exilis.

Pericentral cells 12-24, trichoblasts usually numerous and very

conspicuous. 9. P. opaca.

1. Polysiphonia subtilissima Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IJ. 13: 199. 1840.

Under shelving rocks, low-littoral, Exuma Chain, and Great Ragged Island : —
Massachusetts to northern South America. Type from Cayenne, French Guiana.

2. Polysiphonia havanensis Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 8: 352. 1837.

From between the tide-lines to a depth of 5 meters, found especially on the roots
of Rhizophora and in mangrove associations, New Providence, Rose Island, Great
Bahama, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged
Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; and the West Indies generally. Type from Havana.

3. Polysiphonia Binneyi Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 37. 1853.

Polysiphonia havanensis Binneyi J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 960. 1863.

In shallow water, possibly intergrading with P. havanensis, but usually^ very
distinct, New Providence, Berry Islands, Joulter's Cay, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain,
Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Florida.
Type from Key West, Florida.

4. Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 980. 1863.

Polysiphonia bremarticulata Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 36. pi. 16B. 1853. Not
Eutchinsia breviarticulata Ag. Syst. Alg. 153. 1824.

Usually low-littoral on surf-beaten rocks, New Providence, Berry Islands,
Joulter's Cay, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana,
Caicos Islands, and Little Inagua : — Bermuda; Florida; Mexico; and the West In-
dies generally. Type locality unknown, probably West Indian.

5. Polysiphonia Gorgoniae Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am, 2: 39. 1853.

On Cymodocea, Thalassia, corals, sea-fans, and occasionally on the larger algae,
in shallow water, New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, North Cat Caj,
Watling's Island, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island: — Florida. Type from Key
WTest, Florida.

6. Polysiphonia hapalacantha Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 39. 1853.

In shallow water, Great Bahama and Exuma Chain : — Florida. Type from Key
West, Florida.

7. Polysiphonia ramentacea Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 42. pi. 16 A. 1853.

Related to P. foeniculacea (Drap.) J. Ag. and P. Mrta J. Ag. of the Mediterra-
nean Sea, but differing considerably in its virgate habit due to the closely set ramuli
of nearly uniform length, becoming gradually shorter at apex. On rocks and other
algae from low-water mark down to a depth of at least two meters, New Providence,
Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, and Little Inagua : — Florida. Type
from Key West, Florida.

8. Polysiphonia exilis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 47. 1853.

Lophosiphonia ? exilis De-Toni, Syll. Alg. 4: 1070. 1903.

Near low-water mark and on sea-fans in shallow water, New Providence, Rose
Island, and Great Ragged Island : — Florida. Type from Key West, Florida.

EHODOMEL ACE AE.

9. Polysiphonia opaca (Ag.) Moris & De Not. M. Capr. 208. pi. 5 II. 1839.
Hutchinsia opaca Ag. Syst. Alg. 148. 1824.

Low-littoral on surf-beaten rocks and in tide-pools, New Providence, Berry
Islands, Great Bahama, and Watling's Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; and the Mediter-
ranean and Adriatic seas. Type from the Adriatic Sea.

6. BRYOTHAMNION Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 105. 1843;
Phyc. Gen. 433. 1843.

PHYSCOPHORA Kiitz. loc. cit.; Phyc. Gen. 434.

1. Bryothamnion triquetrum (S. G. Gmel.) M. A. Howe. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Card.
16: 222. 1915.

Fucus triqueter S. G. Gmel. Hist. Fuc. 122. pi. 8. /. 4. 1768.
Fucus trifarius Swartz, Prod. 148. 1788.
Fucus triangularis J. F. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1383. 1791.
Plocamium triangulare Lamour. Essai, 50. 1813.
Thamnophora triangularis Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 226. 1822.
Alsidium triangulare J. Ag. Linnaea 15: 28. 1841.
Physcophora triangularis Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 105. 1843.
Bryothamnion triangulare Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 842. 1849.

From low-water mark down to a depth of 30 meters or more, Bimini and Caicos
Islands : — Florida to Brazil. Type locality unknown.

7. LOPHOCLADIA Schmitz, Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 11 : 222. 1893.

1. Lophocladia trichoclados (Mert.) Schmitz, loc, cit.

Conferva trichocladia Mert. fide Ag. Syst. Alg. 137. 1824.

Ceramium Trichocladis Ag. loc. cit.

Griffitsia? trichoclados Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 132. 1828.

Dasya trichoclados J. Ag. Linnaea 15: 32. 1841.

Dasya lophoclados Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 254. 1842.

Eupogonium ? trichoclados Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 799. 1849.

Polysiphonia trichoclada Kiitz. loe. cit. 819.

Polysiphonia lophoclados Kiitz. loc. cit. 834.

Lophothalia trichoclados J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 6: 64. 1890.

Apparently in deep water, usually found washed ashore, Great Bahama : — Ber-
muda ; Florida ; Santo Domingo ; American Virgin Islands ; and Barbados. Type
from the West Indies.

8. WRIGHTIELLA Schmitz, Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 11 : 221. 1893.

Main branches persistent, beset with numerous 4-ranked subu-
late ramuli 1-4 mm. long. 1. W. Blodgettii.

Main branches commonly deliquescent, bearing filiform ramuli

or a few subulate ramuli. 2. W. Tumanowicsi.

1. Wrightiella Blodgettii (Harv.) Schmitz, loc. cit.

Alsidium Blodgettii Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 16. pi. 15B. 1853.

Usually found washed ashore, presumably from deep water, Great Bahama : —
Bermuda and Florida. Type from Key West, Florida.

2. Wrightiella Tumanowiczi (Gatty) Schmitz, loc. cit. 222.

Dasya Tumanowiczi Gatty; Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 64. 1853.

The Bahama plants show five pericentral cells except in ramuli, but appear to be
otherwise identical with the Key West type.

Found washed ashore, Berry Islands and Abaco : — Florida. Type from Key
West, Florida.

57-> RHODOMELACEAE.

9. MURRAYKLLA Schmitz, Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 11: 227. 1893.
1. Murrayella periclados (Ag.) Schmitz, loc. cit.

Hutchinsia periclados Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 101. 1828.

Polysiphonia periclados Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 822, 1849.

Bostrychia Tuomeyi Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 58. pi. 14E. 1853.

Bostrychia periclados J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 860. 1863.

Polysiphonia Binderi Sond. ; Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 14: 16. pi. 45. f. a, b. 1864.

In rock caverns, on the roots of RhizopUora, etc., between the tide-lines and in
shallow water, New Providence and Bimini : — Bermuda and Florida to northern
South America. Type from St. Croix.

10. AMPHIBIA Stackh. Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 2: 58, 89. 1809.

SCORPIURA Stackh. Ner. Brit, ix, xi. 1816 [ed. 2 — not seen].

BOSTRYCHIA Mont, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba, PI. Cell. 39. 1838. Not BostrycMa

Fr. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1818: 119. 1818.

HELICOTHAMNION Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 105. 1843; Phyc. Gen. 433. 1843.
STICTOSIPHONIA Harv. in Hook. f. El Antarct. 483. 1847.

Fronds stout and rigid, having commonly a spread of 2.5-5 cm. ; sections of main
axes showing 3-7 series of pericentral cells ; monosiphonous

apices usually short or more commonly wanting. 1. A. Hontarjnei.

Fronds smaller ; sections of main axes showing 1-3 series of

pericentral cells.

Branchlets bearing numerous long deflexed and incurved often
branched monosiphonous ramelli 20-50 cells long, these cells
26-55 u long, longer than broad; plants repent or prostrate,
forming thin mats ; sections of main axes showing 2 or 3
series of pericentral cells. 2. A. tenella.

Branchlets without monosiphonous ramelli or occasionally
terminating in monosiphonous prolongations 2-10
(rarely -20) cells long, these cells 15-26 #, long, shorter
than broad at least in proximal parts ; main axes show-
ing 1 or 2 series of pericentral cells ; plants forming
dense mats.
Regularly bi-tri-pinnate ; ultimate branchlets, 75-200 u

(6-12 cells) long ; main branches prostrate or ascending. 3. A. Sertularia.
Bi-tri-pinnate or often more or less quadrifarious through
the development of two rows of ventral branches near
the bases of the lateral branches ; ultimate branchlets
200-750 & (12-40 segments or cells) long ; main branches
deflexed or drooping. 4. A. pectinata.

1. Amphibia Montagnei (Harv.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 881. 1891.

Bostrychia Montagnei Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 55. pi. 14B. 1853.

On roots of Rhizophora and rarely on other objects, usually just above the low-
water mark, Bimini, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, and Watling's Island: — Ber-
muda ; Florida ; Cuba ; and Jamaica. Type from Key West, Florida.

2. Amphibia tenella (Vahl) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 882. 1891.

Fucus tenellus Vahl, Nat. Selsk. Skr. 52: 45. 1802.

Ehodomela calamistrata Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 8 : 354. 1837.

Bostrychia calamistrata Mont. ; Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2 : 56. pi. 14C. 1853.

Bostrychia tenella J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2; 869. 1863.

Bostrychia Vieillardi Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 15 : 10. pi. 26. f. a-e. 1865.

Creeping on rocks, roots of Rhizophora, pneumatophores of Avicennia, etc., near
the high-water mark, New Providence, Rose Island, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Wat-
ling's Island, and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda ; Florida ; and the West Indies generally ;
widely distributed in the warmer seas. Type from St. Croix.

EHODOMELACEAE. 5?3

3. Amphibia Sertularia (Mont.) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

Bostrychia Sertularia Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV. 12: 176. 1859.
Bostrychia sertularina Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 15: 9. pi. 25. f. a-c. 1865.
-Bostrychia Hazei Crouan; J. Ag. Anal. Alg. Cont. 4: 83. 1897.

Forming dense mats on rocks near the high-water mark, Rose Island, Great
Bahama, Gun Cay, Exuma Chain, and Watling's Island : — Bermuda to northern South
America. Type from Guiana.

4. Amphibia pectinata (Kiitz.) M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

BostrycJiia Vieillardi pectinata Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 15 : 10. pi. 26. /. f-h. 1865.

Somewhat intermediate between A. tenella and A. Sertularia, being found
occasionally in herbaria sometimes under the one specific name and sometimes
under the other, but usually, in the West Indies, quite distinct from either
species, differing from both in its greater rigidity, in its habit of growth, and
in the frequent presence of two rows of ' ' adventitious ' ' ventral branches, show-
ing in extreme cases, four ranks of branches of almost equal size and similar
development.

Between the tide-lines on roots of Rhizophora and pneumatophores of Avicennia,
rarely pendent from the roofs of caverns, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
Bimini, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, and Mariguana : — Florida and the West
Indies generally ; New Caledonia. Type from New Caledonia.

11. HERPOSIPHONIA Nag. in Schleid. & Nag. Zeits. Wiss. Bot. 3-4: 238,
(without mention of species). 1846. Ambronn, Bot. Zeit. 38: 197. 1880.

Main axes or long branches with a branch (or branch rudiment) from each node.

Main axes or long branches strongly curved, with convexity dorsal, giving short
branches a somewhat squarrose appearance ; short
branches mostly 8-10 segments long ; plants mostly
4-10 cm. long. 1. H. Pecten-Veneris.

Main axes or long branches nearly straight or slightly
curved with concavity dorsal ; short branches mostly
12-30 segments long ; plants mostly 1-3 cm. long. 2. H. tenella.

Main axes or long branches with some of their nodes regu-
larly and wholly destitute of branches.

Plants of straggling, intricate, or repent habit, elongate
and subsimple, 0.5—3 cm. long1, with apex conspicuously
rolled towards dorsal surface; main axes 75-150 u. in
diameter, even. 3. H. secunda.

Plants somewhat bi-tri-pinnate, filiculoid, 2.5-5 cm. long,
with apex inconspicuously curved towards dorsal sur-
face; main axes 150-250 w in diameter, swollen at
nodes in older parts. 4. H. Mpinnata.

1. Herposiphonia Pecten-Veneris (Harv.) Falkenb. Ehodomel. 315. 1901.

Polysiphonia Pecten-Veneris var. a, Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 46. pi. 16C.
1853.

On Penicillus, Halimeda, Thalassia, and various other objects in shallow water,
New Providence, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Bimini, Andros, Ex-
uma Chain, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island: — Florida. Type
from Key West, Florida.

2. Herposiphonia tenella (Ag.) Ambronn, Bot. Zeit. 38: 197. pi. 4. f. 9, 11, 13-

16. 1880.

Hutchinsia tenella Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 105. 1828.
Polysiphonia tenella J. Ag. Alg. Med. et Adriat. 123. 1842.
Polysiphonia Pecten-Veneris var. p, Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 46. pi. 16D.
1853.

On sponges, various algae, roots of RTiizopTiora, etc., from low-water mark dowii
to a depth of at least 20 meters, Berry Islands. Great Bahama, Bimini, Exuma Chain,
Watling's Island, Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda and North Carolina to
Florida and Barbados ; Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Type from Sicily.

574 RHODOMELACEAE.

3. Herposiphonia secunda (Ag.) Ambronn, Bot. Zeit. 38: 197. pi. 4. f. 8, 12.

1880.

Hutchinsia secunda Ag. Syst. Alg. 149. 1824.
PolysipTionia secunda Zanard. Syn. Alg. Adriat. 64. 1841.

On Sargassnm, Chondria, Laurencia, etc., in shallow water, Berry Islands, Great
Bahama, Gun Cay, Exuma Chain. Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and
Castle Island : — Bermuda and Florida to Barbados ; Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.
Type from the Mediterranean.

4. Herposiphonia bipinnata M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Frond rose-purple, filiculoid or flocculose, free, or subrepent at base only,
somewhat bi-tri pinnate, or paniculate, 2-5 cm. long, the branchlets here and
there obviously pectinate-secund ; main axes stramineous or decolorate except
in youngest parts, 150-250 /u in diameter, somewhat swollen at the nodes, the
segments l%-2 times as long as broad, becoming subequal towards apices; peri-
central cells usually 10, the central cell large, 50-90 /A in diameter; branches
obscurely quadrifarious, or subsecund through the abortion of the usually fre-
quent lateral long branches, commonly arising from two immediately consecu-
tive nodes, one from each, followed by one or two naked nodes, and then by two
branches from immediately consecutive nodes, and so on, the branches being
sometimes represented by rudiments; long branches abruptly diminishing in
size at apex and rather inconspicuously dorsiflexed; short; branches 8-12 seg-
ments long, slightly flexed or subfalcate, crowned with rather coarse tricho-
blasts, often as long as the branch, the segments %— 1^4 as long as broad;
sporangia somewhat protuberant, mostly in a single linear series, the sporan-
giiferous branch 105-135 ,u in greatest width; cystocarps ovoid, short-stalked,
subtruncate, 380-540 ^ X 300-450 /u.

In technical microscopic characters, the present species seems to be related
to H. secunda, from which, howTever, it is amply distinct, as indicated in the
above key.

On Cymodocea, washed ashore, Whale Cay, Berry Islands (Howe 3497 — type).

12. LOPHOSIPHONIA Falkenb. in Eng. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. I2: 459. 1897.

Trichoblasts spirally arranged.

Pericentral cells usually 11-18. 1. L. obscura.

Pericentral cells usually 6-10. 2. L. subadunca.

Trichoblasts in a single secund series on the convex (dorsal)

surface of the strongly hamate tips of the erect branches. 3. L. cristata.

1. Lophosiphonia obscura Auct. Not Hutchinsia obscura Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 108.

1828.

? Conferva intertexta Both, Cat. Bot. 1: 188. pi. 3. f. 6. 1797.
Polysiphonia reptalunda Suhr; Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 806. 1849.
Polysiphonia adunca Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 508. 1849.

Forming mats or a turf on rocks and on roots of Rhizophora between the tide-
lines, common, New Providence, Rose Island, Berry Islands. Bimini, Gun Cay, Exuma
Chain, Watling's Island, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda and
Florida to the American Virgin Islands ; Adriatic and Mediterranean seas and England.

2. Lophosiphonia subadunca Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 418. 1843.

Hutcliinsia obscura Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 108 (according to apparent original in

herb. Ag.). 1828.

Polysiphonia 'barbatula Kiitz. loc. cit. 417.
Polysiphonia pygmaea Kiitz. Phyc. Germ. 313. 1845.

Making a close nap or turf on surf-beaten rocks, between the tide-lines, Exuma
Chain : — southern Europe. Type from- Corsica.

RHODOMELACEAE. 575

3. Lophosiphonia cristata, Falkenb. Rhodomel. 499. pi 9. f. 7-10. 1901.

Making a velvety coating on surf-beaten rocks, low-littoral, Berry Islands, Mari-
guana, and Great Ragged Island : — St. Thomas and Mediterranean Sea. Type from
Naples.

13. DIPTEEOSIPHONIA Schmitz & Falkenb. in Eng. & Prantl,
Nat. Pflanzenfam. I2: 463. 1897.

1. Dipterosiphonia dendritica (Ag.) Schmitz, loc. cit. 464.
HutcMnsia dendritica Ag. Syst. Alg. 146. 1824.

Creeping on Chamaedoris and on Laurencia papillosa, Eleuthera : — American Vir-
gin Islands ; Brazil. Type from Brazil.

14. AMANSIA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc, Philom. 1 : 332. 1809.

1. Amansia multifida Lamour. loc. cit. pi. 6. f. 2C, D, E.

Usually found washed ashore, Eleuthera : — Florida to Brazil. Type from Santo
Domingo.

15. HETEROSIPHONIA Mont. Prod. Phyc. Pol. Antarct. 4. 1842.

TRICHOTHAMNION Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 415. 1843.

Main axes uncorticated, mostly 65-130 u. in diameter; fronds

1-6 cm. long or high. 1. H. Wurdemanni.

Main axes strongly corticated, mostly 0.4o-l.l mm. in diam-
eter ; the brownish diaphragms of the central siphon visible
through cortex ; fronds 4-18 cm. high. 2. H. Gibbesii.

1. Heterosiphonia Wurdemanni (Bail.) Falkenb. Ehodomel. 638. pi. 16. f. 11.

1901.

? Callithamnion crispellum Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 183. 1828.

Dasya Wurdemanni Bail.; Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 64. pi. 15C. 1853.

Resembling a species of Dasya, as pointed out on a later page.

On corallines and various other algae, under shelving rocks, on roots of Rhizo-
phora, etc., low-littoral or in shallow water, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Bimini,
Gun Cay, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Little
Inagua : — Bermuda and Florida to Barbados ; Adriatic and Mediterranean seas. Type
from Key West, Florida.

2. Heterosiphonia Gibbesii (Harv.) Falkenb. Rhodomel. 653.- 1901.

Dasya Gibbesii Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 59. pi. 15 A. 1853.

In tide-pools and in shallow water down to 2 meters or more, New Providence,
Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Andros, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Exuma Chain, and
Watling's Island : — Florida. Type from Key West, Florida.

16. DASYA Ag. Syst. Alg. xxxiv, 211 (as Dasia,). 1824.
RHODONEMA Martens, Reise nach Venedig 2: 641. 1824.

Dichotomous monosiphonous ramelli (2-4 mm. long) springing without order from

the firm cortex, densely clothing the main axes or deficient in older parts.
Stichidia on 1- or 2-celled monsiphonous pedicels, translucent after dehiscence of

sporangia, showing central axis clearly.
Plants mostly 8-80 cm. high, main axes vaguely quasi-
pinnate or virgate ; cystocarps pedicellate. 1. D. pedicellata.
Plants mostly 3-6.5 cm. high, subdichotomous ; ramelli
very soft and mucous, more or less coherent or con-
fluent on drying ; cystocarps sessile or subsessile. 2. D. Crouaniana.
Stichidia sessile or on 1-celled pedicels, rather opaque after
dehiscence of sporangia and conspicuously zonate-annu-
late. 3. D. ramosissima.

576 RHODOMELACEAE.

Dichotomous monosiphonous ramelli subverticillate and often
subsquarrose, sometimes lightly corticated at base ; main
axes well corticated. 4. j). moUis.

Monosiphonous ramelli spirally disposed, patent, divaricate, or

subsquarrose, divaricately dichotomous.

Main axes 0.25-0.75 mm. in diameter, corticated except in
youngest parts; cystocarp subspheric-rostrate, 0.67-0.92

mm. broad. 5. D. Collinsiana.

Main axes 0.1-0.3 mm. in diameter, uncorticated or slightly
corticated near base; cystocarp conic-ovoid, about 0.2
mm. broad (immature). 6. D.rigiclula.

1. Dasya pedicellata (Ag.) Ag. Syst. Alg. 211. 1824.

Sphaerococcus pedicellatus Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 321. 1822.

Rhodonema elegans Martens, Keise nach Venedig 2: 641. pi. 8. 1824.

Dasya elegans Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 117. 1828.

Mostly in shallow water, New Providence, Berry Islands, and Great Bahama : —
Massachusetts to Bermuda ; Florida ; and the northern West Indies ; Adriatic and
Mediterranean seas; Canary Islands. Type from New York.

The southern specimens are sometimes yellowish when living instead of the cus-
tomary lake-red.

2. Dasya Crouaniana J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 6: 95. 1890.

On surf -beaten rocks at low-water mark, Exuina Chain : — Florida and Guade-
loupe. Type from Guadeloupe.

3. Dasya ramosissima Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 61. 1853.

The verticils of sterile cells of the stichidia are inclined to be protuberant
and they occasionally develop into few-celled simple or one-branched tricho-
phylls. In two observed cases the stichidium was forked near the apex.

On roots of Rhizophora near low-water mark, Great Bahama : — Florida. Type
from Key West, Florida.

4. Dasya mollis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 62. 1853.

On roots of Rhizophora, under shelving rocks, etc., near low-water mark, Exuma
Chain and Little Inagua : — Florida and Cuba. Type from Key West, Florida.

5. Dasya Collinsiana M. A. Howe, in Britton, Fl. Bermuda 524. 1918.

The only specimen seen differs from the Bernradian type in being more
laxly branched, in being less manifestly dichotomo-corymbose, in the more
"ocellate" congestion of the ramuli at the apices, and in the lighter cortica-
tion. It also bears cystoearps, hitherto undescribed for this species. These are
sessile, subspheric-rostrate, 670-920 p broad, 600;-75'0> high (without beak)
the beak being 350— 500 /A long. In its cystoearps it seems to resemble D.
ramosissima, but the ramuli of D. Collinsiana are coarser and more divaricately
dichotomous and have a regularly spiral arrangement while those of D. ramosis-
sima are irregular or inclined to be subverticillate.

In 2 meters of water, Great Bahama : — Bermuda. Type from Bermuda.

6. Dasya rigidula (Kiitz.) Ardiss. Florid. Ital. 2: 140. 1878.

Eupogonium rigidulum Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 415. 1843; Tab. Phyc. 14: pi. 85.

f. c, d. 1864.
Eupogonium squarrosum Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 415. 1843; Tab. Phyc. 14: pi.

85. f.a,~b. 1864.
Dasya squarrosa Zanard. Mem. 1st. Veneto 13: 163. pi. 53B. 1866. Not

Dasya squarrosa Harv. in Hooker, J. D., Fl. New Zealand 2: 232. 1855.

Much resembling HeterosipJionia Wurdemanni in size, habit, and micro-
scopic characters and easily confused with that species, but differing in its
radial instead of dorsiventral organization, in having its ramuli spirally dis-

EHODOMELACEAE. 577

posed and one springing from each segment, while H. Wurdemanni has two-
ranked ramuli, one from every second segment; the main axes of D. rigidula
are also sometimes corticated towards base.

On rocks and various algae in shallow water, Berry Islands, Great Bahama and
Exuma Chain : — Bermuda ; Adriatic and Mediterranean seas. Type from Spalato
Adriatic Sea.

17. DASYOPSIS Zanard. Saggio Class. Fie. 52. 1843.

EUPOGODON Kiitz. Phyc. Germ. 312. 1845.
1. Dasyopsis Antillarum M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Plants dark vinaceous-purple, claret-brown, or orange-rufous, 4-10 cm.
high, rather copiously, irregularly and radially branched, or quasi-pinnate, occa-
sionally subdichotomous below; main axes subterete or slightly flattened, 1-2.5
mm. in diameter; principal branches showing more or less numerous subspines-
cent branchlets 1-3 mm. long, the surface clothed at and near the apices, or
sometimes to bases of the branches and branchlets, with more or less tufted
dichotomous, monosiphonous, often early deciduous ramelli, these springing
chiefly from slightly elevated cushions or sorus-like spots, the segments mostly
15-26 M in diameter, usually 3-6 times as long as broad; cortical cells mostly
rather short, 12-70 \i long, 1-5 times as long as broad ; stichidia fusiform, 300-
450 /* long, 75-150 M in maximum width, borne close to the rhachides, on one-
celled pedicels or sometimes apparently sessile on the rhachides, occasionally
proliferous at apex and bearing short trichophylls.

On corals in shallow water and washed ashore, Fort George Cay, Caicos Islands
(Howe 5625 — type), and Atwood Cay.

Dasyopsis Antillarum in color and in the character and arrangement of the
monosiphonous ramelli bears some resemblance to small conditions of Dasya> pedicel-
lata, but differs in the more copious and more irregular branching, in having short
subspinescent branchlets, in the shorter cortical cells, in the absence of visible peri-
central siphons at the apices, in the more proximal location of the stichidia, etc.

Prom the Bermudian Dasyopsis spinuligera (Collins & Hervey) M.A.Howe (Dasya
spinuligera Collins & Herv. Proc. Am. Acad. 53 : 130, pi. 4. f. 2^, 25. 1917), D. Antil-
larum differs in being much larger and coarser, in the more vinaceous-purple color,
in the softer longer-celled monosiphonous ramelli, and in the shorter, more fusiform
stichidia (the stichidia of D. spinuligera are eventually cylindric, with conic apex,
and 600-800 u long by 75-80 w in diameter, and they are often geminate).

From the Adriatic and Mediterranean Dasyopsis penicillarfa and D. spinella, the
species differs much in habit and in not having the monosiphonous ramelli confined
to the apices but springing irregularly from the cortex or from slightly elevated
cushions or sorus-like areas.

18. FALKENBERGIA Schmitz, in Eng. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenfam. I2: 479. 1897.

1. Falkenlbergia Hillebrandii (Born.) Falkenb. Ehodomel. 689. 1901.
Polysiphonia Hillebrandii Born. ; Ardiss. Phyc. Med. 1 : 376. 1883.

On roots of Rhizophora, etc., in shallow water, Gun Cay and Exuma Chain : —
Bermuda to Barbados ; Canary Islands ; Mediterranean Sea. Type from the Canary
Islands.

19. HALODICTYON Zanard. Saggio Class. Fie. 52
(as Ealydictyon} . 1843.

HANOWIA Sond. Bot. Zeit. 3: 52. 1845.
COELODICTYON Kiitz. Phyc. Germ. 287. 1845.

1. Halodictyon mirabile Zan. loc. cit.

On and with other algae (Heterosiphonia Wurdemanni, Jania, Polysiphonia,
etc.), Exuma Chain and Little Inagua : — Florida and Barbados; Mediterranean and
Adriatic seas. Type from the Adriatic Sea.

578

CEEAMIACEAE.

Family 12. CERAMIACEAE.

1. SPERMOTHAMNION Aresch.; Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 127. 1845.

Cells of erect filaments mostly 10-20 «, in diameter, 3-6 times as long as broad;
tetrasporangia on 1-4-celled pedicels ; plants usually grow-
ing on Galaxaura. 1. 8. investiens.
Cells of erect filaments mostly 20-40 & in diameter, 2-5 times

as long as broad.
Vinaceous-purple or Indian lake, on Codium, manifestly

repent. 2. 8. fjorgoncum.

Usually dark vinaceous-brown, under shelving rocks and on

Jania, Galaxaura, etc., intricate, less manifestly repent. 3. 8. spcluncarum.
Cells of erect filaments 40-65 # in diameter, 5-15 times as long
as broad; terminal cells clavate, 26-40 w in diameter, walls
of all cells 6-14 u thick ; tetrasporangia terminal, often more

or less corymbose ; plants growing on rocks. 4. S. macromeres.

Cells of erect filaments 50-115 u, in diameter, 3-7 times as long
as broad, their walls 5-40 u thick; terminal cells commonly
cylindric, often only 12-15 ^ in diameter, their walls 1-2 u,
thick ; tetrasporangia at nodes, solitary or more commonly
several and unilaterally glomerate or subverticillate ; plants
on or with other algae. 5. 8. gymnocarpum.

1. Spermothamnion investiens (Crouan) Vickers, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IX. 1:

64. 1905.

Callithamnion investiens Crouan; Schramm & Maze, Alg. Guad. 7. 1865
[not seen].

On Galaxaura flagelliformis, G. siibverticttlata, and G. cowans, and on and with
Jania (growing on Sargassum), Great Bahama, Watling's Island, Mariguana, and
Caicos Islands : — Bermuda to Barbados. Type from Guadeloupe.

2. Spermothamnion gorgoneum (Mont.) Bornet; Vickers, A*m. Sci. Nat. Bot.

VIII. 4: 305. 1897.

Callifhamnion gorgoneum Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV. 8: 289. 1857.

On Codium isthmocladum, Berry Islands : — Bermuda to Barbados ; Canary Islands
and Cape Verde Islands. Type from island of St. Nicholas, Cape Verde Islands.

3. Spermothamnion speluncarum ('Collins & Hervey) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

Ehodo.cTiorton speluncarum Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acacl. 53: 14>8.
1917.

Variable in length of cells and thickness of the cell-walls; cells mostly 2-4
times as long as broad, but occasionally as much as 8 times; cell-walls usually
3-6 At thick, but ranging up to 12 /u, thick ; tetrasporangia occurring mostly on
the lower part of the main erect filaments, solitary or rarely two (opposite) on a
segment, ellipsoid or subglobose, 52-65 p in maximum diameter, subsecund,
sessile or on 1- or 2-celled pedicels; antheridial stands terminal, short-cylindric
or ovoid-ellipsoid, about 40 /u, X 20-28 /n. Erect filaments sometimes tortuous
and intricate, forming intertangled cushions. Related to the North-European
S. roseolum (Ag.) Pringsh., especially to the form occasional in herbaria under
the name Callitha.mnion repens Lyngb., but filaments more intricate and flexuous,
more slender (commonly 22-39 At, vs. 35-55 p}, cells shorter (usually 2-4 times
vs. 3—8 times as long as broad), more often dolioform, and more often collabent.

Under shelving rocks and on various algae (Chamacdoris, Galaxaura, Jania, etc.)
and on sponges, in shaded situations, near low-water mark, Rose Island, Great Ba-
hama, North Cat Cay, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda. Type (ster-
ile) from Bermuda.

4. Spermothamnion macromeres Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad. 53: 132.

1907.

On surf-beaten, sand-covered rocks at low-water mark, Berry Islands : — Bermuda.
Type from Bermuda.

CEEAMIACEAE. 579

5. Spermothamnion gymnocarpum M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Indian lake or purplish-vinaceous, fading to brownish-vinaceous, grayish-
vinaceous, or vinaceous-fawn, forming rather dense cushions 1—3 cm. deep or
somewhat straggling in habit; primary creeping filaments 50-130 /x, in diameter,
their cells 130-400 ^ long, mostly 3-5 times as long as broad, their walls 13-50 p
thick, the erect branches arising mostly from near the end of the cell; erect
filaments 50-115 /* in diameter, rather freely subdichotomously, alternately, or
subsecundly branched, rarely with 3 or 4 branches at a node, the branches patent
or erecto-patent, arising subterminally or laterally just below the septum, the
cells 300-750 ,ti long, mostly 3-7 times as long as broad, cylindric or slightly
enlarged at upper end, the walls 5-40 /A thick, the terminal cells 40-65 ^ in di-
ameter, obtuse, or in the more branched conditions often only 12-15 n in diam-
eter with walls only 1-2 ^ thick ; chromatophores suborbicular, elliptic, fusiform,
substellate, or diff orm, more or less confluent discs 2-13 y, in maximum diameter ;
monoicous (polyoicous ?) ; procarps and cystocarps solitary or several closely
approximate ; procarps subglobose or hemispheric, 40-50 /JL broad, the trichogyne
10-13 /u, in diameter; cystocarps moriform or irregularly hemispheric, 80-150 p
broad, wholly destitute of an involucre; antheridial stands ovoid to subcylin-
dric, 40-80^X26-40^; tetrasporangia borne on one-celled pedicels at nodes
in distal parts of the main erect filaments and their branches, solitary or more
often 2-5 at a node and aggregated on the inner side, or subverticillate, sub-
globose, 60-80 /* in diameter, their walls 5-12 p thick.

On and with various other algae (Jania, Laurencia, Chamaedoris, etc.), in shal-
low water and washed ashore, Great Bahama (Howe 3879 — type) and Bxuma Chain.

The species is perhaps related to the European 8. irreyulare (J. Ag.) Ardiss.,
but manifestly differs in its longer, less ventricose cells, naked cystocarps, etc. Most
of the few antheridial stands seen have been very close to the procarps, but the
procarps preponderate so much in number that it may be suspected that dioicous
conditions also occur.

2. MESOTHAMNION Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 208. 1917.
1. Mesothamnion caribaeum Borg. loc. cit.

The single Bahamian specimen seen is sterile and the determination is
open to possible doubt. It is 0.5-1 cm. high and is remarkable for its penicil-
lately tufted apices, the lower parts of the main axes being more or less
denudate.

On Gelidium rlgidum, near low-water mark, Gun Cay : — American Virgin Islands.
Type from St. Jan (dredged in 30 meters of water).

3. GUIFFITHSIA Ag. Syn. Alg. Scand. xxviii. (as Griffitsia). 1817.

Branching mostly subdichotomous, the branches issuing from the

upper end of the parent cell. 1. #. globulifera.

Branching distinctly lateral, the branches issuing from near the

middle or below the middle of the parent cell. 2. (?. tennis.

1. Griffithsia globulifera Harv.; Kutz. Tab. Phyc. 12: 10. pi. 30. f. a-d. 1862.

Griffithsia corallina globifera Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 228. pi. 35 A. 1853.

Griffifhsia corallina tennis Harv. loc. cit.

Griffithsia gloMfera Harv. ; J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 31 : 67. 1876.

Griffithsia Bornetiana Farl. Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 243. 1877.

The Bahamian plants referred here seem to agree essentially with the
northern type in the character of the antheridia, cystocarps, and tetrasporangia,
but they are smaller plants and the filaments are often more moniliform, these
differences being especially manifest in sterile and more doubtful specimens
ihat have been identified tentatively with this species. The plants occur on surf-

580 CEEAMIACEAE.

beaten rocks between the tide-lines and as epiphytes on other algae, habitats
that are not characteristic of the northern G. globulifera.

Joulter's Cay, Exuma Chain, Atwood Cay, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged
Island: — Massachusetts to the American Virgin Islands and Barbados (?). Type
from New York.

2. Griffithsia tenuis Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 131. 1828.

Callithamnion tenue Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 3: 130. 1858.
Griffithsia thyrsigera (Thwait.) Grun. Alg. Fidschi 8. 1877.

An antheridial fragment, washed ashore, Berry Islands : — Massachusetts and
Bermuda to Barbados ; Adriatic Sea ; Ceylon ; Australia ; etc. Type from Venice.

4. CALLITHAMNION Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. 123. 1819.
1. Callithamnion Halliae Collins, in C., H., & S., Phyc. Bor.-Am. 698. 1900.

Belated to C. corymbosum and C. ~byssoides, but differs from both in having
the main axes uncorticated throughout.

On other algae at low-water mark, under shelving rocks (and washed ashore),
Great Bahama and Exuma Chain : — Florida. Type from Key West, Florida.

5. SEIROSPORA Harv. Phyc. Brit. pi. 21. 1846.
1. ?Seirospora occidentalis Borg. Bot. Tidsskr. 30: 14. /. 8, 9. 1909.

The scanty fertile material has the triangularly divided tetrasporangia sessile
or on one-celled pedicels; paraspores 30— 40 # broad, in branching, subterminal tufts;
main axes uncorticated throughout. Exuma Chain : — American Virgin Islands. Type
from sound between St. Thomas and St. Jan.

6. HALOPLEGMA Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18 : 258. 1842.

RHODOPLEXIA Harv. in Hook. Ic. PI. 7: pi. 613. 1844.
1. Haloplegma Duperreyi spinulosum M. A. Howe, subsp. nov.

Differs from typical H. Duperreyi 'Mont, in having a thallus that is beset
with numerous rigid subspinescent ramelli usually in twos or threes and 25-140 /*
(2-11 cells) long, the cells of these ramelli mostly 1.5-3 times as long as broad.

Between the tide-lines on a rock shelf, under an overhang, Cave Cays, Exuma
Chain (Howe 3998).

7. GYMNOTHAMNION J. Ag. Anal. Alg. 27. 1892.
1. Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousb.) J. Ag. loc. cit. 178.

Callithamnion elegans Schousb.; Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 162. 1828; Born. & Thur.

Not. Alg, 32. pi. 10. 1876.

Ptilota Schousboei Born, in Born. & Thur. loc. cit. 34.
Plumaria Schousboei Schmitz; Born. Mem. iSoc. Sci. Cherbourg 28: 330.

1892.
? Gymnothamnion bipinnatum Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad. 53 : 139.

pi. 4. f. 26. 1917.

? Ptilothamnion bipinnatum M. A. Howe, in Britton, Fl. Bermuda 525.
1918.

The main branches are simply pinnate and the opposite ramuli are usually
longer than in Bermudian specimens described as G. bipinnatum but not alto-
gether dissimilar conditions occur in the Bermudian type and the species is
probably the same. The Bahamian specimens, like the Bermudian, appear to
bear only tetrasporangia (tripartite), and pending the discovery of antheridia

CEEAMIACEAE. 581

and cystocarps, the generic position of the plants must remain in some doubt.
There are discrepancies between Bornet's and J. Agardh's figures of the cysto-
carp of Gymnothamnion elegans and the relation of Gymnothamnion to Ptilo-
thamnion would seem to be in need of further study.

Forming a thin coating on rocks a little above the low-water mark, Gun Cay : —
northern Africa and Mediterranean shores of Europe; Bermuda (?). Type from
Tangier, Morocco.

8. ANTITHAMNION Nag. Neu. Algensyst. 200. 1847.

Main axes 24-30 /j. in diameter, for the most part regularly bi-

pinnate. 1. A. Butleriae.

Main axes 75-150 a 'in diameter, their branches tetrastichous, the

ultimate branchlets often alternate or subdistichous. 2. A. cruciatum.

1. Antithamnion Butleriae Collins, Proc. Am. Acad. 37: 258. 1901.

The fronds in Bahamian specimens are broader and the cells are usually
longer, both actually and relatively, than in the type form.

On a rock shelf under an overhang, between the tide-lines, and washed ashore,
Rose Island, Exuma Chain, and Caicos Islands : — Jamaica and Barbados. Type from
Kingston, Jamaica.

2. Antithamnion cruciatum (Ag.) Nag. Neu. Algensyst. 200. 1847.

With Jania, washed ashore, Great Bahama : — Massachusetts and Bermuda to
Barbados ; Europe. Type from Trieste.

9. CROTJANIA J. Ag. Alg. Med. et Adriat. 83. 1842.
1. Crouania attenuata (Bonnem.) J. Ag. loc. cit.

Batrachospermum attenuatum B'onnem. fide Ag.
Mesogloia attenuata Ag. Syst. Alg. 51. 1824.

On various algae, Thalassia, etc., from near low-water mark down to 20 meters
(fide Bb'rgesen), New Providence, Berry Islands, Joulter's Cay, Great Bahama, Wat-
ling's Island, and Mariguana : — Bermuda and Florida to Barbados ; southern Europe.
Type (in herb. Ag.) from northwestern France (" Armorica ").

10. SPYBIDIA Harv. in Sm. Eng. Fl. 51: 336. 1833.

Ramuli without lateral uncinate spines. 1. S. filamentosa.

Ramuli normally with one or more uncinate spines on the distal

nodes. 2. 8. aculcata.

1. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf.) Harv. loc. cit. 337.

Fucus filamentosus Wulf. Crypt. Aquat. 64. 1803.

Spyridia occidentalis Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 666. 1849.

Spyridia apiculata Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 12: 15. pi. 49. f. c, d. 1862.

Common in shallow warm water, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
Bimini, North Cat Cay, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, and Caicos Islands : — Massachu-
setts and Bermuda to South America ; widely distributed in the warmer seas. Type
from the Adriatic Sea.

2. Spyridia aculeata (Schimp.) Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 377. 1843.

Ceramium aculeatum Schimp. in Unio Itin. no. 966 (not seen).

On rocks and on other algae in shallow water or down to 30 meters (fide
Borgesen), Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, and Mariguana: — Bermuda and
Florida to American Virgin Islands ; southern Europe and northern Africa ; Red Sea.
Type from the Red Sea.

582

CEEAMIACEAE.

11. CEBAMIUM Ag. Syn. Alg. Scand xxvi. 1817.

? APONA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 2, 519. 1763.
?EPISPERMA Eaf. Free. Somiol. 48. 1814.
BORYNA Grateloup. Bory, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 2: 412. 1822.

Filaments continuously corticated. 1. c. nitens.

Filaments manifestly zonate, corticated at nodes only.

Filaments regularly and equally dichotomous, more or less

fastigiate, apices forcipate.

Segments mostly longer than broad, becoming 3-7 times
longer than broad below ; tetrasporangia triangularly

divided. 2. C. tenuissimum.

Segments mostly shorter than broad or subequal, becom-
ing 2-3 times longer than broad below ; tetrasporangia
often cruciate or decussately paired. 3. C. cruciatum.

Filaments unequally dichotomous or showing various inter-
mediate conditions between dichotomy and lateral
branching.

Upper margins of cortex-zones commonly showing in
younger parts verticils of delicate caducous mostly
1- or 2-celled hairs ; branching dichotomo-alternate
and slightly zig-zag. 4. C. subtile.

Hairs wanting or very rare.

Main filaments mostly 45— 75 # in diameter; nodal
bands protuberant, bitruncate, most of the corti-
cating cells, or at least the lower with their longer
axes running transversely to the filament ; tetra-
sporangia on main filaments. 5. C. ~byssoideum.
Main filaments mostly 90-200 ^ in diameter; nodal
bands not protuberant, the corticating cells with
their longer axes lengthwise of the filament ; tetra-
sporangia on clavate or fusiform lateral branches. 6. C. corniculatum.

1. Ceramium nitens (Ag.) J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 130. 1851.

Ceramium rubrum nitens Ag. Syst. Alg. 136. 1824.

? Ceramium leptophloeum Kiitz. Linnaea 15: 740. 1841.

Ceramium divaricatum Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 13: 5. pi. 12. f. c-e. 1863.

Rather common in shallow water, New Providence, Berry Islands, Joulter's Cay,
Great Bahama, Bimini, Exuma Chain, and Watling's Island : — Bermuda and Florida
to the American Virgin Islands. Type from the " Antilles."

2. Ceramium tenuissimum J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 120. 1851.

? Ceramium diapJianum tenuissimum Both, Cat. Bot. 3: 156. 1806.

The usually sterile Bahamian plants referred tentatively to C. tenuissimum
seem, to agree essentially with other West Indian specimens currently thus re-
ferred, but their identity with the European type is doubtful. They are more
regularly dichotomous, more fastigiate, firmer and more rose-colored than the
plants here referred to C. subtile.

On various other algae, roots of Rhizophora, etc., in shallow water, Great Ba-
hama, Exuma Chain, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Europe ; Massachusetts ;
Bermuda ; and the West Indies generally. Type locality unknown.

3. Ceramium cruciatum Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad. 53 : 144. pi. 4. f. 27,

28. 1917.

Similar in structure to the Bermudian plant, but less obviously repent and
taller, reaching a height of 1-3 cm.

On Digenea, Thalassia, etc., and on rocks, near the low-water mark, Mariguana,
Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda. Type from Bermuda.

4. Ceramium subtile J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 120. 1851.

On Chondria and various other algae, roots of Rhizophora, etc., in shallow water,
New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Bimini, Joulter's Cay, Exuma Chain,
and Watling's Island : — Mexico. Type from Vera Cruz.

CEBAMIACEAE. 583

5. Ceramium byssoideum Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 218. 1853.

Ceramium transversale Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Acad. 53: 145. pi. 5.
f. 29-31. 1917.

On various algae, leaves of Cymodocea, roots of Rhizophora, etc., near the low-
water mark, Berry Islands, North Cat Cay, Exuma Chain, and Mariguana : — Bermuda
and Florida to the American Virgin Islands. Type from Key West, Florida.

6. Ceramium corniculatum Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV. 14: 172. I860.

Gongroceras corniculatum Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 12: 25. pi. 81. f. e-g. 1862.

Under shelving rocks, on roots of Rhizophora, etc., near low-water mark, Rose
Island, Bimini, Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Florida to Guadeloupe and Mar-
tinique. Type from Guadeloupe.

12. CERAMOTHAMNION Eichards, Bull. Torrey Club 28 :
257, 264. 1901.

1. Ceramothamnion Codii Eichards, loc. cit. pi. 21, %2.

On Codium intertextum, Atwood Cay : — Bermuda to Barbados. Type from Ber-
muda.

13. CENTROCERAS Kiitz. Linnaea 15: 731, 741. 1842.
1. Centroceras clavulatum (Ag.) Mont, in Durieu, M. Algerie 1: 140. 1846.

Ceramium clavulatum Ag. in Kunth, Syn. PI. Aeq. 1 : 2. 1822.
Centroceras cryptacanthum Kiitz. loc. cit. 741; Tab. Phyc. 13: pi. 17. f.

a-d. 1863.

Centroceras micranthemum Kiitz. loc. cit. 741; Tab. Phyc. 13: pi. .18. f. a-d.
Centroceras hyalacanthum Kiitz. loe. cit. 742; Tab. Phyc. 13: pi. 19. f. d-f.
Centroceras oxyacanthum Kiitz. loc. cit. 742 ; Tab. Phyc. 13 : pi. 20. f. a-c.
Centroceras brachyacanthum Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 13: 8, pi. 20. f. d-f.

On rocks and on various algae, low-littoral and in shallow water ; very common
and variable. Most of the Bahamian specimens accord with Kutzing's O. hyalacanthum
and O. oxyacanthum; a few agree with his C. cryptacanthum (type form of C. clavu-
latum), C. micracanthum, and C. brachyacanthum. New Providence, Rose Island,
Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Bimini, North Cat Cay, Abaco, Eleuthera, Cat Island,
Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Great Ragged Island, and
Orange Cay : — Bermuda and Florida to South America ; widely distributed in the
warmer seas. Type from Callao, Peru.

Family 13. DUMONTIACEAE.
1. DUDRESNAYA Bonnem. Jour. Phys. 94: 180. 1822 (not seen).

1. Dudresnaya bermudensis Setchell, Univ. California Publ. Bot. 4: 244. pi.

27. 1912.
Washed ashore, Great Bahama : — Bermuda. Type from Bermuda.

Family 14. RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE.

1. OCHTODES J. Ag. Act. Univ. Lund. 86: 5. 1872.

1. Ochtodes secundiramea (Mont.) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

Eypnea ? secundiramea Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 255. 1842.
Chondrococcus filiformis Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 752. 1849; Tab. Phyc. 17: 28. pi.

95. f. c, d, e. 1867.

Sphaerococcus filiformis J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 644. 1852.
Ochtodes filiformis J. Ag. Act. Univ. Lund. 86: 5. 1872.
Acantliococcus adelphinus Mont.; Crouan in Maze & Schramm, Alg. Guad.
189. 1870-1877.

Near low-water mark, commonly iridescent, Cave Cays, Exuma Chain : — Cuba ;
Jamaica; Porto Rico; Martinique; and Barbados. Type from Martinique (in herb.
Mus. Paris.).

584 COEALLINACEAE.

Family 15. SQUAMARIACEAE.

1. PEYSSONNELIA Decaisne, Arch. Mus. 2: 168 (as

PEYSSONELLIA). 1841.

SQUAMARIA Zanard. Syn. Alg. Adriat. 133. 1841. Not Squamaria
(Eivin.) Hall. 1768.

1. Peyssonnelia rubra (Grev.) J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 502. 1852.

Zonarla rubra Grev. Trans. Linn. Soc. 15 : 340. pi. 3. f. 3. 1827.

On Valonia ventricosa under shelving rocks at low-water mark, Cave Cays, Ex-
uma Chain : — Bermuda ; Cuba ; and American Virgin Islands ; Mediterranean Sea.
Type from Greece.

The genus Peyssonnelia is represented by other species in the Bahamas and the
family Squamariaceae doubtless has other generic representatives besides Peysson-
nelia, but the available material has not yet been studied with sufficient care to
warrant the publication of further determinations.

Family 16. CORALLINACEAE.

1. ARCHAEOLITHOTHAMNIUM Rothpl. Zeits. Deuts. Geol.
Ges. 43: 295. 1891.

SPOROLITHON Heyd. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 15: 66. 1897.

"1. Archaeolithothamnium dimotum Fosl. & Howe, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4:
128. pi. 80. f. 1; pi. 87. 1906.

Forming rather smooth crusts on the older parts of living corals, near low-water
mark, Mariguana : — Jamaica and Porto Rico. Type from Porto Rico.

2. LITHOTHAMNIUM Philippi, Wiegm. Archiv Naturgeseh. 31: 387. 1837.

Thallus forming smooth, thin, fragile, often ascending,

rv<'pHapping, scarcely adherent crusts 0.15-0.2 mm.

thick. 1. L. mesomorphum ornatum.

Thallus forming an irregularly nodulose crust 10-15

mm. thick. 2. L. aemulans.

1. Lithothamnium mesomorphum ornatum Fosl. & Howe, Bull. N. Y. Bot.

Gard. 4: 129. pi. 80. f. 2; pi. 90. f. 2. 1906.

Low-littoral on a deeply shaded rock shelf, yellowish-rose or salmon-colored when
living, Cave Cays, Exuma Chain. Type of variety from Cave Cays ; type of species
from Bermuda.

2. Lithothamnium aemulans (Fosl. & Howe) Fosl. & Howe, K. Norske Vidensk.

Selsk. Skr. 19087: 9. 1908.

Lifhothamnium fruticulosum aemulans Fosl. & Howe, Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 4: 130. pi. 81. f. 1, 2. 1906.

Encrusting an old conch shell, Andros : — Porto Rico. Type from San Juan,
Porto Rico.

3. GONIOLITHON Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 19005: 15. 1900.
[Apparently not Goniolithon Fosl. loc. cit. 18982: 5. 1898.]

Thallus wholly and permanently crustaceous.

Thallus commonly rather loosely attached, the margins often free and ascending ;
conceptacles large, mostly 0.6-1.2 mm. broad, usually with
long-rostrate ostioles. 1. G. solubile.

Thallus very firmly and persistently adherent.

Thallus essentially smooth and plane or roughened only
by inequalities of substratum or by conceptacles, which
are 200-400 u in diameter. 2. G. accretum.

x_

* SQUAMAEIACEAE. 585

Thallus plane or becoming vei'rucose or mammillate, the
surface minutely and irregularly tessellated ; concep-
tacles 300-400 jt in diameter. 3. G. Boergesenii.

Thallus with rounded-obtuse or subtruncate warts or
bosses 4—10 mm. broad and high ; superficial layers
exfoliating along concentric or zonate lines ; conceptacles
1-1.2 mm. in diameter. 4. G. dispalatum.

Thallus fruticulose, the primary crust usually disappearing or

concealed by the erect branches.

Branches much anastomosed, compressed or subterete and
1.25-3.1 mm. in diameter, or becoming flabellate or some-
what foliar and 10-25 mm. broad by 1-2 mm. thick. 5. G. acropetum.
Branches terete or subterete.

Plants attached, the intertangled frequently anastomosing

branches forming rather compact cushions. 6. G. decutescens.

Plants commonly free, the branches mostly erect and strict
or, in free-lying conditions, few, elongate, and very ir-
regular or somewhat cervicorn. 7. G. strictum.

1. Goniolithon solubile Fosl. & Howe, K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 19076:

21. 1907.

Goniolithon Notarisii propinquum Fosl. loc. cit. 18995: 21. 1900.
Goniolithon propinquum Fosl. loc. cit. 190812: 4. 1908.
Lithophyllum (?) propinquum Lemoine, in Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 166.
/. 161, 162. 1917.

The name solubile appears to be the first name given to this plant in the
specific category, propinquum antedating it as a form name only.

On old corals, coral pebbles, and old shells in shallow water, sometimes cover-
ing and smothering living corals of fruticose habit, Rose Island, Great Bahama, Cat
Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, and Castle Island : — 'Florida to Barbados. Type
from Culebra Island, Porto Rico.

2. Goniolithon accretum Fosl. & Howe, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 131. pi. 85. f.

2; pi. 91. 1906.

Lithophyllum accretum Lemoine, in Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 159. 1917.

On surf-beaten limestone rocks near low-water mark or in tide-pools or on old
corals or pebbles. Berry Islands, South Cat Cay, Watling's Island, Mariguana. and
Castle Island : — Florida to American Virgin Islands. Type from Sand's Key, Florida.

3. Goniolithon Boergesenii Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 19006 : 19. 1901.

Porolithon Boergesenii Lemoine, in Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 178. /.
168, 169. 1917.

On old shells, corals, and calcareous pebbles in shallow water, Berry Islands,
Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Florida to Barbados. Type from St. Croix.

4. Goniolithon dispalatum Fosl. & Howe, K. Norske Yidensk. Selsk. Skr.

190812: 6. 1908.

On calcareous rocks at low-water mark, Atwood Cay. Type from Atwood Cay.

5. Goniolithon acropetum Fosl. & Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 33 : 577. 1906.

Lithophyllum acropetum Lemoine, in Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 151. 1917.

Sometimes approaching G. decutescens and G. strictum, which appear to inter-
grade and forms of which are close to the earlier-published G. frutescens of the
South Pacific.

On old corals and calcareous rock in shallow water, Cat Island and Salt Cay : —
Porto Rico. Type from Culebra Island, Porto Rico.

6. Goniolithon decutescens (Heyd.) Fosl.; M. A. Howe, in Britton, Fl. Ber-

muda 538. 1918.

Lithothamnium (?) decutescens Heyd. Bot. Jahrb. 28: 541. pi. 1.1. f. 7.

11 Ja 1901.
Goniolithon (?) spectabile Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 19006: 16.

F 1901.
38

586 CORALLINACEAE.

? GoniolitJion RJiizopJiorae Fosl. & Howe, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 130. pi
82. f. 2. 1906.

/ GoniolitJion strictum nanum Fosl. & Howe, loc. cit. 131. pi. 82. /. 1.
? Litliopliyllum strictum nanum Lemoine, in Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark 31- 164
/. 159, 160. 1917.

On rocks, old corals, shells of (sometimes living) molluscs, etc., in shallow water,
common, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, South Cat Cay,
Eleuthera, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island :
— Bermuda and Florida to American Virgin Islands. Type from Bermuda.

7. Goniolithon strictum Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1900«: 14. 1901.

GoniolitJion intermedium Fosl. loc. cit. 15.

LitJiopJiyllum strictum Lemoine, in Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 164. 1917.

Mostly unattached or forming mats, in shallow water, common, New Providence,
Rose Island, Andres, Berry Islands, Bimini, North Cat Cay, Cat Island, Watling's
Island, and Mariguana : — Bermuda ; Florida ; and Jamaica. Type from Florida.

4. IJTHOFHYLLUM PMlippi, Wiegm. Archiv Naturgesch.
31: 387. 1837.

Conceptacles 80-160 u broad, usually abundant; thallus thin
( 100-300 a thick), its surface nearly smooth or roughened by
substratum. 1. L. caribaeum.

Conceptacles 200-600 w in diameter.

Thallus thin (mostly 50-600 w thick), smooth, forming subor-
bicular crusts 2-10 mm. broad, epiphytic ; vertical section
showing small cells in superficial layer only. 2. L. pustulatum.

Thallus usually thin (200-500 # ; very rarely 5-10 mm.
thick) ; the surface showing imbricate, reniform-auriculate
or semiorbicular lamellae ; vertical section showing a regu-
lar alternation of vertically elongate cells and very short
flattened or discoid cells ; usually on shells, old corals, etc. 3. L. prototypum.
Thallus 0.5 mm.-6 cm. thick ; the surface with densely
crowded knobs, verrucae, or short branches ; vertical sec-
tions showing irregular, often subcrescentic or sublunate
zonations ; Conceptacles 200-300 « in diameter, becoming
overgrown and included. 4. L. munitum.

1. Lithophyllum caribaeum (Fosl.) Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 19068:

22. 1907.

LitJiopJiyllum decipiens caribaeum Fosl. loc. cit. 19062: 18. 1906.

Forming thin white or light pink crusts on rocks, pebbles, and shells from just
above low-water mark down to 15 fathoms (fide Borgesen), Watling's Island and
Great Ragged Island : — Jamaica and American Virgin Islands. Type from the West
Indies.

2. Lithophyllum pustulatum (Lamour.) Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.

19042: 3. 1904.

Melobesia pustulata Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 315. pi. 12. /. 2. 1816.
DermatolitJion pustulatum Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 19005: 21.
1900.

On Dilophus, Dictyota, Sargassum, Halimeda and Thalassia, in shallow water,
Berry Islands, North Cat Cay, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, and Little Inagua : —
New England to Jamaica ; Europe. Type from France.

3. Lithophyllum prototypum Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 18971: 18.

1807.

DermatolitJion (?) prototypus Fosl. loc. cit. 19005: 22. 1900.

On old corals, shells, etc., near low-water mark or in shallow water, Exuma
Chain and Atwood Cay: — Florida; Jamaica; Porto Rico; and American Virgin
Islands. Type from St. Croix.

COBALLINACEAE. 587

4. Lithophyllum munitum Fosl. & Howe, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 332. pi. 86
88, 89. 1906.

Covering an old coral near low-water mark under shelving rocks, Cave Cays,
Exuma Chain : — Jamaica and Porto Rico. Type from Cave Cays.

5. POROLITHON Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.
19092: 57. 1909.

Vertical sections (of decalcified material) showing vertical rows of small oval, sub-
globose, or ellipsoidal perithallic cells, mostly 4-12 #, high, with the firmly coherent
horizontal lamellations usually obscure or unrecognizable ;
grouped heterocysts mostly 13-15 /^ broad. 1. P. pachydermum.

Vertical sections (of decalcified material) showing distinct
horizontal lamellations, easily separable in pairs, each pair
consisting of one moderately long-celled layer (cells 12-25 u.
high) and one inconspicuous short-celled layer (cells 3-6 «,
high) ; grouped heterocysts mostly 20-26 # broad. 2. P. improcerum.

1. Porolithon pachydermum (Fosl.) Fosl. loc. cit.

Lithophyllum encodes pachydermum Fosl. loe. cit. 19042: 5. 1904.
Lithophyllum pachydermum Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Aarsber. 1905 :
22(6). 1906.

On rocks, corals, corallines, etc., near low-water mark, New Providence, Berry
Islands, Great Bahama, South Cat Cay, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, and Great Ragged
Island : — Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; American Virgin Islands ; and Barbados. Type from
West Indies.

2. Porolithon improcerum (Fosl. & Howe) Lemoine; in Bb'rg. Dansk Bot. Ark.

31: 151. 1917.

Goniolithon improcerum Fosl. & Howe, K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.

19076: 24. 1907.
Hydrolithon improcerum Fosl. loc. cit. 19092: 55. 1909.

On old corals or calcareous rocks, near low-water mark.

The basis for recording this species from the Bahamas is a note from M. Foslie
(in litt.) to the effect that a specimen of Goniolithon, propinquum (= G. solubile)
from Mariguana (Howe 5S3&) was " partly covering Goniolithon (Hydrolithon) impro-
cerum." In the type (from Jamaica), the species accompanied Porolithon pachy-
dermum, which it resembles in habit. In structure the plant is suggestive of Litho-
phyllum prototypum, from which, however, it differs in the presence of heterocysts
(in groups) as well as in general habit and in the mostly smaller conceptacles.

6. FOSLIELLA M. A. Howe, nom. nov.

Type: Melolesia farinosa Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 315. pi. 12. f. 3. 1816.
MELOBESIA, subgen. EUMELOBESIA Fosl. K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 19053: 1905.
MELOBESIA Lamour. p. p. min. Hist. Polyp. 313. 1816. Not MELOBESIA Lamour.

Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 3: 186. 1812 (type, Corallina membranacea

Esper).

Thallus 1-3 cells thick.

Heterocysts present ; growing on other algae. 1. F. farinosa.

Heterocysts wanting ; growing on Thalassia. 2. F. Lejolisii.

Thallus mostly 8-10 cells thick except at or near the unistra-

tose margin ; growing on Chamaedoris. 3. F. Chamaedoris.

1. Fosliella farinosa (Lamour.) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

Melolesia farinosa Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 315. pi. 12. f. 3. 1816.

On various algae (Dictyota, Dilophus, Padina, Sargassum, and Polysiphonia),
in shallow water, very common, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Watling's Island, Mari-
guana, and Little Inagua : — Massachusetts to Barbados ; widely distributed. Type
European.

588 CORALLINACEAE.

2. Fosliella Lejolisii (Rosan.) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

Melanesia Lejolisii Rosan. Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 12- 62
pi. 1. f. 1-13. 1866.

On Tlialassia in shallow water, Berry Islands and Watling's Island : — Nova Scotia
to Florida ; Europe. Type from Cherbourg, France.

3. Fosliella Chamaedoris (Fosl. & Howe) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

Lithophyllum Chamaedoris Fosl. & Howe, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 134.

pi. 90. f. 1. 1906.
Melanesia (Pliostroma) Chamaedoris Fosl. & Howe, K. Norske Vidensk.

Selsk. Skr. 190811: 6. 1908.

Encrusting and often completely encircling the stalks of Chamaedoris Peniculum.
from low-water mark (under shelving rocks) down to a depth of 40 meters (flde
Bb'rgesen), Cave Cays, Exuma Chain: — American Virgin Islands. Type from Cave
Cays.

7. AMPHIROA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 3: 186. 1812.

Thallus usually distinctly flattened, 1-3 mm. broad, the

branches 2-5 at a node, often patent or arcuate-deflexed. 1. A. Tribulus.
Thallus terete or subterete, 0.15—1.4 mm. in diameter.

Thallus 0.15—0.6 mm. in diameter, usually yellowish or

rle rose when living, commonly dichotomous (rarely
5 branches at a node) ; nodes at the dichotomies, the
nodal cushions conspicuous, often protuberant or their
diameter equaling that of the segment, which is often

enlarged at the nodes. 2. A. fragilissima.

Thallus 0.45-1.4 mm. in diameter, bluish-violet when liv-
ing ; nodes mostly above the dichotomies, often obscure
or more or less deficient, the nodal cushions short and
their diameter V2-% that of the segments. 3. A. rigida antillana.

1. Amphiroa Tribulus (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. loc. cit.

Corallina Tribulus Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 124. pi. 21. f. e. 1786.

In shallow water, South Cat Cay and Watling's Island : — Cuba and Porto Rico.
Type from the West Indies.

2. Amphiroa fragilissima (L.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 298. 1816.

Corallina fragilissima L. Syst. Nat. 1: 806. 1758 [ed. 10].
Amphiroa deMlis Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 700. 1849.

Variable as to diameter of the segments and in the presence or absence of
nodal enlargements of the segments, and possibly including two spcies. Whether
Linnaeus originally described the species from an actual specimen or relied
wholly upon Sloane Js description and figure of a Jamaican plant is not alto-
gether clear.

Forming mats, especially in association with Thalassia and Cymodocea in shal-
low bays, common, New Providence, Berry Islands, Bimini, South Cat Cay, North Cat
Cay, Watling's Island. Atwood Cay, and Mariguana : — Bermuda and Florida to Bar-
bados ; East Indies. Type "in Indiis " (Jamaica ?).

3. Amphiroa rigida antillana Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 31: 182. /. 171-173. 1917.

In shallow water, often with A. fragilissima, but always distinct, South Cat Cay,
North Cat Cay, and Mariguana : — Florida to Barbados. Type (of var.) from St. Croix.

8. CORALLINA L. Syst. Nat. 1: 805. 1758 [ed. 10].

Rather vaguely and irregularly pinnate or subverticillate, the branches often few ;
segments of main axes terete or subterete, 1.5-6 times as long
as broad. 1. C. cubcnsis.

Pinnate or bipinnate, the rapidly tapering branchlets somewhat
penicillate or fasciculate ; segments of main axes distinctly flat-
tened, cuneate-obovate, or inversely deltoid, about as broad as
long. 2. C. subulata.

ECTOCAEPACEAE. 589

1. Corallina cubensis (Mont.) Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 8: 37. pi. 77. f. c, e, f. 1858.

Jania cubensis Mont.; Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 709. 1849.

Forming dense cushions on various algae (Sargassum, Galaxaura, Digenea, etc.)
and on rocks with other algae, in shallow water, often associated with species of
Jania, New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Caicos Islands, and
Great Ragged Island : — Florida to the American Virgin Islands. Type from Cuba.

2. Corallina subulata Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 119. pi. 21. f. B, b. 1786.

On or with Amansia multifida, Eleuthera : — Brazil. Type from the West Indies.

9. JANIA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Scl. Soc. Philom. 3: 186. 1812.

The characters relied upon to distinguish the currently recognized European
and West Indian species of Jania appear to be unstable and unsatisfactory and
the determinations often arbitrary.

Branches mostly strict and fastigiate, mostly 100-1 60 # in diam-
eter, the terminal segments usually acute or taper-pointed. 1. J. rumens.
Dichotomies mostly wide-angled, the branches often subdivaricate,
recurved, and interwoven, the terminal segments usually
obtuse.
Segments mostly 90-150 u in diameter and 2-4 times as long

as broad. 2. J. adhaerens.

Segments mostly 50-100 w in diameter and 4-10 times as long

as broad. 3. J. capillacea.

1. Jania rubens (L.) Lamour. loc. cit.

Corallina rubens L. Syst. Nat. 1: 806. 1758 [ed. 10].

On Sargassum, Chondria, and other algae, from low-water mark down to a depth
of 10-20 meters, Rose Island, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Caicos
Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda ; Florida ; Cuba ; and probably through-
out the West Indies. Type European.

2. Jania adhaerens Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 270. 1816.

Corallina adhaerens Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 8 : 40. pi. 83. f. d, f, g, Ji. 1858.

On Sargassum, Bryothamnion, Gelidium, etc., in shallow water : — American Vir-
gin Islands; Red Sea; Japan. Type from the Mediterranean Sea (?).

3. Jania capiUacea Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 2: 84. 1853.

On Sargassum, pneumatophores of Avicennia, etc., in shallow water, and more
or less free "in lagoons, New Providence, Rose Island, Berry Islands, and Great Ragged
Island : — North Carolina and Florida. Type from Bahia Honda, Florida.

SUB-CLASS PHAEOPHYCEAE.

Family 1. ECTOCARPACEAE.

1. PYLAIELLA Bory, Diet. 'Class. Hist. Nat. 4: 393 (as Pilayella). 1823.

1. Pylaiella Antillarum (Grun.) De-Toni, Syll. Alg. 3: 535. 1895.

Ectocarpus (Pilayella) Antillarum Grun. Keise Novara Bot. 1 : 46. pi. 4. /.
2. 1867.

Pylaiella sp. Bornet, Rev. Gen. Bot. 1: 9. 1889.

Pylaiella Hooperi De-Toni, Syll. Alg. 3: 537. 1895. Probably not Ecto-
carpus Hooperi Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 1: 143. pi. 12E. 1852.

Forming yellowish brown, subcylindric, wick-like tufts, 1.5—3.5 cm. high in tide-
pools and low-littoral on surf-beaten rocks. Great Stirrup Cay, Berry Islands : —
Bermuda to northern South America. Type from Guadeloupe.

590 ENCOELIACEAE.

The filaments are mostly 25-40 # in diam., while Grunow's description of the
type makes the diameter only 11-25 #, but as the base of one of the filaments
figured by Grunow is nearly 35 # broad it seems difficult to distinguish the Bahamian
plant. The later-described P. fulvescens (Schousb.) Bornet may be a synonym, but
perhaps differs in the more protuberant, sometimes laterally geminate sporangia.

2. ECTOCARPUS Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. 130. 1819.
1. Ectocarpus Mitchellae Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 1: 142. pi. 12G. 1852.

On Thalassia, etc., in shallow water. Berry Islands, Great Bahama, and Exuma
Chain : — Massachusetts to American Virgin Islands ; apparently widely distributed
in temperate and tropical seas. Type from Nantucket, Mass.

Family 2. SPHACELARIACEAE.

1. SPHACELARIA Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. 103 p.p. 1819.

1. Sphacelaria tribuloides Menegh. Lett, al Corinaldi 2. 1840. [Not seen.]

Low-littoral. Berry Islands : — Bermuda to Mexico and Barbados ; widely dis-
tributed in the warmer seas. Type from Italy.

Family 3. ENCOELIACEAE.

1. PHAEOSTROMA Kuckuck, in Keinbold, Schrift. Naturwiss. Ver.

Schleswig-Holst. 10: 43. 1893.

1. Phaeostroma pusillum Howe & Hoyt, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 109. pi. 11.
f. 1-9. 1916.

Making minute discs, 0.15-0.35 mm. in diameter, on Polysiphonia ferulacea; the
unilocular sporangia mostly in sori. Berry Islands: — North Carolina (type).

2. COLPOMENIA (Endl.) Derb. & Sol. Mem. Phys. Alg. 11. 1856.

1. Colpomenia sinuosa (Eoth) Derb. & Sol. loc. cit. [C. sinuata by misprint.]

Viva sinuosa Eoth, Cat. Bot. 3: 327. pi. 12. 1806.
Encoelium sinuosum Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 146. 1820.
Asperococcus sinuosus Bory, Exped. Sci. Moree 32: 326. 1832.
Hydroclathrus sinuosus Zanard.; Mitchell, in Murray, Phyc. Mem. 53-56.
pi. 14. pi. 15. f. 1. 1893.

On rocks near low-water mark or in shallow water. Gun Cay : — Bermuda and
Florida to Brazil ; Peru ; widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical seas.
Type from near Cadiz, S'pain.

3. HYDROCLATHRUS Bor, , Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 8: 419. 1825.
1. Hydroclathrus clathratus (Bory) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

Encoelium clathratum (Bory) Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 412. 1822.
Hydroclathrus cancellatus Bory, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. 8: 419. 1825.
StUophora clathrata Ag. Flora 10 : 642. 1827.
Asperococcus clathratus J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 75. 1848.

On rocks near low-water mark or in shallow water. Gun Cay and North Cat
Cay : — Bermuda and Florida to Brazil ; widely distributed in warm-temperate and
tropical seas. Type from Belle Isle, France.

FUCACEAE. 591

Family 4. MESOGLOIACEAE.

1. CASTAGNEA Derb. & Sol. Mem. Phys. Alg. 56. 1856.

1. ?Castagnea Zosterae (Mohr) Thuret; Le Jol. Liste Mar. Alg. Cherbourg
- 85. 1864.

Eivularia Zosterae Mohr, in Weber, Beitr. Naturkunde 2: 367. 1810.
Mesogloia Zosterae Aresch. Linnaea 16: 228. pi. 8. f. la, b. 1842.

On Thalassia, etc., Berry Islands and North Cat Cay : — Bermuda to American
Virgin Islands ; Europe. Type from near Kiel, Germany.

Family 5. CUTLERIACEAE.

1. AGLAOZONIA Zanard. Saggio Class. Fie. 15, 38. [Mr] 1843.
PADINELLA Aresch. Linnaea 17: 259. [My-Je] 1843.

1. Aglaozonia canariensis Sauv. Soc. Sci. d'Arcachon Trav. Lab. 8: 79. 1905.
Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 22: 37. 1914.

Forming dark brown closely adherent crusts on calcareous rocks or old corals
at low-water mark or a little above. New Providence, Rose Island, Atwood Cay,
Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — American Virgin Islands ; Canary Islands. Type
from the Canary Islands.

This plant (sterile) bears much resemblance to young prostrate conditions of
Zonaria variegata in habit and color, in the apical margin of large cells, and in
general structure, but seems to differ in the usually thinner and more closely ad-
herent thallus, the absence of frequent or occasional mats or tufts of brown rhiz-
oids, and. under the compound microscope, in the more translucent thallus with a
more obviously tessellated dorsal surface, 4-16 cells of the dorsal epidermis corre-
sponding to one of the large medullary cells, while in Z. variegata 1-4 (more
elongate) epidermal cells correspond to and overlie a single large medullary cell ;
and, in section, the dorso-ventrality is seen to be more pronounced, the dorsal epi-
dermis always consisting of more numerous and smaller cells than the ventral epi-
dermis, while in Z. variegata the two epidermal layers are essentially the same.

Family 6. FUCACEAE.

1. CYSTOSEIEA Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 50. 1820.
1. Cystoseira Myrica (S. G. Gmel.) Ag. loc. cit. 53.

Fucus Myrica S. G. Gmel. Hist. Fuc. 88. pi. 3. f. 1. 1768.

On rocks and in tide-pools, near low-water mark. New Providence, Rose Island,
Berry Islands, Great Bahama, and Gun Cay : — Florida and the Red Sea. Type
locality unknown.

2. TUBBINABIA Lamour.; Bory, Yoy. Coquille 116. 1828.

Petiole wings entire, the lamina usually with vesicle. 1.. T. turMnata.

Petiole wings dentate, the lamina without vesicle. 2. T. tricostata.

1. Turbinaria turbinata (L.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 3: 434. 1898.

Fucus turbinatus L. Sp. PI. 1160. 1753. (Excluding presumably spurious

"type" from Sumatra in herb. Linn.).
Sargassum turbinatum Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 41. 1820.
Turbinaria vulgaris trialata J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 1 : 268. 1848.
Turbinaria trialata Kiitz. Tab. Phyc.,10: 24. pi. 67. 1860.

On surge-swept rocks, near low-water mark. New Providence, Joulter's Cay,
Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Ahaco, George Island, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay,
Caicos Islands, Great Ragged Island, and Anguilla Isles : — Florida to northern South
America ; Indian Ocean. Type from Jamaica.

592

FUCACEAE.

1. S. natans.

2. S.fluitans.

2. Turbinaria tricostata Barton, Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II. 3: 218. pi. 54. f. 8.
1891.

On surge-swept rocks, low-littoral. New Providence, South Cat Cay, and Gun
Cay: — Bermuda to Guadeloupe. Type from Guadeloupe (?).
Apparently intergrading with T. turbinata.

3. SARGKASSUM Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 1. 1820.

Floating and sterile.

Leaves very narrowly linear or linear-filiform, mostly 1-2 mm. broad, the teeth
aculeate-acuminate ; vesicles commonly aristate-apicu-
late.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly 2-4 mm. broad,

the teeth triangular-acuminate ; vesicles muticous.
Normally attached (nos. 3 and 10 sometimes more or less

pelagic).
Leaves mostly narrowly linear, usually 7-50 times as

long as maximum width.

Leaves rather rigid, cryptostomata usually somewhat
obscure, pedicels of the muticous vesicles com-
monly shorter than the vesicles themselves ;
receptacles in rather short axillary clusters.
Leaves serrate-dentate, the costa prominent and
often dentate ; vesicles commonly large and
crowded ; stems often 1-2 m. long and subsimple.
Leaves subentire, the costa not dentate ; vesicles
usually scattered ; stems mostly 2-10 dm. long.
Leaves thinly membranous, cryptostomata obvious, ped-
icels of the often appendaged usually scattered
vesicles commonly of about the same length as
the vesicles themselves ; receptacles finally elon-
gate and often forming a kind of loose terminal
panicle through reduction of the leaves.
Leaves ovate, ovate-elliptic, oblong, lanceolate, or rather

broadly linear.

Cryptostomata elevated, very large and conspicuous
(0.6-0.9 mm. in maximum diam.) often elliptic,
in a single series on either side of the costa ;
leaves linear or lanceolate.

Cryptostomata smaller, sometimes obscure or wanting.
Cryptostomata obvious.

Receptacles mostly in a rather dense terminal
panicle ; leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong,
rather obscurely and obtusely dentate or
margins merely sinuate, cryptostomata in
almost a single series on either side of the
costa ; vesicles sometimes few.
Receptacles obviously lateral and axillary,
elongate or contracted ; cryptostomata in
more than a single series.
Leaves linear or linear-oblong, mostly 4-8
times as long as broad, sharply serrate-
dentate; vesicles mostly ellipsoid or ob-
ovoid, often subapiculate : receptacles
contracted, often (2?) spinose-dentate.
Leaves ovate, elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate,
mostly 2-4 times as long as broad, com-
monly crisped, variously aculeate-dentate
or Ilex-toothed. ; vesicles globose or sub-
globose, muticous ; receptacles sometimes
elongate, occasionally with a few sub-
spinescent processes.

Cryptostomata obscure or wanting : leaves cori-
aceous, oblong-elliptic, spinescent-dentate or
entire or sub-entire ; receptacles more or less
spinescent-dentate. 10. S. Hystrlx.

1. Sargassum natans (L.) Meyen, Wiegm. Arch. Naturgesch. 42: 185. 1838.

Fucus natans L. Sp. PI. 1160. 1753.

Fucus Sargasso S. G. Gmel. Hist. Fuc. 92. 1768.

Fucus bacciferus Turn. Hist. Fuc. 1: 105. pi. 47. 1808.

Sargassum bacciferum Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 6. 1820.

The chief ingredient of the " Sargasso Sea " — found floating or washed ashore
throughout the archipelago.

3. S. pteropleuron.

4. S. cymosum.

5. S. Filipendula.

6. S. platycarpum.

7. S. lendiycrum.

8. fif. vulgare f

9. S polyceratium.

FUCACEAE. 593

2. Sargassum fluitans (Borg.) Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 22: 66. 1914.

Sargassum Hystrix fluitans Borg. Mindeskr. for Japetus Steenstrup 32:
11. 1914.

Often associated with S. natans. New Providence, Rose Island, Great Bahama,
Cat Island, and Watling's Island.

3. Sargassum pteropleuron Grun. Eeise Novara Bot. 1: 55. pi. 5. f. 1. 1867.

In 1-3 meters of water, often detached and floating. New Providence, Rose
Island, Berry Islands, Andros, Joulter's Cay, Great Bahama, Green Cay, Exuma
Chain, Watling's Island, Caicos Islands, and Orange Cay : — Bermuda and Florida.
Type from New Providence.

4. Sargassum cymosum Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 20. 1820.

Sargassum stenophyllum (Mert.) Mart. Ic. PI. Crypt. 8. pi. 5. 1828.
Sargassum ramifolium Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 362. 1843.
Sargassum rigiclulum Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 615. 1849.

In shallow water and floating. Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, and Cat Island : —
Bermuda to Brazil. Type from Brazil.

5. Sargassum Filipendula Ag. Syst. Alg. 300. 1824.

Sargassum Montagnei Bail.; Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 1: 58. pi. 1A. 1852.
Sargassum Filipendula Montagnei Collins & Hervey. Proc. Am. Acad. 53:
83. 1917.

Apparently rare in the Bahamas, its place being taken by S. pteropleuron.
New Providence and Orange Cay : — Massachusetts and Bermuda to South America.
Type from the Gulf of Mexico (?).

6. Sargassum platycarpum Mont. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18 : 248. 1842.

Carpacanthus platycarpus Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 623. 1849.

In shallow water. New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, South Cat
Cay, and Exuma Chain : — Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Martinique. Type from
Martinique.

The most sharply defined species of Sargassum of the West Indian region, rather
constant in the form of its leaves and easily identified by its very large elevated
cryptostomata in a single series on each side of the costa.

7. Sargassum lendigerum (L.) Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 9. 1820.

Fucus lendigerus L. Sp. PI. 1160. 1753.

Near low-water mark. Berry Islands : — Bermuda to St. Thomas. Type from
Ascension Island.

8. ? Sargassum vulgare Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 3. 1820.

Fucus natans Turn. Hist. Euc. 1: 99. pi. 46. 1808. Not F. natans L.

Near low-water mark. Andros, Great Bahama, Abaco, Watling's Island, Atwood
Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Little Inagua, and Castle Island : — Supposed to be
widely distributed in warm-temperate and tropical seas. Type locality unknown.

The plants that are now placed provisionally and doubtfully under S. vulgare
form a rather homogeneous group and are apparently different in species from the
more diversified assemblage here grouped under 8. polyccratium. They differ from
Turner's figure a, which seems to have furnished the type idea for S. vulgare, in
their more virgate habit, their somewhat smaller (both shorter and narrower),
more sharply serrate and less sinuate-dentate leaves, and their shorter, probably
more spinose-dentate receptacles.

9. Sargassum polyceratium Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 8: 356. 1837- PI

Cell. Cuba 72. pi. 1. 1842.

Fucus foliosissimus Lamour. Essai 16. pi. 1. f. 1. 1813. (Xomen nudum

aut seminudum.)
Sargassum leptocarpum Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 362. 1843.

0

594 DICTYOTACEAE.

Sargassum pteropus Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 608. 1849.

Sargassum bahiense Kiitz. loc. cit.

Sargassum trachyphyllum Kiitz. loc. cit. 609.

Sargassum polyphyllum Kiitz. loc. cit. Not 8. polyphyllum J. Ag. Sp.

Alg. 1: 308'. 1848.

Carpacanthus polyceratius Kiitz. loc. cit. 624.
Carpacanthus spinulosus Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 11: 15. pi. 46 f. II. 1861.

At low-water mark and in shallow water. New Providence, Rose Island, Great
Bahama, North Cat Cay, Watling's Island, Caicos Islands, and Castle Island : — West
Indies in general. Type from Cuba.

The species, as here conceived, shows great variability in form, size, and texture
of the leaves, in the size and number of the cryptostomata, in smoothness or rough-
ness of the stem, and in the presence or absence of spines on the receptacles, but
specific segregations seem impossible.

10. Sargassum Hystrix J. Ag. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 4 : 7. 1847.

Sargassum Hystrix buxifolium (Chauv.) J. Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 322. 1848'.

Usually found floating or washed ashore, but also attached, ,in about 3 m. of
water. New Providence, Joulter's Cay, Abaco, Berry Islands, and' Exuma Chain : —
off North Carolina, Isle of Pines, and Mexico. Type from the Campeche Banks.

A form with large oblong entire or subentire leaves is var. buxifolium.

Family 7. DICTYOTACEAE.

1. ZONARIA Drap.; Ag. Syn. Alg. Scand. xx. .1817.
STYPOPODIUM Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 97. 1843.
PHYCOPTERIS Kiitz. loc. cit.

GYMNOSORUS J. Ag. Anal. Alg. Cont. 1: 9. 1894. Not Gymnosorus Trevis.
Alg. Cocc. 108. 1848.

Thallus obscurely zonate, brownish both when living and on drying, 2—7 cm. long,
at first more or less prostrate or subrepent and semiorbicular or flabelliform, later
free except at the broad or occasionally substipitate base and
showing few entire or sparingly laciniate flabelliform lobes. 1. Z. variegata.

Thallus distinctly zonate, more or less brownish blue-green and
iridescent when living, commonly blackening on drying, mostly
7-30 cm. long, erect, stipitate or substipitate, repeatedly cleft
or lobed, the lobes cuneate, cuneate-oblong, cuneate-flabelliform,
or linear, occasionally lacerate or fimbriate-laciniate. 2. Z. eonalis.

1. Zonaria variegata (Lamour.) Ag. loc. cit.

Dictyota variegata Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 331. 1809.

Zonaria collaris Ag. Sp. Alg. 127. 1820.

Padina variegata Gaill. in Diet. Sci. Nat. 53: 371. 1828.

Spatoglossum variegatum Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 560. 1849.

Gymnosorus variegatus J. Ag. Anal. Alg. Cont. 1: 11. 1894.

Gymnosorus collaris J. Ag. loc. cit.

On calcareous algae, rocks, old corals, Gorgoniidae, roots of RliizopTiora, shells
of conchs, etc., common from low-water mark down to a depth of several meters ;
often found washed ashore. New Providence, Rose Island, Andros, Berry Islands,
Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Abaco, Green Cay, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Atwood
Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda and Florida
to Brazil ; Canary Islands ; Philippines ; widely distributed in the warmer seas.
Type from the " Antilles." Prostrate or subrepent forms are to be distinguished
carefully from Aglavzonia canariensis.

2. Zonaria zonalis (Lamour.) M. A. Howe, in Britton, Fl. Bermuda 507. 1918.

Fucus zonalis Lamour. Diss. 38. pi. 25. f. 1. 1805.

Dictyota, zonata Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 331. 18-09.

Zonaria lolata Ag. Syst. Alg. 265. 1824.

Stypopodium lolatum Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 9 : 25. pi. 63. f. I. 1859.

On rocks, etc., in shallow water, in moderately exposed positions. New Provi-
dence, Berry Islands, South Bimini, Gun Cay, Exuma Chain, and Atwood Cay ;
Bermuda to Brazil ; Canary Islands. Type from Santo Domingo.

DICTYOTACEAE. 595

2. PADINA Adans. Fam. PI. 2: 13. 1763.

Thallus consisting of only two layers of cells except near base ; tetrasporic sori just
above every second piliferous line and provided with evan-
escent indusium. 1. P. Sanctae-Crucis.

Thallus consisting of 3-6 layers of cells except at sometimes
bistratose apical margin ; tetrasporic sori scattered irreg-
ularly or forming an irregular confluent line near middle of
each interpilar zone, indusium subpersistent. 2. P. Vickersiae.

1. Padina Sanctae-Crucis Borg. Dansk Bot. Ark. 22: 45. f. 27, 28. 1914.

Common on rocks near the low-water mark. New Providence, Berry Islands,
Gun Cay, Exuma Chain, Crooked Island, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands,
Great Ragged Island, Orange Cay, and'Anguilla Isles: — Bermuda and Florida to
northern South America. Type from St. Croix.

2. Padina Vickersiae Hoyt, sp. nov.*

Spatoglossum variegatum, Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 560 p.p. 1849.

Zonaria variegata Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 9: 30 p.p. pi. 73. f. II. 1859. Not

Zonaria variegata Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 331. 1809.
Padina variegata Hauck, Hedwigia 26: 42. 1887; Vickers, Phye. Barb. 2:

37. pi. 8. 1908. Not Padina variegata Gaill. in Diet. Sci. Nat. 53:

371. 1828.

Thallus stipitate, 4-22 cm. tall, 5-37 cm. broad, entire when young, becom-
ing repeatedly more or less deeply laciniate, the segments varying from cuneate-
spatulate to fan-shaped, sometimes encrusted with lime, the interpilar zones
1.5-8 mm. wide, often inconspicuous in older parts, the subterete, rhizoid-
covered stipe commonly 3—12 mm. long; lamina of 2 or 3 layers of cells at
revolute apical margin, of 4 layers throughout most of thallus, becoming 6-8
layers toward base ; epidermal cells about one half as long as the central cells ;
dioicous; antheridia and oogonia in often broken lines near the middle of each
interpilar zone, occurring on both surfaces but chiefly on the ventral, the
oogonia with a thin evanescent indusium, the antheridia naked; tetrasporangia
borne in a similar manner, often in scattered irregular sori near middle of
interpilar zone, the thin indusium commonly subpersistent.

Type a tetrasporic plant collected from Fort Macon jetty, Beaufort, North
Carolina, by W. D. Hoyt, August 23, 1907, and deposited in the U. S. National
Herbarium. Representatives of this species have often been erroneously identified with
Padina pavonia (L.) Gaill. and P. Durvillaei Bory. Padina dubia Hauck, from East
Africa, is a much closer relative and may prove to be identical.

In shallow water. New Providence, Berry Islands, and Eleuthera : — Bermuda
and North Carolina to Brazil. Type from North Carolina.

3. NEUROCARPUS Web. & Mohr, Beitr. Naturk. 1: 3-00 (242-246). 1805.

DICTYOPTERIS Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 332. My 1809.
POLYPODOIDEA Stackh. Mem.- Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 2 : 96, 97. 1809.
HALISERIS (Mich.) Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 141. 1820.
1. Neurocarpus Justii (Lamour.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PL 2: 907. 1891.

Dictyopteris Justii Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 332. pi. 6.

f. 2 A. 1809.
Haliseris Justii Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 142. 1820.

On rocks in 1-20 meters of water. Gun Cay, Abaco, and Green Turtle Cay • —
Bermuda and Florida to Barbados. Type from Santo Domingo.

Neurocarpus delicatulus (Damour.) Kuntze is of general occurrence in the West
Indian region and is to be expected in the Bahamas. It is a much smaller and more
delicate plant than 2V. Justii, the thallus segments being mostly only 1-4 mm.
broad, while in N. Justii they are 1-3 cm. broad ; when living it commonly shows
beautifully iridescent blue-green hues. It grows in sheltered and well-shaded places.

* This preliminary diagnosis is published with the permission of the U. S. Com-
missioner of Fisheries.

596 DICTYOTACEAE.

4. DICTYOTA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 331. My 1809.
Jour, de Bot. 2: 38. 1809.

Branching more or less regularly dichotomous.

Segments mostly 1-5 mm. broad, the apical obtuse, patent or suberect.

Segments linear, the dichotomies usually 1-2 cm. apart. 1. D. dichotoma.
Segments oblong, the dichotomies usually 0.5-1 cm. apart. 2. D. Bartayresii.
Segments mostly 0.3-1 mm. broad, the apical acute, acuminate

or subobtuse, divaricate or subdivaricate. 3. D. divaricata.

Branching dichotomo-pinnatifld or cervicorn.

Branching cervicorn, or dichotomo-subpinnate below and
dichotomous above ; segments narrowly ribbon-shaped,
mostly 0.5-1 mm. broad, often proliferous along the middle,
the apical segments acute or subobtuse, sometimes sub-
terete or subconic, mostly patent. 4. D. cervicornis.
Branching dichotomo-pinnatifld, main segments or axes mostly
2-5 mm. broad, the apices usually acuminate, sometimes
obtuse. 5. D. dentata.

1. Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 331.

My 1809.
Viva dichotoma Huds. Fl. Angl. 476. 1762.

From near low-water mark down to a depth of several meters. Rose Island,
Berry Islands, Bimini, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana,
Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda, North Carolina, Florida and
West Indies ; widely distributed in temperate and tropical seas. Type from Isle of
Walney, England.

2. Dictyota Bartayresii Lamour. loc. cit.

Dictyota Bartayresiana Lamour. Jour, de Bot. 2: 43. 1809.
Dictyota patens J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 2: 93. 1882.

Common, mostly in shallow water, often slightly iridescent when living. New
Providence, Rose Island, Berry Islands, South Cat Cay, North Cat Cay, Eleuthera,
Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : —
West Indies. Type from Santo Domingo (?).

The type specimen (in " Zonaria dichotoma" cover in herb. Lamour. at Caen)
has segments 2-5 mm. broad and obtuse apices. Specimens with acute and acuminate
apices referred to this species by later writers are to be looked upon as probably
representing the more dichotomous or less pinnate conditions of D. dentata.

3. Dictyota divaricata Lamour. loc. cit.

In shallow water. New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, North Cat
Cay, Exuma Chain, and Caicos Islands : — West Indies and warmer seas generally.
Type from the Mediterranean.

Apparently intergrades with D. cervicornis, D. indica, and D. Bartayresii.

4. Dictyota cervicornis Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 9: 11. pi. 84. f. II. 1859.

Dictyota Fasciola Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 1 : 108. pi. SB. 1852. Not Fucus
Fasciola Both, (=Dilophus repens J. Ag.).

On rocks near low-water mark in rather exposed situations. New Providence,
Rose Island, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Exuma Chain, Mariguana,
Caicos Islands, and Little Inagua : — Bermuda, Florida, and probably West Indies
in general. Type from Key West, Florida.

Often proliferous near the middle line of thallus and easily confused with
Dilophus guineensis which is rather similar both in general habit and in tendency to
proliferate.

5. Dictyota dentata Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 331. My 1809.

Fucus atomarius S. G. G'mel. Hist. Fuc. 125. pi. 10. f. 1. 1768. Not D.

Atomaria Grev. Not Dictyota Atomaria Hauck.
Ulva Mertensii Mart. Fl. Bras. Acot. 21. 1833.
Dictyota Brongiartii J. Ag. Linnaea 15 : 5. 1841.
Dictyota Mertensii Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 9: 15. pi. 36. f. 1. 1859.
Dictyota subdentata Kiitz. loc. cit. 14. pi. 33. f. II.

On rocks in shallow water. New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
North Cat Cay, Gun Cay, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great
Ragged Island : — Bermuda and Florida to Brazil. Type from the Antilles.

PKOTOCOCCACEAE. 597

5. DILOPHUS J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 2: 106. 1882.

Segments mostly 0.3-1 mm. broad, the apices acute, acuminate or subobtuse ; medulla
2-4 cells thick or here and there only 1 cell thick. 1. D. guineensis.

Segments mostly 1-2 mm. broad, the apices obtuse ; medulla 2-5

cells thick at or near the margins, 1 or 2 cells thick in the middle. 2. D. alternans.

1. Dilophus guineensis (Kiitz.) J. Ag. loc. cit. 108.

Spatoglossum guineense Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 339. 1843.

? Dictyota Antiguae Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 9 : 16. pi. 37. f. II. 1859.

Dictyota guineensis 'Crouan ; Maze & Schramm, Alg. Guad. 126. 1870-1877.

On rocks in shallow water in rather exposed situations. Rose Island, Berry
Islands, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Little
Inagua, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda and Florida to Jamaica and Barbados.
Type from St. Thomas.

Often proliferous along the middle line and often closely resembling Dictyota
cervicornis but usually darker on drying.

2. Dilophus alternans J. Ag. loc. cit. 108.

On rocks near low-water mark. Gun Cay, North Cat Cay, South Cat Cay, and
Caicos Islands : — Florida to Barbados. Type from Key West, Florida. •

6. DICTYERPA Collins, Proc. Am, Acad. Arts and Sci. 37: 251. 1901.

1. Dictyerpa jamaicensis Collins, loc. cit.

On rocks in shallow water. South Cat Cay and Watling's Island : — Jamaica.
Type from Jamaica.

Resembles narrow conditions of DilopTius guineensis, but is more irregular in its
branching and is terete or subterete, with a medulla more than four cells wide.
Phyc. Bor.-Am. 780 in herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard. shows tetrasporangia (?) similar to
those of Dilophus guineensis.

SUB-CLASS CHLOROPHYCEAE.
Family 1. PLEUROCOCCACEAE.

1. PSEUDOTETRASPORA Wille, K. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr.

19063: 20. 1906.
1. Pseudotetraspora Antillarum M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

'Thallus subglobose, obovoid, pyriform, saccate, or allantoid, variously
wrinkled, constricted, or bullate, mostly 2-20 mm. in length or height, often
more or less explanate and lacunose with age, yellowish brown when living,
brownish or dark brown on drying ; cells subglobose or ellipsoid, mostly 3-7 /*
in maximum diameter.

Enveloping leaves of Halodule and Thalassia and older parts of the thallus of
Chondria littoralis and other marine algae, in shallow water. Sometimes washed
ashore in great quantities. New Providence, Rose Island, Exuma Chain and Cat
Island. Type Howe 3^8f Rose Island, Jan. 28, 1905.

The species apparently differs from the Norwegian P. marina- Wille in its yel-
lowish brown color, its larger more saccate or allantoid thallus, and the somewhat
smaller cells.

Family 2. PROTOCOCCACEAE.

1. PROTOCOCCTJS Ag. Syst. Alg. 13. 1824.

1. Protococcus viridis Ag. loc. cit.

Pleurococcus vulgaris Naeg. Gatt. einzel. Alg. 65. pi. 4E. f. 2. 1849.

On trunks of trees, etc. (det. F. S. Collins), probably common. New Provi-
dence : — cosmopolitan. Type from Sweden.

598 CHAETOPHOEACEAE.

Family 3. ULVACEAE.

1. ULVA L. Sp. PI. 1163. 1753.
1. Ulva Lactuca L. loc. cit.

Near low-water mark, apparently not common. Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
and Atwood Cay : — widely distributed. Type locality presumably European.

2. *ENTEROMOEPHA Link, Hor. Phys. Berol. 5. 1820.

Thallus simple. 1. E. flexuosa.

Thallus branched, the branches often monosiphonous at
apices.

Chromatophores much smaller than the cells. 2. E. plumosa.

Chromatophores nearly filling the cell. 3. E. salina polyclados,

1. Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulf.) J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 3: 126. 1883.

Conferva flexuosa Wulf.; Both, Cat. Bot. 2: 188. 1797.

On stones, low-littoral. Great Bahama, Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Ber-
muda to American Virgin Islands; widely distributed in the warmer seas. Type
from shores of the Adriatic Sea.

2. Enteromorpha plumosa Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 300. pi. 20. f. I. 1843.

Enteromorpha HoplcirW McCalla; Harv. Phyc. Brit. pi. 263. 1849- '51.

On stones, etc., near low-water mark. Berry Islands, Joulter's Cay, Exuma
Chain, and Mariguana : — Maine to American Virgin Islands ; Europe. Type from
Trieste.

3. Enteromorpha salina polyclados Kiitz. Phyc. Germ. 248. 1845.

Enteromorpha polyclados Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 6: 13. pi. 36. /. d-f. 1856.

On stones at low-water mark. South Caicos : — Florida ; Europe. Type from
Spiekeroog, East Friesian Islands, North Sea.

Family 4. CHAETOPHORACEAE.

1. GOMONTIA Born. & Flah. Jour, de Bot. 2: 163, 164. 1888.

1. Gomontia polyrhiza (Lagerh.) Born. & Flab. loc. cit.

Codiolum polyrhizum Lagerh. Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 42s: 21. pi. 28.

1886.

Boring into old crusts of various Lithothamnieae (OoniolitJion Borgesenii, O.
aocretum, and Porolithon pachydermum) and probably common in shells. Berry
Islands and Mariguana : — widely distributed in temperate and tropical seas. Type
from near Kristineberg, Sweden.

2. ENDODERMA Lagerh. Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 402: 75. 1883.

ENTOCLADIA Eeinke, Bot. Zeit. 37: 476. 1879. Not Endocladia J. Ag. Linnaea

15: 449. 1841.

1. Endoderma viride (Eeinke) Lagerh. loc. cit.

Entocladia viridis Eeinke, Bot. Zeit. 37: 476. pi. 6. f. 6-9. 1879.

In the cell walls of Hypnea musciformis. Cave Cays : — Bermuda to American
Virgin Islands ; Europe ; Peru. Type from the Bay of Naples.

* The treatment of the known Bahamian species is based upon determinations
by Mr. F. S. Collins.

CLADOPHOBACEAE. 599

Family 5. CHROOLEPIDACEAE.

1. TRENTEPOHLIA Mart. Fl. Crypt. Erlang. 351. 1817.
AMPHICONIUM Nees, Syst. Pilz. 69. 1817.
CHROOLEPUS Ag. Syst. Alg. xxi, 34. 1824.

Filaments cylindric or subcylindric. 1. T. aurea.

Filaments torulose, diameter of cells at middle about twice the

diameter at septa ; occurring on or with crustaceous lichens. 2. T. rigidula.

1. Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Mart. loc. cit.

Byssus aurea L. Sp. PI. 1168'. 1753.
Chroolepus aureus Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 284. 1843.

On rocks, fences, trunks of trees, etc., probably common. New Providence,
Andros, Abaco, and Great Bahama : — cosmopolitan. Type European.

2. Trentepohlia rigidula (Mull. Arg.) Harlot, Jour, de Bot. 3: 403. /. 17.

1889.

Coenogonium rigidulum Miill. Arg. Flora 65: 490. 1882.

Trentepohlia torulosa De Wild. Bull. Soc, Koy. Bot. Belg. 272: 181. 1888.

On and with small crustaceous lichens, especially on bark of Annona sp. New
Providence : — widely distributed in the warmer parts of the earth. Type from
Australia.

The cell walls of the Bahamian specimens are smooth or slightly roughened,
differing in that respect considerably from those of the Australian type, which are
strongly roughened.

Family 6. CLADOPHORACEAE.

1. CHAETOMORPHA Kiitz. Phyc. Germ. 203. My 1845,
APLONEMA Hass. Brit. Freshw. Alg. 213. Jl 1845.

Filaments attached, 400-800 fi in diameter except at extreme base, commonly monill-

form in upper part, with cells about as broad as long or broader. 1. O. clavata.
Filaments free, less than 400 # in diameter.

Filaments mostly 200-250 /j. in diameter. 2. C. Linum.

Filaments mostly 80-180 /j. in diameter. 3. C. brachygona.

1. Chaetomorpha clavata (Ag.) Kiitz. Bot. Zeit. 5: 166. 1847.

Conferva clavata Ag. Syst. Alg. 99. 1824.
? Conferva intestinalis Ag. loc. cit.

In a tide-pool, Hog Island (near Nassau) : — Jamaica, American Virgin Islands,
and Barbados. Type from West Indies.

2. Chaetomorpha Linum (O. F. Miill.) Kiitz. Phyc. Germ. 204. 1845.

Conferva Linum O. F. Miill. Fl. Dan. 513: 7. pi. 771. f. 2. 1778.

In a Rhizophora swamp, Rose Island : — widely distributed, especially in the
North Temperate Zone. Type from Denmark.

3. Chaetomorpha brachygona Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 3: 87, pi. 46 A. 1858.

In shallow water, especially in tidal ponds. New Providence, Exuma Chain,
Atwood Cay, and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda, Florida, Porto Rico, American Virgin
Islands, and northern South America. Type from Key West, Florida.

2. RHIZOCLONTUM Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 90. 1843.

Filaments 39-110 # in diameter ; cell-walls mostly

10-26 /JL thick, usually laminated.

Cells 2—4 times as long as broad. 1. R. HooJceri.

Cells 1-2 times as long as broad. 2. R. crassipellitum robustum.

600

CLADOPHORACEAE.

Filaments 10-28 u in diameter ; cell walls mostly

1-4 //, thick.
In or near salt water ; cells mostly 1-2 times as

long as broad ; chromatophore usually rather

solid and uniform.
In fresh water ; cells mostly 1—5 times as long

as broad ; chromatophore usually lacunose or

resolved into discs, plates, or bands of protean

forms.

3. R. riparium implexum.

4. R. hieroglyphicum.

1. Bhizoclonium Hookeri Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 383. 1849.

High-littoral to low-water mark, often in Rhizophora association : — Bermuda
and Florida to South America. Type from Kerguelen Island.

The West Indian plants currently referred to this species appear to be coarser,
longer-celled, and thicker-walled than the Kerguelen Island type.

2. Bhizoclonium crassipellitum robustum G. S. West, Jour. Bot. 42: 283. 1904.

In fresh or brackish water, often in association with Rhizophora. New Provi-
dence, South Bimini, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, and Mariguana : — Barbados. Type
of variety from Barbados.

The filaments of the Bahamian specimens have a diameter of 39^90 #. Ap-
parently distinct from the plants here referred to R. Hookeri.

3. Rhizoclonium riparium implexum (Dillw.) Eosenv. Medd. om Grb'nland 3:

915. /. 34. 1893.
Conferva implexa Dillw. Brit. €onf. 46. pi. B. 1809.

In association with Rhizophora^ often clothing its roots. Berry Islands and
Bimini (det. F. S. Collins) : — widely distributed. Type from Ireland.

4. Bhizoclonium hieroglyphicum (Ag.) Kiitz. Phyc. Germ. 206. 1845.

Conferva TiieroglypUca Ag. Flora 10: 636. 1827.

In fresh-water pools. New Providence (Brace) : — widely distributed. Type
from Carlsbad, Austria.

3. *CLADOPHOBA Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 91. 1843.

Plants of fresh or brackish wa'ter, unattached, usually floating ; filaments much bent
and curved ; main filaments 6O-120 # in diameter, the ramuli
20-40 u; cells 3-6 times as long as broad. 1. C. fracta.

Marine.

Ultimate ramuli nearly as stout as the main filaments.

Filaments 35-9'5 ^ in diameter ; plants spongiose-cespi-
tose or spongiose-funicular ; cells mostly 8-10 times as
long as broad. 2. C. crispula.

Filaments 150-320 # in diameter, plants cespitose, rather
rigid, dark green or blackish green, blackening after
collection, known only in association with a filament-
ous fungus endophytic in its cell walls. 3. C. fuUginosa.
Ultimate ramuli much more slender than the main filaments.
Plants bright green or light green.

Ultimate ramuli more or less fascicled, 50-120 p. in

diameter, constricted at septa. 4. C. fascicularis.

Ultimate ramuli not fascicled, 16-40 //, in diameter.

Virgate in habit. 5. C. nitida.

Dichotomous or trichotomous, not virgate. 6. C. crystallina.

Plants yellowish ; cells 4-10 times as long as broad, often
somewhat enlarged at distal end ; diameter of main
filaments 60-80 /A, the often secund ultimate ramuli
18-50 fr 7. C. luteola.

1. Cladophora fracta (Vahl) Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 91. 1843.
Conferva fracta Vahl, Fl. Dan. 616: 7. pi. 946. 1787.
? Conferva vaga~bunda L. Sp. PI. 1167. 1753.

Floating on brackish ponds, New Providence and Berry Islands : — widely dis-
tributed. Type from Denmark.

* The treatment of the recognized Bahamian species is based chiefly upon deter-
minations by Mr. F. S. Collins.

VALONIACEAE. 601

2. Cladophora crispula Vickers, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IX. 1 : 56. 1905.

On Digenea, near low-water mark. Mariguana : — Bermuda, American Virgin
Islands, and Barbados. Type from Barbados.

3. Cladophora fuliginosa Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 415. 1849.

Blodgettia, confervoides Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 3: 48. pi. 45 C. 1858.

Common in shallow water, mostly in rather exposed places. New Providence,
Rose Island, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Mariguana,
Caicos Islands, and Great Bagged Island : — Bermuda to the American Virgin Islands.
Type from Havana, Cuba.

4. Cladophora fascicularis (Mert.) Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 91. 1843.

Conferva fascicularis Mert.; Ag. Syst. Alg. 114. 18-24.

In shallow water. Berry Islands and Great Bahama : — Florida to Brazil ; Peru.
Type from the West Indies.

5. Cladophora nitida Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 269. 1843.

In shallow water. Great Bahama and Exuma Chain : — Jamaica ; Europe. Type
from Trieste.

6. Cladophora crystallina (Roth) Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 91. 1843.

Conferva crystalline Roth, Cat. Bot. 1: 196. 1797.

In shallow water. Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, Atwood Cay,
and Caicos Islands : — Massachusetts to West Indies ; Europe. Type from the
Baltic Sea.

The Bahamian specimens provisionally referred to this species are not typical
forms.

7. ? Cladophora luteola Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 3: 81. 1868.

In tide-pools. Atwood Cay and Caicos Islands : — Florida and Cuba. Type from
Key West, Florida.

The Bahamian specimens somewhat doubtfully referred to this species have a
more cespitose, less diffuse habit, than the type, with rather stouter filaments, and
less secund ultimate ramuli.

4. PITHOPHORA Wittr. Syst. Arr. Pithoph. 48. 1877.

1. Pithophora oedogonia (Mont.) Wittr. loc. cit. 55. pi. 6.

Conferva (Cladophora) oedogonia Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 14: 301.

1850.

In fresh-water holes, New Providence (Brace) : — Pennsylvania and Nebraska to
South America, Type from Cayenne.

Family 7. VALONIACEAE.

1. CLADOPHOROPSIS Borg. Overs. K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh.
19053: 288. 1905.

1. Cladophoropsis memforanacea (Ag.) Borg. loc. cit. 276. /. 8-13.
Conferva membranavea Ag. Syst. 120. 1824.

Cladophora aegagropila membranacea Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 415. 1849.
Siphonocladus membranaceus Born.; De-Toni, Syll. Alg. 1: 358. 1889.

Common in shallow water and washed ashore. New Providence, Rose Island,
North Cat Cay, Gun Cay, Andros, Exuma Chain. Watling's Island, Atwood Cay,
Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda and Florida to Barbados Tvce from
St. Croix.

The plant is normally rather compactly or somewhat diffusely cespitose, but
when attacked by a dark filamentous endophytic fungus it becomes depressed or
prostrate and the filaments become thicker-walled.

39

602 VALONIACEAE.

2. SIPHONOCLADUS Schmitz, Ber. Sitz. Naturf . Ges. Halle
1878: 18. 1878 (?)

1. Siphonocladus rigidus M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 244. pi. 13. f. 1.;
pi. 14. 1905.

In shallow water in rather protected places, sometimes forming pulvinate crusts
on corals, occasionally in tide-pools. New Providence, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain,
Cat Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : —
Bermuda, Florida, and Jamaica. Type from Key West, Florida.

3. PETROSIPHON M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 247. 1905.
1. Petrosiphon adhaerens M. A. Howe, loc. cit. 248. pi. 15.

Forming crusts and patches on calcareous rocks and corals near low-water mark
and in tide-pools, not uncommon. New Providence, Rose Island, Great Bahama,
Bxuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, and Castle Island : — Bermuda, Cuba, and
Jamaica. Type from Silver Cay, in Nassau Harbor, N. P.

4. CHAMAEDORIS Mont. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 15: 171. 1842.

1. Chamaedoris Peniculum (Ell. & Soland.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 3: 400.
1808.

CordLlina Peniculum Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 127. pi. 7. f. 5-8; pi.

25. /. 1. 1786.

Penicillus annulatus Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 20: 299. 1813.
Nesea annulata Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 256. 1816.
Chamaedoris annulata Mont. loc. cit.

Under shelving rocks near low-water mark, but more commonly found washed
ashore from deeper water. New Providence, Great Bahama, Abaco, Eleuthera, and
Exuma Chain : — Florida to Barbados and South America ; Mauritius ; Ceylon. Type
from the Bahama Islands.

5. MICBODICTYON Decaisne, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2: 115. 1841.
1. Microdictyon crassum J. Ag. Anal. Alg. Cont. 1: 107. 1894.

Common from low-water mark down to a depth of at least 8 meters ; especially
abundant on the " Long Bank " in 3-8 meters of water, growing particularly about
sponges. New Providence, Rose Island, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, Long Bank,
Green Turtle Cay, Green Cay, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Atwood
Cay, Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Cuba. Type from the Bahama Islands.

6. ANADYOMENE Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. PMlom. 3: 187. 1812.
[As Anadyomena.]

1. Anadyomene stellata (Wulf.) Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 400. 1822. [As Anady-
nomene stellata.']

Ulva stellata Wulf. in Jacq. Collect. 1:351. 1786.

Anadyomena flabellata Lamour. loc. eit.

Anadyomene flabellata Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 366. pi. 14. f. 3. 1816.

Not uncommon in shallow water and ranging down to a depth of at least 50
meters (fide Borgesen). New Providence, Andros, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain,
Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda
and Florida to Brazil ; Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Type from the Adriatic Sea.

Just above the low-water line under shelving rocks and on roots of Rhizophora,
there occurs a form of Anadyomene consisting chiefly of free or solute filaments, with
the pseudoparenchyma reduced to a small few-celled palmate-flabellate apical expan-
sion or wholly deficient. Possibly this represents a species bearing to A. stellata
about the same relation that Struvea anastomosans bears to the more elaborate
species of Struvea, but as conditions intermediate appear to occur, the writer prefers
to consider it a form, which may be designated as forma prototypa (type Hoive 58^2,
on roots of Rhizophora in a lagoon, Great Ragged Island, Dec. 26, 1907).

VALONIACEAE. 603

7. DICTYOSPHAERIA Deeaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 17: 328. 1842.
1. Dictyosphaeria favulosa (Ag.) Decaisne, loc. cit.
Valonia favulosa Ag. Sp. Alg. 1 : 432. 1822.

Common, especially on old corals in shallow warm water. New Providence,
Andros, Great Bahama, South Cat Cay, North Cat Cay, Bimini, Green Cay, Watling's
Island, and Mariguana : — Bermuda and Florida to Barbados ; widely distributed in
the warmer seas. Type from the island of Rawak, Dutch East Indies.

8. VALONIA Ginn.; Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 428. 1822.

Thallus simple or subsimple, ovoid, obovoid, pyriform, or sub-
globose, mostly 1.5-5 cm. in maximum diameter. 1. V. ventricosa.
Thallus branched.

Cells mostly 5-10 mm. broad, obovoid or pyriform, occa-
sionally subglobose ; thallus sparingly or rather copiously

branched. 2. V. macrophysa.

Cells mostly 0.45-2 mm. broad.

Cells all subcylindric or subclavate ; thallus, under favor-
able conditions, forming subglobose, solid or finally

hollow, free or attached masses 4-20 cm. in diameter. 3. V. Aegagropila.
Cells in superior or dorsal parts irregularly polyhedral or
angulate-subglobose ; those of descending inferior or
ventral parts subcylindric ; thallus cespitose or crus-
taceous. 4. "F. ocellata.

1. Valonia ventricosa J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 5: 96. 1887.

Under shelving rocks at low-water mark and among corallines and " mossy "
algae in shallow water. Rose Island, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, North Cat Cay,
South Cat Cay, Abaco, Eleuthera, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Mariguana, and Caicos
Islands : — Bermuda to Barbados. Type from St. Croix.

2. Valonia macrophysa Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 307. , 1843.

Under shelving rocks at low-water mark and on and among other algae and
corals in shallow water. Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Eleuthera, Atwood Cay,
Mariguana, and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, and American Virgin
Islands ; Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Type from the island of Lessina, in the
Adriatic Sea.

3. Valonia Aegagropila Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 429. 1822.

Valonia utricularis Aegagropila Hauck, in Eabenh. Krypt.-M. 2: 469.

1885.

In shallow water and at its best in lagoons. New Providence, Rose Island,
Great Bahama, North Cat Cay, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, and
Caicos Islands : — Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and American Virgin Islands ; widely
distributed in the warmer seas. Type from the lagoons of Venice.

4. Valonia ocellata M. A. Howe, sp. nov.

Plants for the most part filamentous, densely cespitose or crustaceous, the
cushions, under favorable conditions becoming 10-20 cm. broad and 4-6 cm.
thick; the superior or dorsal parts consisting of small few-celled discs, or more
often, oblong or linear, irregular, multicellular filaments mostly 1-4 cells broad,
the cells polyhedral or angulate-subglobose, 0.45—0.9 mm. in maximum diameter,
with numerous small flattened ellipsoidal or lentiform cells 50-90 /w in long
diameter along their separating walls; few or many of the ventral and lateral
cells of the superior or dorsal facetted parts growing out into rather rigid
descending stilt-like or root-like non-septate processes, mostly 5-30 mm. long
and 0.5—0.8 mm. in diameter; occasional cells in dorsal parts enclosing few or
numerous aplanospores 200-320 //. in diameter.

In shallow water in lagoons, on pneumatophores of Avlcennia between the tide-
lines, and low-littoral on rocks, both in exposed and sheltered locations, common.
New Providence, Bimini, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, and Caicos
Islands : — Bermuda, Porto Rico, and American Virgin Islands. Type, Howe 5090
from the great lake or lagoon of Watling's Island, Nov. 25, 1&07.

604 DASYCLADACEAE.

Valonia ocellata is perhaps related to Dictyosphaeria valonioides Zanard., which
Hauck believed to be a condition of Valonia macropliysa, but manifestly differs in
its smaller cells, in never being hollow, and rarely, if ever, globose, and in the
absence of large vesicular marginal cells. Specimens from Bermuda and the West
Indies have sometimes been referred to Valonia utricularls forma Crustacea Kuck.,
from which it differs in having its superior parts divided by cross-walls into more
or less polyhedral or angulate-subglobose cells instead of consisting of interwoven
and compacted clavate or obovoid cells. The plant bears some resemblance to young
stages of species of Dictyosphaeria but the small-celled or facetted parts are usually
elongate, vittate, or irregularly discoid, very rarely subglobose. It occurs in great
abundance in lagoons, often associated with Valonia Aegagropila and remaining per-
fectly distinct. It is found in a great variety of habitats and it evidently deserveb
a distinctive specific name, at least until such time as cultures may prove it to be
capable of assuming the characters of some previously described species.

Family 8. DASYCLADACEAE.
1. DASYCLADUS Ag. Flora 10: 640. 1827.

1. Dasycladus vermicularis (Scop.) Krasser, Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus.
13: 459. 1809.

Spongia vermicularis :Scop. Fl. Cam. 2: 412. pi. 64. 1772.
Conferva davaeformis Both, Cat. Bot. 3: 315. 1806.
Fucus vermicularis Bertol. Amoen. Ital. 308. 1819.
Dasycladus davaeformis Ag. Sp. Alg. 2: 16. 1828.

On stones, shells, etc., in shallow water, mostly in protected bays. New Provi-
dence, Rose Island, Berry Islands, North Cat Cay, Exuma Chain, Caicos Islands,
Castle Island, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda, Florida, Cuba, and Jamaica ;
Canary and Madeira Islands ; Mediterranean and Adriatic seas. Type from Adri-
atic Sea.

V
2. BATOPHORA J. Ag. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 11: 107. 1854.

BOTRYOPHORA J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 5: 139. 1887. Not BOTRYOPHORA Bom-

pard, Hedwigia 6: 129. 1867.
COCCOCLADUS Cramer, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. 30:-(37). 1887.

1. Batophora Oersted! J. Ag. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 11: 108. 1854.

Botryophora Conquer •antii Crouan; Cramer, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Na-

turf. Ges. 32:-(6). pi. 4. f. 1. 1890.
Coccocladus occidentalis Conquerantii M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 31:

96. 1904.
Coccocladus occidentalis laxus M. A. Howe, loc. cit. 95. pi. 6. f. 1, 2.

Common in lagoons, creeks, ponds, and sink-holes of salt or brackish water, the
laxer conditions in water that is almost fresh. New Providence, Rose Island, Berry
Islands, Great Bahama, Andros, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Caicos Islands,
Acklin's Island, and Great Ragged Island : — Florida to Guadeloupe. Type from
Krause's Lagoon, St. Croix.

la. Batophora Oerstedi occidentalis (Harv.) M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club
32: 579. 1905.

Dasycladus occidentalis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 3: 38. 1858.
Botryophvra occidentalis J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 5: 141. 1887.
Coccocladus occidentalis 'Cramer, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges.
30:-(37). 1887.

On stones, shells, etc., in shallow salt water, mostly in protected bays, common.
New Providence, Andros, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, Cat Island,
Watling's Island, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda, Florida, and
Cuba. Type of variety from Key West, Florida.

DASYCLADACEAE. 605

3. NEOMERIS Lamour. Hist, Polyp. 241. 1816.

Hairs monomorphous ; ends of branches of second order forming a cortex with dis-
tinct facets.

Sporangia coherent laterally by their calcareous capsules, the plant thereby
appearing transversely annulate in the lower fertile parts. 1. N. annulata.
Sporangia strongly calcified but mutually free. 2. N. mucosa.

Hairs dimorphous, the two forms in alternating zones ; branches of
the second order subfusiform, scarcely forming a cortex, surface
of the plant after the fall of the hairs somewhat shaggy or
minutely and irregularly punctate ; sporangia free or coherent
in short rows of 2-8. 3. N. CoTceri.

1. Neomeris annulata Dickie, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 198. 1874.

Neomeris Kelleri Cramer, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. 30:- (3-
10, 39). pi. 1; pi. 2. f. 1-12; pi. 3. f. 1, 2. 1887.

On stones, shells, etc., from near low-water mark down to a depth of 50 meters
(•fide Borgesen). New Providence, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, North
Cat Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Castle Island, and Great Ragged Island : —
Bermuda and Florida to Barbados ; Mauritius, Madagascar, and the Dutch East
Indies. Type from Mauritius.

2. Neomeris mucosa M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 84. pi. 1. f. 5 ; pi. 5. f.

1-14. 1909.

On moderately exposed rocks, at and near low-water mark, often with other
species of the genus. Atwood Cay, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island. Ap-
parently endemic. Type from Atwood Cay.

3. Neomeris Cokeri M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 97. pi. 6. f. 3-12.

1904.

Common, usually under shelving rocks, near low-water line, occasionally on
shells and pebbles in deeper water. New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama,
Gun Cay, Eleuthera, Exuma Chain, Atwood Cay, Castle Island, and Great Ragged
Island. Apparently endemic. Type from opposite Current Town, Eleuthera.

4. CYMOPOLIA Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 292. 1816.

1. Cymopolia barbata (L.) Lamour. loc. cit. 293.

Corallina barbata L. Syst. Nat. 1 : 806. 1758.

Corallina Rosarium Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 111. pi. 21. f. h, H.

H^. 1786.

Cymopolia Eosarium Lamour. loc. cit. 294.
Cymopolia bibarbata Kiitz. Phy<j. Gen. 312. 1843.
Cymopolia unibarbata Kiitz. loc. cit. 313.
Cymopolia mexicana J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 5: 147. 1887.

On rocks and stones in shallow, moderately agitated water. New Providence,
Andros, Berry Islands, and Mariguana : — Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Porto Rico,
and Mexico ; reported also from Canary Islands and Spain. Type from Jamaica.

5. ACETABULUM (Tourn.) Ludwig. Def. Gen. PI. 504. 1760.
OLIVIA Bertol. Ear. PI. Ital. Dec. 3: 117. 1810.
ACETABULARIA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sei. Soc. Philom. 3: 185. 1812.
POLYPHYSA Lamarck; Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 250. 1816.

Plants large or medium-sized (discs 5-18 mm. broad) ; hypo-

peltal processes present. 1. A. crenulatum.

Plants small or minute (discs 1-5 mm. broad) ; hypopeltal

processes wanting.

Discs 2-5 mm. broad ; coronal processes 75-150/x, in
radial diameter, with 5-13 hairs or hair-rudiments ;

aplanospores 88—190 /j, in diameter. 2. A. polyphysoides.

Discs 1-2.5 mm. broad ; coronal processes 22-35 /j, in
radial diameter, with 2 (rarely 3) hairs or hair-
rudiments ; aplanospores 68-82 # in diameter. 3. A. pusillum.

606 BBYOPSIDACEAE.

1. Acetabulum crenulatum (Lamour.) Kuntze, Kev. Gen. PI. 2: 881. 1891.

Acetabularia crenulata Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 249. 1816.

Acetabulum caribaeum Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Verteb. 2: 150.

1816.
Acetabularia caraibica Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 6: 33. 1856.

On sandy bottom and on stones, shells, sticks, etc., in shallow rather quiet water
(down to 10 meters or more), common. New Providence, Rose Island, Andros,
Great Bahama, Green Cay, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Mariguana,
Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda and southern Florida to Bar-
bados. Type from ".mer des Antilles" [Santo Domingo].

2. Acetabulum polyphysoides (Crouan) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 2: 881. 1891.

Acetabularia polypHysoides Crouan; Solms, Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II. 5:
29. pi. 4. f. 2, 6. 1895.

Low-littoral down to a depth of at least 4 or 5 meters. Atwood Cay, Caicos
Islands, and Castle Island : — Jamaica and Guadeloupe. Type from Guadeloupe.

2a. Acetabulum polyphysoides deltoideum M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 36:
92. pi. 6. f. 21; pi. 7. f. 10. 1909;

Just above low-water mark, with the typical form and with Neomeris Cokeri.
Atwood Cay (type station of form deltoideum).

3. Acetabulum pusillum M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 89. pi. 6. f. IS-

IS; pi. 7. f. 1-4. 1909.

Acetabularia pusilla Collins, Tufts College Stud. 2: 379. 1909.

On stones, shells, and film-covered rocks in shallow water, sometimes with A.
polyphysoides and A. crenulatum. Mariguana and Castle Island : — Jamaica. Type
from Montego Bay, Jamaica.

A minute plant, only 1-3 mm. high, and the disc averaging about 1.6 mm. in
diameter.

6. ACICULARIA d'Archiac, Mem. Soe. Geol. France 52: 386. 1843.
Solms, Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II. 5: 32. 1895.

1. Acicularia Schenckii (Mob.) Solms, loc. cit. 33. pi. 3. f. 9, 11, IS, 14, 15.
1895. M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 28: 323-331. pi. 24. f. 1-16,
18-22; pi. 25. 1901.

Acetabularia Schenckii Mob. Hedwigia 28: 318-320. pi. 10. f. 8-12. 1889.

On stones, etc., from near low-water mark down to a depth of at least 30

meters (fide Borgesen), usually in association with Rhizophora. Rose Island: —

Bermuda, Jamaica, Porto Rico, American Virgin Islands, Barbados, and Brazil.
Type from Cabo Frio, Brazil.

Family 9. BRYOPSIDACEAE.

1. BRYOPSIS Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 333. My 1809.

Ultimate ramuli 2-ranked, the main axes for the most part

simply pinnate, commonly naked in lower half. 1. B. pennata.

Ultimate ramuli irregularly disposed.

Main axes usually deliquescent, the ultimate ramuli

rarely less than 20 /JL in diameter at apex. 2. B. hypnoides.

Main axes persistent, strongly contrasting in size with
the various orders of branches and branchlets, the
ultimate ramuli often only 5-15 # in diameter at apex;
plant very gelatinous. 3. B. DuchassadngU.

1. Bryopsis pennata Lamour. loc. cit.; Jour, de Bot. 2: 134. pi. 7. f. 1 a, b.
1'80'9.

On stones at low-water mark. Atwood Cay and Caicos Islands : — Bermuda to
Barbados. Type from " Antilles."

CAULEEPACEAE.

607

2. Bryopsis hypnoides Lamour. loc. cit.; Jour, de Bot. 2: 135. pi. 5. f. 2 a, b.

1809.

Found washed ashore — probably from a little deeper water than the last.
Great Bahama : — southern Massachusetts to Bermuda ; widely distributed in the
warm temperate seas. Type from near Cette, southern France.

3. Bryopsis Duchassaingii J. Ag. Ofv. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 11: 107. 1854.

Trichosolen Antillarum Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV. 14: 171. 1860.

Found washed ashore. Great Bahama: — Bermuda to Guadeloupe (Barbados?).
Type from Guadeloupe.

Family 10. CAULERPACEAE.

1. CAULERPA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 332. My 1809.
€HAUVINIA Bory, Voy. Coquille, Bot. Crypt. 204. 1829.
TRICLADIA Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 17: 337. 1842.
HERPOCHAETA Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 20: 305. 1843.
STEPHANOCOELIUM Kiitz. Bot. Zeit. 5: 54. 1847.
CHEMNITZIA (Decaisne) Mont. Orb. Diet. 10: 53. 1849.
PHYLLERPA Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 494. 1849.

Stolons and upright fronds similar, filiform, in habit somewhat suggestive of
Vaucheria, Dertesia, or the irregularly branched species
of Bryopsis. 1. c. fastigiata.

Stolons and upright fronds more or less different in form.
Fronds filiform, the ramuli verticillate (at least the

upper), fastigiate or subfastigiate, di- or trichotomous. 2. C. verticillata.
Fronds stouter, ramuli not in distinct whorls.

Fronds foliaceous, entire, linear or elliptic-oblong,

often proliferous. 3. C.prolifera.

Fronds terete, subterete, or angled, or, if flattened,

pinnately dentate, lobed, or plumose-pinnate.
Fronds distinctly flattened.

Fronds plumose-pinnate, the pinnules terete,

mucronate. 4. C. sertularioides.

Pinnules or teeth flattened.

Fronds linear-lanceolate in outline, 6-15
mm. broad, the pinnules often contracted

at base. 5. C. crassifolia.

Fronds narrowly linear, 2-3 mm. broad,
often twisted and constricted here and

there, the margins occasionally entire. 6. C. Freycinetii.

Fronds terete, subterete, or angled, in general

outline.

Stolons densely clothed with short simple or
sparingly branched root-hairs : fronds
with crowded, imbricate, bristle-like, mu-
cronate ramuli. 7. C. lanuginosa.
Stolons naked.

Frond with a naked stipe bearing usually
a dichotomo-palmate or dichotomo-umbel-
late cluster of secondary ramuliferous
branches; ramuli (2) 3-10 (16) -ranked,
with acicular 2-ranked ramelli pectinately
secund or pinnately disposed, the longer
often sparingly dichotomous or again

Pinnate. 8. C. paspaloides.

Stipe usually not well differentiated.

Frond usually angled, the ramuli mostly
in 2-6 ranks, somewhat boat-shaped
or prow-shaped (at least the basal),
ovoid, mamilliform, or less commonly

terete, always mucronate. 9. C. cupressoides.

Frond not angled, the ramuli subglobose,
pyriform, pestle-shaped, or occa-
sionally subclavate.
Ramuli in more or less elongate
racemer-like clusters, several-ranked,

608 CAULERP ACE AE.

mostly pestle-shaped, the pedicel
usually as long as the subglobose
or flattened-subglobose summit or
often longer. 10. C. racemosa.

Ramuli mostly irregularly 2- or 3-
ranked, subglobose or obliquely
pyriform, the pedicel usually
shorter than the enlarged summit
or obsolete ; clusters short and
somewhat botryoid or more elongate
with rather distant ramuli. 11. C. clavifera.

1. Caulerpa fastigiata Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 8: 353. 1837.

Herpochaeta fastigiata Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 20: 305. 1843.

On stones, etc., near low-water mark. New Providence, Mariguana, and Great
Bahama (profusely abundant in a " boiling hole " in Golden Grove Creek) : — Ber-
muda and Florida to Brazil ; Friendly Islands. Type from Cuba.

The plant has quite a different habit from the other West Indian species of the
genus, bearing a superficial resemblance to filamentous siphonaceous algae of other
genera and families, from which, however, it is usually distinguishable at sight (in
the dried condition) by its greater rigidity and dull dark green color; under a
moderately high magnification, the delicate cellulose threads running from the inner
surface of the wall into the lumen serve at once to determine its affinities.

2. Caulerpa verticillata J. Ag. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 4: 6. 1847.

Herpochaeta verticillata Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 7: 1. pi. 1. f. II. 1857.
Stephanocoelium verticillatum Kiitz. loc. eit. 7: 1.

In shallow water in sheltered places, usually in association with Rhizophora.
New Providence, Great Bahama, and Bimini : — Bermuda to Brazil ; Indian and
Pacific Oceans. Type locality indefinite (American Virgin Islands or Guadeloupe?).

This species in habit and size is suggestive of some of the more delicate species
of Nitella.

3. Caulerpa prolifera (Forsk.) Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 1: 332.

My 1809.

Fucus prolifer Forsk. Fl. .Aegypt.-Arab. 19'3. 1775.

From near low-water mark to rather deep water. Joulter's Cays, Watling's
Island, Castle Island, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda and Florida to Guade-
loupe ; Canary Islands and Mediterranean Sea. Type from Alexandria, Egypt.

Most of the Bahamian specimens have short, elliptic-oblong, or obovate fronds
and represent f. obovata, J. Ag.

4. Caulerpa sertularioides ('S. G. G-meL) M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club

32: 576. 1905.

Fucus sertularioides S. G. Gmel. Hist. Fue. 151 pi. 15. /. 4. 1768.
Fucus plumaris Fors'k. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 190. 1775.
Caulerpa plumaris Ag. Sp. Alg. 1 : 436. 1822.

From near low-water mark to a depth of several meters. New Providence,
Great Bahama, Bimini, North Cat Cay, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Watling's Island,
Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda and Florida to
Barbados ; widely distributed in tropical and subtropical seas. Type " American."

5. Caulerpa crassifolia (Ag.) J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 1: 13. 1873.

Caulerpa taxifolia crassifolia Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 436. 1822. (Excl. syn.)
Caulerpa pinnata Web.-v. Bosse, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 15 : 289.

1898. (Excl. syn. Fucus pinnatus L. fil. Suppl. 452. 1781.)
Caulerpa mexicana Sond.; Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 496. 1849.

In sheltered localities from near low-water mark down to a depth of 30 meters
(fide Borgesen). Exuma Chain, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island: — Bermuda
and Florida to Mexico and Brazil ; widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
seas. Type from the West Indies.

CAULEEPACEAE. 609

6. Caulerpa Freycinetii Ag. Sp. Alg. 1 : 446. 1822.

On corals in shallow water. Atwood Cay : — Guadeloupe ; Red Sea ; Pacific Ocean.
Type from the Mariana Islands.

The Atwood Cay specimens apparently belong with var. pectinata Web.-v.
Bosse, differing from the type in being only slightly twisted and in the more regular
and better developed marginal teeth ; it seems to approach closely certain conditions
of G. cupressoides.

7. Caulerpa lanuginosa J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 1 : 28, 1873.

Caulerpa Lycopodium Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 3: 19. pi. 37 B. 18-58. Not C.
Lycopodium J. Ag. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 4: 6. 1847.

On a sandy bottom in shallow water. New Providence (south shore) : — Florida.
Type from Key West, Florida.

8. Caulerpa paspaloides (Bory) Grev. Alg. Brit. Ixiv. 1830.

Chauvinia paspaloides Bory, Voy. Coquille, Bot. Crypt. 205. pi. 23. f. 1.
1829.

On a sandy bottom, mostly in 1-40 dm. of water. New Providence (south
shore), Long Bank, Abaco, Green Cay, and Great Bahama: — 'Florida and Cuba.
Type from the Bahama Islands.

The type is characterized by having its ramuli in (2)3 or 4 ranks, the spikes
distinctly alate or strongly angled when living and shaggy when dry, the ramelll
pectinately secund, and always much shorter than the axis from which they spring.
In addition to the type form, there are in the Bahamas two other strongly marked
forms, varieties, or subspecies, which appear to be locally distinct, that is, they
seem to occur with little if any local intergrading or intermingling, though growing
in similar habitats ; however, when plants from various localities are compared, it
seems difficult to maintain these three groups as distinct species.

8a. Caulerpa paspaloides phleoides (Bory) J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 1: 32. 1873.

Chauvinia phleoides Bory, Voy. Coquille, Bot. Crypt. 206. pi. 23. f. 2.
182,9.

On a sandy bottom in shallow water. Exuma Chain. Type from the Bahama
Islands. Apparently endemic.

Differs from the typical C. paspaloides in having its ramuli in 6-10 ranks, the
spikes slightly angular or strongly ribbed when living, more or less shaggy when
dry, the ramelli mostly pinnately distichous or occasionally subsecund.

8b. Caulerpa paspaloides compressa (Web.-v. Bosse) M. A. Howe, comb. nov.

Caulerpa paspaloides var. typica f. compressa Web.-v. Bosse, Ann. Jard.

Bot. Buitenzorg 15: 353. pi. 30. /. 3, 4. 1898.
Caulerpa compressa, M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 93. 1904.

On a sandy bottom in shallow water. Rose Island, Long Island, Exuma Chain,
and Ragged Island. Type from the Bahama Islands. Apparently endemic.

Differs from the typical (7. paspaloides and C. paspaloides phleoides in having
its ramuli in 8-16 ranks, the spikes dense and wholly terete or very lightly ribbed,
the ramelli pinnately distichous and corymbose, the lower ramelli as long or nearly
as long as the axis from which they spring.

9. Caulerpa cupressoides (West) Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 441. 1822.

Fucus cupressoides West; Vahl, Nat. Selsk. Skr. 52: 38. 1802.

Caulerpa hypnoides Lamour. Jour, de Bot. 2: 145. pi. 7. f. 3. 1809.

Fucus ericifolius Turn. Hist. Fuc. 1: 324. pi. 56. 1808.

Caulerpa ericifoUa Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 442. 1822.

Caulerpa mamillosa Mont. Prod. Phye. Antarct. 13. 1842.

Caulerpa Lycopodium J. Ag. Ofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 4: 6. 1847.

Caulerpa juniperoides J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 1: 26. 1873.

On sand-covered rocks and sandy bottoms in shallow water and in tide-pools,
common. Andros, Great Bahama, Bimini, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Atwood

610 DERBESIACEAE.

Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda and Florida
to South America ; Indian and Pacific Oceans. Type from St. Croix, American
Virgin Islands.

Variable in the number of ranks of the ramuli and in the length of the ramuli.
The forms or varieties chiefly represented are the typical form, the var. ericifolia
(Turn.) Web.-v. Bosse, and the var. Lycopodium (J. Ag.) Web.-v. Bosse.

10. Caulerpa racemosa (Forsk.) J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 1: 35. 1873.

0

Fucus racemosus Fbrsk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 191. 1775.

Fucus uvifer Turn. Hist. Fue. 4: 81. pi. 230. 1819. Not Fucus uvifer

Forsk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 192. 1775.

Caulerpa clavifera uvifera Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 438. 1822.

On reefs in shallow water and in more sheltered places, as on roots of Rhizo-
phora. New Providence, Rose Island, Bimini, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, At-
wood Cay, and Castle Island : — Bermuda and Florida to Barbados ; widely distributed
in tropical and subtropical seas. Type probably from the Red Sea.

11. Caulerpa clavifera (Turn.) Ag. Sp. Alg. 1: 438. 1822.

Fucus clavifer Turn. Hist. Fuc. 1: 126. pi. 57. 1808.

Caulerpa racemosa clavifera Web.-v. Bosse, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg

15: 360. pi. 33. f. 1-5. 18-98.
Caulerpa racemosa uvifera Web.-v. Bosse, loc. cit. 362 p.p.

Habitat same as C. racemosa. Exuma Chain, South Cat Cay, Mariguana,
Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island :• — Florida to Barbados ; widely dis-
tributed in tropical and subtropical seas. Type from the Red Sea.

Caulerpa racemosa and O. clavifera sometimes approach each other in form
and habit and rarely occurring specimens are difficult to determine, but the writer
has often seen the two growing close together, in apparently identical surroundings
(especially in Porto Rico and Jamaica) and maintaining their distinctions so per-
fectly and strikingly that it seems more satisfactory to treat them as independent
species than to follow the prevailing modern fashion of regarding them as forms
of a single polymorphous species.

Family 11. DERBESIACEAE.

1. DERBESIA Solier, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 7: 158. 1847.
1. Derbesia vaucheriaef6rmis (Harv.) J. Ag. Till Alg. Syst. 5: 34. 1887.

Chlorodesmis (?) vaucheriaeformis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 3: 30. pi. 40 D.

1858.
Derbesia tenuissima Farl. Mar. Alg. N. E. 60 p.p. pi. 4. f. 4. 1881. Not

D. tenuissima (De Not.) Crouan.

On rocks in a salt spring, high littoral, Cave Cays, Exuma Chain : — southern
Massachusetts, Bermuda, and Florida. Type from Key West, Florida.

The only Bahamian collection seems to be sterile, like Harvey's original ; its
filaments are somewhat coarser, being 35—93 // in diameter, while those of the type
are 30-52 # ; the plants are also much darker green than Harvey's specimens at the
present day, but the latter have doubtless suffered some loss of color in nearly
seventy years of preservation.

2, BRYOBESIA Web.-v. Bosse, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 24: 26. 1910.

1. Bryofoesia cylindrocarpa sp. nov. t

Filaments sparingly subdichotomous, 5-15 mm. long, 75-156 /u, in diameter,
very rarely septate, their walls mostly 3-10 ^ thick, the branches occasionally
with a septum at the base ; sporangia short -cylindric, ofoovoid, or cylindric-clavate,
150— 450 fji X 90-180 /x, sessile, erect or erecto-patent, constituting one arm of a

CODIACEAE. 611

dichotomy or pseudo-dichotomy, or sometimes apparently terminal, the filament
continued by a lateral innovation; zoospores numerous (about 200-500 to a
sporangium), ellipsoid or ovoid, 20-40 /* X 20-25 n.

Green Cay, W. C. Colter, June 30, 1903, dredged in 4 fathoms, — a small amount
of material preserved in formalin. There is a possibility that the plant belongs in
Cladophoropsis, but the terminal rather than intercalary sporangia and the large
zoospores, on some of which indications of a circle of cilia have been noted, have
suggested its reference to Bryoltesia, the Javan type-species of which it resembles
closely, though the Bahamian plant is evidently longer and coarser, with filaments
twice as broad.

Family 12. OODIACEAE.

* 1. AVEAINVILLEA Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18 : 108. 1842.

F^ADELIA Chauv. Keener elies 124. 1842.
CHLOROPLEGMA Zanard. Mem. E. 1st. Ven. 7: 290. 1858.

Thallus eventually developing a flabellum (usually stipitate).

Fusco-nigrescent, yellowish brown, or tawny green ; surface subvelutinous,
spongiose, or strigose ; filaments of flabellum 28-70 #
in diameter.

Filaments of flabellum moniliform. 1. A. nigricans.

Filaments of flabellum cylindric, with a strong constric-
tion at base of each branch, rarely subtorulose. 2. A. longicaulis.
Olivaceous or cinereous ; surface smooth and compact ; fila-
ments of surface of flabellum 6-24 /j. in diameter. 3. A. levis.
Thallus not developing a flabellum, forming more or less digi-
tate, sometimes capitate lobes, these commonly very irregular
in form, and often branching, diffluent, or anastomosing. 4. A. Rawsoni.

1. Avrainvillea nigricans Decaisne, loc. cit.

Fradelia fuliginosa Chauv. Kecherches 124. 1842.

Avrainvillea longicaulis Murr. & Boodle, Jour. Bot. 27: 70 p.p. pi. 228.
f. 1-5. 18'89. [Excluding syn. RMpilia longicaulis Kiitz.]

Common in shallow water, mostly on reefs or in places protected by reefs.
New Providence, Andros, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Gun Cay, Eleuthera, Exuma
Chain, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Castle Island, and Great Ragged Island : — Ber-
muda and Florida to South America. Type from lies des Saintes, near Guadeloupe.

Forma fulva M. A. Howe (in C. H. & S. Phyc. Bor.-Am. ItfO) differs from the
tynical form in its thicker, more SDongiose. and usually more cuneate flabellum, in
its flatter, broader, less differentiated stipe, and in the firmer-walled, usually
coarser, though often more tapering filaments, which are less regularly moniliform,
often more tortuous or zig-zag, more frequently and more divaricately dichotomous,
and nearly always yellow or yellowish brown rather than fuscous at maturity.

2. Avrainvillea longicaulis (Kiitz.) Murr. & Boodle, Jour. Bot. 27: 70 p.p.

1889. [Excluding all but syn. Ehipilia longicaulis Kiitz.]

Ehipilia longicaulis Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 8: 13. pi. 28. f. II. 1858.
Avrainvillea Mazei Murr. & Boodle, loc. cit.

Common in shallow or moderately deep water, often with A. nigricans. New
Providence, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Castle
Island, Great Ragged Island, and Salt Cay : — Bermuda to Barbados. Type from
Antigua.

3. Avrainvillea levis M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 565. pi. 23. f. 1;

pi. 26. f. 8-10. 1905.

Avrainvillea sordida Murr. & Boodle, Jour. Bot. 27: 70. 1889. Not A.
sordida (Mont.) Crouan; Maze & Schramm, Alg. Guad. 89. 1870-'77.
[Based upon Udotea sordida Mont, in technicalities of publication.]

Near low-water mark. Exuma Chain, Mariguana, and Caicos Islands • Florida

Cuba, and Jamaica. Type from Cave Cays, Exuma Chain.

612 CODIACEAE.

4. Avrainvillea Eawsoni (Dickie) M. A. Howe. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 510.
1907.

EJiipilia Eawsoni Dickie, Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 151. pi. 11. f. 1, 2

1874.

In shallow water, often at low-water line on exposed rocks. Abaco, Gun Cay,
North Cat Cay, Berry Islands, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos
Islands, and Great Ragged Island : — Jamaica, Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, and Bar-
bados. Type from Barbados.

2. EHIPILIA Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 8 : 12. 1858.
1. Rhipilia tomentosa Kiitz. loc. cit. pi. 28. f. 1.

Udotea tomentosa Murr. Jour. Bot. 27: 23'9. 1889.

In shallow water (down to 30 meters, fide Borgesen). North Cat Cay: — Cuba,
Porto Rico, American Virgin Islands, Antigua, and Guadeloupe. Type from Antigua.

v 3. CLADOCKPHALUS M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 569. 1905.
1. Cladocephalus scoparius M. A. Howe, loc. cit. pi. 25; pi. 26. /. 11-20.

In shallow water. New Providence, Exuma Chain, and Watling's Island. Ap-
parently endemic. Type from a tidal pond, Georgetown, Great Exuma.

' 4. PENICILLUS Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 20: 297. 1813.
NESAEA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 3: 185. 1812. Not NESAEA

Commers. ; Juss. Gen. PL 332. 1789.
CORALLIODENDRON Kiitz. Polyp. <Calcif. 11. 1841.
CORALLOCEPHALUS Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 95. 1843.

Surface of stipe compact, indurated, smooth or minutely granulose under a hand-
lens ; ultimate branchlets of corticating filaments short-oblong, obtuse, trun-
cate, or capitate.

Filaments of capitulum 135—250 ^ in diameter. 1. P. capitatns.

Filaments of capitulum 300^550 //, in diameter. 2. P. Lamourouxii.

Surface of stipe spongiose or velutinous-tomentulose under a
hand-lens ; ultimate branchlets of corticating filaments
elongate, taper-pointed.

Filaments of capitulum 500-900 # in diameter. 3. P. dumetosus.

Filaments of capitulum 150-320 # in diameter. 4. P. pyriformis.

1. Penicillus capitatus Lamarck, loc. cit. 299.

? Corallina Penicillus L. Syst. Nat. 1 : 807. 1758.

Corallina Penicillus Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 126 p.p. pi. 25. /. 4.

1786.

Nesea Penicillus Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 258. 1816.
Penicillus elongatus Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 109. 1842.
Corallocephalus Penicillus Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 95. p.p. 1843.
Corallocephalus larlatus Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 7: 8. pi. 20. f. II. 1857.

" The Merman's S'having-brush " ; very common, usually on a sandy or muddy
bottom in shallow water (mostly in 0.5-10 meters). New Providence, Rose Island,
Berry Islands, Andros, Great Bahama, Garden Cay, Exuma Chain, Cat Island,
Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Great Ragged Island:
— Bermuda and Florida to Guadeloupe. Type from American seas.

2. Penicillus Lamourouxii Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 109. 1842.

? Corallina Penicillus Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 126 p.p. pi. 25. f. 5.
1786.

? Nesea pyramidalis Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 258. 1816.

Penicillus Lamourouxii gracilis A. & E. S. Gepp, Jour. Bot. 43: 2. 1905.

On a sandy bottom in shallow water. New Providence, Rose Island, Great
Bahama, Garden Cay, Bimini, Green Turtle Cay, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island,.

CODIACEAE. 613

Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Castle Island, and Great Ragged Island : — Florida, Cuba,
Jamaica, Porto Rico, and American Virgin Islands. Type from Bahama Islands.

3. Penicillus dumetosus (Lamour.) Blainville, Man. Actin. 553. 1834. [As

P. dumetosa.}

Newa dumetosa Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 259. 1816.
Corallocephalus dumetosus Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 506. 1849.
Corallocephalus affinis Kiitz. Tab. Phye. 8 : 13. pi. 30. 1858.

On sandy or muddy bottom, mostly in shallow water. Long Bank, Great
Bahama, and Bimini : — Florida to Guadeloupe. Type from " Antilles."

4. Penicillus pyriformis A. & E. 8. Gepp, Jour. Bot. 43: 1. pi. 468. f. la, 11.

1905.

On a sand bottom in shallow water, common. New Providence, Rose Island,
Berry Islands, Andros, Great Bahama, Bimini, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, Watling's
Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, and Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda and Florida to
Jamaica and Guadeloupe. Type from Bimini Harbor, Bahamas.

5. RHIPOCEPHALUS Kiitz. Linnaea 17: 95. 1843; Phyc. Gen. 311. 1843.

Filaments of capitulum 55-90 ^ in diameter toward apices, rather firmly and per-
sistently coherent, in always easily recognizable flabella. 1. P. Phoenix.

Filaments of capitulum 100-230 w in diameter toward apices,
lightly and transiently coherent, the flabella scarcely recog-
nizable at maturity. 2. P. oblongus.

1. Rhipocephalus Phoenix (Ell. & Soland.) Kiitz. loc. cit.

Corallina Phoenix Ell. & Solancl. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 126. pi. 25. f. 2, 3.
1786.

On sandy or gravelly bottom or on rocks, mostly in shallow water. New Provi-
dence, Rose Island, Berry Islands, Andros, Bimini, Exuma Chain, Cat Island, At-
wood Cay, and Mariguana : — Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Guadeloupe.
Type from the Bahama Islands.

2. Rhipocephalus oblongus (Decaisne) Kiitz. Sp. Alg. 506. 1849.

Penicillus oblongus Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 109. 1842.

On sandy bottom in shallow water, not common. New Providence, Berry
Islands, Bimini, and North Cat Cay : — Florida and Cuba. Type from the Bahama
Islands.

Often resembling certain conditions of Penicillus capitatus, but usually recog-
nizable, at least in living or fluid-preserved states, by the more flabelliform arrange-
ment of the filaments of the capitulum and by the presence of a cup-shaped apical
depression.

6. UDOTEA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 3: 186. 1812.

Flabellum with a compact, firm; highly specialized cortex,

distinctly zonate. 1. U. Flabellum.

Flabellum with an imperfect rudimentary cortex or none

at all.
Filaments of flabellum without lateral appendages, each

filament enclosed in a porose calcareous sheath.
Flabellum plane ; transition from stipe to flabellum
gradual ; filaments of flabellum 28-60 //, in diam-
eter, interwoven and tortuous, usually forming' a
superficial tomentulose nap ; branches of the cor-
ticating filaments of the stipe somewhat loosely
and irregularly fastigiate, the ultimate divisions

mostly finger-shaped, subacute, or taper-pointed. 2. U. conglutinata.

Flabellum more or less cyathiform, or open on one
side and almost plane (then usually a little concavo-
convex, at least at base) ; transition from stipe to
flabellum abrupt ; filaments of flabellum nearly

614 CODIACEAE.

straight and parallel, mostly 60-100 & in diameter ;
branches of corticating filaments of stipe com-
pactly cymose-fastigiate, the ultimate divisions
scarcely longer than broad, truncate, t;runcate-ob-
tuse, or commonly with expanded truncate-capi-
tate apices. 3. U. cyathiformis.
Filaments of flabellum appendaged ; calcareous sheaths, if
differentiated, non-porose.

Filaments strongly constricted above dichotomies ; ap-
pendages crowned with 2-8 acuminate prongs or
spines. 4. U. spinulosa.

Filaments not constricted above dichotomies ; append-
ages simple or sparingly furcate, obtuse, truncate,
or capitate. 5. U. Wilsonl.

1 Udotea Flabellum (Ell. & Soland.) M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 94.

1904.
Corallina Flabellum Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zoopk. 124. pi. 24. f. A, B,

C. 1786.

Fldbellaria pavonia Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 20: 301. 1813.
Udotea flabellata Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 311. 1816.
Flabellaria incrustata Chauvin, Recherches 123. 1842.
Udotea Halimeda Kiitz. iSp. Alg. 503. 1849.

Common on a sandy or muddy bottom, from near low-water mark down to
30—40 meters. New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Garden Cay, Bimini,
Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Great Ragged Island,
and Salt Cay: — Bermuda and Florida to Guadeloupe and Panama (Colon). Type
from " West Indies."

2. Udotea conglutinata (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 312. 1816.

Corallina conglutinata Ell. & Soland, Nat. Hist. Zooph. 125. pi. 25. f. 7.

1786.
Flabellaria conglutinata Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 20: 301. 1813.

On a sandy bottom from near low-water mark down to 14 meters or more.
New Providence, Andros, Joulter's Cays, North Cat Cay, Bimini, Green Cay, Wat-
ling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos, and Castle Island : — Bermuda and Florida to the
American Virgin Islands. Type from the Bahama Islands.

3. Udotea cyathiformis Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 106. 1842.

Udotea conglutinata Vickers, Phyc. Barbad. 1: pi. 32. 190'8.

On a sandy bottom from near low-water mark down to 30 meters or more.
Berry Islands, Bimini, North Cat Cay, Exuma Chain, Caicos Islands, and Castle
Island: — North Carolina to Barbados and Panama (Colon). Type from Isles des
Saintes, Guadeloupe.

4. Udotea spinulosa M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 36: 97. pi. 4. /. 2; pi. 8.

f. 1-7. 1909.

On a sandy bottom near low -water mark. Bimini (type) : — .American Virgin
Islands (in 30-40 meters, flde Bb'rgesen).

5. Udotea Wilsoni Gepp & Howe, Siboga Exped. Monog. 62: 130. pi. 7. /. 66;

pi. 8. f. 67, 68. 1911.
On a sandy bottom in shallow water. Anguilla Isles (type) : — Florida and Cuba.

7. HALIMEDA Lamour. Nouv. Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. 3: 186 (as

Halimedea*). 1812.

OPUNTIA Nacc. Fl. Ven. 6: 104. 1828. Not Opuntia L.
SERTOLARA (Imp.) Nardo, Isis 1834: 673. 1834.
BOTRYOPHORA Bompard, Hedwigia 6: 129. 1867.

Segments reniform, semiorbicular, or deltoid-obovate, margins entire or (in H.
Opuntia) crenate or sometimes lobed. Nodal filaments of central strand fusing
more or less completely in pairs or in threes.

* Afterwards (1816) changed by Lamouroux himself to Halimeda.

C'ODIACEAE.

615

Peripheral utricles galeate-cuspidate. 1. H. scalra.

Peripheral utricles truncate or rounded-obtuse.

Fusion of nodal filaments complete (or sometimes in-
complete in H. dtecoidea) ; segments not ribbed
or nerved.

Peripheral utricles in contact for one-eighth of their
length or less ; utricles of subcortical layer sub-
turbinate, obconic, cornucopiaeform, or clavate,
35-1 10 /j. in max. width; segments moderately
calcified, 5-15 mm. broad. 2. H. Tuna.

Peripheral utricles in contact for one-fifth to two-
thirds of their length; utricles of the subcortical
layer bullate, mostly ventricose-obovoid, 110-215 /*
in max. width ; segments very lightly calcified,

6-35 mm. broad. 3. H. discoidea.

Fusion of nodal filaments incomplete (i.e., filaments re-
taining their identity) in pairs; segments more or
less ribbed or nerved. 4. H. Opuntia.

Segments discoid or subterete, often 3-lobed or 3-dentate.
Nodal filaments of the central strand coherent, com-
municating by pits, pores, or very short tubular processes,
very rarely (especially in H. Monile) merely thick-walled
and separable.
Peripheral utricles less than 80 # in average maximum

diameter, surface view.

Pe/ipheral utricles 49-77 /j. in average maximum diam-
eter, surface view : segments usually flattened. 5. H. tridem.
Peripheral utricles 30-44 /j. in average maximum diam-
eter.

Segments mostly subterete. 6. H. Monile.

Segments discoid (suggesting H. Tuna). 7. H.simulans.

Peripheral utricles 175-190 # in average maximum diameter,

surface view. 8. H. favulosa.

Segments obovoid, pyriform, or subglobose. Nodal filaments of
the central strand fusing in twos or threes or rarely lours,
the resulting filaments sometimes again incompletely fused. 9. H. lacrimosa.

1. Halimeda scabra M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 241. pi. 11, 12. 1905.

Common on rocks, old corals, the bases of sponges, etc., from low-water mark
down to a depth of 3 meters or more. New Providence, Rose Island, Berry Islands,
Great Bahama, Bimini, North Cat Cay, South Cat Cay. Gun Cay, Eleuthera, Exuma
Chain, Watling's Island. Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Castle Island,
Great Ragged Island. Anguilla Isles, and Salt Cay : — Florida. Type from Sands
Key, Florida.

2. Halimeda Tuna (Ell. & iSoland.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 309. pi. 11. f. 8a.

1816.

Corallina Tuna Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 111. pi. 20. f. e. 1786.
Flabellaria Tuna Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 20: 302. 1813.
Halimeda platydisca Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 102. 1842.

On rocks, etc., from low-water mark down to 60 meters. Atwood Cay,
Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Great Ragged Island, and Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda
and Florida to Jamaica and Barbados ; apparently of wide distribution in the
warmer seas. Type from the Mediterranean Sea.

3. Halimeda discoidea Decaisne, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. II. 18: 102. 1842.

Mostly in shallow, somewhat agitated water (down to 20—40 meters, fide
Borgesen) Great Bahama : — Florida, Cuba, Porto Rico, Lower California, Hawaii,
and the Philippines. Type locality unknown (" Kamtschatka ").

4. Halimeda Opuntia (L.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 308. 1816.

Corallina Opuntia L. Syst. Nat. 1: 805 p.p. 1758. Ell. & Sol. Nat. Hist.
Zooph. 110. pi. 20. f. ~b. 1786.

Common from near low-water mark down to a depth of 20 meters or more,
often forming extensive beds. New Providence, Rose Island, Berry Islands, South
Cat Cay, Gun Cay, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Mariguana, and Anguilla Isles :
— Florida to Barbados and Panama (Colon) ; widely distributed in the warmer seas
and important as a reef-builder and land-former. Type from Jamaica.

616 C'ODIACEAE.

5. Halimeda tridens (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 308. 1816.

Corallina tridens Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 109. 1786.
Corallina incrassata Ell. & Soland. loc. cit. 111.
Halimeda incrassata Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 307. 1816.
Halimeda brevicaulis Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 8: 11. pi. 25. f. II. 1858.

Very common on a sandy or muddy bottom from near the low-water mark down
to 40 meters or more. New Providence, Rose Island, Andros, Great Bahama, North
Cat Cay, Green Cay. Exuma Chain. Cat Island, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay.
Marihuana, Caicos Islands, Castle Island, Great Ragged Island, Salt Cay, and
Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda and Florida to Guadeloupe ; also in the tropical seas of
the Eastern Hemisphere. Type from the Bahama Islands.

6. Halimeda Monile (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. Hist. Polyp. 306. 1816.

Corallina Monile Ell. & Soland. Nat. Hist. Zooph. 110. 1786.
Halimeda incrassata monilis Harv. Ner. Bor.-Am. 3: 24. 1858.
Halimeda tridens Monile M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 564. 1905.

Common on a sandy bottom, often with H. tridens and H. simulans. but dis-
tinct. Rose Island, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Great
Ragged Island, Salt Cay, and Anguilla Isles : — Bermuda and Florida to Guadeloupe
and Panama (Colon). Type from Jamaica.

7. Halimeda simulans M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 503. pi. 29. 1907.

On a sandy bottom, rocks, old corals, etc., from near low-water mark down to
a depth of several meters. Berry Islands, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Caicos Islands,
and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda. Florida. Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, American
Virgin Islands, and Panama (Colon). Type from Culebra Island, Porto Rico.

8. Halimeda favulosa M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 563. pi. 23; pi. 24;

pi 26. f. 1-6. 1905.

On a sandy bottom in shallow water. Rose Island and Exuma Chain. Type
from Cave Cays, Exuma Chain. Apparently endemic.

9. Halimeda lacrimdsa M. A. Howe, Bull. Torrey Club 36 : 93. pi. 4. f. 1 ; pi. 6.

f. 3-11. 1909.

On a sandy bottom from near low-water mark down to a depth of 10—20
meters or more. Exuma Chain, Mariguana, and Great Ragged Island : — Cuba.
Type from Mariguana.

8. CODIUM Stackh. Ner. Brit, xvi, xxii, xxiv. 1797.

LAMARCKIA Olivi, Zool. Adriat. 258. 1792. Not LAMARCKIA Medic. 1789.

SPONGODIUM Lamour. Essai 71, 72. 1813.

AGARDHIA Cabrera; Ag. Syn. Alg. Scand. xxiv. 1817.

Thallus mostly erect and fruticose.

Peripheral utricles cylindric-clavate, mostly 75-200 & in max. diam. ; thallus dull
and rather rigid when dry, the branches not con-
stricted at base. 1. C. tomentosum.
Peripheral ntn'^lps ohovoid. ohoonic, nr goblet-shaped,
mostly 150-300 //, in max. diam. ; thallus commonly
nitent and rather flaccid when dry, the branches con-
stricted at base. 2. C. isthmocladum.
Thallus adherent, prostrate, or repent. 3. C. intertextum.

1. Codium tomentosum (Huds.) Stackh. Ner. Brit. xxiv. 1797.
Fucus tomentosus Huds. Fl. Angl. 584. 1778.

On rocks, etc.. in shallow water . North Cat Cay. Eleuthera. Atwood Cay. and
Caicos Islands: — Bermuda and North Carolina to' Panama (Colon) and 'South
America ; widely distributed in the warmer seas. Type from Great Britain.

Codium decorticatum (Woodw.) M. A. Howe (G. elonfjatnm Ag. ) has not yet
been reported from the Bahamas, but is likely to occur. It differs from C. tomen-
tosum in being more elongate, more sparingly branched, by flattened expansions
under the dichotomies, and by the much larger utricles.

CHAEACEAE. 617

2. Codium isthmocladum Vickers, Ann. iSei. Nat. Bot, IX. 1: 57. 1905.

In shallow water. Berry Islands : — Bermuda and Florida to Barbados. Type
from Barbados.

The only Bahamian specimen seen that seems referable to this species is
coarser, more rigid, and less nitent than the typical form, but conforms in the
characters of the peripheral utricles and sporangia.

3. Codium intertextum Collins & Hervey, Proc. Am. Aead. 53: 54. 1917.

Under shelving rocks and in crevices, closely adherent. Gun Cay and Atwood
Cay : — Bermuda and Florida to Barbados. Type from Bermuda.

3a. Codium intertextum cribrosum M. A. Howe, var. nov.

Codium adhaerens M. A. Howe; Gardner, Univ. California Publ. Bot. 6:
492, 496. pi. 42. f. 9. 1919. Not C. adhaerens (Gabr.) Ag.

Wall of the peripheral utricles (of the more exposed at least) slightly
thickened at the apex, the incrassate area mostly 5-13 /j, thick and internally
cribrose-pitted, the walls elsewhere mostly 1-2 yu, thick.

On rocks and other algae, from above low-water mark down to a depth of at
least 12 meters. Little Harbor Cay, Berry Islands (Howe 3583-type) : — Jamaica
and Porto Rico.

It was at first thought that the peculiar pitting of the apical walls of the
utricles might be sufficient to warrant ranging this plant in the specific category,
but the occasional occurrence of similarly marked utricles in plants otherwise pre-
dominantly agreeing with C. intertextum (e. g., no. 3139 from Gun Cay) would
seem to make this impractical.

Family 13. VAUCHERIACEAE.

1. DICHOTOMOSIPHON Ernst, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 13: 115. 1902.
1. Dichotomosiphon pusillus Collins, Tufts College Stud. 2: 431. 1909.

On and with Amphibia on roots of Rhizophora, in tide-pools and lagoons, and
often forming a compact dark-green velvety turf on rocks between the tide-lines
and on the mud in Rhizophora associations. New Providence, Exuma Chain, Wat-
ling's Island, and Great Ragged Island : — Bermuda to Jamaica. Type from West
Indies (Jamaica).

The filaments show a wide range in size, even in a single tuft varying from
15 # to 60 n in diameter.

Family 14. CHARACEAE.

1. *CHARA L. Sp. PI. 1156. 1753.

Stems triply corticated, but, by imperfect development of some of the secondary
cells usually appearing doubly corticated; stipulodes forming a single whorl; at
least the basal leaf-internode uncorticated ; dioicous ; spine-
cells conspicuous on all stem-internodes.

1. C. Hornemannii.

Stems usually very regularly triply corticated ; stipules form-
ing a double whorl ; monoicous.

Some or all leaflets well developed. 2. d. foliolosa.

All leaflets at sterile nodes greatly reduced. 3. C. haitensis.

1. Chara Hornemannii Wallm. K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1852 : 288. 1854.

Chara ceratophylla Halsted, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. 20: 182. 1879.
Not C. ceratophylla Wallr.

In salt or brackish ponds. New Providence, Exuma Chain, and Watling's
Island: — southern Florida and New Mexico through the West Indies and Mexico to
^outhern Brazil. Type from Crab Island (Vieques), Porto Rico.

* DeterminatioU?' chiefly by the late Dr. Charles Budd Robinson and the key
and synonymy adapted from the paper published by him in Bull N Y Bot- Gar***
4: 244-308. 1906.

40

618 CHAEACEAE.

2. Chara folioldsa Muhl.; Willd. Mem. Acad. Boy. Berlin 1803: 86. pi. 1. f. 2.

1805.

Chara polyphylla Muhlenbergii A. Br. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 5: 264.

1845.

Chara Wikstromii Wallm. K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 1852: 297. 1854.
Chara gymnopus Humboldtii A. Br.; Allen, Char. Am. 2. 1880.
Chara depauperata Allen, Bull. Torrey Club 21: 167. pi. 192. 1894.
Chara zeylanica H. & J. Groves, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 40. 1911.

In fresh-water and brackish ponds. New Providence, Great Bahama, Abaco,
Cat Island, and Great Bxuma : — Pennsylvania to South America. Type from South
America. The type of O. depauperata, here considered a synonym, was from New
Providence.

3. Chara hait&isis Turpin, Diet. Sei. Nat. Veg. Acot. pi. 101. (Livr. 40: pi. 1).

1826.

Chara polyphylla A. Br. Flora 18 : 70. 1835.
Chara Michauxii A. Br. Am. Jour. Sci. 46: 93. 1844.
Chara gymnopus Michauxii A. Br.; Allen, Char. 2. 1880.
Chara zeylanica Michauxii H. & J. Groves, in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 42.
1911.

In fresh-water and brackish ponds. Inagua : — Illinois and Virginia to Haiti,
Jamaica, and S>outh America. Type from Haiti.

Sub-class MYXOPHYCEAE.

Contributed by FRANK S. COLLINS.
Family 1. CHROOCOCCACEAE

1. CHROOCOCCTTS Nag. Gatt. 45. 1849.

Cells 3-8 u, in diameter. 1. C. membraninus.

Cells 13-25 M in diameter. 2. C. turgidus.

1. Chroococcus membraninus (Menegh.) Nag. Gatt. 46. 1849.

Pleurococcus membraninus Menegh. Monogr. 34. pi. 4. f. 1. 1843.

Among other small algae, in company with Chroococcus turgidus, Caicos Islands :
— Europe ; Bermuda. Type from Italy.

2. Chroococcus turgidus (Kiitz.) Nag. Gatt. 46. 1849.

Protococcus turgidus Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 1: 5. pi. 6. f. 1. 1846.

Among other blue-green algae, Caicos Islands : — of world-wide distribution,
marine and fresh water. Type from Europe.

2. APHANOCAPSA Nag. Gatt. 52. 1849.
1. Aphanocapsa Howei Collins, sp. nov.

Marina. Cellulis 9-15 p diam., sphaericis, raro subfusif ormibus, mem-
brana pertenui, plasmate homogeneo; cellulis in gelatina communi hyalina mol-
lissima inordinatis; strato obscuro- vel atro-aerugineo.

Cells 9-15 fi in diameter, spherical or rarely slightly fusiform, wall very
thin, substance homogeneous, color pale aeruginous; forming a dull or dark
aeruginous stratum, united by thin, homogeneous common gelatine, closely set
in no definite order.

CHROOCOOCACEAE. 619

In 3 dm. water in a salt lake, Watling's Island, November 25, 1907, M. A. Howe
5091 (type), 5092, 5100.

The general gelatine is very thin, hardly perceptible except by use of stains ;
at first glance the plant would be taken for a species of Synechocystis. Some of the
cells, usually those near the surface of the colony, show a thicker tegument outside
the very thin cell wall. Its nearest relative appears to be A. Zanardinu (Hauck)
Hansg.* of Southern Europe and Borneo, which has cells of much the same dimen-

* The record in Forti, Syll. Myx. 68. of the occurrence of A. Zanardinii in North
America "Massachusetts (Collins) " is wrong. The writer has never found it, and
has never seen American material.

sions, but of deeper color " viridi-smaragdino," and arranged by 2 or 4 in a firmer,
more sharply defined common gelatine.

3. G-LOEOCAPSA Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 173. 1843.

Marine ; teguments brownish. 1. G. bahamensis.
Terrestrial.

Teguments red; cells 4.5-7 /j, in diameter. 2. G. Magma.

Teguments violet or steel-blue; cells 2.5-3.5 w in diameter. 3. G.lignicola.

1. Gloeocapsa foahamensis Collins, sp. nov.

Marina. Cellulis indivisis 4-8 p diam., sine membrana 3-5 p, pallide
aerugineis, in familias 4—24 cellularum unitis; tegumentis amplis, distinetis,
lamellosis, sub- vel perfuscis; familiis sparsis vel inter myxophyceas varias in
crustam fuscam compactis.

Undivided cells 4-8 p in diameter, without wall 3-5 ^ in diameter, pale
aeruginous; teguments wide, lamellose, distinct, lighter or darker brown; fam-
ilies scattered or loosely compacted with other Myxophyceae into a brownish
crust.

On the border of a salt pond, east end of Mariguana, December 12, 1907, M. A.
Howe 5538 (type).

The cells in this material are dividing so rapidly that single free cells are seldom
seen ; the wide teguments may persist through many generations of cell division.
G. crepidinum Thuret, the best known and most generally distributed species, has thin
and rather inconspicuous teguments, the cells, not including the walls, larger, the
color brownish. G. deusta (Menegh.) Kiitz. also has larger cells and thinner tegu-
ments, with cells and teguments dark green to blackish.

2. Gloeocapsa Magma (Breb.) Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 1: 17. pi. 22. f. 1. 1847.

Protococcus Magma, Breb. Alg. de Falaise, 40. pi. 4. 1836.

Among other blue-green algae, New Providencp : — of wide distribution inland in
warm and temperate regions. Type from France.

3. Gloeocapsa lignicola Eab. Fl. Eur. Alg. 2: 41. 1865.

On bark, New Providence, first American record : — Europe. Type from France.

4. ENTOPHYSALIS Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. 177. 1843.
1. Entophysalis violacea Collins, .sp. nov.

Marina. Cellulis sphaericis, 4-5 n diam.j sine membrana 2-3 /* diam.,
elongatis ante divisionem, atroviolaceis, membrana hyalina, incolori vel plus-
minus coerulescente ; cellulis 2, interdum 4, in membrana matricali persistente,
series longitudinales indefinitas formantibus; seriebus dense compactis in stra-
tum tenue firmum nigrum.

'Cells with wall spherical, 4-5 /* in diameter, becoming elongate when
dividing, without wall 2-3 /u, in diameter, color dark violet, wall translucent,
colorless or more or less bluish; cells usually 2, occasionally 4 in the mother-
cell wall, in indefinite longitudinal series, closely packed to form a thin smooth
black crust.

On rocks at low water mark, Atwood Cay, December 3, 1907, M. A. Howe 5282
(type).

E. granulosa Kiitz., the type of the genus, forms a thicker, warty and granular

620 OSCILLATOBIACEAE.

crust of a brown color ; the cells are somewhat larger than in the present species,
and brownish or yellowish. E. violaeea approaches the genus Placoma in the ten-
dency of the cells to arrange in radiate filaments, but the tendency is less marked
than in Placoma, and the frond is closely adherent to the substratum, not bullate
and hollow as in Placoma.

5. GLOEOTHECE Nag. Gatt. 57. 1849.

1. G-loeothece rupestris (Lyngb.) Bornet; Wittr. & Nordst. Alg. Exsicc. 399.

1880.
Palmetto, rupestris Lyngb. Tent. 207. pi 69. f. D. 1819.

On rocks, nearly pure, Caicos Islands : — common everywhere in small quantity
among other algae, especially in shallow pools, both alongshore and inland ; of gen-
eral distribution. Type from Denmark.

Very variable ; teguments often diffluent, giving the appearance of Aphanothece.

6. ONCOBYRSA Ag. Flora 10: 629. 1827.

1. Oncobyrsa marina (Grun.) Rab. Flor. Eur. Alg. 2: 68. 1865.

Hydrococcus marinus Grun. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien. 11: 420. 1861.

On Cliondria, Mariguana : — Europe ; Africa ; Bermuda. Type from the Medi-
terranean.

Family 2. CHAMAE SIPHON ACE AE.

1. HYELLA Born. & Flah. Jour, de Bot. 2: 162. 1888.

1. Hyella caespitosa Born. & Flah. loc. cit.

In dead shel's, common : — generally distributed. Type from France.

2. DERMOCARPA Crouan, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV. 9: 70. 1858.

1. Dermocarpa prasina (Reinsch) Bornet & Thiiret, Notes Alg. 75. pi. 26. f.
6-9. 1880.

Sphaenosiphon prasinus Reinsch, C'ontrib. 17. pi. 26. /. 1. 1875.

On Catenella Opuntia pinnata, Berry Islands ; probably to be found wherever
the host occurs : — Europe. Type from Europe.

The common species of the New England coast, which has passed under this
name, has much larger cells, and was segregated by Borgesen as D. Farlowii.

3. XENOCOCCUS Thuret, Ann. Sci. Bot. VI. 1: 373. 1875.

1. Xenococcus Schousboei Thuret in Born. & Thur. Notes Alg. 76. pi. 26. f. 1-2.

.1880.

Attached to wall of Lyngbya sp., Atwood Cay : — of general distribution. Type
from northern Africa.

Family 3. OSCILLATOR! ACE AE.

1. OSdLLATORIA Vaucher, ex Gomont, Monogr. 218. 1893.

Trichomes not torulose, 4-1 0^ in diameter. 4. O. tennis.
Trichomes distinctly torulose.

Stratum and trichomes red or red-brown. 2. O. immata.
Stratum and trichomes aeruginous or chalybeous.

Trichomes 10-20# in diameter, apex straight. 1. O.sancta.

Trichomes 6-10 w in diameter, apex usually curved. 3. O. Corallinae.

1. Oscillatoria sancta Kiitz. ex Gomont, Monogr. 229. pi. 6. f. 12. 1893

Atwood Cay : — generally distributed, normally in fresh water. Type from Italy.

2. Oscillatoria miniata Hauck ex Gomont, Monogr. 236. 1893.

Floating, with Trichodesmium Thiebautii, in Gulf Stream between Gun Cay and
Florida : — Bermuda ; Guadeloupe ; and Adriatic Sea. Type from Adriatic Sea.

OSCILLATORIACEAE. 621

3. Oscillatoria Corallinae Gomont, Monogr. 238. pi. 6. f. 21. 1893.

On Hatlimeda, etc., Mariguana : — Europe ; North America. Type from France.

4. Oscillatoria tenuis Ag. ex Gomont, Monogr. 241. 1893.

Watling's Island : — of world-wide distribution, fresh water, occasionally sub-
marine. Type from Sweden.

2. TBICHODESMIUM Ehrenb. Ann. Phys. u. Chem. 18: 506. 1830.
1. Trichodesmium Thiefoautii Gomont, Jour, de Bot. 4: 356. 1890.

Pelagic in Gulf Stream, between Gun Cay and Florida : — Bermuda ; Guadeloupe ;
and Canary Islands. Type from Guadeloupe.

3. PHORMIDITJM Kiitz. ex Gomont, Monogr. 176. 1893.

Trichomes distinctly torulose, 1.2-2.3W in diameter. 1. P. fragile.

Trichomes not torulose.

Trichomes less than 2 n in diameter ; forming definite carti-
laginous discs or cushions. 2. P. Hendersonii.
Trichomes 2 a in diameter or more.

Trichomes 2-2.5 u in diameter, cells 1.5-3 diameters long. 3. P. valderianum.
Trichomes over 3« in diameter.

Apical cell obtusely conical, trichomes 3— 4.5/u, in di-
ameter. 4. P. Corium.
Apical cell truncate, cells 5« in diameter or more.
Cells usually shorter than their diameter, dissepi-
ments often constricted, sheaths loose and dif-
fluent. 5. P. Retzii.
Cells usually longer than their diameter, trichomes

always cylindrical, sheath close, persistent. 6. P. pulvinatum.

1. Phormidium fragile Gomont, Monogr. 183. pi. 4. f. 13-15. 1893.

On walls of fresh-water tanks, New Providence : — Europe ; Africa ; North Amer-
ica. Type from Italy.

2. Phormidium Hendersonii M. A. Howe, Smiths. Misc. Coll. 68": 3. 1918.

Forming definite discs or cushions on rocks, Watling's Island: — Cuba, Porto
Rico. Type from Cuba.

3. Phormidium valderianum Gomont, Monogr. 197. pi. 4. f. 20. 1893.

Among other algae, New Providence, North Cat Cay, Watling's Island : — Europe ;
North America ; fresh water and marine. Type from Italy.

4. Phormidium Corium Gomont, Monogr. 192. pi. 5. f. 1-2. 1893.

Great Ragged Island : — generally distributed. Type from Sweden.

5. Phormidium Betzii Gomont, Monogr. 195. pi. 5. f. 6-9. 1893.

Caicos Islands : — generally distributed. Type from Sweden.

6. Phormidium pulvinatum Collins, sp. nov.

Marinum. Strato pallide aerugineo,, crasso, compacto, pulvinato; filam-
entis rectis vel leviter curvatis, vaginis tenuibus, membranaceis, persistentibus,
adhaerentibus nee diffluentibus; trichomatibus pallide aerugineis, cylindricis,
apice rectis, non capitatis nee attenuatis ; cellulis 7-9 /* diam., f-l$ diam.
longis; dissepimentis non granulatis; cellula apicali rotundata.

Stratum pale aeruginous, thick, compact, pulvinate; filaments straight or
slightly curved; sheaths thin, membranaceous, persistent, adherent but not
diffluent; trichomes pale aeruginous, cylindrical, apex not attenuate nor capi-
tate, 7-9 fi in diameter, cells f-l$ diameters long, dissepiments not granulate ;
apical coll rounded.

622

OSCILLATOEIACEAE.

Abundant in 4-5 m. water, forming pulvinate masses among Thalassia, Penicillus,
etc., Cockburn Harbor, South Caicos Island, December 16, 1907, M A Howe 5593
(type).

Nearest allied to P. Retzii, but differing by the firmer and more persistent
sheaths, the uniformly cylindrical trichomes and the generally longer cells, as well
as by the distinctly marine habitat. There is more or less lime scattred through the
mass, but incidentally : it does not form a stony mass as in the encrusting species.

4. LYNGBYA Ag. ex Gomont, Monogr. 138. 1893.

Filaments attached at the middle, both ends free. 1. L. gracilts.

Filaments attached at one end or without definite point of at-
tachment.

Filaments spirally wound about some other filamentous alga. 7. L. epiphytica.
Filaments not epiphytic and spiral.

Trichomes 4W in diameter or less, seldom over 3/u,. 6. L. Lagerheimii.

Trichomes over 5 u in diameter.

Trichomes usually 20-40 «, in diameter; length of cells
1/6-1/15 of the diameter ; dissepiments not gran-
ulate. 3. L. majuscula.
Trichomes usually 16 u in diameter or less; length of
cells 1/3-1/8 of the diameter ; dissepiments usu-
ally granulate.
Trichomes usually 9— 16 # in diameter; apex not

attenuate nor capitate ; stratum usually yellow. 4. L. confervoides:
Trichomes usually more or less attenuate and capi-
tate.

Sheath becoming yellowish or brownish with
age ; stratum mostly aeruginous or rusty ; tri-
chomes usually 10-16 «,. 2. L. aestuarii.
Sheath always hyaline ; stratum dull or yellow

green; trichomes 7-10 w in diameter. 5. L. semiplena.

1. Lyngbya gracilis Eab. ex Gomont,, Monogr. 145. pi. 2. f. 20. 1893.

Among other algae, Exuma Chain : — Europe ; North America. Type from Italy.

2. Lyngbya aestuarii (Mert.) Liebmann ex Gomont, Monogr. 147. pi. 3. f. 1-2.

1893.

Exuma Chain : — common on all shores. Type from Denmark.

2a. Lyngbya aestuarii forma limicola Gomont, Monogr. 149. 1893.

Exuma Chain, with the typical form; of same distribution. Type station un-
known.

3. Lyngbya majuscula Harv. ex Gomont, Monogr. 151. pi. 3. f. 3-4. 1893.

New Providence, Berry Islands, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island, Atwood Cay,
Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Great Ragged Island : — everywhere in tropical and warm
temperate waters. Type from England.

4. Lyngbya confervoides Ag. ex Gomont, Monogr. 156. pi. 3. f. 5-6. 1893.

New Providence, Joulter's Cay, Bimini, Berry Islands, Exuma Chain, Watling's
Island, Cat Island, Mariguana, Caicos Islands, Great Ragged Island: — generally
distributed in tropical and warm temperate waters. Type from Spain.

5. Lyngbya semiplena J. Ag. ex Gomont, Monogr. 158. pi. 3. f. 7-11. 1893.

New Providence, Berry Islands, Great Bahama, Exuma Chain, Watling's Island,
Atwood Cay, Mariguana, Great Ragged Island : — generally distributed. Type from
the Mediterranean.

6. Lyngbya Lagerheimii Gomont, Monogr. 167. pi. 4. f. 6-7. 1893.

Caicos Islands : — Europe ; North and South America. Type from Brazil.

7. Lyngbya epiphytica Hieronymus; Kirchner in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan-

zenfam. lla: 67. 1898.

Winding about the filaments of Lyngbya sp. ; Watling's Island, Atwood Cay : —
Europe ; North America. Type from Germany.

OSCILLATORIA'CEAE. 623

5. PLECTONEMA Thuret ex Gomont, Monogr. 116. 1893.

Trichomes torulose ; filaments inhabiting colonies of gelatinous

algae. 1. P. nostocorum.

Trichomes not torulose ; filaments matted into a rose-colored

membrane. 2. P. roseolum.

1. Plectonema nostocorum Born, ex Gomont, Monogr. 122. pi. 1. f. 11. 1893.

New Providence, in colonies of Gloeothece, etc. : — common everywhere in similar
habitats. Type from France.

2. Plectonema roseolum Gomont, Monogr. 122. pi. 1. f. 9-10. 1893.

On sand and mud, New Providence : — Europe ; North America. Type from
Germany.

6. SYMPLOCA Kiitz. ex Gomont, Monogr. 124. 1893.
1. Symploca hydnoides forma fruticulosa Gomont, Monogr. 127. 1893.

North Cat Cay and Great Bahama : — the typical form is widely distributed, the
type from Great Britain ; no type locality for the forma fruticulosa which occurs
generally with the typical form.

7. HYDROCOLEUM Kiitz. ex Gomont, Monogr. 71. 1893.

Sheath cylindrical, distinct. 1. H. oomoides.

Sheath irregular, often becoming shapeless and diffluent.

Trichomes usually 9-1 1^ in diameter. 2. H.lyngbyaceum.

Trichomes seldom under 17 # in diameter.

Filaments forming tufts attached to algae or to sand
and rocks ; sheaths broad, with irregular and erose

margins, but fairly persistent. 3. H. cantharidosmwrn.

Filaments not attached, forming an indefinite gela-
t- tinous stratum ; sheaths very irregular or shape-

less, soon diffluent. 4. H. glutinosum.

1. Hydrocoleum comoides Gomont, Monogr. 73. pi. 12. f. 3-5. 1893.

Great Bahama and Exuma Chain : — Bermuda ; Guadeloupe ; Australia. Type
from Australia.

2. Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum Kiitz. ex Gomont, 75. pi. 12. f. 8-10. 1893.

Caicos Islands and Great Ragged Islands : — of general distribution. Type from
France.

3. Hydrocoleum cantharidosmum Gomont, Monogr. 74. pi. 12. f. 6-7. 1893.

Mariguana : — widely distributed in warmer waters. Type from the Canary
Islands.

4. Hydrocoleum glutindsum Gomont, Monogr. 77. 1893.

Caicos Islands : — 'Europe and America. Type from Sweden.

The genus Hydrocoleum is fairly distinct from neighboring genera, but the spe-
cies have much similarity. Absolute certainty of determination can be obtained
only by observing the development of the living plant.

8. SCHIZOTHRIX Kiitz. ex Gomont, Monogr. 30. 1893.

Sheaths hyaline, trichomes 2-3 # in diameter. 1. S. vaginata.

Sheaths with inner layer violet or slate color; outer layer hyaline,

trichomes 7-9 /i in diameter. 2. S.chalybea.

1. Schizothrix vaginata Gomont, Monogr. 40. pi. 7. f. 1-4. 1893.

New Providence and Caicos Islands : — generally distributed. Type from Switzer-
land.

624 SCYTONEMATACEAE.

2. Schizothrix chalybea Gomont, Monogr. 57. pi. 9. f. 3-5. 1893.

On mud, in company with Scytonema velutinum, New Providence. Type locality
Mexico ; no other records. The determination is from the description, as type ma-
terial is at present inaccessible.

-N

Family 4. NOSTOCACEAE.

1. NOSTOC Vaucher, ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 7: 181. 1888.

1. Nostoc commune Vaucher, ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 7:

203. 1888.

New Providence, Castle Island, and Crooked Island : — universally distributed in
warm and temperate regions, on ground and rocks. Type from Switzerland.

2. HORMOTHAMNION Grunow, ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII.

7: 259. 1888.

1. Hormothamnion enteromorphoides Grunow, ex Born. & Flah. loc. cit. 260.

1888.

North Cat Cay, Caicos Islands, and Watling's Island : — generally distributed in
tropical and subtropical waters. Type from Guadeloupe.

Family 5. SCYTONEMATACEAE.

1. SCYTONEMA Ag. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 5:

85. 1887.

1. Sheaths homogeneous or with uniform parallel strata. 2.

1. Sheaths with plainly divergent strata. 5.

2. Aquatic ; sheaths firmly membranaceous. 1. $. cincinnatum.

2. Terrestrial. 3.

3. Heterocysts compressed, shorter than the diameter of the tri-

chome. 2. S. Millei.
3. Heterocysts quadrate or longer. 4.

4. Filaments mostly prostrate, 10-18 ^ in diameter. 3. S. ocellatum.

4. Filaments in erect fascicles, usually 7-12/u, in diameter. 4. S. Hofmanni.

5. Strata of sheath moderately divergent, rather firm. 5. $. myochrous.
5. Strata of sheath strongly divergent, gelatinous and diffluent. 6.

6. Cells and heterocysts shorter than the diameter of filament. 6. 8. velutinum.

6. Cells quadrate or longer ; heterocysts quadrate or globose. 7. S. crassum.

1. Scytonema cincinnatum Thuret, ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Bot. VII. 5:

89. 1887.

New Providence and Bimini : — widely distributed. Type from Germany.

2. Scytonema Millei Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 5 : 93. 1887.

New Providence, Berry Islands, South Cat Cay, and Watling's Island: — North
and South America. Type from Guiana.

3. Scytonema ocellatum Lyngb. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 5:

95. 1887.

New Providence : — widely distributed. Type from Denmark.
/

4. Scytonema Hofmanni Ag. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 5:

97. 1887.

New Providence, Abaco, and Acklin Island : — widely distributed. Type from
Sweden.

RIVULARIACEAE. 625

5. Scytonema myochrous Ag. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 5:

104. 1887.

Cat Island, Watling's Island, and Great Ragged Island: — widely distributed.
Type from Sweden.

6. Scytonema velutinum Eab. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 5:

108. 1887.

New Providence, Exuma Chain, and Abaco : — Europe. Type from Germany.

7. Scytonema crassum Nag. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 5:

109. 1887.

New Providence : — Europe ; Ceylon. Type from Italy.

Family 6. STIGONEMATACEAE.

1. MASTIGOCOLEUS Lagerheim, ex Born & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.
VII. 5: 54. 1887.

1. Mastigocoleus testarum Lagerheim, ex Born. & Flah. loc. cit.

2. STIGONEMA Ag. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 5:

62. 1887.

Fragments of a Stigonema have been found mixed with other algae, but not
in condition for specific determination.

Family 7. RIVULARIACEAE.

1. CALOTHBIX Ag. ex Born & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3:

345. 1886.

Trichome violet. 1. O. fusco-violacea.

Trichome olivaceous or aeruginous.

More or less endophytic. 3. C. parasitica.

Not endophytic.

Filaments attached at the middle. 5. C. pilosa.

Filaments attached at one end.

Usually epiphytic, forming a bright aeruginous con-
tinuous coating; filaments usually &-!()# in diam-
eter ; intercalary heterocysts often present. 4. C. aeruginea.
Usually saxicolous, rarely epiphytic, forming a black-
ish green or olivaceous stratum ; filaments 10-18 u,
in diameter ; heterocysts basal. 2. C. scopulorum.

1. Calothrix fusco-violacea Crouan, ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII.

3: 352. 1886.

New Providence : — Europe ; North America. Type from France.

2. Calothrix scopulorum Ag. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3:

353. 1886.

In small quantities, with other algae : — widely distributed. Type from Great
Britain.

3. Calothrix parasitica Thuret, ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3:

357. 1886.

In small quantities, with other algae : — widely distributed. Type from France.

4. Calothrix aeruginea Thuret, ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3:

358. 1886.

Berry Islands and Great Bahama : — widely distributed. Type from Germany.

626 DIATOMEAE.

5. Calothrix pilosa Harv. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII 3- 363
1886.

New Providence : — warm waters generally. Type from Florida.

2. DICHOTHRIX Zan. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3 :

373. 1886.

Filaments 17-22 # in diameter; branches long, erect. 1. D.fticicola.

Filaments about 15 # in diameter; branches short, flexuous. 2. D. penicillata.

1. Dichothrix fucfcola Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3: 379. 1886.

Watling's Island, Castle Island, and Mariguana : — Bermuda ; West Indies ; Cen-
tral America. Type from Central America.

2. Dichothrix penicillata Zan. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3:

379. 1886.

Bimini, Great Bahama, Berry Islands, Castle Island, and Watling's Island : —
Red Sea ; Florida ; West Indies. Type from Red Sea.

3. POLYTHRIX Zan. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3:

380. 1886.

1. Polythrix corymbosa Grunow/ex Born. & Flah. loc. cit. 380. 1886.

New Providence and Exuma Chain : — widely distributed in warm waters. Type
from Florida.

4. RIVTJLARIA Ag. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3:

345. 1886.

Trichomes tapering from middle to each end. 3. R. polyoUs.
Trichomes tapering towards apex only.

Trichomes 5-9 w in diameter, sheaths wide, loose. 1. R. Biasolettiana.

Trichomes 2-5 ^ in diameter, sheaths close, compacted. 2. R.nitida.

1. Rivularia Biasolettiana Menegh. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII.

3: 352. 1886.

Mariguana and Atwood Cay : — Europe ; North America. Type from the Adriatic.

2. Rivularia nitida Ag. ex Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3: 357. 1886.

New Providence and Exuma Chain : — generally distributed. Type from Sweden.

3. Bivularia polyotis Born. & Flah. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII. 3 : 360. 1886.

Watling's Island : — Europe ; North America. Type from the Mediterranean.

Sub-class DIATOMEAE

Contributed by CHARLES S. BOYER.

The diatomaceous flora of the Bahamas includes twenty-five or more genera
most of which are common to the North American coast. Of this number,
however, two genera, Plagiogramma and Mastogloia, are especially prominent.
The former is represented by species first described by Greville as occurring
on conch shells at Nassau and New Providence. The latter is quite prolific in
species on algae collected by Dr. Marshall A. Howe. The forms which, perhaps,
are characteristic of the Bahamas are Mastogloia bahamensis Cleve, not very

DIATOMEAE. 627

rare, and Mastogloia rimosa Cleve, which is common in one locality. Masto-
gloia erythraea Grun. is common but quite variable in size, outline and the
inequality of the loculi. Mastogloia splendida (Greg.) Cleve occurs in all
localities. Podocystis adriatica Kiitz. is abundant on Antithamnion. Clima-
cosphenia moniligera Ehrenb. is also noticeable, while Grammatophora flexuosa
Grun is found in all gatherings, occurring pure on Centroceras. The minute
form, Striatella delicatula (Kiitz.) Grun., not heretofore recorded from this
locality, is abundant on Polysiphonia. One specimen of Plagiogramma Idbuense
Cleve, a form peculiar to Borneo, although somewhat similar to Plagiogramma
caribaeum Cleve, has been found.

The following list includes the greater number of the forms noticed but
there are probably many more as various algae appear to differ much in the
variety of diatoms found upon them.

BIDDULPHIA S. F. Gray, em. Van Heurck.
Biddulphia Pentacrinus (Ehrenb.) Boyer. Eare.

ANAULUS Ehrenb., em. Van Heurck.
Anaulus minutus Grun. Eare.

GRAMMATOPHORA Ehrenb.
Grammatophora flexuosa Grun. Common.

STRIATELLA Ag., em. Heiberg.
Striatella delicatula (Kiitz.) Grun. Local.

LICMOPHORA Ag. em. Eoper.
Licmophora dalmatica (Kiitz.) Grun. Local.

CLIMACOSPHENIA Ehrenb.
Climacosphenia moniligera Ehrenb. Common.

PLAGIOGRAMMA Grev.

Plagiogramma inaequale Grev. Eare.
Plagiogramma labuense Cleve. Eare.
Plagiogramma lyratum Grev. Not common.
Plagiogramma obesum Grev. Not common.
Plagiogramma pulchellum Grev. Not common.
Plagiogramma pygmaeum Grev. Not common.

TRACHYSPHENIA P. Petit.
Trachysphenia australis P. Petit. Eare.

CYMATOSIRA Grun.
Cymatosira Lorenziana Grun. Occasional.

GLYPHODESMIS Grev.
Glyphodesmis eximia Grev. Eare.

628 DIATOMEAE.

SYNEDRA Ehrenb.

Synedra Gaillonii minor Kiitz. Local.
Synedra superba minor Kiitz. Eare.
Synedra undulata Bailey. Eare.

COCCONEIS Ehrenb.
Cocconeis Scutellum Ehrenb. Common.

AMPHORA Ehrenb.

Amphora obtusa Greg. Occasional.
Amphora bigibba Grun. Eare.

MASTOGLOIA Thw.

Mastogloia angulata Lewis. Common.

Mastogloia apiculata W. Smith. Common.

Mastogloia asperula Grun. Not common.

Mastogloia bahamensis Cleve. Not common.

Mastogloia binotata (Grun.) Cleve. Eare.

Mastogloia Citrus Cleve. Common.

Mastogloia cocconeiformis (Grun.) Cleve. Common.

Mastogloia cuspidata Cleve. Common.

Mastogloia delicatula Cleve. Not common.

Mastogloia erythraea Grun. Common and variable.

Mastogloia lanceolata Thw. Common.

Mastogloia lemniscata Leud. Eare.

Mastogloia minuta Grev. Common.

Mastogloia rimosa Cleve. Eare or local.

Mastogloia Smithii Thw. Common.

Mastogloia splendida (Greg.) Cleve. Common and variable.

DICTYONEIS Cleve.
Dictyoneis jamaicensis Cleve. Eare.

DIPLONEIS Ehrenb., em. Cleve.

Diploneis vacillans (A. Schmidt) Cleve. Eare.
Diploneis Weissflogii (A. Schmidt) Cleve. Eare.

NAVICULA Bory.

Navicula brasiliensis Grun. Eare.
Navicula Lyra dilatata A. Schmidt. Eare.
Navicula ramosissima (Ag.) Cleve. Local.
Navicula suborbicularis (Greg.) Donkin. Eare.
Navicula Zostereti Grun. Eare.

TBACHYNEIS Cleve.
Trachyneis aspera (Ehrenb.) Cleve. Eare.

PINNUIiABiA Ehrenb.
Pinnularia rectangulata Greg. Eare.

PLEUROSiaMA W. Smith.
Pleurosigma formosum W. Smith. Eare.

DIATOMEAE. 629

TROPIDONEIS Cleve.
Tropidoneis lepidoptera (Greg.) Cleve. Not common.

EPITHEMIA Breb.
Epithemia Musculus Kiitz. Bare.

NITZSCHIA Hassall.

Nitzschia apiculata (Greg.) Grun. Common.
Nitzschia Sigma (Kiitz.) W. Smith. Bare?
Nitzschia valida Cleve & Grun. Bare.

SURIRELLA Turpin.

Surirella fastudsa Ehrenb. Bare.
Surirella recedens A. Schmidt. Bare.

PODOCYSTIS Kiitz.
Podocystis adriatica Kiitz. Local.

CAMPYLODISCUS Ehrenb.

Campylodiscus simulans Greg. Bare.
Campylodiscus imperialis Grev.

The following list contains additional names of species occurring in the
harbor mud of Nassau, as reported by Tempere (Diatomees du Monde entier,
144, 375. 1915). To avoid inconsistency, the nomenclature, in some instances,
is revised to agree with the classification of Cleve, Van Heurck, Deby, Grunow
and others. Nearly all of the forms are more or less common along the Atlan-
tic coast.

Meloseira arenaria Moore.

Meloseira sulcata Kiitz.

Coscinodiscus concinnus Jonesianus (Grev.) Battray.

Coscinodiscus excentricus Ehrenb.

Coscinodiscus leptopus Grun.

Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenb.

Coscinodiscus nitidulus Grun.

Coscinodiscus nitidus Greg.

Coscinodiscus nodulifef Janisch.

Coscinodiscus obscurus A. Schmidt.

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenb.

Coscinodiscus Rothii Grun.

Actinoptychus splendens (Shadb.) Balfs".

Actinoptychus undulatus (Bailey) Balfs.

Actinoptychus vulgaris Schumann.

Actinocyclus fasciculatus Castr.

Actinocyclus moniliformis Balfs.

Actinocyclus Eotula Brun, var.

Euodia Gibba Bailey.

Boperia tessellata (Boper) Grun.

Auliscus caelatus Bailey.

Auliscus reticulatus Grev.

Biddulphia Antillarum (Cleve) Boyer.

Biddulphia arctica (Brightw.) Boyer.

630 DIATOMEAE.

Biddulphia Favus (Ehrenb.) Van Heurek.

Biddulphia mobiliensis (Bailey) Grun.

Biddulphia peruviana Grun.

Biddulphia reticulata Roper.

Biddulphia Eeticulum (Ehrenb.) Boyer.

Biddulphia Robertsiana (Grev.) Boyer.

Biddulphia Smithii (Ealfs) Van Heurek.

Biddulphia spinosa (Bailey) Boyer.

Biddulphia Tabellarium (Brightw.) Boyer.

Rhabdonema adriaticum Kiitz.

Grammatophora marina (Lyngb.) Kiitz.

Entopyla australis (Arnott) Grun.

Petitia* Temperei Perag.

Plagiogramma decussatum Grev.

Plagiogramma tessellatum Grev.

Dimerogramma lanceolatum Perag.

Dimerogramma minus (Greg.) Ealfs.

Synedra formosa Hantzsch.

Synedra fulgens (Grev.) W. Smith.

Synedra superba Kiitz.

Synedrosphaenia baculiformis Perag.

Cocconeis heteroidea Hantzsch.

Cocconeis pseudomarginata Greg.

Amphora acuta arcuata (A. Schmidt) Cleve.

Amphora coffaeiformis (Ag.) Cleve.

Amphora crassa Greg.

Amphora cymbelloides Grun.

Amphora gigantea fusca (A. Schmidt) Cleve.

Amphora Graeffei Grun.

Amphora Gruendleri Greg.

Amphora Janischii A. iSchmidt.

Amphora ostrearia Breb.

Amphora ostrearia vitraea Cleve.

Amphora rhombica Kitton.

Caloneis formosa (Greg.) Cleve.

Caloneis Liber (W. Smith) Cleve.

Caloneis Liber Bleischii (Janisch) Cleve.

Caloneis Powellii (Lewis) Cleve.

Mastogloia affinis Cleve.

Mastogloia affirmata Leud.

Mastogloia amoena turgida Brun.

Mastogloia bisulcata Grun.

Mastogloia bisulcata corsicana (Grun.) Cleve.

Mastogloia Craveni Leud.

Mastogloia euxina Cleve var.

Mastogloia lineata Cleve & Grove.

Mastogloia Macdonaldii Grev. var.

Mastogloia ovata Grun.

Mastogloia Peragalli Brun.

Mastogloia Pisiculus Cleve.

Mastogloia Rh6mbus P. Petit.

Mastogloia rostellata Grun.

Dictyoneis marginata (Lewis) Cleve.

Diploneis advena sansegana (Grun.) Cleve.

Diploneis Bombus (Ehrenb.) Cleve.

* Petitia for a modern diatom genus is invalid. See Petitia Jacq. 1760, a genus
of Verbenaceae, p. 373 of this book. N. L. B.

PERONOSPOBALES. 63 1

Diploneis Campylodiscus (Grim.) Cleve.
Diploneis coffaeiformis (A. Schmidt) Cleve.
Diploneis Crabro Ehrenb.
Diploneis demta (A. Schmidt) Cleve.
Diploneis gemmatula (Grun.) Cleve.
Trachyneis Antillarum Cleve.
Trachyneis Debyi (Leud.) Cleve.
Navicula approximata Grev.
Navicula complanata Grun.
Navicula cuspidata ambigua (Ehrenb.) Cleve
Navicula directa W. Smith.
Navicula irrorata Grev.
Navicula Scopulorum Breb.
Navicula transfuga Grun.
Gyrosigma rectum (Donkin) Cleve.
Pleurosigma compactum Grev.
Pleurosigma Weissflogii (Grun.) Cleve.
Auricula intermedia Cleve.
Auricula minuta Cleve.
Epithemia gibberula (Ehrenb.) Kiitz.
Nitzschia angularis W. Smith.
Nitzschia compressa (Bailey) Boyer.
Nitzschia granulata Grun.
Nitzschia Jelineckii Grun.
Nitzschia panduriformis Greg.
Nitzschia vermicularis (Kiitz.) Hantzsch.
Surirella fusiformis Leud.
Surirella incurvata A. Schmidt.
Surirella manca Janisch.
Surirella mexicana A. Schmidt.
Campylodiscus angularis Greg.
Campylodiscus biangulatus Grev.
Campylodiscus crebrecostatus Grev.
Campylodiscus Daemelianus Grun.
Campylodiscus Ecclesianus Grev.
Campylodiscus latus Shadb.
Campylodiscus limbatus Breb.
Campylodiscus samoensis Grun.
Campylodiscus undulatus Grev.
Campylodiscus Wallichianus Grev.

CLASS 3. FUNGI.

Contributed by FRED J. SEAVER.

Sub-class 1. PHYCOMYCETES.
Order 1. PERONOSPORALES.

1. Albugo Candida (Pers.) Kuntze, Eev. Gen. PI. 2: 658. 1891.

Aecidium candidum Pers. in Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 2: 1473. 1791.

On Lepidium virfjinicum L., New Providence, Watling's Island : — widely dis-
tributed, probably occurring wherever the host plants are found.

2. Albugo Ipomoeae-panduranae (Sehw.) Swing. Jour. Myc. 7: 112. 1892.

Aecidium Ipomoeae-panduranae Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 69. 1822.

On Jacquemontia cayensis Britton, Inagua : — distribution similar to the pre-
ceding.

632 PEKISPOKIALES.

Sub-class 2. ASCOMYCETES.

Spores borne in perithecia which are closed or open to the exterior by an ostiolum.
Ostiolum wanting or obscure ; vegetative mycelium su-

perficial. Order 1. PERISPOKIALES.

Ostiolum present and often conspicuous ; vegetative

mycelium not as above.

Perithecia consisting of cavities in the stroma with-
out well developed wall. Order 2. DOTHIDEALES.
Perithecia provided with well developed wall, with

or without stroma.

Perithecia and stroma bright colored, fleshy. Order 3. HYPOCREALES.

Perithecia and stromata black, usually carbon-
aceous. Order 4. SPHAERIALES.
Spores borne in apothecia with the hymenium freely ex-
posed at maturity.

Hymenium circular or subcircular in form. Order 5. PEZIZALES.

Hymenium elongated, often opening with a slit-like

aperture. Order 7. PHACIDIALES.

Order 1. PERISPOKIALES.

1. Dimerosporium guarapiense Speg. Anal. Soc. Cient, Arg. 17: 130. 1884.

On Cestrum bahamense Britton, Great Bahama : — South America.

2. Dimerosporium zonatum Seaver sp. nov.

Superficial mycelium rather scant but giving the surface of the leaf a
blackish appearance; perithecia black and arranged so as to give rise to a
series of rings, the outer one usually reaching a diameter of 5 mm., the indi-
vidual perithecia small, pyriform, reaching a diameter of 100 /u, surrounded with
brownish appendages; asci broad-clavate, with a short stem-like base, reaching
a diameter of 16-20^ and a length of 40/u; spores eliipsioid-fusoid, 1-septate
and slightly constricted at the septum, about 5—6 X 16-20 /u.

On Corohorus Mrsutus L. Type collected by N. L. Britton and C. F. Millspaugh
at Barrett's Point, Great Bahama, February 5-13, 1905.

3. Meliola ambigua Pat. & Gaill. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 4: 104. 1888.

On Lantana involucrata L., New Providence : — Porto Rico ; South America.

4. Meliola longipoda Gaill. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 8 : 178. 1892.

On Tournefortia volubilis L., New Providence : — Porto Rico ; South America.

Meliola simillima Ellis & Ev. Eep. 'Missouri Bot. Garden 9: 118. 1898.

This species, recorded by Ellis as from Nassau, was really from Bog Walk, Ja-
maica, as shown by the specimen.

5. Perisporium Wrightii Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 4: 157. 1875.

On Opuntia Dillenii (Ker.) Haw., Inagua : — Cuba; Texas.

Order 2. DOTHIDEALES.
1. Phyllachora Ateleiae Seaver, sp. nov.

Stromata rather numerous, appearing on either side of the leaf but more
conspicuous on the upper side, black, shining, scarcely exceeding a diameter of
1 mm. perithecia few to each stroma, conspicuous; asci clavate, reaching a
diameter of 14-16 /*; spores fusoid, hyaline, 4-5 X 18—20^,.

On Ateleia cubensis Griseb., Andros, New Providence, Great Exhuma. Type
collected by J. K. Small and J. J. Carter, on Andros, January 25-27, 1910, 8715.

DOT HIDE ALES. 633

2. Phyllachora fusicarpa Seaver, sp. nov.

iStromata rather numerous, often thickly scattered over the leaf, visible
on both sides but more conspicuous on the under side, small, ranging from 1-2
mm. in diameter, several often confluent; perithecial cavities few to each
stroma, opening on the under side of the leaf; asci clavate, 8-spored; spores
fusiform, slightly unsymmetrical, about 6 X 25—30 0.

On Duranta repens L. Type collected by F. S. Earle at Nassau. No date given.
Specimens collected also at Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, by H. H. Whetzel and Edgar
W. Olive.

In external appearance the species resembles Phyllachora Durantae Rehm,
but differs from that species in its much longer and narrower spores.

3. Phyllachora Galactiae Earle, sp. nov.

Epiphyllous on slightly discolored areas; stromata 1 mm. broad, confluent
in long anastomosing lines which often follow the principal veins, black, shin-
ing, prominently elevated; loculi crowded, not prominent, about 150 /A, ostiole
none ; asci stipitate, cylindrical, about 65 X 7 0 ; paraphyses abundant, thread-
like; ascospores obliquely monostichous, colorless, narrowly ellipsoid, about
20 X 50.

On leaves of G-alactia rudolphtoides , Soldiers' Road, New Providence, June 25,
1905, Millspaugh 2502.

A conspicuous species well characterized by the long branched and anastomosing
black lines formed by the confluent stromata.

4. Phyllachora oxalina Ellis & Ev. Jour. Myc. 3: 41. 1887.

On Xanthoxalis corniculata L., New Providence : — North America.

5. Ophiodothis Tbahamensis Seaver, sp. nov.

Stromata occurring only on the under side of the leaf, as many as twelve
to twenty on a single leaf, reaching a diameter of 1-2 mm., occasionally con-
fluent, lenticular in form, smooth, shining-black, the surface slightly roughened
by fhe protruding necks of the perithecia; perithecia consisting of globose or
ovoid cavities; asci reaching a length of 200-4000 and a diameter of 20-250;
spores filiform, nearly as long as the aseus, reaching a diameter of 2 0.

On Tricera bahamensis (Baker) Britton. Type collected by Nash & Taylor,
October 22, 1904, on Inagua near Camfleld Bay. The species has also been collected
by L. J. K. Brace on Andros.

Order 3. HYPOCREALES.

1. Cordyceps sobolifera (Hill.) Sacc. Michelia 1: 321. 1878.

Clavaria sobolifera Hill.; W. Wats. Phil. Trans. Eoyal Soc. London 53:
271. 1763.

On some insect. Reported by C. G. Lloyd the exact locality not being given : —
Ceylon.

2. Hypocrea sulphurea (Schw.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 2: 535. 1883.

Sphaeria sulpJiurea Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 4: 193. 1832.

On the remains of some fungus, New Providence : — Cuba ; eastern part of North
America.

3. Sphaerostilbe gracilipes Tul., Fung. Carp. 1: 130. 1861.

On dead wood, New Providence : — southeastern North America.
41

634 SPHAERIALES.

Order 4. SPHAERIALES.

1. Daldinia concentrica (Bolt.) Ces. & DeNot. Comm. Soe. Critt. Ital. 1:

198. 1863.

SpJiaeria concentrica Bolt. Fungi Halifax 3: 180. 1789.

On old wood, New Providence : — Europe ; Siberia ; North and South America ;
India ; Ceylon ; Borneo ; Tasmania ; New Zealand ; and Java.

2. ?Diatrype Stigma (Hoffm.) Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 385. 1849.

SpTiaeria Stigma Hoffm. Veg. Crypt. 7. 1787.

On old wood, New Providence : — Europe ; Siberia ; and North America.

3. Hyp6xylon annulatum (Schw.) 'Mont. Hist. Chil. 445. 1850.

SpJiaeria annulata Schw. Jour. Acad. Sci. Phila. 5: 11. 1825.

On old wood and bark, New Providence : — North and South America ; and New
Zealand.

4. Hypoxylon Bomba Mont. PI. 'Cell. Cuba 338. 1842.

On old wood, New Providence, Cat Island : — Cuba and South America.

5. Hypoxylon fuscopurpureum (Schw.) Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10:

385. 1869.

SpJiaeria fuscopurpurea Schw. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 5: 16. 1825.
On old wood, New Providence : — Cuba and temperate North America.

6. Hypoxylon jecorinum Berk. & Eav. Grevillea 4: 50. 1875.

On old wood, New Providence : — southeastern North America.

7. Nummularia Bulliardii Tul. Fung. Carp. 2: 43. 1863.

On old wood, New Providence : — North America and Europe.

8. Poronia Oedipus Mont. PI. Cell. Cuba 346. 1842.

On dung, New Providence : — Cuba ; northern Italy ; North America ; Australia ;
Java and Borneo.

9. Sphaerella Rajaniae Ellis & Ev. Eep. Missouri Bot. Garden 9: 118. 1898.

On Rajania micropUylla Kunth., New Providence. Endemic.

10. Ustulina vulgaris Tul. Fung. Carp. 2: 23. 1863.
On old wood, New Providence ; widely distributed.

11. Valsa sp.

On old wood, New Providence .

12. Xylaria Arbuscula Sacc. Michelia 1: 249. 1878.
On dead wood, New Providence : — West Indies ; Europe.

13. ?Xylaria aristata Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. IV. 3: 106. 1855.
On dead wood, New Providence : — Cuba.

14. Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grev. Fl. Edin. 355. 1824.

SpJiaeria polymorpha Pers. Syn. Fung. 7. 1801.

On dead wood, New Providence : — Europe ; Asia ; Australia • Tasmania ; North
and South America.

SPHAEROPSIDALES. 635

Order 5. PEZIZALES.

1. Pyronema omphalodes (Bull.) Fuckel, Symb. Mye. 319. 1869.

Peziza omphalodes Bull. Hist. Champ. 264. 1791.

On burned places, New Providence : — probably world-wide in distribution.

2. Lachnea cubensis (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 176. 1889.

Peziza cubensis Berk. & Curt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 366. 1869.
On rotten wood or on soil, New Providence : — West Indies and Texas.

Order 6. PHACIDIALES.

1. Triblidium rufuluin (Spreng.) Ellis & Ev. N. Am. Pyrenom. 690. 1892.
Hysterium rufulum Spreng. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1820: 50. 1820.
On dead wood, New Providence : — Cuba ; North and South America.

Sub-class 3. IMPERFECT!.

Spores borne in perithecia-like bodies known as pycnidia. Order 1. SPHAEEOPSIDALES.
Spores not borne in pycnidia. Order 2. HYPHOMYCETALES.

Order 1. SPHAEROPSIDALES.

1. Phyllosticta Coccolobae Ellis & Ev. Eep. Missouri Bot. Garden 9: 118. 1898.

On Coccolobis Uvifera (L.) Jacq., New Providence: — Apparently endemic.

2. Phyllosticta Robert! Boy. & Jacz. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 40: CCXC. 1893.

On Ficus aurea Nutt., Great Bahama : — Florida ; Europe.

3. Phyllosticta Sapotae Sacc. Ann. Myc. 10: 312. 1912.

On Sapota Achrm Mill., New Providence : — Endemic.

4. Septoria sp.

On Plumeria olttusa L., New Providence.

Order 2. HYPHOMYCETALES.

1. Cercospora Calotropidis Ellis & Ev., Kep. Missouri Bot. Garden 9: 120.

1898.

On Calotropis procera (Ait.) B. Br., Fortune Island: — Apparently endemic.

2. Cercospora Melochiae P. Henn. Hedwigia 43: 395. 1904.

On Moluchia tomentosa (L.) Britton, Eleuthera : — South America.

3. Cercospora Stachytarphetae Ellis & Ev., Kep. Missouri Bot. Garden 9: 120.

1898.

On Valerianodes jamaicensis (L.) Medic., New Providence: — Apparently endemic.

4. Cercospora Turnerae Ellis & Ev., Rep. Missouri Bot. Garden 9: 119. 1898.

On Turnera ulmifolia L., New Providence : — Apparently endemic.

5. Helminthosporium Bavenelii Curt.; Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 3: 102. 1874.

On Sporobolus sp., New Providence, Great Bahama : — Bermuda ; Cuba ; South
Carolina ; and Florida.

636 UBEDINALES.

6. Ehinotrichum Curtisii Berk. Grevillea 3: 108. 1874.

On old bark, New Providence : — North America, south to Texas and Florida.

STERILE MYCELIUM.

1. Ozonium auricomum Link, Mag. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin 3: 21. 1809.
On wood, New Providence : — Europe and North America.

Sub-class 4. HEMIBASIDIOMYCETES.

Plants usually having different spore cycles. Order 1. UREDINAI,E,S.

Plants having only one spore cycle. Order 2. USTILAGINALES.

Order 1. UREDINALES.

1. Nigredo proeminens (DC.) Arth. N. Am. El. 7: 259. 1912.

Uredo proeminens DC. Fl. Fr. 2: 235. 1805.

On Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Small, Inagua : — Bermuda; West Indies;
North and South America ; Europe ; Asia ; and Africa.

2. Prospodium bahamense Arth. Bull. Torrey Club 34: 587. 1907.

On Tabebuia bahamensis (Northrop), Britton, New Providence: — Endemic.

3. Puccinia heterospora Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 356. 1869.

On Gayoides crispum (L.) Small, Fortune Island: — Porto Rico; St. Thomas;
St. Croix ; and probably in other West Indian islands.

4. Puccinia Lantanae Farlow, Proc. Am. Acad. 18: 83. 1883.

On Lantana involucrata L., Nassau : — Bermuda ; Jamaica ; Porto Rico ; St.
Thomas.

5. Puccinia Leonotidis (P. Henn.) Arth. Mycologia 7: 245. 1915.

Uredo Leonotidis P. Henn. in Eng. Pflanz. Ost-Afr. C: 52. 1895.

On Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. Br., New Providence: — Jamaica; and Porto
Rico.

6. Puccinia mirifica Diet. & Holw. Erythea 3 : 79. 1895.

On Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC., Great Bahama: — Texas.

7. Puccinia obllqua Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 356. 1869.

Puccinia Cynanchi Lagerh. Bol. 8oc. Brot. 7: 129. 1889.

On Metastelma palustre (Pursh) Schlecht., New Providence, on Metastelma sp.,
Whale Cay, and on Philibertella clausa (Jacq.) Vail, New Providence: — Cuba; Porto
Rico ; Virgin Islands ; Martinique.

8. Uromyces Bidentis Lagerh. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 11: 213. 1895.

Uredo lidenticola P. Henn. Hedwigia 37: 279. 1898.

On Bidens pilosa L., reported from the Bahamas by Dr. Arthur : — Jamaica ;
Cuba ; Porto Rico ; and Martinique.

9. Uredo Sapotae Arth. & Johnston, Mem. Torrey Club 17: 169. 1918.

On Sapota Achras Mill., Nassau : — Cuba.

10. Uredo Wilsoni Arth. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 577. 1910.
On Anastraphia bahamensis Urban, Fortune Island : — Endemic.

USTILAGINALES. 637

Order 2. USTILAGINALES.

1. Cintractia Montagnei (Tul.) Magn. Abh. Bot. Ver. Prov. Brand. 37: 79.

1896.

Ustilago Montagnei Tul. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 7: 88. 1847.

On Rynchospora sp., New Providence : — North and South America ; Europe ; and
Africa.

2. Mykosyrinx Cissi (D.C.) G. Beck. Ann. Nat. Hofmus. Wien. 9: 123. 1894.

Uredo Cissi DC. in Poir. Encycl. Meth. Bot. 8: 228. 1808.

On Cissus sicyoides L., Long Island : — West Indies ; North and South America ;
and Africa.

3. Sphacelotheca pamparum (Speg.) Clint. Jour. Myc. 8: 141. 1902.

Ustilago pamparum Speg. Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg. 17: 89. 1884.

On Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase, Anguilla Isles; Salt Key
Bank : — Cuba ; Mexico ; South America ; and Europe.

Sub-class 5. AUTOBASIDIOMYCETES.

Contributed by WILLIAM A. MURRILL.

Sporophore gelatinous.

Basidia septate. Order 1. AURICULARIALES.

Basidia not septate ; clavate and bifurcate. Order 2. DACRYOMYCETALES.

Sporophore not gelatinous ; fleshy, membranous, or woody.
Hymenium naked at maturity, covering the surface

of gills, pores, spines, etc. Order 3. AGARICALES.

Hymenium enclosed in a definite peridium.

Spores borne in a gleba, which is elevated and

exposed at maturity. Order 4. PHALLALES.

Spores remaining enclosed in the peridium at ma-

Puffballs' Order 5. LYCOPERDALES.

Bird's-nest fungi. Order 6. NIDULARIALES.

Order 1. AURICULARIALES.

1. Auricularia Auricula (L.) TJnderw. in Northrop, Mem. Torrey Club 12:

15. 1902.

Tremella Auricula L. Sp. PL 1157. 1753.

Dead wood, New Providence, Andros : — tropical regions.

2. Auricularia nigrescens (Sw.) Farlow, Bib. Index N. Am. Fungi 1: 308.

1905.

Peziza nigrescens Sw. Prod. 150. 1788.
Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical regions.

Order 2. DACRYOMYCETALES.

1. Guepinia palmiceps Berk. (?)

Doubtfully recorded by Coker.

2. Guepinia Spathularia (Schw.) Fries, Elench. Fung. 2: 32. 1828.

Merulius Spathularia Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1 : 66. 1822.
Dead logs, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

638 AGARICALES.

Order 3. AGARICALES.

a. THELEPHORACEAE.

A number of species in this family have not been determined, especially
those that belong to the genera Corticium and Stereum.

1. Corticium.

One or more undetermined species liave been found on dead wood in New Provi-
dence.

2. Hypochnus spongiosus (Schw.) Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3: 216. 1916.

Thelephora spongiosa Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 109. 1822.

Dead wood. Recorded by Burt from the Bahamas, collected for Dr. Farlow by
A. E. Wight : — temperate North America and Europe.

3. Sebacina spongiosa C. G. Lloyd, Myc. Notes 5: 779. 1918.

Encircling the base of small shrubs, New Providence. Endemic.

4. Septobasidium cirratum Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3 : 334. 1916.

Branches of living trees, New Providence : — Cuba.

5. Stereum albobadium (Schw.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 551. 1838.

Thelephora albobadia, Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1 : 82. 1822.
Dead wood, New Providence : — eastern United States.

6. Stereum candidum (Schw.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 552. 1838.

Thelephora Candida Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 84. 1822.
Dead wood, New Providence : — eastern United States.

7. Stereum Iieveilleanum (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6: 581. 1888.

Corticium Leveilleanum Berk. & Curt. Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. 1: 238.
1849.

Dead wood, New Providence : — southern United States and tropical America.

8. Thelephora spiculosa Fries, Epicr. Myc. 539. 1838.

Ground in moist woods, New Providence : — eastern United States.

b. C^AVARIACEAE.

9. Clavaria.

One or more undetermined species were collected in New Providence, Andros,
and Crooked Island.

c. HYDNACEAE.

Several resupinate species of this family have been found in the islands,
but they have not been determined.

d. XYLOPHAGACEAE.

10. Merulius C6rium Fries, Elench. Fung. 1: 58. 1828.
Dead wood, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

AGAHICALES. 639

6. POLYPORACEAE.

11. Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 343. 1904.

Boletus cinnamomeus Jacq. Coll. 1: 116. 1786.
Polystictus cinnamomeus Sacc. Michelia 1 : 362. 1878.

Ground on humus, Andros : — cosmopolitan.

12. Coltricia spathulata (Hook.) Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 93. 1908.
Boletus spathulatus Hook, in Kunth, Syn. PI. 1: (9). 1822.

Dead or buried wood, Crooked Island : — tropical America.

13. Coriolopsis occidentalis (Klotsch) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 358.

1905.

Polyporus occidentalis Klotsch, Linnaea 8: 486. 1833.

Dead wood, New Providence, Andros, Eleuthera : — tropical regions.

14. Coriolus abiStinus (Dicks.) Quel. Ench. Fung. 175. 1886.
Boletus abietinus Dicks. PI. Crypt. Brit. 3: 21. 1793.
Dead pine trunks, New Providence : — temperate regions.

15. Coriolus maximus (Mont.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 467. 1907.

Irpex maximus Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 8: 364. .1837. — Syll. Crypt. 174.
1856.

Dead logs, New Providence : — tropical regions.

16. Coriolus membranaceus (Sw.) Pat. Tax. Hymen. 94. 1900.

Boletus membranaceus Sw. Prodr. 148. 1788. — Sw. PI. Ind. Occ. 1922.
1806.

Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical America.

17. Coriolus nigromarginatus (Schw.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 649.

1906.

Boletus nigromarginatus Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 98. 1822.
Dead wood, New Providence, Andros : — cosmopolitan.

18. Coriolus pinsitus (Fries) Pat. Tax. Hymen. 94. 1900.
Polyporus pinsitus Fries, Elench. Fung. 95. 1828.

Dead wood, New Providence, Great Bahama, Abaco, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Wat-
ling's Island : — tropical America.

19. Coriolus sericeohirsutus (Klotsch) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 651.

1906.

Polyporus sericeohirsutus Klotsch, Linnaea 8: 483. 1833.
Dead trunks of red cedar, New Providence : — southern United States.

20. Daedalea amanitoides Beauv. PI. Oware 1: 44. 1805.

Lenzites applanata Fries, Epicr. Myc. 404. 1838.
Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical regions.

640 AGARICALES.

21. Hfvfngia tornata (Pers.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 301. 1903.
Polyporus tornatus Pers.; Gaud. Voy. Freyc. Bot. 173. 1826.
Dead wood, Abaco : — tropical regions.

22. Favolus alutaceus Berk. & Mont.; Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 11: 240. 1849.

Recorded by Coker from Andros, but the species is probably confined to South
America.

23. Favolus tenuis (Hook.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 100. 1905.
Boletus tenuis Hook, in Kunth, Syn. PI. 1: (10). 1822.

Dead hardwood trunks and branches, New Providence : — tropical regions.

24. Fomes Auberianus (Mont.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 491. 1905.
Polyporus Auberianus Mont. PI. Cell. Cuba 397. 1842.

Dead or wounded hardwood trunks, New Providence : — tropical America.

25. Fulvifomes dependens Murrill, Tropical Polypores 87. 1915.

Pyropolyporus dependens Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 106. 1908.

Trunks of living hardwood trees, New Providence, Little San Salvador, Atwood
Cay, Caicos Islands, Great Harbor Cay, Long Cay, Andros : — West Indies.

26. Fulvifomes Swieteniae Murrill, Tropical Polypores 87. 1915.
Mahogany stumps, Acklin's Island : — Cuba.

27. Funalia versatilis (Berk) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 469. 1907.
Trametes versatilis Berk. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1: 150. 1842.

Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical regions and Gulf States.

28. Fuscoporella coruscans Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 7. 1907.
Dead wood, New Providence : — Cuba.

29. Ganoderma pulverulentum Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 121. 1908.
Dead wood, New Providence: — Cuba, St. Thomas, Grenada.

30. Ganode"rma subincrustatum Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 122. 1908.
Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical America.

31. Gloeophyllum Berkeley! (Sacc.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 370. 1905.
Daedalea Berkeleyi Sacc. Syll. Fung. 6: 381. 1888.

Pine railway ties and other forms of dead coniferous wood, New Providence,
Great Bahama, Andros : — tropical America and Gulf States. «

32. Gloeophyllum hirsutum (Schaeff.) Murrill, Journ. Myc. 9: 94. 1903.
Agaricus hirsutus Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. pi. 76. 1762.

Dead coniferous wood, New Providence : — temperate regions.

33. Gloeophyllum striatum (Sw.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 32: 370. 1905.

Agaricus striatus Sw. Prodr. 148. 1788. — Sw. Fl. Ind. Occid. 3: 1920.
1806.

Dead wood, New Providence, Rose Island, Fortune Island, Crooked Island, Cat
Island : — tropical America.

AGABICALES. 641

34. Hapalopilus licnoides (Mont.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 417. 1904.
Polyporus licnoides Mont. PI. Cell. Cuba 401. 1842.

Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical and subtropical America and Asia.

35. Inonotus corrosus Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31 : 598. 1904.

Decayed vines and trunks, New Providence, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros,
Mariguana, Crooked Island, Anguilla Isles : — Florida ; West Indies.

36. Inonotus fruticum (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 601.

1904.

Polyporus fruticum Berk. & Curt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 310. 1868.
Living twigs of orange, etc., New Providence : — Cuba.

37. Inonotus porrectus Murrill, Tropical Polypores 68. 1915.
Dead wood, Caicos Islands : — Louisiana.

38. Pogonomyces hydnoides (Sw.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 609. 1904.

Boletus hydnoides Sw. Prodr. 149. 1788. — Fl. Ind. Occid. 3: 1924. 1806.
Trametes hydnoides Fries, Epicr. Myc. 490. 1838.

Dead wood, New Providence, Abaco, Andros, Crooked Island : — tropical Amer-
ica and Gulf States.

39. Polyporus Bracei Murrill, Mycologia 11: 222. 1919.
Buried wood, New Providence. Endemic.

40. Polyporus guyanensis Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 13: 201. 1840.

Recorded by Coker for Andros, but the species is probably confined to South
America.

41. Polyporus Tricholoma Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 8: 365. 1837.
Dead sticks and logs, New Providence : — tropical America.

42. Poria.

One or more undetermined species have been collected. They occur in re-
supinate forms on dead wood.

43. Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 31: 421. 1904.

Boletus sanguineus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1646. 1762.

Polystictus sanguineus Fries, Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal. III. 1: 75. 1851.

Dead wood, New Providence, Great Bahama, Abaco, Andros, Hog Island, North
Bimini, Fortune Island, Crooked Island, Cat Island, Anguilla Isles, Cay Sal : —
tropical regions.

44. Rigidoporus surinamensis (Miq.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey Club 34: 473. 1907.

Polyporus surinamensis Miq. Bull. Sci. PTiys. Nat. Neerl. 1839 : 454. 1839.

Water-soaked hardwood trunks, New Providence : — tropical America and Gulf
States.

45. Trametes submurina Murrillj N. Am. Flora 8: 43. 1907.
Old logs, New Providence : — West Indies and western Mexico.

46. Tyromyces palustris (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 31. 1907.
Polyporus palustris Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 1: 51. 1872.

Pine trunks, New Providence : — Florida ; Cuba.

• 642 AGARICALES.

f. BOLETACEAE.

47. Ceriomyces communis (Bull.) Murrill, Mycologia 1: 155. 1909.
Boletus communis Bull. Herb. Fr. pi. 393. A, C. 1788.

Shaded soil, New Providence : — temperate regions.

g. AGARICACEAE.

48. Chanterel cinnabarinus Schw. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. II. 4: 153. 1832.
Agaricus cinnabarinus Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 73. 1822.
Ground, New Providence, Andros : — eastern United States, Jamaica, Mexico.

49. Chanterel infundibuliformis (Scop.) Fries, Spier. Myc. 366. 1838.
Merulius infundibuliformis Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 2: 46'2. 1772.
Shaded soil, New Providence : — temperate North America and Europe.

50. Chlorophyllum molybdites (G.Meyer) Massee, Kew Bull. 1898 : 136. 1898.
Agaricus molybdites G. Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 300. 1818.

Rich soil, New Providence, Cat Island : — New Jersey to Iowa and Brazil.

51. Collybia sp. (?)

Recorded doubtfully by Coker as occurring on decaying wood in New Providence.

52. Coprinus micaceus (Bull.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 246. 1838.
Agaricus micaceus Bull. Herb. Fr. pi. 246. 1785.

Rich soil or humus, New Providence : — temperate regions.

53. CrinipeUis sp.

Dead wood, New Providence.

54. Gymnopilus tenuis Murrill, Mycologia 5: 22. 1913.
Dead wood, New Providence : — Cuba ; Jamaica.

55. Gymnopus sp.
Ground, New Providence.

56. Hydrocybe conica (Scop.) P. Karst. Bidr. Finl. Nat. Folk 32: 236. 1879.

Agaricus conicus Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 2: 443. 1772.

Moist soil, New Providence : — temperate North America and Europe.

57. Lentinus crinitus (L.) Fries, Syst. Orbis Veg. 77. 1825.

Agaricus crinitus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1644. 1763.

Exposed logs or stumps, New Providence, Great Bahama : — tropical and sub-
tropical regions.

58. Lentinus hirtus (Fries) Murrill, Mycologia 3: 29. 1911.

Agaricus Mrtus Fries, Linnaea 5: 508. 1830.
Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical regions.

59. Lentinus strigellus Berk. & Curt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 302. 1868.
Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical America.

AGABICALES. 643

60. Lentinus strigosus (Schw.) Fries, Syst. Orbis Veg. 77. 1825.
Agaricus strigosus Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1: 89. 1822.

Old logs and stumps, New Providence, Great Bahama, Watling's Island : — cos-
mopolitan.

61. Lentinus velutinus Fries, Linnaea 5: 510. 1830.

Dead wood, New Providence, Great Bahama : — tropical regions.

62. Lentodium squamosum (Schaeff.) Murrill, Mycologia 3: 27. 1911.

Agaricus squamosus Schaeff. Fung. Bavar. 4: Ind. 15. 1774.
Lentinus lepideus Fries, Syst. Orbis Veg. 78. 1825.

Structural timbers and logs, especially of coniferous trees, New Providence : —
cosmopolitan.

63. Lepiota cretacea (Bull.) Morgan, Journ. Myc. 13: 3. 1907.

Agaricus cretaceus Bull. Herb. Fr. pi. 374. 1787.

Rich soil in cultivated grounds or woods, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

64. Marasmius atropurpureus Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 262. 1915.
Dead leaves and sticks, New Providence. Endemic.

65. Marasmius bahamensis Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 265. 1915.
Dead leaves and twigs, New Providence. Endemic.

66. Marasmius bermudensis Berk. Journ. Linn. Soc. 15: 49. 1876.
Doubtfully recorded by Coker for New Providence : — Bermuda.

67. Marasmius hemileucus (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill, N". Am. Flora 9: 266. 1915.

Agaricus hemileucus Berk. & Curt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10 : 285. 1868.
Dead leaves and sticks, New Providence : — Cuba.

68. Marasmius opacus Berk. & Curt. Journ. Bot. & Kew Misc. 1 : 99. 1849.

Doubtfully recorded by Coker as occurring on leaves in New Providence : — South
Carolina and Ohio.

69. Marasmius ramealis (Bull.) Fries, Epicr. Myc. 381. 1838.

Agaricus ramealis Bull. Herb. Fr. pi. 366. 1786.

Dead branches, New Providence : — eastern United States and Europe.

70. Marasmius Botula (Scop.J Fries, Epicr. Myc. 385. 1838.

Agaricus Eotula Scop. Fl. Cam. ed. 2. 2: 456. 1772.

Dead wood or leaves, New Providence : — temperate North America and Europe.

71. Marasmius setulosipes Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 257. 1915.
Dead leaves and sticks, New Providence. Endemic.

72. Marasmius Vaillantii Fries, Epicr. Myc. 380. 1838.

Doubtfully recorded by Coker as occurring on banana leaves in Andros : — a
European species reported by Curtis from the Carolinas.

73. Naucoria semiorbicularis (Bull.) Quel. Champ. Jura Vosg. 100. 1872.
Agaricus semiorbicularis Bull. Herb. Fr. pi. 422, f. 1. 1788.

Open manured ground, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

644 PHALLALES.

74. Panellus eugrammus (Mont.) Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 245. 1915.
Agaricus eugrammus Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 8: 366. 1837.
Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical America.

75. Pleurotopsis liliputiana (Mont.) Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 239. 1915.

Agaricus liliputianus Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 99. 1854.
Marasmius nidulus Berk. & Curt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 299. 1868.
Doubtfully recorded by Coker for New Providence : — tropical America.

76. Plicatura obliqua (Berk. & Curt.) Murrill, Mycologia 3: 25. 1911.

Marasmius oUiquus Berk. & Curt. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 299. 1868.
Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical America.

77. Resupinatus subbarbatulus Murrill, N. Am. Flora 9: 241. 1915.
Dead logs, New Providence : — Cuba ; Jamaica ; Mexico.

78. Schizophyllus alneus (L.) Schroet. Krypt.-Fl. Schles. 31: 553. 1889.
Agaricus alneus L. Sp. PI. 1176. 1753.

Dead wood, New Providence, Abaco, Great Bahama, Eleuthera, Crooked Island,
Rose Island : — cosmopolitan.

79. Stropharia floccosa Earle, Inf. An. Estac. Centr. Agron. Cuba 1 : 241. 1906.
Ground in the open, New Providence : — Cuba.

80. Vaginata farindsa (Schw.) Murrill, Mycologia 4: 3. 1912.
Amanitopsis farinosa Atk. Stud. Am. Fungi 76. 1900.
Soil, New Providence, Watling's Island : — New York to Alabama.

81. Vaginata plumbea (Schaeff.) Murrill, Mycologia 5: 82. 1913.
Amanitopsis vaginata P. Karst. Bidr. Finl. Nat. Folk 32: 6. 1879.
Shaded soil, New Providence : — temperate regions.

Order 4. PHALLALES.

1. Clathrus cancellatus L. Sp. PI. 1179. 1753.

Ground, Fortune Island, Acklin's Island : — tropical and warm-temperate regions.

2. Clathrus crispus Turp.; Fries, Syst. Myc. 2:, 288. 1823.

Dead wood, New Providence, Andros : — tropical regions.

3. Laternea triscapa Turp. Diet. Sci. Nat. 25: 248. 1822.

Sandy soil, New Providence : — tropical America ; Texas ; Chili.

4. Simblum sphaerocephalum Schlecht. Linnaea 31: 154. 1861.

Ground, New Providence : — tropical America.

Order 5. LYCOPERDALES.

1. Diplocystis Wrightii Berk. & Curt.; Berk. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 344. 1868.

Ground, in soil or humus, New Providence, Great Bahama, Great Sturrup Cay,
Fortune Island, Acklin's Island, Crooked Island, Conception Island, Watling's Island,
Eleuthera, Inagua, Andros : — Cuba.

NIDULARIALES. 645

2. G-easter saccatus Fries, Syst. Myc. 3: 16. 1829.

Ground, New Providence : — cosmopolitan.

3. Lycoperdon sp.

Ground and humus, New Providence, Abaco.

Order 6. NIDULAEJALES.

1. Cyathus intermedius (Mont.) Tul. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 1: 72. 1844.

Nidularia intermedia Mont. PL Cell. Cuba 321. 1842.
Dead sticks, New Providence : — tropical regions.

2. Cyathus pallidus Berk. & Curt.; Berk. Journ. Linn. Soc. 10: 346. 1868.

Dead wood, New Providence : — tropical regions.

Class 4. MYXOMYCETES.

The following slime-moulds have been reported on determinations made by
W. G. Farlow. All were collected at Mangrove Cay, Andros. All are widely
distributed.

1. ?Arcyria Oerstedtii Kost. Mycet. Monog. 278. 1875.

2. Arcyria cinerea (Bull.) Pers. Syn. Fung. 184. 1801.

Trichia cinerea Bull. Champ. Fr. 120. 1791.

3. Arcyria punicea Pers. N. Bot. Mag. 1: 90. 1794.

4. Dictydium cancellation (Batsch) Macbr. N. Am. Slime-moulds 172. 1899.

Mucor cancellatus Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 135. 1789.

5. Dictydium squamulosum (Alb. & Schw.) Fries, Syst. Myc. 3: 118. 1829.

Diderma squamulosum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung. 88. 1805.

6. Hemitrichia clavata (Pers.) Rost. Versuch. Mycet. 14. 1873.

Trichia clavata Pers. N. Bot. Mag. 1: 90. 1794.

7. Lycogala epidendrum ((L.) Fries. Syst. Myc. 3: 80. 1829.

Lycoperdon epidendrum L. Sp. PI. 1184. 1753.

8. Physarum compressum Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung. 97. 1805.

9. Physarum globuliferum (Bull.) Pers. Syn. Fung. 175. 1801.

Sphaerocarpus globuliferus Bull. Herb. Fr. pi. 484, f. 3. 1790.

10. Physarum viride Pers.; Usteri, Ann. Bot. 15: 6. 1795.

11. Stemonitis herbatica Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 26: 75. 1875.

EXPLORATION AND COLLECTIONS.

1703. Thomas Walker, Chief Justice for the Bahama Plantation, sent plants
from New Providence to James Petiver in London, as recorded on the last
page of Petiver 's "Musei Petiveriani" in the following paragraph:

30. MR. THOMAS WALKER. This Generous Gentleman, at the desire of
my kind Friend MR. ROBERT ELLIS, hath lately sent me Specimens of the
Brasiletto Wood, and some other Trees and Plants from New Providence,
one of the Bahama Islands: for which I am extreamly obliged to him, and
for his kind Promises of greater Performances, by the next and all Oppor-
tunities.

From information given us by Mr. L. J. K. Brace, it would appear that
Walker lived at Nassau until 1722.

17'25~6. Mark Catesby sailed from Florida to New Providence in 1725 and
there began his studies of the plant life of the island in connection with
his pursuit of general Natural History. He later embodied the results of
his work, with that along the Atlantic Coast, in his excellently illustrated
folios on the ' ' Natural History of the Carolinas, ' ' the fine plates of which
formed one of the bases of Linnaeus' Species. In the course of his work
he is known to have also visited Abaco, Andros and Eleuthera. His plates
illustrating Bahama species are cited in our text with the exception of
plate 86 of the first volume, which we are unable to understand. The
balance of his plates are either not botanical or are plants of the Atlantic
Coast from Virginia southward to North Florida.

He preserved but few specimens of dried plants: one set of these he
gave to his patron, Sir Hans Sloane, this set is now in herb. British
Museum; another to Sherard, now in herb. Oxford; and a third series is
said to have come into the possession of the Physick Garden of Chelsea.

1730-32. Francis Dale, Jr., probably of Hoxton, England, appears to have
collected in both the East and West Indies. In 1730 he sent to Samuel
Dale (a relative) a large number of specimens from New Providence, and
in 1732 another lot from "Bahama, with seeds, some of which were raised
in the Braintree Garden" (Journ. Bot. 21: 227, 1883). His library and
"Hort. Sice." were bequeathed to the Society of Apothecaries of London
with the proviso that they be deposited in the Physick Garden of Chelsea.

1784. F. Boos, in company with F. J. Marter and Dr. J. D. Schopf, visited
New Providence and other islands from March to September 1784. Their
collections consisted principally of living plants which were transferred to
the Botanic Gardens of Schonbrunn, near Vienna, where many of them
were depicted and described by Jacquin. Marter 's plants are in herb.
Munich.

1789. Andre Michaux collected in the Bahamas from Feb. 25 to March 29,
1789. His collection, which consisted largely of living material, was prin-
cipally confined to New Providence though he also explored the nearby

646

EXPLOEATION AND COLLECTIONS. 647

cays. His collections were sent to the Botanical Garden, Paris. (See C.
S. Sargent, "Journal of Andre Michaux" in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 26.
1888.)

1790? Dr. J. W. Crudy collected in the Bahamas "before 1810," and his col-
lections are in the herbarium of the Botanical Museum at Munich, accord-,
ing to Urban ('Symb. Ant. 3: 33). A more recent and extended account
of Crudy and his West Indian collections, by Solereder (Symb. Ant. 7:
145-150), makes no mention of the Bahamas; from this account it seems
clear that Crudy had not collected in the Bahamas prior to 17-89, and that
he died in or before 1793.

1802. J. Fraser, of Chelsea, London, after collecting in the southern United
States and Cuba, spent some time in the field at Nassau, New Providence.
The extent of his collections there is not known to us. The plants are de-
posited, with his personal herbarium', in the Linnean Society, London.

1810? Jean Baptiste Ricord-Madiana, a noted author and naturalist, went to
the West Indies, from New York, in 1810 (?) and there traveled and
practised medicine extensively among the Windward Islands. How large
a series of plants he collected, the exact years (1810-25?), and where his
material was deposited are, at this writing, unknown to us. A very few
sheets have been seen in the herbaria of Harvard University and of the
New York Botanical Garden; these are labeled simply "Turks Island —
Madiana. ' '

1830-42. Swainson (whose identity is not certain: not William Swainson the
Zoologist) collected in the Bahamas between 1830 and 1842. The exact
locality of his field work and the extent of his collections, are not known,
though Mr. Brace judges, from frequent local inquiries, that his plants were
collected, in a large part at least, on Long Island. Grisebach, who chron-
icles the material in his Flora of the British West Indies, mentions
specifically less than 200 species. His plants were turned over to Hooker
and are now in herb. Kew, London.

1857-8, Dr. Wm. F. Daniell collected in the Bahamas in 1857-8. The extent of
his collections is not definitely known. The specimens are in the herbarium
of the British Museum.

1858. J. A. Hjalmarson, of Stockholm, on his return voyage from concholog-
ical collecting in Hayti, stopped off at Grand Turk Island in 1858. Here
he spent a fortnight in field work. The extent of his botanical collection
is not definitely known. His specimens are to be found in the herbaria at
Kew, Gottingen and Berlin.

1859. William Cooper visited New Providence in 1859 for the purpose of
making dredgings for zoological material. While there he collected, in
the neighborhood of Nassau, about 100 plants for his friend, Dr. John
Torrey. The prime set of these plants is now in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden. (See Bull. Torrey Club 17: 187.)

1865. Dr. Anna H. Searing, of Rochester, N. Y., collected to some extent on
New Providence in 1865. The number of specimens, and present location
of her collection we have not been able to positively determine, though the

648 EXPLORATION AND COLLECTIONS.

specimens were probably deposited in the herbarium of the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

1866. Henrik J. Krefos, who spent most of his life on St. Thomas, made a
short trip to New Providence in 1866. The plant collections made by him
on the island are deposited in the herbarium of the Botanical Museum
at 'Copenhagen.

1867-8. Sir Rawson Wm. Rawson collected to some extent on New Providence,
and probably other islands, during his two years incumbency as Governor
of the Bahamas. His collections were sent to the British Museum. Dupli-
cates are to be found in herb. Kew and in Berlin.

1874. Dr. Edward Palmer, well known as a collector upon the North American
mainland, visited Nassau in May, 1874. The algae collected by him were
studied and enumerated by Prof. D. C. Eaton [see Bibliography].

1875-1919. Lewis J. K. Brace began his collections in the Bahamas in
1875. He worked principally on New Providence until 1880, but also
secured material on Fortune Island or Long Cay, and Andros. His work
resulted in about 525 numbers, of which his personal series is now in the
herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden and duplicate sets in the
herbarium at Kew and that of the Field Museum. He began field work
for the survey resulting in this Flora in September, 1904 (see Britton &
Brace), and later in the same year was commissioned by the New York
Botanical Garden to make an exploration of the Abaco Islands, where he
collected as follows: Green Turtle Cay (1475-1515), Allen's Cay (152-6-54),
Spanish Cay (1555-62), Man-o'-War Cay (1563-80), Pigeon Cay (1662-
73), Elbow €ay ( 1688-1712 ), and on the island of Abaco at Butler Cay
(1516-25), Marsh Harbor (1590-1661, 1713-53, 1787-1846), Great Cistern
(1674-87, 1754-86), Cherokee Sound (1847-9, 1898-1980, 1999, 2080-84,
2086), Eight Mile Bay (1850-97), opposite Cherokee Settlement (1981-98,
2064-79), Old Kerr's Point (2000-2036), and California road (2037-63),
a total of 611 numbers. Following this expedition he continued work on
New Providence in localities from which, from time to time, it became
necessary to have more material of previously secured species.

In June, 1905, a commission was given him by both the New York
Botanical Garden and the Field Museum to continue on Great Bahama, the
work already undertaken there. (See Britton & Millspaugh.) On this
exploration he collected at Eight Mile Rocks (3633-5, 3671-3738), Dead-
man's Reef (3631-2), and the western extremity of the island (3484-3630,
3636-37). He also collected on Garden Cay (3658-70), and visited (during
his sailings to and from Great Bahama) North Bimini (3461-75, 3479-83),
South Bimini (3476-8), North Cat Cay (3739-54), and Andros Island
(3755-6), and after returning to New Providence collected Nos. 3893-3918.
He was later commissioned by the New York Botanical Garden and the
Field Museum to make three further explorations. From these he has
returned over 1,800 numbers as follows: Rum Cay (3919-3993); Fortune
Island (3994-4179); Acklin's Island (4260-4471); Crooked Island (4533-
4776); and Andros (4876-5377 and 6657-7139). In the Andros work he

EXPLOKATION AND COLLECTIONS. 649

not only traversed the East side but also made his way around to the diffi-
cult swash region of the West coast, and penetrated the dividing channel
across the southern third of the Island. Mr. Brace also continued his
search for interesting plants on New Providence (7141—7161 and 7905—
7910) and during 1918 and 1919 obtained large collections of Cryptogams
(9395-10138).

1877. H. E. Wm. Robinson, while Governor of the Bahamas, took considerable
interest in the plant life of the islands even to the establishment of an Ex-
perimental Botanic Station for the Study of Economic Plants suitable for
the Islands. His collections of Bahamian plants (19'2 specimens) are in
the herbarium at Kew.

1885-6. John Gardiner spent two years in the Bahamas going there in 1885
as scientific advisor to the Board of Agriculture. Under the direction of
Governor H. A. Blake he spent a considerable time in botanically exploring
New Providence and the Out Islands, notably Andros, Berry Islands, At-
wood Cay, Inagua and the Biminis- at the latter place he lost his notes and
books of reference through the wreck of his vessel. Unfortunately he made
no collections during his Bahama explorations, contenting himself with
analyzing the plants in the field and recording his results in the lost note
books.

1886. F. H. Herrick worked on Abaco, Pawpaw Cay, Joe's Cay and Little
Abaco in June 1886, devoting most of his time to zoology. He made a
small collection of plants which is now in the herbarium of Yale University.
A large number of the species in the list of 66 plants published by Eaton &
Setchell, were, however, reported from his field observations only.

18'87. Charles S. Dolley visited New Providence in 1887 and has recently
resided at Nassau. His private herbarium, principally of plants collected
in the United States, is deposited in the herbarium of the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. [See Bibliography.]

1887-88. H. F. A. von Eggers, plant collector for many years in various parts
of the West Indies and South America, was on Grand Turk in July, 1887.
From January to March, 18*88, he collected on Acklin's, Fortune, Long,
and Hog Islands, and on New Providence under the auspices of the com-
mittee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

1889-91. Alexander Keith, of Edinburgh, owner of a sisal plantation on
Andros, collected a few plants on that island especially for Mrs. Northrop
(whom see). Those preserved are in the Herbarium of the New York
Botanical Garden.

1890. Mrs. Alice (Rich) Northrop, accompanied by her husband, Prof. John
I. Northrop, made, in 1890, a large collection of the plants of New Provi-
dence (nos. 1-239, 280-331), Eose Island (251), Salt Cay (240-244, 271-
279), Hog Island (245-8, 252-70), and Andros (332-758). These plants
formed the basis of Mrs. Northrop 's "Flora of New Providence and An-
dros." They are now deposited in equal sets in the herbaria of the Field
Museum and the New York Botanical Garden. Very full sets are also to
be found in the herbarium at Kew and at Berlin.
42

650 EXPLORATION AND COLLECTIONS.

1890. Prof. J .T. Rothrock made, in the interests of the University of Penn-
sylvania, an expedition to the British West Indies in his 41-ton yawl
"White Cap" during the winter of 1890-91. On this expedition he col-
lected 4 days on New Providence; 2 on Cat Island; a part of one day on
Watling's; 2 days on Crooked Island; '2 on Fortune Island, and a day on
Great Inagua. His collecting was done independently from that of Prof.
Hitchcock, who accompanied him. The first set was deposited in the her-
barium of the University of Pennsylvania; the second, comprising 162
sheets, he has kindly placed in the herbarium of the Field Museum and the
third in the herbarium1 of the New York Botanical Garden.
1890. Prof. Albert S. Hitchcock collected in the Bahamas in November and
December, 1890. The collections were largely made on New Providence,
Eleuthera, Cat, Watling's, 'Crooked, Fortune, and Inagua and form the
basis of his "Plants collected in the Bahamas," etc. The material col-
lected was deposited in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden,
from which, through the kindness of the director, Dr. William Trelease, the
authors have been allowed to reassemble the sheets. The collection, em-
bracing about 600 sheets, is at this writing a loan to the Field Museum.
Through a later purchase of his * ' Florida Herbarium ' ' the Field Museum
secured 133 duplicate sheets of the Bahama plants.

1893. Miss Bertha Wilson accompanied the Bahamian Expedition from the
State University of Iowa in May and June, 1893, collecting — principally
algae — on Egg Island, Harbor Island, Eleuthera, New Providence, Cat Cay
and Water Cay. (Narrative of the Bahamian Expedition, Nutting.) On
leaving the university she took her collections with her in the anticipation
of determining the species. All trace of them has since been lost to the
botanists of the institution. Her land plants are said to have been but
scraps and to have been thrown away.

1893-4. G. F. Curtiss, of iSchenectady, New York, an amateur collector of
ferns, spent the winter of 1893-4 on the islands. The extent of his col-
lecting (which was doubtless of ferns only) is unknown. Although his
private herbarium has lately come into the possession of the Field Museum
of Natural History it contains 'but one sheet from the Bahamas and that
from Andros.

1900-2. Mrs. Emilia Royce (Crane) Anthony, of Gouverneur, N. Y., collected
the ferns of the neighborhood of Nassau, New Providence, in 1900 to 1902.
Her personal collections were destroyed in the great fire at Jacksonville,
Florida. Duplicates of her series were deposited in the private herbaria
of B. D. Gilbert, Clayville, N. Y. ; and W. N. Clute, Joliet, 111.
1901. Dr. John W. Harshberger, while on his passage to Hayti, spent a por-
tion of July 1, 1901, in the vicinity of Matthewtown, Inagua, during the
call of his steamer at that port. He made a small collection which was
sent to Prof. Urban, for determination, and is now in the herbarium of the
Botanical Garden of Berlin.

1903. Prof. I*. S. Earle collected during one day only, on New Providence
(Nos. 1-79), while on his way to Cuba, in March, 1903. His plants,

EXPLOEATION AND COLLECTIONS. 651

largely from the vicinity of Nassau, are in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden.

1903. Prof. Lucien M. Underwood and E. W. D, Holway accompanied
Prof. Earle on the trip (mentioned above). Prof. Holway informs us
that his collections consisted solely of Rusts. These are at present in his
private herbarium.

1903. A. H. Curtiss collected his first series of "West Indian Plants" in
April, 1903, in the neighborhood of Nassau, New Providence. This series
comprises numbers 1—211, of which the prime set, with the unnumbered
unicates, is deposited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden,
the first distributed set in the Herbarium of the Field Museum and several
others in various American and European herbaria.

1903. Dr. William C. Coker, botanist of the Bahamian expedition of the
Geographical Society of Baltimore, assisted by Messrs. C. A. Shore and F.
M. Hanes, collected in the summer of 1903 on the following islands: New
Providence (1-193, 247-305, 551), Andres Island and Little and Great
Mangrove Cays (194-234), Green Cay (235-246), George's Island (306-
317), Eleuthera (318-421), Cat Island (422-437), Bum Cay (438-457),
Watling's Island (458-491, 521, 5'28), Long Island (492-520, 524), Water
Cay (523, 525), Abaco (558-568, 575-6), and Elbow Cay (569-574). This
collection was deposited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Gar-
den, and forms the basis of his "Vegetation of the. Bahama Islands" in
Shattuck's "The Bahama Islands." Owing to the insufficiency of the
material secured many phanerogams therein published are based upon
provisional determinations only. The cryptogams exist under a separate
series of numbers.

1904. Dr. N. L. Britton collected on New Providence in April, 1904, in the
neighborhood of Nassau, South Side Beach, Blue Hills, Farrindon Eoad,
West Bay Street Road, Cunningham Road, Lake Cunningham, and Old
Fort. In this preliminary investigation, in company with Millspaugh, he
collected 158 numbers (1-158). An account of the field work is published
in the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 5: 129^136. See also
Britton & Brace, and Britton, & Millspaugh.

1904. Dr. C. F. Millspaugh began his collections among the islands on New
Providence, in April, 1904, in company with Dr. N. L. Britton (see Brit-
ton), visiting substantially the same stations, where, as his collecting was
to extend to other islands, he kept his individual series of numerals. He
collected at the following localities: Blue Hills (2048-2100), South Shore
(2101-2151 and 22i62-2277), West Bay Street road ('2152^2178), pine
barrens and hammock lands along Lake Cunningham road (2179-2217),
region of Lake Cunningham (2218-2'244), Farringdon Road (2245-7),
Swingate (2248-51), Old Fort (2252-4), and Waterloo (2255-61). Then
hiring and commissioning a sloop, he sailed in company with DT. M. A.
Howe for an investigation of the Bimini Islands, collecting at the follow-
ing stations: West End Bight, New Providence (2278-2293), Joulter's
Cays (2294-2304), Gun Cay (2305-2328), North .Cat Cay (2-329-2347,

652 EXPLOEATION AND COLLECTIONS.

2415), South Bimini (2348-2368, 2379-85, 2387-98, 2406-2414), North
Bimini (2369-78, 2386, 2399-2405), South Ca^ (2416-2441). Again in
January, 1905, he collected in the following localities while awaiting the
arrival of Dr. Britton (see Britton & Millspaugh) ; Blue Hills road (2442-
44, 2461-81), Silver Cay (2445-2460), and South Side, Soldiers Eoad, Fort
Montague and Fort Fincastle (2482-2502). (See also Britton and Mills-
paugh, and Millspaugh and Millspaugh.)

1904. Britton and Brace — Dr. N. L. Britton, Mrs. E. G. Britton, and Mr. Lewis
J. K. Brace collected together on New Providence (nos. 159-328, 361-872),
and Hog Island (329-360), in September and October, 1904. They ranged
New Providence with great thoroughness, penetrating to the coast region
north, east, south and west, and to the coppices, pine barrens, and openings
in the neighborhood of Nassau, Fort Montague, Farringdon Eoad, Swin-
gate, Maidenhead, Tea House, Kace Course, Delaport, Fox Hills, Village
Eoad, Mt. Vernon, Eifle Eange, Harold Eoad, Carmichael, Adelaide, South-
west Landing, Miller's, Blue Hills, Soldiers Eoad, Lake Cunningham, Win-
ton, Old Fort, Waterloo, Clifton, Mt. Pleasant, Fort Charlotte, Gambier,
Killarney, Bonefish Pond, and Seven Hills. The commoner things were not
taken, the attempt being made to secure only such species as were pre-
viously unfamiliar or those which had only been gathered when out of
character. This survey resulted in 714 particularly interesting plants,
embracing the series of numbers indicated above. The prime set of these
collections is deposited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden, the duplicates in the herbarium of the Field Museum.

An account of this expedition is published in the Journal of the New
York Botanical Garden 5: 201-209.

1904, 1905, 1907. Dr. Marshall A. Howe, phycologist of the New York Botan-
ical Garden, has collected extensively the sea vegetation of the Bahamas,
accompanying C. F. Millspaugh on his first trip, and later the first expedi-
tion of Britton and Millspaugh. (See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gar. 5: 129-136
and 6: 77-85.) In 1907 he accompanied Mr. Percy Wilson on the expe-
dition to the southern islands (see Wilson) whence he returned a large
amount of interesting and critical additional material. His large collection
of algae is deposited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.
1904. Alex. E. Wight, under the patronage of the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge,
Mass., made a Bahamian collection of 281 numbers from December, 1904,
to May, 1905. He collected on New Providence and Hog Island (1-226 and
271-274), and on Andros at Mangrove Cay, Fresh Creek, Calabash Bay,
and Small Hope (227-270). The resulting plants were determined at the
Field Museum and the initial set retained (with the exception of about
six numbers in the Orchidaceae which are in the herbarium of Prof. Oakes
Ames). Duplicate sets have been deposited in the Gray Herbarium and the
herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden.

1904. Geo. V. Nash and Norman Taylor, of the New York Botanical
Garden, were commissioned by the Garden, in October, 3904, to in-
vestigate the Inaguas. They made an exhaustive survey of the islands,

EXPLOEATION AND COLLECTIONS. 653

collecting on Inagua 482 numbers (874-1138 and 1258-1474), on Sheep
Cay 23 numbers (1139^-1161), and on Little Inagua 96 numbers (1162-
1257). In September, 1905, on their return from an exploration in
Haiti, they spent a week on Grand Turk Island, collecting all such plants
as were noted by them at that season, 136 numbers (3757-3892). Accounts
of these expeditions may be found in the Journal of the New York Botan-
ical Garden 6: 1-19 and 189-191.

1904. Glover M. Allen and Thomas Barbour, while collecting zoological mate-
rial on the Bahamas in July, 1904, gave considerable attention to the plant
life of Abaco, Elbow Cay, Great Guana Cay, Little Abaco, Pensacola Cays,
Stranger Cay and Great Bahama. Their collections amounting to about
1001 sheets are deposited in the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass.

1904. Owen Bryant collected a number of plants on Mangrove Cay and Andros
in 1904 while engaged in zoological investigations there. His plants are
in Herb. Gray, Cambridge, Mass.

1905 and 1907. Britton and Millspaugh — the authors of this Flora, accom-
panied by Dr. M. A. Howe, began an exploration of the Berry Islands,
Great Bahama, and the Exuma Chain, in January, 1905. A schooner was
chartered and equipped at Nassau, where, after a day's delay on account
of heavy weather (during which collecting was done in the scrublands and
coppices south of Nassau (2085-2110), the expedition began at Eose
Island (2111-2166) and Hog Island (2167-2176). The first island of the
Berry Group visited was Whale Cay ('2177-2201), followed by Frozen Cay
(2202-2224), Little Harbor Cay (2225-2254), Great Sturrup Cay (2255-
285), Goat Cay (2286-2301), Lignum Vitae Cay (2302-2332), and Great
Harbor Cay (2333-2354). The exploration began on Great Bahama Island
at Eight Mile Eocks (2355-2596), and was continued at Barnett's Point
(2597-2716), and Golden Grove (2717-2741). Eeturning to Nassau, a
fresh start was made to the Exuma Chain, of which the following islands
were diligently searched: Ship Channel Cay (2742-2767), Cay north of
Wide Opening (2768-2804), Cave Cay (2805-2836), Little Galiot (2837-
2850), Great Galiot (2851-2860), Great Guana (2861-2922), Great Exuma
(2923-3051, 3073-3141), and! Stocking Island (3052-3072).

On Great Exuma the regions studied were the scrub lands and coppices
lying west of Georgetown: Hayne's Eoad from the east to the west shores
across the island; and the Eolletown scrub lands and coppices. The total
series of this exploration is 1,057 sheets. An account of this expedition
may be found in Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 6 : 78-85.

They further undertook, in 1907, a very exhaustive exploration of the Out
Islands, embracing the following localities: Eleuthera, from the Glass Win-
dow to Harbor Island (5376-5404) ; Glass Window to Gregorytown (5405-
5440); Governor's Harbor and vicinity (5441-5542); Eock Sound and
vicinity (5543-5590); Miller's and Bannermantown and vicinities (5591-
5613) and in the vicinity of the extreme southern point of the island (5614-
5656). Little San Salvador (5657-5701). Cat Island, from Orange Creek
around the extreme north end of the island, down the northeast shore of

654 EXPLORATION AND COLLECTIONS.

Cotton Point and across (5702-5791); the vicinity of The Bight and
across the island and back (5792-5945) ; and Port Howe and vicinity
(5946-598-6). Conception Island (5987-6043). Watling's Island, Cock-
burntown vicinity (6044—6144) ; from Cockburntown across Little and
Great Lakes to the Light on the east coast (6145-6169) ; Graham's Har-
bor south along the east coast to Columbus' Monument (6170-6188) ; Gra-
ham's Harbor around the north end of the island to Cockburntown (6189-
6224). Long Island, vicinity of Clarencetown and across the island to the
west shore, and on Thatch and Strachan's Cays (6225-6359) ; and the ex-
treme north end of the island at Cape St. Maria (6360-6370). New Provi-
dence in the vicinity of Nassau.

1905, 1907. Mrs. N. L. Britton, often accompanied by her cousin, Mr. Brace,
visited, in April and May, 1905, all those stations on New Providence
previously collected by Britton & Brace, at which it had become desirable
to secure additional material of interesting plants or characters missing on
previous notable species. In addition to achieving marked success in this
undertaking, she secured many other plants of particular interest. Her sur-
vey resulted in 310 sheets (nos. 3141-3460), and is mentioned in the Journal
of the New York Botanical Garden 5: 129-136. In 1907 she accompanied
her husband and the co-author as far as Harbor Island and remained there,
as a base, while working that island and the extreme north end of Eleuthera
(63,70-6527). Returning to New Providence she did further discriminating
field work on that island (6529-6656) while awaiting the return of the
authors' second expedition.

1907 and 1909. Percy Wilson, of the New York Botanical Garden, on a com-
mission from that institution and the Field Museum, accompanied by Dr.
Howe, made an exploration of the southeastern islands from November 22
to December 29, 1907. His field was as follows: Cat Island, at The Bight
(7163-7197) and the southwest end of the island (7198-7202). Watling's
Island, at Cockburntown (7203-7225); Graham's Harbor (7226-7258);
and the extreme southeast and southwest ends (7259-7336 and 7337-7359).
Atwood's Cay (Samana) (7360-7424 and 7903-7904). Mariguana, at a
point ten miles west of Abraham Bay (7425-7451) ; Abraham Bay and
vicinity (7452-7540) ; five miles west of Southeast Point (7541-7557) and
at Southeast Point (7558-7589). The Caicos Islands: on South Caieos
(7590-7693); Pine Cay (7694-7697); North Caicos at Kew and vicinity
(7698-7748); Providenciales (7749-7752) and West Caicos (7753-7763);
Little Inagua, at the western end (7764-7782). Castle Island (7783-7802).
The Ragged Cays, at Great Ragged Island (7803-7869) and Hog Cay
(7870-7882). The Exuma Chain, at Harvest Cay (7883-7808); and Rose
Island (7899-7902). From May 13 to June 7, 1909, he explored the Cay
Sal Bank, spending four days on Anguilla Islands (7932-8078, 8438) and
one day each on Salt Cay (8079-8124), Water Cay (8132-8159), and
Elbow Cay (8125-8131). On the trip out he spent one day at Riding
Rocks (7912-7924), and one on Orange Cay (7925-7931), of the Bimini
Group; and on his return to Nassau: six days collecting on New Provi-

EXPLOKATION AND COLLECTIONS. 655

dence (8168-8247, 8323-8343, 8370-8413, 8434-8437) and four on Hog
Island (8248-8322, 8344-8469, 8414-8433). The collections are deposited
in duplicate in the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden and the
Field Museum.

1910. Small and Carter. Feeling that the central portion of Andros, fifteen
miles from the sea, might yield species not to be found on any other of the
islands, Dr. John K. Small and Mr. Joel J. Carter were commissioned by
the New York Botanical Garden and the Field Museum of Natural History
to make a thorough survey of the interior, especially in the Fresh Creek
region, the broadest part of the island. This they thoroughly did and
added two other central areas to their field of exploration (see Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 11: 88-101). Beginning January 15, 1910, they collected on
Mangrove Cay at Lisbon Creek (8439-8540), passed southward to Deep
Creek (8541-8637), and worked northward to Smith Hill (8638-8689),
Crow Hill (8690-8746), Fresh Creek (8747-8841), Staniard Creek (8842-
8919) and concluded their work at the north end of the island: Nicholas
Town (8920-8976).

From the fact that these two indefatigable and acute Florida Everglade
workers failed to bring to light more than 8 species not before accredited
to the Bahamas in our lists it would appear: first, that the great breadth of
Andros does not mitigate the salinity; second, that previous collecting had
pretty thoroughly covered the flora of the group.

1911. Millspaugh and Millspaugh. C. F. Millspaugh and his wife (Clara
Mitchell Millspaugh) undertook, in February and March, 1911, a survey of
the Turk's and Caicos Islands in order to ascertain the most southerly ex-
tension of the species of this Flora. They collected on Grand Turk Island
(8981-9059; 9324-9347; 9378-9390) ; then, chartering a sloop, investigated
the following islands: East Caicos (9060-9114) ; Grand Caicos (9115-
9122) ; North Caicos (9123-9191) ; Bay Cay (9192) ; Parrot Cay (9193-
9204); Stubb's Cay (9205-9210); Pine Cay (9211^9215); Dellis' Cay
(9216-9225); South Caicos (9226-9233; 9240-9247); Long Cay (9234-
9239; 9274); Salt Cay (9248-9262; 9392); Sand Cay (9263-9270; 9391);
Ambergris Cay (9275-9316) ; Little Ambergris Cay (9317-9323) ; Long
•Cay (Turk's) (9348-9350); Gibbs' Cay (9351-9356); Cotton Cay (9357-
9363); Penniston Cay (9364); and East ("Eastern") Cay (9365-9377).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREPARED WITH THE CO-OPERATION OF JOHN H. BARNHART

Only documents dealing wholly or chiefly with Bahamian plants, and the
more important treatises on West Indian, botany including references to
Bahama species are here cited.

Allen, Glover M., and Barbour, Thomas. Narrative of a Trip to the Bahamas.

•Cambridge, Mass. Privately printed. 1904.
Ames, Oakes. A new Ponthieva from the Bahamas. Torreya 10: 90, 91. 1910.

Description of Ponthieva Brittonae.
Anonymous. Agave seen by Columbus found. Discovery 1: 30-32. 1907.

Popular account of the Agave indagatorum of Watling's Island.
Anthony, Emilia C. Fern Hunting in Nassau. Fern Bull. 10: 65-68. 1902.

Popular account of ferns found on New Providence.
Bennett, John J. Note on the Species of Croton described by Linnaeus under

the Names of Clutia Eluteria and Croton Cascarilla. Journ. and Proc.

Linn. Soc. Bot. 4: 26-30. 1859. Copied in Pharm. Journ. and Trans. II.

1: 132-134. 1860. German translation under the title "Ueber die

Croton- Art, welch die Cortex Cascarillae lief ert. ' ' Bonplandia 9 : 213-

215. 1861.

Discussion of three species inhabiting the Bahamas.
Britton, N. L, Eeview of the Provisional List of the Plants of the Bahama

Islands. BuU. Torr. Club 17: 187, 188'. 1890.

Britton, N. L. A new Waltheria from the Bahamas. Torreya 3: 105, 106.
1903.

Description of Waltheria bahamensis.
Britton, N. L. Explorations in Florida and the Bahamas. Journ. N. Y. Bot.

Gard. 5: 129-136. 1904.

Eecord of the first visit of Dr. Britton, Dr. Millspaugh and Dr. Howe
to New Providence.
Britton, N. L. Eeport on Exploration of the Bahamas. Journ. N. Y. Bot.

Gard. 5: 201-209. 1904.

Record of collecting on New Providence with Mrs. Britton and Mr. L.
J. K. Brace.
Britton, N. L, Savia bahamensis. Torreya 4: 104, 105. 1904.

Description of a species new to science.
Britton, N. L. Notes on the Flora of the Bahamas. Torreya 4: 190. 1904.

Remarks before the Torrey Botanical Club upon the flora of New Provi-
dence.
Britton, N. L. Contributions to the Flora of the Bahama Islands. Bull. N. Y.

Bot. Gard. 3: 441-453; 4: 115-127; 137-143; 5: 311-318. 1905-1907.

656

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 657

Descriptions of new species and records of distribution of species. Each
of the four Contributions was distributed separately in advance.
Britton, N. L. Explorations in the Bahamas. Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 78-

85. 1905.

Narrative of exploration of Rose Island, the Berry Islands, Great Bahama
and the Exuma Cays with Dr. Millspaugh and Dr. Howe.
Britton, N. L. Report on the Continuation of the Botanical Exploration of

the Bahama Islands. Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 71-81. 1907.

Narrative of exploration, with Dr. Millspaugh, of Eleuthera, Little San
Salvador, Cat Island, Conception Island, Watling's Island, and Long Island.
Mrs. Britton and Mrs. Millspaugh collected on Harbor Island.
Britton, N. L. The Genus Ernodea Swartz: A Study of Species and Races.

Bull. Torr. Club 35: 203-208. 1908.

Discussion of the six species of the Bahamas, three described as new.
Britton, N. L. The Botanical Name of the Wild Sapodilla. Torreya 11: 128,

129. 1911.

Synonymy of Mimusops emarginata (L.) Britton.
Britton, N. L. Four Undescribed West Indian Sedges. Torreya 13: 215-217.

1913.

Stenophyllus Wilsoni, Fimbristylis inaguensis, Eynchospora baliamensis
from the Bahamas.
Catesby, Mark. The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama

Islands. 2 vols., folio, London, ' 1 1731 " and ' ' 1734. ' '

Issued in ten parts, of twenty plates each, 1730^-43; and an appendix of
twenty plates, 1748. The plates are numbered 1-100 in each volume, and
1-80 in the appendix. Each plate, as a rule, illustrated one animal and one
plant, and descriptive text accompanied each object figured; these include
about sixty-five Bahama plants.

A second issue in 1754, "revised" by George Edwards, librarian to the
Royal College of Physicians, is a mere reprint, with the addition of a sheet
at the end of each volume giving the Linnaean names of the animals and
plants in the work.

A third issue, in 1771, differs from the preceding only in the resetting of
the title-page and preface, and the numbering of the pages and plates of the
appendix consecutively with those of the second volume.

The London issues all had the text in both English and French, in parallel
columns. There was another edition (Niirnberg, 1750), with text in Latin
and German, in parallel columns; this contained a few additional plates, not
in Catesby 's work.

The Bradley Bibliography mentions also a German translation by Huth

(Niirnberg, 1755), and a Dutch translation by Houttuyn in nine volumes

(Amsterdam, 1772-81), but both are indicated as not seen by the compiler.

Coker, William C. Vegetation of the Bahama Islands. In Shattuck " The

Bahama Islands," 185-270. Baltimore, 1905. Also issued as a separate.

Contains an account of previous botanical exploration, a discussion of the
composition and relationships of the flora and of its' distribution, notes on
useful plants indigenous and introduced, a description of the botanical for-

658 BIBLIOGKAPHY.

mations, and a list of the plants collected lay the author in 1903; several
species are described as new.
Committee. Eeport of the Committee, consisting of Messrs. W. Carruthers,

W. F. R. Weldon, J. G. Baker, G. M. Murray, and W. T. Thiselton-Dyer
(Secretary), appointed for the Purpose of Exploring the Flora of the

Bahamas. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 58 : 361-363. 1889. Also reprinted.

Baron Eggers made collections for this Committee in 1887 and 1888.
Daniell, William F. On the Cascarilla and other species of Croton of the

Bahamas and other West Indian Islands. Pharm. Journ. and Trans. II.

4: 144-150; 226-231. 1863.

Botanical and pharmaceutical descriptions of the Bahama Crotons, with
illustrations.
Dolley, C. S, The Botany of the Bahamas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1889 :

130-134. 1889.

Remarks upon the flora, with reference to the list of plants presented by
him for publication. (See Gardiner, John, and Brace, L. J. K.)
Dyer, W. T. Thiselton. Flora of the Bahamas. Nature 37: 565, 566. 1888.

Account of exploration, with a letter from Baron Eggers.
Eaton, D. C. A List of the Marine Algae collected by Dr. Edward Palmer on

the Coast of Florida and at Nassau, Bahama Islands, March-August, 1874.

8vo, pp. 6. New Haven, 1875.

Record of about 30 species found at Nassau, New Providence.
Eaton, D. C., and Setchell, W. A. List of Plants from Abaco Island, Bahamas.

Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. 6: 46, 47. 1886.

A list of 66 species collected by F. H. Herrick or observed by him.
Eggers, H. F. A. Die Bahama Inseln. Globus 62: 209-214. Braunschweig,

1892.

A brief general account of the islands and of their vegetation.
Ekman, E. L. West Indian Vernoniae. Arkiv. Bot. 1315: 1-106, pi. 6. 1914.

Includes the Bahama species.
Evans, Alexander W. The Hepaticae of the Bahama Islands. Bull. Torr. Club

38: 205-222. 1911.

Enumeration with distribution of 34 species, three of them illustrated, with
descriptions, as new to science.
Gardiner, John, and Brace, L. J. K. Provisional List of the Plants of the

Bahama Islands, arranged with notes and additions by Charles S. Dolley.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1889: 349-426. 1889. Also issued as a

separate.

An annotated catalogue of over 600 Bahama plants based upon a manu-
script list prepared by Mr. Brace, with a glossary and index of popular
names. This document is cited in the present volume as of Dolley.
Gleason, Henry A. The Genus Vernonia in the Bahamas. Bull. Torr. Club 33:

183-188. 1906. [Separately as Contr. Bot. Dept. Col. Univ. no. 224.]

Records and descriptions of the five species, three of them described as new.
Grisebach, A. H. E. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. 8vo, pp. 789.

London, 1859-1864.

BIBLIOGEAPHY. 659

Published in seven parts. Includes records and descriptions of about 200
Bahamian species mostly from specimens collected by Swainson and by
Hjalmarson.

Grisebach, A. H. R. Die geographische Verbreitung der Pflanzen Westindiens.
Abhand. Koenigl: Gesell. Wiss. Goettingen 12: 3-80. 1865. Also issued as
a separate.

A treatise on geographic distribution of West Indian species, with refer-
ences to those of the Bahamas.
Guppy, H. B. The Flora of the Turks' Islands. In his "Plants, Seeds and

Currents in the West Indies and Azores" 277-293. 8vo. London, 1917.
Harshberger, John W. Notes on the Strand Flora of Great Inagua, Haiti and

Jamaica. Torreya 3: 67-70. 1903.

Herrick, F. H. Notes on the Flora of Abaco and adjoining Islands. Johns
Hopkins Univ. Circ. 6: 46. 1886.
General account of the vegetation.

Hitchcock, A. S. A visit to the West Indies. Bot. Gaz. 16: 130-141. 1891.
Narrative of a trip with J. T. Eothrock, including exploration on New
Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Watling's Island, Crooked Island, For-
tune Islands and Inagua.

Hitchcock, A. S. List of Plants collected in the Bahamas, Jamaica and Grand
Cayman. Eep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 4: 47-179. 1893. Also distributed sepa-
rately in advance.

Eecord of the trip above mentioned, with a catalogue of the plants col-
lected, a discussion of the relations of the Bahama Flora, descriptions and
illustrations of new species and tables of distribution.

Hitchcock, A. S. List of Cryptogams collected in the Bahamas, Jamaica and
Grand Cayman. Eep. Mo/ Bot. Gard. 9 : 111-120. 1898. Also distributed
separately in advance.

Bahama species are listed of Lichens determined by T. A. Williams, of
Basidiomycetes by W. G. Farlow, of Uredineae by M. A. Carleton, of
Ustilagiineae by P. Magnus and of Pyrenomycetes and Peronosporaceae by
J. B. Ellis. Nine new species of Pyrenomycetes are described.
Hitchcock, A. S., and Chase, Agnes. Grasses of the West Indies. Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 18: 261-471. 1917.
Contains many records of Bahama species.

Hooker, J. D. Bahama Flora. Eep. Progr. and Cond. Eoyal Gardens Kew
for 1880, 30. 1881.

Note on the receipt at Kew of a collection made by L. J. K. Brace.
House, Homer D. Two Bahamian Species of Evolvulus. Bull. Torr. Club 35 :
89, 90. 1908.

Evolvulus ~bahamensis and E. Bracei, new species.

Howe, Marshall A. Notes on Bahaman Algae. Bull. Torr. Club 31: 93-100,
pi 6. 1904. [Separately as Contr. N. Y. Bot. Gard. no. 51.]
Eecords of the algae collected by Dr. W. C. Coker in 1903.
Howe, Marshall A. Collections of Marine Algae from Florida and the Ba-
hamas. Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 5: 164-166. 1904.

660 BTBLIOGKAPHY.

Narrative of collections made on the shores of New Providence, at Joulter 's
Cays, Gun Cay, the Biminis, North and South Cat Cays, in company of Dr.
Millspangh on the sloop "Cynosure."

Howe, Marshall A. Phycological Studies — I. New Chlorophyceae from Florida
and the Bahamas. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 241-252, pi. 11-15. 1905.
[Separately as Contr. N. Y. Bot. Gard. no. 67.]

Descriptions and illustrations of one genus and three species new to science.
Howe, Marshall A, Phycological Studies — II. New Chlorophyceae, new Eho-
dophyceae, and miscellaneous Notes. Bull. Torr. Club 32: 563-571, pi. %3-
29. 1905. ['Separately as Contr. N. Y. Bot. Gard. no. 72.]
Includes descriptions and illustrations of one genus and three species, new
to science, from the Bahamas.

Howe, Marshall A. Phycological Studies — IV. The Genus Neomeris and
Notes on other Siphonales. Bull. Torr. Club 36: 75-104, pi. 1-8. 1909.
[Separately as Contr. N. Y. Bot. Gard. no. 120.]

Includes descriptions and illustrations of four Bahamian species new to
science.

Howe, Marshall A., and Wilson, Percy. Eeport on the Botanical Exploration
of the Bahama and Caicos Islands. Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 41-50.
1908.

Narrative of collecting on Watling's Island, Atwood Cay, Mariguana, the
Caicos Islands, Little Inagua, Providenciales, Castle Island, Great Sagged
Island and Harvey's Cay.

Jackson, J. R. Princewood Bark, a Febrifuge from the Bahamas. Pharm.
Journ. and Trans. III. 6: 681. 1876.
Note on the bark of Exostema caribaeum.
Millspaugh, C. F. A new Bahaman Euphorbia. Torreya 4: 172. 1904.

Euphorbia cayensis, from Joulter 's Cays.

Millspaugh, C. F. Praenunciae bahamenses. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 137-184; 289-
321. 1906, 1909.

Contains accounts of collectors and collections, largely republished in the
present volume (pp. 646-655), bibliography, a list of the islands on which
collections have been made, lists of species- of several families with descrip-
tions of numerous novelties and a list of native plant names.
Murray, G. Catalogue of the Marine Algae of the West Indian Region. Journ.
Bot. 26: 193-196, 237-243, 303-307, 331-338, 358-363. 1888; 27: 237-
242, 257-262, 298-305. 1889.

Includes numerous records of the occurrence of marine algae in the
Bahamas.

Nash, Geoige V. Botanical Exploration of the Inagua Islands, Bahamas.
Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6 : 1-19. 1905.

Narrative of exploration of Inagua and Little Inagua in 1904, with Nor-
man Taylor.

Nash, George V. A Trip to the Inaguas. Plant World 8 : 63-71 ; 91-98. 1905.
Also issued as a separate.
Popular account of the exploration of Inagua and Little Inagua.

BIBLIOGKAPHY. 661

Northrop, Alice B. Flora of New Providence and Andros. Mem. Torr. Club
12: 1-98, pi. 1-19. 1902.

A general account of the location and conformation of these two islands,
their botanical regions, an annotated list of plants collected by Mrs. Northrop
and her husband, John I. Northrop, in 1890, with descriptions and illustra-
tions of new species and discussions of the distribution of species.
Nutting, C. C. Narrative and Preliminary Eeport of Bahama Expedition.
Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa 3: 1-252. 1895.

Contains occasional references to the vegetation observed during a voyage
in 1893.
Rothrock, J. T. Some Observations on the Bahamas and Jamaica. Proc. Am.

Phil. Soc. 29: 145-148. 1892. Also issued as a separate.

Bydberg, P. A. The Flowers and Fruit of the Turtle Grass. Journ. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 10: 261-264. 1909.

Study of Thalassia testudinum, from 'Bahama specimens collected by Percy
Wilson.

Schoepf, J. D. Materia Medica Americana potissimum regni vegetabilis.
8vo, pp. xviii, 170. Erlangen, 1787. Eeprinted as Bull. Lloyd Library
no. 6 (Eeprod. Ser. 3). 1903.

Includes references to some 30 wild and cultivated species found in the
Bahamas.

Schoepf, J. D. Eeise durch einige der mittlern und siidlichen Vereinigten
Staaten nach Ost-Florida und den Bahama Inseln unternommen in den
Jahren 1783 und 1784. 2 volumes. Erlangen, 1788. [Translated and
edited by Alfred J. Morrison, under the title "Travels in the Confedera-
tion." 2 volumes, small 8vo, Philadelphia, 1911.]

A chapter in the second volume (pp. 396-502), "Eeise von St. Augustin
nach den Bahama-Inseln " [Translation, pp. 252-319, "Voyage from St.
Augustine to the Bahama Islands"] describes the Gulf Stream', Abaco, Egg
Island and New Providence, with records of plants both cultivated and
indigenous.

Small, J. K. Eeport on Botanical Exploration in Andros, Bahamas. Journ.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 88-101. 1910.
Narrative of exploration, with J. J. Carter, in 1910.
Small, J. K. Exploration in Andros. Torreya 10: 131-133. 1910.

Account of the work above-mentioned before the Torrey Botanical Club.
Urban, Ignatz. Additamenta ad Cognitionem Florae Indiae Oeeidentalis.
Bot. Jahrb. 15: 286-361; 19: 562-681; 21: 514-638; 24: 10-152. 1892-
1897.

These articles contain numerous records and descriptions of Bahama plants.
Urban, Ignatz. Symbolae Antillanae sen Fundamenta Florae Indiae Oeei-
dentalis. 8vo, vols. 1-7. Berlin, 1898-1913.

Each volume wyas published in four parts; the work contains many records
and descriptions of Bahama species and lists and monographs of many
families and genera of West Indian plants written by Professor Urban and
by other students.

662 BIBLIOGEAPHY.

Wilson, Henry W. A Winter Visit to the Bahama Islands. Trans. Mass. Hort.
Soc. 1891: 210-229. 1891.

General description of several of the islands with accounts of the vegeta-
tion, especially of cultivated or conspicuous plants, illustrated.
Wilson, Percy. Eeport on the Botanical Exploration of the Islands of the Salt
Key Bank, Bahamas. Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 173-176. 1909.
Becord of collections made in 1909 on Biding Bocks, Orange Key, Anguilla
Isles, Salt Key (Cay Sal), Elbow Key, and Water Key; also on New
Providence.

INDEX

Abelmoschus, 272

esculentus, 272
Abena jamaicensis, 366
Abildgaardia, 52

monostachya, 52
Above-all, 396
Abraham-bush, 220
Abrus, 187

Abrus, 187

precatorius, 187
Abutilon, 264.

abutiloides, 265

Bushy, 265

wispum, 266

Eggersii, 264

flliforme, 266

Hairy, 265

hirtum, 265

indicum, 265

indicum hirtum, 26>5

lignosum, 265

Low, 266

pauciflorum, 266

permolle, 265

triquetrum, 265

trisulcatum, 265

Velvety, 265

Woolly, 266
Acacia, 159

acuifera, 160

Bahama, 160

bahamensis, 158

choriophylla, 160

Farnesiana, 161

formosa, 158, 159

haematomma, 159

latisiliqua paucifoliola,
158

Lebbeck, 157

Long-spined, 160

macracantha, 160

tortuosa, 161
Acalypha, 228

alopecuroidea, 228

caroliniana, 229

chamaedrifolia, 228

Hornbeam, 229

ostryaefolia, 229

persimilis, 229

polystachya, 228

Prostrate, 228

reptans, 228

setosa, 229

S'etose, 229

Spicate, 228

ACANTHACEAE, 400

Acanthococcus adelphinus,

583
Acanthophora, 568

Antillarum, 569

Delilei, 569

militaris, 569

muscoides, 569

spicifera, 569

Thierii, 569
Acanthospermum, 447

humile, 447
ACANTHUS FAMILY, 400

Acetabularia, 605

caraibica, 606

crenulata, 606

polyphysoides, 606

pusllla, 606

Schenckii, 606
Acetabulum, 605

caribaeum, 606

crenulatum, 606

polyphysoides, 606

polyphysoides deltoid-
eum, 606

pusillum, 606
Achras bahamensis., 324

salicifolia, 322

Zapota, 324

Zapotilla parvifolia,

324
Achyrantb.es, 126

asp era indica, 126

asp era obtusifolia, 126

Beach, 126

Creeping, 127

indica, 126

Knotweed, 127

linearifolia, 127

maritima, 126

obtusifolia, 126

polygonoides, 126

repens, 127
Acicularia, 606

Schenckii, 606
Acoelorraphe, 60
AcrocTiaetium, 560
Acrostichum, 465

aureum, 465

ca&omellanos, 469

excelsum, 465

lomarioides, 465

polypodioides, 470
Actinocyclus fasciculatus.
629

moniliformis, 629

Rotula, 629

Actinoptychus splendens,
629

undulatus, 629

vulgaris, 629
Acuan, 162

depressum, 163

virgatum, 163
Adelia, 227
Adelia, 226

Acidoton, 219

Bernardia, 227

porulosa, 32

se
Adenor

gregata, 327
ima, 234

Bahama, 234

gymnonota, 234
Adenoropium, 225

gossypifolium, 225
Adiantum, 467

Capillus-Veneris, 467

clavatum, 468

melanoleucum, 468

tenerum, 467
Aecidium candidum. 631

663

Aecidium —

Ipomoeae-panduranae.

631
Aeschynomene grandiflora,

182
Afzelia, 392
Afzelia, 391

cassioides, 392
Agalinis, 392

Harperi, 392

Marsh, 392

spiciflora, 392
Agardhia, 616
Agardhiella, 561

tenera, 561
AGARICACEAE, 642
AGARICALES, 638
Agaricua alneus, 644

dnnabarinus, 642

conicuSj. 642

cretaceuSj 643

crinitus, 642

eugrammuSt 644

hemileucus, 643

Mrsutus, 640

hirtus.Q42

lilipuiianus, 644

micaceus, 642

molybdites, 642

ramealis, 643

Rotula, 643

semiorbiculariSj 643

squamosus, 643

striatus, 640

strigosus, 643
Agati, 182

grandiflora, 182

sericea. 182
Agave, 73

acklinicola, 75

americana, 75

bahamana, 74

bahamana, 75

Braceana, 74

cacozela, 75

inaguensis, 76

indagatorum, 76

Millspaughii, 75

Nashii, 76

rifirida-, 75

rigida sisalana, 76

sisalana, 76

sisalana armata, 76

sobolifera, 75
Ageratum, 436

conyzoides, 437

conyzoides inaequipale-
aceum, 437

latifolium, 436

latifolium, 437

muticum, 436

Wild, 437
Aglaozonia, 591

canariensis, 591

canariensisf 594
Agrostis indica, 32

radiata, 35

tenacissima, 32

virginica, 33

664

INDEX.

Ahnfeltia pinnatula, 560
AIZOACEAE, 136
Aklema, 236

petiolare, 236
Albizzia, 157

Lebbeck, 157
Albugo Candida, 631

Ipomoeae-panduranae,

631
A\ectoroctonum petiolare,

236
Aletris, 70

bracteata, 70

guineensis, 69

hyacinthoides guianen
sis, 69

Alisma cordifolia, 1
ALISMACEAE, 7
ALISMALES, 6
Allophylus, 253
Allophylus, 253

Cominia, 253
Allspice, 305
Almond-tree, 302
Aloe, 69

barbadensis . 69

perfoliata, 69

vera, 69

vulgaris, 69
Aloes, 69
Alsidium Blodgettii, 571

triangulare, 571
ALSINACEAE, 137
Alternanthera Achyrantha,
127

flavescens , 128

maritima, 126

paronychioides, 126

rep ens, 127
Alvaradoa, 211
Alvaradoa, 211

amorphoides, 211
Alysicarpus, 185

nummularifolius, 185

vaginalis, 185
Amanitopsis farinosa, 644

vaginata>t 644
Amansia, 575

multifida, 575

multiflda, 589
Amaranth, Knotweed, 124

Notch-leaved, 124

Slender, 1 24

Spiny, 125

Thick-stalked, 124
AMARANTH FAMILY. 122
AMARANTH ACE AE, 122
Amaranthus, 123

crassipes, 124

dubius, 125

emarginatus, 124

gracilis, 124

hybridus, 125

paniculatus, 125

polygon oides, 124

spinosus, 125

tristis, 125

viridis, 124
AMARYLLIDACEAE, 73
AMARYLLIS FAMILY, 73
Amblogyna polygonoides,

Amblystegium, 496
Amblystegium, 496

riparium floridanum.
496

Amblystegium —

Sipho, 496
Ambrosia, 431

artemisiaefolia, 432

crithmifolia, 482

hispida, 432

paniculata, 432
AMBROSIACEAE, 430
Amellus aspera, 449, 454
Ames' Halberd-fern, 472
Ammannia, 299
Ammannia, 298

latifolia, 299
AMMIACEAE> 311
AMMIALES, 311
Ammocallis rosca, 336
Ampelopsis quinquefolia.

261

Amphibia, 572
Amphibia, 617

Montagnei, 572

pectinata, 573

Sertularia, 573

Sertularia, 573

tenella, 572

tenella, 573
Amphiconium, 599
Amphiroa, 588

debilis, 588

fragilissima, 588

fragilissima, 588

rigida antillana, 588

Tribulus, 588
Amphora, 628

acuta arcuata, 630

bigibba, 628

coffaeiformis, 630

crassa, 630

cymbelloides, 630

gigantea fusca, 630

Graeffei, 630

Gruendleri, 630

Janischii, 630

obtusa, 628

ostrearia, 630

ostrearia vitraea, 630.

rhombica, 630
AMYGDALACEAE, 153
Amyris, 208

bijuga, 2091

elemifera, 208

maritima, 208

sylvatioa, 209

toxifera, 244
ANACARDIACEAE, 243
Anacardium occidentale,

245
Anacheilium, 93

cochleatum, 93
Anaconda, 358
Anadyomenw, 602

•fla'bellata, 602
Anadyomene, 602

fla'bellata, 602

stellata, 602

stellata, 602
Anamomis, 305

bahamensis, 306

longipes, 306

lucayana. 306
Anastraphia, 459

Bahama, 459

bahamensis, 459

bahamensis, 636

cuneifolia, 459

Northropiana, 459

Northrop's, 459

Anastraphi

paucifloscula, 459
Anastrophus compressus, 17
Anatherum macrurum, 14
Anaulus, 627

minutus, 627
Andrographis, 403
Andrographis, 403

paniculata, 403
Andropogon, 13

barbatum, 36

glomeratus, 14

gracilis, 13

insular -e, 16

polydactylon, 36

rep ens, 37

semiberbis, 13

tener, 13

tenuispa'theus , 14

virginicus, 14
Anemia, 474

adiantifolia, 475

bipinnataf 474

cicutaria, 474

Maiden-hair, 475

Parsley, 474

Wrightii, 474

Wright's. 474
Anethum, 313

Foeniculum, 313

graveolens, 313
ANGIOSPERMAE, 2
Anguria, 426

Keithii, 426

pedata, 426
Anneslia, 158

formosa, 159

haematostoma, 159

Red, 159

White, 159
Annona, 141
Annona, 599

glabra, 141

glabra, 540

laurifolia, 141

palustris, 141

reticulata, 142

squamosa, 141
ANNONACEAB, 141
Anonymos cassioides, 392
Anthacanthus, 402

acicularis, 403

spinosus, 403
Anthephora, 15
Anthephora, 15

hermaphrodita, 15
Anthoceros, 521

laevis-, 521

Yellow-spored, 521
ANTHOCEROS FAMILY, 521
ANTHOCEROTACEAE, 52H
ANTHOCEROTALES. 521
Anthracothecium, 527

americanum, 528

corticatum, 527

libricolum, 527

ochro-flavum, 527

sinapispermum. 527

subglobosum, 527
Antigonon, 116

leptopus, 116
Antirrhinum antirrhiniflora,

388
Antirrhoca lucida, 414

myrtifolia, 415
Antithamnion, 581

INDEX.

665

Antithamnion, 627
Butleriae, 581
cruciatum, 581
Aphanocapsa, 618
Howel, 618
Zanardinii, 619
Aphanothece, 620
Apium Ammif 314
Aplonema, 599
APOCYNACEAE^ 333
Apona, 582
Arabian Jasmine, 327
ARALES. 62
Archaeolithothamnium, 584

dimotum, 584
Archilejeunea, 517

Greenest, 518

viridissima, 518
Arcyria cinerea, 645

Oerstedtii, 645

punicea, 645
Ardisia guadalupensisr 316

Pickerlngia, 315
ARECACEAE, 58
ARECALES, 58
Argemone, 145

mexicana, 145

Argifhamnia lanceolata, 226
Argythamnia, 225

argentea, 226

Bahama, 226

candicans, 226

lucayana, 226

sericea, 225

Silky, 226

Silvery, 22'6
Aristida, 30

adscensionis. 31

americana, 37

cognata, 31

gyrans, 31

purpurascens, 31

scabra, 31

stricta, 31
Aristolochia, 113

Coastal, 113

passifloraefolia, 113

pentandra, 113

Slender, 113
ARISTOLOCHIACEAR, 112
ARISTOLOCHIALES, 112
Aroma. 161
Artemisia capilUfolia, 437

wulgaris, 460
Arthonia, 533
Arthonia. 538
• atrata, 534

atrata, 534

caesinpruinosn, 536

chiodectella. 533

cinereopruinosa. 533

dnnabarina,, 533

complanata. 533

conferta, 533

fissurinea. 533

gregaria, 533

interducta, 533

macrotheca. 534

platygraphidea. 534

polymorpha. 533

septisepta. 533
ARTHONIACEAE. 533
Arthopyrenia, 525

hiformis. 525

Cinchonae, 525

43

Arthopyrenia —

consanguinea, 525

contentions, 525

epidermidis, 525

fallacior, 525

fallax, 525

geminata, 525

indusiata, 525

planiorf 525

planorbis, 525

tumida, 525
Arthothelium, 534

macrothecum, 534
Arthrostylidium, 43

capillifolium, 43
Arthrothamnus, 235

cassythoides, 235
Arum sagittifoUum, 62
Arundo Phragmites, 39

ASCLEPIADACEAEj 340

Asclepias, 341

olausa, 344

curassavica, 341

curassavica concolor,
341

paupercula, 341

procera, 341
ASCOMYCETES, 632
Ascyrum, 280

linifolium, 280
Asparagopsis, 564

Delilei, 564

taxiformis, 564
Asperococcus clathratus^
590

sinuosus, 590
Aspidium adiantifoliumf473

augescens., 472

heracleifolium, 471

incisum, 473

reptans cordata, 473

trifoliatumf 472
Asplenium, 469

dentatum, 469

marinum, 469

rhizophyllum, 469
Astephanus, 344
Aster, 440

adnatus, 441

Bahama. 441

bahamensis, 441

Bracei, 441

Brace's, 441

exilis, 441

lucayanus. 441

Pine-land, 441

Sscale-leaved, 441

Slim. 441

tcmiifolius, 441
Asterocytis, 554

ramosa, 554

ASTROTHEUACEAE, 532

Astrothclium variwn citri-

num, 530
Atamasco-lily, 78
Atamosco, 77

cardinalis, 78

rosea, 78
Ateleia, 177

cubensis, 177

cubensis, 632

multifugaf 177
Athonasia hastata, 449
Atriplex, 119

arenaria, 120

Atriplex—

Crested, 120

crist ata, 120

cristata arenaria, 120

Domingan, 120

domingensis, 120

pentandra, 120

Sea-beach, 120
Auliscus caelatus, 629

reticulatus. 629
Auliza, 90

nocturna, 90

Slender, 90
Auricula intermedia, 631

minuta, 631
Auricularia Auricula, 637

nigrescens, 637

AURICULARIALES, 637
AlJTOBASIDIOMYCETESj, 637

Avicennia, 375
Avicenniw, 572, 573, 603

nitida, 375
Avrainvillea, 611

levis, 611

longicaulis, 611

longlcaulis, 611

Mazei, 611

nigricans, 611

nigricans, 61 1

nigricans fulva, 611

Rawsoni, 612

sordida, 611
Axonopus, 17

compressus, 17
Axyris pcntandra, 120
Ayenia, 278

Common, 279

pusilla, 278

Baccharis, 444

angustifolia, 444

dioica, 445

foetida, 445

halimifolia, 444

Vahlii, 445
Bacidia, 543

atrogrisea, 543

endoleuca, 543

fuscorubella, 543

medialis, 543
Bacopa Monnlera, 389
Badiera, 216

domingensis, 217

Oblong-leaved, 217

oblongata, 216
Bahama Bay-rush, 464

Hymenostomum, 485

Phymosia, 264

Solanum, 383
Bahamian Brachiolejeunea,

515

Balloon-vine, 252
Ballota* suaveolens, 380
Bamboo, 74
Banara, 283

reticulata, 284
Bangia, 553

Alsidii, 553

Udcntato, 553

elegans 553

lutea, 553

pallescens, 553

pallida, 553
BANGIACEAB. 553
Banisteria angulosa, 204

666

INDEX.

Banisteria —

lupuloides, 258

micropliylla, 204
Banyan, 105
Barbadoes Pride, 175
Barbula, 486

agraria, 484

Crugeri, 486

Cruger's, 487

Donnellii, 485
Bark Brachiolejeunea, 515
Barnyard-grass, 26
Bastard Buttonwood, 301

Stopper, 373

Torch, 143
Bastardia, 269

Viscid, 270

viscosa, 270
Bathelium mastoideum, 529

BATIDACEAE, 133

Batis, 133

maritima, 133
Batophora, 604

Oerstedi, 604

Oersted! occidentalis,

604
Batrcwhospermum attenua-

tum, 581
Bay-bean, 191

Cedar, 209

BAY CEDAR FAMILY, 209
Bay Geranium, 432

Hops, 352

Lavender, 361

Marigold, 450
Bay-rush, 463

Bahama, 464

Narrow-leaved, 463
Bay Tansy. 432

-top, 59

Winders, 352

Wormwood, 223
Baiyberry, 102
BAYBERRY FAMILY, 101
Beaked-rush, 54
Beard-grass, 13, 14
Bed-grass, 14
Beef-bush, 396

-wood, 100, 132
BEEF-WOOD FAMILY, 100
Beggar-ticks. 453
Bellflower, 387
Benny-seed, 3991
Bermuda-grass, 35
Bernardia, 226

Bernardla, 227

carninifolia, 227

dichntoma, 227

mexicana, 227

Bertero's Rectolejeunea, 510
Biatora atrogrisea, 543

calclvora, 542

furfurosa. 542

fuscorubella. 543

medians, 543

moly-bditis, 543

parmfolia, 546

tricholoma, 541
Biddulphia, 627

Antillarum, 629

arctica, 629

Favus, 630

mobiliensis, 630

Pentacrinus. 627

peruviana, 630

Biddulphia —

reticulata, 630

Beticulum, 630

Robertsiana, 630

Smithii, 630

spinosa, 630

Tabellarium, 630
Bidens, 453

bipinnata, 453

cynapiifolia, 453

leucantha, 453

nivea, 449

pilosa,, 453

pilosa, 636
Big Man, 110

Sage, 370
Bignonia coerulea, 398

lepidota, 396

pentaphyUa, 396

stans, 397

BlGNONIACEAE, 395

Bilimbia, 542

aurata, 543

molybditis, 543

trachona, 542
Bird Pepper, 385
BIRTH WORT FAMILY. 112
Bitter Bush, 210, 438
Bitters, 227, 258
Black-bead, 156

Bean, 195

Ebony. 196, 229, 328

-eyed Susan, 187

-fruited Gyroweisia,
484

Mangrove, 375

Nightshade, 383

Olive, 301

Soap, 429

Torch, 143. 416

Wattle, 304

Willow, 150

Wood, 103

Blackish Papillaria, 494
Bladderwort, 394
BLADDERWORT FAMILY, 393
Blastenia, 550

ferruginea, 550

floridana. 550
Blastodesmialaetea, 527
Blechnum, 468

serrulatum, 468
Blechum, 401
Blechum, 401

Brownei, 401
Bletia, 96

alta, 96

Purple, 96

purpurea, 96

verecunda, 96
Blind-eye Bush. 276
Blodgettia confervoides, 601
Blolly, 131, 132
Blue-eyed Grass, 81

-flower. 366

-pea. 3 87
Boa-wood. 326
Boar-hog Bush, 373
Boat Lily, 68
Boerhaavea, 130

coccinea, 130

erecta, 130

Mrsuta,130

paniculata, 130

scandena, 131

Boerhaavea —

splendens, 131

BOLETACEAE, 642

Boletus abietinus, 639
cinnamomeus, 639
communis, 642
hydnoides, 641
membranaceus , 639
nigromarginatus, 639
sanguineuSf 641
spathiilatus, 639
tennis, 640

BOMBACACEAE, 274

Bombax pentandrum, 274
BOMBAX FAMILY, 274
Bombyliospora, 542

domingensis, 542
Bonaney-bean, 193
Bonania, 231
Bonania, 230

cubana, 231

BONNtEiMAISONIACEAE, 564

Bontia, 406

Bontia, 405

daphnoides, 405

BORAGE FAMILY^ 360

BORAGINACEAE, 360

Borreria, 421

bahamensis, 423
inaguensis, 422
laevis, 422
ocimoides, 422
parviflora, 422
savannarum, 423
saxicola, 422
Slender, 422
thymifolia, 422
thymocepTiala, 423
Wilsonii. 423

Borrichia, 450

arborescens, 450
arborescens, 636
argentea, 450
ffUsbrata, 450

Boryna, 582

Boston Catnep, 450
Fern, 473

Eostry cliia. 572

calamistrata, 572
Mazel, 573
Montagnei, 572
periclados, 572
Sertularia, 573
sertularina, 573
tenella, 572
Tuomeyi, 572
Vieillardi, 572
Vieillardi pectvnata,
573

Botryophora, 604, 614
Conquer antii, 604
occAdentalis, 604

Bottaria, 530

cruentata, 530

Bouchea, 366

Ehrenbergii, 366
prismatic'a, 366

Bourreria, 359

havanensis, 359
ovata, 359
snccitlenta, 359
thymifolia, 423
tomentosa, 359

Bouteloua, 37

americana, 37

INDEX.

667

Bouteloua —

litigiosa, 37
Bow Pigeon, 118
Bowstring Hemp, 70
Box Briar, 410
Box FAMILY, 242
Boxwood, 398
Bracea, 335

bahamensis, 335
Brachiolejeunea, 514

bahamensis, 515

Bahamian, 515

Bark, 515

corticalis, 515
Brachycladia, 557

marglnata, 559
Bracken, Southern, 467
Bradburya, 188

floridana, 188

virginiana, 188
Brake, Long-leaved, 467

Narrow-leaved, 466
Bramia, 389

Monnieri, 389
Brasiletto, 173
Brassica, 146

integrifolia, 147

orientalis, 148

Sinapistrum, 147
BEASSICACBAE, 145
Brazilian Kalanchoe, 153
Brier, 172

-tree, 301
Britton's Rectolejeunea,

Mrs., 510

Bromelia Pinguin, 66
BROMELIACEAE, 63
Broom-bush, 346, 442, 445
Broughtonia domingensis,
95

lilacina, 95
Brya Ebenus, 196
BRYACEAE, 490
BRYALES, 478
Bryobesia, 610
Bryobesia, 611

cylindrocarpa, 610
Bryonia americana, 427

guadalupensis, 426

racemosa, 427
Bryophyllum, 152

calycinum, 152

pinnatum, 152
BRYOPHYTA, 477
BRYOPSIDACEAE, 606
Bryopsis, 606
Bryopsis, 607

Duchassaingii, 607

hypnoides, 607

pennata, 606
Bryothamnion, 571
Bryothamnion, 589

triangular -e, 571

triquetrum, 571
Bryum, 490

albidum, 480

capillare, 490

Coronate, 491

coronatum, 490

Hair-like, 490
BRYUM FAMILY, 490
Buceras angustifolia, 301

Catappa, 302
Buchnera, 393

elongata, 393

Bucida, 300

Buceras, 300

spinosa, 301
BOCKBEAN FAMILY, 332
BUCKTHORN FAMILY, 255
Buckwheat, 115
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY, 114
Buellia, 551

conspirans, 551

disciformis, 551

parasema, 551

parasema aeruginas-
cens, 551

sanguinariella, 551

subdisciformiSj 551

BUELLIACEAE, 551

Buffalo-top, 59
Bull-grass, 33

-vine, 261
Bulrush, 42

American Great, 53

Salt Marsh, 52
Bumelia, 323

angustifolia, 323

Bahama, 324

bahamensis, 323

cubensis, 323

Eggersii, 323

loranthifolia, 323

microphylla, 323

Narrow-leaved, 323

retusa, 323

retusa loranthifolia ,

323

Bunchosia, 206
Bunchosia, 205

glandulosa, 206
Buphthalmum arborescens,

450
Bur-bush, 263

-grass, 29, 30

-head, 7

Vervain, 367
Bursera awgustata, 2,12

gummifera, 212

gummifera glabrata,
212

gummifera pubescens,
212

inaguensis, 212

Simaruba, 212

BURSERACEAE, 211

Bush Iva, 433
Bustic, 322
Butter-bough, 254
Buttercup, 202, 283
Butterfly-pea, 188
Butterwort, 395
Button -weed, 422
Buttonwood, 302
BUXACEAE, 242
Buxus bahamensis, 243
Byrsonima, 205

cuneata, 205

lucida, 205
Byssus aurea, 599

sanguinea, 537

Gacalia Porophyllum, 456

sonchifoha, 457
OACTACEAE, 291
Cactus, 294

Dillenii, 296

grandiflorus, 294

intortus, 294

Tuna, 297

CACTUS FAMILY, 291
Caesalpinia, 173

Bahama, 173

bahamensis, 173

bahamensis, 208

bijuga, 173

Bonducf 172

bonducella, 172

brasiliensis., 173

coriaria, 174

Crista, 172, 173

lucida, 172

Net-veined, 174

ovalifolia, 172

pulcherrima, 174

reticulata, 174

Rugeliana, 173

vesicaria, 173
CAESALPINIACEAE, 164
Cajan, 192

Cajan, 192
Cajanus indicus, 192
Cakile, 149

aequalis, 149

lanceolata, 149
Calabash, 399
Calalue, 125
Calea opposi, ttfG\lia>, 450
CALICIACEAE, 532
CALICIALES, 532'
Calicium, 532

hyperellum, 532
Calliandra formosa, 1 59

formosa- cubensis, 159

gracilis, 159

haematomma, 159

portoricensis, 159
Callicarpa, 373

fulva, 373

Hitchcockii, 373
Callithamnion, 580

byssoideSj 580

corymbosum, 580

crisp ellum, 575

elegans, 580

gorgoneum, 578

Halliae, 580

investiens, 578

rep ens, 578

tenue, 580
Callopisma aurantia&um-

diffractum, 551
Callymenia LimmingUii, 561
Caloglossa, 564
Caloglossa, 564

Leprieurii, 564
Caloneis formosa, 630

Liber, 630

Liber Bleischii, 630

Powellii, 630
Calonyction, 349

aculeatum, 349

album, 350

grandiflorum, 350

Tuba, 350
Caloplaca, 550

aurantiaca, 550

aurantiaca diffracta,
551

aurantiaca erythrella,
550

aurantiaca isidioselia,
550

galactophylla. 550
CALOPLACACEAE, 550

668

INDEX.

Calopogon pulchellus Simp

sonif 95
Calothrix, 625

aeruginea, 625

fusco-violacea, 625

parasitica, 625

pilosa, 626

scopulorum, 625
Calotropis, 341

procera, 341

procera, 635
Caltrop, 202, 203
CALTROP FAMILY, 201
CALYMPERACEAE, 481
Calymperes, 482

Richardi, 482

Richard's, 482
CALYMPERES FAMILY, 481
Calyptranthes, 307

pallens, 307

Zuzygium, 307
CAMPANULALES, 424
Campy lodiscus , 6 29

angularis, 631

biangulatus, 631

crebrecostatus, 631

Daemelianus, 631

E'cclesianus, 631

imperialis, 629

latus, 631

limbatus, 631

samoensis, 631

simulans, 629

undulatus, 631

Wallichianus, 631
Campyloneurum, 471

Phyllitidis, 471
Campy lothelium, 532

decolorans, 532
Canavali, 191

bahamensis, 192

gladiata, 191

lineata, 191

Canavalia obtusifolia, 191
Cancer-tree, 398
Candle-berry, 205
Candlewood, 416, 459
Cane-grass, 25
Canella, 282
Canella, 281

alba, 282

Winterana, 282
CANELLA FAMILY, 281
CANELLACEAE, 281
Canker-berry, 383
Cape-weed, 368
CAPER FAMILY, 149
Capef-tree, 151
Capitularia pityrea, 547
CAPPARIDACE-AE, 149
Capparis, 150

cynophallophora, 150

cynophallophora, 150

flexuosa, 150

jamaicensis, 150
Capraria, 390

biflora, 391

biflora pilosa, 391
Capriola, 3.4

Dactylon, 34
Capsicum, 384

baccatum, 385

frutescens, 385
Carara, 148

didyma, 148

Cardiospermum, 252

Halicacabum, 252

microcarpum, 252
CARDUACEAE, 433
Carduus pinetorum, 458
Caribbean Pine-tree, 461
Carica, 289

Papaya, 289
CARICACEAE, 289
Carpacanthus platyoarpus,
593

polyceratius, 594

spinulosus, 594
CARPET-WEED FAMILY, 136
Carpocaulon, 567

atropurpureum, 567

dasyphyllum, 568

littorale, 567

tenuissimum, 567
Carradoria, 569
Carrajo-bush, 459
CARROT F'AMILY, 311
Carteria, 82

corallicola, 83
Casasia, 409

clusiaefolia, 410

clusiaefolia, 526
Cascarilla Bark, 2'23
Casearia, 285

alba, 286

bahamensis, 285

laetioides, 285

serrulata, 285

Smooth, 285

spinescens, 286

Spiny, 286
Cashia, 161
Cassada-wood, 322
Cassava, 230
Cassia, 165

angusHsiliqu-a, 167

aspera, 169

bahamensis, 167

'bahamensis latifolia,
167

bicapsularis, 166

biflora, 167

Mftorai angustisiliqua,
167

caribaea, 169

Chamaecrista, 168, 170

emarginata, 168

glandulosa, 169

inaguensis, 170

lignstrina, 167

linea>ta, 170

lucayana, 169

wimosoides, 169

nictitans, 169

obtusifolia, 166

occidentals, 166

polyadena, 170

riparia, 169

serlcea, 168

Sophera, 166

Tora, 166

uniflora, 168

villosa. 168
Oassine attenuata, 249
Cassip. 160
Cassytha, 144

americana, 144

fiiUformis, 144
CASSYTHACEAE, 144
Castagnea, 591

Castagnea —

Zosterae, 591
Castalia, 139

ampla, 140

pulchella, 139
Castor-oil Plant, 230
Casuarina, 100

equisetifolia, 100
CASUARINACEAE, 100
CASUARINALES., 100
Catalpa, 397

Cuban, 397

longissima, 398

punctata, 397
Catenella, 561

Opuntia, 561

Opuntia pinnata. 561,
620

pinnata, 561
Catesbaea, 410

campanulata, 411

fasciculata, 411

foliosa, 411

Large-flowered, 411

Leafy. 411

parviflora, 411

parvi flora septentriona-
lis, 411

Small-flowered, 411

spinosa, 411
Catesby's Vine, 338
Catharanthus, 336

roseus, 336
Cathartic-bark, 338
Cathartolinum, 199

bahamense, 200

Bracei, 201

corallicola. 200

Curtissii, 200

lignosum, 201
Catopsis, 66

Berteroniana, 66

nutans, 66

mtettina, 66
Cat-tail, 4
CAT-TAIL FAMILY, 3
Cat's-claw, 155, 156, 157

-paw, 384

-tongue, 367, 438
Cattleya domingensis, 95
Cattleyopsis Northropiana,

95
Caudalejeunea, 516

Lehmanniana, 516

Lehmann's, 516
Caulerpa, 607

clavifera, 610

clavifera, 610

clavifera uvifera, 610

compressa, 609

crassifolia, 608

cupressoides, 609

cupressoides , 609

cupressoides ericifolia.
610

cupressoides Lycopo-
dium, 610

ericifolia, 609

fnstigiata, 608

Freycinetii, 609

Frei/cinetii pectinata.
609

nypnoides, 609

juniperoides, 609

lanuginosa, 609*

INDEX.

669

Caulerpa —

Lycopodium, 609

mamillosa, 609

mexicana, 608

paspaloides, 609

paspaloides, 609

paspaloides compressa,
609

paspaloides phleoides,
609

paspaloides phleoides,

609

paspaloides typica com-
pressa, 609

pinnata, 608

plumaris, 608

prolifera, 608

prolifera obovata, 608

racemosa, 610

racemosa, 610

racemosa clavifera, 610

racemosa uvifera, 610

sertularioides, 608

sertularioides, 608

taxifolia crassifolia,
608

verticillata, 608
CAULERPACEAE, 607
Cayaponia, 426

americana,, 427

Panicled, 427

racemosa, 427

Racemose, 427
Ceanothus cubensis, 258

ferreus, 256

reclinatus, 257
Cedrela odorata. 214
Ceiba, 274

pentandra, 274
CELASTRACEAE, 246
Celastrus myrtifolius, 153

ovata, 258
Celosia, 123

nitida, 123

paniculata, 128

Slender, 123
Geltis Lamarckiana, 104
Genchorus hirsutus, 30
Cenchropsis, 28

myosuroides, 28
Cenchrus, 28

carolinianus, 29

echinatus, 30

echinatus viridis, 29

hirsutus, 30, 263

microcephalus. 29

myosuroides, 28

racemosus, 14

tribuloides, 29

tribu1oidesj 29

viridis, 29

Cenomyce pycnoclada, 547
Centaurium, 330

Brittonii, 330
Centnury, 330
Centella, 312

asiatica, 313

asiatica, 312

repanda. 313
Centroceras, 583
Centroceras, 627

brachyacanthum, 583

clavuiatum, 583

clarulatum, 583

cryptacanthum, 583

Centroceras —

hyalacanthum, 583

micranthemum, 583

oxyacanthum, 583
Centros&ma, uirginianum,
188

virginianum angustifo-

lium, 188
Centrostachys, 125

indica, 126

Century-plant, Acklin's Is-
land, 76

Bahama, 75

Brace's, 74

Inagua, 76

Millspaugh's, 75

Nash's, 76

New Providence, 75

Watling's Island, 76
Cephalocereus, 291

bahamensis, 292

Millspaughii, 292
CERAMIACEAE, 578
Oeramiantemum. 562
Ceramion, 562'
Ceramium, 582

aculeatum, 581

byssoideum, 583

clavulatum, 583

corniculatum, 583

cruciatum, 582

diaphanum tenuissi-
mum, 582

divaricatum, 582

leptophloeum, 582

nitens, 582

rubrum nitens, 582

subtile, 582

subtile, 582

tenuissimum, 582

transversale, 583

Trichocladis, 571
Ceramothamnion, 583

Codii, 583
Ceratolejeunea, 513

Cuban, 513

cubensis, 513

Entire-leaved. 513

integrifolia, 513
Ceratoschoenus capitatus,

54
Cerbera, 338

Thevetia, 338
Cercospora Calotropidis.635

Melochiae, 635

Stachytarphetae, 635

Turnerae, 635
Cereus Bocckmanni. 293

grnndiflorus. 294

pellucidus, 292

repandits, 292

Swartzii, 292

triangularis, 293

undatus,293

Teriomyces communis, 642
Ceropegia palustris, 343
Cferothamnus ceri'ferus, 102
Oestrum, 385

B-ahama. 386

bahamense, 385

"baTiamense. 632

diurnum, 386

palUdum, 386

,, 386

CHAETANGIACEAE^ 557
Chaetochloa, 27

geniculata, 27

geniculata, 637

glauca, 27

imberbis, 27

macrosperma, 28

setosa, 28
Chaetomorpha, 599

brachygona, 599

clavata, 599

Linum, 599

CHAETfOPKORACEAB, 598

Chamaecrista, 168

caribaea, 169

Chamaecrista, 168

inaguensis, 170

lineata, 170

lucayana, 169

riparia, 169
Chamaedoris, 602
Chamaedoris, 575, 578, 579

annulata, 602

Peniculum, 602

Peniculum, 588
CHAMAESIPHONACBAE,, 620
Chamaesyce, 237

articulata, 239

Berteriana, 241

Blodgettii. 240

Bracei, 239

brasiliensis, 240

Brittonii, 242

buxifolia, 237

cayensis, 239

exumensis, 238

hirta, 241

hypericifolia, 240

hypericifolia, 636

insulae-salis, 238

lecheoides, 238

prostrata. 241

vaginulata, 240

Wilsonii, 238
Champia, 563

parvula, 563

salicornioides, 564
Chaney-vine, 71
Chanterel cinnabarinus, 642

infundibuliformis, 642
Chaptalia, 460

alUcans, 460

dentata. 460

Low, 460

nutans, 460
Chara, 617

ceratophylla, 617

depauperata, 618

foliolosa, 618

gymwopus Humboldtil,
618

gymnopus Michauxii,
618

haitensis, 618

Hornemannii. 617

MlcTiauxii, 61 8

polyphiilla, 618

poiyphylla Muhlen-
lergii, 618

WiJcstromii. 61 8

zeyTanica, 618

zeirtanica Michauxii,
'618

CHARACEiAE. 617

Charlock, 147

670

INDEX.

Chauvinia, 607

paspaloides, 609
phleoides, 600
Cheilogramma lanccolata,

466

Cheilolejeunea, 510
decidua, 511

Deciduous-leaved, 511
Chemnitzia, 607
CHENOPODIACEAE, 118
CHENOPODIALES, 118
Chenopodium, 119

ambrosioides, 119

•fruticosum, 121

murale, 119

spathulatum, 119
Chew-stick, 259
CHICKWEED FAMILY, 137
CHICORY FAMILY, 429
China-brier, 71
Chiococca, 416

alba, 416

parvifolia, 416

pinetorum, 417

racemosa, 416
Chiodecton, 537

Bracei, 538

Bracei, 538

crassum, 538

cruentatum, 537

elongatum, 537

quassiaecolum, 537

rubrocinctum, 537

rufescens, 538

sanguineum, 537
CHIODECTONACEAE, 537
Ctyironia campanulata. 331
Chloris, 35

barbata, 36

ciliata, 36

cruciata, 35

eleusinoides, 35

Fringed, 36

Miany-spiked, 36

paraguaiensis, 36

Paraguay, 36

petraea, 36

polydactyla, 36

radiata, 35

Radiate, 35

Sagraeana, 35

Sagra's, 35

Swartziana, 36
Chlorodesmis vaucheriae-

formis, 610
CHLOROPHYCEAE,, 597
Chlorophyllum molybdites,

642

Chloroplegma, 611
CHOCOLATE FAMILY, 275
Chondria, 567
Chondria. 574. 582, 589, 620

acanthophora, 569

atropurpurea, 567

Collinsiana, 568

curvilineata, 568

dasyphylla, 568

leptacremon. 568

littoralis, 567

littoralis. 5?>7

muscotdes, 569

papillosa. 566

porvitla, 563

polvrhiza. 568

sedifolia, 568

Chondria —

taxiformis, 564

tenuissima, 567
Chondriopsis, 567

atropurpurea, 567

dasyphylla, 568

leptacremon, 568

littoralis, 567
Chondrococcus ftliformiSj

583
Chondrus aeruginosus, 562

agatholcus, 562
CHORIPETALAB, 99
Christmas-bush, 166

-flower. 354

Vine, 354

CHROOCOCCACEAE, 618
Chroococcus, 618

membraninus, 618

turgidus, 618

turgidus, 618
CHROOLEPIDACEAE^ 599
Chroolepus, 599

aureusj 599
Chrysobalanus, 154

Icaco, 154

loaco pellocarpus, 154

pellocarpus, 154
Chrysolite-lily, 79
Chrysophyllum, 320

Cainito, 321

monopyrenum, 321

oliviforme, 321
Chrysopsis, 440

graminifolia, 440
Chrysymenia, 563

uvaria, 563

Chthonia leptocephala, 456
Chylocladia rigens, 563
Chytraculia, 307

Suzygium, 307
Cicca, 219

disticha, 219

ClCHORIACEAEv, 429

Cinchona caribaea, 409
Cinna glomerata, 14
Cinnamon, 305

-bark, 282
Cinnecord, 160
Ctntra'ctia Montagnei. 637
Circinaria dissecta, 552
Cirsium, 458

pinetorum, 458

Smallii, 458
Cissampelos, 142

tomentosa, 142

Velvety, 142
Cissus, 260
Cissus.261

acida, 260

Common, 260

intermedia, 260

microcarpa, 260

sicyoides, 260

sicvoides, 637

Thick-leaved. 260

trifoliata. 260

tuberculata. 260

Wnrtv, 260
Citharexylum, 371

bahnmensf. 371

Berterii, 372

caudatum. 372

cinereum, 371

fruticosum, 371

Citharexylum —

lucidum, 372

quadrangulare, 372

subserratum, 371

villosum, 371
Cladium jamaicense, 56

mariscus, 56
. occidentale, 56
Cladocephalus, 612

scoparius, 612
Cladonia, 546
Cladonla, 555

areolata, 547

Dilleniana, 547

ftmbriata adspersa, 547

flmbriata simplex, 547

ftmbriata tubaeformis,
547

gracilis dilacerata, 547

gracilis hybrida, 547

gracilis verticillata,
547

pityrea, 547

pycnoclada, 547

pyvidata, 547

pyxidata chlorophaea,
547

rangiferina, 547

verticillata, 547
CLADONIACEAE,, 546
Cladophora, 600

aegagropila membran-
acea, 601

crispula, 601

crystallina, 601

fascicularis, 601

fracta, 600

fuliginosa, 601

luteola, 601

nitida, 601

CLADOPHORACEAE, 599
Cladophoropsis, 601
Gladophoropsis, 611

membranacea, 601
Clathroporina, 527

nuculastrum, 527
Clathrus cancellatus, 644

crispus, 644
Clavaria, 638

sobolifera, 633
CLAVARIACEAE^ 638
Clematis, 140

bahamica, 140

dioica, 140

dioica bahamica, 140

fiamm,ulastrum, 140

Vitalba, 140
Cleome, 149

gynandra, 149

pentaphylla, 149
Clerodendron aculeatum.
374

Odorous, 375
Clerodendrum, 374

fragrans, 375
Climacosphenia, 627

moniligera, 627

monilifiera, 627
Climbing Hempweed, 440

Polypody, 471
Clitoria, 187

Ternatea, 187

inrrtiniana, 188
Closed Fuosmolejeunea, 512
Clusia, 281

INDEX.

671

Clusia —

flava, 281

rosea, 281

CLUSIA FAMILY, 280
CLUSIACEAE, 280
Clutia Cascarilla, 223

Eluteria, 223
COCA FAMILY, 198
Coccocarpia, 548

molybdea, 548

molybdea tenuior, 548

pellita, 548

pellita genuina, 548

pellita pannosa, 548

pellita parmelioides,
548

pellita smaragdina, 548

pellita tenuior, 548

smaragdina, 548
Coccocladus, 604

occidentalis, 604

occidcntalis Conqueran-
tii, 604

occidentalis laxux, 604
Coccolobis, 116
Coccolobis, 553

bahamensis, 117

diversifolia, 117

Krugii, 118

laurifolia, 117

laurifolickj 541

leoganensiSf 116

Northropiae, 117

obtusifolia, 117

punctata, 117

retusa, 117

tenuifolia, 117

Uvifera, 116

Uvifera, 635

Wrightn, 117
Cocconeis, 628

heteroidea, 630

pseudomarginata, 630

Scutellum, 628
Coccothrinax, 59

argentea, 59

jucunda, 59
Cock-spur, 132
Cocklebur, 431
Cockroach Berry, 383
Coco-nut, 61

Plum, 154
Cocobey, 358
Cocos, 61

nucifera, 61
CODIACEAB, 611
Codiolum polyrhizum, 598
Codium, 616

adhaerens, 617

decorticatum , 616

elongatum, 616

intertextum, 617

intertextum, 583, 617

intertextum cribrosum,
617

isthmocladnm, 617

isthmocladum, 578

tomentosum, 616
Coelodictyon, 577

COENOGONIACEAE*. 541

Coenogonium, 541

interplexum. 541
rigid-ilium, 599

Coffee Senna, 167

Colic-root, 70

Collema, 540

flaccidum, 540
laciniatum, 540
nigrescens, 540
phyllocarpum, 540
rupestre, 540
vespertilio, 540

COLLEMACEAE, 539

Collybia, 642

Cololejeunea Jooriana, 507
Colpomenia, 590

sinuosa, 590
Coltricia cinnamomea, 639

spathulata, 639
Colubrina, 257

colubrina, 258

cubensis, 258

ferruginosa, 258

reclinata, 257
Commelina, 67

communis, 67

elegans, 67

longicaulis, 67

nudiflora, 67

COMMELIXACEAE, 66

Commicarpus, 131
Commicarpus, 130

scandens, 131
Common Tortula, 484
Comocladtia integrifolia, 245
Condalia ferrea, 256
Conferva carnea, 553

ceramicola, 553

clavaeformiSf 604

clavata, 599

crystallina, 601

fascicularis, 601

flexuosa, 598

fracta, 600

hieroglyphica, 600

implexa, 600

intertexta, 574

intestinalis, 599

Linum, 599

membranacea, 601

oedogoniu, 601

simplex, 569

trichocladiaf 571

vagabunda, 600
CONIFERS, 461
Conocarpus, 302

erecta, 302

erecta, 109

racemose, 301
Conringia, 148

orientalis, 148

CONVOLVULACEAE,, 345

Convolvulus aculeatus, 349

Batatas, 354

brasiliensis, 352

corymbosus, 354

dissectus, 353

domingensis, 354

fastigiatus, 354

jamaicensis, 348

littoralis, 352

micranthus , 348

pentanthos, 349

Pes-capraef 352

sidaefolius, 354

tiliacens, 354

r«6o, 350
Conyza cinerea. 436

looata, 457

lyrata, 444

Conyza —

od-orata, 445
purpurascens, 446

Copernicba Wrightii, 60

Coprinus micaceus, 642

Corallina, 116

Corallina, 588

adharens, 589
barbata, 605
conglutinata, 614
cubensis, 589
Flabellum, 614
fragilissima, 588
incrassata, 616
lapidescens , 558
marginata, 559
Monile, 616
oblongata, 559
obtusata, 559
Opuntia, 615
Penicillus, 612
PeMtCM^wm, 602
Phoenix, 613
Rosarium, 605
rubens, 589
rugosa,, 558
subulata, 589
Tribulus, 588
tridens, 616

COHALLINACEAE, 584

Coralliodendron, 612
Corallocephalus, 612

a/T^is, 613

barbatus, 612

dumetosus, 613

Penicillus, 612
Corchorus, 262

hirsutus, 262

hirsutus, 632

Indian, 262

olitorius, 262

siliquosus, 262

Smooth, 262

Woolly, 263
Cord-moss, 489
Cordia albaf 360

(mgustifolia, 359

bahamensis, 358

Brittonii, 359

cylindrostachya,, 359

gerascantJioides, 360

globosa. 358

Lima, 358

Sebestena, 357

Spanish. 358

Cordyceps sobolifera. 633
Cordylecladia, 563

irregularis, 563

rigens, 563
Cordyline, 69

guineensis, 69
Coreopsis leucantha, 453
Coriolopsis occidentalis, 639
Coriolus abietimis, 639

maximus, 639

membranaceus, 639

nigromarginatus, 639

pinsitus, 639

sericeohirsutus, 639
Cork-tree, 273
Coronate Bryum, 491
Coronilla occidentalis, 182

sericea. 182
Coronopus, 148

672

INDEX.

Coronopus —

didymua, 148
Corticium, 638
Corticium, 638

Leveilleanum, 638
CorypTia Palmetto, 60
Coryphantha, 294

nivosa, 295
Coscinodiscus concinnus

Jonesianus, 629
excentricus, 629
leptopus, 629
marginatus, 629
nitidulus, 629
nitidus, 629
nodulifer, 629
obscurus, 629
radiatus, 629
Rothii, 629
Cotton, 274

Cotyledon pinnata, 152
Cough-bush, 445
Country Belle, 379
Cow-bush, 162, 276
Cowitch, 106, 189
Crab-grass, 16, 30

-wood, 118, 232
Crab's Eyes, 187
Cracca, 181

cathartica, 181

cinerea, 181

Schottii, 181
Cranichis, 84

luteola, 89

oligantha, 86
Crassina, 448

multiflora, 448
CRASSTJLACEAE, 152
Crataeva Tapia, 151
Creeping-Cucumber, 426
Crescentia, 398

Cujete, 398
Crinipellis, 642
Crocus, 78

Crossopetalum aquifolium,
248

coriaceum, 247

floridanum, 248

ilicifolium, 248

pattens, 248

Rhacoma, 248
Crotalaria, 178

incana, 179

lotifolia, 179

pumila, 179

retusa, 178

stipularis, 179

verrucosa, 178
Croton, 222

argenteum, 224

Bahama, 224

bahamensis, 224

CascariUa, 223

Cascarilla linearis, 223

chamaedrifolim, 228

discolor, 223

Bluteria, 223

Fergusonii, 223

flavens, 223

flocculosus, 223

glabellum, 224

HjalmarsonH, 224

humilis, 224

humilis origanifolius.
224

Croton, Linear-leaved, 223

linearis, 223

lobatus, 224

Lobed, 224

lucidus, 224

lucidus pubigerus, 22*.

Rosemary, 223

rosmarinifoliusf 222

rosmarinoides, 222
Crouania, 581

attenuata, 581
CROWFOOT FAMILY, 140
Cruger's Barbula, 487
Cryptostegia, 340

grandiflora, 340
Crystalline Riccia, 503
Cuban Ceratolejeunea, 513

Yellow-wood, 207
Cucumis Anguria, 426
CUCDRBITACEAE, 425
Cuphea, 299

Parsonsia, 300
Curcas, 224

Curcas, 225

indica, 225
Cuscuta, 355

americana, 356

americana, 356

arvensis, 356

obtusiflora, 356

pentagona, 356

CUSCUTACEAE, 355

Custard-apple, 142
CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY,
141

CUTLERIACEAB, 591

Cuttle-fish, 64

Cyathus intermedius, 645

pallidus, 645
CYCAD FAMILY, 462
CYCADACEAE, 462
CYCADALES, 462
Gyclospatne Northropi, 61
Cymatosira, 627

Lorenziana, 627
Cymbidium utriculatum, 96
Cymodocea, 6

Gymodocea>, 570, 574, 583,
588

manatorum, 6

CYMODOCEACEAEi, 6

Cymopolia, 605

barbata, 605

bibarbata, 605

mexicana, 605

Rosarium, 605

unibarbata, 605
Cynoctonum, 329

Mitreola, 329

sessilifolia, 329
Cynodon, 34

Dactylon, 34
Cynosurus aegyptius, 38

domingensis, 39

indicus, 37

virgatus, 38
CYPERACEAE, 43
Cyperus, 44

aristatus, 45

brunneus, 46

brunneus, 46

Capitate, 47

Coarse, 47

Coast, 47

compressus, 45

Cyperus —

confertus, 47

Cuspidate, 45

cuspidatus, 45

elegans, 45

ferax, 47

filiformis, 47

Flat, 45

Florida, 46

floridanus, 46

fuligineus, 46

Gatesii, 44

hirtus, 51

Large, 46

ligularis, 46

Luzulae, 45

Marsh, 45

monostachyos, 52

ochraceus, 45

Panicled, 44

paiiiculatus, 44

polystachyus, 44

pseudovegetus, 45

rotundus, 46

Sand, 47

Slender, 47

Vahlii, 46, 47

Viscid, 45

vlscosus, 45

Yellow. 45
Cypress Vine, 350
Cyrilla, paniculata, 315
Cystoseira, 591

Myrica, 591
Cytisus Cajan, 192

DACRYOMYCETALES, 637
Dactylis patens, 34
Dactyloctenium, 38

aegyptium, 38
Daedalea amanitoides, 639

Berkeleyi, 640
Dahoon Holly, 245
Dalbergia Brownel, 186

Ecastophyllum, 186
Daldinia concentrica, 634
Danish, 336

Dark 'Maiden-hair Fern, 468
Dasia, 575
Dasya, 575
Dasya, 575

Collinsiana, 576

Crouaniana, 576

Delilei, 564

elegans, 576

Gibbesii, 575

lophoclados, 571

mollis, 576

pedicellata, 576

pedicettata, 577

ramoslssima, 576

rigidula, 576

rigidula, 577

spinuUgera, 577

squarrosa, 576

trichoclados, 571

Tumanowiczi, 571

Wurdemanni, 575
DASYCLADACEAE, 604
Dasycladus, 604

clavaeformis, 604

occldentalis, 604

vermicnlaris, 604
Dasyopsis, 577

Antillarum, 577

INDEX.

673

Dasyopsis —

AntiUarum, 577

penicillata, 577

spinella, 577

spinuligera, 577
Datura, 386

fastuosa, 386

Garden, 387

Metel, 386

Stramonium, 386

Tatula, 386
Davallia clavata, 468
Day-flower, 67

-lily, 70
Delesseria, 564

Leprieurii, 564

temiifolia, 564
DELESSERIACEAE, 564
Delonix, 175

regia, 175
Dendrobium polystachyum,

89
Dendropemon, 108

bahamensis, 109

brevipes, 108

emarginatus, 109

emarginatus lepidotits,
109

purpureus, 108
Dendropogon, 63

usneoides, 63
Derbesia, 610
Dcrl>esia> 607

tenuissima, 610

vaucheriaeformis, 610
DERBESIACEAE, 610
DERMATOCARPACEAE, 531
Dermatocarpon, 531

hepaticum, 531

lachneum, 531

Moulinsii, 531
Dermatolithon prototypus,
586

pustulatum, 586
Dermocarpa, 620

FarlowU, 620

prasina, 620
Desmanthus denressus, 163

strictns, 163

Desmatodon, 485

Garbert, 486

Garber's, 486
Desmodium incanum, 184

molle, 1 84

tortuosttm, 184
Devil-grass, 29
Devil's Potato-root, 336

Pumpkin, 289
Diadenus, 553
Diapedium, 404
Diapedium, 404

assurgens, 404
DIATOMEAE, 626
Diatrype Stigma, 634
Dicarpella, 569
Dichondra, 355

Carolina, 355

carolinensis, 355

repens, 355
DICHONDRA FAMILY. 355

DlCHOKDRACEAE, 355

Dichothrix, 626

fucicola, 626
penicillata, 626

Dichotomaria, 557

fragilis, 559
Dichotomosiphon, 617

pusillus, 617
Dichromena, 53

colorata, 53

Inagua, 53

inaguensis, 53

leucocephala, 53

Narrow-leaved, 53
Dicliptera, 404

assurgens, 404

DlCOTYLEDONES., 98

Dicranum albidum, 479
Dictydium cancellatum, 645

squamulosum, 645
Dictyerpa, 597

jamaicensis, 597
Dictyoneis, 628

jamaicensis, 628

marginata, 630
Dictyopteris, 595

Justii, 595
Dictyosphaeria, 603
Dictyosphaeria, 604

favulosa, 603

valonioides, 604
Dictyota, 596
Dictyota, 586, 587

Antiguae, 597

Atomaria, 596

Bartayresiana, 596

Bartayresii, 596

Bartayresii, 596

BrongiartU, 596

cervicornis, 596

cervicornis, 596, 597

dentata, 596

dentata, 596

dichotomy, 596

divaricata, 596

Fasciola, 596

guineensis, 597

indica, 596

Mertensii, 596

patens, 596

subaentata, 59^

variegata, 594

zonata, 594

DlCTYOTACEAB,, 594

Diderma squamulosum, 645
Didymella Cinchonae, 525
Digenea, 569
Digenea, 582, 589, 601

simplex, 569

Wulfcni, 569
Digitaria ftmorl€Ptaf 16

horizontalis, 16

marginata, 16

sanguinalis. 16
Dildo, 292
Dill weed, 313
Dilophus, 597
Dilophus, 586, 587

alternans, 597

guineensis, 597

repens, 596

Dimerogramma lanceola-
tum, 630

minus, 630

Dimerosporium guarapiense,
632

zonatum, 632
Diminutive Fissidens. 481

Mitten's-moss, 498

Dioclea rudolphioides, 189
Dioscorea,79
alata, 79

DlOSCOREACEAE, 79

Diospyros halesioides, 326
Dipholis, 322

salicifolia, 322
Diplachne, 39

fascicularis, 39
Diplanthera WrightH, 6
Diplasiolejeunea, 506

Rudolphiana, 507

Rudolph's 507
Diplocalyx chrysophyl-

loides, 111

Diplocystis Wrightii, 644
Diploneis, 628

advena sansegana, 630

Bombus, 630

Campylodiscus, 631

coffaeiformis, 631

Crabro, 631

demta, 631

gemmatula, 631

vacillans, 628

Weissflogii, 628
Dip.terosiphonia, 575

dendritica. 575
Dirina, 538

ceratoniae, 539

repanda, 538
DIRINACEAE, 538
Distichlis, 42

spicatai, 42
Ditch-grass, 5
Divi-divi, 174
Doctor-bush, 319
Doctor's Club, 207
Dodder, 356
DODDER FAMILY, 355
Dodonaea, 250

E'hrenbergii, 250

viscosa o~bovata, 250
DODONAEA FAMILY, 250
DODONAEACEAE, 250
Dog-berry, 316

-drink-water, 65

-fennel, 437, 438
DoGBANEi FAMILY, 333
Dogwood, 186, 250
Dolicholus, 192

minimus, 193

Net-veined, 193

reticulatus, 193

Small, 193

Swartzii, 193

Swartz's, 193
Dolichos, 194

insularis, 195

Lablab, 195

LaUab, 191

Uneatus, 191

luteolus, 195

minimus, 193

obtusifolius, 191

pruriens, 1 89

repens, 195
Dondia, 120

carinata, 121

fruticosa, 121

fruticosa, 121

insularis, 121

intermedia, 121

linearls. 121

Wilsonii, 121

674

INDEX.

Donkey Thistle, 145
DOTHIDEALES., 632
DRACAENA FAMILY, 72
DRACAENACEAE, 72
Dropseed-grass, 33
Drymaria, 137
Drymaria, 137

cordata. 137
Dryopteris, 472

asplenioides, 473

augescens, 472

cordata, 473

normalis, 472

patens, 472, 473

reptans, 473

reptans, 473
Drypetes, 221
Drypetes, 526, 532

diversifolia, 222

diversifolia, 528

keyensis, 222

lateriflora, 221

mucronata, 222

Sharp-leaved, 222
Duck-weed, 62
DUCK-WEED FAMILY, 62
Dudresnaya, 583

bermudensis, 583

DUMONTIACEAE, 583

Duranta, 372
Ellisia, 372
Plumieri, 372
repens, 372
repens, 633

Eared Mastigolejeunea, 517

Eaton's Selaginella, 477

EBENACEAE, 325

EBENALES, 320

Ebony, 255

EBONY FAMILY. 325

Ecastaphyllum, 185

Brownei, 186

Ecastaphyllum, 186
Echinocactus, 295
Echinocaulon rigidum, 560
Echinochloa, 26

colonum, 26

Crus-galli, 26
Echinodorus, 7

cordifolius, 7

rostratus, 7
Echites, 336

Andrewsii, 338

Mflora, 337

Catesbaei, 338

Echites, 336

jamaicensis, 337

macrocarpa, 397

neriandra, 338

paludosa, 337

Sagraei, 337

suberecta, 338

umbellata, 336
Eclipta alba, 449

erccta, 449

ECTOCARPACEAE, 589

Ectocarpus, 590

Antillarum, 589

Hooperif58Q

Mitchellae, 590
Egg-fruit, 322
Egyptian Grass, 38
Ehretia Beureria, 359

tinifolia, 359

EHRETIA FAMILY, 357
EHRETIACEAE, 357
Elaeodendron, 249

attenuatum, 249

xylocarpum, 111, 250

xylocarpum bahamense.,

249
Elaphrium, 211

Bahama, 212

inaguense, 212

Simaruba, 212

Simaruba, 109
Eleocharis, 47

atropurpurea, 49

atropurpurea, 49

camptotricha Schivei-
nitzii, 49

capitata, 49

cellulosa, 48

flaccida, 48

interstincta, 48

ochreata, 48

prolifera, 49
Eleusine, 37

indica, 37
Eleuthera Bark, 223
Eleutheranthera ruderalis,

449

ElfVingia tornata, 640
Elliptic Leptolejeunea, 514
ELM FAMILY, 103
ELODEACEAE, 8
Emilia, 457

Purple, 457

sonchifolia, 457
ENCOELIACEAE, 590
EncoeUum clathratum, 590

sinuosum, 590
Encyclia, 90

acicularis, 92

Bahama, 91

bahamensis, 91

diurna, 92

fucata, 91

Inagua, 92

inaguensis, 92

Narrow-leaved, 93

plicata, 92

Plicate, 92

rufa, 91

Rufous, 91

Small-flowered, 91

Tampa, 91

tampensis, 91
Endocarpon, 531

hepaticum, 531

Moulinsii, 531

pallidulum. 531

rufescens, 531

WightU, 545
Endoderma, 598

viride, 598
Enterogra>pha quassiaecola,

537
Enteromorpha, 598

flexuosa, 598

Hopkirkii, 598

plumosa, 598

poli/clados. 598

salinn polvclados, 598
Entire-leaved Ceratole-

jeunea. 513
Entocladia, 508

viridis, 598
ENTODON FAMILYJ 494
ENTODONTACEAE, 494

Entophysalis, 619
granulosa, 619
violacea, 619
violacea, 620
Entopyla australis, 630
Epicion bahamense, 342
Epicladium, 93

Boothianum, 93
Epidendrum aciculare, 92
altissimum, 92
bahamense, 91
Boothianum, 93
cochleatum, 93
diurnum, 92
erythronioides, 93
fucatum, 91
gracile, 92
minutum, 89
nocturnum, 90
odoratissimum, 91
Ottonis, 94
papilionaceum, 93
phoeniceum, 92
plicatum, 92
primulinum, 91
rigidum, 89
rufum, 91
tampense, 91
mrens, 92
Episperma, 582
Epithemia, 629

gibberula, 631
Musculus, 629
Eragrostis, 40
amabilis, 41
bahamensis, 41
ciliaris, 41
Elliottii, 40
gigantea, 41
macropoda, 40
major, 41
minor, 41
pectinacea, 40
plumosa, 41
prolifera, 41
tephrosanthos, 40
Erechtites, 458

hieracifolia, 458
Erigeron, 442

canadcnsis, 443
linifolius, 443
pusillus. 443
quercifolium, 442
tennis, 442

Erinus procumbens, 390
Eriodendron anfractuosum,

274
Erithalis, 415

fruticosa, 415, 416
fruticosa, 537
odorifera, 415, 416
rotundata, 416
Ernodea, 420

angusta, 420
Cokeri, 420
Coker's, 42'0
Common, 420
littora'lis, 420
Millspaughii, 421
Millspauigb's,, 421
Nashii, 421
Nash's. 421
Taylori, 421
Taylor's, 421

Erwthrina corallodendron,
196

INDEX.

675

Erythrina —

Piscipula, 186
velutina, 196
Erythrodes, 87
Erythrotrichia, 553
carnea.', 553
ceramicoln, 553
ERYTHROXYLACEAE, 198
Erythroxylon, 198
affine, 199
areolatum, 198
Bahama, 199
brevipes, 198
confusum, 199
obovatum, 198, 199
Ovate-leaved, 199
reticulatum, 199
rotundifolium, 198
Round-leaved, 198
spinescens, 198
suave, 198
suave aneurum, 198
Eschenbachia, 443

lyrata, 444
Eucheuma, 561

isiforme, 561
Eugenia, 303
Eugenia, 541

androsiana, 304
axillaris, 303
aaillaris microcarpa,

303

bahamensis, 306
buxifolia, 303
confusa, 304
con f us a,, 537
flliformis, 304
foetida, rhombea, 304
fragrans, 306
lateriflora, 304
llgustrina, 305
longipes, 306
monticola, 303
pallens, 307
pseudopsidium, 304
punctata, 306
rhombea, 304
uniflora, 304
Eumclobesia, 587
Euodia Gibba, 629
Euosmolejeunea, 511
clausa, 512
Closed, 512
duriuscula, 512
Harsh, 512
Threefold, 512
trifaria, 512
Eupatorium, 437

ageratifolium, 438
atriplicifolium, 439
bahamense, 438
capillifolium, 437
conyzoides, 438
corymbosum, 439
focnlculaceum. 437
havanense, 438
intef/rifoUum, 438
leptophyllum, 437
lucayanum, 439
odoratum, 438
repandum, 439
scandens, 439
villosum, 438
Euphorbia, 234

antiquorum, 235

Euphorbia —

articulata, 239
BalUsli, 239
Berteriana, 241
Blodgettii, 240
Bracei, 239
brasiliensis, 240
Brittonii, 242
'buxifolia, 237
cassythoides, 235
cayensis, 239
flexuosa, 239
gratninifolia, 236
gymnonota, 234
havanensis, 236
heterophylla, 236
Tiirto, 24i
hypericifolia, 240
lactea, 234
lecheoides, 238
linearis, 239
maculata, 241
nutans, 240
petiolaris, 236
pilulifera, 241
prostrata, 241
punicea, 234
serpens, 241
tithymaloides , 233
trichotoma, 235
vaginulata, 240

E'UPHORBIACEAE, 217

EuphorModendron gymno-

notutn, 234
Eupogodon, 577
Eupogonium rigidulum, 5
squarrosum, 576
trichoclad os , 571
Eustachys, 36

petraea, 36
Eustoma, 331

exaltatum, 331
Euterpe oleracea, 61

vinifera, 61
EVENING- PRIMROSE FAMILY,

309
Evolvulus, 345

alsinoides, 347
arbuscula. 346
Bahama, 346
bahamensls, 346
Bracei, 346
Brace's, 347
Chick weed, 347
glaber. 347
linifolius, 347
Moneywort, 348
mucronatus, 347
Narrow-leaved, 347
nummularius, 347
sericeus. 347
Silky, 347
Smooth, 347
squamosus, 346
Excaecaria eglandulosa, 232

Sagraei, 232
Excoecaria oubana, 231

Ziirtda, 232
Exogonium, 351

microdactylum, 351
microdactylum integri

folium, 351
Exostema, 409

caribaeum, 409
Exothea, 254

Exothea, 524

oblongifolia, 254
paniculata, 254

FABACEAE, 176
Fagara coriacca, 207
Fagara, 206
/Za^a, 207
lentiscifoUa, 206
Pterota, 206
'agopyrum, 115

esculentumf 115
Fagopyrum, 115
'alkenbergia, 577

Hillebrandii, 577
r'alse Boxwood, 249
Mallow, 267, 268
Moneywort, 185
Favolus alutaceus, 640

tenuis, 640
Feather-bed, 326
Fennel, 314
Fern, Boston, 473
Giant, 465
Leather, 465
Marsh, 468
Pine-land, 468
Serpent, 470
Slender Maiden-hair,

467

FERN ALLIES, 464
FERN FAMILY, 464
FE.RNS, 464

Festuca fascicularis, 39
Ficus, 104

aurea, 105
aurea, 635
brevifolia, 105
dimidiata, 105
jacquinifolia, 105
laevigata, 105
pedunculata, 105
pertusa, 105
populnea bahamensis,

105

sapotaefolia, 105
Fiddle-flower, 233

-wood, 372

FIGWORT FAMILY, 387
FILICALES 464
Fimbristylis, 50
castanea, 50
diphylla, 50
exilis, 51
ferruginea, 50
glomeraita, 51
Hairy, 51
hirta, 51
inaguensis, 51
Marsh, 51
monostachya. 52
Salt Marsh, 50
Slender, 50
spadicea, 51
spathacea, 51
West Indian, 51
Finger-grass-. 15, 37
Fire-bush. 224
-weed, 458
Fish-poison, 186
Fissidens, 480

Diminutive, 481
Garberi, 481
Garber's, 481
monandrus, 481

676

INDEX.

Fissidens—

radicans, 481

Radicant, 481
FISSIDENS FAMILY, 480

FlSSIDENTACEAE, 480

Fissurina nitidescens, 536
Flabellaria conglutinata,
614

incrustata* 614

pavonia, 614

Tuna, 615

FLACOURTIA FAMILY, 28'3
FLACOURTIACEAE, 283
Flamboyant, 175
Flamingo-bill, 183
Flat Taxithelium, 499
Flaveria, 454

linearis, 454

Narrow-leaved, 454
Flax, Bahama, 200

Brace's, 201

Curtiss', 200

Rock, 200

Wood, 201
FLAX FAMILY, 199
Fleabane, 442
Fleurya, 106

aestuans, 106
Floating Heart, 333
Florida Leucodontopsis, 492

Privet, 327

Flueggia, Acidothamnus, 219
Foeniculum, 313

Foeniculum, 313

vulgar e, 313
Fomes Auberianus, 640
Forestiera, 326

cassinoides, 327

segregata, 327

segregata stenocarpa,

327
Fosliella, 587

Chamaedoris, 588

farinosa, 587

Lejolisii, 588
Fountain-plant, 389
Four-o'clock, 130
FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY, 129
Fowl-foot, 251
Fox-tail Grass, 27, 28
Fradelia, 611

fuliginosa, 611
Frangipanni, 334, 335
French Trumpet-flower, 338
Frog-wood, 413
Frog's-bit, 9
FROG'S-BIT FAMILY, 9
Frullania, 519

arietina, 519

gibbosa, 520

Gibbous, 520

obcordata, 520

Obcordate, 520

Ram's Head, 519

riojaneirensis, 520

Rio Janeiro, 520

Spreading, 520

squarrosa, 520
Frullanoides riojaneirensis
520

FUCACEAE, 591

Fucus acanthophorus, 569
aeruginosus,562
fitomarius, 596
bacciferus, 592

Fucus —

botryoides, 563

cervicornis , 562

clavifer, 610

cupressoides, 609

dasyphyllus, 568

ericifolius, 609

Fasciola, 596

ftlamentosus, 581

foliosissimus, 593

laoinulatus, 562

lendigerus, 593

Lycopodium, 569

multipartitus, 562

musciformis, 563

muscoides, 569

Myrica, 591

natans, 592, 593

obtusus, 565

Opuntia, 561

papillosus, 566

plumaris. 608

Poitei, 566

prolifer, 608

racemosus, 610

rigidus, 560

Sargasso, 592

sertularioides, 608

spiciferus, 569

taxiformis, 564

tenellus, 572

tenuissimus, 567

tomentosus, 616

triangularis, 571

trifarius, 571

triqueter, 571

tur~binatus, 591

uvarius,, 563

uvifer, 610

vermicularis, 604

zonalis, 594
Fulvlfomes dependens, 640

Swieteniae, 640
Funalia versatilis, 640
Funaria, 489

flavicans, 489

hygrometrica, 489

Pale-green, 489
FUNARIA FAMILY, 489
FUNARIACEAE, 489
FUNGI, 631
Furcraea, 77

cubensis, 77

macrophylla, 77

undulata, 77
Fuscoporella coruscans, 640

Galactia, 189

angustifolia, 191

bahamensis, 190

cubensis, 190

flliformis. 190

galactioides, 190

monophylla, 190

pendula, 190

rudolphioides, 189

rudolphioides, 633

spiciformis, 190

tenuiflora, 191

uniflora, 190
Galaxaura, 557
Oalaxaura, 578. 589

comans, 558

comans, 578

cylindrica, 558

Galaxaura —

Decaisnei, 559

flagelliformis, 558

flagelliformis, 578

fragilis, 559

lapidescens, 558

marginata, 559

moniliformis, 559

oblongata, 559

oblongata, 558

obtusata, 559

occidentalis, 559

rugosa, 558

rugosa, 558

squalida, 558

squalida, 558

subverticillata, 558

subverticillata, 578
Gale-of-wind, 221
Galega cathartica, 181

ciwerea, 181
Galium, 424

bermudense, 424

hispidulum, 424

Uypocarpum, 424
Gama-grass, 12
GAMOPETALAE, 314
Ganoderma pulverulentum,
640

subincrustatum, 640
Garber's Fissidens, 481
Gardena, 149
Gardenia clusiaefolia, 410
Garlic- weed, 135
Gaudichaud's Syrrhopodon,

483
Gayoides, 266

crispum, 266

crispum, 636
Seaster saccatus, 645
Geiger Tree, 358
GELIDIACEAE, 559
Gelidiopsis rigida, 560
Gelidium, 560
Oelidium, 589

rigidum, 560

rtgidum, 579
Genip, 254

Genipa clusiaefolia, 410
GENTIAN FAMILY, 330
Gentiana exaltata, 331
GENTIAN ACE AE, 330
GENTIANALES, 326
GERANIALES, 196
Gerardia, 402

Bracted, 402

bracteosa, 402

domingensis, 392

droseroides, 402

maritime, 392

purpurea, 392

spiciflora. 392

Sundew, 402

tuberosa, 402
Ghinia, 367

curassavica, 367
Giant Fern, 465

Milk-weed, 341
Gibbous Frullania, 520
Gigartina isiformis, 561

tenera, 561

GlGARTINACEAE, 561

Glasswort, 122
Gloeocapsa, 619

bahamensis, 619

INDEX.

677

Gloeocapsa —

crcpidinum, 619
deusta, 619
lignicola, 619
Magma,, 619
Gloeophyllum Berkeley!,

640

hirsutum, 640
striatum, 640
Gloeothece, 620
Gloeothcce, 623

rupestris, 620
Glory-morning, 352
Glossy Isopterygium, 497
Sematophyllum, 500
Glydne Abrus, 187
reticulata, 193
Glycosmis pentaphylla. 209
Glyphis, 538

Achariana, 538
cicatricosa, 538
Glyphodesmis, 627

eximia, 627
Goat-bush, 437
-weed, 391
Goat's-rue, 181
Golden Aster, 440

Crownbeard, 452
Goldenrod, 370
Gomontia, 598

polyrhiza, 598
Gomphrena, 126

polygonoides, 126

vermieulariS; 128

Gongroceras corniculatum

583

Goniolithon, 584
accretum, 585
accretum, 598
acropetum, 585
Boergesenii, 585
Bb'rgesenii, 598
decutescens, 585
decutescens, 585
dispalatum, 585
frutescens, 585
improcerum, 587
intermedium, 586
Notarisii propinquum.

585
propinquum, 585, 587

solubile, 585

solubile, 587

spectabile, 585

strlctum, 586

strictum, 585

strlctum nanum, 586
Goniopteris reptans, 473

reptans cordata, 473
Goniotrichum, 553

Alsidii, 553

elegans, 553
GOODENIA FAMILY, 428
GOODENIACEAE, 428
Gooma-bush, 383
Gooseberry-tree, 219
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY, 118
Gossypium, 273

barbadense, 274

punctatum, 274
Gouania, 258

domingensis, 258

glabra, 258

lupuloides, 258

GOURD FAMILY, 425
Govenia, 96

Swollen, 96
utriculata, 96
Governor Grant's Livery,

236
Gracilaria, 562

cervicornis, 562
cornea, 563
crassissima, 562
damaecornis, 563
horizontalis, 562
lacinulata, 562
multipartite, 562
Grallatoria, 560

reptans, 560
Grammatophora, 627
flexuosa, 627
flexuosa, 627
marina, 630
Grammita, 569
Grammitella, 569
Granigrain, 262
Granny-bush, 223
GRAPE FAMILY. 259
GRAPH IDACEAEI, 534
GRAPHIDALES^ 533
Graphina, 536

nitidescens, 536
virginea, 536
Graphis, 535

Afzelii, 536
atrata, 534
cinerea, 536
cinnabarina, 536
inusta, 536
Pavoniana, 535
scalp turata plurifera,

scripta, 536

tricosa, 538

vestita, 536
RASS FAMILY, 10
Grass-fern, 466

-pink, 95
Grateloupella, 569

ratiola MonnierL 389
3ray Nickers, 172

Polypody, 470
rayish Lejeunea, 508
Green Turtle Bough, 301,

375

Jreenbrier, 71, 72
Greenest Archilejeunea, 518
Greens, 119
Grifflthsia, 579

Argus, 559

Bometiana, 579

corallina globifera, 579

corallina tennis, 579

globifera, 579

globulifera, 579

globulifera, 580

tenuis, 580

thyrsigera, 580
, 579

penicillata, 559

trichoclados, 571
rimmeodendron, 231

eglandulosum, 232
round Cherry, 381, 382
Troundsel-bush, 444, 445
uaiacum, 201

offlcinale, 202

sanctum, 202
uana-berry, 205
uava, 307

Guepinia palmiceps, 637

Spathularia, 637
Guettarda, 412

calyptrata, 413

densiflora, 415

elliptica, 414

inaguensis, 413

Krugii. 413

Nashii, 413

scabra, 412

speciosa, 412

Taylori, 413
Guiana Plum, 221
Guilandina, 171

Bonduc, 172

bonducella, 172

Crista, 172

major, 172

Moringa, 151

ovalifolia. 172
Guinm-bead, 122

Grass, 22
Gum-elemi, 212
Gumbo-limbo, 212
GUMBO-LIMBO FAMILY, 211
Gundlachia, 442

corymbosa, 442

domingensis corymb-
ose, 442
Gunwood, 396
Guzmania lingulata, 66
Gyalecta lutea, 541
GYALECTACEAE:, 541
Gyminda, 248

Grisebachii, 249

latifolia, 249
Gymnanthes, 232

lucida, 232
Gymnogramme calomelanos.

469

Gymnopilvfs tenuis, 642
Gymnopus, 642
Gymnosorus, 594
collaris, 594
variegatus, 594

YMNOSPERMAE, 460

Gymnostomum Barbula-, 484

Tortula, 485
Gymnothamnion, 580

bipinnatum, 580

elegans, 580
JymnotTiamnium, 581
Gynandropsis pentaphylla,
149

yrosigma rectum, 631
Gyrostachys peruviana, 85
Gyrostomum, 543

scyphuliferum, 543
Gyroweisia, 484

Barbula, 484

Black-fruited, 484

Haematomma, 546

puniceum, 546
Haematoxylum, 171

campechianum, 171
lair-like Bryum, 490
Hairy Pepperwort, 476
Halberd-fern, 471

Ames', 472

Small, 472
Halimeda, 614
Halimeda, 568, 573, 586,
614, 621

brevicaulis, 616

discoidea, 615

favulosa, 616

incrassata, 616

678

INDEX.

Halimeda —

incrassata monilis. 616

lacrimosa, 616

Monile, 616

Opuntia, 615

Opuntia, 614

platydisca, 615

scabra, 615

simulans, 616

tridens, 616

tridens Monile, 616

Tuna, 615
Haliseris, 595

Justii. 595
Halodictyon, 577

mirabile, 577
Halodule, 6
Halodule, 597

Wrightii, 6
Halophila, 8

Engelmanni, 9
Haloplegma, 580

Duperreyi, 580

Duperreyi spinulosa,

580

HALORAGIDACEAE, 310
Halydictyon, 577
Hamelia, 411

erecta* 412

patens, 412

Scaiflet, 412
Hanowia, 577
Hapalopilus licnoides, 641
Haplocladium, 495

mionophyllum, 495

Small-leaved, 495
Hardi-bark, 253
Hardhead, 220
Hare's-ear, 148
Harrisia, 292

Brookii, 292'

Harsh Euosmolejeunea, 512
Hat Palmetto, 60
Baulback, 162
Heather, 320
Hecastophyllum Brownei,

186

Hedera quinquefolia, 261
Hedge-hyssop, 390
Hedicigia balsamifera, 212
Hedyotis amerioana, 409

rupestris, 409
Hedysarum canescens, 184

Ecastaphyllum, 186

hamatum, 183

incanum, 184

molle, 184

nummularifoUum, 185

supinum, 184

tortuosum, 184
Heleocharis bahamensis, 48,
49

Sintenisii, 49
HeUcothamnion, 572
Helicteres, 275

Is or a,, 276

jamaicensis, 276

semitriloba, 275

spiralis, 276
Heliotrope!, Bushy, 363

Diffuse Ix>w, 364

Eggers', 363

Inagua, 364

Indian, 362

Low Ashy, 364

Nash's, 364

Seaside, 363

Slender, 363

Heliotropium, 362

brevicaule, 364

curassavicum, 363

diffusum, 364

Eggersii, 363

gnaphalodes, 361

inaguense, 364

indicum, 362

inundatum, 363

microphyllum, 364

nanum, 364

Nashii, 364

parviflorum, 362

ternatum, 363
Helminthosporium Ravene-

lii, 635
Helosciadium, 314

Ammi, 314
Hemianthus, 390

callitrichoides, 390

multiflorus, 390

riEMIBASIDIOMYCETES,, 636

Hemitrichia clavata, 645
Henna Plant, 299
HEPATICAE, 500
Herb Mercury, 228
Hercules' Club, 207
Herpestis Monnieria, 389
Herpochaeta, 607
• fastigiata, 608

verticillata, 608
Herposiphonia, 573

bipinnata, 574

Pecten-Veneris, 573

secunda, 574

tenella, 573
Heterosiphonia, 575

Wurdemanni, 575

Wurdemanni, 576, 577
Heterothecium domingense.

542
Hibiscus, 272

Bahama 272

bahamensis, 272

cryptocarpus, 272

esculentus, 272

populneuS; 273

spinifex, 270

tiliaceus, 273
Hippo, 341
Hippomane, 231

Mancinella, 231
Hog-bush, 409

Cabbage-palm, 61

Palmetto, 61

-weed, 130
Hold-back, 132
Holly, 245

HOLLY FAMILY, 245
Holosteum cordatum, 137
Homalia, 497

Wrightii, 494
Honeysuckle, 404
Hook-lobed Leucolejeunea,

518

Hookeria radiculosa, 494
Hormothamnion, 624

enteromorphoides, 624
Horse-bean, 171, 191

-bush, 176, 363, 442
Horseflesh. 158
Horseradish-tree, 151
HORSERADISH-TREE FAMILY,

151

Horseweed, 443
Hura, 232

crepitans, 233

Hurricane-grass, 51
Hutchinsia, 569

~breviarticulata, 570

dendritica, 575

obscura, 574

opaca, 571

periclados, 572

secunda, 574

tenella, 573
HYDNACEAE, 638
HYDROCHARITACEAE, 9
HYDROCHARITALES, 8
Hydroclathrus, 590

cancellatus, 590

clathratus, 590

sinuosus, 590
Hydrococctis marinus, 620
Hydrocoleum, 623
Hydrocoleum, 623

cantharidosmum, 623

comoides, 623

glutinosum, 623

lyngbyaceum, 623
Hydrocotyle, 312

asiatica, 313

hirsuta, 312

pygmaea, 312

repanda, 313

spicata, 312

umbellata, 312, 313

verticillata, 312
Hydrocybe conica, 642
Hydrolithon improcerum.,

587

HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 356
Hyella, 620

caespitosa. 620
Hylocereus, 293

undatus, 293
Hymenocallis, 78

arenlcola, 78

caribaea. 79

caymanensis, 79

crassifolia, 79

declinata, 78

declinata, 79
Hymenostomum, 484

Bahama, 485

flavescens, 485
Hyophila, 485
Hyophila, 485

Tortula, 485
Hypelate, 254

paniculata, 254

trifoliata, 254
HYPERICACEAE', 2'80
HYPERICALES, 279
HYPHOMYCETALES,, 635
HYPNACEAE. 496
Hypnea, 563

musciformis, 563

musciformis; 598

secundiramca, 583
Hypnophycus. 563

musciformis , 563
Hypnum admistnm. 500

diminutivnm, 498

micans, 497

microphyllum, 495

nigrescent. 493

planum, 498

SipTio, 496

vesiculare, 497
HYPNUM FAMILY, 496
HypocUnus rubrocinctus,
537

spongiosus. 638
Hypocrea sulphurea, 633

INDEX.

679

HYPOCREALES., 633
Hypoglossum, 564

Leprieurii, 564

tenuifolium, 564
Hypoxis, 73

juncea, 73
Hypoxylon annulatum, 634

Bomba, 634

fuscopurpureunr, 634

jecorinum, 634
Hyptis, 379

pectinata, 380

Pectinate, 380

Pilose, 380

suaveolens, 380
Hysterium rufulum, 635

Ibidium, 85

lucayanum, 85
tortile, 85
Icacorea, 315

guadalupensis, 316
paniculata, 315
Ichthyomethia, 186
Piscipula, 186
Ilex, 245

Cassine, 245
cuneata, 246
Krugiana, 246

Macoucoua, 246

tnontana, 246

repanda, 246
ILICACEAE, 245
Imperata, 12

brasiliensis, 12
IMPBRFECTI, 635
Indian Almond, 302
Indigofera, 180

Anil, 180

argentea, 180

suffruticosa, 180
Inflated Microlejeunea, 509
Inga hystrix, 156
Ink-berry, 383, 429

-bush, 327
Inodes Palmetto, 60
Inonotus corrosus, 641

fruticum, 641

porrectus, 641
Inula graminifolia, 440
lonaspis, 541

suaveolens, 541

tropica, 541
lonoxalis, 197

intermedia, 197
Ipomoea, 351

antillana, 354

arenaria, 351

Batatas, 354

bona-nox, 349

Carolina, 353

cathartica, 352

coccinea, 350

commutata, 352

cymosa, 354

dissecta, 353

fastifjiata, 354

gracilis, 354

ftrandiflora, 350

hederacea, 351

heptaphylla, 353

jamaicensis, 352

nttoralis, 352

microdactyla, 351

Pes-caprae. 352

purpurea, 352

Quamoclit. 350

sagittata, 353

Ipomoea —

sidaefolia, 354

sinuata, 353

stolonifera, 352

tiliacea, 354

triloba, 353

tuba, 350

verticillata, 348

villosa, 352
Iresine, 128

Bahama, 129

Celosia, 128

celosioides, 128, 129

Coastal, 129

flavescens, 128

inaguensis, 129

keyensis, 128

paniculata^ 128, 129
IRIDACEAE, 80
IRIS FAMILY, 80
Ironwood, 304, 317
Irpex maximus, 639
Ischaemum secundatum, 3C
Island Bean, 195
Isnardia, 309

natansf 309

repens, 309
Isocarpha, 449

angustata, 450

oppositifolia, 450
Isopterygium, 496

Glossy, 497

micans, 497
Iva, 432

Beach, 432

Bushy, 433

cheiranthifolia, 433

imbricata, 432

Jacaranda, 398

bahamensis, 398

caroliniana, 398

coerulea, 398
Jack-switch, 263
Jackmada, 438
Jacob's Ladder, 236
Jacquemontia, 348

Blue, 349

cayensis, 349

cayensis, 631

Common, 348

Fleshy, 349

jamaicensis,348

micrantha, 348

pentantha, 349

reclinata, 349

Small-flowered, 348

verticillata, 348

violacea, 349
Jacquinia, 317

ormillaris, 317

Berterii, 317

Berterii retusa, 317

keyensis, 317

keyensis, 525, 527, 538,
539

Jamaica Weed, 357
Jania, 589
Jania, 577, 578, 579, 581

adhae^ens, 589

capillacea, 589

cubensis, 589

rubens. 589
Jasminum, 327

Sambac, 327
latropha Curcas, 225

gossypifolia, 225

Manihot, 230

Jerusalem Parsley, 119
Jessamine, 335
Jimbay, 162
Joe-bush, 317

-wood, 317
Joint-grass, 17, 20
Joor's Leptocolea, 507

JUGLANDALES, 102

Jumbie Bean, 162
Jungermannia auriculata,
517

corticalis, 515

elliptica, 514

flava, 508

squarrosa, 520

trifaria, 512

xanthocarpa, 518
JUNGERMANNIA FAMILY, 504

JUNGERMANNIACEAEj 504
JUNGERMANNIALES, 504

Jungle Rice, 26
Juniper-berry, 288
Juniperus, 462

australis, 462

barbadensis, 462

bermudiana, 462

lucayana, 462

virginiana, 462
Jussiaea, 310

angustifolia, 310

Bushy, 310

palustris, 310

suffruticosa, 310
Justicia, 403

assurgens, 404

carthaginensis, 403

paniculata, 403

spinosa, 403

Kalanchoe, 152

brasiliensis, 153

Brazilian, 153
Kallstroemia, 203

maxima, 203
Kallymenia, 561

Limminghii, 561

reniformis, 561
Kasondi Senna, 166
Krugiodendron, 256

ferreum, 256
Kyllinga monocephala, 47

Lace-plant, 106
Lachnea cubensis, 635
Lactuca, 430

intybacea, 430
Ladies-tresses, 85, 86
Lady's Slipper, 188
Laeliopsis, 95

domingensis, 95
Laetia Guidonia, 285
Lfagenocarpus guianensis, 56
Laguncularia, 301

racemosa, 301
Lamarckia, 616
LAMIACEAE, 375
Lantana, 369

Bahama, 370

bahamensis, 370

balsamifera, 370

Camara, 369

Camara. 370

crocea, 369. 370

demutata, 370

Involucrata, 370

involucrata, 371, 632,
636

odorata, 370

680

INDEX.

Lantana —

Ovate-leaved, 369

ovatifolia, 369
Lappago aliena, 14
Lasiacis, 25

divaricata, 25
Lasiocroton, 227

bahamensis, 227

macrophyllus, 227

micranthus, 227
Laternea triscapa, 644
Laugeriai densiflora, 415

lucida, 414
LATJRACEAE, 143
Laurel-cherry, 153
LAUREL FAMILY, 143
Laurencia, 565
Laurencia, 574, 579

Baileyana, 567

cervicornis, 566

Chaumni 566

Corallopsis, 566

gemmifera, 566

glomerata, 565

implicata, 566

intricata, 566

mexicana, 566

microcladia, 565

multiflora, 565

nana, 566

obtusa, 565

obtusa, 565, 566

obtusa gelatinosa, 565

paniculata, 565

papillosa, 566

papillosa, 575

Poitei, 566

tuberculosa, 566
Laurocerasus, 153

myrtifolia, 153
Laurus carolinensis pubes-
cens, 144

Catesbyana, 143

coriacea, 143

Winterana, 282
Lawsonia, 299

aZ&a. 299

inermis, 299
Leaf-shedding Rectolejeu-

nea, 510

Leafless Beaked-orchid, 86
Leather Fern, 465
Lebidibia coriaria, 174
LECANACTIDACEA^ 541
Lecanactis, 541

denticulata, 541

denticulate 541
Lecanora, 545

adglutinata, 552

aurantiaca isidiosella,
550

badia, 545

ceratoniae, 539

chlaronella, 546

chlaroterodes , 546

cinereocarnea, 546

floridana, 550

pallescens, 546

punicea, 546

subfusca, 546

subfusca cinereocarnea,
546

varia, 546
LECANORACEAE. 545
Lecidea, 542

calcivora, 542

conspirans, 551

Lecidea—

disciformis aeruginas-

cens, 551
furfurosa, 542
immersa, 542
leucoblephara, 541
luteola endoleuca, 543
medialis, 543
parasema, 551
parmelioides, 548
parvifolia, 546
phaeomcla, 542
sanguinariella., 551
scyphulifera, 543
sub disciformis, 551
vernalis, 542

LECIDEACEAE, 542

LECIDEiALES, 539

Lehmann's Caudalejeunea,

516

Leiogramma mrginea, 536
Leiphaimos, 332

parasitica, 332
Lejeunea, 508

Berteroana, 510

bullatu, 509

clausa, 512

cubensis, 513

decidua, 511

duriuscula, 512

flava, 508

glaucescens, 508

Grayish, 508

Jooriana, 507

laetevirens, 509

Lehmanniana, 516

obtusangula, 512

phyllobola, 510

unciloba,, 518

viridissima, 518

Yellow, 508
Lemna, 62

minor, 62
LEMNACEAE> 62
LENTIBTJLARIACEAEJ, 393
Lentinus crinitus, 642

hirtus, 642

lepideus, 643

strigellus, 642

strigosus, 643

velutinus, 643

Lentodium squamosum, 643
Lenzites applanata, 639
Leonotis, 377

nepetaefolia, 378

nepetaefolia, 636
Leonurus, 377

sibiricus, 377
Lepidium, 146

didymum, 148

virginicum, 146

virginicum, 631
Lepiota cretacea, 643
Lepraria Bassiae, 550

Leptilon, 443

linifolium, 443

pusillum, 443
Leptochloa, 38

domingensis, 39

fascicularis. 39

Slender, 39

virgata, 38

virgata gracilis, 39

Virgate, 38
Leptocolea, 507

Jooriana, 507

Joor's, 507

Leptogium, 540

bullatum, 540

bullatum phyllocarpum.
540

chloromelum, 540

phyllocaTpum 540
Leptolejeunea, 514

Elliptic, 514

elliptica, 514
Leptotrema, 544

bahianum, 545

bisporum, 545

compunctum, 545

glaucescens, 545

monosporum, 544

simplex, 545

Wightii, 545
Leskea subpinnata, 499
LBSKEA FAMILY, 495

I/ESKElACEAE, 495

Leucaena, 162

glauca, 162
LEUCOBRYACEAE., 479
Leucobryum, 479

albidum, 479

glaucum albidum, 479
LEDCODO'N FAMILY^ 491
LEUCODONTACEAE. 491
Leucodontopsis, 491

Florida, 492

floridana, 491

plicata, 491
Leucolejeunea, 518

Hook-lobed, 518

unciloba, 518

unciloba, 518

xanthocarpa, 518

Yellow-fruited, 519
Liagora, 554
Liagora, 556

annulata, 555

cayohuesonica, 554

ceranoides, 555

Cheyneana, 554

corymbosa, 554

crassa, 554

decussata, 554

elongata, 554

farinosa, 554

•farinosa, 554

farionicolor, 554

-fragilis, 555

leprosa-, 555

lurida, 554

megagyna, 557

mucosa, 556

mucosa, 556, 557

opposita, 555

paniculata, 555

pedicellata, 556

pedicellata, 556, 557

Pilgeriana, 555

pinnata, 555

pinnata, 556, 557

pulverulenta, 555

rosacea, 555

rugosa, 555

tennis, 555

valida, 555

Libidibia coriaria, 174
Lice-root, 337
Lichen aurantiacus, 550

badius, 545

bullatus, 540

chloromelos , 540

Cocoes, 552

complanatus, 549

compunctus, 545

INDEX.

681

Lichen —

erythrellus, 550

ferrugineus, 550

fimbriatus simplex, 547

flaccidus, 540

gemmatus, 525

hyperellus, 532

immersus, 542

lachneus, 531

lepadinus, 544

luteus, 541

niyrescens, 540

obscurus, 552

pa-llesoens, 546

perlatus, 549

pictus, 551

rangiferinus, 547

rubiginosus, 547

rupestris, 540

scriptus, 536

stellaris, 553

subfuscus, 546

varius, 546
LICHENES., 522
Licmophora, 627

dalmatica, 627
Lictoria, 564

taxiformis, 564
Life-plant, 152
Lightwood, 227
Lignum Vitae, 202

LlLIACEAEi, 68
LlLIALES, 68

LILY FAMILY, 68
Lima Bean, 194
Limnanthemum, 332

aureum, 333
Limodorum, 95

atttm, 96

diurnum, 92

lanceolatum, 86

purpureum, 96

Simpsoni, 95

tuberosum, 95
Limonium, 319

bahamense, 320
LINACEAE, 199
Linaria vulgaris, 393
LINDEN FAMILY, 261
Link-vine, 84

Linociera bumelioides, 328
Linum bahamense, 200

Curtis sii, 200

Lewisii, 201

virginicum, 200
Lion's Bar, 378

Tail, 377
Lippia, 367

Bushy, 368

canescens, 368

Creeping, 368

geminata, 368

geminata microphylla,
368

inaguensis, 371

Large Creeping, 369

Marsh, 368

nodiflora, 368

nodiflora, 369

reptans, 369

stoechadifolia,, 368
Lithophila, 127

Moss-like, 127

muscoides, 127

vermiculata, 128
Lithophyllum, 586

accretum, 585

44

Lithophyllum —

acropetum, 585

caribaeum, 586

Chamaedoris, 588

decipiens caribaeum,
586

munitum, 587

oncodes pachydermum,
587

pachydermum, 587

propinquum, 585

prototypum, 586

prototypum, 587

pustulatum, 586

strictum, 586

strictum nanum, 586
i Lithothamnium, 584

aemulans, 584

decutescens, 585

fruticulosum a-emulans,
584

mesomorphum orna-

tum, 584
Lithothelium, 532

bahamense, 532

bahamense, 532

cubanum, 532
LIVERWORTS; 477, 500
LOASA FAMILY, 290
LOASACEAE, 290
LOASALES, 290
Lobelia, 428

Bahama, 428

Feayana, 428

lucayana, 428

Plumierii, 429
LOBELIA FAMILY, 427

LOBELIACEAE, 427

Locust-berry, 205
LOGANIA FAMILY, 328
LOGANIACEAE, 328
i Logwood, 171
I Long-leaved Brake, 467

Tom, 372
Lonicera alba, 416
LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY, 298
Lophocladia, 571

trichoclados, 571
Lopholejeunea, 515

Sagraeana, 516

Sagra's, 516
Lophosiphonia, 574

cristata, 575

exilis, 570

obscura, 574

subadunca, 574
Lophothalia trichoclados,
571

LORANTHACEAE, 108

Loranthus emarginatus, 109

parviflorus, 109

uniftorus, 108

Louisiana Plagiochila, 506
Love-grass, 40, 41

-vine, 356

LOVE-VINE FAMILY, 144
Luck-seed, 338
Lucky-nut, 338
Lucuma, 321

multiflora, 322

pauciflora, 322

Serpentaria, 322
Ludwigia, 309

microcarpa, 310

natans, 309

rep ens, 309

Small-fruited, 310
Lycium, 385

Lycium —

Inagua, 385

spathulifolium, 385
Lycogala epidendrum, 645
LYCOPERDALES, 644
Lycoperdon, 645

epidendrum, 645
LYCOPODIALES, 476
Lycopodium nudum, 476
Lyngbya, 622
Lyngbya, 620, 622

aestuarii, 622

aestuarii limicola, 622

confervoides, 622

epiphytica, 622

gracilis, 622

Lagerheimii, 622

majuscula, 622

semiplena, 622
Lyonia maritima, 343

palustris, 343
Lysiloma, 157

bahamensis, 158

form os a, 158

latisiliqua, 158

paucifoliola, 158

Sabicu, 158

Sabicu, 109

Lysimachia Monnieri, 389
LYTHRACEAE, 298
Lythrum Parsonsia, 300

Maba, 325

caribaea crassinervis,
325

crassinervis, 325

crassinervis, 546
Macreightia caribaea, 326
Macrocatalpa, 397

longissima, 398

punctata, 397
Macromitrium, 488

Mucronate. 488

mucronifolium, 488
MADDER FAMILY, 407
Madeira, 214
Mahoe, 273
Mahogany, 214
MAHOGANY FAMILY, 212
Maiden-bush, 218
Maiden-hair Anemia, 475

Fern, Dark, 468

Slender, 467
Malache, 270

bahamensis, 271

scabra, 271
Malaxis, 88

Slender 88

spicata, 88
Mallet,263
Mallotonia, 361

gnaphalodes, 361
MALLOW FAMILY, 263
Malocchia gladiata, 191
Malpighia, 204

Bahama, 205

cuneata, 205

glandulosa, 206

lucida, 205

polytricha, 205

punicifolia, 205

setosa, 205

MALPIGHIA FAMILY, 203
MALPIGHIACEAE, 203
Malva abutiloides, 264

corchorifolia, 267

coromandeliana, 267
MALVACEAE, 263

682

INDEX.

MALVALES., 261
Malvastrum, 266

americanum, 267

corchorifolium, 267

coromandelianum, 267

Rugelii, 267

tricuspidatwn, 267
Malvaviscus, 271

arboreus Sagraeanus.
271

Cokeri, 271

Sagraeanus, 271

Sagra's, 271
Mammillaria, 294

nivosa, 295
Manatee-grass, 6
MANATEE-GRASS FAMILY, 6
Manchioneel, 231
Mangif era, 244

indica, 245
Mango, 245
Mangrove, 308

Swamp Vine, 337
MANGROVE FAMILY, 308
Manihot, 230

Manihot, 230
Manilkara parvifolia, 324
Marasmius atropurpureus,
643

bahamensis, 643

bermudensis, 643

hemileucus, 643

nidulus, 644

obliquus, 644

opacus, 643

ramealis, 643

Rotula, 643

setulosipes, 643

Vaillantii, 643
Marohantia, 503

chenopoda, 504

domingensis, 504

Santo Domingo, 504
MARCHANTIA FAMILY, 503
MARCHANTIACEAE, 503
MARCHANTIALES. 501
Margaritaria, 219

Bahama, 220

bahamensis, 220
Marigold, 451
Marilaunidium, 356

jamaicense, 357
Mariscus, 56

brizaeus, 46

flliformis, 47

fuligineus, 46

jamaicensis, 56
Marlberry, 316
Marrubium vulgare, 380
Marsdenia floribunda, 344
Marsh Fern, 468

Fleabame, 446

Gentian, 331

Parsley, 314

Pennywort, 312

Pennywort, Ovate-
leaved, 313

Pink, 331, 332

Purslane, 309
Marsilea, 475

Nashii. 475

vestita, 476
MARSILEACEAE. 475
Martynia, 400

annua, 400

diandra, 400

Small-fruited, 400

MARTYNIACEAE, 399
Mastic-bully, 321
Mastigocoleus, 625

testa rum, 625
Mastigolejeunea, 516

auriculata, 517

Eared, 517
Mastogloia, 628
Mastogloia, 626

affinis, 630

afflrmata, 630

amoena turgida, 630

angulata, 628

apiculata, 628

asperula, 628

bahamensis, 628

bahamensis, 626

Unotata, 628

bisulcata, 630

bisulcata corsicana, 630

Citrus, 628

cocconeiformis, 628

Craveni, 630

cuspidata, 628

delicatula, 628

erythraea, 628

erythraea, 627

euxina, 630

lanceolata, 628

lemniscata, 628

lineata, 630

Macdonaldii, 630

minuta, 628

ovata1, 630

Peragalli, 630

Pisiculus, 630

Rhombus, 630

rimosa, 628

rlmosa, 627

rostellata, 630

Smithii, 628

splendlda, 628

splendida, 627
Matthiola scabra, 412
Maurandya, 388

antirrhinaeflora, 388
Mayepea, 327

bumelioides. 328
Maytenus, 246

Bahama, 247

Box-leaved, 247

buxifolia, 247

lucayana, 247
MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY,

297
Mecardonia, 390

procumbens, 390
Meibomia, 183

mollis, 184

supina, 184

tortuosa, 184
Melampodium humile, 447
Melanotheca, 530

cruenta, 530
Melanthera, 449

brevifolia, 449

crenata, 449

deltoidea. 449

hastata, 449

Hastate, 449
Melastomat bicolor, 298

discolor, 298
MELASTOMACEAE, 297
Melia, 213

Azedarach, 213

sempervirens, 213
MELIACEAE, 21 2
Melicocca, 253

bijuga, 253

Melicocca —

panlculata, 254
Meliola ambigua, 632

longipoda, 632

simillima, 632
Melobesia, 587

Chamaedoris , 588

farinosa, 587

Lejolisii, 588

pustulata, 586
Melocactus communis, 294
Melochia, 277

crenata, 277

nodiflora, 277

pyramidata, 277

tomentosa, 276
Meloseira arenaria, 629

sulcata, 629
Melosmon, 376

cubense, 376
Melothria, 425

guadalupensis, 426

pervaga, 426
MENISPERMACEAE, 142
Mentzelia, 290

Florida, 290

floridana, 290
MENYANTHACEAE, 332
Mercurialis, 227

annua, 228
Meristotheca, 561

Duchassaingii, 561
Mermaid-weed, 311
Mertensia, 563
Merulius C'orium, 638

infundibuliformis, 642

Spathularia, 637
Mesogloia attenuata, 581

Zosterae, 591

MESOGLOIACEiAE, 591

Mesosphaerum, 379
Mesothamnion, 579

caribaeum, 579
Mesquite, 164

-grass, 37
Metastelma, 342
Metastelma, 636

Bahama, 342

bahamense, 342

bahamense, 342

barbatum, 343

brachystephanum, 342

cubense, 342

Eggers, 343

Eggersii, 343

hamatum, 342

Inagua, 343

inaguense, 343

linearifolium, 343

Marsh, 344

Narrowed-leaved, 343

Northropiae. 342

Northrop's, 342

palustre, 343

palustre, 636

Schlechtendahlii, 342
METEORIACBAE, 493
METEORIUM FAMILY,, 493
Metopium, 244

Metopium, 244

toxifertim, 244
Mexican Poppy, 145

Senna, 168
Mickle-berry, 1 02
Microdictyon, 602

crassum, 602
Microlejeunea, 509

bullata, 509

INDEX.

683

Microlejeunea, inflated, 509 |

laetevirens, 509

Yellowish-green, 509
Micromeria, 379

Brownei, 379
Microphiale, 541

lutea, 541

Hicrostylis spicata, 88
Microtliamnium, 498
Microthelia, 526
Microthelia, 527

quadriloculata, 526

thelena subtriseptata,

527
Mikania, 439

batatifolia, 439

orinocensis, 439

scandens, 439
Milium compressum, 17

digitatum, 16

paniceum, 15
Milk-berry, 323

-pea, 190

-vine, 344

MILKWEED FAMILY, 340
MILKWOKT FAMILY, 214
Mimosa, 161

arborea, 162

Bahama, 162

bahamensis, 162

Farnesiana, 161

glauca, 162

juliflora, 164

Lebbeck. 157

Low, 163

pernambucana, 163

plena, 164

pudica, 161

Unguis-cati, 155

virgata, 163

Virgate, 173
MIMOSA FAMILY, 154
MIMOSACEAE, 154
Mimusops, 324
Mimusops, 110

bahamensis, 324

dissect®, 324

emarginata, 324

floridana, 324

parvifolia, 324

Sieberi, 324
MINT FAMILY, 375
Mirabilis, 129

Jalapa, 129
Mistletoe, 108-110
MISTLETOE FAMILY, 108
Mitreola petiolata, 329
Mitrewort, 329
Mittenothamnium, 498

diminutivum, 498
Mitten's-moss, Diminutive,

498

Mnium Jiyc/rometricum, 489
Moluchia, 276

pyramidata, 277

Smooth, 277

tomentosa, 276

tomentosa, 635

Velvety, 277
Momordica, 425

Balsamina, 425

Charantia, 425
Monkey-fiddle, 234
Monniera Broivnei, 389

Monniera, 389

MONOCOTYLEDONES, 3

Monteverdia buxifolia, 247
Moon-vine, 349

MOON SEED FAMILY, 142

Coast, 350
MORACEAE, 104
Morinda, 419

Boyoc, 419
Moringa, 151

Moringa, 151

pterygosperma, 15.1

MORINGACEAE, 151

Morning-glory, Arrow-
leaved, 353

Beach, 353

Creeping, 353

Dark-eyed, 354

Ivy-leaved, 352

Pedate-leaved, 353

Purple, 352

Salverform, 351

Small Red, 350

Villous, 352
MORNING-GLORY FAMILY,

345

Mosquito-bush, 167
Moss, White, 479
MOSSES, 477
Mottled Spurge, 235
Mougeotia nodiflora, 277
Moujean Tea, 371
Mucor cancellatus, 645
Mucronate Macromitrium,

488
Mucuna, 188

pruriens, 189

pruriens, 189

urens, 189
Muhlenbergia, 31

capillaris, 32
MtiLBEiRRY FAMILY, 104
Murray ella, 572

periclados, 572
Muscadinia Munsoniana,

259

Musci, 477

MUSTARD FAMILY, 145
Myginda aquifolia, 248

ilicifolia, 248

latifolia, 249

pallens, 248

Rhacoma, 248
Mykosyrinx Cissi, 637
MYOPORACEAE, 405
MYOPORUM FAMILY, 405
Myrica, 102

cerifera, 102

segregata, 327
MYRICACEAE> 101
MYRICALES, 101
Myroxylon, 284

bahamense, 284

buxifolium pauciflorum.
284

ilicifolium, 284
MYRSINACEAE, 315
Myrsine laeta, 316
MYRSINE FAMILY, 315
Myrstiphyllum ligustrifo-
lium, 419

pubescens, 418

undatum, 419
MYRTACEAE, 302
MYRTALE«, 297
Myrtle-of-the-River, 307
MYRTLE FAMILY, 302
Myrtus axillaris . 303

buxifolia, 303

Pimenta, 305

punctata, 306

Zuzygium, 307

MYXOMYCETES, 645
MYXOPHYCEAE, 618

NAIADALES, 4
Naked-wood, 253, 306
Nama jamaicense, 357
Narrow-leaved Bay-rush,
463

Brake, 466
Nashia, 371

inaguensis, 371
Nash's Pepperwort, 475
Nasturtium brevipes, 148

palustre brevipes, 148
Naucoria semiorbicularis,

643
Navicula, 628

approximata, 631

brasiliensis, 628

complanata, 631

cuspidata ambigua, 631

directa, 631

irrorata, 631

Lyra dilatata, 628

ramosissima, 628

Scopulorum, 631

suborbicularis, 628

transfuga, 631

Zostereti, 628
Nazia, aliena, 14
Neckera, 493

floridana, 491
NECKERA FAMILY, 492
NECKERACEAE, 492
Nectandra, 143

coriacea, 143

sanguinea, 143
NEMALIONACEAE,, 554
Neobracea, 335

bahamensis, 335
Neomeris, 605

annulata, 605

Cokeri, 605

Cokeri, 606

Kelleri, 605

mucosa, 605
Neothymopsis, 455

Brittonii. 455

thynaoides, -155
Neottia adnata, 84

tortilis, 85
Nepeta Cataria, 379

coerulea, 379

pectinata, 380
Nephrolepis, 473

biserrata, 474

exaltata, 473 •
Neptunia, 164
Neptunia, 163

plena, 164
Nesaea, 612
Nesea annulata, 602

dumetosa, 613

Penidllus, 612

pyramidalis, 612
NETTLE FAMILY, 105
Neurocarpus, 595

delicatulus, 595

Justii. 595
Neurogramme calomelanos,

469
Neurolaena, 457

lobata, 457
New-burn Weed, 128
Nickers, 172
Nicotiana, 387

Tabacum, 387
Nidema, 94

684

INDEX.

Nidema—

Ottonis, 94
Nidularia intermedia, 645

NlDULARIALES, 645

Night-blooming Cereus, 293
Nigredo proeminens, 636
Nitella, 608
Nitzschia, 629

angularis, 631

apiculata, 629

compressa, 631

granulata, 631

Jelineckii, 631

panduriformis, 631

Sigma^ 629

valida, 629

vermicularis, 631
Nodeweed, 452
Nostoc, 624

commune, 624

NOSTOCACEAE, 624

Noyau Vine, 353
Nummularia Bulliardii, 634
Nut-grass, 46

-rush, 57

NYCTAGINACEAE, 129
Nyctanthes Sambao, 327
Nymphaea ampla pulchella,
139

pulchella, 139
NYMPHAEACEAE. 139
Nymphoides, 332

aureum, 333

Oak, 301

Obcordate Frullania, 520

Obeah-bush, 135

Obtusely angled Taxilejeu-

nea, 513
Ocellularia, 544

alUda, 544

micropora, 544

subtilis, 544
Ochrolechia, 546

pallescens, 546
Ochtodes, 583

filiformis, 583

secundiramea, 583
Ocimum, 380

micranthum, 380
Ocotea, 143
Ocotea, 110

Gatetibyana, 143

coriacea, 143
Octoblepharum, 480

albidum, 480
Odontosoria clavata, 468
Okra, 272
OLACACEAE. Ill
OLAX FAMILY, 111
Old Maid, 336

Man Cactus, 292

Man's Beard, 43, 63
Oldenlandia, 408

callitrichioides, 408
OLEACEAE, 320
Olive, 10-3. 406

-wood, 250
OLIVE FAMILY, 326
Olivia, 605

Omphalaria timbella, 540
ONAGRACEAE. 309
Oncidium, 97

bahamense, 97

bahamense. 98

Leiboldi, 98

lucayanum, 98

Oncidium —

sphacelatum, 97

sylvestre, 98

variegatum, 98
Oncobyrsa, 620

marina, 620
Opegrapha, 534

acicularis, 541

atra, 534

bahamensis, 535

bahamensis, 535

calcarea, 534

Chevallieri, 534

Ohevallieri incarnata.
535

columbina, 535

crassa, 538

dendritica, 536

isabellina, 535

isabellina, 535

lithyrga, 535

ophites, 535

saxicola, 534

varia, 534

vulgata, 534

zonata, 535

Operculina dissecta, 353
Ophiodothis bahamensis,

633

Ophiorrhiza Mitreola, 329
Oplismenus, 26

hirtellus, 27

setarius, 27
Opoponax, 161
Opuntia, 295
Opuntia, 614

bahamana, 296

Darrahiana, 297

Dillenii, 296

Dillenii, 632

lanceolata. 296

lucayana, 296

lucayana, 296

Millspaughii, 296
• Nashii, 295

spinosissima, 295

triacantha, 295

Tuna, 296, 297
OPTJNTIALES, 291
Orchid, Carter's, 83
ORCHID FAMILY, 81
ORCHIDACEAE, 81
ORCHIDALES^ 81
Ornithopteris adiantifolia,
475

cicutaria, 474

Wrightii, 474
Orontium aquaticum, 62
ORPINE FAMILY, 152
Ortachne fioridana, 31
ORTHOTRICHACEAE, 487
Orthotrichum mucronifo-

lium, 488

ORTHOTRICHUM FAMILY, 487
Oscillatoria, 620

Corallinae, 621

miniata, 620

sancta, 620

tenuis, 621

OSCILLATORIACEAE, 620

Osmunda, 565

adiantifolia, 475
Osmundea, 565
Otaheite Gooseberry, 219
Ovate-leaved Marsh Penny-
wort, 313
Ovieda aculeata, 374

Ovieda —

fragrans, 375

OXALIDACEAE, 196

Oxalis corniculata, 197

corniculata repens, 197
intermedia, 197

Oxypetalum, 343

Oyster Plant, 68

Ozonium auricomum, 636

Padina, 595
Padina, 587

duUa, 595

Durvillaei, 595

pavonia, 595

Sanctae-Crucis, 595

variegata, 594, 595

Vickersiae, 595
Padinella, 591
Pain-in-back, 104
Pale-green Funaria, 489
PALM FAMILY, 58
Palmella rupestris, 620
Paltonium, 466

lanceolatum, 466
Pancratium declinatum, 78
PANDANALES, 3
Panellus eugrammus. 644
Panic-grass, Bluish, 24

Brown, 22

Chapman's, 23

Dense, 23

Diffuse, 23

Hair-like, 24

Loose, 22

Narrow, 22

Nerved, 25

Red-top, 23

Shining, 25

Slender, 23
Panicum, 20

adspersum, 21

a>gro8tidiforme, 23

amarulum, 24

barbinode, 22

~bartoicense, 24

brevifolium, 24

capillaceum, 24

Chapmani, 22

coerulescens, 24

colonum, 26

condensum, 23

Crus-galli, 26

Dactylon, 34

dichotomiflorum, 24

dichotomum, 24

diffusum, 23

distantiflorum. 22

divaricatum, 25

elephantipes, 22, 24

exiguiflorum, 25

fasciculatum, 22

filiform e, 15

fimbriatum. 16

fla>vescens. 22

fuscum, 22

geminntum, 21

aenicnlatum. 27

Ghiesbreghtii, 23

Tiirtellum, 27

hirtivaainum, 23

Jiorisontale, 16

imberbe, 27

insulare. 16

laxum. 23

leucophaeum,, 16

Linkianum, 16

INDEX.

685

Panicum —

lucidutn, 25

maximum, 22

molle, 22

neuranthum, 24

nitidum, 25

paniculatum, 22

paractaenoidcs, 28

paspaloides, 21

proliferum, 24

sanguinale, 16

setosum, 28

tenerum, 23

tenuiculmum, 23

trichoides, 24

tricolor, 25
Fannaria, 547

molybdea, 548

rubiginosa, 547
PANNARIACEIAE, 547
PAPAVERACEAE, 145
PAPAVERALES, 145
Papa'w, 200
PAPAW FAMILY, 289
Papillaria, 493

Blackish, 494

nigrescens, 493
Para Grass, 22
Paradise-tree, 211
PARATHELIACEAE, 531
Parathelium, 531

decumbens. 532

indutum, 531

microcarpum, 531

microcarpum, 532
Parietaria microphylla, 106
Pariti, 272

tiliaceum, 273
Paritium tiliaceum, 273
Parkinsonia, 170

aculeata, 170
Parmelia, 548

alba, 552

crispa., 553

cristifera, 549

flava, 549

latissima, 549

latissima cristifera,
549

moly'bdea, 548

pellita, 548

perlata, 549

repanda, 538

speciosa hypoleuca, 552

sulphurata. 549

urceolata, 548

usneoides, 549

varia cinereocarnea,
546

PARMELIACElAE, 548

Parmentaria, 532

astroidea, 532
Parsley Anemia, 474
Parsonsia, 299

Parsonsia, 300

Purple, 300

radicans, 300
Parthenium, 447

Hysterophorus, 448
Parthenocissus, 261

quinquefolia, 261

quinquefolia latifolia,

261
Paspalum, 17

Blodfjettii, 18

caespitosum, 18

caespitosum, 18

conjugatum, 19

Paspalum —

distichum, 20

fimbriatum, 19

Fringed, 19

glabrum, 19

gracillimum, 18

Helleri, 19

millegrana, 19

nanum, 19

Poiretii, 18

Poiret's, 18

portoricense, 18

Schreberianumf 19

secans, 19

Sheathed, 20

Simpsoni, 18

Simpson's, 18

Slender, 18

Tall, 19

tristachyon, 17

Two-spiked, 19

TJnderwoodii, 19

Underwood's, 19

vaginatum, 20

vaginatum, 20
Passiflora, 286

angustifolia, 288

bahamensis, 287

biflora, 289

ciliata, 287

ciliata riparia, 288

cupraea, 289

foetida, 287

lunata, 289

minima, 288

multiflora, 288

palllda, 288

pectinata, 287

pectinata, 287

rubra, 288

suberosa, 288

Vespertilio, 289

villosa, 288
PASSIFLORACEAE, 286
PASSIFLORALES, 286
Passion-flower, 287, 288
PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY,

286

Patellaria domingensis, 542
Paullinia diversifolia, 251

Seriana, 251
Paurotis, 60

androsana, 60

Wrightii, 60
Pavonia, 270
Pavonia, 270

bahamensiSj 271

racemosa, 271

spicata, 271

spinifex, 270
PEA FAMILY, 176
Pectis, 456

Awn-fruited, 457

leptocephala, 456

Lessingii, 456

linifolia, 456

Narrow-leaved, 456

punctata, 456
PEDALIACEAE, 399
PEDALIUM FAMILY^ 399
Pedicellaria pentaphylla,

Pedilanthus, 233

bahamensis, 233
tithymaloides, 233

Pelexia, 84

adnata, 84
Long-spurred, 85

Pelexia—

setacea, 84

Short-spurred, 84

spiranthoides, 84
Peltophorum, 175

adnatum, 175
Pencil-flower, 183
Penicillus, 612
Penicillus, 568, 573, 622

annulatus, 602

capitatus, 612

dumetosa, 613

dumetosus, 613

elongatus, 612

L/amourouxii, 612

Lamourouxii gracilis,
612

oblongus, 613

pyriformis, 613
Pennyroyal, 456
Peperomia, 101

spathulifolia, 101
Pepper bush, 224, 383
PEPPER FAMILY, 101
Pepperwort, Hairy, 476

Nash's, 475
Pera, 229
Pera, 229

bumeliaefolia, 229

bumeliaefolia, 196
PERISPORIALES, 632
Perisporium Wrightii, 632
PERO'NOSPORALES, 631
Persea, 144

pubescens, 144
Persicaria, 114

Dense-flowered, 115

hydropiperoides, 114

portoricensis, 115

punctata^ 114
Pertusaria leioplaca, 545
Petitia, 373, 630
Petitia, 630

domingensis, 373

Poeppigii, 373

Teinperei, 630
Petiveria, 135

alliacea, 135
Petrosiphon, 602

adhaerens, 602
Peyssonellia, 584
Feyssonnelia, 584
Peyssonnelia, 584

rubra, 584
Peziza cubensis, 635

nigrescens, 637

omphalodes, 635
PEZIZALES, 635
PHACIDIALES, 635
Phaeographina, 536

caesiopruinosa, 536

caesiopruinosa, 537

quassiaecola, 587

scalpturata, 537
Phaeographis, 536

cinnabarina, 536

dendritica, 536

inusta, 536
PHAEOPHYCEAE, 589
Phaeostroma, 590

pusillum, 590
PHALLALES, 644
Pharbitis cathartica, 352
Pharnaceum maritimum,

136
Phaseolus, 193

lathyroides, 194

lunatus, 194

686

INDEX.

Phaseolus —

semierectus, 194
Phegopteris cordata, 473

reptans, 473
Phialanthus, 41(5

myrtilloides, 416

Myrtle, 416
Philibertella, 344

clausa, 344

clausa, 636

Philibertia clausa, 344
Philoxerus, 127

vermicularis, 128
Phlebodium, 470

aureum^ 470

Phlomis nepetaefolia, 378
Phoradendron, 109

Northropiae, 110

racemosum, 110

rubrum, 110

spathulifolium, 110

tetrastichum, 110

trinervium, 110
Phormidium, 621

Corium, 621

fragile, 621

Hendersonii, 621

pulvinatum, 621

Retzii, 621

Retzii, 622

valderianum, 621
Phragmicoma Sagraeana,

516
Phragmites, 39

communis, 39

Phragmites, 39
PHYCOMYCETES, 631
Phycopteris, 594
Phyla nodiflora, 368

stoechadifolia, 368
Phyllachora Ateleiae, 632

Durantae, 633

fusicarpa, 633

Galactiae, 633

oxalina, 633
Phyllanthus, 220

angustifolius, 220

bahamensis, 220

distichus, 219

falcatus, 220

Niruri, 220

pentaphyllua, 221

pruinosus, 221

radicans,22l

Rock, 221

saxicola, 221

Tufted, 221

virens, 220
Phyllerpa, 607
Phyllopsora, 546

parvifolia, 546
PHYLLOPSORACEAE, 546
Phyllosticta Coccolobae, 635

Roberti, 635

Sapotae, 635
Phymatodes, 470

exiguum, 471
Phymosia, 264

abutHoides, 264
Physalis, 381

angulata, 381

barbadensis, 382

cura>88avica. 382

Linkiana, 381

pubescens, 382

turbinata, 382
Physarum compressum, 645

globuliferum, 645

Physarum —

viride, 645
Physcia, 552

adglutinata, 552

alba, 552

crispa, 553

crispa, 552

dilatata, 552

dilatata, 552

hypoleuca, 552

integrata, 553

integrata, 552

integrata sorediosa,
553

obscura, 552

plcta, 551

stellaris, 553

PHYSCIACE'AB, 551

Physcophora, 571

triangularis, 571
Physma, 540

umbella, 540
Physurus, 87

querceticola, 87

Sagraeanus, 87
Phytolacca, 135

icosandra, 135

octandra, 135
PHYTOLACCACEAE, 133
Picramnia, 210

pentandra, 210

PlCRODENDRACEAE, 102

Picrodendron, 103

baccatum bahamense,
103

juglans, 103

macrocarpum, 103
Pigeon-berry, 372

-pea, 192

-plum, 117
Pigweed, 125
Pilea, 106

herniarioides, 107

microphylla, 106

muscosa, 106

tenerrima, 107

PlLOCARPACEAE, 541

Pilocarpon, 541

tricholoma, 541
Pilocereus, 291

lanuginosus, 292
Pilotrichella floridana, 491
Pilotrichum cymbifolium,

492
Pimenta, 305

oflicinalis, 305

Pimenta, 305

vulgaris, 305
PINACEAE, 461
PIN ALES, 460
PINE- APPLE FAMILY, 63
PINE FAMILY, 461
Pine-land Fern, 468
Thistle, 459

-tree, Caribbean, 461
Pinguicula, 395

pumila, 395
Pink, 329
Pinnularia, 628

rectangulata, 628
Pinus, 461

bahamensis, 461

caribaea, 461
Pipe-shank, 377
PIPE RACE AE, 101

PlPERALES, 101

Pirea, 492
Pireella. 493

Pireella, 492

cymbifolia, 492
Piscidia Erythrina. 186
Pisonia. 132

aculeata. 132

calophylla, 131

discolor longifolia, 132

oibtusata, 131

rotundata, 133

Round-leaved, 133

subcordata rotundata,

133

Pistacia Simaruba, 212
Pitch-apple. 281
Pitcher-plant, 113
Pithecolobium, 155

asplenifolium, 160

bahamense, 156

calliandriflorumf 156

circinale, 156

discolor, 157

flavovirens, 155

guadalupense, 156

Hystrix, 156

keyense, 156

mucronatum, 156

Unguis-cati, 155

Unguis-cati, 155
Pithophora, 601

oedogonia, 601
Pityrogramma, 469

calomellanos, 469
Placodium aurantiacum
Bassiae, 550

floridanum, 550

galactophyllum, 550
Placoma. 620
Plagiochila, 505

Louisiana, 506

ludoviciana, 506
Plagiogramma, 627
Plagiogramma, 626

caribaeum, 627

decussatum, 630

inaequale, 627

labuense, 627

labuense, 627

lyratum, 627

obesum, 627

pulchellum, 627

pygmaeum, 627

tessellatum, 630

PLANTAGINACEAEj 406

PLANTAGINALES, 406
Plantago, 406

lanceolata, 407

major, 406
Plantain, 406
PLANTAIN FAMILY, 406
Plectonema, 623

nostocorum, 623

roseolum, 623
PLEUROCOCCACEAE, 597
Pleurococcus membraninus,
618

vulgaris, 597
Pleurosigma, 628

compactum, 631

formosum, 628

Weissflogii, 631
Pleurotopsisi liliputiana,

644

Plicatura obliqua, 644
Plocamium triangulate, 571
Plocaria, 562
Pluchea, 445

bifrons, 445

camphorata, 446

INDEX.

687

Pluchea —

foetida, 445

odorata, 445

purpurascens, 446
PLUM FAMILY, 153
Plumaria Schousboei, 580
PLUMBAGINACEAE,, 319
Plumbago, 319

scandens, 319
PLUMBAGO FAMILY, 319
Plumiera, 334

alba, 334

Bahama, 334

bahamensis, 334

Blunt-leaved, 334

emaryinatttj 334

Hairy, 335

Iniagua, 334

inaguensis, 334

obtusa, 334

obtusa, 635

Red, 335

rubra, 335

sericifolia, 335
Poa amabilis, 41

ciliaris, 41

doming ensis, 41 .

nitida, 40

plumosttj 41

prolifera, 41

virgata, 42
POACEAE, 10

POALES, 10

Podocystis, 6291

adriatica, 629

adriatica, 627

Pogonomyces hydnoides, 641
Poinciana, 174

coriaria, 174

pulcherrima, 174

rcf/ia, 175
Poinsettia, 236

heterophylla, 236
Poison Bush, 232

Cherry, 248

Ivy, 244

-tree, 244
Poke-bush, 136

-weed, 136

POKE-WEED FAMILY, 133
POLEMONIALES, 344
Polyblastiopsis, 527

lactea, 527
Polygala, 214

bahamensis, 215

brizoides, 215

corallicola, 215

Krugii, 215

Krug's,215

oblongata, 216

spathulata, 215

Spatulate-leaved, 215

Wightiana, 215

Wight's, 216

Wilsoni, 216

Wilson's, 216

POLYGALACEAE, 214
POLYGONACEAE, 114
POLYGONALES, 113

Polygonum acre, 114

Fagopyrum, 115

gldbrum, 115

hydropiperoides, 114

portoricense, 115

punctatum, 114

Uvifera. 116
Polyostea, 569
Polyphysa, 605

POLYPODIACEAE, 464

Polypodium, 469

aureum, 470

biserratum, 474

exaltatum, 473

exiguum, 471

incanutn, 470

Phyllitidis, 471

polypodioides, 470

pubescens, 473

reptans, 473

squamatum, 470

Swartzii, 471
Polypodoidea, 595
Polypody, Climbing, 471

Gray, 470

Scaly, 470

POLYPORACEAE, 639

Polyporus Auberianus, 640

Bracei, 641

fruticum, 641

guyanensis, 641

licnoides, 641

occidentalis, 639

palustris, 641

pinsitus, 639

sericeohirsutus, 639

surinamensis, 641

tornatus, 640

Tricholoma, 641
Polypremum, 329

procumbens, 329
Polysiphonia, 569
Polysiphonia, 577, 587. 627
- aduncaf 574

barbatula, 574

Binderi, 572

Binneyi, 570

breviarticulata, 570

exills, 570

ferulacea, 570

ferulacea, 590

foeniculacea, 570

Gorgoniae, 570

hapailacantha, 570

hapalacantha, 554

havanensis, 570

havanensis, 570

havanensis Binneyi.
570

Hillebrandii, 577

Tiirfa^ 570

lophoclados, 571

opaca,, 571

Pecten-Veneris, 573

pericludos, 572

perpusilla, 564

pygmaea, 574

ramentacea, 570

reptabunda, 574

secunda, 574

subtilissima, 570

tenella, 573

trichoclada, 571
Polystachya, 88

folios-a, 89

Large, 89

luteola, 89

minuta, 89

Small, 89

Polystictus cinnamomeus.
639

sanguineus, 641
Polythrix, 626

corymbosa, 626
Pond-apple, 141

-thatch, 60

-top, 60

Pondweed, 5, 363
PONDWEED FAMILY, 4
Ponthieva, 87

Brittonae, 87

Mrs, Britten's, 87
Poppers, 381
POPPY FAMILY, 145
Poria, 641
Porina, 523
Porina, 524

africana, 524

flrmula, 524

macrocarpa, 523

mastoidea, 524

nucula, 524

subfirmula, 524

Tetracerae, 524

variegata, 524

Wilsonii, 523
Pork-and-Doughboy, 160

-bush, 136, 149

-fat Apple, 154
Porolithon, 587

Boergesenii, 585

improcerum, 587

pachydermum, 587

pachydermumf587, 598
Poronia Oedipus, 634
Porophyllum, 455

Porophyllum, 456

rud'erale, 456
Portulaca, 138

Bahama, 138

Brown-seeded, 138

fagatosperma, 138
alimoides, 138
oleracea, 138
phaeospermai, 138
pilosa, 138

PORTULACA'CEAE, 137

Potamogeton, 4

heterophyllus, 5
POTATO FAMILY, 381
Potmargin, 380
Prescottia, 86

oligantha, 86

Small, 87
Prickle-grass, 14
Prickly-apple, 411

-bur, 386

-bush, 403

Myrtle, 374

-pear, 295-297

-tree, 301
Pride-of-india, 213
PRIMROSE FAMILY, 318
PRIMTJLACEAE, 318
PRIMULALES, 315
Princewood, 409
Priva, 366

echinata, 367

lappulacea, 367
Privet Senna, 167
Proserpinaca, 310

palustris, 311

platycarpa, 311
Prosopis, 164

juliflora, 164

Prospodium bahamense, 636
PROTOCOCCACEAE, 597
Protococcus, 597

Magma, 619

turgidus, 618

viridis, 597
Prunus myrtifolia, 153

sphaerocarpa. 153
Pseudocarpidium, 373

Wrightii, 374

688

INDEX.

Pseudocarpidium —

Wright's, 374
Fseudophoenix, 60

Sargentii, 61

vinifera, 61
Pseudopyrenula, 526

diremta, 526

eluteriae subsulphurea,

530
Pseudotetraspora, 597

Antillarum,597

marina, 597
Psidium, 306

Guajava, 307

Guava, 307

PSILOTACEAE, 476

Psilotum, 476

nudum, 476

triquetrwm, 476
PSILOTUM FAMILY, 476
Psorotichia, 539

Boergesenii, 539
Psychotria, 418

asiatica, 419

bahamensis, 419

lanceolata, 419

ligustrifolia, 419

pubescens, 418

undata, 419

Pteridium caudatum, 467
PTERIDOPHYTA, 464
Pteris, 466

aquilina caudata, 467

aurea, 470

caudata, 467

lanceolata, 466

lineata, 466

longifolia, 467
Ptilota Schousboei, 580
Ptilothamnion, 581

bipinnatum, 580
Puccinia CynancM, 636

heterospora, 636

Lantanae, 636

Leonotidis, 636

miriflca, 636

obliqua, 636
Pull-back, 132
Purple-grass, 32
Purslane, 138
PDKSLANE FAMILY, 137
Pycnodoria, 467

longifolia, 467
Pycnoporus sanguineus, 641
Pycraeus ferrugineus, 44
Pylaiella, 589

Antillarum, 589

Hooperi, 589
PYRENOPSIDACEAE, 539
Pyrenula, 526

aurantiaca, 526

cerina, 526

deplanata, 526

Glaziovii, 526

Kunthii, 526

leucoplaca, 526

libricola, 527

mamillana, 526

mamillana, 526

mastoidea, 524

nitida, 526

punctella. 526

tropica, 529
PYRENULACEAE, 523
PYRE,NULALES, 522
Pyronema omphalodes, 635
Pyropolyporus dependent,
640

Pyxine, 551

Cocoes, 552

Cocoes endoxantha, 552
dissecta, 552
Meissneri, 552
picta, 551

Quamoclit, 350

coccinea, 350

Quamoclit, 350

vulgaris, 350
QUASSIA FAMILY, 209
Quassia Simarouba, 210
Queen-of-the-Night, 294
Quicksilver-bush, 253

Rabbit-grass, 42
Rachicallis, 408

americana, 409

rupestris, 409
Radicant Fissidens, 481
Radicula, 147

brevipes, 148
Radula, 506

australis, 506

Southern, 506
Ragweed, Southern, 432
RAGWEED FAMILY, 430
Rainbow-moss, 480
Rajania, 80

Tiastata, 80

microphylla, 80

microphylla, 634

Small, 80
Ramalina, 549

complanata, 549

denticulata 549

MontAgnei, 549

peruviana, 549

rigida Montagnei, 549

usneoides, 549
Ram's Head Frullania, 519

-horn, 156
RAN ALES, 139
Randia, 410

aculeata, 410

mitis, 410

RANUNCULACEAE, 140
Rapanea, 316

guianensis, 316
Raphanus lanceolatus} 149
Rat-root, 417

-wood, 198
Rattlebox, 178
Rauwolfla, 339

glabra, 339

nitida, 339

Smooth, 339

tetraphylla, 339
Rectolejeunea, 509

Berteroana, 510

Biertero's, 510

Brittoniae. 510

Leaf-shedding, 510

Mrs. Britton's, 510

phyllobola, 510
Red Bay, 144

Cedar, 462

Clover, 180

Morning-glory, 350

Periwinkle, 336

Sage-bush, 370

Stopper, 304

-top, 23
Reed-grass, 39
Relbunium bermudense, 424
Renealmia usneoides, 63

I Resupinatus subbarbatulus,

644
Reynosia, 255

Bahama. 256

Common, 256

latifolia, 256

Northropiana, 256

septentrionalis. 256
RhaMadenia, 337

biflora, 337

paludosa, 337

Sagraei, 337
Rhabdonema adriaticum,

630
Rhabdonia Baileyi, 561

tenera, 561
Rhacoma, 247

aquifolia. 248

Bahama, 247

coriacea, 247

Crossopetalum, 248

Holly-leaved, 248

ilicifolia, 248

pallens, 248

Spiny-leaved, 248
RHAMNACEAE, 255
RHAMNALES, 255
Rhamnidium ferreum, 256

revolutum, 256
Rhamnus colubrinus, 258

cubensis, 258

ferreus, 256

Rhinotrichum Curtisii, 636
Rhipilia, 612

longicaulis, 611

Rawsoni, 612

tomentosa, 612
Rhipocephalus, 613
Rhipocephalus, 568

oblongus, 613

Phoenix, 61 3
Rhizoclonium. 599

crassipellitum robus-
tum, 600

hieroglyphicum, 600

Hookeri, 600

riparium implexum,

600

Rhizophora, 308
Rhizophora, 559, 561, 564,
570, 572. 573, 574, 575,
576, 577, 582, 583, 594,
599, 600, 602, 606, 608,
610, 617

Mangle, 308
RHIZOPHORACEAE, 308
RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE, 583
Rhodochorton Rothii, 560

spelunca-rumi,

Rhodomela calamistrata ,
572

RHODOMELACEAE, 565

Rhodonema, 575
elegans, 576

RHODOPHYCEAE, 553

RHODOPHYLLIDACEAE, 561

Rhodoplexia, 580

RHODYMENIACEAE, 563

Rhoeo, 68

discolor. 68

Rhubarb, 419

Rhus Blodgettii. 244
Cominia, 253
Met opium. 244
radicans, 244
Toxicodendron, 244

Rhynchosia, 192
caribaea, 193
GundlacTiii, 193

INDEX.

689

RhyncJiosia —

minima, 193

reticulata, 193
Ribwort, 407
Riccia, 502

crystallina, 502

Crystalline, 503

violacea, 503

Violet, 503
RICCIA FAMILY. 502
RICCIACEAE, 502
Ricciella, 502
Richard's Calymperes, 482
Ricinus, 230

communis, 230
Rigidoporus surinamensis,

641

Rio Janeiro Frullania, 520
Rivina, 134

humilis, 134

laevis, 134

octandra, 134
Rivularia, 626

Biasolettiana, 626

nitida, 626

polyotis, 626

Zosterae, 591

RlVULARIACEAE, 625

Robinia grandiflora, 182 .
Rochefortia, 360

bahamensis, 360
Rock Balsam, 223

Trichostomum, 487
Rong-bush, 451
Roperia tessellata, 629

ROSALESj.151

Rosewood, 160
Rousselia, 107

humilis, 107

lappulacea, 107
Roving Sailor, 388
Royal Palm, 61

Poinciana, 175
Roiistonca regia, 61
Rubber-vine, 336, 340

RUBIACEAE, 407
RUBIALES, 407

Rudolph's Diplasiolejeunea,

507-

RUE FAMILY, 206
Ruellia, 401

tuberosa, 401

Tuberous, 401
Ruppia, 5

maritima, 5
Rush, Flat-spiked, 52

-grass, 32-34

White-headed, 53
Russellia, 388

equisetiformis, 388

juncea, 388
RUTACEAE, 206
Rynchospora, 53
Rynchospora, 637

bahamensis, 55

capitata, 54

cyperoides, 54

divergens, 55

jubata, 56

marisculus, 56

microcarpa, 55

perplexa, 55

tenuis, 55

Tracyi, 54

Sabal, 59

Palmetto, 60

Sabal—

Palmetto bahamensis,
60

umbraoulifera, 60
Sabbatia, 331

campanulata, 331

campanulata, 332

gracilis,331, 332

simulata, 332
Sabicu, 158
Sachsia, 446

bahamensis, 446
Saffron-tre£, 321
Sage, Big, 370

Scarlet, 379

Small White, 379

West Indian, 378

Wild, 370
Sage-bush, Bahama, 370

Inagua, 371

Red, 370
Sagittaria, 7

Lance-leaved, 8

lancifolia, 8

Sagra's Lopholejeunea, 516
St. Andrew's Cross, 280
ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY,

280

St. Thomas Bush, 341
Salic ornia, 121

ambigua, 122

Bigelovii, 122

fruticosa, 122

mucronata, 122

perennis, 122
Salmea, 452

Bushy, 453

petrobioides, 453
Salsola linearis, 121
Salt Grass, 34

-weed, 128

-wort, 133

SALTWORT FAMILY, 133
Saltwater-bush, 409
Salve-bush, 383
Salvia, 378

coccinea, 379

micrantha, 378

occidentalis, 378

serotina, 378

tenella, 379
SALVINIALES. 475
Salz-bush, 276
Samodia ebracteata, 318
Samolus, 318

ebracteatus, 318

floribundus, 318

Valerandi americanus,

318

Sampire, 128
Samydat spinescens, 286
Sandbox-tree, 233
Sandfly-bush, 409
Sanseviera, 69

guineensis, 69
Santa Maria, 448
SANTALALES, 107
Santo Domingo Marchantia,

504

SAPINDACEAE, 250
SAPINDALES, 242
Sapium laurifolium, 242
Sapodilla, 325
SAPODILLA FAMILY, 320
Sapota, 324

Achras, 324

Achras, 635, 636
SAPOTACEAE, 320

Sarcographa, 538

tricosa, 538
Sarcomphalus, 257

Taylori, 257

Taylor's, 257

Sarcostemma Brownei, 344
Sargassum, 592
Sargassum, 553, 574, 578,
586, 587, 589

bacciferum, 592

bahiense, 594

cymosum, 593

Filipendula, 593

Filipendula Montagnei,
593

fluitans, 593

Hystrix, 594

Hystrix buxifolium, 594

Hystrix fluitans, 593

len<Mgerum, 593

leptocarpum, 593

Montagnei, 593

natans, 592

natans, 593

platycarpum, 593

polyceraitium, 593

polyphyllum, 594

pteropleuron, 593

pteropus, 594

ramifolium, 593

rigidulum, 593

stenophyllum, 593

trachyphyllum, 594

turbinatum, 591

vulgare, 593
Satin-wood, 207, 208
Satinleaf, 321
Satureia Brownei, 379
Satyrium orchioides, 86
Savia, 218

bahamensis, 218

erythroxyloides, 218
Saw-brier, 71

-grass, 46, 56

Palmetto, 60
Scaevola, 428

Lobelia, 429

Plumierii, 429
Scaly Polypody, 470
Scarlet Sage, 379
Schaefferia, 249

Common, 249

frutescens, 249

lateriflora, 221
Schinus Fagara, 206
Schizachyrium, 13

gracile, 13

semiberbe, 13

SCHIZAEACEAE, 474

SchizophyTlus alneus, 644
Schizothrix, 623

chalybea, 624

vaginata, 623
Schlotheimia, 488

Sullivantii, 488

Sullivant's, 489
ScJimidelia macrocarpa, 103
Schoenus, 56

coloratus, 53

cyperoides, 54

nigricans, 57

nigricans, 47
Schoepfia, 111

chrysophylloides, 111

obovata, 111
Scipio-bush, 220
Scirpus, 52

atropurpuretts , 49

690

INDEX.

Scirpus —

capitatus, 49
castaneus, 50
diphyllus, 50
exilis, 51
ferrugineus, 50
flaccidus, 48
glomeratus, 51
interstinctus, 48
lithospermus, 57
ochreatus, 48
robustus, 52
validus, 53

Scleria, 57

flliformis, 28, 57
lithosperma, 57
verticillata, 57

Sclerophyton, 538
elegans, 538

Scleropus amaranthoides,
124

Scolosanthus, 417

bahamensis, 417

S'coparia, 391

Scoparia, 391
dulcis, 391

Scorpion-tail, 363

Scorpiura, 572

SCROPHULARIACEAB, 387

Scutellaria, 376
cubensis, 377
havanensis, 377
longiflora, 377
purpurascenSj 377

Scutia ferrea, 256

Scytonema, 624

Scytonema,, 531

cincinnatum, 624
crassum, 625
Hofmauni, 624
Millei, 624
myochrous, 625
ocellatum, 624
velutinum, 625
velutinum, 624

SCYTONEMATACEAE, 624

Seat-beach grass, 24

Blite, 121

-bush, 450

Grape, 117

Lavender, 320

Oats, 42

Ox-eye, 450

Purslane, 136, 137

-rocket, 149

-weed., 409

Sebacina spongiosa, 638
Sebesten, 357

Sebestena, 357
Securinega, 219
Securinega, 218

Acidothamnus, 219

Acidoton. 219
Sedge, Black-headed, 57
SEDGE FAMILY, 43
Seirospora, 580

occidentals, 580
Selaginella, 477

Eatoni, 477

Baton's 477
SELAGINELLACEAE, 476
Selenicereus, 293

Boeckmanni, 293

grandiflorus, 294
SE>MATOPHYLLACE>AE, 499
Sematophyllum, 499

admistum, 500

Glossy, 500

Sematophyllum —

sericifolium, 500

Shining, 500

Subpinnate, 500

subpinnatum, 499
SEMATOPHYLLUM FAMILY,

499

Senecio Meracifolius} 458
Senna, 166, 167
SENNA FAMILY, 164
Sensitive Plant, 161
Septobasidium cirratum,

638

Septoria, 635
Serenoa arborescens, 60
Serjania, 251

diversifolia, 251

lucida, 251

paniculata, 251

subdentata, 251
Serpent-fern, 470
Sertolara, 614
Sesame, 399
Sesamum, 399

indicum, 399

orientale, 399
Sesban, 181

grandiflorus, 182

occidentals, 182

sericea, 182

Silky, 182

Smooth, 182
Sesuvium, 136

maritimum, 136

pentandrum, 136

portulacastrum, 136
Setaria caudata, 28

filiformis 28

glauca, 27

macrostachya, 28

setosa, 28
Setiscapella, 394

subulata, 394
Seutera maritima, 343
Seven-year Apple, 410
Shanks, 453
Sheeprgrass, 355
Shell Orchid, 94
Shepherd's-needle, 454
Shining Sematophyllum,

500

Shoestring-fern, 466
Sicyos trifoliataf 260
Sida, 267

abutttoides, 265

acuminata, 269

acuminatd; Bracei, 269

acuta carpinifolia, 268

angustifolia, 268

antlllensis, 268

carpinif olia, 268

ciliaris, 267

Creeping, 269

crispa, 266

Fringed, 268

glomcrata^ 268

glutinosa, 269

glutinosa, 270

hederaefolia, 268

hirta, 265

Ivy-leaved, 268

nervosa, 269

permollis, 265

procumbens, 269

spinosa, 268

spinosa angustifoUa,
268

Sticky, 269

Sida—

supina, 269

trisulcata, 265

urens, 268

Velvety, 269

vis cos a, 270
Sideroxylon, 321

foetidissimum, 321

mastichodendron, 321
Silk-cotton Tree, 275
Silky-grass, 17

Senna, 168

Silphium triloltatum, 451
Silver-fern,469

-plume- grass, 13

-thatch, 59

-top, 59
Simarouba, 210

glauca, 210

medicinalis, 210

SlMAEOUBACEAE, 209

Simariiba amara, 210

officinalis, 210

ojftcinalis gldbra, 210
Simblum sphaerocephalum.

644
Sinapis, 147

arvensis, 147

"brassicata, 147

integrifolia, 147
Singer-tree, 157
Siphonocladus, 602

membranaceus, 601

rigidus, 602
Sisal, 77

Sison Ammi, 314
Sisyrinchium, 80

mlamiense, 81
Skullcap, 377
Slag, 4

Slender Maiden-hair Fern,
467

Sea Purslane, 136
Slipper-plant, 233
Sloanea emarginata, 324
Small Halberd-fern, 472

-leaved Haplocladium,

495

SMILACACEAE, 70
Smilax, 70

auriculata, 71

Beyrichii, 71

domingensis. 71

havanensis, 71

havanensis denta-ta^
71

havanensis ovata
laevis, 71

laurifolia, 72

oblongata, 71

oblongata viscifolia,

populnea, 71

Walteri, 72
SMILAX FAMILY, 70
Snake-bark, 258

-root, 210, 417
Snowberry, 417
Snowdrop, 78
SOAPBERRY FAMILY, 250

SOLANACEAE> 381

Solanum, 382

aculeatissimum, 382
americanum, 383
bahamense, 383
"bahamense lanc'eola-

tum, 383
Blodgettii, 384

INDEX.

691

Solanum —

Blodgett's, 384

Bushy White, 384

didymacanthum, 384

gracile, 383

havancnse, 386

ignaeum, 383

Mullein-leaved, 383

nigrum, 383

nigrum oleracewtn, 383

nodiflorum, 383

purpur&tum, 383

subarmatum, 383

torvum, 384

verbascifolium, 383
Soldier-bush, 361, 442
Solieria chordalis, 561
Sonchus, 429

oleraceus, 430
Sophora, 177

Coast, 178

tomentosa, 178
Sore-bush, 363
Sour-bush, 445
Southern Bracken, 467

Radula, 506
Sow-thistle, 430
Sowbane, 119
Spanish Bayonet, 72

Cedar, 100

Cordia, 358

Cork, 273

Guava, 411

Jasmine, 335

Moss, 63

Plum, 112

Stopper, 304

-top, 60
Spartina, 34

juncea, 34

patens, 34
Spathelia, 208

'Low, 208

vernicosa, 208
Spathiger, 89

rigidus, 89

Spatoglossum guineense,
597

variegatum, 594 595
Spermacoce, 423

laevis.422

ocimoides. 422

tenuior, 423

tetraquetra, 424
SPERMATOPHYTA, 2
Spermothamnion, 578

gorgoneum, 578

gymnocarpum, 579

investiens, 578

irregular e, 579

macromeres, 578

roseolum, 578

speluncarum, 578

speluncarum, 553
Sphacelaria, 590

tribuloides, 590
SPHACELARIACEAE, 590
Sphacelotheca pamparum,

ooT
Sphaeno siphon prasinus,

620

Sphaeralcea abutiloides, 264
S'phaerella Rajaniae. 634
Sphaeria anmilata, 634

concentricttj. 634

fuscopurpurca; 634

gregaria, 533

polymorpha, 634

Sphaeria —

Stigma, 634

sulphured, 633
SPHAERIALES, 634
Sphaerocarpus globuliferus,

645

SPHAEROCOCCACEAE> 562
Sphaerococcus Corallopsis,
566

domingensis, 562

filiformis, 583

isiformis, 561

lacinulatus, 562

pedicellatus , 576

polycarpus, 562

rigens, 563

tener, 561

tennis, 561

SPHAEROPSIDALES,, 635
Siphaerostilbe gracilipes, 633
Sphenomeris,468

clavata, 468
Spice-wood, 308
Spider-flower, 150

-lily, 79

SPIDERWORT FAMILY, 66
Spigelia, 328

Anthelmia, 329
Spike-grass, 40, 42

-rush, 48, 49
Spiny-bur, 447
Spiranthes elata, 86

lucayana, 85

tortilis, 85

Spleenwort, Toothed, 469
Spondias lutea, 245
Spongia vermicularis, 604
Spongodium, 616
Sponia Lamarckiana, 104
Sporobolus, 32
Sporobolus, 635

angustus, 33

argutus, 33

atrovirens, 33

bahamensis , 33

Berteroanus, 33

domingensis, 33

indicus, 32

Jacquemontii, 32

tenacissimus, 32

virginicus, 33
Sporolithon, 584
Spreading Frullania, 520
Spurge, Bahama, 239

B'ertero's, 242

Blodgett's, 241

Brace's, 239

Brazilian, 240

Britton's, 242

Broad-leaved, 237

Bushy, 238

Cay Sal, 238

Coast, 237

Exuma, 239

Forking, 235

Hairy, 241

Hypericum-leaved, 240

Leafless Cuban, 235

Mottled, 235

Pin-weed, 238

Prostrate, 241

Sheathed, 240

Wijson's, 238
SPURGE FAMILY, 217
Spyridia, 581

aculeata, 581

apiculata, 581

filamentosa, 581

Spyridia occidentalis, 581
Squamaria, 584
SQUAMARIACEAE,, 584
Stachytarpheta fruticosa,

jamaicensis, 366
STAFF-TREE FAMILY., 246
Star-of-the-Earth, 148
Statice bahamensis, 320
Stelis foliosa, 89
Stemmodontia bahamensis,
451

trilobata, 451
Stemodia, 389

Coast, 389

dtirantifolia, 389

maritima, 389
Stemonitis herbatica, 645
Stenandrium, 402

droseroides, 402

rupestre, 402
Stenolobium stans, 397
Stenophyllus, 49

Wilsoni, 49

Wilson's, 50
Stenorrhynchus, 86

lanceolatus. 86

orchioides, 86
Stenostomum, 414

densiflorum, 415

lucidum, 414

myrtifolium, 415

Mytle,415

Shining. 414

Viscid, 415
Stenotaphrum, 30

americanum, 30

secundatum, 30
StephanocoeUum, 607

verticillatum, 608
Stephanotis floribunda, 344
STERCDLIACEAE, 275
Stereophyllum, 494

radiculosum, 494
Stereum, 638
Stereum albobadium, 638

candidum,, 638

Leveilleanum, 638
Sticky-weed, 444
Stictosiphonia, 572
Stigmaphyllon, 204

Faustinum, 204

reticulatum, 204

S'agraeanum, 204

Sagra's, 204

Stigmatidum eAegans, 538
Stigonema, 625
Stigonema, 625
STIGQNEMATACEAE, 625
Stillingia eglandulosa, 232
Stilophora clathrata, 590
Stinking Pea, 167

-pea, Root, 177
Stipa, 31

eapilJoris, 32
Stomoisia, 395

cornuta, 395
Stopper.Bahama, 306

Long-stalked, 306

Pale, 306

Red, 304

Spanish, 304

White, 303, 308
Stow-weed, 391
Strap-fern., 471
Streptachne cubensis, 31

scabra. 31
Striatella, 627

692

INDEX.

Striatella—

delicatula, 627
de1icatularG27
Strong-back, 359
Stropharia floccosa, 744
Strumpfia, 418
Strumpfla, 417

maritima, 418
Struvea, 602

anastomosans, 602
Stylosanthes, 183
hamata, 183
procumbens, 183
viscosa, 183
Stypopodium, 594
lobatum, 594
Suaeda intermedia, 121
Subpinnate Sematophyllum

500

Sugar-apple, 141
Sullivant's Schlotheimla,

489

SUMAC FAMILY, 243
Suriana, 209
Suriana, 543

maritima, 209
SURIANACEAE, 209
Surinam Cherry, 304
Surirella, 629

fastuosa, 629
fusiformis, 631
incurvata, 631
maraca, 631
mexicama, 631
recedens, 629
Swamp-bush, 271
Swartzia multijuga, 177
Sweet-bay, 432
Potato, 354
Torch, 143
William, 336
Sweetwood Bark, 223
Swietenia, 213

Mabagoni, 213
Mahagoni, 109
Sword-bush, 220

-fern, 473
Symploca, 623

hydnoides fruticulosa,

623

Synechocystis, 619
Synedra, 628

formosa, 630
fulgens, 630
Gaillonli minor, 628
superba, 630
superba minor, 628
undulata, 628
Synedrella, 452

nodiflora, 452
Synedrosphaenia baculi-

formis, 630
Syntherisma, 15
digitata, 16
filiformis, 15
marginatum, 16
paniceum, 15
sanguinalis, 16
setosa, 16
Syrrhopodon, 482

Gaudichaudii, 482
Gaudichaud's, 483

Tabebuia, 396

bahamensis, 396
bahamensis . 636
. lepidota, 396

Tabernaemontana Ecliites,

336
Taenioma, 564

perpusillum, 564
Taenitis lanceolata, 466
Tallow Wood, 112
Tamala pubcscens, 144
TAMARICACEAE, 279
Tamarind, 165
Tamarindus, 165
indica, 165
Tamarisk, 279
TAMARISK FAMILY, 279
Tamarix, 279

gallica, 279
Tamonea, 367

curassavica, 367
scabra, 367
Tape-grass, 8
TAPE-GRASS FAMILY, 8
Tassel Plant, 209
Taxilejeunea, 512

obtusangula, 512
Obtusely-angled, 513
Taxithelium, 498
Flat, 499
planum, 498
Tecoma, 397

bahamensis, 396
lepidota, 396
Leucoxylon, 396
stans, 397
Tectaria, 471

Amesiana, 472
heracleifolia, 471
minima, 472
trifoliata, 472
Tephrosia, 181

cathartica, 181
cinerea, 181
Teramnus uncinatus, 190
Terebinthus, 211
inaguensis, 212
Simaruba, 212
Terminalia, 301
Catappa, 302
spinosa, 301
TERMINALIACEAE, 300
Tetramicra, 94
Bahama, 94
Urbaniana, 94
Tetranthus, 446
Biahama, 447
bahamensis, 447
thymoides, 455
Tetrazygia, 298
Tetrazygia, 298

angustiflora, 298
bicolor, 298
Teucrium, cubense, 376

inflatum, 367
Thalassia, 9

Thalmsia, 563 568, 570,
573, 581, 582, 586,
588, 590, 591, 597,
622

testudinum, 9
THALLOPHYTA, 521
Thamnophora triangularis ,

571

Thatch-palm, 59
Thelephora albobadia, 638
Candida, 638
spiculosa, 638
spongiosa, 638
THELEPHORACEAE>, 638
Thelotrema, 544
albidum, 544

Thelotrema —

bicinctulum, 544

bisporurn, 545

glaucescens, 545

lepadinum, 544

lepadinum bahianum.
545

microporum, 544

monosporum, 544

paralbidum, 544

paralbldum, 544

Ravenelii, 545

simplex, 545

subtile, 544

velatum, 544
THELOTREMACEAE., 543
THEOPHRASTA FAMILY, 316
THEOPHRASTACEAE, 316
Thespesia, 273

populnea, 273
Thevetia nereifolia, 338

Thevetia, 338
THISTLE FAMILY, 433
Thorn-apple, 386
Thoroughwort, 438
Thouinia, 252

discolor, 252
Threefold Euosmolejeunea,

512
Thrinax, 58

argentea, 59

bahamensis, 58

floridana, 59

keyensis, 58

microcarpa, 58

parviflora, 59

parviflora, 59
Thunbergia, 404

alata, 405

fragrans, 405

volubilis, 405

White, 405

Winged, 405
Thyana, 252

discolor, 252
Thymopsis 455

Brittonii, 455

thymoides, 455

Wrightii, 455
Thymus Brownei, 379
Tick-trefoil, 184
Tie-tongue, 118
TILIACEAE, 261
Tillandsia, 64

aloifolia, 65

Balbisiana, 64

Berteroniana, 66

bulbosa, 65

canescens, 66

circinata, 65

fasciculata, 65

flexuosa, 65

lingulata, 66

polystachya, 64

recurvata, 64

usneoides, 63

utriculata, 65

Valenzuelana, 64
Tithymalus, 235

trichotomus, 235
Ti-Ti, 186
Tobacco, 387
Tomasellia, 528

cubana, 528

cubana., 528

exumana, 528

leucostoma, 528

macrospora, 528

INDEX.

693

Tonka Bean, 438
Toothed Spleenwort, 460
Torch-wood, 209
Torrubia, 131

Bracei, 132

Cokeri, 131

longifolia, 132

obtusata, 131
Tortula, 483

agraria, 484

Common, 484

Donnellii, 485

rivalis, 487
TORTULA FAMILY, 483
TORTULACEAE, 483
Touch-me-not, 205
Tournefortia, 361

gnaphalodes, 361

liumiUs, 363

poliochros, 362

Slender Green-leaved,
361

tomentosa, 362

volubilis, 361

roluUlis, 632

White-leaved, 362
Toxicodendron, 243

Blodgettii, 244

radicans, 244
Trachyneis, 628

Antillarum, 631

aspera, 628

D-ebyi, 631
Trachysphenia, 627

australis, 627
Tradescantia discolor, 68

virginica, 68
Trametes hj/dnoides, 641

submurina, 641

versatiUs, 640
Trema, 104

Lamarckiana, 104

Lima, 104

Tremella Auricula, 637
Trentepohlia, 599

aurea, 599

rigidula, 599

torulosa, 599
Triads microphylla, 283
Trianospermum racemosum.

427

Triblidium rufulum, 635
Tribulus, 202

cistoides, 202

maximus, 203

terrestris cistoides. 202
Tricera, 243

Bahama, 243

bahamensis, 243

bahamensis, 633
Trichachne insularis, 16
Trichia cinerea, 645

clavata*, 645
Trichodesmium, 621

Thiebautii, 621

TMebautii, 620
Trichogloea, 556
Tricholaena leucophaea, 17
Trichosolen Antillarum, 607
Trichostigma, 135
Trichostigma, 134

octandrum, 134

rivinoides, 1 34
Trichostomum, 487
Trichostomum, 487

involutum, 487

jamaicense, 487

rivale, 487

Trichostomum —

rivale, 487

Rock, 487

Trichothamnion, 575
Tricladia, 607
Tridax, 454

procumbens, 454
Trifolium, 179

pratense, 180

repens, 180
Triopteris, 204
Triopteris, 203

havanensis, 204

jamalcensis, 204

lucida, 204

parvifolia, 204

rigida, 204

Triple-awned Grass, 31
Tripsacum, 12

dactyloides, 12

hermaphroditum. 15
Triumfetta, 263

althaeoides, 263

semitriloba, 263
Tropidoneis, 629

lepidoptera, 629
TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY,

395
Trumpet-flower, 397

TRYPETHELIACEAEi, 528

Trypethelium, 529

aeneum, 529

catervarium, 530

cruentatum, 530

cruentum, 530

eluteriae, 530

eluteriae citrinum, 530

eluteriae nigricans, 530

eluteriae subsulphu-
reum,, 530

eluteriae truncatum,
530

ferrugineum, 529

heterochroum^ 529

Kunzci, 529

mastoideum, 529

ochroleucum, 530

ochroleucumpallescens,
530

ochrothelium, 529

pallescens. 530

scoria, 529

Sprengelii, 530

tropicum, 529
Tulip, 336
Turtina, 354

corymbosa, 354
Turbinaria, 591

trialata, 591

tricostata, 592

turbinata, 591

turbinata, 592

vulgaris trialata, 591
Turk's-cap. 294
Turnera, 282

diffusa. 283

Small-leaved, 283

ulmifolia, 282

ulmifolia, 635

TURNERACEAE, 282

Turtle-grass, 9

-weed, 133
Tussilago albicans, 460

dentata, 460
Typha, 4

angustifolia, 4

angustifolia domingen-
sis,4:

Typha —

domingensis, 4

latifolia, 4
TYPHACEAE, 3
Tyromyces palustris, 641

Ucacou nodiflorum, 452
Udotea, 613

conglutinata, 614

cyathiformis, 614

flabellata, 614

Flabellum, 614

Halimeda, 614

sordida, 611

spinulosa, 614

tomentosa. 612

Wilsoni, 614
ULMACEAE, 103
Ulva, 598

dichotoma, 596

Lactuca, 598

Mertensii, 596

sinuosa, 590

stellata, 602
ULVACEAE, 598
UNICORN-PLANT FAMILY,

399
Uniola, 41

paniculata, 42

racemiflora, 42

spicata, 42

virgata. 42
TJrechites, 337

Andrewsii, 338

luteai, 338
UREDINALES, 636
Uredo Mdenticola, 636

Cissi, 637

Leonotidis, 636

proeminens, 636

Sapotae, 636

Wilsoni, 636
Uromyces Bidentis, 636
Urtica aestuans. 106

humilis, 107

lappulacea, 107
URTICACEAE. 105
FRTICALES, 103
Usnea, 550

florida strigosa, 550

USNEACEAE, 549
USTILAGINALES, 637

Ustilago Montagnei, 637

pamparum, 637
TTstulina vulgaris, 634
Utricularia, 394

cornuta, 395

foliosa, 394

foliosa. 394

gWba,, 394

pumila, 394

subulata, 394
Vachellia, 160

Farnesiana, 161
Vaginata farinosa, 644

plumbea, 644
Valerianodea, 365

fruticosa, 365

jamaicensis, 366

jamaicensis, 635
Vallesia, 339
Vallesia, 339

dichotoma. 339

glabra. 339
Valonia, 603

Aegagropila, 603

Aegagropila. 604

favulosa, 603

694

INDEX.

Valonia—

macrophysa, 603

macrophysa, 604

ocellata, 603

ocellata, 604

utricularis A egagropila,
603

utricularis Crustacea,
604

ventricosa, 603

ventricosa, 584
VALONIACEAE, 601
Valota, 16

insularis, 16
Valsa, 634
Vanilla, 83, 84, 438
Vanilla, 83

articulata, 84

claviculata, 83

HggerslU 83

phaeantha, 83
Varronia, 358

Bahama, 359

bahamensis, 358

Brittonii, 359

Britton's, 359

globosa, 358

Capitate, 358

lucayana, 359

Rough, 358
Vaucheria, 607
VADCHERIACEAE, 617
Velvet-berry, 412

-seed, 412-414
Verbascum pulverentum,

393
Verbena curassavica, 367

jamaicensis, 366

lappulacea, 367

nodiflora, 368

prismatica, 366

stoechadifolia, 368

VERBEiNACEAE, 364

Verbesina, 448

alba, 449

encelioides, 452

nodiflora, 452
Vernonia, 435

arbuscula, 435

arctata, 435

Bahama, 436

bahamensis, 436

bahamensis, 435

cinerea, 436

Herbaceous, 436

Inagua, 435

insularis, 436

Long-leaved, 436

Low Bushy, 435

obcordata, 435
Verrucaria, 522

aenea, 529

analepta americana,
528

Mformis, 525

catervaria, 530

cerina, 526

Cinchonae, 525

contendens, 525

diremta. 526

epidermidis fallax, 525

-fuscornbella, 543

Kunthii, 526

leucoplaca, 526

mamillana, 526

mamillaris, 522

mamillaris, 523

muralis, 523

Verrucaria —

nigrescens, 523

ochraceo-flavens, 527

ochraceo-flavum, 527

ochroleuca, 530

pallidula, 531

planorbis, 525

punctella, 526

rupestris, 522

rupestris, 522

Santensis, 526

Tetracerae, 524

trachona, 542

tropica, 529
VERRUCARIACEAE, 522
Fertfebrato, 569
Vesicularia, 497
Vesicularia, 497

vesicularis, 497
Vigna, 195

luteola, 195

re'pens, 195

Yellow, 195
Vilfa arguta, 33

atrovirens, 33

Berteroana, 33

domingensis, 33
Villamilla, 134

octandra, 134
Fmca ZM«ea, 338

rosea, 336

Vincetoxicum palustre, 343
VirginiarCreeper, 261
Virgin's-bower, 140
Fiscttw purpureum, 108

racemosum, 110

rubrum, 110

trinervium, 110
VITACEAB, 259
F«ea? ilicifolia, 374
Vitis, 259

caribaea, 259

Munsoniana, 259

rotundifolia, 259
Vittaria, 466

llneata, 466
Volkameria, 374

aculeata, 374
Voyria mexicana, 332

Walking Wood-fern, 473
Wal'la-berry. 249
Waltheria, 277

americana, 278

Bahama, 278

bahamensis. 278

Common, 278
Washerwoman, 127
Washerwoman's Bush, 386
Water-grass, 21
WATER-LEAF FAMILY, 357
Water-lily, 140
WATER LILY FAMILY, 139

-MILLFOIL FAMILY, 310
Water Pepper, 114

Pimpernel, 318
WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY, 7
Water Smart weed, 115
Wattle, 303
Wax-berry, 102
Wedelia, 450

Bahama, 451

bahamensis, 451

buphthalmoides, 451

carnosa, 451

Trailing, 451

trilobata. 451
West Indian Birch, 212

West Indian Germander, 376

Grass, 37

Sage, 378

Thyme, 379
What o'clock, 398
Whistling-bean, 157
White Beef wood, 111

Beggar-ticks, 454

Cedar, 396

Clover, 180

-headed Rush, 53

Ironwood, 255

Mangrove, 301
WHITE MANGROVE FAMILY,

300

White Moss, 479
WHITE Moss FAMILY 479
White Pussley, 364

Stopper, 303, 308

Torch, 209
Whitewood, 112, 222

-bark, 282
Wild Apricot, 288

Balsam-apple, 425

Basil, 380

Bush-bean, 194

Cane1, 25

Cassada, 322

Cherry, 205, 248

Cinnamon, 262

Coffee, 418, 419

Coral, 122

Cotton, 274, 341

Dilly, 324

Down, 341

Fig, 105, 292

Flax, 200

Grape, 259

Guava, 306

Indian, 90

Indigo, 180

Ipecac, 341

Jessamine, 375

Lettuce, 430

Lime, 207

Mulberry, 419

Mustard, 147

Oak, 227

Onion, 65

Pepper, 101

Peppergrass, 146

Pine, 64, 65

Potato, 336

Raisin, 166

Saffron, 323

Sage, 370

Salve, 276

Sisal, 77

Tamarind, 158

Tea, 102

Thyme, 363, 409

Tobacco, 383, 445

Tomato, 134

Torch, 209

Unction, 338

Watermelon, 289

Yam, 80

Willotif/hbya scandens, 439
Willugbaeua heterophylla,

439

Winterana Canella, 282
Wire-grass, 37

-weed, 268
Witch-grass, 24
Woe-vine, 144
Woman's-tongue Tree, 157
Wood-fern, Walking, 473

-grass, 27

INDEX.

695

Wood-
Sorrel, 197

WOOD-SORREL FAMILY, 196
Worm-vine, 84
Wormseed, 119
Wrangelia, 559

Argus, 559

Argus, 560

bicuspidata, 559

penicillata, 559

penicillata, 553

plebeja, 559
Wrightiella, 571

Blodgettii, 571

Tumanowiczi, 571
Wright's Anemia, 474
"Wurderaannia, 562

setacea, 562

Xanthium, 431

chinense, 431

longirostre, 431

strumarium , 431
Xanthoxalis, 197

corniculata, 197

corniculata, 633
Xanthoxylon cribrosum, 207
Xenococcus, 620

Schousboei, 620
Ximenesia, 451

encelioides, 452
Ximenia, 112

americana, 112

inermis, 112
Xylaria Arbuscula, 634

Xylaria —

aristata, 634

polymorpha, 634
XYLOPHAGACEAE, 638
Xylophylla, 220

Epiphyllanthus, 220

latifolia, 220
Xylosma T)utflfoUum, 284

ilicifolia, 284

nitidum. 284
XY RID ALES, 63

Yam, 80

Wild, 80
YAM FAMILY, 79
Yellow Cress, 148

Elder, 397

-eyed Grass, 73

-fruited Leucolejeunea,
519

Lejeunea, 508

Procumbent Wood-Sor-
rel, 197

-spored Anthoceros, 521

Vigna, 195

-wood, 208

-wood, Cuban, 207
Yellowish Green Microle-

jeunea, 509
Yucca, 72

aloifolia, 72

Zamia, 462

angustifolia, 463
angustifolia, 463
lucayana, 463
pumila, 463

Zamia —

tenuis, 463
Zanardinia, 557

marginata, 559
ZANNICHELLIACEAE, 4
Zanthoxylum, 206

Clwva-Heroulis, 208

coriaceum, 207

coriaceum, 208

cribrosum, 207

cubense, 207

emarginatum, 207

Fagara, 206

flavum, 207

flavum, 528

fraxineum, 208

juglandifolium, 207

Pterota, 206
Zephyranthes cardinalis, 78

rosea, 78
Zinnia, 448
Zinnia, 448

multiflora, 448
Zonaria, 594

collaris, 594

dichotomy, 596

lobata, 594

rubra, 584

variegata, 594

variegata, 591, 595

zonalis, 594
Zuelania, 285
Zuelania,285

Guidonia, 285

laetioides, 285
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 201

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